Indogermanisches-Etymologisches-Woerterbuch

List of language abbreviations in tlie lED

Abbreviation Language name

Aeq.

Aequian

Akk.

Akkadian

Alan.

Alanian (=Old Ossetic)

Alb.

Albanian

Anat.

Anatolian

Ang.

Anglian

AngN

Anglo-Norman

Aram.-

■Iran

Aramaeo-lranian

Ash.

Ashkun

Ass.

Assyrian

Auk.

Aukshtaitian

Bactr.

Bactrian

Bel.

Belorussian

Br.

British

Bret.

Breton

BVan.

Bas-Vannetais

CCI.

Continental Celtic

Chak.

Chakavian

Chor.

Chorasmian

Clb.

Celtiberian

Class.

Skt.

Classical Sanskrit

Co.

Cornish

Corn.

Cornouillais

Dae.

Dacian

Dan.

Danish

Dard.

Dardic

Dzuk.

Dzukian

EBI.

East Baltic

EGm.

East Germanic

EGmRun.

East-Germanic Runic

El.

Elymian

Elam.

Elamite

Elam.-

Iran.

Elamo-lranian

EMoBret.

Early Modern Breton

EMolr.

Early Modern Irish

EMoW

Early Modern Welsh

ESI.

East Slavic

Faer.

Faeroese

FriRun.

Frisian Runic

Gal.

Galindian

Gallo-Gk.

Gallo-Gk. (in Gk. authors)

Gallo-Lat.

Gallo-Latin (in Lat. authors)

Gaul.

Gaulish

GaulG

Gaulish in Greek letters

GaulL

Gaulish in Lat. letters

Go.

Gothic

Gr.

Greek

Hebr.

Hebrew

Hell.

Hellenistic

Hi.

Hindi

HVan.

Haut-Vannetais

IE

Indo-European

Mr.

Indo-lranian

InsCI.

Insular Celtic

Iran.

Iranian

It.-CI.

Italo-Celtic

Kajk.

Kajkavian

Ken.

Kentish

Khot.

Khotanese (=Saka)

Lak.

Lakonian

Lang.

Langobardian

Latg.

Latgalian

LAv.

Late Avestan

LCo.

Late Cornish

Lep.

Lepontic

Liv.

Livonian

LPBr.

Late Proto-British

Lus.

Lusitanian

Mac.

Macedonian

MArm.

Middle Armenian

Mars. Marsian

Maz. Mazanderani

Med. Macedonian

MCo. Middle Cornish

Med. Median

Merc. Mercian

MFr. Middle French

MIA Middle Indo-Aryan

MIA Middle Indo-Aryan

MIc. Middle Icelandic

Mit. Mitanni

MnLE Restsprachen east

MnLW Restsprachen west

MoArm. Modern Armenian

MoBret. Modern Bret.

MoCo. Modern Cornish

MoE Modern English

MolA Modern Indo-Aryan

Mole. Modern Icelandic

Molr. Modern Irish

MoP Modern Persian

MoW Modern Welsh

MP Middle Persian

Mun. Munji

MW Middle Welsh

Myc. Mycenaean

NEIran. Northeast Iranian

NGm. North Germanic

NIA New Indo-Aryan

non-IE Non-IE languages

Nth. Northumbrian

Nur. Nuristani

NWGk. Northwestern Greek

NWIran. Northwest Iranian

OBr. Old British (i.e. names in Latin sources and inscriptions of the Dark Ages)

OBret. Old Breton

OCo. Old Cornish (Voc. Corn.)

ocs

Old Church Slavonic

ODan.

Old Danish

OERun.

Old English Runic

OFri.

Old Frisian

OFriRun.

Old Frisian Runic

Og.

Ogam Irish

OGt.

Old Gutnish

OIA

Old Indo-Aryan

Olran.

Old Iranian (names in var. sources)

ONRun.

Old Norse Runic

OP

Old Persian

OPhr.

Old Phrygian

Orm.

Ormuri

ORu.

Old Russian

ORun.

Old Runic

Oss.

Ossetic

OssD

Digor

OssI

Iron

OSWBr.

Old South-West British

OW

Old Welsh

P

Proto- (can be prefixed to any language)

Pa.

Pali

Paeon.

Paeonic

Pal.

Palaic

Pam.

Pamir

Par.

Parachi

Parth.

Parthian

Pash.

Pashto (=Afghan)

PFU

Proto-Fenno-Ugric

Pis.

Pisidic

Pkt.

Prakrit

PIb.

Polabian

Pol.

Polish

Prir.

Primitive Irish

PRom.

Proto-Romance

PSab.

(Proto-)Sabellian ( = Osco-Umbrian)

PSamn.

Presamnitic

PU

Proto-Uralic

qlE

quasi-Indo-European

Rosh.

Roshani

Ru.

Russian

RuCS

Russian Church Slavonic

Sar.

Sarikoli

Sarmat.

Sarmatian

Sbn.

Sabinian

SCr.

Serbo-Croatian

SCS

Serbian Church Slavonic

Scyth.

Scythian

SEIran.

Southeast Iranian

Sel.

Selian

Sh.

Shughni

Shtok.

Shtokavian

Sic.

Siculian

Sid.

Sidetic

Skt.

Sanskrit

Sic.

Slovincian

SIk.

Slovak

Sin.

Slovene

Sogd.

Sogdian

Sp.

Spanish

SPic.

South Picenian

SSI.

South Slavic

Sum.

Sumerian (non-IE)

SwG

Swiss German (Schweizerdeutsch)

SWIran.

Southwest Iranian

Taj.

Tajik

Tlirac.

Thracian

Treg.

Tregorrois

Ukr.

Ukrainian

Van.

Vannetais

Vand.

Vandal

Ved.

Vedic

W

Welsh

Wa.

Wakhi

WBI.

West Baltic

WS

West-Saxon

WSI.

West Slavic

Yagh.

Yaghnobi

Yaz.

Yazgulami

Yi.

Yidgha

Zhem.

Zhemaitian

The database represents the updated text of J. Pokorny's "Indogermanisches
Etymologisches Worterbuch", scanned and recognized by George Starostin (Moscow),
who has also added the meanings. The database was further refurnished and corrected by
A. Lubotsky. Pokorny's text is given practically unchanged (only a few obvious typos were
corrected), except for some rearrangement of the material. The numbers in the lemmata
are given after the root (e.g. Pokorny's 1 . bi^er- appears as b^^er-l) because automatic
alphabetization would otherwise too much affect the order of the lemmata.

Laryngeals

Laryngeals are sounds that occurred in the Proto-Indo-European language, caused
changes to neighbouring sounds, and disappeared. They were postulated to explain
anomalies in the verb system, and they proved useful for explaining other phenomena. It
was many decades before confirmation of their existence was found, in the newly
deciphered Hittite language. Linguists are still not agreed on how many there were or how
they were pronounced.

'Laryngeal' is also an ordinary phonetic term meaning made in the larynx; but it is
preferable to call this glottal or laryngal, to avoid confusion with the still unknown values of
the Indo-European consonants.
The problem

The verbs were central to the reconstruction of the ancestor of Indo-European languages,
which was going well in the 1870s, and explanations had been found for the vowels i and
u, and unaccented o. This postulated an earlier stage in which the only vowel was e. Most
verbs had a stem of the form consonant - e- consonant-, the base vowel -e- surrounded
by consonants. Other vowels were derived from them.

The anomalous verb stems were those that had no consonant preceding, such as *ed-,
'eat', or a long vowel and no following consonant, such as *dhee- 'put', and those that had
the vowels a and o. Those with other vowels also lacked consonants, and had the same
pattern as the e-stems: *ag- 'drive', *okw- 'look', *staa- 'stand', and *doo- 'give'.

If a and o had been normal vowels, why were there no normal-shaped stems CaC- and

CoC-? Why were these two vowels also associated with lack of consonant? If long vowels

were normal, why were there no stems of the shape ee consonant - or consonant ee

consonant -?

The proposed solution

Ferdinand de Saussure proposed the existence of elements he called coefficients

sonantiques in 1 879, an abstract term not committing himself to any definite phonetic form.

These stood in the place normally occupied by consonants, and caused one or both of two

changes: shifting the neighbouring vowel; and lengthening it if they followed. Then they

disappeared, leaving their mark on the altered vowels.

Later the same year Hermann Moller, seeking to make a connexion between the Indo-
European and Semitic families, introduced the name laryngeal, suggesting that the
hypothetical coefficients were pronounced like the Semitic laryngeals. The term strictly
means pronounced within the larynx, and is synonymous with glottal: Semitic languages
contain ^and the glottal stop. But in Indo-European the "laryngeals" might have been
those, or might have been other guttural sounds such as pharyngeals or velars. We still
have no clear evidence.

At least three laryngeals are usually postulated. A more abstract notation is to use schwa

with a subscript number. An alternative, much more common these days, is to use some

kind of H with subscript. /7/is e-coloured, ^i-is a-coloured, and /7jis o-coloured. So the six

roots given above come from earlier forms with laryngeals:

*ed- from hie6-

*dhee- from d^e 6^ehi-

*ag- from /7ieg-

*staa- from ste/?^-

*okw- from hsekyN-

*doo- from de/75-

Sometimes evidence shows a laryngeal, but the vowel colouring has been lost so we can't
tell which one it was: this is annotated without subscript, as H.

Proof in Hittite

The regularity of the ablaut grades, described above, was the initial motivation for
postulating laryngeals, but many other niggling exceptions in other parts of the grammar
and vocabulary became simpler to explain if laryngeals were invoked. Each phenomenon
could however have a different explanation. There was no direct evidence for fifty years.
But in 1927 Jerzy Kurytowicz announced that Hittite contained consonants in just those
positions where laryngeals were predicted. This had been overlooked when Hittite was first
deciphered in 1915.

Hittite was written in a cuneiform script, borrowed from the Semitic language Akkadian. By
comparison with surviving Semitic languages, it is clear that Akkadian and therefore Hittite
had some kind of guttural sounds, close enough to those predicted for the Indo-European
laryngeals. The exact value of the Hittite sounds is unclear. There was only one letter, now
transcribed h or h, but it was sometimes written doubled, as in pahhur, corresponding to
Greek yoy/'and English fire. In some Hittite consonants, the use of doubling indicated a
voicing contrast, such as /? versus b, but it is not known whether this is true of h. That is,
though the laryngeals were found, we're not sure how many of them Hittite preserved as
distinct sounds, or what exactly they were.

It also appears to imply a fourth laryngeal, because in some cases where an a-coloured
laryngeal is postulated, there is no h in Hittite, though the vowel did become a. Other
instances of h2e6o however show up as ha.

Sanskrit evidence

In Sanskrit the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) vowels eand o both became a, wiping out the
basic evidence for vowel-colouring; but laryngeals are convincing as explanation of at least
three disparate phenomena restricted to the Sanskrit branch. They are the difference
between se/and anit siems; the exceptions to Brugmann's Law; and the existence of
voiceless aspirated stops.

Se/and an/tare ancient Indian grammatical terms, from sa-i 'with i' and an-i 'without i',
referring to the infinitive. Some are like b'^av/tum'to become', from the root b^u, and others
are like kartum'to do', from kr. Those with i come from roots extended by a laryngeal:
b^eweH-. When the unaccented vowel was reduced to zero grade between consonants,
giving *b^ewHtum, the laryngeal found itself between consonants, so turned into a vowel,
in order to remain pronounceable. In most IE languages this so-called schwa
indogermanicum became a, but it is characteristic of Sanskrit that it became /

The presumed laryngeal also triggered vowel lengthening. With the past participle suffix -
tosthe accent is removed from the stem, and both stem vowels are reduced to zero, giving
*b^wHt6s. In this position the »ythen turns into a vowel, *bhuHt6s, and then lengthening
and loss of the laryngeal (as in the original ablaut pattern laryngeals were invented for)
give the actual Sanskrit b^uutas.

In later (Classical) Sanskrit the range of set roots was extended by analogy, so not all set
roots mark laryngeals. All languages undergo extensive ploughing-over and early patterns
are often obscured.

Normally PIE o became Sanskrit a. Brugmann's Law says that when this happened in an
open syllable before a resonant (a liquid or nasal), it was also lengthened. So *kekore's\\e
/he made' regularly becomes cakaara. Comparison with Greek shows that the first person
'I made' should have been *kekora, which should have also become cakaara, but the
actual form is cakara. Something prevented Brugmann's Law operating. It might have
been an analogy with some other T form, in order to keep the two persons distinct; but the
unusual thing about the perfect tense ending -a'l' is that, while the vowel a\s common in
PIE stems, it's very rare in inflections. This suggests it only occurred where created by a
laryngeal. Then the PIE form *kekor/7ie would contain a closed syllable -kor-, not open -ko
, so Brugmann doesn't apply.

The third major strand from Sanskrit evidence is the voiceless aspirates ph th th ch kh.
They were long regarded as part of the original PIE consonant set, but actually evidence
for them outside the Indo-lranian branch including Sanskrit is slim. Kurytowicz proposed
that they developed from a plain stop p 1 1 c k that had come to be next to a laryngeal when
the intervening vowel dropped out. So the Sanskrit root stha- 'stand' came from steH2- and
the new consonant th was then generalized to all forms of the word.

Greek and Armenian evidence

Armenian is a solitary branch of the Indo-European family, markedly different from all
others, but in several respects it and Greek share unusual features. Some words,
particularly in front of n I r, have an extra (prothetic) vowel compared to other branches.

Greek onoma, Armenian anun, cf. English name, Latin nomen, Sanskrit naaman.
Greek odous, Armenian atamn, cf. English tooth, Latin dens, Sanskrit dantah.
Greek aster, Armenian astt, English star, Latin stella.

Greek eleutheros, Latin liber 'free'.

From the vowel preserved in Greek we can see which laryngeal was originally there:
Hlleudh- 'free', H2ster- 'star', H3nom- 'name'.

Greek and Sanskrit share the augment, an initial vowel e- (becoming a- in Sanskrit) on
some past tenses. Armenian also has this, though only on the third personal singular of
monosyllables. They also have reduplication in the perfect tense. The pluperfect is formed
with both augment then reduplication. Where there was a laryngeal, this sometimes
causes lengthening. So Hlleudh- 'free' gives eleeluutha 'I loosened', from e-Hlle-HHeud^^-
H2e. In a few cases the vowel-colouring effect of the laryngeal is also preserved.

The lengthening effect seems to explain the two Greek words ikhthuus 'fish' and muus
'mouse'. We can suspect that there was a laryngeal here, because the Armenian words
are jukn and mukn. This also shows that it's not strictly true that the laryngeals
disappeared from all modern languages.

There are more direct survivals in Armenian:
Latin anus = Hittite hannas = Armenian han
Latin avus = Hittite huhhas = Armenian haw
Latin ventus = Hittite huwantsa = Armenian hogi

Other branches

Albanian is another unique and distant branch of Indo-European, and also preserves some
actual descendants of the laryngeals, in words like hidhur 'bitter', hidhe 'nettle', hut 'empty',
and herdhe 'testicle'.

Some Latin perfect tenses are formed by reduplication, but others are formed by
lengthening the vowel: these may be in places where laryngeals are predicted. So edo 'I
eat', edl'l ate', from originally reduplicated hie-hi6-.

Etruscan is not an Indo-European language, but might be distantly related to the family as
a whole. The word for 'before' is hant-, whereas Latin has ante.

The attempt to link Indo-European to other families, called the Nostratic theory, has a
problem with laryngeals. Although Nostratic would connect Indo-European to Semitic, the
connexion is not very close even within Nostratic. All the other groups that would belong

somewhere in the superfamily - such as Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic, and Dravidian - show
little or no evidence of ever having had laryngeals.

Pronunciation

The Nostraticist Allen Bomhard writes that we can now state with complete confidence the
values of the laryngeals. This of course means we can't do anything of the kind. They
could be almost anything.

One good idea is that /?/, h2, and habere respectively palatal, velar, and rounded velar
fricatives, that is [g], [x], and [xw]. This fits the pattern of stops [kj k kw] that we already
know about, and also makes them quite easy for us to pronounce. None of those awkward
pharyngeals.

But /7/was more easily lost, so perhaps it was something weaker, like a glottal stop. /74if it
existed could have been {tf[. /72and /75 might have been pharyngeal. /75 might have been
voiced (because of the Hittite writing); as it caused o-colouring it was very likely rounded
(labialized).

L.R. Palmer, 1980, The Greek Language, Faber & Faber

Winfred Lehmann, 1993, Theoretical Bases of Indo-European Linguistics, Routledge

Gender category in Indo-European.

§ 1. Origin of gender in Proto-Indo-European.

It is proved that it would be wrong to mix the categories of gender and sex in Proto-Indo-
European noun system. Modern Indo-European languages which have gender at all,
usually make these two categories the same: what is female in sex, is female in gender.
What has no sex, is neuter - for those languages which use neuter, like Slavic and
German.

Proto-Indo-European shows a completely different system of gender. And though linguistic
schools argue about the more likely structure of noun genders in the Proto-language,
some facts can be stated for sure.

First, Proto-Indo-European had no gender. At that time the language consisted not of
morphological items, like nouns, verbs and adjectives, but just of words which acted

independently in the sentence. The main grammar means of the language was not the
declension and conjugation, but the combination of words, and the word order. Nouns
lacked any endings, case suffixes, formants of gender of number.

Later, when the language acquired the ergative structure, where all words should be
clearly distinguished between active and inactive (or animate and inanimate) classes.
Here, on this stage, nouns first get the declension. Most scientists believe there were two
or three noun cases at that time in Proto-Indo-European: ergative case, which denoted the
subject and indirect objects, absolutive case, which meant subject and direct objects, and
maybe genitive, which could exist in the stage of forming. We must stress that only active,
animate nouns could be declined, and nouns denoting things did not have cases at all.

There was still no gender, but it was already shaping. The ergative structure was slowly
transforming into another type of the language. When a special case was invented for the
direct object (accusative), the language could be already named nominative. Words were
already divided into nominal and verbal parts of speech - nominal including modern nouns,
adjectives, pronouns, numerals, and verbal uniting verbs and perfect verbs - two quite
different sorts of words at that time. While the ergative structure was declining, the nominal
part of speech was divided into two ones: nouns, which marked the subject and object,
and the adjective marking the attribute of a noun.

This division was logical: people were going to separate attributive and subjective words,
those which determine and those which state. Adjectives, nevertheless, could not
completely avoid the influence of nouns, and since then they had to follow the noun in
case and number.

This was the time for the gender to appear. And here the opinions of leading world
linguists do not agree. Some of them try to prove, rather successfully, that there was two
genders in Early Proto-Indo-European, and then one of them divided into two. Other argue
there were three genders originally. Let us see the arguments of each of the sides, just in
order to seem objective.

The first version means the following. Two genders which appeared in the Proto-Indo-
European language were invented to separate active and inactive nouns from each other,
to divide nouns meaning animate objects (people, sacred animals, deities) from simple
inanimate things (trees, ground, weapons). The active gender, or active class of nouns,
acquired the ending -si -os\n nominative singular and could be declined according to

case and number. The plural number denoted several animate nouns, their real plurality.
The inactive class, vice versa, could not be declined, its characteristic ending was -ml -
om, and even though it had plural number, it did not mean plurality, but just collectiveness.
Later processes of the language development generated a-stems of nouns, stems in long /
and u. These three kinds of noun stems sooner or later started to denote feminine nouns -
now they were equal to the sex. That is how the active class was divided into masculine
and feminine.

There are several solid proofs of such a point of view. In most Indo-European languages
many noun stems include both masculine and feminine nouns: like short /-stems (Latin
hostis masc, ossis fem). Such nouns, though different in gender, have absolutely the same
declension and only adjectives, attributes next to them, can distinct their gender. Even a-
stems (Latin femina, Lithuanian motina, Greek gunh), made specially for feminine, include
many masculine nouns (Latin nauta, poeta). Such a situation of mixture cannot exist with
neuter nouns which do not mix in declension with masculine or feminine. While masculine
and feminine nouns in most of stems (except a-) still use -sending in all classical Indo-
European tongues, neuter nouns have -m. This very -m\s always repeated in accusative
singular together with nominative singular: this never happens to other genders.

Greek and Latin, being typical Indo-European languages, show one more interesting
feature, called "two ending adjectives". Ordinary adjectives use all three genders: Latin
bonus, bona, bonum; but this happens only to adjectives of o- and a-stems which
cooperate, and with all other stems adjectives use only two forms: the same for masculine
and feminine, and another for neuter. Such adjectives as Latin fortis, fortis, forte, are called
two ending adjectives and also show the main thesis of all who state 2 original genders of
Proto-Indo-European: differences between masculine and feminine in Indo-European are
not as big, as those between masculine-feminine and neuter.

The other argument in favour of this theory is the situation in Anatolian languages. It was
proved that the Anatolian branch, later consisting of Hittite, Luwian and Palaic languages,
was the first to move away from the Proto-Indo-European community, and did it even
before the Proto-language acquired some of its significant morphological and phonetic
traits. So Anatolian preserved some interesting archaic moments which we cannot found in
other Indo-European languages. Anatolian languages show no feminine or masculine
languages, and even no a-stems, and genders are two - exactly for animate and inanimate
nouns. The animate gender used -5'ending (as's'us' - good), and the other one either had
-/7 (derived from Indo-European -m), or no ending at all, subsequently did not decline

(as's'u - good (neut.)). This makes us believe that such a system is the Early Indo-
European one: Anatolian languages were the only group to preserve the 2-gender
structure .

The third proof concerns the plural number . Masculine and feminine nouns and adjective
in Indo-European use the ending -es\n nominative plural, and -ns\n accusative plural. All
other cases also have their inflections. As for neuter words, their ending -a\s used both in
nominative and in accusative . Plural neuter nouns denoted collective unity in Proto-Indo-
European, like modern Russian nebesa "skies" which does not mean "several skies" but
"sky in a collective meaning". Such nouns in the Proto-language included many words
which later will be included into the feminine a-stems - their endings in nominative were
the same. For example, Latin aqua (water) is originally a collective neuter noun in plural:
"waters". In Greek, ancient Indo-lranian languages and in Hittite the subject in neuter
plural form always use their predicate in singular. This is maybe the most important
evidence of the special position of neuter in Proto-Indo-European: it was inactive .

Besides a-stems, Indo-European formed the feminine gender , different from masculine ,
with one more type of noun stems: long /-stems . Obviously, the suffix -A meant the
possession on archaic stages of the language (Sanskrit rathah "a chariot", rathih
"something belonging to a chariot"). Later this meaning could go in two ways: it might
begin to mean the possessive genitive case (remember -/in Latin, Venetic and Celtic) and
to form the feminine gender , if Indo-Europeans looked at the woman as a possession of
the man. That is how long /stems turned out to be all feminine.

So from that moment, when Anatolian languages already migrated to Asia Minor, when a-
stems and /stems appeared, and the opposition emerged between masculine and
feminine nouns, we can speak about three genders in Indo-European: masculine ,
feminine , neuter .

There are linguistic schools which do not agree to the fact that the Proto-language used
two genders, and not three. They say that Anatolian just united masculine and neuter, for
its a-stems phonetically coincided with masculine c^stems, so the genders coincided as
well. Other explain this unification by the substratum influence . But anyway, the 2-gender
version seems much better proven.

§ 2. Genders in ancient and modern Indo-European languages.

When the Proto-language disappeared, transforming into different groups, the gender
system chose its own way in each of them. But the general trend in every Indo-European
language was quite clear: the number of genders was going to reduce.

Hellenic languages in their ancient varieties (Ancient Greek dialects) preserves the three-
gender structure, and its peculiarities often show the closer connections between
masculine and feminine, than between them both and neuter (2-ending adjectives, etc.,
see above). Ancient Greek represents the classical neuter endings in -n< *-m. In Greek
neuter plural subjects have usually a singular predicate: ploia plei (ships move). The New
Greek language also shows three genders, and their opposition is strengthened by the
extensive use of articles, also declined in three genders.

Italic can be called classical in this meaning as well. Latin shows no sign of reduction of
genders, and its neuter plays an important role in the language. The reduction of some
final consonants in Umbrian influenced the so-called Popular Latin, which was quickly
moving towards the analytism in morphology, lost many endings and so many gender
forms coincided with each other, which could not but lead new Romance languages in
their majority to the 2-gender opposition with the loss of neuter. In many modern Romance
tongues the function of differentiating genders passed from the inflection to the article
usage: French has no other signs of genders, but un, une, le, la, some prepositional forms
like du- de, and adjective endings gros - grosse. In some languages, however, the
process of secondary morphologisation of genders is going on nowadays: Spanish
generated new endings for masculine and feminine: hermano - hermana, cabron - cabra.
This interesting feature seems to make us think that the gender development history goes
the same way as the case system development.

Germanic languages are called the most analytic among all modern Indo-European
tongues. While all ancient varieties of Germanic (Gothic, Old Norse, Old English) used
three cases, the modern languages reduced their number. English and Afrikaans removed
genders at all from their morphology: English preserved them only as a "hidden category",
which can be seen in personal pronouns he, she, it (for example, ships are always she).
German uses both some infections and first of all the article, definite and indefinite (der -
die - das, ein - eine). An interesting thing happened in Scandinavian languages: they lost
the opposition between masculine and feminine and returned to the ancient system of two
noun classes for animate - inanimate nouns. This proves once more that feminine and
masculine in fact are similar in the language.

Iranian languages used to have all three genders in ancient tongues (Avestan, Old
Persian), but under the influence of analytic trend the system was destroyed or reduced,
and many modern Iranian languages do not have genders at all . It can be also connected
with the adstratum and substratum languages, which influenced Indo-European structural
features. Genders are completely lost also in Armenian.

Baltic linguistics shows that Old Prussian had neuter which was not about to disappear at
all. But Lithuanian lost it somehow, not very long ago. Some relics take place, however, in
adjectives and in pronouns, but in fact now Lithuanian knows only feminine and masculine
(see Historical Grammar of Lithuanian).

The most complicated system exists in Slavic languages, where genders were not only
preserved, but also developed. For example, in Russian the category of gender united with
that of animateness , forming the common system of classes: at all there are 6 classes ,
three genders with animate - inanimate subgenders in each . See the forms of nominative
and accusative plural in Russian: novye doma ("new houses", nom., masc, inanimate),
novye doma (ace); novye direktory ("new directors", nom., masc, animate), novyh
direktorov (ace). The same for feminine and neuter.

In Polish even further complication of gender structure happened : masculine has animate
and inanimate forms, and animate has in its turn personal and impersonal forms in plural.
So:

dom (nom. sg. inanimate), dom (ace. sg.) "a house"

pies (nom. sg. animate), psa (ace. sg.), psy (nom. pi.), psy (acc.pl.) "a dog"

chlop (nom. sg. animate personal), chlopa (ace. sg.), chlopy (nom. pi.), chlopow (ace. pi.)

"a peasant"

According to these processes which independently move on in different groups of the
Indo-European family we can make a conclusion that genders do not behave exactly the
way noun cases do , i.e. the reduction process is sometimes substituted by the complex
changes (Slavic, Spanish). But in general we can state that genders are nowadays less
synthetic and less spread, than they used to be in the Proto-Indo-European language.

Root / lemma: ^'^ro-{*h2£b'^fv-^
English meaning: strong, mighty

Note:

Root / lemma: ^'^ro-{*h2£b'^ro-)\ " strong, mighty ' derived from Root / lemma:^©^'"^ : force

extended in -r- formant (see gr. app6(; "tender, fine, luscious')

Material:

(app6(; 'tender, fine, luscious')

Middle Irish Prefix abor-, cymr. afr-^ very much '; Gothic abrs^ get strong, violent ', adv.

abraba^ very much ', bi-abrjan^ before were astonished beside oneself. Old Icelandic

Prefix afar-^ very much '; lllyrian VN A'ppoi, thrak. PN A'ppo-.

Here maybe Gothic aba{n- stem) " husband'.

Note:

The root ab^ro-: 'strong, mighty' : Root/ lemma: ab6(n)\ (ape, aquatic demon) : Root/

lemma: ab-\ (water, river) : Root/ lemma: {en^^-2): ndd^-, errt'"-, /pb^-: (wet, damp;

water; clouds) Old Indie abbra-m. {*rrfb^ros), Avestan ai/vra-n.

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schuize KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.

See also: ab^-

Page(s): 2

Root / lemma: ab^- {*b2^^-)

English meaning: quick, abrupt

Note:

Root/ lemma: abh-(*/7i'abh-): " quick, abrupt ' derived from Root/ lemma: ^'^ro-{*b2^'"ro-

): " strong, mighty ' which derived from root /pbh-(ro-): < with /-formant {ndo'^el§}: < Root/

lemma: {eneb'^-2): neb^-, errt^-, /pb^-: " wet, damp; water; clouds '.

Note: alter r/n- stem

Material: Gr. acpap " straightway, forthwith, at once, quickly, presently ' (old abstract noun

"quickness'), for what, nevertheless, probably at first acpvu), acpvux; "suddenly'.

Here at most Old Church Slavic abbje^ straight away, directly ', but uncertainly Old Indie
ahnaya^ directly, straight away, instantly, speedily ' (rather to ahar, aban-^6ay ' p. 7).

References: WP. I 177, Feist 1 b f., 579 a., W. Schuize KZ. 52, 311 = Kl. Schr. 398.
See also: ab'^ro-
Page(s): 2

Root / lemma: ab6(n) {*b2abd-)
English meaning: ape, *water demon

Note:

Root / lemma: ab6(n){*h2abd-)\ " ape, *water demon ' derived from Root/ lemma: ab^-

(*/7i'abh-): " quick, abrupt ' < Root/ lemma: sb'^ro-{*h2^'^ro-)\ " strong, mighty ' < root /pb^-

(ro-): < with Aformant (n^^e/a): < Root/ lemma: {eneb'"-2): neb'"-, errt'"-, /pb^-: " wet,

damp; water; clouds '.

Note: (Celtic neologism). The animal introduced by traveling merchants can have been

named by the Celts with the name of her aquatic demon (see above ad-).

Material: Hes. appava(; KsAioi lovq K£pKoni9nKOU(; is maybe appava(; (Akk. PI.) to read

and still before the consonatic mutation in Germanic stubby; hence, in. ap/m. " monkey,

gate ', Old Saxon apo, Old High German affom., affa, aff/ni., Old English apam.

"monkey'. Old Czech op/ce comes Old Russian op/cairom the Germanic

References: WP. I 51 f.

See also: compare ait*- water' and Schrader Reallex., Hoops Reallex. s. v. ape.

Page(s): 2-3

Root / lemma: ab-

English meaning: water, river

Note:

Root/ lemma: ab-: ' water, river ' derived from Root/ lemma: abofnj {* h2abd-): " ape,

*water demon ' < Root/ lemma: ab'^-(*/7i'abh-): " quick, abrupt ' < Root/ lemma: ab'^ro-

{*h2^'"ro-): " strong, mighty ' < root /pbh-(/-o-): < with Aformant {n^^e/a)\ < Root/ lemma:

{eneb'"-2): neb'"-, eirb'"-, /pb^-: " wet, damp; water; clouds '.

Material: Latin amnisi., late m. c {*abnis); Old Irish ab{*aba) Gen. abae^r'wer', besides

abann, (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), cymr. afon, orn. bret. auon, gall. brit. FIN Abona,

derived cymr. afanc^ beaver, water demon, dwarf ', to Middle Irish abac {*abankos) "

beaver, dwarf', Swiss -French avan 'pasture' {*abanko-); Latvian FIN Abava.

The West German FIN in -apa. Modern High German-affa, probably go back partly to
usually lost West Germanic *ap-{\ndo Germanic *ab-), partly in Venetic-lllyrian ap- (Indo
Germanic *ap-).

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, Feist 19a, 579a, GIPatSR. II 134.
See also: compare also ap-i* 'water, river' and abd{n) 'ape'.
Page(s): 1

Root / lemma: ades-, ados- {*he§h-)
English meaning: sort of cereal
Grammatical information: n.

Material: Latin ador, -oris n. " a kind of grain, spelt ', maybe in Gotliic atisk (*ades-ko-)

"sowing field', probably m. as Old High German ezziscaP\. 'sowing'. Middle High German

dial. Esch, Swiss dial. Aesch, " field entrance of a village '; Tocharian AB 5//" grass ' [B

a//KC» (f.pl.) "grass' (Adams 9)] (differently Pedersen Tocharian 641). about gr. aGnp " an

ear of corn ' see below a/Td^-.

Perhaps Armenian: /7a/"grain', Hittite: hattaru. 'cereal'

Note:

It seems Root / lemma: ades-, ados- : "sort of cereal' evolved from an older root *hegh- " a

kind of grain '. This root was suffixed with common -5/ra formant in Germanic branch

Gemnanic: *at-isk-a-, while in Anatolian branch the root was suffixed with common PIE -tar

formant. The old laryngeal (centum h- > a-, e- : satem h- > s-) was lost except in Hittite

and Armenian Clearly Germanic tongues borrowed the cognate from a reduced Latin

{*hattar-) adoris > Gemnanic: *at-isk-a-.

Finally zero grade in alb. ( *addris) *dris, drize "thorny plant', ( *dris) drithe 'grain' where the

Latin -is ending has been solidified.

The surprise is the -gh- > -0'- found only in Avestan - lllyrian - Baltic languages.

References: WP. I 45, Feist 61 a, anders WH. I 14.

Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad-1{*hed-)
English meaning: to, by, at

Material: Phrygian a5-5aK£T " he does '; maked. a5-5ai pupoi (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 69); Latin
ad^ to, with, in ', proverb and preposition m. Akk., also Gen. atque, ac^ and in addition,
and also, and ' {*ad-que\ not at+ que, also Umbrian ap" in which place, in what place,
where, when, after, since, although ' chronologically, with extended -/"in ape), Umbrian ar-
preverb, -af postposition m. Akk., Oscan adpud^ as far as ', otherwise with 5- extension
Oscan az" to, toward ' preposition m. Akk .; Old Irish ao'- proverb (e.g., ad-gladur "call
upon, appeal to '), cymr. add-, gall, ao'- prefix (e.g., MN Ad-iantu. cymr. ao'o'/a/?/" longing',
Admarus. Old Irish mar "large '); cymr. a, with vowel 5^ "with' (50'+ ghe. Old Indie ha, not
= Latin atque'dx\^, as well as, together with'); Germanic *a/preverb and preposition mostly
with "dative' = Lok., rare m. Akk. (Gothic West Germanic from the time. Old English also
from the place). Old Icelandic also with Gen.: Gothic aV to, by ', Old Icelandic aV to, by,
against, after ', Old English get. Old Saxon at. Old High German 5z" to, by, in '.

zero grade: ved. t-saratr creeps, creeps up ', Old High German zagen{: Gothic *-agan
"fear'), Old High German z-ougen. Middle High German zougen. Old Saxon t-ogian
compared with Gothic at-augjan " with raised up eyes, point, show '.

References: WP.I 44 f., WH.I 11 f.
See also: Perhaps to ad-2.
Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad-2

English meaning: to establish, put in order

Material: Umbrian arsie{*adio-) ' venerable, august, divine, sacred, pure, holy (very freq.
and class.); of a divinity, and of things in any way belonging to one ', arsmor{ *admon) " a
form of religious observance, religious usage, ceremony, rite ', arsmatiam ( *admatio-) "
relating to religious rites or ceremonies, ritual ', armamu^ you shall be ordered, set in
order, arranged, adjusted, disposed, regulated ', /^/tt?^//?^ epithet of Jupiter, to *ad-^ settle,
order '; Old Irish adv\. "law', PI. ada^ ceremonious customs ', from it Adj. "lawful', adas
"proper', cymr. ao'o'as "suitable', eddyl (*adilo-)^ duty, purpose '; probably also Germanic
*///a-" suitable opportunity ' in Gothic ///n., ga-tils^ suitably ', Old English ///" suitable,
useful ' as n. " goodness, suitability ' = Old High German z//" purpose ', preposition Old
English Old Icelandic ///" to, for '.

References: WE. I 12, Devoto Mel. Pedersen 224.
Page(s): 3

Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro- {*hegherd)

English meaning: water current

Note:

From Root/ lemma: ang''(h)i-\ "snake, worm' derived Root/ lemma: ak^'a- {more properly

alci). ek"-

: "water, river'; Root/ lemma: eghero-: "lake, inner sea'; Root/ lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro-\

"water current': lllyrian Pannonian VN 'Oaspiareg [common alb.- 1 llyrian-Baltic -^^- >-«/-, -

z\

From Root/ lemma: ak^a-^ water, river' nasalized in *a/r^e/7/- (suffixed in -er, -o/) derived

Root/ lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer-\ "to flow, to wet; water, etc'

Material: Avestan adu^ water run, brook, canal ', Venetic-lllyrian FIN Ad(d)ua {ior Po),

*AdulJa> Attel{\.o Danube in Bavaria), Mons ofAdula^ St. Gotthard ' (probably named after

the rivers streaming there), oberosterr. FIN *Adra> Attersee, Attergau, FIN Adrana> Eder

(Hessen), maybe also PN Aclria\v\ Venetien (afterwards mare Adriaticum), sizil. FIN

A'5pav6c; and Venetic-lllyrian name of Oder Oui-a5ouac;; further Latvian FIN Adula.

Note:

The name of the primordial hill in Egyptian mythology, the first mountain that raised from

the ocean. The mountain god was borrowed by Hitties who called the dreaming god

Upelluri. Greeks received Atlas from Hittites.

Atlas '*mountain probably named after the rivers streaming there ': A'tAqc;, -avTO(; m.

"Atlas' (Od., Hes., Hdt., A. etc.), name of a God who carries the columns of the sky;

originally probably name of Arcadian mountains which were spread then by the epic in

general and especially (by Ionic seafarers?) was transferred to the Atlas Mountains in

West Africa, see Solmsen Wortforsch. 24; about Atlas as a personification of the world

axis Tieche Mus. Helv. 2, 65ff. Berber adrar^ mountain '.

Derivatives: Of it 'ATAavTi(; f. (Hes. etc.), name of a mythical island, according to

Brandenstein Atlantis (Wien 1951, = Arb. Inst. Sprachw. 3) = Crete; further 'AiAavTiKoq (E.,

PI., Arist. etc.) and 'ATAavT£iO(; (Kritias).

References: VasmerZslPh. 8, 114 f., Pokorny Urill. 4, 70, 93, 109, 124.

Page(s): 4

Root / lemma: agh-(lo-)

Englisli meaning: disgusting

Note:

Root/ lemma: agh-(lo-)\ "disgusting' derived from an extended Root/ lemma: agos-\ "

fault, sin' produced.

Material: Gothic 5^/s "opprobrious, ignominious', aglil=>a, aglo^ hardship ', us-agljan^ press
', Old English eg(e)le^ offensive, unwieldy, unfortunate ', eg/an a66 " pain ' (engl. a/7' hurt;
indisposed his '), eglian' to be felt painfully ', Middle Low German egelen' cause grief,
Gothic aglusMy. agluba' SugkoAo^, difficult '; also (with puzzling suffix) Gothic aglaiteii.
-/n. " licentiousness, wanton violence, insolence, sexual offense ', Old High German
agaleizii.,-iv\. " discomfort; zeal ', agaleizo. Old Saxon agleto, agaleto Mn . " sedulous,
keen '.

Possibly here ow. agha- (=Avestan ayo^ "nasty', n. " horrible, damage ', aghala- 'bad '.

Here maybe to Middle Irish aladu. "wound' {*agloton), mcymr. ae/e{u) 'pa\nM', ae/eum.
"pain' {*aglou-).

References: WP. I 41, Feist 15 a, Specht Dekl. 136, Loth RC. 38, 56.
Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: aghl(u)-{*heghel-)

English meaning: rainy weather

Material: Gr. axAu(; " fog, darkness '

Maybe alb. agu//'ba6 vision', agu ' dawn '

Old Prussian ag/on. 'rain' {u- stem), Armenian *a//- in afjafj, afjamufjkh ^ darkness' (Meillet

MSL. 10,279).

References: WP. I 41. compare Petersen Aryan and Armenian Stud. 126.

Page(s): 8

Root / lemma: agh- {*hegh-)

English meaning: to fear

Material: Gr. axo(; n. " fear, pain, grief, axvu|jai, axopai " grieving, sorrowing, mourning '

(Aor. HKaxE, nKaxopnv, Perf. aKaxniJC(i), axsuwv, ax£U)v " mourning, groaning ', OKaxi^u)

"sadden'; here probably ax6o(; ' load, grief ' (* axTO(;), thereof axSsaGai ' to be loaded, be

depressed '.

Maybe nasalized alb. {*aghos) ankth "fear' [common alb. -s > -//?].

Old English egerc\. "fear', egisi-grima q\. " ghost, spectre, evil spirit ', n. es- stem *agiz =
gr. a^oc, 'get a fright';

Note: common gr. -gh- > -x-

compare Old High German egis-ITh' dreadful ', egison^ get a fright ' and to o-and en
stems extended Gothic agisu. " fear, anxiety, fright ', Old High German agiso, eg/so m.,
egisai. " fear, fright figure ', Old English egesam. " fear'; Old Norse ag/m. {-en- stem)
'Fear', Old High German egr, Middle High German eget " fear, fright, punishment '; Gothic
-agan\n un-agands' are not afraid ', af-agjan' frighten', us-agjan^ frighten somebody ', "
in-agjan " snub somebody '; preterit present Gothic og (ogum) " fears me ', ni ogs " fear
nothing ' (old short vocal subjunctive *dgi^. Old Norse oa-sk^ be afraid '; Gothic ogjan^
snub somebody ' = Old Norse segja "get a fright'; Old Norse ogni. " fright ', o///m. " fear ',
Old English ogai. " fright '.

Old Irish ad-agor,-agur^ fear ' (because of the ablaut equality with Gothic d^ supposes
Brugmann Grdr. I|2 3, 484 origins from older Perf.), verbal noun aigthiunder

References: WP. I 40, Feist 14, 380.

See also: hereupon belongs probably also: agh-(lo-)

Page(s): 7-8

Root / lemma: agos- {*hege-)

English meaning: fault, sin, *blood guilt

Material: Old Indie agas- n. "offence, injury, sin, fault', change by ablaut with gr. aYO(; '

heavy guilt, blood guilt '; Old Indie anagas-, gr. avaync; " innocent, guiltless ' ; ayrjc;, Evayrjc;

" curses ', ayiO(; \x\a^6c,.

Old English acan, oc'hurt' (engl. ache), ndd. aken^ hurt, fester, dent, blow ', Middle
Dutch 5/re/'grief, wrong, pity'. Modern Frisian akelig, aeklig^ wretched, vehement '.

References: WP. I 38.
Page(s): 8

Root/ lemma: agro-{egro-?) {*hekrh3Uo)

English meaning: top, first, beginning

Material: Old Indie agra- n. 'point, foremost point or part, tip, front ', agre {Lok.) "at the top,

in front, ahead of, also timewise 'in the beginning, first', a^/7/77a- 'first, preceding, foremost

', Avestan ayra- 'first, uppermost after time space etc.', n. 'beginning; the uppermost,

point'; Latvian agrs (Adj.) 'early', agn'Mv. 'early, early on', agrums 'the early morning'.

Whether here Latin MN Agrippa^roxw *agri-p(e)d-^ breech birth (one who causes great
pain at his birth ', W. Schuize KZ. 32, M2\ in 1721, doubting Latin Eig. 2305?

If Old Indie agra on *ogro- or *e^/'o- retrograde, one could compare Hittite he-kur, he-gur
'cliff summit, rock, crag '.

Maybe Agr/anes \\\yr\an TN, /1^/'c»A7'lllyrian king'.
References: WP. I 38 f., Pedersen Hittite 183.
Page(s): 8-9

Root / lemma: agu(e)sT, aksT

English meaning: axe

Material: Gothic aqizi. Old Norse 0x, Old English acus, aex. Old Saxon acus, accus. Old

High German achhus, accus, aches. Modern High German /^a-/ (Germanic forms *aqwizi

and *akusi\\aye maybe derived according to Zupitza GG. 89 from a gradating *aguesT:

*agusjas), gr. i^oc; ' ax, hatchet '

Note: common gr. -gh- > -%-

Latin ascia^ ax of the carpenters ' (from *acsia\\ke v/scus:\^6q, vespa ^rom *vepsa).

Maybe alb. {*asca) asMa "shavings, wood splinter', {*viscus) vishk, f/shk'maWe thin,

wither'.

References: WP. I 39, WH. I 71, Feist 54 b, Specht Dekl. 150, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4654.

Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: agh-

English meaning: plough animal

Material: Old Indie ahrcow', Avestan azH. Adj. "pregnant' (from cows and mares). Middle

Irish ag{s- stem) m., f. " bovine animal, cow ', ag a//a/d 'deer' (actually, " wild ox '), a/'

brood, throw ' {*ag/o-), cymr. ae/6s., mcymr. ae/aw' abundance, fertility ', e/7/on

(*agliones) " fallow deer, horses '; here with e- vocalism Armenian ezn "bovine animal'?

References: WP. I 38, Loth RC. 38, 55.

Page(s): 7

Root / lemma: agro-s
See also: s. ag-
Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: ag-

English meaning: to lead, *drive cattle

Grammatical information: originally limited to the present stem.

Material: ago. Old Indie ay^// drive', aya-m. "a drove, troop; a driver'; ajf-xx\.li. "running

match, combat', Avestan azaiti^ drive, lead away ', Armenian acem^ lead, bring ';

Maybe alb. Geg (*ayu)), a^o "leader, chief;

gr. ayoo 'lead' (Aor. Aor. nyayov, n^a are new), Latin ago^ to set in motion, drive, lead,
negotiate ' (Pf. e^/'with ablaut innovation), Oscan Imper. actud= Umbrian aitu^ o set in
violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ', Oscan acum^ drive, urge ', Old Irish ad-
aig ( *aget) " to drive, bring, or take a person or thing to a place, of cattle ', acymr. agit,
hegit, more recently eyt (*agTti), besides the strong inflection in cymr. corn. bret. a{*agetj
"goes'; /- Preterit Old Irish ro-da-acM' driven away ', cymr. aeth{*ag-t} "to put in motion'
etc., see Pedersen KG. II 451 following. Old Irish a//?" activity, play ' (from *agnis), gallo-
rom. *and-agnis " big step ', French andain' swath, scythe slash ', Old French "wide step'.
Old Norse a/ra "driving' (Preterit d/rlike Old Indie Gram. aj^\ Old English ac"however, but,
yet' (wortl. "go!' like Latin agd)\ Toeharian B ak-, AB a/r- "travel, lead'; e

to- participle: OKToq, Latin actus' put in motion, moved, driven, tended, conducted', *amb
(i)-aktos, actually, " sent around (: Old Irish imm-aig) messenger, servant ' in gall. (-Latin)
ambactus^ vassal, slave ', cymr. amaeth^ |ervus aranj ' (from Celtic derives Gothic
andbahts, Old High German ambahV servant ', from which the kinship with Modern High
German Amt).

As Indo Germanic Instrumental noun in-Z^^here Old Indie asfra ^goad to drive the
livestock ', Avestan astra' whip, scourge '.

Maybe Tokharian: B akn. 'zeal' (Adams 35), AB ak- lead, guide, drive' (36).

lengthened grade formations: Old Indie ajY-hm. f. 'race, fight ', Middle Irish a^(Gen.
aga, u- stem) 'fight', aga, a/ge leaders' (cf also gall. PN Ago-marus= Old Irish agmar
'warlike'; Com-agius), Latin only in compounds: ambages, around ' a roundabout way,
winding. Hence, in speech, etc., either circumlocution or obscurity ' (conservative stem like
Old Indie aj-e'io lead' = Latin agT\vA. Pass., and like Old Indie ay- in prtanaj- ' in the fight
pulling ', however, with stretch in the composition), /ndages and /ndago,-/n/s' surrounding
and driving of game ', co-agulum ' a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the
curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet;
the curdled milk; that which holds or binds together, a bond, tie ', Old Indie samaja-h
'meeting, society', gr. cx^ui^oq, 'leading, leadingly ', aywyn 'guidance, management,
freight', Hes. wyava 'spokes', OTpaT-nyoc; (see below), about Doric ayov (Old Indie ajam) "I
lead' see, nevertheless, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 654, 4.

o- stem: ved. aja-h ' activity, train; driver ', gr. ayot; ' leader, military leader ', OTpar-
aY6(;, Attic Ionian arpaT-riYOc; 'military leader', Aoxayoc; (originally Doric) ' leader ', Latin
prodigo -igere -egi -actum^io drive forth; to spend, waste', prdd-/gus ^proiuse, extravagant;
rich, abounding in. Adv. prodige ' (from prod-igerd), abiga ' plant which has the power of
producing abortion; ground-pine ' (' close to miscarriage ' from ab-igere= anayu). Old
Indie apa-ajati^ to drive away, drive off ').

Jo- stem: Irish aige^race'. Old Indie in /7/:^a/7^ya/77 'competition'.

agmij, agmos. Old Indie ajman-n. ' road, train ', ajma-h ds. (however, about Jman, pari-
Jman-, prthu-jman-, jma-ya- s. ghl=>em- ' earth '): Latin agmen ' a driving movement or a
mass in (orderly) movement, a stream, band, train; esp. milit., an army on the march ' (to
neologism agoior *ammen), examen^ a swarm; a throng, crowd, shoal. (2) the tongue of
a balance; testing, consideration '; then ' to check, to weigh; to consider ' (from *agsmen),
ammentum ( *agmen-to-m) ' in loop form - possibly in the middle of the spear - fixed with

throw straps '; maybe (Schw. Gr. Gr. I 492''0) with o- graduation gr. oymoc; " field furrow,
road of heavenly bodies; swath by mowing '.

lo- stem: Old Indie ajira- " quick, nimble ' (however, Latin agilis^ flexible, nimble ' is a
neologism); gr. aysAri " herd, crowd ', Latin agolum^ shepherd's stick '.

Gr. dycbv " race, competition '; ayuia 'street' (part. Perf.), from which about newer *aY£ia
Latin agea' a gangway in a ship'; lak. Cretan atol. ayvsu) ' leads, brings ', ep. Ionian
aylvspsvai, aylvsu) ds. (:aYV£U) and ayu), like 6pT-vu) towards 6p-vu-pi and u)p-6ijr|v, also
from an 7ending root form; cf Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 696). about nyspcbv see Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 522^ and under sag-.

Latin remex, remigare, remigium, ITtigare " a rower, oarsman ' and other verbs in -
(i)gare. - Presumably Latin indigites^ the local divinities and heroes ' {indigitare^ a divinity
call ', indigitamenta'\v\yocaX\ov\ formulae'), as *end(o)-aget- 'the indigenous, native '.

formation development to 'to weigh' (from " bring in oscillation ') in Latin exagium^ a
weighing, weight; a balance ', exigere\ex-^ ago] 'to drive out, push forth, thrust out, take
out, expel: - To weigh, try, prove, measure, examine, adjust, estimate, consider': among
other things ' weigh, measure ', exactus^ precise, accurate, exact ', exiguus^ strict, exact,
scanty, small, little, petty, short, poor, mean, inadequate, inconsiderable, paltry ', exTlis
{*ex-ag-slis) " strict, narrow, thin, slender, lank, small, meagre, poor', examen{see above),
ag/ha^ the opening in the upper part of a balance, in which the tongue moves ' (formation
as for example coquTna), gr. aysiv also 'weigh' (with Akk. of the weight), a^ioc; 'weighing as
much, of like value, worth as much as' (from *aKTiO(;, on the grounds of *a^-//-5 'weight',
actually:) ' from suitable weight ', hence, ' worth, solemnly ', avra^ioq 'worth just as much
as, equally'.

still cf WH. 19, 10, 24 about acnua, actus quadratus ' a field measure of 120 feet in the
square ', and ac/J/^/r? 'straight away, immediately, forthwith ', a^asd 'footman, driver,
hostler', ago, -d/7/s'of the priests killing the sacrificial animal' (from agere\v\ meaning '
sacrifice'), agonium ' a victim, beast for sacrifice ' below likewise

Here maybe gall, exacum^ the herb centaury ' if prescribed for *exagum{= *exago-'
pure-craving '). But better to *aR- ' sharp ', see there.

Further belong here:

ages-, aRs. . . " (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ':

Old Indie aksa-h^ axis', gr. a^cov ds., ap-a^a "carriage, wagon' Gl. 12, 217; KZ. 40, 217

f-);

Note: common gr. -gh- > -%-

Latin 5^/5 'axis' = Lithuanian asis. Old Prussian assis. Old Church Slavic c»5bf. ds .; Old
High German ahsa. Modern High German Achse, Old English eax6s .; in. gxull{irom
Proto German *ahsulaz) 'axis'; Middle Irish a/5 'axis' {*aks/-/a\n cymr. echeli. 'axis', bret.
ah el).

Latin a/5 "shoulder', from which the usual meaning "wing', from *ags/a{ci Demin. ax/7/a
"armpit') = in. gx/, Old English eax/, Old High German ahsala. Modern High German
Achsel, where near lengthened grade Dutch okse/ ds., and without /-formant: Old High
German uochisa. Middle High German uohse, i/ehse and Old High German uochsana. Old
English oa/? "armpit', in. ostt, ostrxw. "Cervical pit'. Old English ocusta, oxtaxw., engl. oxter
"armpit'; av asayaQeu. Du. " of both shoulders ', Armenian anuf " shoulder pit ' (at first
from *asnuf).

Maybe Qermau Achsel : Latin axilla; ala; ascilla; ascella: Italian ascella: Spanish axial:
French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla : Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc
sqetuir armpit '.
common Calabrese -//-> -dd- : Sardinian -//-> -dd-.

ag-ra^ rush, hunt ', ag-ro-s^ driving, rushing ':

Old Indie in ghase-ajra- " to drive consuming, exciting appetite ', Avestan {vehr-kqm)
azro-daidTm " doing the hunt, outgoing on prey (she-wolf) '; gr. aypa, Ionian aypn " hunt,
catch ', navaypoq " catching everything, catching ', Kpsaypa " meat tongs ', nupaypa "
tongs ', noSaypa " prostration, enuflection ', M£A£aYpo(; originally name of a " demon which
as a quick-tempered fever seizes the limbs ' (?), aYp£U(; " hunter ', aypsuu) " catch '; but
dypsu) " take ' according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7271 from *a-Ypo-; Irish arv\. " defeat '
{*agroh) " battle, fight ' {*agra), actually, " rush ', acorn, hair^ destruction, injury, mischief,
harm, misfortune, disaster, loss, detriment, calamity ', abret. airouP\. " an overthrow,
destruction, ruin, defeat, slaughter, massacre, butchery, carnage ', gall. VN VeragrF the
immense combatants '.

Maybe lllyrian AgronPH.

ag-ro-s^ field, camp ' (to *agd as herd to drive wie, also originally " place where the
cattle is being driven, pasture ').

Old Indie ayra-/? "surface, camp, fields ' (without respect on agriculture), gr. aYp6(; " field,
land ' (in contrast to town), Latin Umbrian agerl\e\6', Gothic (etc.) akrs, Old High German
ackar, ahhar. Modern High German Acker {Acker av\6 Old English 3ecera\so a certain land
measure, " so much a bottom plate can oxen plow during one day '), Armenian 5/Y'field'
(with puzzling /about *atgr-, *atr-, see Pedersen KZ. 39, 352; thereof artaks^ out ', prefix
a/Ya-'from').

Old Indie ajrfya- " located in the plain ' = gr. aypioc; " on the field, outside growing or
living, wildly '; aYp6T£po(; " wildly living ', Latin agrestis^ a countryman, peasant, rustic,
rural, crude '. (about Gothic akran, German Eckern " beechnut ', however, see below *dg-
"grow'.)

Maybe alb. eger^WM, rural, crude', lllyrian TN Agrianes.

References: WP. I 35 f., WH. I 22 f., 89, H. Reichelt WuS. 12, 112.
Page(s): 4-6

Root / lemma: ag'^h-no-s {* Jag^h-no-s)

Meaning: lamb'

Note: (z. T. also *ag"'nos'7)

It seems that from Root/ lemma: ag-\ 'to lead, *drive cattle' derived Root/ lemma: ag"!!-

no-s: 'lamb'.

Material:

alb. Geg kinxhi, Tosc {*hengh-) qengj7'\arc\b' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : lith. gh- > dz-].

English lamb

Latin agnus > Italian agnello, French agneau, Bolognese agnel, Bresciano agnili,

(desonarized ((e)knedd Albanian Geg kinxh, Tosc qengj

Calabrese gneddu ; agnellu ; agneddu ; agniellu

Catalan anyell ; xai, Ladin agnel, Corsican agnellu, Ferrarese agnel,
Furlan agnel,

Galician ano, Greek apvi, Griko Salentino arni, Lithuanian eriukas,

Maltese haruf

Mantuan agnel
Manx eayn

Maori

reeme

Mapunzugun

ufisha

Ma rath i

+1+^

Maasai

olbaalo

Mokshan

veruz

Mongolian

xypra

Mudnes

agnel

Napulitano

pecuriello

Occitan

anhel

Old Greek

aMv6(; ; appv

Paduan

agneo

Parmigiano

agnel

Persian

i^jO

Piemontese

agnel

Polish

jagni?

Portuguese

cordeiro

Proven gal

agneu

Pugliese

pecherusce

Punjabi

i^<ii

Quechua

chita una

Rapanui

mamoe

Reggiano

agnel

Romagnolo

agnel

Romanian

miel

Romansh

agne

Saami

lappis

Samoan

tama'i mamoe

Sanskrit

^MI^IM:

Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) anzone

Sardinian Campidanesu anjoni

Sardinian Logudoresu anzone ; saccayu

Serbian

jarhte

Setswana

kwana; kwanyana

Shona

hwayana

Sicilian

agniddu

Slovak

jahfia

Slovenian

jagnje

Somali

nayl

Swahili

mwana kondoo

Swedish

lamm

Swiss German

Lammli

Tagalog

kordero

Tliai

aniins

i

Tigrinya

siema

Traditional Chinese

J m

Triestino

agnel

Turkish

kuzu

Turkmen

TOKJlbl

Ukrainian

flPHfl

Urdu

P^fiO

1

Valencian

corder

Venetian

agnelo

Viestano

ajn'

Wallon

agnea

Welsh

oen

Wolof

kharre

Zeneize

bae

gr. dfjv6(; m. f., apivrj f. "lamb";

Gr. {*ag"nos, abnos) apvoc; derived from an earlier *5i&/7c»s "lamb' [common gr. k" > p, g""

> b, later b > mb > m common lllyrian -gr.]

Latin agnus, -/^fem.-a'lamb' (a^/7/7e "sheep stable', lacking suffix affinity with Old Church

S\ay\c Jagnilo^ place where the sheep lamb ', a derivative of the verb Jagn/f/" to lamb');

[common Slavic old laryngeal /?- >y-]

Old Irish uan cymr. oen, acorn, o/n, bret. oan'\amb' (Proto Celtic *c»^/7c»5 with -gn- would

have derived from *-g"'hn-, not-*g"'n-, in spite of Pedersen KG. I ^09-bn-■,

o- probably influence from *c»^/s 'sheep'); Old English eanian, engl. toyean^to lamb',

Dutch oonen6s. (from *aundn from *auna- = Indo Germanic *ag"'hno-)\ Old Church Slavic

(j)agne^ "lamb' (with formants -et- broadened around popular names of young animals).

(j)agnbcb "lambkins' contain full gradation. Or is placed Indo Germanic *og"(h)no- : to
*9g'"(h)no-l

Through the Germanic and Celtic presumed voiced-aspirated also would underlie the
basis of Latin and Slavic forms, so that gr. a|jv6(; (at first from *apv6(;) remains the only
dependable indication in voiced-nonaspirated g". If Umbrian habina(f) " of a lamb ' could
be explained from intersection from *hedTno- = Latin haed/Jnus ' oi a kid' and *abnTno- =
Latin agn/nus^oi a lamb; f. as subst., lamb's flesh', however, it would point Umbrian ,6* to
voiced-nonaspirated. But maybe it has become g"'h\n Oscan-Umbrian to b.

Note:

The old laryngeal in centum languages h- > a-, e- : Slavic y- : Albanian k- : Italic /?-.

Celtic lllyrian concordances: common lllyrian -g""- > -b-, -d- : alb. -g"- > -d-.

Latin avillus "lambkin' because of the suffix formation not to ovis, but from *ag"hnelos.

Note:

[common Latin - \\.a\\Q, gw- > i/-] Latin avillus {* abillus) "lambkin' : Rumanian {*ag"'enus)
ageamlu lamb' .

References: WP. I 39, WH. I. 23.
Page(s): 9

Root / lemma: ai-6'^-, Ad^- nasalized /-n-6^-{*av/-6^-)

English meaning: to burn

Note:

Common lllyrian -gh->-dh-

Material: Old Indie inddhe^ inflamed, is aroused ' (pass, idhyate, Perf. Tdhe, part. Perf.

Pass iddha-h), indhana-m^ lighting '.

Gr. aiGw " lights, burns ' (aiGopsvoc;), aiGwv, al9oi|j " igneous, sparkling ', i9aiv£a9ai
0£Pfjaiv£o9ai Hes., hylleisch aiSwaaa aiGouoa " to light up, kindle '; changing by ablaut
KaK-ien(; Hes. 'ravenously' (W. Schuize KZ. 29, 269 = Kl. Schr. 329). common gr.- lllyrian
ks- > -ss-

Maybe alb. (*5ujaaa) ndez^ to light up, kindle '.

o-Grade:gr. al9o(; m. "fire' (ai96(; "burntly') = Old Indie edha-hxw. "Firewood' = Old
English ad. Old High German Middle High German eitvc\. " glow, pyre ': zero grade
probably Norwegian Swedish id^ leuciscus idus ' (a bright carp kind), of Modern High
German dial, alter leuciscus cephalus' as the " shining '; besides u- stem *ai6!"u- in gall.
VN Aedui, Old Irish aed^f\re\ also as MN; Latin aedes^ a dwelling of the gods, a
sanctuary, a temple ', ursprijngl. " the domestic stove ', also aedis= maked. ab\c, saxapa
Hes.

From the verbal adjective in -/o- derived probably Latin aestas, - af/s 'yNarm season,
summer' (from *aisto-tat-, Indo Germanic *afd!"-to-)\ aestus, - Js(from *aiA^-tu-) "heat,
glow, surf', aestuare " cook, surge, roar ';

Old Germanic MN Aistomodius {^ with quick-tempered courage '), Old English as/f. "dried
stove', engl. c»a5/"drying room, drying loft'.

/"-formants: gr. aiGnp "the upper air' (maked. a5r|), aiGpa "the cheerful sky' (maked.
a5paia), ai9piO(; "brightly, cheerfully (from the weather)', for what changing by ablaut
IGapoq 'cheerfully', Old Indie vTdhra-{=vi-idh-ra-) ds.

A formants: gr. aiGaAr), aiQaKoc, "soot', maked. abakoc;, under acceptance of a
development from "shining, appearing' " too apparently ' one puts a little bit constrainedly
here Old English /de/'va\n, pointless, trifling'. Old High German fta/, Modern High German
e/te/.

In Indo Germanic *a/i'^-/o- is based Germanic a//- in Old English se/an'burn' to a/n.
"flame', and in Old English seledrw.. Old Icelandic e/dr{Gen. elds) " fire, flame '. From
different development-grading Old English aeledare borrowed cymr. aelwyd, bret. oaled^
from fire, stove ' (M. Forster Themse 4872). Middle Irish 5e/"lime' could have originated
from *ai6!"-lo-. However, Germanic and Celtic words could also be formed directly by the
root 4. 4. a/- with -/osuffix.

5-formants: e5-stem gr. aiQoc, n. "Glow, fire' = Old Indie edhas-v\. "firewood'.

Continuing formation: Old Icelandic eisai. {*a/i^-s-dn) "fire', Norwegian "Hearth', Middle
Low German eset "chimney, fire stove ' (however. Old High German essa' chimney,
hearth ' see below as-' burn '); Avestan aesma m. "Firewood' {*ai(i!"-s-mo-, cf without s
Old Indie idhma-hm. ds.); in addition Baltic *a/sm/a\n Lithuanian /es/77e "firewood';
Lithuanian a/strat " passion '; Old Czech n/esfejeiiem. PI.) " stove ', later nfstej{m\h n-
suggestion by wrong decomposition of the connections * \rbn-estejq, \rbn-estejach-b.

Berneker275) from *a/i^-s-to; in addition zero grades *ki^-s-to-\n slov. /steje, stejeP\. "
stove hole '; to Johansson IF. 19, 136 also Old Indie istaka^ of burnt bricks ', Avestan
istya- n. " brick, (baked brick) '.

Maybe alb. {*/ska) hith^ blight, burning nettle ', {*iskra) h/thra 'nett\e' common a/t>. -k > -th.

In *//7d'^- goes back: alb. Geg idhune, Tosc idhete "bitter', Tosc /o''/7£V7/77 "bitterness,
anger, irritation', fydhite, hithraP\. "nettle' (Jokl studies 29).

Note:

Alb. and gr. are the only IE languages to preserve the old laryngeal h- .

References: WP. I 5, WH. 15, 20, 843, Trautmann 3, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 347.

Probably to ai-4.

Here also belongs aisk-, if originated from akH^-s-k- .

Page(s): 11-12

Root / lemma: aid- {*avid^
English Meaning: " swell '
See also: s. oid-.
Page(s): 1 1

Root/ lemma: aig-1, nasalized ing- {* avig-f)

English meaning: disspirited, sick, ill

Material: Alb. ke-ek, keq^uasiy, bad, evil' (from *haigio^\ [common alb. old laryngeal h->

m.

Latin aeger, aegra, -um, aegrotus^ unwell, ill, sick, diseased, suffering, feeble '; Old Norse
e//re/7/7 dismays " wild, furious ', (influenced by common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),0\6 English aco/
" excited, dismayed ', New Norwegian e/kja, eikla^ continually with attacks, contradictions,
assertions torment ', eikjen "argumentative'; Tocharian B aik(a)re (= Latin *aegro-), A ekro
"ill';

nasalized: *ing-: Lithuanian //7^/5 "lounger, idler', ingasan6 angi/s' idle, sluggish ';

Latvian /gstu, fgt' have internal pain, be sullen, morose ', /gnet' have disgust ', fgn/'s^
sullen person ' (Lithuanian engt/^ choke, torment ' probably stays away); Old Church

Slavic yi^o'za "illness", nslov. yeza'rage', poln.yi^o'za" fury, witch ' ("gruff, sullen'), Czech
jezinka "forest woman' (etc., see Berneker 268 f. ; in *J§ga, not *aiga, is consequently to be
led back also:) russ. babajaga "witch' (s. Bruckner KZ. 45, 318);

Old Icelandic ekki "pain, grief = Old English inca^ pain, suspicion, quarrel ', Old Frisian
inc{6. \.Jinc) "angry', also nengl. //7/r/e "anticipate, foresee ', inkling^ whispering, notion,
indication, sign '.

References: WP. I 9, WH. I 16, 843, Trautmann 70.
Page(s): 1 3

Root / lemma: aig-2

English meaning: oak

Material: Gr. aiyiAwitJ " an oaken kind ' (see below), presumably also KpaT-aiYO(;, Kpar-

aiycbv " an uncertain type of tree ' (possibly "hard oak').

The outcome from aiyiAwijj appears Acbijj Acbijj xAapuc; Hes., cf . Awniov, Acbnr), Aon6(; "
bowl, bark ' and Plin. n. h. 16,6, 13 aegilops fert pannos arentes ...non in cortice modo,
verum et e rami's dependentes, Kretschmer Gl. 3, 335.

Old Norse e//r (conservative stem) f. "oak'. Old Saxon ek. Old English 5c(engl. oak). Old
High German eih. Middle High German eich, eiche. Modern High German Eiche;

All other cognates are dubious: gr. a\^~\poc, (more properly than aiY£ipo(;, s. Pick BB. 30,
273) possibly 'aspen' could be created as ' tree trembler, (*oak shaker) ' also derivative like
oiKfipw from *aiYip(ji) " swing, tremble ' (: *aig- " move violently ');

Latin aesculus "(mountain oak), the winter or Italian oak ' ( *aig-sklos'7) is still unclear
after its formation, maybe Mediterranean word.

Maybe alb. Geg {*asi) ahi, ahu 'beech' [the common alb. s >h\n the middle of the word

(See Root/ lemma: 5£/eA/z7- Meaning: "mother-in law or father-in-law' shift s>h'\r\ alb.

{*svasura-) vjeherr' father-in-law ').

Root/ lemma: *ds, os-i-s, 6s-en-, os-k-\ "ash tree (alb. 5/7/" beech')' must have derived

from Root/ lemma: aig-2\ "oak (alb. ahu'oak')'.

References: WP. 110, WH. I 20, 844, Specht KZ. 68, 195 f. S. unten S. 18 Z. 1/2.

Page(s): 1 3

Root / lemma: a/g-3

English meaning: to move swiftly, swing, vibrate

l\^aterial: Old Indie ejati^ stirs, moves, trembles ', ejathu-h " the quake of the earth ',

vigvamejaya-^ making everything shake ', nasal present irjgati, irjgate^ stirs, moves ',

Kaus. irjgayatr sets in motion, touches, shakes ', udirjgayati' swings ', samirjgayati' sets

in shaking movement ' (form relation like between aiGw: Old Indie indhate);

from Gr. here very probably aly£(; ra Kuijara. Au)pi£T(; Hes. (also Artemidor Oneirokrit. 2,

12: KQi yap to [JsyaAa KUfjara aiyac; £v rfi auvr|6£ig AsyopEv), aiyiaA6(; 'strands' (probably

from arise the connection £v aiyi aAos " in the surf of the sea '; differently Bechtel Lexil.

16), aiyiq ' gale, storm cloud;

the shield of Zeus' (probably originally understood as the storm cloud shaken by Zeus,

'thunderstorm shield'), Karaiyic; ' gust of wind moving down suddenly ' from Karaiyi^siv "

storm, attack down, drive off ' (from nvoai "Ap£0(;, avspoi, GaAaaaa), ETraiyi^siv " attack

near, thrust near '; probably also aiyavsr) 'lance' (on the grounds of *aiYC(vov " the catapults

' or 'projectile'); presumably also aiyAn 'shine', from the flickerof the light and the warm air

to the south; common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-

The very name of the root lemma for goat derived from the shield of Zeus which after the
crash with clouds created thunderstorm. Since the shield of Zeus was covered with goat's
skin the very name of the goat was stamped with the name of the cloud shaker.
Hence Root/ lemma: aig-\ (goat) is identical with Root/ lemma: aig-3\ (to move swiftly,
move violently, swing, vibrate).

in addition Germanic name of the squirrel: Old High German eihhumo, eihhorn. Middle
High German e/c/70/77 (Modern High German Eichhorn\N\Vc\ support of E/ic/7e "oak' and
/yo/77'horn'. Old English acweorna,-wern. Middle Low German ekeren, ekhorn. Old Norse
Tkorne (lko\6 ablaut or impairment from aik- in addition?). New Norwegian also eikorne.
Old Swedish ekorne {was based on the concept " flexible, swinging itself from branch to
branch '; in earliest with one to *uer-, ueuer- ' squirrel, weasel ' the belonging second limb:
*aik-werna)\ Old Church Slavic igrb, igra^ play ', igrati, perfective v^zigrati^ OKipTciv, hop,
jump, dance ' (from *bgra, Lithuanian with Berneker422).

References: WP. Ill, Trautmann 103.
Page(s): 13-14

Root / lemma: aig- {*avig^
English meaning: goat
Note:

From the older root Root / lemma: aig- {* h2evig-)\ "goaf, derived Root/ lemma: ag^h-no-s
{* heg^h-no-s): lamb' and Root/ lemma: ag-\ "goaf : Root/ lemma: kago-or kogo- -a-:

"goaf.

Material: Gr. ai^, - yoq 'nanny goaf, Armenian a/c 'nanny goaf; zero grade Avestan izaena-

' from leather ' (actually, " from goatskin ' as gr. d\sz\oc„ of the same importance relations

with *ago- " goat ').

References: WP. I 8, Specht KZ. 66, 13.

Page(s): 1 3

Root / lemma: aig"!!-

English meaning: to be ashamed

Material: Directly from the root word: Old English ^M/a/7 'despise', 'be disgusted' also

Middle Low Germane/che/en, echelen, egelen {irorw *aiwildn) (from it borrows Middle High

German eke/n'be disgusted').

Gr. alaxoq n. "disgrace' (from *aig"h-s-kos, k- derivative of a s- stem *aig"'hes-, as:)
Gothic aiwiskiu. "disgrace, embarrassment '; cf further aiaxuvr) "shame, sense of honor,
disgrace', aiaxuvoj "dishonors, violates, disfigures', med. "avoids me, is ashamed of me',
aiaxp6(; "ignominious, full of disgrace; rebarbative'; Gothic ^/75/Vy/s/rs "unharmed', aiwiskon
act "shameful'. Old English ^wisc(e)v\. "disgrace, offense'. Adj. "shameless'. Middle Low
German e/sc/7 "nasty, hideous', nnd. eisk, 5/SC/7 "revolting, rebarbative'.

References: WP. I 7, Feist 30.
Page(s): 14

Root / lemma: aik-

English meaning: to call (?)

Material: Gr. aiKo^ei kqAeT Hes., Latvian afcinat " load, shout '.

But KoAsT can be prescribed for aiKaAAsi "flatters', and afcinat a derivative from aT
"hears!' explain (cf vaicat^asV! to vai).

References: WP. I 8, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 12.
Page(s): 1 5

Root/ lemma: ai-2{*avi-2)

English meaning: to drive, to overwhelm, harm

Material: present *{a)i-neu-mr. Old Indie inoti, fnvati, Imper. inuhf, participle -inita-
{upenita-^ pushed, cut into '), " penetrate into something, master', Avestan inaoiti. Inf.
aenarjhe^ violate, hurt ', a /n /ta {irom *an-initaby haplology) " not violated, not painedly '
(from Old Indie enas- n. ' Crime, sin, misfortune ' = Avestan aenah-' act of violence, crime
', in addition m. ' evildoer'?), Avestan />7/5y-'rape, injury; torture ', Old Indie ina- 'strong; m.
master ', maybe also Tti-h\. 'plague, need'; gr. aiv6(; 'tremendous';

maybe here-//?- in Gothic /^//'-//7a 'guilt, reproach'. Old High German firindn^s\v\\ Old
Icelandic firnu. PI. 'the extraordinary' (cf Weisweiler IF. 41, 29 f.), if original meaning ' act
of violence '.

References: WP. I 1, Feist 139/140.
Page(s): 1

Root / lemma: ai-3, {*hei-, heiua)

English meaning: to give

Note:

Root/ lemma: ap-1 {exact ap-) : ep-: to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root/ lemma: ep/-:

'comrade' > Root/ lemma: a/-3: 'to give'.

Material: Gr. {*avinumai) a'lvupai 'take, pack, touch', only present and imperfect tense.

Venetic MN {*avi-mos) Aimos, lllyrian MN {*ave-ta/) Aetor.

Latin {*ave-mulus) ae-mulus^ emulous, rivalling; in bad sense, jealous. M. orf. as
subst., a rival, esp. in love ', probably as ' reaches for something ' (Frisk Eranos 41 , 53).

Tocharian B {*avi) a'h, A e-, infinitive B {*avi-tsi) aitsi, A ess/'give'; Hittite pa-a-T he
gives ', 3. PI. p{-ia)-an-ziW\\h proverb /?e- 'there'.

Note:

common Hittite p/77e- : Slavic p/7jo- : Albanian p/7ia- > pe- prefix.

References: Pedersen Groupement 20, Hittitisch 115, Tocharisch 227; Frisk Indo-

Germanic 10 f.

See also: Here belongs certainly: ai-ti-, ai-to-

Page(s): 10-11

Root / lemma: ai-5 : oi-

English meaning: important speech

Material: Gr. aivriM'. aivsw "praises', aivoq m., aivri f. 'significant speech, praise';
aiviaao|jai 'talks in riddles', common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-\ aiviyMa n. 'dark speech'
(however, av-aivopai 'says no, deny' -Jo- appears derivative of the negation av-);
ablaut. Middle Irish defhm. 'oath' (acymr. anutonouP\., gl. ' the perjured, the perfidious ',
ncymr. anudon'per]ury, act of lying under oath') = Gothic a/Psm., Old Icelandic e/dr, Old
English aP, Old Saxon ed, Old High German e/dm. 'oath' (probably Celtic loanword).
References: WP. I 2, 103, Osthoff BB. 24, 208 f.
Page(s): 1 1

Root / lemma: ai-ra

English meaning: a k. of grass

Note:

Root/ lemma: ai-ra: 'a k. of grass' is a reduced root *a/-trairom which derived also Root/

lemma: ai-tro-\ bitter, sharp'.

Material: Old Indie eraka^ a grass kind ', gr. dpa ' weed in the wheat, ryegrass, darnel '

aipiK6(;, aipivo(; ' from ryegrass, darnel '), Latvian aires, aTrenes' ryegrass, darnel '.

maybe through metathesis alb. {*aTres > eser) e^/e^'Lolium temulentum, ryegrass, darnel'

[common alb. -s- > -gj- shift].

References: WP. I 12, Specht Dekl. 206^.

Page(s): 1 6

Root / lemma: aisk- {*avisk^

English meaning: bright, shining

Material: Awnord. eiskra^ rage before hot excitement ', nisi, iskra a\so from burning pain.

Lithuanian aiskus, where beside zero grade Old Lithuanian iskus 'clear, bright '.

Russ. 6\a\. jaska, demin. yasoc/ra' bright star', beside it Old Bulgarian ya5/7c» Adv. 'clear,
bright, distinct', russ. y55/7jy" light, clear, bright' from *aiskno-\ 'po\v\. Jaskry, Jaskrawy
'blinding, dazzling, brilliant ' from *aiskro-\ Old Bulgarian iskra^ spark ' etc. from *iskra.

Also alb. zero grade {*Jaskry), shkrinj^rueW., burn', participle *scrum> shkrumb ' ashes'
[common alb. m >/r7i6' shift] loaned in Rumanian scrum ' ashes' .

Russ. 6'\a\.jaska, 6em'\n.Jasocka' bright star', besides Old Bulgarian yas/7c» Adv. ' clear,
distinct', russ. jasnyj^ bright, clear 'from *aiskno\ po\n. Jaskry, Jaskrawy^ brilliant,
sparkling ' from *aiskra. Old Bulgarian iskra 'spark' etc. from *iskra.

Here the FIN Modern High German Aisch (Bavaria), Eysch(en) (Luxembourg), nengl.
Axeiroru Celtic or Venetic-lllyrian *Aiska.

References: WP. I 2, Trautmann 4, Pokorny Urill. 70, 113, M. Forster Themse 839.
See also: perhaps originated from *ai(S^-sk- , or from *ai-sk- in ai-4.
Page(s): 16-17

Root / lemma: ais-1

English meaning: to wish for, search for

Note:

The Root / lemma: ais-1 : "to wish for, search for' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The formant

-ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-2\ "to drive, to overwhelm,

harm'

Material: Old Indie esati " seeks, searches ', esa-hxx\. " wish, choice ', anv-isati^ looks for

= Avestan isaiti^ wishes ', Old Indie icchati{ *is-sRd) " looks, wishes, strives, seeks for,

desires' = Avestan /sa/f/6s., Old Indie iccha^ wish ', is (2. compound part) " searching,

striving after ' = Avestan /is ds., f. " wish, the object of the wish ', Old Indie ista- 'desiredly '

Tsma-m. ' name of Kamadeva, god of love ';

Armenian aic{*ais-ska) "investigation'; Umbrian e/5Ci//'e/7/(Bugge KZ. 30, 40) "they will

have caused to come, called, sent for, invited, summoned, fetched ' (probably as *eh-

iscurenV they will have driven out, pushed forth, thrusted out, taken out, expelled '); Latin

aeruscare\o beg, to get money by going about and exhibiting tricks of legerdemain, to

play the juggler ' as *aisos-ko- "demanding ' to Avestan Imp. /S555 "longs for' {-esko-

besides -s/^c-./s5/// "wishes'); Old High German eiscon^ research, ask, demand, (Modern

High German /7e/sc/7e/7 "demand' with Rafter he/ssen^\r\ot'), Old Saxon escon, escian

"demand'. Old English ascian, axian^ try, demand, ask'. Old High German e/5C5 "demand'.

Old English 3esce\. "investigation';

in Balto-Slavic with non-palatal /r of the present suffix- s/rd (towards Aryan Armenian -sk-),

what is not to be explained by borrowing from Germanic; Lithuanian feskau, /eskot/" \ook',

Latvian /eskaf to delouse ', Old Church Slavic /skg{an6 istg), /skat/"\ook\ /s/ra "wish'.

References: WP. I 12, WH. 19, Trautmann 67.

Page(s): 1 6

Root / lemma: ais-2

English meaning: to be in awe, to worship

Note:

The Root / lemma: ais-2\ 'to be in awe, to worship' is a truncated root of ai-ska. The
formant -ska is a common Germanic suffix added to Root / lemma: ai-3\ "to give'
Material: Old High German era. Modern High German Ehre, Old English ar^ Relief,
considerate treatment, honour, luck ', Old Norse eir' considerate treatment, peace, also
name of the medicine goddess '; of it Old High German eren, eron^ honor, spare, betake ',
Old English arian^ honor, spare, betake ', Old Norse e/ra 'spare'.

Oscan aisusisNo\. PI. 'sacrifices', Marrucinian a/sosD. PI. ' gods', Paelignian a/'s/'s^
gods ', Volscan esaristrom " sacrifice ', Umbrian esono-^ divine, sacred ', come from
Etruscan. Differently Devoto St. Etr. 5, 299 f.

d- extension: gr. ai5o|jai (from *aiz-d-) " shies, reveres ', aiScbq, -ouc; " reverence,
shyness, shame ', aiSEopai (*ai5£a-0Mai) 'aiSopai'; Gothic aistan, -aida^ avoid, pay
attention '; zero grade Old Indie Tde^ reveres, praises, implores '.

References: WP. I 13, WH. I 20, 419, 844; Feist 28 a, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 882.
Page(s): 1 6

Root / lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to- : oi-to-

English meaning: part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake, stock, proportion,

cut, contribution

Cements:

Root/ lemma: ai-ti-, ai-to-: oi-to-\ "part, share, allotment, quantity, quota, portion, stake,

stock, proportion, cut, contribution' is a truncated root * ai-tra\vA.o the suffixed Root/

lemma: ai-2\ "to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.

Material: Avestan aeta-^ the proper part '(' punishment '; dual " guilt and punishment ').

Gr. alaa (* airia) " interest, destiny ', hom. laa, better laaa " the proper interest ',
common gr.- Illyrian -ks- > -ss-\ iaaaaOai KAripouaGai. Asapioi Hes.; <i\Q\oc, " promising
good talent, favorabe ', aiaioc; " certain from the destiny, proper ', avaiaipou) " apply, use,
consume ', aiaupivau) " dispenses justice, it rules ';

5iaiTau) (maybe dissimilated from *5iaiTia(ji)) " be a referee, leads; divide (the way of) life =
leads a certain way of life; prescribe a certain measure in food and drinking ', hence, Siaira
' referee's office ' and " life-style, life arrangement ', £^aiTO(; " well-chosen, particular '.

Oscan Gen. ae/e/s "partis', a////i7/77"portionum'.

From Gr. here probably also aTTiO(; " responsible, guilty ' (t after airsu)), from which later
airia " guilt, cause '; also aiiEU), airi^u) 'demands' as " requires his interest '; ablaut. oTtoc;
m. 'Destiny'.

Old Irish aesn., cymr. oest " period, age ' from *ait-to-. Old Irish aesrw. 'People' from
*ait-tu-, cymr. oedvc\. 'Age' from *aito.

References: WP. I 2, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 82 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 4213, 6969, 7957.
Page(s): 1 1

Root / lemma: ai-tro-

English meaning: [bitter, sharp]

Cements:

Root / lemma: ai-tro- : "bitter, sharp' is a truncated root *ai-tra into the suffixed Root /

lemma: ai-2\ "to drive, to overwhelm, harm' with the formant -tra.

Material: Lithuanian aitrus^ bitterly, harsh ', aitrai. "sharpness' (also figurative); the nasal

formation "/iaZ/io- perhaps in Old Bulgarian ob-^tr/t/"set on fire ', wru. zajatr/c' anger', kir.

roz-jatryti sa "fester'.

References: WP. I 3, Berneker 269.

See also: perhaps in ai-4.

Page(s): 1 7

Root / lemma: aiu-, aju-

Meaning: "vital energy, vitality'

Note:

Root/ lemma: aiu-, aiu-\ "vital energy, vitality' derived from reduced Root/ lemma: g^ei-S

and g^eia-. g^Olie-. g^Olio-: g"^-, frequent, often with -f/- extended: to live

Material: Old Indie ayu- n., a nominalized adjective to ayu-^ flexibe, active '; ayii-hm. "

Genius of the vitality ', thereof derived s-stem ayuh n.. Gen. ayusah " vitality ' ( *aiuos. Gen.

*ajus-es)\ /7-stem in the locative, ayuni, Instr. ayuna; yuh " vitality ';

Avestan ayuu. 'Life span'. Gen. yaos, dat. yavoi, Instr. yava, of \\. yavaetat-^ duration ',
yavaejT-^ living always '; yus m. 'Life span';

Gr. system: Cypriot uFqk; ^av (= 5ia piou); locative without suffix, lakon. aisc; 'always';
hom. aiei, Attic asi (*aiF£ai), Akk. Attic aiw (*aiFoaa); Dat.-Lok. without extension in Ionian
aii, Lesbian ai (*aiFi) (afterwards oiSioc; 'forever', 5r|v-ai6q 'long-living'); /7-stem: aicbv m.
(and f. after aiux;) " vitality, life span ', ai£v 'always';

alb. e5/7e" period of time; span; space; stretcli; lapse 'from *a/l/e'5/a(Jol<l L.-l<. U. 34);

Latin ostem aevusm. and aevumn. "eternity, age, time, lifetime, or time of life, a period
of life '; however, are based aetasi. 'age: of human life, either a lifetime or time of life, age,
a period of time, epoch', old aevitas {irom it Oscan Gen. aftatefs, Akk. aftatum, Paelignian
Abl. aetatu) " age, time of life ', aeternus " of an age, lasting, enduring, permanent,
endless, forever' in adverbial *aiui.

Gothic ostem aiwsxu. " time, eternity, world '; /-stem adverbial aiw{*aiui) = Old
Icelandic se, e/(also in e/-^/'not'). Old English a, 6, Old High German /b' ever, always ',
Gothic n/a/w'never', Old High German neo, nio. Modern High German nie; Old English n-
a, engl. /7o' not, no ';

Maybe alb. (*d)yb"not, no' (common alb. -slav. j- prefix.

Old Icelandic lang-ger = \-aWv\ longaevus^ of great age, aged, ancient '; /-stem also in Old
Icelandic 3efi, ^i//f. {*aiui-) " life, age '; a-stem in Old High German ewai. " time, eternity ',
thereof Old High German eiwb'd 'eternity', ettv^ 'forever'; Gothic aju-k-dut^st 'eternity' from
*ajuki-{= Old English ece "forever'), with Indo Germanics-suffix + Indo Germanic -/J//;

Tocharian A ay/77- "mind, life' which /77 attributed to a/7/77-" life '.

References: WP. I 6, WH. I 21, EM. 21, Feist 30, 32, Benveniste BSL 38, 103 ff, Dumezil

BSL 39, 193, Specht KZ. 68, 196, Dekl. 88 ff.. Van Windekens 15.

See also: From this derived *Juuen-{jeu-3) 'young'; Specht also wants very much risquely

be put in addition *aig-, oak ' (= " vitality '?).

Page(s): 17-18

Root / lemma: a/1

Meaning: "exclamation'

Material: Old Indie e exclamation of remembering, address, compassion;

Old Indie a/the same; ay/ interjection with the vocative;

Avestan a/ interjection of the phone call (before the vocative);

gr. ai, al, aial exclamation of the surprise, of astonishment or pain (thereof aia^w " sighs,
deplores ', aiayija 'sigh');

Lithuanian a/~and a/" oh! blows! ' and before vocatives.

References: WP. I 1, WH. I 396, Benveniste Origines 130 f.
See also: see also *aik-.
Page(s): 1

Root / lemma: aios- {*av/os-)

Meaning: "metal (copper; iron)'

Note:

Root/ lemma: aios-: 'metal (copper; iron)' derived from Root/ lemma: eis-1: 'to move

rapidly, *weapon, iron'.

Material:

Old Indie ayas-n., Avestan ayaijh-u. 'metal, iron';

Latin aes, g. aeris, Gothic a/z(proto Germanic *a{J)iz- = Indo Germanic *ajes-) ' copper
ore, and the alloy of copper, bronze. Transf., anything made of bronze; a vessel, statue,
trumpet, kettle ', Old High German e^'ore'. Old Norse eiru. 'ore, copper'.

Maybe zero grade in Tocharian B {* aensuwan, *ansuwan) B encuwo ~/ncuwo^\ron' : alb.
{*hencus) hekur"\ron' : Latin aenus: Umbrian ahesnes. Tocharian A *ancu(\6.) (attested
in the derived adjective ancwasi) and B encuwo {incuwo is variant on the same order as
inte is to ente, q.v.) reflect PTch * encuwo. Further connections are uncertain. Schwarz
(1974:409) compares Ossetic 5'/7o'c»/7 'steel' or Chorasmian hncw^\6.'' and suggests that
the Iranian and Tocharian words might be borrowings from some adstratum language in
the shape +_ *ansuwan.

thereof Avestan ayarjhaena-^ metallic, iron ', Latin aenus {*aies-no-= Umbrian ahesnes
' of copper, of bronze '), aeneus. Old English aeren. Old Saxon Old High German Middle
High German enn. Modern High German eren {ehern). despite Pokorny KZ. 46, 292 f. is
not Indo Germanic aJoso\6 borrowing from AJasJa, o\6er Afas(/a), the old name of Cyprus,
as Latin cuprum : Kunpoq, there according to D. Davis (BSA. 30, 74-86, 1932) the copper
pits were tackled in Cyprus only in late Mycenaean time.

Here Latin aestimo, old aestumo^ to appraise, rate, estimate the value of; to assess the
damages in a lawsuit; in a wider sense, to value a thing or person; hence, in gen., to judge
', Denomin. from *ais-temos ' he cuts the ore ' (to temno).

References: WP. I 4, WH. I, 19, 20, Feist 31.
See also: To ai-4^ burn '?
Page(s): 15-16

Root / lemma: akka

Meaning: "mother (children's speech)'

Material: Old Indie a/r/ra 'mother' (gram.), gr. Akku) " nurse of Demeter ', qkku) ' ghost ',

OKKi^saGai " be coy, position oneself stupidly ', Latin Acca Larentia ' Laren mother, Roman

hall goddess ' (probably Etruscan); also into Small-Asian languages; compare lapp.

Madder-akka'earih mother'.

Maybe alb. /4//ri//7a "great mother' in alb. epos.

References: WP. I 34, WH. I 5. about Tocharian ammakisee below am(m)a.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: aR-, ok- {*hek-)
Meaning: "sharp; stone'
Material: 1. e/o-and a-St

Npers. a5(lengthened-grade form) "millstone, grindstone'; gr. OKn "point', lengthened-
grade form Ionian nKr| aKWKn, £ni5opaTi(;, nK^n Hes., redupl. aKOJKn " point, edge ' (as
aywyn : ayw); after Kretschmer KZ. 33, 567 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348 belongs qkouu)
"hears' as *aK-ou(;- "having sharp ear' here, see, however, 1. keu-; alb. a//7e/e "sharp,
sour', [common alb. -k> -//?].

Latin ace/ie "sharp, cutting, keen. Hence, to taste, biting; to touch, sharp; of sounds, shrill;
of smells, penetrating; of sight, keen; of emotions, painful; of understanding, quick,
vigorous, energetic', ac/c/us' sour, acid, tart ', acetum' vinegar';

Maybe alb. acarlrost, sharp steel' : Romanian acar' signalman, pointman, switchman,
pin cushion '.

with ambr. con voc ar v/7/n 'sharpen the millstone ', cymr. hog/' sharpen', acymr.
ocoluin, ncymr. hogalen. Middle Breton hygo(u)len, nbret. higolenn' whetstone ' (with the
unclear second component; to explain bret. vocalism of the initial sound by the pretone);
(common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), mc. cyfogT vomit, fight ', with secondary ^iosuffix acymr.
cemecid, ncymr. cyfegydd {*kom-okiJo^ " pickaxe ';

with zero grade: acymr. diauc, ncymr. diog, mbr. dieuc{*de-ako-) "decayed, spoiled ',
mcymr. ym-am-ogawr{*-aka-i) " one stirs, is active ' (Loth RC. 45, 191) and mbr. eaug,
nbret. eok' ripe, made soft ' {*eks-ako-), to gall, exacum' centaurion lepton ' (Ernault
Gloss. MBret. 201); compare also above S. 5;

Swedish agvc\. "marsh grass, Cladium mariscus, edge, blade' {*aRo'-), Middle High
German a^ "perch', egle, eg//ncds., Modern High German Swiss ege/, Demin. eg//, Old
Swedish ag/i-borre6s., maybe also Swedish a^^"rancor, hatred ', a^^a "sting, torment',
Norwegian dial, a^^e "tooth, point' (*a^^/rc»- or expressive Gemination?), as well as (with
secondary Germanic vowel gradation a: i/ or from *aRu/<o- with assimilation a in i/?)
Norwegian dial. ^^^ "sting, frightening', Swedish dial, ^p'^ "point, tooth'. Old Norse uggr
"fear', Norwegian dial. i/^^e"fin'; Lithuanian a/<uotas "awn', asa/<a {*aRo-/<a) "fish bone,
bran' = wruss. oso/<a "sedge'. Old Prussian ac/<ons ( *aRdno-) ds.

Maybe alb. {*ege/), egJer'LoWum temulentum, ryegrass, darnel' [common alb. -s- > -gj-].

* Balto-Slavic forms with /r prove none Indo Germanic beside the form aR-, but is
partially loanword from Veneto-lllyrian, whose area would be occupied by people from the
Baltic and Slavs (Kretschmer Gl. 21,11 5). Also g in Church Slavic /g/a explains itself on
tops. 15.

2. /-and/ stems:

Armenian ase//? "needle' (from *as//n, Meillet Esquisse 43); gr. aKi(;, -i5o(; " point, sting ';
Latin ac/es^ keenness, edge; of the mind, penetration, insight; of the eye, a piercing look
or keen vision; sometimes the pupil of the eye, or the eye itself. Milit., battle line; hence
battle, battlefield '; Old Saxon eggjai.. Old High German etc e/r/ra "point, sword edge'.
Modern High German Ec/re (proto Germanic *aj/o. Old Norse e^^"edge, cliff backs', eggja
"sharpen, spur on'. Old English ecg^ edge, blade, sword' (from it borrows Middle Irish ecg
"edge', nbret. e/r"point'), eg/eP\. "awns', engl. a//s. Old Church Slavic os/a {*os-b/a), russ.
ose/oRm. "whetstone', Czech os/nat "awn'.

about Old English e/ier'ear ' see below s- formant.

3. ^-stem:

Gr. axupov "chaff' see below 5-formant; Latin acus, - ust "needle; fish name ', acuere
"sharpen', acJ/77e/7 "sharp point; hence the point of remarks, etc.; sharpness of intellect;
cunning, trickery', ac/a {*acu-/a) "thread to the sewed', aqu/fo//um {bes\6e acr/fo//um)
"holly', ac^/ei/s "sting', acc/p/ter' hawk, falcon' {*acu-peter "quick-flying');

Maybe alb. zero grade {*ccipitei) skifter^ hawk', shqiptar' eagle-man, Albanian ',
shqiponje^ e3iq\e\ Shq/per/land of the eagles, Albania', 5/7(7//? 'language of the eagle-men,
Albanian language'.

Spanish aguijdn : French aiguillon : Catalan agullo : Portuguese aguilhao : Romagnolo
agucidn da testa : Romanian {*{a)ghimpe) ghimpe : Albanian glemb, gjemb " sting ' from
Vulgar Latin aquileo, -onis< aquileus< acus^ needle '.
English needle

Italian ago

Spanish aguja

French aiguille

Albanian Geg gjyi-pane, Tosc gjil-pere

Aragones

agulla

Bergamasco

gogia

Bresciano

ocia ; ucia

Calabrese

acu ; saccu

irale ; zaccurafa

Catalan

aculla

Furlan

gusiele

Galician

agulla

Griko Salentino

veloni

Irish

snathaid

Latin

acus

Mudnes

gaccia

Napulitano

aco

Nissart

aguiha

Paduan

ago

Piemontese

gucia

Portuguese

aguiha

Romagnolo

agoccia

Romanian

ac

Sardinian Campidanesu

acu ; spigoni

Sardinian Logudoresu

acu ; agu

Sicilian

ugghia ; ugliola ; zaccurafa

Trentino

uza

Valencian

agulla

Venetian

ago ; ucia ;

gucia

gall, acaunum {*akounon) "rock '; lllyrian ON Acum/ncum today Szlankamen'saW. stone'
(Banat);

Modern High German Ache/t "ear point, awn' from ndd. aggel{mVr\ spirant, g) from Indo
Germanic *a/^^-/5; Old English awelm. "fork', Old Norse sod-all "meat fork' (Germanic
*ahwala-, Indo Germanic *aRu-olo)\ if here gallo-Latin opi/A/s "common maple '
(Marstrander, Corr. Germanic-celt. 18), would be placed Indo Germanic *oRy-olo-\ about
Old Norse uggreic. see e/ostem, about Old English earsee 5-formant; cymr. eM/" drill',
mbr. ebirpeg, nail ' {* aky-rilo-);

Note:

The mutation kw > p, b\v\ Celtic tongues, Latin and gr.

Baltic *asus\v\ Latvian ass^ sharp, pointed ', Lithuanian asutaTm. PI. " coarse horse hair '
= Slavic *osuta m. " thistle ' in Church Slavic ostt-b, russ. osot. On account of here
Tocharian A agawe^ rough' (Van Windekens Lexique 15)?

see below *dku-s " fast (sharp in the movement) '.

4. With /7>formant:

aRmo-/-a

Gr. OKpn " point, edge, sharpness; the highest point, climax, decisive point ' (oKpriv
Adv., aK|jaTo(;, aKpa^w); Swedish dial, am' marsh grass, Cladium mariscus' (Germanic
*ahma-, compare Finnish loanword ahma' equisetum ').

aR-men-/-mer-

Old Indie asman- n. " stone, sky ' (as a stone vault, Reichelt IF. 32, 23 ff.), asmara-'
stone ', Avestan asman- stone, sky ' (Old Indie Gen. asnah, Instr. asna, Avestan Gen.
asno, Abl. asnaalW\\h -/7-from -mn-\ Instr. PI. Old Indie asnalh after ostem); Phrygian PN
'AKpovia; gr. qkijcjov ' anvil, meteor, heaven ', aKpiwv 6 oupavoq; Lithuanian asmensm. PI. '
edge ', akmud, -ens m. ' stone '.

5. With />formant:
aRen-

Old Indie asani-h^ head of the arrow, missile'; Avestan asarjga-, Old pers. adanga-^
stone ' {*ak-en-go, Benveniste Orig. 28); gr. OKaiva " point, sting; longitudinal dimension '
(however, about Latin acuna^ a cavity, hollow, dip; esp. a pool, pond. Transf., gap,
deficiency, loss' see WH. I 9), OKOvn ' whetstone ', qkcjov, - ovioq, ' spear ' (for older qkoov,
*-ovoc; after the participles), aKovri^w " throw the spear ', OKavoq " thistle kind, prickly head
plant ', QKavi^Eiv " fruit carry prickly heads ', aKav9o(; "thistle' (from * aKav-av0O(; 'sting
flower'), QKOvGa " thistle, sting, thorn, spine, esp. of the fish ', aKoAavGic; ' goldfinch ' (from
*aKav9aAi(;), QKoGoq ' barque ', aKarn, aKariov " woman's shoe ' ( *aRnto-, probably from
the pointed form); Latin agna " ear of grain ' (from *aRna)\ Gothic ahanai. " chaff ', Old
Norse ggn. Old English egenui. and aegnanP\., Old High German agana6s., Modern
High German Ahne, dial. Agen "stalk splinter of the flax or hemp' (Germanic *ag-, *ahand,
Indo Germanic *aRana)\ Lithuanian zem. asn/'s' edge, sprouting, germinating, sowing ',
Latvian asnsm. " germ bursting out '.

6. With /--formant:

aRer-, oRer-

Note:

Many Germanic cognates prove that the real roots were the labiovelars: aR^er-, oR^er-

Old Irish a{/)cher' sharp (from the hoist)', because of the Gen. Sg. Akeras{PH in the
Ogham) not Latin Lw .; abret. acer-uission ^\n\Vc\ sharp fingers' {biss), ocerouP\.
"sharpened', acymr. ar-ocrion <^\. atrocia; Lithuanian aserys, ese/ys "river perch'; pol. dial.
Jesiora {irom *asera)\ Old Norse qgr^s. (from proto Germanic *agura-, Indo Germanic
*oRr-o-), west-Norwegian augur{irom *ggurr, new development from ggr), influenced by
auga "eye',

From the extension of Root/ lemma: aR-, oR- {* heR'^-): "sharp; stone' with /--formant derived
the labiovelars: aR^er-, oR'^er- whose zero grade produced alb. {*R"'ema), gurre^ stream'
[common alb. rn >/rshift], {*R"er-) gur'stone';

Here also maybe the name of the maple (due to the pointed leaf sections):

Latin acer, -er/'sn. " the maple tree or maple wood ' (from acer arbor became Vulgar
Latin acerabulus, Meyer-LiJbke REW. 93), Danish serAs. (Germanic *ahira-)\ Modern High
German dial. Acher6s. (Germanic *ahura-);

gr. QKaaToc; n acpsvSaiJvoc; Hes. (*aKapaToc;, meaning as nAaTaviaTO(; beside nAaravog;
to stem compare also OKopva Sacpvri Hes.); gallo Rome. *akaros, *akarnos ' maple '
(Hubschmied RC. 50, 263 f.); Old High German 5/70/77 'maple'

(from Swiss and other oral kinds would devop certainly a-, however, a -would have arisen
also of people's etymological distortion, like Middle Low German anhorn, alhorn;ahorn
(Indo Germanic *aRrno-) is up to the declension class = aKapva, while Latin acernus^ of
maple ' is syncopated from *acer-inos, however, that /7has probably also arisen from the
former adjective material developing formants -no- and not from ///7-stem by accumulation
of both elements.

Rather that counts for gr. OKopva (*-ia) " yellow thistle kind ' qkovoc; ds., maybe here
also QKopoc; ' Kalmus', OKopov ' his spicy root ', compare with other forms still aKivo(;f. "
odoriferous flower ', wki^jov ' basil ' (if here suitablly, named after the sharp smell?).

aRri-, aRro-

Old Indie asrih " corner, edge, border ', catur-asra-h "square'; gr. cxk^oc, "sharply',
QKpov, QKpa, QKpic; "point, mountaintops' (also in OKpoaofjai as "have sharp hearing,
sharpen the ear', and aKpiq, -i5oc; "grasshopper', short form for aKpoparouaa " tiptoe ',
OKpi^ouaa; OKpspcbv " point of the boughs ', see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. I|2 1 ,
241);

Latin (to 5 see Frisk IF. 56, 113 f.) acer, acr/s,-e {0\d Latin acra, -um) "sharp, piercing,
penetrating, cutting, irritating, pungent', Oscan akrid^ sharply, fiercely, keenly ', Umbrian
peracri-^ fat, plump, corpulent ' (= Latin peracer^vevj sharp', compare to meaning gr.
QKpoc;, also " uppermost, excellent ', and aKfjaTo(;), Latin acerbus^ acidic, sad, harsh,
bitter, unripe ' (from *acri-b^o-s)\ compare gall. AXPOTALVS^ with high forehead ', Old
Irish ©/""high' (from *akros)\ Lithuanian asms, astrus. Old Lithuanian astras. Old Church
Slavic ostrb "sharp' (/- interpolated wording).

oRri-, oRro-

With shading o: gr. 6Kpi(;f. "sharp' mountain point, corner, edge ', Old Latin ocris'cn. "
rough mountain ', Latin mediocris^ average, mediocre, of middling size, medium, middling,
moderate, ordinary ', actually "to be found halfway up ' (here ablaut could be displayed in
the compound like in extorris: terra, meditullium: tellus), Ocriculum, Interocrea, ocrea
"splint, a greave, legging', Umbrian ocar, ukar. Gen. oc/'e/'" mountain, castle mountain ',

marr. ocres^ a mountain, mount, range of mountains ', Middle Irish och(a)ir^ corner, edge
', from it borrows cymr. c»c/7/''edge'.

To the heteroclite paradigm *aR-r-(g), *a^-/7-e5 (also the /-stem *a^/- can have combined
with it) compare above aRmen/mer-, Pedersen KZ. 32, 247, Johansson Beitr. 9, Petersson
IF. 24, 269 ff.; as notable the apposition appears thereof from gr. Kpayoq " name of
different mountains ', AKpav-aq the 'Agrigentum' which might have signified originally "
rocks, stones'.

7. With s-formant:

aRes- : aRs-

Gr. axvri 'chaff from *a'k-s-na, afterwards reshuffled axupov ds. instead of *aKupov; gr.
QKoa-Tn 'Barley' ('awned, bristly ', formation like lat onus-tus, venus-tus); gr. hke^ o^u, Hes.
TTupi-nKr|<; " with igneous point ', aM(pnKr|<; "two-edged', Tavur|Kr|<; "with long point ' (maybe
only with stretch in the compound, after which the length also in simple hke^; however, lies
lengthened grade *ak- also before in Ionian nKn aKWKn, £ni5opaTi(;, aKprj Hes., HKoSa
nv5pu)p£vr|v yuvalKa Hes., compare to meaning OKpn "climax of life').

maybe zero grade in alb. (*aKoa-Tri) /ra5/7-/e "chaff (*barley)' where -Zeis the neuter
ending, (*axvr|), sa/7e "chaff'.

additional formations in gr. o^uc; "sharp', compare to formation Lithuanian tamsus /oOld
Indie tamas; Lithuanian tamsa' {\n addition o^ivr) "harrow' Hes.), 6^0(; "wine vinegar'. -
Also *aKax|J£voc; "sharpened' seems to be * aK-aKa-[j£vo(;, Hirt IF. 12, 225.

Note: common gr. -gh- > -^-

Latin acus,-eris^ a needle ' acervus {*aces-vo-s) " a heap, mass; in logic, argument by
accumulation '; Gothic ahsQeu. *ahs/sn., Old Icelandic axn., Old High German ah/r, ehir
n. (Germanic *ahiz), from the PI. Modern High German " ear of corn ' f., but Old English
ear{*ahuz), dat. Sg. North Umbrian aehher, eherds. (about the coexistence from /-, u- and
systems, partly already Indo Germanic, but esp. in Germanic, compare Brugmann
compare Gr. II 1, 522, under Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 152. On account of originally
Indo Germanic -es- or -/s-, or-^s-stem display, is difficult in the isolated case to decide,
compare also Sievers-Brunner Aengl. Gr. pp. 1 28, 2 under 288 f.)

aR-sti-

Cymr. eithinxw. PI. ' gorse, furze' {*akstTno-), from it borrows Middle Irish a/ttennds.
(with unclear sound gradation); (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), Lithuanian a/rs//s following
'smoked spit' (= russ. ostb ' point, ear, spike '), akst/nasm. ' Sting, spur ' = Old Church
Slavic ostbnbvn. 'Sting', Czech osten6s.

Maybe alb. {*osten) hosten^sWck for driving cattle' Slavic loanword.

8. With /- formant:

Old Indie apastha- m. (from *apa-as-tha) " barb in the arrow '; gr. aKir) " gruff coast with
breaker; headland, elevation '; Tocharian B aq-, agge-'\r\ea6, beginning ' (from *aR-t-).

o^eM "harrow, device with points ':

Latin occa "harrow' from *otika by metathesis from *okita (Hirt IF. 37, 230)? compare
different formations gr. o^ivr) "harrow';

Note: common gr. -gh- > -^-

acymr. ocet, corn, ocet, bret. oguet: 0\d High German eg/da, Middle High German
eg{e)c/e, Old English eg{e)cfet (Modern High German Eg^e renewed from the verb eggen
from Old High German egen, ecken, proto Germanic *agjan, on its part only from the
Subst. *a^/icfd revert formation);

Lithuanian akecios, ekecios^ harrow'. Old Prussian aketes^ harrows', e instead of e
derives from the verb *akejd\v\ Lithuanian akeju, aketi, besides akeju, eketr, the aniaut
(initial sound) a- frequently has become e in an unstressed position a before palatal vowel
(Endzelin Lett. Gr. 36).

References: WP. I 28 ff., WH. I 6 ff., Specht Dekl. 24, 69, 125, 271, 331. Specht KZ. 62,
210 ff. (unglaubhaft).

See also: S. under *oR-t6u^e\Q\\{\ actually " both points of the hands (without thumb) '.

zero grades ^- stuck probably in stems kemen-, kernel-, komen-^ stone, skies ', komor-
" stone hammer ', Rei-, koi-, kd/- " sharpen, whet ', Ru-^ sharp, spit, spear '.

Page(s): 18-22

Root / lemma: aR-1, aRo- {*hek-)

Meaning: to eat'

Note:

From Root / lemma: aR-, oR- {* hek'^-): sharp; stone' derived Root/ lemma: aR-1, aRo-

{*hek-): 'to eat'

Material: Old Indie as/7a// (inserted Inf. as/'-tum etc.) 'eats, consumes', asanamu. "food',
asna-h ^ greedy' , lengthened grade asayat/" aWows to dine', prafar-asa-h ^breakiasV;
Avestan kahrk-asa "chicken eater = vulture' etc.;

gr. aKuAo(;f. "acorn' (as "food', compare formally Old Indie asi/-5a-/7 "greedy'), cxkoKoq,
"bite';

Old Norse agnn. "bait for fish' ( *aka-n6-), aeja "allow to graze' ( *ahjan).

References: WP. I 112 f., WH. I 210 f.
Page(s): 1 8

Root / lemma: aRru

Meaning: tear'

Material: Ved. asruu., later also asram'tear', Avestan asru-n., Lithuanian asara' and

asarat, Tocharian A akarP\. akrunt ds., compare Old Indie asrayami, Lithuanian asaroju

"cries'. The relationship to Indo Germanic *dakru'tear' is unsettled, compare Meillet BSL.

32, 141.

Note:

Root/ lemma: aRru: 'tear' derived from Root/ lemma: daRru-: "tears'. The phonetic shift

da- > a-, zero'\s a common Baltic lllyrian. Compare Root/ lemma: cfe/-5: "long': Baltic with

unexplained o'-loss (see below): Lithuanian I/gas, f. /7ga, Latvian /Igs, Old Prussian /7ga and

ilgikdv. "long' : Hittite Nom. PI. da-lu-ga-e-es {dalugaes) "long', da-lu-ga-as-ti {dalugasti) n.

"length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan migration from the Baltic region to North India.

References: WP. I 33, WH. I 746.

Page(s): 23

Root/ lemma: ak*'a-{more properly ak^i). ek"-

Meaning: "water, river'

Note:

From Root/ lemma: ang''(h)i-\ "snake, worm' derived Root/ lemma: ak''a- {more properly

ak"^. ek"-

: "water, river'; Root / lemma: eghero-: "lake, inner sea'; Root/ lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro-\

"water current': lllyrian Pannonian VN 'Oa£piC(T£(; [common alb.- Illyrian -Baltic -^^- > -«/-, -

z\

From Root/ lemma: a/ca-^yNster, river' nasalized in *a/r^e/7/- (suffixed in -er, -or) derived

Root/ lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer-\ "to flow, to wet; water, etc'

Material:

Latin aqua'waier, water pipe' (thereof aqu/7us ' dark' , aqu/7a ' eag\e' , actually "the swarthy',

aqu/7d' north wind', actually "the darkening sky') = Gothic afvai. "river, body of water'. Old

Icelandic g, Old English ea, Old Saxon Old High German aha, Modern High German Ache

ds. (Germanic *a/7M/d, thereof derived *ahwjd, "awyio "surrounded by the water' in Old

Icelandic eyi. "island, pasture, grassland'. Old English feg. Old High German -ouwa, -awa.

Middle High German ouwei. "water, peninsula in the river, grassland rich in water';

Maybe alb. {*aquild) a/ri///" frozen water, ice'

It seems that Root/ lemma: alca- {more properly ak^i): ek"-: (water, river) derived from

Root/ lemma: aR-, ok-: (sharp; stone).

Modern High German Aue, compare Old Frisian e/-/a/7o'" island', Sca(n)din-avia

Kretschmer Gl. 17, 148 ff.), russ. FIN Oka, Pannonian PN Aqu/ncum ' stove (*cooking

stove where water boils making bubbles)', apul. FIN Aquilo, Venetic PN Aquileia (also in

South Germany); with ablaut (Indo Germanic e) in addition Old Icelandic segir{ *ek"i6s)

"God of the sea'. Old English aeg-weard^ watch at the sea', eagor'sea, flood' (the initial

sound after ea); maybe here Old Indie /ra/77 "water', dak. plant N KoaSapia noTapioysiTajv "

water colonist ' {*k"a-6^emn), poln. (North lllyrian) FIN Kwa.

The affiliation from Hittite e-ku-uz-zi {ekuzi) "drinks', 3. PI. a-ku-wa-an-zi, seems not
unlikely. Moreover also Tocharian AB yc»/r-/5/" drink'. Old Irish o/ic/7e "water' does not exist;
cymr. 5/^ "sea' is neologism to eigionirorr\ Latin oceanus.

From PIE the root for water, ocean, passed to Altaic:

Protoform: *6k"e ( ~ -k-)

Meaning: "deep place, place far from the shore'

Turicic protofomn: *oku

Tungus protoform: *(x)uK-

Japanese protofomn: *eki

Note: The parallel seems plausible; the common meaning here may be formulated as "a
place (in the sea or river) distant from the shore".

References: WP. I 34 f., WH. I 60, 848, Feist 18 f., Pedersen Hittitisch 128, Tocharisch

190.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: ak"-

Meaning: "to hurt'

Material: Old Indie aka m^ grief, pain ', Avestan ako^ nasty, bad ', axtis'^ grief, pain,

illness '; gr. noun *anap, *anv6(;, thereof nnavsT anopsT, nnavia anopia, nTT£pon£U(;

'swindler'; Verbalst. an- in anarn 'deception' {*apnta), redupl. Present ianru) 'damage'.

Note: common gr. -k"- > -p-, -g"- > -b-

References: Kuiper Gl. 21 , 282 f.

Page(s): 23

Root / lemma: ab'^i-

Meaning: barley'

Note:

Root/ lemma: ab^i-: barley' derived from a truncated Root/ lemma: ereg*'(h)o-,

erog*'(h)o- : "pea' [common gr. -k""- > -p-, -g"- > -b-].

Material: Gr. aAcpi, aAcpirov " barley, pearl barley, barley flour ', lakon. aAicpara aAcpira n
aAsupa Hes. (with gradual growth vowel i; Ehrlich KZ. 38, 55, in aAcpi : aAcpara from which
by intersection with aAcpi then aAcpir-a, -ov - sees a relation as between Old Indie asth-i:
asth-n-ah, what would guarante older proto Indo Germanic of the word); alb. elp (eibi)
"barley' (N. PI. *ab'^J^. Iran. *a/bh/- conclusions Vasmer Stud. z. alb.Wortf. I (Dorpat 1921)
S. 16 ff. from turko-tatar. etc a/t'a 'barley'.

relationship to *ab'^- " white ' assumes Specht Dekl. 68 Old Norse

From Iranian branch the name for barley passed to Altaic family:

Protoform: *arp"a
Meaning: "barley, millet'
Turicic protofomn: *arpa
Mongolian protoform: *arbaj
Tungus protoform: *arpa
Japanese protofomn: *apa

Note: EAS 90, KW 15, Poppe 87. Aflnnfl?! 67. The Mong. form cannot be explained as a
Turkism (despite TMN 2, 24, lHep6aK 1997, 100). The Turkic form is sometimes compared

with Proto-lran. *arba- (corresponding to Gr. aiplii), of. East Iranian forms going bacl< to
*arpasya- (or*arbasya) (CTe6nMH-KaMeHCKMM 1982, 23), but it is not identical (loss of the
final syllable is hard to explain); on the other hand, the Jpn. parallel is a strong argument in
favour of the Altaic origin of the Turkic form.

References: WP. I 92, Jokl Festschrift Kretschmer 78 f., Kieckers IE. 41, 184, Wahrmann
Gl. 17,253.
Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: af^o- {*hel-b^o-)

Meaning: white'

Note:

Root/ lemma: ab'^o-{*heb'^o-)\ "white' derived from Root/ lemma: el-1, ol-, J-\ red, brown

(in names of trees and animals) extended in -b^o-formant, see gr. £Aacpo(; m. f. ' stag

(white spotted) '.

Material:

Gr. aAcpoc; " white rash ', aAcpouq Aeukou^ Hes. (also aAwcpoc; A£uk6(; Hes., s. below), FIN

'AA(p£i6(;;

Latin albus' white, dead white; hence pale or bright; sometimes making bright; fig.,
fortunate ', Umbrian alfu^ white ', Oscan Alafaternum Alafaternum^ Alfaternorum ', pralig.
Alafis " Albius ' (and many other names partly Etruscan coinage due to Oscan-Umbrian
root alf-, as Latin alb-, s. Schuize Latin Eig. 1 19 f.; etr. Pronunciation from Latin albus a\so
must be that of Paul. Diac. 4 L. as Sabine called alpum); in addition albula, alburnus "
whitefish ', albarus^ white poplar ', albucus^ asphodel plant ' etc.;

cymr. elfyddxw. " earth, world ' from *albfio- (compare Old Church Slavic svetb " light,
world ');

Old High German albiz, elbiz. Old English aelbitu, ielfetu. Old Norse elptr, giptt
(Germanic *alb-it-, -ut-) "swan', (forms -d- in animal names: s. Brugmann Grdr. I|2 1, 467,
Charpentier KZ. 40, 433 f., Specht Dekl. 229; also:) Old Church Slavic lebedb, russ.
lebedb lebjadb, in the ablaut to poln. iabgdz, serb. tabud, Czech labud " swan ' (proto
Slavic *olb-edb, -gdb, -gdb, compare to the latter suffix form Lithuanian bal-andis^ pigeon,
dove ', actually ' white '; see Meillet Et 322, MSL. 14, 377, Schuize SBprAk. 1910, 800 =
Kl. Schr. 122 f.; named after the color russ. lebeda, poln. lebioda, ioboda^ atriplex,
goosefoot ', Liden Stud. 97); Dutch alft, e/^ 'whitefish' (formally = Old High German etc
albiz 'swan'; to loanword from Latin a/&^/a 'whitish' in contrast to it Falk-Torp 189 f. are

against, Middle Higli German a/be/'\Nh\tef\sW, Modern Higli German A/be, Low German
a/f, a/be 'whitefish'), compare Latin a/burnus'a white fish, bleak' ds .;

Modern High German Dialectal A/bums' hard sand under the fertile earth ', Swedish
Dialectal a/f ds .;

probably also Old Norse a/fr, Old English ^/f, engl. ©//"(from which Modern High
German E/fm., E/fei. borrowed). Middle Low German a/f " Alp, grand, evil spirit ', Middle
High German Modern High German A/p, PI. the /4/6'e/7 (originally probably " whitish
nebulous figures '), as well as Old High German a/ba^ insect larva, locusta quae nondum
volavit ', Dutch e/fteni. PI. " cock chafer grubs ', Norwegian a/ma6s. {mirom the Gen. PI.
*a/bna, from which *a/mna).

Note:

The lllyrian TN A/bano/\s the plural form Middle High German Modern High German A/p,
PI. the /l/6'eA7 (originally probably " whitish nebulous figures ') a primitive Indo European
people who believed in evil spirits before an elaborate mythology developed later.

Arben^x^ame of alb. during Middle Ages'

see to these Germanic words esp. Falk-Torp under aame{4, 1428), 5/(19, 1431), a/v{22,
1431), e/v\ (188 f., 1454), emc/{^89, 1454); as' white water ' also the name of E/^e (Latin
A/b/s, A/bia, from Germanic *A/bT, Gen. A/b/dz=), Old Norse e/fr^ river ' and river name (in
addition probably also Middle Low German e/ve^ riverbed '), compare gall. FIN A/b/s, A/ba
(now Aube; contrast Dubis, Duba, i.e. " black, deep water '), Latin A/bu/a, gr. AAcpsioc; (see
esp. Schuize SBprAk.1910, 797 = Kl. Schr. 120).

Note: common gr. -/<"- > -p-, -g"- > -b-

In contrast to this assumption, it is doubtful from or in which circumference names like
gall. -Latin A/b/on, Middle Irish A/bbu, Gen. A/bban {siem *A//>ien-) 'Britain' (to cymr. e/fydd
or from the white chalk rocks), Latin A/pes, "AAhsk; (high mountains?) and in Italian,
Ligurian and Celtic areas frequent local name like A/ba, A/b/um likewise below go back or,
however, are not Indo Germanic derivation of the concept " white ' (Bertoldi BSL. 32, 148,
ZrP. 56, 179 f.).

Armenian a/aun/ " pigeon, dove ', barely for *a/abh-/7-(Bugge KZ. 32, 1, Pedersen KZ.
38, 313), see below. About the affiliation of *ab^i- *at^/-' barley ' s. d.

Maybe here belongs Hittite al-pa-as {alpas) " cloud ' in spite of Couvreur (H„ 106, 149)
here.

To the ablaut: beside *ab'^o-s seexus to be two-syllable root form in gr. aAwcpoq (also
sAscpiTii;?) and Armenian aiauni, and in addition tuned Slavic intonation (serb. labud), s.
Osthoff IF. 8, 64 f., Pedersen aaO.

This additional -bho-one syllable is in color names frequent suffix (e.g. Latin galbus
Lithuanian ra/bas^\n different colors, multicolored, dappled' beside ramas, Brugmann Grdr.
I|2 1, 388 f), *ab^os\s obtainable in monosyllabic root *a/-and on the other hand aAwcpoq
is possible according to Brugmann aaO.

to Lithuanian alvas' tin ' (" white metal '), Old Prussian a/w/s'\ea6, plumbum', russ. o/ovo
"tin' (from Indo Germanic *a/9UO-7 Baltic correspondences are borrowed according to
Niedermann from the Slavic) stand in a similar relation, as gr. Kop(jo-v6(; to Latin curv-us
"crooked, curved, bent'. Old \u6\c pala-la-h{\ palav-ah) to Old Prussian pelwo, also go
back to a word root *al^u]-: *alau-:*alu- (in Armenian ai^awniav\6 Slavic words);

Note:

From Baltic - Slavic the notion for "white metals, white color, sick white' passed to Altaic
family:

Protoform: *nialpa
Meaning: "tin, lead'
Tungus protoform: *iialban
Japanese protoform: *namari

Note: An interesting TM-Jpn. isogloss; cf. also Old Koguryo *naimul (see Miller 1979, 8).
Jpn. *nama-ri < *napan-(r)i, with usual regressive nasalization.

Earlier:

Protoform: *alpa

Meaning: "unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms'

Turlcic protoform: *alp-

Mongolian protoform: *alba-n

Tungus protoform: *alba-

Korean protoform: *arpha-

Japanese protofomn: *apar-

Note: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 1 1 0-1 1 1 .

gr. £A£(piTi(; is sufficient by tlie resliuffie to which animal names and plant names are
exposed everywhere, in order to ensure in addition still *ale-b^-\

here as " the shining one ' gall, alausa^ European shad, twaite shad ' (French alose,
span, alosa), compare also gall. GN Alaunos, Alounae, brit. FIN Alaunos {v\ev\i^\. AIn),
cymr. PN A/un as well as Armenian afaun/^ pigeon, dove ' from *alau-n-.

A stem form a//-" white ' is not provabe, in spite of Specht Dekl. 114, because Hittite ali-
" white ' appears very uncertain (Couvreur H 149 f., Friedrich IF. 58, 94) and gr. oAicpaAog,
aAicpara, aAi^ are to be explained differently.

Here, however, probably (as a " pale yellow plant ') hisp. -Latin a/a 'elecampane ' (Isid.),
span.-portug. 5/ads., furthermore with -/7/-suffix Old High German a/ant6s., with it
etymological identically the fish name Old High German a/unf (newer alant). Old Saxon
aAy/7o'"whitefish, Alant' = (with gramm. alteration) Old Icelandic - glunn^a fish', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns- > -/?/>), Indo Germanic basic form *al-nt-/*al-ont-. The
original meaning of at- is probably" white, shining', hence, then also "pale yellow' etc.

A precise separation of the meanings of al- and el- is not always possible, which is why
Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 59, 160) explained both stems as originally identical, thus al-
as el- leads back to el-, with which he associates further (aaO. 1 1 4) the color root ar- (see
below areg-), er- .

References: WP. I 92 ff., WH. I 26 f.
Page(s): 30-31

Root / lemma: ati!^-

Meaning: trough'

Material: Old Norse aldai. " wave, upsurge, hostility, warfare '; Norwegian dial, oldai.

'trough'; Swedish dial, alla^ deep cavity '. compare Old English ealdot^, aldot, aldahV

trough, tub, container ', Modern High German Bavarian alden^ field furrow'.

In addition Balto-Slavic *aldiia- in Church Slavic ladljl, altdljli. " small boat ', Lithuanian
aldija, eldljai. " river small boat ', also Lithuanian eldijele " smoking frying pan'.

Norwegian lodje^ Russian vessel, boat ', Swedish lodja. Middle Low German lod(d)le,
loddlgeaxe borrowed from russ. lodbja{= asl. ladlji). Falk-Torp 652 (see also 789
under b/o'e).

References: WP. I 92, WH. I 35, Trautmann 6.
Page(s): 31-32

Root / lemma: aleq-
Meaning: "to hit back, shoot'

Material: Old Indie raksati^ defended, protected, preserved ', Armenian aracer graze,
protect, watch, guard ' (Pisani KZ. 68, 157), gr. aAs^u) " prevent, protect, fight off ' {so-
present; raksati because of this correspondence not more probably to equally meaning
root areq-), AhzKiLop, AAEKipucbv the epic proper names, after becoming known as the
cock were used for the name of this contentious bird (Pick Cstem 9, 169, Kretschmer KZ.
33, 559 ff., Boisacq 1091 f.); qAqAkeTv ' defend, refuse, fend ', aAKoGu) " defends, helps ',
aAKop " Protection, defense, help ', snaA^ic; " Protection, parapet, (esp.) battlement of the
walls; help ' {*akK-i\-q), akKr\ " defense, help ' and ' thickness, strength ' (latter meaning,
although in itself from " vigorous defense ' understandable, maybe by flowing together with
another. Middle Persian ark' work, effort, trouble ' to suitable words, see Bartholomae
Heidelbg. SB. 1916, IX 10); qAkI nsTTOiOux; Hom.; aAKi|jO(; " strong, hard, potent; from
weapons: ' resistable, suited to the fight ';

Old English ea/g/an' protect, defend ' {*algdjan)\ Gothic alhs{i., conservative stem) '
temple ', Old English ealh. Old Saxon a/ahm. ds., Proto Norse-Runic a/uh' amulet' (?),
Old Lithuanian e/kas, alkas m. ' holy grove, place on a hill where one has made of early
victims ', Latvian e/ksm. 'Idol, god' (Germanic and Baltic words originally ' holier, seclusive
or the usufruct deprived grove ');

Tocharian B a/55/r" remove'.

References: WP. I 89 f.

See also: S. similar root areg- close, protect '.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: a/gh- {* heigh-)
Meaning: "frost, cold'
Material:

Latin algor' frost, cold ', algeo, -ere' freeze, to be cold ', belong algidus' co\6' according to
Liden, studies z. Old Indie and compare Sprachgesch. 66, to Old Icelandic Gen. Sg. elgiar,
nisi, elgurru. " snow flurry with strong frost, half-molten snow '. Germanic s-stem *a/j/z-
disguised itself with Latin algor, Indo Germanic *alghes-.
References: WP. I 91, WH. I 29. compare Petersson Aryan under Arm. Stud. 126.

Page(s): 32

Root / lemma: alg"!!-

Meaning: 'to earn, price, value, *precious bright metal'

Material: Old Indie arhati^ is worth, earns, is obliged, debit, ', argha-h^ value, validity, price

' (=osset. 5/y ' price, value '), Avestan arejaiti' is worth, amounts for value ' (npers.

arzTdan^ earn '), arajah-{es- stem) n. " value, price '.

maybe alb. {*arhati) argaV worker, serf', argetoj' entertain, reward, please, become lazy
', argome^ barren, unproductive'.

Gr. ctAcpn 'acquisition, purchase ' = Lithuanian a/ga, Old Prussian Gen. Sg. a/gas' wage
', gr. aAcpavu), aAcpsTv " profit, earn ' (aAcpsTv = Old Indie arhati, but by the more complete
present aAcpavu) in the validity embedded as an Aorist), aA(p£aipoiO(; " cattle earned '. Note:
common lllyrian g"- > b-.

An additional form on voiced-nonaspirated is Old Indie arjatT acquires, earns, fetches

References: WP. I 91.
Page(s): 32-33

Root / lemma: al-1, ol-

Meaning: "besides; other'

Note:

Root/ lemma: al-1, ol-\ "besides; other' derived from Root/ lemma: ala\ interjection.

Material: Latin uls " beyond ', *ulter, -tra, -trum " ulterior, situated beyond ' {ultro, ultra),

compounds ulterior. Sup. ultimus= Oscan ultiumam^ the utmost, extreme, the highest,

first, greatest, lowest, meanest ';

Maybe alb. ulte, ulet'\o\N', ul'to low, sit below' : Latin ulterior -lus'compar. as from ulter,

farther, more distant, more advanced, more remote'.

Old Latin ollus " that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with

hie, the former, (sometimes the latter)' {*ol-no-s, compare below Irish Ind-olland Slavic

*oln/}, newer olle, c»///~"then, next', oll/c' he, she, that, in that place, yonder, there ';

lengthened grade ollm "in the distant past, once' (probably after Im, exim reshaped and

with Old Indie par-arr third-last year ' [compare nsp-uai] to be equated *dli, Lok. adverb,

also the glosses olltana'the aged, old, ancient, of long standing ', olitlnata^ old, inveterate,

ancient, former, of old times ' can reject - dor 61 -), Umbrian ulo, ulu^ that, that yonder.

that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hie, the former, he, she, it yonder,
that '; influenced by is, /ste etc. the cognates o//us, o//e would be uncolored to ///e'that, that
yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hie, the former,
(sometimes the latter)'.

Slavic *c//7/"(lndo Germanic *oln-ei) = Old Church Slavic /an/, Czech /on/, poln. /o/?/" in
the last summer, last year ' (' that year ', compare Latin o//rat that time, then').

The meaning from Irish a//far, a//a/c/{see below) also allows that the relationship of Old
Indie arana-^ far, strange ' (= Avestan auruna- 'wild'?), arad'iroru a distance', are^ far '
seems possible. Moreover also maybe Old Indie an " of strangers, stranger ', ar{/)ya- "
suitable, proper to the stranger ' (compare Old High German e//-/ent/' foreign land '), then
Subst. " hospitable, lord, master, ruler, man ', in addition ar{/)ya- " to ar{/)ya- , suitable,
hospitable ', hence, VN ' Arier = Aryan', arya/ca- " venerable man ', aryaman- n. "
Hospitality ', m. ' Guest's friend ';

maybe Arn'anes lllyrian TN.

Avestan a/ryd{= arya). Old pers. ar/ya{= ar/ya), " Aryan ', Avestan a/ryaman' guest, friend
', npers. erman^ guest ', in addition sarmat. VN AAavoi (osset. *a/an), osset. //'"Ossete',
/ino/y'Ossetic' " Ossetic ' (P. Thieme*), the stranger in the Rigveda, fig. f. d. client d.
Morgenl. XXIII 2, 1938; Specht KZ. 68, 42 ff.);

Old Irish a/re{*anos) and a/rec/i' nobleman, of noble people, suitor ' can belong to
preposition a/r- " in front of ', thus ' standing in the first place ', (Thurneysen ZCP. 20, 354);
mythical Irish ancestor Erem6n\s scholar neologism to En'u^ Ireland '. see below ar/o-^
lord, god, master'.

*) Thus Thieme (aaO. 159 f.) properly puts here reinforcing prefix gr. £pi-( reduced
grade api-), e.g. api-yvajToc; " easily (the stranger) recognizable ', Old Indie ari-eic surely
must lead back to Indo Germanic *er- . Thieme puts further here Old Indie sun-^ master,
ruler, lord' as su-n- " hospitable ' and n'-sadas " worry for sustaining the stranger '.

Old Irish o//M\. " honorable, large, extensive ', actually ' above (the ordinary) going out
(formally = Latin o//us, Indo Germanic *o/nos), compounds {/i)u////u^ farther, more ', Adv.
ind-o//^ ultra, extreme ', from which maybe also /nnonn, /nnunn^ over, beyond ' (with

assimilation in collaboration with inonn^ the same, identical'; (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-),
Thurneysen KZ. 43, 55 f.; Pedersen KG. II 195), ol-chen(a)e^ in addition, but ', actually "
on the other side (and) therefrom on this side '; ol-foirbthe' pluperfect, past perfect ', oldau,
oldaas' when I, when he ', actually " about (the) outside, what I am, what he is ', inaiir
certain, sure ', actually ' situated on the other side ' (of it inoillus' confidence, security';
/nuMg ud'protecWon, safety'; with o/C/)^ ultra, beyond ' maybe corresponds o/' says ' as "
ultra, beyond, further ', originally in the report in a continuous speech). The conjunction o/'
because, sice ' keeps Thurneysen Grammar 559 against it for related with cymr. o/'
footprint '.

Besides with a: Old Irish 5/ (with Akk.) " on the other side, over - beyond ' (simplification
from *a//\n the pretone). Adv. fa//{ *to-al-na) ' on the other side, there ', anair from on the
other side, from there, over here ', with suffixed Pron. of the 3rd person all, allae, newer
alla^ beyond, on the other side ' (proves original dissyllabic old formation also of the
prepositional form is not provided with pronominal suffix, see Thurneysen KZ. 48, 55 f.,
thus not from without ending Indo Germanic *c»/or *al)\ derivatives: alltar^ the world of the
dead, the other world, hereafter ', also from ' to savage areas situated on the other side ',
alltarach' otherworld, ulterior, thithertho '.

Gall, alla^ another, other, different ', a//c»5 'second' (Thurneysen ZCP. 16, 299), VN Allo
broges= mcymr. ail-fro^ exiled, ostracized, banished' (to Z^Ao'land'), all-tud^ foreigner',
acymr. allann, (common Celtic -ns- > -nn-), ncymr. allan' outdoors, outside '; Old Irish all-
slige " the second cutting out '.

Gothic alls. Old Icelandic allr. Old English eall Old High German aira\\\ besides in the
compound Germanic ala- (without -/7c>-suffix) in Old Germanic matron's names Ala-teivia,
Ala-gabiae e\.c, Gothic ala-mans^ all people, humanity ', Old High German ala-warr totally
true ' (Modern High German albern); compare Old Irish oll-athair (epithet of Irish God's
father Dagdae " the good God ') = Old Norse aA/pdA (epithet of Odin), ' all father '.

Latin alers, allers^ taught; learned, instructed, well-informed; experienced, clever,
shrewd, skilful ' according to Landgraf ALL. 9, 362, Ernout El. dial. Latin 104 from *ad-ers,
*allers (contrast to iners).

From an adverb *air there, in a specific place, in each case ' (differently Debrunner
REtlE. 3, 10 f.) have derived:

alios^ other':

Armenian air other';

gr. hKKoc, "other' (Cypriot aiAo(;), n. aAAo, compare aAAo5-an6(; ' from elsewhere, from
another place, strange ' (= Latin aliud, forms as in Latin longinquus 'far removed, far off,
remote, distant'), in addition aAAriAwv etc ' each other', aAAaiTU) ' makes different, changes
', aAAavn variation, change, exchange, trade ': aAAorpioc; ' becoming another, strange ',
from Old Indie a/Tya/ra "somewhere else' corresponding adverb;

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*nyatra) tjeter'other' [common alb. n > nt > t[ : Old Indie anyatra
"somewhere else'.

Latin alius= Oscan a//c» "other things', n. aliud= gr. aAAo, in addition from the adverb air.
a//enus 'strange' (from *alHes-nos), ali-quis, ali-cubi e\.c\ Comparative alter, -era, -erum^
one from two ' = Oscan a/Z/Aa/r? 'alteram' (from *allteros-), by Plautus also altro; in
altrlnsecus, alfrovorsum the syncope is caused by the length of the whole word; here also
alferare, adulter, alternus, altercarr,

gall, alios (Loth RC. 41 , 35), Old Irish alle (*alios), n. 5/7/ (from adverbial 5//from *al-na;
palat. /comes from alle), cymr. all, bret. e//(from *ellus. Comparative *alllds), doubled Old
Irish alalle, aralle, n. alalll, aralll, mcymr. etc arall, PI. erelll {llixom the adverb alfy,

Gothic alJIs "other', but only in compositions, as Old Saxon ell-lendlu. ' foreign land ',
Old High German el/-lent/6s. = Modern High German ' woefulness ', Gothic alja-leiko^
other, different ', Old Icelandic elllgar, ellar. Old English elllcor, elcor^ other, otherwise, ',
Old High German elichor^ further', and in adverbs, like Old English elles, engl. e/se"
other, different ', Old Norse alla^ otherwise ' etc.; a comparative formation *allra\s Old
English eira " other ';

Tocharian A alya-k^, B alye-k^'ahKoq i\q' ( *alle-k^, Pedersen Groupement 26,
Tocharisch 117); unclear is the absence of palatalization in A alak^^ other ', alam^' each
other', B alam^ somewhere else', a/e/s/e 'strangers';

ostiran. etc hal-cF any (thing) available, etc '.

References: WP. I 84 ff., WH. I 30, 32 f., Feist 33 b, 39 a, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 614.

About the sound change from *anJosto * alios see Debrunner REtlE. 3, 1 ff., about
angebl. pejorative character of a see Specht KZ. 68, 52, Die alten Sprachen 5, 115.

See also: About anioss. under S. 37 {an2).

Page(s): 24-26

Root / lemma: al-2

Meaning: 'to grow; to bear'

Material: Old Indie a/7-a/a- ' fire ' (' the glutton ', W. Schuize KZ. 45, 306 = Kl. Schr. 216);

gr. veaAnq " cheerful, strong ' (v£0(; + al-\ about cpuraAiri see below);

Latin aid, -ere, -ul, -itum " to nourish, support, rear, feed, bring up '; alescere^ grow up,
prosper ', coalescere'qro^ together', adolescere'qrov^ up' {adultus' grown up, adult,
mature '), abolescere' to perish ' (in addition appears aboleo, -ere^ destroy, exterminate '
as a Transitive to be newly shaped, partly after (ad)augescd\ (ad)auged, esp., however,
after synonymous delevT, delea,

the reminiscence in oAAupii, airoAAupi would be then deceptive; (differently WH. I 4), Latin
indoles^ native constitution or quality; nature, disposition, character, talents ', subo/es' a
sprout, shoot, offspring, progeny ', proles {*pro-oles) " offspring, descendants, posterity;
the young men of a race; of plants, fruit ' (of it proletarius 'a citizen of the lowest class,
serving the state only by begetting children'; these three with ofrom a before dark /, not
with Indo Germanic o ablaut, wie Hirt Abl. 162 accepts); a//mentumloo6, nourishment',
a//mdn/a,-/um' food, maintenance ';

Old Irish a//m "be nourishing'; here probably also cymr. a/u, Middle Breton halaff, nbret.
a/5 "bear, give birth to', cymr. a/f. "act of giving birth, progeny, people', a/afm. "wealth' =
Old Irish a/ami. "herd', of it a/maeds .;

Gothic Old English alan{dl) " grow up ' (intr. like Latin adoleo). Old Icelandic ala{dl) " be
nourishing, produce ', Gothic aliPs^ fattened ' (participle of a Kaus. *aljan= Norwegian
dial, eija); Old Icelandic elskr^ inspired by love ', e/s/ra "love' (see to the meaning-
development Falk-Torp below elske).

With /- formant:

Gr. av-aATO(; "insatiable, gluttonous'; "AAtk;, akaoo, {*ak\\-o(^ n. " holy grove ', Latin alius
"high' (i.e. "large-scale grown'). Middle Irish c»/o'"height; shores, coast', cymr. 5///"side of a
hill, wooded hills', acorn, as, bret. aot, aoo^'coast'. Old Saxon aid. Old High German (etc.)
a//"old' (actually' grown tall '), Old High German alton'put off, delay' ("make old');

maybe alb. geg {*n'alt) nalt'\r\\gh' > alb. Tosc {*nalt, lant} /5/t"high' [n/l allophone^.

*a/t/a\so in Gothic a/dsi. " period, lifetime ', Old English /e/d^ period, lifetime, age, old age
' (PI. /e/de, Old Saxon e/d/"peop\e, humans'). Old Horseg/dt 'time, age, PI. people'; *a/t/o
//7 0scan altinum, thus " food, provisions, aliment ' = Latin *altidnum. Old Irish comaltae^
foster brother' = mcymr. cyfeillt^seri, slave', ncymr. cy/^/// 'friend' {*komal-tios), mcymr.
eillt (*altios) "pupil, hero'. Old Irish inailt{ *eni-altJ) " servant ', Gothic alt^eis ( *altios) ' old ' =
Old Irish al1{a)e^ brought up ';

*altro- in Old Irish altram^ food ', a/Zm 'nursing father' (cymr. athraw^teacher' etc., see
Pedersen KG. I 137); Old Norse a/drm. (Gen. a/drs) "age, lifetime, old age'. Old English
ea/dorl\ie', Old Saxon a/dar, Old High German a/tar^o\6 age, age'.

With m- formant:

Gr. aApa n. "grove', cpuraApiot; epithet of Zeus and Poseidon (also OuraAioq, name of
Poseidon in isthmian Troy, OuraAoc;, for what hom. cpuTaAir) "tree nursery' as an abstract
noun, see Bechtel Lexil. 331); Latin 5//77i/s "nourishing, feeding (age/), blessing-donating,
sweet, kind, sublime'. Maybe here FIN thrak. Almus, lllyrian (?) Almo {Rom), Alma
(Etruria), abrit. *Alma, engl. Yealm.

mabe alb. /7e//77 "healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit ^/a- "poison',
obviously alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal h-.

clearly alb. shows that from Root / lemma: al-2\ " to grow; to bear; grove' derived Root/

lemma: el-3\ ol-\ "to rot, poison'.

Maybe lllyrian Amalthea^\he goat that nourished Zeus'.

Tocharian A alym- " life, mind '.

d- extensions: Old Indie fd-, ida' refreshment, donation, oblation, gift '; gr. aASaivw "
allows to grow, strengthens ', aASnoKU) 'grows', avaA5nq " not thriving; growth restraining ',
aA5opai " brings forth, produce, create ' (Kapnou(;).

Maybe alb. Geg ardh-\dh- extension as in satem languages] "come, (*climax), be born',
ardhunaP\. "yields, profits'.

d'^- extensions: Old \v\6\c rdhnoti, rnaddhi, rdhati, rdhyati^ prospers, succeeds, does
succeed, manages', Avestan aradaV he allows to prosper ', aradat-^ cause prospering ',
Old Indie ardhuka-^ thriving ' (Specht KZ. 64, 64 f.);

gr. aAGaivu), aAGw "heals', aAGopai " grows, heals '; Old Swedish alda^ fruit-carrying oak ',
Old Icelandic aldin^ tree fruit, esp. eatable (fruit or seed of the oak tree, acorn) '.

References: WP. I 86 f., WH. I 4, 31 f.
Page(s): 26-27

Root / lemma: al-4
Meaning: "to burn'

Material: Old Indie alatamu. " fire, blaze, coal ' (also u/mukam'ike'); Latin adoleo^ to
worship, offer sacrifice, burn a sacrifice; to sacrifice on an altar; in gen., to burn; to smell ',
adolesco, -ere " flare up (from altars), to grow up, come to maturity, to be heaped up, or
perhaps to burn ' (ofrom a as in etymological-different adolescere^ to grow up, come to
maturity, to be heaped up, or perhaps to burn ' to aid, see below *a/-2^ grow'), a/tarel'\re
altar' (with difficult o ablaut Umbrian uretu^ toward turning to vapor ');
New Swedish a/a" blaze, flame ' (Johannsson ZfdtPh. 31, 285 following ms. Lithuanian);
but in question gr. aAaPn av9paK£(; Hes.; view also from Latin a/acer "quick, lively,
animated', Gothic aljanu. "zeal' etc. was possible as " igneous, quick-tempered '
(Johansson aaO.); about Old English selan^ burn ' see *5ic|h-.

Maybe belongs here gall. MS Alatus, Middle Irish alad^ multicolored, dappled, striped '
(if originally 'burnt') = nir. a/ac//? "trout' {alato-).

Maybe alb. a//e're6 color'.

References: WP. I 88, WH. I 13, EM. 88.
Page(s): 28

Root / lemma: al-5{*hel-)

Meaning: "to grind'

Material: Old Indie anu-^ fine, thin, very small ' {*a/-nu-), Hindi and Bengali ata' flour '

(below likewise; Kuhn KZ. 30, 355; different Specht Dekl. 125).

Avestan asa{*arta-) " crushed, ground' (HiJbschmann ZdMG. 38, 428, Spiegel BB. 9,
178 A. 1).

Armenian afam " grinds', afaur/{ *alatrio-) " mill ', aleur- " flour ' (in spite of /instead of /
not borrowed from aAsupov, HiJbschmann Arm. Gr. I 414), aiaxin' servant ', aVf young
girl ' (Meillet BSL. 37, 72).

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- : Armenian aiauri{ *alatrio-) " mill ' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia
, n, lllyria, also'lAAupi^ , n, Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , li, 6v, lllyrian: -kpi, the region or province of
lllyria, 'lAAupi^O) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:-hence Adv. lAAupiaii.

Gr. ciAe: qAeu) " grinds, crushes ' *, aAsTai AiGoi " millstone, grindstone ', aKz^oo, and
cxKz^bc, " the milling, the grinding ', aAsTcbv 'mill', aAsTpsuu) "grind', aA£[F]ap, PI. dAEiara
(stretched from aAsara; Schuize Qunder ep. 225) 'flour' (from it contracted *aAr|Ta called
out of the new sg. aAr|TOv aAsupov Hes.; aAr|T0-£i5n(; Hippokr., aAnTwv aAsupajv Rhinthon),
aAeupov (*aA£-Fp-ov) " wheat flour', oXwoc, " flimsy ' ( " pulverized, crushed, ground'), aAi^
' miller who grinds the spelt, wheat ' (from it Latin 5//ica 'spelt, or a drink prepared from
spelt' ds).

*) Also £Au|JO(; "millet', oAupa "spelt', ouAai, Attic oAai "ground coarse grain' (*oAF-, not
after J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 382 from *aAF-) would be compatible, perhaps, phonetically (then
word root would be *el-, *ol-, %/-).

References: WP. I 89.
Page(s): 28-29

Root / lemma: a/p-

Meaning: "small, weak'

Material: Old Indie a/pa-, a/paka-smaW, slight, flimsy ' {alpena, alpaV light, fast '); to unite

heavily in the definition with Lithuanian alpstu, alpau, alpti^ become unconscious ', alpus^

weak ', Latvian elpe^ taking air, breath ', alpa' " one time, time, moment in time '.

apposition also from hom. aAana5v6(; (from Aeschylos Aana5v6(;) 'weak', aAana^w '
exhaust, make tired, weaken; drain, empty '.

Zero grade in (under the influence of lllyrian) Attic Aana^u) ' despoil, pillage', AanaiTU) "
empty (the body) ' is doubtful because of their to two-syllables root words compared with
the light ones Old Indie and Lithuanian words; also they suit, as well as to them, added to
AaTTap6(; " slender, thin, having hollow body ', Aanapa " flank, swell of the body in the hip ',
KauaQoQ, " cavity, pit ', AanaGoq " sorrel, rumex ' in the meaning colouring ("empty, sunken,
shrunken '). Quite dubious also alb. (Jokl SBAk. Wien 168, I 48) laps' be tired of, sick of,
bored with '.

Maybe in e- grade alb. lepjete' sorrel, rumex ' : gr. AanaGoc;" sorrel, rumex '.
Maybe Latin lapso -are'to slip, stumble'.

On account of here Hittite al-pa-an-da- {alpant-) 'ill, weak, small, flimsy'?
Proto-Altaic: *alpa

Meaning: unable, sick; being at service, man-at-arms
Turkic: *alp-
Mongolian: *alba-n
Tungus-Manchu: *alba-
Korean: *arpha-
Japanese: *apar-

Comments: Poppe 85, 121 (Turk-Mong.); TMN 2, 110-111.
Proto-Kartvelian: *valp-
English meaning: weak
Georgian: Gur. yalp-

References: WP. I 92, Couvreur H 106 f., WH. I 786, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II, 158.
Page(s): 33

Root / lemma: alu-{-d-, -t-)

Meaning: "bitter; beer'

Material: Gr. aAu5(o)ipov niKpov napa Icbcppovi Hes., aAu5|jaiv£iv [niKpaivsiv?] Hes. (see,
however, to meaning Herwerden Lex. Graec. suppl. 45); Latin a/ufa^ soft leather; a shoe,
purse or patch, beauty patch ' and a/umen' alum ' are simply extensions from *a/u-.

The root appears in Northern Europe with the definition " beer, mead ' (compared to the
meaning difference Church Slavic kvasb ' alum, beer '); in. g/n. ' Beer, carousal ', g/drn.
'Carousal' {*alut^ra-). Old English ealu{d) n. 'beer'. Old Saxon in alofat. Middle High
German in al-schaf drinking vessel';

maybe alb. a//e'red (color of beer?) '

hence from Root / lemma: a/-2: (to grow; to bear) could have derived Root/ lemma: a/u-{-

d-, -t-y. (bitter; beer).

From it borrows Old Prussian aluu. "Mead', Lithuanian alus (m. become as medus =
Prussian meddou .; J. Schmidt Pluralbild. 180), Church Slavic c»/b(m. become like medi^)
" beer '. is also borrowed by Finnish olut^ Beer ' from Germanic

References: WP. I 91, WH. I 34.
Page(s): 33-34

Root / lemma: arrid^i, np^i
Meaning: "around, from both sides'

Material: Armenian amboij^ entirely, unscathed ' (to Oi^" healthy '), gr. apcpi " around '
(aijcpi-c; " to both sides ', with the same adverbial -sas z. B. aip, AiKpi(pi(;, s.Brugmann Grdr.
I|2 2, 737);

Latin amb- (before vowel, e.g. ambigo), am-, a/7- (before consonant, e.g. amputo, amicid
from * arr{bi\jacid) inseparable prefix " round about, around, all around ', Old Latin also
preposition am " around ' m. Akk. {ambi- for the purposes of "both' also anceps\N\\\c\\ is
against late formation it points to ambo), Umbrian amb- {amboitu), a- {a-ferum " to carry
round, take round; esp. of the eyes, to turn all round; in religion, to lustrate, purify , by
carrying round consecrated objects. Transf., to spread, esp. to spread news '), an-{an-
ferener^ bearing round '), Oscan amvfannud^ a going round, circling, revolving, revolution,
detour ', amnud' a going round, circling, revolving, revolution, a cause, reason, motive,
inducement, occasion, opportunity ' (barely *amb-beno- : venio, however no- derivation, s.
V. Planta II 32, 623); with -er- extension aiier praeter-eo, intered{see v. Planta II 455, WH.
I 36); Umbrian ampretu, ambretuto' ambit, circuit', maybe also Oscan amfreV flanked '
(rather to Schuize KZ. 45, 182 = Kl. Schr. 468 to disassemble in *am-ferent^Vc\ey bear
round, nspiayouai';

not Latin trails of the same -er- extension in amfractus^ a turning, a bend. Transf., legal
intricacies, circumlocution, digression ', rather from am-fractus)\ about PN Amiternum s.
Schuize Latin Eig. 541;

with //- extension (after pes-/, per-t. Buck Elementarbuch 65) Oscan ampV around ' (as
Umbrian ambr-a\. first due to from amf- before consonant simplified am-)\ alb. mbi, mbc^
over, by, on, in ' (G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 265).

/pb^'/;Old Indie abhf-tah, Avestan aiwito^ to both sides, ringed ' (about Avestan aibis.
Old pers. abismoxQ debatably meaning see Pedersen KZ. 40, 127, Bartholomae IF. 19,
Beiheft S. 1 06; the ending -s in in historical connection with that of gr. ap(pi(;?);

Old Indie abhf\s possible the meaning ' around, circum ', Old pers. abiy, Avestan aibT, aiwi
in the meaning " about, in regard to, from ' from derived *np^iox Indo Germanic *ob'^/or
continuing in *ebh/; gall, amb'h " around, circum ' (e.g. 'A|j(3i-5pauoi ' living on river Dravos

')-

cymr. a/77- (through /■ umlaut em-, ym-), corn. bret. am-, em-. Old Irish /mb-, /mm- 'around';
Old High German Old Saxon umb/. Old Icelandic umb. Old English ymb, ymbe^ around '
(absorbed in Gothic from b/).

b^^// Gothic b/"\n meaning 'around', with final sound extension in stressed position Old
Saxon Old English be-, bh. Old High German bi-, bh. Modern High German i6'e/(about
dubious derivatives see Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under bilW ' space, period ', 73 and 1437
under billede^ image ').

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*a/77bhe) mbe^ at, in', {*airb'^i) mb/'on upon'.

Falk-Torp 37 and 1437 under MM ' space, period ', 73 and 1,437 under b/7/ecfe ' p\cture').

arrto^ofuj ' both ':

Gr. apicpu) ' both ' (derivative ap(p6T£po(; ' each or both of two '); Latin ambo, -ae, -o'
both ';

Maybe gr. apcpicpopsui; ' a large jar with two handles ' maybe lllyrian shortened apcpopsui;
[shortened for apcpicpopeug,] I. an amphora, jar, urn, Hdt., etc.

Proto-IE: *ab-, *amb-

Meaning: a k. of vessel

Old Indie: ambarfsa- m.n. 'frying-pan'

Lithuanian: abrina-s, dial, abre ' butter can, butter pot '

Lettish: abra, abris ' kneading trough '

Old Prussian: aboros ' laceration ' Voc. 228

Latin: obba, -ae f. ' a vessel large at the bottom '
Celtic: Ir uibne ' small drinking vessel'
References: Fraenkel s.v. abrinas

Old Indie ubhau^ both ', Avestan uwa-6s.; Lithuanian abu, Old Church Slavic oba
ds.; Gothic ba/'m., ban., Gen. * baddje {bajdt^s, see to the formation Brugmann Grdr. I|2 2,
77; different - in the outcome to Latin nostrates- "of our country, native' Pick 111-^ 255), Old
Saxon be thie. Old English ba, t^a, engl. both. Old High German beide, bede. Old Norse
bader. Gen. beggja^ both ' (: Gothic *baddje< bajie); Tocharian A ampi, ampe, B ant-api.

From these would be regarded Old Indie ubhau, Avestan uwaye\. as composition with u-
" two ' (Latin uTgintl); Sommer IF. 30, 404 denies such u- and regards the Aryan forms as
caused by the labial evaporation *db^au= *irb^dumVc\ reference to Old Indie Kubera-h
from *Kaberah {coxw^are patronymic Kaberaka-h; Wackernagel KZ. 41, 314 ff). Lithuanian
abu. Old Church Slavic oba are probably based on reorganization from *amb-o at a time,
as preposition *anib'^/" around ' was given up in favour of *obh/(ab. obb, s. Latin Oi&'with
ace, in front of, before; in return for; because of, on account of).

The relation *arrb^d (u), *5/77bh/;- Gothic etc. bai, bi\e\.s it be dubious barely that am-
(maybe from an-4} is the first composition part, the second part is Indo Germanic 'h^ou
■both".

References: WP. I 54 f., WH. I 36 f.. Feist 74 a, 88, Pedersen Tocharisch 82.
Page(s): 34-35

Root / lemma: ames- or omes-

Meaning: 'blackbird'

Note: (: mes-\ ams- or *oms-)7

Material: Full grade would be located just before the first syllable in Old High German

amusia, amsala. Old English osle " blackbird ', full grade the second syllable in Latin

{*meisula) morula^ a blackbird; a fish, the sea-carp ' (Kluge EWb.''2 s. v.) and cymr.

mwyalch, acorn, moelh, bret. /77c»^a/c77" blackbird' (possible basic form *mesalka or

*misalka after Pedersen KG. I 73, where difficult suppositions about Irish smol, smolach

'thrush').

Maybe through metathesis Welsh mi/vya/chen 'b\ackb\r6' , Irish smo/, smo/ach 'thrusW : alb.

mellenje ' b la ckb i rd ' .

Differently - because of Indo Germanic meis-, mois-, mis- - Schrader Sprcompare^ 367,
3|| 140, Fick l|4 205: morula from *misula, cymr. mwyalch etc from meisalka, finally, with -
oz-Old High German *moisa. Old English maso. Old Icelandic moisingr^ titmouse '.

However, it will be covered latter in the meaning divergent group of Wood KZ. 45, 70
probably more properly in the Adj. */77a/S5-' small, tiny ' because of Norwegian Dialectal

meis^ thin, frail person ', meiseleg^ tliin and weal< ', West Fiemisli mijzen' crumble ',
mejzer a little bit, tiny bits '. The comparison of Latin with British words is most reliable.

References: WP. I 53 f., WH. II 77 f.
Page(s): 35-36

Root / lemma: ama-
Meaning: " move forward energetically '
See also: see below oma-.
Page(s): 36

Root / lemma: am-1, me-

Meaning: to grab'

Material: Old Indie amatramu. " vessel, jug, big drinking bowl ', Armenian a/77a/7 'vessel',

maybe to Latin ampla{*am-la) " handle, handhold ', amplus {*am-los) " extensive, far,

spacious, considerabe '.

References: WP. I 52 f., WH. I 41 f.
See also: S. under me-1.
Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: am-2, me-
Meaning: " mow '
See also: see below me-2ds.
Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: anA^er-, ijA^er-

Meaning: "stem, spike'

Material: Nur griechisch: aGrip " an ear of corn ', av0£pi^ " stalk point, stalk ', av0£piKO(; "

Stalk, stem of a plant ', avGepscbv " chin ' as " bearded, shaggy place ', av9piaK0(; ' the

common chervil ', named after his prickly fruit, avGpnvr), av9pr|5u)v " wasp, forest bee ',

word outcome after TSvGpnvr) ' corneous ';

Tav9pr|5u)v " wasp ' (here maybe av9pu)no(; from *av9po-u)no(; " with bearded face = man

', then " man, person ', GiJntert Heidelberg. SB. 1915, Abh. X?; compare also Schwyzer

Gr. Gr. I 4264.

After Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246 from *av5p-u)n6(;, the rough breathing of opaw etc
figurative?); from also aGapn (*a0apFa), aGnpa ' wheat gruel, Spelt miller ' (von Plin. n. h.
22, 121 however identified as agypt. word)?

References: WP. I 45.
Page(s): 41

Root / lemma: anA"^-, aned^-

Meaning: "to grow, bloom, blossom, young woman, young cow '

Material: Old Indie andhahu. " Soma plants '; Armenian and^ field '; gr. ayQoc, n. ' flower,

bloom ', avGsu) ' blossoms ', avGnpoq {*-es-ro-) " blossoming ' etc; alb. ende{*an6'^dn) '

blossom, flower', endem^ blossoms ' (efrom present *efrom *an6,^d}\ Tocharian A ant, B

ante^ open space, area '.

Middle Irish ainder, aindir^ young woman ', cymr. anner^ young cow ', PI. anneirod,
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), acymr. enderic^ a bull-calf; also of the young of other
animals ', cymr. enderig^ bull, ox ', bret. ounner {Treg. annouar, Vannes annoer) " heifer,
young cow '; moreover French (l)andierxx\. " fire goat, Aries ', also "poppy' (= ' young girl ',
compare Italian madona, fantina^'^O'^'^Y), further to Basque andere^ woman', iber. FN
Andere, Anderca, MN Anderus, maybe Celtic Origin? ( *andero-^ blossoming, young '?).

According to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 339 here gr. av-nvoGs ' came out, bubbled out; ', snsv-
nvoGs " reside on top of ', KaTsv-nvoGs ' canopied, covered ', etc.

In spite of the a little bit divergent meaning probably also here with zero grade *i^^:

Old Indie adhvanru. = Avestan advanm. ' way, road ', for what Old Indie adhvara-h
religious action (*Soma-) sacrifice, ceremony ' (originally ' course of action, way' - "
ceremonious way ') from *n6'"uero-, and probably also with suffix ablaut (*n&^uro-) isl.
gndurrm. " a kind of snow shoe '.

References: WP. I 45, 67, P. Benoit ZrPh. 44, 3 ff., 69 ff.
See also: Here belongs probably: and^er-, ij6!^er-.
Page(s): 40-41

Root / lemma: anA'^o-
Meaning: 'blind, dark'

Material: Old Indie andha-, Avestan anda-^ blind, dark ', gall, andabataxw. " a gladiator

who fought with a helmet without openings ' (to Celtic loanword Latin battud^ to beat,

knock ').

References: WP. I 182, WH. I 46.

Page(s): 41

Root / lemma: an(9)-3^henah^

Meaning: "to breathe'

Note:

Root/ lemma: an(a)-3\ to breathe' derived from a reduction of Root/ lemma: anghen-:

"smell, odour; person' as in Armenian sat//? (for older *anj). Gen. anjin^ soul, being, person

': Old Norse ang/m. " odour, smell ' : alb. aA7y"swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj\.

Material: Old Indie ^/7/// "breathes' (also thematically anati), anila-h "breath, breeze, wind',

^/7a-/7 (maybe "breath' or " mouth, nose ', ana-nam^ mouth, muzzle, face ' with Indie

Vrddhi; "mouth' as "breath, the breathing '); p/a/?///" breathes';

Avestan antya, parantya " of the inhaling and exhaling ' ( *anti- " breathing ' with a and
para; see Bartholomae IF. 7, 59; about 5//?///- "mildness' see, however, Airan. Wb. 125 f.).

Gr. av£[jO(; " breath, wind ', avr|V£piO(; (with stretch in the compound), vnvspot; "
windless, calm ', nvspoEiq " rich in wind ' (rj- metrical stretch), avspcbAioq (" windy ', i.e.:) "
trifling, in vain ' (dissimilated from avspcbviot;, see last Bechtel Lexil. 44, also 226, about
that probably from *p£T-av£pu)vioc; by extreme dissimilation abbreviated ones psTajjcbvioc; "
in vain, without success '); different Risch 113;

compare Frisk Indog. 15; avrai av£|joi dv^ac, nvoia(; Hes. are to change in anrai, anrag.
Maybe here v£avia(; " youth ' as vsFo-av- " new wheeze ', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 426^;
also aa9|ja " breathlessness, suffocation ', aaO. 337.

Latin animus^ mind, soul ', anima^ wind, breath, soul, lives ' (Oscan anamum^ air, a
current of air, breeze, breath, wind '), of it animar living being, animal ', halo, - are
"breathe, smell' (Denominative *an-slo-;W\\h phoney h, the sound value described here
attained and also penetrated in an(h)-elare, about latter see *an4).

Old Irish anal, cymr. anadrbreatW, Middle Breton 5/az/7 (metathesis), nbret. bolan
{*ana-tlo-); mcymr. enelt, ncymr. enald'souV {*ana-tT-), abrit. PN Anate-moros^
warmhearted, bighearted ';

Old Irish animm, nir. anam'so\i\\ Gen. anman {stem *ana-mon; the /■ color of the Norn. sg.
after neutr. -men-siem s. Pedersen KG. II 61; to the intersection with Latin animai.
"breath, wind, Old Irish Transf., the breath of life, vital principle, soul' see Pokorny ZfcPh.
10 69 f.), corn, eneff. Middle Breton eneff{P\. anaffon) nbret. anaoun'souV (umlauted
corn, and bret. forms probably loanword from Latin, see Vendryes De hib. voc. 1 12 f.,
Pedersen KG. I 170, II 111);

in addition Old Irish c»s/7ao' "sighs' {uss-anad), further ("catch one's breath = rest, relax ')
anaid^ remains, rests, stops ', con-osna^ desist, cease ' {com-uss-an-) etc. (see Pedersen
KG. II 455 f., 672); mcymr. anantP\. " bards, poets ', cyn-an\v\ "word, praise ';

Gothic uz-anan {pretent uzon) "exhale'; with /-formant: Old Norse gnd, g. andar\.
"breath, breath of life, life, soul ' (= gr. avrai), anda, -ada^ breathe, gasp ' = Old English
o^/a/7 "puff strongly'. Old Norse andim. "breath, mind, soul'. Old Frisian omma{*an-ma)
"breath'. Old English orod{*uz-ant^-) "breath' *; maybe here Old High German unst. Old
Icelandic Old English ys/f. "storm' from *n-sti-\

maybe alb. a/yo^a "taste, smell' [common alb. n > nd\: Old Norse anda, -ada "breathe,
gasp'.

*) In addition also Old Saxon ando. Old English anda, a/7c»^a "excitement, rage, sorrow'.
Old High German anado, ando, a/7/o "annoyance, rage'. Middle High German ande
"feeling of insult'. Old High German anadon, anion. Middle High German andenlet out
one's rage'. Modern High German avenge under a mid definition "gasp before excitement'
(Kluge s. v., -Falk-Torp 5 and 1428 under aand, Schroder Abl. 9). About second a from
Old High German anado. Old English anodasee Specht Phil. Stud. Voretzsch 36.

Old Church Slavic vonja {*ania) "smell' {vonjatT scent, smell '), *pc/7a//" smell' in Old
Russian uchatieic. (-c/7- perhaps imitation from duchati, thus without historical connection
with sfrom Latin halare^brea\he, emit vapor, be fragrant' from *an-slo-);

Maybe nasalized alb. {^unhati) nuhat, nuhas'scent, smell', huna, hunda' nose'.

alb. Geg aj, Tosc enj"\ swell, impregnate ', Geg ay^/? "conceited, puffed' kenjem, gnem
"incense' {*kc-{a)nemo- Jok\ Stud. 37); (Clearly the initial meaning in alb. Geg aJ, Tosc enj
"I swell, impregnate' was "puff with air'.)

Note:

From Root / lemma: an(a)-3\ "to breathe' derived in zero grade Root/ lemma: nas-

{*andas)\ "nose".

Tocliarian AB ahm- "life, mind', B a/7/77e "intention', A ancam {* antemo-) "existence,
living, mind' (K. Schneider IF. 57, 203, Pedersen Tocharian 48); also B onolme, wnolme
"living being'?

Armenian ho/m'\N\n6' (Bugge IF. 1, 442) abides (in spite of Meillet Lithuanian 6, 3) (see
Liden Arm. stem 38 f., Peterson KZ. 47, 246). - Old Indie atman'souV rather to Old High
German 5/i//77 "breath', see et-men.

Root points beside to two-syllable forms, like Old Indie ani-ti, ani-lah, Ce\Wc*ana-tlo- e\.c,
and such like av£-po(;, also forms of the monosyllabic word roots, thus Latin *an-slo->
halo. Old Norse (?/7o'(etc).

References: WP. I 56 ff., WH. I 49 f.. Feist 538.
See also: ansu-, antro-
Page(s): 38-39

Root/ lemma: anat-{*ang''h-at-)

Meaning: duck'

Material: Old Indie atf-h atTi. " water bird ' (or to Old Icelandic aedr. New Swedish adai. "

eider duck ' from Germanic *adT- ?);

Other Iranian: Sak ace, aci "water fowl', Osset occ "wild duck', Pamir Wakh. yoc "duck'

Greek: cbriq , i5oq, n, ( [ou(;] ) A. bustard, Otis tarda, X.An.1.5.2sq., Arist.HA 509a4, al.,

Ael.NA5.24, Opp.C.2.407; cf. 0UTi(;, 6i\c,.

Germanic: *ed-i- c.

Old Norse: ad-r f. " eider duck '

Old Swedish: ad, a(r)-fugl

Swedish: oda

see Root/ lemma: eff-\ diver, a k. of bird (of waterfowl?)

gr. vnaaa, Boeotian vaaaa (*vaTia Old Indie atf-h) " duck ';

common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-

Note:

The abbreviated Greek form proves the lllyrian origin of the Greek cognates similar to alb.

medicus > mjek' doctor ' hence lllyrian vaaaa ; alb. rosa : Rumanian ra[Da " duck '.

Albanian -a feminine ending proves the lllyrian origin.

Latin anasi. (Akk. anatem and an/tem:G. PI. a\so-t/um) "duck', Germanic *anuc/- and
*anid\n Old High German enit, anut, NPI. enti. Old Saxon anad. Old English aened. Old
Icelandic gnd. Modern High German 'Duck'; Balto-Slavic * 5/7/- from *anat-\n Lithuanian
antis. Old Prussian antis, proto Slavic *gty, serb. utva. Old Russian utovb (Akk.), kir. utja "
duck'.

Latin anat/ha {sc\\. card) 'duck's meat': Lithuanian antfenads.

In occidental Romance languages and lllyrian the old laryngeal ^^ became initial k-:

French canard, Wallon canard, Wolof kanara, Romagnolo zacvar duck'.

The initial A- of occidental Romance languages is present in some Slavic languages as

well:

Czech {*kant-ska) kachna : Slovak kaeica; kaeka : Ukrainian KaHKa kachka : Yiddish

katshke : Polish kaczka 'duck'.

Celtic cognates correspond to Basque one:

Venetian arna; anara, Paduan anara; arna, Italian anatra; anitra, Calabrese anitra, Catalan

anec, Galician anade, Spanish anade, Basque ahate, Breton {* ang'^h-at-) houad, Cornish

hos, Welsh {*houad-en) hwyaden; chwadan; hwyad, Valencian anet, Bergamasco nedra,

Bresciano nedra, Reggiano nader; nadra, Greek gr. vnaaa, Boeotian vaaaa, Albanian

{*ratsa) rosa, Furlan {*anrata) raze, Hungarian {*anrata) rece, Irish {*anracha) lacha,

Romanian {*anracha) rafja.

Maybe rhotacism n/r of alb. {*anracha) rosa' duck ': Rumanian {^anracha) rata' duck '

Swedish anka< Finnish ankka' duc\C are related to:

Proto-Turkic: *An(k)lt

Meaning: wild duck

Old Turkic: an+t (OUygh.)

Karaklianid: ar)it(MK)

Turkisli: angut 'orapb', ankit (dial.)

I\^iddle Turkic: anqud (SngI)

Uzbek: anyirt 'red duck'

Sary-Yugliur: an+t

Azerbaidzlian: anGut-boGaz 'fljinHHOujeuM'

Turkmen: ar)k 'red duck'

Kliakassian: at

Karaim: anqlt, ankit 'ostrich, vulture, dragon'

Kumyk: hanqut

References: WP. I 60, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10.
Page(s): 41-42

Root / lemma: anghen-

Meaning: "smell, odour; person'

Material: Armenian anjn{ior older *anj). Gen. anjin^ soul, being, person ' = Old Norse angi

m. " odour, smell '.

maybe alb. 5/7/ "swell, puff' [common alb. ng > nj\.

References: Liden Arm. Stud. 38 f., WP. I 58, Meillet Esquisse 77 ff.

Page(s): 43

Root / lemma: angh- {*hengh-)

Meaning: "narrow, *press'

Material: Verbal: Avestan qzarjhe^io press', lengthened grade Avestan ny-azata^ she

squeezes herself into her corset ', ny-azayen " to wedge oneself in ' (with a = 5; ved.

ahema possibly " let us arm = gird on the sword ' is remote to the meaning; anaha RV. 8,

46, 5 is unclear);

Maybe zero grade alb. Geg {*anza-) zane'to capture, grasp, press', Tosc ze\ Avestan

qzarjhe^io press' [common alb. -gh- > -z-].

gr. ayxu) " ties up, strangles ', Latin ango^ to press tightly; of the throat, to strangle,
throttle; in gen., to hurt, distress; of the mind, to torment, make anxious ';

Old Church Slavic as /■ verb gzg, gz/t/" restrain '; in addition with zero grade very
probable Old Church Slavic vgzg, vgzat/" bind ' (suggestion that v- is filling hiatus, see
Meillet MSL. 14, 369, maybe becomes steady through influence from 1////" coil, bind, wind'
which may also have influenced meaning?).

anghu-s' narrow ': Old Indie only in amhu-bhedTi. " narrow lacuna ' and in the Abl. Sg.
n. arhhoh^ crowdedness, quality of tightly packed together, affliction ' (derivative arhhura-^
pressed, unhappy '); gr. in apcpriv (see below); Latin in angiportus {* angu-portus) " narrow
alley, a narrow street ';

Gothic aggwus " narrow ' (at first from *aggus, as manwus irom *manus, m/ comes from the
oblique cases). Old Norse gngr, 0ngr, Old English enge. Old Saxon engi. Old High
German angi, engT narrow ', Middle High German bange Mn. {bi+ Adv. ango). Modern
High German bange, furthur derivatives with g. Armenian anjuk^ narrow ', mit /rOld
Church Slavic gzi^-ki, " narrow '.

Cymr. e(h)ang (*eks-angu-, Indo Germanic *nghu-) " far, wide, extensive ', mcymr.
eingyaw^ be restricted, be contained in ... ', Old Irish cumcae {*kom-ingia) gl. "
compression of the throat, suffocation; of the mind, distress, anguish, trouble ', fairsing^
far, wide ' ( *for-eks-ingi-), cumung {* kom-ingu-, Indo Germanic *nghu-) " narrow ', ing^.
{*nghTj " crowdedness, affliction ', from *kom-angio-C)/vc\r. cyfyng, in this way yA7^ (also ing,
Morris-Jones, Welsh Gr. 110)' narrow ', Middle Breton encq {*angio-) " narrow '.

Maybe alb. eA?^ "deaf and dumb (*narrowed)'

anghos-, anghes^ oppression, affliction, crowdedness ': Old Indie amhas-u. " Fear,
distress, need ' (as well as amhatf-hi.), Avestan c[zah-' badgering, need, captivity ', qzo-
Jata^ killed by strangulation ': Latin angorm. " compression of the throat, suffocation; of the
mind, distress, anguish, trouble ', angus-tus' narrow ' (from *anghos-to-s)\ angustiae^
narrowness; hence, of space, a strait, narrow place; 'spiritus', shortness of breath; of time,
shortness; of supplies, shortness, poverty; of circumstances, difficulty, distress; of
disposition, narrow-mindedness; of reasoning, subtlety ';

maybe zero grade in alb. {* angus-tus) ngushte' narrow'.

about Celtic see above; Old Norse angrrw. (maybe originally more neutrally es-stem, Fick^
III 12) ' Annoyance, loss, pity, affliction, frustration ', Old Frisian angost. Old High German
angust. Modern High German Angst {irorr\ *a/7^/7c»5-//- changing the vowel aiter * anghu-);
Old Church Slavic gzostb " restriction, constriction, limitation, narrowing ';

Lithuanian ankstas " narrow ' {k- insertion, not guttural change) cannot stand for *an^a]s-
tas or *anz-tas.

Words for " nape ' as ' the narrowest place between head and trunk ' ( the idea also
plays a role " where one strangles one ' in light of this?): gr. Aeolic apcpriv and aucpnv "
nape ' (after Schuize GGA. 1897, 909 A. 1, as *aYxF-nv substantivization of ^-Adj. *anghu-
s by means of forms -en-;

about auxnv see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 296), Gothic hals-agga^ r\a^e\ kir. vjazyP\.
"Neck', Czech vaz^ neck, nape ' (to v§zatisee above). Old Prussian (as Slavic loanword)
m'nsus' neck ' (also Armenian i//z' neck, throat, cervix ' with preposition i/-?), see
Pedersen KZ.38, 311; 39, 402, Vondrak SI. Gr. I 184, Adontz Mel. Boisacq I 10, as well as
below under augh-, ugh.

Other formations: gr. ayxovr) " cord, choking, strangling ' (from it Latin ang/na' the
quinsy, as suffocating '), ayKirip m. " braces, bandage ', ayx'. cjyXoO, ayxoGi " close to '

(compare French pres^ close to, near': Latin pressus'a pressing, pressure'), compounds
ciaaov " nearer, very near ' (*aYX,iov; aaaov hence has changed after jjaaawv = *|jaKiu)v,
Osthoff MU. 6, 60 ff.); common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-\

bret. concoez^ geode ' {*kom-angeid-\ compare also dial, ancoe^ uvula in the throat ';
Ernault RC. 7, 314; 19, 314 ff.); Old Church Slavic qzota^ narrowness '.

Gall. PN Oc/oc/i/ms absents, because Irish ochte^ narrowness, straitness ' does not
exist.

Van Windekens (Lexique 5) puts here Tocharian A amgar^ weak, flimsy (?)'.

References: WP. I. 62 f., WH. I 47.
Page(s): 42-43

Root / lemma: ang''(h)i- {* eg'^hi-, og'^i- and egh/-)

Meaning: "snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)'

Note: eg"/?/-, og^hi- and egh/- ds., at least two etymological different, but early the crossed

kinship whose relations still are often unclear.

Note:

Root/ lemma: ang''(h)i-\ 'snake, worm, *fish' derived from an extended Root/ lemma:

angh- {* hengh^: 'narrow, *press'

Material: Latin 5/7^^/s = Lithuanian angis{i.). Old Prussian angis^ serpent, snake '

(Latvian uodzei. ' snake '), Old Church Slavic *gzh, russ. uz, poln. m/^z' snake ',

Armenian a^y(Gen. -/) ' snake ' (Meillet Esquisse 154, Dumezil BSL. 39, 100);

Middle Irish esc-ung^ eel ' (*'water snake ', esc' water ' + *ang"hd), cymr. Ilys-yw-en, PI. -

yw-od ds. (Pick 11^ 15; to brit. zero grade from z;^ before usee Pedersen KG. I 107).

In addition with zero grade and voiced-nonaspirated (the latter could be in itself also in
the Latin and Balto-Slavic) Old High German unc^ snake, adder ', gr. (illyr). apsic; £X£i<;
Hes. {*ng"'f-). Note: common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

To these forms with voiced-nonaspirated at first is ippr|P"i £YX£^U(;, MsGupvaToi Hes.
{* eng"-eri-: to i compare Solmsen Beitr. 1215), where because of r- suffixes are to be
connected Balto-Slavic *anguria-\n Slavic *ggorbrr\. russ. ug(o)rb, poln. wggorz, Czech
uhdr, Serb, ugor, sloven, oggr^ eel ', Lithuanian ungurys ds.

(assim. from *angurys, compare Finnish ankerias). Old Prussian angurgis^ eel ' (Church
Slavic ^gulja, jgguija ' eel' probably from Latin). Hirt IF. 22, 67 connects these gr. and

Balto-Slavic eel names to an independent equation (nevertlieiess, compare tlie A-suffix of
Old High German angaretc, see below).

Another Indo Germanic equation for " eel ' is perhaps gr. eyxs^u^ f., Latin anguilla (see
esp. W. Meyer KZ. 28, 163, Johansson KZ. 30, 425, J. Schmidt KZ. 32, 369, Osthoff IF. 4,
270, 292, Hirt IF. 22, 67, Indo Germanic 619 f.), although the details are still unclear (in the
Gr. *aYX£^uo(; assimilated etc. to zsxthjoc,, or £ and the pure gutural through the influence
from £xi<;; in Latin -///a instead of-e//a after the fluctuation in real diminutive under
determining influence / of anguisl).

With r- suffix:

Gr. imPhP"^ eel'

Maybe in -dz- > ^/ending stem:

Maybe from Greek lllyrian syxsAuc; " eel ' > alb. ngja/e' eel ' [common Albanian Slavic yx-
> dz-] lllyrian TN Encheleae^ snake men? ' : Hungarian ango/na'eeV [from native lllyrian
TN Paeones].

In the meaning ' worm, maggot ' and with A-suffix (compare above ijjpnP"^ etc) : Old High
German angar^ grain maggot' ' engirinc^ larva ', Modern High German Engerling,
Lithuanian ankstiraT^ maggots, cock chafer grubs, grubs ' (and similar forms, see
Trautmann Old Prussian 301), Latvian anksteri^ maggots, cock chafer grubs ', Old
Prussian anxdr/s{\.e. anxtris), however, 'adder' (about the -st- these Baltic forms compare
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Lett.-D. Wb. I 71), russ. ug(o)rb ' blister, raised bubble on the skin
that is filled with pus, fin ' (also " eel', see above), poln. wqgry^ blister, raised bubble on
the skin ' (Bezzenberger GGA. 1874, 1236, BB. 2, 154; not better about angar, ugorb ders.
GGA. 1898, 554 f.).

Nasalized forms:

Gr. £xi<; m. (f.) "snake', £Xi5va ds. (for *£xi5via, Specht Dekl. 377), Old High German
egala^ leech, bloodsucking worm ', Danish Norwegian igle^ a parasite sheet worm in the
viscera of the animals and in the skin and the branchia of the fish '.

Moreover gr. £xTvoc;, Old High German Old English /g//(lndo Germanic *eghinos).
Modern High German Igel, actually ' snake eater ', W. Schuize Gnomon 11, 407,
Lithuanian ezys. Church Slavic yiezi. ' hedgehog (snake eater) '.

Armenian /z" snake, viper ' can be put as *eg"'h/s\.o ocpic; (Meillet Esquisse 75);

gr. 6(p\q " snake ' {*og"his)\ cymr. euod {*og"h-) " sineep worms ': Old Indie ahi-, Avestan
azi- " snake '.

It is uncertain apposition from Old Saxon egithassa. Middle Low German egidesse. Old
English (corrupted) at^exe. Old High German egidehsa. Modern High German Eidechse
mit ewi-, egi-, Indo Germanic *og"'hi-= ocpic; (Zupitza gutturals 99 after Kluge; Falk-Torp
under 0gle) + Germanic *t^ahsid. Old High German *dehsa^ spindle, newel '.

Whether in this variety so order is to be brought that *arjg"'hi- and *eghi-, *oghi- (gh) an
intersection form would have caused *eg"hi-, *og"hi- , remains undecided. Taboo images
have also probably helped in it.

References: WP. I 63 ff.. WH. I 48, Specht KZ. 64, 13; 66, 56 f.. Havers Sprachtabu 44 f.
Page(s): 43-45

Root / lemma: ank-1
Meaning: "need, necessity'
Material:

In e- grade:

Brugmann Grdr. 12382) wherewith Irish echt{*anktu-or *nktu-, *enktu-) " manslaughter' at
first is to be connected (see Falk-Torp 17, 1430), root-like with ank- " compulsion ' (: "
press, kill '?) originally is same, or connected to *enek- " kill ', as well as Hittite hi-in-kan,
he-en-kan {henkan) " death, epidemic, plague '.

Maybe alb. Geg /7e/re 'agony'.

Old Irish ecen{ec- irom *ank- or *nk-), mcymr. anghen, cymr. angen, corn. bret. anken
"need, necessity', in Irish also "spoliation, act of violence'.

In a- grade:

Gr. avayKri " necessity, compulsion ' (normally as reduplicated respectably), Ionian
avayKairi ds. (from avcx^Kaxoc, " indispensable, necessary ', avayKa^u) " compelled, forced,
obliged ');

Although " compulsion' from " hostile distress, pursuit ' were comprehensible, it makes
does gr.-Celtic meaning - concordance, nevertheless, doubtful, whether phonetically

correspondent Old High German ahta^ hostile pursuit ', Modern High German Acht, Old
English d/7/(proto Germanic *anxtd), Germanic EN Actumerus(\.e. n. Axtumeraz, 1. year
A.D.;

References: WP. I 60. Pedersen Hittitisch 183 f., Hendriksen Unters. 28, Benveniste
Origines 155.
Page(s): 45

Root / lemma: ank-2, ang-

Meaning: "to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor'

Material:

Old Indie a/7ca//(Middle Persian ancltan) and (zero grade) acati^ bent, crooked ', participle
-akna-{W\Vc\ a-, ny-, sam-),-akta-{m\h ud-, ny-) 'crooked, bent'; arjka-hru. " bend, hook,
bend between breast and hip ', arjkas-u. " Bend, inflection, curve, crook ' (= gr. to aYKO(; "
valley, gulch, canyon, gorge '), arjkasam^ side, points '; arjku-'xu arjkuyant-^ curvatures,
bends, searching side ways ';

Avestan anku-pesemna-^ with hooks, adorning themselves with clasps ';

Old Indie ankuga-h^ hook, fishhook, elephant's sting ', arjkura-h^ young shoot, scion
(originally germ point, crooked germ), hump, tumefaction, a heavy swell ' (= gr. aYKuAo(; '
crooked ', German Anger fishing rod ', Old Norse oil, air cotyledon, germ, sprout, bud ' see
below);

Avestan Akan\. ' hook, bait ', ^A/75/7 (Bartholomae Stud. 2, 101, Airan. Wb. 359) "rein';

gr. ayKcbv ' bow, elbow ' (D. PI. ayKaai to ayKn = ayKaAri), £Tr-r|YK£v-i5£c; " fixed planks in
the ribs of the ship ' (Doderlein, Bechtel Lexil. 129), ayKOiva ' all writhed, humped, curved,
stooped ', ayKiGTpov ' fishhook '; aYKuAo(; ' crooked ', ayKuAr) ' strap, thong, brace ' (= Old
Norse 61 a/ds.), ayKupa " anchor '; ayKaAr) " elbow, bay, all stooped '; to ayKoq (see
above).

maybe Ancyra -aet capital of Galatia, in Asia Minor, (ancient district in central Anatolia - a
Celtic, (lllyrian?) settlement).

With o:6\/Koq " barbed hook ' = Latin uncus' hooked, curved; Subst. hook ' (6ykTvo(; =
unc/hus' hook, barbed hook '); ungulus' a finger-ring, a ring ' Pacuvius, from Festus 514
L. as Oscan called, ^/7^^s/i/5 'hook-shaped stuff ' Paulus ex Fest. 519, see below under
ang-); oyKn yojvia Hes.;

Maybe from also Latin unguiculus -/m. "a finger or toe-nail', unguis -is m. "a finger or toe-
nail; of animals, claw, hoof, unguia -aet 'a hoof, claw, talon' : Rumanian ungii/e'naW and
in zero grade alb. {*nguilist), g/fs/it l\nger, toe' : Latin ungulus^ a finger-ring, a ring '
[common alb. -s > -s/ shift].

Latin a/7c^5 'somebody having a crooked arm', ancrae^ an enclosed valley, valley,
gorge' (" curve, canyon, a bay; an inlet ' as to q^koq, = Germanic *angra-)\

Old Irish ecath^ fish hook ' = cymr. anghad^ clutch, hand ' (to craf-anc' claw ') from
*arjl<ato- = Old Church Slavic gicofb ' hook ';

Maybe zero grade alb. {*ncus) tiiua " nail, claw '.

gallorom. ancorago, ancorafvjuskom *anl<o-ral<os^ Rhine salmon, hook salmon '
schwd. Anl<e " Lake of Constance trout ' (gall. *anko- ' curved, hooky ' and *ral<o- " in front '
from *prdl<o-, cymr. rtiag^ before ');

Old High German ango, angui^ fish hook, sting ', Old Icelandic angi. Old English onga^
point, sting ' ( *ar)l<6n-, about Gothic tialsagga^ cervical bend, nape ' see rather angii-);
*angra {up to gender = Latin *ancrae) in Old Norse angr^ bay, curve ' (in local names like
l-lardangi).

Maybe zero grade alb. {*anguij ngui "\ab, stick, hook'

Old High German angar. Modern High German /4/7^e/'(Germanic VN Angrivarii)\
synonymous Old Icelandic eng {* angio-) " grassland, meadow '; Old High German awgui
(= gr. aYKu-Ao(;, see above). Middle High German angei'the part of a blade that is
connected to the handle (of a sword) by a tang ', Old Norse gngoil^ fishhook ', Old English
ongei^ a fishing-hook. Also, a rod and line '.

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*ngelos) ngec, nge/'be stuck, be hooked' : ngui^ to jab, claw '.

Much puts here Latin-Germanic VN Anglii, Old English Angel, Ongelas " resident of the
Holsteiner bay ' to Old Icelandic PN Qngull, which did not cover meaning " angle, bay '
(Hoops Reallex. I 61);

with original initial stress Old Norse oil, all^ cotyledon, germ, bud ' {*anhla-, Noreen Ltl. 25;
to meaning compare except Old Indie arjl<ura-liye\. Norwegian dial, ange^ germ, point,
prong ' from *ankdn-), Old Norse oi, ali. " long strips, thongs, riems ' (basic form *anhuld,
compare ayKuAr), or at most *anfild, standing near gr. ayKaAri);

Slavic yi^C6/77y" barley ' as " thistly, thorny, spiky ' (Berneker 268), compare the above
words for ' point, sting, cusp ';

Lithuanian ankat " noose, snare, loop ' (= gr. 6yKr| yoovia Hes.); Old Church Slavic
gkotb ' hook ' (see above);

Tocharian A anca/' bow, arch, curve ', arikar-' fangs, bulwark '; also A otikalam, B
oiikolmo^ elephant '? Van Windekens Lexique 6, 13, 82.

ang-, esp. to the name of extremities (compare Gothic liPus " limb, member ': *lei- '
bend '):

Old Indie arjgam^ limb, member', arjguli-h, arjguri-hi. " finger, toe ' (thereof arjgulTyam^
a finger-ring, a ring '), a/jgusfha-h' big toe, thumb ' = Avestan angusta-m. ' toe ',
Armenian ankiun, angiun' angle ' and anjalf-hru. 'two cupped hands held together';

gr. aYYO(; n. ' Bucket, bowl ', ayysTov (*aYY£a-iov) " vessel ', actually ' twisted vessel ';

Middle Irish aigen^ frying pan ' is dial, additional form of * aingen 6s.\

Old High German ancha, enkai. " neck ' and " thigh, osseous tube, bone tube '
{*ankidn-). Old Norse ekkja^ ankle, heel '; Demin. Old High German anchal, enchil
(reinterpreted anklaom., anchala, enchilai.. Middle High German Middle Low German
enkel. Old Frisian onkel, onkleu. Modern High German Enkel,

Maybe in -e- grade lllyrian TN Encheleae (Enchelleae)\\\)/x\av\ TN associated with the coils
of the snake, llirus and Kadmos.

Old English (reinterpreted) ancleow, engl. ankle. Old Norse gkkia {* ankulan-) " ankle on
the foot '; also Latin angu/us {\N\r\\c\r\ is unrelated to Old Church Slavic gg{b)/b ' angle, nook
') " m. a corner, angle; nook, esp. either a quiet corner, retired spot or fig., an awkward
corner, strait ' (besides with o- grade Latin ungulus, ungustussee above).

References: WP. I 60 f., WH. I 46, 49 f., Meringer WuS. 7, 9 ff.
Page(s): 45-47

Root / lemma: an-1{*han- 1)

Meaning: 'male or female ancestor'
Note: babble-word

Root / lemma: an-1{*han-) : "male or female ancestor' derived from zero grade of Root/
lemma: gen-1, gene-, gne- gnd-\ 'to bear (mother, father)' [origin of the old laryngeal g- >

b-\

Material: Armenian /7a/7 'grandmother', gr. avvi(; MnTp6<; n naTp6(; Mnrrip Hes., compare

Inschr. avib; Latin annai. ' nursing mother'; (under the influence of common Celtic -/7S^, -

nt- > -nn-), lllyrian EN "Ava, "AvvuAa, Annaeus etc, as well as Messapic lllyrian ana =

noTvia lllyrian origin (W. Schuize KZ. 43, 276 = Kl. Schr. 214, Krahe IF. 46, 183 f.);

compare furthermore Latin anus, -Js'an old woman; also used like adj., old', also Anna -

aef. sister of Dido; 'Anna Perenna', an Italian goddess.

Note:

Armenian, gr. and lllyrian have preserved old laryngeal /?-;

lllyrian and Latin display common -//a diminutive suffix, suggesting the same origin.

Maybe alb. Tosc aneja ' mother' , alb. ane's\6e, bloodline' similar to German\c Ahnenre/he

'genealogy, line of descent from an ancestor', alb. anoj'to incline, like'.

Old High German ano. Middle High German ane, an, ene. Modern High German Ahn^
grandfather, great-grandfather, forefather '; Old High German ana. Middle High German
ane^ grandmother, great-grandmother, ancestress '. diminutive formations are: Old Norse
Ali{*anilo), Old English Anela, Old High German /4/7e/o family names; Middle High German
ener grandfather, grandson '. Further Old High German eninchil. Middle High German
enichlTn, Modern High German Enkel(t\\e young ancestor'). The grandson was looked by
Indo Aryans as an effigy or substitute of the grandfather; compare gr. AvTinarpoq. Against
this represented view of W. Schuize KZ. 40, 409 f. = Kl. Schr. 67 f. endorsed Hermann,
Nachr. d. Ges. d. Wiss. to Gottingen, Phil. -hist. Klasse 1918, 215 f., the bayr. enl, ani,
osterr. seni, anI etc the meaning ' of grandfathers ' and ' grandson ' carry and the one here
with same occurance has to do like with Modern High German l/e//e/'(originally ' of the
father's brother ', then also ' of the brother's son '); the salutation is returned by the
grandfather to the grandson. This older view is notable (compare the literature by
Hermann aaO.).

Prussian 5/7e'old mother'; Lithuanian 5/7J//5 'mother-in-law'.

Hittite a/7-/7a-as 'mother'; ha-an-na-as {hannas) 'grandmother', Lycian ;^/7/7a ds.
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Probably rightly puts M. E. Schmidt KZ. 47, 189 Armenian aner' father of the woman '
moreover. It is similar formation like in Latin materfera ^ mother's sister, maternal aunt ',

cymr. ewythr' unc\e\ acorn, eu/tor, bret. eontr{pro\.o Celtic *aventro-, see Pedersen Celtic
Gr. I 55). *anero-\\a6 the original meaning ' anything like the forefather'.

It is unsafe Old High German hev/anna^rom which reshuffled Middle High German
hebamme. Because Old High German*a/7/7a 'woman' is not to be covered, Klugel 1 238
origin from *hafjan /^o'y'yd accepts " the lifting ' from which the later close interpretations
have originated. However, compare PBB. 30, 250.

References: WP. I 55 f., WH. I 50, Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 26, 66.
Page(s): 36-37

Root / lemma: an-2

Meaning: there, on the other side

Material: Gr. av ' probably, possibly, in any other trap ' (sav from z\ av, Ionian pv from *n

av, avfrom ai av); Latin an' conj.: in direct questions, or; in indirect questions, or whether

', secondarily interrogative particle, extended anne. Old Irish an-d' here ', (common Celtic

-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gothic an' then, now '; Lithuanian an-gu' or ', Old Prussian anga-anga'

whether = or whether '.

maybe alb. {*ane) andej'there' : Old Irish an-d'here' [rather common alb. shift n > nd\.

Thereof derived:

anjos' other' in:

Old Indie anya-' other', Avestan anya-, ainya-. Old pers. an/ya-6s. compare above S.
26.

anteros'o\her' (from second) in:

maybe zero grade in alb. {*anteros) nderroj" change, alter', nderrese' change, the other
thing';

Old Indie antara-, oss. andar'oVnef, Gothic anf^ards.. Old Icelandic a/7/7a/7'" other,
second', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old High German andar.
Old English d^'er" other'. Old Prussian anters, antars {*antras) 'other, second', Lithuanian
antras, Latvian i/oZ/'s beside Lithuanian antaras. East Latvian utors6s., Slavic *gterb,
*gtorb\n Czech uteryrw. ' Tuesday', Upper Serbian wutory'oVner, second'. About Old
Church Slavic v-btor-t "second' s. £//-" asunder, apart '.

Note:

It seems Root / lemma: an-2\ "there, on the other side' is a zero grade of the extended
Root/ lemma: al-1, ol-\ "besides; other' into *alny-, *any-.

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*nyatra) fjeter' other' [common alb. n > nt > /] : Old Indie anyatra
"somewhere else'.

Perhaps alb. dial. {* heter) jater, Jeter, alb. [ attribute /e'of + antef\, tjeter' other, second';
similar to formation in alb. Geg {*te mel= of milk) /a/77//"milk' where te is the alb. attribute
particle. Initial alb./ seems to have substituted the old laryngeal form /?-.

References: WP. I 56, 67, II 337, WH. I 44, Trautmann 10/11, Debrunner REtlE. 3, 1 ff.
Page(s): 37-38

Root / lemma: an4, anu, and, no

Meaning: a preposition ("along a slanted surface, etc.")

Note: (compare the summary by Brugmann Grdr. I|2 2, 798 f., also about the syntactic).

Material: Avestan ana. Old pers. a/7a(Proto Aryan * ana or *ana) " about there ' (m. Akk. or

Instr.), " along, on ' (m. Akk.), Avestan anu. Old pers. anuv^ after, according to; up there '

(m. Akk.), " lengthwise, along ' (m. Lok.), also proverb;

maybe alb. anes "along'

Old Indie anu^ after (timewise m. Akk., Abl., Gen.), after (order), after there, along,
behind, according to, with regard to, against ' (m. Akk.), Adv. " on it (auslaut-i/ appears to
be comparable in Lesbian Thessalian anu beside Attic airo. Against Wackernagels
explanation from Indo Germanic *enu^ along, according to ' see WH. I 677; to-^see below
ap-u); Armenian am- in am-barnam ham-barnam^ I raise, uplift ', ham-berem^ I endure '
maybe from -an (the h by mixture with a borrowed sound from the Pers. ham- " together ';

Ionic-Attic ava, ava " on, upwards, along ', Doric Boeotian Arcadian Cypriot av, Lesbian
Thessalian Arcadian, z. Part Cypriot 6v, isolates Arcadian Cypriot uv (from 6v) ds. (the
monosyllabic form appears the original and to be extended ava only after Kaia; compare
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622; it is likely according to Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 275 6v originated from
civ; Adv. avu) " upward, up ';

A Latin remainder appears an-helo^ breathes strongly and with difficulty ' {an +
*ansld); Umbrian an-, (with e/7"in' become synonymous and with it alternately, hence, en-
tentu bes\6e.) an-tentu "\r\ter\6\to' , ansen'ato 'observatum', ang/ar^ osc\r\es' {*an-k/a to
clamo) etc

Maybe here Old Irish an-dess^ from the south ' etc;

Gothic ana{v(\. dat. mid Akk.) " on, in, against, because of, about ', Old Norse a Adv.
and preposition m. dat. and Akk. ' on, in ', m. dat. " on, in, up, by ', m. Akk. " after, up, on,
against ', Old Saxon an. Old English on. Old High German aua, an. Modern High German
an{*anaor *and, *ane) preposition m. dat. and Akk. and Instr. ' on, up, in, to, against ';

maybe zero grade in alb. {*ana) ne^ on, in '.

Lithuanian anote, anofm. Gen. " accordingly, according to '; about the first on proto
Slavic *c»/7 going back to Slavic Slavic vh{n)- ' in, on ' see Brugmann Grdr. 112 2, 828 and
*en"\n'.

With zero grade of the first syllable, thus initial sound n:

Lithuanian nudm. Gen. " from down, from away ' (these where from meaning only
from the connection with the ablative originated anew), as a Nominal praf. nuo-, as a
Verbal praf. /7i/- (proklit. abbreviation as in pri-bes\de pne), let. nuom. Gen. ' from', as
prefix nuo-;

Old Prussian no, nam. Akk. " on (where), against, about there ', as prefix " after; from
away ' (see also BezzenbergerKZ. 44, 304); Old Church Slavic nam. Akk. and Lok. ' on
there; up, on, in ' (in addition aiier pre: pre-db neologism na-db " upside, above, about ' m.
Akk. and Instr. and proverb); Old Indie na- perhaps in nadhita^ pressed ', see below na-^
help '.

Here presumably Lithuanian -na, -n " in (direction where) ', postal position with verbs of
the movement, Avestan na-zdyah-. Old Indie nedJyas- " closer '(' * moved near '); root sed-
" sit '; presumably similarly Gothic nelv. Old High German nah Mn. ' near' as " looking
near, turned near ' (with root oq "-as 2nd part); see Brugmann Grdr. I|2 2, 798 f., where
also about the ambiguous Old Indie adhT about, on', ap. adiy^'w! (*-/7dh/or "ed^/; *cA^n).

maybe alb. {^naH) ngalrom' [common alb. n > /7^ shift]

About Gothic anaksa6v. " suddenly, straight away ', supposedly to Old Bulgarian
nag/b " suddenly, abruptly ' (?), s. Feist 42.

References: WP. I 58 f., WH. I 43 f., 49, 677, Feist 41 a, 373, Trautmann 200.

Page(s): 39-40

Root / lemma: ansa, ansi-

Meaning: noose, snare

Material: Latin ansa^ clutch, handle, a handle; (hence), occasion, opportunity', ansae

crepidae' the eyelets on the straps of the shoe soles through which the shoelaces were

pulled ' = Lithuanian c[sa\. (Akk. ^s^) ' pot handle, loop with the knot apron ' (compare

also Latin ansatus= Lithuanian qsotas^ (furnished with or having a handle) with a handle

'), Latvian uosa^ handle, loop, eyelet ', next to which /-stem Old Prussian ans/s' hook, pot

hanger, kettle hanger ', Latvian uoss (Akk. uos/) ' handle ';

Maybe alb. {*ues) vesh ' handle, ear '

Old Icelandic aesi. {*ansjd} " hole in the upper edge of the shoe leather for pulling through

of the straps ' = Middle Low German osei. 'ring-shaped handle, loop' (out of it Late Middle

High German Modern High German Ose; or West Germanic word to O/?/" according to

Kluge and Weigand-Hirt s. v.?); Middle Irish e(i)siP\. " rein ', gr. pvia, Doric avia ds.

(*avaia).

Maybe truncated alb. {*enha) ena'pot (*pot handle)' [common alb. -s- > -/?-].

References: WP. I 68, WH. I 51, Trautmann 10.

Page(s): 48

Root/ lemma: ansu-, psu-{*henku-r-\n centum languages)

Meaning: ghost, demon

Note:

Root/ lemma: ansu-, psu- {* henku-r-): ghost, demon, derived from Root/ lemma: ank-2,

ang-\ "to bend, bow, *flex; wangle; turn; curve, snake coil, anchor'.

Material:

In e- grade:

Lycian esa- ' grandchild, grandson '; Lycian B qzze, qezmmi, ^^^^/^(Shevoroshkin),

Lycian A qehn' offspring, descendants, progeny ' (Tischler 191 ff)

In a- grade:

Hittite: has- (11,1) ' testify, bear ', hassa- ' grandson, granddaughter ', hassu- c. 'king, ruler,

sovereign'; h.l. has(a)- 'create, engender, breed', hasmi- ' offspring, descendants, progeny

', hasusara- ' queen '; (Tischler 191 ff).

Comments: ' grandchild, grandson ' in Hittite may be a result of contamination: cf. Hittite

hammasa- ' small child ', Luvian hamsa-, h.l. hamasa- ' grandchild, grandson ' (see

Tischler ibid, and 141-142).

Old Indie asu-, Avestan arjhu-^ breath of life, breath, life, spirit, world ', asu-ra-, Avestan

ahura- " ruler, lord ' ( *nsu-)\ Venetic ahsu- (= asu-) " cult effigy, cult figure ' = Germanic

*ansuz' god, ace ' in Old Icelandic ass, Runic a[n]suR, Old English ds" ace ', Gothic-Latin
anses' demigods '.

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- : Old Indie asu-ra-, Avestan ahura- " ruler, lord ' : UAupioi , oi,

lllyrians, UAupia , n, lllyria, alsoUAupi? , n. Adj. UAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -ys\, the region

or province of lllyria, UAupi^U) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupla:-hence Adv.

lAAupiaTi.

References: H. GiJntert Der Aryan Weltkonig 102, Feist 52 b.

See also: Perhaps to an(9)- " breathe '.

Page(s): 48

Root / lemma: ans-
Meaning: favourable

Material: Gothic anstst, Old High German anstan6 (zero grade) unst, Middle High
German gunstirom *ge-unst. Old English es/" favour, mercy ', Old Norse ost, gst^ favour,
love ', Old High German abanst, abunst. Old Saxon avunst. Old English ^/fes/ 'distrust,
resentment, disfavor'; Middle High German gundm. ' favour'. Old Norse gf-undi. "
disfavor '; preterit present Old High German an, unnum{\ni. unnan, preterit onsta, onda) "
grant ' (gi-unnan). Old Saxon Old English unnan^ grant, concede, wish ', Old Norse unna
{ann, unnom, preterit unnan irom *unt^a) " love, grant, concede '. un-nu-m {irorw * unz-nu-
m-) is an old present the neu-, nu- class, wherefore the new Sg. ann. (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Which root beginning as Germanic an-, un-, has in a/75/5 the suffix compound -s-ti- to see
(see Brugmann Grdr. I|2 2, 437), while Middle High German gund. Old Norse gfund\he
easier one contained -//-.

However, is because of basic Germanic *ansi{s) root probably as Germanic a/75-, uns- to
begin (Kluge ZfdtWtf. 9, 317, Brugmann Grdr. I|2 3, 332), ^/7/7^/77 consequently originated
from *unz-num {\n6o Germanic *ns-nu-me), whereupon then Sg. ann, and new weak
preterit *un-t^a{0\6 High German onda. Old Norse unna) beside Old High German onsta.
Old Saxon gi-onsta, then also Middle High German gund. Old Norse gfund (suffix-t/-) new
creations have become after 5- part to unnum, unnan.

Also gr. npoa-nvnq "friendly', aTT-r\\/r\q " unkind, hard ' (: ab-unst) is the most likely =
*TTpoa-, aTT-avari(; (see Brugmann aaO.).

In divergent formal judgement Bechtel Lexil covers. 49 gr. - avpt; on neutr. Subst.
*5/7c>s whose suffixale zero grade lies as a basis Germanic *an-s-ti-.

References: WP. I 68, Feist 53.
Page(s): 47

Root / lemma: antro-m

Meaning: cave, hole

Material: Armenian ayr. Gen. PI. ayric^ cave, hole ', gr. avrpov ds.

References: WP. I 56^, Schwyzer Mel. Boisacq II 234^, KZ. 68, 222, Gr. Gr. I 532, Pisani

KZ. 68, 161 f.

See also: Perhaps to an(a)- breathe ', as originally " vent, air vent '.

Page(s): 50

Root / lemma: ants

Meaning: forward, before, outer side

Material: Old Indie anta-h^ end, border, edge ' (therefrom antya-h^ the last ');

Alb. {*anta) 5/7a'side, end'.

gr. Gen. Sg. KaTavT£(; (= kqt' avT£(;) ' down the forefront ', Dat.-Lok. avri (Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 5486, 6225), Akk. sia-avTa " in the face ' {*ant-m), ev-avra, av-avra, Kar-avra etc (W.
Schuize, Kl. Schr. 669, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 632under), adverbal avra ' towards, opposite ',
thereafter avrau) " meets '; about avTopai see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 722 under.; about avrnv
s. Brugmann Grdr. I|2 2, 687;

Old Irish etan {*antono-) " forehead '; perhaps here mcymr. enhyt, cymr. ennyd^ time,
moment ' {*ant-iti- to Old Indie ///- " gait, way '), mcymr. anhaw' old ' ( *ant-auo-), nir. eata "
old; age ' {*ant-odio-?), compare Loth Re. 48, 32; 50, 63; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Hittite ha-an-za {hant-s) " forefront ', therefrom ha-an-te-iz-zi-is {hantezzis)= *ant-etios,

Lycian x^tawata^ leader ' (Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 17);

Tocharian A antule^ outside, to ... before ', anfus'a\so'.

Hittite: hant- c. 'forehead', hanta 'towards' , handai- (I) ' order, lead '; Luvian hantilf- 'former,
previous, prior, first ', handa(i)-' decide, order ', Lycian xntawata' leader, king ', Lycian
anTe- ' prescribe, determine ' (Tischler 149ff)
Tokharian: A ant, B ante ' forehead, front ' (PT *ante) (Adams 43)

Maybe alb. hunda^ nose' : Hittite: hant- c. 'forehead'.

see also under antios.

In addition as pristine cases:

anti\n the face of'> ' towards, opposite, against ', etc.

Old Indie ant/ Adv. 'opposite itself, before itself, near', from what ant/ka-h^ near', n.
'nearness'.

Armenian and ^ there', a/7o' preposition 'for, instead of m. Gen. and ' along, about (in,
on) somewhere there ' m. Akk. (compare Gothic and), in meaning 'aside' m. Abl. and '
with, by ' m. Lok. (which has dwindled vowel in the final sound is not determinable; ani. 9-
from a-), as proverb 'on'; in addition andran/k' firstborn, the first (earliest) ' (Bugge KZ. 32,
2; compare to meaning Latin ante ' before, of place or time ' and the above mentioned
words for 'forehead' as a 'front'), probably also ancanem ' to go past ' (Pedersen KZ. 39,
425, compare gr. avTopai; cfrom /+ the aoristic s, compare the Aor. e-anc).

Maybe alb. andej'there, in the other side, opposite'.

Gr. avTi ' in view of, towards, opposite, before; for, instead of m. Gen., also proverb,
e.g. avGiarriiJi; hom. kqt' avrnoTiv ' in the opposite point of view, against ' is fine to Bechtel
Lexil. 46 from *avTi-aTi-<; reshuffled after avrnv TarriMi; avTiKpu, Attic avTiKpu(; ' almost,
against ' (ambiguous ending), avriau), avTia^w ' meets '.

Latin ante (from *ant/, compare antisto, as well as antTcus, antiquus) preposition m. Akk.
spatially ' against, before ', timewise 'before', also proverb (e.g. antecedd), antid-ea, -hac^
before ', antid-Tre^ lead the way ' {-daMer prod); in addition anterior^ earlier ', antarium
bellum ' war before the town ', antTcus ' the front ' (c after posticus ' behind '), antJquus '
old ' (the ending and the contraction in temporal meaning after novus, Indo Germanic *anti
+ *ok"- ' looking '), antes, -ium ' rows or ranks (from soldiers, vines)', originally possibly '
fronts ' (about antaesee, however, under *andta' door post ').

Hittite ha-an-ti {hanti) ' in front, esp., in particular '.

a/7/a 'against there ' (direction); to -5 see Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 622 f.

Gothic a/70' preposition m. Akk. ' up there, about there, along '. With therefrom more
divergently meaning the nominal prefix and verbal prefix Germanic anda-, and 'against,
opposite', also in verbs normally ' from - away ': Gothic anda-, and{e.<^. andniman' accept

', andanems^ agreeable, pleasant ', andbindan^ unbind, untie, be confined '), Old Norse
Old Saxon Old English and. Old High German ant-, int-. Middle High German Modern High
German ant-, (e.g. create Antlitz, Antwort).

compounds Old Norse endr, enn^ earlier, formerly, again, after' {endr= Gothic andiz-
uh^ either'). Old English e/7o''before' {*andis). Old High German enti^ earlier, yore '
(Germanic *andiaz). Middle High German ent, endKou]. " previous, before ' (e.g. Falk-Torp
192, 1455).

Lithuanian ant, older antam. Gen. ' after-there, up, on '.

About gr. avra see above.

Ctf

A weaker ablaut form (*/?/-) shows Gothic andm. dat. ' avri, for, around ', unt^a- {*nto-)
in un^a-^liuhan^ escape'. Old English od-{*unt^-) in odgangan^ escape', udgenge^
fleeting' = Old Norse unningi, undingi{*unt^, * andgangia-) " escaped slave ' (Brugmann
Grdr. I|2, 803).

Other meaning points Gothic undm. Akk. "until, to'. Old High German unt\'r\ ^/7/-az "until,
to' and unzi{= untzi) "until, to'. Old Saxon und^\}v\W\, to', unti, unt{and+ /e" to '), unto {and
+ to), engl. unto^ to, until ', Old Norse unz{an6 es) "until, till that ', Old English (with
grammatical change) od^ in addition, besides, until, to ', Oscan antm. Akk. " up to'
(likewise from *nt/, see Walde Kelten and Italiker 54; because of Germanic andnot to
place exactly attuning meaning = Latin ante^ before', e.g. v. Planta II 443), Lithuanian /nt
"after' (rather contamination from /nan6 ant).

The fact that these forms show an extension preposition *en, *n "in' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
629 f., where also about gr. dial, svts), is possible as then Lithuanian /nt with /"after'
corresponds in the application. However, could be of this one additional use adjustment as
a result of the sound resemblance and Indo Germanic *nt{-/, -a7) " until, to ' belong as " up
against there, on the opposite side over ' to antr, also the words for the "end' (see below)
are originally the purpose waving on the opposite side, and with Old Saxon unt is also ant
{and+ te) preposition m. Akk. " wholly, completely ' synonymous what, even if only new
intersection are from i//7/with and, however, the concept relationship of both explained.

a/7//05 "against, recumbent before ' (formed from the adverb anti):

*a/7//o- (Germanic *andja-) in Gotliic andeis, Old Norse endir, Old Saxon endi, Old
English endem., Old High Germans/?//; ent/m. and n., Modern High German Ende, also
gr. dvTio(; "against' (in addition Evavriov ds., svavrioc; ' situated against; opponent ')
probably goes back (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr.l 379) to *avTi6q.

Against it is from *anto-{see above) derived ant/o-\n Old Norse enn/n., Old High
German and/, end/n. " forehead ' = Latin ant/ae' the hair growing upon the forehead,
forelock '.

A quite different word is Modern High German and, Old High German unt/, ant/, enti , Old
Saxon endi. Old English engl. a/7o''and', Old Norse en{n) " and, but ', with Old Indie atha^
thereupon, thereon, then, ditto ', Avestan a&a^ also ', Oscan antm. Akk. ' all the way to,
up to, towards ', Lithuanian //7/m. Akk. "after' (however, see above), Tocharian B entwe
"also' belongs to *en, /7"in'.

Maybe alb. in {*ende) edhe'and, also', zero grade {*ende) dhe' and, but'.

References: WP. I. 65 ff., WH. I 53 f.. Feist 46, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 619, 621, 629 f., 632 f.,
722,726, II (BV2bd3).
Page(s): 48-50

Root / lemma: apelo-

Meaning: strength

Material: Gr. av-ansAaaac; avappwaGsiq Hes., Ionian sunnsAriq " strong ', hom. oAiynnsAiri

" swoon, Ionian avnirsAin aaGsvsia Hes., Elis: MN T£UTi-anAo(; (after Prellwitz BB. 24, 214

ff., Kretschmer Gl. 18, 205 here AnsAAwv, AnoAAwv, with vocal gradation Thessalian

"AttAouv; after Sommer IF. 55, 176^ rather pregreek); lllyrian MN Mag-aplinus, Aplus, Apio,

Aplis, -inis, FN ApIo, -onis, gall. VN DT-ablintes " the powerless, the weak ' (from *-

aplentes); Germanic GN Matronis Aflims, Afliabus^ effective magic ', Old Icelandic afiu..

Old English afol, abalu. " strength '.

Note:

The Root/ lemma: apelo-: "strength' seems related to Root/ lemma: ab^ro-: "strong,

mighty' [the shift I > i\.

References: WP. I 176, Feist la, Kretschmer Gl. 24, 250.

Page(s): 52

Root/ lemma: aj/O-/ (proper ap-) : ep-
Meaning: to take, grab, reach

Note:

From the reduced Root / lemma: ghsb"^-'. "to grab, take', derived Root/ lemma: aj/O-/ (exact

S/7-) : ep-\ "to take, grab, reach, *give' > Root/ lemma: epi-\ comrade' > Root/ lemma:

ai-3\ "to give'.

Maybe alb. Tosc {*he-ip-m}) epjap, Geg nep{*na^us' + ep^g'we') "give us (*take)' : Hittite

e-ip-mi{epmi) "take', 3. PI. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzl) : gr. anru) ' give a hand.

Material:

In e- grade:

Hittite e-ip-mi{epmi) " takes ', 3. PI. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzi).

hom. niracpov " cheat'.

Maybe alb. Tosc {*h2ap) jap, nasalized alb. Geg {*hienp) nep^ give' common /7>y- Slavic

Albanian.

In a- grade:

Old Indie apnoti' achieved, attained ', more recently apta-h' clever, suitable, trusted ';

Avestan apayeitT achieved, reached ', 3. PI. apanteirom *apuantar.

About Old Indie apf-h " friend ', gr. v\-u\oc, " friendly' see below epi-

Armenian unim^ own' {*dp-n-7), snd-un/m ^ atta\n'; (common arm. Celtic alb.
abbreviation).

gr. aTTTOJ " give a hand, attach, pick a quarrel, light, kindle ', anTsoGai " touch ', acprj "
touch, adherence etc. ' will be delievered in spite of the spirit here. Kretschmer Gl. 7, 352
assumes influenced by snu); hom. acpau) (acpaw) " touch, palpate, feel, finger', Ionian
dcpaaau) ds., common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-,

hom. anacpioKU), niracpov (with Aeolic adnocpsTv anarnaai Hes.) " cheat, barter, exchange
', anocpcbAioc; " phantasmic, delusive, fallacious ', KaTr|cpn(; "low-spirited' (actually " got
down ').

Pedersen KZ. 39, 428 puts with gr. anru) Armenian ap^ " the hollow hand ' (ostem,
however, Lok. y-ap ias -/-stem, thus probably older neutr. -os-stem) together, which word
should correspond to gr. cx\^oq, " joint, hinge '; because oi p (= Indo Germanic ph)
nevertheless, uncertain (compare Meillet BSL. 36, 110);

Latin apTscor^ touch, reach, attain, come to, come by ', adipTscor' to come up to,
overtake; hence to obtain. Perf. partic. adeptus, used passively, = obtained ', coepi^ has
begun, commenced ', later coepl

The connection with Latin *apid, *apere^ to bind together, unite, joint, connect, link, tie
round ' (imper. ape^ hinder, prevent, restrain '), aptus^ as partic. fitted, fastened,
connected. Transf., depending on; also prepared, fitted out; fitted up with, equipped with,
with abl. (2) as adj. suitable, appropriate, fitting. Adv. apte ', copula {co-apula) " a link,
bond, tie, connection; a rope, a leash; plur. grapnels ' is probably certain. Maybe is derived
from a common primary meaning " touch, summarize '.

Also Latin apud'at, near, by, with, in' will be best of all suit here. The primary meaning
would be ' in close connection ' {compare Juxta). One has derived from the part. Perf.
neutr. *apuod {irom *apuot^ having reached '). Additional form apor, ap^/'(mars.-Latin
apurfinem) points on originally-o'S

Latin apex, -ids " cusp ', esp. " the top of the conical cap of the Roman 'flamines', or the
cap itself; hence any crown, tiara, helmet; fig., highest honor, crown; gram., the long mark
over a vowel ', maybe belongs to *apid; compare also EM. 60;

In o- grade:

Tocharian A oppaggi^c\eyef (Van Windekens Lexique 82);

References: WP. I 45 f., WH. I 57 f., 60, 847, Pedersen Hittite 128, Couvreur H 93.
Page(s): 50-51

Root / lemma: ap-3, ap-

Meaning: old; damage

Material: Old Indie apva^ illness, failure ', Avestan (from an -es-stem) afsa-m. ' damage,

evil '; Lithuanian opus^ weak, sore, frail ' (Charpentier KZ. 40, 442 f.), presumably gr.

nTT£5av6(; "frail, weak' (Bezzenberger BB. 1, 164; to the ending see Risch 98; differently

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 530).

References: WP. I 47, Specht Dekl. 345.

Page(s): 52

Root / lemma: apo-{p6, ap-u, pU) {*h2aph30^

Meaning: from, out, of

Note:

Root / lemma: apo-{p6, ap-u, pU) {*h2aph30-)\ "from, out, of derived from Root / lemma:

abh-(*/72abh-): "quick, abrupt' < Root/ lemma: sb'^ro-{^h2Sb'^ro^\ "strong, mighty' < root

/pbh-(A?-): < with /-formant {n^'^eli): < Root/ lemma: {en^^-2)\ /7ebh-, errio'^-, /pb^-: " wet,

damp; water; clouds '.

Gradually Root/ lemma: apo-{pd, ap-u, pU) {*h2aph30^\ "from, out, of became the prefix

p/7/e-, p/7i-, p/7ia-, p/7jo-.

Material:

In a- grade:

Hittite: happarnuwasha-c. 'sunbeam, rays of sunshine', happin(a)-' open flame '.

References: Tischler 162, 165.

Old Indie apa^ off, away, back ' as adnominal Prap. m. Abl. " away from ', Avestan ap. apa

" away from '; about privatives *ap- in Iran, and Gr. see Schwyzer Zll. 6, 230 ff.; gr. ano,

ano m. Gen. (= *ablative) " away from, ex, from '; maked. an-, ap-;

alb. prape^ again, back ' ( *per-apd)\ Latin abx^. Abl., " prep, with abl. (1) of motion or

measurement in space, from, away from. (2) of time, from, after. (3) of separation,

difference, change, from ; so of position or number, counting from ; and of the relation of

part to whole, out of, of. (4) of origin and agency; esp. with passive verbs, by, at the hands

of, because of. (5) viewed from, on the side of : 'a tergo', in the rear; hence in connection

with, as regards ' (before voiced consonant from ap, still in ape/yiofrom *ap-uerid\ perhaps

also in aprlcus, s. WH. I 59; about Latin afs. just there 1; abs= gr. ai|j " back, again '; out

of it as- before p-, as-porto; a before voiced consonants), Umbrian ap-ehtre " from without,

from the outside; on the outside, outwardly ' (about other, unsafe Oscan-Umbrian Belege

s. V. Planta I 209, 426, II 454 f.);

Gothic a/prefix and preposition m. dat. " from, away from, from here ', Old Norse af Adv.
and preposition m. dat.. Old English sef, of, Old Saxon af, Old High German aba, ab- "
from, away from ', Modern High German ab-.

compare also Lithuanian apacia " the lower part ' (as " turned away part ', *apotia, to Old
Indie apatya-y\. " progeny ' and Hittite ap-pe-iz-zi-ia-as {appezuas) " back '.

As Celtic derivatives are taken up from *apo acyrur . ncymr. o " ex-, from, of ', a.-mcorn., a.-
nbret. a ds. However, comes for this poor in sound brit. form rather affiliation to Old Irish o,
ua\n consideration (Thurneysen Gr. 524), so that of all Brit, it remains quite unsafe.

In Hittite a-ap-pa (apa) " behind, back ' (compare gr. aTTo-SiSoopii " give back, return ')
have maybe collapsed Indo Germanic apo and ep/XPedersen Hittite 188, Couvreur H 94 f.,
Lohmann IF. 51, 324 f.).

Derivatives: apo-tero-, ap-ero-, ap-io-, ap-6ko-an6 above apotia, apetio-.

Old Indie apataram Mn . " farther away ', ap. apataram Mn . ' apart, somewhere else
', gr. anwTspu) " farther distant ' (anwTaTU) " very far away '); maybe Gothic aftaro^ from
the back, backward ', aftuma, aftumists^ the last ', Old English aeftemest^s. and Gothic
aftra " back, again ', Old High German Old Saxon aftar My. " behind, after ' and Prap. m.
Dat. ' after, behind, according to ', Old English aefterdiS..

In e- grade:

Old Norse ept/'r Adv. and Prap. m. Dat. and Akk. " after', aptrMv. " back, backward '.

For this Germanic However, words relationship also stands with gr. oniGsv, Indo
Germanic *epi, *opi\.o the consideration (Schuize KZ. 40, 414 Anm. 3), compare still
Gothic a//a "behind'. Old English aeft^ behind, later ', Gothic aftana^irom the back'. Old
Norse aptan. Old English aeftan. Old Saxon aftan. Middle High German aften ' afterwards'.

Old Indie apara- ' back, later, following, other ', Adv. -a/77' after, later ', Avestan ap.
apara-^ back, later, following ', Adv. -a/77, -am. Sup. Old Indie apama-, Avestan apama-^
the one farthest away, the most distant, the last ';

Gothic afar My. and preposition with dat. and Akk. " after, afterward ', Old High German
avar, Sit*^/" (latter from *apu-r6-m, as Old Norse aur-^ bottom, lower, nether, back ' in
compound, see Falk-Torp, 11 f.) " again, once more, against it ' (Modern High German
abei). Old Norse afar^ esp., very much ' (compare to meaning Old Indie apara- a\so "
outlandish, peculiar, extreme, extraordinary ', Liden Stud. 74 ff.; Old English eafora. Old
Saxon abaro^ descendant '). see still * apero- ' shore '.

maybe alb. {*apai) pare^i\xs\, top', a/^e/''*away, close', a/^e/777 'relative, descendant', {*aper-
) prejlrom'.

Gr. amoq " remote, far '

In e- grade:

(probably also Old Norse e^'at ' bay in a river in which the current runs back ', Old English
ebbam. " low tide ', Old Saxon ebb/at, mndd. ebbe, where borrows from Modern High
German Ebbe, as " ebb, the outward movement of the tide; the return of tidewater towards
the sea ').

Old Indie apaka-^ recumbent apart, distant, coming from the front ', Armenian haka-as
1 . composition part ' against ', hakem " piegare ad una parte, inclinare ', Old Church Slavic
opaky^ again ', Church Slavic opako, opaky, opace^ back, inverted ', in which, admittedly,
forms can be partly also related to *opi, gr. oniGsv (compare Latin opacus^ shaded, shady;
dark, shadowy, obscure ' = ' turned away from the sun ';

Literary formation by (Brugmann Grdr. I|2 1, 482). Besides Old Norse gfugr^ after, turned
backward ', Old Saxon abuh, avuh. Old High German abuh, abah^ turned away, inverted,
wicked ' (Modern High German abig, abicht). Old English *afoc\x\ engl. awkward, from
*apu-ko-s (or from *opu-ko-s : oniGsv, so that in the ablaut to Gothic ibuks ' being on the
decline ', Old High German ippihhon^ roll back '? Johansson PBrB. 15, 230, in the
consonant relegating to nu-yn, see also Falk-Torp under avet).

pd.

Avestan pa-zdayeiti^ let to move away, scare off '; Latin po-situs, pono^io put down, set
down, put, place, set, fix, lay, deposit' from *po-s[i]nd, po-lio, po-lubrum, porceVio keep
off, keep back, to hinder, restrain' from *po-arcet, alb. pavc\. Akk. " without ', pa- 'un-' (Gl.
Meyer Alb. Wb. 317); Old Frisian fan^ from, of. Old Saxon fana, fan. Old High German
fona, fonm. Dat (= *Abl.) ' from, of ' (Old High German -o-is after Persson IF. 2, 215 to
derive from Indo Germanic *yO^ beside *pd).

A similar form pursues Trautmann Old Prussian 389 in Old Prussian pan-s-dau
"thereafter'. Is totally unsafe whether Armenian oiork^ polished, slippery, smooth '
contains according to Liden Arm. stem 60 ff. o- from *po-.

Maybe suffixed alb. pas 'behind, back' pas/ay "later, thereafter'.

Against it here in spite of often divergent meaning (Brugmann Grdr. I|2 2, 808 considers
absorption from Indo Germanic *upo, and for Slavic po\x\ meaning ' behind, after ' m. Lok.
probably properly origin from *po^: Old Church Slavic po " after, in, with, about a little bit
there ' (Lithuanian pdwith Gen. under dat. "after', with Instr. "under'), as essential only
more perfective verbal prefixes Lithuanian pa-. Old Church Slavic po- (as nominal prefix
Old Church Slavic pa-, Lithuanian paan6 po-, compare e.g. Old Church Slavic pambneti^
remember ', pamgtb " memory');

Maybe alb. nominal prefix pa- in ph2e-lor, plor^ ploughshare ', ph2e-rrua^ stream '.

Old Prussian pa- essential in nominal, po- in verbal compound, compare Trautmann 203,
Meillet Slave comm.2 505.

About Slavic po-dh " below, under ' see Brugmann Grdr. I|2 2, 733 f. - S. still Indo
Germanic "^po-Z/and *po-s.

Maybe alb. {*po-s) posMe'be\o\N, under' from the same root as Slavic languages Slavic
podb 'below, under ' from Root / lemma: apo- {po, ap-u, pU)\ (from, out, of) not from Root
/ lemma: ped-2, p6d-\ (foot, *genitalia).

a/7-:/stands beside *a/OC» (Lithuanian see below *pu) in Arcadian Cypriot Lesbian
Thessalian aTTU, in Old High German abo= aba. Old Norse au-virdiv\. " contemptuous
person ' (Falk-Torp 1 1 f.), compare also above *apu-ro- beside *apero-, *apu-ko-, and *pu
beside *po. That -^ maybe enclitic Particle ' and, also ' (Feist 3a, 508a, WH. I 87).
compare also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 182.

pu{see obove *apu) mostly in meaning (" turned away ' =) " behind, back ':

Old High German fona{see above). Old Indie punar^ again back ', gr. nupaTO(; " the last
'; quite uncertain Latin puppis^ the poop or stern of a vessel; poet the whole ship '.

maybe alb. pupa " the poop or stern of a vessel ' : poln. /j^pa "bottom".

References: WP. I 47 ff., WH. I If., 842, Feist 3a, Trautmann 1 1 .
Page(s): 53-55

Root / lemma: appa

Meaning: father

Material: compare gr. anrra, arrcpa, ancpa, ancpuc; (Theokrit) ' dad '; Tocharian B appakke^

father ' (this -(a)kke\xoxx\ ammakk/" Mutter').

References: WP. I 47.

See also: compare also pap(p)a.

Page(s): 52

Root / lemma: apsa
Meaning: asp

Material: Old High German aspa. Modern High German Espe, Old English sespe. Old
Norse gspi. ds., Latvian apse (from *apuse). Old Prussian abse6s.. North Lithuanian
apusisi., Lithuanian apuse, epusei. ' aspen, trembling poplar ' (after Bezzenberger BB.
23, 298 supposedly free diminutive-formation from *apsa), russ. osfna {* opsTna) ' aspen ',
poln. osa, osika, osina^ aspen '.

The fact that in this aspen name the sound result -ps-, is not the original -sp-, confirm
among others tijrk.-osm. apsak^ poplar ', tschuw. ewes^ aspen ' as a loanword from the
proto Armenian to Pedersen KZ. 30, 462. Specht places because of gr. ansAAov aiY£ipo(;,
6 EGTi £i5o(; 5£v5pov Hes. a root noun ap- .
References: WP. I 50, Specht Dekl. 60.
Page(s): 55

Root / lemma: ar4 (er, or?), /
Meaning: now, also, interrogative particle

Material: Gr. apa, ap, pa (from j) ' now, thus, consequently ', Cypriot sp, cipa interrogative
particle (*n apa; yap, maybe from y' ap); likewise zero grade Lithuanian /?" and, also ',
Latvian //""also'. Old Prussian //""and, also' (= gr. pa, zero grade Lithuanian ar, Latvian ar
as an introduction of an interrogative sentence. Old Lithuanian also erwith the same Baltic
vacillate from a- and e-as between Latvian a/"" with, in ' and Old Prussian er^ to ';
Tocharian B ra- emphat. particle.

References: WP. I 77, Trautmann 12, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 342, 622.
Page(s): 62

Root /lemma: a/d^-

Meaning: pole

Material: Armenian ardn^ lance, spear ': Lithuanian ardasm. " pole scaffold for drying flax

', old ardamas' a (light) pole or spar, a sprit, which crosses the sail diagonally (and serves

to make it taut) ' (see to meaning Bezzenberger GGA. 1885, 920)7 Petersson KZ. 47, 245

(Lithuanian words not better according to Leskien Abl. 329 to ardyti^ split, distinguish ',

see below e/"-' rare, loose, crumbly ').

References: WP. I 84.
Page(s): 63

Root / lemma: ardi-, fdi-

Meaning: point, edge

Material: Old Indie a//" bee, scorpion ' (from *adi, Indo Germanic *rdi) = gr. ap5i(; " head of

the arrow, sting '; Old Irish aird{*ardi-) " sharp, peak, point of the compass ', Old Norse

erta {* artjan) " stir up, stimulate, tease ' (another interpretation from e/Ya under er-, er-d-^

set in motion ').

References: WP. I 83 f., LiJders Schriften 429.
Page(s): 63

Root / lemma: areg-

Meaning: to lock

Material: Old Indie argala-h, argala^ latch, bolt ', maked. apysAAa ' bathing hut, bath hut ',

from which borrows alb. ragali. " cottage, hut '; kimmer. ap\/\Kka {*arg-ef-Ja) " subterranean

dwelling '; Old Saxon racud. Old English recedvn. " building, house '.

References: WP. I 81, WH. I 63, Jokl IF. 44, 22.

See also: compare *areq-^ protect, close '.

Page(s): 64

Root / lemma: ar(e)-g- {arg-?), fgi- {* her-(e)-g-)
Meaning: glittering, white, fast

Note:

Old Indie ///-pya" darting along ' epithet of the bird syena- ("eagle, falcon'), Avestan erszi-
fya- (cf. gr. ap^i(po(; asroq rrapa FlEpaaK; H., aiYiTTOijj), Armenian arcui{< *arci-wi) "eagle'
prove that from Root/ lemma: er-1, or- : "eagle, *fast' derived extended Root/ lemma:
ar(e)-g-{arg-?), fgi-: "glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root/ lemma:
{*a)reg-1\ "right, just, to make right; king'.

Material:

In e- grade:

e-vocalism shown by those of Osthoff MU. V, S. V, and MU. VI 33 considered for
Gothic unafrkns^ impure, unclean ', afrkmPa^ cleanness, genuineness ', Old High German
erchan' right, just, real, true, genuine ', Old Uorse jarknasteinn, (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old English eorcnanstan' precious stone, jewel ' (in
addition also Old Horse Jarte/knn. " emblems ' from *jai{kn]-teikn, Liden by Noreen Old
Icelandic Gr.s^p. 281 , 6); compare also Feist 25b.

Maybe alb. {*herg-) Jarge "white saliva' Common h- > j- Slavic Albanian; h- >j-, y- Old Indie
Tocharian.

As securely one cannot consider the affiliation of Germanic words, however, was
concerning the vocalism intersection from Germanic *ark- = Indo Germanic *arg- with *erk-
= Old Indie arcat/, Indo Germanic *erk- at least conceivable.

In a- grade:

Hittite har-ki-is {harkis) 'white'.

Tocharian A arki, B a/'/rtv/ "white' {*arguio-), arcune^ epithet of the royal title ', A arki-sosi
' white world ' (compare cymr. elfyddS. 30);

Maybe alb. hare, harcaP\. "rocky landscape'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal /?-.

Old Indie arju-na-h^ bright, white '; rajata-^ whitish ', rajatam hfranyam^ whitish gold,
i.e. silver ', rajatam " silver ' with flashy, in spite of Osthoff MU. VI 33 not from zero grade/
(or likewise) deducible vocalism compared with Avestan arszata-n., Old pers. ardata-'
silver ' {/-) : TN lllyrian Ard/ae/ common alb. - lllyrian -g- > -d-.

Maybe Albanian argjend: Bresciano arzent: Romagnolo arzent: Zeneize arzento 'sWver'
(common Avestan Slavic g- > dz-, z- = common alb. dz- > gj-).

Latin argentum, Oscan aragetud 'sWver', Old Irish arggat. Middle Irish airget, cymr. arian{t),
corn. Middle Breton argant, nbret. arc'hanC silver', gall. PN Arganto-magus, arcanto-dan^
coin minter, mint-master, the master or superintendent of a mint ', Armenian arcaf "silver',
Tocharian A arkyantH. PI. f.; with other formation gr. apyupoq "silver' (in spite of these
equations the knowledge of the silver for the primeval times stands not sure, see about
that point and about the borrowing question Schrader RL.II^ 394, G. Ipsen IF. 39, 235 f.,
Festschr. Streitberg 228), Messapic argorian{\ apyupiov) ds., argora-pandes {*arguro-
pondjos) "quaestor, state treasurer '.

Thrak. apyiAoc; " (*white) mouse ', FIN "Ap^oc; {*Argios).

Gr. apyoc; " white, fast ', in compounds apyi- : apyi-Kepauvoc; " with shining thunderbolt ',
apYi-65(ji)v " with brilliantly white teeth ' (thereafter also *apYiv6(; for apY£vv6(;, further
formation to apyivosK;, epithet of towns situated on white lime or chalk mountains);
dpyaivu) " is white '.

apyoc; probably after Wackernagel Verm. Beitr. 8 f. from *apYp6c; dissimilated,
wherefore /-stem apyi- of compounds behaves as Avestan derezi-ra&a-^ possessing
steady chariot ' to derezra-^ solid '. With apyoq phonetically same Old \'r\(i\crjra- connotes
also " shining ', is in this meaning with apyoc; "white' etymological identical (in addition also
Old \v\(i\crjTti-,rjJka-^ radiating '). Old Indie ^//Aa-" fast ', Rji-svan-^ the allied Indras ordering
about fast dogs ' = gr. apyoc; "fast' (likewise of dogs, also already proto linguistic epithet,
see Schuize Kl. Schr. 124), apYi-nou(; " fleet-footed ', horses n65-apYO(;, upholds Persson
Beitr. 828 from apyog {rjra^ " white ' different word (to the root reg- " straight, right, directly

' in Old \nd'\c rjTsa- ' rushing straiglit for ', ^///-yoya " darting along ', etc), against Bechtel
Lexil. 57, the concept of the lights allows to have flowed from that of the quick movement
(compare ' as quick as a flash, at lightning speed ') as well as Schuize aaO. Sides of the
same observation considered as to try illuminating power, brightness of the color, and
quickness of the movement (compare Latin micare^vnove rapidly to and fro, vibrate,
flicker; to shine, glitter, sparkle').

apysfjov, apysfja n. ' the whiteness (in the eye, nail)', apynsK;, Doric apyac; (*apyaF£VT(;
'shining'; es^stem in £vapyr|(; " perspicuous, clear ', apy£a-Tn(; epithet oivoioc,, "
elucidative, brightening ' (see lastly Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 500''), apy£vv6(; ' white sheen,
white luster, white-gleaming ' (*apy£a-v6(;); maybe also in apy£i(p6vTr|<; epithet of Hermes
(' in slaying brilliance '?).

On account of es-stem Avestan arazah- " afternoon and evening ' so that belongs
together etymologically, at least half the meaning is quite doubtful, see. Bartholomae
Airan. Wb. 202, Bechtel aaO.

Maybe alb. {*ar9z-) e/re/'dark', e/r'darken' : Avestan arazah-' afternoon and evening '

apYn(;, -i]ioq, -£ti, -£Ta ' white-gleaming '; ap\/\hKoq and apylAoq ' white clay ' (Latin
loanword argilla, argTIa): apyu-poc; see above, apYU-(po(;, apYU-(p£0(; ' shining white ' (in the
word ending probably to root b^a- " shine ', Prellwitz BB. 22, 90, Bechtel Lexil. 57 f.).

Maybe Galician arxila : alb. argJ/7e'\Nh\te clay, mud' ' white clay ' (common Avestan Slavic
g- > dz-, z- = common alb. dz- > gj-).

Latin argentumsee above; arguo^io put in clear light; to declare, prove; to accuse,
blame, expose, convict ', argutus^o the eye, expressive, lively; talkative to the ear,
piercing, shrill, noisy; of omens, clear, significant; of persons, sagacious, cunning; (since
Cicero also:) beaming, shimmering ' and " shrewd '.

About that of Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 552, 560 considered for Lithuanian arzuolas, qzuolas,
dial, auzuolas. East Lithuanian dial, uzolas^ oak ', see rather Bezzenberger KZ. 42, 263,
Trautmann Old Prussian 301, whereupon anz- (compare Old Prussian ansonis) the
original form is (different Zupitza KZ. 36, 66, Germanic gutturals 214).

By Hirts (Abl. 124) basic *ar(e)g- cause Germanic words difficulty, however, see above.
The basis of a 2th root vowel {areg-) is given only by Old Indie rajatam " whitish ', thus
dubious.

References: WP. I 82 f., II 362 f., WH. I 66, 848, Feist 25, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 260, 447,
481, Frisk Nominalbildg. 4.

Specht (Dekl. 1 141) places because of gr. appn Aeukh Hes. a color root in ar-, he
equates with a/-{see above S. 31).

Page(s): 64-65

Root / lemma: arenko-

Meaning: a kind of cereal, type of grain

Material:

Latin arinca^ variety of grain, olyra (which resembles spelt) ' ("Galliarum propria' Plin. n. h.
18, 81; foreign, presumably gall, word, despite Niedermann eand /'30 not genuinely Latin),
gr. apoKOc; " leguminous plant growing as a weed among lentil plants ', apoKOi oarrpiov ti.
TO 5£ auTO Koi AaGupov Hes.

Because of the meaning difference quite doubtful equation; no objection offers sure
enough the not sufficing confirmation from apoKO^ in 6popO(; spspivGoc;. Non-related in
spite of Fick 11^ 16, 17 are gr. apTO(; ' bread ' (to dark origin, see Boisacq 84), Middle Irish
arbar^ grain ' (see *ar- ' to plough, plow '), aran " bread '.

References: WP. I 84, WH. I 67.
Page(s): 66-67

Root / lemma: areq-

Meaning: to guard, lock

Material: In detail Osthoff IF. 8, 54 ff. m. Lithuanian

Armenian argeF hump, block, check, fence, hurdle, barrier, drawback, obstacle,
hindrance, balk, impediment ', denomin. argelum^ resist, hold from, hold back '; maybe
with o gradation 0/777' wall, mural ' {*ork-mo-?)\

gr. apKEOJ " resist, reproach, protects, helps; express disappointment, be sufficient, be
enough ' (apKsaw, npKEoa) probably from *apK£i(jo; apKO(; n. ' protection, cover, shelter'
(Alkman); apKioc; " sufficing, enough ', auT-apKr|<; " oneself enough ', no5-apKr|<; " with
sufficing feet, fast ' (see also Bechtel Lexil. 279 f.);

Maybe alb. (*apKO(;) argesh "crude craft supported by skin bladders, crude bridge of
crossbars, harrow', zero grade in alb. {*argo-) //-o^e 'alpine meadow (to be guarded)'.

Latin arced, -ere^ to shut in; to keep at a distance, hinder, prevent, keep away ', arca^ a
chest, box; esp. a money-box or coffin; also a cell ' (actually " fastener, shutter ', compare
arcanus^ shut, closed; hence silent, secret, confidential '; from Latin derives Gothic etc
arka ' boxes, money boxes, ark ';

maybe alb. arke^ box, money boxes, ark '.

Old High German arahha, archa^ ark ' and from Germanic again Old Church Slavic raka^
burial cave'. Old Prussian arkankVk. Sg. 'ark'), arx^ fortified hill, castle, fort ', arcera^
canopied chariot ' (suffix after cumera, compare WH. I 63) Oscan trffbarakavum^ to build,
erect, establish; to create, frame ' (constitutes beforehand *trebark-' to enclose a house,
to put up a fence around a house ');

Old High German rigil. Middle High German riger latch, bolt ', Middle English rail{0\6
English *reogol), GiJntert Kalypso 136;

Lithuanian raktas^key\ rakintr to lock, shut ';

Hittite h3i{k)- " hold, clamp, to hang (kill s.o. by hanging them) ', Gotze and Pedersen
Mursili 50.

Note:

Maybe alb. {*hark-) i/a/ig"row, chain, ring'; common prothetic alb. i/- before bare initial
vowels.

Through the meaning little is recommended to citation of cymr. archen^ clothes, shoe ',
bret. arc'henna^ wear shoes ' (Middle Irish acrann^ shoe, clothes ' probably reconverted
with metathesis from arc-, Stokes KZ. 41, 381). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

About that of W. Foy KZ. 35, 62 as " castle hill ' interpreted Old pers. mountain names
arkadri-see Justi lA. 17, 106 (supposedly (H)ara-kadris' mountain ravine, mountain gorge
'), but in addition again Bartholomae Z. altiran. Wb. 1 05 Anm. 1 , 116.

Against apposition (Bruckner KZ. 45, 108 Anm.) recommends meaning from Slavic raciti
" want, grant '.

As form mit ogradation (or at most with or= j) covers Latin Orcus " Orcus, the infernal
regions. Transf. the god of the lower world; death, realm of the dead ' (uncertain ' lock,
seal, shut, trap, close, lock up, shut up, close up '?).

References: WP. I 80 f., WH. 62 f., 848.

See also: Similarly aleq-^ refuse, protect ' and areg-{see d.)-

Page(s): 65-66

Root / lemma: ar(a)-

Meaning: to plough

Material: Armenian araur^ plow ' {*aratrom\ HiJbschmann Arm. stem I 21);

gr. apou) (npoaa, apoTO(;) ' plough, till ', ap6Tr|<;, aporrip ' plowman ', aporpov ' plow ';
with original vocalization of the 2nd syllable herakl. apa(;ovTi, gortyn. aparpov. apou) etc
placed after Persson Beitr. 669 an Indo Germanic "a/r*- besides *ar9- ahead (compare
Tocharian are), or appeared instead of apaw at the same time with the reshuffle many
denominative causatives in -aw to such in -6u) after in addition basic o- formation, under
special influence from vsou) ' plow up the land anew '.

Latin aro, -are " to till, plow, farm, cultivate. Transf., to furrow, wrinkle; of ships, to plow
the sea ' (for the older *ar9-mi), arator^ ploughman, husbandman ', aratrum^ plow ' {-a- for
*-a- after arare);

Middle Irish airim^ to plough ', cymr. arddu {^rom *arj-) " to plough ', arddwr^ plowman ',
Middle Irish arv\. " arable land ', cymr. ari. ds.. Middle Irish ar-an^ bread ', arathar
{*aratrom), cymr. aradr, corn, aradar. Middle Breton arazr, nbret. arar^ plow '; Middle Irish
airem{*ariomd). Gen. aireman' plowman ', also PN Airem-6n\

Gothic arjan. Old Norse erja. Old English Old Saxon erian. Old High German erran.
Middle High German e/r?" to plough, till ', Old Norse ardr^ plow ', Old High German art^
furrowed land ', Old English eard, ierdi. " furrowed land, yield ' (see also under *ar-^ yield,
acquiesce ' about Modern High German Art), Middle High German arl. Modern High
German Arl, Ar//ng'p\o\N' (from loanword from Slavic *ord/d? genuinely Germanic after
MeringerlF. 17, 121);

Lithuanian ar/u, art/'to plough', arklas {*ara-tlom) " plow ', arklys^ horse ' (as " a plow
animal '); artojas' tiller, plowman ' {*ar9-taja-). Old Prussian artoys' tiller ' (with secondary
zero grade Lithuanian ore^ ploughing time ', compare gr. noAunpoq noAuapoupo(; Hes.),
Latvian ar'u' to plough ', ara, are^ arable land '; Lithuanian armena^ superficially furrowed
layer of earth ';

Maybe alb. ara^ arable land '.

Old Church Slavic orjg, oratr\.o plough'; ralo {serb. ralo, poln. radio) "plow' {*ar(9)-
6!^lom:\-\Vc\\}av\\av\arklas), ratajb " plowman '; about Slavic *ora-s. Trautmannn 13;

toch AB are "plow', concerning this pertains:

ar(9)u-:

Armenian haravunk' " arable land ' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 58), Latin arvus, -a, -um^
plowed, plowed land ', esp. arvum^ plowed land, a field; in gen., a region ', Umbrian
an/am-en"\n plowed land' (= Latin fem. arvasA. PI.), ar{u)v/a' crops, field crops ';

Middle Irish arbor {* ami) " grain ', Dat. arbaim. Gen. (already Old Irish) arbe{*aruens), PI.
N. A. arbanna {r1 n-sienw Stokes KZ. 37, 254, Pedersen KG. I 63, II 106; therefrom
airmnech' the man who owns a lot of grain ', Corrnac's Gl., with -mn- = -vn-, Stokes KZ.
38, 458); (common alb. Celtic -v- > -b-), gr. apoupa " arable land ' (formally not yet clearly;
probably after Benveniste Norns 113 from *apo-Fpc(, extension of apo-Fap from *aro-ur,
compare Middle Irish arbor Unglauhhaft Otr^bski KZ. 66, 78).

Through its old e-divergence cymr. erwi. " field ', PI. erwi, er-wydd, corn, erw, ereu6s.,
abret. Middle Breton eru, nbret. e/c" furrow ' belong against it to Old High German ero^
earth ', gr. £pa, Armenian erk/r^ earth ' (for the latter supposes Pedersen KZ. 38, 197
likewise *eru- as a basis), however, have taken over like the use for farmed field of one
*ar{a)uo-.

From the lack of Aryan correspondences may not be closed against the acquaintance
with the plow in indo Germanic primeval times.

References: WP. I 78 f., WH. I 69, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 683.

After Specht KZ. 68, 42^ furthermore to root *ero- {er-5) " disjoint, sever ' as " tear the
ground open.'?

Page(s): 62-63

Root / lemma: ario-?

Meaning: master, lord

Note:

Root/ lemma: ario-?: master, lord, derived from Root/ lemma: ar-1', themat. (a)re-,

schwere Basis ara-, re-und /-Basis (a)n-, rei-\ to move, pass: gr. apiaroq " best in birth

and rank, noblest'.

Material: Old Indie ar(i)ya-^ mister, convivial ', ar(i)ya-^ Aryan ', aryaka^ venerable man ';
Avestan airyo. Old pers. ariya- " Aryan ';

gall. PN. Ario-manus{Q\\-, III 4594); Irish aire{Q\. primas) besides airech, where is to be
formed *arJo-av\6 *arJako-, which to Old Indie aryaka behaves as gr. [jsTpa^ "youth' to Old
Indie maryaka- 'male' (Pedersen Celtic Gr. II 100). Against it belongs Middle Irish ruireuoi
here, but from ro + rV king of kings '.

About Old Indie aryamanu. " hospitality ', m. " guest's friend ', Avestan airyaman-,
npers. erman^ guest ', see above under al-1.

W. Krause (rune inscriptions 539) should read properly Proto Norse arJosteRH. PI. ' the
most distinguished, the noblest ', thus would have to be attached indeed an Proto Norse
*arjaR^ posh, lofty, noble, plush, gentle, kingly, polite, courtly, elegant, genteel, stately,
highbred, exclusive ' and an Indo Germanic *ario-, in the Old Indie phonetically with a
derivative from arf-^ alien, stranger ' would have collapsed.

Celto-Germanic PN Ar/o-v/sf us however, proves nothing, because Ario- could stand for
*Hario-. Also Old Irish aire, airech ' suitor ' are ambiguous, see above under al-1.

Maybe Arrianes lllyrian TN.

References: WP. I 80.

Page(s): 67

Root / lemma: ar-1', themat. (a)re-, heavy basis are-, re- and /-basis (a)n-, rei-

Meaning: to move, pass

Note:

Root/ lemma: ar-V, themat. (a)re-, heavy basis are-, re- and /-Basis (a)n-, rei-\ "to move,

pass'

and Root/ lemma: er-3: or-. r-\ "to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up,

be born' derived from the same root Root/ lemma: er-1, or- : "eagle'.

Material:

In e- grade:

*) E.-M. 74 determine because of Armenian er/" horse's hock or point of shoulder,
shoulder of animals ', y-e/7i//'e/" fit; blend in; fit on; suit; adapt; key; tune; adjust;
accommodate; readjust; bring into line; mate ' posit a basic form *er- . But Armenian eh

derives after Liden Mel. Pedersen 88 f. back to Indo Germanic *reito-, *reiti\ compare
Trautmann 242.

In a- grade:

Hittite: ara- n. ' wealth, welfare, well-being, happiness, prosperity, fortune, right, propriety ',
c. ' friend ' (Tischler 50).

Avestan arante^ they settle, get stuck ', Old Indie ara-h^ wheel spoke ', aram, alam
Adv. {aramkar-, alamkar^ prepare; get ready; make up; get up; dress; trim; prink ' and '
be in service; serve; do one's service; accommodate; be of service; be of help; be of
use ', for what probably ara-//-' servant; manservant; valet; servitor; follower ' and /"a-//-
" willing; eager; prompt; ungrudging; unhesitating ', Avestan /"a///" compliant, servant ') '
suitable, enough '; Avestan arsm^ suitable, accordingly ' {ar§m-pi&wa^ midday ' = " the
time suitable for the meal ', next to which ra-pi^wa 6s. With zero grade ra- besides *ara-,
from what aramMv., Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 189, 1509), ratu-m., " judge, arbitrator' and
" period (of time) ' (common primary meaning possibly " the act of arranging something
(neatly) ', from which ' the act of arranging the law ' and " right time '); Old Indie ar-p-ayatr
puts, fixed, clamps, cleats, affixes, appends, fastens, fixates, fortifies'; about Hittite har-ap-
{harp-) " to arrange, situate, put down '? compare Couvreur H 1 14 f.;

Armenian arnem " produce; do; make; cook; render; cause; proffer; offer; hold out;
volunteer; give; contract; fix; put; matter; get; have; take; win; pull down; put down ',
y-ar^ , I consent, conjoin, continue, press so ' {arar^ has done, has made ' = gr. apaps),
whereof yaAe/T?' add, subjoin, splice ' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21), par" bad; poor; unsavory;
unsavoury; poorly; inferior; unsatisfactory; low; stale; foul; hard; lamentable;
decayed; wrong; faulty; amiss; maladjusted; uneasy; evil; unkind; wicked; corrupt;
off; unhealthy; chronic; ill; sick ' with negative c[= c»c| " not suitable ' (Bugge aaO. 23);

gr. apapioKU), Perf. apapa " join together', apfjsvoc; " annexed, appended, attached,
appendaged, suitable ', oap " wife ' (probably after Brugmann IF. 28, 293, Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 434 here with prefix *o-, barely to root *ser- or root *uer-, a-Feipoj); in addition oapi^u)
" have close relations with '; also ' chats confidentially '; xciAKO-apa(; ' ironclad, armoured ',
also xspi-apcc; tektojv Pind., ap-0pov " limb, member, joint (wrist, ankle) ', ap9[j6(; "
connection; connexion; contact; touch; liaison; tie; splice; affiliation; junction;
conjunction; coupling; communication; link-up; interconnection; link; line; combination;
association; incorporation; compound; relation; relationship; marriage; wedding;
society; union; juncture, friendship ', ap9piO(; ' joins, unites, unifies, combines, conjunct,
collective '; with /- suffixes homer. 5a|j-ap-T- " housewife ' (' the woman in charge of the

house '), Aeolic SopopTK; Hes.; iruAapTnc; " Hades as the one who locks the gate(s) to the
underworld ' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 451, 5); dps- in apsoKU) ' even out, ease, reconcile, settle,
redress, compensate for, equalize, balance, make up for, make good, give satisfaction ',
aptoKE\ [^o\ " It suits me, I like it ', apsaKsaGai, apsaaaoGai " come to an agreement, come
to an agreement with somebody; make oneself inclined, reconcile ', common gr.-lllyrian -
ks- > -SS-, apsTH ' ability; competence; efficiency ', apsiajv ' better ' (in respect probably
stands dpi- " very much, very ' in compounds, wherewith Reuter KZ. 31, 594a 1 also Old
Indie ari-gurta-, -sfuta- as ' keenly praised ' would like to compare; uncertain because of
gr. £pi- " very much, very ' see Boisacq s. v., above S. 24 Anm.); apiaTO(; " better, best ',
apiGTEpog " left, on the left '.

With lengthening 9up-npr|<; " appealing well, complacent ', 6ijr|po(; ' husband; hostage,
pledge ', opripsu) ' to meet '; after Birt Philol. 87, 376 f. was "0|jr|po(; actually ' companion,
the blind person who goes with his leader '.

From Slavic perhaps poln. ko-jarzyc' attach, connect, combine, remember' (e.g.
Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker 31, 532).

Maybe alb. ku/'toj" attach, remind, remember ' an early Slavic loanword.

About maybe related gr. apa, Lithuanian irs. 4. ar' now, thus '.

Tocharian A arwar, B arwer, arwar^ ready ', A aram, B ere^ face ' (compare Latin
figura^a form, shape, figure'). Van Windekens BSL. 41, 56, Duchesne-Guillemin in the
same place 173.

/-formations: ft-, art- " joint together '.

Old \v\6\crta-v\. " suitable, uQ\\\.\rtamv\. " well attached, holy order' (to meaning see
Oldenberg GGN. 1915, 167-180; not ' sacrifice; victim; oblation; offering '),//e/7a' rite ',
Avestan arsta-, ersta-u.. Old pers. arta- (in compound) ' law, right, holy right '; Avestan
ass- under, ' what is sure, true ', Old \v\6\c rtavan(t)-^ proper, fair ', Avestan asavan/t/-. Old
\v\6\crt'u-h^ certain time, order, rule \rti-ht " kind, way ' (to ours root after Kluge PBrB. 9,
193; see also Meringer IF. 17, 125, B. Geiger WZKM. 41, 107), Avestan aipi-arata-^
appoints, destines, firmly assigned ';

Armenian ard. Gen. -u{= gr. apTU(;, Latin artus, -us, compare also on top Old \n6\crtu-h)
" structure, construction, ornament ' (HiJbschmann Arm. Gr. I 423, Bugge KZ. 32, 3), z-ard
"apparatus, ornament '; ard' just now, now, currently ' (= gr. apri) (Bartholomae Stud. II
23, Bugge aaO., Meillet Esquisse 36), ardar' fair, just, right ' (HiJbschmann Arm. stem I

21 , Arm. Gr. I 423; Persson Beitr. 636 a 2 considers for it also Indo Germanic d'^; compare
Avestan aredra-^ faithful, reliably, loyal to belief, pious, godly ' and the other
undermentioned d^- derivatives), 5/'0''/^/7'struttura (Pedersen KZ. 40, 210);

gr. aijaprn '(at the same time) simultaneous ' (Instr. *ap-apT6c; ' joint together,
concurring, coincidental '), op-aprsu) ' connect oneself to somebody, accompany ' (due to
*6p-apT0(;); //-stem in apri-Fsnric; ('well versed in word structure '), c(pTi-no(u)(; ' with
healthy feet ', apri-cppajv ' able-minded, with sharp mind, with a sturdy mind ' (presumably
also in apTapo(; ' butcher, slaughterer; murderer ', whereof apraijsu) ' slaughter, cut up,
divide ', after J. Schmidt Krit. 83 f. from *apTi- or at most *apTOTapo(; ' workmanlike cutting
', compare Old Indie „/f5-/7/-' justly leading ', rta-yuj^ properly harnessed '); probably also
a^iz\xx\c, ' fresh and healthy ', probably dissimilated from *apTi-5£pnc; to Ssijac; ' with a well-
built body '; apri " just ' of the present and the most recent past (compare above Armenian
ard^ just now, now ' and ard-a-cin^ newborn ' as gr. apri-ysvriq; morphologically not yet
quite clear, perhaps Locative); an-apri ' exact, just ', aprioc; ' adequate, just, complete ',
apria^u) ' plays rightly or oddly ', apri^u) ' finishes, prepares ', apaiov 5iKaiov Hes.,
avapaioc; ' hostile ', snaprnc; ' prepares ';

apTuv cpiAiav Kai aupipaaiv, apruc; auvra^ic; (= Latin 5/Yi/s "narrow, tight') Hes., apiuw,
apTuvw ' joins, prepares ', apTuva(;, apTuvo(;, apTurrip title of a public servant or official of
Argos, Epidauros, Thera.

Latin artus^ narrow, tight (in space and time), close; 'somnus', fast, sound; of supplies,
small, meager; of circumstances, difficult, distressing ' (Adv. arte, originally instrumental as
aijaprn); ars, -tis " skill, method, technique; 'ex arte', according to the rules of art. (2) an
occupation, profession. (3) concrete, in plur., works of art. (4) conduct, character, method
of acting; 'bonae artes', good qualities ' (actually " articulation, assemblage, pack a gift
properly ' = Middle High German art}, in addition the compounds in-ers^ unsophisticated,
sluggish, untrained, unskillful; inactive, lazy, idle, calm; cowardly; ineffective, dull, insipid ',
soll-ers^ clever, skilful ', alters, alers^ taught, learned '; artio, -ire^ insert tightly, wedge,
crowd, join fast, press together ' (more recently artare); artus, -us ' the joints; 'dolor
artuum', gout; poet., limbs ', articulus^ in the body, a small joint; in plants, a knob, knot; of
time, a moment, crisis; in gen., a part, division, point ';

Lithuanian arti^ near' (Lok. //-stem);

Middle High German arti. " kind, manner and way ', Old Norse ein-ardr^ simple,
sincere', eingrd^ reliability; dependability; trustworthiness; sureness; steadiness ';

Tocharian B ar(t)kye^ rich, valuabe ' (?).
/7^formations:

A. From the light basis ar-.

Armenian y-armar^ suitable, adequate ' (Bugge KZ. 32, 21);

gr. apij6(; ' seam, assemblage, joint ', appoT ' just, recently ' (apijo^w ' connect, join,
adapts, orders ', appovia ' connection, alliance, regularity, harmony '), apjja ' chariot '
(about these words see Sommer Gr. Lautst. 133, Meillet BSL. 28, c.-r. 21 f. \;arsmo-l\,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 306; farther Lithuanian by Boisacq 79), appaAia ' assigned food,
provisions ';

Latin arma, -drum ' defensive arms, armor, weapons of war; hence war, soldiers,
military power; protection, defense;in gen. tools, equipment ', armentum^ herd of horses or
cattle, cattle for plowing '.

Hence sounds in Old Horse Jgrmuni^ bovine animal, horse ' and the PN Gothic
*Afrmana-reiks, Old English Eormennc, Old Icelandic Jgrmunrekr, Middle High German
ErmenrTch, the same first part to the name from a little bit big also e.g. in Ermunduri^ great
Thuringia ', Old Horse Jgrmungrund^ the wide earth ' = Old English eormengrund. Old High
German irmindeot. Old Saxon Irmin-sul, and in the short form Herminones.

However, Bruckner KZ. 45, 107 rightly challenges, that " cattle, horses ' is the original and
" large ' out of it derived meaning and decides vice versa for ' large, serene' a starting
point because of Slavic ramen-b " immense, strong, violent, sudden ' (from here Lithuanian
ermas^ immense , monstrous ', Latvian grms^ monkey, clown, strange appearance '?), as
" shot up ' to *er-, *or- {or/oretc; compare formal 6piJ£V0(;), not as ' sturdy, stout, well built,
massive ' belongs to *ar- ' to join, connect '.

Old Church Slavic y5/'i./77b" yoke ' (e.g. Miklosich EWb. 100, Berneker31), sloven.
jermen^ yoke strap, strap '; with zero grade initial sound and themat. vowel: Old Church
Slavic remenb, serb. remen etc ' strap '; Specht Dekl. 149 f.

Tocharian B yarm, AB yarm' measure '.

B. From the heavy base ara-mo-: f-mo-^ arm '.

Old Indie frma-h' arm, shoulder' (originally " shoulder joint ', compare apGpov, Latin
artus 'joints') = Avestan arama- " arm ', osset. arm " cupped hand ', alm-ann, arm-arm "
elbow ',

Latin armus " shoulder or shoulder-blade; also, of an animal, the side, the uppermost part
of the upper arm, scapula ' (from *ar/9/mos), gall, aramo^ bifurcation, point of separation ',
(Wartburg 1119, Jud by Howald-Meyer Rom. Schweiz 374 ff.). Old Prussian irmoi. " arm ',
Lithuanian /rmede {'gout ', i.e.:) ' gout in the joints ', irm-liga' gout, arthritis ' (see
Trautmann Old Prussian 347);

zero grade Lithuanian zem. PI. tant. armaf Vorderarm am Wagen ' (ibd.). Old Church
Slavic ramo, ram§, serb. rame "shoulder', Gothic arms. Old High German etc arm " arm ',
arm. armukn^ elbow ' (HiJbschmann Arm. Stud. I 21).

Root form re-, re-:

Latin reor, rerV to think, suppose, judge ' (the most primitive metering and counting is
accompanied by the putting on top of each other or layers of the pieces to be counted),
participle ratus^ in the opinion, sense ', but also ' determined, settled; calculated, certain,
valid, legal ', ratio^ a reckoning, account, consideration, calculation; a reason, motive,
ground; a plan, scheme, system; reasonableness, method, order; a theory, doctrine,
science; the reasoning faculty '; after EM. 793 here {prd)port/d irom port/one =prd rat/one;

Gothic *garaf^Jan {on\Y participle garat^ana) " to count ', Old Norse hundrad. Modern
High German Hundert{ *rada n. " number ' = Latin ratum "to ratify, confirm, make valid'; s.
Pick ll|4 336); Old High German girad' even (only from numbers) ', Modern High German
gerad{ov\\)/ from numbers divisible by 2; different from ^e/'5o' = straight ahead), with new
ablaut Old Norse thr0dr actuaWy " count after tens ' (Pick 111^ 336); Gothic rat^jo^ number,
bill, account ', Old Saxon rethia' account ', Old High German radja, redea^ account,
speech and answer, story ', Old Prisian birethia^ accuse ', Old Saxon rethidn. Old High
German red(i)dn^ talk ' (determines the precise correspondence from rat^jdW\Vc\ Latin ratio
"a reckoning, numbering, casting up, account, calculation, computation' e.g. Kluge'''' s. v. '
speech ' to the assumption of borrowing Germanic words under influence from garat^ian;
more properly Palk-Torp 886 rat^jdio determine as primary -/o/7-derivative from Germanic
root *ral=>-[garal=>janj).

Whether here also Old Norse rgd^ row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier, battery, file,
turn, run, procession, rank, order, progression, number, set, bank, esp. increment lining
along the shore ', Middle Low German rati. " row, line, series, chain, range, string, tier.

battery, file, turn, run, procession, ranl<, order, progression, number, set, banl< '? (Ficl< 111^
337; ' row; line; series; chain; range; string; tier; battery; file; turn; run; procession;
rank; order; progression; number; set; bank ' as ' added on each other, stratified '?).

Old High German ramen^ strive for something, strive, aim ', Old Saxon /(9/770/7 "strive ',
Middle High German Middle Low German ram " aim, purpose, target ' our */'(9-maybe suit
as ' to arrange in one's mind, calculate ', if, besides, this (the previous newer proves)
Subst. rammusi have been as formation with formants-/77c»- starting point.

d^-extension re-d^-, ro-^"^-, ra-dh-;

Old Indie radhnoti, radhyati^ prepares (suitably), manages; gets, succeeds, with
which has luck; contents, wins somebody ', radhayatT manages, gives satisfaction ',
radha-hm., radhahu. " blessing, success, relief, gift, generosity ';

Maybe alb. radha^ro\N\ radh/t'count'.

Avestan rada/'t/' makes ready ', rada-m. ' social welfare worker ', radah-n. ' appropriate
for oneself, making oneself available, willingness (in religious regard) ', Old pers. rad/y
(Lok. Sg.) ' weigh ' (compare Old Church Slavic rad/see below), npers. arayad, arastan^
decorate; adorn; bedeck; trim; attire; array; drape; gild; emblazon; embellish '; Old
Irish imm-radim' considers, thinks over ', acymr. amraud^ suppose, think, mean ', ncymr.
amrawdd^ conversation ' with ders. meaning as Old Irish no-raidiu, no-radim^ says, tells ',
mcymr. adrawd' tell ' and Gothic rodjan. Old Norse r0da " talk ' (compare further also
placed above Modern High German Rede, reden, no-raidiu av\6 rodjan, like Slavic raditi
kaus.-iter. *rd(i'^ejd); Gothic garedan^ whereupon be judicious, take precautions ', urredan
" judge, determine ' (compare to meaning esp. Latin reri), undredan^ procure, grant ', Old
High German ratan^ advise, confer, contemplate, plan, incite, indicate (riddle), request, to
look after something, procure, provide, get ', Old Saxon radan. Old Norse rada. Old
English r^dan {\a\^er also ' read ', engl. read), Subst. Old High German ratvn. " available
means, council, piece of advice, advisement, decision, intention, precaution, stock, supply
', similarly Old Saxon rad. Old Norse rad. Old English r^d. Old Church Slavic raditi^ take
care; be accustomed; look after; care for; be in the habit; tend; provide; supply; cater;
fend; ensure; insure ' (serb. radfm, raditi^ work, strive ', rad^ business, work '; see
Uhlenbeck KZ. 40, 558 f.), radi^ weigh ', next to which */'ad^'- in Old Church Slavic nerodt '
neglect (of duty?) ', sloven, rgdim, rgditi^ provide, take care '.

Maybe (*rqd) alb. Geg rande^heavy (weight)', randonj"\Ne'\gh'. aor. ra laW, strike'
[nasalized form], , /le'care, attention', roje'guard', ruanj'to guard'.

Root form (a)fi-, re/-{see Person root extension 102, 162, 232; Beitr. 741):

Gr. apapioKU) (if not neologism, see above S. 56), apiGpoc; "number", vnpiTO(; "
countless ', Arcadian snapiroc; 'sniAsKTOc;, select; choice; exquisite ', apipa^si appo^ei
Hes.;

Latin ntus, -us' conventional kind of the religion practise, usage, ceremony, rite, manner',
nte " in due form, after the right religious use, with proper ceremonies, properly, fitly, rightly
' (Lok. one beside n-tu-s\y\ng conservative stem */>/-);

Old Irish A/TT? 'number', aram {*ad-ri-ma) ds., do-rJmu' counts ', cymr. /"^//'number'. Old
Norse /W7n. ' reckoning, calculation ', Old Saxon unrJm' immense number' ', Old English
nmv^. "number'. Old High German rTmv(\. " row, order, number' (the meaning " verse,
rhyme ' from Old Norse and Middle High German rJm probably after Kluge'io s. v. Reim
from French rime, which has derived from rythmus).

Maybe also *rei-' thing ' (Latin res'a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance' etc) after
Wood a^ 226 must be added as root noun meaning " stacked up goods, piled-up
possessions '.

Maybe is to be added also *rei-' thing ' (Latin reseic.) to Wood ax 226 as a root noun
meaning " having stacked up property '.

In addition probably as di^-extension /eAclh- (compare above /"e-d^. besides re-):

Goth\c gara/Ps ' arranged, certain ', raidjan, garaidjan' prescribe, determine ', Old
Norse g-reidr' ready, easy, clear', greida' disentangle, order, arrange, manage, pay,
disburse, remit ', Middle High German reiten' get everything set up, prepare, arrange,
count, calculate, pay ', reite, gereite, bereite. Old High German bireiti' ready ', antreitV
series, ordo ', Latvian riedu, rizV order ', raids' raring, ready ', ridi, ridas' device, clamp '.

Quite doubtfully is not borrowed by Persson aaO. considered affiliation from Old
Church Slavic or^dije' apparatus, instrumentum ' (from Old High German arunti'
message ', see Pedersen concentration camp. 38, 310), /"^o'b 'order', Lithuanian rfnda'
to\N ', Latvian rinda " row, number '. On condition of that these continue Indo Germanic d,
not dh {*re-n-d-), one adds (e.g. Pick 1^ 527, Pedersen aaO., see also EM. 711) thus the
following kin in: 6p5£U) " put on a fabric ', opSiKOv tov xitcjovIgkov. Dapioi, 6p5r||JC( n ToAunr)
TU)v spiojv Hes.,

Latin ordior, -Tn, orsus sum (from weaver's language, Breal MSL. 5, 440) " to begin a web,
lay the warp, begin, commence, make a beginning, set about, undertake ', exordior^ to
begin a web, lay the warp, prepare to weave ', redordior^ to take apart, unweave, unravel
', ordo, -inis^a series, line, row, order' (also Umbrian urnas/er seems to be = ordinariis^oi
order, usual, regular, ordinary', Linde Glotta 3, 170 f.; differently Gl. 5, 316), the connection
agrees with aA 'put; place; fix; formulate; ordain; decree', which would have been
needed then also by the weaving mill, to (Persson root extension 26, Thurneysen Thes.
under artus, -us), so would be justified vowel from *or-d-eJdas a causative iterative
vocalism.

Is even more doubtful, from after Reichelt KZ. 46, 318 as /r-extensions of the bases ar9-,
ar- with the same application to the weaving mill are to be added:

Maybe alb. {*aranea) arnoj^io repair, mend, sew, weave', ame 'patch, piece of fabric' from
Latin aranea, -eus ' spider '?

Gr. apaxvri ' spider', Latin araneus^ of a spider; n. as subst. a cobweb ', aranea, -eus^
spider ' ( *ara-k-sna, the word ending to *sne- ' to spin; weave, interweave, produce by
spinning ' as ' a net spinner, a woman, a girl (or a spider) that spins a net '?); supposedly
in addition (Walter KZ. 12, 377, Curtius KZ. 13, 398) gr. apKuq ' net ', apKavr) to pappa cb
Tov GTniJova syKaTanAsKOUGivai Sia^opsvai Hes. (see also Boisacq 79), wherefore after
Bezzenberger BB. 21, 295 Latvian er'kuls^ spindle; a bunch of oakum, a wad of oakum
(for spinning)' (which can stand for *arkuls). Liden IF. 18, 507 f. puts it better apKU(; to
Slavic *orkyta, serb. rakita ' red pasture ' and Latvian ercis, gr. apK£ueo(; ' juniper ' as
shrubs with branches usable against lichen.

References: WP. I 69 ff., WH. I 69, 70, Trautmann 13 f.
See also: S. unten arqu- and erk-.
Page(s): 55-61

Root / lemma: ar-2ex er-

Meaning: to distribute

Grammatical information: with Indo Germanic /7^-present

Material: Avestan ar- (present eranav-, aranv-, preterit Pass, aranav?) ' grant, allow to be

given; do guarantee ', with us- and fra^{ as an allotment) suspend and assign ', fr§rata-v\.

' allotment (of sacrifices ), offering ' (Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 184 f.);

Armenian arnum^ I take ', Aor. 5r(Hubschmann Arm. Gr. I 420; meaning from medial " I
allot to myself, I assign to myself, I allocate to myself, I appropriate to myself ' compare Old
Indie dalamT give ': a date^ to take something, to accept something '; also in:)

gr. apvu|jai " acquires, tries to reach, conceives, acquire esp. as a price or wage ',
durative compared with apsoGai " acquire, win ', Aor. apopriv, np6|jr|v; |jia9apvr|<;,
IjiaGapvoc; ' potboiler, day laborer, wageworker ', cx^oc, n. ' usefulness, profit, use '
(Aesch.);

Hittite ar-nu-mi^ I bring ' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696) belongs probably rather than a
causative to 3. er-^ start to move '.

Hittite: {ar-nu-zl) arnuzi " take there, bring here'.

The full grade vocalisms of the root guaranteeing forms are absent.

References: WP. I 76 f.
Page(s): 61

Root / lemma: ar-3

l\^eaning: nut

Note: (extends by -ei-, -oi-, -u-)

l\1aterial:

In a- grade:

G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 17 combines gr. apua m DHpaKAsajTiKa Kapva Hes., alb. arrei. "
walnut-tree ', For the relation to Lithuanian rfesutas, ruosutys' hazelnut ', Latvian rieksts^
nut, hazelnut ', Old Prussian buccareisis^ beechnut ' (see Trautmann Old Prussian 314)
accepts Specht Dekl. 62.

In o- grade:

Old Church Slavic orech-b " nut '.
References: WP. I 77.
Page(s): 61

Root / lemma: ar-5

Meaning: to refuse; to lie

Note: (with /7-formant)

Material: Gr. apv£0|jai (*apv£-F-o|jai) ' refuses ', arrapvot;, s^apvot; " refusing, denying

everything ', apusi avTiAsyEi pog Hes.;

alb. rrem' false ', rreme, rrene^ lie ', nerroj {iroxr\ *rren6j) " denies everything ' (//'from rn;
Pedersen KZ. 33, 542 Anm. 2). Is even more doubtful whether Armenian uranam^ denies
everything, refuses ', urasf denial ' would be used (with ur-\xoxx\ or-).
References: WP. I 78, Meillet BSL. 26, 19, Esquisse 111, 142.
See also: see also or-, ar-'reden, rufen'.
Page(s): 62

Root / lemma: aro-m {*gher-, ghel- )

Meaning: reed

Material: Gr. apov n. " bistort, kind of reed ', api-aapov ' therefrom a small kind ';

Latin harundo^a reed; meton., for an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for
catching birds; a pen; the shaft of an arrow, or the arrow itself; a shepherd's pipe; a flute; a
weaver's comb; a plaything for children, a hobby-horse'; to formation compare hirundo^a
swallow' and nebrundines : vscppoi "the kidneys'.

Note:

Maybe alb. {* ghalandus) dalendyshe^a swallow' : Latin harundo -inisi. "a reed; meton., for

an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f.

'swallow'.

Common Latin gh- > h- : alb. gh- > d-.

Similar phonetic setting alb. dimen^\N\v\{ex' : Latin Nemo -are'\.o winter, spend the winter'

[see Root/ lemma: ghei-2. ghi-\ "winter; snow'

Latin and alb. prove that the original Root/ lemma: aro-m\ "reed' was {*gher-, ghel^. Only

Latin, alb. and gr. have preserved the old laryngeal /?-.

There is no doubt that from lllyrian-alb.- Latin {* harundinis) dalendyshe^a swallow'

[common alb. gh- > d-] derived gr. x£Ai5u)v "swallow', therefore from Root/ lemma: ghel-:

"to call, cry' derived Root/ lemma: aro-m\ "reed' {*gher-) where ///allophones.

From Persson De orig. gerundii 59 added Latin arista " the beard of an ear of grain;
hence the ear itself; also a harvest ', aristis " holcus, a green vegetable ' is defeated
because of his suggesting to genista^. " the broom-plant ' suffix strongly to the suspicion
to be Etruscan (see Herbig IF. 37, 171, 178).

From Mediterranean language?

References: WP. I 79, WH. I 635 f.
Page(s): 68

Root / lemma: arod-, arad-

Meaning: a kind of waterbird

Material: Gr. pu)5i6(;, spwSioc; ' heron ' (spcoSioc; folk etymology in ending after -iSioc;), Latin

ardea^a heron' ds. {*arad-). Old Norse arta. Old Swedish arta^ teal ', Demin. Old Norse

ertia, Norwegian erle^ wagtail ', serb. roda^ stork ' {*rada).

Maybe truncated alb. (*poi)5i6c;) rosa, /'ose'duck', /7/ra "duckling, duck', Rumanian {*rada)

/•a/a "duck'.

Note:

Alb. and Rumanian prove that from Root/ lemma: anat-: (duck) derived Root/ lemma:

arod-, arad-: (a kind of waterbird) [common rhotacism n > r\

References: WP. I 146 f., WH. I 64.

Page(s): 68

Root / lemma: arqu-
Meaning: smth. bent

Material: Latin arcus, -i7s(stem is in -qu- from, compare Old Latin Gen. a/ic/^/; further
argues, arquitenens) " a bow, arch, arc; esp. the rainbow ', arquatus, arcuatus {morbus) "
icteric, yellowed as if from jaundice, jaundice, relating to jaundice; m. as subst., a sufferer
from jaundice ', probably actually " rainbow-colored, green and yellow looking ' (compare
Thes.); arcuatus a\so " arched-shaped, bow-shaped, supported by arches, covered
(carriage) '; Umbrian arglataF a round cake; acc.pl. ', wherefore v. Planta I 341, Gotze IF.
41, 91 ( *a/'/re/c»- with loss of the labialisation); Gothic arfvaznai. " dart, arrow ' {arfva-zna,
compare hiaiwazna). Old Norse (?/'(Gen. grvai) f. " dart, arrow ', Old English earhi. ds.
(engl. arrov\/}, Germanic *arhvd.
Maybe alb. hark'boM\/' [alb. is the only IE tongue that has preserved the old laryngeal /?-]

For the basic approach arqu- (and not arqu-) would speak russ. rak/ta, Czech rokyta,
serb. rokitaeic " a kind of willow tree ', where *arqOta {UMosich EWb. 226, Torbjornsson
BB. 20, 140) forms the basis, and gr. apK£u9o(; " juniper ', which word with with all
likelyhood concerning this is to be drawn Liden IF. 18, 507; in addition apK£u9i(; " juniper
berry '.

Indeed, Liden takes relationship with gr. apKU(; "net' (see Bezzenberger BB. 21, 285) in for
what one compares under ar-1, S. 61.

Another connection for gr. apK£u0O(; and russ. rakftaeic seeks Endzelin KZ. 44, 59 ff.,
which more properly compares Latvian ercis, ec/'s ( *erc/s) " juniper ';

further erceties^ torment oneself, grieve, straiten ', ercesa^ a very quarrelsome person ';
Latvian erks(k')is^ thorn shrub ' would be to Endzelin mixture from *e/'/r/s and Lithuanian
ersketis " a thorn plant ' corresponding as regards the root of the word form; gr. dp- then
would have to contain zero grade from *er-. S. under e/ifr-

References: WP. I 81, WH. I 64, EM. 69.
Page(s): 67-68

Root / lemma: arua {*heru3)

Meaning: intestines

Material: Gr. opua f. " bowel ', Latin arvTnai. " grease, fat, lard, bacon ', originally "

intestinal fat '? (compare Old High German mitta-garni^ recumbent fat in the middle of the

bowels '); appivvri Kpsac;. IikeAoI Hes. is Latin loanword

Note:

Gr. {*horua) opua, alb. {*ghorna) zo/re" bowel' [common alb. gh- >z-] prove that Root/

lemma: arua {* herui): "intestines' derived from Root/ lemma: gher-5, ghor-na\ "bowels'.

This discovery might shed light on the origin of the old larygeals in PIE.

References: WP. I 182, II 353, WH. I 71.

Page(s): 68

Root / lemma: ast(h)-
Meaning: " bones '
See also: s. ost(h)-.
Page(s): 69

Root / lemma: ati, ato-
Meaning: over, etc.

Note: compare to the meaning question esp. Brugmann Grdr. I|2, 844 f. the colouring of
the beginning vowel stands firm through Latin-Celtic (Greek) as Indo Germanic a-, and it
gives no good reason before, Balto-Slavic, Germanic (and Aryan) forms can be attributed
to Indo Germanic *o-, by the book - following rules in a (very) strict way just because it
would be a textbook example of ablaut to e- formed from *e//bildete. With et/{see there)
at least equality meaning and exchange existed in the use. Is a// reduction grade to etf?
Material: Old Indie at/"about- onto (adnominal m. Akk.), exceedingly, very much ' (Adv.
and proverb), Avestan a/t/-, Old pers. at/'y- ds. Adv. (as 1. compound part and proverb
(before /- " go ' as " go by, pass by ' and bar- " carry, bear ' as " bring over again, to carry ');
Aryan a// can also represent Indo Germanic *et/.

Gr. presumably in ar-ap " however ' (compare aurap from auT ap; Brugmann-Thumb
623, KVG. 616; by connection with arsp, Gothic sundro, the Attic it remained kind of
unexplained). Latin a/" but, yet, moreover; sometimes introducing an imaginary objection,
but, you may say ' from increasing - to opposing ' beyond it ', what latter meaning in at-
avus, at-nepos {not in appnme , see Skutsch AflL. 12, 213).

Gall, ate- (from *aff-) in Ategnatus {= Middle Breton {h)aznat, nbret. anat^ acquainted,
known ') , abrit. Ate-cotti^ the very old ', Old Irish aith-, preceding ad- " against, un- ',
mcymr. at-, ncymr. ad-, eo'-(Belege e.g. by Pick 11^ 8, Pedersen KG. II 292);

here as *a/e-/rc»-/7 probably Middle Irish athachu. " a certain time ', cymr. adegxw. ds.,
compare gall. ATENOVXiriame of 2th half month), Thurneysen ZcP. 20, 358?

Gothic at^-t^an^ but, however ' (very doubtful is against it derivation from Gothic Old
Saxon ak. Old English ac^ however ', Old High German 0/7" but, however ' from *al=>- + ke
= gr. ys; differently, but barely appropriate Holthausen IF. 17, 458: = gr. ays, Latin age^ go!
well! ').

Lithuanian at-, ata-, more recently also at/-, in nominal compound ato- ' back, off, away,
from, up ' (see Brugmann Grundr. I|2 2, 844 f.). Old Prussian et-, at- (probably only from
Baltic at-, Trautmann 46);

Old Church Slavic ot-, otb^ away, since, ex, from ', adnominal m. d. Gen.-Abl.,
introduces Meillet Et. 155 f. back to gen. -ablative *atos(\n front of, before; in return for;
because of, from = Old Indie atah^ thenceforth '? rather Pron.-stem *e-with ablat. Adv.-
forms -tos); Indo Germanic *5//(and *et/) would be in addition Lok.; both remain very
unsafe.

The double aspect Lithuanian ata-\ ato- reminds in pa-\ pd{see *apo), (see *apo),
and it is doubtful about whether one may see in ablative *atdda kind of ostem formation.
In the Slavic the form on long vowel is formed further in russ. etc. otava ' grommet ', as
Old Prussian attolis, Lithuanian atolas, Latvian atals, atals^ grommet ' speaking for Indo
Germanic older short vocalized form Lithuanian ata-= Indo Germanic *5/c»- (compare to
ending *apo, *upd)\

Old Irish do, to- prefix "to' with (Indo Germanic?) zero grade of ani. vowels (Meillet
aaO., Stokes BB. 29, 171, Pedersen KG. II 74), probably also lllyrian to-, alb. /e' to, by '
(Skok by Pokorny Urill. 50).

References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 75, 421 f., 863.

Page(s): 70-71

Root / lemma: at-, *atno-
Meaning: to go; year

Note:

Gr. hioc, 'year' : Latin annus^yeaf {*atnos) 'year' : Old Indie hayana- year\Y' , hayana-m.
n. year' prove that Root/ lemma: en-2: year' : Root/ lemma: at-, *atno-\ to go; year' :
Root/ lemma: uet-\ 'year' [prothetic i/- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root/
lemma: ghei-2, ghi-, ghei-men-, *gheimn- : 'winter; snow'.

Material: Old Indie atati^ goes, walks, wanders '. Moreover Latin annus'year' from *atnos
(under the influenee of eommon Celtie -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) = Gothie Dat. PI. at^nam 'year',
eompare Fiek |2 338, W. Meyer KZ. 28, 164, Froehde BB. 16, 196 f. (meaning
development like with Germanie *jeram 'year' \.oJe- ' go ').

Maybe alb. Geg {*ant) vajt, Tose vete, vajtiaox. 'to go', (*///) i////'go around, year, all year
around' [eommon alb. prothetie v- before initial bare vowels - proof of aneient laryngeal h.
Latin has followed alb.s t > nt > n, elearly Latin annus ' year ' derived from Old Indie
{*antanti) a tat/]
Note:

Etrusean follows alb.s Etrusean Avil : year, Avilxva :yearly // derivated from Avil, by
adding a adjeetival suffix -xva.

Osean-Umbrian eorresponds akno-'year, festival time, saerifieial time ' (with -tn- to -kn-,
Brugmann IF. 17, 492). Reeeived the word is durable in eompounds Latin perenn/s' the
whole year; eontinuously ' [perenn/s -e 'lasting throughout the year; durable, perennial',
perennitas -atisi. 'duration, perpetuity', perenno -are 'to last many years'.], sollennis '
festive, annual, eustomary, returning or eelebrated annually, solemn, eeremonial,
ritualistie; usual ' (additional form so//e'/77/7/s absolutely analogieal results; Thurneysen AflL.
13, 23 ff., after omnidl); Umbrian sev-acni-, per-acni-^ so\\ev\v\\s\ Subst. ' vietim, saerifiee,
saerifieial offering '.

References: WP. I 42 f., WH. I 51, 847.
Page(s): 69

Root / lemma: augh-, ugh-
Meaning: nape

Material: Charpentier KZ. 46, 42 places together Old Indie usnihai. ' neck ' (only PI.) and
gr. auxnv " nape, throat, straits '.

In usn/habeiore lies diminutive suffix -/ha-, gr. -ixa- . The beginning is *ugh-s-n-fgha\he
first gh\s reduced being produced by dissimilation. To 1/^/7-5-/70 stands *augh-en-\n gr.
auxnv compared with here Armenian awj" throat ', awji-k^ cervical collar '; Aeolic apcpnv "
nape, neck ', Aeolic aucpsv ds. must be separated therefrom, in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
296; about gr. Sacpvp: Cypriot 5auxva " laurel ' better WH. I 775 f. (compare above S. 43
and Hoffmann Gr. Dial. II 500, Meister Gr. Dial. I 120).
References: WP. I 25, Adontz Mel. Boisacq 10.
Page(s): 87

Root / lemma: aug-
Meaning: to glance, see, dawn

Note:

Probably Root/ lemma: aug-\ " to glance, see, dawn ' derived from Root/ lemma: ayes-: '
to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.'.

Material: Gr. auyn " shine, ray, daylight; eye ', auya^co " shines, illuminates; sees ', epi-
auYr|(; ' shining very much ';

alb. agoj^ dawns ', agume^ aurora, morning, dawn ' (see Persson Beitr. 369);

It seems Albanian cognate has wrong etymology.

Maybe Basque N egunsenti: Estonian : N agu: Albanian : N agu, agim: Turkish : N

agarma^ dawn, daybreak'.

Turkish V gun agarmak : alb. agon : " to dawn '

Estonian N aeg : Turkish N gun, gundiJz, donem, zaman : Basque egun^ day '

Turkish N gijnes : Basque eguzki N " sun '.

from also Slavic iugh^ south ' (Pick KZ. 20, 168), russ. uzinh, uzinal

Probably wrong etymology since Slavic iugi^ "south' : alb. yi/^ "south' must have derived
from Latin iugum -/n. "a yoke' - a constellation in the southern night skies, see Root/
\&r(\T(\a\jeu-2,Jeua-,Jeu-g- : to tie together, yoke
References: WP. I 25.
Page(s): 87

Root / lemma: au1

Meaning: interjection of pain

Material: Old Indie o, Latin au'OV\\ ', Old English ea, Middle High German ou(we). Modern

High German au, Latvian au, 5i/ (disyllabic au, ai/i/with displeasure, refusal,

astonishment, surprise), poln. au, Czech ounder

References: WH. I 78.

Page(s): 71

Root / lemma: au-2, au-es-, au-s-

Meaning: to spend the night, sleep

Material: Armenian 5^a/7//77 "spends the night ', vair-ag^ living in the country ', aut^ spend

the night, night's rest, station '.

Gr. iauu) " sleeps ' from redupl. *i-ausd, Aor. i-auaai, next to which unredupl. Aor. asaa.
Inf. aF£a(a)ai; quAk;, -xboo, ' place of residence, camp, stable, night's lodging ', auAi^oijai "
is in the court, spends the night ', aypauAo(; " spending the night outside ', auAri ' court,
courtyard, dwelling ' (originally probably " the fenced in space around the house in which
the cattle is rounded up for the nighttime '); from iauu) comes except iauGpoc; " Night's
lodging ',

Mr|^iciu6M6(; ' sheep stable ', bj\a\}Q\x6c, " place of residence ' (: hom. Eviausiv " have his
rest accommodation ') also gr. £viauT6(; actually ' rest, rest station ', therefore the solstices
as resting places in the course of the sun {solstitium), then ' year, solstice, anniversary '
(different Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 15, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 424^, s. also en- " year ').

A heavy base *aue-, *aud- ^robabVj to be added hom. awrsTc; unvov (from Schuize
Ounder ep. 72 directly to iauw put under formal comparison from £p(F)u)Ta(ji) : sipopiai from
*£pFo[jai) and awpoc; (Sappho), wpoc; (Kallimachos) 'unvo(;' (Benfey Wzl.-Lex. I 298),
wherefore Old English werig, engl. weary. Old Saxon worag, worig' tired, weary ', Old
High German wuorag^ inebriates '; about Old Indie vayatT gets tired '; see however, root
aue- ' strive oneself, exert '.

References: WP. I 19 f. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 690.

See also: Uber £/e5- "verweilen' see below besonderem Artikel.

Page(s): 72

Root/ lemma: au-lo-s{: eu-l^ [*heu-l^
Meaning: tube, hole, *street

Material: Gr. avKoq m. " pipe flute, long cavity ', zv-avKoq m. " riverbed ', auAcbv m. f. "

mountain valley, gulch, ditch, canal, strait ';

Old Church Slavic u/bjb, Lithuanian au/ys and secondarily av/7ys' beehive ', originally the

cavity in the tree in which the swarm settles;

Note:

[probably Old Church Slavic av/7ys' beehive ' < vaulys, but prothetic v- before bare initial

vowels has been attested in lllyrian, alb. and Slavic tongues; maybe through metathesis au

> ua a\b. Tosc {*hau-lo-) huall, Geg huell, hoje PI. ' beehive, cavity ' = Latin alvus'

beehive, cavity' [common alb. shift I >j\, alb. /7c»//e" narrow, thin', alb. is the only language

to have preserved the old laryngeal /?-. Clearly the Latin cognate derived from lllyrian and

Slavic cognates.

From {*halvus, alhwus) Latin a/i/^s "beehive, cavity' derived Rumanian a/b/na^bee',

Portuguese at>e/ha'bee\ Spanish abeja'bee', French abe/7/e'bee' [common Italic and

Greek -/7iy- > -b-.

Old Church Slavic u//cat " street, - in a built-up area - hollow, ravine, gorge, narrow pass

', Lithuanian au/ast, Old Prussian aulinis^ bootleg ', Old Prussian aulis^ shinbone '.

Maybe zero grade in alb. Tosc udhe u//e'roa6, street' [the common alb.-lllyrian-Latin -dh- >

-II-, -d- > -I- shift]

Maybe Root / lemma: au-lo-s{. eu-l^ : "tube, hole, *street' derived from Root/ lemma:

uegh-\ "to move, carry, drive' [common alb. -gh- > -d-]

Armenian ut uH^ way ' and (compare the meaning " belly ' from Latin alvus) yH^
pregnant ' (with ablaut 0, Pedersen KZ. 39, 459; derivatives ufarkem and ylem^ send in

T);

*) Armenian word with the ablaut grade Indo Germanic u. from with the same Latvian
ula, ula^ wheel hub '? (would be the " tubularly hole ' in which the axis is inserted; Liden
IF. 19,321).

New Norwegian aul, au/e and (with Indo Germanic eu- as a high step to au-) Jdr
angelica silvestris ', Old Norse {huann-) joli' the hollow stems of angelica archangelica ',
both plants call in Norway also sl0ke, whose basic meaning likewise " tube, pipe ' is (Falk-
Torp 474 and 1492 underyb/and from Schroederto Germanic ablaut 58 f. likewise boat
name jolle "dinghy').

Here with Latin metatliesis of aul- to alu- also alvus m. f. " belly, womb, stomach; hold of
a ship, beehive ', alveus^ a hollow, cavity, trough; hence boat; also the hold of a ship;
bathtub; bed of a stream; beehive; gaming-table ', although time and limitation of the
metathesis are still totally unclear (see Thurneysen IF. 21 , 177, Sommer Hdb.^ 78).

References: WP. I 25 f., WH. I 34 f., different Banateanu REtlE 1, 122.
Page(s): 88-89

Root / lemma: au-3{aue); ue-
Meaning: from, away, of

Material: Old Indie ava ' from, down ', mostly prefix from verbs and Subst., rarely
preposition m. Abl., Avestan ap. 51/5 prefix " down' and (while more the purpose than the
starting point of the movement came to the consciousness) " whereupon to, to what, near '
(e.g. avabar- ' to take there, carry away ' and ' to take there, procure, supply, get '), also
preposition m. Akk. " there, there in '; therefrom Old Indie avara- "inferior' and Avestan
aora^ after, below, down ' (after /jara extended from avara);

Avestan avara Mv. " below, down '= Old Indie avarPN . I 133, 7; Old Indie avah{avas) "
down ', whereof avastad' under '; without auslaut vowel (compare Avestan ao-ra) Old
Indie o-e.g. in o-gana-h^ single, pathetic ' (: gana-h' troop, multitude '; Wackernagel Old
Indie Gr. 154);

gr. au- probably in auxaiTsiv avaxwpsTv, avaxa^soGai Hes. (Schuize Qunder ep. 60);

lllyrian au- ' (of motion), towards, to (a person or place), at ' in proper names? (Krahe IF.
49, 273);

Latin au- ' away , off, gone ' in auferd'\.o take away, bear off, carry off, withdraw,
remove' (= Avestan ava-bharati, Avestan ava-bar-), aufug/o'to flee away, run away,
escape';

gall. au-tag/s'b\dm^\q7' (Vendryes BSL. 25, 36);

Old Irish perhaps o, ua^ from, with, by ', as a preposition m. dat., acymr. hou, more
recently o'if, o preposition 'from';

Old Prussian Lithuanian Latvian au- ' away, from ' (e.g. Latvian au-manis^ not- sensical,
nonsensical '), Old Church Slavic i/ prefix " away, from ', e.g. u-myti^ to give a wash, wash
away ' {u-bezati^ flee from '), as preposition m. Gen. ' from ' (with verbs of the desire,
receive, take) and, with fading of the concept of the starting point, " by, from ';

maybe alb. particle of passive ^"by, from' used before verbs in passive voice.

Hittite proverb u- {we-, wa-) " here ', a-wa-an^ away ' (Sturtevant Lg. 7, 1 ff.).

thereof with /-forms aut(/Jo-:gr. qutux; ' unavailingly, in vain ', auaiO(; ds. and Gothic
aul=>ja-{H. Sg. *aul=>eis ox * aul=>s) ' desolate, leave ' (*"remote '), aul=>ida^ desert ', Old High
German odi. Modern High German ode. Old Norse audr^ desolate '; Old Irish uathad^
item, particular, sort '. - goes to the frightening wilderness, wilderness also Middle Irish
uath^ fright, terrible ' (are to be kept away cymr. uthr^ terrible ', corn, uth, euth, bret. euz^
fright ')? At least is their connection with Latin pavere^ to quake with fear, panic; transit, to
quake at, tremble ' everything rather than sure, see pou-^ fear '.

Beside aut(i)o-s\.Q\\\. perhaps changing through ablaut u-to-\x\ alb. huf in vain, blank,
vainly ', ue-to-{sQQ unten *ue^ in gr. ouk ubc, " not free of charge, not without reason ',
£TU)aiO(; (Fby Homer) " in vain, without success, pointless '.

Maybe truncated alb. (*/70/) koV in vain, without success, pointless '; alb. is the only IE
language to preserve the old laryngeal h- > k-.

to combine *ue- with *a£/- probably under *aue-.

Latin *ve- in vescor^o eat, feed on; to use, enjoy' originally " whereof to eat up ' (:
esca), from which back formation vescus ' greedy; fastidiously in food (*merely nibbling
off); underfed ';

again alb. es/7/re "fungus' : Latin esca "food, victuals, esp. as bait'. Prothetic v- added to
bare initial vowels is an alb.-lllyrian.

ve- to indication faulty too much or too little, ve-cors " senseless, mad, moves, treacherous
', ve-grandis^ diminutive, not large, tiny ', vesanus^ mad, insane; of things, furious, wild ',
Ve-jovis, Umbrian ve-purus{kb\. PI.), wheather "(ispa) anupa'.

Note:

Also in alb. ve- to indication faulty too much or too little: alb. i/es/?///-© "difficult, hard' from
{ve- 5/7///-e (participle of alb. 5/7/KA7y"push with difficulty') see Root /lemma: (s)teu-1\ "to
push, hit'.

uo-.'Gr. Fo- in Arcadian Fo-(pAr|K6ai, Attic o-cpAioKavw, ocpsiAw, Lesbian 6-£iyr|v " open ',
Attic oiyw, more recently oiyvuiJi (Prellwitz2 345, Brugmann IF. 29, 241, BSGW. 1913,
159).

ues-:W\\h Old Indie avas'dosNn' attached together formant Germanic wes-'\n Modern
High German IVest, Old High German westar' westwards ', Old Norse vestrn. ' westen ',
Adv. " in the west , against west ' ( *ues-t(e)ro-, compare Old Norse nor-dr). Old High
German westana^ from west ' etc (Brugmann IF. 13, 157 ff.; about the explanation of the
Wisigothaeas ' West-Goths, Visigoths ' s. Kretschmer Gl. 27, 232).

Here (after Brugmann aaO.) the initial sound of the word for evening, Indo Germanic
uesperos and ueqeros, see there.

Relationship from Indo Germanic *au-, ^e- with the Pron.-stem au-, u- " yonder, over
there ' as " on the other side, from there ' is conceivable.

References: WP. I 13 f., WH. I 79, 850, Trautmann 16.
Page(s): 72-73

Root / lemma: au-4, u-{\ ue-, uo-)

Meaning: that; other

Material: auo: 0\d Indie Avestan Old pers. ava- " that '; Old Church Slavic Old Russian

ovh-- ovh-' on the one hand - on the other hand which appears - other ', ovogda - ovogda

" one time - the other time ' (from this correlative use only poln. dn/ corresponds to English

deictic "I" and serb. ovaja deictic word meaning "that", also New Bulgarian -v [*uo-s]

developed).

u-:0\d Indie amu-{Akk. Sg. amum etc) 'that, yonder', arise from Akk. Sg. m. *am{=
Indo Germanic *e-m 'eum') + *um (Akk. Sg. of ours stem u); s. Wackernagel-Debrunner III
550 f.

Tocharian A ok, B uk' still ', A o/r/' as, and ', A okak' up to ', perhaps only *u-g {zero
grade to Gothic auk); from in addition B om(p)ne, omte " there '?

Particle Old Indie u^ thus, also, on the other hand, there again, against it ', emphasizing
esp. after verbal forms, Pron. and particles {no^ and not, not ' = na u, athd= atha u), gr. -u
in TTOv-u " even very much ',

Gothic -^interrogative particle (also the enclitic -uhirom -u-q^e, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 173);
this ^also in Old Indie a-sau rw. f. "that, yonder', Avestan haum. f., ap. hauvxw. "that,
yonder', Wackernagel-Debrunner III 529, 541.

Particle Old Indie u-ta, in both parts " on the one hand - on the other hand, soon - soon,

- as ', or only in the second part, a little bit opposing " and, thus ' (nachved. in ity-uta, kim-
uta, praty-uta),

Avestan uta, ap. ^/a'and, and also'; gr. huts " just as ' from *nF(£) + uts (originally ' as on
the other hand ', " as, also '), but horn, euts "ote' from £u + t£ after Debrunner IF. 45, 185
ff.; 5£0t£ is formed in addition to 5£upo; also ouToq, aurn, touto most probably from 6, a, to
+ UT£ with additional final inflection;

West Germanic -od\v\ Old Saxon thar-od. Old High German thar-of thither, there ', Old
Saxon her-od. Old High German her-oV here ', whereupon also Old Saxon hwarod^
whither, where ', Old High German warot^ whither, where ' (from * ute? or iroxu * uta? A\so
*aute, *auti, see below, would be possible basic form).

Here Avestan uiti, Gatha-Avestan uitr so ', but not Latin i//and utT, Old Latin utei.

Beside u, uta etc. stands with the ablaut grade Indo Germanic au-:

gr. au " on the other hand, again ', *auTi " again' (extended to Ionian qutk;, gort. auTiv,
after antique grammarians for ' right away, there ', where from auriKa " at the moment,
straight away ', au-9ron the spot, here, there ', auT£ ' again, thus, further '; Latin aut{*aut/)
" or', autem " however ' (to the form see WH. I 87), Oscan aut, auti^ or ' and " but, on the
other hand, on the contrary, however ' (to meaning see v. Planta II 465);

maybe alb. Geg o "or' from Italian o'or'

Umbrian ute, o/e'aut'; perhaps Gothic auk^ then, but ', Old Norse 5^/r'also, and'. Old
English eac. Old Saxon ok. Old High German ouh^ and, thus, but ', Modern High German
also = gr. au-Y£ ' again '.

Pedersen Pron. dem. 315 supposes gr. au suitable form in the initial sound of from
alb. a-qe^ so much'. - Brugmann BSGW. 60, 23 a 2 lines up in gr. au-T6(; as " (he) himself

- (he) of his own, self '; other interpretations see with Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 613 f.

Maybe alb. {*aut-) vete^seW [common alb. prothetic v- before bare initial vowels].

With A-forms airan. avar^ here', Lithuanian aure^ see there! ', zero grade Umbrian uru
' that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hie, the former
', ura-ku^a6 illam', ures'WWs' (o/'e/'ose rather with d= uas = Lithuanian ad); perhaps
5£upo " here, well, all right, well then (an obsolete interjection meaning "come now") '

(5£upaj after oniaaoj , inschr. SsOps after ays) from *5£-upo (5s " here ' + aupo " here '),
SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 612, 632.

ue-, UO-: meaning "or' (= " on the other hand ') esp. in Old Indie va^ or' (also " even,
yet; meanwhile; probably, possibly '; also confirming vai), Avestan ap. 1/5' or' (particle of
the emphasis and assurance).

Old Indie Avestan va- va' either - or ', gr. r|-(F)e, n (with proclitic emphasis, proclitic stress
for n-(F)£, as yet in the second part of the double question),

Latin -ve'or' (also in ceu, sTve, seu, neve, neu), also probably Irish no, abret. nou^or' (if
from *ne-ue " or not ' ' with fading the negative meaning originally in negative sentences,
Thurneysen Grammar 551;

not more probably after Pedersen KG. I 441 a grown stiff imperative * neue oi the verb Irish
at-no/' he entrusts with him ', gr. veuoj); Tocharian B wa-t' where'.

compare also Old Indie /-va (: va = \-bz: bt) " just as, exactly the same way ', e-va " in
such a way, exactly the same way, just, only ', evam ' so, thus ' (behaves to be confirmed
1/5/and va- vaas e-na- ' this ' to na- na' in different way ', originally ' thus and thus '; with
e-va corresponds gr. oI(F)oc; " only' (" * just only '), Avestan aeva-. Old pers. a/va- "an,
one' (compare with no- demonstrative Indo Germanic *of-no-s^ an, one ').

References: S. esp. Brugmann Dem. 96 f., Grundr. II2 2, 341-343, 350, 731 f. m.
Lithuanian II23, 987,

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629, 632, 804, Boisacq s. v. au, etc

WP. I 187 f., WH. I 87, 209, Van Windekens Lexique 78, 80.

Page(s): 73-75

Root / lemma: aug^fh)-: uq'^fhj- and beside it probably as andere lengthened grade

ueg-fh)-

Meaning: cooking pot

Material: Latin au//a, aula, vulg. olla^ jar, pot ' from *auxla, Demin. auxilla {VaWscau o/na'm

ending after urna); probably alb. anei. " vessel ' (from *auq"'naR Jokl. Stud. 3); Old Indie

ukha-hxr\., ukha^ pot, saucepan '; Gothic auhnsrw. {*uk"n6s) ' oven, stove ', with gramm.

variation Old Norwegian ogn. Old Swedish oghn ds.

Maybe alb. {*ahna) e/7a"dish' : \v\d\cAnvA "oven, furnace'.

Besides forms with probably only to single-linguistic labial: gr. gr. inv6(;, older invot; "
stove' (after Pick ll|4 29 between, Ostir WuS. 5, 217, GiJntert Abl. 25 from *Ueq"-n6s, not
*uq"n6s, s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian), after E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 202 from *ukFv6(; through
dissimilatorischen sound change?? (W. Schuize GGA. In 1897, 908);

Note:

Common gr. - celt, -k"- > -p-, -g"- > -b-.

bret. offeni. " stone trough ' in spite of Loth RC. 43, 410 barely from * uppa. Old English
ofneC small vessel ', ofen. Old High German ovan. Old Norse ofn^ stove, oven ' (likewise
loadable back in *Ueq"nos, beginning u- caused as in wulfa- " wolf ' the development from -
/i/-to -f-, during Gothic etc auhns goes back to Indo Germanic *uq"'-n6s, then the loss of w-
in 0/fe/7then must be explained indeed from influence of this sister's form *uhna-).

From the assimilated form Old Swedish omn, mundartl. umn'stove' is probably borrowed
Old Prussian wumpn/s^ oven', umnode' bakehouse, oven, kiln, stove '. S. Meillet MSL. 9,
137, Meringer IF. 21, 292 ff., Senn Germanic loanword studies, Falk-Torp under ovn,
weigand herdsman and clever under Ofen.

To the objective see Meringer aaO., Schrader Reallex. 592 f.

References: WP. I 24, WH. I 84, 850, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 258.
See also: (compare S. 84 f. aug- ueg-, oldest aueg-)
Page(s): 88

Root / lemma: aus-

Meaning: to draw (water), ladle, *shed blood

Root/ lemma: aus-\ "to draw (water), ladle' derived from the stem: au/e/-, auent-:a\ Root/

lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer-\ "to flow, to wet; water, etc.'.

Material: Gr s^auu) " scoops, extracts, takes from ' (simple auw), E^auarrip psipou ovopa,

Karauaai E^avrAnaai, KaraSuaai, KaOauaai acpaviaai (Spritus asper after the former

present tense *auu) from *auou), Sommer Gr. Lautst. 2 f.)

with zero grade *us- acp-uw, acp-uaaw (latter from Aor. acpuaaai) " scoops ', common gr.-

Illyrian -ks- > -ss-;

dcpuGiJOc; anavTAnaic; Suidas and apuw " scoops ', originally *Fap (: Old Indie var' water

')*u[a]aj " scoops water ', apuarrip " vessel for ladling '.

Old Norse ausa^ to scoop ', austr' scoop, backwash, the shocks, wake ', ndd. utoesen
" to draw (water), ladle, scoop ', schwab. Ose^ vessel for ladling '.

Lat haurid, -Tre, hausT, haustum^ to draw up, draw out or in; to drink up, absorb,
swallow; to shed blood; to drain, empty a receptacle; in gen., to derive, take in; also to
exhaust, weaken, waste ', then also " slurp, tie, suffers ', poet. ' wounds ', with secondary h
as casual in humerus.

References: WP. I 27 f., WH. I 637, 869, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 190 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I

6444.

Page(s): 90

Root / lemma: aueg-, yog-, aug-, ug-

Meaning: to magnify, increase

Note: with 5-forms auek-s-, auks-, uek-s-, uk-s-

Material: Old Indie ugra- 'immense' (compounds Sup. ojTyas-, Sjistha- " the stronger one,

strongest ') = Avestan ugra-^ strong, hard ' (compounds Sup. aojyah-, aojista-).

Latin auged, -ere^ to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend ', auctor{= Umbrian
uhtur) " a promoter, producer, father, progenitor, author etc', auctid^ an increasing; hence,
from the bidding, an auction ', augmen(tum)' an increase, growth, a kind of sacrificial cake
' (= Lithuanian augmud^ increase, growth ', Old Indie djman-rc\. " strength '), augur^ a
seer, soothsayer, diviner, augur ' from *augos' aggrandizement ' (WH. I 83);

Gothic 5^/ra/7 (preterit afauK), auknan^ increase ', ana-, bi-aukan^ to append, subjoin,
add on ', Old High German ouhhon. Old Saxon okian^ increase ', Old English eacian^
increase ', Tecan^ increase ', Old Norse a^Aa (preterit yio/r and aukada) " increase ', stem
participle Old English eacen. Old Saxon okan^ increased, pregnant ';

Lithuanian augu, 5i/^// (lengthened grade) " increase, grow ', auginli, -inti^ allow to
grow, educate, bring up ', changing through ab\3iU\ pa-ugeti^ grow up ', ugis^ growth,
annual growth ', Latvian audzet, audzinaC gather ', Old Prussian aug/nnons part\c\e Perf.
Akt. ' drawn, pulled ', Old Latvian aukfs' high ' = Latin auctus^to increase, augment,
enlarge, spread, extend', Latvian augt^ grow ', as also thrak. Au9i-TTapo(; ' high ford ', Old
Prussian Aucti-garbin, aucktai-rikijskan^ authority', aucktimmien^ chief,

next to which with s of -es-stem (see below) Lithuanian aukstas, Latvian auksts "high' (:
Latin augustus^ consecrated, holy; majestic, dignified '), Old Prussian auck-timmiskant

(Akk.) " authority ', Old Prussian augus' costive, constipated ' (as " increasing '),
Lithuanian augumas, Latvian augums^ increase, growth ';

es-stem Old Indie Sjas- n. " vigorousness, strength ', Avestan aojah-, aogah- {a\so r-
stem aogare) " vigorousness, strength ', Latin augustus see above (also Lithuanian etc
aukstas); in addition with sin the verb:

Common Satem Slavic lllyrian hau- > va- phonetic mutation in:

Old Indie vaksana-m " strengthening ', vaksayati^ allows to grow ', Avestan vaxsaiti^
allows to grow ', next to which with the weakest root grade Old Indie uksati^ 'gains
strength ' (Perf. vavaksa), Avestan uxsyeiti^ grows '; common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Gothie wahsjan'grow' (= Old Indie vaksayati, Indo Germanic Iter.-Kaus. *uokseJ6\ with it
that combined 6- gradation Perf. wohsio the paradigm; see Brugmann IF. 32, 180, 189);

gr. a(F)£^u) ' grow, increase ', as^ofjai ' grows '; au^oj, au^avu) ' grow, increase ', Latin
auxilium^ help, aid, assistance, support, succor' (originally PI. -/a' strengthening,
reinforcements ', N. PI. auxilis " auxiliary troops, or in gen., military power ');

Old Norse vaxa, vexa^grow', Old High German wahsan. Modern High German
wachsen, wuchs, wherefore e.g. Gothic wahstus' accretion, growth, body size ', Old High
German wa(h)smo " growth ' ;

Tocharian A oks/s' grows ', A oksu, B auksu' old '; after Van Windekens Lexique 79 also
here AB oko " fruit ', A okar^ plant '; against it Pedersen Tochar. 227.

Here with zero grade uog-: Gothic wokrsm. " interest ', Old English wocori. " progeny,
interest ' (compare gr. toko^ in the same meaning). Old High German wuohharm. " yield
of the ground, fetus, progeny, profit, interest, usury ' (in addition steir. wiech^ extensive,
excessive, rich in leaves ' as umlaut?

A little bit differently Schroeder Abl. 57 f.), there in not with s expanded root form aueg- the
grade ueg- is covered in Old Irish fer, cymr. gwair^ grass, herbage '; probably with the
same ablaut Old Indie vaja-h^ strength, property, wealth, the prize (won in a contest) [The
Greeks gave a wreath of laurels to winners in the Pythian games], race ', originally ' quick,
successful, energy ', Oldenberg ZdMG. 50, 443 ff.

References: WP. I 22 f., WH. I 82 f., 850, Feist 67, 541, 572, Pedersen Tochar. 227.
Page(s): 84-85

Root / lemma: auei-{auei-?) {*hek''ei-)

Meaning: bird, *water bird

Note:

Both Root/ lemma: auei- [auei-?) {*hek''ei-): bird, *water bird : Root/ lemma: ak^a- {* a/cra):

ek"- : water, river, derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ghag^h- : young of an animal

or bird; common gr. gh- > h-.

Material: Old Indie vih, vehm. 'bird' (Gen. veh, Akk. v/m), Avestan vis 6s. (G. PI. vayqm,

also with themat. case from stem vaya-). Middle Persian vai, vayandak ^b'\rd', Old Indie

vayas-n. " fowl, bird', vayasa-h' bird, crow '; verbal Avestan a-vayeiti^ flies up ' (from

divinities). Old Indie vev/yate' flutters '.

Gr. aieT6(; " eagle ', Attie C(£t6(;, aip£T6(;, a£T6(; nspYaToi Hes. (*aFi-£T6c;);

alb. v/-do, vito, vidheze^ dove ';

Latin avisi. "bird' (therefrom auca 'b'\rd, esp. goose ';

Baek-formation from Demin. auce/fairom *avicella\ false by WH. I 79) = Umbrian avifkVk.
PI. ' birds ' {aviekate D. Sg. ' the taken auspices ', aviekia " relating to an augur or augury

');

cymr. hwyad, acorn, hoet, bret. houad^ duck ' from *auieto^ (Pedersen KG. I 55).
Armenian hav^ bird, cock, hen ' can have indeed suggestion -/?, but also as */oa^- belong
to *pdu- " the young, boy ' (Slavic pb/a" bird ' etc).

References: WP. I 21, WH. 84, 850.

See also: In connection with it stand most probably the words for 'egg', see below 6u-.

Page(s): 86

Root / lemma: au(e)-10, aue(o)-, ue-

Meaning: to blow

Grammatical information: participle ue-nt-

Note: in Slavic languages often from the " throw dice ', i.e. to the cleaning of the grain of

the chaff by throwing of the grains against the wind.

Material: I. belong to light root form au(e)-

a. Gr. aoc, (if not late neologism), -ox\c, (see below II a).

b. Mcymr. awyd^ violent gust of wind ', acorn, awit^ air ' ( *aueido-)\

c. i/e-d'^ro- presumably in Old Norse vedrv\. "wind, air, weather'. Old Saxon wedam. "
weather, bad weather ', Old High German wetar^ weather, scent, free air, wind (of
animals)' and Old Church Slavic vedro " cheerful weather ', vedrb " jovial, merry (from the
weather) ';

£/e-£/- perhaps in gr. £5av6c; " fragrant '; in t/e-d'^- correlates Persson Beitr. 664 doubting
still £0|jn ai\x6c„ Kanv6(; Kzuioc,, ai\xx\ Hes.).

d. r-, A derivatives: gr. aupa ' aerial breath, draft ' (places light root form Sij/e-ahead, as
asAAa, a£T|j6v, Wetter, see below); but app. Gen. n£po(; " smoke, fog, air ' stays away, see
below uer-^ bind, hang up '.

Also Albanian ajer: Furlan ajar: Latvian arija: Maltese arja: Sardinian Campidanesu airi;
aria 'air'.

Gr. asAAa, Aeolic ausAAa ' storm ' (*aF£A-ja); cymr. awen^ inspiration ', awelt " wind,
breath ', acorn, auhe/'aura, heaven, breeze ', mcorn. awe/' weather', brit. loanword
Middle Irish a/7e/(/7 hiatus sign), a/a/' wind, breath '. According to Thurneysen Grammar
125 Old Irish oa/' mouth ' from *aue/a.

e. au-et-vc\ gr. qstijov to nvsupa Hes., a£T|ja cpAo^ Et. M., arpoc; (contracted from
a£Tpi6(;) ' vapour, smoke, smoke ', with zero grade, but analogical absorption of a-: aurpn "
breath, draft of the bellows, the wind, smell, hot aura of the fire ', aurtjriv ds.

II. belong to heavy root form:

a. ue-, ua-:0\(i Indie vat/, Avestan va/t/' blows ', gr. anai ds., Cypriot ^asi (read ^an with
Z, from *dp} Hes. (that a in anai perhaps prothetic; from light root form come gr. aoc;
nveupia Hes.;

maybe alb. {**ue-nts) Kes/7 'strike, blow, hit'.

cxKpan(; " sharp blowing ', 5uaanc; " adverse blowing ', unspanq ' excessive blowing ' with
stretch in compound); besides the participle *ue-nt-' blowing ' (Old Indie vant-, gr. Akk.
aevTo) stand *ue-nto-s' wind ' in Latin ventus, Gothic etc w/nds. Old High German w/nt,
cymr. gwynt' wind ', wherefore Latin ven t//a re '{* expose to a draught, brandish, fan),
oscillate, vibrate', vent//abrum " throw shovel ', Gothic d/sw/n^jan " separate the grain (the
wheat) from the chaff ', w/nt^/s/<aurd " throw shovel ' (Germanic /=>, next to which with
gramm. variation d\v\:) Old High German w/nton^ winnow, fan ', w/nta, w/ntscOva/a^
winnowing shovel ', Old English windwian^ to expose to the hoist, winnow, fan ' (engl.

winnov\/); Tocharian A want, B yente " wind '. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-).

About Hittite hu-u-wa-an-te-es {h(u)uantes) " hoist ' (?) see Forrer by Feist 565, places the
word as ' (hurrying) clouds ' to hu-wa-a-r runs, flees ', which also belongs here; see
CouvreurH 119f., SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 6804.

n- present: gr. aivu) from *aFa-v-iaj (compare to the formation Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694)
and qvecjo from *aFav£U) ' clean the grains by shaking up of the chaff, sieves ', Favai
TTspinTiaai Hes. (delivers yavai nspinTuoai; see also Bechtel KZ. 46, 374); is based on
such zero grade n- present, but in meaning "blow', thus Old Prussian w/ns^a\r', Akk.
m'nnen' weather'? (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Jo-present (or from root form *uef- ?): Old Indie vayat/" blows ', Avestan fravaye/t/" goes
out' ', Gothic wa/an waiwo. Old English wawan. Old High German wajan, waen' blow ',
Old Church Slavic vejq, vejeti^ "blow' and " winnow, fan ' (therefrom russ. vejalo, sloven.
vevnica, poln. wiejaczka^ winnowing shovel, a winnowing-fan '); nominal: Lithuanian vejas
" blow '; Old Indie vay'u-h, Avestan vayus' blow, wind, air '.

For root-like value of -/■ leads the sound grade *uT-to the following words in which give
space, however, partly to other views: Old Church Slavic v/ja/b, vijalica^ storm, weather',
russ. vbjalica " snow flurry ' (also vejalica\), vbjuga " blizzard, snowstorm ', zavbjatb " snow-
covered, covered with snow ', Czech vati{ *vbjati) " blow ' (only Slavic developments from
vortonigem ve}-l)\

r. -Church Slavic vichbrb ( *ueisuro-) " whirlwind ' (in any case, at first to russ. vichatb "
shake, move ', vichljatb " toss, fling ', s. Brugmann Grundr. IP 1049, Pedersen IF. 5, 70,
and probably as " whirl, swing in the circle ' to *ueis-' turn ');

Lithuanian vydra, vidras' gale ' (see Leskien Bild. 438; in Lithuanian very rare forms -dra-
compare really Lithuanian vetra " storm ' - urges to caution);

hom. aiov pTop, Oupiov aiaOs, aiaOwv from breathing out or letting out the vitality (to last
meaning Bechtel Lexil 21 f.), gr. root dFia-; mcymr. awyds. 82 above.

b. aue-d-:0\6 High German wazan, wiaz. Middle High German wazen^ blow, exhale,
inflate ', waz^ gust of wind ', Lithuanian vedinti^ ventilate, cool '; at most gr. aa^u) "
breathes ' from *aFa5-iu) (rather, however, gr. neologism of after other verbs in -a^w);

presumably also (from *au9-d-ro-) Lithuanian audraxw. " storm ', n. " thunderstorm ', Old
Prussian wydra^ blow '. About Old Indie u(i!^arv\. " chillness, cold ', Avestan aodara, aota
ds. compare Persson Beitr. 1 1 .

c. j[/e-A?- perhaps in Latin evelatus^ scattered, dissipated, fan away, winnow thoroughly',
whence i/e/Sit'/'a "something winnowing the grain' (Paul. Fest. 68, 3) and in Old High
German wala m. n. ' fans ' (if not from *we-t^la, see below)?

d. ue-s-:0\6 Indie vasa-h, vasaka-h^ fragrance ', vasayat/" fills with fragrance ',
samvasita-h " makes stinking '; isl. vas " frigid aura ', vaesa " exhale, blow, breathe ', Dutch
waas^ white frost, ripe, smell, fragrance ', Lithuanian vestu, vesti^ cool off, become chill or
become aerial ', vesa^ chill air, coolness ', vesus' chilly, aerial '.

e. /-further formations: Old Indie vata-h, Avestan vato^ blow'. Old Indie vatula-h {see
below), gr. anTr|<; " blowing, wind ', ar|aupO(; " windy, aerial ' = Old Indie vatula^ windy '
(also " mad; crack-brained; demented; mind-boggling; insane; crazy; unbalanced '; in
addition also perhaps gr. arjauAoq ' sacrilegious, outrageous, wanton, wicked ' after
Brugmann BSGW. 1901, 94; in spite of aiauAo(; ds. not after Bechtel Lexil. 15 to Old Indie
yatu-h^ spook, ghost ');

Latin vannus^ winnowing-fan ' (from *uat-n6-s, compare the Demin. i/a////i//77 originally " a
small winnowing shovel '; from Latin comes Old High German wanna. Old English fann^
winnowing-fan ', also Modern High German Wanne); (under the influence of common
Celtic -/7s^, -nt- > -nn-).

Old Norse vel, velT whisk, tail ' (about syncopated VeA'/a-from *val=>ila-). Old High
German wediMs.; Old High German wadaF tail, fan ', Adj. ' wandering, fickle, beggar',
wadalon^ sweep in a curve, rove ' (proto Germanic *waNa-, Indo Germanic *u9-tlo-). Old
English wat^or wandering ', waedla' beggar, poor', wsedr poverty', waedlian^ beg, be
poor ' (proto Germanic *weNa-), next to which Old High German wallon " wander, gad
about, pilgrimages ', Old English M/e5///5/7' wander; roam; travel; journey; drift; float;
rove; stray; migrate; hike; walk; ramble; tramp ' (from * wadl6-ja-n)\ Old High German
wala^ fans ' (from *we-Na-ox *we-la-, see above); Lithuanian vetra^ storm', thunder-
storm'. Old Church Slavic i/e//^"air, blow'. Old Prussian wetro^b\o^'\ Lithuanian vetyti
"winnow, fan'.

About Old Indie upa-vajayat/" make (fire / embers) blaze by blowing air onto (it / them)'
(composed from Panini as Kaus. to va-) see Waekernagel KZ. 43, 292.

Maybe alb. vatra, i/a/e^'hearth, (place where one blows the fire)'

Maybe here gr. azQKoc, (see aue-1V strive oneself ') as ' gasp, pant, wheeze '?

References: WP. I 220 f.. Feist 565 a, Trautmann 345, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 680.
Page(s): 81-84

Root / lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer- {*h2ahiue > aue-)

Meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc.

Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hu&- > gw- > g-.

Material: a) {*h2auent-) au/e/-, auent-:

Note:

The following mutations have taken place: Root: ak"a- > aku/e/-, akuent- > au/e/-, auent-.

Hisp. FIN {*h2avo-) Avo[s]> span. Ave, PN A[v]o-briga, gall. FIN Aveda> prov. Aveze
(Gard), /4i//5/c»/0C»/f^5(Alpes-mar.);

Old Indie {*h2avo-) avata-hm. 'fountains, wells' {*auntos), avata-h' astern, tank' (with
prakrit. /from /), Italian FIN Avens\n Sabine land (therefrom AventTnusm. hill of Rome?),
>4i/e'/7//a (Etrurian), gall. Aventia, spring nymph oi Aventicum > French Avenches
(Schweiz), numerous FIN Avantia {*auntia) > French Avance, La Vence, abrit. *AvantTsa>
cymr. Ewennr, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),0\6 Lithuanian FIN Avanta, Latvian avudts
( *auontos) ' sources, wellspring, spring '.

b) {*h2aued^ aued-, aud-, ud-\

Note:

The zero grade of Root/ lemma: ak^a-'yNater, river' has been suffixed in nasalized -{n)dor,

-{n)tor. *{a)ku/e/-, *{a)kuentor, \a)huentor) >\a)hued-, {a)ued-, {a)ud-, ud-.

heteroklit. r/n-sievn uedor, u6ddr{Hov(\. Sg.), uden(i) {Lok.Sq.), udnes{Ger\. Sg.) " water',
compare J. Schmidt PI. 172 ft., Pedersen KZ. 32, 240 ff., Bartholomae PBrB. 41, 273.

Old Indie odatr the soaking, the flowing ', odman-n. " the waves, floods ', oda-na-m'
mash boiled in milk ', Avestan {* h2auod-)ao5a- m. ' wellspring, fount '.

Old Indie {* h2aunatti-)unatti {*u-n-ed-ti), 3. PI. undatr soaked, moistened '; Avestan
vaidi-t " water run, irrigation canal '.

Old Indie udan{i) Lok., udnahGen., udaNom. Akk. PI. " water' (Nom. Akk. Sg. udaka-
m)\ from /'-stem derived samudra-h' sea ', anudra-h^ waterless ' (= gr. avu5po(;);

{*h2audro-)udro-s^ water animal ': Old Indie udra-h^ a water animal ' = Avestan udra- m.
" otter ' (= gr. u5po(;. Old High German ete ottar, compare also Latin /utra and with u
Lithuanian udra, Old Chureh Slavic vydra ds.);

Maybe nasalized alb. {*/utra) /undra' otter' a Latin loanword

from -(ejs-stem Old Indie {*hutsa-) utsa-h^ spring, well ', compare Old Irish {* hudeskio)
uisce {*udeskio-) ' water ';

Note:

The followings have taken place: zero grade in arm: (a)kuent- > guet, zero grade in Slavic

(a)hueda- > voda, zero grade in Phrygian (a)kuedu> p£5u [common Greek g"'> b, k"'> p\.

Armenian {*gwet) geV river ' (basic form *uedd, Sandhi form to uedor, compare under
Slavic voda; it corresponds also Phrygian p£5u "water', i.e. Veo'Jfrom *uedd, Kretschmer
Einl. 225).

Maybe alb. {*guet) det'sea' : Armenian get' river ' common alb. gu- > d-.

Note:

Maybe Phrygian psSu "water' : nasalized lllyrian B/ndus 'water god' [common lllyrian gu- >
b-l

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; gw- > b- lllyrian Greek.

Gr. u5u)p, u5aT0(; (*u5-n-T0^) "water' (with metr. elongation 05u)p); from /--stem derived
avu5po(; " waterless ', uSpoq, u5pa " water snake ', £vu5pi(; f. " otter ', u5apr|(;, u5ap6(; "
watery ' (u5aA£0(; ds. with suffix exchange; similarly uAAoc; " water snake, ichneumon ' :
uSpoq = lak. eAAq : £5pa), u5£po(; " dropsy ', u5pia " water bucket ' (: Latin utef)\ from n-
stem (compare u5vr|c; " watery ') derived DAAoau5vr| actually " sea wave, wave, the billow
' (?), epithet of Amphitrite and Thetis (Johansson Beitr. 117;

from also u5vov ' truffle ' as " juicy '??), as well as probably KaA-uScbv, -u5va (-upiva),
KaAu5vioi, -upvioi (see Boisacq 998 a)?

e5-stem to u5o(; "water' is only late poet. Norn. Akk. to Dat. u5£i.

Maked. PN "ESEaaafrom *uedesja, Kretschmer RIEt Bale. 1, 383. common gr.-lllyrian -
ks- > -SS-.

Alb. uJe'\Na\.er' (after Pedersen KZ. 34, 286; 36, 339 not from *ud-nja, but from *ud-; or,
nevertheless, from *udcR).

The shift -dn- > nj > jo\ possibly alb. {*udna-h) uje, ujna PI. " water ' has also been attested
in alb. shtynj, shtyj'poke, push' {*studnid)\ see Root / lemma: (s)teu-1\ "to push, hit'

Luwian wvi/a- "watery'

D-LPI u-i-da-an-za. 45 ii 6.

See Watkins, Flex. u. Wortbild. 376. Cf. perh. witant ] at KBo

XXIX 37,4. Contra Starke, S/^o7"31.567f, witi, °w/tas and

witazaxe Hittite!

Latin unda, f. " water, fluid, esp. a wave; fig. a stream of people ' (with n- infix from the
present; compare Old Prussian {*gwundan) wundanu., undsxw. "water' and Old Indie
unatti, undatias well as Lithuanian {*gwandud) vanduo, -ens, vandenj, zem. unduo,
Latvian udensm. f. "water', and in addition Schuize EN. 243, Brugmann Grdr. I|2 3, 281,
283, Trautmann 337); uter, utris' hose, tube ' {*udr/-s'* water hose ', compare gr. u5pia),
/ufra " otter ' (A after /utum " mud, mire, dirt; clay, puddle ').

Umbrian utum. "water' (= uSojp), Abl. une{*udni).

Old Irish u{/)sce 'water' {*udesk/o-), odar' brown ' {*udaros), co/n fodorne' otters '
("water dogs ').

Note:

Old Irish u(i)-sce: alb. {*u-i-) uj-e, uj-fwater' : Luwian u-/-fa-an-ta-a/-//-an ' oi the water(s)'
genitive intervocalic -/■ vowel.

Gothic watoin-stem), Dat. PI. watnam 'water'; Old Swedish vgetur{ge= Indo
Germanic e?rather umlaut from Germanic a in the -in- case, see Bartolomae aaO.),

Old Icelandic vatnn. (takes ostem, compare Gothic Dat. PI. watnam), vatr, nord. sea
name Vattern; Old High German wazzar. Old Saxon watar. Old English waeter {* uodor)
"water";

Old Icelandic otr. Old English otor. Old High German ottarm. "otter, water snake', in
addition FIN Otter, old Uterna; with nasalization within the word (compare above to Latin
unda) probably Gothic wintrus. Old Icelandic vetr. Old English winter. Old High German
Old Saxon wintar^ winter ' as " wet season ' (Liden PBrB. 15, 522, Falk-Torp under vinter,
not better to Irish find' white ', see below sueid-' shine ');

perhaps to WasseroXso Old High German Old English wascan. Old Icelandic vasl<a.
Modern High German waschen, wuscii {*wat-sk-); with lengthened grade e of the root
shaped from Old Icelandic vatr. Old English wset, engl. wet' wet, soaked '.

In Germanic also with A" Old English wadumm. " wave ', zero grade Old Icelandic unnr,
udr, PI. unnir' wave ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Saxon
utiiia, udia. Old English yd. Old High German undea ' wave, billow, flood ', like from a root
variant *uet-, however, it is found nowhere else; Johansson Beitr. 117 f. sees therein the /
of the type Old Indie ya/r-/.

Lithuanian vanduo etc (see above); Lithuanian udra. Old Prussian udrot. East
Lithuanian udras, Latvian udrism. " otter'; Old Church Slavic vydra, Serbo-Croatian v/dra
(Balto Slavic Jo'-. Lithuanian vand-eni, see finally Trautmann 334 m. Lithuanian; to
compare Pedersen Et. Lithuanian 54 f.);

Maybe alb. vidra'sea otter' Slavic loanword.

Old Church Slavic i/oo'a "water' (become Fem. because of the ending -a, here for Indo
Germanic -o[/^); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic vedro'mboq, o^a\^voq' (with u5pia
attuning well in the meaning, s. Meillet MSL. 14, 342, Trautmann 337);

Hittite wa-a-tar {* watar) "water'. Gen. ue-te-na-as {e-grade as Phrygian p£5u, a of Nom.
from e?). Nom. PI. u-wi-ta-ar, with unsettled vocalism in spite of Pedersen Hittite 167.

Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals as in: Hittite huel<-, hul<- " adjure ' : Tocharian A wal<
f., B M/e/r "voice'

common Armenian Celtic lllyrian * hue- > gw- > g-{see Root / lemma: uek"-: to speak].

Therefore the original Hittite root was as in Genitive Gen. ue-te-na-as'of\Na\.er' {*hue-te-
na-a^ which became the zero grade wa-a-tar {* hwatar) 'water'.

c) ^h2auer-) auer- " water, rain, river ' {uer- : Or-; to the ablaut Persson Beitr. 604, Anm.
2).

1. uer-, uer-:0\6 Indie var, variu. "water', Avestan varu. "rain' (with themat. inflection
Iran. Avestan var^ to rain ', med. " allow to rain, let rain '), Old Indie vani. "water', Avestan
vairi-xw. "sea';

Truncated Tocharian (^hwatar) A war, B M/a/'"water';

Armenian gayr marsh, mud ' {*Uerio-)\
Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:
common Armenian Celtic lllyrian *hue- > gw- > g-.

gr. perhaps in apuoo " scoops ', if *Fap u[a](jo (see *aus-^ scoop, draw water, ladle ');

alb. (after Jokl SBAk. Wien 168 I 30, 89, 97) {*gvrende) vrende^ light rain ' (/?/-
participle);

Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic lllyrian *hue- > gw- > g-.

alb. hur-de, hurdhe^ pond, tank, marsh ' {*ur-), shure^ urine ', shurre {* surna) (postverbal)
f. " urine ' (prefix s/7from Latin ex or Indo Germanic *srn + ur-ne\ or + gr. oupsu)?);

Note:

Albanian preserved the old laryngeal h- > s- like satem languages alb. {* surma) shurra "
urine ' : Hittite sehur " urine ' : Latin urma' urine '. But in alb. hur-de^ pond, tank, marsh '
alb. preserved /?- laryngeal like centum languages.

cymr. gwerr^. " suet, sebaceous, tallow ';

Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic lllyrian *hue- > gw- > g-.

Maybe zero grade {^h2auer->*huer^ in cymr. gwerm. " suet, sebaceous, tallow ' :
Armenian ^ntp (gour) ' water ' : alb. (*^/) uje' water '.

Old Norse i/a/7m. " liquid, water '.

2. {^h2auer^ Or-, auer-: Latin unna' urine ' (in which meaning influenced by oupov?),
unnor, -art to dive ', unnator^ a diver ';

Maybe alb. ^/e/a "water-pit' : Basque ura^^a\.er\

Old Norse J^'fine rain', yra^ to rain subtly ', urigr^ dew-covered'. Old English ur/g6s.;

perhaps Old Norse urr, Gen. urar{u-stefr\), Old English ur, Old High German uro,
urohso, Latin loanword urus^ a kind of wild ox ', Swedish Dialectal ure^ randy bull, a bull
in heat ' ("*one that scatters, drops, one that inseminates ' as Old Indie vrsan- etc, see
below);

root form {^h2auer^ auer- in thrak. FIN Aupa(;, gr. (Persson IF. 35, 199) *aupa "water,
spring ' in avaupo(; " without water, of brooks ' (about gr. 9r|aaup6(; and K£VTaupO(;
compare Schwyzer Gr.Gr. I 267, 444);

in FIN: Italian A^e/-5^ms (Bruttium), P/s5i//ic/s(Umbrien), gall. Avara> French Avre, Aura
> French Eure, Aurana> Modern High German 0/7/77(Wurttemb.), Ar-auris> French
Herault, Vi-aurus > French Le Viaur, Old Prussian Aure, Lithuanian Aur-yte; Old Norse
aurigr^ wet ', aurr^ wet, water ', FIN Aura, Old English ear^ sea ';

Old Prussian wurs {*Oras) "pond, pool', iurin f\Vk. Sg., iuriayP\. fem. "sea'. Old Latvian
Juri- m., Lab/\anju'ra, Lithuanian yi7/'es,yt7/7c»s PI. fem. "sea, esp. the Baltic Sea ' (see above
to Latin ur/ha; J- presumably suggestion after J. Schmidt PL 204);

Lithuanian ya^/i/s" swampy, marshy ',ya^/-5,y5^/'as "marshy place, marshy ground,
swamp bottom' from *eu9r-{see Berneker IF. 10, 162, Trautmann 335 m. Lithuanian).

3. Verbum: Lithuanian verdu, v/'rt/' bubble, surge, cook ', versme' wellspring ', vyrius^
whirlpools ', atvyrs^ counterstream on the shore ', Latvian verdu, vFrC soak, bubble, boil,
cook ', atvars " whirl ',

Old Church Slavic vbrjg, vbretr stream, bubble, surge, boil, cook ', virb' whirlpool ', izvorb
" wellspring (bubbling water) ', wherefore with from " cook ' developed meaning " heat ',
Latvian wersme " glow ', Old Church Slavic varb " heat '.

About possible affiliation of *uer/e/na^ alder ' see there.

4. extension {*h2auers-) uer-s-' rain, dew ': Old Indie varsa-n. " rain, rainy season, year
' {varsat/" it is raining '), gr. oupov ' urine '; span, ttpor\ " dew ', Ionian Attic oupsu) "
urinates ' (kausativ *uorseid, F- proved by the augmentation Eoupnoa), oupia " a water bird

Middle Irish {*gwrass) /^5ss 'rain' is older fross {uros-ta, in spite of Pedersen KG. I 44);
Hittite wa-ar-sa-as^ra\v\\l)seems an Old Indie loanword.

Maybe alb. {*varsa-) vesa^6eW : {*heverse) sspari ' dew'.

{* h2aursen-) ufsen-^ discharging semen = virile ', Old Indie vrsan- 'virile', m. ' manikin,
man, stallion '.

thereof derived Avestan 1/3/^5/73- 'virile'. Old Indie vrsa-, vrsabha-'buW, i/Zs/?/- 'virile', m.
"Aries, ram' (= Avestan varasni-6s.), vrsana-m. ' testicles ';

Specht (Dekl. 156) places here (from Germanic *gwrai-njan-) without s^extension Old
High German reineo^ stallion ', Old Saxon wrenioAs., Old English wraene^ horny, lustful ';
Old High German wrenno^ stallion ' is back-borrowed from Middle Latin (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

uerse/i-:\-aWv\ {*gverres) verres, -/is'boar', Lithuanian i/eAS/is'calf, Latvian versis^ox,
rother, cattle'.

References: compare in general Persson root extension 47, 85 f., Johansson KZ. 30, 418,
IF. 2, 60 ff., Persson Beitr. 604 f., 845 (also against connection of ^ers- with ers-). About
Finnish vesi, stem i/e/e 'water' s. Mikkola Mel. van Ginneken 137.

WP. I 252 f., 268 f., WH. I 81 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 93, 105, 159, 169, Specht Dekl. 18 f.,
Trautmann 20, 334, 337, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, 548, 838.

Page(s): 78-81

Root / lemma: ayes- {*h2ayhies-)
Meaning: to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.

Note:

Root / lemma: aues-\ to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc. derived from Root/ lemma: aug-\

to glance, see.

Material:

Old Indie usahi. Akk. usasam. Gen. usasah^ aurora ', Avestan usa, Akk. usarjhem. Gen.
usa/jhd6s. {usas-tara-^ eastern '), next to which Old Indie Gen. Sg., Akk. PI. usah,
Avestan Lok. Sg. usi-[5a, s. *dema- to build '] either from a root noun *us-, or as *us-s-\.o
s-stem; Old Indie ucchat/ = Avestan usaiti {*us-sReti) " shines in (from the morning) ', Perf.
Old Indie uvasa, Aor. avasran' they shone '; usar-, usr^ dawn, aurora, early morning,
prime of the day, red sky ', usar-budh- " early awake ', usra- " early morning, reddish ', also
figurative ' eow ', m. 'bull' (Frisk, nominal formation 3);

ues-, u6s-\v\ Old Indie vasar-han- "striking in the morning, early morning', vasara-^ear\)/
morning', m. ' day ' (compare in addition also the related root under particular catchword
///7-stem *ues-r-, ues-n- ' springtide, spring ');

gr. hom. ncbc; *{ausds). Gen. nouq (nooq), Attic (with accent innovation) Ewq, Doric aux;,
aFcbp, changing through ablaut Aeolic auux; " aurora ' (proto gr. au[a]u)(;), Boeotian aa and
Aiairi (*aair|);

ayxaupo(; " near the morning ', aupiov ' tomorrow ' (*auap-); hom. rjis OoTps " radiative
morning '; ni-KOvoq " rooster, cock ' {*ausi- " singing in the morning early morning ');

Latin aurorai. "aurora, the morning, dawn, daybreak ' (for *ausdsa); auster{*aus-t(e)ro-
= Germanic *austra-) " souther, southerly wind ', australis^ southern ';

presumably also aurum, sabin. a^sc»/77"gold' as "*reddish'; to Lithuanian auksas{k-
unexplained). Old Lithuanian ausas. Old Prussian a^s/5 'gold';

Maybe Italian oro : Spanish oro : French or : Bresciano or : Breton aour : Calabrese oru :
Catalan or : Corsican oru : alb. {*oru) a/7"gold' [similar to alb. ahu, ahi^ beech '] :
Papiamentu oro : Reggiano or : Irish or : Lombardo Occidentale or : Sardinian
Campidanesu oru : Sardinian Logudoresu oro : Scots Gaelic or : Valencian or : Venetian :
oro : Galician ouro : [Hungarian arany: Basque t//re loanwords] : Ligurian ouru : Manx oar
: Occitan aur : Portuguese ouro : Romagnolo aur : Romanian aur : Romansh aur : Welsh
aur "gold'.

perhaps Tocharian A {*gwas) M/5s"gold', but compare Armenian cs-/r/"gold', Finnish vas-ki
" copper '; perhaps 1/es^K/^s (differently under eus-^ burn ');

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Tocharian gw- > w-.

{*gwawr) Middle Irish fair^ sunrise ', cymr. gwawr' aurora', bret. g\/\^ere /aouen ' morr\\r\g
star ' ( *udsr/-, Pedersen KG. I 82);

Germanic *austrd\r\ Old English eastre^ spring goddess ', eastronP\. " Easter ' = Old
High German dsi{a)ra, ostarun, against it with Indo Germanic -i{e)ro-. Old High German
ds/a/"' eastern' and Adv. ' the after east ', Modern High Gerrr\ar\ Osfer-re/ch, Old Norse
austrn. " East ' and Adv. ' eastwards ',

Old English compounds easterra^ more to the east ', in addition Ostrogothae, older
Austrogoti as " the eastern Goths '; Old High German ostan^ from the east ', Old English
eastet "East', Old Norse austan' from the east '; *ausds\r\ Old English earender
morning star', Old High German MN Orendif,

Lithuanian ausrat 'aurora', austa^ day is breaking', Latvian aust6s.; Lithuanian
austrin/s (vejas) ' north-east wind ', Latvian austrai. ' daybreak', austrums rw. 'East'; in
ablaut zem. apyusriaim. ' daybreak ';

Old Church Slavic za ustra 'to "rrpwr (about utro, jutro 'morning' from *aus{t)ro- compare
Trautmann 19, Mikkola Ursl. Gr. 179 and Berneker462 f. m. Lithuanian, wherefore
Bruckner KZ. 46, 212, auspoln. uscic^ shine ' reconstructs Slavic *i/s/o 'lustre, shine'),
ustrb ' relating to summer ' (see Pedersen IF. 5, 69).

comparetoablaut J. SchmidtKZ. 25, 23f., HirtAbl. 134, 147, Reichelt KZ. 39,69.

References: WP. I 26 f., WH. I 86, 87 f., Trautmann 19, Specht Dekl. 10, Wackernagel-
Debrunner Old Indie Gr. Ill 21 3 and 281 f., Kretschmer Gl. 27, 231 ; Leumann IF. 58, 121
ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 514, 557.

Page(s): 86-87

Root / lemma: aue-1 1 {ue-d(h)-l)

Meaning: to try, force

Material: Solmsen Unters. 267 f. connects Old Indie vayati, -/e' gets tired, is exhausted,

tires ' with gr. azQKoo, ' drudgery, contest ' (*aF£-9Ao(;), asGAov, dGAov ' fight, cut-throat

price, battlefield ', whereby a- assumes either suggestion vowel is or a more full root form

*aue- besides *ue-. With it at most compatibly is Zupitzas KZ. 37, 405 comparing tlie gr.
words with Middle Irish feidm^ effort ',

fediV persistent, persevering ', Old Irish ni fedligedar^ (he, she) does not stay ' (whereby
formal measure relationship would be comparable as *me- " (apportion by measure), allot,
(*cut) ' : *med-, *ue- 'blow' : Old Norse vedr. Modern High German Wetter), wherefore
Pedersen KG. 1110, cymr. gweddiV remnant, leavings ' (out of it Middle Irish fuidell)
places; here Tocharian B waimene^ difficult, hard '?

However, the arrangement is quite unsafe in all its parts. For vayati^ exert itself ' as
basic meaning in would put the question through the meaning ' dry up ' from vana^ dry ',
upa-vayati^ be extinguished by drying up, dry up ',

upavata-^ become dry '; and in hz^Koc, takes turns most of course - 0Ao-as suffixal, while
the dental Irish words root-like dox d^ is, thus at best surely exists distant relationship.

References: WP. I 223, Van Windekens Lexique 149.
Page(s): 84

Root / lemma: auig-

Meaning: a kind of grass, oat

Material: Latin avena^ oats or wild oats, made only as a cattle feed; hence oaten pipe,

shepherd's pipe; in gen., any stalk, straw ' (presumably after arena, terrenusio occurred

suffix exchange for * avTna iroxw *auig-sna);

Lithuanian aviza, Latvian (PI. f.) auzas. Old Prussian wyse^ oat ', Old Church Slavic

ovbsi3, russ. ovesb 'oat' (sfrom z probably probably because it occurs at the end of the

word in conservative Nom. *ovbz), but aiyiAojitJ ' a wild grass kind, straw, stalk or likewise '

barely as *aFiYiAu)ijj here.

After Specht Dekl. 298 would be assumed rather Indo Germanic *au/- besides *aues-

{*ayesna> a vena).

References: WP. I 24, WH. I 81, Trautmann 21.

Page(s): 88

Root / lemma: ay-5, aue-

Meaning: to weave

Material: Unextended in: Old Indie Stum, Stave {irom der set-basis vatave) ' to weave ',

Perf. uvuh, participle uta-, vy-uta- {a\so das present vayat/" weaves ' can be after

Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. I 94 an -e/io-present v-ayati, so that Put. vayisyati, vaya-

'weaver' only in addition one would be new-created), otu-m. " woof of fabric ', vana- n. "
the weaving '.

To the existence of a heavy base is to be stuck against Wackernagel because of vatave
" weave, twist ', vanamiy^. must understand Ota- as neologism to vayate aiter hOta-:
hvayate).

d^-extension 1 . au-6'^-, 2. (a)u-eA^-, u-^^-:

1 . Armenian z-aud^ strap ' {z-audem " connects, ties together '), y-a^o^'strap, limb, joint
' {y-audem " join together '), aud^shoe';

Lithuanian audziau, audziu, aust/'to weave', ataudaTP\. " woof, udis^ a unique fabric, the
weaving ', udas^ eel line ' (vowel as with augu^ increase, sprout ': ugys^ annual growth ');

russ. uslo^ fabric ' {uzda^ bridle '?), see below eu-^ pull '. It goes back to the image of the
weaving or spining and that of her assigned fate goddess:

aud!"-^ luck, possession, wealth ': lllyrian PN Audarus, Audata{: QerxwavWc Audo-berht),
paion. PN Audo-leon {Krahe IF. 58, 132), cymr. udd {*audos) " master, mister' (different
Lewis-Pedersen 14), bret. ozac'h^ landlord ' {*udakkos). Loth RC. 41, 234; Old Saxon
odan. Old English eaden. Old Norse audinn^ granted from the destiny, grants ', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Norse audna' destiny, luck ', audr^
wealth ', Old English ead^ possession, wealth, luck ', Old Saxon do'" possession,
prosperity ', Old High German al-od^ full and free possession ' (Middle Latin allodium).
Middle High German klein-of jewel ', Gothic audahafts^ makes happy ', audags^
blessed, fortunate ', Old High German otac^ happy, rich '.

2. Old Norse vad\. ' fabric, piece, stuff, as comes ready of the loom, drag net ', P\.vadlr
" gowns, clothes ', Old English wsed {*wedi-) f. " clothes, rope ', Old Saxon wad^ clothes ',
Old High German wat. Gen.-/' clothes, armament ';

Old Norse vadrxw. ' rope, string, fishing line ', Swedish Norwegian vadu. 'drag net' (Old
Norse vgzti. ' spot for fishing at sea from *wada-std). Middle High German wate, wadei.
'drag net, trawl net ', Middle High German splnne-weV spinning web '.

References: WP. I 16 f., WH. I 88.

See also: Maybe here ^eb^-'to weave', ^ed^-' bind, connect ' (wherefore as nasal form
probably £/e/7dh-),see there; also perhaps uei-^ twist, spin ', (a)ueg-io weave etc' {uer-"
twist, spin '?), ues-^ wrap '.

Page(s): 75-76

Root / lemma: au-6, aued-

Meaning: to speak

Material: Gr. horn, que Imperf. ' (he, she) called (out), shouted ', apa Tpox6(; n pon Hes.

Old Indie vadati^ lets the voice resound, talks ' (Perf. udima, participle udita-), vadanam
" the sounds, talking, mouth ', uditi-hi. "speech', vadayati^ allows to sound, plays (a music
instrument), allows to speak ', vaditram^ musical instrument, music ', vada- ' sound letting,
m. sound, call, sound, statement, battle of words ';

in the lengthened grade and the meaning compares itself in next Old Church Slavic vada^
calumny ', vaditi^ accuse ';

nasalized Old Indie vandate, -tr praises, praises, greets with respect ', vandanam^
praise, price, reverential greeting ', vandaru-^ appreciative, praising '; see still Uhlenbeck
Old Indie Wb. under vallakV a kind of sounds ', vallabha-h^ minion, favourite '.

Gr. yoSav [i.e. Fo5av] kAqIsiv Hes., DHai(F)o5o(; 'qui I'nai F65av, i. e. aoi5nv", yo56v
[i.e. Fo56v] y6r|Ta Hes.;

zero grade u5£U), uSw (brought out somewhere from the Alexandrines) " sings, glorifies ',
u5r| cpHpn. ^5r| (Theognostos kqv. 19, 26) (upvo(; " ballad, song ' rather to the wedding call
i)\\r]y: other interpretations verz. Walde LEWb.^ under sud, Boisacq s. v., again different
Risch 50).

Lithuanian vadinu, vadinti^ shout, call '.

au-e-d-\x\ a(F)r|5(jbv " nightingale ' (apn^ova ar|56va Hes., Aeolic an5u)v and anSw, the
zero grade au5- in au5n " sound, voice, language ' (Aeolic au5u) Sappho), au5au) " shouts,
speaks ', au5r|£i(;, Doric au5a£i(; " speaking with human voice '.

au-ei-d- in a(F)£i5aj (Attic g5aj) " sings ', a(F)oi5r| (Attic d)5r|) " song ', aoiSoq ' singer ',
aoi5i|JO(; ' singer '. Differently Wackernagel KZ. 29, 151 f.

Tocharian B wafk-, AB wafk-, B ya/fk- " command, order '.

References: WP. I 251 f., Specht KZ. 59, 1 19 f., Van Windekens Lexique 155.
Page(s): 76-77

Root / lemma: au-7, aue-, auei-

Meaning: to like; to help, *desire

Material: Old Indie avati^ desires, favors above others, promotes, patronizes ' = Avestan

avaiti^ provides, helps ' = Old Irish con-oi^ protects '; Messapic aFivapi " I bid (s.o.)

farewell? (to wish s.o. to be strong to be healthy) ';

Old Indie avas-v\. " satisfaction, favour, assistance ' = Avestan avah- n. 'help' (in addition

probably Old Indie avasa-v\. "nourishment'), compare gr. £v-rin<; "favorable' (*£v-aFri(;); Old

Indie Oman- " favorable, helping ' = Avestan aoman-^ supporting, helping ', Old Indie

oman-m. " favour, assistance, protection ',

oma-h' comrade '; Old Indie av/far-m. " patron, sponsor, patronizer ' (from which 2-

syllable root form as Fut. avisyati, Perf. 2. Sg. avitha, as well as participle Ota- and:) utf-h^

delivery, help';

Armenian aviun' violent desire, longing; esp. irrational whim, caprice, or immoderate
passion, lust ' (Petersson Et. Misz. 8);

gr. -aFovsq in 2. part of Greek family names ( 'laov£(;)? compare Kretschmer Gl. 18, 232
f., different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 487, 3; 521 ; diTac; (Theokrit) " friend, lover ';

Latin aved, -eAg" (basis at/e[/]- as in preceding) " be eager, have a wild desire, long for,
desire ', avidus " desiring, longing for; esp. greedy for money, avaricious ' (therefrom
audeo, -ere^ to be daring; to dare, venture, bring oneself to '), avarus^ covetous, greedy ';

Old Irish c;o/7d/" protects', cymr. etvy/Zys "favor, wish desire', corn, aweir desire', abr. a-
/i7/"unaided, wantonly, voluntarily'. Middle Breton eoull, youlF favor, wish desire ', as a
name component in gall. Av/-cantus {=abret Eucant), acymr. Euilaun , also in Old High
German names as Awileib, Awo; compare Gothic awi-liut^\d{i\c„ suxapiaria'; mcymr. ri-m-
aw' he grants to me ', cymr. ad-aw {\N\t\r\ negat. at-) " leave ', abret. di-eteguetic
"abandoned, forsaken, deserted, destitute' {*di-at-aw-etid).

Falk-Torp 1407 adds also an: Old High German odi. Old Saxon othi. Old English Adj.
Tet^e, Adv. eat^e^ easy, comfortable ', Old High German odmuoti. Old Saxon othmodi
"modest'. Old English eaA'/77do'" modest'. Old Norse audmJOkr^ to move easily, willing,
modest ',

audkendr^ to recognize easily '; basic meaning is " willing ', from which " to make easy ';
formal Germanic /oparticiple-formation to an//- (example Germanic aut^ia-^ deserted; flat;
waste; empty; abandoned; blasted; desolate; bleak; grey; gray; barren; stuffy; dull;
tedious '?). Rather uncertainly.

If also Old Lithuanian austis' refresh oneself, atausimas^ refreshment ', Latvian ataust
" recover, refresh ', atauseV invigorate, refresh ' are used, the zero grade lies to them *aus
- of in Old Indie avas-, gr. £v-rin<; present as a basis es-stem . Or = Lithuanian aust/" get
cold ', ausyti^ cool '?

Tocharian B au-lare, A olar^ comrade '; as dubious B omaute^ longing ', w-ar(fny
crave, long for', A w-aste " protection ' with angebl. zero grade the root rather here wa- "
give ', A 1.Sg. M/5a(Pedersen Tochar. 186).

References: WP. I 19, WH. I 81, 850, Van Windekens Lexique 9, 79, 153, 157.
Page(s): 77-78

Root / lemma: auo-s {*ohuhha§)

Meaning: grandfather

Note:

The original root was Hittite hu-uh-ha-as {huhhas) 'grandfather' branched into Root/

lemma: auo-s. grandfather in centum languages and Root/ lemma: sus-. parent : alb.

{* huhhas) gjysh "grandfather' in satem languages; old laryngeal centum h- > a-, e- : satem

h->s-\

Material:

Armenian /751/" grandfather' could go back also to *pap-, would be auosov\\)/ north - west
Indo Germanic On account of here Hittite {*houhhas) hu-uh-ha-as {huhhas) 'grandfather'?
Lycian *xuga' grandfather on the maternal side ' appears to speak rather of Asia Minor
origin.

Note: common Hittite hou- > hu- (vowel -o- was absent in Hittite).

Armenian hav. Gen. /75k^' grandfather', Latin avus^ grandfather; poet., in gen., an

ancestor '; fem. Latin ai//a 'grandmother' (see finally Leumann-Stolz^ 204), dubious gr. ala

as ' primordial mother earth ' (compare Brugmann IF. 29, 206 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473;

Latin also -hu- > -v-.

different Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., Kretschmer Glotta 5. 307); avTtus^ of a grandfather,

ancestral ' is probably shaped after mantus, older /-stem in Lithuanian avynas' brother of

the mother';

differently Jacobsohn Phil. 67, 484 f., innkeepers Glotta 5. 307); avftus' large-scale

fatherly, angestammt ' is formed probably after mantus, old /-stem in Lithuanian avynas '

brother of the mother ';

„/c>-derivative Old Prussian ams'unc\e\ Old Church Slavic *ujb ds. {ujka'aunt'), Old Irish
{/i)aue' a grandson, a nephew ', Middle Irish d{a), ua ds.; en-stem: Gothic awo
"grandmother', Old Norse ^/^'grandfather', a/' great-grandfather'. Old English earn, Old
Frisian em, Old High German oheim.

Modern High German Oheim, O/7/77 (after Osthoff PBrB. 13, 447 *awun-haimaz^ the one
who lived in grandfather's home '), after R. Much Germanic 205 from *auhaim< Indo
Germanic *auos Roimos^ dear grandfather', compare cymr. tad cu{*tatos koimos]
"grandfather'),

Latin avunculus^ brother of the mother' (probably caressing diminutive an *avd, -on/'s);
cymr. ewythr, acorn, euitor, bret. eo/7//'"uncle' {*auen-tro-).

The stem called originally the grandparents on the maternal side, become through the
words for "uncle or aunt on the maternal side ' probably, s. Hermann GGN. 1918, 214 f.

Note:

Latin avus ; avos > Italian avolo, Galician avo, Catalan avi, Portuguese avo ; vovo,
Spanish abuelo, French aieul, Albanian (*guelus) gjysh, Asturian gijelu, Calo tesquelo,
Judeo-Spanish aguelo, Leonese guelu ; giJelu, Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) (*yayu)
giaggiu, Sardinian Campidanesu abu ; avu ; ayayu, Sardinian Logudoresu avu ; abu ;
yayu, Valencian yayo "grandfather'

Clear influence of a substrate Anatolian Hittite {*houhhas) hu-uh-ha-as {huhhas)
"grandfather'? Lycian *xuga' grandfather on the maternal side '.

A early borrowing from Estonian (*avana-isa) vana-isa > Finnish iso-isa, Hungarian
(*vana-gy-papa) nagy-apa ; nagy-papa "grandfather'.

References: WP. I 20 f., WH. 88 f., 851, Pedersen Lycian under Hittite 25 f., Risch Mus.
Helv. 1, 118ff.
Page(s): 89

Root / lemma: abel-, abol-, abj-

Meaning: apple

Note:

Root/ lemma: abel-, abol-, abJ-\ apple' derived from Root/ lemma: om-{*hamel)\ "raw,

bitter, *sweet'.

Material:

Maybe Old Indie: abala- m. "the plant Tapia Crataeva' {"Crataegus roxburghii' (H. Ebel KZ
VI, 1957:216)} [It is a proof of the European origin of the cognate].
Latin Abella {Qsq,2x\ town, city in Campanien) /775///fe/'a "apple-bearing', after Verg. Aen. 7,
740, might have received her name after of the apple breeding and reject on the basic
form *ablona. The apple is not named possibly only after the town.

In the Celtic the names are to be distinguished for "apple' ( *ablu) and " apple tree '
{*abaln-). Gall, avallo^ fruit ', Aballo {n-sievn) PN, French Avallon, abrit. PN Aballava, gallo-
rom. *aballinca^ Alpine mistletoe ' (Wartburg);

Maybe lllyrian PN Aulona

Old Irish ubull{*ablu) n. "apple', ncymr. afal, PI. afalau, corn. bret. avalm. "apple', but
Middle Irish aball {*abalna) f. "apple tree', acymr. aball, mcymr. avallP\. e^y/// (analogical)
f., acymr. aballen, ncymr. afa//en ' app\e tree' (with singulative ending).

The same ablaut forms in the Germanic:

Crimean Gothic ape/{Goth\c *ap/s7), Old High German apfu/, afful. Middle High German
apfel. Old English seppel {qx\(^\. apple). Old Norse eplix\. {apa/-grar ' app\e-graY') "apple'.
Germanic probably *ap(a)la-, *aplu-. Further Old Norse apaldr^ app\e tree'. Old English
apuldor, aeppuldre. Old High German apbo/fra {compare Modern High German Affoltern
PN), Middle High German apfa/ter' app\e tree' {*apaldra-).

The Baltic shows clear tracks in Indo Germanic completely isolated A declension *abdl,
G. Sg. *abeles.

lengthened grade of the suffix appears mostly in the word for "apple': East Lithuanian
obuolys, Latvian abuo//s {-//o-stem), West Lithuanian obuolas, Latvian abuols {o-siem)
from Indo Germanic *abdl-\

Normal grade mostly in the word for "apple tree'; Lithuanian obe//s{iem. /-stem), Latvian
abe/s{/-ste{r\), abe/e (e-stem) irom Indo Germanic *abe/-, but Old Prussian woblei. {*ab/-)
"apple', wobalne{*abolu-) f. "apple tree'.

Old Bulgarian abl-bkojabl-bko, po\x\. jabiko, s\ov.jabolko, mss. jabloko^app\e' {*abl-bko
from *ablu-) etc; Old Bulgarian (j)ablanb, s\o\eu. jablan. Old Czech jablan, jablon, russ.
Jablonb "apple tree', from Indo Germanic *ai6»o//7- (influences the sound form of *ablo
"apple').

Although a uniform basic form is not attachable, it becomes both Latin Celtic
Germanic Balto Slavic forms only around ancient relationship and barely around borrowing
act. With respect to Latin abies' fir' etc. very uncertain.

Note:

The oldest IE cognate is Luvian: *samlu(wa)- "apple-(tree)'; Attestations: [HittErgSg] sa-
ma-lu-wa-an-za: 145 iii 18. GiSHASHUR-an-za: XLIV 4+ Vo 26. GiSHASHUR-lu-wa-an-za:
XLIV4+V0 28.

Commentary: Above analysis most likely, but textual tradition is corrupt. Luvian nt. nom.-
acc. sg. samluwan=za a\so possible. Cf. Starke, KZ 95.153f, and Soysal, Or 58.174ff.
From the common IE shift m > mb > b derived *samlu(wa)- > Root / lemma: abe/-, abol-,
abJ-\ "apple' in Germanic languages while in Romance languages took place the coomon
lllyrian alb. sa > zero, Luvian *samlu(wa)- 'apple-(tree)' > Latin malum -/n. 'an apple, or
other similar fruit'; alb. Geg mo//e ' app\e' .

Also Proto-Slavic form: jemela; jemelo; jemelt; jbmela; jbmelo {2} [Page in Trubacev: VI
26-27]: Russ. c»/77e/a "mistletoe' [fa]. Old Russ. //77e/a "mistletoe' [fa], Czech ome/a {6'\a\.)
"mistletoe' [fa]; ome/o {6\a\.) "mistletoe' [n o]\Jmelf, me/i{6\a\.) "mistletoe' [f ia], Slovak
jeme/o{6\a\.), hemelo {6\a\.) "mistletoe' [n o]; /me/o, Jme/o {6\a\.) "mistletoe' [n o], Poln.
jemioia, jamioia^\x\\s\\e\.oe' [fa]; imioia {6\a\.) "mistletoe' [fa]. Upper Serbian yie/TT/e/
'mistletoe' [m o]. Lower Serbian ye/rT/b/, /7e/77yb/ "mistletoe' [m o], Serbo-Croatian omela
(dial.) "mistletoe' [fa]; imela, /77e/a "mistletoe' [fa], Slovene ye/77^/a (dial.), om^/a {d'\a\.)
'mistletoe' [fa]; /m^/a, /r7^/a "mistletoe' [fa], Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: emel-; Lith.
amalas, e'/775/a5 "mistletoe' [m o] 3^, Latv. amuols, ^muo/s {B\N); amuls, amals, amuls
'mistletoe, clover' [m o] {1}, Old Pruss. eme/no{E\/) 'mistletoe'.
Bibliography: Anikin 1998: 334-336, Andersen 1996: 133-135

Notes: {1} The forms with a- may show the influence oi abud/s'app\e, clover'. {2} This
plant name is probably a borrowing from the lllyrian Venetian substratum language. The
Slavic forms with *jbm- must be due to popular etymology (the mistletoe's sap is used to
produce bird-lime), cf. OCS /mat/^to take'. An etymological connection with PIE *bim-'to
take' is doubtful, as is the connection with *H3eHm- 'raw' .

maybe gr. Compounds: apapn^''^ P'ant growing in the same time as the apple-tree,
'medlar', = snipn^i'^-

Probably Tocharian B: mala* 'a kind of intoxicating drink'; Paradigm: [-, -, mala//]
Examples: se safmane] mot mala trikelyesa sakse yokam paytr whatever monk drinks
alcohol or intoxicating beverage through befuddlement or brandy, payt/ [mala = BHS
maireya] (H-149.X.3b1/2 [Couvreur, 1954b: 48]), tumem parwettsai malasa yokalle^theu it
[is] to be drunk with an aged drink' (W-33a5).

Derivatives: malatstse* "drunken": arahcacu epreta Mara[nts]= adanc malatsai ...

spyarkatai-me "O courageous and brave one, thou hast destroyed Mara's drunken bite'

(241a2/3).

References: WP. I 50, WH. I 3, E. Fraenkel KZ. 63, 172 ff., Trautmann 2.

Page(s): 1 -2

Root / lemma: agher-, aghen-, aghes- (or oghereic) {*daghen)

l\1eaning: day

Grammatical information: Heteroklit. Neutrum.

Material: Old Indie ahar, ahah. Gen. ahn-as, Avestan Gen. PI. asn-qm'6ay'. In Germanic

is found aniaut. d- by influence from proto Germanic *dajwaz {\ndo Germanic '^^dg"'ho-, s.

t|he^"j^-' burn ') " warm season ' (: Lithuanian dagas' summer heat '): the ostem Gothic

dags,

Old Icelandic dagr, Old High German tacm. "day' is from neutr. es-stem reshaped (Gothic

PN Aayio-Qzoq = *Dagis-t^ius, Old High German Dagi-berteic), also in ablaut. Old English

dseg {* do^i^, PI. dogoru. "day' (Gothic f/dur-dogs lourVn day '), Old Icelandic d0grr\. "day

or night ' besides there is />stem Old Danish d0gnn. "day and night'.

Note:

From Root/ lemma: d'^eg'^h-: "to burn, *day' derived Root/ lemma: agher-, aghen-, aghes-

(or ogheretc): "day' the same as Root/ lemma: a/cm: "tear' derived from Root/ lemma:

daRru-: "tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero'xs a common Baltic. Compare Root/

lemma: del-5\ "long': Baltic with unexplained o'-loss (see below): Lithuanian ilgas, f. ilga,

Latvian ilgs. Old Prussian //gaand ilgiMy. "long' : Hittite Nom. PI. da-lu-ga-e-es

{dalugaes) "long', da-lu-ga-as-ti {dalugasti) n. "length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan

migration from the Baltic region to North India.

References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 467, Feist 113 f., Sievers-Brunner 121, 243, Wackernagel-

Debrunnerlll 310 f.

Page(s): 7

Root / lemma: ag-

Meaning: goat

Note:

Root/ lemma: digh-\ "goaf derived from a zero grade of Root/ lemma: dei§h-\ "to prick;

tick'. From the older root Root/ lemma: deigh-: "to prick; tick' derived Root/ lemma: aig-\

"goaf and Root/ lemma: ag-\ "goaf [common Baltic - lllyrian - alb. de-, da- > zero]. Hence

the gr. cognate derived from proto lllyrian

Material: Old Indie aya-/? "he-goaf, aja^ she-goat ', Middle Persian aza/r"goat', npers. azg
ds.;

alb. o'/7rgoat' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 186, Pedersen KZ. 36, 320, 335; probably from *adhi, as
s/7" eye' from asii)\

Note:

Maybe a zero grade in alb. {*aghi) dhV goat ' [the common alb. shift -gh- > -d-], older alb.
Geg {*aghi) edha'goats, sheep'.

Lithuanian ozys{* agios) "he-goaf, c»z/ra"goaf. Old Prussian M/c»see"goaf, wosux^he-
goaf;

Old Indie ajfna-m "fur, fleece';

Lithuanian ozinis^ belonging to he-goat ', ozfena^ billy goafs meat ';

Church Slavic {j)azno {* azbnd) " skin, leather '.

References: WP. I 38, Trautmann 22. compare also aig-.
Page(s): 6-7

Root / lemma: aier-, aien-

Meaning: day, morning

Grammatical information: n.

Note:

Root/ lemma: aier-, aien-\ "day, morning' derived from a reduced Root/ lemma: agher-,

aghen-, aghes- (oder oghereic): day'.

Material: Avestan ayara. Gen. ay^nu. "day'.

Gr. Lok. *aO)£pi- in apiarov (from * ajeri-d-tom, to ed- "eaf ) " breakfast ' (uncontracted
depiGTOv still produceable Hom. Q 124, tt2)\ lengthened grades *C(0)£pi in the derivative
n£piO(; " early morning ', contracts in npi "in the morning '. Different Risch 105.

Gothic air. Old Icelandic ar. Adv. " early ' (likewise Lok. *ajeri), in addition Kompar.
Gothic airiza^ earlier'. Adv. airis= Old English ^r. Old High German er. Modern High
German eher, ehe, Superl. Old English aerest. Old High German erist. Modern High
German erst.

References: WP. I 3, Feist 24b.

Maybe to ai-4.
Page(s): 12

Root / lemma: a(i)gh- : Igh-

Meaning: to need

Material: Avestan az/'-sm. ' desire ', np. azds., Avestan aza-sm. ' striving, eagerness,

zeal '; changing through ablaut Avestan izyatT strives, striving for ' and 7z5' striving, zeal,

success, prosperousness ' Old Indie /T?^ "desire', Ihate^ strives whereupon';

gr. axnv 'poor' = nxnv£<; Ksvoi, nrooxoi Hes. (by support of words, with a- privative out of
it asxnvsc; n£vr|T£q Hes., and axsvia " lack, poverty '), KTsavnxn^ nsvnc; Hes., changing
through ablaut ixavaw 'longs for ', Ixap " desire ';

Tocharian A akal, B akalk^ wish, longing '. Different Pedersen Tocharian 42.

References: WP. I 40, Van Windekens BSL. 41, 55; unwahrscheinlich Bartholomae IF. 5,

215.

Page(s): 14-15

Root / lemma: aiR- : TR-
Meaning: spear, pike

Note:

Both Root/ lemma: aR-, oR-\ 'sharp; stone' and Root/ lemma: aiR-. 7R-\ 'spear, pike' are
reduced roots of an older root */7e^"'-e/created through metathesis from Root/ lemmna
**helg"a. This older root was solidified by Church Slavic: {*heg"'-el) /g/5 'needle' [f a]
Slavic languages inherited the common da- > zeroirom the older Baltic-Germanic
languages. The phonetic shift da- > zero'xs a common Baltic. Compare Root/ lemma: del-
5: 'long': Baltic with unexplained o'-loss (see below): Lithuanian 'ilgas, f. ilga, Latvian llgs.
Old Prussian //gaand ilgi'My. 'long' : Hittite Nom. PI. da-lu-ga-e-es {dalugaes) 'long', da-
lu-ga-as-ti {dalugasti) n. 'length'.

Hence from Root/ lemma: (i'^elg-: 'to stick; needle' derived the alledged Baltic Root/
lemmna *77e/^"'a from which Church Slavic: {*heg'^-el) /g/a 'needle' [fa], then Both Root/
lemma: aR-, oR-\ sharp; stone' and Root/ lemma: aiR-. 7R-\ spear, pike'.
Material: Gr. akAoi ai yajviai tou p£Aou(; Hes., gr. iKisa okovtiov Hes., Cypriot iK|jap£vo(; or
iXMopsvoc; (in the latter pitfall from *iKO|jap£V0(;) ' wounds ', graixMH 'spear, spit ' ( *aik-
sma). Old Prussian aysmis^ spit, broach ', Lithuanian iesmas, jiesmas^ spit, broach ',

(basic form *a//(mosor Gr. exact congruent *aiR-smos); from moreover Old Prussian

ayculo. Church Slavic iglaeic 'needle', with ^instead of z (compare S.18'')?

Maybe a borrowing in alb. /75/e "needle, fishbone, awn' from Ukrainian: /7d//ra "needle' [f

a]; ihla{(A\3\.) "needle' [fa]

Proto-Slavic form: jbgtia

Accent paradigm: c

Page in Trubacev: VIM 213-214

Cliurcli Slavic: /g/a "needle' [f a]

Russian: igla "needle' [f a]

Ulcrainian: /7d//ra "needle' [f a]; //7/^(dial.) "needle' [f a]

Czecli:ye/7/a "needle' [fa]; //7/a(dial.) "needle' [fa]

Slovalc //7/a "needle' [fa]

Polisli: /g/a "needle, pin' [f a];ye^/a(dial.) "needle, pin' [fa]

Slovincian:y7e^/a "needle' [f a]

Lower Serbian: gia "needle' [f a]

Polabian: y^^/^ "needle' [f a]

Serbo-Croatian: /g'/a "needle' [fa], /^A/ [Aces]; y/^/a (dial.) "needle' [f a];y^^/a(dial.) "needle'

[fa]; Cak. /g/a(Vrgada) "needle' [fa], 7glu{/Kccs\, Cak. /g/a(Novi) "needle' [fa]; Cak. 7gla

(Vrgada) "needle' [fa], /p'/c»[Accs]

Slovene: /^/a "needle, kingpin' [f a];ya^/a(dial.) "needle, kingpin' [fa]

Old Prussian: ayc^/o "needle' [fa]

also alb. Geg gjilpaneu. f. "needle' is a compound of (Nominative) *gjil- "needle' +

(Genitive) peni "thread'; alb. common zero grade *ilga > *gil- "needle' corresponds to zero

grade in Serbo-Croatian: /g/a "needle' [fa].

Latin /cd (analogical Tcid), -ere^ hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain ', ictus^

slash, blow, stroke; in music, beat ', probably also Avestan isars' instant, (very short

space of time) ' =gr. iKiap " near ' (as " adjoining, adjacent ') and lySn, TySic; " mortar ' (also

1^, iKeq " worms damaging the vine ', from which \uzc, ds. could be reshuffled after the

related to meaning KvTn£(;, gkvTttsc;, GpTnsc;; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 299.

Here possibly Old Norse eiginu. " a sprout that has just emerged from a seed ' ("point,

cusp'), Swedish Dialectal J/ie/m.ds. (Fick4 III 2) and Low German Tne^ awn, ear of corn'

(Bezzenberger Federal Railway. 27, 166).

References: WP. I 7, WH. I 670, Trautmann 3, 4.

Page(s): 1 5

Root / lemma: ai-4
Meaning: to burn

Material: from Old English afor^ sharp, violent ', Old High German eibar, eivar^ harsh,
bitter, pungent, rough, shaggy, bristly; shivering with cold. Transf., wild, savage;
unpolished, uncouth; frightful, horrible ' derived from *ab^ro-v\o{ is to be connected
certainly.

Maybe but here gr. iaivu) "warms up ' from *HJ)-anJd\ see below eis-V move, shake
violently '.

See also: S. under ai-^^-, aier-, ajos-, aisk-, ai-tro-
Page(s): 1 1

Root / lemma: al-3

Meaning: to wander, roam

Material: Gr. aAri "the vagrancy, the wandering about ', aAaopai (horn. Pf. aAaAriMCii),

aAaivw " wanders about ', aAriTr|<; " beggar ', aAr|T£uu) " wander, begging around ', aAioc; " in

vain ' (Spiritus asper admittedly, still unexplained, s. Boisacq 44, also against the

assumption of ani. F-);

from a basis alu-, a/eu-gr. aAuw " to be deeply stirred, excited, from grief, to be distraught,

beside oneself, from perplexity or despair, to be at a loss, perplexed, wander, roam about

', aAuaaco ds. (Hom.; Put. aAu^si Hippokr.), aAuKr) " restiveness, worry, concern, fear,

alarm ', qAugk; (from aAuw) " angst ', aAuc;, -uoq (Plut.) " idly hanging around, boredom ';

common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-, with the concept " wander around, not to come near to,

around a dangerous place or thing ', also aAsuopai, aAEopai " avoid ', aAuoKU) (*aAuK-aKU),

compare Aor. pAu^a) " escape ', aAuoKa^u) " avoid, flee ', aAssivoj ds., aAsojAri " defense '

(*aA£Fu)Ari formation as (p£i5u)Ari).

Hittite: halluwai- c. ' squabble, quarrel ', Luvian halwat- 'protest?'.

*) aAa^tbv " fibber, boaster, bragger ' (actually dragging around juggler, mountebank),
derives after Bonfante (BSL. 37, 77) from thrak. VN 'AAa^6v£(;.

**) aAuu), aAuiw from *aAu3,i(jo compare Schuize Ounder ep. 310 f., Lagercrantz Z. gr.
Lautg. 89 with Old Indie rosati, rusyati^ be cross with, be angry ', but from Uhlenbeck Old
Indie Wb. 256 is placed more right to Lithuanian rustas " unfriendly, unkind '.

Mit a-:r\KaoKijd " wanders around ', nAaivw "be demented ', Med. " wander around ',
r|A£|jaTOc; (Doric aAspaTOc; Theokr.) ' foolish, futile, vain ', nAi9iO(; "trifling, in vain, brainless',
r\kzdq " confuses, beguiles; bewildering ', (besides Aeolic equivalent akkoq an *aAioc; in:)
horn. aAAa cppovsajv '(pptvaq r]kz6q' " dazed, unconscious ' (from Doric *akzdq derives
Latin a/ea' a game of dice, game of hazard; hence chance, risk, uncertainty, blind luck ').

Latin ambu/o^to walk, go for a walk, travel, march' (Umbrian amboltu^a walk, a stroll');
(Latin alucinor\o wander in mind, dream, talk idly' is probably borrowed from aAuw under
formal support in vaticinor).

In addition Latvian aluot, aluoties' wander around, get lost ', with a Latvian ala^ half-
mad person ', al'uoties^ behave foolish, gestures clownish '.

Tocharian AB al- " distinguish, remove '.

References: WP. I 87 f., WH. I 33, 38, EM. 43 (places ambuloio gr. sAauvw, stem el-).
Page(s): 27-28

Root / lemma: alu-, alo- {*halu-)

Meaning: a bitter plant

Material: Old Indie alu-h, alukam-^ bulb, onion, round esculent radix '; Latin alum, alium^

garlic ', Oscan *a//(9from *a'//a probably as foundation of gr. aAAac; " sausage (*stuffed

tubular casing)'; Latin alum or alus^ Symphytum officinale L., comfrey, blackwort ' a plant

appreciated for its roots (perhaps gall, word? s. Thesaurus).

Maybe alb. /7e//77 "bitter; poison'

Note: alb. is the only IE lang. that preserved the old laryngeal /?-.

References: WP. I 90 f., WH. I 30, 33.
See also: Probably to alu-
Page(s): 33

Root / lemma: amer- {amor, ami)
Meaning: day

Material: Gr. horn. n|jap, -aTO(;, Attic npspa (Asper probably after sanspa, Sommer Gr.
Ltst. 123), otherwise afjspa "day' (with Lenis, hence not to Indo Germanic *sem-^ summer

I.

Lithuanian bei Boisacq s. v., wherefore Pick KZ. 43, 147); Armenian aur^day' (from *amdr
about *amur, *aumr, Meillet Esquisse 55). To the stem formation s. still J. Schmidt PI. 195

f., to Ionian [jsaapppin " midday ' Boisacq under psariMppia- Van Windekens (Lexique 80)
places here Tocharian A omal, B ema//e' hot', from Indo Germanic *amel-.
References: WP. I 53, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 305, 481, 518.
Page(s): 35

Root / lemma: ano-

Meaning: ring

Material: Armenian anur^ neckband, ring ', Latin anus^ circle, ring ', Old Irish ainne

( *anTnJo-) m. " ring, anus '. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Latin annulus > Bolognese anel : Bresciano anel : Furlan anel : Galician anel : Portuguese

anel : Paduan aneo : Provengal aneu : Wallon anea : Reggiano : anel : Romagnolo anel :

Romansh ane : Romanian : inel : Italian anello : Spanish anillo ; anilla : Catalan anell :

French anneau : Aragones aniello : Asturian aniellu : Corsican anellu : Leonese aniellu :

Lombardo Occidentale anell : Napulitano aniello : Calabrese 'neddu ; aniellu ; aneddu ;

aniaddru : Pugliese aniadd : Sardinian Campidanesu aneddu : Sardinian Logudoresu

aneddu : Sicilian aneddu : Viestano nidd' " circle, ring ' [common Calabrese, Pugliese,

Sardinian, Sicilian, Viestano -/A > -dd-] > through metathesis Albanian {* aneddu) unaze^

circle, ring ' common alb. d- > z- similar to alb. gaz^ joy' < Latin gaudium " joy'.

References: WP. I 61, WH. I 55, Pedersen Litt. 2, 80.

Page(s): 47

Root / lemma: apero-

Meaning: shore

Note:

Root / lemma: apero- : " shore ' derived from Root / lemma: apo- {p6, ap-u, pU) {*h2aph30-

): " from, out, of ' < Root / lemma: ap-2\ " water, river ' < Root / lemma: ab- : " water, river '

< Root/ lemma: abd(n) {* h2abd^\ " ape, *water demon ' < Root/ lemma: ^^-{*h2£b'^-)'. "

quick, abrupt ' < Root/ lemma: abh/-o-(*/7i'ab*^ro-): " strong, mighty ' < root /pbh-(ro-): < with

/■formant {neb^e/a)\ < Root/ lemma: {en^^-2): n^^-, errt^-, /pb^-: " wet, damp; water;

clouds '.

Material: Gr. rin£ipo(;, Doric an£ipo(;f. " shore; mainland '; Old English ofer. Middle Low

German over. Middle High German (md.) uover. Modern High German Ufer, but Armenian

ap n^ shore ' requires Indo Germanic yO/? and hence, stays away.

relationship to *5/7c» "since, from, ex'. Old Indie apara-^ back, later' as lengthened grade
formation becomes adopted by Specht Dekl. 23.

References: WP. I 48.

Page(s): 53

Root / lemma: ap-2{*hap-2)

Meaning: water, river

Note:

Root/ lemma: ap-2 {* hap-2)\ " water, river ' derived from Root/ lemma: ab-{*h2^'"-): "

water, river ' < Root/ lemma: abofn) {* h2abd-): " ape, *water demon ' < Root/ lemma: ab^-

(*/7i'ab*^-): " quicl<, abrupt ' < Root/ lemma: ^^ro-{*h2^^ro-): " strong, mighty ' < root /pb^-

{ro-)\ < with Aformant {n^^el§)\ < Root/ lemma: {eneb'"-2)\ neb'"-, errt'"-, /pb^-: " wet,

damp; water; clouds '.

Material:

Hittite: hap{a)- ' river ', Pal. hapnas, Luvian hapinni- (Tischler 159-160)

Tokharian: A, B ap 'water, river' (Adams 44)

Old Indie ap- f. 'water', e.g. PI. Norn, apah, Akk. apah. Gen. apam, Avestan Nom. Sg. afs,

Akk. Sg. apsm, Instr. Sg. apa(-ca). Old Indie apavant-^\Na{evj\ in older eontraetion with

reduplieation-stem in -/; -^auslaut prefixes (Kretsehmer KZ. 31, 385, Johansson IF. 4, 137

f.) pratTpa-^ directed against the stream ', nlpa-^ low lying, deep-recumbent ', anupa-^

situated, lying in water', dvTpa-^ island, sand bank in the river', a/7/a/77?5- 'island'; the

same contraction with in -o ending 1 . part in gr. river names 'Iviono^ ' name of a stream on

Delos', 'Aau)TT6(; ( : ivou), ogk;; Pick BB. 22, 61, 62); gr. 'Ania 'Peloponnes', MEoa-ania

ds., lokr. Msaa-anioi, lllyrian Msaadnioi (different Krahe ZONF. 13, 20 f.) common gr.-

Illyrian -ks- > -5S- and Apulioi Lower Italy, river names AniScbv (Arcadia), 'Ani5av6(;

(Thessaly), thrak. {*h2apo^ "Anoq (Dacia), lllyrian {*h2apsos) "Aijjo^, Apsus, apul. PN Sal-

apia ('saltwater '); here as vestiges Venetic-lllyrian immigration part of the West German

apa- names, as Erft{*Arnapia), and all FIN with -up-, as Modern High German Uppia-Bach

(Tirol), French S//70|Ce(Manche), brit. harbour Rutup/ae, sizil. KaKunapK; (compare

Lithuanian Kakupis), compare the thrak. FIN "Ynioq, Ynavic;;

Old Prussian ape 'river', ap^s 'spring, fountain, stream, brook', Lithuanian upe, Latvian

^pe 'water' {u\s perhaps reduplication-stem from Indo Germanic o, a, Trautmann Bsl. Wb.

1 1 ; or belongs up- rather to Old Church Slavic vapa 'sea'?). Here Ach- {*aps-) in cymr.

FIN, gall. Axona?

Besides Celtic-Latin ab-, see below ab-.

Johansson IF. 4. 137 f. goes to explanation the Morm from through AniScbv,
'Ani5av6(; as well as by Old Indie abda-h m. 'cloud' and with apah paradigmatic welded
together Instr. Dat. PI. Old Indie adbhih, adbhyah, presumed stem *ap(9)d- {^Qr\\a'^s '
giving water ', with do- ' give ' belonging to the 2nd part) from: *abdd(n). Gen. *abdnes.

from which *abnes, from obi. case arose from Latin amnis, was compensated during in
Celtic *abdd{n) : *abnes to *5M (Middle Irish ab), *abona {\r\ence Middle Irish abann).
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

References: WP. I 46 f., WH. I 40, 846, Krahe Gl. 20, 188 ff., Pokorny Urillyrier 110 ff., 130
f., Krahe WiJrzburg. Jahrb. 1, 86 ff.
Page(s): 51-52

Root / lemma: as-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)-

Meaning: to burn

Material:

In e- grade:

Old High German essai.. Modern High German Esse {*as/dn), Proto Norse aRina, Old
Icelandic arinn^ exaltation, elevation, hearth, fireplace ', (common Celtic -/7S-, -nt- > -nn-),
Old High German en'n^ floorboard, ground, bottom ' {*azena)\

In a- grade:

Hittite ha-as-SH (has/) Lok. " on the hearth ' {hasas).
Tocharian AB as- present, as- Perf. and causative " dry up ', A asar^ to dry ';
Hittite: hassa- c. ' hearth, stove, fireplace ', Luvian hassaniti'hearW}' (Tischler 196-197)

Old Indie asa-h ' cinder, dust ' (about asita-h ' black ' s. *Qsi-^ dirt-color, dark color ');
Latin ara^ altar; hence refuge, protection; 'arae', plur., name of certain rocks at sea ' (=
Oscan aasa/'in the altar', Umbrian are^ altars ' etc), areo, -ere^io be dry', aricfus^dry,
arid, dry, parched, thirsty' (therefrom ardeo^ to burn, glow, be on fire; of bright objects, to
gleam; of feeling (esp. of love), to burn, smart; of political disorder, to be ablaze ', participle
Pass, assus^ dried, roasted; n. pi. as subst. a sweating bath '), area^ a level or open
space, site, courtyard, threshing floor; esp. a playground; hence, in gen., play ' (actually "
burnt-out, dry place ');

Perhaps here Middle Irish an^ igneous, radiant, noble ' {*as-no-). About gr. 5i4Jau),
nsivau) s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 724.

Because r\n Hittite a-a-n{ari) " becomes hot ' does not belong to the stem, it must be
distinguished Latin areo^io be dry, be parched' not from ara^a structure for sacrifice,
altar'.

Formant extensions:

azd-\n gr. a^oo {*az-d-Jd) " parch, dry ', a^a f. " dehumidifier, dirt ', al,aKtoc, " dry,
inflaming ', a55auov ^npov. AaKwvEq Hes. (-55 from -zcPj\ Czech apoln. ozd^ a device for
drying malt or a room for drying malt ', Czech slov. ozditi' to dry malt '.

azig- Armenian ac/lc//7'ash' (Meillet Esquisse 29), gr. aapoAo(; (*aay-poAo(;) "soot' fash -
throw ').

Maybe truncated alb. (*aaY-(3oAoi;) bloze^ soot' a Greek loanword.

Germanic *askdn\v\ Old Icelandic aska. Old English asce, aesce. Old High German asca.
Modern High German Asche.

Maybe zero grade Latin cinis -erism. f. 'ashes' < Armenian aciun^ asVC; alb. (*(a)sA/) hi

'ash' [common alb. ski- > iii-].

Note:

Root / lemma: ken-2, kens-, keni-, kenu-\ "to rub, scrape off; ashes' must have come from

zero grade of an extended Root/ lemma: as-, therefrom azd-, azg(h)-\ "to burn' into ask-

e/7with the suffix -en. This assumption is proved by alb. Geg {*askini) ijini'asW [common

alb. ski- > iji-].

azgh-?\n Armenian 5zaz//77 "dries' (Meillet Esquisse 33, EM. 70), Gothic azgo^asW
( *azgdn). About the difficult relation from Germanic *askdn : *az-gdns. Feist 72b; again
different Specht Dekl. 201, 219. Also the conclusiveness Armenian examples are not quite
flawless.

References: WH. I 61, 65, 848, Feist 72, Trautmann 22, Pedersen Hittitisch 27, 164.
Page(s): 68-69

Root / lemma: at(e)r-

Meaning: fire, *blow the fire

Note:

Root/ lemma: at(e)r-\ "fire, *blow the fire' derived from a suffixed Root/ lemma: au(e)-10,

aue(o)-, ue-\ "to blow' with common IE formant -ter.

Material:

In a- grade:

Hittite: hat- (11,1) ' wither, wilt, become shriveled, dry out' (Tischler 213)

Avestan 5/5/'s(Gen. a&rd) m. "fire', wherefore Old Indie atharvan-^ fire priest ', loanword

from Avestan a&aurvan-, a&aurun{6as z?from a&rd} ds.;

Armenian airem' burns, lights ' (due to from *a//'from *atei); serb. vatra^i\re\ l<lr. vatra'
fire, stove ', poln. vatra 'straw cinder ' are borrowed after Jol<l WZKM. 34, 37 ff. from
Rumanian vatra^ stove ', these again from Alb. (Geg voire, voter with i/-suggestion before
alb. o/-from *at-, viell. Iran, loanword).

Perhaps as 'burnt' also Latin ater^ dead black, dark; poet, clothed in black. Transf., dark,
gloomy, sad; malicious, poisonous ' = Umbrian atru, adro^ black, coal-black, gloomy, dark
'; but Latin Atella= Oscan Ader{a\ {*Atrola, e.g. v. Planta I 551), Latin Atrius= Oscan
Aadfriis{y. Planta II 768, Thurneysen 1A. 4, 38, Schuize Latin Eig. 269, 578) are suspectly
Etruscan origin.

Maybe lllyrian >1o'/7a 'deep, dark water, sea'.

Possibly affiliation from Irish a/th {Gen. atho) f., cymr. odynt ' oven, stove ', s. Pick 11^ 9.

References: WP. I 42, WH. I 75 f., 849 f.
Page(s): 69

Root / lemma: atos, atta {hatta)
Meaning: father, mother
Material:

In a- grade:

Hittite at-ta-as {attas) 'father'.
Old Indie 5//a 'mother, older sister ', atti-h ' older sister ', osset. ada, gr. aiTa ' old man, old
fellow, father', dial. Akk. qtsiv, ottsiv 'grandfather', Latin aftam. 'father; term of
endearment of the children towards the father ', Gothic a//a 'father' (Demin. Attila), Old
Frisian aththaAs., Old High German a//c» 'father, forefather, ancestor' (//by running always
besides unpostponed neologism), alb. {*h2at) at, PI. e/e/'' father'.

In e- grade:

Demin. Old High German Ezz//o 'father'.

In o- grade:

Old Church Slavic c»/6Cb 'father'; alb. {*h30t-sja) joshe^ (on the maternal side)

grandmother'.

Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->J-, y-0\6 Indie Tocharian.

In a- grade:

A similar *ato-s\n Germanic *a/=>a/a, *dA'e/5 appears the basis from Old High German
ada/' sex, gender', Modern High German Ade/, Old Saxon atha//, Old English sedeluH.
PL ' noble parentage ', Old Icelandic adar (the rudimentary basis of an organ or other
part, esp. in an embryo) aniage, sex ', Tocharian A ataF man '; here also Avestan a^wya-
" name of the fathers Oraetaond ^ as ' from noble parentage '?

The affiliation from gr. mokoc, ' in a juvenile manner, childish ', araAAw ' gathers, waits
and is in habit ' and " jumps cheerfully like a child ', Redupl. ariTaAAu) " draws up (Redupl.
under influence from TiGnvr) " nurse '?), is denied by Leumann Gl. 15, 154.

In e- grade:

Adj. Old High German edili. Old Saxon ethili. Old English aedele^ noble, aristocratic '

In o- grade:

lengthened grade Old High German uodal. Old Saxon othil, here Gothic haimot^liu. "
genotype ', compare with the same vocal length Old High German Uota (actually ' great-
grandmother '), Old Norse 0(fa/" (fatherly) genotype ' (compare also Old High German
fater-uodal. Old Saxon fader-odiV property inherited from a father, patrimony ');

In e- grade:

Old English edel. Old Frisian edila^ great-grandfather';

One on the most different linguistic areas to itself always newly pedagogic babble-word
(e.g. elam. atia, magy. atyala\her\ tijrk. ata, Basque a/tads.). Similarly tata.

References: WP. I 44, WH. I 77, 850, Feist 62, 233, Trautmann 16.
Page(s): 71

Root / lemma: a

Meaning: interjection

Note: often new-created

Material: Old Indie 5 exclamation of the meditation;

gr. a exclamation of the displeasure, pain, astonishment; a, 66 exclamation of the
surprise and complaint; in addition a^siv ' groan ';

Latin a, a/7 exclamation of pain, the displeasure;

Lithuanian a, aa exclamation of tlie surprise, tlie reprimand or mockery, a exclamation
of the astonished question (of loud new creations);

Gothic oexclamation of the displeasure, the admiration; Old High German o
exclamation of pain; Middle High German d exclamation of pain, the admiration,
suspended thus to the vocative.

References: WP. I 1, WH. I 1, Loewe KZ. 54, 143.
Page(s): 1

Root / lemma: baba-, ( *bal-bal^

Meaning: barbaric speech

Note: also bal-bal-, bar-bar-\N'\\h multiple dissimilations, onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indie bababa-karotiirom the crackle of the fire; gr. papal, nana! " upon my

soul, damn it all! ' (out of it Latin babae, papae ds., as babaecalus perhaps " fop, dandy '

from *papaiKaAoc;), papa^w " chats, talks indistinctly ' (different is the sound conceivability

from pappa^u) ' chirps ');

Latin i6'aM(gloss.) 'he/ she shall make happy, gladden, bless', bab/ger {g\oss.) "stupid";

Italian babbo lather' (cymr. baban'k\6, child' is engl. loanword);

Maybe alb. babalather' : bebe'chWd'

alb. bebe^ the newborn kid, child'; engl. baby'k\6, child', Swedish Dialectal babbe'k\6,

child, small boy ' (see also unter ba^mb- ' swell '), Middle High German babe, bobe^

missis; old woman, mother' (about buobe^ boy ' see below b^'/a/iar"brother'); Lithuanian

boba. Old Church Slavic baba^ old woman '; serb. -Church Slavic b^bl'u, biDbatT stammer

', serb. bobocem, bobotatT clatter with the teeth ' etc; Latvian bibinaf babble, murmur'.

Old Prussian bebbinC mock '.

balbal-{babal-, bambal-, from which bam-b-, bal-b- ):

Old Indie ba/ba/a-karot/' stammers'; Bulgarian b/abo/'h, bb/bo/'h' chats ', Lithuanian
balbasyti^ babble ', serbokr. blabositT stammer ', russ. bolobolitb " chat, drivel ', Czech
beblati^ stammer'; Latin babulus' chatterbox, a babbler, fool '; Modern High German
babbein, pappein, engl. babble, Norwegian bable, Swedish babbia. Old Icelandic babba
■chat';

Latin balbus^ stammering, babbling ', balbutio^ to stammer, stutter; hence in gen. to
speak obscurely ', Old Indie balbutha-h name (actually " stammerer ');

Mayne alb. {*balbus) be/bezoj ^babb\e'

Czech bib' gannet, gawk ', biblati, b/eptat/' stammer, stutter'; serb. blebetati, Lithuanian
b/ebent/ 'babb\e'; gr. pappaAu^w (out of it Latin bamba/o), pappaKu^w " my teeth are
chattering', pappaivu) " stammers '.

Mit -/•-.Old Indie barbara-h' stammering ', PI. name of non-Aryan people (provided that
here ron Indo Germanic rand Old Indie /in ba/ba/a goes back to Indo Germanic /), gr.
pappapO(; ' not Greek, speaking an unintelligible / incomprehensible language ' (from
which Latin barbarus) "pappapocpwvoc; ' from incomprehensible language ' (barely after
Weidner Gl. 4, 303 f. from babylon. barbaru' stranger, foreign, alien '), serb. brboljiti,
brbljati ^babb\e' (see also under b'^^er-' to drone, buzz, hum '), Latin baburrus' foolish, silly
', gr. papupTa(; 6 napapwpoq Hes. (about Latin burrae\x\\\es, nonsense' s. WH. I 124).

Here perhaps also Old Indie bala-h' young, childish, simple ', possibly also Slavic
relationship from russ. balakatb " twaddle ', balamutb " babbler, stunner, head turner '. -
Unredupl. presumably also gr. pa^u) ' talks, patters ', pa^K; 'speech', paoKsiv Asysiv,
KaKoAoyeTv Hes.;

but gr. paoKavo^ ' invoking, imploring, exorcising; bewitching, casting a spell; spreading
malicious gossip, speaking badly of; slanderous; envious, jealous ', paoKaivu) ' bewitches,
envies ' has derived as magic word through borrowing from nordl. language, perhaps
Thrak. or lllyrian, from to b^a- " speak ' belonging to present *b^a-skd' speaks, discusses '
(cpaoKU); this also in Hesychs paoKU)?) (Kretschmer Einl. 248 f.);

Latin fascinum' giving it the evil eye, spell casting, invocation (exorcism (?)); the male
member; initially (at first) as a preventative against being bewitched ', fascinare " enchant,
bewitch, envy ' are borrowed from gr. and are adapted only in f- folk etymology in fan etc.

After Specht Dekl. 133 here Latin Oscan bl-ae-sus' lisping, babbling '; different WH. I
107f.

Maybe alb. (^phlas) /7as 'speak' not from Latin fabula'a narration, narrative'.

References: WP. II 105 f., WH. I 90, 94, Trautmann 24 f.
Page(s): 91-92

Root / lemma: badjos

Meaning: gold, brown

Note: (only Latin and Irish; maybe from one, at most not Indo Germanic, language of

ancient Europe?).

Material: Latin badius^ brown, chestnutcolored, bay '; Old Irish buide^ o^o\^, yellow'
(compare to Lautl. Old Irish /77a^ "field', Gen. muige; gall. Bodiocasses because of o rather
for boduo-, about which under *b''^aut- " hit '). Gr. pa5iO(;, pa5£0(; derives from Latin
References: WP. II 105, WH. I 92.
Page(s): 92

Root / lemma: ba/'ta or pa/M?

Meaning: goatskin

Material: the relation from gr. pairn " tent or skirt from (nanny goats) fur ' to Gothic pa/da i.

" body skirt, petticoat ', Old Saxon peda'skirt', Old English pad' mantle ', Old High

German pfe/t' shirt, shirtlike vestment, shirtlike piece of apparel ' is decided there, that

Germanic word is borrowed from gr. words;

from Germanic again Finnish pa/taan6 perhaps alb. petke, petek^ clothes '; gr. pairn is
probably thrak. loanword or goes back to alb. forms in lllyrian * paital
References: WP. II 104, Feist 381 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f.
Page(s): 92-93

Root / lemma: bak-
Meaning: stick, to hit

Material: Latin baculum " a staff, walking stick ' from * bac-(c)lom, older *bak-tlom\ vestiges
of -cc-in Demin. bacillum, for which repeatedly delivers baccillum, compare also imbecillus
"(without support) weak, frail ' from -baccillos. Pisani (REtlE. 3, 53) places baculum as
*bat-lo-m\.o battud, that he considers as Oscan- Umbrian loanword (from *bakt-).
Maybe Latin baca{bacca) -aei. "a berry, fruit; a pearl', bacalis, it'aca/e "berry-bearing
(designation of the female laurel), MFr. {*bacale) Bacoule, n.f. Be/ette 'weaseV : alb. buk/e
"weasel', bukur, bukurosh' good, pleasing, beautiful, slender (like a weasel)' : Rumanian
bucuros'g\a6' : Gr. paKAa " club ' : Sardinian Campidanesu buccameli; bucchimeli
"weasel, slender animal'.
Similar to Slavic Polish formation /as "forest, rod' : /as/ra "slender, pretty girl'.

Note: In many lang. the name of weasel and good come from the same root.

Gr. pQKTpov, paKTPipia, pOKiripiov " a staff, walking stick ', paKiai iaxupoi Hes. (Contrast
from imbecillus), probably also paKOv nsaov Hes.

Gr. pQKAa TU|jnava (i.e. " club ') Hes., otherwise " club, shillelagh, stick ', is probably
borrowed from Latin

Middle English pegge, engl. peg^ pin, peg ', Modern High German pege/'po\e'; but
Middle Low German pegeF mark in a vessel for liquids (from a ring or small existing
plugs) ', Old English pgegelvn. " wine pot ', engl. paiV bucket ' from Middle Latin pagella^
col, column, yardstick '.

Lithuanian baksteletT bump, puff', Latvian baksttV poke ' (or to onomatopoeic word
Lithuanianit»a/rs//).

Against it Old Irish bacc {n\r. bac) " stick, a crook ', cymr. bach^ corner, hook ', bret.
bac'h " heel, stick ' (from " clutch, crutch of the stick '), are in the Island-Celtic or already in
the occurred through Latin back-formations from baculum.

References: WP. II 104 f., WH. I 92.
Page(s): 93

Root / lemma: bal-bal-
See also: see below baba-
Page(s): 93

Root / lemma: bal-, balbal-

Meaning: to shake, dance

Note:

It seems Root/ lemma: bal- balbal-: "to shake, dance' derived from Root/ lemma: baba-,

( *bal-bal^\ 'barbaric speech' through an Old Indie intermediary (see above).

Material: Old Indie balbalTti^ whirls ', balva-^ crooked '; gr. (in Sicily) paAAi^w " dances ',

out of it borrows Latin ballare " dance '.

Maybe alb. {*bal-) valle^ dance' [common alb. b > i/shift]

References: WP. II 109, WH. 1, 95, Wackernagel Old Indic-Gr. I 181.

Page(s): 93

Root / lemma: band- {*bhend-)

Meaning: drop

Note:

Considering Phrygian P£5u "water' : nasalized lllyrian B/ndus 'waier god' Root /lemma:

band- {* bhend-): "drop' derived from a zero grade of Root/ lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer-

{*akuent-)\ "to flow, to wet; water, etc'

Material: Old Indie bindu-h "drop' (probably for *bandu-h under influence of fndu-h "drop'),

related to corn, banne, banna, bret. banne'drop' (from which is borrowed Middle Irish

banna, bainne^ drop, milk '), really Irish buinne' to gush forth, spring up, flood ' (common

Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-)\ lllyrian FIG Bindus ( *Bendus), apul. fons Bandusiael

Note:

Old Indie {*bhind-) b/ndu-b'drop' : lllyrian FIG B/ndus prove that lllyrian- Phrygian were the

intermediaries of satem and centum languages.

In Greek, between consonants and initially bi> e, h2> a, and h3> o. In Indo-lranian

languages such as Sanskrit, each laryngeal becomes i.

References: WP. 11110, Petersson Heterokl. 204 f., A. Mayer Gl. 29, 69 ff.

Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bar-bar-
See also: see below ba-ba-
Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bata-
Meaning: murmur, babble

Material: Old Indie it's/a interjection of the astonishment ' oh, blow ', bata-h' weakling? ';
abret. bat, nbret. bad^ numbing, dizziness ', bada, badaoui^ talk thoughtlessly ', bader,
badaouer' mouth monkey', acorn, badus^ moonstruck ', gr. paiTapi^u) ' stammers ',
paTToAoysu) ' chats pointless stuff ' (compare Blaft-Debrunner'' p. 40 appendices).
References: W P. II 105.
Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bau

Meaning: sound of barking

Material: Gr. pau pau ' dog barking ', pau^u) " barks, blasphemes ', BauPcb ' bugbear,

Hecate ', Latin baubor, -arV to bark gently or moderately '; a little bit differently uses

Lithuanian baubti^ bawl, bellow ' from ox, baubiso^XWo God as " bawler ', serb. bau bau ^

fright word ', baukati^ get a fright ' etc

Maybe alb. {*baubi) bubi^ dog'.

Gr. paupaco "sleep' is, like paupcbv " penis', folklike code word.

References: WP. II 104, WH. I 99, W. Oehl IF. 56, 119.
Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: baf^b-, b^a^bh-, pse^p-
Meaning: to swell

Note: (as ba>^mb- s.d.)

Material: Old Indie pippala-h^ berry, paradise fig tree ', pippalaka-h^ breast nipple '. piplu-
h " pimple, mole, mark on the body ("witch's tits" - any kind of mark on the body that a
witch could use to suckle a demon) ' (probably actually " blister, vesicle '); Latin papula^ a
pimple, vesicle ', papilla 6s. " nipple, teat, breast '; Lithuanian papas^ nipple, teat, breast,
tit ', popa^ ulcer ', pupuolo^ thick bud ' (^can be Redukt.-stem to a, or assimilated in
following uo, but also the root derived form pup- ).

Unchanged or neologism Swedish-Norwegian Dialectal pappe^ women's breast ',
Middle English pappe, engl. pap^ nipple, teat, breast '; besides u- forms see below p(h)u-^
inflate, swell '.

Also besides under baba- co'r(\b\v\e6 babble and child words, like engl. baby, stand
Middle High German buobenP\. " feminine breasts ', West Flemish babbe^i^ro\NVc\,
swelling, lump ' (Indo Germanic b^^ or in the onomatopoeic word unpostponed b) which will
belong from the image of the inflated cheeks in our circle.

References: WP. II 107.
Page(s): 91

Root / lemma: ba>^mb-

Meaning: a kind of noise

Material: Gr p6iJpO(; m. (out of it Latin bombus) ' a boom, deep hollow noise ', p6|jpu^, -

UK0(; " fleas ', poiJpuKia ' humming insects ', poppuAr) ' narrow-necked vessel ' (as "

gurgling '), poppuAi6(; or -uAioc; " bumblebee ' (and " narrow necked vessel '); about

papipaivoj " clatters with the teeth; stammer, lisp ' see below baba-.

Maybe Italian bombo : Spanish abejorro; bombo : French bourdon : Aragones bombolon :
Asturian babaron: Catalan borinot: Galician abellon: Latin Bombus terrestris : Valencian
borinoV bumble bee; bumblebee ' : Lithuanian bimbalas, bimbllas A\ban'\an : bumballa
gadfly, horsefly '.

alb. bumbulit " it thunders ';

Germanic with by neologism prevented sound movement Old Icelandic bumba^ drum ',
Danish old bomme, bambe^ drum ', holl. bommen\o drone ' (compareauch Modern High
German bum bum, a little bit similarly Modern High German bammein, bimmeln^ ring,
sound ');

Lithuanian bambetr lium ', in ablaut bimpti6s., bimbalas, birhbilas^ gadfly, horsefly ';
russ.-Church Slavic buben-b, bubon-b^ drum ', russ. bubn/tb' chat, babble', poln. bgben'
drum '.

References: WP. II 107, Trautmann 26, WH. 1111.
Page(s): 93-94

Root / lemma: bde/-

Meaning: to suck

Material: Gr. p5aAAco ' sucks ', p5£AAa " leech '; Modern High German zu//en' suck in a

sucking sac ', zu/p " piece of cloth used for soaking up liquid ', Dutch tu//en ' drink, booze,

sup ', Modern High German tulken^ suck, drink with large gulps, quaff? Kretschmer KZ.

31,423;

very uncertain because of more similar Germanic words like Norwegian tuna^ drink a lot '

(see Falk-Torp under tylde). If the connection applies, was Indo Germanic initial sound bd-,

or it is gr. p - perhaps in child language? - from ni-= sni shortened prefix {be- "suck'?).

References: WP. II 119.

Page(s): 95

Root / lemma: bed-

Meaning: to swell?

Material: Old Indie badva-m^ troop, heap; a certain high number '; Old Church Slavic (etc)

bedro^ thigh '; Armenian port{*bodro) " navel, belly, center'.

Wrong etymology, probably it derived from Root/ lemma: b^eA'^-l: "to pierce, dig see

there'.

Maybe here Swedish Dialectal patte^ woman's breast, nipple ', isl. patti^ small child ',
engl. pat^ small lump (from butter) '; the forms standing besides with Germanic b-. Old
Danish a/'Si6'5//e "buttock',

Swedish Dialectal batt^ of small heaps ' then showed the same auslaut fluctuation as
b(h)eu-, b(h)u-' inflate, swell ', wherewith root b{h)ed- (: b(h)u-d-, -/-) had the origin from
the image of the inflated cheeks together.

Latin bassus' stout, fertile, fat ', roman " low, menial ', stays away.

References: WP. II 109, WH. I 98, 477, 851, Kretschmer Gl. 22, 258 f.
Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: bel-1

Meaning: to cut off

Material: Perhaps Armenian pelem^ excavates, digs ', at most also Middle Irish belach^

cleft, gap, pass, way ' and Celtic *bolko-, -5 in cymr. bwlchm. ' fissure ', bret. boulc'h6s..

Middle Irish bolgi. (das ^ after to/g6s.)7

References: WP. II 110; about not existierendes Old Indie i6'5/'5"0ffnung' s. Wackernagel
under Debrunner KZ. 67, 171 f.
Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: be/-2

Meaning: strong

Material: Old Indie bala-m n. " force, strength, power ', balTyan " stronger ', balistha-h " the

strongest '; gr. PeAtIcjov, peAiEpoq " better ', p£ATiaTO(;, pEAiaToq " best ' (this -t- by

reorganization from *p£Ai(ji)v, *p£AiaTO(; after (p£pT£po(; etc);

Latin debilis^ feeble, weak '; Old Church Slavic (*bol-Ci)is-ios) boljbjb "greater', bo/Je Adv. "

more, rather, to a greater extent, plus ' and ' very, more '. Uncertain Dutch-ndd. -Frisian pa/

" motionless, steadfast '.

With lengthened grade Old Indie bala-h^ young, childish ', m. ' boy, kid, child', f. " girl '.

Maybe in /-grade alb. {*bala) bila' girl ', it'/r'son, boy' : Old Indie bala-h, where 1/ rare
allophones.

References: WP. II 1 10 f., WH. I 326 f.
Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: bend-, bijd-no-

Meaning: spike, needle, penis, nail, horn etc.

Note: perhaps in following Celtic and Germanic words:

Material: Middle Irish benn^ horn, summit ' {*bnd-no- or *bend-no-?), bennach^ pointed ',

cymr. bannm. ' hill, summit, horn {*bnd-no-)\ Middle Breton ban^ eminence, overhang,

haughtiness, pride ', gall. *ande-banno-> French auvenV (*protection roof) canopy, shield,

shelter' (actually ' big horn '), Jud Rom. 49, 389 f., gall. dial, lacus Benacus, if for

Bennacus, " the horned ' (Sirmione), from * benno- {\v\6o Germanic *bend-no- or *bnd-no-)\

(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), West- Flemish p/nf^ cusp, point ', Middle Low German

yO//7/" penis'. Middle High German (Middle Low German) p/nz^ awl ', Old English p/nte/

"penis' (engl. pintle a\so still ' peg '), Norwegian p/n to/ 'pen\s', wherefore probably with

ablaut Modern High German-Bavarian pfouzer, pfunzer' sliarpened cudgel, club '; with

Celtic forms to suitable /7-suffix {*penn- from *bencl-n-) Old Low German pin " wooden pin,

peg, small stake ', Middle Low German pin, pinne^ pin, point, nail, peg ', Middle High

German pfinnet " nail ', Old English pinn^ peg, staff, stick'. Late Old Icelandic /0/>7/7/m.

ds., ablaut. *pann- in East Frisian penne= pinne, ndd. pennen^ latch a door (with a bolt) ',

Old English on-pennian' open (*the pen)', engl. pen^ enclose so as to prevent from

escaping; shut in, confine (shut in a pen) ', Old English pennm. " pen, fold '.

Maybe alb. pende 'pa\r of oxen tied together' [common alb. n > /70' shift] homonym to alb.

yoeA7o'e"feather' : Latin yoe/7A7a "feather'.

References: Johansson KZ. 36, 347 f. (also against borrowing of Pinne kom Latin pinna, in

which Kluge''"' sticks).

WP. II 109 f.

Page(s): 96-97

Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, bYe>-(*bheHu- > b^Hu-IH-t)

Meaning: expr. sound of hitting

Material: Npers. bOm'owV; Armenian bu, buec'owV (without consonant shift in

onomatopoeic word), gr. ^(jaq m., pu^a f. 'eagle owl ', pu^siv " cry like an 'eagle owl ', Latin

bubo^ eagle owl ', Bulgarian buii^ eagle owl ', russ. buchatb " shout vaguely and

persistently long ';

Maybe alb. {*bupH) burowV : Rumanian bufnita; buiia'owV

Lithuanian baubiys^ great bittern ', baubti^ roar, bellow ', bubenu^ drones vaguely '; Latin

butio^ great bittern ', buteo^ a falcon's kind '; gr. pon " call, cry, shout ', poaw ' shouts,

cries ' (out of it Latin boare^ shout, cry '), pojOTpeu) ' call, cry for help ' (*poFaaTp£U)),

seem to be shaped from such bu- as rhyme words to yon, yoaoj (see root gou-).

With ending in a guttural sound: Old Indie bul<-l<ara-li^ roar of the lion ', bul<l<ati^ barks '
(Avestan bucahin-' he who is prone to howling and snarling / hissing ', buxti- ' howl,
hissing '?), gr. puKTr|<; " howling '.

Maybe Hungarian bagoiy^o\N\ (*horned bird?)'

Perhaps Middle Irish bochna^sea' ('*roaring breaker'; basic form *boul<ania)\ Lithuanian
bul<cius^ stammerers ', Latvian bul<slseV resound vaguely '; Slavic bul<- (from zero grade
of *boul<-) in russ. -Church Slavic bucafi^6rone, roar', serb. bucem, bul<ati^ roar', bucTm,
bucati^ roar (from the sea) ';

Maybe alb. {*bucati) bugas' roar (from the sea) '

*buk-\r\ russ. etc byk^buW (*roarof the bull)'; about angebl. *buk-\v\ Old Church Slavic
biicela, bbce/a'bee' (compare russ. bycatb " hum, from bees ') see below b^ei- and WH. I
555; nasalized poln. b^kac^ talk in a low voice, murmur ', bqk^ great bittern ', old 'cry like
a great bittern (bird that booms/ roars like an ox during mating '; in the application to vague
blow push russ. bukatb, buchatb ( *bouk-s-) " bump, hit that resounds ', buch " fall! ', serb.
buhnuti^ break out', busiti^ hit, throw, fall, fall with noise ', Lithuanian bukuoti, Latvian
bauks^ description of sound produced by a strong blow ', presumably also it'^/ra "punch'
(also Lithuanian bukus^ dull' here as " become dull through hitting '?); Middle High
German buc^ blow, push ' (without sound movement by continual running beside
neologism), puchen, buchen. Modern High German pochen, Dutch beuken ' hit, bump ',
Swedish boka, bauka, buka ds. (however, also " dig, spade, thrash about ', as Old
Icelandic bauka, this versch. word? see also WH. I under fau)^, engl. to poke ^ bump, sting
', Norwegian pok, pauk^ crude cudgel, club ', perhaps Middle Irish bua/a/m^h\{' {*bougl ...,
or to bh^^-o'-'hit').

Maybe from the extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, b^feju-: 'expr. sound of hitting' derived

Root/ lemma: b^eg-, b^eng-: "to break' in: alb. {*beuka) buka 'bread' : Phrygian peKoq

'bread', actually "crumb'.

References: WP. II 112f., WH. 1111, 119, 124,470.

Page(s): 97-98

Root/ lemma: b(eJu-2, b^feJu-{*b^eHu- > b^Hu-IH-t)
Meaning: to swell, puff

Note: Explosive sound of the inflated cheek, like pu-, phusee d .; running beside primeval
creation crosses the sound-lawful development, so that e.g. Germanic forms with /7^-from
Indo Germanic bu-, but from unpostponed Indo Germanic or new p^- are explainable.
From the concept of the inflated cheek the meaning " swell, plump bloated (then convex)
of the most different kind ', also " make bulge, stuff, darn ' and " blow, cough '. Originally
differently the onomatopoetic words b(e)u-1iox vague onomatopoetic sounds and bu-' lip,
kiss '.

Material: Gr. pO ettI tou [JsyaAou sAsysTO Kai Icbcppajv pupa, avri tou \xzaia Kai nAripn Koi
IJsyaAa EM; presumably here also pouvoq " hill ' (dialect), pouviac; " a turnip kind ', pouvi^u)
" piles up ', pouviov " any plant of the Umbelliferae family '; redupl. poupcbv " the groin,
glands near the genitals, part, in morbidly swollen state '; nisi, pua' blow, breathe '.

Reduplicates as pupa, poupcbv also Lithuanian bubsu, bubsetr throw up bubbles ' (from
water or fermenting dough), Middle Low German bubbeln^ throw up bubbles, surge ',
Swedish bobba^ bombast, grandiloquence, fin, insect ', bubba^ louse ' and " Trollius
europaeus ' (with Indo Germanic b^ or with consonant shift prevented by new creation of
tS), Old Norse byfa(^\i'^(jQ)^idn^ " big, lumpy foot', Norwegian dial, buve, buva^ thicker,
uncouth, clumsy person, scarecrow, also a word for male member '.

With certain b'^-: Old Indie bhu-ri-h^ rich, a lot, immense ', compounds bhuyas-,
bhavTyas-, Superl. bhuyistha-h, Avestan buiri-^ plentiful, full, complete ', compounds-Adv.
baiyo^ (more, timewise =) longer, on longer than ', Superl. boistem' most, greatest
number of things, very much, most possible '; Armenian bavel, boveF suffice '; Lithuanian
burys^ heap (houses), amount (sheep, birds, also rain)', Latvian bura^ heap (people)';

without Asuffix: Old Church Slavic bujb {*b^ouio-) " wild, cruel, brainless ', russ. bujnyj^
growing vehemently, wildly, excessively '; from here ndd. bo, boje, Dutch bui^ gust, gust of
wind, shower '?;

Maybe alb. buje^iuss' a Slavic loanword.

gr. cpoa s^avGnpara £v tco acbpari Hes.; with lengthened grade *bhd^-gr.-lonian (p(ji)'i'5£(;,
Attic (p(I)5£(; ' blisters '; gr. cpaToiy^, cpauaTiy^ " blister, bubble ' (with Abl. ai/ besides ou).

Also the root b^ei/- " become, originate ' is probably developed from " swell ', compare
the meaning of Old Indie prabhuta-h' rich, numerous ' (: bhavati) with that of bhuri-h.

extensions with /are perhaps: Old Indie buri-h, /?i///-/7(unbel.) " buttock, vulva ' =
Lithuanian bulls {a\so bule, bul&) ' buttocks ', gr. puAAa pEpuapEva Hes., Middle Low
German poir head, point, treetop ' ( *bulno-). Middle Low German pull, yoo//" (bloated) shell,
pod ', engl. pulse^ legume '; changing through ablaut Middle Low German puyr bag ',
/O^y/a "swelling, lump, growth'; with b^-: Gothic ufbauljan, only in participle ufbaulldaF
(*inflated), conceited, haughty ', Old High German paulai. ' a pimple, bubble ', Old English
byle. Old High German pulla. Middle High German it*/^/© 'swelling, blister'. Old Norse beyla
" hump, outgrowth ', Old Swedish bolin, bulin^ swollen '; Old Irish it'o/ac/? 'swelling, blister'
{*b^ulak-, at most b^ol- to b^eA 'to swell'); Armenian boil. Gen. PI. bullc^ crowd, amount,
herd ', serb. buljitr open the eyes wide in a stare, to goggle '.

Dental extensions: gr. purava k6v5uAoi, 6i 5£ ppurava Hes. (but purivri Aayuvoq n aM''^-
TapavTivoT Hes., origin Germanic-rom. kinship of Modern High German Butte, Latin buttis^

barrel, cask, keg, cask', corresponds gr. nurivn " demijohn, wickerbottle, carboy ', see pu-^
inflate, bloat '); here probably poln. buta^ pride ', bucic si§^ brag, boast '.

Old Indie budbuda-h^ blister, bubble ', gr. pu^ov ttukvov, guvstov, yaupov 5s Kai pisya
Hes. ( *budJo-, perhaps ' distended, bloats '? Yet see below pu^nv S. 101); Norwegian pute
" pillow, cushion ', puta^ bulky woman ', Swedish puta^ be inflated ', /0^/5 'pillow, cushion'
(dial. " female pudenda '; with the same application perhaps gr. puTTO(; YuvaiK6(; ai5oTov
Hes.), engl. to pouV push the lips forward, usu. as an expression of displeasure,
sullenness, or flirtatiousness; show displeasure, sulk ' ("*to swell'), pouf a young domestic
fowl, a chicken, a young turkey, pheasant, pigeon, guinea-fowl ', Old English sele-pute (is.
{capita, actually ' big-head '), Dutch puit^ frog ';

with Germanic -d- (-A«-): ndd. puddig^ swollen ', Old English p^o'^c "swelling, lump,
growth, wart ', Middle English ndd. podde ' toad ' with not yet cleared meaning
development Old English pudd^ water ditch ', Middle English podel,ev\Q\. puddle. Modern
High German Dialectal PfudeF a small pool of muddy water, esp. one formed on a road or
path after rain ', as also (with Germanic t) Norwegian Dialectal p0yta, westf. pdt{*pauta) "
slop, puddle, pool '; as a convex curvature in addition perhaps Old English pott. Old Frisian
Middle Low German pot^ pot, pan ' (different Kluge''"' under Pott);

compare Armenian poytn. Gen. putan^ pot, soup pot, jug ' from *beud-n-ox *boud-n-.

With Germanic b-\ Old High German butil. Middle High German b/ute/'sac, bag, pocket';
isl. budda^sac, bag, purse'. Old English budda^ dung beetle ', Middle English budde^ bud
' and ' beetle, chafer', budden^ redound ' ('*to swell'), engl. bud^bu(i', /Oit'^o'Vedound',
Middle Low German buddich^ thickly inflated ', nndd. budde^ louse, cock chafer grub;
fright picture '; Middle Low German buddelen, bod(d)elen^ throw bubbles, foam ',
Norwegian Dialectal boda^ roar, bubble, from the water '; Old Norse bodi^ breaker, surge,
breakers, surf'; Middle High German butte. Modern High German Hagebutte,

besides with Germanic -tt- Middle Low German botte, Dutch i6>c»/"bud'. Middle High
German butze^ lump, mucus; goblin, fright figure ', Modern High German Butze(n), Butz^
fright figure; lumps, mucus, crowd; cores ', etc, ndd. butt^ clumsy, dull, coarse ', Middle
High German butzen^io swell';

besides with -P after long vowel or diphthong Middle High German buzen " swell, jut out,
bulge (from the belly, the eyes) ', Old High German bozo^ a bundle of flax ', Middle High
German boze^ ds.; ridiculous person, knave, boy ';

perhaps Lithuanian budele^ a l<ind of mushroom ', Slavic *bbc/b/a'\r\ Czech bed/a' a
saprophytic fungus of the order Agaricales having an umbrella-lil<e cap with gills on the
underside ', bec//yP\. ' oral fungi, funguettes in oral or nasal cavity '; from Armenian here
besides poytn (see above) also ptuf, Gen. ptioy^ fruit ' and ptuk. Gen. ptkan ' green
branch, young shoot ' and " breast, nipple, teat '.

Old Irish bu/den^troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. byddin, abret. bod/n ds. has root-like u
and belongs likewise here.

Labial extension: Old English pyffan'b\o\N out, puff out', engl. puff^ puff, blow, be
inflated ', Norwegian puffa, ndd. puffen.

guttural extensions:

Latin bucca^ the cheek, esp. when puffed out. Transf., a declaimer, bawler; a parasite;
a mouthful '; Middle High German pfuchen. Modern High German (p)fauchen {q,2x\ contain
unpostponed Indo Germanic p, compare Lithuanian puksti^ pant, gasp, wheeze ');
Swedish puk^ swelling, lump, growth, tubers ', Old Norse pokivn. "sac, bag, sack, bag',
engl. poke 6s., Modern High German dial. Pfoch'sac, bag'. Old English pohha, pocca
"sack, bag, sac, bag', engl. poc/re'/" pocket', mndd. nndd. pogge, puggelrog, toad;
swelling, lump, growth in the abdomen with cows and mares ', Old English pocc^bWster',
Modern High German (actually ndd.) Pocke, dial. P/c»c/7e "blister'; Old Norse pukiTn. " devil
', Old English puca, pucel, engl. puck^ fairy demon, ghost ' (from Germanic derived Irish
puca^ ghost ', perhaps also Latvian pJ/r'/s "dragon'); zero grade ndd. pok^ subnormal
person in growth ', Norwegian Dialectal pauk^ small, weak person, knave, boy ' (about
Gothic p^^^5 "sac, bag, purse'. Old Norse pungr. Old English pung ds. and scaz-(p)fung
"purse' s. though Feist 385).

With Germanic b: Middle English nengl. big{*bugja-) "thick, big, large, conceited ';
Norwegian Dialectal bugge^ mighty man ', Middle English bugge {ev\ig\. bug) " a lump of
(semi-)dried nasal mucus, booger; chafer, bedbug; bugbear, spectre, bogeyman ', Modern
High German Dialectal bogg(e) " booger, the core in fruit or the carpels of an apple or a
pear, bugbear, spectre, bogeyman '.

Here presumably Germanic *buh- (Indo Germanic *\i'^uk-) in Old High German buhiF
foreland, hill ', Old Icelandic b6la\. "swelling, blister, shield boss ' {*buhldn-) and *buk-
(Indo Germanic *b'^ug-) in Swiss Bucki^ keg ', engl. buck^ bucket, pale ' and Old Icelandic
bukr^ belly, body '; Old English it'Jc "belly, crock, pitcher'. Old High German buh. Modern
High German Bauch, in addition Latvian bugarains^ tubercular ', buga^ hornless cow ',

it'^o'z/5 'swelling, blister, unripe Fruit'; but Lithuanian bauzas 'hom\ess\ buzys "
scarecrow, bogie, spectre ', it'Jzys 'bedbug, louse', buoze' club, mace, joint, pinhead ' {uo
probably from ou, compare above S. 99 cpaji'Ssc;) can contain Baltic z as single-linguistic
forms and are based on the unextended root.

s-extension:

Gr. pOv£U) > fpOveaco, to u: s. SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 692), puu) (*puau)), pspuopsvoq,
^umoq " to cram, fill, chock, stuff, ram up ', puarpa, pua|ja ' bung, clot, thrombus ', pu^nv
(pua-5r|v) ' crushed, thrusted, thronged, full '; alb. mbush' fill '; Middle Irish buas^ sac,
bag, pocket, belly' {*b^ousto-, compare Old Icelandic beyst/" ham '),

Note:

alb. mbush " fill ' [common alb. shift b- > mb-].

Old Norse puss ^ pocket, sac, bag', isl. pose, Old English pusa, posa. Old High German
pfoso'sac, bag'; with the more originary meaning ' blow, inflate, bloat, to swell'. Old
Swedish pysa^ pant, sniff, snort ', Middle High German pfusen^ pdx\\., sniff, snort, sneeze ',
sich pfusen' self inflating, inflated ', Modern High German Dialectal yO/^i/se/7, Old English
pos^ catarrh, waterfall ', engl. pose^ a cold in the head, catarrh ', mndd. pusten^pant,
sniff, snort', puster' bellows ', Modern High German p^s/e/? (actually ndd.) Dialectal
pfausten. Old Norse pustr^ slap in the face, box on the ear ' (as French souffletio
soufflei); Norwegian pJs "swelling, lump, growth', peysa, pusna^ to bloat, bulge, swell ',
Swiss yO/Js/ig "swollen'. Modern High German Pfausback, with ndd. aniaut Pausback
(besides Bausback\N\Vc\ Germanic b-, see below); Norwegian Dialectal pusling^ toddler,
fairy demon, ghost, goblin ', Swiss P/bs/ "toddler, clumsy, stupid person ' ("short and
thick'); Norwegian pus, p0ysa^ mud puddle ', Old Norse pyss6s. (in place names).

Mit Germanic b{= Indo Germanic b^, partly perhaps unpostponed or the new b): Old
English bosom {Gerrc\an\c *bus-mo{nJ-), Old High German buosam. Middle High German
buosem, buosen. Modern High German Busen, Middle High German bus^ vanity,
arrogance, pomposity, flatulence, bloatedness, inflatedness, bumptiousness,
conceitedness, vaingloriousness, swelling fullness ', busen^ indulge oneself. Modern
High German bausen^ to booze, bouse, quaff, tipple, carouse, swell', Baus^ abundance,
tumor, inflation ', Bausback, Bausch^ swelling, turgescent, bulgy cushion, stuffed breast ',
Middle High German /?Jsc/7" bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, wad, plumper ',
Old Norse busilkinna' woman ( with chubby cheeks), (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), a chubby-cheeked woman ', Norwegian baus^ proud, rollicking.

wanton, violent, quick-tempered ', Old High German bosr stonyhearted, bad ', Modern
High German bose. Middle English bosten, nengl. to boast ^ brag, boast ' ('*blow up '),
Modern High German beysinn^ thick, wide and large (from clothes)', bust/nn ds., (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Icelandic beyst/^ham', Modern High
German Dialectal ^5^5/ ' bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bu\b ', bauste(r)n^\.o
swell'. Old High German biost. Modern High German Biest-milch (actually ' fat milk '), Old
English boost, bysting, engl. beastngs, b/est/ngs ds., Norwegian Dialectal budda {* buzdon-
) ds. (insecure is, whether Swedish Dialectal buska^ fresh, fermenting beer ' and
associated with it as *beuza- is to be added Old High German bior. Old English beor^
beer ' as ' frothing at the mouth, foaming, bubble-throwing, blistering '; about other
interpretations of beer see Kluge''"' and Weigand-Hirt).

Russ. buchnutb 'to bloat, bulge, swell, gush, well up', sloven, buhnem, buhniti\o bloat,
bulge, swell, sich inflate, bloat', buhor^ vesicle, blister', kasch. bucha^ pride, hauteur'
( *bausa).

There is used probably the following group which meaning " blasting forth, sallying forth '
from 'swell' can be developed: Old Icelandic bysia " stream out with big power ';
Norwegian Dialectal b0ysa " storm forth '; Swedish busa " dismay, hurtle out '; East Frisian
busen^ be violent, roar, make a noise, attack ' (and ' live the high life, high on the hog / or
high off the hog, have a luxurious lifestyle ', compare above Middle High German busen
"indulge oneself), busterig^ stormy ', Old Church Slavic bystrb ' board up; strand; take
away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash ', russ. bystryj^ fast, sharp sighted, rapid from the
current ' i^b'^us-ro^.

References: WP. II 114 f., Trautmann 28, 39.
Page(s): 98-102

Root / lemma: be, ba
Meaning: sheep's bleating

Material: Gr. pn, Latin bebo, -are^ bleat, shout, from a young deer', balareaud Vulgar
Latin belare^ bleat ', Modern High German bah, Slavic (e.g. kir.) bekatT bleat ', Latvian
b^, b^ku, biku\'(\\Bx\. ' bleating, grousing, blatant ', Old Icelandic bekri' Aries, ram ', Swiss
backeln^ {*irom the alpine chamois)'; similarly Old Irish beiccithir^ bellow, roar', cymr.
be/cb/o^be\\o\N', perhaps also Old Indie bekura\o\ce, sound, tone', all single-linguistic
neologisms. Similarly Old Irish be/cc/tb/r' roars', cymr. be/cb/o ^rr\ug\re', perhaps Old Indie
bekura' voice, tone ', all single-linguistic new formations.
References: WP. II 121, WH. I 95, 99.

Page(s): 96

Root / lemma: b^ab^a

Meaning: bean

Note: compare to Sachlichen Hoops Waldb. 350, 400 f., 464 f., Hehn KItpfl.s 221, 570,

SchraderRL.2 159f.

Material: Latin faba {FaWscan haba) " the broad bean ' (in addition the PN Fabius, Fabidius

etc and the island Fabaria),

Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift

russ. etc bobiD, Old Prussian babo^s. Probably reduplicated babble-word and as 'inflated,

bulged pod, tumescence ' related to gr. cpoKoq m. 'lentil': alb. bathe\. 'broad bean'

(*bha/?5).

Note: common alb. shift -kh > -th also -gh > -dh

Also Old Icelandic baun. Old English bean. Old High German i6>o/7a'bean' {Baunonia

Frisian island by Plinius) have originated probably through dissimilation from *ba^na\.o

*bauna.

Note:

The assumption of a duplicated Root/ lemma: bhabf^a (b^a-bha) seems to be wrong.

Common Latin /r"'>yO corresponds to common gr. ^"'>/?: gr. cpoTpoc; 'clean, gleaming',

cpoipau), cpoipa^u) 'clean', acpoipavroq ' smudges ' (*bhc>/g"'-c»-), acpiKToq, acpiKTp6(; fb^/g"'-)

'impure, unclean'. That means gr. (paK6(; m. 'lentil' and alb. bathed, 'broad bean' derived

from an intermediary root (*bha^"'a) and that one from Root/ lemma: b^e/j^"'-: 'to shine'.

Obviously Germanic forms *baPna 6er\ye6 from lllyrian *bathna {a\b. bathei. ' broad bean

'); common alb. nasalization t > nt > n.

References: WP. II 131, WH. I 436.

Page(s): 1 06

Root / lemma: b^ag-1
Meaning: to divide

Material: Old Indie bhajati^ allocates, apportions, divides ' = Avestan bag- {bazat) ' be
determined as an interest ', Old Indie bhaga-h^ property, luck ', Avestan baga-, baya- n. '
favorable interest, attractive lot '; Old Indie bhaga-h^ allocator, master, mister, epithet of
Savitar and another Aditya ' = Avestan baya-' master, mister, god ', npers. bay' god ' :
Old Church Slavic bogt 'god' (formal also = gr. -cpayoc;);.
Maybe suffixed alb. {*baY-) baget/'sheep (animal god)'

Proto Indian (Mitanni) PN Bagarriti (=*b'"aga-rTti-^ blessing stream '), GN Bagbartu{=
*b'"aga-b^rt- " blessing donator '), klein Old Saxon VN BaYa5a(F)ov£c; (= *b'"aga-da-uon-'
making a donation '), Kretschmer KZ. 55, 95, Gl. 18, 232;

Old Indie bhakta-m "repast, meal' = Avestan it'SA'/a- participle "as alloted lot '. n. " assigned
lot, fate determination, esp. bad luck '; Old Indie bhaksati^ enjoys, consumes ' = Avestan
baxsaiti^ has or gives lot ', Desid. Old Indie bhiksate " requests ';

Phrygian BayaToq Zziio, Opuyioq Hes. (perhaps of Iranian origin); or from to gr. cpnyoc; "
oak '? S. under b'^ago-s,

gr. cpaysTv "eat', aro-cpayot; " eating grain ', etc; because of gr. cpayovsg aiay6v£(;, yvaGoi
Hes. perhaps here (Much Zfdt Wtf. 2, 283) Old Saxon {kinni-) bako, Modern High German
Backe;

Slavic *bogh^\o\! in Old Church Slavic ubogh, nebogh^ poor', bogath^ucb'. Old Church
Slavic bogi) "god' (proto extension or Iran, loanword); GN Dazdi-bogi) " bestowing wealth ';

Tocharian A pak, B pake "deal, portion', A pagim "treasure, tribute'.

References: WP. 11127 f., W. Schuize KZ. 60, 138 = Kl. Schr. 469.
Page(s): 1 07

Root / lemma: b^ag-2
Meaning: sharp

Material: Cretan cpaypoq " whetstone ', OKovn, cpo^oc; " pointy heads, pointedheads,
pointheads ' (from *cpa^6(; after Kot,oc, " crooked *(with a pointed angle'?) would compare
from Liden Arm. -stem 57 ff. with Armenian bark {cou\6 be = cpaypoc;) " bitter, sharp from
taste; violent, angry ' compared, yet bark cou\6 belong also to Indo Germanic *b'^org"o-s .
References: WP. II 128.
Page(s): 1 07

Root/ lemma: b^ai&^a {*b'^a'c^^eb2 > bhardheh2)

Meaning: beard

Note:

Root/ lemma: b^a/6'^a: "beard' derived from the fussion of suffixed Root/ lemma: g^er-l,

g^era-: "to devour; throat' + zero grade g^fhj/-^ snake, worm, fish' Root/ lemma: ang''(h)i-\

snake, worm, *fish'.

Material:

Maybe alb. Geg {* g^er- g^ha) verza^ (*throat), gill offish' Latvian M/'o'a'gill offish' :
Latvian: M/r^a 'beard' [fa]; barzda {(i^vaX) "beard' [fa] : Greek ppayxici, papavxia " gill of
fish' = Root / lemma: g^er-l, g^era- : " to devour; throat ' + zero grade of Root / lemma:
ang''(h)i- {* eg^hi-, og'^hi- and egh/-): "snake, worm, *fish (*hedgehog = snake eater)'
Latin barba'beard' (assimil. from *far-ba)\

Old High German bart. Old English beard^beard' m., therefrom Old High German barta.
Old Saxon barda. Old Icelandic barda^ hatchet, beards ', because the iron stands like a
beard in the handle; from the Germanic Old Church Slavic brady^ axe, hatchet ';

Old Church Slavic brada^beard', russ. boroda ds., also "chin', Serbo-Croatian brada,
Akk. bradu 'beard' etc;

Old Prussian bordus'beard' (unclear after Trautmann 27);

Latvian barda and (see to zo' under) barzda, Lithuanian barzda, Akk. barzd^' beard';

Latin (*bhargh"eh2-to-) barbatus. Old Church Slavic bradati,, Lithuanian barzdotas
"having a beard, bearded', [common Latin-lllyrian gh" > b-, Bakltic g^"- > dz-].

Maybe Rumanian barbat'man, jack, male, husband, spouse (bearded man?)'.

Lithuanian and partly Latvian -zd- is probably through the analogy the Baltic correlation
{*barzda) caused from Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozda' furrow '.

Maybe alb. brazda' furrow ' a Slavic loanword.

just as Slavic *b'brb " millet, sorghum ' (see below b^ar-' bristle ear ') will be based
also Indo Germanic *b'"ar-d^a "beard' on *b^ar- " bristle, stand up ', next to which extension
*b'^ares-ds.

References: WP. II 135, WH. I 96, Specht Dekl. 87.
Page(s): 1 1

Root / lemma: b^arek*-or b^grek"-

Meaning: to stuff

Material: Gr. cppaaaw, cppaTTOj (*(ppaKi(jo from *b\rk"-) " encloses, crams into, crowds

together ', common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-\

(ppaKT6(; " locked in ', with secondary y: Aor. scppaynv (Scliwyzer Gr. Gr. I 760), cppayijoq
etc, epid. cpapxpa from *(papKa|ja, 5pu-cp[p]aKT0^ ' wooden shack, shed ', in addition
(pupKO(; T£Txo(; Hes.;

Latin farcio, -Tre^ to fill full, stuff full, cram ', fartus^ stuff, fill up, gorge oneself, cram into
', perhaps frequ-ens, -t/'s^ crowded, numerous, full; of places, full, frequented, populous; of
time, repeated, frequent, constant; of persons, often doing a thing; of things, often done or
used ';

Note: common Latin ph > /shift

Middle Irish bard, 'onrush (esp. the waves, billows)'; whereas derives Middle Irish bare
f. " fortress ' probably from gallo-rom. *bar(i)ca ' framehouse, a wooden house ' (compare
Bollelli L'lt. dial. 17, 147 f.);

Tocharian A prakar, B prakre' firmly fixed in place; not easily moved; physically stable '
(Van Windekens Lexique 100).

References: WP. II 134 f., WH. I 456 f.. Loth RC. 38, 303 f. Zweifel by EM 332.
Page(s): 110-111

Root / lemma: \:>^ares- : \:>^ores-
Meaning: point, stubble (with formants)
Note: With s-extension
Material: b'^a/s-

Latin fastigium {*b^arsti-) " the gable end, pediment of a roof; hence a slope, either up or
down; of measurements looking up, height; looking down, depth; abstract, high rank,
dignity; principal point in a subject ', here perhaps fastus, -usvn. ' pride, haughtiness,
arrogance ' (/^-stem), in addition fastTdium^ loathing, squeamishness, disgust, dislike;
hence scorn, haughtiness, disdain ' (from * fasti-tTdium, to taedium); s. also Pisani Re. R.
1st Lomb. 76, 2, 17 f.;

Old Irish barr^ top, point, summit, foliage ', cymr. corn, bar, bret. barrds., abrit. PN
Cuno-barros^ fierce, furious like a battle dog ', gall. *barros^ bush, treetop ' (M.-L. 964).

b^o/s-

Middle Irish borr^ sioui, proud, swollen', mcymr. bwrrds., corn, borlat';

Old High German parren^ stand up stiffly ', parrunga 'pr'\de\ Old Icelandic it's/y- "needle,
conifer', Old English b^rs, bears, Middle High German bars, Modern High German
Barsch, Old High German bersich " barse, perch '; ablaut. Swedish agh-borre ( *borzan,
Indo Germanic *bys-) ds.;

ndd. (out of it Modern High German) barsch {*b^ors-ko-) 'coarse, stern, rough'; Middle
English burre, borre^ burdock, roughness in the throat ', engl. bur{i) ds., Danish-Swedish
i&o/re "burdock', Swedish sjo-borre^ hedgehog ', Norwegian dial, barren, byrren^ s\.o\y\.,
proud'.

Maybe alb. Geg it'i/zT'e'man, valiant man, proud man', burrni^'pu6e, bravery' mburr'be
proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb].

Note:

Maybe alb. Geg burre^'r(\av\, valiant man, proud man', burrn/' pnde, bravery' mburr'be
proud, boast' [common alb. b > mb] proves that Root / lemma: b'^ares-. b^ores-: "point,
stubble' derived from an extended Root/ lemma: b^er-/: "to bear, carry' (see below).

b^fsti-, b^oTst/-

Old Indie bhrsti-hi. " prong, spike, cusp, peak, edge, point ' = Germanic *bursti-\x\ Old
Icelandic bursfi. "bristle, ridge of the roof. Old English byrsfi. "bristle'. Old High German
burst, borstm. n., burstat "bristle'. Middle High German burste' bristle brush ' (from PI.
from burst' bristle mass '); Slavic *bbrst/o- in russ. borscb " acanthus ', borsc' red turnip
soup ', etc

With formants -d^'o- -^^a-:

bh/-ei2dh-

Old English breord, breardxx\. "edge, bank, border, shore, surface, plain, area '
{*brerda^, besides briord {*brerdia). Old Swedish braedderds.. New Swedish bradd, etc

bh/-0!2dh-

Alb. breth, bredh/l'\r';
Maybe alb. {*b'"re^ brez' belt, edge, border'.

Old Irish brot' sting, prick ', acorn, bros, bret. broud6s., compare Middle Irish brostaim'
spur on, drive on, goad, incite, arouse ' from *b^ros-t- (Loth RC. 42, 70), mistakenly
O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 169 f.; Old High German brart^edge, border, stem, stem bar, stem post
', Swedish dial, bradd.

bh/-g2dh-, bh/bZdh-

Middle Irish brataim^ loots, robs ' (in addition bratan^ salmon ') = cymr. brathu^ sting,
bite, drill through '; *bh/-ozdh-or *b^rz6!^- to Germanic *bruzd in Old High German brort
"edge, border'. Old English brordm. 'cusp, peak, germ, sprout, leaf, wsachs. brerd
Cbrozd/-),

Old English bryrdan^ sting, goad, stir, tease, irritate ', Old Icelandic broddr^ cusp, peak,
grain germ, cutting edge ', Old High German gibrorton' to hem, gird, border'; = Balto-
Slavic *bruzda-\v\ Old Church Slavic brbzda, russ. brozde^bn6\e, rein',

Lithuanian bruzduklis, old "bridle, rein', currently" peg, plug, toggle '. Whereas is Lithuanian
brizgilas. Old Prussian bisgelan^bu6\e, rein' probably borrows from proto Germanic
br/jd/7a- {0\6 English br/gde/s^bn6\e, rein', bregdan' flax, wattle, braid '). Different Specht
Dekl. 142.

References: WP. II 131 ff., WH. I 461 f., 546.
Page(s): 109-110

Root / lemma: blares-
Meaning: barley

Material: Latin /a/' (actually far/), farr/sn. " spelt, grain, meal ' from *fai{d)s, *fai{e)zes
(respectively *fars, *fars-es) = Oscan far, Umbrian far, Latin far/ha^ meal, flour' (from
*farrTna), farreus = Umbrian farsio, fasiu^ made of spelt or wheat, meal ';
Note: common alb. ph- > /-shift
maybe alb. /a/'e"seed, barley seed'

Gothic bariz-eins {= Latin farfna) "from barley'. Old Icelandic barrm. " corn, grain, barley'.
Old English bere'bar\eY' {*bar{a)z-, respectively *bar{/)z-); but Slavic *barsina-\x\ Old
Church Slavic brastno^ nourishment, food ', Serbo-Croatian brasno ^rr\ea\, flour', russ.
borosno^ rye flour', after Jokl Miletic-Festschr. (1933) 119ff. rather to b^er-V bear, carry

Maybe alb. bar^ grass, pasture, fodder' : Old Icelandic barrm. "corn, grain, barley'.
References: WP. I 134, WH. I 455 f., 864.
See also: compare also blares- S. 109.

Page(s): 1 1 1

Root / lemma: b^aru-, -uo-

Meaning: fir-tree, tree, forest

Material: Old Icelandic bgrrm. "tree". Old English beam. Gen. bearwesm. ' wood, forest,

shrubbery, bush ', Old High German bara-wari^ forest ranger.. .a keeper of a park, forest,

or area of countryside, priest '; Slavic *borb in russ. -Church Slavic bort, PI. borove " fir,

spruce, spruce forest ', Serbo-Croatian bor. Gen. bora^ pine tree ', Czech borm. "

pinewood '.

References: WP. 1 11 64, Trautmann 26 f.. Hoops Waldbaume 362.

Page(s): 1 09

Root / lemma: b^ar- : b'^or- : b^/-
Meaning: bristle, stubble, sharp point
Material: Mit vokal. formant:

Gothic ba/ra-bagms' mulberry tree ', engl. black bear-berry^ uva ursi', Norwegian
bj0rneber^ rubus caesius' are reinterpreted after the bear's name *bara-' shrub, bush ' = '
briar ';

from proto Slavic. *bbrb {*b'^or-) derive russ. dial, borb, kir. bor, Gen. bru ^k\nd of millet,
sorghum', Serbo-Croatian bar6s.

Other formations with ^are:

Old Irish bairgeni. "bread' {*barigenaor *barigona), cymr. etc baram. 6s. {*barag-,
compare Latin farrago^ mixed fodder for cattle, mash; a medley, mixture ').

With formants -ko-:

Middle Irish barc^ spear shaft ', cymr. barchi. "spear, javelin', Slavic btrkb in Serbo-
Croatian i6'/'/r"cusp, peak, germ, sprout, whisker, moustache ', Czech brk^ keel, pinion of
birds, primary feather, quill-feather ', also probably russ. berce, berco " shinbone ', dial,
"pole' (Berneker119).

Perhaps here (with consonant increase) *brokko-^ badger ', Middle Irish brocc, cymr.
mbr. broch6s., whether originally " pointy or sharp snouted, rat faced, incisive looking,
spiky ' to Latin (Celtic) broccus^ to with protruding teeth ', gall. *broccos^ cus^, peak,
spiky', French broche^spear' etc Unclear is, to what extent Middle Irish brocc' smut ',

Gaelic brocach^ mottled, speckled, *tabby ', cymr. broch^ rage, fury, din, fuss, noise,
scum, froth, foam ', nbr. broc'hed^ mad, wicked, evil (= stung, bitten)' are to be owed to
secondary semantic change or belong to different stems.

It is striking poln. (Venetic-ill). FIN Brok, perhaps signifies ' river badger'.

References: WP. II 134, 163, 164, WH. I 455 f.
Page(s): 108-109

Root / lemma: b^asko-{*b^eA'"-sko)

Meaning: bundle, heap

Note:

Root/ lemma: b^asko-: "bundle, heap' is a truncated formation of an older root *b'^eA'^-sko

from which derived both Root/ lemma: b^^ed^.^; -to bow, bend' and Root/ lemma: b^asko-

: "bundle, heap' (see below). The alledged root *bhed*^-5Ao derived from b^eig!^- [common

lllyrian -gb-> -db-].

Material: Maked. paoKioi Ssapoi cppuyavcjov and paoKsuTai (paaKi5£(; (these genuine gr.

vowel form), ayKoAai Hes.; perhaps here gr. (paoKLokoq " leather sack ';

Latin fascia^ bandage, band, girdle, girth, strap, land stripe ', fascis^ alliance, bundle,
parcel; the fasces with excellent hatchet as a token of the imperious power ';

Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift

Maybe alb. i6'as/7/re "together, bound', it'asMo/T/" put together, unite', basbkel\eece (a
bundle of wool)'.

Note:

Alb. proves that from an early root *bheig!^- [common lllyrian -gb-> -db-] derived Root/
lemma: b^edh.^; -to bow, bend' and Root/ lemma: b'^ad'^-sko-: "bundle, heap' (see
below).

Middle Irish base' collar, neckband ', abrit. bascauda' brazen rinsing boiler ' (perhaps
originally an earthen and burnt vessel formed about a twisted skeleton good as basket),
cymr. baich' burden, load ', Middle Breton bech, nbret. beac'b ds.; gallo-rom. *ambi-
basc/aload', alyonn. amba/ss/' kneader for the sheaves ' (Jud Rom. 47, 481 ff.).

References: WP. II 135 f., WH. I 97, 459 f.
Page(s): 1 1 1

Root / lemma: b^ad-

Meaning: good

Material: Old Indie bhadra-h^ joyful, gratifying, lucky, good ', n. " luck, salvation', su-

bhadra-h^ lovely, superb, pretty, splendid ' = Avestan hu-ba5ra-^ lucky ';

Gothic batiza^beWef, baf/sfa^ best', Old Icelandic betre, betstr. Old English bei{e)ra,
betst. Old High German bezzir{d), bezzist. Modern High German besser, best, in addition
das Adv. of Kompar. Old Icelandic betr. Old English bet{*bati^. Old High German baz
{*bataz, congealed Neutr. ' benefit ');

Old Icelandic bat/'m. " improvement, salvation'. Old Frisian batam. " benefit, advantage ',
Middle High German bazzeds.; Got\r\\c gabatnan ' acquire benefit ', Old Icelandic batna'
become better ', Old English bat/an. Old High German bazzen ds.;

with ablaut Gothic botat "benefit'. Old Icelandic Old English bot' improvement,
replacement ', Old High German buoz(a)i. "improvement, penance, atonement '.

References: WP. II 151 f.. Feist 83, 103, 174, J. Weisweiler Bufte (1930).
Page(s): 1 06

Root / lemma: b^aghu-s

Meaning: elbow, arm

Material: Old Indie bahu-hm. "arm, esp. forearm; with animals forefoot ', Avestan bazau-s

"arm'. Gen. it'azi/d (Armenian bazukirom dem Iran.);

gr. nnxuc;, Aeolic-Doric ttoxu^ " elbow, forearm ', Old Icelandic bogr, Akk. PL bogu^arm,
shoulder'. Old English it'o^ "shoulder, arm; twig, branch'. Old High German ,6*^0^ (Modern
High German Bug) "shoulder, hip, haunch, point of shoulder of animals ';

Tocharian A B poke, B pauke "arm'.

References: WP. II 130.
Page(s): 1 08

Root / lemma: b^agh-
Meaning: " mud, marsh '
See also: s. b^ogh-.
Page(s): 1 08

Root / lemma: b^ago-s

Meaning: beech

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Gr. cpHYO^. Doric cpayo^f. 'oak' (compare Specht KZ. 66, 59); Latin fagusi. "

beecli ';

Maybe alb. ahu^ beech ' : Spanish haya, French hetre, fayard, foyau, fau, fagette, faye,

Fayette, Italian faggio, Aragones fau, Bresciano fo, Breton favenn, Calabrese fagu,

Catalan faig, Furlan fajar, Galician faia, Irish fea, Manx faih, Piemontese fo, Portuguese

faia, Romagnolo faz, Sardinian Campidanesu fau, Valencian faig, Venetian fagaro, fagher,

Welsh ffawydden^ beech '.

gall. bagos\n PN Bagacon, Bagono-, Old High German buohha^beech' {bokon-, compare

silva Bacenis " resin ' by Caesar and Middle Latin Boconia " Rhon -an area in Germany '),

Old Icelandic boki.. Old English boc, bece{bdkjdn-), in addition Gothic bokat " alphabetic

letter ', Old Icelandic bok. Old English boc. Old High German buohi. n. ' book (as the

wood of rune-tablets) ', Old High German /7i/o/7s/a/0 'alphabetic letter', actually " beech

stick for scratching '.

Nisi, beyk/n. 'beech forest' is (because of bsek/ds.) writing variant from *bok/, a late
collective to bok, also is to define perhaps nisi, beykir^ cooper '. Unclear is mir Old
Icelandic budkr, baudkr^ first aid kit, medicine box ', after Cleasby-Vigfusson 85b a
loanword from Middle Latin apotheka^ bin, box, case, crib, tank, bucket ' is soil?

Slavic *buza- : *b'bz-b- ' elder ' in russ. buzvn. : slov. bcz, russ. dial, boz siay away
probably; also Kurdish buz^ a kind of elm ', goes back to older i/Jz(from Indo Germanic
*uig6s).

Middle High German buche, biuche^ lye ', biuchen, bOchen^ boil or wash in lye ' belongs
rather to root b'^eug(h)- ' clean, sweep '.

Indo Germanic side by side from b'^^aug- {:b^aug-:b''^ug-) and b^ag- is extremely unlikely;
compare W. Schuize KZ. 27, 428 = Kl. Schr. 55.

Perhaps after E. Leumann (KZ. 57, 190) to Avestan baga- ' interest, portion, lot, fate ',
also ' fortune cookie tree ', because marks were scratched into it by pilgrims.

References: WP. II 128 f., WH. I 445 f., 863 f., E. Passler in 'FriJhgesch. under Sprachw.'
(Wien 1948).
Page(s): 107-108

Root / lemma: b^a-1, b^d- b'"^-{*b'"eh2-^)

Meaning: to shine

Material: Old Indie t)ha{\r\ compound) ' shine, light, lustre ', that/" shines, (he) appears ',

bhat/-h'\\g\r\t', bhana-mn. ' the shiners, apparition ' (compare Old Irish ban'\Nh\te', Old

English i6'd/7/5/7 'polish'), it'/?^/?/^/? 'light, ray, sun' (: Old Saxon banu-t}, bbama-b'Wgbt,

shine';

Avestan ba- 'shine, appear, seem' only with a- (avantsm ' the resembling, the similar '),
fra {fra-vaitr shines out ') and vi- {vi-ba- ' gleam, shine ', Benveniste BSL. 32, 86 f.), vTspo-
bamfyja-' all gleaming ', bamya-'Wgbt, gleaming ', banu- m. 'light, ray';

Armenian banam{*b^a-n-) ' open, reveal, divulge, uncover, expose ' (if actually ' point,
allow to become visible '), Aor. ba-t'si, compare gr. cpaivw and alb. baf,

gr. nscpnoETai ' will appear ', *b^9-n- in present cpaivu) (*(paviu) instead of *(pa-vu)
SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 694) ' makes visible, points ', cpaivopiai ' appear, seem, shine, gleam '
(scpavnv, Aor. scpnva);

cpav£p6(; ' obvious, apparent, clear ', cpavri ' torch '; cpaoK; ' rising of a star ' (see also under
b^a-i), cpaofja, -aTO(; 'apparition, face, omen, sign ' (compare nscpaaiJEvo^);

ajjcpaSov, apcpaSioc; ' apparent, manifest, obvious ' (ava-cp-); cpavra AapnTovTa Hes. (to
*cpc(Mi = Old Indie bhati); compare apYU-(p£0(;, apYU(po(; ' glossy white';

alb. Geg baj, Tosc benj{= cpaivw) ' make, seem ' (originally probably ' bring to an
apparition ');

Note:

Alb. uses a taboo explanation which reflects the religious aspect of the cognate.

Old Irish it's/? 'white', ofbi. {*opi-b'^a) 'apparition, beauty';

Old Saxon banuV touchwood, tinder'; Old English i6'd/7/a/7 'polish' (i.e. 'make
gleaming'), ndd. (and out of it Modern High German) bonen^ scour, rub, clean, beans ',
Middle High German buenen^ beans (*white) ' (from Gothic bandwa, -wo^ mark, token,
sign ', bandwjan. Old Icelandic benda' give a mark, token, sign ' here belong - perhaps as
^/-derivative of participle b^^-/?/-' shining, seeming ' -, is doubtful. Lithuanian by Feist 79

f-);

Upper Serbian baju, bacso^ burn indiscernibly, gleam ', Lower Serbian bajom, bajas se
"gleam, flicker';

Tocharian A pam'c\ear, bright' {*b^9no-), pan/" beauty', B pen/jo ds. (Duchesne-
Guillemin BSL. 41, 164); A pakar, B pakn, a-pakartse' open, distinct'; A pa-tsank, B pa-
tsaiik^ window ' {-tsanketc 'gleam, shine'). Van Windekens Lexique 78 f.; B pate, A pat(\n
compound) 'apparition' {*b^a-tf-), Pisani Re. R. 1st. Lornb. 78, 2, 28.

s-extension b^d-s-'Old Indie bbas- n. (ved. also disyllabic), Instr. i6'/755a 'light, shine,
glory, magnificence, power', subhas-^ having beautiful shininess ', bha-sati^ glares,
gleams ', i6'/7asa/7/- 'gleaming', bbasabn. 'light';

gr. cpcboKEi Siacpavsi Hes., SiacpcboKU) ' begins to shine' are perhaps (from ni-cpauoKU))
reshaped after cpux;, also cpajOTrip 'lustre, shine, shiner'

Doubtful is, whether Middle Irish basc^re6'. Old English basu, it'aso 'purple' {*b'^9S-ko-, -
UO-) are to be connected, to Gothic weina-basi^ grape ', Old High German beri^ berry ',
actually ' red berry '? In addition the full grades MN Old High German Buoso, Old Icelandic
^05/ etc?

^/-extension b^^-^-'Old Indie vi-bhava-h, vi-bhavan-^ radiating, shining, seeming';

gr. hom. cpoE (*(paF£) ' gleamed, appeared ', cpasGajv, -ovto(; 'gleaming', (pa£ai-pippoTO(;,
Pind. cpauai-p(3poTO(; ' for the bright people shining ',

cpaoc; (Aeolic cpauoq, pamph. (papO(;) Attic kontr. cpajq. Gen. (pwToq, cpaouc;, 'light, salvation',
whereof *(paF£a-v6g in Lesbian cpasvvog, Ionian cpasivoq, Attic (pav6(; 'gleaming',

hom. cpasivu) ' gleams '; nicpauoKU) ' allows to shine; points, shows, evinces; make known
'. Different Specht KZ. 59, 58 f.

Is Germanic *baukna-, in Old Frisian baken^ emblem, landmark, mark, fire signal ', Old
Saxon /7d/ra/7'mark, token, sign, emblem, landmark'. Old English Mace/? 'mark, token,
sign, banner, ensign, flag'. Old High German bouhhan^maxk, token, sign' from such
Germanic *bau- shaped after */a//r/7a-'mark, token, sign'?

References: WP. II 122 f., WH. I 454 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, 709.
Page(s): 104-105

Root / lemma: b'^a-2{*b'^eb2-2)

Meaning: to speak

Material: Old Indie probably in sabha^ congregation, meeting ' ("*conversation,
discussion'; bha- in Old Indie indeed otherwise - up to bhanati, see below - only in the
meaning "shine, appear, seem, shine');

Armenian ban {*b^a-n/s), Gen. -/'word, speech, reason, judgement, thing', bay, Gen.
bay/'\Nord, verbalism ' {*b'^a-t/-s= gr. cpaTiq); bay part\c\e " (he, she) says ' (= cpnai, also
bam= cpniJi, bas= Lesbian cpai from *b^as/y,

gr. cpniJi, Doric cpapi "say', cpHMn. Doric cpapa " knowledge, shout, call, revelation ' (=
Latin fama'a report, rumor, saying, talk, tradition'; a(pniJOV£(; appr|TOi, ouk ovopa^OMEvoi
Hes. and only with Apuleius meeting affamen' harangue, speech ' needs to be no old
equation);

cpaGKOj " say, believe ' (also paaKavo(;, Latin fascinum, see below *baba onomatopoeic
word), cpoTK^f. ' rumor', cpaoK; " language, speech, assertion, announcement'; with ablaut
cpwvn 'voice';

Latin for, /^/7(from *fa-jd{i) = Church Slavic baju. Old English bo/an) 'speak';

Latin facundus^ eloquent, fluent, ready of speech ', fatum^ an utterance, esp. a divine
utterance; hence destiny, fate, the will of a god ', fama^ a report, rumor, saying, talk,
tradition ' (Denom. Oscan faamat perhaps ' calls '), fabu/a' talk, conversation; a tale,
story, fable, drama, myth ' {*b^a-6^/a), fas actuaWy 'divine command or law; sometimes
fate, destiny; in gen. right, that which is allowed, lawful', probably from (ne)fas\s with
infinitive fas {s-sievn) ' it is (not) to be pronounced ' (different EM 333);

in addition dies fastus ' day on which the praetor could administer justice, court-days.
Transf. a list of these days, with festivals, etc., the Roman calendar; a register, record; a
list of magistrates ', fasti^ the list of these days, calendars '; as derivative of a participle
*b^a-t6-s, Latin fateor, -en, fassus ' to confess, admit, allow; to reveal, make known ' =
Oscan fatium' speak ', Latin Fa/^^5 'speaking by inspiration', epithet of ' foretelling
Faunus';

Maybe alb. {* fateor) /^yto/" 'guilty (*confess, admit guilt)', then truncated alb. /^/'guilt'.

Old Icelandic bon, b0n^ request, prayer ', Old English baen^ request, soccage ' {*b^a-
ni-s, or with o-gradation as gr. cpajvn?); Old English M/5/7'brag, boast' (as Latin forirovn
*fajdr, Slavic bajg);

russ. -Serb. -Church Slavic baju, bajatr\.e\\, discuss, heal, cure'. Church Slavic basnb '
fable, spell, charm ', Old Church Slavic balbji. Gen. -bj§^ physician, medicine man,
magician '.

At a present *b^-en- based on Old Indie bhanati' speaks '; from *\i'^9n-u- (or in Germanic
reshuffling after spannan) Old High German bannan redup\. verb. ' summon by
proclamation (esp. to arms); curse or damn; pronounce an ecclesiastical curse upon ', Old
English bannan re6up\. verb ' summon, order'. Old Icelandic banna schw. Verb. " forbid ',
whereof Old High German ban, PL banna " order under penal threat ' (Modern High
German Bann, Bannwald), Old English gebann. Old Icelandic bannn. " forbid, ban '.
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Tocharian A pa-, pa-g-^ beg ' (Van Windekens Lexique 87 f.).

After Kuiper (AO. XII 262) here (*bha-s-) Old Indie bhisakti'hea\s\ bhisaj- 'physician,
medicine man, magician', jav. -bi's- ' healing '; about Avestan bisazjal compare Kuiper
Nasalpras. 44 f.

References: WP. II 123 f., WH. I 437 f., 450, 458 f., 525 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674 f.
Page(s): 105-106

Root / lemma: b^aso-ox b^eso-

Meaning: a kind of a large bird of prey

Material: Old Indie bhasa-h ' a certain bird of prey '; gr. hom. Attic cpnvri " an eagle kind,

probably Vultur monachus ', was possible from *b'^as-naox *b'^es-na, also *b'^ana{to b'^a-

1)-

References: WP. II 135.

Page(s): 1 1 1

Root / lemma: b^at- : b^at-
Meaning: to hit

Material: Latin fatuus^ foolish, idiotic, silly, awful, tasteless from taste ' (*from beaten the

head, dull); gall, loanword Latin battud, -ere, more recently batto^ to beat, knock ', out of it

back-borrowed cymr. bathu ' strike coins, mint ',

lllyrian ^a//c» "appellation for rebellion leaders', alb. batoj^rock the boat'

compare also gall, anda-bata^ blind combatant, gladiator fights with a helmet without

openings ' with a: russ. batt^ oaken stick, cudgel, club ', Serbo-Croatian batatT hit, knock

', perhaps also (with a) russ. botatb " trample, swing ' etc;

perhaps Old Danish bad^ fight, struggle, damage, pity ', Middle Low German it'a/'damage,
pity, misfortune'. Modern High German Blutbad.

Unclear is the relationship to *\i'^au-t- (see below); it must be assumed instead of *bha/-
is perhaps *bh^a/-, or lies a root *bha- with variant formant the basic, which is perhaps
present in Latin famex, -/c/s' a bruise, contusion, bloodshot ' (*haematoma, effusion of
blood resulted from blow)?

Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift

References: WP. II 126 f., WH. I 46, 99, 452, 464.
Page(s): 111-112

Root / lemma: b^au-1 : b^u-

Meaning: to hit

Material: a) With present formation -d-\

Latin fOstis {*b^ud-sff-s) " a knobbed stick, cudgel, staff, club ' (= gall, bustis in aprov.
bust^ tree stump ' etc), fusterna^ knot, burl, burr, stump, snag ';

Note: common Latin p/7->/- shift, maybe alb. fut, fus^bW., insert, copulate'

Old Irish it'/M^ "culpable, fiend ' {*b'^e-b^ud-udts). Middle Irish bua/a/m 'b\t' from *b^aud
A ... (or *boug-l- ... to Modern High German pocben above S. 98); probably also Old Irish
bodar'deai, stuns, dazes, deafens, baffles', cymr. byddar'deaV {*budaro)\

Old Icelandic bauta{-ada) 'hit, bump, poke'. Old English beatan{beot). Old High
German bozfzjan {b/ez or scbw. Verb) ds.. Middle High German boz, boz, buzm. 'blow,
knock'. Modern High German Amboli, Old English it'y/e/'hammer'.

Middle Low German bote/6s., Middle High German bseze/ 'beet\e, hammer'. Old Icelandic
b0ytiir penis of horses '; Old Icelandic butr^ short piece of a tree trunk '; with expressivem
tt ndd. butt^6\}\\, clumsy' (in addition the fish name Butte),

Middle High German butze^ truncated piece, clump ', Old English it^i/Z/i/c' bottom, piece
land', Norwegian dial, it'i/// 'stump, clot, chunk' (also wood skid). But Old English bytt'
flask, a large cask or barrel, used esp. for wine, ale, or beer ' derives from Latin buttis '
barrel, vat, cask ', also cymr. i6»c»//7 'flask';

Old Icelandic beysta'knock, hit' {*b'^auc/-st/-, compare Latin fustis); with -s/r-suffix
perhaps Middle High German /?Jsc/7 "cudgel, club, blow, knock' {*b'^uc/-sko-), perhaps
different from /7JSC/7" wad, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb ', see above S.
101.

b) with Mormants:

Alb. mbut, mbus 'suiiocate, drown', skut. mus 's\ay, kill', compare perm/sme'
downfallen ';

Note:

Common alb. b > mb

Alb. mbut, /wMs 'suffocate, drown' : Old Irish ba{i)dim^ go under, dive, submerge; sink,
drown', cymr. boddT drown, flood ', corn, bedhy. Middle Breton beuziW drown '; cymr.
diffoddT extinguish, annihilate, erase ' from *di-spad- {*dT-eks-bad-).

From Root / lemma: g^ady-: to sink, submerge, derived Root/ lemma: b'^au-l: b^J-: to hit.

Latin confuto, -are^ to check, repress; by speech, to put down, silence ', refuto, -are^ to
drive back, check, repress; to refute, disprove ' (mit J from previously au), probably also
futud, -ere " have sexual relationshs with (a woman), to sleep with';

maybe alb. {*futud) fut'bave sexual relations with (a woman), penetrate, insert, cheat'

Old Irish fo-botha {*butat} 'threatens', verbal noun fubthad, Gothic bauf^s^6eai, dumb,
mute'.

References: WP. 11125 ff., WH. 1 259 f., 573 f.
Page(s): 112

Root / lemma: b^au-2
See also: s. b'^a-l
Page(s): 112

Root / lemma: b^ebh/i/- b^eb'^ro-
See also: s. b'^er- 'braun'
Page(s): 1 1 3

Root / lemma: bhedh_/(bhedh-i > *b^e6^-r)

Meaning: to pierce, dig

Material: Latin fod/'o, -ere, fodV to dig; also to dig out; to excavate. Transf. to prick, prod,

jog ', /bssa "ditcli, trench, cliannei', fodicare^ sting repeatedly, dig, jog ';

gall, bedo- 'canal, ditch, trench, channel' (Wartburg I 313), cymr. bedd, corn, bedh, bret.
bez^ grave '; gall. *bodJca^ fallow field ' (M.-L. 11 84);

Gothic badiu. 'bed'. Old English beddds., Old High German etc bett/^be6, a garden-
plot (to be) filled with plants; a place where osiers, willows, etc., are grown ', Old Norse
bedrm. ' bedspread, eiderdown ' (Indo Germanic *b'^o6'^jo-), originally ' a bed burrowed in
the ground ', compare Modern High German Flulibett, Beet, engl. beda\so ' garden bed,
garden plot ';

Maybe The connection with Ukr. dial, it'eo'/a 'large pit, valley, swamp', PI. ub/edrze 's\ope,
steep bank' and Lith. bedre' swamp, valley', Latv. bedre'pW > Armenian port {* bodro) '
navel, belly, center ' > Old Church Slavic (etc) bedro^ thigh ' (taboo Slavic cognate) [Root/
lemma: bed-: to swell?].

Lithuanian bedu, bedziau, besti^pnzV., bore, dig', badau, badyt/" pncW, bump, poke',
M^y^s 'hunger', bedrei. ' pit, pothole ', Old Prussian boadis^ prick, sting ', em-badusisi^
he/she sticks ';

Old Church Slavic bodg, bost/{s-Aor. basb) 'prick', bod/'rc\. 'thorn, backbone ' {* bod-lb);

Alb. boshti^ spindle' a Slavic loanword.

Tocharian A pat-, pat- 'to plough';

perhaps also Hittite pfd-da-i {cav\ also be read padd-da-i) ' makes a hole into the earth ',
compare Pedersen Hittite 77.

Perhaps here gr. poGpoq, poGuvoc; m. 'pit, pothole', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 262, Zus. 2.
Different Petersson Heterokl. 128 ff.

Probably in addition Celto-Germanic boduo-, -a 'fight, struggle' in gall. PN Ate-boduus, -
ua, Boduo-gnatus, Old Irish bodbt 'crow, battle goddess in the form of a crow ';

Old Icelandic bodi. {*badwd). Gen. bgdvar. Old English beadui.. Old Saxon Badu-, Old
High German Batu-{\n PN) 'fight, struggle'.

References: WP. I 126 ff., 188, WP. I 99, 521 f., 866, Trautmann 29.
Page(s): 113-114

Root / lemma: b^ed^-2

Meaning: to bow, bend

Material: Old Indie badhate' throngs, presses, plagues', Desid. bJbhatsate' is shy of

something, feels disgust \Jnu-badh-^ bending knee ';

alb. bint, med. bindem^ be bent (*be convinced, pressured) ', bashkr^ together',
bashkonj^ unite, assemble ';

Note:

Alb. proves that from an early root *bhe5!^- [common lllyrian -gh-> -dh-] derived Root/
lemma: b^edh.^; -to bow, bend' and Root/ lemma: b'^ad'^-sko-: 'bundle, heap' (see
above).

Gothic b/da'prayer'. Old High German betat "request', Gothic b/djan {sek. -bidan) " bid,
beg, ask, pray ', Old Icelandic bidja. Old English biddan. Old High German bitten. Old
Icelandic kne-bedrm. " knee pad ', Old English cneow-gebedu. "prayer' (compare Old
Indie y/7i/-Mo/7-);

Maybe alb. Geg me u betu "to vow', Tosc betohem^\ vow, swear'

Lithuanian bodus " unsavory, distasteful ', bodetis " nauseate before ';

Tocharian B peti, f\ poto^ worship, veneration '.

References: WP. II 130 f., 140, 185, WH. I 461, 495, Feist 89 b; different Klugei2 60.
Page(s): 114

Root / lemma: b^eg-, b^eng-

Meaning: to break

Material: Old Indie bhanakti, Perf. babhanja^ break, rupture' (only afterwards after

reshuffled the 7th class), bba/jga-b' break; billow' (compare Lithuanian banga^b\\\0M\/'),

bhanji-h^ diffraction, declension, crooked way, sale, step, wave ';

Armenian bekanem^ break', bek^broke';

but Phrygian pSKog "bread', actually " crumb ' (?)has unexplained k,

With -^- grade: also alb. {*beuka) buka 'bread' : Phrygian pSKOc; "bread', actually " crumb '

Note:

From an extended Root / lemma: b(e)u-1, b'^(e)u-\ "expr. sound of hitting' derived Root/
lemma: b'^eg-, b'^eng-: "to break', Root/ lemma: b^engh-, b'^pgh-iM]. b'^pghu-s) : "thick,
fat', Root/ lemma: b'^eug-l: "to flee, *be frightened'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-2, b'^eugh-: "to
clear away, free'. Root/ lemma: b^eug-3, b'^eugh-: "to bow'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-4\ "to

enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.

Old Irish bongid, -bo/ng 'breaks, reaps, harvests, wins (*gains) ' verbal noun bua/n
{*b^og-n/-), enclitic -bach, -bech {*b^ogo-m), Thurneysen Grammar 447, 461 ; Pass, preterit
-bocht, perhaps = bochV poor ';

dropping the nasal the preterit buichbas probably secondary i/ (compare Old Irish mag
"field', Dat. muig< *mages), so that it is not necessary, to go back in *b^eug(h)- "bend';

mcymr. di-vwng' inflexible '; to meaning "defeat, conquer' compare Old Irish maidid'
break out' = "defeat'. Too grade point at also Middle Irish i6'c»//77/77 "morsel, bite, mouthful'
from *b^og-smrr,

Lithuanian banga'b\\\o\N, heap, lashings, pelting rains ', prabanga' excess ', Latvian
buogs' a dense crowd ', in addition Lithuanian bangus^rasb, hasty, violent' (from brooks
and downpours), bingus' gamy ' (of horses), bengiu, bengiau, bengti' finish ', pabangai.
"termination'; Prussian pobanginnons' moves, weighs '; in the meaning "finish, end' come
into being through ablaut derailment forms with ei, a/ (compare Endzelin Latvian Gr. 60) in
Latvian be/gasP\. " end, inclination, slope ', Lithuanian paba/gads., beigiuar\d baigiu
"end', Latvian beidzu ds.;

here Latvian buoga a\so stands for "stony place', here belongs probably also russ. buga'
flooded tract of forest '; different about be/g- (to b^e/-'h\t') Kuiper Nasalpras. 184.

The following forms are to be kept away because of the auslauts and because of
meaning and to indicate probably as onomatopoeic words:

Germanic *bang-'b'\t' in Old Icelandic banga'bW, bang'd'm, fuss, noise', engl. bang
"knock, hit', with ablaut Middle High German Middle Low German bungen' drum'; ndd.
benger club, cudgel, boor' = Modern High German Bengel, engl. dial, bangle' gnarled
stick ', Old Norse epithet bgngull.

In addition witli intensive consonant increase:

Germanic *bank-\v\ Old Swedish banka, abl. bunka^hW, knock', obd. bunken^Vx\ock,
bump, poke'. Middle Low German bunken, Dutch bonken^hW, thrash'.

Latvian bunga^6ruxr\\ bunga^b\o\N, knock' derive probably from Middle Low German

Maybe alb. bunge, bunga PI. "kind of oak, Quercus sessiflora (stick for beating?)'

References: WP. II 149 f., WH. I 503, 541, Trautmann 26.
Page(s): 114-115

Root / lemma: bheigr"-

Meaning: to run

Material: Hindi bhag- 'flee';

Maybe alb. mbath {bag-) " flee ' common alb. k- > th-.

gr. (p£po|jai, cpopeoijai "flee, be afraid ', cpopoq 'escape, fear', cpopsu) ' startles', cpopspoq
'frightening, timorous'; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

lengthened grade Lithuanian begu, begau, begt/'run, flee', begas, begism. 'escape,
run', Latvian begu, begtl\ee', with ablaut kausat. boginu, boginti^ flee something, to get
there quckly ';

Slavic *begg\v\ russ. begu{\v\t bezatb), kir. bihu{\v\t bic]^ 'run', in addition as
neologism Old Church Slavic pnbegng, pnbegngti eic 'flee', as well as Old Church Slavic
bezg, bezat/l\ee' etc;

Tocharian Apkant{pkat) 'remote, distant, apart, separated' (Van Windekens Lexique
96).

References: WP. II 184 f., Trautmann 29, Meillet Slave commun2 220, 235, Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. 1717.
Page(s): 1 1 6

Root/ lemma: b^eJU^-f {*b^e\d^- > bhoidh-eh2)

Meaning: to advise, force

Material: Gr. nsiGofjai ' lets me persuade, follow ' (Aor. sniGopinv, hom. nsniGsTv, niGsaOai;

Perf. nsnoiGa 'trust'), Akt. (sek.) irsiGu), Aor. snsiaa 'persuade, convince', nsiGcb, -out; '

persuasion ', TT\m6q (for *(p\moq) "reliable, loyal, faithful, relying', niaTiq, -loq, -sooq "loyalty,
reliance', horn. £v nsian "in reassurance ' (*n£i0-a-);
e- grade in:

alb. (*bhieidhie) bet "oath, vow, pledge' {*b'^oki^a= Old Church Slavic beda'need'),
East Geg per-bej" curse, hex' (in addition neologism (*bhieidh3a) besai. "faith, belief, pact,
covenant, loyalty');

Phonetically Old Church Slavic beda^ueed' = alb. besala\t\r\, belief, pact, covenant,
loyalty'.

Maybe TN lllyrian Besoi: alb. it'esoy" believe, have faith'.

Latin ffdo, -ere, ffsussum^ to trust, believe, confide in ' {ffsus\s /o- participle), ffdus
"reliable'; foedus {*b'^oki!^os), by Ennius ffdus {*b^ei6!^os) n. " trusty, true, faithful, sure ',
fides^ trust, confidence, reliance, belief, faith ', Dius Fidius^ the god of faith, a surname of
Jupiter'; Umbrian combifiatu {*b^i6'^ia-) "you shall trust, confide, rely upon, believe, be
assured'; about Oscan Fiisiais, Umbrian Fise, Fiso, Fisovio-s. WH. I 494;

Note:

Alb. alb. fe, /^a "religion', /e/OA?/" perform engagement ceremony (marriage vows?)' :
Reggiano /S/b'"religion' : AN fed, OFr. feid, feit: Latin fides^ to trust, believe, confide in '.

Gothic baidJan^cov\s\xa\v\, oblige'. Old Icelandic beida. Old English baedan. Old High
German beitten^urqe, press, push, arrogate' = Old Bulgarian causative bezdq, bediti
"constrain, oblige', pobed/t/ ^deieat, conquer', bedai. "need';

here probably also Gothic beidan "wait, hold on'. Old Icelandic bfda. Old English bfdan. Old
High German bftands., Swiss beite= Old High German beitten, but in the meaning "wait,
hold on', basic meaning "await' from "trust' or "oneself constrain, oblige'.

References: WP. 11139 f., 185 f., WH. I 493 f.
Page(s): 1 1 7

Root / lemma: b^eiii^-2
Meaning: " bind, twist '
See also: s. b^id'^-.
Page(s): 1 1 7

Root / lemma: b^eid-

Meaning: to prick, pierce

Material: Old Indie /7/7//75o'/r7/ (participle bhindant-= Latin findens, bh/nna-h bes\6es bhitta-h

= Latin fissus), bhSdam/^spWt, carve, rupture etc', bhidyate^ is split '; (Old Indie under the

influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

probably gr. cpsiSoijai (redupl. Aor. hom. nscpiSsoGai) ' with which are stingy, avoid
sparingly; spare; avoid a thing ' (basic meaning partly perhaps " separate myself from
something = take myself away ', above all but ' pinch off, stingy, from what cut off oneself
only a little ');

Latin findo, -ere, /^ic//"(probably Aor. as Old Indie Opt. bhideyam. Old English bite. Old
High German bizzi^ to split, cleave, divide, halve '), fissum^ split, cloven ', f/ssumn.,
fissurai. 'cleft, fissure';

Gothic be/tan'b\te'. Old Icelandic Ma "bite; penetrate (from sword )', Old Saxon Old
English bftan. Old High German b/zzan'b\te' (= Old Indie bhedati, gr. (p£i5o|jai); Kaus. Old
Icelandic beita^ allow to bite, allow to graze ', Old English bsetan^reiu, curb, restrain, hunt,
chase'. Old High German Middle High German beizen^6s., corrode'. Old Icelandic beizr
set of teeth, bridle, rein' {*baitislan). Old English geb^tuH. PI., geb^te/n. " set of teeth ';
Old Icelandic bitirw.. Old English b/tam. 'morsel, mouthful'. Old High German b/zzom.,
b/zzat "morsel, mouthful, nip'; Gothic ba/trs 'b\tter' ("bitting from taste ');

changing through ablaut Old Icelandic b/tr'b'\t\ng, sharp, painful'. Old English b/ter, bitter.
Old Saxon Old High German M/5/'"biting, sharp, bitter'; Old Icelandic beiskr^ sharp, bitter'
{*bait-ska^; Gothic beist^ sourdough ' {*b'^e{d\-sto-); Old English Me/a "biting', bitel
"beetle, chafer', engl. beetle.

Maybe alb. i&/s/r" branch, twig (*beam?)'.

Old Icelandic beitu. "ship' (originally " hollow dugout canoe ' to Old Icelandic Me "balk,
beam'). Old English batm. "boat'. Middle English bot, out of it borrows Modern High
German Bootan6 perhaps Old Icelandic batr6s.; Middle Low German be/te/, bete/'ch\se\'.
Middle High German be/ze/'st\ng, prick' (: Old Indie bhedura-h, Meo'/Za-/? "thunderbolt').

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Old Indie bhedura-h, bhedira-h^\.buv\6erbo\\! : UAupioi , oi,
lllyrians, UAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi^ , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kx\, the region

or province of lllyria, UAupi^O) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupla:--hence Adv.
lAAupiaTi.

The fact is that b'^e/ic/- extension to *b'^e/Y9j-'h\t' seems possible.

References: WP. 11138 f., WH. I 500 f.

Page(s): 116-117

Root / lemma: b^e/faj- bh/-(*bheiH- > bhiH-tjo- > bhiH-tueh2)

Meaning: to hit

Material: Avestan byente^ they fight, hit' (H. Lommel KZ. 67, 11);

Armenian bir^ big stick , club, mace, joint' {*b^i-ro-)\

gr. cplTpoc; m. 'tree truck, wooden log', (pTm6(; m. "toggle, muzzle';

Maybe alb. (*bheiH) bie^hW, strike', bie^iaW, die', causative, subjunctive ,&ye/7 "strike' = bjer
"bring' : [Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->J-, y-0\6 Indie Tocharian].

Alb. and Armenian prove that Root/ lemma: b^ei(a)-, b^/-: "to hit' derived from Root/
lemma: b^er-/: "to bear, carry' through an lllyrian -r> -j.
In o- grade:

Venetic PN cpohiio-s-, lllyrian VN Boioi " the combatants, fighters ' (: russ. boj), gr.-
Illyrian PN BoTov bgoc,, VN BoiojToi, Celtic-lllyrian VN Boir, Messapic piapnv Spsnavov
a|jn£AoT6|JU)v, piapaTa KAaSsurripia Hes.;

Latin perfines^ break through, break in pieces, shiver, shatter ' Hes.;

Old Irish ben(a)id^b\{s, knocks' {*bi-na-ti), ro-bJth' was hit ', M/7e "beaten', fo bJth^ weel
' (= " under the blow '), Middle Breton benaff^ cut, bite', acymr. etbinam^ to mangle ',
without /7-lnfix abret. bitat^ cut loose, cut off ', cymr. bidio " cut a hedge ', bid^ thorn hedge
', Middle Irish fid(h)b(h)a ^s\cV\e' = acymr. uiidimm^ lignite ', ncymr. ^i^yo'oyr scythe,
pruning knife' = gallo-Latin v/dub/um' back, mattock, hoe ' {*vidu-bion^ wood hoe '),
compare Middle Irish PN Fail-be " (*weapon, magic wand for killing wolves) wolf killer'
{*vailu-bios)\ Old Irish biniti. "rennet, cleaver' ("incisive', *bi-n-antT}, Middle Irish bian^sV\v\,
fell, fur'. Old Irish it'/a//" hatchet', acymr. bahell, ncymr. bwyell, bwya//6s., Middle Breton
bouhaz/ds. {*b^//g//-), Old Irish be/mm n. "blow, knock' {*b'^e/-smn), corn, bommen ds., gall.
*b/7/a 'tree stump', French b/7/e;

Old Icelandic bJldr^ head of the arrow, bloodletting iron ' {*b'^e/-t/o-); Old High German
i^z/ZT^a/" hatchet' {*b'^e/a-/o-), hence probably Germanic *b/7Ja-an6 not *b/P/a-\n Old High
German Old English b/7/n., Old Saxon M'sword', Middle High German b/7, M/es 'stone
mattock ', Modern High German B/7/ei. 'hack, mattock, hoe'. Middle High German b/77en^
to hoe, chip, trim ', Old High German bi7dthi, bi7idi. Modern High German Bi7d; Old High
German bi77ai. 'sourdough'; with formants -7i- Old English bi7e'r(\. 'bill, beak, neb',
additional form to engl. bi7f.

Old Church Slavic biJg{bbjQ) M/'hit', Serbo-Croatian b'ijem b'iti, russ. bbju bitb6s.. Alb.
bije, bie^ strike, hit ' therefrom with formants -dh/c,.; russ. -Church Slavic Men. ' a louse
rake or comb ', Serbo-Croatian b77o ' the transverse piece of wood at the front of a wooden
rake (to rake leaves with) ', Czech bid7o^ shaft, pole', russ. Mo 'beetle, hammer'; (*bhiH-
tueh2)Mi/a 'fight, struggle, blow, knock' (: Messapic piapn). O'd Church Slavic bicb 'whip,
scourge' (from Slavic Modern High German Peitsche); in ablaut Old Church Slavic (*b'^oiH-
0-) u-bojbvc\. 'murder', Serbo-Croatian boj. Gen. i^oya 'battle', russ. Czech boj ds. (: lllyrian
Bo//).

References: WP. II 137 f., WH. I 503 f., 506, Trautmann 33, Liden KZ. 61, 12, Karstien KZ.

65, 154f.

See also: S. above under b^e/d-.

Page(s): 117-118

Root / lemma: b^eig"-

Meaning: to shine (?)

Note:

From Root/ lemma: ghuoig"-: "to shine; star' derived Root/ lemma: b'^eig"-: "to shine'

(sse above) common ghu- > Gree7< ph- > 07d Indie bh-.

Material: Apers. *i6'/g/7a- "lustre, shine'? in PN Baga-bigna-, 'Apia-piyvr|c;;

gr. (poTpO(; "clean, gleaming', cpoipau), cpoipa^u) "clean', a(poipavTO(; " smudges ' {*b'^oig'"-
0-), a(piKT6(;, acpiKTpoc; {*b^/g"'-) "impure, unclean'. Note: common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

About OoTpO(; AnoAAojv compare Kretschmer Gl. 15, 199.

References: WP. II 138, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 299.
Page(s): 1 1 8

Root / lemma: b^e/-
Meaning: bee

Note: with /?-, /r-or /-extension

Material: The short form still in Old Icelandic by-fluga, Alemannian bT, Bavarian beif,

besides forms with /? (barely extracted only the weak Dekl.), as Old High German biniu.

"bee', ablaut. bTai. {*bhdn- = Old English beo, engl. bee), b/ha {Modem High German dial.

Be/n);

Old Church Slavic bbce/a, bbce/a6s. {*b^ikela)\ cymr. bydaf beehive ', Old Prussian bitte,

Lithuanian bite, bitis, Latvian b/te^bee'.

Gall. *bekos'bee' (M.-L. 1014), Old Irish bechm. "bee", Gaelic speach 'pnck, sting',
cymr. beg- eg{y)r' drone' deviate of vowel (taboo causing distortion?).

References: WP. II 184 f., WH. I 555 f., Specht Dekl. 46.
Page(s): 1 1 6

Root / lemma: b{^)e1and t{^)egh{*b^e- g^)

Meaning: outside, without

Material: Old Indie bahih{-§) ' outdoor, outward, outside from ' (m. Abl.);

Maybe alb. (*bhe-) pa' without'.

Old Prussian Me "without' (preposition m. Akk.), Lithuanian i6>e "without' (preposition m.
Gen., and nominal prefix), Latvian it'ez "without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal prefix);

Old Church Slavic bezeic (dial, also be) "without' (preposition m. Gen., and nominal
prefix). Here also Lithuanian i?e "still, yet ' ("*in addition '), bet' however, but' (formation as
/7e-/"but'), bes, Latvian best' possibly, perhaps' {*b'^e+ est, Endzelin Stud. Baltic 7, 32 f.).

On account of here Old Irish bes " perhaps', vorton. from *beis < *b'^e-est/?

References: WP. II 137, Trautmann 28, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 497 f.
Page(s): 112-113

Root / lemma: b^(e)lag-

Meaning: weak, ridiculous

Material: *b'^lag- or *b^ldg-\x\ wruss. biahyj' evil, bad, nasty ' (hence borrowed Latvian

blags, Lithuanian blogas' feeble, weak '), biazic' romp ', gr., russ. blagoj' obstinate,

nasty ',

dial, blaznoj" s\\}'Q\d\ poln. biagi' bad, nothing worth '; barely to gr. cpsAyuvsi aauvsTsi,

AripeT Hes., because in heavy Slavic word, which points gr. light basis; see below

(s)p(h)elg-.

Here (apparently with expressive Gemination), liowever, Latin flaccus' flabby; of men,
flap-eared '.

References: WP. II 183 f., 680, WH. I 507 f.
Page(s): 124

Root / lemma: b^eld-

Meaning: to knock, hit

Note: perhaps originally o'-present of the onomatopoeic word b'^el-

Material: From Germanic probably in addition Middle Low German bolte(n)^ bolt for a

door, dart, arrow'. Old High German bolz. Modern High German Bolz, Bolzen, Old English

bolt^ bolt for a door, dart, arrow', Swedish bult^ bolt for a door ' {*b'^Jd-),

perhaps also Modern High German Balz, Vb. ba/zen and bolzen, Norwegian Dialectal bolt

m. ' male forest bird; tomcat, male-cat'. Modern High German ^o/ze 'tomcat, male-cat';

Norwegian Dialectal it'o/Za 'rumble, storm ahead'.

Old Danish bolte^ curl up, roll oneself, Swedish bulta^Vx\ocV!, Swedish Dialectal bultra

"wallow, romp', Norwegian Dialectal bultra^rant, roister, romp', abl. Norwegian Dialectal

baltra 'wallow, romp';

Lithuanian beldu, -e//and beldzlu, belstrhW, knock', ablaut, blldu, blldetr6\v\, drone,
rumble', baldau, -y// "knock, stark rumble', baldas^ '^esWe'; Latvian belzt^hW' (perhaps
contamination from *belzu= Lithuanian beldzlu W\\h /e/z-'hit', MiJhlenbach-Endzelin
Latvian-German Wb. 278).

References: WP. II 184, WH. I 560 f.
Page(s): 124

Root / lemma: b^eleg-

Meaning: to shine

Note: extension from b^eZ-ds.

Material: b^elg-:0\(ii Indie bhargas-u. 'radiative lustre, shine' {*b'^elgos)\ Bhrgavah, PI. '

mythical priests of the flash fire '; Latvian balgans 'whitish';

Maybe alb. bardhe^ white'.

perhaps here Old Church Slavic blagb'good', russ. (old and mtdarl.) bologoMv. "good',

actually "light' (contrast "dark': "mad, wicked, evil'); Tocharian AB palk- 'burn, gleam, shine,

get hot ', A palk, B pilko 'look', A polkamts 'stars' (: Lithuanian balgans), B empalkaltte

"careless, neglectful' (Negation + *palk- "gleam, shine' besides palk-);

bh/eig'-'gr. (pAsyu) "burn, singe, ignite ', cpAsYsSu) "singe, to set on fire; intr. burn, be in
flames', cpAsYMa n. "blaze; inflammation; mucus', cpAsYMOvri f. "inflammation, ignition;
ferventness, passion; rutting', (pKzyOaq a£T6(; ^av96(; Hes. (Adj. "fiery red') cpAo^, (pAoYfj6(;
"flame';

Latin flagro, -are'to blaze, burn, glow, flame, also to glitter. Transf., to glow or burn with
passion; to suffer from ', wherefore probably f/amma' a flame, blazing fire; Transf. a
source of light, torch, star, lightning; luster, glitter; the fire or glow of passion; devouring
flame, destruction ' as *flagma, Oscan F/a^/^/perhaps ' an interpreter of lightning ';

Maybe alb. {* flagro) flegra^ (*ardent, passionate breathing) nostrils', flakeroJ^\ shine',
/7a/re "fire';

besides /7ag- (reduced- grades *b'^legr6-, *b^legmaor because of (pAoYMO<;, cpAo^ rather
*b''^logma) stand zero grades b^Jg-, Latin fulg-\v\ Latin fulgdav\6 fulgeo, -ere, fulsf to flash,
to lighten; in gen., to shine, glitter gleam; fig., to be distinguished, to shine ', fulgor, -oris^
lightning; in gen., glitter, brightness; fig., brightness, glory, lustre, shine', fulgus, -uris^ a
flash or stroke of lightning; sometimes an object struck by lightning; in gen., brightness ',
fulmen ( *fulgmen) ds.;

Middle Irish imblissiu^ pupil (of the eye); orb ' {*n1b'^i-b^Jg-s-, Vendryes RC. 40, 431 f);

Old High German blecchen {* blakjan). Middle High German blecken^ become visible,
allow to see ', Modern High German blecken' show the teeth '; Old High German
blecchazzen. Middle High German blecken^ flash ', Middle Dutch Modern Dutch blaken^
flame, burn, glow'. Old English blaecern, blacern^ candlestick, flambeaux ', Old Icelandic
blakra^b\\v\k, glitter, flash'; here probably as "burnt (compare Low German b/akenirom
blackening lamp flame), sooty ', Old English Zj/^c" black', n. "ink'. Old High German b/ah
ds.;

nasalized Germanic *b/enk-, * blank- in Middle High German Modern High German blinken.
Middle High German blinzen {*blinkatjan). Modern High German M/7ze//7 (besides with
Germanic polder Danish blinge^b\\v\k, glitter, flash' , s. Falk-Torp under blingse); Old High
German blanch. Middle High German i6'/a/7/r" blinking, gleaming, gleaming, white'. Modern
High German blank. Old English blancam. "steed' (actually from bright color, compare:)
Old Icelandic blakkr 'saWow, paled', poet, "steed' ("dun horse, grey, *white horse '), Old
Swedish blakker^ sa\\o\N, paled, dun (horse)', but also "black, dark' (from Germanic
borrows French blanc, Italian bianco). From this nasal form also Prussian bllngs " pallid ';

Lithuanian blagnytis^ sober oneself up; iigliten up', Old Lithuanian Mng/'nt/ ^sh\ne'.

A variant on -g- perhaps in Latvian b/azt' shimmer ', blazma (blag-ma) " reflection of
moonlight on the water '.

References: WP II 214 f., WH. I 510 f. 865, Pedersen Tocharian 162, 218, Van Windekens

Lexique 17, 98, EM. 398.

See also: Beside bhe/e^- stands synonymous to b^ereg-, see there.

Page(s): 124-125

Root / lemma: b^e/eu-

Meaning: to hit; weak, ill

Material: Acorn, ba/i., pi. -c»i4^'disease, malady', mbr. baluent,

Gothic balwa-weseT wickedness, malice, cowardice ', ,^5/^75/7 "torment, smite'. Old
English bealo^evW, mad, wicked, evil'. Old Icelandic bgl, Dat. it'p/i/e "misfortune'. Old High
German balo. Gen. balawes^ ruin'; Gothic bliggwan {* bleuuan) "hit'. Old High German
bliuwan. Modern High German b/euen ds., Middle English b/owe'b\o\N, knock'. Old
Icelandic blegdem. {*blauuidan-) "wedge';

Old Bulgarian boli^ "sicker', boleti^ be ill '.

Proto-Slavicform: boleti

See also: bolb

Page in Trubacev: II 187-189

Old Church Slavic: boleti^be ill, be in pain' [verb]

Russian: bo/ef'be ill' [verb], bo/eet[3sg]] bo/ef acbe' [verb], bo//t[3sg]

Ukrainian: ,6'c»///k "suffer pain, be ill' [verb], bo///e[3sg]] bolfty^acbe' [verb], i6'c»///'[3sg]

Czech: bo/et/'acbe' [verb]

Slovak: boliet'^acbe' [verb]

Polish: bolec^acbe' [verb]

Slovincian: buolec^acbe' [verb]

Upper Serbian: bolec^acbe' [verb]

Lower Serbian: boles^acbe' [verb]

Bulgarian: bolja^be ill' [verb]; bo//^ acbe' [3sg]

Serbo-Croatian: bo/Jet/^acbe' [verb]

Slovene: bo/ef/'acbe' [verb]

Indo-European reconstruction: b'^ol(H)-ehi-tei

Page in Pokorny: 125

other cognates: Go. it's/wya/? "martyr' [verb]; Olc. bg/va ^ curse' [verb]

Notes: {1} The possibility exists that we had *b^/e{H)u-{Gk. cpAaupoc; "inferior, bad', Olc.

Z?/5^J/-"timid'?) alongside *b^e/{HJ-{ci. Pokorny 125, 159).

About Modern High German Block eic see below b^eZ-J.

References: WP. II 189, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 150, Feist 79, 100, Specht Dekl. 133.
See also: Besides a root form b'^leu-: b^/au- : b^/u-, see there.
Page(s): 125

Root / lemma: b^elgh-

Meaning: to swell

Note: (extension of b^e/- "inflate, bloat' etc)

Material: Old Indie barhfs- n. " sacrificial grass, (*sacrificial bed of straw) ' = Avestan

barazis-v\. "cushion, pillow, cushion', npers. Z7a//s "pillow, cushion'; Old Indie upa-barhana-

m, upa-barhanTi. "cover, cushion';

Note:

Clearly alb. bar^Qxass, straw' derived from Indian languages. Hence alb. is a direct

descendant of Sanskrit. Clearly alb. belongs to satem family.

Whether with Asp. -Diss, against forms -ha- here Old Indie barjaha-h'u66er'7

Irish bo/ga/m ' s\Ne\\' , bo/gt "bubble', bo/gm. "sack, bag, belly, husk, trouser'. Middle
Irish bolgachi. "swelling, blister, bubble, blister; pox', bo/gamm ^gu\p\ cymr. bo/, bo/a, bo/y
"belly, sack, bag', bu/^ seed capsule, seminal shell ' (PL. oi bo/}/), bret. bo/c'h^ linen pod ',
vann. peh/-en (from *peh/-) ds., gall, bu/ga "leather sack' (out of it Old High German bu/ga^
water container made of leather '); gall. Be/gae " the angry (*a warlike people in the north
of Gaul)';

Gothic ba/gsm. "hose'. Old Icelandic be/grm. " stripped animal skin, bag, belly'. Old
High German Middle High German ba/g ^bag, hose, bellows, sword scabbard ', Old
English b/e/g, by/(i)g^sac, bag', engl. it'e/Zj/" belly', be//ows ^beWo^s' (Germanic *ba/j/-n\.,
compare Old Prussian ba/sinis, perhaps hat also Old Indie barhis-, Avestan barozis- Indo
Germanic -is- as extension dieses /-stem);

Old Icelandic participle bo/ginn "swollen', (under the influence of common Celtic -/7S-, -
nt- > -nn-), Kaus. be/gja^rc\ake swell up'. Old Saxon Old English be/gan stem-V . " be angry
', Old High German be/gan^sweW up', refl. "be angry with'. Old Frisian participle ovirbu/gen
"angers';

Old Icelandic bylgJa^\Nave', Middle Low German bulge 6s.; *bul(h)stra-\x\ Old Icelandic
bolstrxu. "pillow, cushion', Old Englishit'o/s/e/'n. "pillow, cushion'. Old High German bolstar
ds., Dutch i6>c»/s/e/'"fruit skin, husk';

Old Prussian ba/s/n/s^ p\\\o\N, cushion' {*b^olghi-nos), pobalso^ feather bed ', Latvian
pabalstsm. " pillow ' (and "pad', see above S. 123); slov. /7/5z//7a "pillow, cushion,
mattress, a downy or feather bed; pad, ball of the foot or ball of the thumb, heel of hand
[anat.] ' (and "roof beam, crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion', see above S. 123),
Serbo-Croatian b/az/na' p\\\o\N, cushion, feather-bed'; russ. bolozenbxw. " weal, callus,
swelling, blister, clavus, corn' (but russ. dial. b6lozno^\.\\\ck board').

Here probably as Venetic-lllyrian loanword Old Prussian balgnanu.. Old Lithuanian
balgnas, Lithuanian balnas^saAd^e' (probably from "pillow, cushion'). Further Balto-Slavic
forms see above S. 123.

References: WP. II 182 f., WH. I 122. compare about gr. [joAyo^ "leather sack' Vendryes
BSL. 41, 134f.
Page(s): 125-126

Root / lemma: b'^el-l, Balto-Slavic also b^ela-{*h^e\-^ > b^elH-o-)

Meaning: shining, white

Note: to b^a-/ standing in the same relationship, as stel- to sta- "stand', del- "split' to *da(i)-

"divide'

Material: Old Indie bhalamu. "lustre, shine, forehead', sam-bha/ayat/ ^g\ar\ces' (lengthened

grade); ba/aka' a crane's kind ' with b- after baka-h^ a heron's kind ';

Armenian bar pallidness, paleness ';

Maybe alb. it'a/e "badger (animal with white spots in the snout)', balo^a dog with white spot
on the forehead'.

compare Skt. i6'/7a/a/77 "brightness, forehead', Welsh ,6>a/"having a white spot on the
forehead'

gr. cpaAoq "white' Hes., cpaAuvsi Aannpuvsi Hes., cpaAi(F)6c; "gleaming, white, white-
fronted ', (paAr|p6(;, Doric -apoc, ds., cpaAr|pi<;, Doric -ap\c, " coot (*bald-headed) ', (paAaKp6(;
" bald-headed '

Note: Doric cpaAr|p6(; -apit; " coot (*bald-headed) ', cpaAoKpot; " bald-headed ' related to alb.
alb. i6'5/e "forehead, (*shining forehead, *bold as a coot)'.

Doric naiJcpaAaw "look shyly around'; paAi6(; "white, it is white-mottled ' is probably lllyrian
loanword;

lllyrian *i75//5 "swamp, marsh, white clay', out of it Latin blateat, "excrement lump',
adalm. balta^ sea swamp '; Ligurian 16'o/a "swamp, marsh' (M.-L. 1191b), FIN Duria
Ba u t/ca {irom *Baltica), perhaps here mare Balticum (Venetic-lllyrian?) "Baltic Sea '
(Einhard, 9. Jh), compare Bonfante BSL. 37, 7 f.;

Maybe Spanish barm : French boue : Albanian balte : Czech blato : Polish bfoto : Venetian
paltan: Zeneize bratta^ mud ' : Romanian balta^ bog, marsh' : Lithuanian balta^ white ' :
alb. {balaga) bardhe^ white' common alb. -g > -dh.

Notes: Cf. also the Rythabalt mea^o^N and the placename Namuynbalt\s the equivalent of
Namoyumpelk {pelk^ s^Nam'^'). For the semantics cf. Pol. dial, biel, bielaw, Bel. bel'
"swampy meadow' (Trubacev II: 180). PSI. *bolto\s sometimes considered an "lllyrian"
substratum word. In this connection not only the above-mentioned forms from the Balkan
Peninsula are adduced, but also Romance forms such as Lomb. palta, Piem. pauta.

alb. bale, ba//e lorehead, (*bold as a coot?) ' (= Old Prussian ba//o ds.), balash^ white
horse or ox ', baltei., ba/tm. "slime, mud, swamp, marsh, white clay';

Maybe alb. {*ba/akha) ba//uke '\r\a\r innge' .

Latin fu//ca {compare Old High German belihha) and fulixt "coot' {*b^olik-\N\Vc\ dial. u)\
but whether feles, -/si. " a polecat, cat, marten; hence a thief ' here belongs, is dubious
because oi meles, -/si. "marten, badger';

Celtic be/o- "luminous, white' in cymr. beleu {*b'^eleuo) "marten'. Old Irish ofbellru.
"blaze, glow, heat' (f. "spark, glowing coal') = cymr. ufelm. "spark, fire' {*opi-b^elo). Middle
Irish Bel-tene^ festival of 1st May ' (= beacon), gall. GN {Apollo) Belenos, {Minerva)
Bel/sama {Super Latin), FIN Belena> French Bienne, (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Swiss Biel, Old French bailie " paleness ' (out of it Middle Breton
baillds.) could on ablaut, gall. *balio- go back, compare frz PN Bailleuil< *Balio-ialon\ gall.
belsa "field' from *belisa\

Gothic balam. " bald horse, horse with a blaze ' (from Belisar's steed [Belisar was a
Byzantine commander]), engl. dial, ball' horse with white paleness ' (out of it cymr. bal
ds). Middle English balled, engl. bald, Danish bseldet' naked, bald, bleak ', Old High
German belihha {compare Latin fulica). Modern High German Belche ' coot' , BergN

Belchen{\.o suffix s. Brugmann Grundrift II 1, 511, Specht Dekl. 213 f.), lengthened grade
Old Icelandic i?5/'flame', Old English b^r pyres, funeral piles ' {*b'^ef-).

Whereas are Germanic *pdl- in Old English pol, engl. pool. Old High German pfuol
"poor, ablaut. Dutch peel{*palh) 'morass'. Old English pyll, engl. pill {*pulja-, older *Mc»-)
probably from Venetic-IH. borrows (see above *bola), different Petersson Heterokl. 205;

Lithuanian M/as 'white' and ' snowdrop ', bala\. 'white anemone' and m. 'swamp,
marsh, moor, fen, pool', balu, balau, baltr become white'; Latvian lengthened grade M/s'
pallid, pale, wan '; Old Prussian balloi. 'forehead' and *i6'5/c» 'swamp, marsh' in PN;

Maybe alb. balash' white cow ' : Lithuanian: M/as 'white'.

Old Church Slavic lengthened grade it'e/b 'white' (*bhe/o), f. 'splint in wood', poln. dial.
biel\. ' marshy wood, forest', russ. dial. M'swamp, marsh'; ablaut. balai^bi^olS) in russ.
bala-ruzina^ puddle, slop ', kir. balka^ marsh ';

Lithuanian baltas {*b^ol9tos), Latvian /^aT/s 'white'. North Sea Baltirja ezers,

Slavic substant. neutr. Adj. *bolto-{*b'^ol9to-) 'swamp, marsh, pond, pool, sea' in Old
Church Slavic blato'sea', Serbo-Croatian blato^sea, ordure', russ. boloto' swamp, marsh';

Lithuanian ba'lnas^\Nh\te' (with glottal stop, Indo Germanic *b^olanos), balandis^
baptism ', balanda^ orache ', russ. lebeda, serb. loboda^s.;

Slavic (*bholH-neh2) *bolna\. (with trail tone, Indo Germanic *b'^oln3) in Czech slov.
blana^ membrane, skin, cutaneously', russ. bolona^ sickly outgrowth on trees, sap-wood,
(dial.) lump ', bolonbi., 'splint in wood', originally identical with Czech blana' meadow,
grassland', poln. blohi., blonieu. ds., russ. bolontjeu. ' deeply situated meadows ';

perhaps Tocharian B palsk-, palsk, A pal(t)sk^ cogitate ' (*see, compare Old Indie sam-
bhalayati);

whether here gr. cpsAAoc; {*b^el-so-), 'cork, oak cork ', (^zKKzdQ, ' rocky ground ', a(p£Ari(;
'even (*of land, ground, etc.: level, flat, not hilly or sloping; of uniform height) ', (poAi(; '
scale, flake (ones of reptile)'?

References: WP. II 175 f., WH. I 108 f., 559 f., W. Schuize Berl. Sbb. 1910, 787 = Kl. Schr.
Ill, Trautmann 25, 29 f., Specht Dekl. 1 1 6 f.

See also: Here further b^el-2;b^eleg-;b^lei-, -g-, -k-; b^len6'^-;b^les-;b^leu-, -k-, -s-; b^leuo-
; b'^Jn&^o-; b^loido-.

Page(s): 118-120

Root / lemma: bhe/-2( > *bhel-(e)-n-)

Meaning: in names of henbane

Note: probably with b^e/-/ identical

Material: Gall. (Illyrian ?) belinuntiai., psAsviov n. ' hyoscyamus ', to names oi Apollo

Belenos{see above b'^el-f);

Old English beolone {*b^eluna). Old Saxon bllene, zero grade Old Danish bylne
(Germanic *bul-n-), b0lme, Swedish bolmort. Modern High German dial, bllme; but Old
High German bl{i)sa\s probably Celtic loanword (compare aprov. belsa);

Slavic *belena-, *belena\v\ r.-Church Slavic belen-b m., russ. belenat, Slavic *beln-b m.
in slov. blen. Old Czech blen, zero grade Slavic *bbln-b in Serbo-Croatian bun.

References: WP. II 180, WH. I 99 f., Trautmann 30, KretschmerGI. 14, 97, Specht Dekl.

140.

Page(s): 120

Root / lemma: b^el-S, b^/e-

Meaning: to grow, spread, swell

Material: Old Indie bhanda-u. "pot, pan, vessel' {*b'^aln-dal)\ after Thieme (ZDMG. 92, 47

f.) here Avestan baro-s-man- ' bundle of branches ', Old Indie barsva m. PI. ' bulge; bead;

lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, gums' (loanword from Avestan *Z?a/'s/77a/7 'cushion');

compare under Old High German bllorn.

Armenian it»e/^/7 'fertile' (: gr. (paAr|<;), beln-awor6s. (: gr. (paAA6(;), Adontz, Mel. Boisacq
9.

Gr. (paAA6(;, cpaAnc; 'penis' (cpaAAoq from *bh//7ds or *bhe//7ds; compare Old Irish ball
Modern High German Bulle);

Maybe alb. Geg pallosh ^per\'\s' : gr. cpaAAoq 'penis'

in addition cpaAAaiva (formation as Aukqivq), cpaAAr) 'whale' (compare that probably
borrowed through Illyrian mediation Latin ballaena; also Middle High German bulllch caWs
big fish kinds;

identical is cpaAAaiva "motli', about a(p£An(; and supplementary see above Z. 1 ; about
6(pzKoq see be\o\N phe/-; after Persson Beitr. 299 also (pA6|J0(; (cpAovoq) Great mullein,
plant with thick woolly leaves, as *bh {e)/o-mo-s7

Probably Phrygian pa|j-paAov, pa-PaAov 'ai5oTov' Hes., also paAAiov 'penis'; thrak. VN
Tpi-(3aAAoi.

Latin fo///s ' a leather bag; a pair of bellows; a purse; a puffed-out cheek ' {*b'^Jn/sor
*b^olnis, compare the Germanic words with -//- from -//?-);

cymr. bali. "elevation, rise, mountaintop ' (*bh/a);

Maybe alb. mal [coxwxwou alb. mt>-> m-].

zero grade Old Irish ballm. 'limb, member, part, body part ', then 'deal, portion, place,
spot, mark' (also in the body), hence perhaps also cymr. i?a//'epidemic', baZ/eg 'sack, bag';
changing through ablaut bo/, bo//\n cymr. dyrn-for glove ', arfolli' become pregnant ',
ffroen-foir with swollen nostrils ' (: cpaAAoc;);

Maybe alb. bole 'testicle'

zero grade with formants -/ro-and meaning as Old High German bald {see below): nir.
it's/© 'strong', cymr. balch, bret. balc'h 'sioui, proud, hubristic, overbearing'.

b']/-(bheA) in Old Swedish bulin, bolln 'swoWen', bulde, bolde, byld' hump, ulcer'; Old
Icelandic buir, boir rw. 'tree truck, trunk'. Middle Low German Middle High German bolet
"plank' (Modern High German Bohle); Old Icelandic boirbuW, Old English bula6s., bulluc
'young bull', engl. bull. Middle Low German Modern High German Bulle{as *bull-dn= gr.
*(paAAu)v from a stem *bulla-= (paKko-q); Hessian bulle'vuWa'; Old Icelandic boll/m.
drinking bowl ' ('*spherical vessel'; Middle Irish ballan' drinking vessel ' probably from
Nord.), Old English bollavn. 'bowl', heafodbolla' brain box, cranium ', Old Frisian strotbolla
"larynx'. Old Saxon i&c»//o "drinking bowl'. Old High German bollai. "vesicle, blister, fruit
skin or knot of the flax ', Middle High German bollei. "bud, spherical vessel'. Old High
German birn/bolla ' cran\urc\' , Modern High German Bolle, Rolibollen, Middle High German
bulllch, bolch " big fish among others cod ' (compare cpaAAaiva), compare also Old High
German bolon. Middle High German boln'roW, throw, toss, fling' and with the meaning
swollen = "thick, big, large', Swedish Dialectal bal, bor thick and large, strong, very daring
', Old Icelandic poet, bolmr'bear'; here probably Old Icelandic bulkrsh\p load', Swedish
Danish bulk' hump, nodules, tubers';

in heterokl. paradigm (?) *b^'e//; Gen. *b^'eA7es interprets Old Higli German bilorrrfw. f.
"gums' (*Mi//77d "swelling, bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb '), whether not from
*beluznd;

Germanic *bel-n- also in Hessian M/e "penis' (: bulle). Middle Low German {ars-)bille,
Dutch M"buttock', Swedish fotabjalle^baW of the foot';

also alb. M/"penis', i&o/e "testicle'

changing through ablaut Old High German ballo, balla. Modern High German Ball,
Ballen, Old High German arsbelllm. PI. "buttocks', Old English beallucm. "testicles' {*b^ol-
n-), Old Icelandic bgllr'baW, sphere, testicle'; Old Icelandic it'a//" elevation along the the
edge of the lake bank; small rise on ground level '; with formants -/o-and the meaning
"swollen, inflated' = " arrogant, bold ', Gothic bal-t^aba Mv . " boldly ', balt^eii. " boldness ',
Old Icelandic it's///" "dreadful, dangerous', baldinn ' def\ant' , (under the influence of common
Celtic -/7S-, -/?/- > -nn-), Old English beald'bo\6, audacious'. Old High German bald^bo\6,
audacious, quick, fast'. Modern High German bald Adv.; in addition Old English bealdor
"prince, lord, master, mister', Old Icelandic GN Baldr.

With coloring gradation *b'^dl- probably Norwegian b0r\n heat, rutting, of the sow '
(changing through ablaut bala^ rutting, be in heat ').

root form b^/e-:

Gr. cpAnvacpoq 'gossip, talkative', (pAr|v-£co, -aco "be talkative'; EKwcpAaivw as cpaivoo
from b^a-, Aor. SKcpAnvai "bubble out';

Latin fid, flare^ to blow; intransit., of winds, persons and instru- ments; transit., to blow,
blow forth; to blow on an instrument; to cast metals, to coin ' (probably from *b^l9-ld), but
flemina^ varicoses ' is probably loanword from gr. cpAsyiJOvri; Norwegian dial, blsema^ bleb
on the skin, skin vesicle '; Old Swedish blaemma 6s.\ Old High German blat(t)ara. Old
Saxon bladara ^b\\s{er, bubble'. Old English blaedre^s., reduplication-stem Old Icelandic
it'/ad/'a "vesicle, blister, bubble'. Old High German etc i6'/a/"leaf'; Old Icelandic bla-\x\ Zs.
"excessive, very'; with prevalent meaning "blow' Old High German 7c>-present blajan, blaen
"blow, swell, blowout'. Old English blawan^b\o\N' (here n/from Perf.), Old High German
blat. Old English bl3ed^b\ow, breath, breeze, gust of wind'. Old Icelandic blaer^^usi of
wind'; with -5- Gothic i//Z7/es5/7 "inflate, bloat'. Old Icelandic blasa^b\o\N, pant, gasp, inflate,
bloat; unpers.: "swell up'. Old High German blasan^b\oW, blasa ^bubb\e\ it'/as/ "blast.

breath, breeze', Old English blaest, Old Icelandic blastr{*blestu-) "blast, breath, breeze,
snort, rage, fury';

Maybe alb. p/as'b\o\N'

Latvian b/e/jas ' prank' derives from russ. loanword it'/eo'/is "confidence trickster, swindler

Maybe alb. Geg blenj^\ buy, bargain, strike a deal)' similar meaning shift as Latin Ted -ere^
hit, wound, strike, smite; esp., to strike a bargain '

Here perhaps Gothic bldl=>^b\oo6\ s. b'^el-4.

References: WP. II 177 f., WH. I 515, 524 f.

See also: In addition b^e/-^ "bloom' etc and the extensions b^elgh-, b^led-, b^leg"-, b^lei-,

b^leu-^\.o swell' etc

Page(s): 120-122

Root / lemma: b^el-4av\6 b^/e- b^lo- b^la-

Meaning: leaf; bloom

Note: probably from b^e/- "to swell' in sense of "vegetable lushness ' and "swelling = bud'

Material: Gr. cpuAAov "leaf {*b^"J/om), Latin folium 6s.\ Middle Irish Medc"leaf' (from *bile<

*b'^e//o-); moreover probably Old Irish Men. "tree';

Maybe alb. (*(puAAov) py//" forest' [common alb. shift u > y\

b^/e-, mostly b^/o- in: Latin f/os, -r/'sm. " a flower, blossom. Transf., the prime, flower of
anything, the best, the pride; on the face, first beard, down '; f/oreo, -ere' to bloom, flower.
Transf., to be in one's prime, to prosper, flourish, be in repute; with abl. to abound in,
swarm with '; Oscan Fluusaf' the goddess of flowers, whose festival was celebrated on
the 28th of April, often with unbridled license ', Fluusasiafs' of the festivals of Flora ',
sabin. Flusare " of or belonging to the festival of Flora, of the Floralia '.

Middle Irish blathxw. "bloom, blossom, flower', cymr. blawd, acorn. blodon'b\oo'r(\,
blossom' (t)h/o-/-). Middle Breton (with -/77e/7-suffix) bleuzven, nbret. bleun(v)enn6s.,
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), with 5-derivative Middle High German bluost'b\oorr\,
blossom'. Modern High German Blust, Old English blostma, blosma, b/dstml\o\i\/er,
blossom'. Old Norse b/omstrds., Dutch b/dsen'b\oom' (= Middle Low German blosen
"blush', see below b^^/es- "shine');

Gothic b/omavn., Old High German b/uomom. "flower, blossom', Old Icelandic blomixw.
ds., it'/o/T? collective "flower, blossom'; Old High German bluojen, bluowen. Old Saxon
blojan. Old English /7/0M/5/7 "bloom'; Old High German bluoti. " blossoming, bloom,
blossom' = Old English bledi. "scion, shoot, twig, branch, flower, blossom, fruit'; but Gothic
blot^u.. Old Icelandic blod. Old Saxon Old English blod. Old High German /^A/o/ "blood'
probably to *b'^ele- "effervesce'.

With e: Old English blaedm. "breath, breeze', n. "bubble', f. "bloom, blossom'. Old High
German it'/a/ "bloom, blossom' (compare also Old English blaed. Old High German blat
"life, breath, breeze' and b'^e/- "inflate, bloat');

with a: Old High German blat. Old Saxon blad. Old English blsed. Old Icelandic bladu.
"leaf; Tocharian A. pa/t6s.

References: WP. II 176 f., WH. I 518 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351.
Page(s): 1 22

Root / lemma: b^e/-5, mostly with -g- {-/(-) suffix: b'^g/^-, b^Ja-n-g-, b^eleg-, b^JR-
Meaning: balk

Material: Basic b^eA in Old Indie bhurfjau Du." arms, arms or shafts of the cart's pole'; gall.
*ba/akon ^ {\Na\\) projection ', cymr. it's/o^ "pinnacle' (M.-L. 890).

With guttural extensions:

Gr. cpaAay^, -yyoqf. "stem, balk, beam; battle row, array ', cpaAayyai "planks, planking'
(if only with secondary nasal rendering from other nouns in -y^, so *cpaAaY- = Old Indie
bhurij-; yet perhaps with b^^e/a-^- only parallel ^-extension from a /7-stem *bf^e/a/7-from);
with -/r-.- (paAKr|<; m. "balk, beam plank in ship'.

Latin fulcio, -Tre, fulsT, -tum{*b'^Jkid) " to prop up, support; to strengthen, secure; morally,
to support, stay, uphold ' (actually "through balk, beam'); fulcrum (*fulc-lom?) " the post or
foot of a couch (prop, rack, rest camp) '.

Perhaps also sufflamen' a brake, drag, hindrance ' i^flag- = Indo Germanic *b'^/9g-
smen);

Old Icelandic biaiki (*belkan-)^ba\k, beam'; ablaut. {*balkan-): Old English baica, beaica;
Old High German Old Saxon i6'a//rc»"balk, beam'; Old Icelandic it's/Zr/'" partition wall, dividing
off, partitioning off, i6'(?/Ar"dividing off, partitioning off;

zero grade Old English bo/cam. "gangplank'; but Old High German bloli^h), Middle High
German bloch. Modern High German (ndd.) Block^ c\o{, chunk, balk, plank' contains Indo
Germanic u, also from Indo Germanic *bh/i//rc»- or, whether with Germanic consonant
increase, from *b''^lugo-, to Middle Irish it'/o^ "piece, fragment', further perhaps to Gothic
bliggwan. Old High German bliuwan. Modern High German b/euen'\r\\t', from Indo
Germanic *b^leu-ono-, see below b^eleu-.

Whereas belong probably to *b'^elgh- "to swell' from a meaning mediation "thick,
tumescent' from:

Lithuanian balziena^ long beam in the harrow ', ba/z/enas ^ crossbar, crossbeam',
Latvian balziens, belziensm. "prop'. East Latvian bolgzds rr\. " props connected in the
wood sledge level ', Latvian pabalstsm. "prop, handle, grasp, handle in the plow ', balzft,
paba/stft' prop, sustain';

russ. Dialectal (Gouv. Olonez) /7d/oz/7c» "thick board', slov. /7/az//7a "roof beam,
crossbeam of the sledge, stake, stanchion'; kasub. bfozno'tbe runners connecting the
sledge skids '.

References: WP. II 181 f., WH. I 559, Trautmann 25 f.
Page(s): 122-123

Root / lemma: b^e/-6

Meaning: to sound, speak, onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indie ,6'/7a5a-/7 "barking, baying' {*b^e/-s-), bhasate '\.a\ks, speaks, prattles';

bhandate {Dbatup.) "speaks, jeers, rebukes' {*b^e/-n-c/d), bhanat/ ^\.a\ks, speaks' {*b^e/-nd)

are after Kuiper Proto-Munda 32 f. not Indo Germanic

Old Icelandic be/Ja'roar, bellow'. Middle Dutch be/en^bark, bay'; Old Icelandic by/Ja,
bu/da' tbreater), drone, roar', /7y//'"gust of wind'. Old English by/gan'roar, bellow'. Middle
High German bo/n^cry, roar, bellow';

with Germanic //(consonant increase in the onomatopoeic words). Old High German
be//an'bark, bay'. Old English be//an'roar, bellow, bark, bay, grunt'; Old High German
bu//dn'\r\o\N\ (from the wind), bark, bay, roar, bellow', isl. -Norwegian bu//a^babb\e, chat';
Old Icelandic bja//a. Old English be//e, engl. be//. Middle Low German be//e^be\\'. Modern
High German (actually ndd.) ^e///7a/77/77e/" bellwether (with bell)';

with Germanic /c/ (probably from a present d^- and perliaps witli Litliuanian bilduio
compare, because latter contains most probably Indo Germanic d^) Danish baldre,
Norwegian Dialectal baldra, schwed Dialectal ba//ra'rant, roister' Middle Low German
Dutch ba/deren6s., Danish buldre, Swedish bullsa. Middle Low German Dutch bulderen,
bolderen. Middle High German buldern. Modern High German poltern; Old Prussian billit
"say, speak', Lithuanian bilstu, bilau, bilti^io start to talk ', bTlu, b/7ot/^ta\k', biloju, -d//"say,
talk', byl-au, -d//ds., /y/a "speech, pronunciation, conversation, entertainment', Latvian
bPstu, bPzu, b/Ist{\r\ Zs.) "talk, address, speak to', Mo'e/ 'address, speak to'; Latvian b^/at
(from *bllQa) "weep, cry'; with formants -50- Lithuanian ba7sas'vo\ce, sound, tone';

Tocharian AB pa/-, pa/-'pra\se, laud' (Van Windekens Lexique 89).

References: WP. II 182, WH. I 516, Trautmann 25.
See also: From this derived *b'^/e- "bleat'.
Page(s): 123-124

Root / lemma: b^en6^-

Meaning: to bind

Material: Old Indie badhnati, only later bandhat/ 'b'mds, fetters, captures, takes prisoner,

put together ', Avestan bandaya/t/"b'\r\6s\ participle Old Indie baddha-, Avestan ap. basta-.

Old Indie bandhana-u. " ligation ', bandha-hm. " ligation, strap'.

Note:

Probably from Avestan ap. basta-n. " ligation ' derived alb. bese'pact, covenant, faith,
belief, armistice', previously lllyrian TN ^eso/[common alb. shift st>s]; clearly lllyrian
displays simultaneous satem and centum characteristics since it was created before the
split of Indo European family. Because the institution of besa\s the most important pagan
medium that surpasses monotheistic religions in alb. psyche, that means alb. are the
descendants of lllyrian Only alb. and Indie languages relate to the fact of blood bond. The
institution of besa marks the ancient code of blood revenge and the victory of patriarchy or
the blood line of the father.

Avestan banda-m. "band, manacle' (: Old Icelandic Old Saxon bant, Old High German
bantu.. Modern High German Band, Gothic bandi. Old English bendi. ds.; Lithuanian
banda^ caiWe', see below); Old Indie bandhu-hrc\. "kinsman, relative' (as nEvGspoO.

Gr. nsTapa "rope, hawser, rope, cable' (from *n£v9aMa, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 287,
compare Brugmann IF. 11, 104 f., also for nsapa and naapa), n£v9£p6(; "father-in-law'
(*"linked by marriage ');

here after Pedersen (REtlE. 1 , 192) also naaxu) "suffer' as " is bound, is entrapped ', as
also Latin offendd\o strike against, knock; to hit upon, fall in with; to shock, offend,
displease; intransit. to knock, strike; to run aground; to stumble, make a mistake, to give
offence (with dat.); also to take offence', defendo^ (*release from the entanglement) to
repel, repulse, ward off, drive away (2) to defend, protect; esp. to defend in court; in
argument, to maintain a proposition or statement; to sustain a part '; naGvr) (covers late,
but old), with sound metathesis hom. Attic cpawn "crib' {^h^nd^-na, under a basic meaning "
twisted, woven basket' as Celtic benna " carriage basket ') (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-

);

thrak. p£v5- "bind' (compare Kretschmer Einl. 236); alb. bese'pact, covenant, faith, belief,
armistice';

I Nyhan TN Besoi

Latin offendimentum, offendix^ the knot of a band, or the band itself, chin strap under
priest's cap, apex ( a Roman priest's cap), fastened with two strings or bands';

gall. benna'V\u6 of vehicle', Galatian Zsuc; Bsvvioq, cymr. /7e/7/7 "wagon, cart' (out of it Old
English binn, and through roman. mediation Modern High German dial, it*©/?/?© "carriage
boxes', Dutch i?e/7 "basket, trough'; basic form *b^en6'^-na)\ Middle Irish bu/nne'strap,
bangle ' {*b^on6^/a); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Gothic Old English b/ndan, Old Icelandic b/nda, Old High German b/nfan^b\n6', Gothic
andbundnan "\s unfastened ', Gothic band/ etc see above;

Lithuanian bendras ^partner, comrade' (formant associated with gr. nEvGspoq), banda'
herd of cattle ' (actually "the tied (down) cattle, the bound cattle ').

Here also Gothic banstsm. "barn' {*b^on6^-str, compare in other meaning Old Frisian
bosf^ matrimonial union' from *b^on6^-stu- 'bond';

ndd. banse' silo, garner, barn'. Old English *bds, engl. i^oose "cattle shed'. Old English
bos/'g' cnb', Old Icelandic bassm. "room for keeping, cattle stall' {*band-sa-);

jut. bende^ divided off room in cattle shed' erases probably every doubt about the
relationship of above group with binden.

References: WP. II 152, WH. I 102, Feist 79, 80 f., 93.
Page(s): 127

Root / lemma: b^end-

Meaning: to sing, rejoice

Material: Old Indie bhandate 'rece'wes cheering shout, is praised, glares, gleams',

bhandistha-h^ in loudest cheering, shrilly, screaming, best of all praising ',

t>handana-h ^ cheenng' , bhandana ' merry tintinnabulation, cheer' (doubts the meaning

partly); zero grade Old Irish Middle Irish i7//7o' "melodic', abret. /7a/7/7 'melodious,

harmonious', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

References: WP. 111 51 f.

Page(s): 126-127

Root/ lemma: b^engh-, b^Qgh-{M]. b^pghu-s)
Meaning: thick, fat

Material: Old Indie bahu-'der\se, rich, much, a lot of "compounds Sup. barhhlyas-,
batfihistha- {= gr. naxu(;);

bahula-^Mck, dense, vast, spacious, big, large, rich, much, a lot of (= gr. naxuAwq Adv.
by Aristot., if these not newer formation); bambate {ur\covered) ' increase, multiply ',
bhaifihayate^ clamps, fastens, strengthens';

Avestan b^zah-r\. 'height, depth', bqsnu-rr\. ds., Baluchi it'az'much, a lot of, baz
'dense';

gr. TTaxu(; 'thick, dense, fat, obese' (compounds naaawv), "rraxoq n. 'thickness,
fatness' (occurs after naxu(; for *n£YX0(; = Avestan bqzah-), jrdx^ioq, 'thick; thickness,
fatness';

Old Icelandic bingr^bea'^\ Old Swedish binge 6s., Old High German bungo^\uber, bulb',
Modern High German Bachbunge, in addition with intens. consonant-sharpening Old
Icelandic bunki^ stowed away shipload', Norwegian bunka{ar\6 bunga) ^sruaW heap,
swelling, blister', Dutch it'o/?/: 'clump, lump' ;

Note:

Alb. bunge^ kind of edible oak fruit ' : with -^- grade alb. {*beuka) buka'brea6' : Phrygian
pEKoc; 'bread', actually ' crumb ' prove that from an extended Root/ lemma: b(e)u-1,
b^(e)u-\ 'expr. sound of hitting' derived Root/ lemma: b'^eg-, b^eng-: 'to break'. Root/
lemma: b'^engh-, bh^^^-(Adj. b'^ijghu-^ : thick, fat'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-l: to flee, *be
frightened'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-2, b'^eugh-: to clear away, free'. Root/ lemma: b^eug-3,
b^eugh-: 'to bow', Root/ lemma: b^eug-4\ 'to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.

Latvian b/ezs'dense, thick', i6'/e'z^/77s"tliicl<ness, fatness';

Latin pinguis^ fat; oily; ricli, fertile; n. as subst. fatness, fat. Transf. thick, dense; heavy,
stupid; easy, quiet ' has perhaps originated through hybridization of *fingu-is= naxuc;,
bahu-mVc\ that to opTmus, niwv respective words;

Tocharian B pkante, /0/ra//e "greatness, bulk, extent' (Van Windekens Lexique 96);

Hittite pa-an-ku- {panku-) 'all,ingenerar.

References: WP. 111 51, Couvreur H 177.
Page(s): 127-128

Root / lemma: b^e/?-

Meaning: to hit, wound

Material: Avestan bqnayan^W makes me sick', banta- "sickens, waste away';

Gothic ban/a 'b\o\N, knock, wound, ulcer'. Old Icelandic ben, Old English benni., (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Saxon beni-wunda "wound'; Old
Icelandic banirw. "death; murderer'. Old English bana. Old High German Old Saxon bano
"killer, murderer'. Old High German bano. Middle High German bane, it's/? "death, ruin';
perhaps also Middle High German bane, bani. and m. "pathway, way, alley' as "* by all
means through an wood, forest' or "* a (well-) beaten track, a way used often '; Middle Irish
ep/ti. "scythe, pruning knife' from *eks-b^en-tr, corn, bony'axe'; but cymr. bon-c/usf^ s\ap
in the face, box on the ear' contains /?c»/7 "stick'.

Avestan bata-, if " ground coarsely, from the grain ', could be related as *b^n-to-, but
because of the uncertain meaning is only to name with reservation.

References: WP. II 149, Feist 80.

Page(s): 1 26

Root / lemma: b^ered'^-

Meaning: to cut; board

Note:

Root/ lemma: b^ered'^-: "to cut; board' derived from Root/ lemma: b^eregh-: "high;

mountain, *sharp' [common lllyrian - bait -gb- > -db-].

Material: Old Indie bardhaka-h^ c\iV(\v\(^, clipping', m. "carpenter", sata-bradh-na-h^ having
100 metal points '; perhaps gr. nspGu) 'destroy, smash', nopGsu) "destroy, smash,
devastate';

b^re6!^os-\v\ Old Saxon Old English bred^boaxA', Old High German bretu., therefrom Old
High German britissa. Modern High German Pritsche;

bhycjho-in Gothic fotu-baurdu. " splint ', Old Icelandic bordu. "board, table, desk'. Old
English bordu. ds.. Old High German borfds. = Umbrian forfo- ds. in furfant' they lay on
the board '; probably with it identical Old Icelandic bord' edge, border, ship's rim ', Old High
German Middle High German bort6s. (Modern High German Bordirom Ndd.), Old English
bord'board, edge, shield'; Old English bordam. "edge, ornament, decoration'. Old High
German borfo, Modern High German Borfe;

b^o/6^o-\n Old Icelandic bard'e6ge, border', Norwegian dial, bard 6s.

From Germanic *burd- derive Serbo-Croatian brdo, russ. berdoeic " weaver's reed ' and
Latvian birdei. " weaver's rack '.

References: WP. 1 11 63, 174, Devoto Mel. Pedersen 227 f., Meillet Slave commun2 75.
Page(s): 1 38

Root / lemma: b^ereg-

Meaning: expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice

Note: compare b^eA-ds. as well as that by b^z-e^- "break, rupture' and "crack, creak'

encountering onomatopoeic sounds

Note:

Root/ lemma: b^ereg-: "expr. to sound, roar, cry, etc., *sharp voice' derived from Root/

lemma: b'^eregh-: "high; mountain, *sharp'.

Material: Old English beorcan siem-M., bearkian {*barkdn), engl. bark^bark, bay'. Old

Icelandic berkja^bark, bay, rumble, rage, clamor';

Lithuanian (zem.) burget/" drone, grumble, quarrel, squabble, be unfriendly ', burgesus'
crosspatch, grouch '; presumably also Serbo-Croatian brg/Jaf/ ^{r\u{r\b\e, murmur, chat',
brgalica "turtledove'.

Besides similar b'^ereg'-; Latvian br§cu, brekt^cvj', russ. bresu, brechatb "yelp, cry,
quarrel, squabble, lie', it'/'ec/?/?/^ "empty gossip', Serbo-Croatian bresem, brehat/'pani,
gasp, loud cough' {*b'^req-s-), brekcem, brektat/" pant, sniff, snort'.

Somewhat different because of the clear onomatopoeic words are the following words,
which in their partial /-and ^-vocalism in these by b^er(e)g- 'roast' remind present vocal
differences, which are explained from different sound imitation:

gr. (ppuYiAo(; "a small bird' (metathesis from *(ppiYuAo(;: Latin frig-?);

Latin frigo, -e/ie "squeak (of small children)', friguttid, -/?e "chirp, twitter (from birds),
lisp', later fringulio, fringultid6s., frigulo, -are^cvj (from the jackdaw)', fring(u)iHa^i\v\c\\,
sparrow';

maybe alb. (^fringuilla) ferge//oJ ^shwer, tremble (like a bird?)'

russ. it'e/p'/ez "goldfinch', Serbo-Croatian b'rglijez^ Sitta syriaca ', Czech brher Eurasian
golden oriole, golden oriole ', mahr. " woodpecker', poln. it'a/p'/e/"mountain titmouse '.

Similar ones, but indeed new onomatopoeic words are Latin merulus frindit, Lithuanian
br/z-get/" b\eat, grouse, drone, hum, grumble'.

References: WP. II 171 f., WH. I 548.
Page(s): 138-139

Root / lemma: b^eregh-{*b^erg'^-o-)

Meaning: high; mountain

Note:

Root/ lemma: b^eregh-: "high; mountain' derived from Root/ lemma: b^erag-, b'^reg-: "to

shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm'

Material: Old Indie Kaus. barhayat/ "\r\creases\ brmhat/" makes iai, obese, strengthens,
uplifts', presumably barha-s, -m "tail feather, tail of a bird, esp. from a peacock'; brhant-
"big, large, high, convex, elevated, noble, sublime', also "high, loud (of the voice)', fern.
brhatT{= Irish Brigit, Germanic Burgund), Avestan bsrszant- {npers. buland), f. berezaitJ
"high', in compound barazi-{: *bar9zra-), baraz-^b\QW and "height, mountain' (= npers.
burz6s., Irish brl; the Nom. Avestan barsSubst could contain Aryan -ar-, but also Aryan -
/-, Bartholomae IF. 9, 261), zero grade Avestan uz-barazayen/"\ shall allow to grow up ' (in
addition IaTi-pap^avr|<; " improve luck ', Iran. *barzana-), barazan-m. barazah-v\. "height',
barasnu-m. "elevation, height, sky, heaven, head', barazyah-^\r\\g\r\er', barazista-^ the
highest, the most suitable '; npers. i?aAa "height' {*barz-), burz{see above);

Old Indie brhant- stands for also "big, large, vast, grand, thick, massive' and brrhhati
"makes fat, obese, invigorates, strengthens, increases, furthers', bfhana Mv. "dense, tight,
firm, strong, proficient; very, absolutely', pa/7Z?/p'/7a-/7 "standing firm, dense, solid'.

Armenian it'e/y" height' in erkna-, lerna-berj^sky-, mountainous' {*b^erghos), barjr^\\\Q'W
{*b^rghu-), {ham-)barnam ( *barjnam, Aor. barji) "lift up' etc.

Berg-\v\ PN the Mediterranean countries: thrak. BspyouAri, maked. Bspya, lllyrian
^e/y//7/^/77 (Bruttium: Bergae), Ligurian Bergomum, Celto-Ligurian Bergusia, hisp.
Bergantia eic about yO in klein Old Saxon nspyr), rispyaijoc;, maked. Cretan n£pya[JO(;
suppositions by Kretschmer Gl. 22, 100 f., Krahe ZNF. 19, 64.

Formations in i- grade:

Latin for(c)tis. Old Latin forctus, dial, horctus, horctis^ physically, strong, powerful,
robust; morally, brave, courageous, steadfast, bold, audacious ' (from *forg-tos, Indo
Germanic *b'^rgb-tos = Old Indie brdhah).

Cymr. bera'beap' (= Modern High German Berg), acorn, bret. bernds. (-rgh-n-?s.
Pedersen KG. I 105), gall. PN Bergusia, zero grade Middle Irish bri, Akk. brig'\\\\\ (see
above), cymr. i?/y"high, above', fem., cymr. corn. bret. bre^\\\\\ , gall. Litano-briga amouQ
others PN; gall. Brigantes, BpiYavT£(; people's name (either "the sublime, noble' or "
troglodyte, cave dweller, cliff dweller '; Old Indie brhant-), BrigantiaPH "Bregenz (western
Austria)' and name of a feminine divinity. Old Irish Brigit {*b^rghntT} "name of a famous
saint and generally women's name' (also Old Indie brhaff\s used as woman's name, also
Old High German Purgunt), cymr. it'/'a//?/" privilege, prerogative' (actually "highness'), pi.
breiniau, in addition mcymr. breenhin, ncymr. brenin^V\x\<^ , corn, brentyn, bryntynds.
( *brigantTnos).

Gothic bafrgahei^ mountain range, mountainous region ', Old Icelandic bjarg and berg.
Old High German Old Saxon it'e/ig "mountain'. Old English beorh, i&eo/ig "height, burial
mound', engl. barrow'buna\ mound' (compare Armenian -berj, cymr. bera. Old Indie
barha-);

Germanic *burgundT{= Old Indie brhatT, Celtic *brigantT, Irish Brigit) in Burgund, oldest
name of Bornholm {Danish island) (actually " the high-rising ') and name Danish and
Norwegian islands. Old High German Purgunt women's name, in addition Burgundiones,
family name.

Gothic baurgsi. "town, city, tower'. Old High German burg etc "castle' is genuine
Germanic equivalent of Avestan bsrsz-, Celtic br/g-\N\t\r\ the meaning "fortified height as
refuge'; With it is coincident though Latin burgus "castle, fort', that is borrowed from gr.
nupYO(; "tower', an oriental loanword from urart. burgana ^pa\ace, fortress' derives (820 v.
Chr., s. Adontz REtlE 1, 465), whereof would have also derived Armenian burgn, aram.
burgin, burgon' tower' etc. after Kretschmer though nupyoq Germanic loanword

Maybe alb. burgu^pnson' a Latin loanword.

This contemplates *berghd'save, hide, shelter', originally ostensibly " providing
sancturay for someone at a refuge ' as retrograde derivative to *b'^ergb- "mountain' (Gl. 22,
113); s. above S. 145.

Old Church Slavic bregb'bank, border, shore, slope', Serbo-Croatian br/jeg'\r\'\\\, bank,
border, shore', russ. beregds., is probably not Germanic loanword, but rather Venetic-
lllyrian origin; Bruckner KZ. 46, 232, Persson Beitr. 927;

Maybe alb. bregu'bank, border, shore, slope' is a Slavic loanword not from lllyrian
Berg/n/um.

from latter with bregb as genuine Slavic words related kir. o-borfh, Czech it'/'a/? "haystack'
etc belongs rather to Old Church Slavic bregg'care' (*preserve, save, hide, shelter), as
stogb : GTsyu).

Maybe alb. brenge'care, sadness, sorrow', i&/"e/7^c»s "sadden, worry' Slavic loanwords.

With other vowel gradation *bh/-e^/7- perhaps in Old English brego, breogo^ master,
mister, ruler, prince, lord'. Old Icelandic bragr^best, most exquisite, most distinguished,
leader, chief, prince'. Middle High German brogen^ rise, direct upwards, wanton brag'.

Tocharian AB park- " arise, rise, come up ', A parkant, B pirko " the rising ', A parkar, B
parkre, parkre "tall';

perhaps A prakar, B prakre "tight, firm, solid' (compare Latin fortis); Hittite par-ku-us
{parkus) "high' (: Armenian barjr).

Hittite: parku- ' high ', parganu- (I) 'make high', pargatarr\. (r/n) 'height ', parkija-, park- (I)
'stand up' (Friedrich 160-161)

References: WP. II 173 f., WH. I 124, 535 f., 853, Feist 75 f., 85 f., Trautmann 30 f.. Van
Windekens Lexique 90, Couvreur H 178.

Page(s): 140-141

Root / lemma: b^erem-1
Meaning: to stick out; edge, hem
Material: b'^orm-:

Old Icelandic tiarmr^edge, hem', ey-barmr^ the edge of an island ', Norwegian dial.
barm^ extremity, border, brim, edge, rim ' (e.g. in the sail), ndd. barm, berme^ a ledge at
the bottom of a bank or cutting, to catch earth that may roll down the slope, or to
strengthen the bank; a narrow shelf or path between the bottom of a parapet and the ditch

b^rem-:b^rom-:

Perhaps Latin frons, frondist " a leaf, foliage; meton., a chaplet or crown of leaves '
{*b^rom-di-, as g/ans irom *glan-dh)\

Note: common Latin ph- > /-shift

Old Norse brumx^. "leaf buds ', Old High German brom, brum 6s., Swiss brom^ flower
bud, young twig, branch', ablaut. bramediS.

In a basic meaning "bristly, thorn' go back: Old English bromm. "broom' {*b'^remo-).
Middle Low German bram^ blackberry bush, broom'. Old High German bramom., bramat
"briar, blackberry bush ', bramberi. Modern High German Brombeere, Old English bremel,
engl. bramble (proto Germanic *bramil), ablaut, mnl. bremme. Old High German brimma
"broom' and Middle Low German breme, brummeAs.

With the meaning "edge, border': Middle High German bremu. "border, edging, edge'.
Modern High German verbramen, changing through ablaut Middle English brimme, engl.
it»/7/77"edge'.

References: WP. II 102.
Page(s): 142

Root / lemma: b^erem-2

Meaning: to buzz, drone

Material: Old Indie bhramara-h^bee';

In -/7/suffix:

Maybe nasalized alb. (^bl§-te) blete^ bee' : gr. ppovrri f. "thunder' [common alb. r- >/-].

gr. cpoppiv^, -YYO<;f- "zither', because of suffixes loanword? Initial sound variant *brem-
probably in ppspu) "boom, blaster, sough, rustle, bawl, blaster', pp6|jO(; m. "noise, crackling
', ppovTH f. "thunder' (*ppo|j-Ta);

Latin fremo, -ere^ roar, murmur, growl; with ace. to murmur out something, grumble,
complain '; frontesia "thunder and lightning ' is loanword from gr. (3povTriaiO(; (to ppovrn);

Maybe alb. fryme^ breath, exhalation', fryn/"b\0M\/'.

cymr. brefu 'b\eat, roar, bellow'; Old High German breman^ drone, grumble, roar,
bellow'. Old English bremman^roar, bellow', brymmn. "flood, sea'. Middle High German
br/mmen6s., ablaut, brummen^ drone, grumble' (in addition brunff heat, rut, rutting
season '); Middle Low German brummen and brammen ds.. Old High German Old Saxon
bremo^ Qadi\y, brake'. Middle High German breme. Old Saxon bremmia. Old High German
brimisse. Modern High German Breme and (from dem Ndd.) Bremse;

poln. brzmiec^ sound, clink, buzz' {*brbm-), Bulgarian brbmcb'buzz, drone, hum',
brbmkam ds., brbmb-al, -ar, -^/'"bumblebee, beetle, chafer'.

Maybe alb. Geg diminutive {*brum-ef} brumull, Tosc brumbuir bumblebee, beetle, bug'
[common alb. m > mtf[

As extensions *b^rem- perhaps here the onomatopoeic words: Old Indie bbr/jga-b ' g\ant
black bee'; poln. brz^k^ sound, tinkling, clinking; gadfly, brake', russ. brjakatb "clang, clink,
clatter', Czech it'/'o^/r "beetle, chafer'; Lithuanian brjnktereti^ fall chinking ' etc;

Lithuanian brenzgu, brengst/ ^c\ang, clink, knock', ablaut, branzgu, brangsf/^ sound,
clink'; Slavic br^zgb in russ. brJazgiP\. "empty gossip'; russ. -Church Slavic brjazdati
"sound, clink'.

References: WP. II 202 f., WH. I 544 f., Trautmann 37.
Page(s): 142-143

Root / lemma: b'^eres-

Meaning: quick

Material: Latin festJno, -are^ to hasten, hurry; transit., to hasten, accelerate ', Denom. von

*festid(n)-, -/T?- "haste, hurry', Erweit. to *festi- (from *fersti-) in confestim^ immediately,

without delay ' (from *com festr\N\Vn haste, hurry');

Middle Irish bras'qu\ck, fast, stormy' {*b'^reSto-), cymr. brys ds. {*b^rsto-), Middle Breton
bresic, brezec^\\as\>j';

Lithuanian bruz-g-us^c\\}\ck, fast', bruz-d-us^ 'r(\oyab\e, nimble', besides burz-d-ulis
ds., burz-deti^ run to and fro ';

Slavic *b'brz-b\v\ Old Church Slavic brbzoMv. "quick, fast', Serbo-Croatian i^/lz'quick,
fast', russ. it'o/'zoy "quick, fast, fiery', besides *b-brzd-b in wruss. borzdofKdN. "quick, fast',
Serbo-Croatian brzdicai. "rapids, speed in stream'.

Perhaps here Ligurian FIN Bersula, Swiss FIN Birsig {Kxahe ZONF 9, 45).

Maybe alb. {*bersul) versul, "rush forward, attack', truncated {*versul) si//"rush, attack'
[common alb. b- > k- shift].

References: WP. II 175, WH. I 259, 488 f., Trautmann 40, Specht Dekl. 192.
Page(s): 143

Root / lemma: b^(e)reu- : b^(e)ru-
Meaning: to boil, to be wild
Note: extension from b^er-2.
Material: A. ablaut b'^eru-{b^eru-), b'^ru-:

Old Indie bhurvan/'-h ' rest\ess, wild', M^/va/?- "uncontrollable movement of water'.

Armenian bark'sbarp, sour, cruel, savage' {barkanam^ I get angry '), which is very
much ambiguous, it is constructed here from Dumezil BSL. 40, 52 as *b^r-u-, likewise
berkrim " I am glad ' as *b^er-u-\ very doubtful!

Gr. (papup6(; ToA|jr|p6(;, 9paau(; Hes. {*b'^er-u-) and cpopuT6(; "mixture, rubbish, chaff,
crap, muck', cpopuvu), cpopuaau) "knead, jumble, mingle, sully, besmirch', probably also
(ppu-aaao|jai " gestures, behaves impatiently (esp. from wild horses); be rollicking, wanton
' common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-.

Thrak. PpuTO(; (see below).

Alb. brumm., brumet "sourdough', mbruj, mbrun/"knea6'.

Latin ferveo, -ere, fervo, -ere'to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in
quick movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage ' (about fermentum s. b'^er-2);
defrutum' leaven, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion ' (: thrak. ppuTO(;, ppuTOV,

ppouTO(; " a kind of barley beer '; from thrak. *brutia (gr. ppuria), derives lllyrian bnsa "skins
of pressed grapes', proto extension alb. bers/ds., from which serb. bersa, bfrsa, bfrza'
mould on the wine'; Latin bnsa irom dem Venet. or Messapic).

Note:

Not only alb. is the direct descendant of lllyrian but Albans in Alba Longa brought their
beer formula from lllyricum {A/bano/ \\\ynan TN) to Italy. Slavic languages borrowed their
cognates from lllyrian

Middle Irish berba/m ^ cook, simmer, seethe', cymr. berw/, bret. b/rv/'s\mmer, seethe,
boil', bero, berv^cooked, boiled', gall. GN Borvo {irom spa, mineral spring), compare with
other suffix Bormo above S. 133; perhaps also French bourbe ^sWme, mud' from gall.
*borva ' n\\nera\ water'; Old Irish brufb^b\aze, glow, fury'. Middle Irish bru/fb ^ cook' ,
enbru/fbe^ broth, meat broth' (to e/7- 'water', see be\o\N pen-2), acymr. brut' courage,
spirit, vivacity; also pride, arrogance ', ncymr. brwd'boV {cymmrwd ' mortar' from *kom-bru-
to; compare Middle Irish combru/tb 'smmer, seethe, boil'), it'/yo'/b 'seethe, froth', acorn.
bredion' dea\er, broker' (Umlaut), abret. brot' jealousy ', nbret. broud'bot, fermenting'.

About Germanic bru-iorms see below B.

B. ablaut b^reu-ar\d (partially again) b'^/ii-:

At first in words for 'wellspring' = ' bubbling over ' (/-//7-stem, perhaps b'^reuf, b'^reun-,
b^run-); Armenian afb/ur, aibeur{Qer\. aibei) 'wellspring' (from *b'^rew(a)r=) gr. cppsap, -
QToq 'stream, brook' (*(ppr|Fap-, -aTO(;, hom. cppnara, consigns cppEiara); Middle Irish tipra
f. 'wellspring' (maybe from Old Irish *tiprar< *to-eRs-b^reuj), Gen. tiprat {*to-eRs-
b^reuntos); Old Irish -tiprai' streams against ' {*to-eRs-b^reu-Tt?); from stem b^run- the
case obliqui from as e/7-stem proto Germanic *i6'/'i//7d, *brun{e)n-, Gothic brunna. Old High
German brunno. Old English brunna, burna ' well, water hole, spring ' (Old Icelandic
brunn), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), with metathesis Modern
High German (ndd.) Born.

Maybe alb. i6'i//'c»/7y "spring, originate', /?^/7/77 'origin, source, spring, bubbling water (as if
boiling)' : russ. it'/'^a 'current'; also alb. {*bruth) burth 'Cyc\arr\er\ europaeum (burning of
donkey's mouth)' where -th\s a diminutive alb. ending.

Note:

Alb. shows that Root / lemma: b'"(e)reu-\ b^(e)ru-\ "to boil, to be wild' is an extended Root
/ lemma: b^er-2\ "to boil, swell; to get high' (see below) while the latter root evolved from
Root / lemma: b^er-1

: "to bear, carry'.

With similar meaning russ. bruja ^currev\{\ bruftb " rapidly flowing, streaming in ', wruss.
bruj/'c 'unnate, to make water ' (this meaning also in Middle High German brunnen {under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) and in Modern High German dial, brunzen.
Bavarian brunnlen "urinate, to make water ' from Brunnen), formal next to Lithuanian
br(i)aujs, br{i)autis^ push forward with brute force ' {*b^reu-), Latvian brau//gs ^borny,
lustful'; also Old Prussian brew/ng/ ^conducWe, helpful'?

b'^re-n-u- {present wib nasal infix, compare Modern High German brennen) with
respect on licking flames lies before in Gothic Old High German Old Saxon brinnan, ais.
brinna. Old English beornan, b/rnan ^burn', Kaus. Gothic brannjan. Old Icelandic brenna.
Old High German brennan. Old English i6'^/77a/7"burn', wherefore among others Old High
German brant^b\aze\ brunsC burn, blaze'. Old Icelandic bruni. Old English bryne^b\a2.e\
Old High German bronado. Old English brunat^a^\\.cb\ness, heat in the body ', Swedish
branad^ ruWSnOf';

b^reu-: b^ruu-\n: Old High German briuwan. Old English breoivan'bre\N', Old Swedish
bryggja {irorr\ *bryggwa) ds.; Germanic *bruda-\n: Old Icelandic Old English brod. Old
High German prod^broVn' (: defrutum. Old Irish bruth, thrak. (3puT0(;; Middle High German
brodelen. Modern High German brodein);

Germanic *brauda-\n: Old Icelandic braud. Old English bread. Old High German brot
"bread' (from the ferment); about Old High German wintes pruV storm; tempest, whirlwind
's. Klugeii692.

References: WP. II 167 f., WH. I 333 f., 487.
Page(s): 143-145

Root / lemma: b'^ereg-, b'^reg-

Meaning: to shine; white, *ash wood, ashen, birch tree, elm

Note: equivalent with b^ere/(-, s. d. the groups b'^ereg-, b^ere/(-sb'\ne, appear, seem to be

extensions to b^^e/"- "bright, brown'. Similar to extension b^e/e^- besides b^e/- "shine'.

Material: Old Indie bhrajate ^g\ares, gleams, shines'; Old pers. braza/t/ ds. {*b'^regd), npers.

barazTdan "shine', it's/'az "jewellery';

Balto Slavic *bresk-iror(\ b^reg-sk-'\n Lithuanian breksta, bresko, brekstr break, (dawn),
(from the day)', apybreskis^ time around daybreak '; slov. brqsk, Czech bfesk poin.
it'/'zas/r 'daybreak, dawn', poin. obrzasknqc^ become bright ', brzeszczy s'iq^W. dawns, the
day breaks ', with Assimil. of auslauts -sk-\o the sounding word aniaut Old Church Slavic
pobrezgi>^6a\NX\, twilight, daybreak', russ. brezg, poin. brzazg^s.

With gradation b^{e)rdg- probably Swedish it'/'o/r/ig 'varicolored', Norwegian Dialectal
brok^ a young salmon with transverse bands ( ', also as brokai. ' large-scale mottled
animal '.

With lengthened grade the 1. syllable: Gothic i6'5//'/7/5 'bright, gleaming, distinct'. Old
High German beraht. Middle High German i?e/'/7/'gleaming' (also in names Old High
German Bert-, -bert, -brecht). Old English it'eo/'/?/ 'gleaming, radiating' (engl. bright). Old
Icelandic biartr^\\<^\\\., bright'; cymr. it'e/Y/? 'gleaming, beautiful', PN bret. Berth-walart, Irish
Flaith-bertach; UVc\uav\\av\ javaT berst^ the grain becomes white '; probably also Norwegian
Dialectal bjerk^very bright' (compare noch berk^ white trout ', Swedish /?yic>/'/r/75 'Abramis
blicca').

reduction grade alb. barth{bard!"-i) ' white ' {*b''^gr9go-).

In names of the birch (Slavic partly elm, Latin ash tree ):

Old Indie bhurja-hrc\. 'a kind of birch'; osset. barz ^b\rcb'; dak. PN Bersovia, Latin farnus
'ash tree' {*far[a]g-s-no-s, originally stuff adj. 'ashen', as well as:) fraxinus6s. (to begin
probably with a, *b^er9g-s-ends); twofold development of -e/'a-in farnus and frax/nus \nou\6
be caused by old accent difference as in pa/ma = gr. *naAa|jc(, naAapn compared with
/atus = tApitoc;;

Maybe alb. Geg /^5s/7e/7 'ash-tree' : Latin frax/nus 'asb-tree';

Old High German birihha {*b^er9g-ia). Old English beorc, birce. Old Icelandic bJQrk
{*b^eraga) 'birch';

Lithuanian berzasm., PI. berza/ ^b\rcb', ablaut, b/rztvat " birch forest '; b/rz//a/" birch
twigs ', Latvian b^rzsm.. Old Prussian berse^b\rcb'; russ. bereza, Serbo-Croatian breza,
acech. /7/7ez5 'birch' (the old color meaning still in Bulgarian brez^ white spotted ' =
Norwegian bjerks. o., slov. br^za' naxne of a white spotted cow or nanny goat');

Maybe alb. brez^ strip, belt (white stripe?)' : Romanian brau, brana^ belt ' Slavic loanword.

with formants -to-{= Gothic ba/rhts) and intonation change Slavic *berstb in russ. berest
m. "elm, framework ', Serbo-Croatian brijest, Czech brest6s., but with the meaning 'birch'
against russ. berestai., berestou. " birch bark ', Czech bfesta' upper birch bark '.

Old High German -brechtcoKM, if this vocalization instead o\-ber{H)t'(\o\. a innovation is,
are applied to b^'e/ie/^-, as also in Gothic bafrhts, cymr. berth, Hittite parkuis.

References: WP. II 170 f., WH. I 458, 510 f., 544, Trautmann 32, 37 f., Specht Dekl. 57.
Page(s): 139-140

Root / lemma: h^ersR-, b^re/f-

Meaning: to shine

Note: equivalent with U^erag-, b^ri^-ds. (see there, also because of ambiguous words)

Material: Old Indie bhrasate ^b\azes, shines' (uncovered);

gr. cpopKOv Asukov, noAiov, puaov Hes., compare but S. 134;

perhaps here Old Irish brecc 'motWed, speckled, *tabby', cymr. brych ds., gall. PN
B r/cc/us {irom *b^rk-, with expressive consonant stretch);

uncertain suppositions about the origin of cymr. breuddwyd' dream', Middle Irish bruatar
ds. by Pedersen Litteris 7, 18, Pokorny IF. Anzeiger 39, 12 f.; whether from *b'^rog"'hd^-eiti-
, -ro-?

Middle High German brehen ^suddeu and strong flash'. Old Icelandic brja, bra{*brehdn)
"flash', braga, bragda 'spark\e, glitter, flame, burn', bragd ' {*b\\nk) moment ', with originally
bare pras. -d^- also Old Icelandic bregda, preterit it'/'a 'quick, fast move, swing, reproach'.
Old English bregdan, bredansiem V. 'quick, fast move, swing', engl. bra/dl\ax, wattle,
braid', ^^it'/'a/ic/' rep roach'. Old High German brettan. Middle High German bretten^'puW,
tear, twitch, weave' (in addition Old High German bndel. Old English bndel, older brigdels
'bridle, rein');

with formants -t/o- Gothic brafv in in brafva augins 'ev pinp 6cp9aA|Jou, in a flash, at the
moment ' (compare Old Icelandic augnabragdu. 'blink, winking the eyes ') and lengthened
gradees *brehwa, *brejwa\n Old Icelandic brai. 'eyelash'. Old English braew, breaw, breg
m. 'eyelid'. Old Saxon braha' eyebrow', s/eg/-brawa 'eyeWd', Old High German brawai.
'brow', w/nf-prawa^eYe\as\r\' (the meaning 'brow' oriented from l&m-'brow', Indo
Germanic*bh/-J-); that in spite of Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I. 350, 4636 and Specht Dekl. 83, 162

Old High German brawa co\i\6 go not back to *b'^reua, is proved tlirougli tlie grammat.
variation in Old English, the form with -ku- assumes (Sievers-Brunner 200).

Here probably a kind offish Old High German brahs{i)a, brahsina. Old Saxon bressemo
' bream, freshwater bream ', Norwegian brasma, brasmeds., ablaut. Old Icelandic brosma
"a kind of codfish'.

Hittite par-ku-is{parkui§) "clean, pure', par-ku-nu-uz-zi {parkunuzi) 'purified, clean'.

References: WP. 1 11 69, Feist 76 f., 103 f., Couvreur H 327.
Page(s): 141-142

Root / lemma: b^ergh- (*bhergh-)

Meaning: to hide, keep

Material: Gothic bafrgan^save, store, keep'. Old Icelandic bjarga. Old English beorgan.

Old High German bergan. Old Saxon gibergan "save, store'; changing through ablaut Old

English byrgan^buxy', byrgen{*burgiznd), byrgels.

Old Saxon /?^/ig/s//" burial, funeral' and Old High German borfajgen' spare, look after,

entrust, borrow'. Old English borg/an'\ook after, watch over, keep, borrow'.

Note:

Alb.-lllyrian and celt.- Slavic languages prove that from a zero grade of Root/ lemma:

b^eregh-: "high; mountain' derived Root/ lemma: b^ergh-: "to hide, keep'. Cognates

deriving from those two roots mark of wave of IE people who introduced burial mounds in

Europe.

Maybe alb. nasalized {*bergo) brenge^ concern, sadness (for a dead person?)', brengos
"sadden' Slavic loanwords.

Slavic *bergg\n Old Church Slavic (*bhergMei) bregg, bresf/^care, worry' in nebresti
"neglect', russ. beregu, berecb "beware, preserve, protect, spare, look after, spare', Serbo-
Croatian older brzem, br/jec/^guard, watch, preserve, protect, care, worry; hold festivities';
changing through ablaut kir. oborfh, gen. Oit'o/'d/?^ "haystack', Czech it'/'a/? "haystack, heap',
poln. brog^barn, haystack' (out of it Lithuanian bragasds.); zero grade Czech brh^cave,
cottage, tent'; East Lithuanian b/rg/nt/" spare'.

Perhaps here gallo-rom. (rhat.-lllyrian) barga ' co\/ered thatched hut ', whether from
*borga, Tagliavini ZrP. 46, 48 f., Bonfante BSL. 36, 141 f.

References: WP. II 172, Trautmann 31, Feist 76.

See also: compare above S. 141 .
Page(s): 145

Root / lemma: b^er-1

Meaning: to bear, carry

Grammatical information: The root b'^er-, forms the exceptional both themat. and athemat.

present, because the durative recognizes neither Aor. nor Perf. in Indo Germanic

Note: Beside b^er-, with them, vowel b^ere-, sees a heavy basis b^erg: b^re-

Material: Old Indie bharat/" cames', Avestan baraiti6s. (and "ride"). Old pers. barantiy 3. PI.

ds. (= Armenian berem, Phrygian ap-pspsr, gr. (pspu), Latin fero. Old Irish biru, alb. bie,

Gothic baira.

Old Church Slavic berg); Old Indie bharti{a\so as gr. cpspTS, Latin ferto\6 unthem. form),

bibharti, bfbharti, bibhrmah, b/bbrat/ {compare that probably with nicppapsv = bibhrme

derived sa-nicppavai "bring in, take in'), them, abibhran, bibhramana-h av\6 Avestan -

bTbaramr,

Perf. ba bha ra av\6 jabhara {bybn6\zaWov\ o^ babbara wltb Jabara kom harti);

participle Old Indie bhrta-h, Avestan berate-, Supin. Old Indie bhartum, Kaus. Old
Indie bbarayat/ = \ter. Avestan baraya-,

Sup. Avestan ba/r/sta-'be cherishes best, cares, looks after' (= gr. cpspiGTOc; " most
superior, best', probably ' he carries the richest, most fertile ');

Old Indie M/Y/-/? 'carrying, sustenance, livelihood, food, wage ' = Avestan baretis
"carrying' (= Latin fors, Gothic gabaurt^s, Armenian bard); Old Indie bbrtya lood,
nourishment, care, cultivation' (compare Gothic baurt^ei);

Maybe alb. bar^ fodder, grass'.

Old Indie bharman-v\. "preservation, nourishment, care, cultivation; load' (= gr. cpeppa.
Old Church Slavic brem^), heavy basis in bharfman-u. ds.; bharftra-m^arxvi ("*wherewith
one carries ');

Old Indie Mara-/? "acquiring, carrying off, profit, gain, booty; burden'

Maybe alb. it's/re "burden' : Old Indie bhara-h^buv\A\e, work, load';

npers. barlruW (= gr. cp6po(;, Old Church Slavic sh-borb); Old Indie -bhara-h 'beanu^,
carrying, bringing etc', Avestan -bard 6s. (= Armenian -vor, gr. -cpopo(;, e.g. 5ua(popo(; =
Old Indie durbhara-h);

maybe alb. bar^^rass, herb' related to npers. it's/'" fruit'.

Old Indie bbarana-m ' carrying, bringing, providing, support' (= Inf. Gothic bafran); Old
Indie bhartar-, bhartar- " bearer, provider ', prabhartar- 'carrier (of the sacrifice)', Avestan
fra-bsretar-^ carrier of things, secondary priest ' (compare Latin fertor-ius, Umbrian
arsfertur), fem. Old Indie bharfn, A\/es\.ar\ bare^rf supporter, upholder, mother';
lengthened grade Old Indie i6'/75/'5-/7 'bundle, work, load', bharin- 'bearing, carrying',
bharman-{r\.) 'bringing, attendance', bharya-h^\.o bear, carry, support, nourish' (== Old
High German ban or = *b'^dr/o-\r\ gr. (pLop\a[Jidqy, ba-bbri-b ^bear\r\g, carrying, borne'.

Armenian berem'bear, bring' (Aor. eber= scpsps, abharat), bern. Gen. it>e/7/7 'burden,
load' (compare gr. cpspvp 'dowry'), it'e^'yield, fruit, fertility' and 'movement, run', -ber
'bringing, bearing, carrying', e.g. in lusaber^ light-bringing, morning star', secondary
instead of -vor, e.g. lusa-vor^ light-bringing ' (compare Latin Luci-fer, gr. AsuKO-cpopoq);
bari^ goo6', barv-ok'good, best'; bard^beap; compound', lengthened grade *b'^dr-\n burn
'hand, fist; force, might';

Phrygian (kqkouv) appspsT (also appspsTai) '( injury, evil) cause, carry ';

gr cpspw 'bear' (only present system, once participle cpsprot;; Ipv. cpsprs), med. (p£pO|jai '
moves me fast ' (also Old Indie bharate, Latin ferrf, compare above Armenian berar\6
under Alb.), Iter, cpopsw 'bear etc' (= alb. mbaj); about (^tpxaioq, 'the best, noble ', Kompar.
(^tpizpoc, see above S. 128 and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I SOO^, 535, 538; about ocppa s. Boisaeq
s. V. andS. 132;

Note:

common alb. b- > mb- > m- as in alb. Geg /r?^ "bear'

cpsprpov, with them. Vok. cpspsrpov 'bier, stretcher ' (Latin feretrum 'a litter, bier' from
Gr.); cpsppa 'fruit, field crop, agricultural crop, unborn child; fruit of one's womb, fetus ';
cpspvp 'dowry', Aeolic with them, vowel cpspsva f. ds.; cpopoq 'yield, tax', -cpopoq 'bearing,
carrying', cpopa: 'carrying, plentiful yield, fullness, wealth'; aMcp[icp]op£U(; ' means:
container/vessel with two grips/handles '; cpoproc; 'burden, load, cargo'; cpapsTpa ' quiver';
5i-cppo(; ' the charioteer's and the combatants' holding part of the war chariot '; cpcbp 'thief
(= Latin fui), lacpajpsc; Anarai, KAsnTQi. AaKU)V£(; Hes.; from cpcbp derived cpcupacjo ' spy on

the thief ', then generally "spy on, track ', cpoopa: " house search '; (poopiapog ' box for the
storage of clothes ' due to *b'^drios 'wearable, bearable'.

From the heavy basis b'^(e)re-{l): Fut. -cppnaw, Aor. -Ecppnaa, -cppnvai joined together
(with 5ia- "let pass', with sia- ' let in, put in ', with £k- ' bring out, let out, unburden ');
paradigmatic with (£a)-ni-(ppavai (see above to Old Indie bibhrmah).

Ligurian FIN Porco-bera^ guiding fish ', Gando-bera^ guiding scree '.

Mess, ma-beran, berameic, tabara^ ^nesiess' {*to-b'^era), Doric-lllyrian pspvcbpisGa
KAripwacbpsGa. AoKcoveg, Hes. (to gr. cpspvri 'dowry'), doubtful apnp oiKr||ja oiodq sxov,
Hes.

[common Messapian Albanian b- > mb-, m(a)b-, the intervocalic -a- under the influence of
Latin consonant + vowel + consonant order.]

Note:

lllyrian. Mess, and later alb. display satem characteristics the same as Old Indie and
Avestan Not only lllyrian shares with Old Indie and Avestan the cognates for 'bear' but also
the institution of priesthood and earth fertility: Mess, ma-beran, beram etc, tabara
"priestess' : Avestan fra-bsratar-' earner of things, secondary priest' (compare Latin fertor-
ius, Umbrian arsfertur), fem. Old Indie bbartn, Avestar\ bare-drf supporter, upholder,
mother';

Alb. [causative bjei\ b/e{*b^erd), 2. PI. b/rn/ ^br'mg, bear, lead, guide', also 'fall, fail, hit ',
ber, beronje ' dart, arrow'; kompon. *dz-bier, vdjeretc 'fall, lose, destroy', /7o'2/i6'/-' bring out
', zbjer^iaW, lose'; also bie\r\ the meaning 'fall' (compare cpspopai etc), wherefore dzbore,
debore, vdore etc 'snow' (prefix dz(a)-, de-ar\d *b^ era actuaWy ' the falling down, falling off

');

[Albanian prefix dz(a)-, de-, z- is of Macedonian Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-astra, dzastra
' the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from Slavic za ' behind; for, after, because of, during,
at, in, on' see Root/ lemma: ghd\ behind, towards].

Albanian dz(a)-bora\. ' snow' = Romanian f. za-pada ' snow'.

£7- grade Albanian dz(a)-bora\. ' snow, heap of snow ' : Old Church Slavic sh-borh
'congregation, meeting', alb. borica' sleet ', suffix -ca of Slavic origin.

Breton ober erc'h : Kurdish Kurmanji berf barm : Romagnolo bofe : Welsh bwrw eira :
Latvian birt : Albanian bie bore ' to fall snow';

iterative alb. *b'^ore/d\n Tosc mbanj, mbaj, older mba, Geg mba, mbaj'keep, tend, look
after, observe, bear'. North East Geg also used from carrying pregnant animals, with
restored r also mbar, bar^bear, drag'; [common alb. b- > mb-] Kaus. *b^dre/d\n gr.-alb.
bonj, pass, bonem irom mating of the mares and cows, actually "make bear, make
pregnant', and dzbonJ{etc) " chase away, drive out, drive away' (*'make fall away, make
flee');

[Albanian prefix dz(a)-, de-, z- is of Macedonian Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-astra, dzastra
" the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from Slavic za " behind; for, after, because of, during,
at, in, on' see Root / lemma: ghd\ behind, towards].

alb. mbare^goo6, lucky', barreloa6' {*b'^orna, compare Gothic barnn. "kid, child'); mberat
"pregnant', i6»a/'/r" belly' etc, bar^Qxass, herb' fbhoro- "yield');

bir^sovC {*b^er-, compare Gothic baur^sovi), bije, gr. cal. Me "daughter' (with diminutive
suffix -ele, -ej§) : Old English byre^sow'; Maybe Kurdish i^e^e "offspring'.

burre {* baur) "man, husband' (compare to meaning Old High German baro^rwau,
husband'; alb. basic form *b'^ornos, reduplication-stem besides Gothic barn); presumably
also mburr^ praise', mburem'boast, brag, be proud '.

Latin fero, ferre^to bear, bring, carry; to bring forth, produce; to bring to a place or a
person, fetch, offer; to bear away, carry off; to bear along, move forward, put in motion.
Transf., to move, impel, carry away; without object, to lead, tend ' (as gr. cpspu) only
present system), Umbrian fertu' you shall bear ' etc, Volscan ferom^ bear, carry ',
Marrucinian ferenter^ they are carried, they are born ' (compare from compound ad-,
affero: Gothic atbafra; effera. SKcpspu), Old Irish as-biur); /fe/HA- "fertile';

Latin ferculum " a frame, litter, bier, tray; of food, a course or dish ', praefericulum "wide
offering vessel'; *fertor^\.be bearer ', assumed from fertorius "a sedan which serves for
carrying' and = Umbrian ar-fertur, arsfertur^ the priest of some particular god '; fertilis
"fertile', Paelignian fertlid f\b\. Sg.; -fer\v\ compound secondary instead of -/b/'" bearing,
carrying, bringing'; fordai. "pregnant' (ofc»- extension of Adj. *b^'c»/'d-s "bearing, carrying', s.
WH. I 527); fur\h\eV {= gr. cpcbp, s.o.; to Latin us. WH. I 569);

fors Nom. (= Indo Germanic *b'^rtis), forte No\. " chance, luck ' = Paelignian forte PI.
"chance, hap, luck, fate, fortune ';

fortuna^ chance, fate, lot, luck, fortune. Transf., lot, condition, state, mode of life;
property, possessions ' (from tu-siem *b^r-tu-s).

Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift.

Old Irish 1. Sg. biru, -biur, 3. Sg. benc/'bear, carry', as-b/ur'te\\\ cfo-b/ur'g'\\/e\ cymr.
cymerartake' etc; Middle Irish bertm. "bundle, load', f. "feat, dead, act, plan, birth' etc, b/'r/t
"sow' = Old Indie i6'/7a/'a/7//" bearing, carrying';

Old Irish Middle Irish bretb and (actually Dat. Akk.) br/tb, bre/fb {Gen. br/tbe ^carry\ng,
parturition (verbal noun to b/ru); birth; judgement' {*b^rta); cymr. ,6'/yo' "thought, notion'
(rather *bfyY^- as *b'^rt/-, s. Lewis-Pedersen 345), corn. Zj/ys "thought, notion', brys^ womb';
gall, uergo-bretus OW\ce title, whether for *-britos,

Irish it's/?? "judge', cymr. bret. it'a/T? "judgement' (probably *b'^ornos, compare above alb.
burre, Pedersen KG. I 51 nimmt -?-, i.e. ere, an);

Old Irish brath, gen. -o "court', cymr. /7/'5M/o'"judgement', corn. bres6s., bret. breuf
address to the jury; summation; summing up; plea ', PI. breujou^ the assizes of justice,
judgments of a court of law ', gall. Bratu-spantium PN, pparouSs " from judgment ' {*b^er9-
tu-)\ gall. *com-boros^ the amassed ', out of it Middle High German kumber^ rubble, heap
of rubble ', Modern High German Kummer.

Gothic bafran^beax, carry, bring, beget, spawn, to give birth to children ' {berusjos
"parents');

Old Icelandic bera^beax, carry, bear, endure, bring, produce, give birth to children ',
Old English Old High German beran'bear, carry, beget, spawn, to give birth to children ',
Modern High German gebaren;

Gothic Old Icelandic Old High German Old Saxon barn. Old English bearn^V\6, child';
Gothic i6'a/777s "breast', Swedish dan. it'a/TT? "breast, lap'. Old Icelandic badmr^bosom'. Old
High German Old Saxon barm^\a'^\ Old English bearm ds. (= gr. (poppi6(;? s. S. 137); Old
High German baro^man, husband';

Swedish Dialectal bJare{*beron-), bare {*baron-) "( carrying, i.e.) luck-bringing magical
creature '; Old Icelandic PI. barar, barir, bgrur'barrow, bier'. Old English bearwe, engl.
barrow. East Frisian barwe, Dutch berr/e' barrow, bier';

lengthened grade Old High German -ban, Modern High German -t)ar{e.g. fruchtbar=
bearing fruit, bearing, carrying). Old English baere {w3estm^re^ierW\e'), Old Icelandic b^rr
" capable for carrying, bearable';

Old High German Old Saxon bara. Old English baert 'barrow, bier' (also Old Icelandic
bara. Middle English Middle Low German bare "wave'? perhaps here as " the lifting one ',
compare below the group from Old High German burian^soax, rise');

zero grade Gothic baur^ the born ', Old Icelandic burr. Old English byre^sov^; Gothic
gabauru. 'money collected from people, ((p6po(;), tax', gabaurm. 'feast, festival ' (to
gabafran ' collect, gather '), Middle High German urbor, urbari. n. " interest of a property ',
m. ' tax-payer'; Old High German bori. ' upper space, height'. Old High German in bor(e)
'at the height, upwards ', Middle High German enbor(e). Modern High German empor. Old
High German burian. Middle High German burn'ra\se, uplift'; here obd. borzen ' overhang'
= Old English boreftan ' s\N\ng' {Gem\an\c*-af/an), in addition Modern High German Burzel
un6er purze/n. Old High German giburian. Middle High German geburn^ occur, happen,
close juridically, to be due'. Old Saxon giburian. Old English gebyrian. Old Icelandic byrja^
be proper, befit, be suitable'. Old Icelandic byrja a\so 'begin', actually * 'lift, raise';

Maybe alb. buron'beg\r\s, springs, originates', burim^ spring'.

Old English byre, gebyrem. ' favorable occasion, opportunity ', Gothic gabaurjabaa&j.
'willing, fain, yearning ', gabaurjo^us^ lust, desire '; from the concept of 'aroused, lifted,
high' arose from the strengthening mode of Old High German bora-, e.g. in bora-tail^yery
tall, very high', next to which ograde Old Saxon bar- in barwirdig 'very solemn, honorable,
noble'; presumably also Old Icelandic byrrxn.. Old English /y/'e 'favorable wind'. Middle
Low German Z^OAe-Zos 'without wind ' as '(the ship) bearing, carrying'.

QiO\}(\\c gabaur^s\. 'birth, parentage, ancestry, gender, sex'. Old Icelandic burdrxw. '
carrying, parturition, birth', byrdi. 'birth'. Old English gebyrdi.. Old High German giburt.
Old Saxon giburd^b\rVc\\ also 'fate, destiny' (=Old Indie bhrti-fi, Latin fors); Gothic baurt^ei
'burden, load'. Old High German burdTi. 'burden', *b'^rtidn-: -tm; Old Icelandic byrdr. Old
English byrt^en, by rd en 6s.

Old Church Slavic (*b'^erdieh2) berg, btrati {bi^rati) 'gather, collect, take', Serbo-Croatian
berem brati6s., russ. beru bratb6s. etc (Slavic */7b/'a//derived from an older *Z?b/f/after
the preterite stem Balto Slavic *bira-). Old Church Slavic bremg^\oa6, burden', Serbo-
Croatian breme, russ. Dialectal beremja, ac. bi'ieme {*b^era-men-). Old Church Slavic sb-
i&o/Tj 'congregation, meeting'; Church Slavic Z^/iez^ya 'pregnant', russ. it'e/'ezaya 'pregnant

(of the mare)', Serbo-Croatian breda6s. from cows {*b^er9-di^, in forms similarly Latin
forda; Old Church Slavic brasbno^6\s\\, nourishment, food' see below bhares- 'barley'.

Lithuanian bernas^ youngling; farm laborer'. Old Lithuanian "kid, child', Latvian b^rns
"kid, child'; probably Latvian /^^/^"heap, bulk, mass'.

Here with specialization on delivering the seminal grain: transitive Lithuanian beriu,
beriau, bert/^strew, distribute' (from grain, then also from flour, ash, cinder etc), Latvian
beru, berths., in ablaut intransitive Lithuanian byru, birau, b/rt/' strew, distribute, fall out',
Latvian b/rsfu, biru, b/rtlaW out, fall off, drop ', etc.

Tocharian A B par-'bear, carry, bring, get, fetch', perhaps also in A kos-prem^\r\ow
much?' ku-pre^W, taprem^W, tapar{k) "yet', whether to gr. o-cppa ... TO-cppa " as long as '
(see129).

About Hittite i6'a/'-5/7-z/" hunts, scuds, chases' s. Pedersen Hittite 185.

Specht will restore here also (Dekl. 148), with i- and i/-forms. Old English bri-d, bird
"young bird', Germanic bru-f/s^\N\ie, woman, bride'. Old Indie bbruna- ^ embryo' , Latvian
brauna, cech. brnka {*b^ru-nka) " placenta, afterbirth '. S. but under b'^(e)reu- "gush, well
up, soak '.

References: WP. II 153 f., WH. I 483 f., 527, 569, 865, 866, Trautmann 31, E. Hermann
Stud. Bait 3,65 f.
Page(s): 128-132

Root / lemma: b'^er-2

Meaning: to boil, swell; to get high

Note: often with /t?- forms; also as heavy basis b^era-: b^/-, b^(e)rei-, b^(e)n-. compare

bher-5.

Material: Old Indie bhurati {*b^~r-e-ti) " moves, shrugs, jerks, flounces, flounders', Intens.

Jar-bhunti 6s.\ also: " flickers, from fire'; bhuranyati^ shrubs, jerks, is restless; sets in violent

movement, stirs, stirs up' with /77-forms Old Indie bhramati, bhramyati^ wanders around,

turns round ',

bhrama-h^ whirling flame, whirlpool', bbrm/-b 'rr\oyab\e, nimble; whirlwind' (see below Old

Icelandic br/m/ etc); bburn/- bWo\ent, angry, irate, wild, keen, eager', might be based as

*b'^rn/- likewise on the heavy basis;

here probably Avestan avabara/f/" streams irom' , uzbarante' they stream forth (?)',
baranti ay^n^ during one day, where it squalls, storms'.

From gr. TTopcpupw (*TTopcpupj(w) " boils up, surge up, be in restless stir ' (: Old Indie
Jarbhunti); presumably also cpupw 'mix up, mix' (if originally from bubbling up from cooking;
basic form *b^orid\N\t\\ u- colouring conditioned by the labial of the reduction vowel),
wherefore cpup5r|v ' chaos, in a mess ', cpuppoq 'perplexity', cpupaw 'mix, mingle, stir
chaos, knead, bewilder'.

About Ligurian and Venetic names see below.

Alb. burme' fully ripe ' (*fully cooked) from *\i'^ornno-.

Maybe alb. i&^/v/?? 'spring, bubbling up', buronj^to spring, bubble'

From Latin probably fretum -/'n. a strait, sound, estuary, firth, channel; the sea in gen.,
usually plur.; fig., disturbance, turmoil', fretus, -Osrr\. 'a strait; an interval, difference
(surging of the sea, esp. strait, stream, foaming, heat)', fretale^ frying pan ';

fermentum^ leaven, sourdough, yeast; a kind of beer. Transf. anger, passion, ' (: Old
English beorma, engl. barm. Low German barme, from which Modern High German Burme
' brewer's yeast '); also fervereS. 144;

Old Irish topur, nir. /c»i6'5/''wellspring' {*to-uks-boro-). Middle Irish commar= cymr.
cy/77/77e/''confluence' {*kom-bero-)\ Ligurian FIN Comberanea, Middle Irish fobar
'wellspring, subterranean stream, brook' = cymr. gofer ^stream, brook', bret. gouver6s.
{*u[p]o-bero-), cymr. beru^6r\'^, trickle'. Middle Breton beraff^i\o^\ gall. FIN Vobera,
French Woevre, Voivre etc; with /77-forms Celto-Ligurian aquae Bormiae, GN Bormo, hisp.
PN Bormate, FIN Borma, dak. PN Boppavov, Venetic FIN Form/o {but gall. GN Borvo
belongs to b^ereu-^boW). Uber Middle Irish breol\ame' see below.

Old English beorma m. etc (see above); from of a root form *b^{ejre-: b'"{eJrd-:0\6 High
German bradamm. 'breath, breeze, heat'. Middle High German bradem^baze, mist'.
Modern High German Brodem, Old English brsed^baze, mist, breath, breeze, blow' (engl.
breath). Old IcelandiCit'/'adr'stormy, hot tempered, hasty', brad^ tarred wood, creosoted ',
bradna ^rweVi, intrans.. Old High German bratan. Old English br^dan^^ry'; ablaut. Middle
Low German broien ^s\r\Qe, brood'. Middle High German bruejen, bruen. Modern High
German bruhen. Old English brodi., engl. brood^broo6, breed, breeding'; Middle High
German bruoti. 'heat. Brut', Old High German bruoten^ brood,'; unknown origin are Old
High German bratom. ' soft eatable meat ' (^/"a/e/? previously are reinterpreted Middle

High German time to " roasted meat '), Modern Higli German Wildpret, Old Norse brado
"calf, late Latin borrows brado^ham\ Old English braedem.. Old Icelandic brad^x3>N meat'.

Beside the very productive root form bi^ere:/- (see there) has to be recognized probably
also b^(e)rei-, b'^(e)n-. These are based on Old \x\^\q, jar-bhun-ti, gr. *(pupj-u), *TTopcpupj-u)
(see above);

with /77-formant presumably gr. cppipiau), cppi|jaaao|jai "makes me anxious, spring, snort'
common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-\

Old Icelandic brimi^i\re'\ Middle English it'/'//?? "blaze, glow', probably also Old Icelandic
brimu. "surf, surge, breakers'. Old English brimu. "sea'; in bruhen, Brodem, braten
present meaning colouring turns again in Norwegian prim "a kind of cheese prepared from
sour wheys under strong cooking ' (also Modern High German Brimsenkase), Dialectal
also bnm'ds.; also crust, sediment of boiled down liquid ' (Modern High German Bavarian
Brimsen, Brinzen " what settles with the mush browned in the frying pan '); besides with
formant -uo- very probably Old High German br/d, Middle High German br/{e), Old English
it'/w "porridge, mash' (as "*south, hot; cooked'), br/'wan' cook'; moreover also Middle Irish
breo "flame' {*b^rf-uo-).

An 5-extension perhaps in Old Indie bhrSsat/'wavers, staggers, sways ', Norwegian
Dialectal brrsa'b\aze, flare, shine, show off; set on fire', brrsl\re, flame', it'/vs/r "agile, lively,
alert, awake, smart'.

Maybe alb. i&/7s/r "sharp, smart, keen; knife'

References: WP. II 157 f., WH. I 482 f., 546, 865.

See also: compare the related root forms b'^ereg- "cook', b^ereu- "boil', b'^reus- "to swell',

b'^rfg-, bh/77g-"cook, fry'

Page(s): 132-133

Root / lemma: b^er-3

Meaning: to scrape, cut, etc.

Material: Old Indie (gramm.) bhrnati{'7) "injures, hurts, disables' = npers. burrad^c\As,

slices'; Avestan tizi-bara- "with with sharp edge ' (= Armenian bir, compare also alb.

borig(e), perhaps here Old Indie bharvati^cbe\NS, consumes' (Avestan baoirya-^\Nba\. must

be chewed', baourva- "chewing') from *b'^arati\s transfigured through influence of Old Indie

carvat/" c\r\eM\/s up'.

Armenian beran'moutW (originally "cleft, fissure, orifice '), -b/r- " digging up ' in getna-,
erkra-, hoia-bir^ digging up the ground, ransacking ' (*b^'e/'c»-), in addition brem{*birem) "
digs out, hollows out, drills out ', br-ic^hack, mattock, hoe'; bah. Gen. -/"spade' {*b^r-tf-,
perhaps *b'^ort/- =russ. bortb), bor. Gen. -oy "scurf'.

Gr. *(papu) "split, cut up, divide' (cpapaaiv axiaai EM), cpapou) "plow' = Old High German
boron), cpapot; n. "plough, plow (?)', m. = cpapuy^ {*b^eros), acpapoq " plowed up ', cpapay^ "
cliff with gaps, gorge, ravine, gulch' (in addition rom. barranca 'gorge, ravine, gulch', M.-L.
693a), jon. (papooq n. " ragged piece, deal, portion'; here perhaps (paoKoq m. 'moss villus'
as *(papo-Koq. A /r-extension in cpapKic; "wrinkle', cpopKOc; "wrinkly' Hes.

Perhaps here (I J. 13, 157 n. 100) mak. pippo^ 5aou (compare Pippu)9r|vai TaTT£ivu)9r|vai
Hes.), basic meaning "wool villus ', gr. Lesbian Thessalian psppov 5aau, Doric psipov ds.,
psppspiov " shabby dress ', Latin burrai. " straggly garment ', respectively "wool', reburrus
" wool with bristling hair '.

Alb. bie{2. pi. birni. Imp. biere) " knocks, hits, plays an instrument; whether (hit there) '.

Alb. brime'\\o\e' {*b'^r-ma), b/'re ds. {*b^era), Geg brej, Tosc brenj' gnaw, argue '; britme
"September and October' (if actually "harvest, autumn', due to *b^r-tf- " the reaping '); brese
"bitter root, chicory' ("bitter' = "incisive'; -sefrom -t/a, borfg(e)) "splinter, chip' {*b^er-v(\.
form. -ige).

Maybe alb. /77i6'/'e5e "print, shock' [common alb. b- > 777,6'- shift]

Latin ferid, -Tre' to strike, knock, smite, hit; esp. to strike dead, slay, kill; colloq., to cheat
' (see also WH. 1481 to ferentarius' a light-armed soldier, skirmisher '). About forma'
form, figure ' s. WH. I 530 f.

ford, -are' to bore, pierce ' (meaning as Old High German boron, but in ablaut different;
denominative oi*b^ora' the drilling '), foramen' hole, opening, aperture '; forus, -/"" the
gangway of a ship; a block of seats in the theater; plur., tiers of cells in a beehive '; but
forum (Old Latin also forus) ' an open square, marketplace ' not as " space surrounded by
planks ' here (Umbrian furo, /iy/^y "forum'); see below 6^uer-.

Middle Irish bern, bernai. "cleft, gap, slit', bernach 'c\eit';

probably also Middle Irish ba/renn'cWii piece ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (in
addition bairnech' mussel plate '); Old Irish barae. Middle Irish bara{Da\.. barainn) "rage,
fury', bairnech' angry, irate', cymr. bar, baran'rage, fury'.

Old Icelandic berja {pretent tarda) "hit, bump, poke', berjask 'f'\gM\ bardage 'batWe', Old
High German berjan. Middle High German berjen, bern^hW, knock, knead'. Old English
bered^ low-spirited' (Germanic *i&5/75/7= Slavic borjg). Old Frisian i?©/"" attack'; Middle High
German bart "balk, beam, bar, gate, barrier, enclosed land' (: Latin forus, -um), engl. bar
"bar, gate, barrier'. Old Icelandic ber//ngs-ass ^ba\k, beam'; Germanic is probably (different
Wartburg I 260) also Middle High German barre'ba\k, beam, bar, bolt' and rom. family of
French barre, barr/ere etc (-/r-from -rz-);

*baru-ha, -^s- "castrated pig' (perhaps with Slavic *borv-TD based on *bhc»m-5 "castrated
animal' and ending in -ha-: -ga- after *farha-^ pork, pig ' extended) in: Old High German
barug, barh. Modern High German Barg, Barch {Borg, Borch);

Maybe alb. it's/v^ "shepherd, herdsman (of pigs?)' phonetically equal to Latvian baru, baru,
bart^sco\d, chide' (see below) or maybe a truncated gr. pcbrajp "herdsman, shepherd'.

Old English bearg, bearh, engl. barrow. Old Icelandic -bgrgr^a castrated boar' (in addition
also Old Icelandic va/-bass/"\N\\d boar' as *barh-s-arR s. Falk-Torp under basse N.); Old
High German Old Saxon boron. Old English borian. Old Icelandic bora, -ada'bore' (see
above); Old High German bora'borer'. Old English bor, byres 6s.; Old Icelandic bora'\r\o\e'
{auga-, eyra-bora).

Lithuanian baras, Latvian bars^ grain swath, strip of cut grain '; Lithuanian baru{an6
bariu), bart/^sco\d, chide, vilify', refl. " be quarrelsome', Latvian baru, baru, M/Y"scold,
chide' (== Slavic borjQ);

Maybe alb. {*barti) bertas'sco\6, yell, scream', mbaroj, "extinguish, finish, end, make
ashamed', alb. Geg {*bar-) mbare , marre^ shame, sth to be scolded', [common alb. b- >
mb-s\\\i\] : Latvian: M/'//"scold, blame' [verb]; M/Y/ies "quarrel' [verb].

Lithuanian barn/'s {Akk. barn/) "quarrel' (=Old Church Slavic brant); Lithuanian burna
"mouth' = Bulgarian bbrna'Wp' (basic form *b^orna, compare above Irish bern and to
meaning Armenian beran).

Here with Baltic forms ± Latvian be?zt\ub, scour, rub, clean', intrans. b/rzt' crumb,
spall, crumble ', birze^ sowing furrow ', Lithuanian birzisi. " field furrow '.

With of a basic meaning 'notch': Lithuanian burtaiP\. "lot, fate, charm, spell' = Latvian
burts^mark, token, sign the magician, alphabetic letter', Lithuanian it'i//'// "conjure, perform
magic', Latvian it*^/? "conjure, perform magic', burtains^ perform wood-carving notch '; gr.

cpapiJaKov "remedy, magical cure, magic potion; pliiitre ' (probably not Indo Germanic) has
nothing to do with it.

Old Church Slavic borjg, i?/-^// "fight' (frequent reflexive), russ. borju, it'o/'d/^ "subjugate,
prostrate', refl. "fight', poln. dial, it'/'dcs/i? "wrestle, struggle'; Old Church Slavic i6'/'5/76 "fight,
struggle'. Old Russian it'o/'o/?^ "fight, struggle', russ. /7d/'c»/7i. "forbid', Czech it'/'a/? "weapon,
armament, armor' , russ. za-ZJor "fence, plank fence ';

maybe alb. {*bron) mbronj" deiend', mburq/e 'sh\e\d, armour' : poln. t>ron/c 'deiend'
[common alb. b- >/77i6'- shift] Slavic loanword.

(as Latin forus on the concept "board' rejecting: compare russ. alt. zaboro/o^ wooden town
wall, scaffold, trestle', Czech zabrad/o ^handraW, parapet' ); russ. borona' harrow', and with
Slavic -zda-lorms Slavic *borzda\n Old Church Slavic brazda, russ. borozda lurrow';

maybe alb. brazda lurrow' a Slavic loanword.

russ. borov^ hog, castrated boar, (dial.) boar, castrated bull ', Serbo-Croatian brav^
sheep, cattle ', Dialectal "castrated pig', Slovak, it'/'ai/" castrated pig', poln. Dialectal browek
" fattened boar, porker ' (see above Germanic *baruha-)\ *b^rt-b "drilling, cavity' (*bho/Y/-) in
russ. bortb " the hollow of the tree in what bees have nested ' etc.

References: WP. II 159 f., WH. I 481 f., 537, 865, 866, Trautmann 27, MiJhlenbach-
Endzelin 354.

See also: compare the related root forms \:i^ered^-, b^re/- {b^re/g-, -k-, see there also about
b^erg-J, b'^reu-, b^reu-q-, -^-"cut, clip', b'^reus- "break, rupture', b'^e/'^^- "gullet'.
Page(s): 133-135

Root / lemma: b^e/"-^

Meaning: to roar, buzz, onomatopoeic words

Root/ lemma: b^er-4\ to roar, buzz, derived from a truncated Root/ lemma: bse^mb-
{ba>^mbafj\ a k. of noise.

Note: An extension at most in *b^erem- "drone, grumble' and treated onomatopoeic words
under b^erg- "drone, grumble'.

Material: Armenian bor, -oy "bumblebee, hornet' [from truncated kir. ,6>c»/77i6'a/'" cockchafer'],
to redupl. Old Indie bambbara-b {unbe\.) "bee', bambhara//b {unbe\.) "fly', bambha-rava-h^
the bellow of the cows';

gr. n£[j(ppr|5ibv "kind of wasp' (formation as av9pr|5u)v, T£v0pr|5u)v); similarly also Serbo-
Croatian it>/y/r7it>5/'" bumblebee', kIr. i6'c»/77i6'5/'" cockchafer'.

Maybe alb. {*bumbar) bumballa ^b\ixwb\ebee' a Slavic loanword.

Here at least partly (with fractured reduplication) also the Balto Slavic group from
Lithuanian barbeti^c\av\Q, clink', birbiu, -iali, birbti^buzz\ burbiu, burbet/^ drone, grumble,
bubble, seethe' ;

Maybe Lithuanian {*boburuze) boruze : Romanian buburuza : alb. i6'^/t'^(7e"ladybug'.

kir. borbor6syP\. " sullen talk ', Serbo-Croatian brb/at/"c\r\at' , in which indeed the meaning
" talk indistinctly, stammer ' would go back to the group of Old Indie barbarah etc (see
*baba).

References: WP. II 161 f., Trautmann 39 f.
Page(s): 135-136

Root / lemma: b^er-5

Meaning: shining; brown

Note: extensions of b'^er- "shine, appear, seem', b'^ereg-, b'^erek- 'shine'.

Material: Old Indie bhalla-h, bhallaka-h bhalluka-h^beaf {-II- from -a/-); Old High German

bero. Old English bera^beaf {*b^eron-), Old Icelandic blgrnds. {*b^ernu-, whose ^as like

Jfrom Old Indie bballuka-b m\g\r\t have derived from the stem *b'^eru-) = Old English beorn

"warrior, chieftain';

Old Icelandic bers/'bear' (5 as in F^c/75.' Gothic faubo Lucbs' lynx '.Swedish lo); ablaut.

Lithuanian beras, Latvian it'^/'s 'brown (from horses)';

Belarusian pwcb {rys), Russian pwcb {rys), Ukrainian pucb {ris), Bulgarian puc {ris),

Macedonian puc {ris), Serbian puc {ris), Croatian ris, Slovenian ris, Serbian (lower) rys,

Serbian (upper) rys, Czech rys, Polish rys, Slovak rys, Albanian rreqebull {ras^ lynx ') +

buair bull ', Romanian ras^ lynx '

Slavic cognates derived from lllyrian Romanian ras^ lynx ' < Lithuanian it'eras 'brown'.

gr. cpapn vscpsAai Hes.? (*(pap£[a]a or *(pap£Fa? If finally exactly to:) cpapuvei AafJirpuvEi
Hes., cppuvri, cppuvoc; 'toad, frog' (* ' the brown one ' = Old High German brun); if cpapn as
' blanket of clouds ' to 7. b'^er-?

nep. i6>/7i//'c»' brown' (*b'^/x7/'c»-); Old High German Middle High German Z?/77/7 'gleaming,
brown'. Old English brun. Old Icelandic brOnnds.; (under the influence of common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), russ. Dialectal bryneti^ 'white, gray shimmer', changing through ablaut
brunef-b ds. {*b^rou-no-'7) and (from *b'^r-ono-, -eno-) russ. -Church Slavic brorrt 'white;
varicolored (from horses)', russ. bronb{av\6 Dialectal brynt), kIr. brehfty^ become dun (of a

dull or dingy brown colour, dull greyish-brown), ripen'. Old Church Slavic brbnije {brenije)
"ordure, excrement ', slov. brn'nver mud ';

Old Indie babhru-h' reddish brown; giant ichneumon kind ', Avestan bawra-, bawri-
"beaver'; Latin fiber, fibrrbeavef (also febers. WH. I 491; probably /has changed for e, as
also) Celtic (only in names): *bibros, *bibrus in gall. PN and FIN Bibracte, abrit. VN Bibroci,
Middle Irish VN Bibraige {*bibru-rTgion), PN Bibar{*Bibrus) besides *bebros\T\ gall. FIN
*Bebra, French Bievre; Bebronna, French Beuvronne, Brevenne etc; (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old High German bibar. Old English beofor {o\6es\.
bebr). Middle Low German bever. Old Icelandic b/drr6s. (Proto German *bebru-)\ compare
also Modern High German FIN Bever, old Biverna,

Lithuanian bebras, babras, bebrus^s. (dissimil. debrus). Old Prussian bebrus ds.;
about Lithuanian bru/s/s etc " roach (Latin Leuciscus rutilus) ', Old Prussian brun-se ds. s.
SpechtDekl. 120;

Slavic *bebrb in poln. FIN Biebrza, russ. etc bobr{zur o-reduplication s. Berneker47;
besides perhaps *bbbrb in Serbo-Croatian dabar 'beaver' and Old Russian bebrjanb "
from beaver fur '). compare noch Latin fibrmus " of the beaver, beaver ', Volscan Fibrenus
brook name, Avestan bawraini-' of the beaver'; Old High German bibarm, gall, bebrinus
(Schol. luv.), Lithuanian bebrinis ds.;

Tocharian B perne, A /75/770 "luminous', therefrom B perne, A pararn " majesty, grandeur

References: WP. II 166 f., WH. I 490 f.. Van Windekens Lexique 93.
See also: compare further b'^eA/with similar meaning.
Page(s): 136-137

Root / lemma: b^er-6

Meaning: to roast, cook

Note: with ^-extensions, before partly /-, i/- vowels; it derived from b'^er-2' move violently,

surge, boil, cook'.

Material: 1 . forms without -/- or -u-: b^ereg-:

Old Indie bburajanfa ' cook\ng' {*b^ereg-); bbrj/af/' roasts', bhrsta-h' roasted', bhrastra-h
"frying pan', bharj{j)ayati' roasts, brat', bharjana-h' roasting'.

Middle Persian barstan ds.; presumably is *b^raz- {*b^oraz- \n bhurajanta), *bh5/'z- Aryan
root form and Indie -j^'only in present *b^rg-skd, from which derived *b'^j{g)sgd, as gr.
Miayoj from *piy-aK(ji).

Latin fertum " a kind of sacrificial cake ', Old Latin ferctum {firctum, s. Ernout El. dial.
Latin 165), participle Te/yd'bake', Oscan fertalis^ the ceremonies where sacrificial cakes
were needed '.

Note:

common Latin ph- > /-shift.

Maybe alb. {**fergd) fergonj^ bake' \ also truncated alb. {*fertalis) /7/" sacrifice'.

Lithuanian birgelas ^bas\c, simple beer', Latvian b/rga'baze, mist, fume, smoke, coal
smoke ', Old Prussian aubirgo^ cookshop ', birgakarkis^ a big soup ladle ' (with Venetic-
lllyrian ^).

2. forms with /; e'r.

Npers. biris-tan^ivj\ b^rezan^ oyev\\ Baluchi brejag, brijag^ivj\ npers. biryan{*brigana-)
"roasted', pam. (shifted) wirzam ^roasi' (Iran. *bnj-, *braij-).

Latin fngo, -ere^roasi, dehydrate, desiccate', Umbrian frehtu^ cooked, boiled'.

3. forms with Cr. b^rug-:

gr. cppuyu) 'roast, dry', (ppOKT6(; "roasted; fire brand', cppuyavov "dry wood', cppuysTpov
" vessel for roasting barley '.

It is extraordinary that in the onomatopoeic words of gr. (ppuYiAo(; "a bird', Latin frigd^{*
roast, parch) squeak', poln. it'a/ig/e/" mountain titmouse', russ. berglez-b "goldfinch' the
distribution of the forms with u, with /; and without either, is the same like in the words for
cook.

References: WP. 11165 f., WH. I 486 f., 548 f.
Page(s): 1 37

Root / lemma: b^er-7
Meaning: to weave

Material: Horn. (pc(po(; = Attic (papo(; n. (*(papFo(;) "kerchief, ciotli, canvas, fabric, velum,
cover'; cpapai (?) ucpaivsiv, hAsksiv Hes.; (pop[j6(; " pannier, mat';

Lithuanian burva'a l<ind of garment', Latvian burvesP\. "small sail' [-u- suffix as in gr.
*cpapFo(;), Latvian buras6s., Lithuanian bure^saW. S. to vocalism Walde Streitberg-
Festschrift 176.

References: WP. II 164, Specht Dekl. 182.
Page(s): 137-138

Root / lemma: b^es-1

Meaning: to smear, spread

Material: Old Indie babhast/^ chews up', 3. PI. bapsati; bhasma-u. "ash' resulted through

verbal extensions oi psa(i)-, pso/i/-, psa(i)-, psT-\x\ Old Indie /05a//"consumes', gr. ipaw,

i^jaiu) "rub', ijjaipu) ds., i^jauu) "touch', njr|v6(; " baldheaded ', iijr|(po(;f., Doric 4JC((po(;

"pebble', ijjnxw rub off, ijjcbxu) "grind, pulverize';

M^oAoc;, (p£iiJaAo(; "soot, smoke'; ijjap|jO(; f. "sand, beach, seaside' from *ijja(p|jO(;,
compare i^jacpapoc; "frail, breakable' {*b'^sa-b'^-) and Latin sabulum^ coarse sand, gravel '
(*bhsa-bh/o-^;

with already Indo Germanic sporadic alteration of aniaut. b^s- to s-: gr. apaGoc; "sand' (=
Middle High German samfy, through various contaminations C(|J|jo(; and ijja|ja9o(; ds., in
addition \^~\K6c, "naked, bald, bleak, bare', \^\tiq, "drop' etc;

alb. fsiii, psiii, mes/ri's\Neep, thresh';

Maybe alb. fseb, psef, msefcover, hide, sweep away' [common alb. p- > mp- > m-].

Latin sabu/um ' san6' (see above), wherewith EM. 881 compares Armenian awaz6s.;

Middle High German samt {* samatho) besides Old High German sa/7/"sand'
( *samtho-, Germanic sanda-, out of it Finnish santa);

Tocharian A pas- "diffuse, sprinkle' (?).

References: WP. II 189, Boisacq 48, 1074, Kluge^^ s. v. Sand, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 328 f.,
676; Specht Dekl. 255, 325, Van Windekens Lexique 91.
Page(s): 145-146

Root / lemma: b^es-2

Meaning: to blow

Note: probably onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indie babhasti ^b\o^s\ bhastrai. 'bellows, hose', bhasati. "rump", bhamsas

n. 'abdominal part';

gr. 4JU-XW 'blow' (to suffix s. Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. 3, 256), itJuxn 'breath, breeze, soul'.

Here probably ijju-xu) 'cools off (originally through blast), 4Juxo(; 'coldness', i^juxpos
"cold' etc in spite of Benveniste BSL. 33, 165 ff.; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329
onomatopoeic, as also i^jiGupoq 'lisping'.

References: WP. II 69, WH. I 477, Boisacq 1075, Uhlenbeck Old Indie W. 186, 198.
Page(s): 146

Root /lemma: b^euA^-, nasal. b^u-n-&^-{*b'^eu6'^-; b^oundh-)
Meaning: to be awake, aware

Material: Themat. present in Old Indie bSdhati, bodhate^ awakened, awakens, is awake,
notices, becomes aware, observes, heeds ', Avestan bao5aiti' perceives ', with paitT-^
whereupon direct one's attention ' (= gr. TTSuGofjai, Germanic *biudan. Old Bulgarian
bljudg); Aor. Old Indie bhudanta{= snuGovTo), Perf. bubodha, bubudhima {: Germanic
*baud, *budum), participle buddha-' awakened, wise; recognized ' (== gr. a-nuaTO(;
'ignorant; unfamiliar');

maybe alb. {* bubudhima) bubullime ^ ibuudex {*beaxiy [common alb. : Latin o'/7> //shift].
Old Indie buddhf-i. 'understanding, mind, opinion, intention ' (= Avestan paiti-busti-i.
'noticing', gr. nuaiK; 'investigating, questions; knowledge, tidings '); causative in Old Indie
bodhayatr awakens; teaches, informs ', Avestan baodayeitT perceives, feels' (= Old
Bulgarian buzdg, buditi, Lithuanian pasibaudyti); of state verb in Old Indie budhyate^
awakes, becomes aware; recognizes ', Avestan buidyeiti^becomes aware', frabuidyamno
'awakening'; Old Indie boddhar-m. ' connoisseur, expert ' ( : gr. n£uaTrip-iO(; ' questioning
'); Avestan bao5ah-v\. ' awareness, perceptivity ', Adj. ' perceiving ' (: hom. a-nsuGnc; '
unexplored, unacquainted; ignorant'); Avestan zaeni-bu5ra-' watching keenly' (:Old
Bulgarian bi)drb, Lithuanian budrus); Avestan baoidi-' fragrancy ' (= Old Indie bodhi-^
plenary cognition ');

gr. iTEuGopai and iruvGavopiai (: Lithuanian bundu. Old Irish ad-bond-) ' to learn; to find
out, perceive, watch' (nsuaopai, snuGopinv, nsnuaijai), nsuGcb 'knowledge, tidings ';
nuGTK;, ttsugk; f. 'question';

maybe alb. {*peus) pyes'ask questions', pye^e "question' : gr. ttuotk;, TTe(Jo\qi. "question'.

Proto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: yoy/a// "examine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian:
yoy/^/'" torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytaf ask' [verb], Polish: pytac' ask' [verb],
Serbo-Croatian: pitat/" ask' [verb], Slovene: p/tat/" ask' [verb]. Other cognates: Latin putare
"cut off branches, estimate, consider, thinl<' [verb].

Note:

From Root / lemma: b'^euA'^-, nasal. b'^u-n-6'^-\ "to be awake, aware' derived Root/ lemma:
peu-1, peua-. pu-\ "to clean, sift' , Root/ lemma: peu-2'. "to research, to understand' (see
below).

cymr. bodd{*b^u6'^a) " free will, approval ', corn, itx?//? "volition' (: Old Icelandic bod). Old
Irish buide^ contentedness, gratitude '; here also Old Irish ad-bond-^ announce,
promulgate ', uss-bond-^ call off, cancel, refuse ' (e.g. verbal noun obbad); zero grade Old
Irish robud^ admonishment ', cymr. rbybudd 'warmng' , rbybudd/o ^warn' (: russ. probudftb
" awaken ');

Gothic anabiudan^or6er, dispose', faurb/udan' forbid', Old Icelandic /yioda "offer, bid,
give recognition'. Old English beodan. Old Saxon biodan. Old High German b/otan'offer,
bid, proffer'. Modern High German b/eten ' geb/eten, verbieten, Gebiet aciuaWy " (area of)
command '; Old Icelandic bodu.. Old English gebodu.. Middle High German botu.
"commandment'. Old High German etc ,6*0/0 "summoner'. Old High German it*^/// (Modern
High German Buttel), Old English i6yo'e/"summoner, court servant'; Gothic biut^s, -dis
"table, desk'; Old Icelandic bjodr. Old English beod. Old High German beot, yO/b/ "table,
desk; dish ', actually " which is offered on tray ' (in addition also Old High German biutta.
Modern High German Beute' kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch, beehive ').

With i7 (compare Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 96): Gothic anabusnsi. " commandment ' (*-
b^ud'^-sni-). Old Saxon ambusant ds.. Old English byseni. " model, example'. Old
Icelandic bysnn. "wonder, miracle' (from "*warning'), bysna^ foretoken, warn';

Lithuanian bundu, busf/^wake up, arouse' and (without nasal infix) budu, budet/ ^watcW,
budinu, -//7// "waken, arouse, revive', it'^^'ms "watchful, wakeful'; causative baudziu, bausti
"punish, curse, chastise, castigate '; refl. "intend, mean, aim' {*b'^ou6\id), baudziava
"socage, compulsory labour ',

Lithuanian i&a^s/ys "command, order', Latvian bauslis^ command ', Latvian bauma, baume
"rumor, defamation ' {*b^ou6'^-m-), Lithuanian pasibaudyti^ rise, stand up, sally ', baudlntT

to cheer up, liven up; ginger up, encourage, arouse, awal<en one's lust ', Old Prussian
etbaudints^ to raise from the dead, reawaken '.

Thetnat. present in Old Bulgarian bljudg, bljustT look after; protect, beware, look out',
russ. bijudu, b/Just/" observe, notice' (about Slavic -y^from Indo Germanic eus. Meillet
Slave commun2 58).

causative in Old Bulgarian buzdg, bud/t/" waken, arouse, revive', russ. buzu, bud/tb ds.
(etc; also in russ. budent 'workday', probably actually ' working day ' or 'day for corvee ');
stative verb with e-suffix in Old Bulgarian btzdg, bbdet/ ^watcW, perfective (with ne-/no-
suffix as in gr. nuv9-avo-|jai, wo -avo- from -nno-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 700) v-bz-bbng
"awake' {*b^ud-no-, shaped from Aor. of type gr. shuGeto, etc, s. Berneker 106 f.;

Maybe truncated alb. {*zbudzid) zgjoj^&wakevi : Old Church Slavic: ubud/t/' awaken'
[verb]; vbzbud/t/' awaken' [verb]; phonetically equal alb. -gj-: poln. -dz/- sounds budzic
"awaken, arouse' [verb], perf. zbudzic^ awaken, arouse'.

also about Serbo-Croatian badnjTdan^ Christmas Eve ', bad njak^ wooden log which one
lays in the in the fire of Christmas Eve' etc). Old Bulgarian sb-na-bbdetT (^uKm^zwi'; Old
Bulgarian bbdrb^ j\^b'd\}\xo(;;, willing, ready', bbzdrbds., russ. b6dryj^a\ex\., awake, smart,
strong, fresh', Serbo-Croatian badar^aQ\\e, lively'.

Tocharian B paut-, A po/' honour'? (Van Windekens Lexique 87).

References: WP. 11147 f., Feist 41 , 97, Meillet Slave commun2 202 f.

Page(s): 150-152

Root / lemma: b^eug-1

Meaning: to flee, *be frightened

Note: after Kretschmer (Gl. 30, 138) to b^eug(h)-2 {fKvesian baog-\n the intransitive

meaning ' escape ')

Material: Gr. cpsuyoj (Aor. scpuyov, Perf. nscpsuya) 'flee', cpuyn f. (= Latin fuga) 'escape, a

fleeing, flight, running away ', hom. cpu^a (*(puYja) ds., Akk. cpuya-Ss ' to flight, to flee ' of

consonant-stem *(puY-;

perhaps in Venetic PN Osuyapov (Westdeutschl.) 'refuge, escape castle ';

Latin fug/o, fugl -ere^ to take to flight, run away; to pass away, disappear. Transit., to
flee from, run away from, avoid; with infin., 'fuge quaerere', do not seek; of things, to

escape the notice of a person', fuga\. ' flight, running away; esp. flight from one's country,
exile, banishment. Transf., swift course, speed; avoiding (with genit.)';

Note: common Latin ph- > f- shift

maybe alb. fugonj^ruvi

Lithuanian bugstu, bugau, bugt/'mir. "be frightened', kaus. bauginti^^mo. get a fright ',
it's^^^s 'timorous'.

References: WP. II 144, 146, WH. I 556 f., Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.
Page(s): 1 52

Root / lemma: b'^eug-2, b'^eugh-

Meaning: to clear away, free

Material: Avestan baog-, bunja- "loosen, escape, they escape before' {bunja/nt/" re\ease,

escape', i6'Jy5ya/77/70 "discarding', bunjayaf'be escapes'), buJ/'mAkk. " cleaning, purification

', ^zo-buj-' from need of releasing ', baoxtar- l\berator';

Maybe alb. {*b^uj7ssa) bujis, bujisaaor. "bloom', i6'^ye"fuss' : pali bhuj/'ssa- ^re\eased, free'

Pahlavi paz. boxtan^ escape, release'. South Baluchi bq/'ag^ unbolt, loosen, unbind', as

pers. loanword Armenian buzem'\r\ea\, save, relieve ', /7c»/z" healing, deliverance '; pali

panbhun/at/" pur'\i'\es, cleans, sweeps from'; but pali bhuj/ssa- 're\eased (from previously

slave)' = Old Indie bbuj/'sya-lree, independent' (Lex., in the Lithuanian as " exploitable ',

Subst. " maid; maidservant, servant'), to b^eug-4.

Illyrian FN Buctor, Venetic Fuctor{: Avestan baoxtar-), Fugonia, vhuxia, vhou-xontios,
etc

Note:

Here Illyrian Buctor : Venetic Factor : Avestan baoxtar- "liberator' proves that Avestan a
satem language can display centum characteristics. Alb. follows the same Illyrian - Venetic
pattern in -/o/; -/a/" suffixes. The tendency in Illyrian -g- > -c/- shows the intermediary phase
from centum to satem in later alb.: common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- in the middle of the
word.

Gothic usbaugjan^ s'^eep up, sweep out, sweep away'. Modern High German dial.
^oc/7/ "rubbish, crap, muck'; moreover probably also Middle High German biuchen^ cook
in lye ', originally "clean', bOchei. "lye' (with secondary ablaut).

The doubleness Germanic^/?: Aryan ^-also by b'^ eugh- {Modem High German
biegen): b^eug-{0\6 Indie bhujatieic) 'bend'. Probably identical with it.

References: WP. II 145, WH. I 560, Kretschmer Gl. 30, 138.
Page(s): 1 52

Root / lemma: b^eug-3, b^eugh-
Meaning: to bow

Material: Old Indie bhujat/^bends, pushes away ', bhugna-h 'bent, curved', bhuja-h ' arm' ,
bbuja' twist, arm', bboga-b' coil of a snake; ring' (: Old High German boug); nis-bhuj-
"push'. Pass. " flunk, escape; to get away ';

perhaps bierher alb. bute'soit, flexible' from *b^ug{h)-to- 'pliable';

common alb. -g(h)- > -th-, -k- > -t- in the middle of the word.

Irish fid-bocc' wooden bow', probably also bocc' tender' ("*pliable'), nir. i&og'soft'
{^xoxr\*buggo^, KZ. 33, 77, Pick 11^; forabret. buc' rotten, putrid; loose, crumbling, friable,
flabby ', pi. bocion' rotten, decayed ', nbret. amsirpoug' soft, mild weather ', allowed to
expect brit. -ch-= Irish -gg-, Pedersen KG. I 161 considers borrowing from Irish

In Germanic *bhe^^/7-.- Gothic biugan. Old High German b/ogan'ben6', Old Icelandic
participle boginn "bent, curved'; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
ablaut. Old English bOgan' be bent ', with framl\ee';

Kaus. Old Icelandic beygja. Old Saxon bogian. Old English bTegan, Old High German
bougen. Modern High German beugen. Old Icelandic biugr' bent, curved ', Old High
German b/ugo' curve'; Old Icelandic bog/, Old English boga {eng\. bo\A^, Old High German
bogo. Modern High German Bogen{0\6 High German swibogo' Christmas candle arcs
(which literally means „an arched buttress") ' from * swi[bi-]bogo); perhaps in addition
Gothic bugjan' let out, lend, buy ', Old Icelandic byggia' obtain a wife'. Old English
bycgan. Old Saxon buggian'buy' (compare Modern High German dial. ' be bent by
something ' = "acquire, take'); in addition probably Latvian baugaand baugurs'bWV.

Intensive (with intensification) Germanic *bukjan\n Middle High German bucken, Swiss
bukche; Middle Low German bucken. Old Frisian buckia' to stoop, bend forward, bend
down ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 171, 181).

References: WP. II 145 f., WH. I 556, Feist 96.
Page(s): 152-153

Root / lemma: b^eug-4

Meaning: to enjoy, *consume, bite

Material: Old Indie bhuiikte {W\Vc\ Instr., newer Akk.) "enjoys', compare bhunakti, bhunjati

'grants pleasure, enjoys, consumes', bubhuksa^huuqef, bhoga-h 'enloyment';

about Old Indie bhujisya-see above under b'^eug-2,

common Old Indie gh- > ks-

alb. bungei., bunk, bunguxr\. " kind of edible oak fruit ' (as " nourishing or nutritious tree
', post-verbal = "food grantor ');

Note:

Alb. bunge^ kind of edible oak fruit ' : with -^-grade alb. {*beuka) buka'bread' : Phrygian
PeKot; "bread', actually " crumb ' prove that from an extended Root/ lemma: b(e)u-1,
b^feju-: "expr. sound of hitting' derived Root/ lemma: b'^eg-, b^eng-: "to break'. Root/
lemma: b'^engh-, b'^Qgh-{k6]. b'^pghu-s) : "thick, fat'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-l: "to flee, *be
frightened'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-Z b^eugh-: "to clear away, free'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-S,
b^eugh-: "to bow'. Root/ lemma: b'^eug-4\ "to enjoy, *consume, bite' as taboo words.

Latin fungor^ to occupy oneself with anything, to perform, execute, undergo, usually
with abl.; absol. in special sense, to be affected, suffer ', with Akk., later Abl., defungor^ to
perform, discharge, have done with, bring to an end, survive ', perfungor^ to perform fully,
execute, discharge; to go through, endure '.

References: WH. I 565 f., Wackernagel Synt. I 68, Jokl L.-k. Unters. 179.
Page(s): 1 53

Root /lemma: b'^eu- b'^eua-{b^ua- b'^ue-) : b^ou-: b^u-{*b'^e\}B- > b^Hu-ehi-t)

Meaning: to be; to grow

Root/ lemma: b^eu- b^eu9-{b^ua- b^ue-) : b^du-\ b^u-{*b^eu9- > b^Hu-ehi-t): to be; to

grow, derived from Root/ lemma: b(e)u-2, b'^(e)u-{*b'^eHu- > b^Hu-iH-t): to swell, puff.

Note: (probably = "to swell'), compare Old Indie prabhuta-hW\Vc\ Old Indie bhOri-heic under

*b(e)u-, bh{e)u- "inflate, bloat, to swell', from which "originate, become, be', farther " where

usually one is, live ';7a/7- present b'^u-ijo, b'^u-ije-si, b'^u-F-s/etc as verb "be' supplies often

paradigm of es- "be'; extended root b'^euh, b'^uei-

Material: Old Indie bhavati^'xs, there is, happens, prospers, becomes ' = Avestan bavaiti^

becomes, originates; happens; will be ', Old pers. bavatiy^becoxnes'; Fut. Old Indie

bhavisyati.

Avestan busye/t/ part\c\p\e busyant-' will come into existence ' (latter = Lithuanian bus/u,
Church Slavic bys§steje^ to psAAov ', compare gr. cpuau)); Aor. Old Indie abhut{= gr. EcpO)
and bhuvat, Perf. babhuva, participle Perf. Akt. babhuvan, f. babhuvusT{: gr. nscpucbq,
nscpuuTa, Lithuanian buvo. Old Church Slavic byvati). Inf. bhavitum, Absol. bhutva
(compare Lithuanian ,6*^/^ passive "to be', Old Prussian buton\ni.);

Old Indie bhuta-h, Avestan ,6* J/5- 'become, being. Old Indie bbuta-m ' entity' (: Lithuanian
buta ' been ', Old Icelandic budi. "dwelling', russ. bytb "entity, way of life, lifestyle '; with u
gr. cpuTov, Old Irish -both^ one was ', bothi. "cottage', Lithuanian butas^ house'); pra-
bbuta-b'nch, numerous', npers. Inf. budan^be';

Old Indie bhuti-h, bhutf-hi. "being, well-being, good condition, prospering; flourishing '
(Avestan buf/'-m. "name of daeva '? = Old Church Slavic za-, po, pre-bytb, russ. bytb. Inf.
Old Church Slavic byti, Lithuanian butr, with u^r. cpuoK;).

Pass. Old Indie bhuyate, kaus. bbavayat/' brings into existence; looks after and
nurtures, refreshes ', participle bhavita-h a\so " pleasantly excited, in good mood ' (=Old
Church Slavic /z-bav/t/lree, release'), with ders. lengthened grade /7/751/5-/7 "being,
development, becoming, affection ' (: russ. za-bavai. "conversation, entertainment')
besides bbava-h' development, welfare, salvation';

Maybe alb. zbav/t' amuse, entertain ' a Slavic loanword.

bbav/fram'\Nor\6' (ablaut, with gr. cpuiAa "nature, gender, sex' and Lithuanian buk/a
"dwelling' etc, and with Germanic *buMa- and *bdNa-, next to which with formants -6^lo-
Czech bydio); bhavana-m^Vne development, becoming; dwelling, house (: alb. bane, but
Middle Irish it'Ja/? "unwavering, steadfast' from *b''^ou-no-), ablaut, bhuvana-m^ enWiy';

Old Indie bhu-t "earth, world', bhumT, bhumih-, Avestan ap. bumT-, npers. bum^earVn',
Old Indie bhuman- n. "earth, world, being' (= gr. cpuija), bhuman-m. "fullness, wealth, bulk,
mass, wealth '; pra-bhu-h^rui^hiy, salient ';

5-stem i6'/7ai//s-/7^-/7 "becoming, thriving', i6'/7j5a//" makes thrive, strengthens', bhusayatT
bedecks, blazons ', bhusana-m "amulet, jewellery'.

The /^basis *b!^(e)uT-, as it seems, in Old Indie bobhavTti \n\.ens. and bhavT-tva-h^\\s\.\sxe'\
about Iran, it'^forms see below.

Armenian bois. Gen. /7^soy" sprout, herb, plant', busanim^ burst forth, spring forth ',
further perhaps boin. Gen. bunoi^nes\! {*b^eu-no-), zero grade bun. Gen. b no/" stem' .

Thrak. PN Kaai-pouvov.

Gr. cpuco (Lesbian cpuiu) as Oscan fuia, see below), 'beget' (Aor. scpuaa), cpuopai
"become, grow' (compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 686), probably neologisms to Aor. ecpOv
"was, became', besides (neologism?) scpunv; cpurov "growth, plant, kid, child, ulcer', cpun
"growth; nature, character', (pupa n. "plant, growth, ulcer', cpuaiq "nature', cpuAov n. "stem,
gender, sex, kind of, cpuAn " municipality and from it located department ' (: Old Church
Slavic bylt, Aparticiple bylbje); lengthened grades *bf^d/i7//c»- perhaps in cpwAsoc;, cpwAsioq
"hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, den of wild animals', cpajAEuw " sleep in a cave ', (p(joAi(; " a
sea fish which is hidden in the mud ';

Maybe alb. foleja " nest
hibernation of bears, 2.

' : gr. cpooA-eia ,
of fishes, (pi.) '

, orcpooA-ia , n, "
, alb. {*fole) fie '

life in a
■ sleep '

hole
:gr.

; or cave,
cpcoAEUu)

of the
" sleep

in a

cave '.

but Old Icelandic bolu. " a camp for animals and people ', is not from i7o/(probably from
*bdt^la) "dwelling' miscellaneous word; in addition zero grade Swedish Dialectal bylja, bolja
"small nest' from *bulja.

As 2. compound-part in UTr£p(pun(;, un£p-cp[*F]iaAo(;. About cpTiu see below.

Illyrian VN Bum', PN Bouvvoc; (: alb. bun^.

Messapic pupiov oiKPiMa, paupia oiKia Hes. (:Old High German bur);

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Illyrian Messapic pupiov oiKriMa, paupia : lAAupioi , oi, lllyrians,
'lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, Illyrian: -Krj, the region or province
of lllyria, lAAupi^a) , speak the Illyrian language, 'IAAupia:~hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

alb. buj, buj{ *bunjd) "stay, stay overnight, spend the night ', burr, burre {*buro-) "man,
husband', /75/7e "dwelling, abode, residence, half dilapidated house ' {*b^ouona:0\6 Indie
bhavanam), banoj^siay, dwell'; bun(e)^ c\\a\e\! {*b'^una); perhaps also bote^ earth, bottom,
world, people' Cb'^ ya-ta or *b'^ue-ta).

Latin /^/"(Old Latin fulj "I have been' from *fu-a/, metathesis of older Aor. *fum{= gr. e-
cpuv. Old Indie a-bbut' he was '), fu-furus' future, about to be ', /bre/r? "would be', fore' will
be ', Old Latin Konj. fuam, fuat'be' {*b'"uuanr, compare Lithuanian buvo'was' from *b^u-
uaf), besides -bam {*b'^uam : Oscan fu-fans " they were ', Old Irish -ba " I was ') in lege-

bam etc, compare Latin-Faliscan -i6'o(from *b^ud) in ama-bo, Old Latin venT-bo, Faliscan
pipaft^eic with Irish b- future {do-nmiub^ I will enumerate ' from *to-nm-T-bud), intensive
futaviV he/she was ';

Oscan fu-fans^ they were ', fu-fens^ they were ', fusfd= Latin foret, fust{= Umbrian
fust) " he/she will be ' and ' he/she will have been ', f^/io'Konj.-Perf. ' he/she will have been
'; but about /^////-'daughter' s. Vetter Gl. 29, 235, 242 ff. against WH. I 557, 867;

Umbrian /^s/'he/she is going to be', furenf they are going to be ' ( *fuset, *fusent},
fefure " they will have been ', futu " you will be ' {fuuetodor fu-tod).

kjo/h present to root *b^u-: *b^u-lid\\es before in Latin fTo, fferV of persons and things,
to be made, come into existence; with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to
be valued at; of actions, to be done; of events, to happen ', the /"instead of /"is correlated to
ffs, iTt{*b^u-T-si, *b'^u-T-ti)\ Oscan fiiet{*b^ulient} " they become, they are made', Umbrian
fito^ good deeds, benefits?', fuia^ he/she will become, he/she will be made ', fuiesV
he/she will make ' (*b'^^vo besides *b'^6'//oas in Lesbian cpuioj, see above);

Latin nominal formation only in o'^/?/^s 'doubtful; act., wavering; in opinion, doubting;
uncertain; as to action, hesitating, irresolute; pass., uncertain, doubted, doubtful,
dangerous, critical ' {*du-b^u-lio-s^ of double form, consisting of two parts ', compare
Umbrian di-fue^ split into two parts ' < *dui-b^uiom), probus^ good, excellent, fine; morally
good, upright, virtuous, right ' {*pro-b'^uos\ Old \r\d'\c pra-bhu-h^ salient, superb '), Oscan
am-prufid^ dishonest, lacking probity ', prufatted^ has shown, marked, indicated,
manifested, proven ', Umbrian prufe^ upright, honest, proper'; Latin super-bus^ haughty,
exalted, proud; arrogant, overbearing; brilliant, splendid '.

About Latin moribundussee Niedermann Mel. Meillet 104, Benveniste MSL. 34, 189.

Old Irish it's© "benefit' {*b'^ud-/om), buan 'stea6iast, good' {*b^ouno-, in addition cymr.
bun^queen, wife, woman'); Middle Irish ba/'/e^bome, place' {*b'^u9-///o-);

Old Irish bu/fb^be' (originally Dat. of 5- stem both< *b^uta= cymr. bod, corn, bos, bret.
bout= Old Irish bothi. 'cottage', cymr. bodi. "dwelling': Lithuanian butas^bouse";
moreover also Middle Irish for-baid^ burial cloth, shroud, barrow, bier'), Fut. -bJa^ will be '
(= Latin fiat), preterit 1. Sg. ba{*b'^uam), 3. Sg. boT{*b'^due), Pass, preterit -both^ one was
' {*b'^u-to-); the paradigm of the verb Subst. and the copula exists from forms von es-and
b^eu; e.g. hat 1. Sg. present Konj. Old Irish beu {*b^-esd) the aniaut related to b^eu-.

Old Irish -bTu^ I care to be ', mcymr. bydaf, corn, bethaf, Middle Breton bezaff6s.
{*b^u//d= Latin flo, besides *b'^^/-in Old Irish b/tb, mcymr. M' ([Imperative Future Tense]
you will be ' = Latin flf);

gall. PN Vindo-bios {*-b^ulios), compare cymr. gwyn-fyd^\\}c\C ('white world', byd). Old
Irish su-b(a)e^^\easuKe, joy' {*su-b^y//o-), du-b(a)e{du= gr. bxic,-) "mourning, grief;

Gothic bauan^siay, dwell, inhabit', aid bauan^ lead a life ', gabauan ^ erect a house'
{*b^dud, vocalism as in Old Indie bhavayati, bhava-h, Slavic baviti).

Old Icelandic bua{bjd, buinn) 'stay, dwell, bring in good condition, equip ', Old English
buan and buw(i)an {bude, gebuen) 'stay, dwell, farm' (besides Old English bogian. Old
Frisian bog/a ^stay, dwell', phonetic type based on Gothic sfdja irom *sfdw//dan6 das
initial vowel). Old High German buan{buta, gibOan) 'stay, dwell, farm'. Modern High
German bauen. Old Icelandic byggja^ live at a place, farm, populate', later ' construct,
build' (from * buwwjarR *bewwjarR)\ Old Icelandic bun. 'domicile, household ', Old English
bun. 'dwelling' (PI. byn. of /-stem *buwi-= Old Icelandic byrxw. 'dwelling, residential site,
court '; similarly Lithuanian buvis^ permanent stay, residence '), Old High German bu.
Middle High German bu. Gen. buwesTn., seldom n. ' tilling of the field, dwelling, edifice'.
Modern High German Bau,

Old Icelandic budi. 'dwelling, tent, cottage'; Old Swedish bot^. Middle Low German
bode. Middle High German buode an6 bude^ cottage, tent ', Modern High German Bude
{*b^^u]-ta); Middle Low German boderioriune', i6>d/' estate'. Old English boldan6 botln.
'dwelling, house', *byldan, engl. to build \o build'. Old Frisian bold an^ boderhouse,
household utensil, household appliance, property' {* bot^la- irom Indo Germanic *b^^u]tlo-
and *buNa-, compare Lithuanian bukia an6 westsl. bydio), also Old Icelandic boln.
'dwelling' [(see above also to bdr den (of animals) '];

Old Icelandic burn. ' pantry, zenana (part of a house for women in India)', Old English
burxw. 'cottage, room'. Old High German burm. 'house, cage'. Modern High German
(Vogel-)Bauer, whereof Old High German nahgibur. Old English neahgebur. Modern High
German Nachbar, engl. nelghbouran6 Old High German glbur(o). Middle High German
gebur(e), then bur. Modern High German Bauer^ farmer, peasant ';

Old English beo^ I am ' (*bh^//o= Latin ffo. Old Irish -bTu), besides beom. Old High
German bim etc after *//77from *es- 'be', as Old High German blsft). Old English bis aiter
Is.

Perhaps Gothic bagms, Old High German bourn, Old English beam 'tree' from
*bhc»i/^e'y)/77c»- "cpuTOv' and Old Icelandic byggn. "barley', Old Saxon Gen. PL bewd^sow\ng,
seed, yield'. Old English beown. "barley' ( *bewwa-) as " the tilled, the sown '.

Maybe alb. {*beam) it*//??© "plant', alb. Geg it>5 "ripen, become', bafsh sub. "be! '

Lithuanian i6>J// (Latvian but, Old Prussian bout) "be', buti^ Sup'\n. "to be' (Old Prussian
buton\x\i.), participle butas^ been ', Put. it'Js/^ (Latvian busu), preterit buvo^he was'
(compare also buv6-ju, -ti^ care to be ' and Old Church Slavic Iter, byvati}. Opt. Old
Prussian bousa/"\r\e is', preterit be/, be'\r\e was' (from an expanded basis with -e/-);

Lithuanian buv/sm. "being, life', buvineti^ stay here and there a while ', Old Prussian
buwinait^yweV;

Latvian /?^s5/7a "being, entity, condition ', Old Prussian bousenn/s^ state, condition ';
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian butas. Old Prussian
(Akk.) buttan^ house';

Lithuanian buklas {*bOtla-) " nest, den, hideout, lair of wild animals ', pabOklas^ tool,
utensil; apparition, ghost', bOkIa, bukle' presence (of mind), dwelling'. East Lithuanian
bukle^s. (see above; in addition buklus^Wxse, sly, cunning');

Old Church Slavic iy//" become, be', lo- participle byli^ " been ' (therefrom bylbje^herb;
healthy herb ', compare to meaning cpuTOv), Aor. be^was' {*b'^ue-t);

Imperf. bease. Put participle Church Slavic bysQsteje, bysqsteje^io psAAov', Kondiz. 3. PI.
bg{*b'^ua-nt), participle za-bbvenb lorgotten' , besides miscellaneous participle *byte.g. in
russ. zabytyj lorgotten' , compare in addition also Subst. russ. bytb "entity, way of life,
lifestyle ' , apoln. byto ^nounsbment, food'. Old Church Slavic iz-bytbkb " affluence,
remnant ' , bytbje " the existence ';

maybe alb. /r7i6'e^e "residue, leftover', mbetet"\s left', mbeturine 'trasb' [common alb. b- >
mb- sb\it]

Old Church Slavic zabytb " oblivion ', pobytb "victory', prebytb "abode, residence', russ.
bytb "entity, creature; facts (of the case), facts (of the matter), matter of fact '; present Old
Church Slavic bQdQ^become, yiyvopai', as Put.: "will become' (if Latin Adj. in -bundus?);

maybe reduced alb. {*bgdg) do Puture: "will become'

Kaus. Old Church Slavic izbavitriree, release' (: Old Indie bhava-yati, compare to
vocalism also Gothic bauan and Old Church Slavic zabava^ stay, activity, pastime');
Czech bydlo^ whereabouts, dwelling', poln. ifi'yo'/o "cattle' (from *"state, prosperity,
possessions ').

Maybe alb. {*zabava) zi^ai/// 'entertain, (*pastime) '

Perhaps here (Pedersen Tocharian 228'') Tocharian B pyautk-, A pyotk-, AB pyutk- "
come into being ', med. ' bring about '.

From the basis b'^(e)uT-:

npers. Imp. bhd^beV; Old pers. Opt. br-ya^\s placed by Wackernagel KZ. 46, 270 = Old
Indie bhu-ya-h, -t,

gr. cpTiu n. 'germ, sprout, scion, shoot' = cpirOija, cplTuu) ' produce, sow, plant';

Old Lithuanian b/t{/)'\r\e was', also Kondit. 1. PI. (suktum-) bime, Latvian biju, bija^\ was,
he was' (Latvian bija- extended from athemat. *b^uh)\ ablaut. Old Prussian bei, see above;

maybe alb. bujis^qexxx\, sprout, scion, shoot, bloom'

Old Church Slavic Kondit. 2. 3. Sg. b/'were, would be' {*b^uhs, *b^uT-t), wherefore
secondary 1. Sg. bi-mb\N\Vc\ primary ending.

References: WP. II 140 f., WH. I 375 f., 504 f., 557 f., 865, 867, EM. 812 f., 1004 f.,
Trautmann 40 f.. Feist 83 f.

Specht will place (KZ. 59, 58 f.) under citation of gr. cpaFoc; 'light, salvation' = Old Indie
bhava-^ blessing; benediction, boon, salvation', (pa£-ai-|jppoTO(; etc unsere root as *b'^au9-
, not as *b'^eu9-. see also above S. 91.

Page(s): 146-150

Root / lemma: b'^egh- : b^ogh-

Meaning: to resist

Material: Gall, bagaudae' insurgent guerilla ' (suffix as in alauda, bascauda). Old Irish

M^a/io' 'fights, brags, threatens ', bagi. 'fight, struggle', mcymr. bwyo{*bagi-) 'hit',

kymwy{: Middle Irish combagds.) 'fight', -boawc= Middle Irish bagach^ warlike '; whether

cymr. /7a/"fault, error', it'e/b 'rebuke' in addition belongs, it must contain Indo Germanic

*b^9gh-\

Old High German bagan, {bagen?) "squabble, quarrel', Old Icelandic baga, baegja^
oppose, resist'. Old High German it'aga "quarrel, fight'. Old Saxon bagm. " vainglory,
boastfulness ', Middle High German bac, -gesm. " loud yelling, quarrel ', Old Icelandic
bage, bag/" adversary ', M^r" difficult, hard, sullen, obstructive'; it is presumed whether
Germanic family is not borrowed from Celtic, ablaut Germanic e: Celtic a(lndo Germanic

o);

Latvian buozties' be angry ' {*b'^dgh-), Endzelin KZ. 52, 118;

russ. bazer bawler, crier', it'az^a/a "malicious' (Scheftelowitz KZ. 54, 242);

perhaps Tocharian B pakware^evW, bad' (Adverb), A pkanV hindrance ' (*bf^a^/7-). Van
Windekens Lexique 85, 96.

References: WP. II 130.
Page(s): 1 1 5

Root / lemma: b^e^, b^d (*bhe, b^o)

Meaning: a kind of particle

Material: Avestan ba, bat, be, i6'd/?(the latter, as Lithuanian beT, probably with

strengthening particle *id) particles of the protestation and emphasis, bada^ yea, in truth '

("if Old Indie ^a^/75/r7?'Bartholomae Wb. 953);

Maybe emphasizing particle alb. it's/? "absolutely not' [alb. preserved the old laryngeal -/?]

Armenian ba, i?ayemphasizing particle;

Gothic it's conditional particle (here i-ba, i-bai" if, because?' Konj. " that not ', ni-ba,
ni-bar possibly not yet?', Konj. "if not',ya-i6'5/"if'. Old High German ibu, oba. Middle High
German ob(e)"\i, whether' etc, s. Kluge^^ 422);

Lithuanian ba'yes, of course; certainly; sure ', ben' at least, not only but also ', East
Lithuanian be{= Old Prussian bhe), berisee above) "and', be, ba, bes, it'aJ interrogative
particle. Old Prussian begg/lor'; Old Church Slavic (etc) ,6*0 "for', f-bo'Ka\ yap', ^-i6'c»"also',
ne-bo-nblor indeed '; changing through ablaut kir. ba'yes, of course; certainly; sure ',
Czech poln. ba' trusted, yea, in truth'.

Maybe alb. po"\i, whether, yes' : poln. ba' yea, in truth'.

References: WP. II 136, Trautmann 22 f.
Page(s): 1 1 3

Root / lemma: b^e- : b^d-

Meaning: to warm, fry, *bath

Note:

From Root/ lemma: b^e-: b^o-: "to warm, fry, *bath' : Root/ lemma: b'^oso-s: "naked'

derived from Ossetic: basgn^g [ad\] "naked' of Root/ lemma: nog"-, nog^odfhjo- nog^-no-

: naked' common Indo Iranian m-/n-> bh: gr.-lllyrian payapov xAiapov.

Material: Old High German baen, bajan. Modern High German bahen {*b^ejd) " warm with

covers, bake bread ', in addition with Indo Germanic-Zo-suffix Old Icelandic bad^ steam

bath ', Old Saxon bath. Old English baet^. Old High German bad^S'^a, bath'; in addition

also Norwegian dial, bara^ clean with warm water ', Swedish bara^warm up '.

Note:

The cognates Old Icelandic bad' steam bath ', Old Saxon bath. Old English bsef^. Old

High German bad'spa, bath' are created according to alb. phonetic laws -g > -th, -d,

maybe euphemistic alb. mbatb'get dressed, wear', zbatb 'get naked, get undressed (to

have a bath?)'

Root/ lemma: b^e-: b^d-: "to warm, fry, *bath' : Root/ lemma: b^oso-s: "naked' as in: Old

High German bar'naked, bare' {*baza-). Modern High German bar. Old English bser. Old

Icelandic i6>e/r"naked, bare'; Lithuanian basas, Latvian bass. Old Church Slavic bosi) "

barefoot '; Armenian bok' barefoot ' {*b'^oso-gch).

thereof with ^extension b^og-

in gr. cpcbyco "roast, fry', Old English bacan, boc. Old High German bahhan. Old Icelandic
baka, -adads.. Middle High German sich bechein " bask, get warm, lounge in the sun ';
besides with intensive consonant-sharpening Old High German backan. Modern High
German back en;

gr.-lllyrian payapov xAiapov; Aqkwvec; Hes. (v. Blumental IF. 49, 175);

In addition perhaps (as " burning desire, ardent wish ') russ. bazftb, bazatb " wish, want,
whereupon starve ', Czech baziti, perf. zabahnouti" ask for something '.

References: WP. 1 11 87.
Page(s): 1 1 3

Root /lemma: b^b^-
Meaning: vessel, cauldron
Note:

From an early root *b^'e'5!^- [common lllyrian -gh-> -dh-] derived Root / lemma: b'"e6!"-2\
"to bow, bend', Root/ lemma: b^aA'^-sko-: "bundle, heap' and in -/grade Root/ lemma:
bh/dh_: vessel, cauldron (see above).

Material: gr. -n'xQoq, n. "barrel, vat, cask, wine cask ', niGoKvp, Attic cpiSoKvp ds., Latin fidelia
{*fides-lia) " earthenware vessel, pot, pan'; presumably Old Icelandic bidai. "milk tub ',
Norwegian bideu. "butter tub' {*bidjan-), bidneu. "vessel'.

There from Latin f/scus' a basket; hence a money-bag, purse; the state treasury; under
the empire, the emperor's privy purse ', fiscina " a small basket ' (from *b^i(ii^-sko-) may be
reconstructed for its family a basic meaning " twisted vessel ', it belongs probably to a root
b'^e/dh- "bind, flax, wattle, braid'.

References: WP. II 185, WH. I 492 f., 506.
Page(s): 1 53

Root / lemma: b^ili-, b^ilo-
Meaning: harmonious, friendly

Material: Middle Irish b/7{*b^f-/f-) "good', gall. B/7/-\n PN Bili-catus, Bilicius e\.c. Old High
German bila- "kind, gracious', newer bili-, bit- in 1 . part of people's name; Old English bile-
M/y/ "simple, just, innocent' = Middle High German bilewiz, bilwiz^iawj demon, ghost'
(actually "good ghost'); Old High German M-^c/7 "proper'; abstract noun *biliPd\v\ Old
Saxon unbilithunga^ unconventionality ', Middle High German unbilde, unbiledeu. "
wrong; injustice, the incomprehensible ', Modern High German Unbilde, to adjective Middle
High German unbiV unjust; unfair', substantivized Swiss Unbill. About Modern High
German Bildsee below b^ei(a)-^b\{\ wherefore R. Loewe (KZ. 51, 187 ff.) will place also
Unbilde .

Gr. cpiAo(; " dear, friend ' etc places Kretschmer (IF. 45, 267 f.) as pre Greek to Lydian
bills 'be'; against it Loewe aaO., which explains the stress of the first syllable from the
vocative.

References: WP. II 185, Kluge^i under Bild, billig, Unbill, Weichbild.
Page(s): 153-154

Root / lemma: b^lagh-men-

Meaning: priest

Note:

Root / lemma: b^lagh-men-\ "priest' derived from tlie extended Root/ lemma: b^lag-: "to

hit', meaning Aryan priests assumed they would gain the grace of gods through

immolation.

Material: Old Irish brahman-m. "magic priest', brahman-v\. "spell, charm, devotion ';

Messapic pAapivi "priest'; Latin flamen, -inism. "the priest of some particular god,

sacrificial priest' (not the old *-en).

Because of the numerous congruities in the religious terminology between the Italic and
Indie this is equation of the preferred explanation of flamenirom *b^lad-(s)men, angebl. "
sacrifice, immolation ' (to Gothic blotan " worship ', Old Norse biota. Old English blotan.
Old High German /7/i/az5/7 "sacrifice'. Old Norse blotu. "sacrifice, oblation' [-es-stem,
compare Finnish luote^ chant, incantation ' from proto Germanic *bldtes]. Old High
German bluostaru. ds., etc), compare also Dumezil REtlE. 1, 377, still compares
Armenian baijaF strive after '.

Maybe alb. /^/"chant, pray' : Finnish luote^ chant, incantation '

References: WP. II 209, WH. I 512 f., 865 f., Feist 100 f., 580 a.
Page(s): 1 54

Root / lemma: b^lag-
Meaning: to hit

Material: Latin f/agrum^\Nh\p, scourge', f/age//um ds. "a whip, scourge; the thong of a
javelin; a young sprout, vine-shoot; plur. the arms of a polypus; fig. "the sting of
conscience', with lengthened grade probably flagito, -are " to entreat, ask, demand
earnestly; to demand to know; to summon before a court of justice ' (originally probably
with blows and threats), flagitium^ a disgraceful action, shameful crime; shame, disgrace;
meton., scoundrel, rascal ' (originally " public castigation and suppression '; conflages^
places exposed to all the winds, place blown by the winds' Paul Fest. 35 a appears a spoil
for CO nf luges);
Maybe alb. /7a/r "hurl'

Old Icelandic and New Norwegian dial, blaka, blakra' strike back and forth, fan, flutter,
flap ', Old Icelandic blak^bVy^, knock'. Old Icelandic blekkja {*blakjan) "hit' (Norwegian
"flicker'), Swedish Dialectal blakkta {*blakatjan). Middle Dutch b/akenlan, flutter, shiver'
(in Germanic phonetic coincidence with the family of Old Icelandic blakra "blink, glitter,
flash' etc, see below *b'^eleg-^s\\\ue'\ so is e.g. Norwegian b/akralan' as well as "shine').

Lithuanian b/askau and bloskiu {-sk-iroxw -g-sq-) ' fling sidelong, travel here and there,
run around here and there '.

References: WP. II 209, WH. I 511 f.
Page(s): 1 54

Root / lemma: b^leg"-

Meaning: to swell

Note: extension v. 'inflate, bloat'

Material: Gr. cpAsnj, -p6(; f. 'vein', cpA£pa^ovT£(; ppuovTSt; Phot.; Old High German boica,

bulchunna {*b^Jg"-) ' a round swelling; in water, a bubble '.

References: WP. II 215, WH. I 519 f.

Page(s): 1 55

Root / lemma: b^lei-2

Meaning: to swell

Note: extension from b^el- ds.

Material: Norwegian dial, bleime. Old Swedish blema ' bleb on the skin ' (compare

Norwegian blaema6s. under b^eA, bh(e)/e-); Danish blegn{e) 'vesicle' {*blajjindn). Old

English blegeni., engl. blain. Middle Low German bleine. Old Danish blen(e). Old Swedish

b/ena \es\c\e' {*blajindn).

That gr. cpATa: ' door pillar, door post ' actually '(* tumid =) thick balk, beam' is required
only of foreign confirmation (Prellwitz^ and Boisacq s. v.; basic form *b^lT-uao'c -sa)\ ra
cpAipsAia 'haematoma, effusion of blood' is corrupted from Latin flemina^a bloody swelling
or congestion of blood about the ankles'.

b^leis-:0\6 Icelandic b/Isfra 'b\o\N, whistle'? (compare Gothic -b/esan under b^eA, b'^fe)/-
e-\ new variation with /to the imitation of the bright tone?); perhaps serb. bifham, bifhati
'flood; spit; have diarrhea'; blfhnem, blfhnuti^ s'Q\asb, spray', Bulgarian blic't, bIfkiTb,
bifkvam ' pours out of me, flows out ' (if not as proto Slavic *blychajg\.o ^-variant from gr.
cpAuoj etc).

b^/eA/- (presumably o'-present *b'^/f-cf-d).

Gr. cpAiSau) ' overflow of humidity, thereof swell up ', scpAiSsv Sisppssv Hes.,
5ian£(pAoi5£v SiaKSxurai Hes., nscpAoiSsvai cpAuKTavouaGai Hes., cpAoiSau), -sw, -lau)
'ferment, seethe, boom, blaster', a(pAoia|j6(; 'scum, froth, foam, slobber' (a- = /7'ev');
presumably also cpAoTapoc; ' surging of the sea, the tumult of fighting', noAucpAoiapoq

GaAaaaa (*(pAoi5apO(;, forms after onomatopoeic words as K6vapO(;, apapO(;?); common
gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-

perhaps here Middle irisli blaed^ bellowing, braying, roar ' (out of it cymr. bloedd6s.)\

engl. bloafio bloat, bulge, swell' {*blaitdn= cpAoiSaoj);

Latvian bITstu, bITdu, b/fzt and bliezu, -du, -sC grow fat, put on weight '.

References: WP. II 21 Of.
Page(s): 1 56

Root / lemma: b^leiq- (*bh|eik-)

Meaning: to shine

Note: extension from bh/e/-(:bhe/-) ds., as b'^leig-.

Material: Old English bselge {*blaig^idn-) ' gudgeon (type of freshwater fish) '; mnl. Middle

Low German blei(g)av\6 bleger. Modern High German Bleihe, Blei^i\s\\ names '; besides

Middle High German blicke^ carp ', Modern High German ^//ic/re (Norwegian dial, blekka.

Modern High German B/ecke'6ace (*white fish)' from the e-root b^/eg-T); in other meaning

change ("shine : glance, look') Old Icelandic b//gr^ looking staringly and rigidly ', b//g/a

"stare'.

In addition russ. i6'/eA/7^/6 "bleach, fade, wither, wilt', b/ek/yj" saWow, paled, faint, languid,
wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', b/ekofb " fool's parsley, Aethusa cynapium ', poln. blakn^c
" fade, expire '.

References: WP. II 211.
Page(s): 1 57

Root/ lemma: b^lenA^-{*bHev\6^-\-)

Meaning: pale, reddish

Note: It belongs probably to b^e/-/.

Material: Old Indie bradhna-h {*b^Jn6'^-no-) "reddish, dun';

Germanic *blundaz {*b^Jn6'"-d) in Middle Latin blundus, Italian biondo, French blond,
from which Middle High German blunt. Modern High German blond,

Gothic i6'///7o''s "blind'. Old Icelandic blindr^b\\v\6, undistinguishable ', Old Saxon Old
English blind. Old High German M/?/ "blind', also "dark, cloudy, dull, not obvious'; Gothic
blandan slk^ mingle, diffuse, intermingle ', Old Icelandic blanda^ruiyC {blendingr^ mixture

'), Old Saxon Old English blandan, Old High German blantan, Middle High German
blanden^vciix, tarnish ' (Modern High German Blendling^ hybrid, mongrel, half breed '); to
Germanic 5 compare the iterative-causative: Old High German blendan {*blandjan)
"darken, blind'. Old English ^/e/70'5/7' blind' (: blandytis, Old Church Slavic (*bh|ond-iH-tei)
blqditi'X Old Icelandic b/unda'c\ose the eyes', blundr^ slumber'. Middle English blundren
"stir, bewilder', nengl. blunder^ be grossly mistaken, wander';

Lithuanian blendziu, b/^st/" s\eep; stir flour into soup, talk nonsense, become cloudy ',
Latvian blendu, blensf have poor eye-sight, be short-sighted '; Lithuanian blandaus, -ytis^
low the eyes down, be ashamed ', Latvian bluddWes^6s.\ roam, be ashamed ',

Maybe alb. Geg {*flenj) fie, Tosc fie "die, sleep'; [rare alb. ph- > f-, found in gr. and Latin]

Lithuanian i6'/a/7o'as "sleepiness, turbid weather, cloudiness ', blandus^ dim, cloudy, thick
(soup), murky; dark'; Lithuanian bijsta, bifndo, blfsti^ dim, dusky, cloudy, become dark;
become cloudy, from water',

pryblinde {av\6 prieblanda) "dusk, twilight'; here also blinde, blendis, blunde^ sallow ';

Maybe alb. Geg bit, bllnl, Tosc M/7"linden tree' /7//'stem.

Old Church Slavic (*bh|end-o-) bl§dg, bigst/'err, wander; rropvEusiv', bigdb "gossip,
prank', slov. ble-dem, blest/ 'maunder, drivel, fantasize'. Old Czech blesf/{2. Sg. bledes)
"maunder, drivel '; Old Church Slavic bigd-b' debauchery, depravity, adultery', poln. biqd'
mistake, delusion ', Old Church Slavic bigzdg, bigditr err, indulge in debauchery ', Serbo-
Croatian bludTm, bluditrerr, wander, cheat, deceive, spoil, caress ' etc.

Maybe alb. Geg ble, Tosc blenj'{*cY\edi\), barter, buy' similar shift of the meaning in gr.
niracpov " cheat, barter, exchange '.

References: WP. 11216, 218, Trautmann 34 f., Endzelin KZ. 52, 112, Specht Dekl. 58, 117.
Page(s): 157-158

Root / lemma: b^les-

Meaning: to shine

Note: : up to now only in the Germanic provable extension from b^e/- "shine'

Material: Middle High German it»/ss "naked, bald, bleak, pallid' (Modern High German bla/S)

n. "torch, burning candle'. Old English bisese 'iorch, fire', engl. blaze'b\aze, glow; white

forehead spot ',

Old High German b/as-ros^ horse with with a bright spot' (with a bright spot on the
forehead), Middle Low German b/es, blesse {*blasjd) "paleness", Old Icelandic *bles-\y\
blesottr^ marked with a white spot ' and in compound on -blesi.
References: WP. 11217.
Page(s): 1 58

Root / lemma: b^leu-(k)-, (s-)

Meaning: to burn

Note: extension from b^el- 'shine'.

Material: *b'^/eu-s- in gr. n£pi-n£(pA£uap£vo(; nupi " blazed by the fire ', £n£(pA£ua£,

n£pi(pAuu) " sear all around '; Old Icelandic b/ysn. "flame'. Old English b/ysam. "flame,

torch'. Middle Low German it'/Js "torch'. Old English b/yscon^b\us\r\', engl. b/ush.

*b'^/eu-k- in Middle High German bliehen^ burning luminously ', Old High German
bluhhen.

The West Slavic forms as Czech it'/ys/e// "shimmer', blyskati^sWiue' (besides Old Church
Slavic b/bstat/etc, see below *b^leig-) are against it probably reshuffling after *lyskati, poln.
/ys/rac "flash, shine' etc - meaning not direct accordingly, respectively only from a
primordial meaning "shine' to justify, Trautmann GGA. 1911, 245 compares with Middle
High German Me/7e/7.- Lithuanian blunku, bluktT become pale, lose one's color'.

References: WP. 11214.
Page(s): 159-160

Root / lemma: b'^leus-

Meaning: weak, mild

Note: Perhaps to b'^eleu-.

Material: Swedish Dialectal b/os//n 'weak', norweg. b/yr'rc\\\6, lukewarm', b/0yra 'weakWng,

wimp ', Modern High German schwab. blusche(n) 's\aw, idle': Lithuanian apsi-blausti

"despond, despair, become sad '.

References: WP. 11214.

Page(s): 1 60

Root / lemma: b'^leu-

Meaning: to blow; to swell, flow

Note: extension from b'^el- "(inflate, bloat), swell up'

Material: Gr. cpA£(F)cji) " to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be
brimful ', OAsuc; (*OAr|U(;, lengthened grade), ephes. OAswc; (*OAr|Fo(;) epithet of Dionysos
as a vegetation God; presumably from the lushness of growth also Attic cpAsux;, jon. (pkoOq
" reed plant ';

cpAoiu) (*(pAoFiu)) "swell, to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling, be
in bloom, blossom', un£p(pAoiO(; ' growing excessively ' or " exceedingly succulent ',
OAoTo(;, OAoia "epithet of Dionysos and the Kore as vegetation divinities ' probably also
(pKo\6q, (pKooq "bark, husk';

changing through ablaut cpAuoo " surge up, bubble, chat; be fruitful ', arrocpAuEiv
anEpsuysaGai Hes. (pKijoq m. "gossip', cpAua^ "gossip, prank; buffoon ';

Lithuanian bliauju, blidviau, bliauti^roar, bellow, bleat', b//uvauf/" roar, bellow', Latvian
bl'aunu, b/'aut6s.; Old Church Slavic (*b'^leuH-tei) b/'ujg, b/'bvat/" sp\t, vomit' (based on old
preterite stem, compare Lithuanian b/Zuvoirom Indo Germanic *b^luua-)\ in addition
perhaps also Old Prussian b/eusky\ee6' (would be correct in the meaning to gr. cpAsux;!).

With a s-extension Low German b/ustern Wo\er\t blow, storm, pant, sniff, snort', engl.
b/uster^boom, blaster, rant, roister' and Serbo-Croatian b/Juzgaf/" stream noisily, chat silly
stuff '; also Serbo-Croatian bifhati eicl (see below b^lei-s-).

With dental formant: Middle High German blodern^cbai, prate'? (rather new
onomatopoeic word; compare Kluge'''' ur\6er p/audern); rather Swiss b/oder'b\g bubble
etc', b/odern 'eiiervesce, surge, boil'. Modern High German Pluderhosen, perhaps Serbo-
Croatian blutiti^ speak absurd, speak inappropriate ', Berneker 62; about Old High
German blai{t)ara^bubb\e' {*ble-drd-) s. S. 121;

with -f/- (originally present forming?): cpAuSau) " flows about, dissolves, become soft',
cpAu5ap6(; " muddy, sludgy, slushy, squashy, squishy, slobbery, sloppily', £K(pAuv5av£iv "
break open, from ulcers '.

fltextension b'^leug"- {compare the root form b'^leg"-):

gr. oivo-cpAu^ " wine-drunken '; cpAu^u) " to bubble up, boil up, surge up, overflow, also
with words'; (pAuKTi(;, cpAuKiaiva "bubble'; but nop-cpoAu^ "blister, shield hump ' stays away;

Latin fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluctum, newer fluxum "to flow; of a solid object, to flow, drip with
any liquid, stream, pour; of abstr. things, to proceed, issue, spread; of circumstances, to
tend; of language, to flow; to sink, droop', flOctus, -Js "current, wave, a streaming, flowing.
Transf., commotion, disturbance', flumen {*fleugsmen) " flowing water; hence a river.

stream', confluges 0\6 Latin "confluence of two stretches of water', f/uv/us'mer' (from
present f/uoirom), flustra Nom. PL " calm (at sea) ' ( *flugstrom)\ if here (with nasalization)
cymr. blyngu^ become angry ', t>/wng^ angry, irate', bret. b/ouh/ ^rebuke'7

References: WP. II 213 f., WH. I 519 f., Trautmann 35; different EM. 372.
Page(s): 158-159

Root / lemma: b^/ed- b\ld-

Meaning: to boil; to chatter, boast

Material: Gr. (pAsSwv ' babbler ', cpAsScbv "gossip'; cpAr|5u)VTa AripoOvra Hes.; TracpAa^w

"bubble, seethe, foam'; moreover also Aor. cpAaSsTv (intrans.) "tear'; compare to meaning

Latin fragor^a breaking; a noise of breaking, crack, crash';

with varying lengthened grade b'^ldd-0\6 Irish /nd/a/d/" brags, boasts ', /nd/adud'
boasting ' ( *ind-blad- " puff oneself up or make inflated words ') and Latvian bladu, blazt
"chat';

zero grade Old High German uz-ar-pulziV boil, bubble out ';

Modern High German platzen, platschern are probably certainly of new onomatopoeic
word formation.

References: WP. II 210, 216, WH. I 515, 518.
See also: to b^el-3.
Page(s): 1 55

Root/ lemma: b'^leig-, b'"ng-{*b^\e\g-)

Meaning: to shine

Note: extension from b^/e/'-ds., as b'^/e/q-

Material: Old English b/Ican 'sh\ne', as, b/fkan ' sh\ne' , Old High German b/Ibhan stem -V. "

become pallid ', Middle High German bITchen sierw -V. "shine, blush'. Old Icelandic bITkja,

b/e/k'appear, gleam, shine';

Old Icelandic b/e/kr. Old English b/ac. Old High German it'/e//? "pallid, pale, wan'; Old High

German bleihha^ dace, roach ', Norwegian bleikja ar\6 b//ka ds.; Old Icelandic b//kn.

"bright lustre, shine; gold, gold plating ', Old High German b/eb'{*s\r\\r\y) thin metal panel ',

Modern High German Blech, Middle Low German blickds.; Old English blikerr\. {*bliki-)

"bare place '; Old High German blic, -eches' quick highlight, flash, lightning'. Middle High

German blic, -e/res "lustre, shine, look, lightning'. Modern High German Blick, Old High

German blecchazzen {*blekatjan), Middle High German bliczen, Modern Higli German
blitzen; Old Saxon M/^s/r7c» "lightning', Old Swedish Mxa "blink', New Swedish also "flash'.

Lithuanian blizgu, -©//"flicker, shine', biyskiu, /^/ys/re//" sparkle, glitter, shimmer, shine',
biykstu, biyskau, it'/y/rs//" blanch, pale', ablaut, blaikstaus, -y//s "clear up, of the sky';
Latvian b/a/skums ^ spot, mark', me/n-b/a/ska/ns ' dark grey' .

Russ. -Church Slavic (*bh|oig-sko-) b/eskb "lustre, shine' {*b^loig-sko-)\ changing through
ablaut Old Church Slavic blisk-b "lustre, shine' and *blbsk-b in Czech blesk. Gen. old bisku
"lightning'. Old Church Slavic (*bh|eig-sk-eh2-tei) bibstg, b/bstat/" sh\ne', Iter. bliscajQ,
bliscati s§.

References: WP. II 21 If., EM. 398, Trautmann 34, Meillet Slave commun2 133, Specht
Dekl. 144.
Page(s): 156-157

Root / lemma: b^lei-1 : b^lai- : b^^

Meaning: to shine

Note: extension from b^eA ds.

Material: Germanic *blJPia- fb^lei-tio- or rather *b^lT-tio-) "light, cheerful, fair (of sky,

heaven, then of the looks, appearance, the mood:) cheerful ' in Gothic bleiPs^ merciful,

mild'.

Old Icelandic blTdr^mM (of weather), friendly, pleasant'. Old English M^t*© "cheerful,

friendly'. Old High German Mo''/"cheerful, blithe, glad, friendly'. Old Saxon blTthon, Old

High German blTden^ be glad '.

Old Saxon M~n. "paint, color'. Adj. " coloured ', Old Frisian M/e^)/? "paint, color', bli
"beautiful'. Old English bleou. "paint, color, apparition, form' (probably *blTja-).

On account of Germanic *Mly5"lead' (Old High German bITo, -wes. Old Saxon bIT, Old
Icelandic bl}) with Lithuanian it'/yi/as "purple, mauve, violet-blue ' corresponding color adj.
with formants -t/o-of our root (to accept Modern High German /7/5^ congruent, indeed
unoccupied Celtic *M7/o-from *b^le-uo- as wellspring, was conceivable), would be
debatable, but the most likely.

Here (after Specht Dekl. 117) russ. bli-zna " thread break, flaw in fabric ', Czech poln.
bl'hzna "scar'; because of the parallel forms under b^/ei/-/ barely with WH. I 517 to b'^ITg-.

Lithuanian b/yvas 'purp\e, mauve, violet-blue '; perhaps Lithuanian b/an/as' sober' (if not
as *blaid-vas\.o related *b^/a/c/o-s), blaivaus, -ytis " clear up, become sober '; perhaps
Latvian bITneV lurk, a furtive (glance), blink'.

Tocharian A. p/yas/re/T? "meditation'?? (Van Windekens Lexique 97).

References: WP. 11210.

See also: see also under bh/ei/-/and b'^laido-s.

Page(s): 155-156

Root / lemma: b^leu-1: b^lau-: b'^lu-{*b'^\e\^-^)

Meaning: to shine

Note: derivatives to b^el-1.

Material: Russ. b/Ju-sc^'wy' (Specht Dekl. 117); poln. bfysk{*b^lu-sk-) "lightning'; Serbian

bl'u-zna "scar', wruss. blu-zna " weaving flaw '; Latvian blau-zgas, blau-znas, Lithuanian

blu-zganos^ dandruff, Latvian blu-zga^ peeling skin ', blu-zga^ small particles, drill dust '

etc

Maybe alb. bluanj^ grind, mill '

Proto-Slavicform: blizna; blizno

See also: blizTD(jb); blizTDkTD(jb); blizt; blizb

Page in Trubacev: II 118-120

Russian: bifzna {6\a\.) "missing thread in fabric, flaw in home-spun material' [fa]; blizna

"knot in linen resulting from an incorrect arrangement of the warp' [f a]; blizno "flaw in

fabric, absence of one or two threads' [n o]; bijuzna "flaw in fabric' {1}

Old Russian: blizna^ scaf [fa]

Belorussian: bl/uznal\a\N in fabric' [f a]

Ukrainian: biyzna' wound, scar' [fa]; biyzna ^ 6eiect in linen' [fa]

Czech: biizna'st\gma (bot.)' [fa]

Polish: blizna^scar, gash, seam, cicatrice, trace left by a fallen leaf [f a]

Old Polish: i6'/i/z/7a "cicatrice, stigma, stamp' [fa] {1}

Kashubian: bl/'zna ' c\catnce' [fa]

Upper Serbian: bluzna'scar, birth-mark' [fa] {1}

Lower Serbian: bluzna'scar, bruise' [fa] {1}

Bulgarian: blizna "place in fabric where a thread is torn or missing' [f a]

Serbo-Croatian: bli'zna "two threads put into a reed (instead of one); ruptured thread in

weft or warp' [f a], Mz/7/"[Nomp]; bITzna "scar' [f a]; bli'zno "gap' [n o]

Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: bli?z-n-

Lithuanian: blyze^up in fabric' [f e] 4

Latvian: b/izn/s^ ' pWe of broken trees in a forest' [f e]

Indo-European reconstruction: b^iig-n-

lE meaning: scar

Page in Pokorny: 160

Bibliography: S+awski SP I: 264-265

Notes: {1} The forms that seemingly reflect *t>/'uzna must be secondary.

References: Specht Dekl. 117.

See also: compare the parallel formation under b^lei-1.

Page(s): 1 59

Root / lemma: b^leu-2: b^lau-. b^lu-
Meaning: bad

Note: b^{e)leu- is apparent, manifest, obvious parallel formation to b^eleu- "hit'.
Material: Gr. (pAaupo(;, (pauAo(; (both dissimil. from *(pAauAo(;) "slight, evil, bad';

Gothic i6>/5^jfc'/a/7 'abolish' (actually "make weak'). Old Icelandic i6'/5i/d/'"timorous'. Old
English blead^ daft, shy', with^/b-suffix Old Saxon blodi^ shamefaced ', Old High German
blodi. Middle High German blaede^\xd\\, breakable, shy, timid'. Modern High German
blode,

besides Indo Germanic *bh/9:/-/b- stands a {/-extension in Old Icelandic blautr^ mushy,
softish, delicate, mollycoddle, timorous'. Old English bleat^arm, woeful, wretched,
miserable ', mndd. blot. Middle High German bldz^bare\ Modern High German bloli{0\6
High German bloliW\Vc\ strange meaning "stout, proud');

lengthened grade b^leu-\v\ Old English un-b/eoh lear\ess' (suffix -ko-), with gramm.
variation; Old Icelandic b/Jugr^t\r(\\6', b/ygd'tbe genitals' {*bleugiPd), changing through
ablaut Old High German b/ugo Adv., Middle High German b/uc, bliuc^sby\ Old High
German blugison, bluchison "doubt'. Old English biycgan {*blugjan) 'frighten' (trans.);
compare Lithuanian blukstu, -st/" become limp '.

References: WP. II 208 f., Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 150, Feist 99, Specht Dekl. 133.
Page(s): 1 59

Root / lemma: b^/e-uo-s

Meaning: a kind of colour (blue, gold)

Note: also b'^J-uo-s, b^le-ro-s, b^lo-ro-s, derivatives from the root b^el-1, b^e/a-

Material: Latin flavus^ golden brown, red-yellow, blond ', Oscan FlaviiesQ. Sg. 'of or
belonging to the college of priests for the Flavian family' (from Indo Germanic *b']7-),
besides fulvus^ red-yellow, brown-yellow ' from *b''ll-uo-s, florus^ yellow ', also PN, from
*bh/o/'c»s= gall. *i6'/a/'c»5(Wartburg), Middle Irish blar^ forehead with white spot, spot, field ',
cymr. blawr^ i^ray', besides *b^le-ro-\v\ Middle Low German it'/a/'e "paleness, blessige,
white spotted cow'.
Maybe alb. bleronj^ blossom, be green' (see below Root / lemma: b'^leido-s: "pale')

Old High German blao. Modern High German it'/si/ (Middle High German bla a\so "gold,
yellow'). Old English *b/awor *blsew. Old Icelandic blar^b\ue' from *b^le-uo-s; s. also S.
155;

Old Irish it>/a "yellowish?' is late Old English loanword? About Germanic *MTy5-"lead'
see below b^/e/-/.

Lithuanian blavas, Latvian blavs^ bluish, gold, yellow' are Germanic loanword

References: WP. II 212, WH. I 513 f., different EM 367.
Page(s): 1 60

Root/ lemma: bh/e-(*bh|ehi-)

Meaning: to howl, weep

Material: Latin fled, flere {*b'^lejd) " to weep; to drip, trickle; transit., to weep for, lament,

bewail; flendus, to be lamented ';

Latvian bleju, it^/e/" bleat';

r.-Church Slavic bleju, ble/atrb\ea\.' (besides Serbo-Croatian blejTm, ble/atrb\ea\.' etc,
with e); Middle High German/7/^ye/7 "bleat' (Germanic *blejan= Latin fled); Old High
German blazan, nnd. blassen. Old English bisetan, engl. to bleat ^b\ea\!. Old English
blagettan, bl^gettan^ccy', ndd. blageu. "kid, child'; Middle High German bleren, blerren
"bleat, cry';

Maybe alb. blegerij'b\ea\! : Old English blagettan, blsegettan^cvj\

Modern High German plarren, plaren {a\so "weep, cry'), Dutch blaren ^b\eat', engl. to blare
"roar, bellow'; changing through ablaut Middle High German blurjen, bluelen{*bldljan),
dissimil. briielen'roar, bellow'; zero grade Middle High German brarsbnek', schwab.
bralla "cry'.

References: WP. II 120, WH. I 516.

See also: compare bheA^and the onomatopoeic words ble-.

Page(s): 154-155

Root / lemma: b^laido-s (*bh|eid-(u)o-)

Meaning: pale

Note: to b^lei- "shine', from extension root form *b^lei-d-

Material: Old Church Slavic bredh "pallid, pale, wan' = Old English it>/a/" pallid, livid'; Old

High German /7/e/zz5 "paleness'. Perhaps Lithuanian /7/5/i/5S "sober' (if from *blaid-vas, or

from the an extension root b'^lei-, s. d.), blaivaus, -ytis' become sober; clear up, from the

sky '. Alb. bleronj^ blossom, be green' from adj. *blere from *bled-re{e= Indo Germanic ai

or oi), b7ehure'pa\e, wan, pallid'.

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- : Alb. blehure: UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia , n, lllyria, also
UAupi? , n. Adj. UAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -ys\, the region or province of lllyria, UAupi^O) ,
speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. lAAupiaTi.

In addition probably the lllyrian PN Blaedarus.

Maybe Lithuanian blinde^ goat-willow, sallow ' : Alb. {* blind) blini^ sturgeon, lime-tree,
lime, linden '.

Note:

Root/ lemma: b^/d/cfo-s: "pale' : Root/ lemma: b^/e-uo-s: "a kind of colour (blue, gold)'.
References: WP. II 217, Trautmann 34, Specht Dekl. 197.
Page(s): 1 60

Root /lemma: b^/^-{.*b^/e/g-) (*bh|eig-o-)

Meaning: to hit

Note: also b'^/^u-igr. Celtic), to indicate from t/o- present *b^/rg-yd.

Material: Aeolic Ionian cpAlpoj "push, press, squeeze' (about OAipw see below d'^/as-

"contuse, squeeze '); cymr. b//fvn. "catapult, pallista', b//fa/dd 'qu'\ck, fast';

Latin f//gd, -ere'h\t, beat or dash down' {*b^//gd, or at most with through f//x/, fITctum

assesses u- loss from *fligud)\

Maybe alb. {*b'^leTg-) mbledh' squeeze, collect ' [common alb. -g > -dh].

Latvian b/alzi't' squeeze, clash, hit', Mez/'hit'; Old Church Slavic Mzb, blizhMv. " nigh,
near ' (actually " adjacent '). Although puzzling at first, the semantic transition from "to beat'
to "near' appears to have a few convincing parallels, e.g. Fr. pres^ueaf : Latin pressus
"squeezed' (Trubacev II: 122, with references).

References: WP II 217, WH. I 517, EM. 369.
See also: about russ. bliznasee below b^/e/-/.
Page(s): 160-161

Root / lemma: b^los-q-, -g-

Meaning: expr.

Material: Irish blosc. Gen. bloisc^(i\y\, fuss, noise' {b^losko-); compare also broscds. under

*bh/-es-;

Lithuanian bl^zgu, -e//intr. "clatter', b/^zg/nt/" c\atter, rattle, clash'.

References: WP. 11218.
Page(s): 161

Root / lemma: b^/ok-

Meaning: wool, cloth?

Material: Latin floccus " a flock of wool ' ( Jlocos) to Old High German blahai. " coarse bed

linen (esp. to covers or substratums)'. Modern High German Blahe, Blache, Old Danish

blaa^ oakum ', now it'/aa/' (actually PI.), Swedish blanor, blares.. Old Swedish blan, b/a6s.

(Germanic *blahwd-). Old Norse blaeja {*blahjdn-) " linen, sheet'.

Page(s): 161

Root / lemma: b^og- (*bhog-no-)

Meaning: running water

Material: Middle Irish buali. "running water' {*b'^og/a), buarm. "diarrhoea' {*b^ogro-y, proto

Germanic *bak/-, Old High German bah, Modern High German Bach, besides *bakja- in

Old Icelandic bekkr. Old English beccm. ds.

With regard to Old Indie bharjga-h, Lithuanian i6'5/7^a "billow' could be related to the root
b'^eg- " shatter, break, rupture'.

References: WP. II 149 f., 187.
Page(s): 161

Root / lemma: b^ok-
Meaning: to bum?

Material: Latin focus^ a fireplace, hearth; meton., house, family, home; sometimes altar-
fire or funeral pyre '; presumably to Armenian bosor^xeA' ("*fiery'), it'oc'flame' {*b''^oR-s-o-).
References: WP. II 186, WH. I 521.
Page(s): 1 62

Root / lemma: b^olo-

Meaning: smoke, steam?

Material: it is associated perhaps Old Irish bolad, nir. bo/adh and ba/adh' smeW, odor' and

Latvian bu/s, bula " misty muggy air, height smoke, dryness ';

it could form the basis Indo Germanic b^oA (Irish): b^el- (Latvian); perhaps is with above

etymology also Peterssons Etym. Miszellen 34 connection oi buls\N\Vc\ combinable

Armenian bar fog, mist, darkness ' (if originally "haze, mist')?

References: WP. II 189.

Page(s): 1 62

Root / lemma: b^org^o-s

Meaning: unfriendly

Material: Armenian it'a/'/r "violent, angry, irate; herb, bitter, sharp from taste' {*b^rg'^os); Old

Irish borb, borp^crazY; Middle Irish borb {*burbo-, Indo Germanic *b''^org"'o-) "raw,

ignorant'; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Latvian it's/ys "stern, hard, unfriendly, pitiless '; Swedish Dialectal bark^ willful, unfriendly

person ', i6'5/'/r^/7 "rough, harsh'.

References: WP. II 188, Trautmann 27.

See also: compare also b'^ag-2.

Page(s): 1 63

Root / lemma: b^oso-s

Meaning: naked

Note:

From Root/ lemma: b^e-: b^6-\ "to warm, fry, *bath' derived Root/ lemma: b'^oso-s:

"naked'.

Material:

Old High German bar^uaked, bare' {*baza-), Modern High German bar, Old English b^r,

Old Icelandic berr'nake6, bare'; Lithuanian basas, Latvian bass. Old Church Slavic bosi^ "

barefoot '; Armenian bok^ barefoot ' {*b'^oso-go).

Maybe alb. Geg Cb'^as-) zbath- "barefoot', mbath "wear shoes' [common alb. -s > -th shift] :
Latvian bass^ barefoot'.

As gr. i|j-iA6(; probably to b'^es- "abrade, scrape ' (and " grind '), also originally from
barren, (naked) sharp places, compare Kretschmer KZ. 31, 414.

References: WP. II 189, Meillet Esquisse 38, Trautmann 28.
Page(s): 1 63

Root / lemma: b^ouA'^i-

Meaning: victory

Material: Old Irish buaidu. "victory', abrit. FN Boudicca^ the victorious ', cymr. Z^i/ofa'" profit,

gain', buddig^ victorious ' {^b'^ouA^Tko^ = Old Irish buadach 6s.\ Old Germanic GN Baudi-

hillia " victory fighter '.

References: WP. II 186, Gutenbrunner Germanic Gottern. 43.

Page(s): 1 63

Root / lemma: b'^ouk^'os

Meaning: a kind of buzzing insect

Material: Latin fucus, -/"m. " a drone bee ' = Old English beawxx\. "gadfly, brake', ndd. bau

ds.

References: WP. II 184, WH. I 555 f.

Page(s): 1 63

Root / lemma: b^^Jp^-or b'^agh-

Meaning: lowland, swamp

Material: Mnl. baggerrw. "slime, mud', out of it Modern High German baggern' drain the

mud '; russ. bagn6^\o\N, marshy place', Czech bahno'swamp, marsh, morass', poln.

bagno ds.

References: WP. II 187, Petersson Heterokl. 123 f.

Page(s): 161

Root/ lemma: b'^oi-: b^ai-: bh/-(bh//a-) (*bheiH- > bhoiH(dh)-so-)

Meaning: to fear, * keep away

Material: Old Indie bhayate^be afraid ' (from *b'^9ietai= Slavic bojetb), Avestan bayente,

byente "they are in fear'. Middle Persian besand^ they are in fear ' (Proto-lranian *bai-sR-)\

Old Indie bibheti^ be afraid ', sek. to initial Perf. m. Prasensbed. b/bbaya'\ am in fear'

[bibhTyat, bibhTtana, abibhet, participle bibhTvan = Avestan biwiva' were afraid '); Old Indie

bhiyana-h' \Nere afraid '; bhT-hi., bhTti-hi. (: Latvian Inf. bfties) "fear', bhTma-h^6rea6M\
bhlta-h^ were afraid, horrified ', /7/7/?i/-/7 'timorous, shy, coward' (if /*= Indo Germanic /,
changing through ablaut with Lithuanian baile, bailus); npers. M/r "fear' (from *b^ayaka-)\
with Indo Germanic simplification of a/to a before consonant here Old Indie bhama-h
perhaps "fierceness, fury', bham/ta-b l\erce, grim'.

Gr. ni9r|K0(;, iriGoov m. "ape' (from *ni9o(; "ugly', zero grade *bh/dh-).

Maybe taboo word alb. pidhi^ vagina '.

Latin foedus (*bhoydhc»s) " foul, filthy, horrible, disgusting '.

Old High German biben. Old Saxon bibon. Old English beofian. Old Icelandic bifa, -ada
and bifra (these in ending directed after *titrdn "tremble') to Proto German *bibai-mr, *bibdn
is probably only after to the other coexistence from -on- and -en- secondary verb besides
one from the Perfect form developed grade *biben .

Balto Slavic originally present *b^aid-, preterit-stem *b^lia-. Inf. *b^Tter, Old Prussian
b/afi/ye/lear, dread', kausat. poba/7nt'pun\s\r\, curse'; Lithuanian bijaus, b/jof/s {a\so not
reflexive) "be afraid', Latvian bfstuds, bijuos, bft/es and bijajuos, bijaties^be afraid';
Lithuanian baijus^6rea6iu\, terrible, hideous'; baidau, -///"frighten', Latvian baTdu, baTdyt
and it'/ec/e/ "daunt, scare';

Maybe alb. Geg mbajVbQ afraid', nuk ma mban^\ am afraid'.

in addition Lithuanian it'a/sa "fright' {*baid-s-a), it'a/si/s "terrible, horrid', /^a/s/id//" smudge,
besmear' (and Old Church Slavic besiD "devil', *bed-ST^\ Lithuanian ba/melear'; bailees.
(it's/Z^s "timorous').

Old Church Slavic (*bhoiH-eh2-tei) bojg, bojati sg^be afraid'.

Further formation *b^li-es-, *bHs-\v\ Old Indie bbyasafe' be afraid ', udbhyasa-h^be
afraidd', Avestan Perf. biwivarjha (i.e. biwyarjha) " stimulated fright, was dreadful'; Old
Indie /7/7/s5ya/e "frightens', /7/7^5/7a-/7 "causing fright';

Old High German it'/sa "north-east wind', bison^ run around madly ', ber^boaf etc lead
to a Germanic */?/s-, *b7z- " storm ahead jumpily '; compare Wiftmann Nom. postverb. 78.

References: WP. II 124 f., 186, WH. I 522 f., Trautmann 24, Kluge^^ under Biese.
Page(s): 161-162

Root / lemma: boras'- (better b'^ra-g-)
Meaning: to smell, scent

Material: Latin fragro, -are ^to emit a smell, esp. a sweet smell', denominative *b^r9g-ro-s'
smelling '; Old High German bracko {Modern High German Bracke), Middle Low German
mnl. bracke^ beagle, sleuth, harrier, track hound' (out of it Italian braccoeic), in addition
Middle Latin barm-braccus lap dog'; compare Middle High German brseben ^ smeW {*bre-
J6); also anything for root b^/ie, above S. 133.

It remains remote gall, braca' trouser '; see below b'^reg-l^ break, rupture'.

References: WP. II 192, WH. I 540, Kluge^^ under Bracke.
Page(s): 1 63

Root / lemma: b^ra-ter-{*sue-lou6'^a-ter- ' member of clan, brother ')

Meaning: brother

Root/ lemma: b^ra-ter-{*sue-/ou6'"a-ter- ' member of clan, brother '): brother, derived

from Root / lemma: b^ra-ter- ( *sue-lotA^a-ter- " member of clan, brother '): brother [Root /

lemma: leuA'^-1 {* leugh-): to grow up; people; free].

Material: Old Indie bhratar-, Avestan Old pers. bratar-^broiber'; osset. a/'i/ao'" brother,

kinsman, relative'; Armenian eibair. Gen. eibaurds.; {^b'^rater, *b^ratrdsy,

Maybe truncated gr. zKevQepoq "free man' : ( *sue-lou6'^a " member of clan, brother ') vela "

brother' : osset. arvad {* alvad) : Armenian eibair{*elvaii). Gen. elbaur^broiber, kinsman,

relative' : Etruscan {*aruvad) mi/a "brother' from Eurasiatic: *?arV

Meaning: member of the clan

Uralic: *arV (*arwa)

Number: 1745

Proto: *arV (*arwa)

> Nostra tic:

English meaning: relative on mother's side; (younger) brother of mother

Khanty (Ostyak): oli (V Vj.), orti (O), wgrtT (Kaz.) ' Nephew, son of the brother (od. of the

sister), younger brother of the mother etc. ', olisaken (Vj.) ' Mother's brother and child of his

older sister together ', olisat ' Mother's brother and children of his older sister together ', jitj

(Vj.), aii't (Trj.), or"ne (Kaz.) ' Daughter of the older sister (father), daughter of the older

brother of the man etc. ', ar"s9x (O) ' Child of the older sister, child of the sister of the

fathers', ortTwer) (Kaz.) ' Man of the daughter of the older sister etc. '

Mansi (Vogul): oar (LM), ar (N) ' related to the mother's side ', or ' relatives on a parent

line, ancestors on mother ', jaynor or-nor (K) ' parental disappointment '

Hungarian: ara ' Bride; (altung.) brother of the mother od. of the sister; daughter-in-law '

Maybe

lllyrian it'/'a 'brother! (vocative)' > alb. i^/ie 'brother! (vocative)'

maybe Kurdish t>/ra' brother' : turk. b/rader' brother'.

New Phrygian ppaiEps ' brother '; mys. -Phrygian braterais= cpparpaK;?, gr. (ppnirip
(Ionian) abzK(^6c, Hes., Attic cpparrip, cpparcop 'member of a cpparpia (family, fraternity,
brotherhood)';

Venetic vhraterei^ brother ';

Maybe alb. Tosc v(e)lla^ brother' intervocalic {-e-) [influenced by Latin order consonant +
vowel + consonant], older alb. Geg i///a' brother', {*vhraterei) i///aze/7"memberof a
cpparpia (family, fraternity, brotherhood)';

Latin frater^ brother', Oscan fratrum, Umbrian fratrum, fratrom^ brothers ' etc around
Late Latin fratrueHss. WH. I 542);

Old Irish brath(a)ir^brother , member of a big family', cymr. sg. brawd, brodyr, acorn.
broder. Middle Breton breuzr, nbret. breur, PI. breudeur6s.\

Gothic brdl=>ar. Old Icelandic brodir. Old High German bruoder. Old English brother
'brother';

Short forms in addition Old High German MN Buobo, Middle High German buobe'boy',
Old English MN Bofa, Bdja{> engl. boy), Norwegian dial. ,6*05 'brother' etc; further Old
High German MN Buole, Middle High German it'^o/e 'kinsman, relative, lover'. Middle Low
German M/e 'kinsman, relative, brother' etc (see Kluge'''' under Bube, Buhle), Old
Prussian bratnyok. brote) 'brother', Lithuanian broterelis, short form brozis, batis, brolis,
Latvian b(r)alis ' baby brother ', bratantis ' dear brother!';

Old Church Slavic bratrb, bratt^ brother', short form serb. baca, acech. bat'a6s., russ.
batja, backa 'father, priest'.

Also alb. Geg bace^iather, leader' : serb. baca lather, priest'.

compare noch Old Indie bhratra-m' brotherhood '; gr. cpparpa, jon. cppnipri ds.; Old
Indie bhratrya-m: gr. cpparpia. Old Church Slavic bratrtja, bratbja6s., Latin fratria^W\ie,
woman of brothers'.

Tocharian A pracar{Du3\ pratri), B procer.

References: WP. II 193, WH. I 541 f., 866, Specht KZ 62, 249, Fraenkel REtlE 2, 6 f.,
Risch Mus. Helv. 1, 118.
Page(s): 163-164

Root / lemma: b^red(h?)-

Meaning: to wade, wander

Material: Thrak. PN Bp£5ai; Ligurian VN Brodiontr, compare gall. FIN Bredanna, French La

Brenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), PN BpoSsviia (Bayern).

Alb. breth, Aor. brodha " wander, roam '.

Lithuanian bredu{Eas\. Lithuanian brendu), bridau, br/st/"\Na6e', Iter, bradau, -yt/"\Nade',
brasta, brastva lord (miry)', brada^sWme, mud', bradasm. 'fishing' (= Slavic brodt), with
sek. ablaut brydisvn. " wading, way in the water ', Iter, braidau, -yti^ wade around
continuously '; Latvian it'/v'e/?^ (Dialectal briedu= East Lithuanian brendu), bridu, brist. Iter.
bradat^\Na6e\ tread with feet; speak foolishly ', braslism. "ford', brid/sm. " while, short
time'; Old Prussian Chucunbrast^ through the devil's way '; zero grade ir= Vnoch in
Lithuanian b/rda^wet ordure'. Old Prussian Birdaw, sea name.

Russ. -Church Slavic bredu, brestT wade through a ford ' (zero grade present *brbdQ\x\
neprebrbdom-b ' not wading through water ', Aor. pribrbde, compare Old Czech pfebrde "
will wade ', poln. brn^'c^\Na6e' from *brbdngti), russ. bredu, brestf^ go slowly, fish with the
train net ', breditb " chat nonsense, fantasize', bred, bredfna^ willow ' ('standing there often
in the water '), r.-Church Slavic, russ. (etc) brodb 'ford', iter. r.-Church Slavic brod/f/^ wade',
russ. brodftb ' go slowly, slink, wander around; ferment, seethe', Serbo-Croatian broditi
'wade'.

References: WP. II 201 f., Trautmann 37, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin 332 f.
Page(s): 1 64

Root / lemma: b'^reg-l

Meaning: to break

Material: Old Indie giri-bhraj- ' bursting out from the mountains ';

Latin frango, -ere, fregi{: Gothic *brekum), fractum ' break in pieces, dash to pieces,
shiver, shatter, fracture ', fragilis^ frail, breakable, easily broken, brittle, fragile ' etc {*b^reg-
), fragorrw. ' a breaking; a crashing, a noise of breaking, crack, crash, noise, din '; with a
(after fractus etc): suffrag/um' a voting tablet, a vote, noisy applause, approval; the right to
vote, franchise; in gen. judgment; approval, support'; suffraginesi. ' the hollows of the

knee (suffragines, are so called because they are broken underneath = subtus franguntur,
that is, they bend downwards and not upwards like the arm) ', actually "bend, kink ';

Middle Irish braigid^ farts ', verbal noun braimm, cymr. corn, bramm. "breaking wind,
fart'. Middle Irish t-air-brech^ crash, blast'; but gall, braca ^breeches' (compare ppaKKai
aiyEiai SicpGspai napa KeAtoTc; Hes.) is Germanic loanword. Old Irish broc^ trouser ' is Old
English loanword

Maybe alb. i&/-e/re "underwear' = gall, braca^ breeches';

Gothic brikan. Old Saxon brekan. Old English brecan. Old High German brehhan
"break, rupture' (Latin fregimus= Gothic *brekum. Modern High German brachen), ablaut.
Gothic brakja^ wrestling match '; lengthened grade Middle High German brachei. "
breaking in the ground, unbroken recumbent unsowed land after the harvest ', Old English
a-brac/an ^ press in'. Old High German prahhen, brahhen. Middle High German braechen.
Modern High German pragen ( *brekjan). Causative to brechen, zero grade Gothic gabruka
f. "piece, fragment, gobbet ' (*bh/-e^-) == Old English brycerr\. " the break, lump ', Old High
German bruh 'break, cracked '; Old English broc/an ' press' , broc' woefulness '; with
gemination Old High German brocco " broken ', Modern High German Bracken,

here perhaps Norwegian brakeru. " juniper' (as br/skds. to b^res-'break, crack,
cracking '), Middle High German brake m. f. "twig, branch', engl. brake' brushwood, thorn
bushes, fern ', ablaut. Norwegian burkne rr\. " fern ', compare also Norwegian brukr\.
"shrubbery, bush';

a nasal, form in Norwegian dial. brankr\. " affliction , defect', branka' injure, break,
rupture'; with the meaning "din, fuss, noise' here Old Icelandic braka' crack, creak', brakr\.
"row, din, fuss, noise'. Middle High German Old English brachrw. ds.. Old High German
Middle High German Old Saxon braM'd\n, fuss, noise, clamor', with changed meaning
Modern High German Pracht, Old English breahtm rr\. "argument, quarrel'. Old Saxon
brabtum'd\n, fuss, noise, clamorous mass';

Germanic *brdk-' rump', newer "trouser' in Old English brecP\. " buttocks ', engl. breech
ds.. Old Icelandic brok, PI. br0kr't\r\\g\r\, trouser'. Old English broc. Old High German
bruoh. Modern High German Bruchds., Swiss bruech' pubic region '; geminated Old
English etc braccas' britches ';

here (rather to b'^res-) belong Lithuanian brasku, brasket/" crack, creak' {*b^reg-s/(d),
Latvian braksRet, brakstetds.

A parallel root *b^ reCnJgh- seeks Wood (KZ. 45, 61) in Old Indie brhat/"\Nrenches, tears
from ', Old Icelandic branga ^ damage' .

Old Indie t>rga/a-m' piece, gobbet, lump ' is not Indo Germanic (Kuiper Proto-Munda 49).

References: WP. II 200, WH. I 113 f, 539 f., 541, Feist 1 04 ff., 176, Wiftmann Nom.
postverb. 11, 58, 123, 181.
Page(s): 1 65

Root / lemma: b^reg-2

Meaning: to stick (?)

Note: extension from b^er-' stand up, edge, bristle' etc, seeks Persson Beitr. 22 f. A. 2 in:

Material: Old Indie it'^ray- 'stiffness (of the member), rigor(?)'; isl. Norwegian brok^st\ff

grass, grass bristles '; quite dubious also in Old Icelandic bQrkr{*b^orgu-s), Middle Low

German borke.

Modern High German (actually ndd.) ^OA/re "rough, outer bark' (from the rough angularity?

Similar is gr. cpoplvr) 'hard, rough skin, esp. pig's skin ' to un extension to place root b^er-).

An analoge ^-extension from of a /-basis bh/e/- could at most exist in Norwegian brikja '
stick up high, to show off, shine', brikja tall woman keeping her head high ', i6'/7/re/7 'fresh,
agile, lively; showy, gleaming, pleasant', bnkna^g\ory, magnificence, lustre, shine,
pleasure, joy' (Wood KZ. 45, 66), if not perhaps 'shine, shine out' is the basis of this
meaning.

A bhrez-Ar- presumably in gr. cppl^, -koc, ' shuddering, quiver, stare', cpplaau), -ttoj,
nscpplKQ ' stare up; shiver (*flicker?)' common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-\ cymr. bret. brig^
acme, apex ' {*b'^nko-).

Maybe alb. (*cppl^, cppiKot;) frike^ shuddering, fear', older (*cppiK6(;) frikesq/'^make shiver,
scare'.

References: WP. 11201.
Page(s): 1 66

Root / lemma: b^rend'^-

Meaning: to swell, sprout

Note: Only for Celtic to cover Tocharian and Balto-Slavic

Material: Old Irish probably in brenn- {*b'^rend'^-ua-) 'spring up, bubble, effervesce', e.g.

bebarnatarZ PI. preterit, with to-ess-: do-n-eprinn^ gushes forth ', Middle Irish to-oss-:

toiphnniV interior flow, flow into ', Kaus. Middle Irish bruinnid^ allows to gush forth,

streams out ' etc; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare also Thurneysen Grammar

461;

Maybe alb. brenda, perbrenda"\ns\6e, inward, (*inward inflow)'.

Lithuanian br^stu, brendau, br^st/'sweW, ripen', participle /?/'(9/7o'^s 'ripening', br/'stu,
brindau, br/st/'gush, well up (e.g. from peas)', branda' ripeness, rich harvest ', brandus'
grainy '; Latvian briestu, briezu, briest^gush, well up, to swell, ripen', brudzs^\h\ck, strong';
Old Prussian pobrendints' weighted ', sen brendekermnen^'^regv\av\{\ i.e. ' with body fruit

Slavic *brQd'b in Old Czech ja-bradek, a^o\u. ja-brz^d^W\g, branch of grapevine '
(besides one verschied. Slavic *bred'b in kasub. brod^ fruit-tree '); relationship to b^er-
[b'^ren-) "overhang, protrude ' is absolutely agreeable;

Tocharian A pratsak, B pratsak-^breasW

References: WP. II 205, Trautmann 35 f.. Van Windekens Lexique 99.
Page(s): 167-168

Root / lemma: b^renk-, b'^ronk-

Meaning: to bring

Material: Cymr. he-brwng 'bnng, glide, slide, guide, lead' {*sem-bronk-), hebryngiad

"guide, leader', acorn, hebrench/atleader' , mcorn. hem-bronk'\N\\\ guide, lead', bem-

brynkys, bom-bronkys ^ gu\6e6' , Middle Breton ham-brouc, nbr. am-brouk'gu\6e, lead';

Gothic briggan, brahta. Old High German bringan, brahta, also Old Saxon (wo also
brengian). Old English bringan av\6 brengfejan pretent brohte {ixoxw *branhta) "bring';

Tocharian B prank-, AB prank- "depart'.

Angebl. contaminated from root b'^er- and enek-\ finally E. Fraenkel KZ. 58, 286'' f.; 63,
198.

Maybe alb. geg me pru, aor. prura^io bring'

References: WP. II 204, Lewis-Pedersen 40, Feist 105, Van Windekens Lexique 99.
Page(s): 1 68

Root / lemma: b^re(n)R-

Meaning: to err

Material: Old Indie bhrarhsate, bhrasyate^ falls, overthrows ', participle bhrasta-h,
bhramsa-hlaW, loss', but in RV. only from nasal basis bbrasayan (Kaus.), ma bhrasat
(Aor.), ani-bhrsta-h' not succumbing '; also bhramsa-W\\h originally only present, then
further grown exuberantly nasalization? or old double forms? Old Irish brec^\\e, falsity'
{*b^renka) is the half meaning not so certain to compare with Old Indie bhramsa-h, that it
would decide the latter sense.

Kuiper (Nasalpras. 141 f.) builds *b^reR-miv\ex{ to *b^re-n-Rd\ nevertheless, his
etymological comparisons are not persuasive.

References: WP. II 204.
See also: To b^reg-f7
Page(s): 1 68

Root / lemma: bhren-to-s

Meaning: herdsman, *wanderer, horn

Material:

Messapic pp£v5ov (from *pp£VTOv) "sAacpov' Hes., ppsvTiov "deer head' Hes., brunda^s.,

short form (besides Brenda) to PN Brundisium, older BpsvTsaiov "Brindisi', lllyrian VN

BpsvTioi; Venetic FIN fir//7/a"Brenta'; still today in Italian mountain names and plant names

(BertoldilF. 52, 206f.);

compare in addition alb. br?, brm/^born, antler' {*b^r-no-), Plur. Geg bnena, raetorom.

brenta' pannier';

maybe alb. br/nje'nb, bone'

Note:

Clearly alb. is an lllyrian Dialect; alb. bredb ^wander' suggests that there is a link between

Root/ lemma: b^redfhj-: "to wade, wander' and Root/ lemma: b^ren-to-s: "herdsman,

*wanderer'.

New Swedish dial, brind(e), Norwegian (with ^from d) br/nge^ma\e elk ' {*b'^rent6s),
ablaut. Norwegian brund^baby male reindeer ' (*bh/77/ds);

Latvian briedis' deer, deer stag ', whether from of a Indo Germanic additional form
*b'^rendis, must be the origin of Lithuanian brfedis. Old Prussian brayd/sm. "elk'; if
Germanic loanword?

Note:

Baltic lang. were created before Slavic lang. hence the vocabulary shared by Baltic and
alb. is of lllyrian origin.

Perhaps to b^re/?- "overhang, edge'; different Specht Dekl. 120.

References: WP. II 205, WH. I 116 f., 551, 852, A. Mayer KZ 66, 79 ff., Krahe Festgabe
Bulle 191 f.
Page(s): 168-169

Root / lemma: b^ren-

Meaning: to stick out; edge

Note: as b^er-ds.

Material: Ir. bra/ne' front part of the ship; guide, leader; edge, border', corn, brenn/atds.

(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

With formants t. Latin frons, -tis m., new f. " the forehead, brow, front '; Old Icelandic
brandr^ sword ' {*b^ron-t6-)\ in wider meaning 'stick, board; sword' against it probably from
*bh/-c'/xJhc»-to b^e/dh- 'cut, clip'.

With formants d: Old English brant. Old Icelandic brattr^\\\Q\\, sharp' {*b^rondos), Latvian
brudc///js'n6ge of the roof.

b^ren-q-. Germanic *branha- in Old Swedish bra-. New Swedish bra- 'sharp' in PN; Old
Icelandic br/nga^ breast, thorax, breastbone of birds', nisi. br/ngr^smaW hill';

maybe alb. {*b'^ren) br/nje'ub, chest bone, hillside'

Note:

Alb. proves that from Root/ lemma: b'^ren-to-s: 'herdsman, *wanderer, *horn' derived from
an extended Root/ lemma: b^ren-: 'to stick out; edge'.

Lithuanian branka^tbe swelling', branksoti, branksoti^ jut out stiffly (of bones, laths)';
ablaut, brinkstu, brlnkti'to swell'; Slavic *br§kng, *brgkngti\v\ russ. nabrjaknutb'to bloat,
bulge, swell' etc.

bh/'e/7-5'- perhaps in Old Icelandic brekka {*brinkdn) ' steep hill'. Old Danish brink, brank^
upright ', Middle English nengl. br/nk'edge, border, bank, shore'. Middle Low German
br/nk'e6ge of afield, field margin, meadow'. Middle Dutch br/nc. Modern Dutch brink
'edge, grass strip, border of grass, grass field '.

References: WP. II 203 f., WH. I 551, Trautmann 36.
Page(s): 1 67

Root / lemma: b^res-

Meaning: to break

Material: Middle Irish brosc, broscarxx\. "din, fuss, noise'; compare also bloscux\6ex b^/os-

Old High German brestan 'break, crack, break, rupture', unpers. 'lack, defect ', Old
English bersfands., Old Icelandic bersfa 'break, crack, creak'; Old High German brest(o)'
disability, defect ',

Modern High German Gebresten; Old High German brust'break, defect ', Old English
byrstm. 'damage'; Old High German braston' crackle ', Old Icelandic brasta'xax^X, roister,
brag, boast'; without -/- Norwegian brasn. 'clatter, brushwood ';

with -k-: Norwegian brisk' juniper'; Middle High German brasch en 'cxack, creak, cry, brag,
boast';

Lithuanian brasket/ etc, see below b^reg-1.

References: WP. I 206.
Page(s): 1 69

Root / lemma: b^reu-R- {-!(■)

Meaning: to strike; to throw

Note: only Balto-Slavic, probably extension from b'^reu-l. For -/r- compare above S. 18

Anm.

Material: Lithuanian brauk/u brauk/au braukt/"\N\r\\sk, stroke; move slowly '; Latvian braucu

braucu braukt 'move';

ablaut. Lithuanian bruku brukau brukti" wave flax, wedge ', Latvian brukV crumble ',

brucinafabxade, stroke the scythe';

Iterat. Lithuanian braukyti, Latvian braucuV s\xoke' (with unoriginal intonation) and

Lithuanian brukism. 'stripe, line', Latvian brucei. ' scratch, scar', in addition Lithuanian

brukne, bruknisi., Latvian bruklenei. ' cranberry ';

Slavic *brusg It'ms/// (originally iterative) in Bulgarian brusja {brusich) 'shake off, get rid
of, beat off, chop, cut, reject', Serbo-Croatian brus/m brus/t/'wbet', Czech brous/t/6s., in
addition Old Church Slavic ubrusb ' veronica (the impression of the face of Jesus believed

by some to be miraculously made on a head - cloth with which St Veronica wiped his face
as he went to his crucifixion; the cloth used for this) ', Serbo-Croatian brus (Gen. brusa),
russ. brus{Qev\. brusa; mostly brusok) "grindstone, whetstone'; russ. etc brusnfka^
cranberry ' ("lightly strippable '); ablaut. r.-Church Slavic brbsnut/^ scrape, shave', russ.
brosatb (dial, brokatb), brositb "throw', brosnutb "peel flax', bros "offal' etc in ablaut to
Bulgarian brbSb "rub off. With Jthe iterative grade: Old Church Slavic sb-brysati' scrape
', brysalo^a painter's brush or pencil; style '.

Perhaps here Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic brutb "nail', Bulgarian brutes, as *bruktb,
compare to meaning Lithuanian brukti^ put by force ', to form Latvian braukts "knife for
cleaning the flax'.

Maybe alb. {*breuks) pres'cut, peel', mpreh^^hei, sharpen', mbreh^haxuess, yoke, put by
force ' [common alb. p- > mp-, b- > mb- shift], mbres "bruise, beat'.

Perhaps here the lllyrian VN Breuci, PN Breucus an6 the gall. PN Bp£UK6-|jaY0(;, today
Brumath {f\\sace)\ in addition places Krahe (Gl. 17, 159) lllyrian VN BpEuvoi: Breones
(from * Breuones).

Note:

lllyrian VN Bpsuvoi: ^/'ec»/7e'5 (from * Breuones) evolved according to alb. phonetic laws -/>
-nt > -n hence * Breuones < * Breuontes. But only alb. displays the common -k > -th, -/shift
found in lllyrian VN Breuci: lllyrian VN Bpsuvoi (from * Breuones), hence alb. is a dialect of
lllyrian Both alb. and older lllyrian display centum and satem characteristics.

Finally gall. PN BpsuKO-nayoq, today Brumatb {A\sace); has evolved according to lllyrian
alb. phonetic laws -g > -th as alb. {mag-) matb'b\g'.

About russ. brykatb "kick, reject' etc s. Berneker 93.

References: WP. II 197, Trautmann 36 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 119.
Page(s): 1 70

Root / lemma: b^reu-s-1

Meaning: to swell

Note: (compare above b'^reu-)

Material: Old Irish brui.. Gen. bronn'beWy, body' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), {*b'^rus-

d[/7]: -n-os), bruach^ big-bellied ' {*brusakos), cymr. brum. " venter, uterus ' (^b'" reuse-);

Old Irish bru/nne ^breast' {*b^rusn/o-), acymr. ncymr. bronni. "breast', bret. bronn, bron6s.

{*b^rusna) in place names also "round hill', mcymr. brynn, ncymr. brynxw. {*b'^rusn/o-) "hill'

(from Celtic derives Gothic brunjdi. "(breast)-armor', Old High German brunja, brunna^

coat of mail ');

Maybe alb. {*bryn) brinje'nb, side' : alb. Geg {*bryn) brini, PI. brina, alb. Tosc brire^ horn' :

Gothic brunjoi. "(breast)-armor'.

Old Irish bro//acb^ bosom' {*b'^rus-/o-\N\t\r\ formants-a/ro-); Middle Irish bruasach^\N\Vc\ large,

wide breast' (from b^reus-to- = Old Saxon br/'ost).

Middle High German br/usfern ^ s\Ne\\ up'. Old Icelandic a-brysturi. PI. " beestings ' (also
broddr diS. from *bruz-da-2), Swiss brieschtAs. (besides br/escb ds. from *b'^reus-ko-); Old
Saxon briostU. PI., Old English breost. Old Icelandic it'/'/ios/" breast', zero grade Gothic
brusfst PI., Old High German brust, Modern High German Brust, Old Saxon brust/an^bu6'
(Slavic *brbstb "bud'). Modern High German Bros-chen {irom md.) "mammary gland of
cows', Schwab. Bruste, Bavarian Brusel, Briesel, Briesds., Danish brissel, Swedish
kalfbrass, with /r-suffix Danish bryske, engl. brisket^ breast of the animals '.

Old Icelandic i&/7io5/r "gristle'. Middle High German brusche. Modern High German
^/"a^sc/?© "swelling, blister'. Modern High German dial, brausche, brauschig^ swollen; of
style, turgid, bombastic, torose ', brauschen 'sweW up'.

Russ. i7/7i/c/7c» "lower abdomen, belly, paunch', dial, brjuchnutb' yield, gush, well up, to
bloat, bulge, swell', Czech alt. bruch, brucho, nowadays bfich, bficho^beWy' etc {*b^reuso-
s, -m)\

here also kir. brost f. dial, brostm. "bud', Bulgarian brhsffjm. ' young sprouts', Serbo-
Croatian brstm. ds., i&/'s///7a "foliage, leaves'.

here kIr. brost' f. dial, brost m. " bud ', Bulgarian Brbs (t) m. " younger shoots ', Serbo-
Croatian br ^ s/m. ds., b'rstina " foliage '.

References: WP. 1 11 97 f.. Feist 107 f., 108 f.
Page(s): 170-171

Root / lemma: b^reu-s-2

Meaning: to break

Note: extension from b'^reu-1.

Material: Alb. breshen, bresher'baW, if actually "granule, mica' {e= Indo Germanic eu);

Latin frustum " a bit, piece, morsel, gobbet ' (from *b^rus-to-);

Old Irish bruu'shatter, smash' {*b^rus/o, gall, brus-, French bruisei), Middle Irish bruire,
bru/7e 'p\ece, fragment', bruan ds., bruar fragment, broken piece', brosna {*brus-tonio-) "
faggot, brushwood bundle ', gall. *bruskja^ undergrowth, brushwood ', Old French broce
ds.. Middle Irish brusc'K\xy^ bit' etc; Old Irish i6>/'c»/7/7a//77 'damage' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-), {*b'^rusnam/) (subjunctive robr/airom *bris- 'break, rupture' borrows, see below
b^rei-); mcymr. breu, ncymr. brau^ frail, easily broken ', mcorn. brew^ broken ' {*b''^rduso-)\
Middle Breton brusun^Wuy bit' {* brous-t-)\

Old English briesan {*brausjan), brysan {*brusjan) 'break, rupture trans., shatter', engl.
it'/zz/se 'injure', probably also Old High German brosma. Middle High German brosem,
broseme, brdsme'b\t, flake, crumb'; Old English brosn/an' molder '.

References: WP. II 198 f., WH. I 553.
Page(s): 171

Root / lemma: b^reus-3, b^/vs-
Meaning: to boil; to sound, etc.

Note: esp. in Germanic words; perhaps to b^reu-s-1; also a new onomatopoeic word could
have helped (similarly akr. brujTm, brujiti^buzz, hum from an swarm of bees', Berneker 89).
Material: Middle High German brusen^ boom, blaster, roar', brus^ibe boom', ndd. brusen
'boom, blaster, simmer, seethe, boil; be hasty (from people); spread out, grow new shoot
(from plants); sprinkle, besprinkle ' (compare Modern High German Brause) (out of it
Danish bruse ds.), Dutch bruisen, previous bru/scben loam, froth, bubble, roar, boom,
blaster', ndd. brOsken ds.. Middle High German brusche^ douche, shower, spray, sprinkler
', Old Swedish brOsa ' storm ahead ', Norwegian Dialectal brosa ' storm gust ', Old
Icelandic it'/'i/s/' he-goat, billy goat ', isl. bruskr^ tussock, besom ', engl. Z^/y/s/? 'bristle
brush, paintbrush, brush, tail (of foxes)', i6'/'i/5/7M/c»c»o' 'shrubbery, bush, shrubbery ', Middle
English bruschen, engl. to brush^ comb with a brush', Norwegian dial, brauska, bruska and
brausta, brusta' make room, rush out forcefully '; Swedish bruska'xwsWo, rant, roister'.

With Germanic *bruska-z^ brushwood ', *bruskan^ crackle, rustle ' (-s/r- could be Indo
Germanic z^ one compares the Balto-Slavic groups Lithuanian bruzgaiP\. ' brushwood ',
briauzga^ babbler', bruzgu, -e// "rustle', russ. brjuzgaju, -^/6 'mumble, murmur', brjuzzatb
"drone, grumble, murmur, growl ' etc; yet are the verb perhaps are only Balto-Slavic
onomatopoeic word formation. Because of the Germanic meaning 'spray' is perhaps on
the other hand to be compared with russ. bryzgaju, -atb 'spray, sprinkle, bubble ' etc.

References: WP. II 199 f., Trautmann 38.

Page(s): 171-172

Root / lemma: b^reu- b'^reu-d-

Meaning: to swell, sprout

Material: Latin frutex, -icism. ' a shrub, bush; as a term of reproach, blockhead ' based on

probably on a participle *b''^r0t6s^ sprouted out'; Old Irish broth^a\NV\, hair'; here o'-present:

Middle High German briezen, broz^bud, swell'. Old High German Middle High German

broz'bud, sprout '.

References: WP. II 195, WH. I 554.

See also: compare b'^reu-s-1'to swell', b^rughno- "twig, branch'.

Page(s): 1 69

Root / lemma: b^rei-, b'^n-

Meaning: to pierce, cut with smth. sharp

Note: extension from b^er-.

Material: Old Indie bhnnanti^be hurt' (Pf. bibhraya Dhatup.), Avestan pairibrmentT be cut

all around ', brdi&ro-taeza-' dashing sharply ', Middle Persian bnn^ determined, fixed'.

Maybe alb. Geg pre- " pierce, cut'

Thrak. (?) ppiAwv 'barber'.

Latin frio, -are 'rub, grind, crumb, spall, crumble', fried, -a/ie'to rub, rub down, rub off'
(from "/^/-co-s 'rubbing, scraping'), refrJva faba^ ground bean', /^/Vo/c/s (from *frT-vo-s^
triturated '), ' breakable, trifling, worthless; n. pi. as subst. sticks of furniture '.

Maybe alb. {**frico-) ferkonj^ rub' possible Latin loanword.

With frJvolusio be compared cymr. /?/7m/' broke; wound'; br/wo'break, rupture, injure';

with s-extension here gall. -Latin brTsare^ break, shatter', French it'A/se/'etc gallorom.
*briscare^ curdle, coagulate, harden ', Swiss bretschids. (Wartburg), Old Irish brissid
'breaks' (from participle Pert. *bristo). Middle Irish bressi. 'din, fuss, noise, fight, struggle',
breissem ds.. Old Irish PN Bres-(u)al {*bristo-ualos), corn. Middle Breton breseri\Qb{\
bret. it'/'esa 'quarrel'. Middle Irish brise^ixaW, breakable', br. breskds.; compare the parallel
formation under b'^reus-2.

Hereupon probably also cymr. brwydrl\g\r\t, struggle'. Old Irish br/atbar^ word,
*argument' as *b'^re/-tra' quarrel, argument ' (to cymr. brwyd'torn, perforates '), compare

Lithuanian bart/"sco\d, cliide', refl. "be quarrelsome', Old Church Slavic brat/"i'\ghV, s. b^e/--
2.

Maybe alb. Geg bht, Tosc bertas\o scold, chide, quarrel, yell' : Lithuanian i&a/t/" scold,
chide'.

Here presumably Middle Dutch bnne. Modern Dutch brijn. Middle English brJne,
nengl. brine^ salted water, salt brine ' (from the sharp taste like partly Slavic bridt).

Maybe alb. brinje^ rib', alb. Geg brini, Tosc briri^ sharp horn '.

Old Church Slavic britva^ razor', russ. -Church Slavic briju, br/t/'s\r\ave, shear', br/cb
"razor'; Old Church Slavic bric/b " 5pipu(; ', russ. -Dialectal br/dkq/" sharp, cold', Serbo-
Croatian br/dak' sharp, sour'; Old Church Slavic it'/^se/^e "shards', russ. -Church Slavic
brbselije, brbselb "shard' (proto Slavic, also probably *i6'/^se/b) as *b^ri-d-selo-.

Maybe alb. brisk^ razor' a Slavic loanword.

g-extension bhre/^- presumably in Lithuanian breziu, bresti' sora\.o\\, scrape'. Iter, braiz-,
-y//ds., and Old Icelandic bnki. "board, low wooden wall, low bar'; compare with *b''^rei-g-
parallel ^^extension the einf. root bheA-in Latvian beriu, berzu, berzt'rub, scour, clean' and
gr. cpopyavn napaiorri^ Hes. and auf a A'-extension *b^'re/-Ar- traceable gr. cppiKEc; xapoKsq
Hes.; bresf/ not better with Indo Germanic i6>-to Old English pr/ca ^ po\r\t' , Middle Low
German pricken. Middle High German pfrecken ' pr\ck' etc, besides that with other root
auslaut Norwegian Dialectal yO/7S5 "prick, stir, tease, irritate', pre/ma, pre/na^ banter, stir,
tease, irritate' etc (about age and origin Germanic words nothing is certain).

References: WP. II 194 f., WH. 116, 549, Vendryes RC 29, 206.
Page(s): 166-167

Root / lemma: b^reu-1, b'^ru-

Meaning: to pierce, break

Note: extension from b'^er-

Material: Old Indie bhruna-m^ embryo' (named after the burst caul);

Middle High German briune, Z^/t//?© "lower abdomen, vulva'; Old High German brodi
"frail, breakable' {*b^rou-tio-). Old Icelandic broma^p\ece, fragment' {*b^rumdn); a /-present
in Old English breodan^ break, rupture'; probably o'- present based on Germanic family of
Old English breotan 'break, rupture'. Old Icelandic br/dfa'break, rupture', brotirw. " heap of
felled trees, barrier ', brauti. "way, alley' (compare Modern High German Bahn brechen.

French routeirom rupta), breyta {*brautjan) " alter, change, modify ', breyskr^iraW,
breakable, brittle '; Old High German bruzT, bruzzV fragileness '; Old Icelandic brytia = Old
English bfytt/an'6W\6e, share, allot, distribute'; Old Icelandic bryt/'m. ' colter, plough
coulter, pre-pruner, i.e. the most distinguished of the farmhands; kind of estate manager,
land agent ' = agsl. brytta m. ' dispenser, distributer '.

To Germanic l^reutan perhaps also Old Irish fris-brudi^ reject '.

Latvian brauna, brauna'scud, dandruff, flake, scale, abandoned skin or shell, caul,
entrails' (basic meaning " scrapings ', compare Slavic brbsngt/" scrape, stripe ' under b'^reu-

Czech br-n-ka{*b^run-) " placenta, afterbirth '.

References: WP. 11195 f., W. Schuize KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216.
See also: S. the extension b'^reu-R-, b^reu-s-2.
Page(s): 1 69

Root / lemma: b^reu-2, b'^nu-

Meaning: edge

Note: The group is extended from b^er- "stand up; edge'.

Material: Old Irish bru 'edge, bank, border, shore', bruach ds. {*bru-ako-);

Old Icelandic brun'edge', whereof it'/yna 'whet', it*/]?/?/ "whetstone'; Old English Middle
High German brun'sbarp' (from weapons).

Lithuanian br/auna'edge, border, cornice ' {*b^reuna), ablaut, with Old Icelandic brun.

Maybe alb. brini' horn ', brinje' side, rib, edge '.

References: WP. II 196 f., W. Schuize KZ. 50, 259 = Kl. Schr. 216.
Page(s): 1 70

Root / lemma: b^roisgo- b^risqo-

Meaning: bitter

Material: Russ.-Church Slavic obrezgnuti, obrtzgnuti' become sauer', Czech bfesk'

sharp taste', poln. brzazg' unpleasant, sharp taste; bad mood',

russ. brezgatb (old brezgati) " nauseate, feel disgust ';

Maybe alb. Geg {prezi-) perzi' to nauseate, feel disgust '

at first to Norwegian itr/is/r" bitter taste', it'/'/s/re/? 'bitter, sliarp'; probably to b'^rei- 'cut, clip'

(as Middle Dutch i7/777e'salt water, brine').

Maybe alb. brisk, brisqeP\. 'sharp, bitter; razor', brisqeP\. 'razors'

References: WP. II 206.

Page(s): 1 72

Root / lemma: b^rugh-no-

Meaning: twig

Note: perhaps in relationship to b'^reu- ' sprout'

Material: Cymr. brwyn-eni. ' bulrush', acorn. brunnenq\. 'juncus, bulrush', bret. broenn-

enn6s. (common Celtic -/75-, -/?/- > -nn-), (from Proto Celtic *i6'/'i/^/7c»-); Old English brogn(e)

f. 'twig, branch, bush', Norwegian dial, brogn(e)^ tree branch, clover stalk, raspberry bush

References: WP. II 208.
Page(s): 1 74

Root / lemma: b^rug-

Meaning: fruit

Note: perhaps oldest ' to cut off or peel off fruit for eating ' and then to *b'^reu- 'cut, clip'

(compare there to meaning Old Indie bharvat/ 'cbews, consumes', also Balto Slavic *b'^reu-

q-, -^- 'graze over, chip')

Material: Latin frux, -g/'si. 'fruit' = Umbrian Akk PI. fr/f, fn" fruits ', Latin frugT{Da\.. *' useful,

honest, discreet, moderate' =) ' fruitful ', fruor, -i, fructusan6 fruitus sum ' relish ' (from

*frOg"or, which has entered for *frugorl), fruniscor^ relish ' {*frug-nTscor), frumentum'

corn, grain ', Oscan fruktatiuf{*frugetatidns) 'frOctus'.

Maybe alb. {*frug-) fruth 'meas\es, breaking of the skin (disease of fruit and humans?)', frut

'fruit' [common alb. -k, -g > -th, -oT? shift]

Gothic brukjan. Old High German bruhhan. Old Saxon brukan. Old English brucan
'need, lack', Gothic bruks. Old High German bruhhi. Old English it'/yce 'usable'.

References: WP. II 208, WH. I 552 f.
Page(s): 1 73

Root / lemma: b^ru-1{*h^'^ru-f)
Meaning: brow

Note:

Root / lemma: b^ru-1{*h^'"ru-f)\ brow, derived from the animate suffixed -ruoi Root/

lemma: ok"-: to see; eye. According to gr.s -k'^> -p, -g'"> -b.

Note: partly with initial vowel, Indo Germanic o- or a- (full root form?); after Persson Beitr.

17 lies a dark composition part *o/r"'-"eye' (with. consonant-Assimilation) before.

Material:

In e- grade:

npers. ebru, bru6s. (HiJbschmann lA. 10, 24); {*\\^ebru-)

In zero grade:

Old Indie bhru-hi., Akk. bhruv- am ^ brow', Avestan brvat-i. (Du.) ' brows '.

Maybe zero grade alb. vrenjt {* vrenk-) "frown' common alb. -kh > t. : Khotanese: brrauka-la

"brow' : Sogdian: (Buddh.) jSr'wkb' eyebrow' {*bru-ka-) : Other Iranian cognates: Khwar.

(^^/?/'M/c[pl.tantum] "eyebrow'; San. ur/c "eyebrow'.

In o- grade:

gr. ocppuq, -uo(; f. "brow', figurative " raised edge, hill edge ' (after Meillet BSL 27, 129 f.
with gr. vocal prosthesis?); maked. dppouTsc; " on the brow or edge of a steep rock,
beetling ' (changed from Kretschmer Einl. 287 in appouF£(;; held on from Meillet, s.Boisacq
733 Anm. 3, because of the otherwise stated form a(3poT£(; and because of Avestan brvat-

);

Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic obrbVb, Serbo-Croatian obrva etc "brow'.

In ze/o grade:

Old English bru, Old Icelandic brun, PI. brynn^brow' (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (conservative stem, from *bruwOn-).

Lithuanian bruv/'sm. "brow', zem. also brunesP\., Old Prussian wubrii. "eyelash'
(seems a metathesis from *bruwi)\

Old Bulgarian it'/^i/B (originally Nom. *bry, as kry: krbv-b).

An e-Abl. b^/i/e-with syllabic become /"regards Trautmann KZ. 44, 223 in Lithuanian
birwe = bru vis.

In a- grade:

unclear are Middle Irish PI. abrait {*abrant-es or *abrantT) " eyelids, brows ', likewise mbr.
abranVbrow' , cymr. amrant'eye\\6'

In zero grade:

Middle Irish bruadGen. Du., bra/, bro/Hom. Du. f. ' brows ' (to diphthong s. Thurneysen
Grammar 199), Old Irish forbru Akk. PI. {*b^runs: Akk. ocppuc;), forbruGen. PI. " eyebrows
'; Specht (Dekl. 83, 162) would like to put to Latin frons^ the forehead, brow, front '; but
vocalism and meaning deviate;

Tocharian A parwan-, B parwane {D\}a\) " eyebrows '

References: WP. II 206 f., Trautmann 38.
Page(s): 172-173

Root / lemma: b^ru-2, b'^reu-
Meaning: beam, bridge

Material: Old Icelandic bruf. 'bridge'; Old Icelandic brygg/a' wharf, pier' ndd. brugge ds.,
Old High German brucca. Old Saxon -bruggia. Old English /7/yc^ 'bridge'. Bavarian Bruck^
Bretterbank am Ofen ', Old English brycgian ' pave ' (originally with thrashed wood), Swiss
brugi{0\6 High German *brugf) ' wood scaffolding ', Z^m^e/ 'wooden log'. Middle High
German brugeF Q,wd<^Q\, club'. Modern High German Prugel {^bx\d<^€ is also 'balk, rod;
track made of beams ');

gall. it'/Tl/a 'bridge' (*bVe^a);

Old Bulgarian i6'/^i/b/7c»'balk, beam', Serbo-Croatian bh/^. 'balk, beam, bridge made of
beams ' (etc, s. about Slavic forms Berneker 92).

Unclear is the guttural in the Germanic forms: *brugT-\xoxx\ *bruuh, or k- suffix? S.
Kluge'''' under ^ Brucke= bridge' and Specht Dekl. 2113f., accepts the connection with
b'^ru-l.

References: WP. II 207.
Page(s): 1 73

Root / lemma: b'^uA'^-mfeJn

Meaning: bottom

Note: single-linguistic in part to *b'^u&^-mo-, partly to *b'^u&^-no-, besides with already Indo

Germanic metathesis *b'^un6'^o-> *b'^undo-7

Material: Old Indie budhna-h 'ground, bottom'; Avestan bund 6s. {*b'"un6!"no-), out of it
borrows Armenian bunds., during Armenian an-dund-k' ^ abyss' from *b'^i//7dh- seems
assimilated. From proto Iran. I^^/Td^as derives tscherem. yC>i//7o'5S "bottom, ground '.

Gr. nuGpnv (*(pu9-) m. "bottom, sole, base of a vessel', nuv5a^ m. ds. (for cpuvSa^ after
nue^nv Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 71 , 333).

Maked. PN nu5va Cb^ud'^na), dissimil. Ku5va?

Latin fundus, -/~m. " ground; the bottom or base of anything; a farm, estate' {*b^un6^os),
profundus ' deep' = Middle Irish bond, bonnm. 'sole, foundation, groundwork, basis, pad,
prop '. (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Maybe alb. (^fundus), fund^boWom, end', fundos^s\v\k ' Latin loanwords.

Old High German bodam. Modern High German Boden, Old Saxon bodom. Old English
*bodm> Middle English bothemm. besides Old English botmm. > eng\. bottom and Old
English bodan ^bottom, ground'.

Maybe alb. {bod-) bote' bottom, ground, earth, world'

Old Norse botn 'bottom'. Old English bydme' bilge, floor, bottom ' besides bytme, bytne
ds.. Old Icelandic bytna' to come to the bottom ', with unclear dental change; it seems to
lie a basic proto Germanic *bul=>ma- , probably is to be explained analogically; compare
Petersson Heterokl. 18, Sievers-Brunner 167, Kluge''"' under siedeln. About Modern High
German Buhne, originally ' wooden floor (made from floorboards) ', angebl. from Germanic
*bunT, Indo Germanic *bu6!^nia, s. Kluge''"' under Buhne.

References: WP. II 190, WH. I 564 f., 867, Porzig WuS. 15, 112 ff. (against it Kretschmer
Gl. 22, 1 1 6); compare also Vendryes MSL. 1 8, 305 ff.
Page(s): 1 74

Root / lemma: b'^ugo-s, nickname b'^ukko-s

Meaning: goat

Grammatical information: (fem. In -a goat, nanny goat ')

Material: Zigeun. buzn/'goat'; Avestan buzam. "he-goaf, npers. buz'goat, he-goat; billy

goat';

Armenian buzlamb';

Middle Irish bocc, pocc, nir. boc, poc, cymr. bwch, corn, boch, bret. bouc'h^ he-goat;
billy goat ', in addition Middle Irish boccanach^ <^\\os\., bogeyman ';

Germanic *bukka- (after Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f. borrowed from Celtic?) in Old
Icelandic bukkr, bokkr, bokki. Old English bucca, nengl. buck. Old High German Middle
High German boc, -ekes. Modern High German Bock.

The aberrant consonant in Old Indie bukka-h 'he-goat' (uncovered) is probably from
bukkati^ barks ' (see below beu-1, bu-) influenced hypocoristic reshuffling *b^uja- =
Avestan buza-. Also npers. dial, boca^youuq goat', pam. buc, bucseevn to be a result of
similar reorganization.

References: WP. 1 11 89 f., Pedersen Litteris 7, 23 f., Martinet Gemination 182.
Page(s): 1 74

Root / lemma: b^gfug- b^rug- b^org-

Meaning: throat

Material: Armenian erbuc^breasi, brisket of killed animals ' {*b^rugo-); gr. cpapu^, -uyoq,

later (after Aapuy^) cpapuy^, -uyyo(; " windpipe, gullet'; Latin frumenu. '(a gruel or porridge

made of corn, and used in sacrifices) larynx, gullet' {*frug-smen); without ^Old Icelandic

barki^ neck ' {b'^or-g-, formally closer to cpapay^ 'cleft, gap, abyss ')

Similar to Lithuanian burna, Armenian beran^ruouib' (actually " orifice ') to b^er-'cut,
clip' under conception 'cleft, gap = gullet'.

References: WP. 11171, WH. I 482, 551 f., 866, Liden Mel. Pedersen 92, Specht Dekl.

162.

Page(s): 145

Root / lemma: bis-(t)li-

Meaning: gall

Material: Latin bTlis {* bislis, o\der * b/st//s) f. 'gall, bile'; cymr. bust/m., acorn, b/ste/, bret.

besti {*bis-tlo-, -tli-) 'gall'; gallo-rom. *i6'/s//c»s (Wartburg).

References: WP. II 1 1 1 , WH. I 105 f.

Page(s): 1 02

Root / lemma: blat-
Meaning: to chat

Material: Latin blatero, -are^ chatter, babble, empty gossip; also from shout of the camel,
ram, frog', blatio, -/?e "babble, prattle ';

mndd. plad{d)eren^ c\\a\, prate', nndd. yO/ao'ofe/T? "splash, besprinkle ', Swedish pladder^
loose gossip', Danish bladre "spread lose gossip ', older also "splash', lacking of consonant
shift in onomatopoeic word.

Similar to onomatopoeic words are ndd. plapperen (Modern High German plappern).
Middle High German plappen av\6 blappen. Old High German blabizon ^babb\e' and mndd.
pluderen ^babb\e' (Middle High German pludern. Modern High German plaudern).

compare with partly similar meaning b^led-^ to bubble up, chat', b^el- "sound' and bal-,
bal-bal- under baba- (e.g. Lithuanian blebenti\N\Vc\ Modern High German plappern swnWar
formation).

References: WP. II 120, WH. I 109.
Page(s): 1 02

Root / lemma: ble- {*b^\eb^- > b^\e- > bh|ek-o-; bh|ek-ot-o-)

Meaning: to bleat

Root/ lemma: b^/e-: " to howl, weep' > Root/ lemma: b/e-: " to bleat'; hence the support

for the glottal theory b^- > b-.

Note: imitation of the sheep sound with different guttural extensions; in the Germanic with

consonant shift omitted as a result of continual new imitation.

Material: Gr. pAnxaoijai "bleat', pAnxH the bleating '; russ. (etc) b/ekat/{o\6), blekotatb

"bleat'; mndd. bleken, it'/o/re/? "bleat, bark, bay' (out of it Modern High German bloken),

Norwegian Dialectal blaekta {*blekatjan) "bleat'; alb. bl'egeras 6s.

Note:

in -m- formant:

alb. blegerime^ the bleating ' : Gr. pAnxaoMai "bleat' [common gr. x > alb. g-].

Proto-Slavicform: blekt; blekott; blekota

Page in Trubacev: II 108-109

Russian: i6'/e/rc»/(dial.) "henbane' [m o]; blekota {6\a\.) "chatterbox' [m/f o]

Belorussian: blekat^beubaue, hemlock' [m o]

Ukrainian: i?/e/r// "poison hemlock' [m o]; it'/e/ro/" henbane' [m o]; i6>/e/rc»/a "poison hemlock,

henbane' [f a]

Czech: it'/e/r "bleating' [m o]; i6'/e/rc»/"sh outer, babbler' [m o]; /7/e/ro/5 "grumbler' [fa]

Old Czech: it'/e/ro/" chatter, grumbling, chatterbox, grumbler' [m o]

Slovak: b/'akot'b\ea\.\ng, bellowing' [m o]

Polish: b/ekotlooVs parsley, henbane, (arch.) stammerer, chatterbox' [m o]

Upper Serbian: it'/e/r "henbane' [m o]; M/r'henbane' [m o]; /7/e/rc/' muttering, babble' [m o]

Bulgarian: b/ek{6\a\.) "henbane' [m o]

Serbo-Croatian: /?/e/r "bleating' [m o]; i6'/e'/re/"bleating' [m o]

Slovene: t)/^kl\ock (sheep)' [m o]

References: WP. II 120 f., WH. I 95.

See also: compare also b^/e- "howl' etc

Page(s): 1 02

Root / lemma: b/ou-{b^/ou-7), /7/of/-(*bNou-ks-eh2)

Meaning: flea

Note: With /r-and 5-suffixes and taboo metathesis and aniaut alteration.

Material: With p:0\d Indie p/us/-, Armenian lu{*plus-), alb. plesht, Latin pulex, Indo

Germanic */0/c»^/r- in Old High German floh. Old English fleah.

Note:

Common Armenian Celtic (often alb.) initial pi- > A, see Root/ lemma: plab-\ to babble,

etc.. Old Irish {*plabai) labar^ talkative '.

Notes: In Polish dialects, we find a large variety of forms, e.g. pcha, pia, piecha, biecha,

bicha.

Formations in e- grade:

alb. plesht: Polish plecha^ flea'.

With i&(or b^?): afgh. vraza, gr. ijJuAAa {*blusja), Balto-Slavic *blusa\n Lithuanian blusa,
Latvian blusa, Prussian PN Blus-kaym, russ. -Church Slavic bltcha, Serbo-Croatian buha,
russ. blocha.

References: Meillet MSL. 22, 142, 539 f., Trautmann 35, Specht Dekl. 42 f., 203, 235.
Page(s): 1 02

Root / lemma: bol-

Meaning: tuber

Material: Armenian bolk^ radish ', gr. poAp6(; "onion, bulb' (also p6ApiT0(;, dissimilated

Attic poAiToq "crap, muck, dung ', , if possibly originally from nanny goats or horses?),

(3wAo(;, poJAa^ "clod of earth'; Old Indie i6'5/6'a-ya-/7"E leu sine indica, a type of grass', if "

nodules coming out from the root '?, Latin bulbus^ ov\\ov\, bulb, tuber ' is borrowed from

(3oAp6(;.

Redukt.-grade or with Assimil. in Vok. tlie 2. syllable Armenian palar^ pustule, bubble '.

References: WP. 11111 f., WH. I 122.
Page(s): 1 03

Root / lemma: brangh-, brongh-?

Meaning: hoarse?

Material: Gr. ppaYXO<; " hoarseness ', ppayxaw 'be hoarse', Old Irish brong(a)ide^\\oarse'\

but gr. Aor. £ppax£ 'cracks' probably stays away.

References: WP. I 683 f., II 1 19.

Page(s): 1 03

Root / lemma: breuq-

Meaning: to jump, *throw, thrust, poke, touch, run

Material: Perhaps combined so gr. ppouKO(;, (3p£UK0(; (ppauKO(;), ppuKO(; ' locust,

grasshopper '(ppoOxot; probably after ppuxw ' crunches with the teeth ', and sloven.

brknem, bfkniti, brkam, bfkati, bfcati^ bump with the feet, kick, shoot the way up with the

fingers, touch ';

Maybe lllyrian TN Breuci: so gr. ppsOKOc; ' locust, grasshopper (mythological monster?)';

alb. {*breuk) prek^ touch, frisk, violate ', pres^ crunches with the teeth, cut ' [taboo word]

Slovene: brsat/"\ead, touch' : Lithuanian: brukt/'poke, thrust, press, scutch (flax)' [verb];

Russian: brosaf throw, (dial.) scutch flax' [verb]; brokat' {d'\a\.) 'throw' [verb]; Seri30-

Croatian: brcat/"\hro\N' [verb];

russ. brykatb ' kick with the back leg ', kir. brykaty^ frisk mischievously, run ' etc

Note:

Maybe the original cognate was of Baltic - lllyrian origin: Lithuanian: brauktas 'wooden

knife for cleaning flax' [m o], braukt/" erase, scutch (flax)', bri/kt/'poke, thrust, press,

scutch (flax)' [verb]

References: WP. 11119, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251 f.

Page(s): 1 03

Root / lemma: bronk-

Meaning: to lock

Material: Gothic anapraggan^ press' to *pranga-^ restriction, constriction ' in Old Swedish

prang 'narrow alley'. Middle English yO/'5/7^e 'narrowness', engl. dial, proug' menu fork ',

Maybe alb. pranga' restriction, fetter, chain, handcuff : germ Pranger' pillory '

mndd. prangen^ 'press', pranger''Qo\e\ Middle High German pfrengen' wedge ', Old High
German pfragina^bar, gate, barrier', to Lithuanian branktasm. " pole for hanging
(*gallows)', Latvian i6'/'5/7/r//(Lithuanian loanword) ' fitting tightly '.
References: WP. 11119, 677 f.. Feist 43, Kluge^^ under Pranger.
Page(s): 1 03

Root / lemma: bu-
Meaning: lip, kiss

Note: as an imitation of the kiss sound, bursting of the sucking lip fastener from inside,
thus actually differently from bu-, b^^^-' inflate ' with normal spraying after outside.
Root/ lemma: bu-\ "lip, kiss' derived from Root/ lemma: ku-, kus-{*k"uk'"h-)\ "to kiss'
common Celtic - Greek k"- > p-.
Material: Npers. bosTdan ^V\ss'\ alb. buzel'\p';

Maybe alb. {*pus) putb'k\ss' [common alb. -s > -//? shift] : Swedish p^ss "kiss'.
Middle Irish bus, pus^\\p', busoc, pus6c^V\ss' (in addition presumably gall. PN
Bussumaros and buddutton^ mouth, kiss');

Modern High German ^^ss "kiss', i6'^sse/7"kiss', Busser/ 'k\ss', engl. buss, Swedish (with
regular consonant shift) puss'k\ss'; Lithuanian buc/uot/ 'k\ss', bucthe onomatopoeic word,
sound of the kiss dental interjection, poln. buz/a ^ mouth, face; kiss'.
Note:

The same phonetic construction for poln. buz/a 'mouth, face; kiss' : alb. buze, buza'Wp' :
Rumanian buza'Wp'.
References: WP. I 1 13 f., WH. II 98.
Page(s): 1 03

Root / lemma: daRru-
Meaning: tears
Grammatical information: n.
Material:

Gr. 5aKpu, 5aKpuov, SoKpupa "tears'; out of it borrows Old Latin dacruma, Latin
lacruma, lacrimals, (with sabin. R);

Note:

Common Latin dh- > II-, d- > /-.

Maybe alb. {*lok-) lot'tear' [common alb. -k > -th, -/similar to alb. {*mag-) matb'b\g'.

Old Irish deru., cymr. o'e/gr (could go back to PI. *dakrT\he o-Dekl.), PI. dagrau, abret.
dacr-(lon)^ moist, damp, wet', corn, dagr^iears' (Island-Celtic *dakrom^see, look'
Thurneysen KZ. 48, 66 f); Germanic *tahr- and tagr-: Gothic tagru. 'tears'. Old Norse tar
n. (from *tahr-). Old English taehher, tear, teagorm.. Old High German zaharm. (Modern
High German Zahreirom dem PI.; whether in Germanic still from old ^stem or it has
changed out of it? ostem has gone out, is doubtful).

Indo Germanic *daRru\s probably from *o'/'5/^/'i/dissimilated because of Old High
German trahan. Old Saxon PI. trahni^ {ears'. Middle Low German tran6s. and "( from fat of
squeezed out drops through cooking:) fish oil'. Middle High German traherds. {-er
probably after zaherhas changed) and Armenian artasuk'^ tears ', Sg. artausrirom
*draRur

On the other hand one searches connection with Old Indie asru, asra-m' tears', Avestan
asruazan-^ pouring tears ', Lithuanian asara, asara^ tears', Latvian asara ds.; probably
sheer rhyme word, so *a/(ro- ' acer, sharp, bitter ' as epithet of the tears ('bitter tears ')
partially used in place of dakru, whereby it took over its ^/-inflection? compare also
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 142 f.

Note:

From early Italic, lllyrian people the cognate for tears passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *rrga ( ~ *(-)
Meaning: to weep, cry
Turkic protofomn: *]+g-(la-)

Tungus protoform: *ligi-

References: WP. I 769, WH. I 746 f.
See also: see above S. 23 under akru.
Page(s): 1 79

Root / lemma: daiuer. Gen. daiures

Meaning: brother-in-law

Material: Old Indie devar-, Armenian taigr, gr. 5anp (*5aiFr|p), Latin /ev/r{\n ending

reshaped after v/'r, the /for o' probably Sabine), Old High German zeihhur. Old English

/acc»/'(presumably through hybridization with an equivalent from Lithuanian laigonas

'brother of wife'), Lithuanian diever'is {ior * dieve = Old Indie devar-; older conservative

Gen. dievers), Latvian dieveris. Old Church Slavic devert (/-,yc»-and conservative stem).

Note:

The Baltic cognate Lithuanian /a/igo/755 "brother of the wife' proves the Balkan origin of

Baltic languages inheriting Latin d- > /-.

References: WP. I 767, WH. I 787, Specht KZ 62, 249 f., Trautmann 43.

Page(s): 1 79

Root / lemma: dau-, dau- du-

Meaning: to burn

Note: uncertainly, whether in both meaning originally identical (possibly partly as ' burning

pain ', partly " destroy by fire, burn down hostile settlements '?)

Material: Old Indie dunoti^buxus (trans), afflicts', o'J/75- "burnt, afflicted ', Pass, duyate

'burns' (intr.), kaus. davayati ^burus' (trans), dava-h {\n\Vc\ ablaut change dava-h) "blaze', du

f. "affliction, pain', doman-^b\&ze, agony' {-au-as in 5£5au|j£vo(;);

Note:

Old Indie and alb. prove that Root/ lemma: dau-, dau-, du-\ "to burn' derived from Root/

lemma: ^^eu-4, di^et/a- (presumably: d^t/e- compare the extension (S^ue-k-, d^t/e-s-) : "to

reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc.'.

Armenian erkn (to 5ur|) "throes of childbirth';

Note: common Baltic-lllyrian d- > ze/c reflected in Armenian

gr. 5aiu) (*5aF-i(jo) "set on fire, inflame', Perf. 5£5r|£ "be in flames, be on fire' (: Old
Indie dudava), participle 5£5au|j£vo(; (5auaai £KKauaai Hes., £K5apn £KKau9n AaKU)V£(;
Hes.), bdoq, n., bdio,, Aboc, f. "torch' (to g: von Attic baq, baboc, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 266),
5av6c; " easily ignitable = to dry' (*5a£iv6c; from *5aF£a-v6(;), bakoo, " burning piece of
wood' (*5aF£A6(; = lakon. 5ap£A6(;); br\\oc, "hostile', Doric (Trag.) baioc,, bqoq "afflicted,
woeful, wretched, miserable'; hom. 5r|'i'ou) "slay, kill, murder' (Attic Spou) "ds., devastate'),
5r|iOTn(;, -Tf|TO(; "tumult of war, fight, struggle', hom. 5ai' Lok. "in the battle' (to Nom. *5aO(;,
Indo Germanic *o''a^5 Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 578), 5ai-KTaiJ£V0(; " killed in the fight'; probably
5ur| "affliction', Suowai "fall in the misfortune' (av9p(ji)nou(;, Od.), 5u£p6(; " unlucky '.

About 65uvr| (mostly PI.), Aeolic £5uva(; Akk. PI. "pain', 65uvav " cause pain, afflict,
sadden' see below ed- "eat'; perhaps here 5auKoq 6 Gpaauc; ("stormy, hot tempered') Hes.

Alb. dhune{*dus-n-) "affliction, pain, force, violence, horrible action; disgrace, insult'
{dhunon^ revWe, violate'; oT?^/? "bitter', originally "unpleasant'? or as Slavic gortk-b "bitter':
^c»/'e//"burn'?) with *o'^-s- (presumably as zero grade of -es-stem = or as gr. 5a(F)o(;);
Tosc c/e/ie "bitter' {*deu-no-)\

Latin presumably duellum, bellum^^ax, fight' (WH. I 100 f.), with unclear suffix.

Note: common Latin dw- > b-

Old Irish o'd/Tr? "singe, burn' (about Old Irish do/im^get, exert' see below deu(9)-),
Verbalnom. ddud= Old Indie davathu-h ^b\aze, fire '; a/Jo'"kindle, inflame' from *ad-douth,
cymr. cy/7/7e^ "kindle, inflame' , (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), also bret. devi, cymr.
o'e///c»"burn' (with i/from M/before„/) here (Thurneysen KZ. 61, 253, Loth RC. 42, 58); Old
Irish Gen. condid. Middle Irish connad, condud l\re\NOo6' , cymr. cynnud' firing', corn.
kunys, bret. keuneud l\re\NOod' (Pedersen KG. I 108, II 39, basic form perhaps */rc»/77-
dauto-); cymr. etewyn^ firebrand ' {*ate-dau-ino-), bret. collective eteo6s.

Old High German z^sce/7"burn'; after cppuvr) : braunhere also Old English /c»sc5"frog',
Swedish Dialectal /os/rds.; perhaps (with *eu, see below) Old Norse tjdnu. "damage,
wrong; injustice, derision, ridicule'. Old English teonam., teonei. "damage'. Old Saxon
t/ono'evW, harm, wrong; injustice, enmity', whereof Old Norse /j?/7a "destroy, lose'. Old
English //e/75/7 "plague, anger, slander'. Old Saxon gitiunean^ act wrong against
somebody '.*

*) In spite of Osthoff lA. 1 , 82 has kept away the family of Modern High German zunden,
Gothic tundnan"\s ignited', /5/7qya/7 "ignite, set on fire'. Middle High German zinden,
because of that /and a would not be probably first ablaut neologism in u, after Thurneysen
lA. 83, 32 as t-andjanio Old Irish ao'-a/7o'- "kindle, inflame'.

Berneker IF. 10, 158 places here also Lithuanian dziauti^ place down in order to dry ',
Latvian z5^/"dry, burn incense, smoke ' as *deu-ti, as also alb. and Germanic e^- forms
can contain Indo Germanic eu; the relationship of this *deu- to *dau-\s unclear; or to d/'eu-
"sky, heaven'?

References: WP. I 767 ff., WH. I 100 f.
Page(s): 179-181

Root / lemma: da-

Meaning: to flow; river

Material: Old Indie da-na-v\. " liquid flowing from the temples of the elephant for the rutting

', da-nu-u. f. ' every dripping liquid, drop, dew', Avestan da-nu-i. 'river, stream', osset.

don'\j\/ater, river'; russ. FIN Don, (Greek) skyth. FIN Tavai(;;

Also typical intensive reduplication lllyrian {* don-don) DodonaE'^'nus

russ. FIN Dnieprav\6 Dniestr, old Danapn's and Danastius irorw skyth. *Danu apara^ back

river' and *Danu nazdya-^ front river'; Avestan VN Danav6P\. " river inhabitant ' (become

in Rgveda water demons, fem. GN Danu-), skyth. nomadic people, also in Greece, hence

(?) gr. VN Aavaoi, agypt. Danuna; with formants -/770- Armenian /a/77i//r" humid, wet, moist',

tamkanam^ wet, mositen; of water, collect in pools, and of solids, to be liquefied; wet,

moistened, soaked ' and presumably gr. 5r|M0<; (proto gr.a or n?) "fat of animals and

people', wherewith alb. dhjame^iai, bacon, tallow, suet' is not connected in a cleared way

yet; the fat can be named as with the roast liquidly growing ones (compare Old Church

Slavic /oy" soft fat, lard, grease ' : /ya//"pour'). Here also Celtic Danuvius^ Danube river',

gall. ON Condate^ the confluence of two rivers; as a place-name Confluentes '; six engl. Fl

Don {* danu-), cymr. FIN Donwy {* danuuia).

Benveniste places to Armenian tam-ukye\. Hittite dame{n)k-la\\ like rain' (BSL 33, 143).

References: WP. I 763, M. Forster Themse 145 f., Kretschmer Gl. 24, 1 ff., 15 ff., Mel.
Pedersen 76 ff., Benveniste BSL 33, 143.
Page(s): 1 75

Root /lemma: da. ds-and dai-. dei-. di-

Meaning: to share, divide

Grammatical information: originally athemat. Wurzelprasens.

Material: Old Indie dati, oy^//"clips, cuts, mows, separates, divides', participle dina-h, dita-

h, composes ava-ttah^ cropped, truncated, cut off', dfti-h^Vc\e distributing',

danam^the abscission, trimming', danamn. "distribution, deal, portion', datun. 'deal,

portion', datar-m. (= Sairpoc;) 'reaper, mower', datram^ allotted share ', datramu. 'sickle',

npers. dara^ remuneration ', o^as 'sickle'; Old Indie daya^ communion, concern,

commiseration ' = dayate {*dai-etai) 'divides, possess lot, has pity; destructs '.

Maybe nasalized form in alb. {*dayate) ndanj^cui, separate, allot, share'.

gr. 5aio|jai med. "divide, allot, share' with probably after Fut. Saiaw and and the
following words preserved i (phonetic laws 5ar|Tai Konj. O 375 " is destroyed '); 5aic;, -toc;,
5aiTr|,

horn, also 5aiTU(;, -uo(; "share, meal, sacrifice, oblation' (: Old Indie datu); 5aiTU|j(l)v "guest'
(as "serving the meal'), 5aiTp6(; " colter, plough coulter, pre-pruner. ' (: Old Indie datar-),
5aiTp6v "share' (: Old Indie datram, this ai of these gr. words is partly according to phonetic
laws - ai, ai- partly analogical, as in Cretan Perf. SsSaiapai to 5aT£0|jai, compare also
Cretan 5aTai(; "division', KapnoSaiarai " distributor of fruit '), 5aivupi "host', probably also
Saipoov m. "god, goddess; fate, destiny, person's lot in life' (actually " prorating; or "god of
the dead as a corpse eater', Porzig IF. 41, 169 ff., Kretschmer Gl. 14, 228 f.; about of
Archilochos Saipoov "Sanpwv' see below *dens- " high mental power '); Sa'i'^u), Fut. -^co,
Aor. -^a "divide, carve, slit, destroy' (due to *5aF6-q " sliced, destructed'), a-Saroq
c(5iaip£T0(; Hes., 5avo(; n. "interest, usury' (due to a participle *da-n6-s= Old Indie dina-ii,
compare 5avac; p£pi5a(;);

gall, arcanto-danos' minting ' as "distributing silver'.

With formants -mo-, damosi. "people': gr. 5r|[jO(;, Doric ba\xoq, m. '( people's division)
people, area; the single region in Athens ', Old Irish dami. " retinue, troop, multitude,
crowd', acymr. dauu^ boy, serf, servant ', ncymr. daw, o'5M//'"son-in-law'; apparently older
fem. o-stem; in addition Hittite da-ma-a-is {damaTs?) "an other, foreigner, stranger', from
"*foreign people', originally "*people', Pedersen Hittite 51 ff.

With formants -/o- perhaps Old Church Slavic deit "deal, portion' {*d9i-io-) (see below
*afe/- "split'); about Old Irish fo-daiimeic s. just there. Here belongs probably also Gothic
daiis'6ea\, portion', runeninschr. dafijiif^un ' 6W\6e' , Old Icelandic deiii, Old English dsei,
Old High German teiim. "deal, portion';

Maybe alb. daiionj" separate, distinguish'

Old Icelandic deiiat "division, disunion'. Old High German teiiai. 'division'; Old Icelandic
deiia. Old English d^ian. Old High German /e//a/7 "divide' etc It could hardly derive from
Slavic, probably it derives from Venetic-lllyrian, because the root form *d9i-\s attested in
South lllyrian PN Dae-tor. An additional form Indo Germanic d^'a/- besides o'a/- would be
unplausible.

With zero grade o^.- Armenian //; Gen. //by "age, years, days, time' (* < dT-t(i)-ox *dT-to-,
*dT-ta), Old High German zTtf. (n. Isidor), Old Saxon Old English tid. Old Norse tidi. "time.

hour' (*//^- Indo Germanic *o'/-/- ursprgi "period of time'), in addition Old Norse tTdr^ usual,
ordinary, frequent, often'. Old English t/ic/an' occur', Old Norse t/da' aspire, strive'; Old
Norse tf-na^ to pick to pieces, take apart, weed, take out, remove, clean';

About Gothic ///" fitting' etc see below ac/-2, but Gothic cfa/7s under de/-S, here against it
Old High German z/7a' sequence, row, line', westfal. //7e' sheaf row'. Modern High
German Ze/7e, probably from *tTd-la-.

>D- extension dap-, dap-; dap-no-, -ni-^ sacrificial meal ':

Old Indie dapayati^ 6\y\6es'\ Armenian taun{*dap-ni-) "festival'; gr. Sanru) (*5aniu)) "tear,
rend, mangle, lacerate, disassemble ', with intensive reduplication 5ap5anTU) "tear, rend,
(KTripara) squander, dissipate in luxury', SaiTavri f. "expenditure, esp. arising from
hospitality (: daps) ',

bimayoQ, " lavish, wasteful ', Sairavaoi) " consume' (out of it Latin dap/no^ serve up (as
food), provide for'), 5ai|jiA6c; (Empedokles), SaijJiAnq "(* wasteful) exuberant, rich, generous
'; Latin daps\*s}r\are) a sacrificial feast, religious banquet; in gen., meal, feast, banquet ',
damnum'\oss, damage, defect, fine', damnosus' ruinous ' {*dap-no-: 5aTTavr|, different
Pedersen Hitt 42);

maybe lllyrian Ep/damnos {Eppi- '*horse' + *c/a/0-/7o'*sacrifice'), also alb. Geg dam (yap-
no) "damage': Latin damnum.

Old Norse tafn (*dap-no-)' sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal ', compare den Germanic GN
7a/7/&/7a (Tacit.), if from *tafnana, Marstrander NTS. 1, 159.

From Germanic one still adds a lot, what was a meaning-development from "split up, cut
up, divide' to "tear, pluck, shortly touch, make short clumsy movement ' would assume; in
following the meaning from 5anavav, damnum derWes aschw. tappaar\6 tapa' put an end
to, lose'. Old Icelandic tapads.; Old Frisian tap/a'p\uck\ Old English taeppei. " cloth
stripes ', Middle English tappen {er\g\. tap) "hit lightly'. Middle Low German tappen, tapen
(lengthening in open syllable?) " pick, pluck'; Old Norse taepr^ barely touching ', isl. tsepta
{*tapatjan) " just touch ', Norwegian Dialectal taepla ^iowch lightly, tread quietly'; but
Norwegian Dialectal taap{e) m., Danish taabe^ioo\, rogue, awkward; clumsy person',
Norwegian faapen^\Neak, feeble, ineligible ', tgeper\. " insignificant; unimportant thing'. Old
Norse taepiligr^ cor\c\se\ with other labial grades Swedish Dialectal tabb, tabbe^ gawk ',
tabbeV oafish ', are probably onomatopoeic words, also as ndd. tappe, Swiss tape.

Modern High German Tappe' paw ', as well as tappen, tappisch eic; s. also under d^ab^-

Likewise are to be kept away Old High German zabalon. Modern High German zappein,
as well as Old High German zapfo. Modern High German Zapfen, Old English /^ppads.
(Germanic *tappon-)\ also only Germanic words with /and i/ (compare Specht Dekl. 152
f.):Middle English tippen, engl. tip^ touch quietly, bump quietly ', Modern High German
tippen. Middle High German zipfen^(\v\ swift movement) trip, scurry ', Old Norse tifask^
walk on tiptoe; trip ', Middle High German z/p/'tip, cusp, peak', nasalized Middle Low
German ///77yC>ef. 'tip, end'. Old English a-f/mp//an'\r\o\6 with nails'; on the other hand
Norwegian Dialectal tuppa. Modern High German zupfen. Old Norse toppr^ tuft of hair,
summit, acme, apex ', Old English toppm. "cusp, peak, crest, summit, tip ', toppam. "
filament ', Old High German zopf pigtail, braid, plait, end of a thing '; Middle Low German
tubbe, tobbe ' spigot ', tobben 'pluck, rend ', South German zofeln ' waver ' (as zapfein);
perhaps here also Old High German z^/77yOO 'penis'. Middle High German zumpf(e).
Modern High German Zumpt, whereat under dumb-.

Here Tocharian A tap^ ate ', Van Windekens Lexique 187.

^extension i/9-/'- (compare but das participle da-to-s):

gr. 5aT£0fjai 'divide, tear, rend, consume' (Put. 5aoa£o9ai, Aor. hom. 5aaaao9ai, Attic
5aaao9ai), wherefore baa\y6c, 'division', 5aapa 'lot', common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-

5aTr|pioc; 'dividing, splitting' (this certainly from *5a-Tr|p: Old Indie o's-Za/'- 'reaper, mower'),
a5aaT0(; ' undivided '; SaTSopai is gr. neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676) and not Indo
Germanic *da-t-\

Gothic ungatass^ disarrayed, disorderly ' (compare cx-baaio<^). Middle Dutch getes'be
submitting, suitable '; Old High German ze//e/7 '(distributing) strew, outspread ', Modern
High German verzette(l)n, probably also Old Norse tedja^ outspread dung ', tadu. '(*
outstretched) dung'; Old High German zota, zatat ' tuft of wool, hair hanging down
together, filament or wool ' (therefrom zaturra^ a harlot, prostitute '), Old English tsettec
(expressives tt) 'scrap, shred, tatter, rag ', Old Norse tgturr'scrap, shred'; Old Danish
tothae. Old Danish and Danish Dialectal t0de, taade\ retard, delay, hinder'.

Besides with u-Vok. Old Norse todd/'smaW piece', holl. /oofafe 'scrap, shred'. Old High
German zota, zotta' topknot ', Modern High German Zotte, Zote\ Middle High German

zoten'go slowly', Modern High German zottein, East Frisian /oofa'e/7'pull, tear, drag ' ;
about Modern High German zauderns. Kluge'''' 704.

Tocharian A /a/-/r "divide, carve, slit'.

5-extension d-es-:

Old Indie dasyati^ suffers lack, swelters, languishes ', upadasyati^ goes out, is
exhausted ';

Norwegian dial. /5S5 "wear out', Swedish dial, tasa^ pluck wool, outspread hay ', ndd.
/ase/7 "pluck'. Modern High German Zaser, older Zase/" fibre, filament ', Norwegian dial.
tasev(\. "weak person', /a5/77a "languish', /asa" become feeble '; ablaut. Danish Dialectal
taese' work slowly ', ndd./ase/?" work heavily', identical with Norwegian Danish taese^
disentangle, wear out, pull out'; compare in similar meaning Norwegian tasse " go quietly ',
taspa^ go slowly and sluggishly'. Middle High German zaspe/7 "scratch, go sluggishly ',
Old High German zascon^ seize, snatch, tear away ' (actually "drag') = Modern High
German dial, zaschen, zaschen^ drag, pull, tear, work slowly ', zascheni. ' a train in the
dress '; about Old High German /asca "pouch, pocket' s. Kluge'''' 612.

Maybe truncated alb. Geg {*zascdn) me zane^ to seize, snatch, tear away '

Hittite /es/7a-"keep oneself away from' (3. Sg. preterit ti-es-ha-as).

Maybe alb. Geg {*tesha) teshaP\. "clothes, belongings, rags', /es/7e "speck of dust, little
splinter, torn piece'

Besides with /-vocalism (Indo Germanic *d/-s as extension to dT-?Ox only Germanic
neologism?):

Swedish dial, teisa, tesa' pull to pieces ', Danish dial, /ese "pluck (e.g. wool)'. Old
English taesan^ pull to pieces ', Old High German zeisan, zias^ ruffle; tousle, pluck wool ';
East Frisian holl. teisteren^ rend ', Old English t^sel. Old High German zeisala^ teasel ',
Norwegian Dialectal /es/ "willow fibre, ringlet, hair lock ', with /"Norwegian //5/" fibre,
filament ', //s/" shrubbery ', with /"Middle High German zispen^go sluggishly' (as zaspen),
probably also (?) Old English /eosi^/a/7 "plague, disparage ', /eoso "insult, deceit, malice'.

Finally with i/-vocalism: Norwegian dial. /c»sa"rub, wear out, pluck', also "flub, work
slowly ', /ose "frail person', /cs" fibers, ragged rigging ', /ossa "strew, distribute, outspread
', Middle English /d/Jse/7 "tousle, ruffle'. Middle Low German tosen^ rend, pull'. Old High

German z/rzuson 'tous\e, ruffle', Middle High German zusach' brushwood ', zusef. "
brushwood, hair lock ' ; perhaps to Latin dumus' a thorn bush, bramble brushwood, shrub'
{*dus-mo-s) and Old Irish doss^bush'.

From PIE this root passed to Altaic:

Protoform: *dama

Meaning: ill, sick, bad

Turkic protofomn: *jAman

Tungus protoform: *dam-

Japanese protoform: *dam-

Note: Despite SKE 75 there is no reason at all to suppose a Chinese origin of the Turkic

form (MC ja-man 'savage, barbarian' is too distant semantically; the usage of PT *jaman

for a bad disease, sickness is very close to Japanese and may suggest that the original

meaning of the root was 'ill(ness), sick(ness)').

References: WP. I 763 ff., WH. I 322, 323 f., 859; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.
See also: out at least basically as extensions from o'a-'cut, split' agreeable root cfe/- 'split',
flfe/-' whereupon it is split apart ', cfer- 'split, flay' see below see below its own headwords.
Page(s): 175-179

Root / lemma: deigh-
Meaning: to prick; tick
Material: Armenian //'tick';

Middle Irish dega, Akk. degaid {*digat-) ' stag-beetle ';

Germanic *tTkan-, with intensive sharpening *tikkan-, in Old English ticiavn. (lies tiicaor
ticca), engl. ///re and //ic/r'wood tick, sheep louse ', Middle Low German Zeckevn. f. 'wood
tick'. Modern High German Zecke; besides a mediation form *tTkan- in Middle Low German
teke. Middle High German Zeche, engl. teke6s.\

Norwegian dial, tikka, ndd. ticken^ stumble lightly ', Middle High German zicken6s.\ Old
High German zechon^ pulsate, banter, skirmish'; engl. tickle^ titillate '; nasalized Old
English tindianAs.

A connection with 6!^eig- 'prick' is not provable.

References: WP. I 777.
Page(s): 187-188

Root / lemma: deiR-

Meaning: to show

Note: from which Latin and Germanic partly ' point to something with words, say',

developed plural also ' show the right, point to the culprit, accuse '

Material: Old Indie dfdesti, disati, desayati^ shows, point at', Avestan daes- Aor. dois-

"show' {daesayeiti, disyeiti, daedoist) 'show; assign something to somebody, adjudge ',

participle Old Indie dista- (= Latin dictus); dist'hh^ instruction, regulation ', Avestan adisti-s

"directive, doctrine' (= Latin dicti-o. Old English ///?/' accusation ', Old High German in-, b'h

ziht6s.. Modern High German Verzicht), Old Indie dis-\. 'instruction, direction', disa

"direction' (= 5iKr| "right, justice', from which probably Latin dicis causa " for form's sake, for

the sake of appearances '), o'esa-/? "(direction), region' = Old Norse teigrsee below;

gr. 5£iKvOpi, secondary Seikvuoo "points, shows, evinces', Cretan irpo-SiKvuTi
"sniSsiKvuGi', bz\%\c, " the display ' (with secondary lengthened grade), 5iKr| see above,
5iKaioc;, 5iKa^u), aSiKog the Perf. Med. 5£5£iyMai, and SsTytja " averment, proof, example'
not with Indo Germanic g, but gr. innovation;

Latin dTcere\o indicate; to appoint; most commonly, to say, speak, tell, mention; in
pass, with infin., to be said to; to mention, speak of, tell of, relate; to name, call; to mean,
refer to', dJcare^ announce solemnly, award, consecrate, dedicate, set apart, devote, offer
', Oscan defkum^saY, Umbrian teitu, de/tu'{Fut. Imper.) you will say, declare', changing
through ablaut Oscan d/cust' will have said ', Umbrian ders/custds., Oscan da-d/katted'
to dedicate, consecrate, set apart ', Latin d/c/'d^ power, sovereignty, authority ', indTcare
"indicate, display, show, offer', index^ an informer; a sign, token; the forefinger; a title; a
touchstone ' (as also Old Indie desinf forefinger '), iudex^ a judge; in plur., a panel of
jurors', vindex {vindicare = vim dicere), causidicus, about proto Irish *Ekuo-decas,
Lugudec(c)as {Qeu. Sg.) see below deR-1.

Gothic gateihan' indicate, promulgate ', Old Norse tea, newer //a "show, depict,
represent, explain, announce ', Old English teon' indicate, promulgate ', Old High German
z/han' accuse, blame', zeiherl;

Maybe alb. Tosc z//7e/77 "quarrel, argue', truncated Geg {*zThan) zane^ to quarrel '.

wherefore Old Norse tfgenn'{*s\r\o\N, point out, reveal, advise, teach) noble', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), f/gni. "rank; noble man, husband'; Old High

German zeigdn's\\o\N\ whereof ze/iga" instruction'; inziht eic see above; furtlierOld Norse
te/grm. " linear part of meadow ' ("*direction' = Old Indie o'esa-/? 'region, place, land'),
changing through ablaut Old English tig, //T? 'meadow, pasture ', Middle Low German tffgj
m. public collective place of a village ', Old High German z/c/7 'forum'.

Here presumably with the meaning 'finger' (= '*pointer') and secondary, but already old
'toe'. Old High German zeha, Old English tahe, fa, Old Norse /a 'toe' {*d6iRua), Middle
Low German tewe. Modern High German and sudd. zewe6s. {*doiR-ua), and that probably
from *o'/ic//^s through dissimilation against the toneless /resulted Latin d/g/tus l\nger, toe'.

Hittite tek-kus-sa-nu-mi^ makes recognizable, points, shows, evinces' here after
Sturtevant Lang. 6, 27 f., 227 ff.; doubts the formation because of E. Forrer by Feist 204.

Hittite: tekkussa'h (I) ' indicate, show, present, display ' (Friedrich 220)

Besides Indo Germanic doig-w^ Gothic taiknst 'mark, token, sign, wonder, miracle',
taiknu. ds.. Old High German (etc) zeihhanu. 'mark, token, sign'. Old English taecan,
engl. /eac/? 'instruct'. Old Norse te/kna^s\r\o\N, signify, designate'. Old High German
ze/hhonon' draw, depict, sign ', Gothic ta/knjan ' show' , Old High German zeihinen 6s.

From Germanic */a//^/7a derives Finnish /a//ra-'omen, sign'.

Whether deik- and deig- from del- 'bright shine' (also 'see') are extended as ' allow to
see, allow to shine '?

References: WP. I 776 f., WH. I 348 f., 351 , 860, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696 f.. Feist 204, 472.
Page(s): 188-189

Root / lemma: dei-1, deia-, di-, dia-{*sthei- : zdhei-)
l\^eaning: to shine; day; sun; sky god, god
Note: (older '*dart rays'?)
I\^aterial:

Old Indie cff-de-ti' seems, shines', 3. PI. dJdyati, Impf. 3. Sg. adJdet, Imper. 2. Sg. didlhi,
su-dT-tf-h) ' having nice brilliance ', Kaus. dTpayati^ ignites, illuminates', o^ya/e' blazes,
shines, seems ' (about dTvyatisee below), dTdi- 'shining, seeming' (due to from df-de-ti);
similar *o'c»/-o'-c»- (broken Redupl.) in Old Norse /e///" 'cheerful, blithe, glad' (actually
'radiating'). Old English /^/a/7 'caress', tat- (in names) 'blithe, glad'. Old High German zeiz
'tender, graceful' (compare he/teran6 'clear, bright' as 'blithe, glad'; Uhlenbeck Old Indie
Wb. 126); perhaps here also Lithuanian d/d/s'b\g, large' as ' handsome, considerable ';

gr. horn, biaio (Imperfect) "he saw, discerned, perceived ', 5£apr|v £5oKi[ja^ov,
£56^a^ov Hes., Arcadian Konj. Seotoi, horn. Aor. 5oaaaaTO 'to appear', Konj. SoaaasTai,
compared with Arcadian Aor. 5£a[a£]T0i with o after £5o^£, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 681 S;
common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-

hom. 5££Aoc; 'visible' (*5£i£Ao(;; with metr. lengthening £u5£i£Ao(;), bv\Koc, ds. (from *5£iaAoc;,
from which also Hesychs 5iaAoq; hom. api^n^oc; 'very distinct, clear, bright' (from *5jr|-A6(;);

*flto/7o- presumably in Old English sweo-tol {iroxw *tal) 'apparent, manifest, obvious,
distinct, clear, bright' and in Middle Irish doerbeeWe, chafer' ('shining black insect') as well
as in Irish river names Daol {* doila) as 'the shining'. Here probably also Lithuanian dailus
'dainty, pretty', o'a////?// "smooth, adorn'.

With formants -tlo- presumably here being found only in the compound Germanic *tT^la-
: zTdal-, Modern High German Zeidel-, Low German //7- 'honey '(' clearness, shine - clear
honey ').

Against Pedersens raising from Hittite {*sfhe-)te-es-ha-' dream' (Mursilis 69) s.
Couvreur H 53 and above S. 178.

^/-extension: deieu-{. dieu-, diu-, diu-) 'bright, divine revered sky and bright day:

Diphth. stem Nom. dieus{dlieus), Akk. dieum, Vok. dieu, Lok. dieu/and dieu, Dat. diuei.
Gen. diu-es, -6s, d/eus-pater' sky ia\her, heavenly father'.

Old Indie dyauh {diyauh) 'sky, heaven', Akk. dyam, Lok. dyavf, divf, Dat. dive. Gen.
divali {and dyoh), Instr. PI. dyu-biiilr,

gr. Zz\jc, (= dyau-h), Akk. Zpv (= dyam), Vok. Z£u ( *djeu). Gen. Ai(F)6^, Dat. (Lok.) Ai(F)i
(Zr|v lengthened Zr|va, Zv\ybc„ Zr|vi; about Zat; by Pherekydes of Syros s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 577^); the Gen. *d/ues\n Thessalian Ai£c;-K0upia5£U), prion. Ai£c;-KOupi5ou (Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 547);

Maybe Rumanian ze^'god' : alb. zot, PI. zota 'god' : Rumanian ze/ta, zeitate, zana
'goddess' : alb. zanai. 'nymph, goddess' : gr. Zr|va [common alb. n > nt > t[.

in Latin the old paradigm has split in two names which designate the name of the
uppermost God and the 'day'; similarly in the Oscan and Umbrian:

Note: common Latin lllyrian d- > I-.

Latin /upp/terirom lu-piter, Umbrian JupaterMok. = Zsu nargp, to Norn. Old Indie
dyausp/ta lather oi the sky, heavenly father', Z£U(; narrip, Dat. Umbrian luvepatre, lllyrian
(Hes.) A£i-naTupO(;;

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . lllyrian (Hes.) Aei-narupo^ : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, 'lAAupia , n,
lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, lllyrian: -ys\, the region or province of lllyria,
UAupi^U) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:-hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

In lllyrian and Albanian the attribute noun or adjective comes after the noun.

Latin Gen. /ou/s {0\d Latin also Diovis, also as Nom.), Oscan Diuvef^ Jove ', fuvilam, older
diuvilam '* iovilam ', iuvilas "* iovilae ' etc, compare GentilN Latin lulius ( *lovilios)\

Maybe -/-suffix, (typical in Old Indie and lllyrian): alb. die-IIT sun ' : Latin Z?/a//s 'relating to
Jupiter; '(flamen) dialis'.

Maybe alb. {*Jove-di, *Jeudi) e/T/fe Thursday' : French yet/oV' Thursday ', \ta\'\anjoved/'
Thursday'.

Latin Diespiter {\NV\exeoi £?/a//s 'relating to Jupiter; '(flamen) dialis', the priest of Jupiter')
with Akk. c^iliemhas changed after Nom. dies, otherwise would prevail in the meaning
'day', while to the name of ' sky God ' the ablaut grade *dJou- from *(y/e^- would be
accomplished under the pressure of Vok. *djeu- (up to Diespiter, also Umbrian Di, Dei
'[masc ace. sing.] god, [neut voc. sing.] god', contracted from die-, so that D{m) = *diem);
the old Nom. "y/^s from *of/e^s still standing in addition to l/eoVioK/s, Veiovis, Ve-dius ^ o\6-
rom. Underworld God ';

in the meaning 'day' Latin dies see above (m.; as f. in the meaning 'date, day month
year (according to the calendar), period, time' presumably after nox), yet besides the older
Nom. d/'eus st\\\ in nu-dius tertius 'now is the 3. day', further diu^ by day' (Lok. *dJeuor
*djdu), ' for a long time ', ' a long time ago' out of it 'long'.

Maybe in -e- grade Latin Greek Albanian: Latin perendie {* peren-dies) " on the day after
tomorrow ' : Albanian {* peren-diem) perendim m. ' sunset, end of the day ', perendimi^
west ', {* peren-destia) perendestia^ upper goddess ' {*peren-dea) perendia^ divinity '.
Albanian {-dea, -desiia^ goddess ' : Latin dea: Italian dea: Spanish diosa: French
deesse : Portuguese deusa ' goddess '. [see Root / lemma: per-2\ to go over; over].

diminutive Latin diecula^ a little day, a short time ', Oscan [d]ifkulus^6ays\ zicolo rw. 'day';

Old Irish dTe, proclitic dTa^6aY (from after the Akk. *dliem\\as changed *d//es), cymr.
dydd, corn, deth, dyth, bret. o'e/z'day' (also); Old Irish /n-dfu 'today', cymr. etc he-ddyw
"today' (at first from *-dliO, probably = Latin diu).

Maybe Root / lemma: Ro-, ^e-(with particle ^ehere'), R(e)i-, R(i)io-\ this + Root/ lemma:
dei-1, deia-, dh, dja-\ to shine, day = , cymr. etc he-ddyw. alb. {*sodiena) 50/7/e 'today' :
Latin hodie, Latvian sodiena, Lithuanian siandien "this day, today'.

Maybe Latvian diena : Lithuanian diena : cymr. dydd : Wallon djou : alb. dita : Spanish dia
: Asturian dia : Catalan dia : Piemontese di : Leonese dia : Valencian dia : Venetian di :
Bergamasco de : Bolognese de : Bresciano de : Breton deiz : Frisian dei : Galician dia :
Ladin de : Lombardo Occidentale di : Mantuan di : Portuguese dia : Romagnolo de :
Romanian zi : Romansh di : Sardinian Campidanesu di > Italian {*diornd) giorno : Furlan
di; zornade : French {*diour) jour : Calabrese 'iornu; juarnu : Catanese jornu : Caterisano
jornu : Sicilian iornu : Triestino giorno : Mudnes de; gioren : Napulitano juorno : Occitan
jorn; dia : Parmigiano gioren : Reggiano giouren; de : Viestano jurn' : Zeneize giorno <
Latin dies "day'.

From the ablaut grade diu-\v\ the meaning "day';

Old Indie o'/Va "during the day', divedive'day by day' {divam Nom. otherwise "sky,
heaven'), nakfamd/vam ' n\g\r\t and day', sud/vam'a nice day', sudiva-h' having a nice day
', Armenian //V"day', gr. £v5Toc; " in the middle of the day (appearing)' (due to *£v 5iFi,
compare £vvuxiO(;); Latin dius, /nterd/us ' oi the day, in the daytime, by day ' (with Latin
syncope from Gen. *diu6s)\ bi-, tri-duum{*diuom) " period of two, three days ';

e5-stem cfe/es- presumed from Old Indie divasa-h'6ay\ formal to dak. 5i£a£fja "
common mullein, high taper', probably from *o'/^eSe/775 "luminous plant' (Detschev, Dak.
Pflanzenn. 14 ff.); butgr. £u5To(; (*£u-5iFo(;) "clear, cheerful', older £u5ia "clear weather', to
Old Indie su-d/vam (above); compare Sommer Nominalkomp. 73 ff.

*d/u/os\n Old Indie divya-, divia-' celestial ', divyani' the heavenly space', gr. 5To(; (from
*5iFioc;, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 472a) "divine, heavenly ', Latin dTus' divine, god-like; hence
fine, noble; also (apparently) out of doors, in the open air ' (different from dTvu^), dTum
"open space of heaven', sub dJo; ZP/a/?^ deriving from *Diviana, " the virgin goddess of the
moon and hunting' *D/v/a{7); compare etr. 7/V"moon', //Ves" months ', after Kretschmer

Gl. 13, 111 f. from Italian *clivia, and orph. DavSTa 'Selene (goddess of the moon)' from
*TTav-5iFia " all kinds of illuminators '.

ablaut grade af/t/-in Old Indie dyu-mnam^ splendor of the sky ', oy£/-/77a/7/- "bright, light',
verbal dyut- "gleam, shine' in dyotate, Aor. ved. 5oya^/ "shines' (with /probably after svit-
"be bright'); compare also Old Church Slavic dtzdh "rain', russ. dozd'. Old Czech desc,
etc, from *dus-dju- "bad weather', Trubetzkoj Z. si. Ph. 4, 62 ff.

o-stem deiuo-sqo(i, the divine':

Old Indie deva-h ^god' (o'ei/7'"goddess'), Avestan daeva-' demon';

Latin deus and dTvus, by of from the paradigm *deiuos{> deos). Gen. *deiuT{> dJvT);
Oscanofe/Va/^goddess' (Oscan deivinais= Latin dMnis; Umbrian deueia^ [fem. Ace. sing.]
of a deity, goddess ';

Maybe alb. o'/rgiant' a Latin loanword.

Oscan deiuatud^ to swear an oath ' = Latvian d/evat/es' swear, vow'; Latin dTves^ rich,
wealthy; with abl. or genit., rich in ', actually "standing under the protection of the Gods', as
Slavic bogatb, s. Schuize KZ. 45, 190);

gall. GN Devona, PN Devo-gnata, Old Irish dia. Gen. de^god\ acymr. duiu-{tit)
"goddess, deity', mcymr. ncymr. duw, acorn, duy, bret doue^ god'\

Old Norse tTvarP\. "gods' {*deiuds) as well as Old Norse Tyr{0\d Germanic teiwaz) "the
god of war'. Old English Tfg, Gen. 77M/es "Mars', Old High German ZFo, Zio;

Maybe alb. za/7a "goddess, ghost', zo/a "gods' > zc>/"god'.

Old Prussian deiw(a)s, Lithuanian dievas^god' (ofe/Ve "goddess, ghost' from *deiuia,
dievo suneliai^ sons of the sky', Finnish loanword ta/was'sky, heaven'), Latvian d/'evs
(verbal derivative lies before in Lithuanian f/e/VdZ/s "say farewell ', Latvian dievatiessee
above), compare Trautmann 50, Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 484, 485 f. Against it are Old
Church Slavic div-b m. "wonder, miracle', divo, -esen. ds. (-es-stem probably previously
after cudo, -eseds), divbiTb " wonderful ', didn't derive from concept "god, deity ', but (as
Oaupa from Gsaopai) position itself to kir. dyvl'u, dyvyty sja^see, look, show', Czech dfvam
se"look, see, observe', which behaves to Old Indie df-de-ti^ s\\\nes' in the meaning as e.g.
Middle High German Mic/r "lustre, shine, lightning' and "look of the eyes'. Modern High
German glanzen: Slavic gl^dati^see, show'.

en-stem 'ofe/e/?- (thematic deino-, dino-) only in tlie meaning "day":

Note:

The extension e/7-stem *flfe/e/7- (thematic deino-, dino-) is of lllyhan origin. The attribute
nouns that derived from adjectives in lllyrian alb. take -ta, -/7/a suffix which was then
reduced to common alb. n > nt > t. (see alb. numbers)

originally conservative still in Old Church Slavic dbnb. Gen. dbne'6ay'; Old Indie dfna-m
(esp. in compounds "day', Latin nundinae^ the market-day held during every ninth day ',

Maybe alb. {*dfna) dita^6aY : Old Indie dina-m {esp. in compounds "day' : < Lithuanian
d/ena, Latvian diena. Old Prussian Akk. f. deinan^6aY [common alb. n > nt > t[.

Old Irish denus^a period of time', tredenus^ three days' time, three days '; alb. gdhinj
"make day' from *-di-n-Jd\

maybe alb. gedhinfShe day breaks' is a compound of zero grade *ego^\ + dfna^\ make
the day'.

zero grade Lithuanian diena, Latvian diena. Old Prussian Akk. f. deinan^^ay'
(MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f., Buga Kalba ir. S. 227 f.); Gothic sinteins ^daWy, perpetual,
everlasting'; perhaps here Old High German /e/7(^^/^z//7 "springtime' from * langat-tin as "
having long days '.

Kretschmer leads back to gr. Tiv-5api5ai "sons of Zeus', etr. Tin, Tinia "Juppiter' of a
pre-Greek Tin- "Diespiter (Zeus father)', respectively Italian * Dinus {\v\6o Germanic *din-
"day, sky, heaven') (Gl. 13, 111; 14, 303 ff., 19,207; s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 65); but the
older form is Tuv5api5ai!

r-extension dei-ro-, dhro-\x\.

Germanic *tera- ( *dei-ro-) and *tira- ( *diro-) in Old High German zen, z/a/y" precious,
lovely, delightful, nice, superb, pretty, splendid, beautiful', z/a/7"beauty, ornament,
adornment', z/ard/? "adorn, embellish'. Middle Low German /©/""lustre, shine, fame,
prospering; flourishing, good constitution ', tereav\6 tJre^ habit, kind and way ', Old English
Old Saxon //?"honour, fame'. Old Norse tTrr6s.\ Norwegian dial. //? "alertness, lookout,
peering, light, lustre, shine', //?5"peek, sparkle, glitter';

in addition Litliuanian dyreti, dyrotr <^a\Nk, lurk', dairytis, Latvian dafrft/es ^ stare about',
Old Prussian endyntwei {, see Buga Kalba ir. s. 227 f., Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 432 f.)
"watch, see' (but Bulgarian dfrb "search, seek' absents, s. Berneker201);

Tocharian A ///y" kind and way '.

About Hittite siwat- "day', s/wann/-'go6' (from *d/eu-7), Hieroglyphic-Hittite t/na- "god',
si/an ^ appears' {*d/a-7) s. Pedersen Hittite 57, 175 f.

Hittite: ? siu-, siun-, siuni-, siwann-, siwanni- c. 'god', siwatt- c./n. 'day' (Friedrich 194, 1950
[perhaps to 'sun'?]

Maybe Etruscan T/na'go6'. -a- feminine ending proves it meant " goddess '.

Note:

(Just like Albanian masculine t-/j" his', feminine s-aj" her' Hittite verb masculine ending -t/
" you', feminine ending -s/" you')

Hence Hittite s/wann/- mear\t " goddess ' not "god' because Hittie differentiation s- means
feminine, /-masculine.

To Old Indie dTvyat/" p\aYS, shows, throws dice ' (supposedly " throws the eye ') compare
with other ablaut dyutam'6'\ce game', further devanam'\he game, dice game', and above
dyotate 'sh\r\es', dyut/hlustre, shine', dyumant-^br\g\r\t, light'. Whether here also Avestan
a-dfvye/nt/" bestir oneself, strive for ' as " whereupon it is split apart '? compare
Wackernagel, Berl. Sbb. 1918, 396 f.

The fact that our root as " vibrating light' originally one has been from ofe/a- "hurry,
whirl', seems conceivable.

References: WP. I 772 f., WH. I 345 f., 347, 349 f., 355, 357 f., 727, 732, 860, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 576 f.
Page(s): 183-187

Root / lemma: deia-2{dia- dia- dh)

Meaning: to swing, move

l\1aterial: Old Indie oTj/a// "flies, hovers'; gr. 5Tvo(; m. "whirl, whirlpool; round vessel, round

threshing floor ', 51vr| (Hom.), Aeolic 5ivva (compare Aivvo|j£vr|<;, Hoffmann Gr. D. II 484)

"whirl, whirlpool'.

5iv£U), 5Tv£U(jo, Aeolic 5ivvr|Mi "spin in wliiri or circle, swing, brandisli'; intr. " turn me by
dancing in circles'; pass. " roam around, reel around, roll (the eyes) whirl (from river), spin
dancing around', 5ivu) Aeolic 5ivvu) "thresh'; hom. 5iuj "flee', 5io|jai " chase away' (with
ostentatious distribution the intr. and tr. meaning in active and Medium), hom. 5i£VTai "to
hurry', 5i£a0ai "flee', £v5i£aav "rush', 5i£p6(; (nouc;) " fleeting ' (after T£T£, krai: kviai to
thematic 5i£Tai analogical 5i£VTai instead of *5iovTai neologism?),

5idjKU) "pursue' (contaminated from FicbKU) and 5i£pai, Meillet MSL. 23, 50 f., Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 702); hom. 5i^r|MC(' (Fut. hom. 5i^r|aopai) " strive for, be troubled about, search, seek',
nachhom. also " investigate ' (*5i-5ja-[jai), next to which due to *5ia-T0- Attic ^r|T£w " strive
for, let me be concerned with '; here with originally *dja-: ^aAr| "storm, violent movement,
particularly of the sea', l^aKoo, "whirlpool, violent movement of water'?

compare about gr. words containing the ^ Schwyzer Gr. Or. I 330, 833.

Old Irish oVa/? "quick, fast', dene^ quickness '; Latvian deju, d/et^dance', d/ede/et^go
idly'. About Lithuanian da/nalo\k song' (to deja' lamentation?') compare MiJhlenbach-
Endzelin I 432 with Lithuanian

Ouite doubtful cymr. d/g^mad, wicked, evil', russ. dfkij^\N\\d\ Lithuanian o'j7/ras"minxish,
wanton, bratty, unengaged, leisured, unemployed, idle, lazy', Latvian dlkslree of work'.
Old Church Slavic divbjb^WM (Berneker203 f., MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 478, Trautmann
54).

Not here gr. 56va^ "reed' (new Ionian 5ouva^ and occasional Doric 5u)va^ metr.
lengthening? Schuize Qunder ep. 205, Boisacq 196), 5ov£U) "shake', aAi5ovo(; " rove about
in the sea' and Latvian duonis, duo/i/'reed, bulrushes '.

References: WP. I 774 ff.
Page(s): 1 87

Root / lemma: de/c-l

Meaning: to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom

Material: Old Indie dasasyat/" proves honour, venerates a god, is gracious' (Denomin. of

*dasas- = Latin decus), dasai. "state, status, fate, destiny'; Avestan dasamn. "property,

belongings piece '; Old Indie Desiderat. dJksate^\s consecrated', f/zTtsa "consecration' {*di-

dR-s-\N\Vc\ secondary /), daksati^\s proficient, makes it right, is compliant', daksa-h

"proficient, skilful' (but Avestan daxs- "instruct, teach, instruct', npers. daxs^ business, toil'

stay away because of the Gutturals), lengthened grade Old Indie dasnoti, dasti, dasati

'offer a sacrifice, give, proves lionour, grants', dasvas- 'hononng the Gods, godly, pious';
Avestan ^yas/a- 'receive, obtains, attains ' (participle);

after Frisk Etyma Armen. 25 f. here Armenian a/7cay'gift' from *and-tisati- (proto-
Armenian -//is- from *deR-)\ whether tesanem'\ behold '? (compare under 5ok£uu));
different Meillet Esquisse 135;

gr. (Ionian Aeolic Cretan) SsKopai 'take in, accept', Attic 5£xo|jai, athemat. hom. 3. PI.
5£xaTai (x after *5£x6u), Infin. 5£x6ai), Aor. 5£kto, participle 5£YM£voq, compare
npoTi5£Y|jai npoa5£xofjai Hes. (yp instead of kjj); k is preserved in 5ok6(; '[absorption]
beam ', 5oKav Ghkhv Hes. (out of it Latin doga 'a sort of vessel (perhaps a measure)'),
5oKavai ai aTaAiK£c; Hes., 5£^a^u) ' to captivate, fascinate, be impressive ', 5u)po-56KO(;
'the take of presents', 5£^a|j£vri (participle Aor.) 'water container, water carrier ', api-
5£iK£T0(; ' distinguished ' (£i metr. lengthening); nasal present *5£iKvv|jai (: Old Indie
dasnoti) in participle 5£iKvup£V0(; 'rendering homage, honoring, greeting ', to 5£iKav6(ji)VTO
"to greet'; intensive 5£i5£xaTai ds., 5£i-5iaKO[jai 'greet' (for *5r|-5£(K)-aKO|jai after the
present auf -ioKU)); 5£i- could be read 5r|- (Indo Germanic e), 5£ikv- also 5£kv-, and 5£iKa-
could be metr. lengthening for 5£Ka- (Schwyzer Gr Gr. I 648, 697); causative 5ok£(jo (=
Latin doceo'to teach, instruct (with ace. of person or thing); with clause, to inform that or
how; 'docere fabulam', to teach a play to the actors, to bring out, exhibit', 5ok£T poi 'it
seems to me' ('is suitable to me'); 56^a f. 'opinion, fame' (*5oK-aa), Soyija n. 'decision',
56ki[jo(; ' respectable, approved '; 5ok£uu) ' to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think,
suppose, imagine, expect ', Trpoa-SoKau) ' anticipate, expect'; about 5i5aaKU) see below
cfens-1.

Maybe alb. Geg o'o/re 'custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', {*deuk-) dukem ^appear, seem'.

Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: cfeR-1 : 'to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma:
tong-1 ( *teng^ : 'to think, feel'.

alb. ndieh\o feel' {*deR-skd-?)\ ndeshl\n6, encounter' probably Slavic loanword? S.
under des-,

Latin decet, -ere 'it is proper, it is fitting (physically or morally)', decus, -oris n.
"distinction, honor, glory, grace; moral dignity, virtue; of persons, pride, glory ', dignus^
worthy, deserving; esp. of persons, usually with abl. or genit. of things, worth having,
deserved, suitable, fitting ' (from *dec-nos, actually ' adorned with'); Umbrian tigit decet
(see in addition EM. 257); causative doceo, -e/ie' instruct' ('lets accept something '); disco,
-ere, didTci^ to learn, get to know; 'discere fidibus', to learn to play on the lyre; in gen., to

receive information, find out; to become acquainted witli, learn to recognize ' (from *di-elR-
sko);

Old Irish dech'the best ' (= Latin decus); also in PN Echuid {* eRvo-deR-s), Gen.
Echdach, Luguid, Gen. L u/gdech {proto Irish Lugu-deccasW\\h cc= R), whether does not
stand for efor older r, then to de/R-'po\nt', in the meaning "order'.

Perhaps here Germanic *teh-udn\n Old English teohhian, t/ohh/an' mean, decide,
define, ordain, determine', feohh, //b/?/? "troop, multitude, crowd, group of people ', feon
{*tehdn) "decide, define, ordain, determine'. Old High German g/zehon' bring in order'.
Middle High German zeche^ alignment, guild, brotherhood, colliery, association ', Modern
High German Zeche, Middle High German zesem {* teksma-) "uninterrupted row',
wherefore perhaps with lengthened grade ( *fej-ud) Gothic fewa "order', gatewjan
"dispose'; s. above also under deua-^ move spatially forward '.

Doubtful Old Church Slavic desg, des/t/"i\n6', Serbo-Croatian desTm des/t/"meet', refl. "
meet somebody ', Czech po-des/t/an6 u-des/f/" catch up, catch'; changing through ablaut
russ. -Church Slavic o'c»s///"find, meet'; s. also under des-

Tocharian A faR- "adjudicate, decide, determine'; dubious A tasRmam {* taRsR-mam)
"similar'. Van Windekens Lexique 137; Pisani Re. R. 1st. Lomb. 76, 2, 30.

For e5-stem Old Indie dasas(yati), Latin decus\he words stand for "right' (Specht KZ.
62,218).

deRs- with variant suffixes:

common Old Indie gh- > Rs-

Old Indie daRsina-, daRsina- "on the right, to the south, skilful', Avestan o'as//7a- "right',
Lithuanian des/nas6s., des/ne't\r\e right hand'. Old Church Slavic o'es/7b "right'; gr.
5£^iT£p6(; = Latin dexter, -tra, -/m/r? (compounds dexterior, Superl. dextimus), Oscan
o'es/rs/ (abbreviated from *destrust) "it is on the right ', Umbrian destrame' on the right
side '; gr. 5£^i6(; "right, heralding luck, skilful, adroit' (from 5£^i- with formants -Fo-,
compare gall. Dexsiva dea)\ (the suffix -i/o- probably aiter* /a f-uos, sRaZ-uos 'Wnks') Old
Irish dess ^on the right, to the south', cymr. deheu {*deksovo-) ds., Gothic tafhswa. Old
High German zeso "right', Gothic tafhswd-0\6 High German zes(a)wa^\he right hand'; alb.
djathte ' ng\r\t' (that from G. Meyer identical with it Church Slavic destb is probably
corruption for desnb, s. Berneker 187).

Note:

The etymology of G. Meyer seems erroneous because of the common alb. -R- > -//?- similar
as Latin dexter, -tra, -trum is a suffixed form of old PIE Root / lemma: deR-1 : "to take'. The
-ter,-tra s\x^\x has been attested in Avestan lllyrian alb. and Latin Hence before -tra, -ter
suffix the -k- becomes usually -ks- in all the above mentioned languages. Hence alb.
{*dek-) djath-te 'nght' evolved from the common alb. -k- > -//7-like in alb. {mag-) math'b\g'
while -Zeis the common alb. suffix as in alb. maj-te'\eit' from Latin ma/e'ba6\Y, ill, wrongly,
wickedly, unfortunately, extremely'.

References: WP. I 782 f., WH. I 330 f., 346 f„ Trautmann 53, 54, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648,
678, 684, 697, Wistrand Instrumentalis 14 ff.
Page(s): 189-191

Root /lemma: deR-2{\ doR-, deR-)

Meaning: to tear

Material: Old Indie da'sa^ protruding sheet filaments at the end of fabric, fringes '; Irish dual

"lock, curl of \\a\r\* doRlo); Gothic taglu. "single hair'. Old Norse taglu. "the hair in the

horse's tail'. Old English tgegl{ev\Q\. tail) m. "tail'. Old High German zageridW, sting, prick,

male member, rod';

Gothic tahjan^ rend, pull, tear, tug ', d/stahjan ^ scaiier' , isl. t^eja, taa^ teasels ',

Norwegian dial, taeja {*tahjan) and taa{*tahdn) "fray, tear';

Old Norse tag, PI. t^gerav\6 tagart " fibre, filament ', Middle High German zach, zahei.

"wick, slow match (wick) '; in other meaning ("tugging - lugging, pulling out ') Norwegian

Dialectal taag^s\o\N and enduring',

maybe alb. /e^e/"sewing'

Middle Low German tege, East Frisian /5^e "stringy, tenacious' and Old High German zag

" hesitating, undecided, shy, timid' wherefore zagen' be desperate and undecided ';

perhaps here as " from which one tears himself ' or " ragged, rimose piece'. Middle High
German zackem. f.. Modern High German Zacke, Middle English takke' fibula, clasp, a
large nail ', engl. tack^peg, small nail', with other final sound tagg, taggem. " jutting cusp,
peak, prong, spike'; or belongs Zackeio Latvian d^gums 'nose, shoe point'?

Maybe alb. take 'shoe heel (spike?)'

perhaps here as " in which one tears himself ' or " ragged, cracked piece ', Middle High
German zackem. f.. Modern High German Zacke, Middle English /a/r/re "fibula', engl. tack

' pencil, small nail ', with other final sound tagg, taggevn. " excellent point, point '; or Zacke
to Latvian d^gumshear "nose, shoe point '?

References: WP. I 785.

See also: see also under denR-.

Page(s): 191

Root / lemma: cfeRrp, deRrp-t, deRu-{*due-Rii^-t^
Meaning: ten

Note:

Root/ lemma: deRn^, deRrp-t, deRu- {* due-RrQ-tj\ ten' is an extended Root/ lemma: dud(u)
{*duei-): "two". The subsequent roots * uT-Rn[it-T\ "twenty' and ^/?7/'d/77 "hundred' are mutated
forms of the root *due-Rnff-t\ "ten'. They both reflect the common lllyrian- bait d- > zero.

Comments:

The root number {*Rem-t-d) for 10, 20, 30, 40, 100 derived from the name of deer counted

by PIE hunters, see Root/ lemma: Rem-2\ hornless, young deer.

Material: Old Indie dasa, Avestan dasa, Armenian /5S/7 (after Meillet Esquisse 42 from

*o'e^-, as russ. (tri)dcatb "30' from (tri-)dbseti), gr. 5£Ka, Latin decern {denf per ten' from

*dek-nor, PN Decius= Oscan Dekis, Gen. Dekkieis), Oscan deketasiuf, Nom. PI.

degetasius " manager of the tithes ' ( *deken-tasio-),

Umbrian desen-{duf) " twelve ', Old Irish deich, cymr. deg, corn. bret. dek Gothic tafhun{-

nas in s/'bun, niun). Old Norse tiu. Old English tien, tyn. Old Saxon tehan. Old High

German ze/75/7 (a probably from den compounds, Brugmann II 2, 18),

Tocharian A sak, B sak, Finnish deksan^\^' is after Jokl Pr. ling. Baudouin de Courtenay

104 borrows from Indo Germanic).

In the substantive number deRrp-tO), actually "decade', go back:

Old Indie dasat-, dasati-i. "decade', alb. djete, gr. bzKdc,, -dboq, (to a s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 498, 597), Gothic ta/hun-tehund ^\r\ur\6re6' (actually "ten decades '), Old Norse t/undt
6s., Old Prussian dess/mpts ^ter\', Lithuanian desimt, old desimtis, Latvian old desimt,
metath. desmit, old 0^5/777/5 (compare desmiterr\. f. " ten '); Old Church Slavic des^tb
(conservative stem in -/, Meillet Slave comm.2 428);

ofe^:/- probably in Latin decuria^ a body often men; a class, division, esp. of jurors; a
party, club' (out of it borrows Modern High German Decheru.. "ten pieces'; late Latin

*teguria\s assumed through Swiss Ziger^ ten pounds of milk'; probably identical with
Middle High German z/ge^'curd') = Umbrian dequrier, tekuries^ decuries, feast of
decuries '; compare Oscan-Umbrian dekv/a-\n Oscan (v/a) Dekkviarim^{ a way)
appropriate to a decury ', Umbrian tekvias "a way to a decury'; in addition probably
Germanic *tigu- 'decade' in Gothic fidwor-tigjus "40', Old Icelandic fjdrer-tiger. Old English
feower-tig. Old High German fior-zug6s. Older explanations by WH. I 327 f. and Feist 150.
see also under under centur/a under Kluge''"' under Decher.

Maybe alb. /e/r"odd number'

Changing through ablaut {d)Rixit- (Dual), (d)R6mt-{P\wr.) in figures often (only
formations up to 50 are provable as Indo Germanic), e.g. Old Indie trimsaVZ^\ Avestan
^risqs, Armenian ere-sun, gr. ipiaKovra (from *-K(jL)VTa; further details by Schwyzer Gr. Gr.
I 592), Latin tri-ginta {\N\\h unexplained g), gallo-Latin Abl. PI. TRICONTIS, Old Irish tncho
(with /"after frr3'), bret. tregont {* tri-komt-es), acymr. trimuceint(\v\ the ending after uceint
'20'); s. also under u7-kmff^2Q\

ordinals dekemo-s and deRrp-to-s:

dekemo-s\n Old Indie dasama-h, Avestan dasama-, osset. dasam, Latin decimus,
therefrom decumanus^ of the tenth. (1) relating to the provincial tax of a tenth; m. as subst.
the farmer of such a tax. (2) belonging to the tenth legion; m. pi. as subst. its members. (3)
belonging to the tenth cohort ', later "considerable ', Oscan Dekm-anniufs " *Decumanii^ ,
compare also EN Decumius, out of it entl. etr. tecumnal, latinized back Decumenus, gall.
decametos. Old Irish dechmad, mcymr. decvet, corn, degves.

deRrp-to-sxn gr. Sekqtoc; (see also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 595); Gothic tafhunda. Old Norse
tTunda, Old High German zehanto, zehendo. Old English teogeda. Old Prussian dessTmts,
Lithuanian desimtas, Latvian desmitais, older desimtais. Old Church Slavic des§tb\
Tocharian A skant, B skante, 5/r5/7ce (linguistic singles Armenian tasn-erord, alb. i-dhjet^\

Note:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitata {* oktd(u)ta) "eight' : alb.
/e/s "eight'; Lycian nuntata ' n\ne' : alb. nanda'n\ne'. Therefore alb. 5/7/3/5 "seven' derived
from a truncated *sa{p)tata^ seven' later Old Indie saptathah, Avestan hapta&a-. Old
Saxon sivotho. Old English seofoda, Lithuanian septintas, also Old Indie saptatf-, Avestan
haptaiti-lQ\ in alb. -ta, -teare attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indie
cognates. The attribute /a (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language
alone.

Therefore alb. teta "eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitata {*oRtd(u)ta) "eight'. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octuag/nta '80'].

Alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda' nine ' derived from Lycian nuntata 'n\ne'.

Alb. gjashta {seRs-ta) "six' [common alb. s- > gj-] : Old Indie 5^/"six', sastha- "sixth' was
initially an ordinal number.

Hence alb. d/e-ta'ten' derived from a proto Romance cognate *d/e+ common alb. -ta
suffix used in attribute nouns; similarly in: Portuguese dez, Ga//c/an dez, Spanish diez,
Lad/no d\es, Astur/an d\ez, Aragonese d\ez, Auvergnat6\e, L/mos/n6\e, Rumantsch
Grischund'\esdr\, Surs/7vand'\esdr\, Vallader desch, Ladin diesc, Italian died, Venetian
diese etc.

Here ^/?7/'d/77 "hundred' from *(djkrptdm{\.er\) dekades':

Old Indie satam, Avestan satem (out of it Finnish sata, Crimean Gothic sada);

gr. EKarov, Arcadian ekotov (from dissimil. *sem Rmtom'a hundred'? compare Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 592 f.), abbreviated *KaTOv in *T£Tpa-KaTOv etc (in TSTpaKOTioi TSipaKoaioi, 400', "
four hundred ');

Note:

Gr. eKQTOv {*heRaton) < * (d)kn^t6m{\.ex\) dekades' is crucial to crucial for tracing the cause
of old laryngeal /? appearance in IE. Hence laryngeals were created after the loss of initial
o'-in IE. Gr. and Anatolian tongues reflect the common lllyrian- bait d- > zero.

Latin centum {\n addition ducentum, ducentflOO', compare Old Indie dv/-satam from
* dui-Rmtom, trecentrZOO', quadn'ngentr 400' , etc; centes/mus'the hundredth' after
vTcesimus, tr/ces/musiro{r\*ue/-, *tn-Rmt-temo-s)\

Old Irish cet, cymr. cant, bret. Rant, corn, cans,

Gothic Old Saxon Old English hund. Old High German hund' ^00' (in compounds from
200), but Old Norse tiund-rad {io Gothic /-5^/a/7 "count') " 120 pieces (10 dozens) ' ("120'),
out of it Old English hundred. Middle High German Modern High German hundertirom Old
Saxon hunderod,

Lithuanian simtas, Latvian s'imts.

Old Church Slavic etc shfo\s barely Iran, loanword (Meillet Slave commun.2 63);

Tocharian A kant, B kante.

Alb. Geg du, Tosc oV'two' hence alb. {*hunt) alb. nje-qind^oue- hundred' [common alb. ij >
/], hence alb. displays centum characteristics while Rumanian suta'a hundred' displays
the satem nature of Rumanian

In addition a /^derivative in Latin centur/at " a division of 100; a company of soldiers; a
century, a part of the Roman people, as divided by Servius Tullius ' (as decuria). Old
Norse hundari. Old High German huntariu. 'a division of 100, administrative district'. Old
Bulgarian sbtor/cads., Lithuanian 5//77/e/7O/0as 'characterized by a hundred', s/mfer-g/s'
hundred-year-old '.

References: WP. I 785 f., WH. I 200 f., 327 ff., 859, Feist 150, 471 f., Trautmann 53, 305.
Page(s): 191-192

Root / lemma: de/-1

Meaning: to put by; to count, tell

Material: Perhaps Armenian to/ "line, row', toiem^ line up ';

gr. boKoc, "artifice, bait', 5oA6u) " outwit, circumvent ', 56Au)v " small dagger of the
assassinator ' (about 56Au)v "sprit' see below del-3),

from Gr. have been borrowed Latin dolus^a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap
artifice, deception ', dolo^ a pike, sword-stick, a small foresail ', Oscan Akk. dolom, Abl.
dolud^ a device, artifice; fraud, deceit, guile; a trap ';

maybe alb. {*tal) /a//"tease, trick': Old Norse tali, "deceit, guilefulness'.

Old Norse talu. "bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation, number, speech'
(Old English /^/n. "calculation, row', ^//a/"number'), therefrom Old Norse /e^a "recount,
narrate, relate'. Old English tellan. Old High German ze//e/7(Fem. Old Norse /o/a "speech,
number, bill, account, invoice, calculus, reckoning, calculation '), Old English talu
"narration, row'. Old High German za/5 "number, report, account' (therefrom Old Norse tala
"talk'. Old English ta//an' reckon, consider, think, tell'. Old High German zalon^ calculate,
count, pay'); ^-extension in engl. /a//r"talk'; from s-stem *talaz-v\.: Gothic /5/z/a/7 "instruct',
un-tals^ indocile, disobedient ', in addition Old English ^e/^/"rash, hasty, quick, fast'. Old
Saxon g/fa/0\6 High German ^/z5/"quick, fast'; with the in do/us^a device, artifice; fraud,
deceit, guile; a trap' present coloring of meaning lengthened grade Old Norse ta/i. "deceit.

guilefulness ', Old English taeli. "reprimand, slander, derision ', Old High German zaia'
pestering, temptation; snare, danger', za/d/? "tear away, rob'; zero grade Old English tyllan
"allure, entice' ( *djn-).

Original resemblance with del- "split' is doubtful; perhaps from the hatchet being aimed
at the wood to be split or from the technique of runes (number marks as incision)?

About *dil- in Gothic ga-tils^ fitting', etc, see below ad-2, probably barely from of an
additional form *dai-l- here. An association with *del- Persson attempted root extension
115, Pedersen KZ. 39, 372, while they, deriving from da-, da'h " divide ', *de-l- and *dai-l-,
oT"-/- grasped as parallel extensions.

References: WP. I 808 f.
Page(s): 1 93

Root / lemma: del-2

Meaning: to shake

Material: Old Indie dulai. "the wavering ', with secondary lengthened grade a dolayate^

swings, sways ', -//" swings, whirls up ', dolita-^ fluctuating, moves by oscillating ';

Lithuanian delstT tarry, hesitate', dulineti^a'(r\b\e, bum';

with fltextension doubtful (?) Old Indie dudi-i. "a small turtle, tortoise' ("waddling'), rather
Old English/ea// "doubtful, uncertain, wavering', tealt(r)ian^\Nayer, wobble, sway, be
doubtful, uncertain', engl. ////" incline ', Middle Dutch touteren^\Nayer, wobble, sway,
swing', Norwegian Dialectal tylta^ tread quietly, like on toes ', Swedish tulta^ walk with
small, insecure steps, like children ';

with ^-extension Old High German zeltari. Middle High German zelter, md. zelder^
pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting ', Modern High German Zelter, Old Norse tJaldarlAs.
(influence of Latin tolutarlus " pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting '; compare isl. tolta "
march in step, match in tempo ' from *talutdn, the relationship to that mentioned by Plinius
span, words thleldones^ pacesetter, going on a trot, trotting ' is unclear). Old Norse tjaldr
"Haematopus ostralegus, Eurasian oystercatcher' (" the trudger '); but rather with -//- from -
In- Old Norse /c»//a"hang loose', tyllast^ toddle, walk on tiptoe; trip', compare Falk-Torp
under kjeld, tulle.

Maybe alb. /^/"boneless meat, pulp, leg meat (also meat hanging lose)'

References: WP. I. 809.

Page(s): 193-194

Root / lemma: del-3{dol^, dela-

Meaning: to split, divide

Material: Old Indie dalayati^ s^\\\.s, makes break, crack', o'a/a//' cracks' (meaning influenced

by phalati^ broken in two ', Guntert Reimw. 48), da//ta-h ' spWt, pull apart, blossomed,

flourished ',

da/a-mn. 'deal, portion, piece, half, leaf, dalf-ht "clod of earth'; but Prakr. dala, -/""bough',

probably also danda-h, -m "stick, bludgeon, beating, punishment' are after Kuiper Proto-

Munda 65, 75 not Indo Germanic;

Armenian probably /a/ "imprinting, impression, mark, token, sign, stave', /a/e/77 "stamps,
brands' (Scheftelowitz BB. 29, 27; *del-);

gr. 5ai5aAo(;, bmbaKzoc, " wrought artificially ', Intens. 5ai-5aAAu) "work skillfully,
decorate' (dissimil. from *5aA-5aA-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 647); SeAto^ (changing through
ablaut Cypriot SqAtoc;) "(*writing board) a writing-tablet ' ("wood fissure, smoothly slammed
wood board ', s. Boisacq 174 m. Lithuanian and to meaning esp. Schuize KZ. 45, 235;
compare to the form under Modern High German tent); perhaps here 56Au)v "sprit, small
sail' (out of it Latin dolom. " a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail '); quite doubtful whereas
5av-5aA-iq, 5£v5aAiq " cakes of the flour of roasted barley ' 5£v-5aA-i5£c; ispai KpiGai as "
crushed, coarsely ground ' (= "*split'?? Prellwitz^ 104 between); lengthened grade
5r|A£opai "destroy, smash, damage' (not to Latin deled\o blot out, efface; in gen., to
destroy, annihilate'); reduced grade Ionian nav5aAr|T0(; " annihilated ', cpp£vo-5aAn(; "
disturbed senses ' Aisch.; el. Ka-5aAn|j£voi with el. a from n (see Boisacq 182; against it
Wackernagel Gl. 14, 51); with the meaning change "( the heart?) tear, maltreat, cause pain
' gr. 5aAA£i KaKoupy£T Hes. ( *delid), 5aAn KaKOupyn (5aAriaaa9ai AupnvaaGai. a5iKr|aai,
5aAav Au|jr|v); compare also Latvian o'e//? "torment, smite, agonize' and Latin doleo^ to
suffer pain, physical or mental, to be pained, to grieve; of things, to cause pain ', dolor^
pain, physical or mental; esp. disappointment, resentment. Transf., cause of sorrow; rhet.,
pathos ';

alb. dallof separate, distinguish, divide', qy^/"kid, child, offspring (*offshoot)' {*delno-\
compare Middle Irish de/^rod');

Latin do/o, -are " to hew with an axe, to work roughly ', dolabra^ a pick-axe, mattock,
hoe', lengthened grade dolium^a wine-jar, cask, barrel, vat' (as proto Slavic Ic^/y" barrel.

vat, cask' see below); doleo, dolorsee above (but deleo\s because of Perf. delevi
probably new formation from de-levi^ has erased, effaced, obliterated, blotted out ');

Old Irish delbt "shape, form', acymr. delu, ncymr. delw^ image, figure, effigy ', corn.
del, as with causative ablaut Old Irish dolb(a)id^ s\\a'Qe6\ doilbthid^ a worker in clay, potter
' (to Celtic *delua, *dolu-, compare J-stem Slavic dbl}/)\ perhaps Old Irish fo-da//m ^d'\scem,
separate, exclude' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 502 f.), acorn. d/dau/^\r\av\ng no part in, not
sharing in; wanting in, destitute of ' (compare Old Indie and Baltic-slav, words for 'deal,
portion'), perhaps Old Irish fo-dalim^ discerno, sejungo ' (etc., see Pedersen KG. II 502 f.),
acorn, didaur expers' (compare Old Indie and Baltic-slav, words for ' part '), cymr. gwa-
ddora portion or dowry' as o-forms besides 5r|A£0fjai (just as well but as *da-l- correlate to
"o'a//^ 'divide'); probably Middle Irish ofe/'staff, rod' (as 'split piece wood'), corn, dele
'antenna' (or to OaAAw Indo Germanic tlhj/- whose certain attachments indeed point only
a-vocalism?; with meaning- transfer alb. dja/e^k\6, child, youth, youngling ' ? see below
dha/-);

Middle Low German to/, /c»//e 'point of twig, branch', holl. /o/'spinning top' ('*peg, plug').
Middle High German zo/{/) m., zollei. ' cylindric bit of wood, clot, chunk, block, toggle', zol
as measurement of length 'inch', /s-zo/te 'icicle'. Old Norwegian horntylla^ yoke, wood
piece connecting the horns of two oxen going in the bottom plate ' {*dJ-n-)\ but Middle High
German zulle, zulle. Modern High German Zulle ' riverboat, barge' is probably in spite of
Persson Beitr. 174 not genuine Germanic, but loanword from Slavic, s. Kluge'''' under ZJ/Ze
' riverboat, barge'; other formations holl. /c»//r 'stick, rod, chopstick', Swedish /c»//r 'wedge'.
Middle High German zo/c/7 'clot, chunk, block, (*blockhead), lubber' (whether Old Norse
talknu. ' gill offish' as 'the split'? Falk-Torp under tokn); with -o'ndd. fa/fer^ag, scrap,
shred' (Holthausen Afneuere Spr. 121, 292);

with /-suffix Germanic *telda- '* stretched tent pole ' (: gr. btkxoc;) in Old Norse tiald
'curtain, cover, rug, tent'. Old English teldu. 'tent'. Old High German Modern High German
zelt, actually ' stretched cover'; in addition Old High German zelto. Modern High German
Zelten, Zeltkuchen; or better as ' shredded, ground ' (see above 5£v5aAic;) to Tocharian B
tselt-, tsa/f-'c\r\e\N'; from Germanic Liden aaO. still ranks Old Swedish tialdra, tiseldra^
cairn ' in {*tel-l=>rdn- or -dron^* shaft, pole, peg, plug as as a boundary marker '?);

Lithuanian dylu, dilti{deru, dilti), Latvian d§lu, dilstu, dUV wear out, polish ' (from '*to
plane'), o'e//7 'wear out, torment, smite'; Lithuanian pus-dylis {menud) ' moon in the last
quarter', o'e/c/a 'decreasing moon', causative Latvian o'e/o'e/ 'wear out, liquidate, rub off,
destroy', d/7uot^skwe, abrade, polish';

out of it derived the concept of smoothness justified probably the transference there of
Lithuanian o'e/aa (by Juszkiewicz also dai-na), Latvian delna^\v\v\eri\dX hand', Old Church
Slavic dianb 'palm', russ. old dolont, nowadays reconverted with metathesis ladont 'palm;
flat place on the threshing floor, threshing floor ' (Berneker 208, Trautmann 51 , different
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 454);

Lithuanian dal'is. East Lithuanian o's/za'deal, portion, inheritance; alms' (= Old Indie dali-
/7'clod of earth'), daliju, dalyti^6\y\6e\ Latvian dala^6ea\, portion, lot', o'a//7 'divide'. Old
Prussian de///e/s^6'w\6e, share!', ofe/Z/Trs 'deal, portion' (efrom a, Trautmann Old Prussian
100), russ. (etc) dd//a^dea\, portion, lot' (in addition Old Church Slavic oo'c/e//' defeat,
conquer' = '*have, obtain the best part', Berneker 206). compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I
435.

Doubtful Old Church Slavic de/b 'deal, portion': either as *delo-s here, or rather with
Indo Germanic 5/as *dai-lo-\.o root o'a//^- 'divide'; about Gothic dails. Modern High
German Teilsee above under da-, dai-.

Proto Slavic J-stem *dbly. Gen. *dblbve(;. Old Irish o'e/6>from *delua) in russ. -Church
Slavic delvi {*dblbvl) Lok. Sg., N. PI. 'barrel, vat, cask'. Middle Bulgarian dbli{*dbl}/}, Lok.
Sg. ofe/i.!//' barrel, vat, cask'. New Bulgarian delva {* dblbva) ' big clay vessel with two
handles ';

Tocharian A talo, B /a//5M/c» 'unlucky'. Van Windekens Lexique 136 (?); rather B tsalt-,
tsa/f-^c\r\e\N', Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 18 f.

extension del-gh-, dl-egh-; dolgho-e\.c 'sickle, blade'.

Indo-iran. *dargha- {dolgho-) is assumed through Mordovian loanword /5/v5s 'sickle';
compare pamirdial. /aregus ds.;

Old Irish d/ong/d'\r\e splits', diuige {*dlogio-) ' the fissured ', Middle Irish d/u/g/m 'spWt';

Old Norse te/gja'hew, cut out', ta/ga'the cutting, carving', ta/go-knffr' slice knife ', also
Old Norse tjalga^ thin twig, branch, long arm'. Old English telgam. 'twig, branch, bough',
telgorrw. f., telgrarw. 'twig, branch, scion ', Middle High German zelge, ze/c/7 'bough, twig,
branch'. Old High German zue/ga'\.\N\g, branch' (whose ztv- probably previously is taken
over from zw/g);

about Lithuanian dalg/'s, Gen. -/orr\., Latvian da/gs, Old Prussian doa/g/s ^ scythe' see
below 6^e/g-;

dolgha\^ serb. dlaga^ board for the splint of broken bones ', poln. Dialectal diozka^
flooring from planks ', Czech diaha {diaha) " board, splint, base of the ground ', diaziti
{diaziti), dlazditi^ pave, hit the screed ' (Berneker207).

As for *del- " whereupon it is split apart ' is also for that with it perhaps originally
resemble*o'eA "split' given the possibility, that d-el- is an extension from d^i\- 'divide,
share '.

References: WP. I 809 ff., WH. 364 ff., Liden KZ. 56, 216 ff., Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg.

18 f.

Page(s): 194-196

Root / lemma: del-4

Meaning: to rain

Material: Armenian /e/' heavy rain ', teiam, -em, -um^to rain, shower, sprinkle, irrigate ',

mm{*teHrrR), Gen. Hmor,

Middle Irish deltm. 'dew'; also FIN; bret. o'eZ/'humid, wet, moist ';

Germanic *dol-k6-ox *dol-gho-\v\ dan. Swedish Norwegian /a/^ 'tallow, suet'. Old
English *tealg. Middle English taigh, engl. tallow, nnl. talk. Modern High German Talg
(from Ndd.); ablaut. Old Norse tolgr{*tl-kd-) ds.

Note:

Middle Irish deltxu. 'dew'; bret. o'e// 'humid, wet, moist ' display alb.-illyr -k > -th, -t
subsequents.

References: Petersson Heterokl. 198 f., different Kluge''"' under 'tallow, suet'.
Page(s): 1 96

Root / lemma: del-5

Meaning: long

Note: to put away more confidently only for Slavic, but probably the basis for the

widespread extension delegh-3iU6 (d)longho-{see finally Persson Beitr. 889, 903 Anm. 1)

Material: Perhaps here Old Norse /5//77a 'hinder'. Middle Low German talmen '\o\ter, be

slow in talking and at work, stupid talk', Norwegian Dialectal Ma 'hesitate, wait, hold on',

/^/e 'rogue, fool ' (Persson Beitr. 889);

Old Church S\a\/'\c pro-cfb//t/"[ir\KO\/a\\ russ. c///tb' protract, hesitate', dlinai. 'length',
Czech diei. "length', 07/// "hesitate', etc (Berneker 252); perhaps vi> dalj§^ far, aloof
(Meillet MSL.14, 373; Berneker 177 besides other supplements).

delegh-, djjgho-:

zero grade Old Indie dTrgha- = Avestan daraga-, daraya-. Old pers. o'5/ig5-"long', zero
grade compounds Superl. draghJyas-, draghistha- " longer, for a long time ', Avestan drajyo
Adv. "further', drajistam Mn . " longest', npers. oV/az (actually comparative) "long'. Old
Indie draghiman-, draghman-vn. "length, duration', Avestan drajdv\. "stretch, length';

gr. £v5£A£xn<; "continuous, persistent, enduring' ("*drag out'), evSeAexsw " continue ',
SoAixoq "long' (to is. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 278, different Specht Dekl. 126), 56Aixo(; "the long
racecourse ';

about alb. g/ateeic see below;

Note:

Clearly alb. {* da-lu-ga-as-ti) g/atelong' derived from Hittite da-lu-ga-as-ti {dalugasti) n.
"length': Old Church Slavic oyb^o/a" length' (= Old Indie dTrghata): proto Slavic. *dlgostb,
poln. diugosc etc ds.

Alb. and Baltic forms agree in dropping the initial d- > zero, which means that Baltic
cognates originated from proto lllyrian:

Alb. {* da-lu-ga-as-tl) g/ate'\ong, tall, high': Lithuanian I/gas, f. /7ga, Latvian /Igs, Old
Prussian /7ga and ilgikdv. "long'; alb. is the only IE lang. where {* da-lu-ga-as-ti) g/ate'\ong'
means also "tall, high' hence the name Alba Longa capital of Etruscan settlers is an alb.
concept of building fortresses on hilltops of future Rome.

Latin presumably indulged^ to be forbearing, patient, indulgent; to give oneself up to,
indulge in; grant, allow, concede' (: £v5£A£xn<;, basic meaning then "be patient to
somebody compared with, hold on patiently') from * en-dolgh-ejo.

Maybe alb. {^ en-dolgh-ejo) Geg. ndigjoj, Tosc degjoj^ listen, hear, be submissive ', gjegj^
answer', Tosc ndelej, ndejej, ndjej^ feel', ndiej^ feel, hear'.

cymr. dal, dala, daly^\\o\d, stop', bret. dalc'h^ possession ', derc'he/ 'ho\d, stop' (/"diss,
from / compare participle dalc'het) presumably with the meaning-development as Modern

High German " after which last ' to "long' (basic form *del(9)gh-, Zupitza BB. 25, 90 f.,
Pedersen KG. 152, 106);

Maybe nasalized alb. ndar\\o\A, stop' : cymr. dal, dala, o'a/y'hold, stop'.

Gothic /i//g^5 "tight, firm, steadfast' C*long, persistent, enduring '), Old Saxon tulgo My.
"very'. Old English tulge, compounds /y/g" better, rather', Superl. tylgest^besX;

Baltic with unexplained d-\oss (see below): Lithuanian ilgas, f. ilga, Latvian Ugs, Old
Prussian //gaand ilgiMv. "long';

Old Church Slavic dli^g-b, serb. dug. Old Czech diuhy, russ. o'd/^y"long' (= Old Indie
dTrgha-), in addition serb. duzi. "length'; Old Church Slavic o/b^o/a "length' (= Old Indie
dTrghata); proto Slavic. *dlgostb, poln. diugosceic ds.;

Hittite Nom. PI. da-lu-ga-e-es {dalugaes) "long', da-lu-ga-as-ti {dalugasti) n. "length'.

/d/longho-s:

a) Middle Persian drang, npers. d/ranglong' (but alb. g/ate, gjate, 5/a/"long' at first from
*dlagh-t-);

b) Latin /onguslong; spacious; of time, long, of long duration; esp. too long, tedious; of
persons, prolix, tedious', Gothic /aggs, Old English Old High German Modern High
German /ang{0\6 High German /angen ^become long, seem long, long, want', etc); but
Old Irish etc /ong's\r\\p' seems to be borrowed from Latin {navis) longa; nevertheless,
because of second meaning "vessel' and Middle Irish coblach^i\ee\! {*kom-uo-log- or *-lug-
) though Loth (RC. 43, 133 f.) holds that word for genuine Celtic; compare also abrit. FIN
Aoyyoc; (Ptol.) and gall. VN AOrrO-ZTAAHTEZ (Aude); aniaut. dl- remains preserved
otherwise Celtic. In the group b) would display an already common West Indo Germanic
simplification, might be connected with the o'-loss of Baltic ilgas . compare also Specht
Dekl. 126.

Maybe Alba Longa (Rome) capital of lllyrian - Etrus. : lllyrian AlbanollH

References: WP. I 812 f., WH. I 694 f., 820 f., Trautmann 55, Pedersen Hittite 34 f.
Page(s): 196-197

Root / lemma: demel-
Meaning: worm

Material: Epidaur. 5£p£A£a(;f. Akk. PI., 5£MpA£T(; p5£AAai Hes.;

perhaps alb. dhemje 'caterp\\\ar, inchworm' (could stand for *dhem//e), dhemfze,
dhimfze^ meat maggot '.

References: WP. I 790.
Page(s): 201

Root / lemma: {dema^, doma-, doiria-

Meaning: to tame

Material: Old Indie damyati^ is tamed; tamed ' {*dm-ietl), damta-^ tamed ' {*dm-t6s)\ Kaus.

o'5/775y5// "tames, overmasters ' {*domeJd), participle damita-; dam/tar- ^ tamer'; dam/tva'

taming ', damayat/" tames' {*doma-jo= Latin domd); dama-h' domesticating ', dama-h'

taming ';

osset. domun^ tame', npers. o'a/T? "domesticated animal'; after Pisani Crest. Indeur.2 113
here (as *drn-so-s) o'asa-/? "fiend, non-Aryan ', actually "slave', but because of the
incredible stem formation;

gr. SapvaiJi, Ionian -r||Ji, Aor. £-5apa(a)aa (for *£-5£Maaa) "tame', various secondary
reshaped, as Sapvau) etc, navSapaTwp " the all-subduer, all-tamer ', Doric SpaToc; "tamed'
{*dm-t6s), hom. a5fjr|T0c; and aSpnc;, -htoc; " untamed, unrestrained, unwed, unmarried ',
Ionian Perf. 5£5pr|MC('. SpnTHP "tamer', Spnaiq " taming, domestication';

forms with root vowel care missing in Gr.;

Latin domd {* doma-Jo = damayati), domas {* doma-si = Old High German zamos) " to
domesticate, tame, break, subdue, master ', Perf. domuFiirom *doma-uai), participle
o'c»/77//i/s (reshaped after domuFand domitorirom *dmatos, Indo Germanic *dm-to-s),
dom/tor^ tamer' (= Old Indie dam/tar-); domitus, -usm. "taming' (compare Old Indie
damitva);

Old Irish damna/m'b\r\6 (tight, firm), tame (horses)', Verbalnom. damnad and domnad
(probably = gr.5aiJvr||Ji); phonetic mixture with damna/m irom Latin damno, also the
unruled mhas probably arisen from participle dammaintr. Old Irish dam- " acquiesce,
endure, grant' (e.g. daimid' admitted to' probably = Old Indie damyati, composes n'hdaim
"not enduring, not suffering'; Perf. damairirom lengthened grade *ddm-), with ad- "admit'
(e.g. 3. PL ataimet}, with fo- "endure' (e.g. 1. Sg. fo-daimim), cymr. addef, bret. ansav
"admit', acymr. ni cein guodeimisauchQ>\. "have not endured well', ncymr. ^oc/c/e/" suffer.

endure, allow', corn, gothafbear, endure', bret. gouzanv, gouzavus. (but cymr. dof/
"tame', acymr. dometic^ domesticated ', ar-domaur docile ', cymr. dof, bret. o'c^'tame,
domesticated' stems from Latin domare, so that native forms with o\Nere absent in Celtic);

Gothic ga-tamjan. Old Norse temja. Old English temian. Middle Low German temmen.
Old High German zemmen'tame' (Kaus. *domeJd= Old Indie damayati); Old High German
zamon ds. (= Latin doma-re). Old Norse tamr. Old English tarn. Old High German zam^
domesticated, tamed, subdued, mastered ' (unclear, whether back-formation from verb, or
if the pass, meaning has arisen from 'domestication = the tamed', so that in historic
connection with Old Indie dama-h^ taming ').

Because of Old Indie damya-'to tame' and "young bull, which still should be tamed ' and
because of gr. 5apaAr|<; on the one hand ' overmastering, taming' ( "Epux;, Anakreon), on
the other hand 'young (still to be tamed) bull', wherefore SapaAn 'young cow', SapaAK;
'ds.'; also 'young girl', 5aMaAo(; 'calf, is probably alb. dente, dhente, Geg dhent^ smaW
cattle, sheep and goats, sheep' {* dem-ta or * dem-to-s, respectively *o'o/7>/5, -to-s), dem^
bovine animal, cattle, young bull' (= Old Indie damya-), as well as also gall. GN Damonat
and Old Irish dam 'ox' {*damos), dam a//a/d^6eer' ('*wild ox'), as well as cymr. dafad,
acorn, dauat, bret. 0^5/71/5/ 'sheep (then = gr. a-5a|jaToc;) to add (originally appellation of
domesticated bovine animal); Latin damma or dama\s probably borrowed from Celtic or
from elsewhere; unclear is Old English dai. 'roe deer' (out of it acorn, da' a fallow-deer,
chamois, antelope '), engl. doe, Alemannian teds., compare Holthausen Altengl. etym.
Wb. 68; from Old French o^a/zr? 'fallow-deer' derives bret. dem ds.; Germanic additional
forms s. by Falk-Torp under daadyrm. Lithuanian; corresponding to niederosterr. zamer,
zamer/young ox' (Much ZfdA.42, 167; proto Germanic *aor *o?).

Hittite da-ma-as-zi' thronged ', preterit 3. PI. ta-ma-as-sir, Pedersen Hittite 95 f.

TayD^nos^ognaie^lenveenforTWOTm/^Tn^n^

References: WP. 1 788 f., WH I 367 f., 861, Meillet BSL. 33, 110.
Page(s): 199-200

Root / lemma: dem-, dema-

Meaning: to build; house

Material: Gr. Sspu) 'build', from the heavy basis participle Perf. Pass. 5£5pr|M£voq, Doric

(Pindar) vEoSparoi; ' newly built',

5£pa(; n. ' physique, shape' (\^zoob^r\, Attic inschr. -pvr| ' spanning crossbeams in the

middle of the building ', yet n [a] could also be suffix).

The meaning " settle, fit' in Gotliic ga-timan, Old Saxon teman, Old High German zeman
"suit, fit', wherefore lengthened grade Goth\c ga-tem/Pa Adv. " befitting ', Middle Low
German be-tame' fitting'. Old High German g/-zam/^ proper' and abstract zero grades Old
High German zumft. Middle High German zumft, zunfV propriety, rule, association, guild '
{*drn-ti-) = Middle Irish det' disposition, temperament ' (Old Irish det/ae^bo\6, daring'),
mcymr. danf temperament, character' (mostly Plur. de/nt), basic form *dm-to-. Loth RC
46, 252 f. compare mcymr. cynnefin^ trustful ' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), ( *kom-
dam-Tno-).

rostem Old Icelandic ///77it>/'" timber'. Old Saxon timbar. Old English timber^ Wrwber,
edifice, building, building'. Old High German z/mbar't\rr\ber, building, dwelling, chamber',
whereof Gothic t/mrjan 'buM', Old Norse timbra. Old High German z/mberen ar\d zimbaron
" build, do carpentry, do woodwork '.

root nouns dem-, dom-, dm-, dm- house'.

Old \r\6\c patir dan ^ householder', Avestan d§ng patois' master of (*lord of the house)'
with Gen. *dem-s, as also gr. 5£a-n6Tr|<; 'master, mister' (see Risch IF. 59, 12, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 547 f.). Old Indie dam-pa ff-hlor6, master' (new shifting together from *dan pat/-
[= Avestan dang pati-], less probably with Lok. Aryan * dam as 'master in the house');

Avestan Lok. d^m, dqm/"\r\ the house', Lok. PI. dahv-a, Nom. -dairom proto Aryan *-
das\r\ usi-5a r\arwe of a mountain range ('having one's house by the aurora '), wherefore
probably Avestan ha-damoi'Lok. 'in the same house';

Armenian tunHorw. Akk. 'house' {*ddm), Instr. tamb{*dm-bhi), whereupon Gen. Dat.
tan,

gr. £v-5ov Lok., originally 'inside in house' (also reshaped to £v5o-9i, -0£v, £v5oi),
perhaps also 5(1) {*d^m]) as Nom. Akk. Sg. n. or Lok.; 5(I)pa, 5(ji)ijaT0(; originally Akk.
Sg.mask. *ddm-m\N\tb structure in Neutr. after arpajpa ; derivative Apia, Mvia, Aapia
('mistress of the house');

as 1 . composition part in 5a|j-ap 'wife' ( *d9m-rf' governing of the house '), 5aTT£5ov ' floor
(originally of the house)' from * dm-pedom (^an£5ov out of it after the concurrent of 5a- and
^a- as intensive prefix; so perhaps also Ionian ^aKopo(; ' temple male servant, temple
female servant' for *5a-Kopoq) = Swedish tomt, Old Icelandic /O/O/ 'place for edifice,
building' in Norwegian Mdarten 'loam' (Germanic *tum-fetiz, Indo Germanic *drn-ped-).

compare also Lithuanian dim-stis' courtyard, property; courtyard ' (2. part *sto-s\.o *sta-
■stand").

o-stem domo-s:0\A Indie dama-h ^house, dwelling ', gr. 56|Joq "house' (5o[jr| "t£Txo(;
etc? Hes), oiKO-56po(; (*-5o|j6(;) " builder ', Latin Lok. domVio a house' (= Old Indie dame
'in a house, to a house'), dom/nus^ master, mister' from * domo-no-s.

usiem ato/77^-s(Brugmann Grdr. I|2 1, 180 presumes an adv. Lok. *domuas originator):
Latin domus, -usi. 'a house, dwelling-house, building, mansion, palace' (out of it is Middle
Irish dom-, dam-liacc^ sioue house', aur-dam " pronaos (the space in front of the body of a
temple, enclosed by a portico and projecting side- walls) ' undertaken with the thing
together);

Old Church Slavic dom-b m. "house', russ. doma 'at house' {*domd[u])\ *domovb: 0\6
Russian 0^/7701/6 "after the house'; presumedly also through Old Indie damu-nas-
"housemate' and Armenian /5/7^-/e/'"householder';

Maybe alb. dhoma ' room' : Old Indie o''a/77a-/7 "house'.

a stem *dmdu- in Ionian b\\biQ„ Gen. 5|joo6(; " prisoner of war, farm laborer', Spcon "
bondmaid ', Cretan [jvcoa f. "people in slavery, population in serfdom ';

Aryan *dm-ana- in Avestan damana-, nmana-n. "house', also Old Indie mana-h'e6\i'\ce,
building, dwelling';

Lithuanian namas, PI. /7a/77arhouse, dwelling' is dissimilated from *damas, in
compounds as namu-darys' homemaker ', s. WH. I 861.

Note:

It is a common trait of alb. and Lithuanian to drop the initial da- as in Root/ lemma: del-5\
"long': Baltic with unexplained o'loss (see below): Lithuanian ilgas, f. ilga, Latvian ilgs. Old
Prussian //gaand ilgiMy. "long'; alb. ^/a/e'long' Baltic and Albanian languages often drop
the initial da- > zero. This is a common Baltic-alb.. Hence Lithuanian /7a'/77as derived from a
nasalized form *ndamas.

Old Irish damnae' ma{ena\\ cymr. defnydd. Middle Breton daffnez co\}\6 have originally
signified "timber'.

Tocharian B tern-, A tarn-, AB tarn- "create, beget, be born ' and B tsam-, AB tsam-, A
sam-, sam-, perhaps after Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 2V here;

in addition also B c(o)mel, A cmol {*cmelu) "birtli', Van Windekens Lexique 51.

An old branching of the root is 0^/773- "tame', originally probably "tie up in the house,
domesticate'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dem-, derna-: "to build; house' derived from Root/ lemma: ghei-2. ghi-:

ghei-men-, *gheimn-\ "winter; snow'. But the gh>dhas been recorded in lllyrian alb.

alone. This makes proto lllyrian the oldest IE branch.

References: WP. I 786 ff.; WH. I 367, 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 480, 524, 547 f., 625,

Trautmann 44.

Page(s): 198-199

Root / lemma: denR-

Meaning: to bite

Note:

Root/ lemma: denR-\ "to bite' derived from lllyrian derivative of Root/ lemma: gerrio'^-,

gnp^-\ "to bite; tooth' common lllyrian g- > d-.

Material: Old Indie dasati^ bites' {*dnketi), Perf. o'ao'5/77S5 (thereafter also a present
damsati), Kaus. damsayate ^xx\akes bite ', damsa-h'b'\\.e, gadfly, brake',
damsana-m'the bitting ', damstra-h, damstra^ sharp tooth, fang' = Avestan tizi-dqstra-
"with sharp teeth, toothed ' (for -dqstra-s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 653);

gr. 5aKV(jo "bite' {*dnR-nd), Aor. eSqkov (= Impf. Old Indie adasam), wherefore Put.
5n^0[jai (but Ionian 5a^£Tai), Perf. 5£5r|Y|Jai, 5£5rixw<; (as well as Snypa "bite') with ablaut
neologism (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 770); Sokstov, to SoKoq " biting animal'; in addition probably
656^ "with biting teeth ', perhaps originally "tooth' or "bite' (Liddell-Scott, different Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 620, 723), probably hybridization of *5a^ "biting' with 65ou(;, therefrom derived
65a^u) (aSa^u) with Assimil. of o in a), a5ax£W etc "scratch, itch', aSaypoc; " the scratch ';

alb. Geg dane{*donR-na), Tosc o'a/'e "pliers';

Old High German za/7^a/'" biting, sharp'. Middle Low German tanger^As., vicious,
strong, fresh'; Old Norse tgng{Qev\. tengr and tangar). Old English tang, tange. Old High
German z5/7^5 "pliers' ( *donRa), i.e. "the clenching of the teeth '; with further shifting to "to
press (lips) together', probably Old Saxon b/teng/" rc\ov'\ng close to, oppressive'. Old
English getang ds., getenge^ near to, close to, oppressive, thronging, pressing ', Old High
German gizengi' passing by, moving nearby'. Adv. gizango, wherefore Old Norse tengja

{*tangjan) "join", Old English tengan ^assa\\, urge, press, push, aspire to move forward',
getengan ' make adhere, be obedient ' (Old English /nt/ngam. "weary, weak', sam-tinges
"at once', getingan, stem V., "press in' after Pick 111^ 152 neologism?);

besides in gramm. variation Germanic */a/7/7^- "adjoining tightly, appendant, tough' in Old
English /d/?" tough '; Middle Low German /a" abiding, tough ', Old High German zahi.
Modern High German zah; Old Norse tav\. "stamped place before the house' (Finnish
loanword tanhua ^corra\, pen, fold');

perhaps originally different from the root *dek- "tear', although *clenR- perhaps as
nasalized form to *dekav\6 "bite' could be understood as "tear with the teeth'.

References: WP. I 790 f.
Page(s): 201

Root / lemma: dens-1

Meaning: talent, force of mind; to learn

Material: densosn:. Old Indie daifisas- n. "powerful wonder, wise feat' = Avestan darjhah-^

dexterity, adroitness ' (in addition Old Indie darhsu- " powerful wonder ', dam- " very

powerful wonder ' = Avestan dqhista- "very wise, the wisest '); Old Indie purudarhsas-^ \\c\\

in miracles' (= gr. noAuSnvsa noAupouAov "much-counselling' Hes), damsana-m, damsana

"magic power, witchcraft '; in gr. after zero grade forms with*5a[a]- = *dns- to *5avaoc;

unvocalized: hom. 5nv£a N. PI. " pieces of advice ', Sg. bi]voq by Hesych, (Doric) abavtq (-

a) anpov6r|TOv Hes. = (Ionian) a5r|vn(; aKaKO(;, Adv. a5r|V£(jO(; Chios.

<//7S-/'d-5 "sensible, very wise': Old Indie dasra-^ miraculous ' = Avestan darjra-^sVMvX;
doubtful gr. 5a£ipa epithet of Persephone, perhaps " the knowing or the power of wonder ';
5a'i'(ppu)v " wise ' to hold as *5a[a]i-(ppwv to Old Indie das-ra-as Ku5i-av£ipa to K05-p6-(;, if
it not originally if it has not signified originally only "the sense of direction during the fight'
(compare 5ai-KTa[j£voc; " slain in battle ', £v 5ai: "in the battle'; s. finally Beehtel Lexil. 92)
and only, after this the meaning was forgotten, the ambiguous connection came through in
5ar|vai, see below, to come into usage in sense of "wise'.

dns-mo-: 0\6 Indie dasma- " power of wonder (from Gods)' = Avestan dahma- " expert,
inaugurated in religious questions '.

Maybe alb. o'as/77a "wedding, ceremony (religious rite?)'

Verbal forms: partly reduplicated "handle knowledge, instruct, teach':

Avestan dTdaiijhe^ I am instructed ' (in addition zero grade d^stvai. " apprenticeship,
doctrine, dogma');

perhaps gr. 5£5a£ Aor. "taught", Aor. Pass. 5af|vai, 5ar|pi£vai "learn', participle Perf.
5£5a(ji)(; "erudite, expert, skillful', 5£5aaa9ai tt 316 " examine, question ', a5an(; (Soph.)
"ignorant, wherein inexperienced '; in addition Sanpojv (Hom.) "sensible, wise', a5anfju)v
"ignorant, wherein inexperienced ', 5anp£vai £ijn£ipoi yoyd\KZC, Hes. By Archilochos frg. 3,
4 is unclear 5ai|JU)v (?) " skillful, experienced '.

Debrunner Mel. Boisacq 1, 251 ff. has shown that 5i5aaKU) "instruct, teach' belongs to
5£5a£ and not to Latin d/sco'to learn, learn to know, acquire, become acquainted with'
(see above under de/<-). The fact that also 5a- (as *dns-) is to be put to ours root, can be
explained best of all by the fact that one accepts, from SiSaoKU) (*5i-5aa-aKU)) has been
abstracted an erroneous root *5a- (M. Scheller briefl.);

compare finally Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307 and see below dens-2.

References: WP. I 793.
Page(s): 201-202

Root / lemma: dens-2
Meaning: dense

Material: Gr. baadq, "dense' : Latin densus ds.; the direct derivation from *dnsus does not
contradict the explanation of *5au) from *dnsd{see above under dens-1)\ indeed from W.
Schuize (Kl. Schr. 1 16 f.) the stated examples of -a- from Indo Germanic -ns- are
absolutely not proving. On the other hand bauKbo, "cover with dense vegetation' could go
back to 5a-uA6(; (: uAri), but SaoKov 5aau etc would barely be formed by abstraction to 56-
GKioc; " (*densely) shady ' (*5ia-GKiO(;). Meillet MSL. 22, 63 will define a in 5aau(; as
expressive gemination aa (?) common gr.-lllyrian -ks- > -ss-. About phok. PN AauAi(; s.
WH. I 468.

About alb. dent, dend' make dense', etc see below d^en-3. common alb. n > nd.

Latin densed, -ere (Perf. densTov\\)j by Charisius Gr.-Latin I 262, 4) " to make thick,
condense, press together ', denominative of densus "dense' ( *densos or *dnsos, event.
*densuos).

Hittite dassus {Dat Sg. ta-as-su-u-i) "strong (*thick)'.

References: WP. I 793 f., WH. I 341 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 307.

Page(s): 202-203

Root / lemma: deph-

Meaning: to stamp, push

Material: Armenian top'el{-em, -eci) "hit"; gr. Sscpu) "knead, drum; tumble ', argiv.

5£cpi5aaTai 'fuller', with s-extension 5£4ju) (Aor. participle 5£itjr|aa(;) "knead; tan, convert

hide into leather' (out of it Latin depso'to knead'), 5£ijja "tanned skin'; 5i(p9£pa "leather'

(*5iitJT£pa); Serb, depfm, dep/'t/" bump, poke, hit', poln. deptac' tread'.

maybe alb. debq/^drwe away'

Note:

It seems that Root/ lemma: deph-\ "to stamp, push' derived from Root/ lemma: d^ab^^-/,

nasalized d^amb(h)- : "to astonish, be speechless'

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 342, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 298, 351.

Page(s): 203

Root / lemma: deic!^-

Meaning: to wind, put together, *scratch, scrape, rub

Material: Old Indie drbhat/ ^\o'\r\ed, patched together, winded ', participle sandrbdha-^ group

of shrubs planted together', drbdhf-t " convolution, concatenation, daisy chain ', Avestan

daraw5a-r\. "bundle of muscles' PI. "flesh (of muscles) ', Old Indie darbha-rr\. " hassock,

clump of grass, grass', darbhana- n. "netting';

Maybe truncated alb. o'/'eo'/7a "convolution', dredh^Q,ur\ : Old Indie drbdhf-t "convolution',

Avestan d9raw5a-r\. "bundle of muscles ' PI. "flesh (of muscles)'.

Armenian torn^aypmoy, funiculus, a noose, halter, snare, trap' (*o'c»/bh-/7-);

gr. 5apTTr| "basket' is contaminated from *5ap(pr| and Tapnr) ds. (GiJntert IF. 45, 347);

Old English tearflian {* tarbalon) " roll oneself. Old High German zerben, preter\t zarpta
refl. " turn, turn round '; e-grade Middle High German zirben sdcm . V. " turn in circles,
whirl'. Modern High German Dialectal Swiss zirbein ds.. Modern High German Zirbeldruse,
Zirbelwind {probab\y also ZirbeF pineal ', see below deru-), zero grade Old English torfian
"throw, lapidate' (compare drehen .engl. tbroi/i), as Old Norse ///:'& "cover with turf'. Old
Norse torfr\. "turf', torfat " peat clod ', Old English turft "turf, lawn'. Old High German
zurba, zurfi. "lawn' (Modern High German Torfirorw Ndd.); Old English ge-tyrfan\o strike,
afflict';

maybe alb. diminutive {*turfel) turfulloj^ sr\or{, blow' : Old English ge-tyrfan\o strike, afflict'.

wruss. dorob' basket, carton, box ', russ. old u-dorobbi. "pot, pan', dial. 'u-doroba^\o\N
pot, pan'("*wickerwork pot coated with loam '), wruss. dorob'ic^ crook, bend'; zero grade
*dbrba\n russ. derba^Ro6e\an6, Neubruch', derbovatb " clean from the moss, from the
lawn; uproot the growing', ofe/'Mi. "pluck, tear, rend', serb. drbacat/" scrape, scratch',
Czech drbamar\6 drbu, drbat/^ scratch, scrape, rub; thrash', with lengthened grade russ.
derebitb "pluck, rend' (perhaps hat sich in latter family a b^-extension from flfer-"flay',
Slavic o'e/ipo'i./'a//eingemischt). S. Berneker211, 254 with Lithuanian

References: WP. I 808.
Page(s): 211-212

Root / lemma: der(ep)-

Meaning: to see, *mirror

Note:

The Root/ lemma: der(ep)-\ "to see, *mirror' derived from Root/ lemma: deii(-\ "to look'.

Material: Old Indie darpana-rx\. "mirror'; gr. Spwna^siv, Spcbnisiv "see' (with lengthened

grade 2. syllable??).

References: WP. I 803; to forms -ep- compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 60 f.

See also: compare also 5pau) "sehe' and dei^-see'.

Page(s):212

Root / lemma: dera-, dra-

Meaning: to work

Material: Gr. 5pau) (*5paiu)) "make, do', Konj. 5p(I), Aeolic 3. PI. 5paiai, Aor. Attic sSpaaa,

hom. Spnorrip "worker, servant', Spaija "action', 5pavo(; spyov, npa^K; . . . 5uvapii(; Hes.,

aSpavrjc; "inactive, ineffective, weak';

Maybe alb. nasalized form nder{*der-) "hang loose';

hom. oAiyoSpavsojv "make only less powerful, fainting, unconscious'; hom. and Ionian (see

Bechtel Lexil. 104) 5paivu) "do';

Lithuanian dar{i)a~u, daryti, Latvian darft^6o, make'; in spite of MiJhlenbach-Endzelin s.
V. dar?tr\otto Lithuanian dereti^ be usable', Latvian deref arrange, employ, engage' etc,
because the meaning deviates too strongly.

References: WP. I 803, Specht KZ. 62, 110, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 675^, 694.
Page(s):212

Root / lemma: dergh-

Meaning: to grasp

Material: Armenian trcak^ brushwood bundle ' (probably from *turc-ak, *turc- kom *c/orgh-

SO-, Petersson KZ. 47, 265);

gr. 5paaao|jai, Attic 5paTTopai ' grasp ', 5paY5r|v ' griping ', 5paYMa ' handful, fascicle,
sheaf, 5paY|J£uu) ' bind sheaves ', SpaxMH, Arcadian el. 5pax|Ja, gortyn. 5apKva (i.e.
Sapxva; s. also Boisacq 109) ' drachma ' ('*handful of metal sticks, opoAoi'), 5pa^, -Kogf.
"hand", PI. 5apK£c; Ssapai Hes.;

Middle Irish dremm, nir. oVea/r? 'troop, multitude, crowd, dividing of people' {*drgh-smo-),
bret. o''/'a/77/77 'bundle, fascicle, sheaf (false back-formation to PI. dremmen);

Old High German za/ya'side edging a room, edge'. Old Norse targai. 'shield'. Old
English targei. (nord. loanword) 'small shield' (actually ' shield brim '), elsass. (see
Sutterlin IF. 29, 126) (kas-)zorg m. 'vessel, paten on three low feet ' (= gr. 5pax-);

References: WP. I 807 f.
Page(s): 212-213

Root / lemma: deiic-

Meaning: to look

Note: punctual, wherefore in Old Indie and intrinsic in Irish linked suppletively with a

cursive present other root

Root / lemma: deii(- : to look derived from Root / lemma: gher-3 und ghere-, ghre- : to

shine, shimmer + zero grade of Root/ lemma: ok"-: to see; eye

Material: Old Indie [present is pasyat/] Perf. dadarsa^have seen', Aor. adarsat, adraksTt

{adrak), participle drsta-, kaus. darsayati^xx\ake see'; Avestan daras-^ behold ', Perf.

dadarasa, participle darasta-. Old Indie dfs-i. 'sight', ahardrs-^ looking day ', upa-dfs-i.

'sight', drst/'-t 'sight', Avestan aibTdarasti- 6s. (Gen. Sg. darstois). Old Indie darsata-

'visible, respectable ', Avestan darasa-m. 'sight, gaze, look';

common Old Indie gh- > ks-

gr. SspKopai ' look, keep the eyes open, be alive', 5£5opKa, sSpoKov, bt^%\Q, 'vision'
(with a changed lengthened grade compared with Old Indie drsti-), 5£py|ja 'sight', 5£pYp6(;
'look, gaze', 5ua-5£pK£TO(; 'heavy to behold' (= Old Indie dargata-), un65pa Adv. 'one
looking up from below' (*-5paK = Old Indie drg-, or from *-5paK-T), SpoKOc; n. 'eye', 5paKU)v,
-ovTO(; 'dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look), fem. 5paKaiva;

alb. o'/vM 'light' (*£yM--/a);

Note:

Maybe alb. darke'supper, evening meal, evening' : o'/'e/re'dinner meal, midday' : Old Irish
an-dracht' loathsome, dark'.

after Bonfante (RIGI. 19, 174) here Umbrian terkantur' seen, discerned, perceived '
(that is to say ' shall be seen, discerned, perceived ');

Old Irish [present ad-cTu] ad-con-darc'\r\ave seen' (etc, s. Pedersen KG. II 487 f.;
present adrodarcar^ can be seen'), derc^eye', a/A-oV/r" illustrious', bret. ofe/r'/7 "sight', abret.
e/r/e/r'evidentis', zero grade Irish drechi. {*drka) "face', cymr. drychm. {*drksos) "sight,
mirror', cymr. drem, trem, bret. dremmlace' {*drk-sma). Old Irish an-drachV loathsome,
dark' {an- neg. + *drecht= alb. drite);

Gothic ga-tarhjan " make distinct ' (= Old Indie darsayati); Germanic *tor^a- "sight' (==
Old Indie drs^ in Norwegian PN Target, Torghatten e\.c, Indo Germanic to- suffix in
Germanic *turhta- : Old English torht. Old Saxon toroht. Old High German zoraht, newer
zo///"bright, distinct'.

References: WP. I 806 f.

See also: Perhaps with derfepj- {above S. 212) remote, distant related.

Page(s):213

Root / lemma: der-1{\ dor-, deT-) or dor-: dar-

Meaning: hand span, *hands

Material: Gr. 5ajpov "palm, span of the hand' (measurement of length), 6p665(jopov " the

distance from the wrist to the fingertip ', hom. £KKai5£Ka5u)poq "16 spans long ', zero grade

Arcadian Akk. 5apiv aniGapnv Hes. (lak. 5ap£ip Hes. is false spelling for 5api(;, Schwyzer

Gr. Gr. I 506);

alb. {*duor-) o'c>/'e"hand' from *ddrom{U. La Plana IF. 58, 98); [conservative stem of
plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Phonetic mutations: alb. {*duor-) o'o/'e'hand' : gr. 5(I)pov "palm, span of the hand' : Latvian
{*duor-)dure, duris "fist'; proto lllyrian alb. duo- > do- , gr. duo- > do-, Latvian duo- > du-.

Note:

Clearly Root/ lemma: der-1{. dor-, deT-) or dor-, dor-: "hand span' derived through Root/
lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr-: hand'; Root/ lemma: ghesto-2\ "hand, arm' through lllyrian

intermediary. The plionetic sliift kh > t, gh > cl\s a unique alb.. Hence alb. o'o/'e'hancl'
derived from truncated ghesor. The source of Root / lemma: der-1 {. dor-, der-) or dor-:
dor-: "hand span' is of lllyrian origin and then it spread to other languages.
That means Homeric Iliad is a translation of lllyrian Iliad. The Greek translation left many
lllyrian cognates of the lllyrian Iliad unchanged. There is no doubt that gr. 5u)pov "hand
span' is a suffixed lllyrian o'c»/'a"hand' consequently Iliad was brought to Balkan languages
by lllyrians.

Old Icelandic tarra^ outspread ', terra (is.

Also Armenian dzerk " hand '.

Only under a beginning duer- : dur- or duor-: duar : dur- to justify major key-phonetical
comparison with Celtic dur-no-\n Old Irish dornl\st, hand', cymr. dwrn^\r\an6', dyrnod
(mcymr. dyrnawt} "slap in the face, box on the ear', dyrnaid {xucyxur . dyrneit) " handful ',
bret. o'o/77"hand', dournek^ who has big hands '; however, these words also stand off in
the coloring of meaning "pursed, clenched hand, fist, fisticuff, punch' so far from gr. that
they do not demand an association with them.

On the other hand for Celtic *durno-o'r\e considers relationship with Latvian dure, dun's
"fist'; this is to Latvian duru, duru, durt'puck, bump, poke' to put (compare pugnus :
pungd); if so also Celtic o'^/'-/70-? compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 529 and see below der-
4.

Note:

From alb. Geg {*dudi), o'o/'ehand, {*duai), duerP\. "hands' it seems that the oldest root
was alb. PI. {*du9/), duerP\. "hands' [conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic
trait)]. Hence the original of proto lllyrian - gr. idea was Root/ lemma: dud(u)\ "two'
meaning two hands. That means both Root/ lemma: der-1 {. dor-, der-) or dor-, dor-:
"hand span, hands' and Root/ lemma: dud(u)\ "two, *two hands' derived from older
Anatolian languages Root/ lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr-: "hand' because of the common alb.
gh- > d-.

References: WP. I 794 f.
Page(s): 203

Root /lemma: {der-2), redupl. der-der-, dfdoT-, broken redupl. dor-d-, df-d-
Meaning: to murmur, to chat (expr.)

Material: Old Indie dardura-h^iro<^, flute'; Old Irish deirdrethar'ra(^e6\ PN Deirdriui. {*der-

der-id)\ Bulgarian o'b/icyd/b 'babble; grumble', serb. drdljati^cha\.\.er\ sloven, drdrat/ ^c\atter,

burr ';

Maybe alb. derde/Z/t' chatter, prattle' a Slavic loanword.

Maybe Dardanoi {* dardant} lllyrian TN : gr. 5ap5a peAiaaa Hes : Lithuanian dardeti,

Latvian dardet, dardet^ creak' probably "talk indistinctly '; common lllyrian alb. n > nt > t.

with fractured reduplication: gr. 5ap5a \\tK\aaa Hes., Irish dord^ bass ', fo-dord^ growl,
bass ', a/7-o'c»/'o' "clear voice' ("not-bass '), cymr. dwrdd^6\r\, fuss, noise' (cymr. twrdd^6\r\,
fuss, noise' /- has taken over from twrf6s.). Old Irish dorda/d' be\\o\N, roar' (from deer);
Lithuanian dardeti, Latvian dardet, dardet^ creak'; Tocharian A tsart- "wail, weep, cry'
(Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 19), with secondary palatalization sert- {Van Windekens
Lexique 145).

References: WP. I 795, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 447.

See also: The Celtic, tochar. and Balto-Slavic words could also belong to d'^er-S.

Page(s): 203-204

Root / lemma: {der-3), dra-, dreb- drem-, dreu-
Meaning: to run
Material: dra-

Old Indie drati^ runs, hurries ', Intens. daridratT wanders around, is poor ', dari-dra-^
wandering, beggarly ';

gr. ano-5i5paaKU) " run away ', Put. 5paao|jai, Aor. sSpav; 5paafj6(;, Ionian 5pr|a|j6(;
"escape', a5pC(aT0(; "striving not to escape', 5pc(n£Tr|<; " fugitive ', SpansTSuu) " run away,
splits, separates from' (compare to -n- Old Indie Kaus. drapayati^ brings to run ', Aor.
ao'/ioV-ayoa/ [uncovered] "runs');

Old High German zittarom {*di-dra-mi) "tremble (*ready to flee)'. Old Icelandic titra
"tremble, wink' (originally perhaps " walk on tiptoe; trip, wriggle restlessly ');

perhaps here Slavic *dropy^ bustard ' (Machek ZslPh. 17, 260), poln. Czech drop, older
drop{i)a etc, out of it Middle High German trap(pe), trapgans.

dreb-:

Lithuanian drebu, -e// "tremble, quiver';

poln. (etc) drabina'\a66ef;

Old English treppan {* trapjan) "tread', Middle Low German Dutch frappen ' stomp' , ndd.
trippen. Modern High German (Low German) trappe/n, trippein. Middle High German (Low
German) treppe, trappei.. Modern High German Treppe, Old English traeppei. 'trap',
Modern High German Trappei, East Frisian trappe, trap'trap, splint, staircase, stairs ';

through emphatic nasalization, as in Modern High German patschen - pantschen, ficken
- fiencken{see W. Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 160 ff., ZdA. 76, 1 ff.) to define:

Gothic ana-tr/mpan' approach, beset'. Middle Low German trampen' stomp'. Middle
High German (ndd.) trampe/n ^ appear crude' , engl. tramp, trample^ tread'. Middle High
German trumpfen^ rur\, toddle'.

drem-:

Old Indie dramati' running ', Intens. dandramyate^ runs to and fro ';

gr. Aor. sSpapov, Perf. 5£5popa "run', 5p6iJO(; "run';

Old English trem, trym^ Fufttapfe ', Old Norse //'a/77/' "fiend, demon' (see above). Middle
High German fremen'\Na\/er', Danish tr/m/e'roW, fall, tumble', Swedish Dialectal trumlads..
Middle High German trame^ rung of a leader, stairs';

here probably Modern High German FIN £'/'a/77/77e(Gottingen), Z7/'(9/77se (Magdeburg),
from *DromJa ar\d *Dromisa {probab\)/ North lllyrian), in addition poln. (Illyrian) Drama
(Silesia), Bulgarian Dramatica {thrak.); s. VasmerZslPh. 5, 367, Pokorny UrillyrierS, 37,
127;

Maybe alb. dromce 'p'\ece, chip (of a blow)'

insecure is Woods KZ. 45, 62 apposition of serb o'/777a//" shake', dfmnut/" upset, allow to
shake ', sloven, drmaf/" shake, jiggle', dram/t/" jiggle from the sleep ', drampaf/" ungentle
jiggle ';

maybe alb. d rem it ^s\eep', derrmonj^ exhaust, tire, destroy' Slavic loanwords.

Alb. proves that from Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis dera-, dre-\ "to cut, split, skin'
derived Root/ lemma: {der-3), dra-, drab- dram-, drau-\ "to run'.

Czech drmlatr flit, stir; move tlie lips, as if one sucking', drmolitr take short steps ' (these
in the good suitable meaning; 'shake' from " stumble with the foot '?), drmotiti^chai, prate'
(probably crossing of meaning with the onomatopoeic word root der-der-2, see there).

o^re:/- (partly with J as zero grade, probably because of *dreua'<-), FIN (participle)
dr(o)u(u)enff/iff.

Old Indie dravati^ runs, also melts ', FIN DravantT, o^m/a- "hurrying', Avestan dravaya-
"run' (being from daevischen), draoman-v\. 'attack, onrush', aesmd-drOi{a)- " calling from
Aesma, sends to attack ' (very doubtful Old Indie dravina-m, dravinas-v\. "blessing,
fortune', Avestan draonah-v\. ' bei der Besitzverteilung zufallendes Gut, Vermogensanteil '
perhaps as "traveling fortune'?);

Illyrian-Pannonian FIN Dravos {* drouos), out of it serbokr. Drava, compare apoln.
Drawa {\\\yr\an loanword); Indo Germanic *drouent- ^\r\urry\ng' > lllyrian *drauent-{: above
Old Indie Dravanti), out of it dial. *trauent- in FIN TpasvT- (Bruttium) > Italian Trionta, Indo
Germanic *druuent-, lllyrian *druent- in poln. FIN DrwQca, Modern High German Drewenz,
Italian *truent-\n FIN 77Y/e/7/^s(Picenum);

maybe alb. {*druent-) Dr/nosrWer name "hurrying water?' common alb. nt > n.

gall. FIN (from North lllyrian?) Druenf/a {French la Drance, Drouance, Durance, Swiss/a
Dranse); *Drutos, French le Drot, Druta, French la Droude;

Lithuanian sea name *Druv-lntas {wruss. Drywiaty); Old Prussian stream, brook Drawe.

Auf dreu-, participle *dru-to-base6 on perhaps (see Osthoff Par. I 372 f. Anm.) Gothic
trudan^ tread', Old Norse troda, trad 6s.; Old English tredan. Old High German tretan
"tread' (by Osthoffs outlook of ablaut neologism). Old High German trata "tread, spoor,
way, alley, drift, trailing'. Old Saxon trada'iread, spoor'. Old English trodr\., trodui. "spoor,
way, alley' (engl. trade'trade' is nord. loanword). Old High German trofa. Middle High
German trottei. " wine-press ', Intens. Old High German trotton 'tread'; Modern High
German dial, trottein " go slowly '.

Here also Germanic root *tru-s- in East Frisian trusein '\urc\\, stumble, go uncertainly or
staggering ', truser dizziness, giddiness ', Dutch treuzelen' to be slow, dawdle, loiter',
westfal. trusein, truesein' roll slowly ', Middle High German trollen {*truzldn) "move in short
steps constantly'. Modern High German trollen, Swedish Dialectal trdsalela\ry demon,
ghost', Norwegian Dialectal trusar\6\ot, fool', trusk' despondent and stupid person';

Maybe through metathesis alb. {*trusal) trullos, trains' xwake the head dizzy', //^y 'brain'

as well as (as *truzla-) Old Norse troll v\. "fiend, demon'. Middle High German trol, trollevn.
"fairy demon, ghost, fool, uncouth person' (compare unser Trampel\(\ same meaning; the
Wandals called the Goths TpouAou(;, Loewe AfdA. 27, 107); it stands in same the way
besides Germanic tre-m-{see below) Old Norse //'a/77/' "fiend, demon'.

In Germanic furthermore with /-vocalism Middle Low German trTseIn, westfal. triasein
"roll, lurch', holl.//'///e'/7 "tremble' (from which Italian trIllare'quWer, trill hit') etc against
association of Old Indie dravatl\N\Vr\ Avestan dvara/tr goes' see below "^^eu-, '^^euer-
"flee'.

References: WP. I 795 ff., Krahe IF. 58, 151 f.. Feist 45.
Page(s): 204-206

Root / lemma: deru- doru-, dr(e)u-, drou- dreuQ- : dru-

Meaning: tree

Note: see to the precise definition Osthoff Par. I 169 f.. Hoops Waldb. 1 17 f.; in addition

words for various wood tools as well as for "good as heartwood hard, fast, loyal'; Specht

(KZ. 65, 1 98 f., 66, 58 f.) goes though from a nominalized neuter of an adjective *d6ru "das

Harte', from which previously "tree' and "oak': dorun.. Gen. dreu-s, dru-no-s

Material: Old Indie daruu. "wood' (Gen. drSh, drunah, Instr. druna, Lok. darunr, dravya-

"from tree'), dr'u- n. m. "wood, wood tool ', m. "tree, bough', Avestan dauru'tree truck, bit of

wood, weapon from wood, perhaps club, mace, joint' (Gen. draos), Old Indie daruna-

"hard, rough, stern' (actually "hard as wood, lumpy '), dru-\u compounds as dru-pada-'

i

klotzfijftig ', dru-ghni' wood ax ' (-wooden rod), su-dru-h ' good wood'; dhruva-'Wght, firm,

remaining ' {dh- through folk etymology connection in dhar- "hold, stop, prop, sustain' =

Avestan di{u)vd. Old pers. duruva'iW., healthy, intact ', compare Old Church Slavic std-

dravb); Avestan drvaena- " wooden ', Old Indie druvaya-h' wooden vessel, box made of

wood, the drum', druna-m'ba\N, sword' (uncovered; with Jnpers. durOna, balucT drm'

rainbow '), drunf bucket; pail ', drona-m 'wooden trough, tub'; druma-h' tree' (compare

under 5puM6(;);

Old Indie darvl-h, darvF {\NOo6en) spoon';

Armenian //■a/77 "tight, firm' {*druramo, Pedersen KZ. 40, 208); probably also (Liden Arm.
stem 66) targal'spoon' from *dru- or *deru-.

Gr. 56pu 'tree truck, wood, spear, javelin' (Gen. horn. 5oup6(;, trag. 5op6(;from
*5opF6(;, SoupoTOc;, Attic Soparoc; from *5opFnTO(;, whose n is comparable with Old Indie
d run ah);

Cretan 5opa (*5opFa) "balk, beam' (= Lithuanian Latvian darva);

sizil. aax£5u)poc; "boar' (after Kretschmer KZ. 36, 267 f. *av-ox£-5opFo(; or -5u)pFoc; "
standing firm to the spear '), Arcadian Doric Au)pi-KAr|(;, Doric Boeotian Au)pi-paxo(; ,
Awpieuq " Dorian ' (of Au)pi(; " timberland ');

Note:

Who were Dorian tribes? Dorians were Celtic tribes who worshipped trees. In Celtic they
were called Druids, priests of ancient Gaul and Britain (also Greece and lllyria). The caste
of Druids must have worshiped the dominant thunder god whose thunderbolt used to strike
sacred trees. Druids must have planted the religion around the sacred oak at Dodona.

5puc;, 5pu6(; "oak, tree' (from n. *druox *deru, *doruQ. *druu6s become after other tree
name to Fem.; as a result of the tendency of nominative gradation), aKp6-5pua " fruit tree ',
5pu-T6|JO(; " woodchopper ', 5puivo(; " from the oak, from oak tree ', Apua(; " dryad, tree
nymph ', yepavSpuov "old tree truck', a5pua ttAoTq [Jovo^uAa. Kunpioi Hes. ( *sm-,
Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.), £v5puov Kap5ia 5£v5pou Hes.

Hom. 5pufja n. PI. "wood, forest', nachhom. 5p0|j6(; ds. (the latter with previous
changed length after 5pu(;); 5£v5p£Ov "tree' (Hom.; out of it Attic 5£v5pov), from redupl.
*5ev(= 5£p)-5p£Fov, Demin. 5£v5pu(piov; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583;

5poF- in arg. 5po6v iaxupov. 'ApY£Toi Hes., £v5poia KopSia 5£v5pou Koi to jjegov Hes.,
Apo06o(; (*ApoF-u9o(;), 5poiTr| " wooden tub, trough, coffin' (probably from *5poFiTa,
compare lastly Schwyzer KZ. 62, 199 ff., different Specht Dekl. 139); SoTipov nu£Aov
QKacpnv Hes. (diss, from *5poFiTpov), next to which *druio- in 5pai6v pioKipav. nu£Aov
Hes.

PN ApuTOJv: Lithuanian Druktenis, Old Prussian Drutenne {E. Fraenkel, Pauly-Wissowa
16, 1633); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

in vocalism still not explained certainly 5pioc; "shrubbery, bush, thicket '; maked.
5apuAAo(; f. "oak' Hes. ( *deru-, compare Old Irish daui); but 5pi(; SuvapK; Hes., lies 5Fig
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 4955);

alb. drui. 'wood, tree, shaft, pole' {*clruua, compare Old Church Slavic drbvau. pi.
"wood'); drush-k (es-stem) "oak'; ablaut. *dru- in dr/-ze 'tree', drun/" wood bar';

Note:

Alb. definite form Nom. dru-ni= alb. Gen. dru-n/"o^\Noo6': Old Indie darun. "wood' (Gen.
droh, drunah'oi\NOo6'; but a pure Slavic loanword is alb. druvar' woodcutter,
woodchopper '

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

thrak. KaAa|jiv-5ap "sycamore', PN Aapavboq, TapavTOc; {*dar-ant-) " Eichstatt a district
in Bavaria ', ZivSpoupa, Aiv5pu|jr| " Zeus's grove ', VN '0-5pu-a-ai, Apoaoi, Dru-geri {dru-
"wood, forest');

Maybe VN '0-5pu-a-ai : Etruria (Italy)

from Latin perhaps dOrus^ hard, harsh; tough, strong, enduring; in demeanour or tastes,
rough, rude, uncouth; in character, hard, austere, sometimes brazen, shameless; of things,
hard, awkward, difficult, adverse ' (but about durare^ to make hard or hardy, to inure;
intransit., to become hard or dry; to be hard or callous; to endure, hold out; to last, remain,
continue ' see below S. 220), if after Osthoff 111 f. as "strong, tight, firm as (oak)tree '
dissimilated from *drO-ro-s ( *dreu-ro-s?)\

Maybe alb. o^i/zioy" endure, last', o'^/v/r? "patience' .

but Latin /a/7>r"larch tree', loanword is from an Indo Germanic Alpine language, Indo
Germanic *derik-s, is conceivable because of heavy f.

Note:

Common Latin o'->/- hence Latin larix {*derik-s) "larch tree'.

Maybe Pelasgian Larissa {*dariksa)

Old Irish derucc{gg). Gen. o'e/ro/7"glans', cymr. derwen^oaV! (PI. derv)/), bret. deruenn
ds., (common Celtic -/7S-, -nt- > -nn-), gall, place name Z7e/vi/s ("oak forest'), abrit.
Derventio, place name, VN Dervaci; Old Irish derb 'saie '; reduced grade Old Irish daur,
Gen. daro'oaW {deru-), also dair. Gen. darachf^s. {*deri-). Old Irish daurde and dairde
"oaken '; derived gall. *d(a)rullia^ oaV! (Wartburg III 50); maked. 5apuAAo(;f. "oak'; zero
grade *dru-\n intensification particle (? different Thurneysen ZcPh. 16, 277: "oak-': dru- in

Galatian Spu-vaipsTov " holy oak grove '), e.g. gall. Dru-talos(*\N\Vc\ big forehead'),
Druides, DruidaeP\., Old Irish o'/'J/" Druid' ("the high; noble ', *dru-uid-). Old Irish dron
"tight, firm' {*drunos, compare Old Indie dru-na-m, daru-na-, dro-na-m), with guttural
extension (compare under Modern High German Trog) Middle Irish drocMa ' {* \NOo6en)
barrel, vat, cask; barrel, tub', drochat^br\6ge'; here also gallorom. o'/t/Zos "strong,
exuberant (: Lithuanian drutas)', gr. PN ApuTOJV, Old Irish o'/zy//? "foolish, loony' (: Old
Icelandic //t/d/' "juggler, buffoon'?), cymr. o'/'i/o' "foolish, loony, valiant' (cymr. ^derives from
roman. equivalent);

deru-\n Germanic TervingI, Matrib(us) AlatervTs, Old Norse tjara{* demon-), Finnish
loanword terva. Old English teoruu., tierwei., -avc\. "tar, resin' {*deruio-). Middle Low
German /ere "tar' (Modern High German Teer); Old Norse tyrvi, ///'/"pinewood', /y/r"pine'
(doubtful Middle High German zirwe, zirber pine cone ', there perhaps rather to Middle
High German zirber yNhnX, because of the round spigot);

dreu- in Gothic triuu. "wood, tree'. Old Norse tre. Old English treow{ev\Q\. tree). Old
Saxon tr/o^tree, balk, beam'; in iJbtr. meaning "tight, firm - tight, firm relying' (as gr.
\ox0p6q "tight, firm': iaxupi^O|jai " show firmly, rely on whereupon, trust in '), Gothic triggws
{*treuua^ "loyal, faithful'. Old High German g/-tr/uw/ loya\, faithful', an: tfyggr'\oya\,
faithful, reliable, unworried ', Gothic triggwa^ alliance, covenant'. Old English treow^idWh,
belief, loyalty, verity'. Old High German triuwa. Modern High German Treue, compare with
ders. meaning, but other ablaut Old Norse trOi. "religious faith, belief, assurance, pledge'.
Old English truwam.. Middle Low German truwei. ds.. Old High German truwa. Old
Icelandic trui., besides trOr^\oya\, faithful'; derived Old Norse /ma "trust, hold for true' =
Gothic trauan, and Old English truwian. Old Saxon truon. Old High German tru(w)en ^{rusV
(compare n. Old Prussian druwis); similarly Old Norse //'a^s//'" strong, tight, firm', traustn.
"confidence, reliance, what one can count on'. Old High German trosf 'reWance,
consolation' {*droust-), Gothic traust/'pact, covenant', changing through ablaut engl. trust
"reliance' (Middle English trust). Middle Latin trust/s '\oya\ty' in Old Franconian "law',
Middle High German getri/ste' troop, multitude, crowd';

maybe alb. trcis, //ys "press, crowd'

(5/- formation is old because of npers. durust^ hard, strong', durustl\t, healthy, whole';
Norwegian //ysya "clean the ground'. Old English //t75"deadwood', engl. trouse. Old
Icelandic /ros "dross', Gothic ufar-trusn/an^6\sperse, scatter'.

*c/rou-'\n Old English tng, engl. /Aa/ 'flat trough, platter', Old Swedish tro'a certain
measure vessel' {*trauja-, compare above Spoirn), Old Norse treyju-sgdull {a\so tryju-
sgdoll) "a kind of trough shaped saddle';

*dru- in Old Icelandic //"i/d/" 'jester'. Old English //T/d 'merrymaker, trumpeter' (:gallorom.
*druto-s, etc)?

*dru- in Old English //^y/T? 'tight, firm, strong, fit, healthy' {*dru-mo-s), with /r-extension,
respectively forms -/ro- (compare above Middle Irish drochta, drochat). Old High German
Modern High German trog. Old English trog, troh{rc\.). Old Norse trog{n.) 'trough' and Old
High German fruha' footlocker', Norwegian Dialectal trygjen. 'a kind of pack saddle or
packsaddle', trygja'a kind of creel'. Old High German /mc/ra 'hutch'. Low German trugge
'trough' and with the original meaning 'tree, wood' Old High German hart-trug/7^ dogwood';

maybe nasalized alb. trung {* trugge) 'wood, tree'

Balto Slavic *derua-n. 'tree' in Old Church Slavic drevo {Gen. dreva, also drevese),
Serbo-Croatian dial, drevo {drijevd), sloven, drevp. Old Czech drevo, russ. derevo, kir.
derevo 'tree'; in addition as originally collective Lithuanian derva, (Akk. deJv^) f. ' chip of
pinewood; tar, resinous wood'; ablaut, Latvian darva^iaf. Old Prussian in PN Derwayn;
lengthened grade *ddru-Ja- in Latvian dCiore f. ' wood vessel, beehive in tree'; *su-dorua-
'fit, healthy' in Old Church Slavic si^drav-b, Czech zdrav{zdrav^, russ. zdor6v{i. zdorova)
'fit, healthy', compare Avestan dr(u)vd. Old pers. duruvads.

Baltic *dreuia-\. ' wood beehive ', substantive adj. (Old Indie dravya-^ belonging to the
tree ') : Lithuanian dreveand dreve^cavW.)/ in tree', Latvian drove ds:. in ablaut Lithuanian
drav/st, Latvian dravat ' wood beehive ', in addition Old Prussian drawinei. 'prey, bee's
load ' and Lithuanian drave^\\o\e in tree'; furthermore in ablaut East Lithuanian dreveaud
drovei. ds., Latvian c/Aai/a 'cavity in beehive';

proto Slavic *druua-Uovc\. PI. 'wood' in Old Church Slavic drbva, russ. drova, poln. drwa
(Gen. dre\/\/}\ *druuina-v\. 'wood' in kIr. drovno, slovz. drevno;

Slavic *drbm-b in russ. drom ' virgin forest, thicket ', etc (= Old Indie druma-h, gr.
5pu|j6(;, adjekt. Old English trum);

Lithuanian 5^-o(a/s 'abundant, fat (from the growth of the plants)' (= Old Indie su-dru-h
'good wood');

Baltic druta- "strong' (== gallorom. *druto-s, gr. PN ApuTOJv) in Litliuanian drutas, driutas
"strong, thick', Old Prussian in PN Drutenne, (under the influence of common Celtic -a7s-, -
nt- > -nn-), PN Druthayn, Druthelauken; belongs to Old Prussian druwisvn. "faith, belief,
druwit, druw/t ^beWeve' {*druweti: 0\6 High German truen), na-po-druw/snan ^reWance,
hope'. Beside Lithuanian drutas a\so druktas, see below 6^er-2.

In ablaut here Old Church Slavic drevlje " fore, former, of place or time; higher in
importance, at first or for the first time ', Old Czech dreve, russ. drevie "ages before';
adverb of comparative or affirmative.

Hittite ta-ru 'tree, wood', Dat. ta-ru-u-r,

here also probably Tocharian AB ©/""wood' (false abstraction from * tod dor, K.
SchneiderlF. 57, 203).

Note:

The shift d- > zero\s a Baltic-lllyrian inherited by Tocharian

References: WP. I 804 ff., WH. I 374, 384 ff., 765 f., Trautmann 52 f., 56, 60 f., Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 463, 518, Specht Dekl. 29, 54, 139.
Page(s): 214-217

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis dera-, dre-

Meaning: to cut, split, skin (*the tree)

Note:

Root / lemma: der-, heavy basis dera-, dre- : "to cut, split, skin (*the tree)' derived from

Root /lemma: deru- doru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreuQ-: dru-\ tree'

Material: Old Indie dar- "break, make crack, split, burst ', present the light basis darsi, adar,

dart, /7-present the heavy basis drnati' bursts, cracks'. Opt. drnJyat, Perf. dadara, participle

drta-, of the heavy basis dTrna-, Kaus. darayati, Intens. dardirat, dardarti {coru'^are Avestan

darodar- "split'; Czech drdam, drdat/'p\uck, pick off, remove'), dardarft/ 'spWt up', dara-h

m., darTi. "hole in the earth, cave' (: gr. 5op6c; "hose', Latvian nuodaras '6ross of bast'.

Church Slavic razdorb), drti-hm. "bag, hose' (= gr. bapaxq,, Go\h'\c gataur/=>s, russ. dertb),

darman- m. " smasher ' (: gr. Ssppa n.), next to which from the heavy basis darfman-

"destruction'; -dari- "splitting' (= gr. Sppic;), dara- m. "crack, col, gap, hole', daraka- 'r'\pp'\r\g,

splitting', darT-\v\ dardarT-ti, darT-man-m\h /"for /= a (compare Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. 1

20), barely after Persson Beitr. 779 of the /-basis; npers. Inf. dirJdan, darfdan, jiJd.-pers.

darJn-isn;

Maybe alb. {*daras) derrase' board, plank (cut wood)', derrmonj" destroy, break, exhaust,

tire'.

Dardan/ \\\yr\an TN

Note:

The name Z7a/io'a/7/lllyrian TN and [Latin transcription: DorieTs] Greel<: AcopifK;, Attic -\f\q

derive from the same root.

Dardanus

by Micha F. Lindemans

The son of Zeus and Electra. He sailed from Samothrace to Troas in a raft made of hides.

He eventually married Batea, the daughter of King Teucer, who gave him land near

Abydos. There he founded the city of Dardania (the later, ill-fated city of Troy).

Hence the name Dardanelles for what was once called the Hellespont.

DARA

DARA (Dara, Ptol. vi. 8. § 4). 1 . A small river of Carmania, at no great distance from the
frontier of Persis. There can be little doubt that it is the same as the Dora of Marcian
(Peripl. p. 21) and the Daras of Pliny (vi. 25. s. 28). Dr. Vincent conjectures (Voyage of
Nearchus, vol. i. p. 372) that it is the same as the Dara-bin or Derra-bin of modern charts.

2. A city in Parthia. [APAVARCTICENE]

3. A city in Mesopotamia. [DARAS] [V.]

DARADAE

DARADAE the name of Ethiopian tribes in two different parts of Africa; one about the
central part, in Darfour (Daradon ethnos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 35), the other in the W., on the river
DARADUS also called Aethiopes Daratitae. (Polyb. ap Plin. v. 1; Agathem. ii. 5.) [P. S.]

DARADAX

DARADAX (Daradax), a Syrian river, mentioned only by Xenophon (Anab. i. 4. § 10). It
has been identified with the Far, a small tributary of the Euphrates. At the source of the
river was a palace of Belesis, then satrap of Syria, with a large and beautiful park, which
were destroyed by Cyrus the Younger. (Anab. I. c.) [G.W.]

DARADUS

DARADUS, DARAS, or DARAT (Darados e Daras, Ptol. iv. 6. § 6), a river of Africa, falling
into the Atlantic on the W. coast, near the Portus Magnus, and containing crocodiles (Plin.
V. 1); probably the Gambia or Dio d'Ouro. [P. S.]

DARAE

DARAE a Gaetulian tribe in the W. of Africa, on a mountain stream called Dara, on the S.
steppes of M. Atlas, adjacent to the Pharusii. (Plin. v. 1; Oros. i. 2; Leo Afr. p. 602.) [P. S.]

DARADRAE

DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls
Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii.
66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in
Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandharas) points to a
more southern locality. [V.]

DARANTASIA

DARANTASIA a place in Gallia Narbonensis.

DARAPSA

DARAPSA [BACTRIANA p. 365, a.]

DARDAE

DARADRAE

DARADRAE (Daradrai, Ptol. vii. 1. § 42), a mountain tribe who lived in the upper Indus.
Forbiger conjectures that they are the same people whom Strabo (xv. p. 706) calls
Derdae, and Pliny Dardae (vi. 19), and perhaps as the Dadicae of Herodotus (iii. 91, vii.
66). It is possible, however, that these latter people lived still further to the N., perhaps in
Sogdiana, though their association with the Gandarii (Sanscrit Gandharas) points to a
more southern locality. [V.]

DARDANI

DARDANI (Dardanoi), a tribe in the south-west of Moesia, and extending also over a part
of lllyricum. (Strab. vii. p. 316; Ptol. iii. 9. § 2; Caes. Bell. Civ. iii. 4; Liv. xl. 57; Plin. iii. 29;
Cic. p. Sest. 43) According to Strabo, they were a very wild and filthy race, living in caves
under dunghills, but very fond of music. [L. S.]

Avestan daradar- {see above) 'split'. Inf. deran^m (:0\6 Indie drnati). Iter, daraya-,
participle d9ratd{= Old Indie drta-)\

Armenian terem " skin, flay, make callous' (because of /probably for root form *der-s-,
Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1); doubtful Armenian /a^'foreign land', tara- 'besides, without,
afar', taray Aor. 'take to one's heels, made oneself scarce' (Persson Beitr. 778 a 2);

gr. 5£pu) 'skin, flay',„/c>-present 5£ipu) ds. (as Lithuanian derubes\des diriu), Aor. Pass.
£5apr|v, participle 5paT6(;, 5apT6(; (= Old Indie drta-)\ 5op6(; 'hose' (= Old Indie dara-,
Latvian nud-daras); 5apai(; 'the skinning' (= Old Indie drti-), next to which with (has
changed) lengthened grade Attic 5£ppi(;, -£(ji)(; 'skin, leathery dress, cover'; *5£pTpov, diss.
5£Tpov ' the membrane which contains the bowels '; 5£pa(;, -a^oc, n. 'skin, fur' (heavy
basis?), 5£poc; n., 5£p[ja n., 5opa 'fell, fur'; lengthened grade Sppic;, -xoo, (poet.) 'fight,
struggle'(= Old Indie -dari-)\ here probably also 5ap-5aiv(jo ' bedraggle ' instead of *5ap-
Saipoj (: Old Indie dar-dar-tlp.

cymr. corn. bret. darn'p'\ece, part' (= Old Indie dTrna-);

Gothic dis-tafran{= gr. Sspw) "break, pull apart', ga-ta/ran 'tear, destroy'. Old English
teran'tear', Old High German zeran, f/r-zeran 'tear, destroy'; Middle High German
{vei)zern. Modern High German (i/e/)ze/7/'e/7 "consume'. Middle English, Middle Low
German /e/re/? "quarrel, squabble', ndd. terren, farren'st\r, tease, irritate, banter'. Old High
German zerren'puW; Gothic intrans. d/s-, ga-faurnan' tear' (: Old Indie drnati), holl. tornen
" unstitch, unpick, take apart ', compare nominal Old English Old Saxon torn. Old High
German zo/77 "anger, fight, violent displeasure ' and in original meaning holl. torn'
cleavage, separation' (= Old Indie dJrna-, cymr. darn, also Old Indie dJrna- is named
besides "split' also " confused, put in desperation '); next to which zero grade Old Norse
tjgrni. {*derna), tjarnr\. {*dernom) "small sea', originally probably " water hole ' (compare
Old Indie dara-, darr\\o\e in the earth'); causative is trod to ga-taurnan (\terat\ye) gatarnjan
"mug, rob' (but Old High German uozurnen' despise ' Denom. of *uo-zorn); Gothic
gatauram. "crack', gataurf^st "destruction' (= Old Indie drt/-, gr. 5apai(;); Old Norse tord-
in compounds. Old English tordr\. "ordure' {*dr-tdm' separation ', compare Latvian dirstu,
dirst' defecate ', difsa' buttocks ', MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 470, and of a guttural extension
Middle High German zurch, zurchru. " animal excrements ');

besides of the heavy basis Old Norse trddr\. "batten, lath, support from poles' {*drd-to-
m). Middle High German truoderi. " slat, pole, from it manufactured rack '; Old High
German trada' ir\r\qe' (Modern High German Troddel), Middle High German trodel {ior
* trade}) " tassel, wood fiber ';

actually to der-(e)u- {see below) with nasal infix belong *dr-nu-d\r\ Middle High German
trunne f. " running shoal, migration, swarm; surge ', (under the influence of common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old High German abe-trunnig, ab-trunne' apostate ', ant-trunno' fugitive
', and *dren-ud\r\ trinnan' seclude oneself. Middle High German trinnen, trann' be
separated from, depart from, run away ', Modern High German entrinnen {*ent-trinnen),
Kaus. Germanic *//'a/7/7/a/7 in Middle High German trennen'cut, clip'. Modern High German
trennen, holl. (with metathesis) tarnen, tornen 'separate' (the latter, in any case, more
directly to derive from *der- "split'; nnol Germanic *tren nan irom -nu-); certainly here
Swedish Dialectal trinna, trenta ' split fence rack ', further with the meaning " split trunk
piece as a disc, wheel ' Old High German trennila'baW, trennilon'roW, Middle Low
German trint, trent' circular', trentm. ' curvature, roundness, circular line ', Old English
tr/ndet (or tr/ndam.) "round clump'. Middle High German trindel, trendel' ball, circle,
wheel '

With fractured reduplication orformant -d- (compare gr. 5ap5aiv(jo and Czech drdati)
and from "tear, tug unkindly' explainable meaning probably here Germanic *trat-, *trut- in

Old English teart^ stern, sharp, bitter'. Middle Dutch torten, holl. tarten'sWr, tease, irritate,
challenge, defy ', Middle Low German //to/' contrariness ', Middle High German traz, truz, -
tzes^ obstructiveness, animosity, contrariness'. Modern High German Trotz, Trutz,
trotzen. Bavarian //a/ze/? 'banter'; with the meaning-development " fray ' - "thin, fine,
tender' perhaps (?)Middle Low German tertel, tert//kl\ne, dainty, mollycoddled ', Danish
taertet^ squeamish ' (perhaps also Norwegian Dialectal tert, tart^smaW salmon', terta^
small play ball '); Old High German Modern High German zart{Vc\e last from *dor-td-,
compare Middle Persian dart^ afflicted ', npers. ofe/'o''pain' Wood KZ. 45, 70);

Lithuanian diriu{\ 5£ipaj), zem. deru{\ Sspoo), o'M'flay, cut off the grass or peat' (heavy
basis compared with Old Indie djii-, gr. 5apai(;, Gothic gataurl=>s), nudirtas " flayed ',
Latvian nuddara^ pole with cut branches, bread slice ', PI. -5s" dross, esp. of bast' (:
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin II 772, Old Indie dara-, gr. 5op6q), Lithuanian derna^boar6, plank,
balk'; with ^-colored zero grade Lithuanian duriu, durt/'pncW (preterit duriau) = serb. u-
drim {u-driti) "hit' (russ. u-dyrft-b 'hit' with iterative grade to *d'br-, compare Lithuanian
duriau, Berneker 179 f.). Against it are Lithuanian durnas^ frenzied, stupid', Latvian durns
borrowed from Slavic; compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 519.

Slavic *derda'r\6 *dirid\T\ Old Church Slavic derg, dbrat/'rend, flay' and *dbrg {serb.
zadrem, Czech dru); u-darjg, u-dariti'\\\^ {*ddr-, compare *der-\v\ gr. 5f|pi(;), with iterative
grade raz-dirati^{ear\ serb. Iz-diratT exert oneself, (maltreat oneself); clear off, pass
away, disappear' (in addition Old Church Slavic dira^cracV!; s. Berneker 201, whereas
also about the meaning-development of probably related family serb. dfra " hole, crack ',
Bulgarian di?a " track of a person or animal, or from wheels ', diYb 'search, seek, feel,
pursue'); about *d-br- in serb. u-drimsee above;

nouns: with e-grade sloven. u-dgr'b\o\N, knock', with d-grade Old Church Slavic razdon,
'crack, cleavage ' (= Old Indie dara-, gr. 5op6(;, Latvian nuo-daras), serb. u-dorac^ a'^ack,
with zero grade (Indo Germanic *drto-): serb Church Slavic raz-drttb ' lacerate ', kir. dertyj
' torn, flayed ' (= Old Indie drta-); Indo Germanic *drti- : russ. dertb ' residue of crushed
grain, bran; cleared land ' (= Old Indie drti-e\.c); russ. (etc) dernblawn, meadow' (: Old
Indie d/rna- etc, meaning as in Lithuanian d/rf/"cut the lawn grass');

Maybe alb. {*derm6) derrmq/ ^exbaust'.

russ. dermo^ rags stuff, the unusable, rubbish, dirt ' (*dross by splitting, peeling), derkij
'rash, hasty, fast ', dranbi. ' shingle, lath', drjanb= ' dermd, draka^ brawl ', drac^v^aW
puller, tool used to remove nails', o-drfnyP\. 'chaff' etc.

With A extended Lithuanian nu-dirliotr'Qee\ the skin', serb. drljam, drljatr\\arro\N\ drIjTm,
dr//7t/"6west' (Berneker 255);

Tocharian AB tsar- "separate, split', te/io/ye "cleft, fissure, crack' (Pedersen Tocharian
Sprachg. 19).

d(e)n-{. *derei-?j only barely covered (see esp. Persson Beitr. 779 f.):

Gr. 5pT-MU(; "(incisive, splitting) piercing, sharp, herb, bitter' (probably after o^uq
reshaped from *5pT-|j6(; or -o\x6(^), Latvian dnsme "crack, scratch ', perhaps (if not
derailment of ablaut to Lithuanian dreskiu because of whose zero grade drisk-) from
Latvian driksna ( *drTskna) " scratch ', draTska " tearer ', compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I
488 f., 500;

remains far off SpTAoc; " bloodsucker, leech, penis', actually " the swollen ', to Spiaouaav
OaAAouaavHes. (M. Scheller briefl.)-

With :/- forms of the light {der-eu^ and heavy basis {dera-u-, df-u^ " tear, (the land)
break, burst, erupt ': dora-ua: dr-ua^s^ec\es of grain', deru-, de-dru-eic "lacerate skin'.

Middle Persian drun, drudan'reap';

about Germanic forms with nasal infix see above S. 207;

here Old Norse trjonat {*dreu-n-dn-) " proboscis of the pig' ("bursting, burrowing '), tryni
n. ds.. Middle High German triel {*dreu-lo-) m. "snout, muzzle, mouth, lip',

maybe alb. Geg {*tryni) turini, Tosc /i//7/7" mouth of animals, snout'

Norwegian Dialectal mule-trjosk, -trusk {*dreu-sko-) "horse muzzle' (Falk-Torp under
tryne). Because of the meaning insecure is Falk-Torps apposition under tr0gav\6 trygleoi
Old Norse trauda^ lack, come short ', traudia Mv. "barely', traudr^ querulous ' and - with
^-extension - Old English trucian^ be absent, lack, come short ' (nengl. dial, to truck\o
fail'. Middle Low German truggelen^beQ, cheat, deceive');

Latvian drugt^ diminish, collapse ' (Irish droch, cymr. drwg^ penurious, evil, bad' from k-
extension?, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 505).

Old Indie durva^ millet grass ' {dr-ua)\

compare gr. delph. Sapara f., Thessalian 5apaToq m. "bread' {*dra-), maked. SpapiK; ds.;

gall. (Latin) dravoca^ ryegrass ' {*dra-u-)\ bret. draok, dreok, cymr. drewg ds. are
borrowed from Roman. (Kleinhans be! Wartburg III 158);

Middle Dutch tanve, terwe, holl. /arn/e "wheat', engl. tare'weed, ryegrass, vetch'
(Germanic *tar-ud, Indo Germanic *doraua)\

Lithuanian oV/va "farmland' ( *dr-ua, with intonation change the 5-stem), actually " freed,
cleared ', dirvonas^ virgin soil, land ' (compare to meaning russ. Dialectal dor^ new tillage,
cultivated land ', rozdertb " land made arable '), Latvian druva^ihe tilled farmland, sown
field ' (MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 470, 505), russ. (see Berneker 186) derevnja^ village
(without church); land property ', Dialectal "piece of field', paset derevnju^Ms the field';

with the meaning " skin rash ' ("splitting off skin flakes, cracked skin'):

Old Indie dar-dru-v(\. "kind of skin rash ', dar-du-Tn. (uncovered), da-dr'u- m., da-dru-ka-
m. " leprosy ';

Latin derbitai. "lichen' is loanword from gall. *o'e/'i/e/a (compare also Middle Irish deir.
Old Irish *deriror(\ *o'e/'5 "lichen'), to cymr. tarwyden, tarwden{P\. tarwed) (besides
darwydenihrouQh influence of the prefix group t-ar-, Pedersen KG. I 495), Middle Breton
dervoeden, nbret. deroueden "sick of lichen '( *deru-eit-)\

Germanic *fe-fru-\n Old English tefer'sk\n rash'. Old High German zittaroh {*de-dru-ko-
s= Old Indie dadruka-). Modern High German Zitterich^sV\v\ rash';

Lithuanian dedervine^ rash resembling lichen ' (Trautmann 47, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I
450; compare in similar meaning of the root form *der- Czech o-dra, PI. o-dry^ prickly
heat, miliaria, heat rash', poln. o-dra^ measles ', of the ^-extension Bulgarian drbgn-b-se^
rub myself, itch myself, become scabby ');

dereg- :

Middle Dutch freken stem V. "pull, tear' and "shudder'. Old High German trehhan^ push,
poke, intermittently tear, scrape, cover scraping ', *trakjan in Middle Low German trecken
"pull, tear (tr. intr.)'. Old English trseglian^io pluck', wherewith because of the same vocal
position maybe is to be connected to Latvian dragat^^uW, rend, upset, shake', draguls^
shivering fit ', draga^a strong angry person, renders and demands a lot '; Latvian drigelts,
drigants, Lithuanian drigantas "stallion' are loanword from poln. drygant, compare Buga
Kalba irs. 128, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 498.

deregh-{see Persson root extension 26, Berneker254 and 212 m. Lithuanian):

Old Engiisli //ie/ya/? (Germanic *targiaii) "banter, stir, tease, irritate'. Middle Low German
tergen, targen^puW, stir, tease, irritate', holl. tergen. Modern High German zergen^'puW,
tear, anger', Swedish Dialectal targa^ tug with the teeth or sharp tools ', Norwegian
Dialectal /e/ya 'banter'; Lithuanian dirginu, dlrgintT flurry, irritate, stimulate, excite, pull
(the trigger of a gun) '; russ. c/e/p'a/6 'pluck, pull, tear, rend ' (etc), s^-o'o/'o^a 'cramp'.

derek-.

ApEKQvov name of foreland in Kos (as Apsnavov plural as name of forelands, Bugge
BB. 18, 189), 56pKai Kovi5£(;, SspKuAAsiv aipoTTOTsTv (actually 'tear the skin open' as
analogous meaning 5£p|JuAA£iv) Hes.;

gr. 56pnoq m., 56pnov n. 'supper' {*dork- + uo-iorms) = alb. o'a/'/re 'supper, evening'
(unclear the ablaut relation in dreke'\unc\r\, middle of the day'; compare Persson Beitr.
859''); perhaps to (North lllyrian?) PN ApoKOuiva (leg. AapKOuiva?) in Wurttemberg, as "
place to rest ';

Note:

This seems wrong etymology since alb. dreke'\unc\r\, middle of the day' seems to have
derived from Root / lemma: der/c-: 'to look, light'; gr. SspKopai ' look, keep the eyes open,
be alive', SsSopKO, sSpoKov, 5tp^\(; 'vision', Sspypa 'sight', bepy[}6(; 'look, gaze', 5ua-
5£pK£Toc; 'heavy to behold' (= Old Indie dargata-), un65pa Adv. 'one looking up from
below', 5paKoq n. 'eye', 5paKU)v, -ovioc, 'dragon, snake' (from banishing, paralyzing look),
fem. 5paKaiva; alb. oVyM 'light' {*drk-ta)\

According to alb. phonetic laws alb. oVvM 'light' derived from {drik-a) not {*drk-ta) because
of common alb. -k- > -ths.

Maybe alb. {* dargata-), darke^ supper, evening meal, evening'; {*drech), oye/re "dinner
meal, midday, light of the day': Old Irish an-drachf loathsome, dark' (see above).

sloven, drkam, drcem, drkatT glide, slither, on the ice trail; run, trot run ' (probably from
'clear off, run away, leave'), Czech o'/'/raZ/'bump, poke, jolt', Bulgarian dircam, drbcnh^
pull, riffle flax, hemp ' (Berneker255, Persson Beitr. 85, 359).

deres-.

Armenian terem (see above under der-);

Middle Irish dorr' anger', dorrach' rough, coarse' (see Persson Beitr. 779 Anm. 1);
presumably Old English tears. Old High German ze^s "penis', Norwegian ters'r\a\\'; also
Old Norse tjasnai. "kind of nail' from *tersndn-?, Norwegian trase'rag, clout', trasast'
become ragged', /ras "deadwood', //-as/r "offal, deadwood';

Maybe alb. traste'bag, (ragged cloth?)', //"as "pull (a boat on the coast) : Rumanian trage
"pull'

sloven, drasati' disband, separate', Czech ^/z-asa//" scratch, scrape, stripe', drasta,
o'/'as/a "splinter, scrap, shred; garment ', draslavy^ough, jolting ', zero grade drsen
"rough', drsnaty' jolting '(compare above Middle Irish dorr).

dre-sk.

Lithuanian su-drysku, -driskau, -drikst/' tear', dreskiu, dreskiau, -drekstT rend ',
draskau, draskytiWer. "tear', Latvian draskat6s., draska' rag', Lithuanian drekstine lenta'
crafty slat, thinly split wood ' (Leskien Abl. 325, Berneker 220, 224)., Bulgarian draskam,
drastb ( *drascg) " scratch, scrape; fit tightly ', perfective drasnt ( *draskng); draska "
scratcher, crack'; Czech old z-d ries-kati ar\6 (with assimilation of auslaut and a sounding
aniaut) z-dr/ezhaf/" break, rupture', drieska, o'/yez/?^ "splinter, chip, splinter', nowadays
dr/zha 'ch\p, splinter'; poln. drzazga ^sp\\r\ter';

With formant -p-:

drep-, drop-.

Old Indie drapf-hru. "mantle, dress', drapsa-h rw. "banner (?)' (= Avestan drafsa-
"banner, ensign, flag, banner'), Lithuanian drapanosi. PI. " household linen, dress', Latvian
drana {probab\y *drap-na) "stuff, kerchief, cloth'; gallo-rom. drappus^kercb\ei, cloth' (PN
Drappo, Drappus, Drappes, Draponus) is probably Venetic-lllyrian loanword; the a-vowel
from Indo Germanic oor, as das -pp-, expressive;

gr. SpsTToo " break off, cut off, pick ', Spsiravn, Spsiravov "sickle', also Spairavov (out of it
alb. drapen "sickle' ds.), that is defined through assimilation of Spsnavr) to *5panavr|; o-
grade Spcbniw SiaKonru) Hes. (= serb. drapljem), Spajna^, -koc, " Pechpflaster, um
Haareauszuziehen ', SpwnaKi^u) "pull the hair out'; Old Norse trgfr\. PI. " fringes ', trefri.
PI. ds., trefja^rub, wear out'. Middle High German trabei. "fringe';

*drdp-\r\ russ. drjapa-ju, -tb (with unclearya), dial, drapatb, drapatb "scratch, rend ', serb.
drapam, drapljem, drapati^iear, wear out; scratch, scrape', poln. drapac^ scraicb, scrape.

scrape, rub, flee'; drp-, Slavic *dbrp- in Bulgarian d-brpam, perfective drbpni,^ tear, pull,
drag ', serb. drpam, drpat/ar\6 drpTm, drpiti^ rend '; Balto Slavic dreb-, drob- 'scrap, shred,
dress' in Latvian drebei. 'stuff, dress, laundry', Lithuanian drobei. 'canvas, fabric',
drabanasxx\. 'rag, scrap, shred', drabuzis, drobuzism. 'dress'; Upper Serbian drabym. PI.
" dress stuff ', Czech-mahr. zdrabym. PI. 'rag, scrap, shred' have probably through
influence the root *drob- (see below d^/ieb^'-) 'carve, slit, dismember ' -b- instead of -p-;

drip-:

Gall. (Venetic-lllyrian) PN Drippia, Dr/ppon/us {compare above Drappus etc);

Note: Alb. drapen ' s\ck\e' : (Venetic-lllyrian) PN Dripponius

Bulgarian dr/pa'rag, scrap, shred', sloven. drfpam{dnpljem), drfpati^iear, have
diarrhea', Czech o'/vpa 'scrap, shred', drfpati^ rend, tear';

drup-.

Gr. 5punTU) ' scratch', anoSpunru), -5pu(pu) (with secondary cp instead of tt, s. Persson
Beitr. 859) ' scrub, flay off the skin', 5pucpn ' scratching, peeling ', 5puni(; 'a kind of thorn '.

For variation of a: /: ^in ' popular words ' compare Wissmann Nomina postverbalia
162ff.

References: WP. I 797 ff., WH. I 342 f., 373, 861, Trautmann 51 f.
Page(s): 206-211

Root / lemma: des- des-

Meaning: to find

Material: Gr. 5r|w 'become find' (futur. gebrauchtes present), £5r|£v supsv Hes.;

alb. /7o'es/7'find, encounter', ndieh {*of-sRd) 'feel, find'; perhaps also Old Church Slavic
desg, des/t/l\nd', ablaut, russ. -Church Slavic dositi {udositi) 'find, meet', whether not to
dek-; whereas is Old Indie abhi-dasati^ is hostile, attacked ' rather Denomin. of dasa-h
"slave, fiend'.

About alb. ndeshs. also above S. 190.

References: WP. I 783, 814, Trautmann 54, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 780.
Page(s):217

Root / lemma: deuk-
Meaning: to drag

Material: Gr. 5ai-5uaa£a9ai sAKsaGai Hes. (*5ai-5uK-iu) with intensive reduplication as irai-
cpaaau)). In addition perhaps also Ssuksi cppovri^Ei Hes., wherefore horn. a5£UKri(; '
inconsiderate '; unclear is noAu5£UKr|<; " der vielsorgende ' (but AsuKaAiajv is dissimilated
from *A£UKaAiu)v, Bechtel), and with zero grade svSukecjix; 'keen, eager, painstaking '. The
meaning "care, worry, be considerate of ' arose from "pull, drag' perhaps about "bring up';
similarly stands for Old Norse tjda ( *teuhdn) "help' (see Falk-Torp 1315 f.).

Somewhat other spiritual change of position shows Latin ducereas " to draw; to draw
along or away; hence to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence,
mislead; to derive; to draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to
esteem, consider'.

Alb. nduk^ pluck, tear out the hair ', dial, also " suck out '.

Mcymr. oy^a/" bring' {*dukami)\ about Old Irish to-ucc-{cc= gg) "bring' see below euk-.

Latin ducd{0\6 Latin douco), -ere, duxT, ductum " to draw; to draw along or away; hence
to shape anything long, to construct. Transf., to charm, influence, mislead; to derive; to
draw in; to lead; in marriage, to marry a wife; to calculate, reckon; to esteem, consider ' =
Gothic tiuhan. Old High German ziohan. Old Saxon tiohan. Old English /ec»/7"pull, drag'
(Old Norse only in participle toginn).

verbal compounds: ab-duco = Gothic af-tiuhan, ad-ducd= Gothic at-tiuhan, con-ducd =
Gothic ga-tiuhan, etc.

root nouns: Latin dux, ducisxw. f. " a guide, conductor; a leader, ruler, commander'
(therefrom educare^bnuQ up, educate, rise '; linguistic-historical connection with formally
equal Old Norse toga. Old High German zogon'puW, drag' does not exist), tradux^here
guided) vine-layer '. Is Old Saxon etc heritogo. Old High German herizogo^ military leader
', Modern High German /yeAzo^ replication of aTpaTr|y6(;? compare Feist 479.

//-stem: Latin ductim^by drawing; in a stream', late duct/-d^6uct' (besides fu-stem
ductus, -us' direction, leadership, duct, conduction ') = Modern High German Zucht{see
below).

Specially rich development form in Germanic, so: iterative-Kaus. Old Norse feyg/a'puW,
drag, pull out' = Old English t/egan'puW, drag' {*taug/an); Old High German zuckan.

zucchen, Middle High German zucken, zcicken 'qu'\cW, pull fast, wrest, draw back' (with
intensive consonant stretch; therefrom Middle High German zuc, Gen. zuckesm. ' twitch,
jerk'); Old Norse togn. "the pulling, rope, cable'. Middle High German zoc, Gen. zogesm.
"puir, whereof Old Norse toga, -ada^puW, drag'. Old English tog/an, engl. tow'puW, drag'.
Old High German zogon. Middle High German zogen'puW, drag (tr., intr.), rend, pull',
compare above Latin {e)-ducare\ Old English tygem. /-stem "pull'. Old High German zug.
Modern High German Zug {* tugi-)\ Old High German zugil, zuhil. Middle High German
zugil. Modern High German Zugel, Old Norse tygillm. "band, strap, strip'. Old English tygel
"rope'; Old Norse taugi. "rope'. Old English teagi. "band, strap, manacle, paddock '
(therefrom Old English tTegan^b\v\6\ engl. tie); with zero grade Old Norse togu. "rope,
hawser'; Old Norse taumrm. "rope, cable, rein'. Old English teamm. " pair of harnessed
oxen, yoke, bridle, parturition, progeny ' (therefrom tfeman' proliferate, be pregnant ', engl.
teem), Dutch toom'brood'. Old Frisian /5/77 "progeny'. Old Saxon tom'a strap or thong of
leather; plur., reins, bridle; scourge, whip'. Old High German Middle High German zoumm.
"rope, cable, thong, rein'. Modern High German "bridle, rein' (Germanic *tauma-1rorr\
*tauj-ma-); Old High German ^/z/i/^d/7 "bear witness, prove' (actually " zur
Gerichtsverhandlung gezogen warden '), Middle High German geziugen^ prove from
evidence ', Modern High German (be)zeugen, Zeuge, Middle Low German betugen^
testify, prove ', getuchu. " attestation, evidence '; further with the meaning "bring out, bring
up, generate' Old High German giziug {* teugiz) " stuff, device, equipment ', Modern High
German Zeug, Middle Low German tuch{-g-) n. " stuff, device ' and "penis'. Middle High
German ziugen. Modern High German zeugen; Gothic ustauhts' consummation ', Old
High German Middle High German zuhti. "raise, upbringing, breed, breeding, progeny ',
Modern High German Zucht{= Latin ductus see above); therefrom Modern High German
zuchtig, zuchtigen. Old English tyhtm. " upbringing, breed, breeding'. Old Frisian tucht,
/oc/7/" ability to procreate'.

Specially because oi Zucht^ progeny ', Bavarian also " breeding pig ' one draws Old
High German zoha. Middle Low German tdle{*tdhila). Modern High German schwab.
zauche^b\\.dc\\ neuisl. /da" vixen ' to the root; yet compare Middle High German zupe
"bitch', Norwegian dial, tobbe^ruaxe, small female creature ' and Germanic *//7rdand *tibd
"bitch'.

A simple root form *den-^p\}\\, drag' perhaps in Old Norse tjddru. {*deu-trom) " tether,
bandage rope ' = Middle English teder-, tef^er6s.. Old High German zeotar' sbait'. Modern
High German Bavarian Zieter^ front shaft ' (also Old English tudor, tuddoru. " progeny '?);
but Old Indie dorakam^ope, strap' is dravid. loanword (Kuiper Proto-Munda 131).

References: WP. I 780 f., WH. I 377 f., 861 .
Page(s): 220-221

Root / lemma: deu-1

Meaning: to plunge, to penetrate into

Material: Old Indie upa-du-^ to go into, (of clothes), to put on, to wear, assume the person

of, enter, press into, cover oneself, wear';

The cause of -(e)s- stem seems to belong to: Old Indie dosa, new dosa-h ' evening,
darkness ', Avestan daosatara-, daosastara-^ situated towards evening, to the west ',
npers. o'ds "the former yesterday night';

gr. bz\zKoc, (more properly bz\zKb(;) "evening' (metr. lengthening for *bzzKoc, from
SsuoEAoq? originally Adj. " vespertine ', as still in hom. SsisAov npap); gr. 5uu) (Attic u:, ep.
u), trans. " sink, dive, swathe ' (only in compounds: KaraSuu) "sink'), intrans. (in simplex
only in participle 5uu)v; Aor. £5uv) "dive in, penetrate (e.g. aiOspa, zc, novTOv), slip in, pull
in (clothing, weapons; so also £v5uu), ano5uu), nspiSuu)), sets (from the sun and stars,
dive, actually, in the sea)', also med. 5uopai and Suvw (hom. 5ua£T0 is old augment tense
to the future, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 788); aAip5uu), Kallimachos "sink in the sea' (p unclear,
s. Boisacq s. v.; preposition *[5]/0[c»]?); 5unTU) "dip, dive, sink' (after punru)); aSuTOv " the
place where one may not enter ', 5uaic; " disappearing, dive, nook, hideaway, setting of the
sun and stars ', np6(; nAiouSuaiv " towards evening ', 5ua|jai PI. " setting of the sun and
stars '; unclear apcpi5upo(;, 5i5u|Joc; " coupled ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 589; after Frisk Indog.
16 f. here also 5uTr| "shrine'.

References: WP. I 777 f., WH. I 3, 682.
Page(s): 217-218

Root/ lemma: {deu-2ox dou^ : du-
Meaning: to worship; mighty

Material: Old Indie duvas-x\. " offering, worship instruction ', duvasyati^ honors, reveres,
recognizes, recompenses ', duvasyu-, o'^i/dyi/- "venerating, respectful '; Old Latin duenos,
then duonos. Classical bonus'good' (Adv. bene, Demin. bellus{*duenelos] "pretty, cute');
Note: common Latin du- > im-
probably = Old Irish o'e/? "proficient, strong', Subst. " protection'; Latin bed, -are^ to bless,
enrich, make happy ', beatus^ blessed, lucky' {*du-ejd, participle *du-enos); in addition Old
Saxon /M//7/7d/7 "grant'. Middle Low German twTden^ please, grant'. Old English langtwTdig^

granted long ago', Middle High German zmc/en' grant', md. getwed/c'tame, domesticated,
compliant ' {* du-ei-to-; Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 499);

after EM2 114 perhaps still here gr. Su-va-piai " has power '.

Perhaps also here Germanic *faujan' make' (from "* be mighty ') in Gothic taujan,
taw/da^ make', Proto Norse faw/dsl made'. Old High German zc»^^//^/7'exercebant
(Cyclopes ferrum)'. Middle High German zouwen, zouwen^ finish, prepare ', Middle Low
German /o^M/e/7 'prepare, concoct, tan, convert hide into leather', wherefore Old English
getawa' an implement, utensils, tools, instruments ' (therefrom again {ge)taw/an ^ prepare' ,
engl. faw^ make ready, prepare, or dress (raw material) for use or further treatment; spec,
make (hide) into leather without tannin ') and (with original prefix stress in nouns) Old
English geatwei. PI. 'armament, armor, jewellery, weapons ' = Old Norse ggtvari. PI. ds..
Old Frisian touw, /on/ 'tool, rope, hawser'. Modern Frisian touw^ the short coarse fibres of
flax or hemp, tow ', Middle Low German touwe^\.oo\, loom', touwe, tou^rope, hawser' (out
of it Modern High German Tau), Old High German gizawa^ household furniture, apparatus
' (but also 'succeed', see above). Middle High German gezduwer\. 'appliance' (out of it
with Bavarian-dial, vocalization Middle High German zawe). Modern High German Gezahe
(see about these forms Psilander KZ. 45, 281 f.).

In addition with e (Psilander aaO. expounded also *taujan through proto Germanic
abridgement from *t^wjan) perhaps Gothic /en/a 'order, row', gatewjan ^ 6\spose' , Old High
German zawa^ coloring, paint, color, dyeing', langobard. zawa^ row, division of certain
number, uniting'. Old English sel-tsewe^ altogether, wholly, entirely well, sound, whole,
healthy, well ' (about possible origin of Germanic *tewairom *fej-wasee below *de/(-
'take'; then it would be natural to separate from taujan); with oGothic fau/. Gen. foj/'s
'action', ubiltojis^ evildoer, wrongdoer ', Old Norse tdr\. 'uncleaned wool or flax, linen
thread material ' = Old English /on/ 'the spinning, the weaving' in tow-hOs^ spinnery ', tow-
craefV skillfulness in spinning and weaving ', engl. tow^ the short coarse fibres of flax or
hemp, tow '; with Asuffix Old Norse tdlr\. 'tool'. Old English tdlr\. ds. {*tdwula-), verbal only
Old Norse Wja, /j^a 'utilize, make usable ', actually 'align', denominative to *tdwja-a^er
Psilander aaO., while Falk-Torp seeks under /0/e therein belonging to Gothic tiuhan
*tauhjan, *tiuhjan.

Thurneysen places (KZ. 61, 253; 62, 273) Gothic taujan to Old Irish do'id^ exert,
troubled '; the fact that this, however with do'id^ catches fire ' is identical and the meaning
'make' has developed from ' kindle the fire, inflame', seems unlikely.

About other interpretations of taujan s. Feist 474 f.

References: WP. I 778, WH. 11 11 , 324 f., 852.
Page(s): 218-219

Root / lemma: deu-3, deua-, dua-, du-
Meaning: to move forward, pass

Material: Old Indie du-ra-h^ remote, distant, wide' (mostly locally, however, also
chronologically), Avestan durae. Old pers. dura/y'aiar, far there ', Avestan duraf' at a
distance, far, far there, far away ', compounds Sup. Old Indie davTyas-, dav/sfha-' more
distant, most distant'; ved. duvas- " moving forward, striving out ', transitive Avestan duye'
chase away ', avi-fra-5avaite " carry away itself (from water)'; Old Indie dOta-h, Avestan
duta- " summoner, delegator'; perhaps here Old Indie dosa-hm. 'lack, fault, error' {*deu-s-

o-y,

gr. Doric Attic 5£U), Aeolic hom. 5£uu) (not *5£ua-, but *5£F-) "lack, err, miss', Aor.
£5£r|aa, £5£ur|aa; unpers. 5£T, 5£U£i, participle to 5£0v, Attic to 5ouv "the needful '; Medium
5£0Mai, hom. 5£uo|jai "lack' etc, hom. " stay behind sth, fall short, fail to attain, be
insufficient ', Attic " please, long for '; £ni5£r|q, hom. £ni5£ur|(; " destitute, lacking ', 5£r||Ja
"request'; in addition 5£UT£po(; " follow in the distance, the second one ', in addition Superl.
hom. 5£UTaTog.

Perhaps in addition with -s-extension (see further above Old Indie dosa-h) Germanic
*tiuzdn\r\ Old English teorian^ cease, languish' (*stay behind), engl. //re "exhaust'.

compare further md. zJn/e/? (strong. V.) " move in the front, move, proceed there ', Old
High German zawen^ proceed, go ahead, succeed'. Middle High German zouwen^\\\^rr^| ,
somewhat hasten, proceed, go ahead, succeed', zouwe\. "haste, hurry'.

2. Apers. duvaistam Mn . "for a long time', Avestan dboistam M\. " long, extended '
(temporal); about Old Indie dvita, Avestan daibita. Old pers. duvita-paranam see below
duouiv^o';

Armenian tevem^ last, endure, hold, hold off', /ei/" endurance, duration', i tev^ long
time through ', /o/r "duration, endurance ' {*teuo-ko-, *touo-ko), ablaut. e/'Aa/'"long'
(temporal) from *dua-ro- (= gr. 5r|p6v), e/'/ra//7"long' (spacial);

gr. 5nv (el. Doric Sdv Hes.) " long, long ago ' (*5Fav), 5oav (*5oFav) "long' (accusative
of *5Fa, *5oFc( "duration'), 5r|p6v, Doric 5ap6v " long lasting ' (*5Fa-p6v), 5r|6a "long',
therefrom 5r|6uv£iv "hesitate, stay long ', 5a6v noAuxpoviov Hes. (*5Fa-iov); about 5ap6v
compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 482, 7;

Latin du-dum " some time ago; a little while ago, not long since; a long while ago or for a
long time ' (to form see WH. I 378). Here also (in spite of WH. I 386) o'J/'5/'e 'endure'
because of Old Irish cundrad^'Qaci, covenant' {*con-durad)\ butcymr. cy/7/7//'eo' 'movement'
remains far off in spite of Vendryes (BSL. 38, 115 f.); here also Latin dum, originally ' short
time, a short while ', see above S. 181;

lengthened grade Old Irish doe{*dduio-) 'slow';

Old Church Slavic dave^ erstwhile, former', o'aK6/7b 'ancient', russ. davno^siuce long
ago', etc;

Hittite tu-u-wa {duwa) ' far, away ', tu-u-wa-la {Horn. PI.) 'remote, distant' from *dua-lo-,
Benveniste BSL. 33, 143.

References: WP. I 778 ff., WH. I 378 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 348, 595, 685.
Page(s): 219-220

Root / lemma: deup-{. kteup-1)

Meaning: a kind of thudding sound, onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. hom. 5ouno(; ' dull noise, din; sound of the kicks '; 5outt£(jo ' to sound heavy

or dead '; the in hom. EySounnaav, £piY5ouno(; ' loud-thundering ' (jjaaiySounov

...IjeyaAonxov Hes.) revealed treading original aniaut yS- is maybe parallel with KTuno(;

'blow, knock' besides Tuno(; or is copied to it, so that no certainty is to be attained about its

age; after Schwyzer would be (Y)5oun£U) intensive to zero grade ktuh-; serb. dupTm, dupiti

'hit with noise', sloven, dupam {dupljem) dupati^ punch on something hollow, rustle

thuddingly ', dupotati, Bulgarian dufift ' give the spurs to a horse ', Latvian dupet/es' duW

sound' (Balto Slavic d- from gd-7 or older as gr. y5-?);

Maybe onomatopoeic alb. dum {*dump) ' thudding sound' [common alb. p > mp > m]

after Van Windekens Lexique 138 here Tocharian A tap- ' allow to sound, announce '
{*tup-) in Infin. tpassi, participle Pass, cacpunder

References: WP. I 781 f., Endzelin KZ. 44, 58, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 518, Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. 17183.
Page(s): 221-222

Root / lemma: de- do-

Meaning: a demonstrative stem

Material: Avestan vaesman-da ' up there to the house ';

gr. -5s in 6-5£, r|-5£, t6-5£ ' that here, this ' (I - deixis), £v0a-5£, £v9£v-5£, t£T-5£, hinter
Akk. the direction, e.g. 56fJov-5£, oIkov 5£, oIk6v5£, 'A9r|va^£ (*A9avava-5£), as Avestan
vaesmen-da (Arcadian 0up5a £^u) Hes., reshuffling of -5£ after double forms as np6a9£ :
npooGa), also in 5£-upo (5£upo emulated PI.) 'here', Latin quan-de, quam-de^ as like ' =
Oscan pan, Umbrian pane 'as', also Oscan pun, Umbrian pon{n)e 'as well as' {*quom-de),
Latin in-de^ thence, from there ' {*im-de), un-de^ whence, from where '; gr. 5£ 'but'; gr. 5r|
' just, now, just, certainly ', n-5r| 'already', £n£i-5r| ' since, whereas, because '; 5ai after
interrogative words '(what) then?';

Indo Germanic la'eput also in Old Irish article in-d{*sind-os, Indo Germanic *sem-de);

Italian -*dam\v\ Latin quT-dam, quon-dam, Umbrian ne-rsa' as long as' (probably
solidified Akk. f. *ne-dam ' not at the same time '; besides m. or n. in:);

Latin dum{*dom) 'still', as Konj. 'while, during the time that; so long as, provided that;
until', originally demonstratives 'then', compare etiam-dum, interdum, nondum, agedum{:
gr. aY£ 5n), manedum, quidum^as so?' , then in relative-conjunctional meaning, as also in
dummodo, dumne, dumtaxat, Oscan fsfdum ' the same as' however, is to be
disassembled in fs-fd-um, as also in. Latin Tdem, quidem, tandem, tantusdem, totidem\s
not to be recognized with dum Irom *domt\r\e changing by ablaut -denr. Id-em kom * id-em
= Old Indie /d-am ' just this ', compare Oscan fs-fd-um, as quid-emiroxw *quid-om = Oscan
pfd-um, and as a result of the syllable separation f-dem\Nou\6 be sensed as -dem an
identity particle and would grow further);

but the primary meaning of dum is ' a short while ', wherefore u perhaps is old (compare
dudum) and dum belongs to root deua- (EM2 288 f.).

Indo Germanic '(t/o originally 'here, over here' in Latin o'd-/7/-c^/77 (archaically), donee
{*dd-ne-que), for Lukrez also donique^ so long as, till that, to, finally ', but also 'then' {do-
equal meaning with ad-, ar- in Umbrian ar-ni-po ' as far as ' from * ad-ne-q^om) and in
quandd^\N\r\en' = Umbrian panupei^ whenever, as often as; indef. at some time or other ';
Old Irisho'lo, du, acymr. o'/(= dJ), corn, de'to' from *o'J(in gall, o^iz-c/'and'), Thurneysen
Grammar 506; Old English to. Old Saxon to{te, ti). Old High German zuo{za, ze, zf, the
abbreviated forms are in spite of Solmsen KZ. 35, 471 not to understand as previously
proto Indo Germanic ablaut variants). Modern High German /o (Gothic du'to' with Dat. and
proverb, e.g. in du-g fnnan ^beg\n' , seems proclitic development from *td{7), is marked from
Brugmann l|2, 812 as unresolved); Old Lithuanian o'o preposition and prefix 'to'; Old
Church Slavic da^ so, and, but; that ' (meaning-development '*in addition' - 'still, and',
from which then the subordinating link); different Pedersen Tocharian 5.

Besides Indo Germanic *dd\x\ Old Cliurch Slavic o'o "until, to'.

Lithuanian da-, perfektivierendes verbal prefix, and Latvian o'a "until - to', also verbal
prefix e.g. in o''5-/e/"hinzugehen', derive from dem Slavischen.

en-do. Old Latin endo, indu^\v\\ Latin only more as composition part, e.g. indi-gena, ind-
oles, other formations in hom. to £v-5-Tva (right £v5Tva) "intestines, entrails ', Middle Irish
inne^As." ( *en-d-io-)\ (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), against it wird Old Irish ind
preposition and prefix "in' von Thurneysen Grammar 521 as after in- umgefarbte
Entsprechung von gall. a/7o'e contemplates and further von Pedersen KG. I 450 with
Gothic s/7o'"untir. Old Indie ^o'/?/ connected; and gr. £v5o-9i " indoors, in, within ', £v5o-9£v
" from inside ' are reshaped as Lesbian Doric £v5oi after oiko-0i, -9£v, -i from £v-5ov, s.
*dem-\.o build'; Hittite an-da^\n' to *en-do{or*n-dd?), Pedersen Hittite 166. Whereas it is
the adverbial- and predicate character of nouns Old Irish /n{d), abret. in, mcymr. yn
probably instrumental of article; s. further Thurneysen Grammar 239.

de{as o'd probably an Instr. extension) in Latin o'e"prep. with abl. in space, down from,
away from. Transf., coming from an origin; taken from a class or stock, made from a
material, changed from a previous state; of information, from a source, in time, following
from, after; in the course of, during, about a subject; on account of a cause; according to a
standard', Faliscan ofe (besides Oscan dat^de' (for *dad, with t afier post, pert etc; Oscan-
Umbrian *dad\s probably replacement for *o'e after ehtradetc, respectively after the
ablative transformed in Instr. -e{d), d{d)\ad); as proverb in dafdajd' give away, give up,
surrender, deliver, consign, yield, abandon, render', dadfl<atted^ dedicate, consecrate, set
apart ', Umbrian daetom^ a fault, crime '; in addition compounds Latin deterior^ lower,
inferior, poorer, worse ', Sup. detemmus, demum (Old Latin also demus) " of time, at
length, at last; in enumerations, finally, in short; 'id demum', that and that alone ' ("*to
lowest ' - "lastly, finally'), denique^ at last, finally; in enumerations, again, further or finally;
in short, in fine ';

Old Irish o'/"(besides o'efrom Indo Germanic de, wherewith perhaps gall. ppaTou-5£ "
from a judicial sentence ' is to be equated), acymr. di, ncymr. y, i, corn, tiie, bret. o'/" from -
down, from - away ', also as privative particle (e.g. acymr. di-auc^ slow, tardy, slack,
dilatory, lingering, sluggish, inactive, lazy ', as Latin debiiis, intensifying Old Irish dT-mor^
very large ' as Latin o'e/77a^/s "furthermore, very much')

The meaning " from - down, from - away ' these with gr. 5n, 5£ formally the same
particle probably is only a common innovation of Celtic and Italic; also German?

(Holthausen KZ. 47, 308: Old High German zao'a/" poverty, need' from *de-tlom, of *de^
from - away ', as wadar^oor, needy' : Latin i/e "enclitic, or, or perhaps'?).

The ending of the following adverbial groups also belongs to this root: Old Indie tada
"then', Avestan /aJa"then', Lithuanian /5o'a"then'; Old Indie /rao'a "when?', Avestan kada,
jav. /raJa "when?', Lithuanian /rao'a"when'; Old Indie yao'a "when, as', Avestan yada,\ay.
j/aJa"when', Old Chureh Slavic yeo'a "when' (compare also Old Indie yao'/" if. Old pers.
yadiy, Avestan yedi, yeidi^as soon as' and Avestan y5Ja/"whenee'); Old Indie /da'now,
yet'; also the Slavic formations as russ. /r^o(3 "whereto, where';

Maybe alb. ku-do{*kud^^ everywhere, anywhere', nasal nga-do{k^d^ "everywhere'

Old Chureh Slavic k^du, /r^o'e "whence', n/kbda-ze ^ r\ever' , poln. o'o/r^o' "whereto, where'.
Old Church Slavic f^de' from there ', sqdu^ from here ' , but it could contain also Indo
Germanic d^^.

A cognate stem Wperhaps in enclitic Iran. Akk. Avestan Old pers. dim^ her, she ',
Avestan d/t'es', d/sP\. m. f., drP\. n., and Old Prussian Akk. Sg. d/n, d/en^\\r\r\, sie' (etc);
compare but Meillet MSL 19, 53 f.

References: WP. I 769 ff., WH. I 325 f., 339 f., 370 f., 694, 859, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 624 f.
Page(s): 181-183

Root / lemma: deg-

Meaning: to grab?

Material: Gothic tekan 'touch';

Maybe alb. takonj "touch'

Additional cognates: [PN taka= WFris. take, EFris. taken, MDu. /a/re/7 grasp, seize, catch,

rel. by ablaut to Goth, tekan]

with ablaut Old Norse taka, (engl. take) "take'; Tocharian B tek-, tak- "touch', B teteka" as

soon as '.

Maybe alb. /a/rc»A7y"touch' : Gothic tekan "touch';

References: WP. I 786, WH. I 351, Van Windekens Lexique 138, 139 (compares also Latin

tango'to touch'), Pedersen Tocharian 2071.

Page(s): 1 83

Root /lemma: de-\ «/a-and del-, di-

Meaning: to bind

Note:

Root / lemma: de-. <ya-and dei-, di-\ "to bind' derived from dual , duel-, stems of Root/

lemma: dud(u)\ "two' meaning "bind in two'

Material: Old Indie oy-a//(with a-, ni-, sam-) "binds' {dy- zero grade of *dei-, from 3. PI.

dyanti, compare Avestan nT-dya-t^m2>. Sg. Med. in pass, meaning " it has made soil

holdback ', -a-extension from the zero grade di-, Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 761), Old Indie

participle dita- " bound ' (= gr. 5£t6(;), daman-u. "band, strap' (= gr. -5r|MC(), ni-datar-

'binder';

gr. (hom. Attic) Ssw (*5£ju)) "bind', 5£t6i; " bound ', 5£Tr| " shavings tied together as a
torch, faggot, torch, fetter, sheaf ' (5s- for Indo Germanic *d9-as Qzioc, : TiGriM').
apaAAoSsTrip " sheaf binder ', btaxo, "the fastening, binding', 5£ap6(; "band, strap', Kpri5£-
pvov "head fascia', Sspvia PI. " bedstead '; hom. present 5i5r|Mi bind' is to 5nau) after
TiGniJi: 6nau) "neologism'; un6-5r||Ja (compare Old Indie daman-) "sandal', 5ia5r|Ma " a
band or fillet, turban, diadem ';

alb. duai^ fascicle, sheaf (about *o'd/7-from Indo Germanic *de-n-), o'e'/"(*band, strap),
sinew, tendon, vein' (Indo Germanic *o'd-/c»-).

References: WP. I 771 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 340 f., 676, 688.
Page(s): 1 83

Root / lemma: degh-mo-s

Meaning: slant

Material: Old \n6\cj/hma-h^ slantwise, slant, skew' (Proto Aryan *z/z/7/77^-assimil. from

*dizhma-), gr. 56xMioq, 5oxm6c; "slant, skew' (assimil. from *5ax|j6c;).

References: Pedersen KZ. 36, 78, WP. I 769.

See also: Other possibilities see below gei-^ium, bend'.

Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: d^ab^-^

Meaning: proper, * fitting, dainty

Material: Armenian darbin^ smith ' {Vi'"db^r-ino-)\

Latin faber, /^it*/"/"" craftsman, artist'. Adj. "ingenious, skilful'. Adv. fabre^sVMxjX, affabre^
skillfully ', contrast infabre, fabrica^ dexterity, workshop ' (Paelignian faber\s Latin
loanword); perhaps here Latin (Plaut.) effafilatus' exposed ', Denom. from *fafilla,
"*acquiescence' (/dial.?);

Note:

common Latin d- > f-\

alb. Tosc thembere^\\ee\, hoof (where a smith would attach a horseshoe)' [common alb. f-
>th-.

Gothic ga-daban^ occur, arrive, reach, happen, be suitable ', Perf. gadob^ to be clearly
seen, to be conspicuous ', Adj. gadofis^ it is suitable, proper, fitting' = Old English gedefe
" fitting, mild' {*ga-ddbja), gedafen^ proper', gedafn/an' be fitting, suitable' = Old Norse
o'a/^a "proficient, proper, become strong, prosper, thrive'. Old English gedaefte^ fitting,
mild', gedaeftan^ sori, order, arrange';

Old Church Slavic dobrt 'good, beautiful, beauteous, fair ' (= Armenian darbin, Latin
faber), dobjb, dob/Jb'Vne best, assayed, examined, tested, strong ', doba {o\der rfn-siem)
"fitting, applying, opportunity', podoba ' orr\arx\er\t, adornment, decorousness, decency', u-
dobbnb l\g\r\t' , u-dobbMv. 'light'; Lithuanian daba' quality, nature, habit, character',
dabinti ^a6orr\\ dabnus ' da\r\b/' etc.

Maybe alb. / dobet{* u-dobbnb) 'emaciated, dainty, elegant, (beautiful)', o'Oit'/' profit,
advantage'.

Note:

Root / lemma: d^^^-2: 'proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root/ lemma: d^ab^-/,
nasalized 6'^amb(h)- : 'to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see below]
References: WP. I 824 f., Trautmann 42 f., WH. I 436 f., 863.
Page(s): 233-234

Root / lemma: d^anu-or d^onu-

Meaning: a kind of tree

Material: Old Indie dhanvan-r\., dhanu-rr\., dhanus-r\. 'bow', dhanvana-rr\. ' a certain fruit

tree ' : Old High German tanna 'fir, oak' ( *danwd). Middle High German tanne. Old Low

German dennia 'fir', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

References: WP. I 825.

Page(s): 234

Root / lemma: d'^au-

Meaning: to press

Material: Avestan dvaidT\ . Du. Pras. Med. ' we press ', o'5i/^s-c//75 (could stand for duvqs-

) ' although pressing oneself further '; Phrygian 5aoc; . . . uno Opuyojv AuKoq Hes.

(therefrom the people's name Aaoi, Da-ci), Lydian Kav-5auAr|<; ("Kuv-aYXT^ Indian Hemp,
dogbane (plant poisonous to dogs)'), compare Kav-5au)v, name of thrak. god of war,
lllyrian PN Can-davia; dhauno-s^\No\V as ' shrike ' in Latin GN Faunus {to gr. Gauvov
Gnpiov Hes.) = lllyrian Z?a^/7^s (therefrom VN Aauvioi, inhabitant of apul. region of Daunia;
compare thrak. Aauviov teTxo^); gr. Zsuq OauAioc; i.e. " shrike ' (thessal.; s. also Pick KZ.
44, 339), with ablaut gr. Gclx;, G(ji)(F)6(; "jackal' (i.e. " shrike ');
Maybe alb. o'ac'cat' : Phrygian bdoc,

Gothic af-dauiPs^ rended, mangled, afflicted ';

Old Church Slavic davljg, daviti^ embroider, choke, strangle ', russ. davftb " pressure,
press, choke, crush ', davka "crush'.

References: WP. I 823, WH. I 468.

See also: About d^a^-'be astonished, marvel ' see below d^e/a-

Page(s): 235

Root / lemma: d^abh./^ nasalized ^^^ambl}^)-

Meaning: to astonish, be speechless, *hit

Note: presumably as "beaten, be concerned ' from a basic meaning "hit'

Probably common origin of Root/ lemma: d^abh-/, nasalized 6'"amb{^)- : to astonish, be

speechless, *hit; Root/ lemma: d^^eb^^-, d'^eb^-eu-: "to harm'. Root/ lemma: {d'^errt^-),

d^/lt^-: "to dig'. Root/ lemma: d'^em-, d'^ema-: "to smoke; to blow'.

Material: Gr. racpoq n. " astonishment, surprise ', Perf. ep. Ionian TsGnna, participle Aor.

TQcpcbv "astonish', Gcbniu), Gcbnsuu) ("gaze in wonder =) flatter ' (see Boisacq s. v. Gcbijj),

nasalized GaMpO(; n. " astonishment, amazement, fright', GaiJpsu) "marvel, astonish,

frighten'; to p compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333, 833;

Gothic a fdobn 'become silent!'.

Under prerequisite a basic meaning "hit' can the following Germanic family be added:
Old Norse daf/a' splash in the water', Norwegian dial, dabba' stamp, tread down,
trample, make a blunder ';

Maybe alb. Geg zhdep'beat, strike'

Old Norse an{djd0fa' hold on a boat against wind and stream ', Middle English dabben,
nengl. dab'hW. lightly'. East Frisian dafen'hW, knock, bump, poke'. Middle High German
beteben' stun, wander about, press', ndd. bedebbert^xe^nmaud, flog, embarrassed'.

Modern High German tappen, Tapp^ flick ', Middle High German tape'^Qav^' (Germanic e,
but not to use for statement of Indo Germanic vocalism), Middle Dutch dabben^tap,
splash' . However, see also Persson IF. 35, 202 f., several of these words with Middle High
German tappe' clumsy, awkward; clumsy person' etc correlates in a Germanic root dabb-,
deb{b)-, dab-, dap- 'thick, lumpy', from which "clumsy, stupid, doltish', under comparison
with Latvian dep/s swearword, perhaps ' fool ', depe' toad ' ("*the awkward'), depsis
"small, fat boy' [maybe alb. 0^16/? "cradle (for a baby)']

and Germanic words, as Swedish Dialectal dabb^ tough lump of mucus ', o'ai/e "puddle,
pool, slop' (: Old Norse 0(3/75 "splash'?) etc (Latvian o'e/O- is perhaps a a change form to
*d!"eb- in Old Church Slavic debelt "thick' etc, compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 455); it is
to be counted on merger of different word cognates in Germanic (see also under dai-, dap-
"divide');

after Endzelin (KZ. 51, 290) places engl. dab^iap' to Lithuanian dobiu, dobti' beat to
death ', Latvian dabiu, dabf\\\'(.

maybe alb. deboj {* dobet) "chase away', i dobet{*u-dobbn-b) "emaciated, dainty, elegant,
(beautiful)', o'Oit'/" profit, advantage'.

Note:

Alb. proves that Root / lemma: d^abh-^: "proper, * fitting, dainty' derived from Root/
lemma: d^^ab^-/, nasalized d^amb(h)- : "to astonish, be speechless, *hit' [see above]
References: WP. I 824.
Page(s): 233

Root /lemma: d^al-
Meaning: to blossom, be green
Material: Armenian o'5/5/'"green, fresh';

gr. OaAAu) " blossom, be green, flourish', Perf. T£0r|Aa, Doric TsOaAa, whereof present
9r|A£(ji), Doric GaAsu) ds., GaAot; n. "young scion, shoot', £pi9r|An(; " sprouting lusciously ',
EuOaAnq, Doric suOaAnc; " sprouting or blossoming lusciously ', BaKKoq "young scion, shoot,
young twig, branch', GaAia "bloom, blossom, blossoming prosperity, esp. PI. festive joy,
feast'.

Alb. dal{*dalnd), Aor. doia^dal-) " arise, sprout, rise, extend ', participleo''a/e(*o'a//7o)
etc (about djale^V\(^, child, youngling ' see below del-3).

There Alb. only arranges original a-vocalism and hence also in gr. die grade a is not
perceived as neologism of ablaut in a, which could be developed in itself from yare to be
covered at best by a parallel root tl^e/- :

perhaps Armenian deV physic, medicine ' (whether from '*herb');

cymr. dair\eayes' (analogical Sg. dalen), acorn. de/enleaV etc (/-umlaut of o). Middle
Irish duille {* dolTnJa) collective, f. ' leaves ', gall. nopn£5ouAa 'five leaves' (Dioskor.) : leg.
*pimpe-dola.

maybe alb. {*dalTnia) de//nje "\ur\'\per'

Essentially is unsatisfactory apposition from Germanic *d/7Ja in Old English d/7e, Old
Saxon d/7//, Old High German /////; o'/ZZ/'dill, strongly smelling plant umbel ', changing
through ablaut Old English dy/e, Old Danish dy//e, Modern High German Dialectal tulle 6s.,
with other meaning Old Norse oy//5'Sonchus arvensis L., sowthistle '; at least very
doubtful of Old High German tola ' a cluster, esp. of grapes ', toldo m. ' treetop or crown of
a plant, umbel ', Modern High German Dolde^ uxwbeW

Maybe alb. dylle^yN^y!

A cognate being far off the meaning of the family is the form Old English deall
"illustrious', see d^^e/- "gleam, shine'.

References: WP. I 825 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302, 703, 714, 720, WH. I 524.
Page(s): 234

Root / lemma: d^eb^- 6'^do^-eu-

Meaning: to harm

Note: the nasalized forms ( *(i!^enio^-) are as proportional neologisms to interpret the root

after containing /?-.

Material: Old Indie dabhnotr damages, disables, cheats. Pass, gets damaged ' ( t|hebh-/7-

eu-ti), Perf. dadabha and (changed) dadambha, participle Perf. Pass. dabdba-an6 (from

the root form on -cr.) a-dbhu-ta- M]. " wonderful ', actually "* the inaccessible deception,

untouchable '; dambhayatr makes confused, frustrated' {dambha-h^6ece\t'), Desid. dipsati

(= Avestan dlwz-, see below), dabhra-^ a little, slightly, poorly';

Avestan dab-' cheat, defraud sb of sth ': davqi^yaQ. Sg. f. "the cheating ', davayeinti
N. Sg-. f. 'the dishonest ', dabanaota2. PI. present (Aryan *dd^anau-mi, Indo Germanic
*do'^-en-eu-mi). Inf. diwzaidyai {\n\Vc\ou\. more desiderative meaning, but = Old Indie dipsa-
tl), participle Perf. Pass, o'sp/a- (innovation); d§ba-vayaT he shall beguile, infatuate ' (root
form *dd^eu-), a-debaoman-u. " infatuation '; osset. dawin'sieay;

Hittite te-ip-nu-' esteem lowly, humiliate ', Pedersen Hittite 144.

Tokharian: A tsaw-, tsop-, B tsap-, tsop- 'mash, crush, pierce; strike, jab, poke' (PT *tsop-,
*tsapa-) (Adams 743)

In addition very probably gr. aTsppoj 'damage, rob, cut (Guijov), bewilder, deceive ',
Pass. ' I am robbed ', with a- probably from *a-, *sm- and with to the same consonant
relationship as between TTuv5a^ : Old Indie budh-na-h.

References: WP. I 850 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 147, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333.
Page(s): 240

Root / lemma: (^'^eb-

Meaning: fat, heavy

Material: Old High German tapfar' burdensome, filled; heavy, weighty ', Middle High

German tapfer^W^hi, firm, thickset, full, weighty, signifying ', late 'valiant (tight, firm in the

battle)'. Old High German tapfare''r(\o\e\ tapfani. 'moles'. Middle Low German dapper'

heavy, weighty, vast, grand', Dutch dapper' ya\\av\{\ much, a lot of, Norwegian daper

'pregnant'. Old Norse dapr' heavy, elegiac, dismal, sad'.

Perhaps Old Norse dammr. Modern High German Damm, Middle High German tarn 6s.,
Gothic faurdammjan' dam up, hinder', as dhobmo-hexel

Old Church Slavic debelh 'thick', russ. Dialectal debelyj" corpulent, strong, tight, firm',
abl. o^c/^d/j^'strong' (etc, s. Berneker 182); Old Prussian deb/kan'b'\g, large'; perhaps also
Latvian dab/'s under dabis' luscious', dabli audzis' lusciously sprouted ', dablfgs'
luscious' (Berneker aaO.; after MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 428 nevertheless, are Latvian
words probably to be connected with Old Church Slavic dobrb);

Tocharian A tsopats'b'xq, large', tappo' courage ', /par'high', B tappre, tapr-ds.,
Pedersen Tocharian 243, Tocharian Sprachg. 23, 27, 29, Van Windekens Lex. 135, 148.
doubtfully.

References: WP. I 850, WH. I 437.

Page(s): 239

Root / lemma: 6^eg''h-

Meaning: to burn, *day

Material: Old Indie dahati, Avestan o'aza/// "burns' (= Lithuanian degu. Old Church Slavic

zegg, alb. djeK), participle Old Indie dagdha-h{= Lithuanian degtas), Kaus. dahayati; daha-

/7 "blaze, heat', n/dagha-h'\r\eat, summer', npers. day'burn brand' (in addition spatgr.

bds/akoq, -\q " red-brown horse '?); Avestan daxsa-m. "blaze';

gr. GsTTTavoq aTTT6p£V0(; Hes. ("kindled '; == Lithuanian degt/nas' who or what is to be
burned '), Tscppa "ash' ( *d^eg"'hra)]

alb. djek' incinerate, burn ', Kaus. dhez, n-dez, ndez^ ignite ' (basic form *6'"og"heid =
Latin foved);

Note:

Common Latin d- > f-:

Latin fovea, -ere "to be boiling hot, to boil, seethe, glow. Transf., to be in quick
movement, to seethe; to be excited by passion, rage', foculum^ a sacrificial hearth, fire-
pan, brazier' {*foue-clom), fomentum^ a poultice, fomentation. Transf., alleviation'
{*fouementom), fomes, -/t/s' touchwood, tinder' {*fouemet-, meaning as Latvian daglis),
favilla " glowing ashes, esp. of the dead; a spark ' (probably from *d^og"h-lo-la); favonius "
zephyrus, the warm west wind ' (from *fovdnios): febris "fever' ( Weg^hro-, after Leumann
Gnom. 9, 226 ff. /-inflection after sitis).

Middle Irish daig{Ge'r\. dega) "fire, pain' (from *degi-)\ about Middle Breton deuiff, nbret.
devi, cymr. deifio^bwvi see below *(£/af/-"burn'; cymr. de^ burning '; go-ddaith^b\aze'
(from *-dekto-)\ but Old Irish o'eo'-d/" break of dawn' after Marstrander Diet. Ir. Lang. I 213
actually " parting drink, the last drink '; nir. 0^0^/75 "burdock' (: Lithuanian dagyssee below);

about Gothic dags'day' etc see below *agher- S. 7;

Note:

from Root/ lemma: 6!^eg''h-\ "to burn, *day' derived Root/ lemma: agher-, aghen-, aghes-
(or oghereic): "day' the same as Root/ lemma: aRru: "tear' derived from Root/ lemma:

daRru-: "tears'. The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero'xs a common Baltic. Compare Root/
lemma: del-5\ "long': Baltic with unexplained o'-loss (see below): Lithuanian ilgas, f. ilga.

Latvian ilgs, Old Prussian //gaand ilgi'Mv. "long' : Hittite Norn. PI. da-lu-ga-e-es
{dalugaes) "long', da-lu-ga-as-ti {dalugasti) n. 'length'. This is a sound proof of Aryan
migration from the Baltic region to North India.

Lithuanian degu, degf/'burn' (trans, and intrans.), degtas'burnt', degtinas^ what is to
be burned ', degtinei. " brandy, alcohol ', ablauteud dagys, o'a^/s 'thistle' (Latvian dadzis);
dagas^ the burning; summer heat; harvest ', o^a^a 'harvest'. Old Prussian 0(3^/5 'summer';
Lithuanian daglas^ to brand ', deglas^ torch, cresset, brand; black-dappled '; Latvian
daglasi. PI. 'scorch', o's^/zis 'tinder'; Lithuanian nuodegulis^ firebrand ', degis^ burner;
burning '; ablaut, atuo-dogiai {!) m. PI. ' summer wheat, summer crops ';

sloven, d^gn/t/'burn, warm', Czech old dehna'6ev\\', ablaut, dahnet/ 'burn'; russ.
degotb 'tar' (from '* wood rich in resin '), as Lithuanian degutas' birch tar '; with Assimil.
(?) von *degg\.o *gegg:0\6 Church Slavic zegg, zes//'burn', ablaut, russ. /z-^a^a 'pyrosis,
heartburn' (see Meillet MSL. 14, 334 f., different Brugmann l|2 3, 120).

Maybe alb. z/7e^ 'summer heat' a Slavic loanword.

Tocharian B /e/r/ "disease, malady' (= Irish daig); A tsak-, B /s5/r- 'burn', /s after ablaut.
tsak-{Vi'"eg"h-) 'gleam, glow'; AB co/r'light' (from 'pinewood torch') : Balto Slavic *degut-
'tar' (see above).

References: WP. I 849 f., WH. I 466 f., 469, 471 f., 864, Trautmann 49, Pedersen
Tocharian Sprachg. 23.
Page(s): 240-241

Root / lemma: ^^eigh-

Meaning: to knead clay; to build

Note: s. to Sachlichen Meringer IF. 17, 147.

Material: Old Indie dehmi' coat, cement' (3. Sg. degdh/"\r\s\.ead oi*dedhi), also participle

digdha-, deha-m. n. ' body, structure ', dehffi. ' embankment, dam, curve, bay ', Avestan

pairi-daezayeitr walled all around ' (= Old Indie Kaus. dehayati) uzdistaZ. Sg. Med. ' has

erected (a dam) ', participle uz-dista-, uz-daeza- m. ' pile, embankment ', pairi-daeza-m. '

enclosure, park ' (out of it gr. napa5£iao(; 'a royal park or pleasure ground, a Persian word

brought in by Xen.; used for the garden of Eden, Paradise'), Old pers. oVic/a 'fortress' (from

*diza-, root nom. in -a), npers. diz, dez6s.\

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2™ahre- > Avestan ae-

Armenian dizanem{kox. 3. Sg. ede^ " pile up ', dizanim^ be piled up ', o'ez'heap';

Maybe nasalized alb. {*6^eigh-) deng^heap' [common Latin -/?- > -g-].

thrak. -5i^0(;, -5i^a 'castle' (: Old pers. d/da or W/gh-/a); also 5£^iov, PN A£i^a(;, Burto-
dexion, Burtu-dizos, Aiyyiov (: Latin fingo); Pannonian VN An-dizetes^ castle inhabitant ';

Note:

lllyrian Pannonian VN An-dizetes^ castle inhabitant ' displays satem characteristics
[common alb. -gh- > -d-, -z-].

gr. T£Txo(; n., toTxo(; m. (formal = Old Indie deha-) "wall'; Giyyavw, Aor. GiysTv " touched '
(meaning as Latin fingere a\so " shaped, fashioned, formed, molded; arranged ', voiced-
nonaspirated ^previously original from the nasalized present form);

Note:

Common Latin d- > f-:

Latin fingo, -ere, finxi, fictum^\.o shape, fashion, form, mold; also to arrange, put in
order; to represent, imagine, conceive; to feign, fabricate, devise, make up; touch
strokingly', figulus^ a worker in clay, potter ' (:Germanic *di3ulaz), iTIum {* figslom) "shape',
e/^ig/es "(molded) image, an image, likeness, effigy; a shade, ghost; an ideal ', figura^
form, shape, figure, size; an atom; shade of a dead person; in the abstr., kind, nature,
species ', fictid^ forming, feigning; assumption ', fictilis^ shaped; hence earthen, made of
clay; n. as subst., esp. pi. earthenware, earthen vessels ' (to Latin ^instead of h
s.Leumann Latin Gr. 133; after latter derives from forms as f/ctus a\so /rfrom Old Faliscan
f/f/ked' touched, handled ', Oscan /^>^/r^s perhaps " you will have devised '); probably
Umbrian f/k/a, ficlam " a gruel used at sacrifices, a cake, offered to the gods ', Latin fftilla "
a gruel used at sacrifices ' (with dial, /from ct); Oscan fefhuss^ walls ' {Weigho-);

about Latin fflum (identical with fflum " filament ' ?) compare WH. I 497, on the other
hand EM2 360;

Old Irish oVige/? "tight, firm' ("*kneaded tightly, compact'); Old Irish *kom-uks-ding-\o
build, erect' in 1. Sg. cunutgim, 3. Sg. conutuince\.c and perhaps also dingid, for-ding^ pw\
down, oppressed ', see below 1. d^e/?^/?- "press, cover' etc;

Gothic l=>amma digandin "the kneading ', kasa digana' clay vessel ', gadigis (meaning
\ox gadikis, 'anything moulded, an image, figure, shape, construction', es-stem, similarly
teTxoc; "a wall'); daigsm. "dough' {*d^o/ghos), Old Norse de/g{r\.), Old English dag, Old
High German fe/g6s.; Old Norse d/gr^t\r\\ck, corpulent ' (meaning as Irish digen), Gothic
o'/g/'e/ "density, thickness, bulk, mass'. Middle High German tiger, t/gere Adv. "fully, entirely
', Norwegian Dialectal digna^ become thick ', diga^ thick, soft mass ' besides Middle Low
German Norwegian dTger, Old High German tegal. Old Norse diguir glaze pot, crucible,
skillet ' seems to be a genuine Germanic word (*d/j.. laz), however, this has sponged in
the meaning of Latin tegu/a {irom rnyavov "a frying-pan, saucepan');

Maybe alb. tjegu/a' roof-tile' : Latin tegu/a'tWe, roof-tile' [conservative definitive forms
versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)].

Lithuanian d/ezt/, dyzt/l\ay, flog' ("*knead, smear one down '), Latvian d/ezet'
convince, offer' ("*to humbug sb '); Old Russian deza, kir. d/za etc " kneading trough, form,
mould ' {*d^o/gh-/-a; Berneker 198, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 487).

Maybe alb. {*d'^oigh) 0770^5 "plank'

An adapted form {*gheiA^-) is probably Lithuanian ziedziu, z/esf/lom\, mould'. Old
Lithuanian puod-z/dys' a worker in clay, potter ', Old Church Slavic z/zdg, zbdat/^to build',
zbdb, z/db "wall' (Buga Kalba ir s. 184 f);

Tocharian A fseke si peke si^ figure, shape or painting ' (W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 257 f.,
Indo Germanic *d!^oighos).

A parallel root t|he/g- seeks Wood Mod. Phil. 4, 490 f. in Middle High German tTchen
"make, create etc'; Old English diht(i)an " to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be
written; hence to get written down ', Old High German ///7/0/7" invent and create; versify '
derive from late Latin dictare " to say often; to say over, dictate a thing to be written; hence
to get written down '.

References: WP. I 833 f., WH. I 501 f. 507.
Page(s): 244-245

Root / lemma: d'^eia- : d'Na- : d'^T-

Meaning: to see, show

Material: Old Indie adJdheV he looked ', PI. dJdhimah, Med. dfdhye, adJdhJta, Konj.

dfdhayat {perhaps converted to present Perf., compare Perf. dldhaya); dhya-ti, dhya-ya-ti

(/b-present) " looks in spirit, d. i. thinks, reflects ', participle dhya-ta- and dhT-ta-, dhya^ the
thinking, meditating ', oyTKa-Za/"- "thinker', dhya-na-n. 'meditation, contemplation ',
dhyaman-n. (Gr.) "thought, notion'; dh7-h, Akk. o'/7/K-a/77 "thought, notion, imagining,
discernment, understanding, religious meditation, devotion ', dhJ-ti-' awareness, thought,
notion, devotion ', dhTra-^ seeing, smart, wise, skilful', avadhJrayati^ disdains (despicit),
rejects, despises ', prakr. herai^ sieves '; s- formation Old Indie dhiyasana-' attentive,
observant, heedful '; presumably also dhisana- if "sensible, wise, smart', dhisanyant-W "
observant, pious ', dhisa\'(\s\x. Adv. if " with devotion, zeal, or lust ', yet compare on the
other hand that belong to Latin festus, fanum, Indo Germanic d^es- "religious', dhfsnya-^
devout, religious ';

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

Avestan da{})- "see', e.g. a-o'/Sa'// "contemplates', daidyantoHom. PI. participle " the
seeing ' (etc, s. Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 724); participle pait'hdTta- " beholds ', -dJti- f. "the
beholding ', da&a- " sensible, smart' (lengthened grade as -dida'ti), -da(y)-, -df- f. as 2.
composition part "vision, look; discernment, intention'; -daman- " intention'; daeman- n.
"eye, eyeball; look', doi&ra-u. "eye', daena^re\\q\ou' and " internal being, spiritual I '; npers.
drdan'see', drm lace, cheek';

gr. anpa, Doric aapia "mark, token, sign, Kennzeichen, Merkmal etc' {*d!"Ja-mn= Old
Indie dhyaman-, Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 322; after E.
Leumann [Abh. Kunde d. Morgenl. 20, 1, S. 96] rather to Sakisch 555/773 "mark, token,
sign'), aniJaivu) " mach^urch^ir^eicherU<^^ etc';

alb. dfture, dftme^ wisdom, learning ', 07/73/: "cunning'.

Also alb. o'/"l know, discern'

It goes back to a synonymous *id!^au-.

Gr. Gaupa " what excites admiration, astonishment; veneration, astonishment ' ( *id!^9u-
mn) Gaupa^oo " be surprised, astonish, venerate, admire ', next to which with gradation
G(I)(u)|ja; compare Boeotian 0u)|ju)v, Doric Oajpavraq (Lithuanian by Boisacq under
GaOpa; about Gr|pO(; Gauija Hes. probably Gf|Fo(;, s. Boisacq under GappO(; m. Lithuanian);
Attic Geo " looking, sight; show' from *GaFa, compare syrak. Gaa, Ionian Gnsopai, Doric
Gasopai "consider' (Attic Gsaopai reshaped after Gsa), etc, s. Boisacq under Geo and
G£U)p6(; (to latter still Ehrlich KZ. 40, 354 Anm. 1). Except gr. equivalents are absent.

References: WP. I 831 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 349, 523.
Page(s): 243

Root / lemma: d^efo^-

Meaning: to bury

Note: Only german. and Balto-Slavic

Material: Old High German bi-telban, -/e/pa/? (participle bitolban) "bury", Old Saxon bi-

delban6s., mndd. Dutch delven. Old English delfan^6\i^, bury', Flemish o'e/i/'gorge,

ravine, gulch, ditch, trench, channel'; in addition Swiss tu/pen'h\t, thrash', Tirol da/fer's\ap

in the face, box on the ear, blow, knock', ndd. do/ben'hW;

Balto Slavic *dilbd^ dig, hollow out ': in Lithuanian de/baan6 dalbai. " crowbar', Latvian
dilbai., dilbism. " hollow bone, epiphysis, shinbone', delbs^ upper arm, elbow', dalbsm.,
dalbat " fishing rod, hayfork '; perhaps Lithuanian nu-dilbintT lower the eyes down ';

Slavic *dblbg, *de/t/"\r\ Serbo-Croatian dubem, dupst/" hoWow out', dubok^deep, etc
(ablaut. *de/t/"\n Serbo-Croatian dial. d//st/^ chisel, cut ', compare ^y/ye/o "chisel'); Czech
d/ubu, d/ubat/"\r\o\\o\N out, poke ', ablaut. *do/b-\n Czech dlabati^ chisel, cut ', dlab^ seam '
(= Latvian dalbs). Old Russian nadolobt m., nadolbai. " town enclosure '; *o'c/i6'-/c»- "chisel,
sharp iron ' in Old Prussian dalptan^ press copy, impact break ', Slavic *o'c»//c» "chisel' in
Bulgarian dlato, russ. -Church Slavic diato, russ. doMods.

maybe truncated alb. {*doltd) o^a/Ze "chisel'

References: WP. I 866 f., Trautmann 54, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 434.
Page(s): 246

Root/ lemma: 6^elgh-, d^elg-il)
Meaning: to hit

Material: Old English dolgn.. Old High German tolc, tolg, dolgn. "wound' ("*blow, knock').
Old Norse dolgu. "enmity', o'o/g/' "fiend', oy/^ya "enmity', wherefore probably ndd. dalgen,
dalJen^hW (borrows Norwegian Dialectal da/ga6s.), Modern High German (Hessian-
nassauisch. East Prussian) da/gen, ta/ken 'thrash, hit'. Middle High German talgen
"knead'. After Havers KZ. 43, 231, IF. 28, 190 ff. was also for gr. GsAyu) " enchant, beguile
etc', GsAKTOop, GsAkthp, GsAkthpioc; " charming, tempting ', GsA^ic; " enthrallment ' (Indo
Germanic *&^elg- besides *6^e/gh-7) the basic meaning " enchantment through a blow '
probably, as well as also TeAxTvec;, OsAyTvEc; demons were damaging through blows the
health of the people and at the same time the smiths.

Everything quite uncertainly. Rather Tocliarian A talkev\., B /e/A/" sacrifice, oblation' could
still belong to it.
References: WP. I 866.
Page(s): 247

Root / lemma: 6^elg-

Meaning: to stick; needle

Material: Old Irish deign, (es-stem) 'thorn, cloth needle', corn. delc(\.e. delch) " a

necklace, collar [for horses and other animals]', mcymr. dala, d/a/'bite, prick, sting';

Old Norse dalkr^ needle to fasten the mantle about the right shoulder; spinal column of
fish; dagger, knife ', Old English da/cm. "clasp, hairpin' (Modern High German Dolch, older
Tolch, ndd. dolk, after Mikkola BB. 25, 74 the origin of Czech poln. tulich, sloven, tolih, is
namely borrowed at first from Latin dolo^a pike, sword-stick; a small foresail sword-cane',
but perhaps reshaped after Germanic words as Old English dale);

Lithuanian dilgus^ pricking, burning ', dilge, dilgelei. "nettle', dilgstu, dilgtr get burned
by nettle '; dalgis ^ scythe' here, not to S. 196!

Here perhaps Latin falx'a sickle, bill-hook, pruning-hook; a sickle-shaped implement of
war', after Niedermann Essais 17 ff. regressive derivative from falcula, that derives from
Ligurian (?) *dalkla{*6!"al-tla), also as sizil. ZayKAr), AqvkAI "Messina' (: Spsnavov).

maybe lllyrian TN Docleatae

However, one derive just as well from *6'"alg-tla ; if in that Italian dialekt would have
become Indo Germanicyto al, the a-vowel can be also explained.

Late Latin daculum ^ s\ck\e' could be in addition the Ligurian equivalent. Against it Terracini
Arch. Glott Ital. 20, 5f.,30f.

References: WP. I 865 f.
Page(s): 247

Root/ lemma: d^e/-/, d^o/o-
Meaning: curve; hollow
Note:

From Root / lemma: ghel-1 (and ghel-1), also as /-, u-or /7-stenn; ghela- : ghle- ghlo- :
ghla-\ "to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root/ lemma: d^e/-/, d^o/o-: "curve;
hollow'. Root/ lemma: 6^61-2: "light, shining'. Root/ lemma: 6!^el-3\ "to tremble' [common
alb.-lllyrian gh- > o'-].

Material: Gr. GoAoc; f. " dome, cupola, domed roof, round building (sudatorium)'; sizil. GoAia,
lak. (Hes.) oaAia " round summer hat ', 9aAaiJ0(; m. " situated in the interior of house room,
bedroom, pantry ', GaAapn "cave, den (of animals)', 6(p-0aA|j6c; "eye' (*6TTO-9aA[j6(; "* eye
socket ');

cymr. dolt "valley', bret. £7c»/in PN;

Old Norse c/a/r'bo\N'; Gothic da/str\. or da/n. "valley, pit, pothole'. Old Saxon da/, Old
English dse/, Old High German ta/n. "valley'. Old Norse da/rm. "valley'; Gothic dalat^^
downwards ', o'a/aA'a" under', dalat^ro^ from below ' (here as *DaliPerndz^ valley
inhabitant ' the Da//tem/ oi Av\enus, German Alps in Valais, after R. Much, Germanist.
Forschungen, Wien 1925), Old Frisian to de/e ' down' , Old Saxon to dale. Middle Low
German dale, nnd. dal'down, low'. Middle High German ze tal6s.; Old English dell Middle
High German telle i. "gorge, ravine, gulch' {*daljd); changing through ablaut Old Norsed0ll
m. " valley inhabitant ' {*ddlja-), Norwegian dial. d0r small valley, long gully resembling
dent ' {*ddljd) = Old High German tuolla. Middle High German /Je/e "small valley, dent ',
mnl. doer6\tc\r\, trench, channel'; Old Norse d^la'guWy' {*deljd), d^ld^smaW valley'
{*delldd}; ndd. o'o/e "small pit, pothole'. Middle High German to{e) f. " drainage ditch ' (Old
High German o'o/a "gully, ditch, trench, channel, duct, tube, pipe' probably actually ndd.),
Old High German tulli. Middle High German tulle, ndd. o'o//e "short duct, tube, pipe' (also
ndd. o'a/ stands for "duct, tube, pipe');

Old Church Slavic (etc) o'c»/z>"hole, pit, pothole, valley', dolu^ downwards ', o'c»/& "under'.

References: WP. I 864 f.. Loth RC. 42, 86.
Page(s): 245-246

Root / lemma: 6^^61-2

Meaning: light, shining

Note:

From Root / lemma: ghel-1 (and ghel-1), also as /-, ^-or /7-stem; ghela- : ghle-, ghlo- :

ghla-\ "to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root/ lemma: ^^el-1, d^o/o-: "curve;

hollow'. Root/ lemma: ^^el-2\ "light, shining'. Root/ lemma: ^^el-3\ "to tremble' [common

alb.-lllyrian gh- > d\

Material: Perhaps Armenian deHn, Gen. dei-noy'ye\\o\N, sallow, paled, pallid' {*6!^eleno-);

Middle Irish dellrad^ radiance '; Old English deair sioui, proud, bold, illustrious'. Old
Norse GN Heimdallr, Ma/'-o'p// 'epithet of the light goddess Freyja ', Dellingr^ father of the
day ', Middle High German ge-te//e^ pretty, good'(?).

References: WP. I 865.
Page(s): 246

Root / lemma: d^e/-3

Meaning: to tremble

Note:

From Root / lemma: ghel-1 (and ghel-1), also as /-, ^-or /7-stem; ghela- : ghle-, ghlo- :

ghla-\ 'to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root/ lemma: d^e/-/, d^oA?-: 'curve;

hollow'. Root/ lemma: ^^el-2\ 'light, shining', Root/ lemma: ^^el-3\ 'to tremble' [common

alb.-lllyrian gh- > d\

Material: Armenian o'c/a/r? 'tremble'; Norwegian and Swedish dial, dilla^smui^, swerve ',

Norwegian dial, dalla, dulla^ walk on tiptoe; trip ', Low German o's/Ze/? 'amble', Norwegian

d/7te'trot, walk on tiptoe; trip ', da/teds.

Doubtful; s. Falk-Torp under o'/Z/e addendum.

References: WP. I 865.
Page(s): 246

Root/ lemma: {d^errto^-), d^/pb^-

Meaning: to dig

Note: only gr. and armen.

Material: Armenian damban 'graye, vault, sepulchre, grave; grave, monument, tombstone

', dambaran 6s.\

gr. GaTTTOJ ( *6^nio^-id), Aor. Pass. STacpnv 'bury, entomb', a9aTrT0(; ' unburied ', racpoq m.
'funeral, obsequies; grave, burial mound', racpn ' funeral, grave', Ta(ppo(; ( *(i!^np^-ro-s) f.
'ditch, trench, channel'; but Old Prussian damboi. 'ground' is amended in daubo{see
268).

Maybe alb. dhemb'pa'm, saddness'

Note:

Clearly Root / lemma: {d'^errt'^-), dh/pb^-: "to dig' derived from Root/ lemma: d^e/T?-,
6^ema-: "to smoke; to blow' which means that Aryans initially burnt the dead while the
ritual of burial was born much later.

References: WP. I 852.
Page(s): 248-249

Root / lemma: d^em-, d^ema-

Meaning: to smoke; to blow

Material: Old Indie 0775/775// "blows' {dhami-syati, -fa- and dhmata-. Pass, dhamyate and

dhmayate), Avestan dadmainya-^ puffing up, swelling, of frogs ', npers. dam/dan 'b\o\N',

0^5/77 "breath, breath ', osset. dumun, d/m/n ^ smoke; blow';

Maybe alb. Tosc tymn. "smoke': also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb'hurt, ache', dhimbje

'pain' [common alb. shift m > mb].

Note:

Clearly from Root/ lemma: d^em-, d'^ema-: "to smoke; to blow' derived Root/ lemma:

d'^eu~4, d^e^a- (presumably: d^ue- compare the extension d^ue-k-, d'^ue-s-): "to reel,

dissipate, blow, etc.'.

gr. 0£fj£poq, aepvoc;, 9£[j£pu)nic; " somber, dark-looking ' (: Old High German timber
"dim');

Middle Irish ofe/77 "black, dark';

Norwegian daam {'d'^emo-) "dark', daamem. " cloud haze ', daamm. "taste, smell, odor'
= Old Norse damr'taste';

with Guttural-extension: d^enguo-, d^engui-^ misty ' in Old Norse dgkki. "dent in the
landscape ' = Latvian danga {*d^onguS) " faecal puddle, slop, swampy land, sea mud ',
further Old Norse d0kkr. Old Frisian diunk^ daxW (Germanic *denkva-)\ zero grade Old
Saxon dunkar. Old High German tunkal. Modern High German dunkel {ouQ\na\\y and with
the meaning " misty - humid, wet' Norwegian and Swedish Dialectal o'i//7/re/7 "humid, wet,
dank, muggy', engl. dank. Dialectal 0'^/7/r "humid, wet'); in addition cymr. dewm.
{*d^enguos) "fog, smoke, sultriness' etc, deweint^ darkness' (mistakenly Loth RC 42, 85;
43, 398 f), Hittite da-an-ku-i-is {dankui§) " dark, black' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 142);

Old Norse o'y'slime, mud, ordure, morass' from *d^mkio-, compare with gramm.
variation Danish oy/7^"damp, humid, wet', Swedish Dialectal dungen^\\\xxn\d, wet';

with Germanic -p-: Middle Higli German dimpfen, damprsteam, smoke', Old High
German Middle High German dampfm. 'vapor, smoke'. Middle Low German engl. damp
"vapor, damp fog', ndd. dump/g'6u\\, humid, wet, musty ', Modern High German dumpfig,
dumpf{a\so = confused, scattered, sprayed); kaus. Old High German dempfen, tempfen.
Middle High German dempfen' stew through steam, stew ';

with Germanic -b-: Swedish dial, dimba siexw V. 'steam, smoke, spray', d/mba \apor' ,
Norwegian dambn. 'dust'. Old Norse dumba'dust, cloud of dust' (besides with -mm- Old
Norse d/mmr'darW, Old Frisian Old English d/mmds., Norwegian Dialectal dimma,
dumma ' lack of clarity in the air, fog cover ', Swedish dimma 'thin fog'). Old High German
timber. Middle High German timber, timmer'dark, dim, black';

to what extent of background the s-forms Swedish Dialectal stimma, stimba' steam',
norw Dialectal stamma, stamba'sWv\\C Indo Germanic have been newly created or only
after concurrence of Old High German toum : Old English steam, German toben ' rage ' :
st/eben{see below d^eu-, d'^eu-b^- 'scatter, sprinkle'), is doubtful;

Lithuanian dumiu, dumti'b\o\N', apdumti' blow with sand or snow (of wind) ', dumpies
'bellows', dumpiu, dumpti'b\o\N' (probably with p-extension). Old Prussian dumsie'
bladder';

Old Church Slavic dtmg, dgti'b\o\N' (to Balto Slavic vocalism s. Berneker 244 f. m.
Lithuanian, Meillet Slave comm.2 63 f., 164, Trautmann 63).

References: WP. I 851 f.
Page(s): 247-248

Root / lemma: d^engh-1

Meaning: to press; to cover

Material: Old Irish dingid, for-ding' oppressed' (see also d^eigh-); compare Pedersen KG.

II 506;

Lithuanian dengiu, derigti' cover', danga'cover', dangus'sky, heaven', in addition d/rigti
' disappear' (from '* be covered '), Slavic *dgga'bo\N' (: Lithuanian danga) in russ. duga
'bow', old ' rainbow ', Bulgarian d-bga, serb. duga, poln. dial, dgga ds., probably to:

Old Icelandic dyngia' dunghill, house in the earth where the women did the handwork ',
Old English dynge. Old High German tunga' fertilization ', Old Saxon dung. Old High
German tung. Middle High German tunc' the subterranean chamber where the women

weaved ' (originally winter houses covered with fertilizer for the protection against the
cold), Old English dung^ jail ', Old High German tungen^ depress, fertilize ', Old English
engl. dung' manure ', Modern High German Dung, Dunger.

Maybe alb. dengu' heap'

References: WP. I 791 f., 854, Trautmann 44 f.
Page(s): 250

Root / lemma: d^engh-2

Meaning: to get, gripe

Material: Old Indie daghnot/ {Aor. dhak, daghyah eic) " reaches up to, achieves ', -daghna-

' reaching up to something ' {*6^ngh-);

gr. TQXUc; "quick, fast', Kompar. Gaaawv {*d'^ngh-);

Old Irish da/ngen't\g\r\t, firm, strong' = cymr. dengynds. {*dang/no- or *dengino-);

Slavic d^gh: dggh " strength, power, luck ' in russ. -Church Slavic djagh " strap, leather
belt ', russ. djaga^ leather belt ', djaglyj^ s\xox\q, fit, healthy', djagnutb "grow, become
strong '; ablaut. Old Bulgarian /7e-o'p^b "disease, malady' (but russ. o'^iy'"strong' belongs
rather to 6!"eugh-, under S. 271); the meaning has taken place after probably an
intermingling with Slavic /^^-"pull, drag, draw ' (Bruckner KZ. 42, 342 f).

References: WP. I 791 f., Berneker 190, 217 f.
Page(s): 250

Root / lemma: 6!^en-1

Meaning: to run, *flow

Material: Old Indie dhanayat/' runs, set in movement', npers. dan/dan ^\r\urry, run'. Old Indie

dhanvat/^ runs, flows ', Old pers. danuvat/y' flows ', Old Indie oy?^/?^/^/'- "running, flowing ';

Messapic river name ardannoa ( *ar-6'"onu-a) " situated in the water ' (?), (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), apul. PN Ardaneae = Herdonia (Krahe Gl. 17,
102);

Latin probably fons, -tis^ a spring, fountain; fresh or spring water. Transf. spring, origin,
source '; perhaps hybridization of /ostem *fontos and //-stem *fent/s C^^n-t/'-);

Note: common Latin initial o'->/- shift.

Tocharian AB tsan "flow', B tsehe " current, gush ', tsnam "flow'.

References: WP. I 852, Couvreur BSL. 41, 165.
Page(s): 249

Root / lemma: d^en-2

Meaning: surface of hand/land, etc. (*dry land)

Note:

From Root/ lemma: d^e/?-/: " to run, *flow' derived Root/ lemma: d'^en-2: "surface of

hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning "arid flat area'.

Material:

Old Indie dhanus-n., dhanvan-m. n. " dry land, mainland, beach, dry land, desert ', dhanu-

, dhanu-i. "sandbank, seashore, island';

gr. Gsvap n. " palm, sole, also from the surface of the sea or from deepening in the altar
to the admission of the offering ', oniaGsvap " opisthenar, back of the hand '
(*6nia0o0£vap). Old High German tenarm., tenrai. {*denara-). Middle High German tener
m. "flat hand', Curtius^ 255 (samt Old Indie dhanus-, see below).

In addition Vulgar Latin danea'area' (Reichenauef Gl.), Old High German tennir\.,
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Middle High German tenne m. f.
n.. Modern High German Tenne^ barn floor, threshing floor, flattened loam ground or
wooden floor as a threshing place, hallway, ground, place, surface generally ', Dutch
denne'area, a pavement of tiles, brick, stone; floored, boarded; n. as subst. a floor, story;
a row or layer of vines '; as " smoothly trodden place good as threshing floor ' can be also
understood meeklenb. ofe/7/7 "trodden down place in the grain layer'. Middle Low German
0^/7/7© "lowland, depression' (and " valley forest ' see below). Middle Dutch denne' den of
wild animals ' (and " valley forest ', see below), dan " waste, from shrubbery surrounded
place, place generally, land, scenery ' (and " valley forest ', s. under). Old English denn
"cave, wild den', nengl. den^cas/e, pit, pothole'. East Frisian dannfej^bed, garden bed,
garden plot '.

About Lithuanian den/sm. " deck board of a small boat ', Latvian denis ds. (Germanic
loanword?) s. Trautmann 51, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 455.

References: WP. I 853.
Page(s): 249

Root / lemma: d^en-3

Meaning: to hit, push

Note:

From Root/ lemma: 6!^en-1\ " to run, *flow' derived Root/ lemma: 6yen-2\ "surface of

hand/land, etc. (*dry land)' meaning "arid flat area', then from Root/ lemma: 6'^en-2\

"surface of hand' derived Root/ lemma: A'^en-S: "to hit, push'.

Material: Only in extensions (almost exclusively Germanic):

o'-extension: Old Norse dettas\.erc\ V. " fall down heavily and hard, hit ' {*dintan,
compare Norwegian dial, datta^'danton] "knock': denta^ give small punches '), Modern
Frisian dintje' shake lightly ', Norwegian deise^ fall tumbling, glide ' (from:) ndd. dei(n)sen
{*dantisdn) " reel back, flee'; East Frisian duns^^aW (sfrom -dt- or -ds-), Old Norse dyntr,
Old English dyntm. (= Old Norse dytt/), engl. d/nt'b\o\N, knock, shove ';

alb. g-dhent, gdhend^ hew wood, plane, beat ', Geg dhend, dhenn " cut out, cut ' (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Maybe {*gdhend) gdhe'p'\ece of wood', alb. Tosc dend'WA, beat'.

Gutt-extension: Old Norse danga {*dangdn) "thrash': Old Swedish d/'unga stem V. "hit'.
Middle English dingen^hW, bump, poke', nengl. f///?^ (Scandinavian loanword). Middle High
German t/nge/en' knock, hammer', Norwegian d/ng/e {and dangle) "dangle'; Kaus. Old
Norse dengja. Old English dengan. Middle High German tengen {tengelen) "hit, knock,
hammer (Modern High German dengeln)'; Old High German tanga/m. "hammer'.

Labial-extension: Swedish d/mpa{damp) "fall fast and heavily', ndd. dumpen'\r\\t, bump,
poke', engl. dial, dump^ hit heavily '.

References: WP. I 853 f.
Page(s): 249-250

Root / lemma: d^eragh-

Meaning: to pull; to drag

Note: equal meaning with tragh-{see d.).

Material: Old Norse draga, Gothic under Old English dragan, engl. draw'puW, drag'. Old

Norse dragn. " base of a pulled object ', Norwegian drag^ draught, wash of the waves,

watercourse, towing rope ', dial, drogi. {*dragd) " short sledge, road track of an animal,

valley ', Old Norse dregiirband, strap', drogi. "stripe'. Old Swedish dr0gh^ sled ', Old

English drsegei. " seine, fishing net which hangs vertically in the water with floats on the

top and weights on the bottom ', Middle Low German dragge, nnd. also dregge^ boat

anchor ', engl. dredgers.; changing through ablaut Norwegian dorgi. {*durgd, Indo
Germanic *6'^rgha) 'fishing line, which one pulls up behind the boat '; with the meaning
"bear, carry' (from 'drag', s. Berneker 212), Old High German tragan^bear, carry', s/'h
(gi)tragon ' bear oneself, conduct oneself, behave '.

Maybe alb. Geg {dheragh-) terhek^'QuW, drag' : Polish targac ' carry ' [common alb. -g- > -
/7- shift]

Probably here Slavic *darga\v\: serb. -Church Slavic draga^vaWey', russ. dor6ga^\Nay,
alley, journey', dial, 'fishing rod';

maybe alb. {*do-r6ga) rruga^^Nay, alley, journey' [common alb. de- > zero grade] similar
formation to Hittite Nom. PI. da-lu-ga-e-es {dalugaes) 'long' : alb. {* da-lu-ga-e-es) glate
'long'; also alb. {*dordga) dergonj^ send in a trip'.

The phonetic shift da- > a-, zero\s a common Baltic lllyrian. Compare Root / lemma: del-5
: 'long': Baltic with unexplained o'-loss (see below): Lithuanian I/gas, f. /7ga, Latvian /Igs,
Old Prussian /7ga and //g/Adv. 'long' : Hittite Nom. PI. da-lu-ga-e-es {dalugaes) 'long', da-
lu-ga-as-ti {dalugasti) n. 'length'.

serb. draga^vaWey', poln. droga^^ay, alley, road, journey', russ. o'cAdz/Zi. 'hollow out',
Czech drazitr make a rabbet or a furrow, hollow out '; perhaps also Czech z-drahati se
'refuse, decline', poln. wz-dragac si§^ to flinch from doing sth, flinch, shudder ' (as '
protract, draw ') and Old Church Slavic podragh ' hemline, edge of a dress ' (different
under dergh-^ catch ').

Latin traho'to trail, pull along; to drag, pull violently; to draw in, take up; of air, to
breathe; to draw out, hence to long- then; to draw together, contract. Transf. to draw,
attract; to take in or on, assume, derive; to prolong, spin out; to ascribe, refer, interpret',
traha^ sledge, drag ', tragum^ seine ', tragula^ds., small drag, a species of javelin ' could
go back through spirant dissimilation {*dragd\.o *dragd) in d^ragh-, but also Indo Germanic
/- have (: Old Irish tra/g looi' etc, s. tragh-).

References: WP. I 862, Trautmann 45.
Page(s): 257

Root/ lemma: d^e/b^-{d^ersb^-7)

Meaning: to work

Material: Armenian o'e/-;fc>^/r' rough, stiff, rude';

Old English deorfa n siexw V. "work; perish, die', gedeorfv\. "work, hardship ', Old Frisian
for-derva. Middle Low German vor-derven. Middle High German verderben^6\e, perish',
also Kaus. "spoil';

Lithuanian d/'rbu, dlrbt/" work', darbas' work', darbus' laborious'.

Note:

Root / lemma: d^e/b'^-{6^er^^-'?) : "to work' derived from Root/ lemma: d'^ereb'"-: "to
harden'.

References: WP. I 863, II 631, Kluge^ 101, 649.
Page(s): 257

Root / lemma: d^ereb'^-

Meaning: to harden

Material: Old Indie drapsa-h rr\. "drip'??;

gr. TpscpsoGai, TSTpocpsvai " curdle, coagulate, harden, be firm ', rpscpu), Doric rpacpu)
"make curdle, coagulate, harden (yaAa; rupov), nourish (*make thick, fat, obese), bring up'
(GpsijJU), sGpsitJa) Tpocpoq " nourishing ', f. " wet nurse ', Gpsppa " the nourished, foster
child, child, breeding livestock ', rpocpK; "fat, obese, strong, big, large', TpocpaAi(;, Aboq "
fresh cheese, coagulated milk ', Tap(pu(; "dense', rapcpsa PI. n. " thicket ', rpacpspn (vn) "
firm land';

maybe truncated alb. (*Tp6cpi(;) trashelat, obese, strong, big, large, coagulated'.

nasalized and with Indo Germanic b{\r\do Germanic Articulation variation in nasal
surroundings) Gp6|jpO(; " coagulated mass (from milk, blood etc)', Gpoppoofjai " coagulate
', GpojjpeTov " clots ';

Old Saxon derbi {*darbia) "strong, mad, wicked, evil'. Old Frisian Middle Low German
ofen/e 'strong, just, rightful ' (different from Old High German derb^ unleavened ' = Old
Norse t^Jarfr), ablaut. Old Norse djarfr^ Qarr\y , bold' (the older meaning still in Norwegian
dial, d/rnairom *d/rfna' put on weight, recover, regain one's strength '); Old Norse d/rfa'
encourage '; nasalized probably Old Norse dramb' lavishness ' (*be thick), nisi, drambr'
knots in the wood '; Old Norse drumbr'c\ot, chunk'. Middle Low German drummer sturdy
person'.

Note:

Probably from (Old Saxon thervi, Old High German derbr unleavened ', Modern High
German Bavarian derb^ arid, dry, thin ') Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)ter9-. (s)tre-\ "stiff,
immovable; solid, etc' derived the extended root Root/ lemma: d^erebh-: "to harden'
[common st- > t- PIE]
References: WP. I 876.
Page(s): 257-258

Root / lemma: ^^eregh-

Meaning: thorn?

Note: with formants -(e)s-Bx\^ -no-. Dubious equation.

Material: Old Indie draksa " grape '; common Old Indie gh- > ks-

gallorom. *dragenos' thorn', Old Irish dra/genm. " blackthorn ', cymr. draenm., nbret.
drean ^bnar' (Celtic *drageno- irom *&^regh-)\

perhaps also Old High German tirn-pauma^ of the cornel-tree ', tyrn, dirnbaum^ a
cornel cherry-tree ', Modern High German dial. di(e)rle, dirnlein^ Cornelian cherry
(dogwood) ', Swiss tierii, whether it is not borrowed from Slavic in very old time;

Lithuanian drignesP\., Latvian dr/genes 'b\ack henbane ' (compare Miihlenbach-
Endzelin I 498), whether it is not borrowed from Slavic;

russ. deren, deren " Cornelian cherry (dogwood) ', Serbo-Croatian dnjen, Czech drfn
ds., poln. (old) drzon^ barberry', Kashubian o'/d/? "prickle', polab. oVis/? "thorn'.

Germanic- Slavic basic form could be Werghno-anA would stand admittedly in its
meaning "sprout, twig, branch', PI. "young shrubbery, bush' considerably differently colored
gr. Tp£xvo(; (Hes., anthol.), T£pxvo(; (Maximus), Cypriot to Tspxvija very close.

References: WP. I 862 f., Pedersen KG. I 97, M.-L. 2762.
Page(s): 258

Root / lemma: A^eregh- {^^jgh-na-)

Meaning: to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband

Material: Npers. darz, darza^ suture', darzman, darznan^ filament', o'a/'za/? "needle',

Pahlavi darzTk^ tailor';

Armenian darnam {* darjnam), Aor. darjay' turn over, revolve, turn; return ', o'a/T? "bitter,
sharp' (compare oIvo(; TpsnETai ), darj^ turn, reversal, return ', Kaus. darjucanem^ turn
round, turn away, whirl round, return ';

alb. drefh {stem *dredh-), Aor. drodha^ turn round, turn together, twine, spin ', alb.-
skutar. nnrize^ diaper ' {n-dred-ze)\ (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
)■

Maybe alb. drize^ throny bush '.

after Pedersen Hittite 123, 125, Tocharian Sprachg. 20 here Hittite tar-na-ah-hi^ I pocket,
let in ', Tocharian A tarna-, tark-, preterit A cark, B carka^\e\., allow, disband, release ' (?).

Maybe secondary meaning alb. o'/'e//? 'perturb, terrify'

also nazalised alb. /7c//7ze'band, bandage', ndrydh^W\s{\

Maybe an older form alb. {*6'^eregh-) derdh^pour, release, discharge, disband, pocket,
deposit (liquid, turn over?), ejaculate semen ' [common alb. -gh- > -o'-] : Tocharian A tarna-
, tark-, preterit A cark, B carka^\e\., allow, disband, release ' (?).

Note:

The oldest IE form is actually Hittite tar-na-ah-hi^ I pocket, plug in, let in ' : alb. {*&^eregh-)
derdh^ pour, release, discharge, disband, ejaculate semen'. It seems that the old meaning
of Root / lemma: 6!^eregh-{6'^fgh-na^ : 'to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband '
derived from the act of intercourse which became a taboo word in patriarchal society.
Alb. shows that Root/ lemma: ^^eregh-{<^^fgh-na^ : 'to wind, turn, *release, discharge,
disband ' derived from the extended Root/ lemma: d^er-/, d^era-: 'a kind of deposit or
dreg, *ordure, defecate ', Root/ lemma: {<i^er-4t) d^or-: d^er-: 'to jump, jump at, *stream,
ray, drip, sperm' becoming an euphemistic root. The intermediary bridge root between the
two was: *6'^ere-gh-. Gr. Gpaaau), Attic GpaiTU) (Perf. hom. Tsiprixa intr.) 'bewilder, perturb
', Topaxn 'perplexity' found in secondary meaning alb. o'/'e//? 'perturb, terrify, twist'.
References: WP. I 863, Liden Arm. stem 101 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 111, Kuiper Nasalpras.
151.
Page(s): 258

Root/ lemma: d^er-/, di'^era-

Meaning: a kind of deposit or dreg

Note: Originally with 6^er-5^ ordure, defecate'?

Material: a. 6^ere-gh-:

Gr. Gpaaau), Attic GpaiTU) (Perf. horn. TSTpnxci intr.) "bewilder, perturb ', rapaxn
"perplexity", rapaaau), Attic -ttoj "bewilder' {*^^eragh-i6\ Lithuanian dirgtisee below);
Tpaxu(;, Ionian Tprixu<; "rough, uneven' (probably originally from dirt crusts; -pa- here from
sog./, i.e. *d^erdghu-sy, rapxH rapa^K; Hes. (vowel gradation as anapyn: Lithuanian
sprogt/J;

Note: common lat d- > f- shift:

Latin fracesi. " (broken bits, fragments; hence) grounds or dregs of oil ', fracere " be
rancid ' from *d^r9gh-\ c\s covered probably from faeces, flocces, there tlher/r- otherwise
is testified only in Baltic;

in the meaning " lees, dregs, yeast': alb. drai., Geg dra-ni^ residuum of oil, from
abundant butter; tartar' (basic form *drae\xo'C(\ *draga, *d^r9gh3)\

Old Norse dreggi., PI. dreggiar^yeas^! (out of it engl. dregs);

Old Lithuanian drages {*iA^raghJas) PI., Old Prussian dragiosP\. "yeast', Latvian
(Endzelin KZ. 44, 65) dradzi^ residuum from boiled fat'; Slavic *droska\xo'C(\ *&^r9gh-ska\'r\
Middle Old Bulgarian drost//aP\.n. "yeast', kir. dr/sc/ds., otherwise assimilated to *troska
(sloven, trgska' residuum, yeast') and mostly *o'>'c»z^a (Old Church Slavic drozdbj§P\. f.
"rpuyia, yeast' etc; s. Berneker228);

here also gallorom. *drasica " dry malt ' (M.-L. 2767), this anyhow from older *drasca (=
Slavic *droska) or *drazga{== Slavic *drozga) transfigured sein wird;

with 5/-formants: Old High German {*trast, PI.:) trestir^ what is left of squeezed fruit,
dregs, pomace ', Old English daerst^e), draesti. " dregs, yeast' (Germanic *draxsta-,
Sverdrup IF. 35, 154), drosds.;

with s/7-formants: Old English drosnei., drosnam. "yeast, smut'. Old High German
druosana, truosana "yeast, residuum ';

here probably Lithuanian dergia {dergti) " it is bad weather', dargana, darga^ weather,
bad weather ' (glottal stop, compare die gr. root forms and Lithuanian dregnas, dregnus
"humid, wet'); in addition Old Russian pao'o/'o^a probably " thunder-storm ', sloven, sq-
draga, -drag, -drga " hail with small grain size; frozen snow lumps, graupel '; Lithuanian
dargus " nasty, dirty, filthy'; Old Lithuanian dergesis "filthy person'. Old Lithuanian dergeti

'hate', Latvian derc/zet/es 'quarre\, squabble' (Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 456 m. Lithuanian),
Old Prussian derge 'to hate'; Lithuanian dergt/" become dirty, get dirty ', dargt/' revile ',
dargai. ' rainy weather, defilement, contamination, vituperation ';

b. A'^erg- in: Middle Irish derg^ed'; Middle High German terken^ befoul ', Old High
German tarchannen, terch/nen ' (darken) conceal, hide ', Middle Low German dork' keel of
water depth ', Old English deorc' swart ', engl. dark, Old English f^eorcung' dawn, twilight'
probably with dafter deostor' dark', geduxod' dark'.

Maybe alb. o'a/'/re "evening, evening meal, supper', dreke {* derk-) 'dinner, midday'.

c. d^e/ifr-in: Lithuanian defktT make nasty, befoul ', darkyti'yMy, inveigh, deform',
darkus' nasty'. Old Prussian e/'o'e/'/r/s 'poisoned', Latvian darks, darci {*darkis) 'pinto'
Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 448 (see the kinship by Leskien Abl. 361); or to Middle High
German zurch' ordure', ziirchen ' deiecate'7 Zupitza gutturals 170 under accentuation of
intonation difference of o'e?/r// compared with derges/s etc;

here probably Tocharian AB tarkar'c\oud' (Frisk Indog. 24);

WP. I 854 ff.

d. dhersbh-.-dh/abh-: d^r^'^-.

Doubtful Avestan dr/m- {*d'^rsb'^f-) 'stain, birthmark ';

Middle Irish drab' grape marc, yeast' (tlVsbho-), drabar-s/uag' base, vulgar people';

Old Icelandic draf, engl. draff' berm, yeast'. Middle Low German draf. Old High German
trebirP\. ' grape marc ', Old Norse draflim. 'fresh cheese', drafna'to disband ', Norwegian
drevja' soft mass '; geminated nl. drabbe' berm, residuum ', ndd. drabbe's\\me, mud';
Swedish drovn. ' residuum ' ( t|h/-abhc»-). Old English drdf,0\d High German truobi
'cloudy', Gothic drobjan. Old High German truoben' tarnish, bewilder'. Old English drefan
" agitate, tarnish ' (identical meaning-Verh. as between gr. Tapaaau) and Old Norse
dreggiai).

A nasalized form with Baltic uas zero grade vowel of a dissyllabic basis (caused by a
limited nasal irR) seems Lithuanian *drumb-\n Lithuanian drumstas {co\}\d stand for
*drumpstas) ' residuum ', drumstus ' c\oudy' , drumsciu, drumsti" tarnish ' (Schleifton
caused by a heavy group mpstl).

References: WP. I 854 f., WH. I 538 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 715.

Page(s): 251-252

Root / lemma: 6'^er-2, 6'^era-
Meaning: to hold, support

Material: Old Indie dhar- "hold, stop, bear, carry, prop, support, receive, hold upright '
(present mostly dharayatr, Perf. dadhara, dadhre; dhrta-, dhartum) Pass. " are held back,
be steady, behave sedately ', Avestan dar- "hold, seize, restrain; whereof adhere, observe
(a law); hold fast in the memory; perceive with the senses, grasp; sojourn, while, stay'
{daraye/t/ etc, participle darata-), ap. darayamiy^\\o\(i\ npers. Inf. dastan, osset. Inf. damn,
daryn.

Old Indie dharana-^beauuQ, carrying, preserving ', dharuna- " holding, supporting; n.
foundation, prop', dharana-^ holding; n. the clamps, the restraining '= Avestan darana-v\. "
means for withholding ', Old Indie dhartar-an6 dharitar-m. " holder', dharitrf girder,
bearer ', dhartra-y\. "support, prop' = Avestan darsdra-v^. " the grasp, understanding ', Old
Indie dharma-{= Latin firmus) m. " firm, strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ',
dharman-m. " holder', dharman-v\. " support, prop, law, custom ', dhanmani'Lok. " after
the statute, according to custom ', dharaka-' holding; m. container', dhrti-t " the holding
on, determination ', dr-dhr-a- " tenacious ', sa-dhn{or sadhnm) Adv. " holding out on a
purpose, holding on to a purpose ', sadhrfy-anc-^ be directed by a purpose, be united,
together '; didhTrsa^ the intention to support to support', Avestan didaresata^ he composes
himself for, he gets ready for ';

about Old Indie o'/77/'a- "tight, firm' s. Waekernagel Old Indie Gr. I 25;

Armenian perhaps o'ao'5/'(redupl.) "abode, residence, rest ' ("*adherenee, abide by,
stay', compare Avestan meaning " while, stay, behave quietly '), dadarem' abate (from the
wind)', compare under Old English darian^ the side, flank; of persons ', Dutch bedaren^
become quiet (from the wind, weather)';

gr. with the meaning " prop themselves up, force open ' (from the heavy root form)
Gpavoq m. " bench, footstool ', hom. (Ionian) 9pr|vu(;, -uoq " footstool, thwart ', Ionian
Gpnvu^, Boeotian Gpavu^, -uko(; "stool' (place an early proto gr. *9pC(vo-, which would
contain -pa- from -?-, i.e. -©/"a-), Ionian Inf. Aor. GpnaaoGai " sit down ' (proto gr. 6pa-); due
to the thematic root form tl^e/'(9-.'9p6-vo(; m. "seat'; Cypriot lak. 96p-va^ unonoSiov Hes.;
with the meaning " grasp through the senses, observe ' and " hold on custom, a religious
custom ', a-0£p£(; av6r|T0v, avoaiov Hes. (compare under Lithuanian dereti^ be usable '),

evGpsTv cpuAaaasiv Hes. (from the thematic root form *d'^ere-; against it from Vi^efd-.)
GpnoKU) vow Hes. (Ionian), GpaoKSiv (a) avapipvnaKSiv Hes., Ionian 0pr|aKr|'i'r|, Koine
GpnoKsia 'worship', 9pr|aK0(; 'religious, godly, pious', GpnoKsuu) ' observe the official law
of god '.

Is aGpsu) 'observe keenly ' up to zero grade nVr\e preposition *en{or a- = *sm-?) to
compare afterwards with svGpsTv? (Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v.) Probably here aGpooq,
aGpooc; ' concentrated, crowded together, gathered ' (compare to meaning Old Indie
sadhryanc-, Lithuanian by Boisacq s. v., in addition Brugmann IF. 38, 135 f.).

Mit. Old Indie dharaka-^ container ' is compared with Gcbpa^, -qkoc; ' breastplate; trunk;
vagina'.

Latin fre-tus^ relying on, confiding in ', Umbrian Me 'leaning, supported, relying,
depending, trusting, daring, confident; trust, confidence, reliance, assurance', Latin frenum
' bit, bridle, rein' and 'rein', if originally ' holder ' (stand to gr. Gpavoc; as ple-nus\.o Old
\u6\c pOr-na-)\ with a meaning ' tenacious, tight, firm: fast' perhaps /fe/ie 'closely, almost,
nearly ', ferme {* ferlmed. Sup.) ' quite approximately, nearly ', as well as firmus^ firm,
strong, stout; lasting, valid; morally strong ' (with dial. /).

Acymr. emdriV orderly ', cymr. dryd^ economical ' ( t|h/Yc»-).

Old English darian^ hidden, concealed, secret, unknown ' ('*restrain, hold themselves
together, ' or ' keep shut so one does not see somehow '), Dutch bedaren^ become quiet
(from the wind, weather)', in addition Old Saxon o'e/77/"hide, conceal'. Old English dierne
'hide, conceal, clandestine ', Old High German tarni^ lying hid, hidden, concealed, secret,
unknown ', tarnen. Middle High German farnen^cover up, conceal'. Modern High German
Tarn-kappe.

Lithuanian der/'u, ofe/'e// 'employ, engage (*belay), buy', deru, dereti^ be usable ', Kaus.
darau, daryt/'make, do', dorai. ' the useful ', Latvian deru, ofe/'e/' employ, engage, hire
out, arrange ', Kaus. danf^ make, create, originate';

perhaps with formants -^o-.' Latvian dargs'6ear, expensive, precious'. Old Church
Slavic dragbds., russ. dorog, Serbo-Croatian dragds.;

Hittite tar-ah-zi {tarhzi) ' can, be able, defeated ' {*(i!"f-?) belongs rather to ter-4.

guttural extensions:

6^eregh-'\r\o\6, stop, hold down; tight, firm':

Avestan drazaite. Inf. draJa/jhe'\r\o\6, stop, contain oneself, guide, lead', upadarzuvainti
" they hold out, persist = accomplish, finish ', wherefore Old Indie -dhrk {on\Y Nom.) in
compounds "bearing, carrying'; this form {*6'"rgh-s) testifies for aniaut d^- the Aryan and
hence probably also Slavic family;

Old Church Slavic drbzg, drbzat/^\r\o\6, stop, contain ' (etc, s. Berneker 258); russ.
droga ' wooden bar or metal strip uniting the front and the rear axis of a cart, centre pole ',
Dem. dr6zkiP\. " light, short carriage ', hence Modern High German Droschke.

As nasalized forms in addition Avestan drsnjaiti' solidifies, strengthens, hardens ', a-
dranjayeiti^ determines ', subjunctive dTdrayzaite^ looks for protecting himself; participle
draxta-, also Avestan dranjayeiti, dadrajois, participle draxta- " learnt by heart, murmured
memorized prayers ' (compare Church Slavic tvrbditi^ moor ': russ. tverditb " learn by heart
'); Middle Irish dringid^ he climbs ', dreimm ^cXw^b' ('*holding on climbing'); kymr. dringo^
rise, climb '; Old Norse drangr^ high cliff, drengr{*drangja-) "thick stick, column ' (and
ijbertr. 'young man, husband'). Old Church Slavic drggi, " shaft, pole, turnpike '; different
SpechtDekl. 139.

6^ereg/h "hold down, tight, firm':

Old Indie dfhyati, drrhhati {drmhati) "makes tight, firm', participle drdha- "tight, firm',
oVa/T/a/- "proficient', Avestan o'a/'az5ye///"binds tight, fetters', Desid. dTdarazaiti, daraza- m.
" the fastening, binding, snatch, griffin ', daraz-i. "band, manacle', darazra-^Wqhi, firm',
probably also npers. darz^ suture' and similar to Iran, words for " sew filament ';

thrak. GN Darzales,

probably Lithuanian o'/?zas "strap', d/rzmas' strong', Old Prussian dirst/an' strong,
stately', dirz-tu, difzti^ become tenacious, hard ';

Lithuanian darzas^ gar6en\ Latvian darz' garden, courtyard, enclosure, fenced area '
could be reconverted with metathesis from *zardas {compare Lithuanian zard/s'
Roftgarten ', zardas' hurdle ') (different MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 448 f.), but to difzas
(above) and Old High German zarge. Middle High German zargei. " border, side, verge of
a space, edge ';

Slavic *cfbrzb'bo\6, foolhardy ' in Old Church Slavic cfn,zb, sloven, c/rz, Czech drzy,
russ. derzk/jds. and Old Church Slavic drtzng, drtzngtr have the audacity, venture ',
russ. derznutb etc.

6}^ereugh-:

awnord. driugr^ withstanding, strong, full', driugum^yery\ aschw. drygher^ respectable,
strong, big, large'. North Frisian o'/iee^/? 'tight, firm, persistent ' (but to 6^reugh-1 be\ov\i^
Old English dryge^6ry\ dreahnian^ dry up, strain, filter', - with /? instead of ^ -, Old Norse
draugr^ withered tree trunk'. Old High German truchan^Ary');

maybe nasalized alb. trung' tree trunk'

here as " withstand ' and " hold together - assemble ' Gothic driugan ' do military service
' (Old English dreogan^ withstand, commit '), Old English gedreag ^\xoo'q, multitude,
crowd', Old High German truht- f. ' cohort, troop, multitude, crowd'. Old SaxondruM-, Old
English dryht, Old Norse drottt ' cortege ', Gothic drauht/'-w/tof^ ' {*\aws of war =) military
service ', gadrauhts ^wamor' , Old Norse drott/nn ^pnnce, lord, master, mister'. Old English
dryhten. Old High German truht/h' master, mister' (suffix as in Latin dominus). Old High
German trust {*druhsti-) " warrior's troop ';

Lithuanian draugas ' travelling companion ', Old Church Slavic drugb " fellow, other etc',
druzina 'auaTpaTiooTai';

Old Prussian druktai'Mv. 'tight, firm', podruktinai^ I confirm ', Lithuanian zem. druktas,
driuktas 'thick, bulky, strong';

Old Irish drong^troop, multitude, crowd', abret. drogn' meeting together, union,
assembly ', drog^ a party, group; esp. a political party, faction, side ' are, as late Latin
drungus' troop ' borrowed from Germanic (see below trenq-f).

References: WP. I 856 ff., WH. 505 f., 536, Trautmann 45, 59 f.
Page(s): 252-255

Root / lemma: (i!^er-3, 6!^ereu- d^ren-

Meaning: expr. (to purr, murmur, etc.), onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. Gopupoc; ' woozy noise', Gopupeu) 'make a noise, bewilder', TovGopu^w

'grumble, murmie', T0v9pu(; cpoovn Hes.; BpOKoq m. 'murmur, din, fuss, noise', GpuAsu)

'murmie, babble'; Gpeopai (*-F-) 'cry loudly', TspGpeia 'empty gossip, subtleness ',

TspGpsuopai "make empty gossip' (see Boisacq s. v.), 6p6o(;, 9pou(; " loud cry ', GpoEW '
shout, let become loud ';

Old Saxon drom. Old English dream xx\. " making a glad noise, jubilation ' (different
Kluge KZ. 26, 70: as '*troop, multitude, crowd', *drauYma-, to Gothic drauhts); Old English
doram. 'bumblebee' {*duran-), engl. dorr- "cockchafer';

redupl. Latvian dundur/s'b\g, giant gadfly, brake, wasp', dender/s{7) " weeping knave,
boy' (Muhlenbach-Endzelin I 455).

Also for Celtic and Balto-Slavic words, are mentioned under der- "murmur', Indo
Germanic aniaut d^- comes in question.

d^ren-:

Old Indie dhranat/' sounds ' (Dhatup.);

gr. Gpnvoc; m. "funeral song, lament, dirge', 9pr|V£U) " lamentation ', Gpcbva^ Kncppv
(drone) Hes., T£v-9pnvr| " hornet ', av-9pnvr| (*av9o-9pnvr|) " forest bee '; Old Saxon dreno,
Old High German treno'6rone', lengthened grade Old Saxon dran ds., also Old English
dran drseni. "drone'; zero grade Gothic drunjus' clangor ', Norwegian drynn. " low shout',
drynja " low roar, bellow'. Low German dronen " make noise, talk slowly and monotonously
' (out of it Modern High German drohnen).

An aniaut doublet maybe lies in Lithuanian tranas. Old Church Slavic *trgtb, *trgd'b
"drone' before; compare Trautmann 326.

5-extension in Middle Irish dresachV creaky or squeaking noise ', gall. -Latin drenso, -
are^cry (of swan)', ndd. drunsen^ low roar, bellow', Dutch drenzeln^ whimper', Hessian
drensen^ groan ', Modern High German dial, trensen^ elongated roar, bellow' (from cows).

A Guttural-extension probably in Armenian drnc/m'b\o\N the horn, toot' {*d^renk-) and
Old Irish drecht^song, tale ' {*d'"renkta), proto Slavic. *drgki3 {*d'^rnk-) in sloven, drok
"pestle' etc;

perhaps Tocharian A traiik-, B treiik- "speak'.

References: WP. I 860 f., WH. I 374, Mladenov Mel. Pedersen 95 ff.
Page(s): 255-256

Root / lemma: {d'^er-4.) d^or- : d'^er-

Meaning: to jump, jump at, *stream, ray, drip, sperm
Material: Old Indie dhara 'siream, ray, drip, sperm ';

gr. (Ionian) 9op6(;, 6opr| " manly sperm ', 9opiaK£a9ai " absorb sperm ', poetically
GpcoaKU), Attic GpcooKU), Fut. GopoOpai, Aor. sGopov 'spring', Bp{x}0\j6q ' protrusion, hill'
(Gpw- from t|hg/-a- because of oof the secondary forms is developed to Vi'^ore-, d^oz-a-,
Gpw-);

from a base 6^ ereu-: Q6pw\J0i\, Gopvuo|jai ' spring, jump ' (op probably Aeolian instead
of ap from /) compare GapvsuEi 6x£U£i. ansipEi. cpuTeusi Hes., GapvuaGai 6x£U£iv Hes.;
Goupo(; "stormy, boisterous ' probably from *GopFoc; (Bechtel Lexil. 167);

Middle Irish dar- ' spring, jump', Impf. no-da/red, preterit ro-dart, Verbalnom. dair. Gen.
dara, myth. PN Daire{*(i!^ario-s), der^Q\r\\ cymr. -o'e/'/g "rutting, in heat'.

References: WP. I 861, WH. I 528, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 696, 708.
Page(s): 256

Root / lemma: 6^er-5, 6!"rei-d-

Meaning: to defecate

Note: (whether related to d^e/"-/ "muddy residuum ' and d^er--/?)

Material: Latin for/a P\. "diarrhea' (by Varro of pigs), fond, -/?e "defecate';

gr. 5ap5aiv£i [joAuvei {*6^r-d-) Hes., after Pick KZ. 44, 339 Macedonian, either from Gap-
G- with fractured reduplication or from Gap-5- with the same formant -d- as the /-extension
d^r-e/'-d-, very dubious;

Lithuanian der-k-iu derkti^ soil with feculence, defecate '.

Maybe alb. Geg derdh, Tosc derth {* der-k-) " release semen, pour ' [common alb. -k- > -th-
, -g- > -dh-\

d^r-ei-d-:

Old Norse dnta{dreit}. Old English dntan. Middle Dutch ndd. dnten. Old High German
trJzan^ defecate ', o-grade Old Norse o'/'e//a"make defecate', zero grade Middle English
nengl. o'»'/(from *drit). Old Icelandic drit, Flemish drits, trets^ filth, faeces ', westfal. driat^
scared shitless, the defecated ';

russ. dial, dristatb^ have diarrhea', Bulgarian driskam, dnstb'haye diarrhea', serb.
drfskati, drfckati, Czech dnstat/6s. (Slavic *drisk-, *dr/st- irom *6'^re/d-sk-, -(s)t-, Berneker
224).

References: WP. I 861 f., WH. I 527 f.
Page(s): 256

Root / lemma: d^e/s-

Meaning: to dare

Note: (also with -/-, -u- extended)

Material: Old Indie dhrs-no-ti, dhars-atF is audacious, courageous, ventures', dhrsu-

(Gramm.), dhrsaf hearty ' (= Avestan daresal), dhrsnu-^bo\6, valiant, gamy, audacious,

cheeky ', dhrsta- " insolent, cheeky ', dhrsita- 'bold, gamy', dadhrs'h ' intrepid, bold', with

object dharsayati^ ventures in, makes a mistake, overcomes ', dharsana- n. "attack,

maltreatment ', dharsaka-' attacking, assaulting '; Avestan darsam Mn . "violent, very',

darsi-, darsyu-, dars/ta- ^bo\d\ Old pers. adarsnaus^ he ventured ', dadarsi-EH;

gr. Lesbian Qt^aoo, n. " courage, boldness' (hom. 0£paiTr|<; " bold, cheeky '), with from
Adj. displaced zero grade Ionian Old Attic Qd^aoc, (Attic 9appo(;) ds., Attic Gpaaoc; n. "
courage, boldness; audacity, brashness ', Gapasu), Gappsw "be gamy', Gapauc; (rhod.
0apaupiO(;, ther. 0hapuMaqho(;), Gpaau(; "bold, gamy; foolhardy, cheeky ' (= Old Indie
dhrsu-), Lesbian Adv. Gpoasux;, GapaOvo(; " courageous, confident, trusting ' (*Gapao-
auvo(;);

Latin infestus " aggressive, hostile, dangerous ', infestare " to attack, disquiet ' and
manifestus^ palpable, clear, visible, evident; caught out, detected ' {*(ii'^ers-to-)\

Gothic ga-dars{: Old Indie Perf. dadharsa^ has had the audacity '), Inf. gadaursan, " I
venture ', Old Saxon gidurran. Old English dear, durran. Old High German (gi)tar,
(g/)turran 'venture, risk'. Old High German giturst. Old English gedyrsti. "boldness,
audacity ' (= Old Indie c//'s//-/7 "boldness');

Maybe alb. {*(gi)tar) guxoj'dare' : Old High German (gi)tar, {g/Jturran \entwe, risk'.

Lithuanian nasalized Lithuanian dr^su'6are, venture' {*d^rensd), dr/'stu, dfisti {dhrns-)
"venture, risk', drqsa{*6'^rons-) "forwardness', drqsus= Latvian druoss'qamy, brave'
( t|h/-c»/7s-; Old Lithuanian still dr/susan6 dransniaus); without nasalization Old Prussian
d/rst/an 'state\y' and oy/'sos "proficient' {*d/rsu-);

here perhaps Tocharian A tsar'rougW, tsras/" strong', B tsiraune^ strength '.

References: WP. I 864, WH. I 698 f., Trautmann 60, Van Windekens Lexique 147.
Page(s): 259

Root/ lemma: 6^eLb^- d^fyb^-

Meaning: spike, wedge

Note: uncertain, because almost only Germanic

Material: Gr. rucpoi a(pr|V£(; Hes.

diminutive Middle High German tubel. Middle Low German o'dVe/'clot, chunk, peg, plug,
spigot, nail' (Modern High German Dobel, Dubel\N\Vc\ md. aniaut). Old High German tubila,
-/" spigot ', engl. dowel-pin ^'^eg, plug, pin'; Middle Low German dovicke, Dutch deuvik^
spigot '; Swedish Norwegian dubb^^eg, plug', Tirol tuppe^b'xg piece of wood'. Middle Low
German dob{b)el. Middle High German top{p)e/'6\ce, cube'. Besides Germanic words the
meaning "hit': East Frisian dufen, o'Z/i/e/7'bump, poke', Dutch doF shove, stroke'. Old
Icelandic dubba. Old English dubbian^ knight, make a man a knight ', East Frisian dubben
"bump, poke'; there it also gives Germanic *dab-^\r\\t' (see below d^abh- 'marvel'), could be
a new variant of *dub- (perhaps come about under the help of words for "peg, plug, spigot
')■

References: WP. I 848.
Page(s): 268

Root/ lemma: 6^eu-i}- 6'^eu-p-

Meaning: deep, *black, bottom, dark waters

Note:

The shift g"'- > -b- , k"- > -p- is a common gr. hence all other IE tongues borrowed Root /
lemma: ^^eu-b-, ^^eu-p-\ "deep, dark' from respectively proto lllyrian gr. ^^eu-g"-, (H^eu-k"-.
But proto lllyrian gr. 6'^eu-g''-, 6'^eu-k''-\s an extenstion of an older root. After Jokl (Eberts
RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN h6^r\poc;{*6'^uber-), Asppn Cd'^eubra) it seems that Baltic
languages derived the concept of "deep' from lllyrian "black, dark', hence from Root/
lemma: d'^eu~4, d^et/a- (presumably: 6^ue-, compare the extension d'"ue-k-, d'^ue-s-): "to
reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc' derived Root/ lemma: d^eu-b- d^eu-p-
: "deep, *dark'.
Material: forms in -b.

gr. pu06(;, Ionian ^uoaoq m. "depth (of the sea)', probably reconverted with metathesis
from *6'^ub-,

maybe alb. {*byssa-h), ,6'y//7a "buttocks, backside hole' : gr. pu96(;, Ionian puaaoq m.
"depth (of the sea)' [common alb. -s- > -th-] the same formation as poln. o'^pa" buttocks,
backside hole', Serbo-Croatian dupe. Gen. -e/a" buttocks '.

after Jokl (Eberts RL. 13, 286 f.) here thrak. PN A6(3npO(; ( Vi'^uber-), Asppn {*6'^eubrS)\

Also alb. PN Dibra

lllyrian 5uppic; GaAaaaa (Kretschmer Gl. 22, 216), also in alb. Tosc FIN Tubra, Drove etc
(Pokorny Urillyrier 99);

Old Irish domain, fu-dumain, cymr. dwfn, corn, down, bret. doun(\.e. dun) "deep
{*d^ubn/-), gall, dubno-, dumno- "world' (£'i//?/70/7A' actually " world king'). Old Irish domun
ds., acymr. annwf(y)n, ncymr. annwn^ God's kingdom and the underworld ' ( *an-dubno-
actually " underworld, outside world ' as Old Icelandic ut-gardr); s. also under S. 268 Slavic
*d-bbna,

maybe alb. {*diep) djep'{*6eep) cradle, hollowed wood' : poln. dziupiou., dziuplai. " tree
hole '.

Gothic diups. Old Icelandic diupr. Old English deep. Old Saxon diop. Old High German
t/ordeep'; Gothic daupjan. Old English dJepan, Old Saxon dopian. Old High German
toufen^ baptize ' (actually "dive'). Old Icelandic deypa^d'we'; with -pp-\ Norwegian duppa
"dive' and /formation. Old English dyppan^d'we; baptize', ndd. duppen. Old High German
fupfen^ bathe, wash'; with gemin. spirant faer. duffa ' s\N\ng' (from barge); with gemin.
voiced-nonaspirated Norwegian dubba^ bend down ', dobbe' marshy land' (compare
Wissmann Nom. postverb. 170, 186); nasalized Norwegian dumpm. "dent in the earth',
Danish dial. 0^^/77/0 "cavity, lowland, depression', engl. dump' deep hole full with water'.
Old High German /i//7X/C)/^/c» "whirlpool'. Middle High German tumpfel. Modern High
German (from Ndd.) Jumper deep place in the flowing or standing water; puddle ', engl.
dimple' cheek dimple ', Dutch domp{e/)en'6\ye, sink';

Lithuanian dubus'6eep, hollow', in addition FIN Dube, Dub/nga and Dubysa{= cymr.
FIN Dyf/irom *DubTsa, Pokorny Urillyrier 46 f.), o'^^/7a5 "bottom' (probably because of
Latvian d/bensirom *dubnas= Slavic *dbbno, gall, dubno-; s. die Lithuanian by Berneker
245 f.); also the FIN wruss. Dubna (= Latvian Dybnoja) "the deep river' and the Old
Prussian PN Dum{p)nis, Dubna show still bn, dumbu, dubt/' become hollow, sink in ',

dauba, dauburys^<^o'C(^e, ravine, gulch', o'i/oM'hollow out', duobe^caye' (Latvian duobs,
duobjs^deep, hollow', duobe'pW., pothole, grave' with i/ofrom oi/?), dubud, -ens' basin ',
duburys, duburys, dubufkis " pit full of water, hole, pool ', nasalized dumburys ' deep hole
full with water ', dumblas's\\'(r\e, mud, morass' (yet see above S. 261); Latvian dub^ns
(besides dibgns) "ground, bottom' (compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 465 under 509), dubt'
become hollow, sink in ', dubliP\. m. "ordure, morass'; Old Prussian padaubis^yaWey' and
dauboi. "ground' (compare above S. 249);

Old Bulgarian di^brb (and out of it dhbrb) "cpapay^, gorge, ravine, gulch' (: Latvian dubra
"puddle, slop'); Church Slavic d-bno {* dtbnd) "ground, bottom'; about den FIN pomerell.
Dbras. S. 264.

forms in -p.

Old High German tobal. Middle High German /c»i6'e/"narrow valley'. Modern High
German Tobef, Old Swedish o^Ji/a probably stem V. "dive'. Old Icelandic o^J/^ "press
downwards', dyfa, deyfa'6We', Old English dTefan, dufan6s., engl. dive. Middle Low
German bedOven' flooded, be coated ', bedoven' sunk down ';

Slavic *dupai. in sloven, dupa' burrow ', Czech doupa'\\o\e\ Old Bulgarian dupina
"cave', mbg. russ. -Church Slavic dupl'b "hollow, light', russ. dupiou. "cavity in tree truck',
Serbo-Croatian dupe. Gen. -eta' buttocks ', dupija' tree hollow ', old dupan'c3Ne' etc;
ablaut, poln. dziupiou., dziuplai. " tree hole ' etc

Note:

From Slavic languages Root / lemma: 6!^eu-b-, d^eu-p-: "deep, *dark, bottom' passed to

Altaic languages:

Protoform: *tup"e ( ~ *tiup"i, *c-)

Meaning: bottom

Turkic protofomn: *dup

l\^ongolian protoform: *dow-

Note: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. The relationship to TM *do- 'to sit down (of birds)',
suggested in TMC 1 , 211 , is unclear; if it exists, we may be dealing here with an archaic
case of *-p"-suffixation.

from here as *d^eu-g-: Germanic *du-k-, *du-kk-'tauchen = dive, s/ch ducken = crouch'?

References: WP. I 847 f., WH. I 565, 867, Trautmann 45 f.

Page(s): 267-268

Root / lemma: A^eugh-

Meaning: to touch, press, milk

Material: Indo-iran. t|h5^^/7-'nnilk' in Old Indie duhati, athematic dogdhi^mWkedi', the

desirable cow Kama-duh(a)^ the plentifully bestowing ' (= gr. Tuxn). pefs. doy, doxtaneic.

Old pers. han-duga^ proclamation ' (compare Latin pro-mulgare);

gr. TUYXavw (Tsu^opai, etuxov, sTuxncfa, TETuxnKa) "meet, find, meet by chance; achieve
a purpose or an aim; intr. to find oneself, and be close ', ruxn " success, luck, destiny, lot ',
goddess Tuxn (probably originally a the desirable cow?); teuxu) (tsu^w, Aor. eteu^q, hom.
tetukeTv, Med. tetukovto, TSTUKsaGai - with sek. k-, Perf. teteuxux;, tetuktqi, T£T£uxciTai) "
make suitable, make, produce, arrange, produce ', TiTuoKoijai ' to make, make ready,
prepare ', Tsuxoq n. " all made, ware, pottery, stuff, esp. armament, military equipment,
weapons; ship instrument; pot, vessel ';

Irish duan^ a poem, ode, song ' {*d^ughna), duar fitting' {*6'^ughlo-)\

Old Icelandic Inf. duga, present dugi, preterit dugda^ be useful, be suitable for, succeed
', preterit present Gothic daug. Old English deag. Old Saxon dog. Old High German toug^
it is good for, is useful ', Kaus. Middle Low German dogen^ withstand ', Old Saxon a-
dogian^^s., sort, order, arrange'. Old English gedTegan^bear, endure, come through '; Old
High German tuht^ skillfulness, power'. Middle High German tuhtec. Modern High
German tuchtig= Old English dyhtig' stalwart ' (about Gothic dauhts' feast ' s. Feist 116);

Lithuanian o'aJ^'much, a lot of, dauginti^ increase, intensify '; russ. duzijeic 'strong'.

References: WP. I 847, Benveniste BSL. 30, 73 f., Pisani REtlE. 1, 238 ff.
Page(s): 271

Root / lemma: d^eu-1

Meaning: to run, *stream, flow

Material: Old Indie dhavate^mus, streams ', lengthened grade dhavati6s., dhauti-hi.

"wellspring, stream, brook'; Middle Persian dawTdan^ruu, hurry', pam. dav- "run, rush';

Maybe alb. {*dhueti) deti^ sea ' : Middle Irish o'oe'sea' common alb. attribute nouns

suffixed in -/formant. [see alb. numbers].

gr dtbd, ep. also Gsioj, Fut 9£uao|jai "run"; lak. an rpsxs Hes.; 9o6(; "quick, fast', por|-
Gooq ' auf einen Anruf schnell zur Hand, helfend ', in addition por|6£U) (instead of
*por|6o£U)) 'lieip', Goa^w " move in quick dashing movement; scoot, move fast ';

gr.-lllyrian 5uav Kpr|vr|v Hes.;

Old Norse dggg, Gen. clgggwar{*clawwd}. Old English deaw. Old Saxon dau. Old High
German tou. Modern High German Tau {*dawwa-);

doubtful Middle Irish o'de'sea' ( *(i!"euia) as ' the violently moving ';

Maybe lllyrian TN Tau-/ant/ {\Net\and, swamp): Modern High German Tau {*dawwa-)

here probably *(i!^u-ro-\v\ thrak. FIN 'A-0upa(; {*n-6^u-r-) and in numerous Venetic-lllyrian
FIN, so lllyrian Z7i//75 (Hungarian), Modern High German Tyra, Thur, older Dura {Alsace,
Switzerland), northern Italy Dora, Dor/a, French Dore, Do/re, Doron, iber. Durius, Tur/a etc
(Pokorny Urill. 2, 10,79, 105, 113, 127, 145, 160, 165, 169 f.);

Note:

Finally the ancient Dor/an tnbe that overrun Mycenaean civilization was of lllyrian origin.
Their name meant 'river people' since they spread very rapidly traveling on fast river
boats. Their migration took Mycenaean cities by surprise. The Dorian expansion was
similar to the Viking rapid expansion hundreds of years later.

maybe lllyrian {*Durra-hion) Dyrrhachium -i, n. a port in lllyria.

after Rozwadowski (Rev. Slavic 6, 58 ff.) here the FIN Duna, west-Slavic Dvina
{*6^ue/na), borrowed as Finnish va/na'\N\6e river', Estonian vain{a) " straits ', syrj. ^ dyn^
estuary '.

References: WP. I 834.
Page(s): 259-260

Root / lemma: (ii^eu-2, d^u-ei-

Meaning: to vanish, faint, die

Material: Gothic d/'wans {Vi^ey-ono-) "perishable, mortal', ablaut. Old High German

touwen. Old Saxon dd/an'd'\e'. Old Norse deyja, dd{*dd\A/), da/nn'd'\e'; (under the

influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gothic daut^s^ dead ', also af-dauiPs^

afflicted ', Old High German tot. Old English dead. Old Norse daudr^ dead ', Gothic

c/au/=>us ' dea\h' , Old High German tod, Old English cfea/=>, Old Norse daud-r, -ar and daude
■death";

Old Irish duine {*d!"u-n-io-), PI. doini {*&^euerhio), cymr. dyn, corn. bret. o'e/? "person'
("mortal, human being', Brugmann ZfceltPh. 3, 595 ff.); s. also under ghdem-,

perhaps Latin funus {fonudl) n. " a funeral, burial. Transf., the corpse; death;
destruction, ruin; a cause of ruin ', whether from *d^eu{eJ-nos' in death '; formally,
nevertheless, exactly = Old Irish n. s-stem c/J/? "fortress', probably originally " hill castle '
(see below d^eu-4S. 263);

Note: common Latin d- > A shift.

after Marstrander Pres. a nasale inf. 15'' here Old Irish -deda' dwindles away ' from
*d'^e-d'"u-a-t, compare also above under d'^e-S,

in Germanic also the meaning " insensible, become unconscious ', awnord. da{*dawa) "
unconsciousness, faint, swoon ', preterit o'oalso " became numbed ' (of limbs). Old
Swedish dana^ faint, pass out ', Norwegian daana^ become stiff, become lame (from
limbs), faint, pass out ' (Ableit. from participle dainn), isl. dodi^ insensibility ', dodna^
become unfeeling, became numbed ', Gothic usdaul=>s^ not indolent, diligent, active, quick,
unwearied, indefatigable, energetic, eager'. Old High German tawalon' to dwindle, to die
', Dutch dauwer sluggish woman '; further Old Norse daa\so " delight of the soul '
("*anesthetization '), da{*dawen) " admire, venerate '; Old Norse dani. "death'.

extension d'^u-ei-:d'^u-T-\n:

Armenian di. Gen. dioy^ dead body, corpse'. Old Irish dTth{*d'^uTtu-) "end, death'; Old
English dwTnan {siexw V.) " abate, dwindle ', besides dem non-Werb Old Norse du/ha and
duena ds.\ Old English dw^scan^ annul, annihilate ' {*dwaiskjan), Lithuanian dv/st/"d\e'
(BGga by Endzelin KZ. 52, 123).

Maybe alb. Tosc {dvisti) vdes, Geg deke^dW [commom alb. -s- > -/r- shift].

Clearly from Root / lemma: d^eues-, d'^ues- d'^eus- d'^us-: "to dissipate, blow, etc.
*breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root/ lemma: d^eu-2, d'^u-ei-: "to
vanish, faint, die'.

As Lithuanian dvlst/"d\e' : Lithuanian dvesiu, dvesiau, dvestT breathe, breathe out the
spirit, perish, die ' (see below);

References: WP. I 835, WH. I 451, 568.
Page(s): 260-261

Root / lemma: 6'^eu-3

Meaning: shining, to shine

Material: Old Indie 07731/3/^- 'gleaming white', dhavati^ makes blank, purifies, cleans, swills

', Avestan fradavata^ rubbed off (cleaning) ';

gr. Qooc, . . . Ka\xu^6q„ Gowaai . . . Aapirpuvai Hes., 656vt£(; Aeukq Qtovizc, Ps.-Hsd.,
GqAeiov KoGapov. Koi GwAsov Hes. (Kontr. from *GoFaA£0(;).

References: WP. I 835, Schuize KZ. 29, 260 f. = Kl. Schr. 369.
Page(s): 261

Root/ lemma: d^e^-^, d^eit/s- (presumably: d^t/e- compare the extension dh^/e-Zr-, d^t/e-s-)

Meaning: to reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.

Material:

Hittite: tuhhai- (I) ' be in labor, have labor pains ', tuhhima- c. ' be in labor, labor pains,

pains of child-birth ' (Friedrich 226); tuhhuwai- (tuhhui-) c. ' dense smoke?, fume, smog? '

(227)

With /7^formant:

Old Indie dhuma-hxw. "smoke, vapor', dhumayati^ smokes, steams ' = Latin fumare
"smoke, steam, reek, fume', formal also = Old High German tumon^ turn in circles ';

gr. GOpo^ "breath, life, soul, heart, spirit, courage, mind, temper, will, anger, wrath'
(GuiJiau) still purely sensually "smoke, fumigate '; GupaA-witJ " charcoal pile ', GupiKoq "
ardent ', Gunaivu) "rage against' etc);

Latin fumus^ smoke, steam, vapor' {fumare see above);

Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

Lithuanian dumaiP\. "smoke', Latvian dumiP\., Old Prussian dum/s6s.;

Old Church Slavic c/K/77b "smoke';

maybe alb. Tosc tym lume' [common alb. d- > /-shift.] : also alb. Geg dhem, alb. dhemb
'hurt, ache', dhimbje^'^awi [common alb. shift m > mb].

Note:

Clearly from Root / lemma: d^em-, d'^ema-: "to smoke; to blow' derived Root/ lemma:
d^eu~4, dhet/a- (presumably: d^ue- compare the extension d^ye-k-, d^ye-s-): "to reel,
dissipate, blow, etc.'.

with 6/.' Middle Irish dumachaP\. "fog' (nir. dumhachirom *d^umuko-^ misty, dark'); gr.
0UMO(;, -ov " thyme ' (strong-smelling plant as also 9u|jppa, 9u|jPpov "Satureja thymbra L.'
s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian; after Niedermann Gl. 19, 14 to russ. dubravka, dubrovka
"Potentilla Tormentilla', that after Berneker215 to Old Church Slavic dgmbii^oaV! [see
below S. 264] belongs).

maybe truncated alb. {*d^umusk-) dushk^ oak' : Latvian dumuksn/s^ swamp, marsh' : Old
Church Slavic dgmbb "oak' not from alb. drushk^ oak', dru-'tree, wood' because alb. dr- >
o'- shift is not common.

Latin f/mus' crap, muck, manure' (as "Vl^y-Z-mos due to growing from suff/o, -Ire);

Note: common Latin d- > /-shift.

with Indo Germanic ou: 0\d High German toum 'vapor, haze, mist. Duff, Old Saxon
domian "steam'.

In addition coloring adjective the meaning " smoke-color, fog-gray, dismal ': Old Indie
dhumra- " smoke-color, gray, puce, cloudy, dull (also from the mind)', dhumala- " smoke-
color, puce ';

Lithuanian dumblas' s\\rr\e, mud, moor on the bottom of pond ', Latvian dublTs\\rr\e,
mud, ordure' (presumably = Old Indie dhumra-, compare but under S. 268 and
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 509), Latvian dumal's' swart, brown', dumaJns' smoke-color',
dumjs, fem. dumja' dark brown, paled, cloudily (from the eyes), stupid ', dumuksnis
"swamp, marsh', dumbra zeme'b\ack moorland ', dumbris, durnbrs' spring, fountain,
moor, morass ' (compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 514; in detail about such moor names
after the color Schuize Kl. Schr. 114);

compare with dem coloring name suffix -no-: Latvian duni, dunas PI. "slime, mud';

with -ko-, respectively of the root extension with -k-: Latvian duksne, di/kste' swamp,
marsh, pool, morass' -.dukans' a red-brown hue, swart ';

with -p'-/ Latvian duga^ \he glutinous mucus wliicli swims on tlie water ', dugains udens
" impure water ', dugains uguns " darl<, clouded flame ', dungans " a red-brown hue ' (if
latter not from *dumgans, compare i6'a'7(g5/75 'whitish', salgans' sugary');

with -/- Tocharian B /^/©"yellow'?

With Aformant :

Old Indie dhuli-, dhulFt " dust, dusty surface of the earth, pollen ', dhulika^\o<^ , alb.
delenje, dellinje^ juniper ' (as ' wood smoking chips ', from *&^OITnio-)\

Maybe alb. dylle^\Nax, bee wax' : Lithuanian dulism., Latvian dulajs, dulejs^ smoker,
smoking incense incense to drive away the bees ' (see below).

Note:

Maybe alb. dellinje^ juniper ' derived from Root / lemma: d^^a/-: " to blossom, be green ' :
alb. {*dalTnia) o'eV/AT/e "juniper' similar to Root /lemma: 6!^eu-4, 6'^eua-\ "to reel, dissipate,
blow, etc.'.

Latin fulTgo " soot; powder for darkening the eyebrows '

Note: common Latin d- > /-shift

Middle Irish dOiT wish, desire ' (*mind boiling , as 9up6(; "the soul'), Lithuanian dulisxu. "
smoker, smoking incense incense to drive away the bees '

Maybe alb. dylle, dyllT bee wax '.

Lithuanian o'^//re"mote, speck'; Latvian dulajs, dulejs^ a more smoking than burning torch
to take the honey from the bees '; Lithuanian dulsvas " smoke-color, mouse grey';
changing through ablaut russ. dulo^ barrel (of a gun, a cannon '), dulbce' mouth piece of
a wind instrument ' (etc, s. Berneker 237; previously Slavic derivatives of o'i///"blow').

Verbs and and single-linguistic nominal formation:

Note:

Old Indie and alb. prove that Root/ lemma: dau-, dau-, du-\ "to burn' derived from Root/
lemma: ^^eu-4, d^et/a- (presumably: d^i/e- compare the extension ^^ue-k-, ^^ue-s-) : "to
reel, dissipate, blow, *smoke etc.'.

Maybe alb. dhunoJ^y\o\a\.e, rape', dhune 'v\o\ence';

Old Indie dhunoti {dhunoti, dhuvati) " shakes, moves to and fro, ventilates ', Fut.
dhavisyati, Perf. dudhava. Pass, dhuyate, participle dhuta-h, dhuta-h' shaken, agitated'.
Middle Persian o'/?' smoke'; Old Indie dhunati^ moves to and fro, shakes ', participle
dhunana-, dhOni-t "the shaking', dhOnayati^ moves to and fro, shakes ', dhavftramu. "
flabellum, whisk ', dhavitavya- " fan, ventilate '; Avestan dvaidf we both beset '? ( *du-
vaidl); Kuiper Nasalpras. 53 places here Old Indie dhvajat/{D\r\p. 7, 44), Avestan dvazaiti^
flutters ' (in addition Old Indie o''/7i/ay5-/7 "banner, ensign, flag') from *dhu-eg- (?);

Armenian de-dev-im " sway, swing ' (compare that likewise redupl. intensive dhvaja-h
Old Indie dd-dhavTti},

gr. 0UW (£0Oaa), Lesbian Guiw " storm along, roar, rave, smoke ' (tl^^^vio, u: from Guaw,
£5uaa, as also Jin Old Indie Pass, dhuyate an6 Old Norse dyja ' shake' neologism is; in
the meaning "rage' maybe from *d'^us/o, s. d'^eues-J, Guaw, Gua^u) ds., GusAAa "storm' (see
S. 269 unter d'^eues-), ep. Guvu) " roam, therefore blow, rage ' (*GuvFu)), Guvsoj ds.
(*Guv£Fu)), Guvoc; TT6A£fjO(;, oppn, Spopoc; Hes. with the meaning "smoke (smoke offering),
smell': Guw (Guow), teGukq " saerifiee ', Guaia "saerifiee, oblation', Gupa " saerifieial animal
', Guoq n. " ineense (henee Latin /i7s"ineense, frankincense'), oblation, sacrifice, oblation'
(therefrom Gusia "mortar' s. Boisacq m. Lithuanian)

Maybe alb. thuk'mortar', thyenj'break, grind'.

gr. Guoek;, Guhsk; " laden with ineense, odorous, fragrant ', Guov " a tree whose wood was
burned because of its fragrance ', Guia, Gua " an African tree with scented wood ', Gur|An
oblation ' ( : Ionian GuaAripara : Attic GuArnjara, *GuFa- : *Gu:-, s. Beehtel Lex. 168 f.,
Boisacq s. v.), GuijeApi " sacrificial altar, altar'.

On the base of the meaning "(together) whirl' Biq, GTv6(; "heap, sandpile, esp. dune,
sandbank, heaps generally ', from *GF-Tv, shaped as OKfiv-, yAwxiv-, SsAcpiv-, u)5iv-,
compare gr. GiAa "heap' (Hes.), to meaning under Modern High German Dune; barely with
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 5702 to Old Indie dhfsnya- " litter put on earth ';

alb. Geg dej, Tosc o'e/7y"fuddle', Med. " dwindle away, melt ' {*deunjd, compare Gothic
dauns^ fume, haze, mist'), dejet^ flows, melts ';

Maybe alb. de/e've'\n (where the blood flows)', dufaix blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old
English dofian^raQe" : Latin 5i/^c»-//"e "to fumigate' (see below), also duplicated alb. {*duh-
duh) dude^quvn'.

Latin suf-fid, -lire ' to fumigate, perfume; to warm ' {suffTmentum' incense '; about ffmus
see above) from *-6'^u-//d, as f/o "of persons and things, to be made, come into existence;
with predicate, to become, be appointed; with genit., to be valued at; of actions, to be
done; of events, to happen ' from *b'^u-//d, foeteo, -e/ie'evi! smell, stink' due to a participle
*<S^u-oi-to-s(as puted\xoxx\ *putos)\

Note:

common Latin d- > f- shift. Clearly Latin suffio -ire "to fumigate' derived from an lllyrian alb.
c/^rblow'.

here (as *piled up) gall., proto Irish Aouvov, latin, dunum. Old Irish n. 5-stem dOn{ :
Latin funus, s. S. 260) "castle' (*hill), acymr. o'»7(ncymr. dinas) ds.; Old Irish du(a)e, arch.
doe^ bulwark, rampart, wall' {*&^duio-)\ Old Irish dumaexr\. "hill', gall. GN Dumiatis, also
Old Irish dei. Gen. o'/ao' "smoke'. Middle Irish dethach6s. ( tl^t/z/a/-);

Old English dunxw. f. "height, mountain', engl. down^ sand-hill, dune', mnl. dune. Middle
Low German dune, out of it Modern High German Dune; compare to meaning kir. vy-dma
"dune' to Slavic o'b/77p"blow'; whereas is Germanic *tu-na-^ fence, a preserved place '
(Old Icelandic Old English tun 6s., "town, city'. Modern High German Zaun) probably Celtic
loanword;

Old Norse dyja "shake' see above;

Gothic daunsi. " sweet scent, smoke ' ( *iA^ou-ni), Old Norse daunn m. " fetidness '
(compare alb. dej, about Old High German Modern High German dunstsee below the root
form '^'^eues-); Old Norse dunnm. "down feather (*fan)' (out of it Middle Low German
dune, whereof again Modern High German Daune^soit loose fluffy feathers, as on young
birds'; compare Middle Dutch donst' down feather (*fan), dust powder (*ash)' = German
Dunst' fume'; s. Falk-Torp under dun); Old Saxon dununga' delusion ' (^^or u?); Old
Icelandic dun/l\re';

Lithuanian dujai. "mote, speck', duje^ down feather (*fan) '; dvylas^ black, black-
headed ', ablaut dulas " grayish ';

Slavic *dujQ, *duti{e.Q. russ. duju, dutb) "blow', changing through ablaut *dyjg\v\ sloven.
dfj'em, dfti^ blow, smell, breathe quietly '; Old Church Slavic dung dungti {Woun-) "blow'
(changing through ablaut with Old Indie dhu-noti, -nati, gr. Guvw);

Tocharian A twe, B tweye^AusW

compare still perhaps identical proto root Vi^eu-^un, flow'.

Root extensions:

I. b^-extension: d'^eit^- " fly, smoke; misty, darkens, also from the mind and the
reflection '.

Gr. Tucpw (Gunjai, Tucpnvai) " smoke, vapor, fume, make smoke; burn slowly, singe; Pass,
smoke, give off vapor, gleam ', m. TU(po(; " smoke, steam, dense smoke; wooziness, folly,
silly pride ';

Maybe poln. duma' pride ', dumny' proud '.

TETOcpwoGai "be brainless, conceited, haughty', TOcpaJc;, -w or-wvoc; "whirlwind,
thunderstorm ', TucpsScbv, -6vo(; " disastrous fire ', TU(p£5av6(;, Tucpoyspajv " feeble-minded
age '; TU(pA6(; "blind, dark, stupid ', TucpAow " blind ', TucpAcbip "blind', TucpAcbaaco "become
blind'.

Old Irish dub{*6'^db'^u-) "black', acymr. dub{*d'^eiA)^-), ncymr. du, acorn, duw, mcorn.
du, bret. du'b\ack\ gall. Dubis^ Le Doubs (eastern France) ', i.e. " black, dark water ';
probably also Middle Irish dot>ur^\Nater', cymr. dwfr, corn. dour(\.e. dowi), bret. dour{\.e.
du/) 6s., gall. Uerno-dubrum river name ("alder water ') are named after the same
observation;

however, maybe there are Celtic words with Indo Germanic ,6* which must be assumed that
belong to d^ei/i?- "deep' (under S. 268), because "deep' and "black' could be slightly
identical.

So can the pomerell. FIN Dbra (^di^bra) be identical just as well with Latvian dubra. Church
Slavic diDbrb.

Note:

Root / lemma: 6'^eu-b- d'^eu-p-: "deep, *dark' derived from Root/ lemma: d^eu~4, d'^eua-

(presumably: d'^ue- compare the extension d^ue-k-, d'^ue-s-): "to reel, dissipate, blow,
*smoke, dark, gray, deep etc.'.

Gothic daufs{-b-) "deaf, obdurate'. Old Norse daufr'deai, idle'. Old English deafdeaV,
Old High German foup{-b-) "deaf, obtuse, foolish'. Old Norse deyfa, Middle High German
touben^ deafen, stun, make feeble ', changing through ablaut Low German duff "muggy
(air), dim (color), muted (sound)';

Maybe alb. dufak blow, anger, impatience, rage' : Old English c/of/an ^ rage' .

Dutch dof, Middle High German fop' senseless, brainless, crazy ',

Maybe alb. top/'s "stun";

o-Verb: Old High German tobon, Old Saxon dovon' be mad ', Old English dof/an\age', e-
Verb: Old High German toben. Modern High German toben, as well as (as participle a
stem V.) Old Norse dofinn' dull, limp, half-dead ', wherefore dofna' limp, become stale ';
Old Norse duptu. 'dust', Norwegian duft, dyffi. 6s., Middle High German tuff, duft'haze,
mist, fog, dew, hoarfrost ', Old High German /^// 'frost'. Modern High German Duft'i\v\e
smell, odor' (or zur root form 6^eup-, see below); Gothic {hraiwa-) dubo. Old Norse dufa.
Old English dufe. Old High German tuba' dove, pigeon ' (after the dark color). Nasalized
Gothic dumbs. Old Norse dumbr. Old English dumb' dumb ', Old High German tumb'
silent, stupid, incomprehensibe ', Old Saxon dumb' oafish '. However, a t|h^-/77-bhc>s
'dark' seems to be supported also by Slavic (see below).

Maybe expressive alb. Tosc dudum' dumb '

Perhaps (Berneker215) Old Church Slavic dgbh 'oak, then tree generally ' as 'tree with
dark heartwood ' as Latin robur. Against it can be by Latvian dumbra zeme'b\ack
moorland ' etc b Einschublaut between man6 r, see above, also by Lithuanian dumb/as
'slime, mud' (Middle High German tumpfel. Modern High German Tumpel, Prellwitz KZ.
42, 387, rather to Modern High German tief. Middle Low German dumpelen' submerge ',
s.SchuIze SBpr.Ak. 1910,791 = Kl. Schr. 114).

Besides d^Jp-in: Old Indie dhupa-m. 'smoke, incense ', Old High German tuvar, tubar'
phrenetical ' (also in DufH see above).

2. d^-extension: &^eu-6!^ ' whirl, shake, confuse through another'.

Old Indie dodhat-' stupefying, vehement, raving ', dudhi-, dudhra-' boisterous ',
probably also o'i/o'Ma- (epithet of tamas' darkness ') perhaps ' confused, thick';

gr. GuaaeTai TivaaaeTai Hes. (*9u9i£Tai), Guaavoq ' tassel ', hom. Guaaavosic; '
festooned with tassels or fringes ' from *9u9ia {^6^u6^Ja= Latvian o'aza 'bundle'), T£u0i(;,
T£u0oq, T£u06(; ' squid ' ('misting, muddling the water ');

Germanic *dud-, geminated *dutt- and *dudd-. Danish dude, older dudde' ryegrass,
darnel ' (but about isl. dodna' become insensitive ' see above S. 260), Low German

dudendop, -hop' drowsy person', Old Frisian dud' anestlietization ', Norwegian dudra
"tremble', Old English dydrian' deceive '; with -dd: engl. dial. dudder'beWMef, dodder
"tremble, wobble, sway', engl. dodder' any plant of the genus Cuscuta; any of various
choking or climbing weeds '; with -//-: Middle Dutch dotten, dutten' be crazy ', Middle Low
German i/c»/io'i///e/7 "bewilder'. Middle High German vertutzen, betutzen' become deaf, but
get collectedness ', isl. dotta' fall asleep due to tiredness, nod because of exhaustion ';

similarly, on the basis of tjhi/edh-: East Frisian dwatje' stupid girl', dwatsk' oafish,
eccentric ', JiJtisch dvot' suffering from Coenurus cerebralis '; Swedish dodra. Middle High
German foterm. " yellow plant, dodder ', Middle English doder, nengl. dodder' any plant of
the genus Cuscuta, comprising leafless threadlike twining plants with parasitic suckers; it
attaches itself to some other plant as to flax etc. and decaying at the root, is nourished by
the plant that supports it ', Dutch {v/as)-doddre6s. After Falk-Torp under dodder\i the word
was transferred as a name for certain plants with yellow thredlike stems: Old Saxon dodro.
Old High German totoro. Old English dydr/ng'egg - yellow ' {-/ng prove the derivative of
plant name); rather has been for it "clump' = " thick mass' in contrast to melting egg white
the mediative meaning (Persson) or compare Norwegian o'^^y/'a "tremble' the elastic
shivering of this colloid rocking core; compare Old Icelandic dodr-kvisa'a bird'.

3. k-extension: (H^uek-, d^JAr-and 6'^euk-:

Old Indie dhuksate, dhuksayati\N\Vc\ sam-' blown up the fire, kindled, animated ', dhuka-
m. (unleashed) "wind'; common Old Indie ^/7- >/rs-

Lithuanian dvekti, dvekuoti, dvekteret/' breathe, pant, gasp', dvokf/" st\nk' , dvakas
"breath, breeze, breath', duksas'sxgh', dukstu, dukti' become raving, rage ', dukis'iury',
Latvian ducu, dukt' roar, rage ', ducu, ducetW.. "roar', duku{*dunku), duku, dukt' become
mat '; color names as Latvian dukans ' swart ' (see above) hit presumably the bridge to:

Old High German /i/^o/ "variegated', tougan' dark, concealed, mysterious, miraculous ',
n. " mystery, miracle ', Old Saxon dogalnussi" mystery, hiding place, nook'. Old English
deagol, dJegle' clandestine ', Old High German tougal' dark, concealed, secret '; also Old
English deagi. "paint, color, red or purple dye; red or purple color; rouge; in gen., paint,
dye of any color; bee-glue ', deagian'&je', engl. dye.

4. l-extension: 6^ (e)uel- {compare in addition above the Anouns as Old Indie dhOli-) '
whirl up, cloud (water, the mind); murky, dark, spiritually weak '.

Gr. BoKoq "slime, mud, smut, esp. from murky water, the dark juice of the cuttlefish ' (=
Gothic dwals). Adj. "cloudy", GoAou) "cloudy', GoAspoc; "muddy, cloudy, eclipse; verwirrt,
beguile ';

AuaAo(;, name of Dionysos by the Paeones (Hes.) " the raving ', lllyrian A£ua5ai oi
IaT[up]oiun' "lAAupiaJv (Hes.);

maybe alb. da/^go out, move out, wander aimlessly', nasalized nda/'stop, hinder, delay' :
Old Norse o'l/e^a "hinder, delay'. Old Saxon t>/dwe///an'\r\\nder\ Old Norse dvg/t "delay'.
Old English dwalam. "aberration'.

Old Irish o'a//" blind', cluas-dair 6eaV ("unable to hear, blind'), cymr. corn. bret. dall
"blind' (about *duallos< *du//os irom *6^ulno-s)\

Gothic dwals^ oafish ', Old Norse dva/at " coma, doze, stupor '; changing through
ablaut Old Saxon Old English do/' clownish, crazy'. Old High German to/, fu//sc' crazy,
nonsensical ', Modern High German to//, engl. du//' stupid, tasteless, weak (also from
colors)'. Old Norse du/t " concealment, illusion, arrogance ', dy/Ja' negate, conceal ' and
on the other hand Old Norse d0/s/<r {*dwd/is/<a-) "crazy'; Old Saxon fardwe/an stem V.
"miss, fail'. Old Frisian dwi/it/i' errs '; Old English participle gedwo/en' wrong, mistaken ',
Old High German gitwe/an' be dazed, tarry ', Old Norse du/inn' conceited, arrogant ';
Kaus. Old Norse o'l/e^a "hinder, delay'. Old Saxon bidwe///an'\\\v\6er\ Old English dwe/ian
" misguide ', Old High German *twa/jan, twa//en. Middle High German /n/e^^^e/? "hinder,
delay'; Old Norse dvg/i. "delay'. Old English dwa/am. "aberration'. Old High German
gitwo/o' infatuation, heresy'; Gothic dwa/mon' crazy, be phrenetical ', Old English dwo/ma.
Old Saxon dwa/m' anesthetization ', Old High German twa/m' anesthetization, narcotic
smoke, smoke'. Old Norse dy/minn " thoughtless, frivolous ', Danish du/me " drowse '.

5. />extension : ^^uen(a)-' scatter, sprinkle, be moved violently; whirling smoke, fog,
cloud; befogged = dark, also from the darkening of the consciousness, the death '.

Old Indie ad/ivanJV he burnt out, was extinguished, dwindled ' (of anger, actually "
evaporated, sprayed '), Kaus. d/ivanayati' darkens ', participle d/ivanta-'6arV!, n. "
darkness';

Avestan dvan-\N\Vr\ pre verb "fly' {apa-dvqsaivr macn^ic^uounTOavonTTiegen ', upa-
dvqsaitr goes flying there ', Kaus. us-dvqnayaT he allows to fly upwards '); dvqnman- n.
"cloud', a/pi-dvqnara-' c\o\x&y , misty', dunman-'ioq, cloud';

gr. 0avaTO(; "death", 9vr|T6(; " perishable ' {Vi'^Uenatos and *d'^unt6s), Doric GvaoKw "die",
reshaped after the present in -ioKU) Attic aTToGvpaKU) (-Gavoupai, -GavsTv), Lesbian
GvaioKw ds. (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 362, 709, 770);

Latvian dvans, dvanums^haze, mist, vapor', c/v/nga'\r\aze, mist, coal steam '
(MOhlenbach-Endzelin I 546).

6. r-extension: d'^euer-{d'^uer-, d'^eur-) ' whirl, attack, hurry; vortex = dizziness, folly '.

Old Indie (unleashed) dhorana-n. "trot', dhorat/" trots ' (=Slavic dur-, see below);
perhaps dhura f\dy. " violent, forcible '; dhatr raid, night raid ', if Middle Indie development
from *d'"vartr HeranstiJrmen ';

perhaps gr. a-Gupu) (*a- = /7"in' + *Gupj(ji)) " play, I amuse ', aGuppa " play, toys;
jewellery, ornament things ' (if "play' from "spring');

Lithuanian padurmai Mn . " with impetuosity, stormy'. Old Prussian duraiHoxn. PI. "shy';
russ. durb " folly, fatuity, stubborness ', duretb, " lose the mind ', durftb "make pranks',
durak^iooX, duraloo\, clown', durnoj^evW, bad, ugly', dial. " unreasonable, furious ',
durnfca^ henbane, ryegrass, darnel ', kir. dur, dura^ anesthetization, dizziness, tomfoolery
', Serb, durlm, duriti se^i\axe up, foam' etc;

Tocharian A taur, B /©/-"dust'?

References: WP. I 835 ff.; WH. I 499 f., 561 f., 57 If., 865; Trautmann 62 f., Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 686, 696, 703.
Page(s): 261-267

Root / lemma: d^eues-, d^ues- d'^eus- d^us-

Meaning: to dissipate, blow, etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die

Note: extension of d'^eu~4, also expressions for " dark colors ' seem to be supposed to be

added as " fog-gray, dust-color '.

Material: Old Indie dhvamsati^ sprays, sprinkles, disintegrates, goes to pieces ', participle

dhvasta-, Kaus. dhvaifisayati, dhvasayat/" powdered, destroyed ', dhvasman- m. "

obscuration ', dhvasira-^ powdered, sprayed ', dhvasra-^ powdered, indistinguishable ',

dhvasti-i. " the spraying ' (= Old High German tunist, dun(i)sV wind, storm, breath, smoke

', Old English Old Frisian dusVd\xs'(), dhusara- " dust-colored '; to formation {*d^u-es-mi,

Konj. d^^e^-s-o besides *d^u-n-es-mi, Konj. *d^u-en-s-d) compare Kuiper Nasalpras. 41;

gr. 0UCO (Guiw) " blow, storm, surge, smoke, sacrifice ' as *d'^u-/d{[j: from Guaw, sGuaa)
to einf. root *d^eu- (see S. 262), however, maybe in the meaning 'rage' from *d'^us-/d, as
GuTa f. 'female bacchant ', Guiac; 'a mad or inspired woman, a Bacchante' ds. (Gua^u) ' be
grasped by bacchanalian dizziness ') probably from *d^us-ja because of GuaraSsq BaKxai
Hes. and GuaGAa the implements of Bacchus, the thyrsi and torches ', QuoTr\p\oq epithet of
Bacchus;

Note: common Latin d- > f-.

Latin furo-ere ' to rage, rave, be mad ' could be *d'^usd , so that Furiae = gr. GuTai;
compare also v. Blumenthal IF. 49, 172 to 5ua|jaivai BoKxai; sxGuaan SKnvsuan Hes.; but
GusAAa ' a furious storm, hurricane ' probably feminine of *Gu£Ao(; ' storming, raging ',
probably from *GuF£Ao(;; Gup6(; 'anger, soul ' is = Gup6(; ' air, a current of air, breeze,
breath, wind ' and not because of Latvian dusmas 'anger' lead back to a various basic
form *Q\Ja\^bc;, compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 521;

Ablaut form tl^^es-in hom. Geeiov and Gsiov (with metr. lengthening to Grjiov), Attic
GeTov ' sulphur steam, sulphur ' (*GF£a-(£)iov?).

Perhaps here Qzoc, 'god' because of Lithuanian o'l/as/a 'ghost'. Middle High German
^e/M^as "ghost' and forms as gr. Qta-^a^oo, ' spoken from god ', GsaiTsaioc;, Geghk; 'divine'
as *GF£a6(;from *dht/eso5 after Hirt Indog. Gr. I 195, Pisani REtlE. 1, 220 ff., Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 450, 458, WH. I 102; Lithuanian by Feist 122;

alb. dash' Anes, ram, sheep (*animal), after Jokl (L.-k. Unters. 240) from *6^uosf-;

Latin perhaps furo, see above; fimbriai. ' fringe, border, edge ' maybe from *6!^uensria,
with the ablaut form d!"ues- : februo, -are' clean, expiate religiously ' from februum'
religious purification ' (sabin. after Varro), as also Februarius' the cleansing month ', on
the basis of *d^ues-ro-' fumigating '; feralis' relating to the dead, funereal; deadly, fatal;
mournful; n. pi. as subst. the festival of the dead, in February ' probably also here;

Note:

Common Latin d- > f-.

whether bestia, bellua' an animal without reason, a brute, beast, large animal; as a term
of reproach, monster ' belong here as *d^yestia, *&"uesloua, it is extremely dubious
because of aniauts in spite of WH. I 102;

Note:

Common Latin dw- > b-.

gallorom. dusius^ impure, foul daemon, incubus ', out of it lad. eng. dischol. Modern
High German westfal. dus, Basque fusur/^devW'; compare Pedersen Et. celt. 1, 171; Old
Irish dasachtlury', daistirimmum^ I become raving ' {*6^uds-t-, ablaut, with Old English
dwaeseic); Old Irish dde^\6\e\ perhaps as *(i!"ousio-{o Modern High German dosig;

Old English o^m/^s 'stupid, crazy'. Middle Low German dwas6s.. Middle High German
twas, dwasm. "idiot, fool, villain ', getwasr\. "ghost; foolishness ' (compare to the former
meaning Middle High German tusteru. "ghost'; to lengthened grade Old Irish dasaid);
ablaut. Old English dysig^ clownish ', engl. dizzy^ giddy ', Middle Low German dusich^
benumbed, giddy ', Low German dijsig, dosig. Old High German tusic^ sluggish ', Middle
Low German dusen, dosen^ pass away thoughtlessly ', engl. doze^ 6oze\ Modern High
German (ndd.) Duse/(\n the meaning " light drunkenness ' compare Modern High German
Dialectal dusen' carouse ' and Middle High German tusen'rant, make a noise, whizz ');

in addition: Norwegian dusa'6oze', Old Norse dusa' behave quietly ', dus' calm ', dura
"sleep'. Middle High German turmen' be dizzy, reel, lurch ' etc;

with Germanic a^.- Middle High German dosen' behave quietly, slumber, drowse ', tore
" insane, fool'. Modern High German 7"o/', toricht. Middle Low German dorem. "fool, crazy
person';

Maybe alb. Geg torre looV

with the meaning " spray, get dusty, scatter': Middle High German tsesen, dsesen
"scatter', verdaesen' (iesixoy' (from *dausjan), Norwegian Dialectal d0ysalurc\p, pile up',
probably originally from " dust heaps and waste heaps ', under which medium meaning
can be added also Old Norse dysi. " from pouting stones of burial mounds ', Norwegian
Dialectal dussa " messy heap ';

with the meaning " scatter, sprinkle, dust rain ': Norwegian duskregn' dust rain ', duska,
dysja' rain finely, trickle ', engl. ^/^s/r "cloudy, dim'. Modern High German Bavarian duser
dust rain '; West Germanic *dunstu- " transpiration ' (see above S. 263) in Old High
German tun{/Jsf '\N\nd, storm'. Middle High German funst' fume, mist ', Old English Old
Frisian dustn. "dust' (Old Norse dustn. "dust' is Middle Low German loanword), Danish
dyst' flour powder ', Middle Low German nnd. dustm. "dust, chaff, husk';

with the meaning "breathe - animal': Gothic d/usn. "wild animal' {*d'^eus-), Old Norse dyr
n. "Vierfijftler, wild animal', Old High German t/or^an\ma\', Old English deor'wM animal',
Adj. "violent, wild, valiant';

Lithuanian dvesiu, dvesiau, dvesti^ breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die ';

maybe alb. {*dves) Kofes "breathe out the spirit, perish, die';

Clearly from Root / lemma: 6!^eues-, d'^ues- d'^eus- d'^us-: "to dissipate, blow, etc.
*breathe, breathe out the spirit, perish, die' derived Root/ lemma: d^eu-2, d'^u-ei-: "to
vanish, faint, die'.

As Lithuanian dvlst/"d\e' : Lithuanian dvesiu, dvesiau, dvestr breathe, breathe out the
spirit, perish, die ' (see above);

Note:

Aryans created the storm god, sky god Deus Paterirom the ritual of burning the dead.
Hence the very spirit of the dead was identified with the breath in the cold, smoke in
heaven. Animal fat was burned to appease the sky god hence animals were named after
the father god.

Latvian dveselei. "breath, soul, life', ablaut. {*d^uos-), Lithuanian dvasasm., dvasiai..
Gen. f/i/as/bs "ghost', "breath', Latvian dvasa' air, breath, smell ' (: russ. dvocfiatb, Indo
Germanic *d'"uos-)\ zero grade ( tl^Js-), Lithuanian o'^s55"sigh' and "haze, mist' (= kir.
docH), dustli, dusti'run out of breath', Latvian dust^pant, gasp', dusmas ^ anger' ,
Lithuanian dusiu, duseti'take a deep breath, sigh, gasp heavily', dusautids.; Lithuanian
dausosi. PI. {*d'^ous-) " the upper air, paradise ', dausinti^ ventilate, air ';

russ. dvochatb, dvochatb 'pant, gasp' (see above); Old Church Slavic (vbs)dbchnQti^
take a deep breath, heave a sigh ', kIr. o'oc/? "breath, breeze' {*d'bciTb), Old Church Slavic
dyciiajg, dysg, dycfiati^breaVne, exhale, blow', duchb{\ Lithuanian dausos) " respiration,
breath, spirit ', o^i/sa "breath, soul' {*d'^ousJa), dusg, duciiati'breaVne, blow, from wind' etc

maybe alb. {*dychati) dihat' breathe heavily' a Slavic loanword.

words for sombre colors ("dust-colored, fog-gray ') :

Old Indie diiusara-' dust-colored ' (see above); Latin fuscus' dark-colored; of the voice,
indistinct ' {*d'^us-qo-), furvus^ dark-colored, black ' {*d'^us-uo-)\

Note: common Latin d- > /-shift.

Old Englisli dox{*dosd) 'darl<', engl. o'^s/r "cloudy, dim; twilight ' (= Latin fuscus, compare
also Norwegian dusmen^ misty '), with formants -no- Old English dunn {Ce\Wc loanword?),
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Saxon dun " chestnut-colored
', Old Norse dunna^ the common domestic duck ', Old Saxon dosan. Old English dosen^
chestnut-colored ', Old High German dosan, tusin ' pale yellow ' (West Germanic Lw is
Latin o'c»s//7i/5 "ash-colored'); Middle Irish donn^6ark', cymr. dwnn ^subiuscus, dark-
colored, blackish ', gall. PN Donnosetc {*6^uosnos). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Note:

Probably from a fusion of Root / lemma: d'^eues- d^ues-, d'^eus-, d^us-'io dissipate, blow,

etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root/ lemma: dei-1, de/a- di-, dja-\ "to

shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived Slavic {* dus-diu-)\ Old Church Slavic: dtzdh "rain'

[m jo] (see below).

References: WP. I 843 f., WH. I 102, 386, 472 f., 570 ff., Trautmann 64 f.

Page(s): 268-271

Root/ lemma: d'^eig"-. d'^dig"-. d'^Tg"-
Meaning: to stick, plant

Material: Latin ffgo, -ere "to fix, fasten, make fast, attach, affix; esp. with oculos, to fix the
gaze; to thrust home a weapon, etc. so as to fix fast; to transfix ' (Proto Latin /; compare
ffgierS. C. Bacch.), Old Latin ffvo, Umbrian fiktu^ you shall fix, fasten, drive, thrust in,
attach, affix, post, erect, set up ', afiktu^ he/she shall fasten, implant, drive in, affix ';
probably in addition as " pinned ' also ffnis^ boundary, limit, border; summit, end; object,
aim; in pi. enclosed area, territory ' (= Lithuanian o'j7(gs/7/5 "prick, sting'), compare ffnio, -Tre
also " to bound, limit, enclose, restrain; to define, determine, appoint; to put an end to,
conclude, finish; esp. to finish speaking, or to die; pass., to end, cease ';
Note: common Latin d- > f- shift.

Old English dTc^ drainage ditch, canal', ndd. dJk, Old Icelandic dTk(i)n, Middle High
German tTch, from which Modern High German Deich, Teich (actually) "the digging'.

Lithuanian dygstu, dygti, Latvian o'/^/ "germinate' (actually "jut. stick out, protrude',
Lithuanian oy^^s "spiky, prickly '), in addition dygili, dygeti^ feel piercing pain ', dyglys
"thorn', dyge^ gooseberry ', Old Prussian digno^ the hilt of a sword ' (as Modern High
German Heft^ the handle of a cutting or piercing instrument, as a knife, spear, etc.; the hilt

of a sword, dagger ', that is to say " wherein the blade is fixed, to fix'); zero grade
Lithuanian dfegiu, dfegti, Latvian oVe^/ "prick', Lithuaniano'/e^as'germ, sprout'. Old
Prussian deicktas " site, place ', originally " point, dot, prick, sting'; with dr. Lithuanian
daigas^qexru, sprout, seedling ', daiktas^ point, dot; thing', daig'mtT make germinate ';

References: WP. I 832 f., WH. I 495 f., 865; Trautmann 49 f.
Page(s): 243-244

Root / lemma: d^e^/^- (besides d^-e/-?)

Meaning: to suck

Note: (:dha/- <m- and dhe- d^a-) s. esp. Schuize KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 363.

Material: Old Indie dhaya-h^ nourishing, nursing ', dhayas-u. ' the sucking ', dhayu-^

thirsty ', dhatave^io suck'. Put. dhasyati, Aor. adhaV he sucked ', s^-o'/?^ "juice, sap,

nectar', dhatrV wet nurse, mother', dhenu-i. " producing milk ' = Avestan daenu-^ female

of four-footed animals '

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

Old Indie dhena^ milker', ablaut. dhJta-^ sucked ', Perf. Plur. 1. 3. da-dhi-ma (i- d), da-

dh-uh\ redupl. noun da-dh-an-, Nom. da-dh-i. Gen. o'5£y/7/7as "sour milk' (: Old Prussian

da dan, alb. djath^;

Maybe alb. {*dhei-) Geg dhej, Tosc dhi, PI. dhen, dhente^ goat', edha^ goats' : alb. Geg

dhane^ to give, produce'.

from stem &^9i-: dhayati^ sucks' C^^s/et/: Kaus. 'yi^o/'-e/e-t/'m Slavic dq/7t/, Gothic
daddjan) and dhinoti^ nourishes ';

Armenian diem "suck' (/== Indo Germanic eor rather /; so that = Old Norse dTa), stn-di
"( sucking breast =) suckling ', o'a/from daiT beestings ' {d'^9/-//-), dayeak^ wet nurse '
(from *dayi- =lndo Germanic d^a-//-);

gr. Gnaaro " he sucked ', 9f|a9ai "milk', 0r|viov "milk', iiGnvri " wet nurse ' (short form
TiiGn underlikewise, whereat different Falk-Torp under taate), yaAaGnvoc; " sucking milk ',
ix-Qaaoc, "tame, domesticated, well-bred';

alb. djathe^ cheese' originally " curd made from sour milk ' (: Old Indie dadhi), gr.-alb.
d/the' cheese'] (common Slavic alb. -e- > -Je-, -a- > -ja-, ).

Note:

Spectacularly alb. djathe{*das), gr.-alb. dithe^ cheese' derived from a solidified lllyrian root
*dh-e/-s"curd made from sour milk' because of common alb. -s > -th.

Latin femina^m'^e, woman' ("*the nursing one'); about felTx, fecundussee below;

Old Irish o''/77^"lamb', d/th'he/she has sucked' (/"= Indo Germanic eor /), dena/d'he
sucks' {*di-na-ti), bret. denaff' suck', cymr. dynu^suck';

Gothic dadd/an= Old Swedish dseggja' suckle ' (proto Germanic *dajjan, compare Old
Indie dhayati. Old Church Slavic dojg, das Germanic *dajj- has originated normally from
*&^oi-eie-). Old Swedish dTa, Danish Norwegian oVe'suck', Middle High German dTen, ffen^
suckle; breast feed a baby' (compare zero grade Armenian diem), zero grade Old High
German taen, present taju{= Latvian deju^suck'), westfal. daierrn^ nourish a calf with milk

Latvian deju, det' suck', at-diene, at-diemte " a cow that calves in the second year ',
Lithuanian dienii. 'pregnant' (= Old Indie dhenu-), d/ena6s. (= Old Indie dhena ^co\n'). Old
Prussian dadan'mWk' (= Old Indie dadhan-); Old Church Slavic dojg^ suckle ' (Old Indie
dhayati), doiiica^ wet nurse ', with e{= Indo Germanic eor a/) detbi. " children, kids. ',
deva, devica'g\r\, virgin' (replaced by '* woman ' = ' the nursing one, the one who suckles
', s. Berneker 197).

With Aformant: Old Indie diiaru-' sucking ' = gr. 9r|Au(; ' nourishing (££p5r|), lactating,
female ' (fem. GrjAEia and 6r|Auc;), 0r|Au), GnAapcbv " wet nurse ', 9r|Aa^u) ' suckle, suck',
9r|An ' brisket', alb. o'e/e "sheep' {*6^9ii-n-), deimeds., diiaiie ' sour m\\k', lllyrian daim-
"sheep' in PN AaApiov, AsApiviov, VN Daimatae, Deimatae, Messapic PN Gen. m.
daimaihi, fem. PN daima&oa, Latin feio, -are^ suckle ', ffiius^ sow' ("*suckling ', from *feiios)
= Umbrian feiiuf, fiiiu' give milk, give suck ';

Note:

Common lat d- > f- phonetic shift

Middle Irish ofe/"teat' ( *dW-io-), deiecii^ milker ', Danish daei^ mammary glands or udder of
the sow ', Swedish Dialectal deirc\. "teat'. Old High German tiiai. " female breast'. Old
English deiui. " nipple, teat', Old Norse o'//Ar"lamb, baby, youngling'; Latvian o'e/s"son',
deie^ bloodsucker, leech ', Lithuanian deieds., pirmdeie^ the first born ', pirmdeiys^ who
has just been born '; Latvian dTie^ sucking calf, diiit^ suckle '.

Identical alb. djale, PI. djelm, dJem^sov\'' : Latvian o'e/s'son'.

(common Slavic alb. -e- > -Je-, -a- > -ja-, ).

from gr. GoJaGai (*9(joi£a9ai) 'to feast', Goivri " feast ' (from *9u)i-va?) with gradation suit
here, is doubtful; if Gw^ai and (Doric) Ga^ai ' psGuaai ' as *9ojaK-aai points to a light
root t|ho/- (also then Goivn; also GwaGai could be Goja-oGai)?

Latin fe^xlertWe, lucky' to fe/are goes back to a fem. Subst. *felT-c- " the nursing one =
fertile ', after Specht (KZ. 62, 237) from *feluhk-s, Femin. to Old Indie dhar'u-, gr. GpAuc;;
Latin /ec^/7o'^s 'fertile', fetus, -us^{^) pregnant; fruitful, fertile; teeming with, full of. (2) that
has brought forth, newly delivered; (3) m. the bringing forth or hatching of young; of the
soil, bearing, producing. Transf., that which is brought forth; offspring, brood; of plants,
fruit, produce, shoot ', /^/5 'filled with young, pregnant, breeding, with young ', also ' what
is born ', e^/a'past bearing, exhausted, worn out, weak after a lot of parturition', fenus, -
0/75 'yield, interest on money, usury', perhaps also fenum^haY (as 'yield') define
themselves through a special application from d^e/- ' suckle ' for 'be fertile';

in addition but not *6'^dna- 'corn, grain' : Old Indie dhanahi. PI. 'grain, seeds', dhanya-
n. 'corn, grain', np. 0(3/75 'corn, grain', Avestan dano-karsa-^au ant kind ', i.e. ' towing
grain (= an ant) ', Tocharian B tano^ corn, grain ' and Lithuanian duona, Latvian duonai.
'bread' (originally ' corn ', Old Lithuanian ' provision for retired farmers, retirement,
settlement on retirement '); Doric-lllyrian (Cretan) 5r|ai. . . ai KpiGai EM., 5r|TTai
aisnTiapsvai KpiGai ( Vi^e-k-Ja-) Hes.; different Jokl by WH. I 475;

References: WP. I 829 ff., WH. I 474 ff., 864, Trautmann 51.
See also: s. also above d^e-/, d^e-dhe-.
Page(s): 242

Root/ lemma: d^e-/, redupl. 6'^e-6}^(e)-

Meaning: child word for 'grandparents'

Material: Gr. Qzxoc, 'uncle', Gsia 'aunt' (*Gr|-0(;, Gn-a), inGri 'grandmother' (from *Gr|-Gr|),

Italian (venet.) o'eo's 'aunt' (?), gr. rriGic; 'aunt' (in addition GN Ostk;); lllyrian deda^ wet

nurse ' (Krahe IF. 55, 121 f.), also probably originally to root 6'^e{i)- ' suckle '; Lithuanian

dede, ded/s'ur\c\e' (but diedas^ graybeard, old man, elder 'from wr. dzedds.), Old

Church Slavic o'eo'b 'grandfather'; similarly Modern High German de/te, teite, Swiss daddi

'father, elder', russ. djadja ^ux\c\e\

Note:

Turk. c/ay/"unc\e' derived from russ. djac/ja 'unc\e' while alb. dajan. f. "uncle' could have

existed before turk. day/'unc\e', however, alb. cognate is phonetically identical with other

cognates: also turk. /7a/a "paternal aunt' : alb. /75//a "paternal aunt', turk. /eyze "maternal

aunt' : alb. /eze "maternal aunt'.

References: WP. I 826, Trautmann 47, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 193.

Page(s): 235

Root / lemma: d^e-2
Meaning: to put, place, say

Material: Old Indie dadhati, Avestan dadaiti^ he places ', Old pers. Impf. Sg. adada^ he
has installed ', Old Indie Aor.a-o'/75-/r7"l placed', Med. 3. Sg. a-dhita{= gr. eGeto) ; to
participle Old Indie hita-h{-dhita-h\v\ ved. compounds) "set, settled ' (= Latin con-ditus, ab-
ditus, creditus, probably also gr. Qzioq, " sedate, calm, settled, placed, set; having position;
taken as one's child, adopted '), with full grade Avestan Old pers. data- (= Lithuanian detas
" sedate, calm, settled ', Old Prussian sen-ditans f\Vk. PI. f. " folded ', also gr. Ghtov poopov
Hes., actually " set raised platform, placed stand '); Inf. Old Indie dha-tum{= Lithuanian
o'e/z/Supin., Old Church Slavic detb "to place' : Latin [late] conditus, -usm. " pickled,
preserved; of corpses, embalmed; in gen., seasoned, savory ', Supin. -um, -u, compare
also Old Indie dhatu-h), m. " component, set', Avestan vT5atu- n. " grounds, rationale,
steady acquiescence ');„/c>-present Old Indie dhayate^ places for oneself ' (= Latvian deju,
det^p\ace, lay eggs', deju det^ solder together ', Old Church Slavic o'eyip"lay, place'. Old
Czech deju^xx\ake')\ Perf. Old Indie dadhau, dadhima, Avestan 3. Sg. da5a{\ gr. TsGspai,
Latin -didT, Oscan pru-ffed. Old High German tetaeXc).

Armenian edAor. "he placed' (= Old Indie a-dhat, 1. Sg. edi, 2. Sg. edit), present dnem^
I place ' {*dinem, Indo Germanic *d'^e-A7o, compare russ. denu^sW., put, lay, place', Serbo-
Croatian djenem " do, put, lay ');

Maybe nasalized alb. Geg me ndejVio sit, while, stay', A7o'ey"hang lose, place'

Phrygian zbazc, "has placed' ( *e-6^a-es-f7 rather = Hittite da-a-is)\

gr. TiGriM' "puf (Aor. sGriKO - see below -, iQz\xzy, sGsto, Fut. Gnaw, participle Getoc;);

Messapic hi-pa-of has placed ' {*ghi-po-&^es-t, J. B. Hofmann KZ. 63, 267);

Latin abdere^ put away, remove, set aside, stow away', con-dere^ to put together,
make by joining, found, establish, build, settle' (in addition Census [*kom-d-to-] av\ ancient
deity, god of secret plans), perdere^ to make away with, destroy, ruin, squander, dissipate,

throw away, waste, lose ', credere 'beWeve, trust' (see below 'Areref/- "heart'); about the
interference of darew\t\r\ respective forms s. WH. I 362; Perf. cond/dfetc, Oscan pru-ffed'
has placed ' {*-fefed).

Note:

Common italic-Latin o'->/- shift.

With einer /r-extension Latin fac/o, -ere, fecT{: £0r|Ka), factum' to make, form, do,
perform; of feelings and circumstances, to cause, bring about ', Oscan fakiiad, Umbrian
facia ' he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, produces, composes ', fakurent
Fut. II [subjunctive] "they will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected,
produced, composed ', praen. (passionate inscription) FheFhaked'helshe has made,
constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ', Oscan fefacitKou]. Perf.
"let he/she have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ',
fefacustFut II "he/she will have made, constructed, fashioned, framed, erected, produced,
composed ';

with *fek- Umbrian fe/tu, /e/i/ [Imperative]" he/she will have made, constructed,
fashioned, framed, erected, produced, composed ':

fac/7/s "( feasible) easy to do; easy to manage, convenient, favorable ', Umbrian facefele
ds.; fades' shape, form, figure, outward appearance; esp. face, countenance. Transf.,
character, nature; seeming, pretence ', facinus, ponti-fex, arti-fex bene-ficus \ to meaning
of interficid " to put out of the way, destroy, bring to naught, slay, kill' ("*allow to disappear')
compare Old Indie antar-hita-h' vanished '.

The same A'-extension besides in gr. £9r|Ka also in 6nKr| " receptacle ', Old Indie dha-ka-
/?" container' and Phrygian a5-5aK£T " afflicts, causes death ', Med. a5-5aK£Top; Venetic
vhaxs&o' he/she makes, constructs, fashions, frames, builds, erects, produces, composes
' {*fak-s-to, the /probably from Ital.);

Hittite dak-ki-es-zi {dakkeszi) " makes, places down ' (: Latin facessd), dak-su-ul {daksul)
"friendly' (: Old Latin facul); perhaps Tocharian A taka'\ was, became', B takawa diS.
(different Pedersen Tocharian 194);

gall, dede' he/she has placed '; compare Latin con-, ab-, cre-didT, Old High German teta
" I made, did'; Old Irish -tarti'Qwes, yields ' {*to-ro-ad-dI't irom *6'^e-t), Perf. do-rat {*to-ro-
ad-datirovn *d'^e-t}, Thurneysen Gr. 35;

Old High German torn, tuom, Old Saxon ton, Old English dom'do'. Inf. Old High
German tuon. Old Saxon Old English don {*d^d-m) "do', preterit Old High German teta'\
made, did' (2. Sg. tat/, PI. tatu-m; reshaped after the type of Gothic setum). Old Saxon
deda{2. Sg. dedos, 3. PI. dadun, dedun). Old English dyde< dud/ {see above to Old Indie
dadhau); particle Perf. Pass. Old High German gi-tan. Old English don^ done ' from *d^e-
no- =Old Church Slavic o-dent ' wrapped, dressed ';

in the ending of reduced Prater. (Gothic salbo-dedun eic) one tries to seek mostly the
root d^e- whereas in Gothic kunt^a^ granted ', must contain the Indo Germanic -/-, to
accept an other formation, compare Hirt, Indo Germanic Gr. IV, 99, Sverdrup NTS. 2, 55
ff., Marstrander, NTS. 4, 424 f., Specht KZ. 62, 69 ff., Kretschmer Sbb. Wien, 225. Bd., 2.
Abh.,6f.

Lithuanian det/lay, place, put', present 2. PI. old deste{*d^e-6^-te), Sg. demi, desie-s,
destC/J {compare Buga Kalba irs. 158, 213), neologism dedu, Latvian det{see above);

Old Church Slavic det/lay, place, say', present dezdg {* ded/o) and dejg{see above);
dejg, dejatr\a\i, place, do'; -i/a-iterative Old Church Slavic o-devati\\.o put), dress ', russ.
devatb "set down, do, place';

in addition probably Lithuanian deviu, devet/'wear a dress'; a formant ua\so in gr.
*9oFaKOc; and (assim.) *9aFaK0(;, compare Goa^w "sit, put', Ionian 0aJKO(; (hom. 06u)ko(;
written for 96[F]aKO(;) "seat', GapaKOv Gqkov ri Gpovov Hes., Attic also GaKO(; ds., hom.
Gaaaau) "sit', Attic poet Gaaou) ds. (see to gr. group Bechtel Lexil. 161 f., Boisacq 335);
compare also thrak. -dava^ settling, settlement ' from *6!"euaor *d^9ua; probably
reshuffling after the concurrent *dd-: *dou- "bestow, give';

Note:

The suffix -dava' settling, settlement ' frequently scattered over the thrak. territory and city
names is absent in lllyrian toponyms, hence lllyrian-alb. and trak. were two different
people.

Hittite da-a-i{dai) " places, lays ', 1. Sg. te-eh-hi{tehhi), 3. PI. //■a/>z/(Pedersen Hittite
91, 112 f., 166), preterit 3. Sg. da-a-is, perhaps also dak-ki-es-zi {see above);

Hittite: dai-, tai- (II) ' place, lay, put ', tija- (I) ' step, tread, be positioned ', tittanu- (I) ' put,

place ', zikk- (I) ' lay, place ' (Friedrich 202-203, 223-225, 260-261)

Hittite: te- (I) 'say' (Friedrich 219-220) : Old Church Slavic deti^ay, place, say'

Tocharian A ta-, tas-, tas-, B tes- "lay, place' fd^e-s- Pedersen Tocharian 186 f.);

Tocharian B tatta- 'to place, set' (Adams 283 f)

Lycian ta- "lay, place' (Pedersen. Lycian and Hittite 30 f.).

Root nouns (in compositions): e.g. Old Indie vayo-dha-h^ imparting vitality ', saifi-dhai.
" pact, agreement, promise ' (: Lithuanian arkli-de^ stable '), sarh-dh-a-m' association ' (:
Lithuanian sam-das), ratna-dh-a-h^ imparting treasure ', ni-dh-i-hm. " container, treasure,
tribute', sam-dh-f-hvn. " association, covenant, fusion ', Avestan gao-5i-^ milk container';
Lithuanian samdas^ rent, rental ', //7o'a5 "vessel', nuodaf poison ', (old) nuodzia^ debt,
blame, offense ', padis^ the hen lays an egg ';

Old Prussian umnode^ bakehouse ', Lithuanian pelude, Latvian pelade^ chaff container ',
Old Church Slavic obb-dou. "Gnoaupoq', sp-o'b"Kpiai(;, KpTpa'; compare Berneker 193 ff.,
Trautmann 47 f.; if so also Old Icelandic oddr. Old English ord. Old High German c»/'/"cusp,
peak' as *ud-6yo-s " pointed up'?

nominal formation:

Old Indie dhatar-xw. " instigator, founder', dhafar-^ creator, god' (compare also Old
Church Slavic detelb "perpetrator'), gr. Gsirip, Latin con-ditor^ a founder; hence, in gen.,
contriver, composer, author ';

compare t|ha-//c»-in Old Irish dal, acymr. dati, ncymr. dadi, abret. o''ao'/"congregation,
meeting', nbret. daer contest, quarrel ' (compare to meaning Phrygian 5ou|JO(;);

t|ha-//-in Old Indie -dhiti-hi. " stead ', deva-hiti-h' God's statute ', gr. GsoK^f. " statute,
order', Latin con-diti-oi. " an agreement, stipulation, condition, compact, proposition,
terms, demand '; tl*^e-//-sin Avestan ni-5aiti-i. " laying down, putting away, hiding ', Gothic
gadeds^ deed, position, place ', Old Icelandic dad^ skillfulness, deed, act'. Old English
dsed. Old High German /a/"deed, act', Lithuanian detis^ load, burden ', PI. detys^ lay of
the chicken, the goose ', Old Church Slavic blago-detb " Grace, blessing, gratitude '; tl^a-
t-\r\ thrak. PN Aaroc;, alb. dhate{*^^9-t§) " site '; *^^d-t-\r\ Avestan dami-da-V the created
creature ', Latin sacer-dos^ a priest, priestess ' {*sacro-(ii'^dt-s).

Old Indie dhana-m^ container', el. auv0r|vai (?) "pact, covenant'. Old High German
participle gitan. Old English don^ done ', Old Church Slavic c»-o'e/7b "(completed), vested ';
Old Indie dhana-m^ sacrifice, offering, price in competition etc ', nidhanam' layover, stay,
inhabitation etc', godhana-m^ cattle possession ', Avestan gao-5ana-r\. " milk container '.

Old Indie dhaman-v\. " statute, law, dwelling, troop, multitude, crowd etc', Avestan
daman-, dqman- n. "site, creature', gr. ava-9r|MCi " anything devoted to evil, an accursed
thing ', £ni-9r|MCi " something put on, a lid, cover; statue on a grave', 9r||JU)v m. "heap';
£u9niJU)v "probably keeping tidy, keeping in order '; thrak. plant name Koa-5apa
TTOTa|JOY£iTU)v (Dioskor.) (from *k"a-6^emn) " water settlement ', PN Uscu-dama;
secondary (after Qta\(^ gr. 9£|ja n. " that which is placed or laid down: money deposited,
deposit; also, of grain; treasure, pile, of loaves, coffer, position, situation, nativity, common
burial-place, common land, private burial-ground, something proposed as a prize, case
proposed for discussion, theme of an argument, proposition, premise, arbitrary
determination, primary (non-derivative) element or form, of the present tense, mode of
reduction of an irregular syllogism ', compare also Inf. 9£|j£vai; Avestan dami- f. " creation
', Adj. (alsofem.) " constituting, originating, creator, god'; gr. 9£pi(; "that which is laid down
or established by custom'. Gen. originally 9£piaT0(; "*allowed by the laws of God and men,
righteous ' as Goddess's name, then "right, law, custom', 9£p£9Aa PI. " the foundation of a
building; the innermost, core ', 9£|j£Aioi Ai9oi " the foundation-stones ', hom. 9£pi£iAia (£i
metr. lengthening) " the foundations, lowest part, bottom, ground';

Alb. themer the foundation of a building; the innermost, core ' : hom. 9£M£iAia (£i metr.
lengthening) " foundation, ground' [probably a loanword]; themen^\\ee\, bottom of the foot'.

zero grade: Qa\xd "*massed; frequent, often ', 9a[jiv6q "frequent, often, massed', hom.
Qa\xtzc„ femin. 9aM£iai PI. " the piled up, tightly packed, crowded, close-set, thick ' (from
*9apu(;), 9apvo(; " thicket, shrubbery, bush, shrub'; in a t|ha-/77c»-' settlement, branch,
dwelling' (compare 9ai[j6(; oiKia, an6po(;, cpurda Hes. [*6^amJo-], also Old Indie dhaman-
"dwelling') or "heap, troop, multitude, crowd (the servant)' correlates one perhaps rightly
also with Latin famulus^ a servant, a male slave, attendant ', familia^ a household (of
slaves), establishment ', Oscan famer a servant, a male slave, attendant ', famelo^ a
household (of slaves), establishment ', Umbrian famenas^ a household (of slaves),
establishment ';

Note:

Common Latin d- > f- shift

o-grade gr. 9(j0[j6(; "heap, barn, haystack'; Phrygian Soujjoq "an assembly, meeting,
congress, a living together', Latin ai^-o'd/T?©/? "lower abdomen' as "intimate, hidden, secret
part', compare Old High German intuoma^ the chief internal organs of the body, significant
organs ' (would be Latin *inddmen). Middle Low German ingedome, bayr. ingetum6s.,
Gothic domsm. "judgement, fame' (o'o/77/5/7 "adjudicate'; from dem Germanic russ. duma

'thought, notion, care; council meeting ' etc, s. Berneker 237), Old English o'o/t? "opinion,
sense, mind, judgement, court'. Old High German /i/0/77 'judgement, feat, deed, act,
custom, state, status', Lithuanian dome, domesys^ attention, directing of the thought and
will on something ', also Lithuanian deme' spot upon which attention is directed ' etc,
demetis = dometis ' wonder, care, concern, follow, go, take interest '.

Old Icelandic daeir easy to do, easy, without difficulty ' ( W^e-li-s); compare Proto Norse
dalidun^ they did ' (preterit of Germanic *delian), Lithuanian pa-delys^ nest-egg (the hen
lays an egg) ', priedele, priedelis' inclosure ', Old Bulgarian delou. 'work', wherefore (see
Berneker 195 f., Trautmann 48) Old Church Slavic deija, de/jbrnavn. Gen. 'because of,
Lithuanian del, del, deliai, Latvian o'e/ with Gen. 'because of, for the sake of.

Maybe from Slavic /7e'not' + Old Church Slavic: o'e/o'work, matter' = Bulgarian HOflena
{nedel'a), Serbian nedeija, Czech nedele, Polish n/edz/e/a^ Sunday, holiday = no work' :
Lithuanian: o'e//c»//"put down, away' : Albanian q^ie/e'Sunday, holiday'.

An occasional formation compare still gr. t£9|j6c; (Pind.), GeGjjoc; (lak. etc), Bza[}6q (Attic)
' statute ' after Th urn eysen (KZ. 51, 57) to Old Irish dedm, cymr. deddf{*&^e-6!"-ma) ds.
(different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492''2); Gojri, Attic Gwa: ' punishment '. Very doubtful a s-
extension would be attributed to Old Icelandic des {* dasjo) ' hay stick, hay rick ' (loanword
from dem Old Irish?), Old Irish dais {* dasti-) 'heap, hay rick', wherewith E. Lewy (KZ. 52,
310) compares rather osset. dasun^^We up, lump'.

References: WP. I 826 ff , WH. I 266, 362 f , 439 ff , 863, Trautmann 47 ff , Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 492, 686, 722, 725, 741, Pedersen Hittite 141 ff., 192.
Page(s): 235-239

Root / lemma: 6^6-3, d^^-

Meaning: to disappear

Material: Latin famesi. 'hunger', ad fatim, affatim^a6 lassitudinem, zurGeniJge', fatTgo

'hetze ab, ermijde', fatJsco, -o^'gehe auseinander; ermatte';

Note: common Latin d- > A shift

Old Irish ded- (present ru-deda. Put. Plur. dedait, preterit con-ro-deda) ' vanish, pass

away, die away, disappear, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay '; Old English demm

'damage' {'^^a-mi-s);

with -5 Old Norse o'as/'idle' (Germanic *das-). Middle High German 0'^5/ic 'still,
uncommunicative, stupid', changing through ablaut Norwegian dial, dase^ flabby person'.

Danish dase' be decayed '; Old Norse dgesa{sK) " swelter, decay ', dasask^ go bad, get
worse'; Middle English dasen^ stun ' (engl. daz&), dasewen^ be dark '.

In all parts some dubious connections. About Old Irish de-c^a). compare Pedersen KG. II
504 f.(from Perf. Vi'^e-doueirorw to Gothic diwans ' perishable '? s. ^^eu- ' disappear ',
where also about Old Irish dJth, Armenian dJ). The Germanic family finally reminds partly
under *^^eues- ' whisk ' discussed from ndd. ddsigav\6 have been directed partly after this
not only in the 5-extension, but also in the meaning itself; at least, is to be reckoned on an
old relationship from Old Norse daesasketc. and Irish -deda .

References: WP. I 829, WH. I 451.
Page(s): 239

Root / lemma: d^es- d^as-

Meaning: a root used in religious terms

Material: Armenian d/-k"gods' (PL *d^esesy,

Note: common Latin d- > /-shift

Latin feriae {0\d Latin fesiae) " days of rest, holidays, festivals', festus' of holidays, festive,

festal, solemn, joyful, merry, originally from the religious celebration to devoted days ',

Oscan fffsnam f\Vk. " an open place for observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ',

Umbrian fesnaf-e^\v\ a shrine, sanctuary, temple '; zero grade Latin fanum {*fas-no-m) " a

shrine, sanctuary, temple ' and Old Indie dhisnya-^ devout, godly, pious, holy' (insecure

dhisanyant- , see below d^eja- 'see'); about gr. Qzoq, 'god' see below d'^eues-, about Latin

fas, fastus above S. 105 f.

References: WP. I 867, WH. I 453, 3 f.; EM2 333, 347 f.

Page(s): 259

Root / lemma: d^/as-or d^e/B- {:d^Js-)

Meaning: to squeeze, press

Material: Old Indie dhrsad-^ millstone ';

gr. 0Aau) ' squeeze, crush ' (Indo Germanic *d^las-6ox *d^Jsd), sGAaaGnv, GAaaroq;

Czech dlasmati^'Q'cess' {*d'"las-mo- or *d'^o/s- mo-);

cpAau) 'OAaoj' is hybridization of GAaw with cpAipu), as on the other hand cpAipu) through
hybridization with GAau) is also transfigured to GAipw.

References: WP. I 877, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676.
Page(s): 271

Root / lemma: (i^Jgh-

Meaning: debt

Material: Old Irish dligim^ be entitled to, earn ', mcymr. dlyu, with epenthet. vowel dy/yu'

withheld, kept back', corn. dy//y6s., Middle Breton de///f6s., Old Irish dligedu. 'obligation,

law, right' (Wgh/to-m), cymr. d/ed, dyled, me. d(y)lyeti. " obligation ', besides dlit^

earnings ' ( *&ilghTta)\ Gothic duigs ' debt ' (in money); Old Church Slavic dlT^giD ' debt ',

russ. dolg, Serbo-Croatian o'^^(Gen. duga), poln. diug, Czech d/uh ds.

Gothic du/gsan6 the Slavic words have probably common origin.

References: WP. I 868, Trautmann 55.
Page(s): 271-272

Root / lemma: d^ofuj- : d^u-

Meaning: rope

Material: Gr. 9aj|ji(Y)^, -iYYO(;f. 'rope, cord, band, strap, string of the bow ' (places ahead

*9(jo-|jo- or -|ja);

Note: common Latin d- > /-shift

Latin fOnis^ a rope, sheet, line, cord '; ablaut d[i/]-: 0-, if Latin J not at most dial.

development from d\ after J. Duchesne-Guillemin (BSL. 41, 178) ostensibly here

Tocharian AB tsu-, B tsaw^Xo unite ' (??).

References: WP. I 868, WH. 567 f. compare also Petersson Heterokl. 169 f.

Page(s): 272

Root /lemma: d-d-
Meaning: to sharpen

Material: Old Indie o'M/'a 'cutting edge, sharpness, blade', Avestan darai. ds., tizidara-^
with sharp edge ', gr. Qooq, 'sharp, sharp', sGoojaa 'I sharpened, sharpen' (*9o-F6g uo-
participle, as e.g. *ba-V6c, ' sliced ' in Sai'^oj; for tl-a-to o compare Soroq: 5u)-).

from here due to tl^^a-AO-' pointed ' (: Old Indie dha-rS) also Old English darodm. 'spit,
pike, spear, lance'. Old High German tartm. 'spit, pike'. Old Norse darrad-rm., darru.
'spit, pike'? And at most in addition as ' wound with a pike ' further die Germanic family of

Old Saxon Old English der/an "\n\ure, hurt', Old High German /e/re/? besides taron, -en
"harm, injure'. Old English darut 'damage, pity, injury ', Old High German tarai. " injury '?

References: WP. I 867 f.
Page(s): 272

Root / lemma: d^reb'"-

Meaning: to crush, grind

Material: Gothic gadraban ' cut out, AqtomeTv'; Old Norse drafn., Old English drsefn. 'offal',

Old Norse drafna' separate in small parts ', blot^-drefjarm. " bloodstain ';

Old Church Slavic drobljg, drobiti^ crush, break, rupture, grind', russ. drobbi. "break,
piece, fragment', russ. -Church Slavic drobbp-b, Bulgarian droben 'small, little', next to
which with ablaut e: Bulgarian drebends., dreb' secession of wool, by rippling the flax;
liver', russ. drebezg^ s\\2xds, debris'; Pick BB. 2, 199, Berneker 225-226 (m. further
Lithuanian).

With Gothic hiaiw, t^atei was gadraban us sfa/na compares Hoffmann BB. 18, 288
Tpacpo^ TQcpoq Hes., so that the application of our root to 'quarrying out of stones' would be
old.

A similar to root d^^rei^-in:

Old Norse drepa'pnck, bump, poke, slay'. Old English drepan's\aY, meet'. Middle Low
German drepen^meet, fight'. Old High German freffan ' meet, touch'. Old Norse drepn.
'blow, knock'. Old English gedrep ds., Middle High German trefm. n. ' prank, blow, club,
meeting ', Old English drepem. {*drapi-) ' manslaughter ', Old Norse drapv\. ds.;
presumably as kvaedi drepit stefjum. Old Norse drapai. ' one from several distinguished
parts of existing poem by sog. stef, usually a praise song'.

References: WP. I 875 f.
Page(s): 272-273

Root / lemma: d^regh-1

Meaning: to run

Material: Armenian durgn. Gen. o'/ya/? 'potter's wheel' (after Meillet BSL. 36, 122 from

*d\rgh-)-

gr. Tpsxu) (Doric rpaxw), Fut. ano9p£^0|jai, Gps^w "run", Tpox6(; (: Old Irish droch)
"wheel", Tpoxoq "run", Tp6xi<; " runner, summoner ', ipoxiAoq 'sandpiper'; barely rpaxn^oc; "
nape, neck '?? PedersenlF. 5, 56, Zup. KZ. 36, 57;

Old Irish droch ^\N\r\ee\' {*drogo-n);

It shows in palatal whereas Latvian drazu, drazu, o'/'az/ "quick, fast run', Lithuanian
padr6zti6s., but to say the least could be considered just as well as a variant in palatal
besides 6!"eragh-^'Qu\\, drag'. Yet are likewise Lithuanian (pa)dr6zti as also Latvian drazV
run quickly, fast ' identical with Lithuanian drozti, Latvian drazt^ carve' (see 6!^reg-). The
primary meaning is "carve'. All numerous other interpretations are to be explained by
casual use.

References: WP. I 874 f.
Page(s): 273

Root / lemma: ^^regh-2

Meaning: to pain, to suffer

Material: Old Indie o'/-a^/7a/e(Dhatup.) "afflicts, plagues, strives itself;

osset. aw-darzin^ sKxx , tease, irritate' (E. Lewy KZ. 52, 306);

Old English dracui. "plague, agony', dreccan'sWr, tease, irritate, plague' (? with
expressive A?);

Old Church Slavic raz-drazg, -draziti^ enrage, irritate ', serb. drazTm, draziti^sWr, tease,
irritate';

Maybe alb. trazon/"st\r, tease, irritate'.

ein /7/-abstract noun *draznb "irritation' lies russ. draznftb "stir, tease, irritate, banter' the
basic, z instead of z after the synonymous forms -znt.

Also a root *d'^ragh-or H^regh-: *(i!"rdgh-: tlh/p^/?- ware moglich.

References: WP. 1 875.
Page(s): 273-274

Root / lemma: d'^reg-

Meaning: to pull

Note: synonymous with tragh- (see there)

Material: Old Indie dhrajati^ glides, slides there ', pra-dhrajati^ hurries ', dhrajas-u.,

dhrajati-i. ' the pranks, pull', oT?/-^- perhaps ' attraction ', dhraji-, dhrajf-i. 'pull, urge,

desire';

Old Norse draki. "stripe' (: Old Indie draf); nasalized in addition perhaps Gothie drigkan.
Old leelandie drekka. Old English drincan. Old High German //7/7/r5/7 'drink' ('make a good
gulp, draw from drinking-vessel ');

Maybe alb. dreka, o'/ie/re 'dinner', darke {* drak^ 'supper'

Lithuanian drezoti^ smooth down ', dryzas, druoze^ streaky ', also (?) Lithuanian drez-
iu, -ti^ rend ', nudrezti^'^wW down, destroy' (Juskevic 346); in addition probably drozti
"carve, hit, gehen' etc, Latvian drazt6s.\ see below dregh-1,

Latvian dragat^'^uW against it presumably to Middle Dutch trecken^'^uW, drag', s. der-4
[dergh-, dreg-) 'flay' and MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 488 m. Lithuanian

References: WP. I 874.
Page(s): 273

Root / lemma: 6!^reb^-
Meaning: to drive, to push

Material: Gothic dre/ban 'dr'we, push, bump, poke'. Old Norse dnfa^come pulling, pull,
drag, stream' etc. Old English dnfan'dme, push, hunt, chase, overthrow ', Old Saxon
drJDan'be moved, dispelled ', Old High German tr/ban' beat, strike, knock, push, drive,
hurl, impel, propel, expel ' (zero grade schw. Verb tribon^ set in violent motion, drive
onward, move, impel, urge ', uolatnbdn^ thrust through, pierce through, transfix '); Old
Norse drifti. ' drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, snowdrift ', drifu. ' what floats
through the air, snowfall ', Old English drifv\. ' drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, the
driven ', drafi. ' drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, drift, herd'. Middle High German trift
ds.. Modern High German 7>7/?' pasture, herd';

Lithuanian drimbu, drlbtT laggard, clodhopper, lubber, looby, hobbledehoy, lummox,
squab, dub, lug', sniegas drimba ' the snow falls thickly ' (= Old Norse t^a drJfr snaei); from
drib-, to which could belong likewise the /- as the e- series, the transfer has occurred in the
e- series: drebiu, drebti' pour, make stains with viscous liquid '.

References: WP. I 872, 876, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 68 f., Specht KZ. 68, 41.
Page(s): 274

Root / lemma: ^^reugh-1

Meaning: to tremble, shake

Material: Old English dryge^(ixy' etc, see above S. 254 f. under dhereugh-;

Lithuanian drugys lever, butterfly', Latvian o'mo'z/s 'cold fever; fever', drudz/nat' neigh
after fodder ' ('*to shake'), perhaps Old Prussian drog/s'ree6' (if for drugis, s. Trautmann
Old Prussian 323 m. Lithuanian, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 502); perhaps Latvian drugV
collapse, diminish ', Berneker231 between; s. also under S. 279;

poln. drzQ, o'/zec 'tremble', old also 'have a fever', drgac, perf. o'/p'/7^c 'tremble, quiver;
flounder, twitch ', russ. drozu, -atb, perf. 0^(9^/7^/6 'tremble, quiver' (etc, s. Berneker 231).
Dissyllabic root form *&^ereugh- or Wereug-oue supposes in gr. TOiGopuaasiv asisiv Hes.,
TOiGopuKTpia n TOU(; az\o\xo\}c, noiouaa Hes. and ravGapu^u), lavGaAu^u) ds. Hes.

Maybe alb. Geg {*6!^ereugh-) dredhlxerc\b\e, twist', o'/7o'/7e/77 'tremble, quiver, have a fever'
[common alb. -gh- > -dh-].

References: WP. I 873 f., Berneker 231 .
Page(s): 275

Root / lemma: d^reugh-2

Meaning: to deceive, harm

Material: Old Indie druhyat/^ seeks to harm, harms' (Put. dhroksyati, participle drugdha-);

common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Old pers. Imperf. aduruJTya{= Old Indie adruhyat) ' lied ', Avestan druzaitT lies, cheats ',

Old Indie drogha-, droha-m. 'insult, damage, betrayal ', Avestan draoga-^ fallacious ', m.

'lie, falsity, deception ', Old pers. drauga-^ fallacious ', Old Indie druh-^ injuring ', f. '

damage, fiend, ghost', m. 'fiend, demon', Avestan druj- f. 'lie, falsity, deception;

impersonating the lie, falsity';

Middle Irish a ur-ddrach {af^ex Vc\e sounds from *druag= Old Indie drogha-) 'ghost';

Old Saxon bidriogan. Old High German triogan^ deceive ', Old Norse draugrm. 'ghost';
zero grade Old Saxon gidrogu. ' delusion ', Middle Dutch gedrochAs., Old High German
gitrogu. 'deceit, devilish phantasmagoria '; Old Norse draumr. Old High German troum.
Old Saxon drom, engl. dream ^6rearc\' (Germanic *drau(Y)ma-^ delusion ').

Indo Germanic d'^reugh-ls very probably related with d^uer-' bring to trap through
deception ', while to zero grade '^'^ru-gh- irom *df^i//'-^/7- adjusted itself to a new zero grade
Indo Germanic '*d!"reugh-, *d^rough-. With the extending ^/7 would be identical with Modern
High German Zwerg, if this word not goe back to a miscellaneous Indo Germanic d^uergh-
" dwarfish, crippled ' (see there).

References: WP. I 874.
Page(s): 276

Root / lemma: d'^reu-

Meaning: to crumble, grind

Note: with it are probably linked from intransitive ' crumble ' explicable words for "tumble,

fall down, trickle down '

Material: 1 . d'^reus-, d^reu-s-:

Gr. Gpauu) (T£0paua|jai, £0paua9r|v) 'rupture, crunch ', Gpauaroq, GpauAoc; (*9paua-
Koq), Gpaupoq (Hes.) "frail, breakable', Gpaupa, 9paua|ja "piece, fragment, wound',
GpavuGGU) (Lycian), auvTsGpdvojTai (Eur.) "shatter ' (point at *Bpav[a]-av6q, s. Boisacq s.
V. m. Lithuanian); GpOAixGr) (Hom.), GpOAi^ac; (Lycian) "break, rupture, shatter', GpOAsT
Tapaaasi oxAsT Hes.(*GpuAo(; from *Gpua-Ao-; gr. -au- and -u:- are to be interpreted as zero
grade and lengthened grade of d^reus-, next to which d'^reus-; s. Bechtel KZ. 46, 164);

cymr. dry//'p\ece, fragment' {Wrus-lio-), gallorom. PI. drullia' dross ' (Kleinhans bei
Wartburg III 163);

Gothic drauhsnosi. PI. " gobbet, crumbs '; probably as metathesis from *df^/x7s-/r/75with
nearest connectable Baltic druska; interference to Modern High German trocken. Old
English dreahnian- s. d'^er-2, d^reugh-^ho\d, stop' - respective words would permit to look
at most at both traditional forms as really spoken; but compare besides Gothic drausnos
ds.;

Gothic dr/usan laW, tumble, fall down'. Old Saxon driosan. Old English dreosan^^a\\\
norw dial, drysia' trickle down '; Kaus. Gothic ^ao'/'a^sya/? "prostrate'. Old High German
troren^dx'yp, trickle, make drip, moult '; in addition as " collapse, bend ' with lautsymbolisch
gedehnterzero grade: Old English drusian^ be sluggish (from age)', engl. drowse^h^
sleepy'; Old High German truren^ be knocked down, mourn; lower the eyes ', Middle High
German trOrec^ sad '; Old English changing through ablaut dreorig^ grieving '; Old Norse
dreyrim. {*drauzan-) " the blood dripping from the wound ', Old Saxon drorm. "blood' (Old

English changing through ablaut dreorxr\. ds.), Middle High German trorvn. "dew, rain,
blood";

Latvian druska' crumb', Lithuanian druska'saW (*crunnb). Old Prussian druskins
"earwax' (consigns dmskins); in addition Balto Slavic *druzga ^sxwaW piece' in Lithuanian
druzgasdiS., sloven, druzgat/" crush', etc

Labial extensions:

d^reit'^-sgr. Gpunru) (sTpucpnv) " grind, crumb, spall, crumble; enfeeble, soften, make
fragile ', Gpupija and rpucpoq n. 'piece, fragment', rpucpn ' softness, luxuriance ', rpucpspog "
mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ' (see also Boisacq s. v. Gpunru));

Latvian drubaza ' ^wim ', drubazas 'splinter of wood'.

d^reup-:0\6 Saxon drubon, druvon^ be grieving '; Latvian drupu, drupV zerfallen, in
TriJmmergehen ', draupfV crumb, spall, crumble '; compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 505.

d^reub-:0\d Norse driupa. Old Saxon driopan. Old English dreopan. Old High German
tr/ofan^6np, drop ', ograde schw. Verb, Old English dreap/an' drip, trickle down ', e^grade
dreop/an ds.. Old Norse drupa{*-en) 'Biman^H droop down, bend down ', Old Norse
dropim. 'drip'. Old English dropa. Old Saxon dropo ds.; Intens. Old English dryppan,
droppian. Old High German tropfon ' dnp' , tropfo^dnp'; Old Icelandic dreypa. Old English
drfepan^dnp, trickle';

Old Irish drucht^dup' {Wruptu-s).

References: WP. I 872 f., WH. I 553 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 21, 104, 136, 140 f.,
182, Trautmann 61 f., Kluge^^ s. v. Trauer.
Page(s): 274-275

Root / lemma: d^righ- (or d^re/kh-)

Meaning: hair, bristle

Note:

Root/ lemma: d^righ- {or d'^re/kh-) : hair, bristle' derived from Root/ lemma: d'^eregh-

{d'^fgh-na-) : 'to wind, turn, *release, discharge, disband'.

Material: Gr. Gpi^, Tpix6(; f. 'hair, bristle', therefrom Gpiaaa, Attic GpiTia f. ' a fish with fine

fishbone ', Tpixia(;, Tpixi<; ds.;

Maybe alb. dr/ze' blackthorn, sloe ' : gr. Gpi^f. 'hair, bristle' : Old Irish dr/ss' blackthorn '.

Middle Irish gairb-dhuch {*drigu- ox *driku-) 'bristle' (^a/'it' "rough');

from gr. Gpiaaa derives probably Italian-lombard. trissa^ burbot '; out of it probably
likewise Swiss Trische{^^. Jh. trisca);

whether Balto Slavic *draika- "stretched long' as tl h/-c»//rc»- here belongs, also Lithuanian
driektr distend, take off (a thread)', dryktT hang down in long threads ', Slovak, driekvn.
"stem', driecny^ stocky ', Old Bulgarian drtkolb " shaft, pole', etc, could our root be placed
as Wreikh- .

Maybe alb. {*(i!^reikh) derth, derdh^ hang down, pour', {*d'^re/kh) dreth, dredh't\N\st, curl
(hair)', dredhe lock, curled hair' common alb. -k > -th.

References: WP. I 876, Jud BullGIPat. Suisse Rom. 11, 82, Trautmann 58 f., Berneker
223, 232.
Page(s): 276

Root / lemma: d^rono-
Meaning: multicoloured

Material: For gr. Gpova PI. "flower decorations in garments (by alexandrin. poets for
cpappoKQ, charm, spell, sorcery, necessitated medicinal herbs), colored garments, colored
animals' infer Hoffmann BB. 15, 86, Liden Stud. 67 f. a basic meaning "varicolored'.
Under these basic meaning compares Liden aaO. alb. dre-ri, Geg drQ-ni- m. "deer'
(Animals like the deer and roe are named often as " dappled, varicolored'), therefore an
lllyrian basic form *drani- {\v\do Germanic d^roni-) through the probable lllyrian Hesych
explanation apavK; sAacpoc; (A- recommended for A-) is advisable.

Stokes Mel. Kern [RC 24, 217] supposed for Gpova " embroidery ' because of Middle
Irish druine ds.

References: WP. I 876 f., WH. I 374.
Page(s): 276-277

Root / lemma: d'^ug(h)ater-

Meaning: daughter, *thin girl

Note: guttural as with eg(h)om^ I ', see there.

Root/ lemma: d^ug(h)9ter-\ "daughter' derived from d^-suffixed root: d^eu-d^- " shake,

confuse ' of Root/ lemma: d^eu-4, d^eua-i^.d^ue^, d^ue-k-, d^ue-s-) : "to reel, dissipate,

blow, etc' earlier Root/ lemma: deuk-\ "to drag, pull, attract'.

Material:

Maybe from '^'"ued'"-. East Frisian dwatje^ stupid girl ', dwatsk^ simple, unusual ', jutisch
dvot^ suffering of dizziness '

Note:

meaning Latin alb. Geg {*vargha) varza, tosk vaje "girl, virgin' : Latin virga^ thin branch,

rod ' (from *uiz-ga), virgo^ girl, virgin ';

Root / lemma: uer-3. E. uer-gh- {* suerg^h^: "to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin

Germanic -s- > -r-] of Root / lemma: ueis-2\ "to turn, bend'.

Old Indie duhitar-{duhita), Avestan dugadar-, duydar- {Irom *dughter-), npers. duxtar, duxt,

Armenian (with sfrom /rafter u) dustr. Gen. dster, {dowstr)

gr. GuyaTrip (shift of stress as in (Jnirip, but still GuyaTspa as |jr|T£pa), Oscan futfr, Dat.

fu{u)tre/ {Veiier Gl. 29, 242);

Maybe Luvian tuwatar-: Lycian cbatru, kbatra: Tocharian A ckacar, B //race/' "daughter'.

Gothic dauhtar, Old Norse o'd///>'( Runic Nom. PI. dohtriR), Old High German tohter,

Lithuanian dukte, -efs. Old Prussian duckti. Old Church Slavic di>sti, -ere, Tocharian A

ckacar, B //race/" "daughter'.

Note:

Old Church Slavic: o'tsZ/'daughter' [f r], dhsterelGeus]

Russian: o'c>c'"daughter' [f r], d6ceri{Qeus\

Old Czech: o'lc/"daughter' [f r], o'ce/e [Gens]

Serbo-Croatian: /re/"" daughter' [f r], kceri{Qex\s\, sc/""daughter' [f r], scera{Qex\s\

Slovene: /7cy "daughter' [f r], hcere{Qeus\, /7dr"daughter' [f r], hcere{Qex\s\

Alb. Tosc {*hoc) ^oce "daughter', Geg c^ce "daughter'.

References: WP. I 868, WH. I 557.

Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: d^uen-, d^un-
Meaning: to hum

Material: Old Indie dhvanati^ sounds, soughs', dhvanf-xx\. "sound, echo, thunder, word',
dhvana-m. "sound, a certain wind', dhvan/ta-n. "sound, tone, echo, thunder', dhun/-'
soughing, roaring, thundering ', dhunayat/" soughs ';

Old Norse dynrm. " resonance ', Old English dynen. ds., engl. d/n. Old High German
tunids.; Old Norse oy/7/5 (preterit dunda) "din, drone, rant, roister'. Old English dynnan.
Old Saxon 0^^/7/7/5/7 Middle High German funen^d\n, drone'; (under the influence of

common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Germanic extensions tlierefrom seem Old Norse dynkr
"din, fuss, noise, blow, knock'. Middle English dunchen, engl. dunch^ strike with a short
rapid blow, jog with the elbow ' and ndd. dunsen^d'\n, drone, stomp', Swedish dial, dunsa
"crack, creak, hit'.

Interference of new sound imitations (onomatopoeic words) comes for Germanic words
just as for Lithuanian dundet/ Wo\en\. knock, hit, din, drone' in question.

References: WP. I 869.
Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: d^uer-, 6!"uera-

Meaning: to ruin by deceiving

Note: {'.d'^ur- : d'^ru-)

Material: Old Indie dhvarati^ damages ', participle dhruta-, -dhrut {and -dhvrt), dhruti-i. "

deception, seduction ', *d'^vara-^ deceiving ' in dhvaras-i. (Nom. -ah) "a kind of female

daemon '; dhurvati' brings down through deception, damages ' (zero grade of a heavy

basis d^uere^, dhurta-h^ deceitful ', m. " cheater ', dhurtf-i. " deceitful injury, damage ';

Latin fraus, -d/sf. "deceit, cunning deception, damage, punishment ', frausus sum
(Plaut), Umbrian frosetom^ cheated, beguiled, defrauded, robbed ', Latin frustra {newer
frustra) " in deception, in error, in vain ', therefrom frustror, -ari^ deceive, cheat ' belong
probably as o'-extension our root here (see above under d^reugh-); unclear is only a
(popular saying? EM 382; incredible WH. I 543);

Note: common Latin d- > /-shift

here probably Hittite du-wa-ar-na-ah-hu-un{dwamahhun?) " I broke '.

References: WP. I 869 f., 874, WH. I 543 f.
Page(s): 277

Root / lemma: d^uergh- : drugh-

Meaning: low (in stature), crippled

Material: Bartholomae IF. 12, 131 Anm. connects Avestan drva- (i.e. druyva-), which is

reckoned under other names of physical ailments and perhaps stands for " dwarfish,

crippled ', with Old Norse dvergr. Old English dweorg, engl. dwarf. Middle Low German

dwerch, nnd. dwarf, Old High German twerc, Middle High German twerc, -ges, Modern
High German Zwerg, wherefore zero grade *durgT\x\ Old Norse dyrgja^6\Nari, midget', ndd.
dorf, after Krogmann (KZ. 62, 143) in addition Latvian drugt^s\v\k down' (see above
(i!^reugh-1).

Otherwise for Germanic the interpretation would derive as ' creature of deception ' with
regard to to Old Indie dhvaras-^a kind of female daemon ', root d^^e/"- 'bring down through
deception ';

it could have derived from &^uer-Vc\ev\ with the same -gh, which agrees also with the root
form ^^reu-gh- {i^^uer-gh- : &^urgh- : 6!"rugh-, 6^reugh-); also latter deriving from appellation
for puckish creature of deception.

References: WP. I 871 f.
Page(s): 279

Root / lemma: d^uer-, d^uor-, d^ur-, d^uf-

Meaning: door

Note: besides this conservative stem, the proto form of plural and dual of such a measure

(see below), woud probably fit to a certain degree already proto forms -o- and -a-

extensions partly with to supposed collective meaning, partly (as neuter) in the position as

2. composition parts.

Material: Old Indie Nom. PI. dvarah, Akk. PI. durah, durah, Nom. Du. dvarafuj ^ door' (loss

of Aspiration originally in den b^-case through influence of dvau ^two'), durona- n.

'dwelling, homeland' (-/7c»-derivative of Lok. Du. Aryan *d^urau)\ o-stem dvaramu. (new)

'door' in compounds satadura- n. 'secretive place with 100 doors'; Avestan Akk. Sg.

dvaram, Lok. dvara^gate, courtyard ', Old pers. duvaraya^ at the gate ';

Armenian PI. dur-k', Akk. z-durs{*-ns) 'door', i durs^ out of doors, forth, out, outside ',
Sg. dufn. Gen. dran^door, gate, courtyard ' (/7-Dekl. derive from Akk. Sg. in -m ), dr-and^
doorpost, doorsill ' {*d'^ur+ *anata, see there);

gr. presumably from conservative stem still 9up5a £^u) 'ApKoSsc; Hes.; Gupa^s ' out
through the doors, out of doors, forth, out ' (i.e. 9upaa-5£, either Old Indie durah, Armenian
durs or from a-stem Gupa, so that from -avq about -avc;), as 1 . composition part perhaps
GupauAsu) ' habe meinen Aufenthalt an (vor) derTure, lagere im Freien ' from Gup-auAo(;
(but it could have derived also from Gupa), very archaic Gaip6(; 'the revolvable doorpost '
(also ' Wagenachse, Eckpfosten des Wagenkastens ' from *d'"ur-io-);

ostem in rrpoGupov "room before the door, vestibule of tlie liouse' (: Old Indie sata-
dura-u.)\

a-stem 6upa "door' (horn, mostly PI.), Attic 6upaai " outside ', hom. 6upr|-0i, -cpi;
compare still Gupiov "TiJrchen' (: Old Indie dui{i)ya- "zur door orzum Haus gehorig'), Bupic;,
-i5oc; "window' (actually "TiJrchen') Gupsipov "door', Gupso^ "TiJrstein; grofter long shield',
Gupcbv "Vorhalle, vestibule in Haus' (: Gothic dauronsi. PI. "zweiflijgliges gate', yet barely
in historic connection with it);

alb. {&^uer-) derei. "door', PI. ^/^©/'(conservative stem *6^udr-);

Note: conservative stem of plural forms (alb. phonetic trait)

Phonetic mutations: Alb. alb. (d'^uera) deret "door' : gr. (d^uera) Gupa "door' : Proto-Slavic

form: [dvbrb See also: dvorb - Page in Trubacev: V 171-172] Old Church Slavic: dvsrb

"door' [f i] : Russian: dver''door' [f i]

Therefore proto lllyrian gave alb. d^ue- > de-, gr. d^ue- > du-, Slavic d'^ue- > dve-.

Latin Plur. forest. " folding-doors ' (older conservative stem *d^uor- reshaped to /-stem);
the Sg. foris, -is is secondary; a-stem in foras " out through the doors, out of doors, forth,
out ', /b/7s" an open space, public place, court, market-place ' (the vowel after fore^\ in
addition forumu. " an open space, public place, court, market-place '; Umbrian furo, furu, "
an open space, public place, court, market-place '; about Latin forussee above S. 134;

cymr. abret. corn. dori. "door' {*d'^ura or *d'^uora; latter vowel gradation certainly in Old
Irish dorusu. "door', /n-dorus ^beiore' from Celtic *duorestu-, with it phonetically not
compatible cymr. o'/ws "door', from Thurneysen lA. 33, 25 places to Middle Irish drut, druit
"shut', nir. druidim^ I close ' from *druzd-)\ ostem gall. doro^door\ Duro-, -durum \v\ PN,
Old Irish dorm, ds.; acorn, darat, mcorn. daras ^door', bret. PI. dorojou, dial, doredou {LoVn
RC 20, 355) from *d^uorato-\ compare gall. Ic/ora/o/? "grille, lattice door' in gallorom.
*doratia{ox *duratia?), Kleinhans bei Wartburg III 139; unclear is gall, dvorico {Ho\der I
1390), GN?;

Old High German turi. Old Franconian dur/'door', Old Norse dyrr^ doorway ', fem. PI.
(Nom. PI. *d^ur-es); Old English duru ds. (extended after Akk. PI. *d'"ur-ns, Germanic
*durunz, also Old High German Dat. PI. tur-un, -on); ostem Gothic dauru.. Old High
German tor. Old Saxon dor, dur. Old English doru. "gate' {*d'"urom); Gothic daurons see
above (: Gupcbv); Old Icelandic for-dyriu. " vestibule ';

Lithuanian dun's Akk. PI. duri^Gen. PI., dial, and old c/uresHom. PI. (then /-inflection:
Nom. P\.durys), Latvian dur/s, durvis. Old Prussian daurisi. PI. 'door' {a u error); however,
lacks Lithuanian dvaras' grange ' because of dverti" unbolt, unlock ' (also durys'Aoor'
from "*aperture'?) it is not certainly poln. loanword;

Old Church Slavic o'i/6/7"door' (*Akk. PI. in -ns, root stem 6^ur- from the reduced case
with consonant-ending e.g. Lok. *dvbrchi>)\ ostem Old Church Slavic dvort^ courtyard ';

Hittite: ? an-dur-za (adv.) ' within, inside, in ' (*'indoors'), Tischler 37-38.

Tocharian B twere 'doors'.

References: WP. I 870 f., WH. I 529 f., Trautmann 63, EM 377 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6251.
Page(s): 278-279

Root / lemma: digh-

Meaning: goat

Note:

Root/ lemma: digh-\ 'goat' derived from a zero grade of Root/ lemma: deigh-\ 'to prick;

tick'. From the older root Root/ lemma: deigh-: 'to prick; tick' derived Root/ lemma: aig-\

'goat' and Root/ lemma: ag-\ 'goat' [common Baltic - lllyrian - alb. de-, da- > zero]. Hence

the gr. cognate derived from proto lllyrian

Material: Gr.-thrak. 5i^a ai^. AaKU)V£(; {*dighia), compare thrak. PN Ai^a-rsApiK; (as Eppou-

izK\}\c, to £ppo(; Tpayoq Hes.); Old High German z/ga'goat', with hypocoristic consonant

increase Old English ticcen. Old High German zickT, z/ic/r/T? 'young goat, kid' (but about

Modern High German Zeckesee above under deigh-), here perhaps Norwegian dial, tikka

'sheep' (event, hybridization of Swedish dial, takka 'sheep' with nord. equivalent of

Zicklein), ///rsa 'sheep, bitch', ///r/5 'young sheep or cow', as well as Old Norse tTki. 'bitch'

= Middle Low German t/ke6s.

Armenian t/k'\r\ose from animal skin ' it is put here by Liden (Arm. Stud. 10 f., Don. nat.
Sydow 53'') as originally ' goatskin ', must go back to *d/g- (taboo distortion?).

References: WP. I 814, WH. I 632, 868. After Risch (briefl.) perhaps originally Lockruf.
Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dip-ro-, dip-era
Meaning: cattle

Material: Armenian tvar'ram, herd of cattle' {*tivar< *diperS)\ Gothic tibr^ oblation '
(meliorated from aibi). Old High German zebar^ sacrificial animal ', Old English tJfer, tJber
ds., Late Middle High German ungezTbere, unzTver, Modern High German Ungeziefer
actually " impure, animal not suited to the sacrifice '. Old French {a)toivre^ draft animal '
derives from Germanic
Maybe alb. ( *dTbera) dorberia "heard of cows'.
References: WP. I 765, WH. I 323, Feist 19 b, 477 a.
Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: (iiku- (?)

Meaning: sweet

Material: Gr. yAuku(;, yAuk£p6(; "sweet', yAukkov yAuKu, yAuKKO n yAuKUTr|<; Hes. (-kk- from

-ku-), yA£UKO(; (late) "must, stum' (ablaut neologism); yA from 5A because of folg. k; -Au-

from -Aa- after folg. u; about late Seuko^ "must, stum', Seukh^ "sweet' s. WH. I 380;

Latin o'^/c/s "sweet, mellifluous, gentle' (from *dlkui-s).

References: WP. I 816, WH. I 380.
Page(s): 222

Root / lemma: dpghu, dpghua

Meaning: tongue

Note: often reshaped through aniaut change and rearrangements

Material: Old Indie y//7i/af., Avestan b/zva6s. (Proto Aryan * g/gbua kom * dagbua \N\t\r\ i

from lib- "lick' orfromy//^ " turn down '; Iran. *s/zi/5 probably through sound dissimilation);

Maybe Root/ lemma: dpghu, dpghua: tongue' derived from Root/ lemma: 6!^eregh-

{6!^fgh-na^ : "to wind, turn'.

besides J-stem in Old Indie yi//7jf. "tongue, spoon' (with u aiter Jubot/" pour into the fire ',

different Wackernagel-Debrunner III 192), Avestan b/zum. ds.; with -on- for -a Old pers.

bizbana-. Middle Persian buzvan6s., North Aryan b/sanm. "tongue, discourse ' {*vizhvan

after E. Leumann North Aryan Spr. 127 f.);

Armenian lezu. Gen. /ezi//places in ending -gbuas^a)/ from *dngbua, the first syllable
probably influenced by leigh-^\\cV!\

Note: common Latin d- > l-\ also common Italic-Latin d- > /-shift.

Old Latin dingua, Latin lingua {mVr\ A from lingere); Oscan fangvam {Wetter Serta
Hoffilleriana 153;

Maybe alb. {*dnghua) g/uha^ tongue, language' not from Latin linguaior alb. has preserved
-/7-in contrast to Latin Hence alb. d- . I- mutation is genuine. Alb. {*dnghua) g/uha ^tongue'
is similar to formation alb. {*dlagh-t-) glate, gjate, gJat^\ov\g\

Old Irish teng {a-siem) and tengae. Gen. tengadW\\h t- after tongid' swears '; but Old
Irish //gi//'" tongue' to Latin ligurria, unclear is mcymr. tafawt, cymr. tafod, acorn, tauot.
Middle Breton teaut, bret. teod, wherefore corn, tava. Middle Breton taffhaff, bret. tanva
'taste' (Celtic *tamatol)\

Gothic tuggoi.. Old Norse Old Saxon tunga. Old English tunge. Old High German
zunga, with -on- instead of -a, as ablaut neologism perhaps here Old Norse tangi^ clutch
piece of the blade ', Middle Low German tange^sav\6 shift between two marshes';

Balto Slavic inzu-xw. in Old Prussian insuwis, Lithuanian //ezu v/s {aiter //iezZ/'lick'); Old
Church Slavic yi^zy-/rb, Serbo-Croatian yiez/]^, po\n.j^zyk, russ.Jazy/c, to contraction of
aniaut. d- s. J. Schmidt, Krit. 77;

Note:

Common lllyrian-Baltic d- > zero.

Tocharian A kantu. Gen. kantwis, B kantwo. Obi. kantwa sa {*kantwa, reconverted with
metathesis from *tankwa, Indo Germanic *dnghua).

References: WP. I 1792, WH. I 806 f., Trautmann 104, Specht Dekl. 83, Havers
Sprachtabu 123f.
Page(s): 223

Root / lemma: dous-
Meaning: arm

Note:

Root/ lemma: dous-\ "arm' derived from an archaic root *^^e:/5'hand, arm' (see below).

But she shift gh- > £/- is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt., Illyrian-alb..

Material: Old Indie dos-n. (m.). Gen. dosnah^ forearm, arm, lower part of the forefoot with

animals', Avestan daos- m. ' upper arm, shoulder', npers. f/ds "shoulder'; Old Irish doe

{*dous-nt-s). Gen. o'oa/'arm'; Latvian pa-duse {zero grade) ' Achselhohle; Busen des

Kleides '; sloven, pazduha, pazdiha besides pazuha, paziha 'armpit', and with the same d-

loss (ein Erklarungsversuch by Berneker233 f.) Old Bulgarian etc pazucha'Koknoc;'.

Note:

Root / lemma: dous-\ "arm' derived from an archaic root *^/;ef/5"hand, arm' (see below).

But she shift gh- > d-\sa unique Old pers., Baltic, celt., Illyrian-alb..

Two other roots, respectively Root/ lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr-: "hand' and Root/ lemma:

ghesto-2\ "hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root gheus+ reduced form of the

common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indie hasta-hm. "hand', Avestan

zasta-. Old pers. dasta- ds.;

The key link between Root/ lemma: dous- {* gheus-): "arm' derived from an archaic root

*gheus'[^ar\d, arm' and Root /lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr- {* gheus-): hand' and Root/

lemma: ghesto-2 {* gheus-): "hand, arm' are Baltic : Latvian pa-duse {zero grade) " armpit '

: Lithuanian pa-zaste, pa-zastisi. " place under the arm, armpit '.

Note: common Baltic-lllyrian gh- > z: Old pers., Avestan, lllyrian- alb. - celt, gh- > z, d.

References: WP. I 782, Trautmann 64.
Page(s): 226

Root / lemma: do- : da-, also do-u- : deu- : du-
Meaning: to give

Grammatical information: (perfective) Aoristwurzel with secondary present di-do-mi.
Material: Old Indie da-da-ti {kox . a-da-m. Opt. deyam. Put. dasyati, Aor. Med. adita= gr.
£5oTO, Inf. damane :<^x. 56p£vai, compare Latin daminr\\3x\d over, deliver, give up,
render, furnish, pay, surrender', whether originally infinitive) "gives' (pali. dinnaio a present
*di-da-ti), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Avestan dadaitids.. Old
pers. Imp. dadatuv^ he should give '; root nouns Old Indie da[s] astu^ be a giver '; Infin.
datum {: Latin Supin. datum); participle oV/a-/? (uncovered), secondary datta-h, zero grade
in a-t-ta-h, pra-t-ta-h ' devoted' , ablaut, in tva-data-h' you gave from ', Avestan data-; to
Put. Old Indie dasyam/{: Lithuanian duosiu) s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 788'''';

Armenian ta-m^do', ta-m/( "we hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay,
surrender' {*da-ie-mi), Aor. etu{= a-da-m, Indo Germanic *e-dd-m);

gr. 5i-5w-Mi "give', Aor. eScukq, Opt. 5oir|v i^doijem). Put. Scbau), Aor. Med. £5oto,
participle 5ot6(;, Infin. hom. 56|j£vai and hom. Thessalian etc 56p£v (locative without
suffix);

Venetic zo/o "he/she has handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished ' = gr.
£5oTo; zc»/7a5/c» "he/she has given as a present, presented, bestowed, granted.

vouchsafed, confered ' maybe from *cfdna-s-to from a denom. *ddnajd {*ddno-m : Latin
donum); mess, pi-do {*d6-t\ Old Indie a-dat)\

alb. {*6'^uo-sm) da-she kor. " I gave ' {*d9-sm)\ : alb. subjunctive dhashte^ let him give '

Latin do, das, dat, damus{*da-m6s), datis, o'a/?/ (secondary fur *dentiroxx\ * (di)-dn-ti).
Old Latin danunt, dedT, datum, dare^gWe, grant, bestow', refl. " betake oneself (o'aswith a
after sfa- for *dd= Lithuanian duo, o'^c»-/r[Specht KZ. 55, 182], gr. hom. 5i-5u)-9i);

Vestinian d/'-de-f delivers, gives up, renders, furnishes, pays, surrenders ', Paelignian
dhda^hel she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender', Umbrian dirsa,
dersa, tera^ he/ she should deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ' {*didat), tertu,
dirstu, t/tu'he/ she shall deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender' {*di-de-tdd), terte
"he/she has been given' ( *di-da-tei), a-tera-fust' \r\els\r\e will have handed round ' ( *am-de-
da-fos-t)\ Oscan d^da\d^ he/ she should give away, give up, surrender, deliver, consign,
yield, abandon, render' {*dad{-di)-dad), dad/d^ he/she will have delivered, given up,
rendered, furnished, surrendered ' {*dad(-de)-dTd), o'/'-o'e-s/ 'he/she will hand over, deliver,
give up, render, furnish, pay, surrender ', dedet, Umbrian o'eofe "he/she has handed over,
delivered, given up, rendered, furnished, surrendered ' (= Latin de-d-It, old dedet), Umbrian
terust, d/rsust'hels\r\e will have handed over, delivered, given up, rendered, furnished,
surrendered ' {*dedust), etc; Faliscan porded^helshe has stretched out, spreaded out, put
forth, reached out, extended ' {*poi{-de)-ded);

redupl. present Italian *d/-dd{7) in Latin reddo {reddidT, redditum, reddere) "give back'
from *re-d{i)-dd{'7) is ostensibly themat. metathesis from *di-dd-mr, other compounds are
de-do, dJ-do, e-do, pro-do, tra-do and *ven-dd;

participle Latin o'^/i/s "bestowed' = Faliscan dafu^gWen, delivered, given up,
surrendered ', Vestinian data' been delivered, given up, surrendered ', Paelignian datas'
been delivered, given up, surrendered ' (: gr. 5ot6c;); Supin. datum {: Old Indie Infin.
datum);

here perhaps in spite of WH. I 193 Latin ce-do' go from, give place, remove, withdraw,
go away, depart, retire!' PI. cetteirom *ce-dete{\ gr. 56t£);

Lithuanian o'^o/t?/ (nowadays secondary duodu, Latvian duodu, based on neologism to
Old Lithuanian Ipv. duod/irom *dd-d^f-. East Lithuanian duomu), 2. Sg. duosi, 3. Sg.
duost{i) "gives'. Old Prussian dastds., after Kofinek Listy filol. 65, 445 and Szemerenyi Et.
Slavic Roum. 1, 7 ff. (compare E. Fraenkel Baltic Sprachw. 11 f.) not on older reduplication

(angebl. *dd-d9-mi, Balto Slavic *dddmi, 3. Sg. *dd-d9-ti, Balto Slavic *dddti> *ddsti), but
on an unreduplicated athemat. inflection {*ddmi, PI. *dam6s)\ Lithuanian duosti. Old
Bulgarian dasfb are imitations from Lithuanian es//"eats' etc, which lie besides Lithuanian
*e(d)mi. Old Bulgarian y5/77i. (from *ed-m-), where f/would be perceived as suffix of the
root; to Fut. Lithuanian duos/usee above S. 223.

The same would be assumed from Old Church Slavic damt ' I will give ', 3. PI. dad^tb
{aiter Jad^tb etc); Old Church Slavic dazda^g\it' is an analogical form after *edja'ioo6,
eating', where d\Nas perceived again a formant.

Infin. Lithuanian duof/, Latvian duof, Old Prussian daf{*dd-tf-) = Old Church Slavic daf/,
Serb, dat/, russ. datb.

For preterit Lithuanian daviau, Latvian ^/ei/i/'gave' see below.

participle *dd-na-\n Old Church S\av\c pre-danb, serb. dan, Czech dan, kir. danyj^
bestowed'; *dd-ta- ds. in Old Prussian dats, Lithuanian duotas, Latvian duots,
einzelsprachl. innovations are serb. dial, dat, Czech daty, in addition Lithuanian duotina
"nubile, marriageable', russ. -Church S\av'\c podatbnb, russ. podatnyj^ generous '; Supin.
*ddtun^{o give' in Old Prussian daton {\v\i\v\.); Lithuanian duotq. Old Church Slavic otbdatb,
sloven, dat, compare Slavic *datb-kb in sloven, dodatek, poln. dodatek, russ. dodatok
"bonus, addition';

Hittite da- "take', 1. Sg. da-ah-hi{dahhl), 3. Sg. da-a-i{dai), would be placed here by
Pedersen (Mursilis 68) and Kretschmer (Glotta 19, 207) ("give' - "forgive to oneself-
"take'); against it Couvreur H 206 ff.

nominal formation: Old Indie datar-, datar- "giver', gr. Swrcop, Swrrip ds., zero grade
5oTnp, 56T£ipa, Latin dator, datrJx. - Old Indie datra-, Avestan da&ra-u. "gift'.

*dd-tel-\r\ Old Church Slavic dateljb {* do-tet-Ju-) "giver', Czech udater bighead ', russ.
datelb "giver'.

Old Indie *dati- "bestowal, gift' in dat/'-vara- ^a\\ott\ng willingly, generous ', havya-dat/-'
procuring the offering, presenting the sacrifice ', Avestan da/t/-'grant, gift, impartment ', gr.
bG}i\q Hes. (and conservative stem *dd-t- in bibq) "gift', Aix}a'\-Bzoq, -cppojv, Latin dos, -tis
"dowry';

Lithuanian Inf. duotr. Slavic *datb "gift' (e.g. in Old Church Slavic blagodatb "xap"^'- russ.
podatb "tax'). Inf. daft, zero grade Old Indie dit'hh, gr. 56aic; "gift', Latin dati-o, -tidnis{o\6 *-

tTnes) " the bestowing ' (suffix as in gr. 5u)fivr| 'gift'); with zero gradation in enclitic Old Indie
bhaga-tti- 'luck bringer'.

Old Indie dana-u. 'gift' (substantiviertes -/7c>-participle) = Latin donum, Oscan etc dunum
ds. {duunated' he/she has presented, bestowed, granted, vouchsafed, confered '); cymr.
dawn 6s., Old Irish danm. ' gift, present, practical skill, innate quality, nature,
temperament (faculty, talent)', compare Slavic *danb-kb in serb. o'a/7a/r 'tribute, tax' etc
and den -n/stem Old Church Slavic dant 'tribute, tax, toll', Lithuanian dudn/s^g\it'; zero
grade alb. dhene' bestowed', f. 'gift, tribute, tax', Geg dhane, {*d^yon-)

Also alb. {*d^uont/) dhunti^ gift, faculty, talent'.

gr. 5u)pov 'gift' {-ro-\u pass, value, compare e.g. cla-ru-s). Old Church Slavic darb^q\i\!
(m. as *dan-bk-b), Armenian turds.;

Maybe alb. {*d^uonata) dhurata ' gift, faculty, talent ' rhotacism n/r; darsme, dasme
'wedding' : Latin dos, -tis 'dowry';

Old Indie o^aya- 'giving', daya- m. 'gift'. Old Prussian daian f\Vk. 'gift', serb. pro-daja
"sale' (etc, Berneker 176).

Maybe nasalized alb. ndanj, shperndanj {* shpre-ndanjY a\\o\., give, separate' : Lithuanian
priedas ^bouus, addition, wage increase'.

As 2. composition part Old Indie -da- e.g. in asvada- ' horse giving, horse offering ',
Slavic with structure in oDekl., e.g. russ. dial. p6-dyP\. ' tributes, taxes ', serb. pn-d^
Draufgabe beim Tausch '; Lithuanian priedas ^bouus, addition, wage increase'.

d6-u-\\es before in Old Indie davane 'to give' (also Perf. dadau'have bestowed'),
Avestan davo/'to give', Cypriot 5uFavoi ' he may give ', Inf. 5oF£vai (about Arcadian
participle anu-56aq s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 745 f.), contracted hom. -Attic 5ouvai;

Latin du/'m, duTseic 'I, you should hand over, deliver, give up, render, furnish, pay,
surrender', Fut. II -duo, contain an Aorist-stem "o^iz-from *dou-; du/m\s from Optat. *-douTm
originated in compounds {pro-du/ntirom * pro-douint, etc), then also by compounds from
*d'^e- : per-duim, etc For Italian optative *douTm probably trod only secondary in Umbrian
and Faliscan a present *dou/d'\n Faliscan doviad' may grant ' (it seems to be reduced in
compounds hence Latin duam etc *doviam), Umbrian pur-dovitu, pur-tuvitu, -tuetu' stretch
out, spread out, put forth, reach out, extend ', purtuvies' stretch out, spread out, put forth,
reach out, extend ', Umbrian purditom {*-d{d)uitom) ' stretched out, spread out, put forth.

reached out, extended ', purtiius {* c^o)uTus) "you will have stretched out, spread out, put
forth, reached out, extended ', purtifile^* stretched out, spread out ', from synkopiertem
*por-d[o]uT-\N\Vc\ alteration from o'^to d, in purdov/tu \mper. it was hindered syncope
through Indik. *p6r-dovTt,

Lithuanian daviau^ I gave ', dovanai. "gift', Latvian davanat "gift', iterative davat,
dav/naf^ offer, give'. Old Church Slavic -davat/ ^aWot' (the pattern forms for the Iterative in -
\/at/).

About Old Saxon /M//7/7d/7 "grant' etc see below o'e^-i' "friendly grant'.

References: WP. I 814 ff., WH. I 266, 360 ff., 371 f., 861, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6868, 722,
741 , 794, 806 ff., Trautmann 56 ff.
Page(s): 223-226

Root / lemma: dregh-
Meaning: unwilling, displeased
Note: or perhaps originally "be slack, tough'?

Material: Gothic //-/go "mourning, grief, repulsion'. Old Norse tregim. "mourning, grief,
hindrance ', tregr^ unwilling, averse ', treginn^ grieving ', Old English tregam. "mourning,
grief, affliction '; Old Saxon tregom. "pain', fregan {on\y Inf.) with Dat. "be afflicted ', Middle
Dutch tregen' lose the courage ', Old Norse trega= Old English //"e^/a/? "afflict, sadden';
compare with a probably old concrete meaning " zahe, zahe haftend ' Norwegian Dialectal
treg a\so " persistent, firm ', /Ae^e "tough fibre, filament, sinew, hard skin', Swedish tragen^
fatigueless '; lengthened grade Old High German tragi^\6\e, slow, querulous ', Old Saxon
trag^es/W, bad'. Old English fragf. " affliction, wickedness ', Old Saxon Old High German
tragrf. " sluggishness, displeasure ';

Lithuanian dryz-tu, drizau, o'/vz// "faint, languid, slack become' (Buga Kalba ir. s. 219),
drizinti ^s\ack make'; to Lithuanian /vcompare Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 83. [common
lllyrian-Baltic -gh- > -0'- shift]

Maybe alb. //le//? "castrate, clip' [common alb. -g > -//? shift] (see below)

Note:

Root/ lemma: tr-eu-d-\ "to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root/ lemma: dregh-:

"unwilling, displeased' [common lllyrian-Baltic -gh- > -d-, lllyrian alb. -g > -th.

References: WP. I 821 f., Persson Beitr. 46 f.

Page(s): 226-227

Root / lemma: dre- : dra-, extended dr-em-

Meaning: to sleep

Material: Old Indie drati, draya-ti, -/e "asleep", n/'-dra 's\eep'] in addition zero grade ni-drita-

/7 'sleeping, dozed off;

Armenian tartam^s\o\N, sleepy ' {*der-d-, Pedersen KZ. 39, 416);

gr. horn. Aor. sSpaGov ( *e-dr-6^-om), new sSapGov " slept ', secondary KaraSapGavu) "
dozed off ';

Latin dorm/d's\eep, drowse ' {*drm-Tid)\

Slavic *dremjd^ drowse ' in Church Slavic dremlju drematT drowse ', serb. dr'ijemljem
drijemati^ have sleep desire ', etc

maybe alb. drem/t^ drowse'.

About the formal Verhaltnisse s. EM. 284, to -e/77- extension also Pedersen Groupement
22.

References: WP. I 821, WH. I 372, Trautmann 60.
Page(s): 226

Root / lemma: dumb- {-b^ ?)
Meaning: penis, tail

Material: Avestan duma-m. "tail', npers. dum, dumb {* durr{h)ma-). Old High German
zi//77yC>/c» "penis'. Middle High German zumpf{e), zumpfelTn {Su\.\.er\\v\ IF. 4, 93); in addition
perhaps Avestan dumna-v\. "hand (?)' {*dumbna-), s. Scheftelowitz IF. 33, 142 with
numerous parallels for the meaning-development " shaft, pole, staff- penis, tail' and "staff -
arm, hand'. Probably to Middle Low German t/mpe^cusp, peak, acme, apex ', Old English
a///77p//5/7 "provide with nails', nasal, form from Germanic *f/ppa't\p, tail' in engl. //p"cusp,
peak'. Middle High German z/'p^e/); Germanic *tuppa-'p'\g\.a'\\' in Old Norse topprds., Old
English topprw. "acme, apex'. Middle High German zo/?rplait, tress', with bb. Middle Low
German tobbe, tubbe 'sp'\go\.\ compare Latvian duba ' assigned sheaf; Germanic *tappan
"spigot' in Old English taeppaxu. (engl. tap). Middle Low German tappem.. Old High
German zapho. Middle High German zapfem. apparently "popular saying' with intensive

consonant increase, nasalization and vowel change a: i: u, compare above S. 221 drop-.

drip-: drup-.

References: WP. I 816, Pick III 155, 164, 168, Petersson Heterokl. 70 f.

See also: see also above S. 177.

Page(s): 227

Root / lemma: dus-

Meaning: bad, foul

Material: Old Indie dus-, dur-, Avestan dus-, duz- "dis-, wrong, evil', Armenian /- 'un-', gr.

5ua- 'dis-, de-, evil', Latin in o'/y^^ic/Z/s "difficult, hard'. Old Irish do-, du- ds. (construction

after the example from so, su-), Gothic tuz- (in tuz-werjan^6oub\!). Old Norse Old English

tor-. Old High German zur- "un-', Slavic in Old Bulgarian dtzdb {*duz-djus^ bad weather '

=) "rain', russ. dozdb, poln. deszcz. Old Czech desc. Gen. o'sceand analogical desfe.

connection with deus-^\ac\C is very probable.

Note:

Probably from a fusion of Root/ lemma: (i'^eues-, d^ues- d'^eus- d'^J5-"to dissipate, blow,

etc. *scatter, dust, rain, breathe, perish, die' + Root/ lemma: dei-1, de/a- di-, dja-\ "to

shine; day; sun; sky god, god' derived Slavic {* dus-diu-)\ Old Church Slavic: dbzdb "rain'

[m jo] (see below).

Only Indie from dus- has evolved dusyati^ goes bad, goes off ', dusta- "spoiled, evil,
bad', dusayati^ spoiled, disabled '.

References: WP. I 816, E. Fraenkel Mel. Pedersen 453.
Page(s): 227

Root / lemma: duei-

Meaning: to fear

Material: Avestan dvae^a' menace';

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

Armenian erknc/m' I fear ', erk/uf lear' (aniaut as in erku^t\No' : *o'^d^Meillet MSL. 8,
235);

gr. horn. 5£i5u) 'dread' (*5£-5Foj-a), Plur. 5£i5i|j£v (i.e. 5£5Fi|j£v), Attic 5£5im£v
(thereafter the new Sg. horn. 5£i5ia, i.e. 5£5Fia, Attic 5£5ia), Aor. horn. £55£ia£v (i.e.
£5F£ia£v), horn. 5i£ " dreaded '; reshaped from *5£5Foia Perf. horn. 5£i5oiKa, Attic 5£5oiKa,
Cretan 5£5Foiku)(; Hes. (Ms. 5£5poiKU)(;), in addition 6ebz'\Kzkoq Hes. "timorous'; to
5£5iaKopai (after hom.) "terrify' (*5£-5Fi-aKO-[jai) would be shaped secondary 5£i5i^O|jai,
whereof previously Attic 5£5iTTopai, hom. 5£i5iaaoMai; hom. 5£i5r|piu)v "timorous'
(*5£5F£ir|fju)v); btoq n. "fear' (*5F£iO(;), 9£Ou5n(; " godfearing ' (*9£0-5F£r|(;), 5£Tpa n.,
5£im6(; m. "fear', 5£iv6(; "terrible', bz\kdq, "timorous, fearful; unlucky, lamentable '
(*5F£i£A6(;); 5i£p6q "to fear, dread' (*5Fi-£po(;);

Latin d/rus' ill - omened, ominous, boding, portentous, fearful, awful, dread ' (from
Servius to Aen. Ill 235 also as sabin. and Umbrian stated word, so that df- instead of b/-
from *du/- as a dialectal sound development), with formants -ro- " before what one is afraid
', as cla-rus^ audible, distinguishable '.

5-extension in Old Indie dvestT hated, is hostile ', dvista- " detested ', dvesa-hm.,
dvesas- n. "hate', Avestan dvaes-, Jbaes-^be hostile to, mortify', participle Ibista-, dvaesah-
, Waesah-' hostility'. Middle Persian i?e5 "affliction, mischief, probably to du/s-S. 232.

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

References: WP. I 816 f., WH. I 353 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7106, 769, 774. After
Benveniste (briefl.) belongs the root as " be in doubt ' to consecutive dud(uj two'.
Page(s): 227-228

Root / lemma: dud(u) {*dhuei^

Meaning: two

Grammatical information: m. (grammatical double form duudU), duaii. n., besides duel-,

duo'h, dui-

Note: compare the summary by Brugmann l|2 2, 6-82 passim.

Material: 1. Old Indie m. dv'au, dva{ve6. also duvau, duva) = Avestan dvaxx\.. Old Indie f.

n. c/i/e(ved. also duvi) = Avestan baei. and n. "two';

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

Instr. Dat. Abl. Old Indie d(u)vabhyam {has changed with a), Avestan dvaeibya {\N\\h old
/■diphthong, as Lithuanian dv/em etc), Gen. Sg. Old Indie c{u)vayoh\ by compression of
Old Indie d(u)va-: d^u)va-dasa^\T (== gr. 5oi)5£Ka);

Armenian erku^i^No' (= Old Indie dva);

gr. hom. 5u(F)u) (*5Fu) in 5u)-5£Ka), Gen. Dat. Ionian Attie 5uoTv, next to which
uninflected hom. Attic Doric etc 5u(F)o (to form s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f.; to rudiment
Indo Germanic *duds. Meillet BSL. 21, 273, due to Armenian erko-tasan\2, Latin duo-
dem. Old Indie dva-ka- "the two together', but it could be directed after compositions with
o-stems in the first part, as well as from Gothic Old Norse Old Saxon Old English Old
Frisian wi-V we two ', Old Norse //, Old Saxon Old English git^you two');

alb. duxx\., duji. "two' {*duud, respectively *duuai)\

Latin o'i/c»(from *dud}, f. o'Z/ae (neologism), Umbrian (only with plur. inflection) durUom.
m. "two' {*duds, *duur), desen-duf Akk. m. (12), du/r'two', tuva f\kk. n.;

Old Irish dau, doHom. Akk. m. (= Old Indie dvau), before Subst. o'a (proclitic form), fem.
dT{= Old Indie dve), neutr. da n-^two', acymr. bret. masc. dou, fem. cymr. dwy (etc); gall.
VN Vo-cor-ii, l/c>-cc»/7//7(compare Tri-corii) with * u- besides du-\ compare Thurneysen Gr.
182;

Gothic m. twai, f. twos, n. twa. Old Norse tueirm., tuaeri., tuaun.. Old English turn., twa
f. (= Old Indie dve); Old High German zwenexu., zwa, zwoi., zweiu. etc (Old High
German zweio^io two' Lok. Du. = Lithuanian dvfejau, dvfejaus);

Lithuanian dum. (from *dvuo= Old Indie dva), dv/'t (= Old Indie dve); Latvian d/v/m. f.
(from *duwii. n.). Old Prussian dwaim. f.; Old Church Slavic diDvam., dbvei. n.;

Tocharian A m. wu, f. we, B m. f. ty/(neologism); compare above gall, vo-; Hittite ta-a-an
(tan) " secondly, second ', ta-a-i-u-ga-as {tayugas) "two years old' (: Lithuanian dveigys
"two years old animal'?).

About the first part from sikogi, vTgintTe\.c (old dissimilation from *du7-, * due'hdRmtTll) s.
uT-Rnjt-T twenty '.

Note:

The following dw- > b- is originally a Latin-italic.

In compound Indo Germanic cfui- and from it under unclear condition developed c//-:0\d
Indie dvf- (e.g. dv/-pad-' bipedal '), Avestan b/- (e.g. bi-mahya-^ lasting two months '),
Armenian erki {erkeam^ biennial '), gr. 5i- (e.g. Sinouc;; da 5i(ppo(; ' curule chair, seat' was
not 5i-, rather 5Fi-(ppo(;, if not perhaps dissimilatory loss of F is not against the following cp,
also for other 5i- formation to consider from Indo Germanic *duh). Old Latin du'h, Latin b'h
(e.g. duhdens, bidens, about forms as dienniums. WH. I under biennium, Sommer Hdb.^
223; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Umbrian d'hfue^ cleft, parted,
split ' probably sound pattern from duh). Old Norse tve- (also tvl-, see below). Old English
twi-. Old High German zw'h (e.g. Old English twi-fete^ bipedal ', Old High German zwi-
houbiV bicipital '), Lithuanian dv'h (e.g. dvi-gubas^ twofold ', Old Prussian dwi-gubbus).

Ital. du- in Latin du-bius, -plus, -plex, -pondius, -centT, Umbrian tuplakfWk. Sg. n. "
twofold ', du-pursus " on two feet ' is innovation after being perceived as du- stem from
duo, also is to define du- in Umbrian duti^ again, a second time, once more, anew ', pali
dutiyam " for the second time '; about Latvian du-celes " two-wheeled cart ' compare
Trautmann 125, MiJhlenhach-Endzelin I 509, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 358.

Zero grades duei-\v\ compounds is to be admitted for Celtic (e.g. Old Irish de-riad^ a
span of horses, pair, two horses harnessed to an open car ', dfabur twofold ', cymr. dwy-
flwydd'\>NO years old'; Old Irish dias^ duality of persons ' probably from * duejo-stho-) and
for Germanic (e.g. Old Norse tuT-faldr^ twofold ' besides tuefaldr, Gothic tweifia-, probably
n.. Old High German zwTfalu. besides gr. 5i-nA6(;, Latin duplus).

duoi-\v\ Old English getwaefan, twseman^ separate, cut, clip' < *twaifjan, *twaimjan,
perhaps also for the Aryan (Avestan baearazufra&ah- " two fingers wide ', dvaepa- n.
'island'? or rather from duaji-, as probably Old Indie dvedha' twofold, (*divided) in two
parts', compare o'lz/pa- "island' above S. 51); perhaps Phrygian GN Aoia(;, Gen. -avTOc;
( *dyoi-nt) 'twin'.

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

Slavic dvo, dvu-, dve- in compounds s. Berneker 247.

2. ordinals: Old Indie dvitJya-, Avestan bitya-, dabitya-. Old pers. o^i/K/Z/ya- "second';
under duti^ again, a second time, once more, anew ' (probably replacement for *ditiirorr\
* du/t/om aiter du-, see above); Armenian erk/r, erkrord' second'; alb. i-dute; all new
neologisms.

3. Multiplikativadverb: c/uis'W\ce': Old Indie dvfh{ve6. also duvfh), Avestan bis, gr. b'\c„
Old Latin duis, Latin bis. Middle High German zty/A'twice' (but nir. fo-dT= Old Indie n. dve,
Pedersen KG. I 301, II 127), Germanic myth. PN Tuisto^ hermaphrodite ';

Maybe alb. dush"\n two'.

through i/-forms extended Avestan bizval. Old Norse tysuar, tuisuar. Old High German
zwiro, zwiror {zwiron, zwiront), with voiced ? z- reduction Old English twiwa, twiga, twia,
tuwa, twie. Old Frisian twia, twera. Old Saxon twio;

therefrom with formants -/ro-Old High German zwisic. Old Saxon twisic^ twofold ' (see
below), probably also Armenian eridcs 'twice';

with Aforms Old English twisiian^ bisect ', /ty/s/a "confluence of two streams'. Modern
High German Zwiesei^ bifurcation ' (perhaps restricted to *duis\v\ the meaning ' divided ',
see below);

with /-forms Old Indie dvita^ twofold, double' (therefrom dvaita-m^ duality '), ap.
duvitaparnam' in two lines ', Gatha-Avestan o'a/Ma'again(?)'.

4. multiplicative: gr. 5inA6(;, 5inA6o(;, Latin dupius, Umbrian dupia^ double, twice as
large, twice as much ', Old Irish dTabul{ *duei-pio-, see also above Gothic tweifis),
wherefore perhaps Avestan bifra- n. ' comparison, affinity ' (: root /7e/-'fold', compare with
/-extension:)

gr. 5inAaaioq {*pJt-io-), Ionian SiTrAnaioq ' waved with both hands ', Old High German
zwifait6s.

Gr. 5inAa^, Latin dupiex, Umbrian tupial<u. "duplex' (: root p/a'Ar- "flat, spread'); from Adv.
z.B. duvi-^^a, o'l/e-dha (probably *dvaji-6'"a, that to be read in the oldest texts 3-syllable) "
twofold, in two parts', wherewith the ending from Old Irish dede^ duality of things ' seems
to be connected, as well as the from Old Low German twedi^\\a\f. Old English twaede^
two thirds ', Old High German zwitaran^ hybrid, mongrel, half breed ', Modern High
German Z witter.

Gr. 5ixc( " twofold, divided in two parts ' (after hom. 5ixn- 5ixou), next to which (through
hybridization with *5i-9a to Old Indie dvidha) hom. 5ix6a " 5ixa ', therefrom Ionian 5i^6q "
twofold ' (*5ix6j6(; or *5iKa6(;), and bxaaoq,, Attic bmoc, ds. (*5ix,i6(;, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 598,
840); about Hittite dal<-sa-an^ half part ' s. Pedersen Hittite 141.

Here also alb. dege' twig, branch, bough, brushwood ' {*duoi-ghS);

Note:

Alb. {*dhiuei-gha) dege^ twig ' : Old Indie f. n. dvS^two' : Lithuanian dve/gysm. ' biennial
animal';

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Albanian -hiue- > -e- ; Old Indie Lithuanian -hiue- > -ve-.

Old High German zttv^'twig, branch' {*duei-gho). Old English /ty/g"twig, branch' {*dui-
gho); Old Saxon tdg{d}. Middle Low German toch. Old High German zuog(o)^\.mQ,
branch' are reshaped after cardinal forms with two-;

Lithuanian dveigysrw. " biennial animal', serb. dv'izak^ biennial ram', old dviz^ biennial '
(: Hittite dayugas, see above).

5. collective: Old Indie o'l/aya- "double' {dvaya-m' twofold creature, falsity ', nachved.
"pair'), Dat. f. dvayyai= hom. ev 5oir|i; dvandvam "pair' (from ved. duva-duva^ every two ');

gr. hom. 5oioj, 5oioi "double, two' (with preservation of -i- through influence of
*5FoT[F]iv), £v 5oin " in doubt ' (Irish dTasixom * dueio-stho-?);

Gothic Gen. PI. twaddje {corw^are with other ending Old Indie Gen. Dual dvayos,
Lithuanian Gen. dviejij). Old Norse tueggia. Old High German zweiio. Old English m.
twaegen, f. twa, n. /J "two' (see above Sievers-Brunner264), Nom. Akk. PI. Old High
German zwei{*dueia), next to which from Indo Germanic *due/o-0\6 High German Middle
High German zwl, g. zw/iesm.n. "twig, branch' (the /7-stem Old Norse /jya "doubt'
presumably balanced from Nom. *tvljfa, Gen. tyju);

Balto Slavic due/a- an6 duuaja- in Lithuanian dveji, f. dveJos'bNo' (the substantival n.
Sg. in dveja //e/r "twice as much');

Old Church Slavic d{b)vq/7A6']. " twofold, two', d{b)vq/en. Subst. "two things' (therefrom
derivatives as russ. o'i/oy/7dy"double', dvojn/" twins ', dvdjka^pa\r', dvojnfk^ zweidrahtiger
paden ', dvoftb ' jj^^fl^aj^f jje teilen, zwei Faden zu einem izusammenj^ ^j^ ', etc, s.
Berneker247).

With -/70- (partly due to from duis):

Armenian Ar/r//7 "double' from * (r)ki-rki-no-, Indo Germanic *dui-duis-no- {!) (L. Maries
REtlE. 1,445);

Latin bmf every two ' (distributive) and "two' (collective) from *duis-no- (= Germanic
*twiz-na-)\

Germanic *twi-na-\v\ Old High German zwinal, zweneF born together, twin-born, twin- ',
zwinilingru.. Middle High German zwinilTnu. "twin', *twai-na- in Old Saxon twene^two', Old
High German zwene6s. (it has substituted with e instead of e/ after *zwe= Gothic twa/),
Old High German zwein-zug. Old Saxon twen-tig. Old English twen-tig^lQ' (" Doppelzehn

');

Maybe alb. 20, nje-zet^oue - ten', 40, oy-ze/"double - ten'

Germanic *twiz-na-\v\ Old Norse tvennr, tvinnr^ twofold ', PI. tvenner^ zwei
zusammengehorige ' (/K//7/75 "redouble'). Old High German zwirnen, -on^ zweifach
zusammendrehen ', Middle High German zwirn. Middle Low German twern^ doppelt
zusammengedrehter Faden ' probably = Old English twTn, holl. twijn^ linen thread, linen '
(Old English getwinne^ every two ', getwinnas^ twins ' is led back then to *twi-nja-). (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Besides due to *twTha-, Indo Germanic
*duei-ko-, Gothic tweihnai^\.\No\ Old English Dat. tweonum, betweonum, engl. between^
between ';

Lithuanian m. PI. dvynaT, russ. dvojni^ twins '.

With -ko-.

Old Indie dvika- " aus zweien bestehend, zweifach ' {dvaka- "in pairs, by pairs'
connected after ekaka-);

Old High German zwe(h)o. Old Saxon twe(h)o. Old English tweom. "doubt'. Old English
be-twih, -tweoh^ between ', mid unctwTh^ between us both ' (compare above Gothic tweih-
naf)\

from o^i/zs- from: Old High German zwisk. Old Saxon twisk^ twofold ', PI. "both' Dat. PI.
Old High German {undar, en) zwisken. Modern High German zwischen; in addition Old
English getwisam.. Old Saxon gitwiso. Middle High German zw/se//nc't\N\n'.

With o'^/s- "twice' identical is o'^/s- "divided, asunder' in Gothic tm'sstandan'to divide'
and den derivatives Old Norse /i/zs/ra "separate'. Middle Low German Old Frisian tm'st,

Middle High German zty/s/ "discord (split)' and Middle English twist= Old Norse kvistr
"twig, branch' (as also Bavarian zwist), further Old Norse kvTsli. " split branch or tools, arm
of a river' (these with Indo Germanic ei)\ further Old Norse /i//s-i/a/' "twice', tvistr^
dichotomous, sad ' (= Old Indie dvistha-' ambiguous ', gr. *5iaT0(; in Siara^u) " doubt ',
Indo Germanic *dui(s)-sto- : root sta-, at most du/s-to- \N\t\r\ formant -to-), Old English tw/'s/a
" arm of a river ', twislian " bisect ', Old High German zwisila. Modern High German
Zwieser divided object, twig, branch'. Middle High German zM//se/"double'; here very
probably Aryan o'K/5-"hate' (see below *o'^e'/-"fear, dread').

Maybe alb. /77e 0^5/7 "apart, in two', dysh/"\.\No'

6. Indo Germanic additional form cf/s-\n Latin d/s-, Old Saxon Old Frisian te-, ti-. Old
English te-. Old High German zi-, ze- (new zir- through amalgamation from z/-an6 ir-) "dis-
', Gothic dis- "apart' (probably borrowed from Latin, barely preceding from *tis- = Latin d/s-
), alb. tsh- e.g. in tshk'ep ^ ur\p'\ck' , gr. 5ia (i.e. after pisra etc filled in *5i[a]a), e.g. 5ia-axi^w
"through' : Latin discindo " to tear asunder, cut apart, cleave, divide, rend, tear ' ("*split in
the middle '), as prefix also " through and through, thoroughly, all through ' = "very' (Aeolic

References: WP. I 817 ff., WH. I 104 ff., 354 f., 381 ff., 860, 861, Feist 484 ff., Trautmann
64, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indie Gr. Ill, 342 f.
Page(s): 228-232

Root / lemma: [do^i'T) : obh/; bh/

Meaning: around, from to, etc.

Material: Old Indie abhi- prefix "from - to', ai6'/7/'preposition with Akk. "to', Gatha-Avestarf

aibT,]ay. aiwi, avi, aoi. Old pers. abiyas prefix "to, around -', as preposition m. Akk. "to -

toward ', with Lok. "about, in regard to' (in Aryan abhi\\es also partly */77/7/7/" before', see

above S. 34);

Latin Oit* "towards, to' appears only in the function, but not the sounds according to the
partial successors from Indo Germanic obh/(see below epfj,

Gothic bi. Old High German etc bi, bfirom - to (Gothic), with regard to, about' with Akk.;
"an, by' with Dat. (Lok.), also with Instr., prefix "be-', s. also under arrici^i, above S. 34,
which contains in final sound identical element;

Old Church Slavic obb, obh as preverb ' around-, about-, to-' in obb-stojati ox obh-stojati
"encircle', in compounds, as obbdou. 'treasure, tribute', in derivatives, as obbstb, russ.-
Church Slavic obbCb "common' {*cb^i-tio-)\ intensified form obi- in russ -Church Slavic
obichoditi' to walk around, perambulate '; the form o, Oi6» contains previous *op-
(Lithuanian ap), see below epi.

References: WP. I 124, Trautmann 1, Meillet Slave comm.2 155 f.
Page(s): 287

Root / lemma: eA^-2

Meaning: fence, paling

Material: Doubtful gr. oarpitjov "stall, hurdle ' ( 1x|h-//-o-)??

Old English eodorvn. " hedge, fence, dwelling; prince, lord' (ablaut. Middle Low German
ader^ fence post '), Old High German etar. Modern High German Etterleuce, edge' (if in
addition Bavarian ester, Swiss ester^ penstock '?), Old Icelandic y(?d^/'-/iy5d5/'-/'"edge,
upper fence pole', perhaps Old English ed/'skm. " fenced pasture ', Bavarian /ss{e)
"enclosed meadow' {*e6^-s/^); Old Bulgarian odrb^bed', odr/na ^ staW , russ. odr'
scaffolding board ', Czech oo'/-" picket, pole', Serbo-Croatian odar, odr/na' encircling
grapevine '.

References: WP. I 121.
Page(s): 290

Root /lemma: ed'^-

Meaning: sharp

Note:

From an older root /7e'^"'-e'/ derived: Root/ lemma: aR-, oR-\ "sharp; stone' and Root/

lemma: aiR-\ TR-\ "spear, pike', finally Root/ lemma: ed'^-: "sharp' [common lllyrian-Baltic

gh- > d-.

Material: Latin ebulus, -Ti. and -umu. " dwarf-elder (danewort, a fetid European species of

elder, also dane's weed, dane's blood [said to grow on spots where battles were fought

against the Danes]';

Note: common Latin g"- > b-, hence Latin ebulus < *heg"'-e/ where -el, -u/are diminutive

formants.

ablaut, (with /r-suffix) gall, and gallorom. oo'ocos "dwarf elder';

Old High German affub, attah. Old Saxon ao'^/r "dwarf elder' (borrowed from Celtic);

Balto Slavic *edla- and *edli- f. 'fir' in

Old Prussian addle {*edle), Lithuanian egle{ou\. of it dial, agle), Latvian eg/e6s.
(secondary e-stem; -g- from -d-);

Note: common lllyrian-Baltic gh- > c/- hence -g- from -o'-is wrong etymology.

moreover probably Iterat. Lithuanian adyti^ prick ', Latvian ad?t^ knit ', compare
Lithuanian adata' sewing-needle ';

Church Slavic e\.c jela {* edia), russ. ye/6, Old Czech yeoyetc {*ed/f-).

References: WH. I 14, 388 f., Trautmann 66.
See also: from zum Folgenden {ed'^-2)7
Page(s): 289-290

Root / lemma: ed- {*hegh-)

Meaning: to eat, *tooth

Note:

From an older root {*hegh-) derived Root/ lemma: ed- {* hegh-): "to eat, *tooth' and Root/

lemma: geirt!^-, gnp^-\ "to bite; tooth'

Note: originally athematic, but mostly thematic change

Note:

Common lllyrian-Baltic gh- > d-, z-, Old Prussian - lllyrian gh- > zz-, ss-, s-

Material: Old Indie athematic present 1. Sg. ad-mi, 3. Sg. at-ti^you eat', Perf. adima{\ Latin

edimus, Gothic etum); themat. in Medium ada-sva;

Avestan 3. Sg. Konj. adaitr,

Armenian utem'eaV, themat. {*dd-)\

gr. hom. Infin. e5p£vai. Put. (older Konj.) £5-o-piai, Imper. originally *£a6i (: Old Indie
addhi), thereafter secondary soGiu) (saGw) "eat'; secondary themat. £5u) (after participle
£5ovT- and the thereafter resulted in 3. PI. £5ovti), Perf. hom. £5-r|5-u)(;, £5n5oTai (after
TTETro-Tai), Attic e5n5oKa;

Latin edd, es, est etc "eat' (length of e either old or after the sog. Lachmann's rule to
define; if old in participle es^s and passive es(s)um?)\ Perf. edf, Oscau Infin. edum, about
Umbrian ezahafsee below S. 288;

Old Irish Konj. ci-ni estar' although he does not eat ' {*ed-s-tro), Fut. Tss-{*i-ed-s-), Perf.
dofuaid {*de-u(p)o-od-e), participle esse^ eaten ' {*ed-tio-)\ cymr. ys'you eat' {*ed-ti)\

Gothic themat. /tan {Per^. 1. PI. etum, Old High German azum etc: Old Latin edimus).
Old Norse eta. Old Saxon Old English etan, engl. eat. Old Frisian Ita, Old High German
ezz5/7'eat' (= Old Indie adanam^ act of eating ', gr. £5av6v 'dish, food'); with prefix fra-
{*pro-): Gothic fra-itan^ consume ', Old English fretan^ gnaw ', Old High German frezzan^
devour '; kaus. Gothic fra-atjan; Old Norse etia^ allow to consume ', Old English ettan^
allow to graze ', Old High German azzen, ezzen " give to eat, allow to graze ', Modern High
German atzen, actually " a spicy dish that can be eaten ';

Maybe alb. Geg e/^A? "thirsty', e^ie "thirst'

Balto Slavic *ed-m/"\n:

Lithuanian edu, edziau, esti {aW.. e[d\m/, 3. Sg. est) "eat, devour', Supin. esti/, Latvian
^mu {o\der *§mi) and edu, est 6s., Supin. estu. Old Prussian Tst, Istwe/'eat'; Old Church
Slavic y5/776 ( *emb), 3. Sg. Jastb ( *estb) Indo Germanic *ed-ti), 3. PI. jad^tb (Indo Germanic
*ednti), lnfin.ya5//(old esti), Supin. yas/b. Old Czech yes^

Lithuanian participle ed§s. Old Prussian Tduns, Old Church Slavic yao'b" having eaten ';

Hittite et- "eat', Imper. e-it{et), 1. Sg. present e-it-mi{etmi), 3. PI. a-da-an-zi {adanzi);
the first a through assimilation?, s. Friedrich IF. 41, 371; different Pedersen Hittite 128;

in compounds: gr. api-arov {*-d-tom) " breakfast '; with lengthening in compound
5£invr|aT6(; " mealtime ', 5opnr|aT6(; " time for supper, evening meal, evening ' (compare
also hom. cbpinonc; " Rohes essend ': Old Indie amad ds.); gr. zbzaioc,, -itoc, is arranged
from *ioi6c„ *ia-[toQ, after sSopai (as sSsoGnvai from *£a9r|vai).

nominal formation:

1. Lengthened grade:

edio-, edia:\n Old Indie adya-^ edible ' {adyuna-^ voracious ' is derived from *adyu-h^
eating food, ');

Old Norse aetr^ eatable ' (compare also Gothic afetjaxu. " excessive eater ');

Lithuanian edziosi. PI. ' Raure ', edzia " devourer ' (originally " food fed to livestock '),
edism. 'dish, food', mes-edis^ carnivore, family of meat-eating animals'; Old Prussian Tdis
m. "food, eating'; russ.yieza'food, eating, dish, food' (; s. Berneker271 f.);

about Latin /ned/a ^ iast ' s. WH. 393.

edo-, eda:\r\ Old Norse atn. " ravenousness, dish, food' (also atat " ravenousness,
nourishment, food'). Old English setn., Old Saxon atn., Old High German azn. 'dish, food'
(compare also Gothic uzetaxw. 'crib, manger'), Lithuanian edai. 'the eating' (= Old Norse
ata), Latvian edasi. PI. ' food fed to livestock ', Old Prussian Tdaii. Nom. Sg. ' the eating ',
Old Church Slavic obedt 'repast, meal' (perhaps alsoyao'b ' poison ', s. Berneker271 f.),
\wss. jeda\. ' breakfast, dish, food'.

edi-:\n Old Church Slavic yaofe 'dish, food', medv-edb 'the bear' (honey eater, compare
Old Indie madhv-ad-6s.).

ed-to-:\n Lithuanian estas' eaten ', Old Prussian Subst. Dat. Sg. /s/a/'food, eating',
mbg. y55/o' serving of food ', etc.

edes-:\n Lithuanian eofes/s 'dish, food', eskaf. ' appetite ', old ' food fed to livestock,
carrion ' = Latin esca{*ed-s-ka) 'dish, food, food fed to livestock, carrion ', Latvian eska^
wolverine '; Old High German Old Saxon as' flesh of a dead body, bait, carrion ', Old
English ^5' carrion ' {*ed-s-om)\ Old Church Slavic yas// PI. m. ' crib, manger, manger'
{*ed-s-li-)\ if Umbrian ezariaf s\.av\6s for 'food', it can be maybe explained from *edes-asio-\
different about Lithuanian eska^W^ 295.

Maybe alb. esMe 'dried mushrooms for kindling the fire'

With a. gr. cjb5i(; f., PI. u)5Tv£(; 'throes of childbirth', cbSivu) ' be in labor pains ' (Frisk
Etyma Armen.13); £5-u)5-n 'dish, food' (compare £5r|5u)c;); in addition Lithuanian uodas,
Latvian uddsm. ' mosquito ' (Schuize KZ. 43, 41 =KI. Schr. 627; from Zubaty AfslPh. 16,
407, Brugmann Grundr. |2 337 placed to wruss. wadzen^ a gad-fly, horse-fly, breese ').

2. Full grade, e.g.:

Old Indie adman-n. 'dish, food' (: £5iJ£vai); -advan- ' eating ';

Armenian erkn^ birth pain, labor pains ' {*edudn), er/r'plague' {*eduo-?)\

hom. £l5ap, -aTO(; n. 'nourishment, food' (i.e. £5Fap, compare £5ap ppwpa Hes.),
£5r|TU(;, £5£a|ja 'dish, food';

Latin prandium ' a late breakfast, luncheon ' {*pram-ediom'7), edulus " trencherman '
(see also WH. I under acredula, f iced u la 3iU(^ monedula), edulis^ eatable ' (possibly
because of from Pick 111^ 24, Falk-Torp undery^//e as *etuna- " voracious eater ' or "
cannibal ' our root form added to Old Horse jgtunn^ giant ', Old English eoten^ giant ',
older ndd. eteninne^ witch ' an older i/-stem edu-\s added?); (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

3. o-grade: 65uvr| (Aeolic but eSuva) 'pain' (compare Latin curae edaces), oSupopai "
lament, bewail, mourn for, felt pain' etc. (influenced from [jupopai " flow, run, trickle, cry,
weep').

edont-, dont-, c/i^/'- "tooth', probably previous participle present

Old Indie danm., Akk. dantam{*dont-). Gen. datah{= Latin dentis) "tooth' (secondary
danta-h m . ) ; Ave sta n dan tan- m . d s . , data f . d s . ;

Armenian atamn. Gen. -/77a/7 "tooth' {*ednt-mn)\

gr. (Ionian Attic) 65u)v, -6vto(; "tooth' (Attic 65ou(; neologism after (5i)5ou(;), Aeolic
£5ovT£(; (656vT- assimilated from *£56vt-?), vu)56(; " edentulate, toothless ' for *v(jo5(jov
after arpapcov : arpapot; ;

Latin dens, -t/sm. {*dnt-s)\ Oscan dunte[s]\s ablaut "teeth';

Old Irish detu., cymr. bret. dant, corn. dans^\.oo\h' {*dnt-)\

Old High German zand. Old English tod {Dai. Sg., Nom. PI. ted, conservative stem). Old
Norse tgnn {Horn. PI. tedr, tennr, conservative stem); (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade (from the weak case), Gothic tunt^us (from dem Akk.
tunt^u= Latin dentem) "tooth' (derivative Old English //7sc;"fang' from * tunt^-ska-);

Lithuanian dant'is. Gen. PI. dantQ{6\a\. also danc/Q) "tooth';

Slavic probably in poln. dz/ggna' stomatitis, inflammation of the mouth, mouth decay,
inflammation of the gums ' {*dgt-gna, s. Berneker 190).

forms with e-grade don't stand firm accordingly; Old Norse t/ndr^cusp, peak, crag ',
Middle High German z/nt, -des^prong, spike, tine ', Old English t/ndm. 6s., Old High
German z/nna { *tindja) "pinnacle'. Old High German zinko { *tint-kd) " tine ' belong to Old
Irish dind^\\\\\, lifting ', Phrygian AivSupo^ mountain name, lllyrian VN Aiv5apoi.

References: WP. I 118 ff., WH. I 340 f.
Page(s): 287-289

Root / lemma: egnis: ognis{-n- inanimate genitive ending)

Meaning: fire

Note:

Root/ lemma: egnis: ognis: fire' derived from Root/ lemma: 0/75'- (better ang-) {*heng-)\

coal < Root/ lemma: ok"-: "to see; eye'

Grammatical information: m.

Material: Old Indie agnf-hxr\. 'fire' (= Hittite Agnis, Hrozny ZA. 38, 185, after Laroche,

Recherches sur les noms of dieux hittites 1 1 9, taken over from Hurrians);

Latin ignis, -ism. "fire, flame, light, blaze, glow' {*egnis);

Lithuanian ugnist (Old Lithuanian also m., Specht KZ. 59, 2782), Latvian ugunsm. f.
ds.; ^derives from Old Swedish ugiin' oven';

Old Church Slavic ognt m. "fire' {* ognis, /-stem, secondary^/iostem), Czech oiien
[oiine], russ. ogonb {ognja); about Czech vyiieni. "flue, chimney, smithy', Serbo-Croatian
vTganJm. "blacksmith', with quite unclear aniaut, s. Meillet Slave comm.2 85, lastly J. Holub
Strucny slovnik etym. jazyka ceskoslov. 341.

Maybe alb. i//g5/7 "giant' : Serbo-Croatian vTganJvn. " blacksmith' [a translation of Cyclops

who were giant blacksmiths; they got their name for covering one eye as a spare if one got

damaged from sparks of melted metal, that is why Root/ lemma: egnis: ognis\ "fire'

derived from an extension of Root/ lemma: olc-\ "to see; eye']; common alb. prothetic v-

before bare initial vowels.

References: WP. I 323, WH. I 676, Trautmann 334 f.

Page(s): 293

Root / lemma: eg-
Meaning: a lack of smth.

Material: Latin eged, -ere^ want, be in need; with genit. or abl. to be in want of, to be
without, not to have; also to desire, wish for, want ', egestas " poverty, indigence, need;
with genit., want of ', egenus ( *egesnos) " needy, destitute; with genit. or abl., in need of '.
Hereupon also Oscan egmoi. "a thing, object, matter, affair, circumstance; possessions,
property, wealth; interest, advantage, benefit; cause, ground, reason; a matter of business;
a law suit, action ' (to meaning development compare gr. XPH : XPHMO);

Old Norse ekla'\ack\ e/r/a "barely', Old High German ekorodo 'bare, only', ekrodi,
eccherode 'th\n, weak'.

References: WP. I 1 14 f., WH. I 394 f.
Page(s): 290

Root /lemma: eghero- {* heghero-)

Meaning: lake, inner sea

Note:

From Root/ lemma: eghero-: "lake, inner sea' derived Root/ lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro-\

"water current': lllyrian Pannonian VN 'Oa£piC(T£(; [common alb.-lllyrian-Baltic -gh->-d-, -z-
; Old Prussian -lllyrian -gh->ss-, 5-].

Material: Maybe lllyrian TN Oseriates [Osseriates) [common italic -lllyrian -gh->ss-, 5-].
The comparison from Balto Slavic *ezera-v\. "sea shore' in Old Prussian assarann. "sea',
Lithuanian ezerasm. (out of it dial, also azeras), Latvian ezersm.. Old Church Slavic
(j)ezero [coxumou /7>y- Slavic Albanian.], russ. 6zero6s., with:

Baltic *ezja\. " border line ' in Old Prussian asy, Lithuanian eze, Latvian eza, Slavic
*ez-b m. in serb. -Church Slavic y^z6 "canal'. Old Czech yiez" water weir ', Old Russian ezb,
russ. jaz' fish weir ', is doubtful, also the with Pannonian VN Oaspiarsg in the flat sea
surface (because of. of a it must be thrak.), and with:

gr. AxEpwv, -ovto(;, river of the underworld (therefrom Axspouaia K\\xnx\ and ax£pu)'i'<; "
abele, white poplar '), whose a (instead of £ or o) could indeed derive from axoc; " a
trembling, quaking, shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ';

Note: common gr. -gh- > -x-

Balto Slavic forms could go back particularly perhaps also to *azera-, in which case one
could place Indo Germanic *aghero-.

References: WP. I 184^, Trautmann 73, Kretschmer Gl. 14, 98, Jokl Eberts Real-lex. 6, 39.
Page(s): 291-292

Root /lemma: eghi-{* heghi-no-^

Meaning: hedgehog (*serpent eater)

Note: probably short form to eghi-no-s' of the serpent, serpent eater ' (see above S. 44).

Note:

Root / lemma: eghi-{*eghi-no-s)\ "hedgehog (*serpent eater)' derived from Root/ lemma:
ang^fh)!- {* eg^hi-, og'^hi- and egh/-) : "snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater)'
Material: Armenian c»z/7/"hedgehog';

Phrygian {*hiz^\q) z^\q "hedgehog';

gr. (*/7/£xTvoq) sxTvoc; "hedgehog';

Old High German /g//, Middle High German /ge/, Middle Low German ege/, Old English
/g/7, igl, /7"hedgehog', Old Norse /gu//'sea urchin' (with /"Old High German also /g/7, by
Luther E/ge/, Old Norse also /gu//);

Lithuanian ezys, Latvian ez/s "hedgehog';

Church Slavic yiezi. {*eghios) ds. (in addition russ. Jezevfka, ozfna^ blackberry ' common
/7>y- Slavic Albanian., ozfka^ bulrush' etc., s. Berneker 267).

Here probably following Balto-Slavic appellation of perch (prickly fish):

Old Prussian assegism. " perch ', Lithuanian ezgys, ezegys, egzlys. Old Lithuanian
ekslis, jekslis "chub';

lengthened grade Slavic *ezg-b, out of it *ezdzb, tech. jezdfk^ perch ', poln.yazo'z,
jaszcz {a\so jazgar^ "chub'; basic form perhaps *egh(e)-g(hlios^ hedgehog-like '.

Maybe alb. {*egH) es/7 "hedgehog', according to the shift [common Old Prussian - lllyrian
gh->z-, ss-\.

Maybe Latin {*eksicus) ericius -i, m. "hedgehog; milit., chevaux de frise' : alb. iriq

"hedgehog' [common Latin Germanic -s- > -a-].

References: WP. 1115, Trautmann 73, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 4912.

Page(s): 292

Root/ lemma: eghs{egh^ {*hegh^

Meaning: of, out, from

Note: Aspirata erwiesen through gr. laysnoc,.

Material:

Gr. £^ (dial, to,, before consonant ek, sy) "from', prefix and preposition m. ablative,
(genitive) and (Arcadian-Cypriot, pamph.) dative; Ionian Attic SKToq " out of ' (after mog

with T for 9, compare:) lokr. £x66(; (from zko + loq Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326) epidaur. to
£X6u), £x6oi reshaped, EGxaroc; " of the extreme, last ' (based on *£axo- from *egzgho-,
older *eghs-ko-), less certainly £X0p6^ "fiend, detested ', originally ' LandfliJchtiger ' or
"foreigner, stranger' from *eghstros, wherefore were created after aiax-p6(; : -iwv, -iaTO(;, -
0(; further £x6iu)v, £x6iaT0^, £X0oc;, also £x6£a9ai, an£x6avopai, an£x0aipu) etc.;

Latin e'A'(out of it e before b, d-, g-. A, m- etc., ec before i) "from', prefix and preposition
m. Abl., Oscan-Umbrian (about *exs) e-, e.g. Oscan ehpeilatas seV*3XQ pillaged, are
assigned ', Umbrian ehe-turstahmu^ drive out, drive away, expel, exile, banish '; Latin
eA-Zems "outward, foreign, strange; compar. exterior -ius, genit. -oris, outer; superl.
extremus -a -um, outermost; n. as subst. outer edge, extreme; in time, last; n. as subst., an
end; 'ex- tremum', ace, for the last time; 'ad extremum', to the end or at the end; in degree
or quality, extreme; esp. lowest, worst; 'extremum bonorum, malorum', the highest good,
evil; superl. extimus -a -um, out- ermost' {exterior, extremus, externus, extra, extimus),
because of in *e/r-/- indicating Oscan ehtrad^ outside; except, unless; prep, with ace,
beyond, outside of, without; except for ', Umbrian ap ehtre^* ab extrim ', Old Irish echtar,
cymr. eithyr^ outside; except, unless; prep, with ace, beyond, outside of, without; except
for ', acymr. heitham, ncymr. eithaf{ : extimus) its a- previously was restored from ex.

Old Irish ess-, preceding ass-, a, cymr. eti-, gall, ex- (e.g. in EA'c»i6'/7^s "fearless' : Old
Irish essamain, mcymr. efiofyn), before consonant ec-, prefix and (Irish) preposition m.
Dat.(-Abl.);

Old Prussian esse, assa, assse{W\Vc\ an unclear extension), es-teinu^ from now on ';

with hard / Lithuanian iz, is, Latvian iz, is. Old Prussian is. Old Church Slavic iz, izb, is
"from', prefix and preposition m. Abl. (-Gen.), probably also partly real Gen.; after Meillet
Slave comm.2 155, 505 zero grade Balto Slavic *iz{7); s. also Endzelin Latvian Gr. 33,
about Latvian iz 507.

WH. I 423 places also Armenian proverb y- (e.g. y-arnem' uplifts me ': Latin ex-orior'to
come out, come forth, spring up, rise, appear') and the preposition with Abl. /"from' here
(doubtful); also dubious is Meillets (MSL. 18, 409) explanation the Tocharian A-
Postposition -s "not at all' from *-i(s. common Old Indie gii- > ics-

Maybe alb. negative particle 5'"not at all' : Tocharian A-Postposition -5 "not at all'

About verbal compounds in several languages, as e.g. gr. ZK-cpipm, Latin ef-fero^ to
carry out, take out, bring forth, take away, remove ', Old Irish as-biur^say, express, *take

out' {*eRs-b'"erd), gr. tt,-z\\i\, Latin ex-eo' to go out, go forth, go away, depart, withdraw,
retire ', Lithuanian /s-e/f/, Old Church Slavic /z-///ds. etc., s. WH. I 423 f.

Maybe nasalized zero grade alb. A7A7e/r"bring out, take out' < Latin ex-orior'to come out,
come forth, spring up, rise, appear'

References: WP. I 116 f., WH. I 423 ff., Trautmann 105, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.
Page(s): 292-293

Root / lemma: eg-, eg(h)om, egd{*heQ-)

Meaning: I

Note: -gh- besides -g- is ensured only for Old Indie, thus probably secondarily after Dat.

mahyam.

Note:

From Root /lemma: ehem, eheu, eho{*egh-)\ "interjection, *an exclamation of joyful

surprise' derived Root/ lemma: eg-, eg(h)om, ego: I'

Material: Old Indie aham, Avestan azsm. Old pers. adam {*eg(h)om);

Note:

The shift g(h) > d, /is recorded in alb. and Old pers. alone see below.

Armenian es(from *ec, Indo Germanic e^ before conservative aniaut);

gr. Eyw, sycbv, boot, iw, icbv; Latin ego as gr. sycb has changed from *egom, perhaps
while *eY6v cpepu) stretched after syu) cpspu), egofero, and *£yu)v are directed after *£5u)v "
gave ' etc. (about Latin egomeV\ myself s. WH. I 396)? Faliscan eko, ego; probably also
Oscan /7V'I?'; s. finally Kretschrner Gl. 21, 100, Sommer IF. 38, 171 ff.;

venet. e^o'l' (compare mexo^ me ');

Gothic ik. Old High German ih {ihh-a^ I myself ' with the particle -a). Old Saxon ic, Proto
Norse ek, ik. Old Norse e/rand enclitic Proto Norse -ika{*egom). West Germanic also *Tk
(lengthening after *tu) in Old English To, Modern High German Franconian aich. Old Norse
also e/r (proto Germanic *eka", from which proclitic ek, ik, enclitic *ka);

Lithuanian as, old es, Latvian es. Old Prussian es, as{*eg);

Old Church Slavic azt (quite seldom yazb) from *eghonrR, nsloven. russ. poln.ya(to
explanation of aniaut vowels s. lastly WH. I 862, Meillet Slave comm.2 452); Common h >
y- Slavic Albanian.

Note:

Maybe: Old Church Slavic yazb derived from Swedish ya^'l '

Tocharian nuk^V after Petersen Lang. 11, 204?;

Hittite u-uk{uR) with rafter am-mu-uk^rc\e, \\ secondary 1', that against i/has related
from the 2. Sg. tu-uk^you (dat.) you'.

Maybe reduced nasalized alb. {*unk) une'V : alb. Arberesh uthe' \' [common alb. -k > -th]

Indo Germanic eg(h)om\s presumably after J. Schmidt (KZ. 36, 405) neuter; which
actually stands for "(my) hereness ' and it has evolved from the Pron.-stem e- which is
considered worth under *ghe, *^/7c» enclitic particles.

References: WP. I 1 15 f., WH. I 395 f., 862; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 209, 602, 6042, jrautmann
72, Pedersen Hittite 73 f.
Page(s): 291

Root / lemma: ehem, eheu, eho {*heQh-)

Meaning: interjection, *an exclamation of joyful surprise

Note: mostly independent neologisms

Material: Ved. aha. Old Indie ahaha, ahe, aho, hamhoeic;

Latin ehem, hem {an exclamation of joyful surprise), eheu, heu{: Old Indie ahd) "ach,
oh!', e/70 "hey there!';

Modern High German hem, hum, hm{: Latin hem); compare Modern High German aha,
oho\;

for Old Indie ah-, Latin eh- one could place Indo Germanic *egh- .

References: WP. 1115, WH. I 396 and above S. 281 e, o.
Page(s): 293

Root /lemma: eb^-{: ofo^-),j^^-{*hefo^-)
Meaning: to copulate

Note: probably a taboo with metathesis of aniaut
Material: Old Indie yabhat/" copulates ';

gr. oTcpu), oicpsu) " copulate '; oicp6Ar|<; " obscene ';

Dohc-lllyrian mythical PN O'i^aKoq " of or belonging to one's birth ';

perhaps Germanic *aibd^ family, a district, canton, province, region ' in langob. -aib
{Ant-aib, Burgund-aib), Old High German -eiba {Weter-eiba, Wingart-eiba);

Slavic *Jebd^ copulate ' in mss. jebu, jetf, Serbo-CroaXxau jebem, jebati {W\Vc\ newly
formed infinitive), etc.

Common h > j- Slavic Albanian.

References: WP. I 198, Specht KZ. 59, 1212, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 722^ (sieht in gr. 6- ein
proverb e, o, above S. 280).
Page(s): 298

Root / lemma: eig-, oig-{*heig^

Meaning: to complain, entreat

Material: Gr. oxkioq, ' pity, compassion, the lamenting ', oiKTp6(; " pitiable, in piteous plight,

lamentable, wretched ', oiKfipu) (Aeolic oiKTippoj) "have mercy on, bemoan ';

in addition verb *eigid\n Middle Irish eigid^ screams ', eigem\. 'cry', /o-formation in
lachtaid^ groans, shouts ';

Gothic aihtron " ask, cadge ' (denominative of gr. oiKTp6(; corresponding noun agent or
rather of neuter *oiktrom).

References: WP. I 105f.
Page(s): 298

Root / lemma: ei-3 {*hei-S}

Meaning: multicoloured; reddish

Note: extended (e)i-uo-, (e)i-uaye^' etc.

Material: Armenian aigi^ grapevine ' {*oiulia)\

gr. oi'n, on, 6a " service-tree, rowan tree' {*oiua) = Latin uva " a grape, berry of the vine ';

gall. /VO-, proto Irish /ua-, Old Irish eom., cymr. ywenm., acorn, hiuin, bret. ivin rw. "yew';

Old High German Twa, Middle High German Twe, mnl. ijf. Modern High German Eibet,
Old English Twm., Old Icelandic y/"" yew' {*e/uo-), named after the red-brown wood;

besides *ei-ko- in Old Higli German Tgo, Old Saxon PI. ichas, Swiss Tche, Tge, Old
English Th, eoh " yew';

Lithuanian ieva,jievat, Latvian (with irregular intonation) ieva^ alder buckthorn, alder
dogwood ' {*eiua). Old Prussian iuwis^ Ye\N' {*iua-), named after the red-brown wood;

russ. -Church Slavic iva, Serbo-Croatian Tva{= Latvian leva), russ. /Va'Weide', Old
Czech y/Va" yew, sallow '; Common /7>y- Slavic Albanian.

Old Indie eta-^ glimmering, varicolored', m. "steed, bird, antelope ' etc., Proto Indie PN
(14. Jh.) Aita-ggama^u6\v\i^ on a ram' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93), f. em, in addition (with /7for
/7 after harinT, Femin. to /75/7/5 "yellowish', compare also harina-' gazelle '): e/7a-m. " kind
of antelope ' (Schuize Kl. Schr. 123).

References: WP. I 105 f., 165, Trautmann 68, Kluge^s s. v. Elbe, Specht Dekl. 63, 205.
Page(s): 297-298

Root / lemma: ei-4 : oi- {*hei-4)

Meaning: pole; thill

Note: extended through s-or A, /?-, r-stem; qi-es-. Ts-. o/5- "shaft'

Material: Old Indie /sa "shaft';

gr. (*/7^ir|iov) oirjiov " rudder, helm ', Attic (*/7joiaa) oia^, -koc; ds.; gr. *oi[a]a
corresponds:

Baltic *a/sa as wellspring from Finnish wotj. (etc.) a/sa' shaft, pole of the helm, thill ';

e/-e/-\n Lithuanian felekstisi. " Deichselstange ', Latvian ieluksi, ablaut, ilkss, ilkmis6s.\
Lithuanian aile^ shaft, pole', zem. a///s" a knotty branch, rough stick, cudgel, club ', Latvian
a///5" shaft, pole';

ei-en-\v\ Lithuanian fenai. " thill pole ';

qi-er-\v\ Old Icelandic Old English ar^ helm pole ', that according to the loanword
Finnish a//ioand Latvian aTr-is, aTre, Lithuanian va/ras' rudder' based on proto Germanic
*a/rd;

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Lithuanian gw- > v-.

q/-es- a\so in sloven. Serbo-Croatian Czecli oyie "shaft' (Gen. sloven, ojese).

References: WP. I 167, Liden Studien 60 ff., Specht Dekl. 101.
Page(s): 298

Root / lemma: eis-1

Meaning: to move rapidly, *hot iron

Comments:

Root/ lemma: aios-\ 'metal (copper; iron)' : Root/ lemma: eis-1 \ 'to move rapidly,

*weapon, iron' : Root / Iemma:ye5- : to foam, boil.

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, hs^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Gr. Doric (*iasros) iap6(; (: Old Indie isira-), Attic (*iesros) ispoc; {r\ er, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
482), Lesbian Ionian Ipo(; {*isros) 'strong, lively '; further gr. (*isnao, *isneo) Ivau), iv£U) (if
read with i:, so that is deducible from *iav-au), -£U)) ' send away, empty, drain; pour out ',
Med. ' empty oneself ' (compare Old Indie isnati);

(*oiso, *oisomai) oiu), oiopai (oiaaaTO, dMUd\mbc„ av-cuiOTi, u)io6r|v, 6ia9£i(;) ' meine!'
komme mit meinen Gedanken worauf, verfalle worauf ', by Hom. with i: either through
metr. lengthening from *6-T[a]-u) orfrom*6-i[alio:, after hom. oTpai (from oiO|jai);

(*oisma) olpa ' stormy attack, rush', oipau) ' tear off ', beides from bird of prey, as ved.
esati a\so from shooting out the bird of prey on his nest (gr. basic form *oia|ja, compare
Avestan aesma-); here also still oTaTpo(; ' the gadfly, breese, an insect which infests
cattle; a sting, anything that drives mad; the smart of pain, agony; mad desire, insane
passion; madness, frenzy ' next-related to Lithuanian aistra ' intense ferventness, passion',
aistrus^ ardent ' (not better above S. 12); in similar meaning iarua^si opyi^srai;

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in hs^ohre- > Greek oi-

if gr. (*isa-osmai) iaopai ' to heal, cure; to be healed, to recover '.

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ah3"o- > Proto Greek > yao- > Greek iao-

Gr. (*isatros) iaTp6(; "physician, medicine man, magician; one who heals, a mediciner,
physician or surgeon (for there seems to have been no professional distinction)' here
belong, is dubious; Attic forms without Asper speak rather against intervocalic -s- and /"
against aniaut. e/-; it is not surprising by a cultural word would be of foreign origin;
Theander (Eranos 21 , 31 ff.) derives from the sacred name ia from, which would also
define the swaying quantity of i (the goddess of the art of healing 'laacb, 'Inacb f., "laawv,
'Inaojv m. etc., perhaps also the root name 'la(F)ov£(;, compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 80, as
ia-Rufer);

Maybe Hittite /sara{f.) 'a goddess of the art of healing'.

Reduplicated gr. (*ia-isno) iaivw "warm' has and requires /furthermore in spite of
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 681 , 694, 700 it doesn't belong to it; see above S. 1 1 and W. Schuize
Qunder ep. 381 ff.; after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 203 should explain iaopai the sound-
symbolic lengthened zero grade the root e/s-, it did not need to be separated of the
quantity difference because of iaivw;

wruss. Jesa,

Reduplicated laryngeal: Lithuanian A/se; Aioapoq (Bruttium), Venetic /4eso/7//^s > Isonzo,
Umbrian Aesis, Aesinus, (lllyrian Baltic substrate)

etrusk. aesa^'god', Italian *aiso-, *a/s/-6s. are to be kept away and barely equate with
gr. i£p6(;.

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Italic ae- = Reduplicated initial laryngeal in
h2"ahre- > Baltic ai-

Reduplicated laryngeal Old Norse {*e-isa) eisa^ storm along ', Norwegian FIN Eisand,
wherefore Old English ofost. Old Saxon obast^hasie, hurry, eagerness ' from *ob-aist-\

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Germanic ai-

here also Old Indie fsu-, Avestan isu-m. " arrow '; gr. i6(; ds. from */su-os, compare to
meaning oiaroc;;

Old Indie /snat/, /syat/" sets in motion, swings, shoots up (squirts out), comes floating; it
hurries, presses forward ', esat/" glides ' {esa- "hurrying", esa-'\he rush '), ^5/e "hurries
away' (Adv. fsat' approaching '), isanat^ he came floating ', isanyati^ comes floating,
stimulates, animates ', isayati^\s fresh, astir, strong; refreshed, animated ', /5-f. "
refreshment, invigoration ' (also in /s-ZrA//- "healing'), isira- (: iap6(;, Isara) "strong, active ';

Avestan aes- " set in hasty motion ' (present stem isa-, isya-, aesaya-. Old pers. aisaya-
), Avestan aesma-m. "anger';

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

Latin Ira, Plaut. eira{*eisa) "anger';

perhaps here gall. Isarno-PU, isarno-dori^ a door made of iron ', Old Irish Tarn, Middle
Irish Tarannu., cymr. {*ha-isarn) ha/arn {requ\re6 /"-), acorn. {*ho-isarn) hoern, bret. {*ho-
isarn) houarn^ iron ' as "strong metal ' in contrast to soft bronze;

Maybe alb. {*hesru) hekur^kon' : Spanish hierro: cymr. {*ha-isarn) haiarn, acorn. {*ho-
isarn) hoern, bret. {*ho-isarn) houarn' iron ' (lllyrian substrate).

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Celtic hai- = haohre- > Celtic hoi-
Germanic *Tsarnanv\., Gothic eisarn. Old High German Old Saxon Old Norse /s5/77"iron'
is because of /- maybe borrowed from Venetic-lllyrian *eisarnon before Germanic
alteration from e/to T, compare Venetic FIN 'laapaq, later Tsarcus, Modern High German
E/5ac/r (Tirol);

in addition the proto Irish PN l(s)aros. Old Irish Tar, Balkan lllyrian iser, Messapic isareti
(KrahelF. 46, 184 f.);

further perhaps Celtic-Ligurian-Venetic-lllyrian-Baltic FIN word /s-in Celtic FIN Isara,
Modern High German Isar, Iser, French Isere; *lsia, French Oise, *lsura, engl. Ure, etc.
(Pokorny Urillyrier 114f., 161);

Modern High German FIN ///, lllach, ///ercou\d also go back to proto Germanic 75-/- and
be compared with Latvian FIN /s//ne, IslTcis, wruss. /sfa{\t could not be genuine Slavic
because of -5/-) etc.; the name the ///er: *///ura cou\d be compared with VN the ///yr/r,
(common Celtic lllyrian -sA > -//- see Root / lemmai^es- : to foam, boil, bret. goeZ/'yeasV
{*upo-ies-lo-)\

Maybe alb. Ilura : zero grade alb. {*llura) Lura PN

the full grade *E/5- besides in Tsarcus sWW in many Baltic FIN: *Eisia, Lithuanian lesia,
* Eisia, Lithuanian lesIa, Lithuanian Eisra, etc. (Buga RSI. 6, 9 f., Rozwadowski RSI. 6, 47);
whereas Buga introduces back wruss. Istra, Latvian Sea name Istra, Lithuanian FIN Isra,
Old Prussian FIN Instrutis^ Inster ' and thrak. "lorpoqfrom *lnstr-\ yet one could explain
"laTpo(; from *ls-ro-s\

References: WP. I 106 f., WH. I 717 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 282, 4825, 491, 679^, 681, 694,
700, 823.
Page(s): 299-301

Root / lemma: ei-s-2, ei-n- {*heis-)
Meaning: ice

Material: Avestan isu-^ icy', aexa- n. "coldness', pamir. /s'coldness', osset. yex, /A-'ice',
afghan. asa/'frost' (if from inchoative formation *is-sR-l\ different Specht Dekl. 18, 201,
234);

Old Norse fss, PI. fssarm. 'ice'. Old English /sn.. Old Saxon Old High German Middle
High German /sn. "ice';

Balto Slavic *//7/a-m. and Tmia-vn. " hoarfrost ' in Church Slavic inej, //7y" snow flurry',
russ. fnejm. and Old Czech y//7/en. " hoarfrost ', Lithuanian yn/sm. (also fem. /-stem).

References: WP. I 108, Trautmann 104.
Page(s): 301

Root / lemma: ei- {*hei-)

Meaning: to go

Note: extended eZ-d^-, ei-gh-, i-ta-3indj-a-,j-e-.jd-.j9-

Material: Old Indie emi, eti, imah, yant/' go', Avestan ae/t/, yeinti. Old pers. a/t/y 'goes',
themat. Med. Old Indie aya-teetc. (apparent lengthened grade of Old Indie a/'t/, Avestan
a/t/" goes to, comes to, comes up to, approaches, draws near ' is *a-a/t/, with prefix a);

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2™ahre- > Avestan ae-

gr. horn, sipii " will go ', £? ( *eisi), z\a\ (Doric eIti), PI. ipev, it£, laoi (neologism for *'i£ai
instead of hiai, *h£VTi, Indo Germanic *i-enti. Old Indie yanti); Impf. Attic nia (neologism for
*na = Old Indie ayamX Konj. lu) (instead of *£U), Indo Germanic *eid. Old Indie 3. Sg. ayat)\
Opt. £ir| (instead of *ir|, Indo Germanic *//e/, Old Indie iyat), Imper. £^-£i (Latin /; Lithuanian
ei-K), 101 (Old Indie ihf, Hittite i-i-t);

Maybe zero grade alb. {e)ik-i: Lithuanian e/-/r" go '

Latin ed'go' (*e/-dforathemat. *ei-mi). Is, it, PI. Tmus, /?/s (neologism as Lithuanian ei-
me), eunt{*eJ-onti\ox previous *J-entJ), Imper. /"( *eJ), particle present /e/7s instead of *iens =
Old Indie y5/7, Gen. yat-ahi^J-nt-es, compare gr. Eniaaaa), Old Lithuanian ent- (instead of
*Jent-); Perf. n{*li-ar. Old Indie iy-ay-a), secondary Tvf,

Paelignian eite= "you go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass', Umbrian etu= 'to go, walk,
ride, sail, fly, move, pass' {ampr-ehtu, apretu^ ambit, circuitous route', en-etu= in-Tto), etu-
/^ "he/she shall go, walk, ride, sail, fly, move, pass ', eest, es/'he/she will go, walk, ride,
sail, fly, move, pass ' {*ei-seti), /er'be going away ' (demonstrates a Perf. */ec/), etc.;
Oscan eftuns{set) "they will be gone' {*ei-tdn-es);

cymr. wyr\ am', actually "I go' 2. Sg. tty/ (different about tvj// Stern ZfceltPh. 3, 394
Anm.);

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > w-.

Gothic idclja^\ walked ' probably = Latin n. Old Indie iy-ay-a; s. Lithuanian by Feist 288;
Old English eode^ walked ' is unexplained;

Old Prussian e//"goes', e/se/" you go ', pereimai^ we come ', Inf. pereit.

Old Lithuanian eTmi, eisi, eTti, PI. eime, eite, and eimi, eisi, ell(i), PI. eTme, eTte; Dual
eiva, eita, preterit ejau. Inf. eTti, Supin. eTtLi{= Old Indie etum\ni.); Latvian eirnu {o\der
*eTmi), iemu {secondary eju, *ietu, Lithuanian dial, eitueic); Inf. iet, iet, Supin. ietu.

Old Church Slavic Inf. ///(== Lithuanian e/?/), present idg, Aor. idt, neologism to Imper.
*/.c|h/> */o(£, > j(jj^ as also Lithuanian eidu^\ go' to Imper. *eidi.

Maybe alb. {*e-kl) ecr I walk'.

Tocharian A J//77SS ' we go ', B ya/77 'he goes', usually A7opresent yaA7e/77 "they go', etc.;

Hittite Ipv. i-it{it} "go!' (= gr. i-9i), medial e-/7^"come!'; pa-a-i-mi {paimi, with proverb
prefix *pe-) "I go away', 3. PI. pa-an-zii^-J-enti, Old Indie ya/?//), etc.; s. Pedersen Hittite
129 f.;

Maybe alb. hiki, ikT I go'.

unclear is the Indo Germanic basic form of a voiced stop i-Ja-at-ta-ri {ijattari) "goes,
marches'; compare Couvreur H 101;

-J-o- "going' as 2. composition part in gr. -nzZpc, among others, s. W. Schuize LEN. 4353.

^formations: Old Indie itf-t " gait, alteration', itya^ gait ', c/ur-/ta- {Avestan duz-ita-) "
hardly accessible ', pratar-ftvan-^ fruh ausgehend oderauskommend ', itvara- "going', vTta-
{*vi-ita-) see below; e/a- 'hurrying'; Infin. etum,

gr. d\xcx%-u6c, " mobile for carriage ', iTaM6(;, iTr|<; "( brave =) pert, foolhardy ', da-irripia "
Antrittsopfer '; c-grade oTtoc; " fate of people, destiny '? (compare " course of the world ', s.
different above S. 11);

Latin exitium, initium{: fem. Old Indie itya); itio^ going out or away; hence destruction,
ruin; also a cause of destruction ' (: Old Indie itf-)\ iter, itinerisu. "way, alley' (compare
Toeharian Aytart, B ytaryei. "way, alley', Hittite /-tar, Gen. innas^ the going ', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Irish etharm. " scow, ferry-boat '),
originally ///7-stem; com-es, -itis " companion '; itus, -us m. " gait ', next to which zero
grades *e'/-/^-s probably as base from Oscan eituam, eftiuvam^ property, riches, wealth,
*incomings ' (compare to meaning ' entrance, incomings, returning, return, entering, right
or privilege of entrance ' or " moving property ');

Old Irish Pass, ethae^ gone away, departure', ethaid^ Qoes', ad-etha {*-it-atj " seizes ';
perhaps Old Irish de//7"oath', acymr. an-utonou, mcymr. an-udon' perjury ' = Gothic ai^s.
Old Norse eidr. Old English a^. Old Saxon eth. Old High German e/b'"oath' (formal = gr.
owoc,, meaning perhaps evolved from " oath way, stepping forward to taking of an oath ',
compare Swedish ed-gang?, s. but above S. 1 1 .);

asachs. frethr apostate, fleeting ', Old High German freidr fleeting, bold, foolhardy '
(from *fra-iPya-, *pro-itios^\he the gone away, the departed ', compare Old Indie preti-\. "
leave, escape, departure ', in addition pretya^ after the death, on the other side ');

Maybe prefixed alb. Geg me prite {* pre-ita) "to host'

probably Old Norse vTdr^ capacious, wide, vast, spacious'. Old English Old Saxon wTd, Old
High German wit. Modern High German weitirom *ui-itos^ gone apart ' (compare Old Indie
i//7a-'gone, dwindled, missing, without', v/ta-bhaya- lear\ess', vTti-t "go away, pass over,
depart, seclude oneself and Latin vTtare, see below).

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic * hue- > gw- > g- ; Old Indie Lithuanian Toeharian gw- > w-, v-,
Latin gw- > v-.

iterative AM- in gr. irriTEOv, irriTiKoq el. sn-av-iraKcbp, Latin ito, -are. Old Irish ethaid
"goes', Umbrian (with secondary lengthened grade probably after eitu, eite) etatu, etato
"have gone, will go'; unclear gr. cpoiTaw "go here and there' (irau) with prefix *cpoi, to Gothic
Old High German bi-??), Latin vTtare^ to shun, seek to escape, avoid, evade ' = "(by Plaut.
m. dative) go from the way, go from sb '; doubtful, if here Latin utor{Q\^ Latin oetor, oitile) "
to use, make use of, employ, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, serve oneself with ',
Paelignian oisa aetate^ get used to an enjoying life ', Oscan uittiuf usufruct ', with prefix
0-, originally " approach, wherewith deal with ' {uittiuf sKxW distinct with corresponding Latin
itid\ still it remains to be clarified, if the present from * o-itarT\NO\}\6 be transferred in the way
of the root verb);

if oiaoj " will carry ' as " go up to something ' or " go with something ' as based on utor
from *o- + *//-? After Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7529 rather from *oi-s-\ compare under oixopai.

d'^-formations: gr. T0|ja n. " gait ', siaiGpir) " entrance '; doubtful \ad\\oc„ Attic inschr.
DIoGiJoq " narrow access, tongue of land, promontory, isthmus; neck ' (basic form *i(^^-
6^mos?a\. least the way of the penetration from a would not be clear in older *i0poc;);
compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 492''2;

Old Norse eid^ isthmus ';

Lithuanian Instr. eJdine^ in amble, easy pace ' (of horses). Old Church Slavic /ic/p"go'
(see above).

/7^formation:

Old Indie ema-m. " gait ' (but gr. 6\[ioq, 6\[}oq " gait ' to EEiaaro, s. ue/-\z[}a\ " set a
going, put in motion'); Lithuanian eisme^ gait, Steige ' with Lithuanian -5/77-suffix.

t^formation:

Old Indie eva-xn. "run, departure, way, consuetude, custom'; Old Indie dur-eva-^ of bad
kind, mad, wicked, evil'; Old High German ewa{*oiua) f " law, norm, covenant, matrimony
', Old Saxon eu, eom.. Old English aew, sei. ' law, sacred custom, matrimony ' (for
resemblance with eua' eternity, perpetualness ' pleads Weigand-Hirt s. v.); compare also
Gothic hia/wa' as, like' (if from *qf"d/uosirorr\ *q"o-oiuos, so also gr. noTo(; ?, see below
(7"&);

e-grade Lithuanian pereiva, pereivis " landloper ', after Specht KZ. 65, 48 from Adj.
*ejus, to ved. upayu- " approaching '.

^formation probably in intensive Old Saxon Tlian, Old High German /7/a/7 'hurry, rush '
(from *ijilian\ *eielid, formation as Latin sepelid); at most, yet very doubtful, Norwegian dial.
eili. ' gully resembling a dent ', Swedish dial, e/ads., Lithuanian e/Ze'row, furrow', Latvian
a His ' area, row'.

p'^extension in:

Armenian e/'" descent ', ijanem {kox . ej) "climb down, go down', ijavank'P\. ' inn ', ijavor
'guest';

Maybe alb. Geg /7jy "enter', huaj^ foreign'.

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > w- ; Albanian *hue- > hy-.

gr. Ei'xsTai oixstqi Hes., o'l'xopai " go away, be away ', oixvEoo "go, come', perhaps also
iyyoQ,, I'xviov " footprint ' (as "tread, step');

Old Irish degi. Gen. -eo'"guest';

Lithuanian eigat "gait '.

/a- in:

Old Indie ya//"goes, travels', Avestan ya/t/ ds., Old \nd'\c yana-hm. "pathway', n. " gait,
vehicle', Avestan yah- n. "crisis, (turning point), verdict ' (s-stem);

Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->J-, y-0\6 Indie Tocharian.

gr. "EiT-iaaaa "pressed, squeezed, being upon' (with -nt-suWix), epithet of Demeter (:
Old Indie yaff' the going ');

Latin Janus'0\6 Italian God of the doors and the beginning of the year; he had a small
temple in the Forum, with two doors opposite to each other, which in time of war stood
open and in time of peace were shut ', Janua " doors ';

Common /7>y- Slavic Albanian Italic.

Old Irish a" pivot, axle, cart ' (Indo Germanic *ja), a//? "ford' {*Ja-tu-s, brit. supplementary
assumes Pedersen KG. I 322 f.);

Lithuanian yo/i7,yo//i Latvian yay^,ya/" ride', Lithuanian yod/j///" ride continually ';

Old Church Slavic yao'lp,y^c/75//(s-extension *ja-s-) "drive, be carried, conveyed ',
particle Pass. pre-ja\rb, jazda^ihe going, riding', ya/o "herd, flock' (see to Slavic forms
Berneker441 f., v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 205, Bruckner KZ. 45, 52, Persson Beitr. 348
f.); in addition Slavic FIN ,ya/7a(Nowgorod), Jankai^Wua), 75/75 (Bulgaria), Modern High
German ^5/7/75 (Saxony); s. Rozwadowski RSI. 6, 64.

Perhaps also here Latvian 75/7/5 (thrown together with christl. Johannes) as a ruler of
the sky gate; compare above E. Fraenkel Baltic Sprachwiss. 134;

Tocharian A j/5"he walked ', B yats/'go', with p- extension yopsa' he entered ', etc.
(Pedersen Tocharian 231); compare Old Indie yapayat/" allows to reach to '.

Je- \r\jero-:jdro-:jaro- "year, summer':

Old Indie paryarfnT- {pari-yarfnT-) " calving after one year only ' (?);

Avestan yara n. "year';

gr. (*/7j(jopa) wpa " season, daytime, hour, right time', u)po(; "time, year';

Also alb. /7e/'e"time', heret'ear\y ' from Old French heure'ear\y ', from Late Latin hora'
canonical hour ', from gr. wpa " season, daytime, hour, right time'; again alb. ora "hour'
from gr. wpa " hour '.

perhaps Latin hornus " of this spring, this year's ', if being based on *hdidrd "in these
years', compare Old High German hiuru^\h\s year' from *hiu jaru,

proto Celtic *iara{*Jara), cymr. bret. /a^'hen', gall. PN larilla. Middle Irish eir-Tn^ chicken
' (Old Irish *air-Tn); incorrect O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 148 f.;

Gothic ye/^ Old Norse ar. Old English gear. Old Saxon Old High German yarn, "year';

russ. -Church S\ay\cjara^ spring ', russ.y^/ib" summer harvest ' (etc., s. Berneker446,
therefrom derivatives for one-year-old animal, e.g. russ. Jarec^ one-year-old beaver', jarka
" sheep lamb ', Bulgarian yaA/ra 'young chicken ');

Common /7>y- Slavic Albanian Germanic.

against it certainly here Middle High German ya/7 'row, way ', Modern High German Jahn
" way, row of mowed grain ', Swedish mundartl. an 6s.

References: WP. I 102 ff., WH. I 406 ff., 658 f., 668 f., 723, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 674.
Page(s): 293-297

Root / lemma: eRuo-s {*heRuo-)

Meaning: horse

Note:

Horses were often considered the most precioys sacrifice for the sea god. That is why

from Root/ lemma: sAr"'^- (correct alcS). ek"- {* hek"^ : 'water, river' derived Root/ lemma:

eRuo-s {* heRu-): 'horse'.

Material:

Old Indie asva-h, Avestan aspa- Old pers. asa- 'horse'; about osset. yafssee below;

gr. TiTTToq ds. m. f. (originally without Asper: "AAk-itttto(; etc.);

thrak. PN BsTsanioc;, OuTaaTTiO(;, Autesbis, Esbenus, Lycian KaKaapO(;; about Lycian
esbe-di^ cay a\ry' (Phrygian loanword?) s. Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 51, 67 {*eRuiio-m?);

Latin equus^a horse, steed, charger' (compare Oscan names Epius, Epidius, EpetTnus,
yet s. Schuize EN 2204, 355);

Old Irish ech, gall. epo-(\r\ Eporedia, Epona^ The Celtic horse goddess whose authority
extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final journey ', etc.), cymr.
corn. ebor\od\s' {*epalo-);

Old English eohm., Old Norse /io^'horse', Old Saxon in ehu-ska/k' groom, stableman ',
Gothic in a/fva-tund/"br\ar' ("*horse tooth ');

Tocharian A yuk, Gen. yukes, B ya/rwe "horse' with prothet. y(as in ossei. jafs. New
Indie dial. yasp6s.)\ out of it borrowed tijrk. etc. Juk^ horse's load ', from which russ. Juk^
gaumlast ' etc.

Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; /?- >7-, y- Old Indie Tocharian.

About Latin as/nus'an ass', h/nnus ' {r\u\e' , (under the influence of common Celtic -/7S-, -
/?/- > -nn-), gr. 6vo(; etc. s. WH. I 72 f., 647, 849.

fem. Old Indie asva, Avestan aspa-, Latin equa, Old Lithuanian asva, esva^mare' (the
formation held by Meillet BSL. 29, LXIV rightly for single-linguistic, Lommel Indo Germanic
Fem. 30 f. for previously proto form);

Old Indie asv(i)ya-, Avestan aspya-, gr. TnniO(; ' of a horse, of horses '; Latin equTnus^ of
a horse, of horses ', Old Prussian aswinanu. "kumys, mare milk', Lithuanian asvfenisvn.
"stallion', compare also FIN Asvine, Asva; gr. inn6T-r|<; " equestrian, horseman ' : Latin
eques, -itis m. ds "a horseman, rider', (letzteres from *eq"ot-).

The gr. word could exist because of tarent. epid. \kkoc, lllyrian loanword; compare
Pannonian PN Ecco, Eppo, maked. PN 'En6-KiAAo(;, the builder of the Trojan horse
'Ensioc;, VN EnsioT in lllyrian Elis, etc. (Krahe Festgabe Bulle 203 ff.); neither the Asper
nor I can be explained by gr., yet the various treatments from ku-\v\ gr. were not surprising,
because also the labiovelars are treated dialectically differently there (Risch briefl.).

References: WP. I 113, WH. I 412 f., 862, Trautmann 72, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 68, 301, 351,

499.

Page(s): 301-302

Root / lemma: elg-

Meaning: miserable, poor

Material: Armenian aikaik' miserable, poor, small, evil, bad'; Old High German iiki

"hunger'; Lithuanian elgtis^beQ\ evjge/a "beggar' (Liden Arm. stem 99 f.); kinship with *elk-

"hungry; evil, bad' is but quite doubtful; see there.

References: WP. I 160.

Page(s):310

Root / lemma: elkos-

Meaning: boil n.

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indie arsas-u. " hemorrhoid';

gr. eAkoc; n. "wound, esp. pustulating wound, ulcer' (Spir. asper after sAkw), sAkovq
Tpau|jaTa Hes., eAKoivoo ' I am wounded ';

Latin ulcus, -e/7s "ulcer' ( *elkos)\ to Latin ulcus probably also ulclscor, ultus sum " to
avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense ' as " collect bitterness,
rancor against somebody '.

The latter would be placed against it from Pedersen KG. I 126 incredible to Old Irish olc,
e/c"bad, evil, wicked, ugly, unlucky', s. *elk-^ hungry; evil, bad'.

References: WP. I 160.
Page(s):310

Root / lemma: elk-, elak-

Meaning: " hungry, bad ' (?)

See also: see above S. 307 {el-7, ela^

Page(s):310

Root /lemma: el-1, ol- e/-{*t>e/-)

Meaning: red, brown (in names of trees and animals)

Note: mostly A, u-and n-{a\so m-) stem, rare from the bare root, which seems extended

then with ^or R. In names of swan and other sea birds the meaning is "white, gleaming', as

in aZ-bho- "white' refined names (above S. 30 f), thus both roots are probably identical

originally.

Material:

A. Adjektiva:

Old Indie a/ic//7a-/7 "reddish, golden ', arusa-h^ fire-color ', Avestan a^/Y/s5- "white';

Germanic *elwa- "brown, yellow' in Old High German elo{elawer). Middle High German
el{elwei);

compare also gall. VN Helvii, Helvetii, perhaps also Swiss FIN llfis{*Elvisia). B. e/-in
tree names for " alder ', "elm' and " juniper ':

1. ■ alder'

Latin alnus^ alder' (from *a/snos or *alenos, the aniaut a/goes back to older el-)\

maked. (Illyrian?) aAi^a {*elisa) " abele, white poplar';

Hittite: ^'Salanzan- c. ' a tree and its wood ' (other etymologies in Tischler 15)

after Bertoldi (ZfceltPh. 17, 184 ff.) places proto gall. *alisa^ alder ' in many PN and FIN;
besides die later dominant meaning " service tree ' in *alisia, French alise. Modern High
German Else, lllyrian-Ligurian origin is proved through frequent occurence in Corsica (FIN
Aliso, A//stro etc., a/zo' alder '); compare gall. PN A//s/a, FIN Alisontia, French Aussonce,
Auzance, Modern High German Elsenz, etc.;

for Gothic is according to span, aliso " alder ' ein *alisa " alder ' must be assumed; Old
High German eliraav\6 with metathesis erila. Modern High German Eller, Erie, mndd. eire
{*alizd), else {* aliso), Dutch els ds.. Old Norse elrln., eirlrm.; air, glr{*aluz-) ds., Old
English alor6s.; Indo Germanic eroot is guaranteed through Old \ce\an6'\c Jglstr {* elustra)
' alder ' and llsfn" willow, Salix pentandra' {* ells-tr-Jo-; Middle High German dial, hllster,
halster6s. with secondary /?, as Swedish {h)llstei); an adj. formation is Old High German
e/y/T? "of alder '; perhaps to compare also Old English ellen, ellern, engl. e/o'e/'" elder';

It is to be compared further Lithuanian alksnls, elksnls, Latvian alksnls. East Latvian
elksnis. East Lithuanian aliksnls. Old Prussian alskande {Hs. abskande) " alder', yet one
will have to assume various basic forms *alsnia, *elsnia (with ablaut) and *allsnla
(Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 6, yet compare v. d. Osten-Sacken IF. 33, 192). The suffix from Old
Prussian alskande reminds after Trautmann an Slavic *jagngdb ' black poplar ';

also the Slavic shows old e/oablaut; go back to Slavic *Jelbcha {*ellsa): Old Bulgarian
jelbcha^ alder', Bulgarian (j)elha6s.; on Slavic *olbcha {*ollsa): poln. olcha, russ. olbcha^
alder' (dial, also elcha, elocha, volbcha);

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Slavic Albanian gw- > v-.

Maybe alb. verr^ alder' : russ. dial, also elcha, elocha, volbcha^ alder'.

Slavic *jelbsa, respectively *olbsa\\es before in Serbo-Croatian dial. ye/s'a (compare yie/^s/e
" alder bush ' from *jelbSbje), sloven. y^7s5, dial, gisa, jolsa 6s., russ. dial, olbsa, olbsfna,
elbs/na and les/na {compare Pedersen KZ. 38, 310, 317).

Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->j-, y-0\d Indie Tocharian.

As derived Adj. appears Balto-Slavic *al(i)seina- : Lithuanian alksninis. East Lithuanian
aliksninis. Old Bulgarian ye/6S/>7b (compare Old High German erITn).

2. "elm": elem-.
Note:

-m- suffix is of lllyrian Greek origin.

Latin u/mus ^an elm, elm-tree' goes to Indo Germanic *o/-mo-s or to zero grades */-md-s
back; full grade (but s. S. 309) in Middle Irish /e/77"elm' {*lemos).

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Latin gw- > u-.

There, one puts gall. Lemo-, L/mo- etc.; cymr. //tyyf'elm' falls out of the frame, that due to
the basic form */e/ma must be placed probably to e/e/- 'bend' (see 309).

Compare further Old High German e/mboum ' e\m' , Old Norse a/mr{\N\t\r\ ograde).
Middle Low German Old English elm 6s:, Modern High German Ulme, Middle High
German ^//77i?c»^/77 should derive from Latin (Kluge), what is not sure at all, because
compare Old English ulmtreow. Middle Low German olm, so that possibly Germanic
contains all three Abl. -grades; russ. flim, G. f/'ma etc. derives from Germanic

3. juniper and other conifers: e/-eu-, el-en-.
Armenian eievin. Gen. eievni^ spruce, cedar';
perhaps gr. sAarn "fir, spruce' {*el-n-ta)\

extended in -g'- suffix:

Lithuanian {*hielge) egliusru. (for *eA/s after egle^W) " juniper ', Latvian pa-egle\. ds.;

Note:

The name of juniper derived from the concept of "smoking wood, dark color' hence
Lithuanian egliusxw. is the closest form to primordial root. Armenian eievin. Gen. eievni^
spruce, cedar' similar to Armenian *alj- in aijaij, aijamuijkh^ 6,2xVx\es^ : Gr. C(xAu(; " fog.

darkness ', Old Prussian aglov\. "rain". Hence Root / lemma: el-1, ol- J- {* heghl-): red,
brown (in names of trees and animals), derived from Root/ lemma: aghl(u)- {* heghel-):
rainy weather.

Slavic *elovbCb ' juniper ' in Czech Jalovec, russ.ya/oi/ecds., besides /7-forms in wruss.
jel-en-ec etc.

C. e/-in animal names:

1 . 'deer and similar to animal.'

a. with X'-forms (Germanic Slavic olRis).

Old High German elho, elaho^e\k\ Old English eolh, engl. elk6s.\ with o-gradation
{*olRfs) Old Norse e/gr6s.; from an initial stressed form Germanic *ai^/s derives Latin
a/ces, alcei. and gr. qAkh f. 'elk'; russ. lost, Czech los, poln. /os. Upper Serbian /os'elk'
(from *olkis)\ zero grade: Old \n6\c rsa-h rsya-h ' male antelope ', pam. ms'wild mountain
sheep '.

b. stem e/-en-, el-Q-{el9nT hind '); zero grade l-6n-:
Armenian ein. Gen. e///7'deer';

gr. sAacpoc; m. f. 'deer' ( *eln-b'^o-s), zkKoc, 'young deer' ( *elno-s)\

cymr. elain^ hind ' {*elanT= Old Bulgarian a/b/7/; /an/6s.), Old Irish e//t'roe deer' {*eln-tfj
perhaps also Middle Irish elli. 'herd' ( *elna)\ ablaut. *lon- in Gaelic lonxu. ' elk '; gall,
month name Elembiu{: gr. D'EAacpnpoAicbv);

Lithuanian e/n/s and einias. Old Lithuanian ellenisxw. 'deer' (out of it Middle High
German elent. Modern High German Elen), Latvian a7/7/5'elk';

Old Church Slavic (/J^/ent'deer' (older consonant-stem), russ. o/ent etc.

Femin. *e/a/7/"-and *a/9nr-' hind ' in:

Lithuanian e/neand aine ds.. Old Prussian a/ae 'animal';

Old Bulgarian altni, lani^ hind ' (= cymr. elain), russ. (with junction in die /^Dekl.) lant,
Czech lanfeic;

in addition furtlier very probably as 7-c»/7-bhc»-s (witli tlie same suffix as sAacpoq) also
Gothic /a/77i6' "sheep', Old Norse /amb'\amb, sheep', Old High German /amblamb' (mostly
neutr. -es-stem, what appears basic Germanic innovation after calf);

Maybe Alb. lope^ coW {*lapa), Latvian A/ops "cattle'; also Swiss loobe, lioba^ coW see Root
/ lemma: lap-: cow

As metathesis from *elen- understands Niedermann lA. 18, 78 f. gr. es/ekoq V£(3p6(; Hes.;
Latin {h)inuleus borrowed out of it.

2. waterfowl: el-, ol-, with guttural extension or r-and ^-stem.

Gr. 1 . ikta f. " a kind of owl, a small marsh bird ' (to zKoq, n. "swamp, marsh'?); 2.
£Au)piO(; " water-bird ' (not quite supported word, leg. ipu^bxoc,!);

Latin o/or^ swan' {*eldr)\

Old Irish elae {*elouio-) ds., with /r-suffix acorn, elerhc, cymr. alarch {a-ixom e-, s.
Pedersen KG. I 40);

Old Swedish and Swedish Dialectal alle, al(l)a, a{l) (Finnish loanword alio), Swedish
written-linguistic alfager long-tailed duck ', Norwegian Dialectal hav-al, -ella; with Indo
Germanic ^^derivative: Old Norse alka "black and white North Atlantic auk, razorbill,
penguin '; a//ra could also belong to onomatopoeic word roots el-, c»/-"cry' (see 306);

Maybe alb. Geg alka, alke^ white cream, dirt, spot, fat of wool'.

because Indo Germanic -k(o)- suf^\x is common in animal names (above corn, elerhc),
could be also added perhaps: gr. aAKucbv " kingfisher ' (Latin alcedoseerws reshaped out
of it), Swiss wTss-eIg av\6 bircb-llge irom variant kinds of duck.

3. "polecat'?

Perhaps here the 1 . component from Old High German illi(n)fTso, Modern High German
litis an6 Old High German elledJso {Modern High German dial, elledels), ndd. ullek
"polecat', if from * lllit-wTso {\.o Modern High German Wiesel); Germanic *ella- from *el-na-,
because of the red-yellow hair; different sees Kluge''"' therein Old High German ellenti
(from elllenti, see above S. 25) " strange '.

References: WP. I 151 f., 154 f., WH. I 28, 31, Specht Dekl. 37, 58 f., 116, Trautmann 6,
68 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 137 f.

Page(s): 302-304

Root / lemma: el-2{*hel-2)
Meaning: to lie

Material: After Persson Wortf. 743 has defended a Indo Germanic root eZ-'rest' and base
*e/r-with consecutive pattern: Old Indie ilayati^ stands still, gets some peace ' {ilayati
should be faulty spelling), an-ilaya-h^ restless, not still', wherefore probably Old Indie
alasas 'idle, tired, dull' (to s-stem *alas- " tiredness ' as rajasas : rajas-, after Uhlenbeck
Wb. 15 belongs though a/asa-h as a-lasa- " not awake, not animated, not blithe ' to lasati,
s. las-^ greedy, insatiable '), Lithuanian alsa^ tiredness ', ilstu, /Ist/" become tired ', ilsiuos,
//set/s ' rest' , at-ilsis^ relaxation '. The dissyllabic basis points, shows, evinces gr. eATvuu) "
lie, rest, be powerless, hesitates, stops '. The whole construction is very dubious; compare
about sATvuu) lei-2^ crouch ' and lei- " slacken '.
References: WP. I 152.
Page(s): 304-305

Root /lemma: el-3. ol-i^hel-3)
Meaning: to rot

Note:

The extension of Root/ lemma: el-3\ ol-\ "to rot' into e/Ar"'^- caused k'^> p, bihen b > mb >

/77S.

Material: A root with variant determinative root.

without conservative extension seems to be the zero grade root in Norwegian ul
"become moldy', dial, also " fill with disgust ', Swedish uT rancid ' etc., holl. uilig^ decayed
' (from wood); derived verbs are Norwegian schw. ula. Old Norse Norwegian schw. ulna. If
Old Indie ala- n., alaka- {* ol-n-ko) " poison ' belongs here, it remains dubious.

mabe alb. /7e//77 "healing drug, posion, medicine, herb' similar to Sanskrit a/a- "poison',
obviously alb. has preserved the old laryngeal /?-.

clearly alb. shows that from Root/ lemma: al-2\ (to grow; to bear; grove) derived Root/
lemma: el-3: ol-\ (to rot, poison).

guttural extension lies before in:

Old Indie „/7/sa-/7" viscous, smooth, slippery ', Latin alga\. " seaweed, kelp ' from * Jga
(compare Old English m/os "slime, mud, dampness ': engl. m/cos "seaweed') and very
numerous Germanic, esp. Scandinavian-isl. forms, as: Norwegian dial, ulka' fester.

disgust ', refl. " start to rot ', ulka^ mildew, adiiesive mucus; repulsive, unclean woman',
etc. hereupon also Danish ulk^ bullhead ', Norwegian ulk^ toadfish ', further Norwegian
dial, olga " feel disgust, nausea ', elgja " want to vomit ' etc., isl. also sela ( *alhian)\
Norwegian dial, alka^ pollute, litter ', ndd. alken^ touch impure things, step on dirt '; -sk
show Danish dial, alske^ pollute ', ndd. alschen, Frisian alsk, a/s/r'impure, unclean, spoil'
etc.

Maybe alb. aike, a/Aa "floating cream, wool fat, dirt, stain' : Old Indie alaka-^ poison '.

That Latin ulva ( *oleua) " swamp-grass, sedge ' moreover belongs, is very probably;
Lithuanian a//rs/75 'puddle' could go back to *olg-sna.

Dental extension appears in:

Armenian ait {^ Id-) "smut, filth ', aitiur, eit/ur {under elteur) " damp lowland, depression'.
In addition Old Norse uldna^ mildew ', Old High German oltar^ dirt crumb ', probably also
Old Norse ylda^ mustiness smell '.

/7^formant is found in:

Norwegian dial, ulma^ mildew ', ndd. East Frisian olm, ulm^ decay, esp. in wood'.
Middle Low German ulmich^ fretted from decay ', Middle High German u/m/c6s.;
Lithuanian elmes, almens " the liquid flowing from the corpse '.

b'^-extension lies in Armenian aib^ filth ' before.

Maybe in b^- suffix alb. C/ia/b) ka/b' rot, decay ', qe/b' pus' common alb. /?- > k-.

References: WP. I 152 f., WH. I 28 f., Petersson Heterokl. 165 f.
Page(s): 305

Root / lemma: eM, ol-

Meaning: expressive root, onomatopoeic words

Material: Armenian afmuk'6\n, fuss, noise, agitation etc' {*Jmo), alavt'-k'^ imploration',

o/t* "lament', o/o/r' "urgent request';

gr. okokuq "lamenter, effeminate person', oAoAuyn " wailing, lament ', 6Ao(pu5v6(; "
lamenting', oAocpupopai " lament '; perhaps also Ekzyoq n. "dirge', zKzoq m., later n. "pity';

asl.y5//77/'"din, fuss, noise', ya//77a "shout, make a harsh noise, hiss, whiz, rattle, crack,
creak, rustle, clatter, tinkle, jingle, chink', Norwegian Dialectal y5//77,ye//77" clangor'.

Swedish Dialectal ya//77 "scream, harsh sound '; Norwegian Dialectal alka^ starts to
complain ', East Frisian ulken^ drive to confusion, cry, mock, scoff' (Modern High German
ulken), Swedish dial, alken " begin to growl ';

Lithuanian nua/def/" sound', algoti^ summon, name';

perhaps belong also the names for waterfowl from a root el-, ol- here (yet s. S. 304);
somewhat different is the sensation value from ul-.

References: WP. I 153 f., Pisani Armen. 8 f.
Page(s): 306

Root / lemma: el-5, ol-{*het-)

Meaning: to destroy

Material: Armenian elern. Gen. e/e/a/7 'misfortune'; oiorm^ unlucky';

gr. 6AAu|ji "spoil' (*oA-vu:-|ji), Fut. oAeaw, Perf. oAcbAcKa (older intrans. oAwAa) etc., after
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 747 6A- instead of *£A- after the causative *6A£U); oAekw 'destroy',
6A£epo(; m. 'ruin';

after Loth (RC 40, 371) here Middle Breton eZ-it'oe/' hunger' (to it'oe/ 'nourishment,
food'), bret. (Vannes) ol-buid^ lack of food ', o/-argantlack of money' etc., perhaps also
Old Irish el-tes^ lukewarm ' (/es'heaf);

about Latin aboleo'io destroy, abolish, efface, put out of the way, annihilate' s. WH. I 4
f.; if el- lies as a basis for roots elg-, elk-1

possibly Hittite hu-ul-la-a-F he defeats, destroys ', Couvreur H 134 f., different
Hendriksen, Laryngaltheorie 27, 47.

References: WP. 1159 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 361, 363, 696, 747, Petersson Heterokl. 159.
Page(s): 306

Root /lemma: el-6, el9-. la- ef-eu-fd'"-)

Meaning: to drive; to move, go

Material: Armenian elanlml become', Aor. 1. Sg. ele{*elei), 2. Sg. eler, 3. Sg. eleu-,

elanem^ I rise up, climb, ascend, come out, emerge ', 3. Sg. Aor. el, in addition eluzr I

made spry, animated ' ( *el-ou-ghe-), thereafter eluzanem ' I make come out ';

gr. sAa- in Imper. koisch sAqtoo, Fut. sAavri (*£AaovTi), Aor. sAaaavTsq and poet. sAaoo
"drive"; suppletive to ayu) (see below Celtic el-), Fut. Attic sAoJ, Aor. nAaaa; mostly eAauvoo
"drive, travel' (from a noun *£Aa-uv-0(;, Brugmann Grundrift II, 1, 321);

with d^-extension "come': Aor. qASov (from nAuGov), out of it Doric etc. nvGov; Perf.
hom. siAnAouGa, Attic EArjAuGa; Fut. Ionian EAsuaojjai; about Perf. EArjAupsv {*elu-), adj.
npoa-nAuToq " someone who comes', £nr|Au(;, -\iboc, ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 7042, 769^;

one places still here iaAAu) "send, throw, cast' ( *i-el-id), Aor. hom. Tr|Aa, Doric ir|Aa
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 648, 717); but Old Indie fyarti^ he excites, stirs ' belongs rather to er-1;

Old Irish luid' walked ' (7^^.^)^ 3 p| iotar{*liA^-ont-i)\ as in Gr. is supplied in Celtic
ag- "drive, push' by eA, however, partly also the root pel-^ to beat, strike, knock, push,
drive, hurl, impel, propel ' has coincided (see there), so certainly in Old Irish Fut. eblaid
"will drive, push' (from *pi-pla-s-e-ti), Fut. sek. d/-eb/ad'\N0u\6 wrest ';

e/- appears in Brit, only in subjunctive: present 1. Sg. mcymr. el(h)wyf, 3. Sg.e/, Corn. 1.
Sg. yllyf, 3. Sg. ello, mbr. 3. Sg. me a y-er I will go ' (yis removed hiatus; //7and //go back
to /+ intervocalic s); perhaps here die gall. FIN Elaver> Elaris> French Allier (*ela-uer-:
*ela-uen-, see above EAauvw) and Elantia > Modern High German E/z;

perhaps in addition as /7oparticiple (??) Old English /ane, -ut "alley, way'. Old Norse
/gn " line of houses ', etc. About Old Norse e/ta "press, pursue, drive away' ( *alatjan?) s.
Falk-Torp m. Nachtr.

References: WP. I 155 f., Meillet BSL. 26, 6 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 213, 507, 5214, 681 f.
Page(s): 306-307

Root / lemma: el-7, els-, with -Ar-extension elk-, elak-

Meaning: hungry, bad

Material: Old Irish ©/^"mad, wicked, evil' (but o/cds.. Gen. ^//c places *ulko- ahead!);

about Latin ulciscor\o avenge oneself on, take vengeance on, punish, recompense' see

below elkos-,

perhaps Old Norse ////""mad, wicked, evil' {*elhila-);

Lithuanian alkti, Latvian 57/r/ (besides s-a1kt) "starve' {*olak-). Old Prussian alkJns,
Lithuanian alkanas "sober';

Old Church Slavic /acg and a/bcg, /akat/ and alhkati, sloven. /aAa//"starve', Czech lakati
"long, want', where the stem Slavic *d//r5 derives from Prater.; in addition the adjectives
Old Church Slavic /5Cb/7b, ali^cbn-b, Czech lacny^ hungry' and Old Church Slavic lakom-b "
hungry', Czech lakomy^ greedy ', etc.

Maybe alb. /aA/77/" desire, hunger'.

References: WP. I 159 f., Trautmann 6 f.
Page(s): 307

Root / lemma: el-8, elei-, lei- {*huel-)

Meaning: to bow, bend; elbow, *rainbow

Material: A. Here names position themselves at first for "elbow' and "ulna, ell':

Gr. (JbAEvri "elbow', tbAr|v, -£voq ds.; wAEKpavov (from wAsvo-Kpavov through remote
dissimilation, compare Brugmann Ber. d. sachs. Ges. d. W. 1901, 31 ff.) " the point of the
elbow '; wAAov Tr|v tou (3paxiovo(; Kaijnrjv Hes.;

Latin ulna {irom *olina) " elbow, arm; an ell ';

Old Irish uilenn^ elbow ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Middle Irish u/7//nd^e\bo\N' (-
/A from -/n- the syncopated case, compare Pedersen KG. II 59), cymr. e//n, acorn. e//n,
bret. ////7 'elbow' {*olTna)\

Gothic: aleina^ \}\na, ell' shows the same long middle vowel, however, Germanic forms
have remaining short middle vowel: Old English e//7(engl. ell). Old High German elina.
Middle High German elline, eine. Modern High German Elle; Old Norse shows form
variegation: Old Icelandic seldom alen {0\d Norwegian also alun) with preserved middle
vowel, otherwise gin, eln{gln, ain);

simple root *dle-'\n Old Indie aratnf-hm. "elbow', Avestan ara^na- ds. fra-ra^n/- 'u\na,
eir. Old pers. arasnis ds.;

in alb. /ereGeg /ans' arm from elbow to wrist, ell ' {*/ena, yet compare Pedersen KZ.
33, 544) lacks the aniaut vowel.

Note: alb. Geg fans " ell ' derived from zero grade of * a/ana 'e\bo\N'

B. The same root placed furthermore in: Old Indie anf-hm. " pin, leg part about the knee
' {^arni-, Indo Germanic *elni- or *dlni-), arala-h " bent, curved ', artnf end of curve ',

probably also in alaka-^ hair lock ', perhaps in ala-valam^ vemeTun^jrT^i^vu
Baumes, urn das fur den Baumbestimmte Wasser einzufangen ';

rzel eines

Armenian c»//7(Gen. oHn) "dorsal vertebrae, backbone, spine, shoulder', i//iy "backbone,
spine, shoulder' (from Indo Germanic *c»/e/7, respectively *dlen)\ further Armenian a/e//7
(Gen. aieian) "bow, rainbow', //(Gen. ilo}/) " spindle, arrow, spindle ' {*e/o-), ///kds.;

Albanian mixed etymology: alb. ul-ber, ylber, ilber^ rainbow ' : Armenian afefn {Gen.
aieian) "bow, rainbow' contaminated by a mistranslation of Romanian {* curcu-beu)
curcubeu : Sardinian {* circu-voglia), circuvoglia, {* circu-vrongia) circuvrongia^ rainbow',
Sardinian Logudoresu arcu de chelu, {* arcu-baradu) arcubaradu, Sicilian {* arcu-bbalenu)
arcubba/enu 'ra\nbo\N (arch of the whale)', Welsh bwa'rarch, Romagnolo {* arco-balein)
arcobalein, Italian {* arco-balend) arco-ba/eno' ra\nbo\N (arch of the whale)'.

'Circu' means 'circle' in Sardinian, as 'cere' (> Latin circus) means 'circle' in Romanian
(circle > arc > rainbow). (Hence alb. ylber 'rainbow' is a compound of a 1 foreign word + 2
explanatory word).

cymr. o/wyn {*oleina) "wheel';

Germanic ablaut. */un/-\n Old High German Old Saxon Middle High German /un' axle
pin, linchpin ', Modern High German tonnage/, compare Old High German luning^ linchpin
', Old English /yn/-bor' borer', next to which a s-derivative Old English /yn/s, asachs. lunisa.
Middle Low German luns(e). Modern High German Lunse;

Lithuanian lusis^ axle pin ' (Specht Dekl. 100, 125, 163);

Old Bulgarian /an/ta ' cbeeW {*olnita).

C. further formations el-eq-:

1 . In names for elbow, arm, now and then also other body parts:

Armenian c»/o/r'"shinbone, leg' {*eloq-ox *oloq-);

gr. [aA^ Koi] aAa^ nrixu(;, 'AGapavojv Hes.;

Lithuanian uolektisi., Latvian uolekts^eW (originally conservative stem *dlekt-);

Maybe alb. i//c»/r "lame' : Middle Irish /c>5c"lame'.

Old Prussian woaltis, M/o///5"ulna, ell, forearm' {*dlkt-);

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-.

Lithuanian alkune, elkunei.. Old Prussian a/kun/s'e\bo\N', Latvian e/ksn. e/kuons6s., Old
Bulgarian /akbtb, russ. /okotb ' ulna, ell ' ( *o/kb-tb); russ. dial. a/bc/k{7) " ankle, ankle
bone; heel '.

2. Gr. ko^oq " bent, dislocated, slantwise ' (Middle Irish /c»5C "lame'), Asxpioc; "slant,
skew, quer' {*KzKO-pioq), A£xpi<; "quer', AiKpi(pi(; "quer' (diss, from *Aixpicpi(;, Saussure MSL.
7, 91, Hirt IF. 12, 226; whose /of the first syllable probably rather from £ assimilated as
with I = e, as indeed:) AiKpoi Hes. besides AsKpoi " the prongs of deer antlers ', Ai^, Aiy^
nAayioc; Hes., as " incurvation, trough ' Aekoc; n., Aekk;, AsKOvri "trough, platter ';

cymr. //echwedd ^s\ope, inclination ', gall. Lexovii, L/xov/7VH; Middle Irish /osc'lame';

Latin //c/nus^bent or turned upward, having crooked horns' (from *lecinos), lanx, -cis^ a
plate, platter; the scale of a balance ' (probably also lacuseic, s. *laqu-)\

quite dubious is the interpretation from Old Bulgarian /0/70 "bosom, lap' etc. from *loq-s-
no-^ incurvation ', also from Bulgarian /onecetc. "pot, pan' from /oq-s-no- {see Berneker
732).

D. To /e/-"bend' belong also:

Perhaps Gothic undar/e/ja' lowest, faintest';

Latvian /ey5"valley, lowland, depression', /ejs' situated low'.

1 . With /7^suffixes:

presumably gr. Asiijcbv "meadow' ("*lowland, depression, indentation '), k\[}r\\/ " harbor ',
Thessalian " market ' ("*bay'), Aipvri "sea, pond, pool' ("*immersion, depression bent
inwards, dent');

cymr. //wyrelm' {* lei-ma), nir. PN Liamhain {\.o *ITamh6s.), perhaps zero grade Middle
Irish /emds. {*limo-), nir. PN Leamha/n {whether not from *lemo-, see below el-f);

Latin //777£/s "sidelong, askew, aslant, askance; an apron crossed with purple; slime,
mud, mire', ITmes -itis " a path, passage, road, way, track ', Oscan lifmftum " a path,
passage, road, way, track ', ITmen^ doorsill ' ("*crossbar, crossbeam');

Old Norse limr{u-s\.exr\) f. "limb, member, thin twig, branch' ("*pliable'), limi. ds., ///77n. "
the fine branches which carry the foliage ', Old English lim n. "limb, member, twig, branch',
zero grade Old Norse lfmivc\. " trunk, Korperstatur ' (Lithuanian liemuovn. "tree truck,
Korperstatur', originally " round timber, curvature '?).

Maybe alb. Geg {*lemes) /amsh^baW of (pliable) wool, globe of earth, pool, spellet'.

2. With /■-suffix: perhaps alb. A///'-/e "valley' from prefix ke+li-r.

3. With ^suffixes:

Latin lituus^ a crooked staff borne by an augur, augur's crook, crosier, augural wand '
(being based on *li-tu-s^ curvature ');

Gothic //^^5"limb, member'. Old Norse lidr {u-s\.exr\) "joint, limb, member, curvature,
bay'. Old English lid, liodu- m.. Old Saxon ////? "joint, limb, member'. Old High German lid.
Middle High German ///, lldesxw. n. "ds., part, piece' (s-stem), wherefore Old Norse lida
"bend, bow'. Old English alldian^ dismember, separate'. Old High German lidon^ cut in
pieces ' as well as Old Norse lldugr^ {i\ey\b\e) a little bit movable, free, unhindered'. Middle
High German ledec^ available, single, free, unhindered ';

Tocharian AB ///- "go away, die, tumble, fall down'.

E. guttural extensions:

Latin oblTquus^ sidelong, slanting, awry, oblique, crosswise, skew' {-uo- could be suffix,
compare curvus), ilquis ds. (probably with /), liicium' in weaving, the thrum or perhaps a
leash; in gen., a thread, a cross thread; plur., the woof ' ("*weft'), llxulae " a round pancake
made of flour, cheese, and water';

perhaps cymr. Ilwyg {*lei-ko-) " balky horse', bret. loeg-rin^au askance look' (Loth RC
42, 370 f).

References: WP. I 156 ff., WH. I 744, 761, 798.
Page(s): 307-309

Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, /-, fem. T-{*he-3)
Meaning: this, etc. (demonstrative stem); one

Note: {e, /probably originally demonstrative particle). To /-is joined the relative stem^o-.
Summarizing representation offer esp. Brugmann Dem. 32 ff., BSGW. 60, 41 ff., Grundr.
I|2 2, 324 ff., Pedersen Pron. dem. 31 1 ff.
Material: A. case-by-case used forms:

Old Indie ayam "he' = Gatha-Avestan ayam, jav. aem (after aham "T widened Aryan *a/
= Indo Germanic *er, Indo Germanic *e/of stem e-, as *q"'o-/of stem /("'o-, not lengthened
grade to /■);

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

Old Indie /dam " it ' (without the secondary -a/77-extension Old Indie ft, Avestan /7as
emphasizing particle). Old Indie /ya/T? (extended from *h) = Avestan /777(i.e. /ydm), Old
pers. /yam^ she ', Akk. Sg. m. Old Indie //775/77 (extended from */m) = Old pers. /mam {that
after f. /mam etc.), Gen. m. n. asya, asya = Avestan a/ie, fem. Old Indie asyafi = Avestan
a/rj/ia, Dat. m. n. asmai, asma/ = Avestan a/ima/ Gen. PI. m. n. esam = Avestan aesqm,
Dat. Abl. PI. m. Old Indie ebfiya/i= Avestan ae/byo etc.; Gatha-Avestan as[-c/l], a each
once n. Sg. m.; of stem a- PI. fem. Gen. Old Indie asam =Avestan arj/iqm, Dat. Abl.
abhyati = Avestan aJbyo etc.

Maybe alb. {a-y) ay, aj/^he', i*a-yo) ayb'she' : Old Indie ayam'he'.

Kypr. IV ' him, her ' (seems also in piv, viv blocked, s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 608''); here
Lesbian Thessalian hom. la {*//9) " one, a single ' (originally "just this, only this'), hom. \{]q,
\r\, thereafter also n. hom. ico?; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 588 {*s{m\/as).

Latin /is 'he', /b^'it' Nom. Sg. m. (old also /s, insehr. e/s, e/s-dem, provided either with -s
Indo Germanic *e/= Old Indie ay-am, as one considers also for Umbrian er-eav\6 certain
for Irish (/7)e"he' such a basic form *e/-s, or reshuffled of /5 after e//us, e{/)/}; Akk. Old Latin
/m (= gr. iv) and em, doubled emem " the same, at the same time ' (from the parallel stem
e-1) = Adv. em " then, at that time, in those times ' and */m in /nter-/m 'at the same time,
meanwhile, in the meantime ', /n-de ' from that place, thence ', Dat. Abl. PI. /bus (: Old
Indie ebhya/i); Oscan /z-/c»' he ', /d/c, fdil<^ it ' (the affix -//<, -/c\s itself the solidified adverb
from n. */d+ */<e), Oscan is-id-um' the same ' and esfdum^s., Umbrian er-e^ he ' ers-e
ef-e^ it ', Umbrian Dat. Sg. esme/, esm/l<. Gen. PI. Oscan e/sun-l<, Umbrian esom{= Old
Indie esam);

thereout a stem *eiso- would be deduced besides in Nom.-Akk.-forms, e.g. Oscan eizois^
with them ', Umbrian eru-ku^ with it ', however, it is to be reckoned after all with an old n.
*ed, compare Latin ecce^ behold! lo! see! ' (probably from *ed-ke) = Oscan ekk-um ( *ed-
ke-um) " likewise, besides, also, further, moreover, too, as well ', and perhaps Akk. med,
ted, sed, if from *me, *te, *se+ ed, although this assumes only a more solidified adverb
*ed,

Italian eo, ea, in Oscan-Umbrian only in Nom. (besides Sg. m. n.) and Akk., in Latin
mainly in almost all case oblique (only e/^sfrom *esio-s, thereafter Dat. e/ stands apart),
e.g. Latin ea'she', eam'her', Oscan /uk, /be "she', /onc^hwn', under eam^her', have
derived from Old Indie Nom. ay-a/r? corresponding form *e(/)om, because of their ending -
0/77 would be perceived as Akk. and entailed eam^her' etc.

/ambyVam 1.1. 5, 166 and 8, 44 probably spelling mistake for eam^her'. - From Latin
here /pse'self, in person ' from *-/s-/Ose' (because of Old Latin fem. eapse), /s-Ze (however,
ille' that, that yonder, that one; emphatically, that well-known; the former, (sometimes the
latter)' only afterwards reshuffled ollus), compare Umbrian estu^ that of yours, that beside
you ';

Old Irish e{h§) "he' (probably *ei-s), see above; ed{hed) "if (from *id-a= Gothic ita,
wherewith formal identical Old Indie /da^now, yet'; but Lithuanian fada^then' required
because of East Lithuanian fadu an auslaut in nasal); Nom. PI. e(/7e) m. f. n. = mkymr. i/i/y
(hwynt-wy) probably at least partly from Indo Germanic *e/(additional information by
Thurneysen Gr. 283), Akk. Sg. bret. en'hwn, it' (prefixed), cymr. e(also), Irish -an- (also), -/
(suffixed after verbs; after prepositions partly also, e.g. a/r/irom *ari-en " on him ', partly
only more as having a lasting softening effect, e.g. foirirom *uor-en). Gen. Sg. *esio, f.
*esias "his, her', proklit. a, older partly still e, 3e\ cymr. *ei&- after the example of the
conjugated preposition to differentiated mcymr. eidaw, f. eidi, wherewith identical Old Irish
a "his, its' (len.) and "her' (geminated), cymr. corn, y, bret. e, etc.; about Old Irish
accentuated ai, ^e"his, her' and Dat. PI. -ibs. Thurneysen Gr. 285;

Gothic /is "he', Akk. in-a, neutr. //-a (see above) "if (in addition new formed plural forms:
Gothic e/sfrom *ei-es, Akk. ins, Dat. im. Old High German Old Saxon im) Old High
German er, ir, Akk. in-an, in, n. iz. Old Saxon in-a, n. it. Old Norse Relative particle es, er.
Runic eR, of stem e-: Gen. Sg. Gothic m. is, f. izos. Old High German m. n. es(is), f.
ira{iru). Old Saxon es(is), era(ira). Gen. PI. Gothic ize, izo. Old Saxon Old High German
ira, Dat. Sg. f. Gothic izai. Old High German (with other ending) ins, m. n. Gothic imma. Old
High German imu, imo. Old Saxon imu, of stem /-Gothic Akk. ya(Old High German sia

etc. with s-suggestion after Nom. s7), whereupon new formed plural forms, Gothic Nom.
Akk. ijds{0\6 High German sio)\

Lithuanian y/'s "he', Akk. y/ (to ani.y- s. Brugmann Grundr. I|2 2, 331), fem.y/', Akk. J^ (Jos,
jaTeic);

but Old Church Slavic Akk. Sg. f. Jg, Nom. Akk. PI. f. jg (about the other case s.
Brugmann aaO.), Akk. Sg. m. -{j)b in vidity-jb 'sees him', vbn-b 'to him' etc. (about further
Slavic supplementary, e.q. Jakb^ interrog. of what kind?; relat. of the kind that, such as;
indef. having some quality or other. Adv. qualiter, as, just as ', jelikb ' interrog. how great?;
exclam. how great!; interrog. how much?; exclam. how much!; relat. as much as; for how
much, at what price; by how much ', s. Berneker416 f.) rather from Indo Germanic^/io;

according to Pedersen Hittite 58 f. should contain the Pron. -as 'he' etc. ein oin ablaut
to Indo Germanic *es/c» etc. (?); since stem /■ has probably preserved n. //'it' in association
with netta^ and as you ' {*nu-it-ta) (Friedrich Heth. Elem. I 27); compare Hieroglyphic
Hittite /5'this', Akk. Jan.

B. Relative stem^i?-;

Old Indie yas, ya, yad, Avestan yd, gr. 6c;, ri, 6 'who, what, which, the one that',
Phrygian \oc, (vi) ' whoever ', Slavic *Ja- in i-ze, f. Ja-zee\.c., Baltic under Slavic in the
solidified form of adjective, e.g. Lithuanian geras-is. Old Prussian pirmann-ien, -in. Old
Church Slavic dobry-Jb (see Berneker416 f., Trautmann 105 f.). Dubious (Lithuanian yis/"'
what if, when ', Q>o\}(\\q, JabaT what if, when ') s. by Brugmann l|2 2, 347 f. (Lithuanian);
Celtic by Pedersen KG. II 235, Thurneysen Gr. 323, however, cymr. 5 can not belong to it.

comparative Old Indie yatara-, Avestan yatara-, gr. (Cretan gort.) oTspoc; ' one or the
other of two '; compare Old Indie yavat, gr. swc;, Doric ac; (*a:Foc;) ' as long as ', Old Indie
yad^ inasmuch, as ' = gr. 6ic, 'as'; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 528, 614 f.

C. particles and adverbs:

About the nominal and adverbial particle e, osee above S. 280 f.

e-, e- Augment ('*then, at that time ') Old Indie a- (also a-, e.g. a-vrnak), Avestan a-,
arm. e- (e.g. e-lik'= s-Ains), gr. £- (also n-, e.g. hom. nPsiSn).

e-in Old Indie 5-sa^'that' (besides Avestan had), a-dah^\hal, there', a-dya, a-dya
'today (this present day)' (stem compound?), ^/7a 'certainly, yes';

Armenian e-fe (besides f e) " tliat, in tlie event tliat ';

gr. i-xQtc,, s-keT, e-keTvoc; (besides keTvo^);

Oscan e-tanto, Umbrian e-tantu\ of such a size, so great; as, so far; for so much, worth
so much; by so much ', Oscan Paelignian e-co^ this, this one; this present; here; in this
place, in this matter; hereupon ', Oscan exo- ( *e-ke-so) " this, this one; this present; here;
in this place, in this matter; hereupon ';

Old Church Slavic 0)6-se^ behold! lo! see! ' (besides seds). Old Russian ose, russ. e-to
"there, that, that here', e-/c»/"that here, that, this' (besides to/'that'); serb. Bulgarian e-to
"there, that' (etc., s. Berneker259 f);

Maybe alb. a-/e"that, the one there', a-tot "they', a-tam. "they', a-^e "there' a
"interrogative particle'; enclitic particle of gen. and (attribute) adj. m. /(from he), f. e(from
she).

insecure Gothic i-bai, /-/^a interrogative particle. Old High German ibu, oba. Old Saxon
Old Norse efW and "whether'. Old English gif, engl. if 6s.;

about *eno-\'r\ gr. £vr| etc. see special headword.

To e-also the comparative formation Avestan atara-^ this, the one from the two, the
other', ds., alb. ya/(e)/'e "other', Umbrian e/ro- "other', Latin in ceterus' the other, the rest;
Ace. n. sing, as adv. otherwise, moreover, but ', Old Church Slavic etert, jeterb "whoever',
P\. jeterUJi) "some, few'. Lower Serbian wotery.

Note:

Alb. and Slavic use y- for the lost laryngeal /?-.

ef/(Nom. Akk. Sg. n.): about Latin ecce, medsee above; Avestan alio the emphasis of
the preceding word (as //, see below; Bartholomae Altiran. Wb. 67); probably also in Old
Church S\ay\c jed-in-b, -tnb " someone ' as "*just, only one'; whether also Church Slavic
jede, kyjb " a certain, a kind of, as one might say ' from doubled *ed-edox after ide in
attached ending *edl (Berneker 261, disputed from Bruckner KZ. 45, 302, compare Meillet
Slave comm.2444.)

e<yand dd{Nc\): Old Indie aV therefore, next; and; (in subsequent clause) so', Avestan
aa7"next, therefore, then; and; but; since ', East Lithuanian e"and but' (Old Church Slavic /
"and' is rather *ei), Lithuanian o"and, but' = Old Church Slavic a "but'.

e/(Lok.): gr. si "*so, if, whether ' (sT-ra " then, next ', £i-6£ " would that! ', stt-si (compare
el. £n-n) ' after that, after, since, when ', ett-eitq "thereupon'; besides dial, ai, Lok. off.
stem a, and n Instr. 'if; Old Church Slavic /'and, also' (compare //'and' of stem *to-\ from
Bruckner KZ. 46, 203 placed against it = Lithuanian tel), Gothic -e/ relative particle
(compare A'e/of stem *to- in same meaning), e.g. s5-e/'who, what, which, the one that',
after Junker KZ. 43, 348 also Armenian Abl. -ending -e. See also under /-.

e/77(Old Latin em, see above S. 282) lies before in gr. svGa ' there, to there, at that time
', rel. 'where, whereto, where, whence', svGsv ' there, from there, from where' etc.
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 628); about Old Irish andsee above S. 37 and compare Cypriot av5a
auTr|.

e-tos. Old Indie a-tahlrom here' (see below ef/).

/■probably in Lok. in Indo Germanic -/ further the base of the comparative formation 7-
tero-:0\6 Indie /-tara- 'the other' (neuiran. equivalent by Bartholomae IF. 38, 26 f.);

Latin /ferum' again, a second time, once more, anew '; further in Old Indie f-va'as'
(compare above n-Fs 'as'); in gr. i-5£ 'and' (compare n-5£).

i-6'^a and /-d^e:

Old Indie f-ha, prakr. /dha, Avestan /55'here';

gr. i0ay£vri(; '(* born in lawful wedlock, legitimate; born here ', hence:) inborn, lawfully
born ' (about i9aiY£vn(; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 448);

Latin /bF in that place, there ' (the sound development d^ to f, /? after ubr, in auslaut
directed after the locative the ostem), Umbrian //fe' in that place, there ', /font' in the
same place, in that very place, just there, on the spot ' (Aryan and Italian forms could
contain themselves also -d^e, compare Old Indie ku-ha =0\6 Church Slavic kb-de 'where'
[alb. /r^oto 'everywhere'], sb-de'\r\ere' and Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 627^);

mcymr. yd, yncymr. yo'o'verbal particle, corn, yz, yth-, bret. ez-l (see Pedersen KG. II
234, Lewis-Pedersen 243, Thurneysen Gr. 324 f.); in addition also Old Irish prefixed -id-
from *id(h)e or* /d{h)/.

i-t(h)-:0\6 Indie ittha, itthad'here, there', Avestan /Pa'so', Old Indie /ttham'so' and with
-/- (-/a or-//?) Old Indie ///'so'; Latin //a 'so', /tem'a\so, likewise', Umbrian /tek' in this
manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus, accordingly, as has been said ', mcymr.

preverb yt-, ncymr. yd-, e.g. in yryd-wyf "I am'; Lithuanian dial. //" by all means; as ', /'/, yt
" completely, very much ', Latvian //, itin " surely, just '.

^(stressed to the strengthening of a deixis word, unstressed behind a relatively used
word):

Old Indie 7(also Tm), Avestan ^emphasizing postpositive, after relative in ved. yad-r,

gr. ouTOGH, -\y (= Old Indie Tml or previously new extension from -7?), £K£ivoa-i:, el. to-T;

Umbrian probably in yOC»-e/"interrog. adj. which? what? what kind of?; exclam., what!;
indef. any, some; relat. who, which, what, that; interrog. in what manner? how?; relat.
wherewith, wherefrom; indef. somehow' (etc.), Latin in utf how (interrog. and exclam);
relat. as, in whatever way; as, as being; as when, while, since, when; where; how; o that;
granted that; so that, namely that; final, in order that; that, to; that.. .not' (from *uta-l)\

Old Irish (/7)/"deixis particle and particle before relative clauses;

Gothic -e/Relative particle in sa-ei, iz-ei, //r-e/whereas probably Indo Germanic *ei, see
above;

Old Church Slavic intensifying in /c»-/(see Berneker416), Old Church Slavic e-/" yes,
indeed ' (? Berneker 296).

Also in 1. part from Old Indie T-drg-^ looking so, resembling so ', Lithuanian y-paciaT
particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra,
notably ', y-patus ' lonely, only, apart, peculiarly '.

Doubtful, if from Indo Germanic *e/or I Old English Tdseges^ of the same day ', Tsides^Xo
same time', TIca {*T-ITca) 'the same', wherewith perhaps Old Norse F dag ^to6ay' (although
understood as preposition /) and refined afterwards Tgaer^ yesterday ', Tfjgrd^ a year ago,
last year ' interrelate;

It is unclear a/(Lok. fem. in adverbial solidification) in Old Indie a/-samah adv. 'this year',
meaning 'just this year - the same' as gr. iu) hmciti, s. Sehuize KZ. 42, 96 = Kl. Schr. 539^,
Holthausen KZ. 47, 310, Junker KZ. 43, 438 f., with Old Indie words also Armenian a/zm
combined from *ai zam. The same as mentioned before Armenian demonstratives ai-s, a'h
d, 5/-/7 contain *a/in conjunction with Pron.-stem *Ro-, *to-, "Wo- (Junker aaO.); compare
Benveniste Origines 129 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548 f.

jam{= Akk. Sg. f.): Latin /a/77" now, by now, already; of future time, immediately,
presently, soon; henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed ', Gothicya, Old High German
ya" indeed '; with the ending of Lok. Sg. in *-ou- the ^-stem: *Jou, t/i/ "already' (from
Kretschmer KZ. 31, 466 placed against it to *jeu- "new') : Lithuanian yaJ "already', Latvian
Jau, Old Church Slavic y^ "already', zero grade Gothic Old High German Old Saxon Old
English y^ "already' (the formation is similar to Gothic t^au, t^au-h. Old English t^ea-h. Old
Indie /^"buf to stem *to-).

jai{== Lok. Sg. f.): Gothic ya/" yea, in truth, indeed ', Modern High German ye (/ie/?),
Umbrian /ie perhaps " now, by now, already; of future time, immediately, presently, soon;
henceforth; further, moreover; just, indeed ' in ie-pru, ie-pr, but cymr. ie (disyllabic) " yes,
indeed ' from mcymr. /-erthis (is) it'.

D. compositions and derivatives (not classed above thus far):

Old Indie e-sa, e-sa, e-tat, Avestan aesa-, aeta- " he himself ' ( *ei-so, -to-, while
Armenian aidixom *ai-to-, see above; Oscan Umbrian eiso-, e/c- against it from Gen. PI.
*eisdm)\

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

(m) Armenian i-sa, i-ta, /■/7aDemin. from *ei-Ro-, -to, -no- (Junker KZ. 43, 346 f.);

Old Indie e-va, e-va-m'so', wherefore with the meaning-development " just in such a
way, just him - only him - only, one ';

Avestan aeva-. Old pers. a/va- " one, solely, only ', gr. olog, Cypriot olFog "by himself,
only' (Indo Germanic *o/ue, *oiuos); s. also above S. 75.

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h2"ahre- > Avestan ae-

o/-nos:0\d Indie e-na- "he' (could also be *ei-no-);

Armenian -//7the identity adverb andren^ ibid ', asten' just here ', perhaps also the
identity pronoun 5c»-//7"the same here', o'c»-//7"the same there', /7o//7"the same there' (" just
him, one and the same '; *oino-sa\. first to en, still in the meaning "god', that is to say "the

one', and in so-//? etc. weakened to -in, Junker KZ. 43, 342; for so-/nhe also considers */(o-
+ enos); different Meillet Esquisse 88;

gr. oIvo(;, olvri " one in tlie dice ';

Latin Onus, old oinos.

Old Irish oe/7"one'; cymr. bret. corn, un^oue, a (also indefinite article)';

Gothic ains. Old High German ein. Old Norse e//7/7 (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (here belongs Old Norse einka^ particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ' and further ekkja^ widow',
ekkiir widower');

Old Prussian a/ns{t aina) "one', ablaut. Lithuanian ynas and Inas' surely, really ';
besides with prafig. particle (?):

Lithuanian vfenas, Latvian i//e/7s"one' (because of Lithuanian v/cve/he//s ' a\\ alone,
completely ' from *einos), ablaut. Latvian K//75 "he' {*vinias, compare Serbo-Croatian Tn
from *eino-)\ s. Trautmann 3, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 356, 381 f.
The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-,

V-.

Old Church Slavic //7b " one; only one; one and the same ' and " another, other, different
', ino-rogt " unicorn ', i/b />?(?" on and on, always ', inok-b " alone, only, single, sole ' (=
Gothic ainaha^ solely, unique ', Latin unicus. Old Norse einga. Old English anga. Old High
German einac. Old Saxon enag. Modern High German einig), next to which Old Church
S\ay\c Jed-inh (to 1 . part, probably Indo Germanic *ed, see above) "one', from which by
shortening in longer inflection forms e.g. Jednogo {\nscnbe6 Jedtnogo), russ. od/nb,
odnogo.

Note:

This is all wrong etymology. Root / lemma: e-3, ei-, /-, fem. T-\ "this, etc. (demonstrative
stem); one' derived from the reduced Root/ lemma: eg-, eg(h)om, ego: "I'. Indie
languages display -g- > -y-, Germanic -g- > -g-, Italic -gh- > -cc, kk-, Slavic -gh- > -d-.

Old Church S\a\/\c: Jed/nh "one' [num o]; Jedbnb "one' [num o] derived from eg(h)omn
[common Baltic-lllyrian -gh- > -d-. Common prothetic Slavicy-, Baltic lllyrian i/- stand for the
lost laryngeal /?-.

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*g(h)omn) nje^oue' similar to alb. njoh {*gne-sRd) "know'.

With formants -ko-{as Old Indie o'i///ra "consisting of two') Old Indie eka-^ one; only one;
one and the same ', ekaffya^\he one', Proto Indie (in Hittite Text) aika-vartana^ a spin, one
rotation ' (Kretschmer KZ. 55, 93); about Latin unicus, Gothic ainaha. Old Church Slavic
inok-b see above e

Maybe compound alb. Geg {*nie uka) nuk, Tosc nuku, nuke' {*not one) no, not'

With formants -go- Gothic ainakis' single, spouseless ' (also above Old Norse einka
etc.). Church Slavic inogb " solitary, of male beasts which have been driven from the herd:
hence, savage, ferocious, a griffin or dragon '; s. Feist 22 f.

Similar reverting together with e-(e.g. Old Indie asau) and 5/- (Old Indie aisamah,
Armenian a/n etc.) see above.

It seems that root lemma for number one spread spread from Indo European to Dravidian,
then to to Semitic:

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *ainaz. Western: Old English+ an. Middle English+ an, English
one, Scots ane. Old Frisian+ en, W.Frisian ien, Frisian (Saterland) aan, Dutch een, }/V/S
Flemish \ev\, Brabants\en, Low Saxon een, Ems/and e\n, Mennonite Plautdietscheeu,
Afrikaans een, German eins. Central Bavarian oaus, Swabian oes, Alsatian e'\r\s, Cimbrian
oan, Rimellaais, /?/7e//7 Fran con ian aans, Pennsylvania eens, Luxembourgeois eent,
Swiss German eis, Yiddish eyns. Middle High German+ ein. Old High German+ ein.
Northern: Runic+ seinn. Old Norse+ einn, Norwegian en {Ny. ein), Danish en, Swedish en,
Faroese ein. Old lcelandic+ einn, Icelandic einn. Eastern: Gothic+ ains, Crimean+ene,
Italic: Oscan+ uinus, Umbrian+ uns, Latin+ u:nus, Romance: Mozarabic+ uno, Portuguese
um, Galician un, Spanish uno, Ladino unu, Asturian uno, Aragonese un, Catalan un,
Valencianu, Old French+ un, French un, l/Vaiioon onk, Jerriais \eune, Poitevin\n, Old
Picard+ ung, Picard'm, Occitan (Provengal) un, Lengadocian un, Gascon un, Auvergnat
vun, Limosin un, Franco-Provengal (Vaudois) on, Rumantsch Grischun\n, Sursilvan\n,
Valladerun, Friulian u~ng, Ladin un, Dalmatian+ join, Italian uno, Piedmontese un,
Milanese vun, Geno vese u n , Venetian o n , Parmesan v on , Corsican unu, Umbrian unu,

Neapolitan \iv\e, S/c/7/an unu, Romanian unu, Arumanian unu, Meglenite unu, Istriot ur,
Sardinian unu, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ oinos, Gaulish+ *6nos, Brythonic (P-Celtic) : Welsh un,
Cardiganshire^, Breton unan, Vannetaisuuau, Unified Cornish+ un, Common onan,
i\4odern on, Devonian+ un, Goidelic (Q-Ceitic) : Old lrish+ oen, Irish aon, Scots Gaelic aon,
Manx nane, IHellenic: Mycenean Greek+ e-me (*hemei). Classical Greek+ hei:s, Greelc
ena, Cyprioteuas, Tsakonian ena, Tocliarian: Tocharian A+ sas, Tocharian B+ se,
Albanian: Albanian nje, Gtieg (Qosaj) n'a, Tosl< (i\4andritsa)u\, Armenian: +Classical
Armenian mi, Armenian mek, Baltic West: Old Prussian+ aims. East: Lithuanian vienas,
Latvian viens, LatgaiianVv.us, Slavic East: Russian odin, odin, Belarussian adzfn, adzfn,
Ukrainian odin, ody'n. West: Polish jeden, Kashubian jeden, Polabian+ janu, Czech jeden,
Slovak jeden, M/es/jeden, Eas/jeden, Upper Serbian jedyn. Lower Serbian jaden, Soutii :
Old Church Slavonic+ jedinu, Bulgarian edin, Macedonian eden, Serbo-Croat jedan,
Slovene ena, Anatolian: Hittite+ *a:nt-, Luwian+ *a-, Lycian+ shta, Indo-lranian: Proto-
lndo-lranian+ *aiwas, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian lron'\u, Digor\eu, Avestan+ ae:uua-,
Khwarezmian+ 'yw, Sogdian+ 'yw, Yaghnobi i:, Bactrian+ io:go, Saka+ s's'au, Pashto yaw,
Wakhi i:, Munji yu, Yidgha yu, Ishkashmi uk, Sanglechi vak, Shughn yi:w, Rushaniy\:\N,
Yazgulami wu,; Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) iw, Parachi zhu, Ormuri so:, Westem Northwest:
Parthian+ 'yw, Yazdi ya, Nayini yak, Natanzi yaek, Khunsari yag, Gazi yeg, Sivandi ya,
Vafsi yey, Semnani i, Sangisari yaekae', Gilaki y^k, Mazanderani yak, Talysh i, Harzani i,
Zaza zhew, Gorani yak, Baluchi y^k, Turkmenistan yak, E Hill yak, Rakhshani (Western)
y^kk, Kermanji (S) Kurdish yak, Zaza (N) Kurdish e:k, Bajaiani'xVke:, Kermanshahi yak?'.
Southwest: Old Persian+ aiva, Pahlavi+ e:vak, Farsi yak, Isfahan! ye{\(), Tajik yak, Tati
yae, Chali\, Pars yek, Lari yak, Luri ya, Kumzari yek, Nuristani: Ashkun ach, Wasi-weri i
pu:n, Kati ev, Kalasha-ala ew. Indie: Sanskrit+ eka, Prakrit+ ekko:, Ardhamagadhi+ e^e,
Pali+ eka, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish yes, Welsh yek', Kalderashyek{\\), Syrian e.ka,
Armenian \aku, Iranianyek, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese eka, Vedda ekamay,
Maldivian eke. Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri akh, Shina ek, Brokskate.k, Phalura a:k,
Bashkarik ak, Tirahi ek, Torwali ek, Wotapuri yek, Maiya ak, Kalasha ek, Khowar i, Dameli
ek, Gawar-bati yok, Pashai i:, Shumashti yak, Nangalami yak, Dumaki ek. Western:
Marathi ek, Konkani ek, Sindhi hiku, A77a//7hakro, Lahnda hikk. Central: Hindi/ Urdu ek,
Parya yek, Punjabi yk, Siraikihxk, Gujarati ek, Rajasthani (Marwari) e:k, Banjari (Lamani)
ek, Malvi e:k, Bhili e:k, Dogri ik, Kumauni e:k, Garhwali e:k, W Pahari e:k, Khandeshi e:k.
East Central: Nepali ek, Maithili ek, Magahi ek, Bhojpuri e:k, Awadhi (Kosali) e:k,
Chattisgarhi e:k. Eastern: Oriya ek, Bengali aek, Assamese ek, Mayang a:

Dravidian

Northwest: Brahui asi, Northeast: Kurukh onta:, Malto ort, Central: Kolami okkod, Naiki
okko, Parji o:kuri:, Gadaba okur, Telugu okati, Gondi undi:, Koya orro, Konda unri, Manda
ru, Pengo ro, Kui ro, Kuvi ro:ndi, South: Tulu onji, Koraga onji, Kannada ondu, Badaga
ondu, Kodagu ond", Kurumba -onde, Toda wid, Kota vodde, Tamil onrru, Malayalam onnu,
Irula vondunder

Burushashki

Hunza h\k, Yas/nhek

Etruscan

Etruscan+ thu(n)

Semitic

East: Akkadian+ ishte:n, Central: Arabic wa:hid, Kashka-Darya iad, Saudi \Naah\d,

Yemen/ v\/aah\d, Syrian ^a.hed, Lebanese ^ahad, Cypriot Texen, iraqi\Naah\d, Egyptian

wa:hid, E Libyan '^ahad, N African (Darja) ^a.hed, Moroccan ^ahed, Sudanese \Naah\d,

Nigerian \Na:\\\d, Zanzibari\Na:\\\, Maltese wieh=ed, Phoenecian+ '-h-d, Ugaritic+ ahd;

Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ 'ahat, Modern Hebrew 'axat, Classical Aramaic+ xadh,

Modern Aramaic ahad, Classical Syriac+ hadh, Syriac kha, Vanhe;

South: Old S. Arabian+ '-h-d, South Arabian (l-iarsusi) \:a:d, fSheriJ i'ad, So co tra i' ad;

N Ethiopia Geez+ ?ah=adu, Tigre worot, Beni Amir orot, Tigrinya hade;

S Ethiopia. Amharic and, Argobba hand, Harari ahad, E Gurage ad, Gafat+ ajja, Soddo att

Goggot quna, Muher at, Masqan at, CW Gurage at, Ennemor Attic

References: WP. I 95 ff., WH. I 368 f., 399 f., 409, 671 , 720 ff., 869, Trautmann 3, 65, 72,
1 05, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 548, 588, 608, 61 3 f., 628 f., 651 .
Page(s): 281-286

Root / lemma: errto'"/-, empi-
Meaning: a kind of mosquito or bee
Note: With taboo variation b^ : pi
Material: Gr. spnic;, -i5oq 'a mosquito ';

Old High German //77i6'/ (oldest evidence impi pTano), Middle High German imbe {* embi-
o) "swarm of bees, beehive', previously late-Middle High German "bee'. Modern High
German Imme, changing through ablaut Old English imbe{*umbia) "swarm of bees'.

References: WP. I 125, WH. I 57.
Page(s):311

Root / lemma: em-, em-{*huem-)

Meaning: to take

Grammatical information: originally athematisches present

Material: Latin emo, -ere, e/77/"(Lithuanian emiau), emptum{= Lithuanian iifitas. Old

Prussian /mtat. Old Bulgarian yi^/fc) "take (only in compounds), buy'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. marr' take' < Lat emere " take'.

Oscan pert-emesV to take away entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder,

prevent ', pert-emusV taken away entirely ', per-emusf has taken wholly, seized entirely,

taken possession of, seized, occupied ' (to Perf. *emed), pert-umum 'shaW take away

entirely, annihilate, extinguish, destroy, cut off, hinder, prevent ' (assil. from * pertemom);

Umbrian emantu{i) "be taken without effort, received, got, accepted ' emps^ taken out,

taken away, removed ';

Old Irish em- in ar-fo-em-^iake, receive ', verbal noun airitiu{: Latin emptid, Lithuanian
is-imtis^ exception '), dT-em-^ shield ', etc.;

Lithuanian imu, preterit emiau, /mf/"take'. East Lithuanian present ye/77Z/, Old Prussian
//77/ds.; Labj\anJ^mu,Jemu,Jemtan6jemt, besides hemu, hemu, /fe/??/ (probably through
contamination an equivalent originated from Gothic n/man^take', Endzelin, Latvian Gr.
564);

Old Church Slavic img{bmg, compare vbz-mg' take away ', etc.) yl?// "take' (perfective),
besides imperfect: ye/77/p, /mat/ds., and as "have': stative verb imamt, imejq, imeti {*ema-,
*eme-);

besides Indo Germanic em- formant the rhyme rooisjem- and nem-, probably originally
different and only secondary now and then adapted;

Hittite u-e-mi-Ja-mi {u-emijamRl) "I catch, find', Pedersen Hittite 82'', 135.

Note:

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals: similar to Hittite huek-, huk- " adjure ', Tocharian A
wak\., B M/e/r "voice'.

References: WP. I 124 f., WH. I 400 ff., 862; Trautmann 103 f., Meillet Slave communs 80,
203 f., EM2 300f.
Page(s): 310-311

Root / lemma: {endo^-f), errt^-, orrt^-, ndo^-{n§o^-?), ixb^-{* hen-nto^el-)

Meaning: navel

The initial laryngeal was transaformed into a vowel which was immediately nasalized.

Note: plural with Aformant.

Material: Old Indie [nasalized * h2anmbhya] nabhya-u. "hub", nabhi-i. "navel, hub, kinship',

nabhTla-v\. (uncovered) " pubic region, navel dent'; Avestan naba-nazdista- " der

verwandtschaftlich nachststehende ', besides with Aryan ph: Avestan nafo, npers. naf

"navel';

gr. 6|j(paA6(; (Nom. PI. also b\x(^aKz(^) "navel, shield boss ', probably also 6|j(paK£(; " the
unripe grapes or olives or other fruit ' (als nabelartig vorgestijlpte Knopfchen), 6|j(paKi(; "
cup of the acorn of Valonia oak, used for tanning, and as an astringent medicine';

Maybe zero grade in alb. mbulonj^ coyer, shield, protect'.

Latin umb/7/cus 'naveV, umbo, -on/s' a swelling, rounded elevation, knob, shield boss ';

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *bue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-,
V-, Latin gw- > u-.

Old Irish imbliu^uayey {*embildn-). Middle Irish imlecan6s. (an attempt to the suffix
explanation by Pedersen KG. I 495);

Old High German naba. Old English nafu. Old Icelandic /?(?/" hub of a wheel' (also in Old
High German naba-ger. Old English nafu-gar. Old Icelandic /7a/^/r"grober borer'). Old
High German nabalo. Old English nafela. Old Icelandic nafl/'naveV; in addition after Liden
KZ. 61, 17 Old High German amban, ambon, m. (ostem) "paunch'. Old Saxon ambon'
the belly, abdomen ', Nom. Akk. PI. m. o/7-stem (Germanic * amban-, Indo Germanic
* orrid^on-);

Old Prussian nabis'\\\s\i, navel', Latvian naba^naveV.

Perhaps here Old English umbor'smaW kid, child', also the Italian VN Umbri{*rrb^-),
other ablaut in Germanic VN /4/77/7/'o/7es(*c»/77b'^-) different Kretschmer Gl. 21, 11 6 f.

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Old Prussian Lithuanian Tocharian gw- > w-,
V-, Italic gw- > u-.

References: WP. I 130, EM 1122, Specht Dekl. 100.
Page(s): 314-315

Root / lemma: {en^'^-Z): ndo^-, eirt^-, ipc:i^-{* hen-nio^el-)

Meaning: wet, damp; water; clouds

The initial laryngeal was transaformed into a vowel which was immediately nasalized.

Note: (Kontaminationsform nent)'^-); partly emb- omb-irorc\ errio!^-, ont)^-

Material: neb^os-:0\d Indie n^^as-n. 'fog, haze, mist, clouds, airspace, sky, heaven',

besides root inflection in lengthened grade f. Plur. n^'^ah{7); Avestan nat>ah-n. PI. "

airspace, sky, heaven';

gr. vi(poq, -out; n. "cloud, fog' (Denom. primary form ^uvvscpsi " e^jmzieh^ich ',
^uvvEvocps 'it is cloudy');

also (see below nem- "bend') Old Irish nem{n. es-stem), nir. neamh, cymr. corn, nef
"sky, heaven';

Old Bulgarian nebo, -esen. "sky, heaven', to /-stem reshaped in Lithuanian debesisi.
and m. "cloud' (but older konson. PI., e.g. Gen. PI. debesiji dior n through influence of
dangus'sky, heaven');

Note:

Common n- > nd- > d-

Hittite ne-pi-is{nebis) n. "sky, heaven' Gen. nebisas,

with Aforms [n^'^eli):

gr. vEcpsAr) "cloud, fog' = Latin nebu/a^\r\aze, mist, fog, cloud';

maybe alb. {* nebula), avu//'vapor, steam, *cloud' [the shift b > v\ from the same root as
Rumanian abur'iog'.

but Old Irish nelxw., Gen. /7/i///"cloud, fog' not from *ndo^lo-, but loanword from cymr.
niwi, nifwl, ncorn. n/u/ds. (that again after Loth RC 20, 346 f. loanword from late Latin
* nibulus f r nubilus) ;

Old High German nebulxw. 'fog', Old Saxon neba/log, darkness'. Old English n/fo/6s.,
Old Icelandic n/f/-he/mrbe\o\N likewise, /t/o/' darkness, night' (Germanic *neb/a-an6
*nibula- ixoxr\ -elo-\ Old Icelandic nifl- from *nibila-)\

Maybe alb. {*njdl) n/o//e '{\Nh\te stain), bad vision' : Old Icelandic at/o/' darkness, night '].

doubtful Old Indie nabbanu-m., nabhanu-i., probably "wellspring'; Avestan aiwi-naptJm
astrhe (befeuchtet =) besudelt with blood', napta- "humid, wet' {*nab-ta-), npers. neft^
naphtha ';

perhaps here Latin Neptunus^ God of the springs and rivers, then of the sea, son of
Saturn and brother of Jupiter ' from *neb^-tu-s, of -p- in skyth. FIN Naparis, Old pers.
spring, fountain N Nanac; derives from Iran, apa- 'water, wellspring' (Brandenstein, OLZ
1940, 435 ff.).

iXb^-(ro-).

Old Indie abbra-m. " gloomy weather, cloudiness ', n. "cloud, airspace' {*/rib'^ros),
Avestan awra-n. "cloud'; remains far off because of the meaning gr. a(pp6(; "scum, froth,
foam'(MeilletBSL31,51);

in /-Dekl. converted Latin imber, imbris^ a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring
rain ' = Oscan Anafrfss, probably " a rain, heavy rain, violent rain, shower, pouring rain '.

Here also the river names gall. *Ambra, mcymr. Amir, Amyras well as Modern High
German Amperand Ammer{Ce\\.\c *Ambra), Emmer{Ce\Wc *Ambria)\ in addition also engl.
Amber, French Ambre, Ambrole; span. Ambron, Ambror, Italian Ambra, Ambria, Ambro,
Ambrioeic, latter are particular Venetic-lllyrian; compare without formant /"gall, inter
ambes^ between streams ', ambe' a small stream, brook ', abrit. Amboglanna ^bauk,
shore of the stream', as well as Armenian ambav\6 (with Indo Germanic b) a/77yC> "cloud'.

emb(h)-. omb(h)-:

Old Indie ambbas-n. " rainwater'; ambun. "water', gr. 6|jppo(; m. "rain' (to it* compare
above Armenian ampan6 Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333); here also lak. opcpa "smell, odor,
breath, breeze'. Arcadian euopcpog "wohlriechend', etc.

nerrt^-.

Pahlavi namb, nam, npers. nem^ moist, humidity ', Pahlavi nambJtan^ moisten ';

Latin nimbus^ cloud, mist; esp. a blacl< rain-cloud; a storm, shower '.

From Slavic languages the cognate for sky, cloud passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *iii6bu
Meaning: to pour
Turkic protofomn: *ju(b)-
l\^ongolian protoform: *jevu-le-
Tungus protoform: *hiabe-
Korean protoform: *nub-

Note: TMC 1, 352. It is tempting to compare also Evk. hewte, Evn. hewte 'spring, well'
(*'washing or pouring place') and perhaps also OJ mjiwo 'water-way, seaway' (if mji- is to
be analysed as 'water', the -wo part stays completely obscure).

References: WP. I 131, WH. 1681, II 151 f., Specht Dekl. 16f.
Page(s): 315-316

Root / lemma: eneR-, neR-, enR-, nR- {*henek-)

l\^eaning: to reach; to obtain

l\1aterial: Old Indie asnoti, Avestan asnaoiti{ *nR-neu-) " if something is obtained, achieved

', Perf. Old Indie anamsa {\v\6o Germanic *dn-onRe= Old Irish ro-anaic)\

Old Indie nasati, Avestan -nasaiti{*neR-, originally probably athematic, compare 2. Sg.
naRs/etc), Old Indie naRsat/" achieved, attained ', Desid. anaRsati^ tries to reach, strives
for ', amsa-h m. " allotment ', Avestan ^sa- " party ', Old Indie namsa-h m. " obtainment ', -
narhsana- (hybridization from arhs- and nas-)\ common Old Indie gh- > Rs-

Armenian hasrhave arrived ', thereafter hasanem^ come to close to something, arrive
'; after Pisani Armen. 5 here hunJ-R', bnjo-c^ harvest' ( *onRos);

Maybe alb. has, alb. (Calabria) {*Re-hasem) Reyasem' encounter'

gr. {*heneR-) Si-nvEKnq " passing through distance = unbroken, perpetual ' (Doric and
Attic SiavEKnq from *5ia-r|V£Kn(;?, different Boisacq s. v.), no5-r|V£Kn(; ' bis zu den Fijften
herabreichend ', Soup-nvsKng " a far javelin-throwing ' = ' as far as one's spear can reach '

or pass. " obtain a javelin ', as K£VTp-r|V£Kn(; " tlie goad, prick (obtain =) set in motion, prick,
drive on '; Pass. Aor. riv£x6r|v ' wurde getragen ', Perf. KOT-nvoKa Hes., £v-r|voxa (£v- is
therein probably reduplication; also in Med. £v-nv£YMCii, joined as 3. Sg. £v-riv£YKTai instead
of *£v-r|V£KTai, after Aor. £V£yk£Tv);

*enR- in Redupl. Aor. £v-£yk-£Tv ( *enR-enR-) 'bear, carry'; see below Hittite henkzr,

*onR-\n 6yko(; Tracht, load' (= Old Indie amsa-h, Balto Slavic *nasa-)\

riv£iKa against it to root *seik- ' suffice, reach ', see there and Boisacq 251 f. m.
Lithuanian; through hybridization with it became nv£YKOv to nv£YKa, nv£iYKa;

Latin nactus {and nanctus) sum, nanc/sc/ {arch, also nancio, -Tre) " to light upon, obtain,
meet ' {-a- = e, so nactus = Germanic *nuh-ta-\ the nasalization of present is probably
secondary (Kuiper Nasalpras. 163);

Old Irish ro-icc' reaches ', do-icc^ comes ', a/r-zcc- "find', con-icc-^be able' etc.;
probably in the themat. conjugation transferred lengthened gradees *enR-ti, from which
*Tnk-, *mc-, icc-\ verbal nouns nchtu, tTchtu, s-Konj. -/"from *enRst, Perf. ro-anaic {see
above); 5-preterit du-uicc{*onR-i-s-t} "has brought' etc. see below S. 347; zero grade nR-\r\
cymr. o'/-5/7c "escape, flee', cyfranc {*Rom-ro-anRo-) = Old Irish comracc^ encounter'; after
Loth RC 40, 353 Irish oc, cymr. wnc, wng 'by' from *onRo- " neighborhood '?; in addition
mcymr. ec/7-w77^ "expulsion'; after Vendryes (MSL 13, 394) here also the gall. VN *Selva-
/7e'c/e5(latinis. Silvanectes) " property which is acquired ', to Old Irish selb' possession ';

Gothic ganah (preterit-present) " it suffices = is enough, it meets the needs ', Inf.
ganauhan {about Germanic *nuh- see above). Old High German ginah. Old English
geneahds.; Gothic *binauhan' be permitted ', Got\r\\c ganauham., Old High German (etc.)
ginuhti. " sufficiency '; o-grade: Gothic ganohs " sufficient, much, a lot of. Old English
genoh, genog. Old Norse (g)ndgr. Old High German ginuog' sufficient ' etc.; e-grade, as it
seems. Old Norse na' approach, reach, obtain ', Old English (ge)nsegan' approach to
somebody, address, attack ';

about Gothic ne/vAdv. " approach, come near to, close to, adjacent to, nearby, near ',
nefva ds.. Old Saxon nah. Old English neah' nearby, close at hand, near, close in time ',
preposition " nearby, next to, alongside ', Old High German nah Ad]. " adjacent ', Adv.-
preposition "by'. Modern High German nachsee above S. 40; one places also alb. nes,
nes-er, neser' tomorrow morning ' {*ndR-)\ in addition, also Latvian naRu, naR/'come',

Lithuanian pranokt/" overtake', nokt/'npen', but tlie presupposed Indo Germanic a;
compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin, Latvian-D. Wb. II 698;

about that Jokl SB Wien Ak. 168, I 36 with Lithuanian pranokt/' overtake' compared alb.
ke-nak^ satisfy, delight ' s. the same lA. 35, 36;

Balto Slavic * neso^bear' (compare Old Indie nasati) in:

Lithuanian nesu, nesiau, nestr, Latvian nesu, nesu, nest, in addition iterative Latvian
nesat, Lithuanian nesiai= Latvian nesirw. PI. ' Tracht Wasser ', Lithuanian nasta, Latvian
nastai. "load";

Old Church Slavic nesg, nesti, iterative nositietc;

Balto Slavic *nasa-rr\. 'carrying, the bearer ' (= Old Indie arhsa-h, gr. 6xko(;) in:

Lithuanian uz-nasaiP\. " poured out beer ', lengthened grade sq-nosairu. PI. " washed
ashore stones ';

Church Slavic po-nosi) " envy ', russ. za-nos "snow flurry', etc.;

Hittite *neneR-ti, PI. *nenR-enti, out of it ni-ik-zi {nikzi) "be uplifted', 3. PI. and ni-in-kan-zi,
n'hni-ik-zi {ninikzi) "lifted', 3. PI. ni-ni-(in-)kan-zi {Pe6erser\ Hittite 147);

hi-in-ik-zi {henkzi) "divided to' is placed to nvEyKOv; about na-ak-ki-is {nakTs) " heavy ', s.
Pedersen Hittite 147, 194;

about Tocharian A emts-, B eiik- "take, catch', s. Meillet MSL 18, 28, Pedersen Tochar.
236and Anm. 1;

Kuiper Nasalpras. 50 f. disassembles en-ek-'bear, carry', which he understands as an
extension from en- (see S. 321 under enos-) 6s.; just there further supposition about en-
ek- "reach'.

References: WP. 1 128 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 50 f., EM2 652, Trautmann 198, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. 647, 744, 766.
Page(s): 316-318

Root / lemma: e-neuen, neuQ, enuQ
Meaning: nine

Note:

Root / lemma: e-neuen, neup, enup {* henek'i-)'. nine' was created as a compound of Root

/ lemma: neuos, -ios: new' + Root/ lemma: oRtd(u)\ eight'.

Material: Old Indie nava, Avestan nava{neun) '9';

Armenian //7/7(sprich inan) '9' {*enun), PI. in(n)unk\ (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

(*gr. *£Fva- through metathesis to gr. *£vFa-) gr. *£vFa- in hom. £iva-£T£(;, -vux£<;,
Boeotian £va-Kr|-5£KaTr|, Ionian £iva-K6aioi, Attic £va-K6oioi; Ord. eivotoc;, Attic Aeolic
bjaioq;, *£vFa also in hom. £vvr|pap (*£vF npap) "9 days'; besides *v£Fa ( *neun) in £vv£[F]a
(prefixed with £v, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 591); thereafter became £vriKOVTa "90' to Ionian Attic
£V£vriKovTa;

thrak. £V£a (v. Blumenthal IF. 51, 115);

Note:

This is wrong etymology. Greek order was reversed Root/ lemma: oRtd(u)\ 'eight' + Root/
lemma: neuos, -ios: 'new' > gr. *£Fva-: zwd-zizc,. The shift k'^> p, g"'> b'\s a common gr..
Greek also reflects an lllyrian-alb. trend as it puts the ordinals and adjectives after the
noun while in IE languages the adjective and ordinal precedes the noun.

[Phonetically attribute] alb. nende'9' {*neunti- 'number of nine', as Slavic dev^tb '9', Old
Norse /7/^/7c/' number 9' and Old Indie navatf-, Avestan navaiti-i. '90', actually nine of
tens);

Note:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitata {* oRtd(u)ta) 'eight' : alb.

/e/a 'eight'; Lycian nuntata ^n\ne' : alb. nanda'n\ne'. Therefore alb. shtata 'seven' derived

from a truncated *sa{pjtata ' seven' later Old Indie saptathah, Avestan hapta&a-. Old

Saxon sivotho. Old English seofoda, Lithuanian septintas, also Old Indie saptatf-, Avestan

haptaiti-lQ\ in alb. -ta, -teare attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indie

cognates. The attribute /a (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language

alone.

Therefore alb. teta "eight' is a zero grade of Lycian a/tata {*oRtd(u)ta) 'eight'. It was initially

an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octuag/nta' 80'].

Alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda' nine ' derived from Lycian nuntata 'n\ne'.

Slavic follows alb. attribute -/e [nasalized -nte; -nc/e en6'\ng]

Latin novem' nine ' {-mior -/?? after septem, decern);

Old Irish noi n-, cymr. corn, naw, bret. nao {to as. Pokorny IF. 38, 190 f.);

Gothic Old High German n/un, Proto Norse n/u, Old Norse n/io'Q', Old Saxon n/gun, Old
Frisian ni(u)gun. Old English /7/jc/7 (from *niuuun);

Note: This is wrong etymology. Germanic family reflects the compound {*niuktuun) from
Root / lemma: neuos, -ios: new' + Root/ lemma: oRtd(u)\ eight'.

Lithuanian devyni, Latvian devini{n- still in ordinals Old Prussian newTnts), Old Church
Slavic dev^tb " nine ' {d- becomes steady probably through dissimilation against auslaut n
and through influence of the 10; Berneker 189);

Note:

Old Church Slavic devgtb " nine ' derived from Lycian nuntata 'n'\ne' the same as alb. Tosc
nanta, Geg nanda^ nine ' [common alb.-lllyrian n > nd > d\.

Tocharian AB nu^ nine '.

ordinals: *neueno- in Latin nanus, introduced after the 7 and 10 m instead of n Umbrian
nuvime' the ninth ', Old Indie navama-, Avestan naoma-. Old pers. navama-. Old Irish
nomad, cymr. nawfed {*neum-eto-); -/oformation also gr. ziva^oc,, evaroq {* enun-to);
Gothic niunda. Old High German niunto. Old Norse nionde. Old Saxon nigundo, nigudo.
Old Frisian niugunda. Old English ni^oda, Lithuanian devintas. Old Prussian newTnts, Old
Church Slavic dev^tb; Tocharian B nunte, oblique of nunce.

Note:

Ordinals in IE are built according to lllyrian pattern; alb. -/a adjective formant: alb. Tosc
nanta, Geg nanda^ nine ' : Lycian nuntata 'n\ne'

One assumes connection with *neuo-'ne\N', because a new countable segment has
begun with 9, while the binary form from *o/(tou'8' points to a 4-calculation system.

References: WP. I 128, Feist 378 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 590 f.
Page(s): 318-319

Root / lemma: eng"-, gg^en {eng^h^

Meaning: swelling

Material: Gr. a5r|v, svog m., older f. 'glandula' ( *ng'^en) =

Note:

Common lllyrian -g"'h- > -d-. In gr. -g"- > -it*- not -d-, otherwise shift n > nd > o' common

lllyrian-alb. but not gr.

Maybe taboo in alb. a/7o''a 'pleasure, delight (sexual?)'

From lllyrian * eng"'h/ > /d/ denved Root /lemma: Hi- {eng^hi, indi): groin, intestines

[common Latin -d- > -A] (see below).

Latin inguen, -/n/sn. " groin, the genitals, tumefaction in the pubic region ';

Old Icelandic j0^^/r/'" swelling, lump, growth' (proto Germanic *enkwa-z), okkvinn
"swollen', Swedish dial, ink' blain, boil, furuncle of horses '.

Indo Germanic {e)ng"- presumably ablaut from *eneg"ii- {m\h ^"'from ^"Z? through
immediate encounter with the nasal), whereof:

neg''ti-r6-s'V\dx\ey, testicle' ("round intumescence '; perhaps older ///>stem, Pedersen
KZ. 32, 247 f.) in:

Gr. vEcppoq, mostly PI., " kidneys';

pranestin. nefrones, lanuvin. nebrundines' kidneys, testicles'; Note: common lllyrian g"-
>b-.

Old High German niorom. "kidney', partly also "testicle'. Middle English Middle Low
German nere, Old Swedish niOre, Old Icelandic nyran. "kidney' (Germanic *neuran-kom
* nej'^iiran-; Old Icelandic umlaut is to be explained from a reshuffling of *neurian-).

References: WP. I 133 f., WH. I 701, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 486.
Page(s):319

Root / lemma: en1 {*hen1)

Meaning: in, *into, below

Note: (: % Slavic also *ori7)\ em, n(e)i, perhaps also ^^/(ending as epi dol^ieic. perhaps

related to Lok. in -/; if if not even created after it).

Material: Old Indie in anika- n. " front ' (= Avestan ainika-6s.) from *eni-oq"'-,

*/?/■ in Old Indie ni-Ja-^ inborn, inherent, fixed, own ', Avestan ni-zanta-^ innate, natural ',
Old Indie nf-tya-^ continuous, fixed, own ' = gall. Nitio-broges, VN (contrast to Allo-broges)
= Gothic /7/^/s "kinsman, relative'. Old Norse /?/(?/' "kinsman, relative'. Old English niddas
PI. " men, people', also in verbal prefix Aryan ni- "in, into', e.g. Old Indie nfgam-, Avestan
n/gam-^enter into a condition';

Armenian /(before vowel /and n-) from */n, older *en "in', adnominal m. Lok. and Akk.;

gr. £v, dial, iv and (poet.) svi, evi (so hom. always as postposition; Attic only more £vi as
predicate = svsgti) "in', adnominal with Dat. (= Lok.), Gen. and in part also still with Akk.
("whereto, where'), in latter meaning elsewhere after £^ to ivq (Attic z\q; thereafter siau)
extended as £^u), anti conservative out of it tq); zero grade a- {n) e.g. in a-A£yu) etc.;

about the debatable egte, evte " until ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 629 f.;

maked. iv;

Messapic /n;

alb. //T/" until, in ' {*en/);

Latin //?, oldest err, Oscan en, Umbrian en- {en-dendu^ stretch out, reach forth, extend
'), postposition Oscan -en, Umbrian-e/r?, -e, adnom. with Dat. (= Lok.), Akk. and Gen. (of
ambit);

Old Irish //7-"in' adnominal m. Dat. and Akk.; nasalized), in- (derived from *eni, compare
/ngenirom proto Irish //7/-^e/75 "daughter'; mixed with /nd-= gall, ande-, s. Thurneysen
Grammar 531 f., Pedersen KG. I 45), acymr. abret. en, //7"in', corn. bret. en, ncymr. yn-,
gall, essedon {*en-sedon) " chariot ', embrekton^ immersed (swallowed) bite ' (see below
mereq-);

Gothic //7"in', adnom. m. Dat., Akk., Gen.; Old High German Old Saxon Old English in.
Old Norse /""in', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., from *e/7/ (about derivatives as Gothic inn^\n,
into', inna, innana, probably from *eni-n-, s. Brugmann IF. 33, 304 f.); (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Old Prussian e/7"in', adnom. m. Dat. and Akk., Latvian /e-(only prefix); zero grade */7in
Lithuaniany~(older and nowadays dial, in, int) "in', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;

Old Church Slavic on-{on-usta^ footwear', p-o'o/i. "valley'), zero grade vbn-, i/b"in',
adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;

Tocharian AB y-, yn-, B in- (only prefix).

^-dh/;Old Indie adhi^aboui, on', Old pers. ao'/j/'in'; gall, intensive prefix /4/7ofe-(PN
Ande-roudus^ the very red '), cymr. an{ne)- in anne-T contrivance ' (common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-) = Old Irish /nde-/{*n6^/-/-om), cymr. an-daw^ eavesdrop ' (to taw^
closemouthed '); Old Irish ind- (partly from *indi-, partly from secondary *indo) in ind-reth "
incursion ' {*indi-reto-), indnaide {see further under), etc. Pedersen (KG. I 45) will also
place here Gothic und'up to'; s. about other possibilities above S. 50 and S. 1 81 .

(ejnero-' inner': Armenian *nero-' the inside ', assumed from ner- ' within, in, into',
nerk's' inside ', nerk'oy' inside, within '; perhaps gr. svspoi as " those below, those
beneath the earth, of the dead and the gods below ', namely in the earth; or better
Hypostase from oi £v spg?

/?/-, /7e/-"low, base', comparative nitero-\o^' (in contrast to " upper '):

Old Indie nf, Avestan nf down; downward ', Old Indie nitaram^ underneath ', Avestan
nitama- " the lowest ';

Armenian ni-, n- "low';

Celtic */7efrom */7e/in Old Irish ar-neut-sa, in-neut-sa^ I expect, anticipate ', (Proto Irish
*-ne-sedLJ), verbal noun indn(a)ide ( *indo-ne-sodJon) and in ar-neigdeV\.o pray' ( *ari-ne-
gedont); compare different Bergin Eriu 10, 111;

Old High German nidar. Old Saxon nithar. Old English niPer, Old Icelandic nidr^ down;
downward ', Old High German nidana. Old Saxon n/thana ' under' , Old English neodan,
n/Pan 'down, downward, under'. Old Icelandic nedana' from here below ', preposition with
Akk. "below'. Old Saxon nitheMv. 'under'. Old High German /7/b'a preposition with Dat.
and Akk. "below, under';

Old Bulgarian nizh " down, downwards ' (formation as pre-zh etc.);

in compound:

Old Indie nTpa- " low lying ' {ni+ ap- "water');

*ni-ok"-as " holding down the eyes ' in:

Old Indie mca' downwards ' (compare nyanc-' pointed down ');

Old Bulgarian nicb " inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing down or past;
precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy ', {* po-niknqti) poniknqti, nicatT
be inclined '; Wackernagel-Debrunner Old Indie Gr. Ill 230 f., Trautmann 198 f.

with formants -uo-:

gr. vEioc; f. "field, entryway ' (*lowland, depression'), vsiaroq, veqtoc; "the uttermost,
lowest, extreme, outermost ', veioGev "from under, from the bottom ', veIoGi "below, at the
bottom ', vsiaipa yaarrip " the lower part of the belly ', vniara saxara, KaTcbTara Hes., theb.
NniTTQi nuAai (n seems to stand for efrom e/before pal. vowel);

Old Bulgarian /7/V5 "farmland' ("*lowland, depression'), Serbo-Croatian /7y7Va (whence y?),
Czech russ. /7/Vads. {*neiuaVj\

zero grade Old English neowol, neol, nihor inclined forward, stooping forward; rushing
down or past; precipitous, steep; inclined, well-disposed, favorable; easy ' from *niwol.
Middle Low German n/ge/'\o\N, base';

here probably also with full grade Lithuanian /7e/Vc»//"torment, smite', Latvian nievaV
disdain, scorn ' (also Gothic *naiw^ eveTxsv ' Marc. VI 19?).

Maybe alb. A7/Ve/" levelled ground'?

compare Indo Germanic /7/-zo'c»s"nest' under 5e(/-"sit, place'. As "run down, tell off,
rebuke' (as Latvian nievat) based on probably also neid- " reproach, rebuke, censure,
blame, esp. by word ', neit-^ to be hostile towards, attack ' neiq-{see there), in ne/-, n/-.

enter, pter' between - in', en-tero- " inward ':

Old Indie antar, Avestan antars. Old pers. antar' between ', adnom. with Lok., Instr.,
Akk., Gen.; Old Indie antara- " internal ', Avestan antara- " inner ', Superl. Old Indie
antama-'t\r\e closest ' (not to ant/, anta-), Avestan antsma-^ the most internal, intimate,
inmost '; Old Indie antra-, also with Vrddhi antra- v\. " intestines, entrails ';

Armenian 9nder-k'P\. " intestines, entrails ' (gr. loanword ? s. HiJbsehmann Arm. Gr.
1447 f.);

gr. EVTspov, mostly PI. ' intestines, entrails ';

alb. nder, nder^ between, in', further ndjer, ngjereic. "until' {*entero-)\ (common Slavic
dz\ Albanian dj, gl, ^yallophones)

Latin enter, inter^ prep, with ace. between, among, amid; during, in the course of ',
adnom. m. Akk. (solidified m. Gen. intervias, interdius), intro, intra, intrin-secus, interus^
internal ', interior, intimus, in tes tin us {see below), Oscan Entraf^* Interae ', zero grade,
Oscan anter^ between, among, amid; during, in the course of, Umbrian anter, ander
"during', adnom. m. Lok. and Akk.;

Old Irish eter, etir, etar^ between ', adnom. m. Akk., corn, ynter, yntre, bret. entre{\.\\e
ending after tre-, dre= cymr. trwy), acymr. ithr^ between, among, amid; during, in the
course of; gall, inter ambes 'bebNeen streams';

Old High German untaretc. "under = between' = Oscan a/7/e'/'(differentfrom Germanic
* under. Old High German etc untar'be\o\N' from *nd'^er, Latin infra); compare Gothic
undaurni-mats ' lunch ' = " breakfast ', Old Norse undornn. "morning (at nine clock)'. Old
Saxon undorn. Old English i//7o'e/77 "midday'. Old High German ^/7/o/77 "midday, lunch' (/?-
suffix as in Latin internus); zero grade as gr. svTspa etc. Old Norse idrarP\. " intestines,
entrails ' (from *innrar, *int^erdz), innre, idre^\he inner' (if not specific nord.-zio- has
derivatived from inn= Gothic //7/7"hinein', see above); (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Slavic *§tro\n Old Church Slavic y^/AO "liver', ablaut, gtroba^ywer, *intestines, cavity of
the body', gtrt ' eigw '.

about Hittite anturiias^ inner, interior ', andurza^ inside, within ' s. Lohmann I. F. 51, 320
f.

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur-: Hittite anturiias^ inner, interior ' : 'lAAupioi , oi, lllyrians, 'lAAupia ,
n, lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -Kr), the region or province of lllyria,
lAAupi^U) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

e/7/'d5"(from) inside ' (compare Old Indie /-/a/? "from here', Latin caeiitus eic):

gr. EVTOc; " inside ', whereof evtog-Gev, -0i and further evtogGiq, £VToa9i5ia " intestines,
entrails ' (or latter with from svtogGs lengthened in 9 for *£VTOGTia, compare Old Indie
antastya-r\. " intestines, entrails ', Pick I"* 363, Vendryes Rev. et. gr. 23, 1910, 74);

Latin intuslrom inside, within; inside ', therefrom with analog metathesis intestmus
"inward, internal; n. as subst., sing, and plur. the intestines';

Middle Low German Modern High German dial, inser^ eatable internal parts of animals
', Old Norse Tstru., Tstrai., " the fat surrounding the intestine ' {*en-s-tro-)\

Old Prussian /nstran lat', Latvian ?striP\. " kidneys' {*en-s-tro-)\ Latvian leksa^ Inneres ',
PI. ' intestines, entrails ' {*en-t-Ja), Old Lithuanian //75C/c»5 "heart', Lithuanian /sc/bs"
intestines, entrails ' ( *en-s-tio-).

About die compression Latin endo, indu^\v\\ wherefore gr. to £v5Tva, Old Irish inne^
intestines, entrails ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), see above S. 182 - About gr. £v-5ov
"*in the house, indoors' (wherefore £v5o-0£v, -9i, Lesbian Doric £v5oi after oiko-0£v, -9i,
oiKoi) s. dem-io build'.

References: WP. I 125 ff., II 335 f., WH. I 687 f., 694, 708 f., 71 1 f., 870, Trautmann 69 f.,
198 f. W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 70 ff.
Page(s): 311-314

Root / lemma: en-2

Meaning: year

Material: Gr. bjoc, "year' Hes., doubtful, whether m. or n., 5i-£vo(; " biennial ', T£Tpa-£vr|<;, -£<;

"quadrennial, four years old', hom. Akk. Sg. rjviv, Akk. PI. Ivrjc; "annual', irpnT-nv " one-

year-old lamb' (to Doricnpc(TO(; from *prtos?)\ £v-iauT6(; "year' (to iau£iv: " wenn das Jahr

^uht, Jahreswende '??).

zero grade -n- in:

Gothic fram fair-n-in jera. Old Saxon fer-n-un gere. Middle High German verne^ last
year';

Lithuanian per-n-ar last year ', Latvian p^rns "the previous year';

russ. dial., Czech lo-ni {*ol-nJ) " letztjahrig '.

Specht Dekl. 16 places in addition Pron. en in gr. £vr| "that (day or that year'?).

Note:

Gr. hioc, "year' : Latin annus^yeax' {*atnos) "year' : Old Indie hayana-^year\)/\ hayana-rw.
n. year' prove that Root/ lemma: en-2\ year' : Root/ lemma: at-, *atno- : "to go; year' :
Root/ lemma: uet-\ "year' [prothetic jt/- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root/
lemma: ghei-2, ghi-, ghei-men-, *gheimn- : "winter; snow'

References: Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424 with Anm. 5, Feist 140 f., Speclit Dekl. 15 f.
Page(s):314

Root / lemma: en(o)mQ-, (o)nomQ, nomij, {*hien h3(o)mij^

Meaning: name

Material: Old Indie nama, Instr. Sg. namna, Avestan nama^name';

Armenian anun, Gen. anuan, after Meillet Esquisse 48 from *anuwn, *onomno-, after
EM2 675 from *ondmno-\

gr. ovopa (from reduced *e/7c»-with assimilation e- o), dial, ovupa, *'iy\j\\a in lak.
'Evu[jaKapTi5a(;, (reduced u derived before pvfrom Gen. *bjo\jNoq), avcbvufjoq, vu)vupvo(;
"nameless";

alb. Tosc emer, Geg emen {*enmen-);
Note:
{* da-a-ma-an) > alb. Geg e/77e/7 [common alb. -Baltic cf->zero]

Latin nomen, -inis, n. Umbrian nome, Abl. nomne'name' and "people';

Old Irish a/nmm n-n., PI. anmann {*enmn-)\ acymr. anu, PI. enuein, out of it ncymr. enw,
corn, hanow. Middle Breton hanff, hanu, bret. ano;

Gothic namon., Old Icelandic nafnn., Old English nama, Old High German namom.
"name'; with o-grade Old Frisian nomia. Middle High German be-nuomen' name';

Note:

Taboo word for ( *dap-no-) " sacrificial animal, sacrificial meal '.

Old Prussian emnes, emmensm. {*enmen-)\

Slavic *bm§, out of it *Jbm§\'r\ Old Church Slavic im§, Serbo-Croatian Tme, Old Czech
jme, Qeu. jmene, russ. fmja;

Tocharian A nem, B nom\

Hittite la-a-ma-an {laman), with dissimilation of Aniauts; {* nda-a-ma-an)

compare finno-ugr. nam, nam, nem, namma, magyar. /7ei/"name'.

References: WP. I 132, Feist 369 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 352, Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. II 98,

121.

Page(s): 321

Root / lemma: enos-or onos-

Meaning: burden

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indie anahu. "load wagon' = Latin onus, -en's' a load, burden ' {onustus'

loaded, laden, burdened, freighted ', onerare' load, burden, fill, freight ').

In addition perhaps gr. avia, Aeolic ovia " grief, sorrow, distress, trouble', avioq, aviap6(;
" grievous, troublesome, annoying' (the dialect distribution from avia : ovia as with the
preposition ava : 6v); after Wackernagel Gl. 14, 54 f. but dissimilated from *a|jTFa = Old
Indie amTvai. " grief, sorrow, distress, trouble, plague ' (see below ome^.

References: WP. I 132f.;
See also: s. also under eneR-
Page(s): 321-322

Root /lemma: e/70- (probably e-no^. ono-. no-, -ne-

Meaning: that

Material: Old Indie Instr. anena, anaya'\h'\s, that'. Gen. Lok. Du. anayo/r, ana' for, sure ';

Avestan Gen. Du. anaya, Instr. ana{0\6 pers. ana), PI. anais, about Old Indie anya-

"other', antara- ds., which someone might place here, compare above S. 37;

Armenian so/a? "the same', if from *Ro-eno-s, Junker KZ. 43, 343; gr. £vr| (sc. npspa) "
der iJber morgige Tag ', (£-)k£Tvo(; "that', Doric Tf|V0(; ds. (*k£-, *t£-£vo(;), 6 5£Tva " der und
der, ein gewisser ' (after Ta5£Tva = *Ta5£ £va " this and that '); about £vioi " a, some, few'
(from *en-io-l) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 61 4^;

Latin enimO\6 Latin " yea, in truth ', later " for, namely ' = Oscan fnfm, inim " also, too,
besides, moreover, likewise, as well, even ' (whose /- in proclitic from e), Umbrian ene,
enem " then, at that time, in those times ' besides eno{m), ennom etc. ds.; (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Indo Germanic *onio-, with^/- (probably of Rel. *J(>) in Old High German iener, obd. ener.
Middle High German geiner{= jeinei). Old English geon, Gothic y5//75 "that' instead of

75/7y/s through the influence of ains, Old Norse enn, inn'Vc\e\ with Ro-: hinn'Vc\a{\ hann,
hann " h e ' ( * kenos) ;

Lithuanian ans, 5/75s"that', zem. "he'; Old Prussian tans'he' {*t-anas. *to)\

Old Church Slavic etc. onh {ona, ono) "that, he', serb.-Church Slavic onak-b "from that
kind of (= Lithuanian andks6s.);

about Hittite an-ni-is {annis) "that'. Adverb an-na-az{annaz), an- n/-sa- an 'once, one
day, some time, some day', comparePedersen Hittite 63, Couvreur H 91 f.

no-, na'vcw

Old Indie na-na'so or so';

Armenian -/7article, na'then' {*no-a/, Meillet Esquisse^ 88), a-n-d'there' (o'from Indo
Germanic t, also not similar Old Irish and'here', above S. 37, wherefore still Cypriot av5a
auTH, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 613);

Maybe alb. andej'there'

gr. y{\q to £vr|c;, Doric vaq Hes.; vp " yea, in truth ', Instr. (= Latin ne6s.), vai, vaixi ds.
(compare ai : n "if, 5ai : 5n "also');

Maybe alb ne se'W

Latin nam lor, namely' (Akk. Sg. f), /7e/r7-/7e "certainly, without doubt, assuredly, of
course, as everybody knows', nem-ut6s.; ne' yea, in truth ', instrumental;

doubtful whether Slavic *na, Interjektion russ. na' there you have!' etc. belongs here.
Also alb. /7a" there you have!'
Maybe poln. na pewno'certa\n\Y' : Latin /7e/77-pe "certainly'

Doubtful is also, whether the consecutive particles belong here:

ne\r\\

Old Indie na'as though, as';

Avestan ya^-na'an6 namely ';

gr Thessalian 6v£, tovs, tove, with double inflection Gen. Sg. idivzoq etc. "this';

Latin ego-ne, tu-ne, denique (*de-ne-que), donicum, donee (*dd-ne-k"om, compare
Umbrian arnipo ' as far as ' from *ad-ne-k"'om), quando-ne, sTn {*shne " if, however '), etc.;
also -ne\v\ the question;

Old High German {ne weisttu) na' not knowing whether ';

Old Lithuanian ne'as', Lithuanian ne, negi, negu'as' (after comparative), ne/"as' {*ne-i),
Latvian /7e'as';

akis. neze, Serbo-Croatian nego'as' after comparative; Old Russian n/6s., poln. n/'as'
( *ne-/).

Maybe alb. {*nse) se : poln /7/z'than' : akIs. neze'as' after comparative.

ne\r\\

Old Indie K/-/7a 'without';

Avestan ya^a-na ' stra\g\r\t as', c/^d-na for the introduction of a question (= Latin qu/d-
ne);

about gr. EYcbvr), which could also be £YU)-vr|, see below e, a, vr) s. S. 320;

Latin ne^ yea, in truth ' see above S. 320;

Gothic -/7a in afta-naMv. "from behind', hinda-naMv. 'beyond', etc.; Old High German
-/7a in oba-na^ from here above '; Old Norse ^er-na' to yourself, to you ', etc.;

Old Bulgarian v-b-ne^ outside ';

probably Phrygian vi "and' (in log vi "and who') remains far off; about Tocharian A -ne in
kus-ne'\/\/\r\o, what, which, the one that', compare Couvreur (Tochaarse Klank- en
Vormleer 50); s. also Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 612;

References: WP. II 336 f., WH. I 339 f., 370 f., 386 f., 404 f., Trautmann 7 f., 195,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606, 612, Specht Dekl. 306.
Page(s): 319-321

Root / lemma: eng-, onq- {*hok-)

Meaning: to sigh, groan, onomatopoeic words

Note: both vocalizations also with various emotion value, so that perhaps would be spoken

from two variant onomatopoeic words. Besides, admittedly, a root form in voiced-

nonaspirated eng-, ong-, ^^r- 'groan, moan, sigh', without such such meaning separation

after the vocalization.

Material: Gr. oyKaoijai 'cry, shout (bray, of the ass) ' (of donkey), 6kvo(; ' bittern '

(*6ykvo(;);

alb. nekonj, Geg angoj^ groan, sigh, complain ' {*enq-)\

Latin unco, -are ' to sound or roar like a bear '. But cymr. och ' a sighing, a sigh, a
groan, a lamentation, complaint ', interjection 'ah!', is not deducible from *o/jq-an6
probably certainly a new interjectional creation;

Slavic *J§cati, russ. -Church S\ay'\c jacu, jacatrs\Q\\\ jaklivh^ having an impediment in
one's speech', russ. D\a\ecta\ Jacatb 'groan, moan, plaintive shout '.

alb. Geg me u anku'to groan, moan, sigh' : Middle Low German anken' groan, moan,
sigh'

With voiced-nonaspirated:

Middle Irish ong' the groaning, sigh, lamentation ', in addition probably Old Irish ennach
"crow' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (from * eng-n-aka) and enchachei. ' buffoonery,
scurrility ';

Middle Low German anken'groan, moan, sigh', Norwegian Dialectal ank' whimpering,
sigh, distress, repentance ', Danish ank, anke' lament, complaint ', wherefore changing
through ablaut Danish ynke, Swedish ynka'have mercy on, deplore, bemoan ', at most
also Modern High German Unke aiter her pitiful cry (yet onomatopoeic word Middle High
German uche' toad '; s. still Kluge''"', the hybridization this uchewth Middle High German
Old High German unc'snake' [see above S. 44] considers).

An onomatopoeic word is Lithuanian ungt/, ungau' whimper like a dog '.

References: WP. I 133.
Page(s): 322

Root / lemma: ent- {better ant-1) {*h-ent)

Meaning: to weave
Note:

h.

Root / lemma: e/?/"- (better ant-1) : "to weave' derived from a truncated Root/ lemma: t/eb

/: "to weave, plait' tlirougli an lllyrian-alb. intermediary alb. venj^\ weave ' {*udo'^nid) : alb.
ent, inV weave ' ( *ent-J- or */?/-/).

Material: Old Indie atka-hm. " garment, mantle', Avestan adka-, atka-xx\. " Upper dress,
mantle' (nt-ko-s);

alb. e/7/, />?/" weave ' {*ent-/- or *nf-j) : Old Indie ubhnati, umbhati, unabdhi^We together',
urna-vabhi-ru. " spider', gr. ucpn "the weaving ', alb. venj^\ weave ' {*udo^nid)\

Note:

Alb.- slavie use prothetie k- for the lost laryngeal /?-.

gr. Attie aiTopai {*nt-io-) " weave ', 5ia^0|jai ds. (compare Debrunner IF. 21, 216), aapa,
5iaa[ja " setting the warp in the loom, i.e. beginning the web '; if, however (Petersson
Heterokl. 262) avrap ds., avTripiO(; ds. belong to it, must have begun rather like root *ant-.
However, exists with gr. culture words the suspicious origin and Old Irish etid^ dressed ',
etiud^ clothing ' could be shaped secondary to etach ds. ( *en-togo-)\

also the equation Old Indie atka-h : gr. aaK6(; "skin, hose, tube ' is because of of this
dubious meaning; gr. nrpiov, Doric arpiov " the warp in a web ' are suspectly of pre-Greek
origin.

References: WP. I 134.
Page(s): 322

Root / lemma: epero-

Meaning: boar

Material: Latin aper, aprf boar ', Umbrian Akk. PI. apruf, abrof, kVk. Sg. abrunu, Akk. PI.

Si&/'c»/7s "pigs' (yet about Latin Apronius, mars. -Latin Aprufclano see Schuize Eigennamen

111, 124 f.); a probably after caper, derived Latin aprugnus 'oi boar' with suffix -gno- zur

root gen-, here perhaps the PN Epr/us,

Germanic *ebura-. Old Horse Jgfurrru . "prince, lord' (in figurative meaning, actually
"boar'). Old English eoforru. "boar', mndd. ever. Old High German ebur. Modern High
German Eber

With (analogical?) K-suggestion belong asl. veprbxw. "boar', Serbo-Croatian vepar{Qe'c\.
vepra), poln. wieprz{Qeu. wieprza), russ. veprb{Qeu. veprja) here;

Latvian vepns6s. (PN Lithuanian \/epna/P\ur., and Old Prussian Weppren) is not
borrowed of Slavic, but common origin;

unclear is thrak. sppoq " he-goat; billy goat '.

References: WP. I 121, WH. I 56, Trautmann 351.
Page(s): 323

Root / lemma: eph-
Meaning: to cook
Note: Only Gr. and Armenian
Material: Armenian ep'em 'cook';

gr. EHJU) "cook", Fut. si^jriau), participle t(pB6q (does not prove in itself Indo Germanic ph,
because also *£naT6q should lead to scpBoq); however, ei^jcjo so- would be present
(compare Ssipoj : 5£(pu)) and Armenian p' derived from Indo Germanic ph .

References: WP. I 124, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 706.
Page(s): 325

Root / lemma: epi, opi, pi

Meaning: at, by

Note: (also with lengthened grade -ei, -o/in the final syllable); partially in the meaning with

abbreviated dd^i, do^i.

Material: Old Indie api^a\so, in addition' (Adv.), seldom ved. preposition m. locative 'by, in',

prefix api-, pi- 'to, by' {pi- in pi-dtiana- n. ' covering, cover, lid ', pi-natiyati^ tethered,

fastened to', py-ul<sna-^ cover of the bow ': gr. TTT-uxn " crease, layer ', if from *ni-uxc(,

nTuaaoo 'lay, place together, crease ', pTdayati: nis^oj, s. *sed^, common Old Indie gti- >

ks-

Avestan aipi, ap. apiy, adnominal 'about - to, by (Akk.), by (temporal, Lok.), after
(temporal, Instr.)', Adv. 'in addition also, likewise also, particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; hereafter, later', prefix 'to';

with lengthened grade of final syllable Avestan 5/oe 'after' (m. Akk.), compare apaya M\t. "
hereafter, prospectively ', -yoe emphasizing particle;

Armenian ei/"and, also'; *pr\'r\ aniaut h- united verbs, as h-agan/m'puW myself to '?

Gr. sni, sm 'auf to, an', adnominal with dative (= Indo Germanic Lok., Instr., Akk., Gen.,
prefix, EniGGOv to uoTEpov yevopsvov Hes. (i.e. probably ' progeny ', basic form *£ni-Tio-,
Schuize, Kl. Schr. 70 ff., 675), ni- prefix (see above); op/"\n hom. 6ni-9£(v) "behind,
afterwards', Ionian Attic 6nia9£(v) ds. (-a- after np6a9£(v), compare also 6TTia(a)u)
"behind, backwards'; hereafter ' {*opi-tid), oniaraTOc; " hindmost, last'; orr-cbpa "autumn', S.
343); presumably (with Indo Germanic contraction from *opi-oq"'\.o *opTq", to *c»^"'- "see')
6ni:-TT£uu) "stare at', TTap9£vonTna " girl gazer, onlooker ', *6ijj (formation as aijj, Latin abs,
a|j(pi(;, see below Italian ops-) base from 6\^t, Aeolic b\]^\ "late';about gr. £TT-£i "there' see
above S. 284;

lllyrian PN Epi-cadus {coru'pare gr. K£Ka5[j£voc; " parading, showing off); Venetic PN
Opi-tergium {\.o Tergesfe ^Tnest', Old Bulgarian trhgb' marketplace '; alb. tregu'
marketplace '); Messap'\c pt- do {* do- f) "bore profit';

alb. epere' situated above '; lllyrian Epirus{*epi-uerid) " situated above, highland ' :
£>7^"lrland' {*epi-uerid^ enclosed land, hill, island), cymr. Ywerddon 6s. {*uiuerdon, *epi-
uerionos) [common lllyrian n > nd > d\.

Latin Oit* adnominal m. Akk. " prep, with ace, in front of, before; in return for; because of,
on account of. Old Latin also " around, round about, all around, near together, in close
proximity ', and prefix from op- before voiced consonant originated (as abiroxxx ap[oJ)\ op
still in operioirom *op-verid, oportetirom *op-vorteV it is necessary, needful, proper,
becoming, or reasonable; it behooves; I (thou, he, etc.) must or ought '; about opacuss.
EM2 703 and above S. 54; *ops- (see above) usually before /-in compound, e.g. o(p)s-
tenda, Oscan up, op^by' with Abl. (= *lnstr.);

Old Irish /arn-, /arm-waiter, afterwards, in the next place, secondly ' m. Dat., perhaps
Neutr. a derivative *e/0/-/'c»-/77(Thurneysen Gr. 516); ep/- seems also obstructed in Old Irish
fa-da/m' close ' (compare Latin ob-dd), ei-thech^ perjury ' (compare gr. £ni-opK£(jo), Eriu
"Irland' (^ephuerid^ enclosed land, hill, island) = cymr. Ywerddon6s. {*uiuerdon, *epi-
uerionos), nir. eibheairb\aze, glow' {* epi-b^elo-);

op/"\n Old Irish ofbellm. "blaze, glow' = cymr. ufelm. "spark' {*op/-b^e/o-); cymr. uffarn,
bret. ^/fe/77 "ankle' {opi-spernS);

Gothic /)%//77a (formation as aftuma'\as\!) " subsequent, later'; ibdaljaxr\. " descent,
slope'. Old English eofolsian^ blaspheme ' {*eb-halsian), eofut, eofotu. "blame' {*eb-hat)\

in addition perhaps also the group "evening': Old Norse aptann, eptann, west-Germanic
with ^Old English sefenm. n.. Old Saxon aband. Old High German aband, perhaps the
West Germanic has dissimilation reduction of the first dental experienced in the basic form
*aptanto-ox is Indo Germanic *ep-onto-\}i\Q basic form and Old Norse aptannixoru derived
aptan " hereafter ';

to the possible fusion from *ap- and *ep- in Germanic compare above S. 53 f.;

Lithuanian ap-, before labial also still api-, in nominal compound apy- prefix "around,
about, by', apie^ around, about ' m. Akk., Old Lithuanian and dial. East Lithuanian dievfe-p
"by god' , sunaus-p/lor the son'; Latvian ap- "around, about', p/'e with Gen. and Akk. "by,
in', p/'e- "to there, in-, full-'; Old Prussian ep- {ap- lacking normative spelling), eb- "around-',
rather as *ep/lr\ere, as to be taken as a basis under the form eb-to Indo Germanic eb^/,
cb^r, in addition to the postposition lit -p{/) hinter Gen. namd-p/"on the way home,
homeward') and Lok. {nam/e-p/^to the house, homeward'), Latvian -yO(only adverbial use),
E. Fraenkel, Syntax 18 ff., Endzelin Gr. 524 ff.;

in addition one places also Lithuanian suffix in dvej-opas^ twofold ' etc., as well as das
suffix in I Nyhan VN Hadriopes, A£ppion£(;, etc. (??);

here also Slavic preposition o" around, in' {*op)\ to coincidence with Indo Germanic do^i
see above S. 287, Meillet Slave commun2 155 f., Trautmann 1;

about Hittite appa etc. see above S. 53; in the meaning it corresponds rather to gr. srri
as gr. cxtto;

Lycian knows only the extended forms epn-, epnte "after';

about Tocharian Gen.-ending A -ap, B -epi, which one could put here (also in Lithuanian
would strengthen the Gen. through epi), s. also Pedersen Tocharian 50 ff.

References: WP. I 122 f., Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 23, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 550^,
620, 628, 6317, Trautmann 1.
Page(s): 323-325

Root / lemma: epop, opop
Meaning: a kind of exclamation

Material: Armenian popop, npers. pupD'hoo^oe";

gr. ETTOTToT TTOTTOTTO "shout, Call of hoopoe', £TTOi|j, -OTTO(; 'hoopoe', EnojTTa aAsKTpuova
OYpiovHes. (-wn- probably through support in -u)1|j); anacpoc; £noi|j, to opvsov (assimilated
from *£nacp6(;, which is reshuffled in ending after animal names suffix -a(po(; = alb. kafshe
(*-a(po(;, *haphos) 'animal');

Latin upupa 'hoopoe';

ndd. Hupphupp; Modern High German Wiedehopf,Q\^ High German wituhopfo. Old
Saxon widohoppa\s a reinterpretation after Germanic widu-{\v\6o Germanic u/d'^u-) 'tree,
wood' and Middle High German /70yC>/fe/7'hupfen';

Latvian puppukis 'hoopoe'.

similar, but not reduplicated. Upper Serbian hupak, poln. hupek'hoopoe'. Upper
Serbian hupac'cxy like a hoopoe', compare also more in general Slovak. hupati'ccY, russ.
old chupsti sja' vaunt, boast'.

References: WP. I 123 f., Kluge^ S. 689.
Page(s): 325

Root / lemma: ereb-, orob-, rob-
Meaning: to drill, make holes

Material: Latvian /Ait's 'knitting needle' (rhyme word to virbs), irbulis'\\\.\.\e peg, stylus';
Lithuanian urbintT make a hole with the awl ', urbti= Latvian urbt'bore', urbu//s'a\N\,
stylus'; Lithuanian /y/oM' hollow out', ruobtuvas' Hohlmesser', Latvian mobs' incisure,
incision, rabbet, lack, feud '. The ablaut relation speaks for Indo Germanic age of the
family, although the citation of gr. appn^ot; ' round shoemaker's knife ' and appuAri '
strong shoe covering the whole foot ' (if originally ' hollow clog ') remains quite doubtful,
because latter can be also based on a word for ' shoe ' of quite other origin
References: W P. I 146.
Page(s): 333

Root / lemma: ered- {* ere-danos)
Meaning: to flow; dampness

Material: Old Indie ardati,rdatr flows (in compounds), sprays, resolves; disturbs', ardayati
" makes flow, dissolves, presses, torments, kills ', ardra- "humid, wet, damp',/o't7- (in
compounds) ' dampness ', Avestan arsdvT-t name of a mythical river, worshiped mostly
as a female divinity.

from in addition gr. ap5a "smut, dirt ', ap5aAo(; 'dirty, filthy'?

Perhaps here the frequent Celto-Ligurian FIN /?c>o'5/7c»s (French Rhone = Modern High
German der Rotten, Italian Rodanoetc.) as 'the flowing' (grazis. 'Hpi5avoqfrom iberisiert.
*Errodanos), in addition Redn/tz (Bavana) from *Rodant/a.

maybe lllyrian GN Redon^sea god'.

References: WP. I 148, Pokorny Mil. Boisacq II 193 ff.
Page(s): 334

Root / lemma: ereg''(h)o- erog''(h)o-
Meaning: pea

Material: Gr. 6popO(; m. (from *£popO(; after Gen. etc. opopou); compare however, W.
Schuize Kl. Schr. 81), spspivGoc; m. (Asia Minor suffix proves not exactly such origin, there
in plant names also, otherwise, seeming, thus in AspivGoi spspivGoi Hes.) ' chickpea ';
Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Latin en/umn. ' a kind of pulse, the bitter vetch ' (from *erouom, *ereg"'{h)om or
*erog"(h)om)\

Old High German araweiz, an/viz. Modern High German Erbse, Old Saxon er{iv)/)it.
Middle Low German erwete, ndd. en/vtenP\., Old Norse ertrt PI. (Dat. ertrum) ds. {-ait
probably pure suffix);

but Middle Irish o/'>t'5/>70' 'grains' stands for *arbainn, older arbanna {above S. 63).

Probably borrowings from a common, probably east-mediterranean origin, from which
derives also Old Indie aravindam ' lotus '.

References: WP. I 145, WH. I 419 f., 863.
Page(s): 335

Root / lemma: erek-1 {erfejgh^

Meaning: louse, tick

Note: often distorted taboo

Note:

Root / lemma: erek-1 {eije]gh^\ louse, tick, derived from a suffixed Root/ lemma: er-2, eri-

: goat; sheep.

Material:

In e- grade:

Lithuanian erke't\ck, sheep louse' {*erkia), Latvian erce^ cow's mite, wicked, evil person'
under Indo Germanic *erek-. Furthermore it is to be compared Armenian o(r)Jirv\\\., louse'
(here seems to be a root variant er(e)gh-, as also in the consecutive alb. form) and ork'iun
"ringworm, itching, erysipelas' (from * orqndno- {1) with a-/70suffix as in Latin after
Petersson KZ. 47, 263 f.), alb. e/yy/z 'small louse' (see G. Meyer Alb. Wb. 96; doubt by
Hermann KZ. 41, 48; however, the irregular guttural in Armen. and Alban. could be based
on taboo distortion).

In zero- grade:

Old Indie liksa 'nit, louse' common Old Indie gh- > ks- (probably from */a/rsa through
influence of likhati' scarifies ');

Latin ricinus 1 . ' itself in the skin of sheep, dogs or cattle annoying vermin, tick '
(doubtful is the affiliation from 2. ' a shrub kind, castor bean, ricinus ') could go back to
older *recinos and be shared with Lithuanian erke^Wck, sheep louse'.

References: WP. 11 45, II 344.
Page(s): 335

Root / lemma: er(e)k-2, rek-, rok-

Meaning: to tear, cut, split

Material: Old Indie //r/7a-/7' flayed, rubbed off bald ',//r5a-/7 'naked, bald, bleak', //rsaAa-/?

'cusp, peak, thorn'; common Old Indie ^/7- >/r5-

Lithuanian y-e^/ra, pra-j-erka 'slit'; (about Latvian efcis ' juniper ' etc. see above S. 67 f.);
with other ablaut grade Lithuanian ranku, rakti^sWck in, poke', /"a/rsZ/'s 'splinter, thorn', etc.

References: Persson Beitr. 839.

See also: In addition belongs also: eres-/ 'prick'.

Page(s): 335

Root / lemma: eres-1
Meaning: to pierce
Material:

Old Indie /s^//" bumps, stings ', rstfs "spear, javelin', Avestan arsti- ds.;

Lithuanian ersketis^ thorn plant ', compare above S. 67;

sloven, resak^ sowthistle '.

References: Persson Beitr. 84.

See also: Verschieden therefrom is: ere-s-2.

Page(s): 335

Root/ lemma: ere-s-2 {ers-,j-s-, eres-), and res-, ros-

Meaning: to flow

Material: 1. Old Indie rasa-h^\u'\ce, sap, fluidity', rasa^ dampness, humidity', also mythical

river name equally Avestan Raiiha (i.e. Raha), out of it the name the Wolga DPa;

Latin ros, roris "dew' (conservative stem with originally bare nominativischer lengthened
grade 6);

alb. resh, reshen^ it is snowing, it is raining ', also " shower of ash, fire' (probably
likewise from *rds-)\

Maybe alb. reshje^ rainfall ', re" cloud '.

gr. an-£pau) ( *er9sd) " pour liquid, spew away ' (?), £^-£pau) " empty, spit out, spew ',
Kar-spau) " pour in ', jjET-spau) " transfuse ', auvspau) " pour together '; after Debrunner IF.
48, 282 the basic meaning from £pau) " spill, pour on the earth ' and the verb would derive
from spa "earth' (above S. 332);

Old Church Slavic rosa'dew', Lithuanian rasa 6s.

Maybe as "*water bird' in alb. rosat "female duck (*water bird)' : Slovenian: racat "female
duck' : Romany: ratsoym. "male duck', ratsai. "female duck' : Romanian: ratat "female
duck', ratoim. "male duck' : Furlan raze "duck' : Occitan /7/"duck' : Hungarian /'ece"duck'.

2. root form ers-, fs-\ /sen "virile".

Old Indie arsati^ flows '; further with the meaning "virile' (from " moistening, pouring
seeds ') Old Indie /sa-M^/? "bull', aja-rsabha-h^\\e-Qoa\! , Avestan Old pers. arsan^man,
husband, penis', gr. hom. apar|v, Attic apppv, Ionian Aeolic Cretan spanv (without F-!)
"virile' (in addition *apvr|F6c;, hom. apv£i6(; " of a lamb or sheep, ram' = Attic apvscbc;,
Aeolic apvpaSsc; f., in addition apvsuu) " make an aerial jump, dive ', actually " make a
leapfrog ', apvsurrip " one who flips over in the air, capers, jump about ', Lithuanian by
Boisacq under apv£i6(; and apvsurrip Nachtr.), probably also Old High German orfrejhuon,
Old Norse orre " grouse ' (out of it Middle High German urhan. Modern High German
AuerhahnihrouQh hybridization with Old High German Or, urohso).

3. affiliation of our root *eres- to *er-, *or- " set in motion, lively movement ' is worth
considering. Other s-forms show additional meaning from root er-, or-.

Armenian eram {* ersa-Jd\ compare above Old Indie arsati) " boil, flow; be in perpetually
in motion; be teeming; be excited passionately; be or become keen, angry ', erandn^
surge etc.; excitement ', z-eram^ moves me around, stirs me, I am strongly moved,
excited, swim etc.';

gr. spwri " swing, verve, rush' {*rdsa; therefrom but also spwsu) "flow, stream, hurry ');

Latin roranV light armed skirmisher, kind of light-armed Roman troops, who usually
made the first attack and then retired, skirmishers ' (derivative from * rosa^ swing ' =
PeAecov, 5oup6c; spwri);

Old Norse ras\. "run', mndd. rasv^. " intense current'. Old English rgesv(\. "run, attack '
(engl. Aace Scandinavian loanword). Middle High German /'5se/7"dash', Old English raesan
" onrush ', Old Norse /'5sa"dash forth, rush along'; Old Norse rasv^. "haste, hurry', rasa
"stream, glide, slide' (ablaut *rds-. *res- : *r9s-?)\ Gothic res\c\ PN Res-mer,

in addition with the concept partly of the worried, also aimless movement, partly of the
excitement, the violent rage:

on the one hand: Latin erro ( *ersajd) "to wander, to wander or stray about, to wander up
and down, to rove' (= Armenian eram), Gothic afrzeis^ wander, enticed ', Old High
German //r/" wander ', Gothic afrziPai. "error, deceit'. Old High German irrida6s., irr(e)dn
{*erzidn) "err';

on the other hand: Old Saxon /rr/'angry, irate', Old English eorre, y/ye "angry, irate,
rancorous', eorsian, iersian " to wish a person ill '.

4. eres-\y\ Old Indie irasyati^ is angry, is ill-disposed, behaves violently ' ( *eres-), irasya-
"the ill-will ' and Trsyati^ is envious ' ( *er9S-), Avestan participle arssyant-' envious ', Old
Indie Trsya-^ envy, jealousy ' Avestan aras-ka-^ envy ', Middle Persian npers. arask^ envy,
eagerness ', zero grade Avestan erBsi- ' envy '; ved. rsi- m. " bard, seer ' (*lunatic);

Armenian /7e/'anger, envy, strife ';

gr. apoc; qkouoiov pAapoq Hes., horn, apsin ' defamatory word ' (= Old Indie irasyS), in
addition snripsia " violent, hostile action ' (proto gr. a, compare Arcadian snnpsia^sv, with
lengthening in compound due to a *£n-apn(;), compare also spsoxn^sw " banter '; "Apnc; '
god of revenge ' seems if personification of the related Subst. aprj ' ruin, outrage, act of
violence ', whereof apnjjsvoc; " distressed, injured, hurt, disabled, afflicted ';

Lithuanian ars^s "violent';

Hittite arsaniya-^ be jealous, envious ', Denom. from *arsana- " jealous ' (compare
above Old Indie Trsya^ envy '), Benveniste BSL. 33, 139;

after Pedersen REtlE. 3, 18 here Toeharian A arsar poisonous worms ', B arsaklai
"snake' {*rsatla)\

to Old Indie arsatr flows ' (above S. 336) places Couvreur H 96 Hittite a-ar-as-zi {arszi)
" flows ';

Toeharian A yar-s-, B yar-s- "bathe' (-s-from -sk-), without 5/r-suffix A yar-6s., would be
compared with Hittite arra- "wash' (?).

References: WP. I 149 ff., WH. I 416 f., 863, Trautmann 237.
Page(s): 336-337

Root / lemma: ereu-1

Meaning: to seek, ask

Material: Gr. *£p£U[ji, *£pu[j£v, thematic become: £p£[F]u), £p£[F]o|jai (Aeolie £p£uu)) and

Eipopai (£pFo|jai) "ask, search, seek', Cretan £p£UTai " ^nTHTCii, TTpaKTop£(; ', due to en-

stem: *£p£F-u)v "inquirer, searcher', £p£uvau) " feel, investigate ' and hom. £p££ivu) "

investigate, ask' fspsFsv-ju)), finally due to a *£pF-(jO(;: tpLomu) horn. sipajTaw "ask"; horn.
£p£io|j£v is after Risch (briefl.) a fake analogical form;

Old Norse raunt " attempt, test, investigation ', reyna' examine, get to know '.

References: WP. II 366, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 680.
Page(s): 337

Root / lemma: ereu-2

Meaning: to tear

Material: Old Indie arus- n. 'wound';

Old Norse 0rr, erru. "scar' {*arwaz, *arwiz), as Finnish loanword arpi. Gen. arverr.
Middle Low German are. Modern High German dial, arbe^scar';

References: WP. II 352, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 355.

See also: s. also under re^z-^'tear open', which probably belongs to it.

Page(s): 338

Root /lemma: er(9)d-{er/a/d^, e/fajd^-

Meaning: high; to grow

Note:

Root/ lemma: er(a)d-{er/a/d-), er(a)6!^-\ "high; to grow' derived from Root/ lemma: al-2\

'to grow; to bear' 6^- Extensions: Old \v\6\c rdhnoti, rnaddhi, rdhati, rdhyati^ prospers,
succeeds, does succeed, manages ', Avestan aradaV he allows to prosper ', aradat-^
make prosper '.
Material: Avestan arao'i/a-'high';

Latin arduus^Wxqh, upright';

gall. Arduenna silva. Old Irish ard{*rduo-) "high, big, large'; cymr. /7a/'c/c/"beautifur;

Maybe lllyrian TN Ardiei

Old Icelandic grdugr^ upright ' puts away (as at most also eredva-) a parallel form in d^-,
while various extensions exist from er- "(set in motion, invigorate) bring up' through d^
(compare opoGuvoj "set in motion, invigorate' etc.).

Certainly with d'^ Latin arbor^\xee\ wherefore Kurdish ar- from *ard "tree' in arzang^
dark hue on the trees caused by wind and weather ', actually "tree rot';

alb. /7/"grow', from rcf- orni^-; (zero grade) < Rumanian /vio'/ca "pitch, raise, elevate, lift,
perk up, straighten, loop, kick up, pick up, hoist, take up, rise, arise, get up, mount,
ascend, balloon, shovel, pry, prong, stick up, cock, start, step up, advance, remove, arrest,
suspend, encash, enhance, aggrandize, resound, strike, construct, build, carry up, set up,
erect, found, create, put up, put, interpose, appear, pose, bring up, receive, convene,
assemble, muster, collect'

Maybe alb. adj. f. e rem. /V/" young', r/n/^ youth'.

Slavic *orstg, Old Bulgarian rastg, russ. rastu, Czech rostueic. 'grow' {*orcf-, oni^-td);

Tocharian A orto " upwards '.

References: WP. 11 48 f., II 289 f., WH. I 64 f.
Page(s): 339

Root / lemma: era-1, re- er(e)-
Meaning: to row

Material: Old Indie arf-tra-m. ' driving; rudder', n. (also antra-) ' rudder, helm ', aritar-
"oarsman';

gr. £p£-Tr|c; "oarsman', replacement for *£p£Trip (= Old Indie aritar-) wherefore receive
fem. 'Epapia PN, £p£aa(jo, Attic £P£ttu) 'row, oar' (*£p£T-j(jo, denominative), i^zi\x6c„ PI.
£p£Tpa (instead of *£pr||jO(; = Latin remus, after £p£Tr|<;, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 493^) " rudder ',
hom. £ip£air| (£i- metr. lengthening) " the rowing ', unr|p£Tr|<; " enslaved oarsman, sailor';
figurative: " hardly working servant ', n£VTr|pr|<; " having five banks of oars, a ship or galley
having five banks of oars, a quinquereme '; zxKoa-o^oc,, Tpic(K6vT-opo(;, Ionian rpiriKOVT-
z^oc, etc. (die -opoq-forms through gr. assimilation of o from £?); aAi-npr|<; " rowing through
the sea ', aMcp-npr|<; 'having two banks of oars', Tpinpr|<; 'three-decker';

Latin remus^ rudder', triresmom, septeresmom Co\umna rostrata (basic form rather *re-
smo- as * ret-smo-);

Maybe Remus , i, m., the brother of Romu/us{*re-smo'p\aced into sailing the basket?'

The god Mars impregnates a Vestal Virgin. When she gives birth to twins, Romulus and
Remus, the king orders them to be left to die in the Tiber River. When the basket in which
Romulus and Remus were placed washes up on shore, a wolf suckles them and a
woodpecker named Picus feeds them until the shepherd Faustulus finds Romulus and

Remus and brings them into Inis liome. Wlien tliey grow up, Romulus and Remus restore
the throne of Alba Longa to its rightful ruler, their maternal grandfather, and set out to
found their own city. Sibling rivalry leads Romulus to slay his brother and become the first
king and founder of the city of Rome. Rome is named after Romulus.

Old Irish ra- "oar, row', imb-ra-^oar, row, sail, navigate a ship' (e.g. Impf. -raad, Perf.
imm-rerae "set out, departed ', Verbn. imram " the rowing '), rame " rudder ';

Old Norse roa. Old English rowan. Middle High German ruejen^oar, row'; Old High
German ruodar. Old English rodoru. " rudder ', Old Norse rot^r {u-siem * ro^ru-) " the
rowing ';

Lithuanian iriu, //'//"oar, row', irklas^ rudder', ablaut. Old Prussian artwesi. PI. " sailing '.

References: WP. I 143 f., Trautmann 105.
Page(s): 338

Root / lemma: era-2, re-
Meaning: to be still

Material: Avestan airimea(iN. "still, peaceful ' {*era-mo-), armae-sad, -sta^ sitting quietly,
standing still ' ( *er-mo-ox *era-mo-.

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in -h2"ahre- > Avestan -ae-

mere graphic -/■ are seen in airime Meillet Dial, indoeur. 66);

gr. spwri (noAsjJoio) "stop the fight', spwEU) " cease ' = Old Norse ro. Old English row.
Old High German ruowa. Modern High German Ruhe{*rdud), changing through ablaut
with Old High German rawa6s.; apa-jjsvai nauxa^siv Hes. (?);

cymr. arar peaceful, mild, slow' {*era-mo-);

after Rozwadowski R. SI. 6, 58 f. ostensibly here the name the Wolga DPa as " quiet,
still water ' from */?ai/a (Mordovian Ravo) to Lithuanian rova{= Germanic *rdud^ tranquility
'), Latvian rawa " still water ', Lithuanian FIN Rova = Slavic Rava; better above S. 336.

apposition from gr. £poo(; "love', spapai "love' (compare Old Indie ramate' rests, stands
still, can be enough, finds favor, cherishes love ') is at most quite a weak possibility (see
Boisacq m. Lithuanian, Persson Beitr. 667).

A s-extension *r-e-s-, r-o-s- in Gothic /as/a "mile (relatively great distance)' ("rest'), Old
Norse rgsti. "stage of a journey', Old High German rastai. " tranquility, rest, stage of a
journey, stretch of time'. Old Saxon rastaav\6 resta {*rastja) " tranquility, lair'. Old English
A^s/and rest^ tranquility, lair, grave'; changing through ablaut Middle Low German ruste,
roste^ tranquility, stage of a journey'. Late Middle High German ms/" tranquility '; Gothic
raznu. "house'. Old Norse rannds., (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
), Old English sern, renn. "house' (with strange meaning rsesnn. "plank, ceiling'); Note:
(similar meaning shift as in md. humiVsky, heaven'; Old High German himiT ceiling ')

Maybe alb. rrase, derrase {nde-rrase) "plank' : Old English r£esnv\. "plank, ceiling'.

Old Frisian ern\v\ /^5-e/77 "cattle-house, pen'; doubtful Old English reord {* rezdo) f., gereord
n. "meal, festival, food'. Old Norse greddir^ servant who feeds cattle, saturator
\*garazdT2), grennaleed' {*ga-raznian).

References: WP. I 144 f.

See also: compare rem-, this is put together like res- with (e)ra-.

Page(s): 338-339

Root / lemma: ergh- {*hergh^

Meaning: to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful, sinful

Note: probably extension from e/'-"set in motion'.

Material: Old \x\(i\crghayati^ shakes, roars, attacks, storms';

gr. 6px£W " TraAAw, kiveoj ', mostly opxsopai " dance, hop, jump, shake '.

Because of similar present meaning in er-5"strife, quarrel, contention' could stand
furthermore in relationship:

Avestan s/-aya/7/-"bad, hideous';

Old High German ar{a)g^ fearful, idle, mad, wicked, evil, bad'. Old English eargds.. Old
Icelandic argraud with metathesis ragr^ unmanly, lustful, evil, bad';

Lithuanian arzus " lascivious, sensual '.

Maybe alb. herdhe "testicle' [common alb. -gh- > -dh-\

Note:

From Root / lemma: ergh-\ "to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful' derived Root/ lemma: orghi-,
fghi- : "testicle' (hence a taboo word)
References: W P. I147f.
Page(s): 339

Root / lemma: erk"- {*herk''-)

Meaning: to shine; to praise

Material: Old Indie ^/ra// "shines; sings praise, greets, honors, venerates', arka-xx\. "ray,

lightning, sun, fire; song, bard, singer' (= Armenian erg), re-, Nom. Sg.//rf. "radiance;

poem, verse', rkvan- 'lobpreisend, jubeind';

Armenian erg^ song ';

Old Irish e/r"sky, heaven'. Middle Irish si/5//r "pleasant, beautiful, radiating' {*su-erk"'/s);

Tocharian A yark, B ya/'/re' "worship, veneration' (Pedersen REtlE. 3, 18);

Hittite ar-ku-ua-nu-un'\ prayed' (arkuanun); different Hendriksen 45 and 74.

References: WP. I 147, MarstranderZceltPh. 7, 360; compare above S. 65.
Page(s): 340

Root / lemma: er-1, or- {*hem-, hemg-, hemd-)

Meaning: eagle

Note: Armenian gr. "(large) bird generally '

Note:

Old \v\6\crji-pya^ darting along ' epithet of the bird syena- ("eagle, falcon'), Avestan arszi-
fya- (cf. gr. ap^i(po(; azioc, rrapa FlEpaaK; H., aiyiTTOiij), Armenian arcui{< *arci-wi) "eagle',
prove that from Root/ lemma: er-1, or- : "eagle' derived extended Root/ lemma: ar(e)-g-
{arg-Tj, fgi-\ "glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent zero grade Root/ lemma: reg-1\
"right, just, to make right; king'.

Material: Armenian oror, urur^ seagull, consecration';

gr. opviq, -T0O(;, Doric -Txo^ "bird; rooster, cock, hen', 6pv£ov "bird';

Old Irish irar. Middle Irish also ilar, cymr. eryr. Middle Breton e/'e/'(nbret. corn, er
through haplology, barely = Lithuanian eras) "eagle' {*erur-);

Gothic ara. Old Icelandic ari, p/77(fronn *amu2). Old English earn. Old High German am,
aru^ eagle ', Middle High German adel-ar^ noble eagle ', Modern High German Adier,
proto Germanic *aran- = Hittite aran-;

Lithuanian ere//s, dial. are//s, Old Prussian are//e {Wes arelis), Latvian e/y//s(from erdlis)
"eagle'; Baltic basic form *erelja-, compare Lithuanian eras, aAas "eagle' (whether old?);

Old Bulgarian orbl-b {* arila-) "eagle', russ. oret Gen. ori^a;

whether urn. erilaR, Old Icelandic ya/"/, Old English eorl. Old Saxon ©/"/"man, husband',
esp. "noble man, husband', so that is to be connected in accordance with Old Icelandic
yp/^/7-" prince, lord', actually "boar', is doubtful;

Maybe the compound in Tocharian B: arsakarsa 'bat, (*mouse?)' [from {* haras) arsa-
'*eagle, bird' + kark- "steal, *prey']

Hittite ha-a-ra-as {haras). Gen. ha-ra-na-as (haranas), n-stem "eagle', as Gothic ara.

ARINNA: Hittite Sun Goddess. She sent an Eagle out in search of Telepinus. The effort
failed. The name of Hittite sun goddess is an attribute name created according to lllyrian
ha-a-ra + -/7/aformant.

Arinna = Arinnitti = Greek Hera (wife of thunder god Zeus) The Hittite goddess of the sun
and war-like protectress. The sun goddess of the Hittites and the spouse of the weather
god Tarhun = Zeus.

From ARINNA derived the name of the lllyrian war god Ares.

Actually the double headed eagle was a winged dragon that was supposed to protect the
sun god. The protector of Zeus was also an eagle. Hittites borrowed the double headed
eagle from Sumerians un'n, un' [SES] : eagle; standard, emblem, banner; blood [SES
ZATU-523 archaic frequency: 25; concatenates 2 sign variants], |DU-n'-in: eagle
(Akkadian loanword, urinnu t, Orel & Stolbova 52 *'ar-rwar- 'eagle'; note that AHw says
that urinnu II, 'standard, totem', is a Sumerian loanword), AKKADIAN: eru{aru) 'eagle'.
References: WP. I 135, Trautmann 13, Pedersen Hittite 41, Specht Dekl. 47.
Page(s): 325-326

Root / lemma: er-2, eri- {*her-2)
Meaning: goat; sheep
Material:

In o- grade:

Armenian or-oj^ a lamb, usually for sacrifice, a ewe lamb '.
In e- grade:

Old Irish heirp {* eib'^P) f. " a fallow-deer, chamois, antelope; as meat, venison, a she-
goat; also a star in the constellation Auriga ', erb{b) 'cow' ( *eib^a). Middle Irish (with
secondary f-) ferb{b) ds., nir. earb, fearbi. "red deer, cow', Scots Gaelic earbi. 'roe deer';
to Celtic *erba : £pi(po(; compare gr. aspcpoq : aepicpoq 'insect'; after Kleinhans (Et. Celt. 1 ,
173)

In zero grade:

here Middle Irish re///?© 'Aries, ram' from *ri-Jo-tio-\

in Old Prussian e/7s//a/7 'lambkin', Lithuanian (j)eras, Latvian yers 'lamb', litt. eriena
'lamb meat'. Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->J-,y-0\6 Indie Tocharian.
Balto Slavic *ero-^ he-goat; billy goat ' and *jdra- 'year' (see above S. 297) have probably
been mixed;

Armenian erinj^ young cow, heifer, calf, young bull, an ox, a bull, a cow '; gr. spicpoc;
( *eri-b^o-) m. f. 'kid, young goat';
In a- grade:

Latin aries, -e//5 'Aries, a ram; a battering ram; a prop, beam ' [for the kindr. forms arvix
and harvix , in Varr. and Fest.; v. arvix; poet, aries] (5 after aper, caper); Umbrian erietu^
arietem '; russ.-Church Slavic 75/7/75 'wool', etc.. Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->J-, y-
Old Indie Tocharian.

Old High German irah^ he-goat; billy goat ' etc. is borrowed from Latin hircus^a he-
goat'.

References: WP. I 135 f., WH. I 67, Trautmann 70.
Page(s): 326

Root / lemma: er-3 : or- : r- : {*her-3)

Meaning: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born

Note: originally athematic root with terminative aspect. Basic forms er-, ere-, ere- (7), ere/-,

ereu- and (under besond. article) eres-

Note:

Root/ lemma: ar-l', themat. (ajre-, heavy basis are-, re- and /-Basis {ajn-, rei-\ "to move,

pass'

and Root / lemma: er-3\ or-: r-\ 'to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up,
be born' derived from the same root Root/ lemma: er-1, or-\ "eagle'.
Material: Conclusions by Persson Beitr. 281 ff., 636 ff., 767 ff., 836 ff.

a. Basic forms er-, ere- (including paradigmatic with it combined /-and ^-forms):

Old Indie redupl. present fy-ar-ti, iyarti^ sets in motion ', Med. Trie {*i-er-)\ Gatha-

Avestan TratO' he should rise '; Old Indie intensive present alartr, from ereu-{see below S.
2>'i^) rnotirnvati^ rises, moves, animates ' (gr. opvupi 'urge on, incite, make to arise, call
forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse from sleep'), a/fa (compare wpro), arata
(compare wpsTo; themat. as rante, ranta), Perf. ara: op-wpa, Fut. arisyatf, participle „/fa-
[Trna- " moved, excited ' with separation of /"from Trta or or real form of a heavy base);

Nostratic etymology:

Proto-IE: *ela- <PIH *H->

Nostratic:

Meaning: to move, to drive

Hittite: halai- (II) 'in Bewegung setzen' (nach unten?) (Tischler 126); halija- (I) 'niederknien,

niederfallen', caus. halinu- (Tischler 130)

Old Indie: iyarti "to go, move', med.Trte "to go, move, rise, go away, retire'

Avestan: gath. Tratu " he should rise '

Amnenian: elanem " come out, go up ', e+anim " become, turn into - '

Greek: iailo, aor. iaiaj " send, stretch '; *elami (arg. pot-elato, ko. elanto), elao, elauno, aor.

elas(s)aj, pf, med. elalaka, aor. pass. ela(s)the'^naj " float, bump, forge ', elasi-s " train,

army train, ride ', ? elatro-n " flat cake ', elater " driver, car driver ', " flat cake ', elata-s "

driver ', elato- " pliant, driven '

Proto: *ala

Nostratic:

English meaning: space below smth., below

Finnish: ala ' place, field, area ', alia (postp.) ' under, below '

Estonian: ala ' math, subspace; reason, origin '. all (postp.) ' under, below '

Saam (Lapp): vuolle ~ vuolle -I- 'down; (in comp.) 'space or part under smth...' (N), -vuolle '

the place below or close, base ' (L), vTille (T) ' the lower ', vTJne, vTiln (T), vGiln (Kid.), vueiln

(Not.), voiln (Not.) (adv., postp.) ' under, below '

Mordovian: al (E M) ' lower, located below ', alo (E), ala (M) ' under, below '

Mari (Cheremis): iJI- (KB, B), ijlo-, iJI- (U) ' the lower, the under- ', ulna (KB), ijlno (U, B)

(adv. postp.) ' under, below '

Udmurt (Votyak): ul (S) 'lower part, lower section, bottom , unterspace, bottom', ulen (K) '

under, below ', ul (G) ' math, subspace, bottom ', ufin (G) 'under'

Komi (Zyrian): -ul (S), -jv (P) in 303-ul, 3e3-jv ' Space, cellar under the floor ', uNn (S), uvjn

(P) ' under, below ', ul (PO) ' the lower ', ulon (PO) ' low, below, under '

Khanty (Ostyak):jl (V), it (DN), il (O) ' low, down ',jl9n (V), iten (DN), ilen (O) 'under'

Mansi (Vogul): jale k (TJ), jalx (KU), jalk (P), jolik (So.) ' the lower ', jale-n (TJ), j5ln (KU),

jalen (P), jolen (So.) 'under', jil (TJ) ' down; downwards '

Hungarian: al- ' under-; lower part; litter ', alatt (adv. post.) ' under, below '

Nenets (Yurak): nilna (O) ' under, below ', nil? ' downwards, down '

Enets (Yen): '\do (Ch.), iro (B) 'Ground', idone (Ch.) 'under'

Nganasan (Tawgi): nilea ' the lower '

Selkup: mI (Ta.), Tl (Ke.), Tl, T I ' Ground, the lower ', nl (Ta.), ille (N) ' there under '

Kamass: jilde ' there below ', jilgen 'under'

Janliunen's version: (38) *i6la

Sammalaliti's version: *i6la

Yukagliir parallels: -al ' under, below '

References: FUV; SKES; K3CK5R; MUSz. 728; MSzFgrE; TESz.; EtSz.; SzofSz.; Donn.

VglWb. II, 116; Paas. Beitr. 38; \ABn9\ 212; Collinder JukUr. 75

Maybe alb. u/^ lower ', u/em' sit down ', u/et' low, base, vulgar ' : Mari (Cheremis): iJI-

(KB, B), iJlo-, iJI- (U) ' the lower, the under- ', ulna (KB), iJIno (U, B) (adv. postp.) ' under,

below ' : Udmurt (Votyak): ul (S) 'lower part, lower section, bottom , unterspace, bottom',

ul§n (K) ' under, below ', ul (G) ' math, subspace, bottom ', ulln (G) 'under' : Komi (Zyrian):

-ul (S), -jv (P) in 303-ul, 3e3-jv ' Space, cellar under the floor ', uNn (S), uvJn (P) ' under,

below ', ul (PO) ' the lower ', ul0 n (PO) ' low, below, under '

Avestan a/"- "(be) set in motion, arrive at, reach', present-stem ar-: are-, iyar-: ir- (as
Old Indie fyarti : Trta), Kaus. araya-, participle -areta-,

s^opresent Old \v\6\c rcchati^ bumps into something, encounters, reaches ', next to
which *re-sRd\v\ Old pers. rasaf/y' comes, arrives at ', np. rasadds.;

The following cognates are compounds of Root/ lemma: sem-2: one + Root/ lemma: er-3

: or-. r-\ "to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born' = [fight
together]:

Old Indie sam-ara-m., sam-arana-n. "fight, struggle, contention ', Avestan ham-arana-,
Old pers. ham-arana- v^. " hostile encounter, fight, struggle ', Avestan hamara-m. (and with
th- formants hamara&a-m.) " adversary, rival, enemy'; Old Indie frya- " vigorous, strong,
energetic ' (could belong to /-basis), /r/n-\ast, grand, violent, forcible ', arfha-n. m.
"(*wherefore one arrives at )' " affair, thing, business; blessing, fortune, benefit, advantage',
Avestan ar^a-n. "thing, affair, incumbency, litigation ';

Maybe gr. 6p6q " one and the same, common, joint, unite ' > gr. opspoq: TucpAoq, Hsch.(cf.
"Opripoc;)- m. " a pledge for the maintenance of unity, a surety, a hostage ' : Old Indie sam-
ara-m., sam-arana-n. "fight, struggle, contention ', Avestan ham-arsna-. Old pers. ham-
arana-w. " hostile encounter, fight, struggle ', Avestan hamara-m. (and with //> formants
hamsra&a-xw.) " adversary, rival, enemy'; Hence Homer\Nas not a bard. The Old Persian
compound meant "war (of llion)'. Actually the main theme of the iliad is the fury of Achilles
and the maintenance of unity.

Old lndic„/f/-, ///-f. "attack, fight', Avestan -arsti-^ energy ' (compare Old Bulgarian ratb);

Old Indie arta-^ afflicted, injured, hurt, disabled, pressed, ailing ', arti-i. " mischief,
affliction ' {*a-rta-, -rti-)\

Old Indie arna- " flowing, surging, flooding ', m. " surge, tide, flood ', arnas- n. " flowing
flood ' (formal = gr. £pvo(; n.; compare S. 328 Old High German runs), arnava- " billowing,
surging '; m. "flood, surging sea' {uo- further formations to arna-? or in older formant
relationship io rnotR The latter is sure for:) Avestan aranu-m. "fight, struggle, contest ' (:
Old High German ernustS. 331);

from the themat. root form (e)re-0\6 Indie rana-m. n. "fight, struggle' (versch. from
rana- m. "lust') = Avestan rsna-n. "action, struggle, fight'; Avestan rana-, rqna-m. " fighter,
combatant ';

Armenian y-arnem^ I stand up, I am lifted '; after Pisani Armen. 4 in addition ore-ar
"people' (see below Latin orioi); with -d^- (compare S. 328 spsGw, spsGi^oj, opo-Guvw): y-
ordor^ fast ', yordorem^ encourage, arouse, irritate '; a/777 "roof (: 6p|j£vo(;); ordi. Gen.
ordvoy " son ' ( *orA '^//d) ;

gr. opvupi "urge on, incite, make to arise, call forth, move, stir oneself, awaken, arouse
from sleep' (: Old \r\d'\crnotr, compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 696p; das o after 6p£0|jai?), Aor.
(Lpaa, wpopov, opaoj, Med. opvupai, wpro " aroused, animated, uplifted ', Fut. opouijai,
thematic Aor.wpsro, participle oppevog, Perf. opwpa " have been excited '; with op- as

iterative vocalism 6p£-o|jai, -ovto "sally, burst forth, rushed forth', with e/"- still spero
cbpfjriGri Hes., spaso SiEysipou Hes., spap oppnap (which then permeated through wpsTO,
opaso forms); a present *ipvu|ji (as KipvpiJi) follows from Cretan Zsuc; "EnipvuTiO(;
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695); -opTO(; in v£opT6(; "new born', 9£opTO(; " celestial, heavenly ', etc.;
Kuv-, AuK-opTQc;, Aa-£pTr|<;; hom. oupoq " favorable sailing wind ' (*6pFoc;, "navigating the
ship'), 6po(; m. " actuation, drive ';

with ^r^extension epxopai " start, set out, come or go, come to, arrive at ' (only present),
opxeopai "dances' (Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 702); see below Old Irish regaid,

6pM£V0(; " shoot, sprout, or stem, stalk ', about 6papvo(; "twig, branch', 6^6ba\\yoc„
pa5apvo(; ds., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 3132;

er-\x\ spvoq (£pvo(;, Schwyzer Gl. 5, 193) "sprout, twig, branch' ("*shot up ', as
Norwegian runne, rune't\N\g, branch': formal = Old Indie arnas- n.); £p£a(;T£Kva. 0£aaaAoi
Hes., £p£9u), £p£9i^u) " agitate, perturb, irritate ' (opoGuvu) " enrage, encourage, cheer,
irritate ');

From an es-stem *e/"os "elevation' from: Old Indie /si/a- "high', gr. 6po(; n. "mountain' (the
vocalism after 6pvu|ji, partly changed perhaps also after 6ppo(;); about oupo(; = 6po(; s.
esp. Schuize Qunder ep. 407 ff.; is Doric wpoq and Attic 'Qp£i0uia with ^\xoc, from *dmsos
to compare and lead back to (reshuffled after an Adj. *ors-os or *ors-uos : Old Indie /5i/a-)
*6paoc;?; gr. opaoOupn " back door ' (probably as high escape door, emergency exit??), by
Hes. £ip£eupr| opaoOupa;

about gr. 6ppo(; " buttocks ' see below ers-, (common Italic rs- > rr-)

Phrygian £ipoi " children ' (Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 151a);

alb. ye/777" frenzied, phrenetic, wild ' {*er-mo-)\ about perrua' riverbed, stream ' (see
below);

Maybe alb. ye/777" be angry ' derived in -m- suffix : russ. 6\a\. jeretftbsa 'be angry, quarrel,
squabble' see below. Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->j-, y-0\6 Indie Tocharian.

Maybe alb. o/'a "mountain nymph'.

Latin or/or, -Jn, ortus sum " to rise; to spring up, be born, proceed from a source or
cause ' {ortus = Old \v\6\crta-\ oof 0/70/' either from o/Yi/s or from Aor.-stem, EM^ 713),
ortus, -us' rising ', orfgo' origin, source, beginning; an ancestor' (could be based as or/or

on the /-basis), Umbrian ortom'have risen', urtas'have been risen, arisen', urtes'ansen,
stirred, agitated';

Old Irish Imper. e/rg'goV {*ergh-e), Fut. regaid {* rigati, Indo Germanic *rgh-)\ see above
gr. spxepai; Celtic or- in mcymr. cyf-orm. ' troop ', oy-^yf-o/' 'elevation', ad-orth^
excitement, help'(*a//-c»/'-/o), etc. (Loth RC 40, 355); compare also Ifor Williams RC 43,
271 (about Middle Irish ort 'bank, border, shore' s. Pedersen KG. I 206 f.);

Germanic *ermana-, */rm/no'b\g, large' (: 6p[jizvoq, Church Slavic ramenb, s. Bruckner
KZ. 45, 107) in Old High German /rm/n-deot etc. (see above S. 58); Old Icelandic ern
{*am/a-) 'proficient, energetic ', Gothic arn/baa6v. 'certainly' (but Old Icelandic arna, -ada
'go, drive, run' secondary from gerna^ Gothic airinon). Old High German e/77i/s/ 'fight,
struggle, seriousness ', Old English eornosV seriousness, eagerness ' (: Avestan arenu-
'fight, struggle'); with similarl meaning gr. £p£a(;T£Kva Hes., perhaps Proto Norse erilar.
Old Icelandic ya/"/. Old English eorl. Old Saxon e/y'noble man, husband' (see below er-
'eagle') ; Old Icelandic /a^a 'fight' i^era);

Note:

Proto Norse erilar. Old Icelandic ya/"/. Old English eorl. Old Saxon e/y'noble man, husband'
: Lithuanian erelis, dial, arelis. Old Prussian arelie (lies arelis), Latvian erglis (aus erdlis)
'eagle'; Baltic basic form *erelja-, derived from Root / lemma: er-1, or- : 'eagle'. Hence the
original meaning of those cognates was 'eagle men'. Celtic people called themselves after
the sacred bird of the sky god. Hence the eagle was a war god that is why eagle bones are
found in Stonehenge monuments. Clearly the Celtic cognate derived from Baltic
languages.

Gothic rinnan, /'a/7/7'rush, run' {*re-nu-d), urr/nnan'nse, from the sun'. Old Icelandic
rinnal\o\N, run'. Old High German Old Saxon r/nnanl\o\N, swim, run', (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old English rinnan an6 iernan, arn ds.; Kaus. Gothic
urrannjan^ allow to rise ', Old Icelandic renna' make run ', Old Saxon renniands.. Old
High German Middle High German rennen, rante'run' (ein after /7/7/7a/7 with /?/? provided
*roneid= Slavic /to/?/// under S. 329);

zero grade Gothic runsm. (/-stem). Old English rynem. 'run, flow, river'. Old Icelandic
runn. 'rivulet, brook', Gothic garunjd^ inundation, flood ', Old High German runs, runsa
'run, flow of water, river', runsti. ' the runnel, flowing, riverbed '; Gothic garuns {siexw
garunsh) f. 'road, market ' (actually ' the place where the people gather '; Germanic runs-:
Old Indie arnas-). In the use of shooting up, growth the plants (compare £pvo(;, 6pp£vo(;)

Old Icelandic rinna' sprout, grow', Norwegian runne, rune'W\g, branch' and Swedish dial.
rana " shoot upwards, take off into the air ', Norwegian rane ' shaft, pole ', Middle High
German ran (a) ' slim, thin ', Old High German rono'tree stem, clot, chunk, chip, splinter'; "
exaltation, elevation ' generally in Norwegian dial, rane'cusp, peak, projecting rocks, ridge
', Old Icelandic ran/" snout, proboscis ';

Old Irish rind {* rend/-) 'cusp, peak'; for ot;/7)-extension see below;

This root form *re-n- (maybe grown from a present *re-neu-mi, *re-nu-d) one also seeks
in alb. perrua, perroi^ riverbed, brook bed ' {per-ren-, lengthened grade), prrua, PI. perrenj
"spring' {*prer-rua^ effluence ') and in Old Bulgarian izroniti {BaWo Slavic *raneid) ' pour
out, pour forth, shed, spread abroad ', russ. ronitb 'make or let fall ', serb. roniti^ shed
tears, melt, urinate ', Gothic -rannjan; compare Trautmann 236 f.;

Maybe alb. {*ke-ronJ) kroi, krua, PI. kroje^ stream' : pe-rrua, pe-rroi^ riverbed, brook bed '.

Maybe alb. Geg (/77e) as' to fall, strike, hit', rrah {* ra-sko) ' hit', reshje^ rainfall', re^ cloud',
perrua, perroT riverbed, brook bed ' {perrua, pe-rnua 'spring' from a prefix pe-, pe-
common Hittie Slavic Albanian prefix + alb. * /to/?/ "running water',

in -^r^ suffix:

Maybe alb. rrjedheu. ' spring', rrjedhv. ' springs' common alb. -gh> -dh.

d(h)-eyXev\s\ov\ in Lithuanian participle nusirendant, nus/rendus/'kom the setting sun',
r/nda ' gully, runnel ' {stogo r ' gutter '), ' crib, manger ', Latvian randa ' dent where the
water runs off;

Old Bulgarian ratb, russ. ratb, Serbo-Croatian Aa/'fight' {*or(a)ti-). Old Bulgarian retb6s.
' an assiduous striving to equal or excel another in any thing, emulation, jealousy, envy,
malevolence ', russ. retb 'quarrel, strife ', Old Bulgarian retiti\o strain, stretch, exert; of
missiles, to shoot, cast; intransit., to strive, strain, exert oneself, hasten; of statement, to
assert with confidence, maintain. In relation to another: transit., to compare, contrast;
intransit., to compete', russ. retovatbsa^ be angry ', retfvyj^keeu, eager, stormy, hot
tempered, violent, fiery' (goes back to thematic {e)re- or *er-ti-, has been supported by
russ. d\a\.jeret/tbsa^be angry, quarrel, squabble'); about Church Slavic ramenbsee above
S. 58 under 328. Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->j-, y-0\6 Indie Tocharian.

Maybe in *-sA'aformant alb. /ra/7 'strike', rrih em ^quarre\, fight' {*ra-skd) [common alb. /? <
sk\

From Hittite here (Pedersen Hittite 5 f., 45, 91 f., 122) ar- in

1. a-ra-a-i{arai) "uplifts', besides a-ra-iz-zi(is., preterit 3. PI. {a\-ra-a-ir,

2. 5-/7' comes ' (previous Perf.), preterit a-ar-ta {arta) or ir-ta\

3. Med. present ar-ta-ri^ stands, it is placed upright ' (compare gr. opwpa : Latin orioi),
3. Sg. Preterit a-ar-as (ars) "went over, looked over';

4. iterative a-ar-as-ki-it {arskit) " reached repeatedly ' (compare above Old \'r\6\c rcchati);

5. causative (compare above S. 61) ar-nu-uz-zi {arnuzi) " bring to, set in motion' (r-nu-\
compare above Old \v\6\c rnoti); Imper. 2. Sg. ar-nu-ut{arnut} = gr. 6pvu-9i, verbal noun a-
ar-nu-mar ( arnumar) ;

Hittite: arsana'h, arsanaija- (II) ' envy, be angry ' (Tischler 67-68) (but cf. also harsallant-
'angry', Tischler 182-184 without etymology)

to what extent Tocharian A ar-, B er- " produce, cause, bring forth ', with sk- Kaus. ars-,
ers- ds., after Meillet (MSL. 19, 159) belong here, is doubtful; certainly remain far off AB
ar-, ar- "cease', with s/r-Kaus. ars-, ars- " abandon ' (inaccurate Van Windekens Lexique 6,
22).

b. extension er-ed- (o'-present?): s. ered-^ deliquesce ', Old Indie ardati, rdati^ flows
etc.', also " perturbed, agitated '; with Kaus. ardayati^ makes i\o^; throngs, presses,
afflicts, slays ' was equatable Old Icelandic erta {*artjan) " incite, provoke, banter', yet is
connection with "a/ToV- "cusp, peak, sting, prick' (above S. 63) at least equivalent; a
dissyllabic form in apa^ouai spsGi^ouaiv Hes., apa5o(; " excitement ';

further here or to er-50\6 Indie radati' scratches, digs, hacks, scarifies ', vf-radati^
cleaves, splits apart, opens ';

perhaps also Old Prussian redo "furrow' (Persson Beitr. 667).

c. extension er-ed'^-.'see above S. 327 EpsGu) etc. under under S. 339.

d. basis erei-, and reia-. n-\ rqio-s, n-ti-^ flux '.

Old Indie frya- see above S. 327;

Old Indie rinati, rfnvati {arinvan) " allows to flow, run away, escape, dismisses, releases
', rJyate' gerat ins Flieften, lost sich auf ', rJna-^ in Fluft geraten, flieftend ', rJti- " stream.

run, line; run of the things, l<ind, way ' (latter meaning also in Middle Irish nan'\Ndiy,
manner'), n't- " escaping ', raya-xr\. 'current, stream, run, flow, haste, hurry, vehemency',
retas-n. ' downpour, stream, seed, sperm ', renu-m. "dust' (: Old Russian rent
"sandbank'); to ^-suffix compare under Latin nvus,

Maybe zero grade in alb. /r/(*/77/)"stay, stand'.

Armenian ar/'get up, stand up!' (Persson Beitr. 769) To y-arnem, S. 327;

gr. Lesbian oplvu), (*6pi:-viu)) "set in motion, excite, irritate to the rage '; spit;, -xboc, "fight,
strife, quarrel, contention ' (perhaps in /to our root form, whether not better after Schwyzer
Gl. 12, 17 to £p£i5u) " support, stem, bump, press, poke, push'); Arcadian spivusiv "be
angry with' from 'EpTvu(; actually " the angry soul of the victim pursuing the murderer ' (??);

alb. Geg /77e "humid, wet, damp', actually "* flowing ' {*rinete: Old Indie rinati, Slavic
ringtl);

Latin orior, ongosee above; nvus {*rei-uo-s) "stream, brook'; in Old Bulgarian rbvbn-b "
rival ' corresponding meaning change rMnus and nva//s' rival in the love' (latter form
reshuffling after aequalis, sodalis), actually " one who lives near a brook ';

probably here irntare^ excite, exasperate, anger, provoke ', prorTtare^ to incite, entice,
allure, tempt, provoke, cause, or produce by irritation ', (probably intensive to an *ir-n-re)\

Irish nan'sea' and (compare Old Indie nf/-) " kind, way ', gall. Renos {*reinos) "Rhein
(large river)' (whether also after Stokes KZ. 37, 260 Irish n'asc'a marsh', nm "bad weather
'??), cymr. rh/d/o " go or come together, to meet, assemble, collect together, go or come
together in a hostile manner, to encounter ' (: Old English rid, Old Indie nt/-h), Old Irish
n'athor, cymr. rhaiadr, a cymr. rea///'" waterfall' {*rlia-tro-)\

Old English rTdrc\. f., ndei. "stream, brook'. Old Saxon nthm. "burning hot, rushing,
torrential ', Middle Low German r/dei. "stream, brook, watercourse'. Modern High German
-reid(e)\v\ place names; Dimin. {*nt^uldn) ndd. /7//e "furrow after rainwater, gully'; further
Old English a-/"^/77a/7 "raise, uplift, soar, rise'. Middle English rgmen, engl. roam^ wander',
Old Icelandic reimudr^ wandering around ', reimir^ sv\ake\ ^ar er reimV there it is scary,
haunts ', reima^ annoy, disturb, infest ' (meaning as Old Bulgarian /'^a//"bump, poke').
About rinnansee above.

With Germanic s-extension: Gothic urre/san 'nse';

Old Icelandic rJsa, Old English Old Saxon nsanWse', Old High German nsan, Middle High
German /75e/7 "ascend, fall'; Old High German re/'sa' departure, migration, campaign,
journey', Gothic urraisjan^ make rise, uplift, set up, awake, animate'. Old Icelandic reisa
ds.. Old English raeran^ raise, uplift, set up, erect'. Old High German reren' make fall,
make pour down, pour ';

Maybe alb. re 'cloud, rain', alb. Geg A^'fall', Aes/ye 'rainfall, downpour' : diminutive Middle
High German riselvn. 'rain'.

ndd. reren^ia\\\ Middle High German r/se/en^6np, rain'. Modern High German riesein.
Middle High German riselxw. 'rain'. Old Icelandic blod-risa. Middle High German bluotvise^
blood-spattered ', Old Frisian blodrisne^ bleeding wound'; from 'fall' becomes ' dropped,
fallen' in Old English (^e')/7S5/7 'befit'. Old High German garJsan^ approach, suit, fit '
(compare s-extension Old Bulgarian ristati). Middle High German risch^ spry, quick, fast '
(compare Old Bulgarian riskanije);

Lithuanian ry-tas ' morning ' ('*sunrise', compare Gothic urreisan), Latvian rietu, -eju, -et
" break out, rise (e.g., from the day), burst forth ', riete 'milk in the brisket ' (compare formal
Old Indie reta-)\

Slavic *raja- m. 'current' (: above Old Indie raya-hrc\. 'stream, run, flow') in Old
Bulgarian izrojb^ ejaculation of semen ', sb/io/i. 'confluence', naroj^x\^s\\\ /ry'swarm of
bees' ( *roJo-s)\ in addition reka ( *roi-ka) 'river';

Maybe alb. re, /le "cloud' : Rumanian /r*/ "swarm, hive, cluster, cloud'; a loanword from
Proto-Slavic form: rojb; See also: rejati; reka; ringti; Russian: /ry"swarm' [m jo]; Polish: roj
"swarm' [m jo], /'cy^[Gens]; Serbo-Croatian: /Toy "swarm' [m jo]; Slovene: /'(9y"swarm' [m jo]
Maybe alb. reja "cloud' from alb. rufeja "thunderbolt' < Bulgarian

Also alb. /re/re "current' from Proto-Slavic form: reka See also: rejati; ringti; rojb; Old
Church Slavic: reka "river' [f a]; Russian: reka "river' [f a]; Czech: reka "river' [f a]; Slovak:
rieka "river' [f a]; Polish: rzeka "river' [f a]; Serbo-Croatian: rijeka "river' [f a]; Slovene: reka
"river' [fa]

Slavic */'(f/d"poke, push' in Old Church Slavic rejq, rejati^i\o\N' (New Slavic) and "bump,
poke, urge, press, push' (as oplvw "budge'); in addition the changing by ablaut Old Church
Slavic vyringti^ e^ooGsTv ', ringtisg^ to fall with violence, rush down, fall down, tumble down,
go to ruin '; Old Russian rent "sandbank'; kir. nh "sand, river detritus, pebbles ' (compare
Old Indie renu-); in other meaning (see above to Latin rfvTnus) Old Bulgarian rbvbn-b " rival '

rbven/je 'stnie, quarrel, debate, contention ', Czech fevnitr compete ', poln. rzewnic
"move, stir, agitate'.

Maybe in -s/ro formant alb. rrah {ra-sko) " quarrel' [common alb. -sk> -/?].

With 5-extension Balto Slavic *re/st/d\n Old Bulgarian r/stg, r/stat/^run', r/skan/je' to run,
move quickly, hasten ', Lithuanian ra/stas {'run time' =) ' rutting ', Latvian r/'ests ds.,
Lithuanian /v's/as 'quick, fast', r/sc/a \ns\.r. Sg. ' in gallop '.

e. basis ereu-\ er-nu-' contest ', or-t/o- 'hasty'.

Old Indie //7o//(Perf. ara but Indo Germanic *dra), arnava-, Avestan aranu- see above S.
327;

Maybe alb. PN Rinas, lllyrian rinotR

Old Indie arvan-, a/v5/7/- 'hurrying, rusher, racer', Avestan aurva-, aurvant- 'quick, fast,
valiant'; perhaps Avestan auruna-'wM, cruel, savage, from animals'; very doubtful Old
Indie ru-ra-' stormy, hot tempered, of fever';

Note:

Old Indie arvan-, arvant- : Messapic FIN /l/"i/d prove lllyrian displayed satem character :
gall.-brit. FIN *Arva, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve{*rua); Messapic FIN Arvo.

gr. 6pv0-|ji, ou^oc, see above; previous causative opouu) ' overthrow me, outleap ',
avopouu) ' jump up ' (probably as *opou[a]u) zur 5-extension, see below); compare
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 683;

Latin rud, -ere'ruu, hurry, storm along';

Middle Irish rOathar{*reu-tro-) 'onrush', cymr. rhuthrds.. Old Irish ru{a)e' hero, demigod
' ( *reu-io-); here gall.-brit. FIN *Arva, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve {*rua); Messapic FIN
Arvo;

Old Saxon aru. Old English earu' swift, ready, quick ', Old Icelandic p/r'rash, hasty,
generous, ( *arwa- = Avestan aurva-; here as originally ' generous ' perhaps also Gothic
arwjo' gratuitous, free ', Old English earwunga. Old High German ar(a)wun' free, for
nothing, in deception, in error ', arod' forceful, agile'; Old High German ernusts. S. 328.

Old English /■eon/ "agitated, stormy, wild, rough', Gothic unmana-riggws^\NM, cruel,
savage'.

extension reus-:

Old Indie rosati, rusat/"\s sullen', rusita-, rusta-^ irritated ';

Swedish /x7ss 'storm from there, hurry'. Middle Low German mse/7"dash, rage, clamor,
rant, roister', rusch^ intoxication ', Old Icelandic rosi^ Sturmbo ', raust\o\ce', Old Swedish
ruska'storm ahead, hurry';

[but Gothic rausn., with gramm. variation Old Icelandic reyrrm., Old High German ror'
reed ', rorea "duct, tube, pipe' {*rauzidn), with stem stress (as Gothic) Swedish rysja. Old
High German russa, rusa, riusai. 'baskey for catching fish, snare, trap', other formations
with /r-suffix Old English rysci.. Middle High German rusch{e) f. ' bulrush', probably remain
far off];

Lithuanian ruosus' diligent, active ', Latvian ruoss ds., Lithuanian ruosiu, ruosiau, rudsti
' provide ', reflex. ' take care ';

Slavic *ruchh'\n russ. /z/c/7 "restlessness, movement', ruchnu ft 'turr\b\e, fall', poln.
Czech Ai/c/? 'movement', ablaut, cech. rychfy' quick, fast ', in addition causative Slavic
*rusiti^ overturn, upset ' in Old Church Slavic razdrus/t/" destroy' , russ. rus/fb ds., etc.

Maybe alb. Geg zcfroj, Tosc /rezo/T/'tumble, fall' : Old Church Slavic razdrus/t/" destroy' .

References: WP. I 136 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 516 b, 694, 702, 719, 740, 749, Trautmann
240 f., 242, 243, 246, WH. I 64 f., 416 f., 719, II 222 f.
Page(s): 326-332

Root / lemma: er-4{er-t- er-u^ [*herg''h^

Meaning: Earth

Note:

Root/ lemma: er-4{er-t-, er-u^ [*herg''h^ earth' derived from Root/ lemma: er-3. or-, r-

: to move *stir, animate, fight, struggle, rise; to spring up, be born'

Material: Gr. spa 'earth', spa-^s 'to earth' (perhaps therefrom spau), see below S. 336; with
common extension of probably noAur|po(; noAuapoupo(;, nAouaiO(; Hes.); svspoi, see
above S. 312; zpzo\-[}tipr\ ysajpETpiav Hes.;

Germanic *erf^d\n Gothic a/rf^a, Old Norse yiprd. Old High German (etc.) erda 'eartW;

Maybe TN lllyhan Ardiaei {* er-g"'he) [common lllyhan-alb. -gh->d\

Germanic *erd\(\ Old High German e/r* "earth';

£/o-extension in Old Hoxsq jgrvi {*erwan^ "sand, sandbank', and cymr. erw\. "field', PI.
erwi, erwydd, corn, erw, ereu6s., abret. Middle Breton eru, nbret. ero "furrow' {*erui-)\

Note:

Those cognates derived from Old Indie arvan-, arvant-: Messapic FIN /I/'ko prove lllyrian
displayed satem character; there is proof lllyrian belonged to the Celtic family gall.-brit. FIN
*Arva, engl. Arrow, French Erve, Auve {*rua)\ Messapic FIN Arvo. [see above]

perhaps Armenian erkir^ earVc\' (Pedersen KZ. 38, 197), if for*^/^- (Indo Germanic *eru-)
after erkin "sky, heaven'.

References: WP. I 142, Finzenhagen Terminol. 6, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 424.
Page(s): 332

Root / lemma: er-5, era-, thematic (e)r-e-

Meaning: rare, loose, crumbly

Material: Old Indie //e with Abl., Akk. " with exclusion of, without, except, besides' (Lok. a

participle *rta- " separated, secluded '), nirrti-h' resolution, decay, downfall, ruin'; ar-ma-

Pl. " debris, ruins ', armaka-^ trijmmerhaft ' or n. " TriJmmerstatte ' (meaning somewhat

doubtful); Va-in /?/77a- "wound'; themat. *{e)r-e- in v/ra/a-' standing apart, leaky, rare ';

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*era/a-) ra/fe'rare'.

gr. £pr|po(;, Attic spHMO'^ lonely ';

quite doubtful Latin Aams "having wide interstices between its parts, of a loose texture,
not thick or dense, thin, loose, scattered, scanty, far apart; milit. in loose order; in gen.
rare, infrequent; sometimes extraordinary, distinguished. Adv. raro, rare, seldom, rarely '
( *er9-rd-s), rather credible rete'net, thread' (compare under Lithuanian ret/s, Latvian refa);

maybe alb. {*rete) rrJete'neV

Lithuanian yru, Irt/" separate, resolve, distinguish', pa/ras' lax, loose '; ret/s m. " phloem
sieve ' (with unoriginal second accent, as often in /-stems), Latvian reta, rete'scar', rem'
rudzi^ leaking standing rye '; Lithuanian ertas^w\6e, far, spacious ' ("*standing apart ');

from the light basis retas'\h'\n, spacious, seldom' (from the themat. root form *(e)r-e-, as
also:) /lesi/^s 'seldom, thin', paresvis^ sparse ';

Old Church Slavic 0/7// "dissolve, overthrow, destroy' (Kaus. *ore/d'make break up'),
Serbo-Croatian Oit'd/'/// "prostrate, throw down', Czech obor/t/" destroy' , russ. razonfbds.

Maybe alb. rrezonj'bnng down' : russ. razorftb

Old Indie /o'/7a/r" especially, peculiar, particular', ardha-h^ part, side, half, ardha-^\\a\f,
n. "part, half;

Lithuanian ardali, -///"separate, split' (Kaus., as Church Slavic oriti) ; erdvas^\N\6e,
capacious', Latvian ardaws, ifdens^ lax, friable', e/r/s" lax, commodious (capacious '),
ifdi't, /?d/nat loosen, separate', erzu, erdu, eAs/ "separate'.

re-dh_.

Old Church Slavic redhk-b "seldom' (probably shifted stress, compare Czech ridky,
sloven, redak, in spite of serb.-kroat. rijedkT, rtdkl);

about ered-see above S. 329 f., about ereu- under different article under S. 337.

To what extent those from Persson Beitr. 666, 773, 839 f. considered as extensions of
*er(a)- roots really derive /le-o'- "scratch', rei-, reu- "tear open', is doubtful; die by *er(a)-
esp. significant meaning of loose, leaking, standing apart allow to miss them completely or
recognize at least not as dominant meaning.

References: WP. I 142 f., Trautmann 12 f.
Page(s): 332-333

Root / lemma: ers- : orsos

Meaning: behind; tail

Material: Armenian or" buttocks ' (mostly PI. or-k\ /-stem);

gr. oppoq m. " buttocks ' (in addition oupa: f. "tail' from *orsJa) =

Old High German ars. Old English earsm., Old Icelandic ars, rass' buttocks' =

Hittite a-ar-ra-as {arras), Dat. ar-ri-is-si {arrisi); whose -s/enclitic pronoun;

e-grade Old Irish err{ *ersS) f. 'tail, end' (also of chariot), therefrom eirr^ chariot
combatant ' ( *ers-et-s). Gen. erred.

References: WP. I 138, Couvreur H 98, Pedersen KG. II 101.

See also: it is often placed 'elevation, protrusion, preceding body part ' to e/"-5(above S.

326).

Page(s): 340

Root / lemma: es-en-, os-en-, -er-{*hek"'-en-\n centum languages)

Meaning: harvest time, *summer, *autumn

Note:

Root /lemma: es-en-, os-en-, -er-\ harvest time, *autumn' : Root /lemma: ues-f. spring'.

Note: in Germanic also from the harvest- and generally Feldarbeit and the earnings out of

it

Material: With a relationship as between Lithuanian vasaraan6 vasara' summer' : Old

Bulgarian vesna^ spring ', here (after Schuize Qunder ep. 475) hom. etc. oncbpa 'summer

end, harvest time' (see S. 323) onwpi^u) ' harvest ', ep. onojpTvoq ' autumnal ' (probably

actually 6n(ji)apTv6(;) from on- (: ottiOev) + *6[a]apc( ' phase of conclusion *Tav *6apc(v, i. e.

TO e£po(;'; u) as contraction from oa- confirms Alcman (Gr. poet) ondpa, s. Boisacq s. v.;

(common gr. k"- > p-).

Maybe Lithuanian vasaraav\6 vasara^ summer' : Latin {*vesis) ver/sn. 'spring' [common
Latin Germanic -s- > -r-] : Spanish verano: Aragones berano: Asturian veranu: Galician
veran : Portuguese verao : Romanian vara : alb. vera 'summer '.

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Old Prussian Lithuanian Latin Albanian *hue- > ve-.

Gothic asa/75(ograde) f. 'harvest, summer'. Old Norse gnn{*aznd) 'harvest, hardship',
(under the influence of common Celtic -/75-, -nt- > -nn-). Old High German arenm., arnt.
Middle High German e/77e 'harvest' (in addition Old High German a/770/7 'reap');

Gothic asneis. Old English esne. Old High German asm ' day labourer ', derived from
the equivalent from Old Saxon 5S/7a 'earnings, tribute, tax' (*harvest earnings), in addition
Old High German arnen^ earn ' = Old English earn/an ds.; compare Wissmann Nom.
postverb. ^45^■,

Serb. -Church Slavic ye'se'/?^, Serbo-Croatian yese/?; russ. osenb, \Nruss. Jes/eh; Old
Prussian assanis (from *esenis or *asanis)\ Common h- > j- Slavic Albanian; h- >J-, y- Old
Indie Tocharian.

doubtful, whether here Middle Irish eorna {* esor-n-Ja) 'barley';

References: WP. I 161 f., Trautmann 71, Feist 58 f.
Page(s): 343

Root / lemma: esu-s{\ su-)

Meaning: good, *noble, master, owner, lord

Material: Gr. £u^, nuc; "proficient, good'. Adverb su (Akk. n.), belongs to prefix £u-

Hittite a-as-su-us (assus) "good'; to a- s. Pedersen Hittite 167 under Anm.; perhaps as
zero grade in addition (Friedrich IF. 41, 370 f.) the prefix su- see there;

moreover perhaps Latin erus' the master of a house, head of a family, mister, master,
owner, lord ', fem. era, Old Latin esa^ mistress, lady ';

however, Hittite is-ha-a-as {ishas) "master, mister' is to be kept away, because this
belongs to Armenian /sa-s/? "master, mister', /5A'a/"rule, reign' (?), even it is not of Indo
Germanic origin (Couvreur H 9);

gall. GN Esi/s (with §■) remains far off, probably because of the names with Aes-, A/s- in
the earliest 1. a/s- or 2. a/s- (above S. 16), less probably 2. e/s- (above S. 299); also the
Old Irish PN Eogan {*ivogenos) and the cymr. PN Owe/n {o\6er Ywe/n, Euge/n, Ougen) =
Old Irish PN Uga/ne {*ouo-gen/os), compare in addition Bergin Eriu 12, 224 f.

References: WP. I 161, WH. I 419, 863. Bin etymol. Versuch by Kretschmer, object.
Konjugation 16 ff.
See also: es-
Page(s): 342

Root / lemma: es-
Meaning: to be

Note:

Root/ lemma: es-\ "to be' derived from Root/ lemma: eg-, eg(h)om, egd\ I' [Old Indie

asmi'\ am' = a/iam ( *eg(/i)om) 'I']

Grammatical information: copula and verb substantive; built originally only a durative
aspect of present wird hence single-linguistic various supported by the root b^eua-: b^u- .
I\^aterial: 1 . Old Indie asm/, as/, asti, smas, stha, santi, Avestan ahmi, 3. Sg. asti, 3. PI.
hanti. Old pers. amiy.
Note: Old Indie asm/'\ am' = aha/ri ( *eg(h)om) T;

Armenian em, es, e;

gr. hom. Attic z\\^\ (= emi, Aeolic z\^\^\, Doric r||ji), z\ (= e/from *esi, only Attic, hom. z\c„
zoo\), zai'\, dpsv (as z\\x\; Attic za\xzy as zaiz; Doric x\\xz(^), zaiz, z\a'\ (Doric mi), Dual egtov;

venet. est,

alb. (*h2asmi)ya/77(*e's/77/) "I am'; Geg asht'be is', aor. /shal was'. Common h->j-
Slavic Albanian; /?- >j-, y- Old Indie Tocharian.

Latin s^/77 (through influence the 1. PI.), es(s), es/(lnchoat. escit, as gr. egks), sumus,
estis, s^/7/(lnchoat. escunt); Oscan sum, est{/st); Umbrian est.

Note: Latin zero grade sum {* esoum) "I am' : Latin ego {*eg(h)om) 'I'

Old Irish (only as copula) am{*esml), a-t, is, ammi{*esmesl), adi-b, it{*senti, acymr.
hint);

Gothic im, is, is, 3. PI. sind {* sent/); Old Icelandic em, est{ert), es{er); Old English eom
(after Mo/T?), North Umbrian am{*os-m), earl {ev\6\v\i^ of Prateritopras.), is, 3. PI. North
Umbrian aron{*os-rjt), etc.;

Old Lithuanian esmi, (nowadays esu, dial, esmli) esi, est/'. Dual old and dial, esva, estau
and esta, Latvian esmu{6'\a\. esu), esieic; Old Prussian asmai, assai{esse/), est{ast);

Old Church Slavic ye5/776, jesi, jestb {*esti), jesmt, jeste, sgtb (= Latin sunt}; Dua\jesve,
jesta,jeste, etc.;

Note:

a\b. jam {*jesem, aor. istia) : [truncated] poln.yes/e'/77'l am', a\b. je{* jesi, aor. istie) :
[truncated] poln.yes/es'you are (sing.)'; alb. astit{*jesti aor. istite) 'he is' : polnyes/'he is';
a\b.jemi{*jesemij : [truncated] po\r\. jestesmy'we are', a\b.jeni{*jesent/) : [truncated] poln.
jestescie'you are', a\b. jane {*jasanta : hitt asa/?): poln. sq{*santa) 'they are'.

Alb. and Slavic use y- for the lost laryngeal /?-. Alb. proves that Root / lemma: es-\ 'to be'
derived from Root/ lemma: eg-, eg(h)om, ego: I' : Proto-Slavic fomn: 0)3z'b, Lithuanian:
as, e's(OLith.) "T, Latvian: es'l', Old Prussian: as, es'l'.

Tocharian present B 3. Sg. ste, star- (with enclitic), 3. PI. skente, stare, skentar, Imperf.
A 1. Sg. sem, 2. Sg. se/etc, B sa{-), with optative formants Indo Germanic -o/- (after
Pedersen Tochar. 161 should also B nes-, A nas- 'be' contain the root es-, the preverb n-
is identical with the post position B nell);

Hittite e-es-mi{esmi), 3. Sg. e-es-zi{eszi), 3. PI. a-sa-an-zi {asanzr, whose 55 through
vocal harmony from *es-7).

2. significant congruities:

Imperf. Old Indie asam, as, as, respectively Perf. asa, asitha, asa, PI. asma, asta, asan.
Dual, astam, astam:gr. hom. 1. Sg. pa, 2. Sg hom. Attic r\oQa, 3. Sg. Doric etc. r\q, PI.
hom. r\[Mv, hte, rjoav, 3. Dual hom. narnv; with rjaGa compare Hittite e-es-ta {esta) 'was,
were'; [alb. isha], themat. 1. Sg. 3. PI. Aeolicsov {*e-s-om, respectively *e-s-onf): truncated
3. PI. Old Indie san, Avestan han {* sent or *sont).

Latin erat{*es-a-t) = cymr. oedd^was' seem neologisms.

Gr. Imperf. egkov, soke : Old Latin esc// (the future tense meaning reminds an Armenian
/-cem'that I am' from prothet. */+ s+ {s)ke-, Meillet Esquisse 121);

Konjunkt. ved. 2. Sg. asas{/), 3. Sg. asat{i)\ Latin Put. eris, erit,

Optat. ved. s(i)yam, gr. £ir|v (das £ from *ia\x\)\ Latin Konj. siem, sies, siet, Umbrian sir,
sei^ you are, exist, live ', si, sei'he is, exists, lives ', s//7s'they are, exist, live ': Old High
German 3. Sg. sr,

Imper. 2. Sg. gath. -Avestan zdr. gr. Attic ia6i (*es-dh/); 3. Sg. gr. hom. Attic eotw : Latin
estd{d) : Oscan estud,

3. participle sent-, sont-, 5/7/- 'being', partly with development to ' truely, really ', and
further partly to ' good, well ', partly to 'the real perpetrator, the culprit': Old Indie sant- sat-
m., n. (f. sat-?} 'being, good, true', Avestan iiant-, tiat- ds.;

Maybe alb. se/7o''thing, *being' perhaps used as a taboo.

gr. EOVT-, ovT-, Doric £vt- 'being' (Scliwyzer Gr. Gr. I 473, 525 4, 567, 678), Norn. PI. to
ovTQ "present, verity, possession', derived ouaia, Doric saaia, cbaia f. 'property, nature,
reality', etc.;

Latin in prae-sens, -se/7//s 'presently', Oscan praesentid' at hand, in sight, present, in
person ', ab-sens^ absent, not present '; sons. Gen. sont/s' culpable, harmful ' (compare
sonticus morbus ' epilepsy '?);

Maybe alb. so/7/e 'tonight, this night, present day'.

proto Germanic *sant^a- 'true' in Old Norse sannr, sadr, (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old High German sand. Old Saxon sod 'true', and ' whose debt
stays without doubt ', Old English sod 'true'; besides zero grade Germanic *sun(d)ja-z,
Gothic *sunj/s 'true' ( 5^/7/5 'verity'); the real meaning still in b/sunjane'rr\u\t\-s\6e6, all
around', originally Gen. PI. ' being all around ' = Old Indie satya-'true, right' {*sntio-), n.
'verity', Avestan /7a/z?ya-'true, genuine'. Old pers. has/ya- ds.;

with preserved or assim. o'Old High German suntea. Old Saxon sundea. Old Frisian
sonde. Old Icelandic synd, synd< Middle Low German sunde. Old English synni. ' sin,
crime ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (proto Germanic *sundT:
*sun{d)Jaz), further to Old Saxon Old High German si//7/7ea 'hindrance, need'. Old
Icelandic syn' renunciation, denial ';

Old Prussian Nom. Sg. sins, Dat. Sg. sontismu. Old Lithuanian Akk. Sg. m. santj,
Lithuanian s^s, sanc/o {newer es^s, os^sm., esantii.), Latvian es^o/s 'being'; Gerundium
Lithuanian sant.

Old Church Slavic sy{: Old Indie san). Gen. Sg. m. sgsta;

Hittite as-sa-an-za {assanz) 'being';

fc>-participle *s-e-t6-, s-o-tb- in gr. era aAr|6r|. ayaGa Hes., etq^u) 'prufe', iizoo,, £Tup6(;
'true, really ' and 6a\oc, 'right, allowed, godly, pious';

//-Abstrakta: Old Indie abhf-sti- f. 'help' {abhi-stf- m. ' helper '), Avestan aiwisti- f. '
devotion, study '; Old Indie upa-sti-rr\. ' subordinate ' (Old Indie sv-astf-t ' well-being '
probably Aryan neologism); compare gr. egtu) ' ouaia ', ansaTU), (mzaiiic, Hes. ' absence,
not present ' ;

about that perhaps belonging here gr. za-BK6q "proficient, good, lucky', Doric ioKoq,
Arcadian tokoq compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 533^, Specht Dekl. 256.

References: WP. I 160 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 676 ff., Trautmann 71 , etc.
See also: esu-s
Page(s): 340-342

Root / lemma: et(e)n-

Meaning: seed; corn

Material: Gr. swoq n. "a thick soup of pulse, pea-soup, mash of legumes ' one places to

Middle Irish eitnem. "seed', Scots Gaelic e/fe"unhusked ear of corn', e/tean'see6, corn,

grain'; the unlenierte voiceless -/- between vowels is puzzling though, because it can only

go back to -//-.

References: W P. I 117.

Page(s): 343

Root / lemma: et/

Meaning: out; further, etc..

Material: Old Indie at/'m. Akk. "about - out, against', prefix a//(Avestan a/'t/-, Old pers. at/y-)

" over-, back-' (contains also part Indo Germanic at/-, see above S. 70 f.);

Phrygian sti in sti-tetikpsvoc; " curses ' (to Old Irish tong/d^ swears');

gr. £Ti " moreover, further, still ';

perhaps Messapic -0i "and' (Krahe KZ. 56, 1 35 f., compare WH. I 863); : alb. edhe "and'.

Latin e/"and also', Paelignian Umbrian e/ds.; Latin et-/am'an6, also, still';

gall. e//"also, further', e//-c"and also' {*eti-Re)\ in abret. et-binam<^\. lanis, acymr. et-met
" to beat back, blunt, dull ' (Loth RC 37, 27);

Gothic /^"but, 5£' (an 1. place), prefix id- in id-weitv\. "disgrace, shame, insult' = Old
English Old Saxon edwTt, Old High German ita-, itwTz6s. (Old High German H{a), Old
Norse /(?- "again'. Old English Old Saxon e^/- "again', besides Old High German ith-. Old
English ed-, Jacobsohn KZ. 49, 194, yet is Old English ed- after Sievers-Brunner 165'' only
spelling mistake), perhaps also in Gothic id-reigai. " repentance, penance, atonement'
(compare Feist 289 f.);

Old Prussian e/- besides at-, probably as acymr. etc. et- besides at- (to ati above S. 70),
different Trautmann 16;

about Tocharian A 5/55 "from here' (?), A aci, B ecce "from there' {*et}) compare Van
Windekens Lexique 8, 16, Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 16''.

References: WP. I 43 f., WH. I 421 f., the e//in e- (see above S. 283) and -//(as in au-ti
above S. 74, etc.) zerlegen will.
Page(s): 344

Root / lemma: euk-

Meaning: to be used to

Material: Old Indie okas-n. " dwelling, house, residence, home, custom, habit, tradition',

ucyat/"\s habitual ', ucita-^ habitually, adequate ';sogd. ywct{ydcat) " he teaches ', yywtch

" accustomed ' (with secondary/-), Meillet BSL. 23, 76;

Armenian usan/m {k aiter ^palatalized) "learn, I am accustomed';

gr. £Kr|Aoc; (Pind. zmkoq) besides £UKr|Ao(; "in unobstructed pleasure '; maybe from uek-,
respectively euk-7

Old Irish to-ucc-' understand, comprehend, conceive ' {cc= gg) from * u-n-k-\ whereas
go ro-uicc^ has carried ', do-uicc^ has brought ' to *-onk-i-s-t {back to eneR-, see above S.
317);

Gothic bf-uhts{*unkto-) " habitual, customary ';

Lithuanian yi//7/rs/i/,y^/7/r//" become habitual, customary \jaukus^ accustomed to
people, tamed, domesticated', ya^/r//?//' accustom, tame' , Junktas ' accustomed '; Latvian
Jukt' become accustomed, habitual, customary \jaukt,Jaucet' accustom '; Old Prussian
Jaukint^ train, practice '; Lithuanian ukis^ farmstead ' (actually "dwelling', compare Old
Indie dkas6s.)\ toy- see below eu-3.

Old Church Slavic ^c///" instruct, teach', ^/rt "doctrine', vykngt/"be accustomed ';

References: WP. Mil, Trautmann 335, Kuiper Nasalpras. 187 with Anm.
Page(s): 347

Root /lemma: eu-1, eua-\ ua- ua-{**hue-)
Meaning: to lack; empty

Note: esp. in partizipialen /70-formations

Material: Old Indie una-, Avestan una-^ insufficient, inadequate, lack, be short of, Avestan
uyamna6s. (participle present Med. to present u-ya-)\ npers. {*gvang) vang^ empty, bare,
lacking, poor, needy', pamir vanao^ Leerheit, vanity, pride ';

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Celtic *hue- > gw- > f- ; Armenian Old Indie gw- > u-.

Armenian unain' empty, bare, lacking' (Indo Germanic u)\

gr. £uvi<;, -i5o(; " stolen; looted, lack, be short of; about gr. £t6(;, (F)£tu)oioc;, that could
also belong here, see above S. 73;

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Celtic Greek *hue- > gw- > f- ; Gothic Latin Lithuanian gw- > w-, v-.

perhaps here Latin i/a/7^5"bare, lacking, containing nothing, empty, void, vacant '; very
dubious (because the /r-extension is attested only in Ital.) vaco, -are^ be empty, be void,
be vacant, be without, not to contain ' (besides voco, -are EM^ 1069); Umbrian vagetum,
uasetom ' make faulty, injure, spoil, mar, taint, corrupt, infect, vitiate, defile ', antervakaze,
anderuacose^ a breaking off, intermission, interruption, discontinuance ', uas^ a fault,
defect, blemish, imperfection, vice ';

Gothic {*gwans) wans' lacking, missing, wanting ' {*u-ono-s or *u9-no-s). Old Icelandic
van-r. Old Frisian Old English Old Saxon Old High German wan6s.\

after Muhlenbach-Endzelin IV 462 here Lithuanian vahs-kariaT unincubated eggs ',
Latvian vans-kar(i)s' infertile, not fertile egg' (with s-/rfrom s-fS).

cognitional seems uasto-s' deserted, abandoned, forsaken ' in:

Latin vastus' empty, unoccupied, waste, desert, devastated ' = Old Irish fas' empty,
bare, lacking', fasach' desert, waste, wasteland ', Old High German wuosti" deserted,
abandoned, forsaken, unbebaut, empty, bare, lacking, waste, desolate ', Old Saxon wosti.
Old English w-este' waste, desolate ' (Middle High German nengl. waste' desert, waste,
wasteland ' but from Latin).

Maybe alb. it'os/? 'empty' from Turkish ,6*05 'empty'.

References: WP. I 108 f., Feist 550.
Page(s): 345-346

Root / lemma: eu-2

Meaning: to put on

Material: Avestan ao&ra-i;. Latin sub-ucula) n. " footwear';

Armenian aganim^ draw something to me ' (Indo Germanic *6u-mi)\ aut'-oc^ bedspread

Latin ex-uo^ to draw out, take off, pull off, put off ', ind-uo^ to put on, assume, dress in '
(at first from -ovo, Indo Germanic probably *eud), ind-uviae^ clothes, garments ', ind-
uvium' bark, outer covering of a tree ', exuviae^ that which is stripped off, clothing,
equipments, arms ', reduviae^ a hang-nail, loose finger-nail ', subucula^ a man's
undergarment, under-tunic, shirt ' {*ou-tla, compare Latvian aukia), omen audi omentum^
retina around the intestine, mesentery fat, fat, intestine; also leg skin, cerebral membrane ',
ind-umentum^ a garment, a covering, clothing ' (about indusium, intusium^a woman's
under - garment ' s. WH. I 695 f.); Umbrian anovihimu^ induitor ' (from *a/7-c»^/aBalto
Slavic au/osee below);

from Celtic presumably Old Irish fuan {not but das French loanword cymr. givn, corn.
gun'do\rc\ar\, woman's cape ') as *upo-ou-no-,

Lithuanian av/'u, -et/" bear footwear ', aunu, aut/" put, dress footwear ', Latvian aut'ds.;
dress ', Lithuanian auk/e' foot bandage ', auk//s ^ rope' , Latvian auklai. {*au-tla) "cord'. Old
Prussian auclo^ halter', Lithuanian {*au-to-s, participle Perf. Pass.) autas, apautas^
shoed, PI. foot bandages ', Latvian a^/5 'kerchief, cloth, bandage ' (: Latin ex-utus)\

russ. -Church Slavic izuju, izuti^ take off the footwear ', Old Church Slavic obujg, obuti^
dress footwear', russ. obutyj^ shoed ' (: Lithuanian apautas ds.), in addition Old Church
Slavic onusta " ham, smoked meat from the hindquarter of a hog ', russ. onuca " foot
bandages ', etc.

Maybe alb. prefixed {*ke- (a)pautas) kepuce^ shoe', kepute^ (foot bandages) sole ' :
Lithuanian apautas^ shoed, PI. foot bandages '.

from here (Pedersen Mursilis 72 ff.) Hittite unuua{i)- "adorn'?

References: WP. I 109 f., WH. I 434 ff., 695 f., Trautmann 21 f.
Page(s): 346

Root / lemma: eu-3, with present formants -et- : yet-, ut-

Meaning: to feel

Material: Old Indie a/O/'-i/a/a//' understands, comprehends', Kaus. api-vatayati^ stimulates

spiritually, makes understand ', Avestan aipi-vataiti^ is familiar with a thing ', Konj. aipica

aotal^ she understands ' {*eut-)\

U\hua'c\\a'c\ jauciu {* eutid), jauciau, jausti' feel ', \-aW\a'c\ jausu, jautu, jaust, in addition
Lithuanian yaJs/77asm. ' emotion \jautrus' emotional, passionate, sentimental, tender',
Iterat. ya^/o//5 ' searching, ask '; in ablaut (Indo Germanic u) juntu, jutau, justi' feel ',
\-aW\av\ jutu, Jutu, Justus. About the /suggestion s. Endzelin Latvian Gr. p. 30c, different
(as reduplication?) Specht KZ. 68, 551.

References: WP. I 216, Trautmann 72, Kuiper Nasalpras. 54.
Page(s): 346

Root / lemma: eu-4

Meaning: exclamation of joy

Note: (only gr. Latin)

Material: Gr. sua^oj " jubilate, cheer', sua, suai, suoT exclamations of bacchant enthusiasm;

Latin ovo, -are^ exult, rejoice, delight, cheer; keep a victorious move ' {*euajd).

compare also u- in onomatopoeic words.

References: WP. I 110.
Page(s): 347

Root / lemma: eus-

Meaning: to burn

Material: Old Indie d55//"burns', participle usta- (= Latin ustus), usna-'hot, warm' {osam

"fast, rapid, hurried, immediately, right away' perhaps "*stormy, hot tempered, burning '?);

gr. £uu) (*£uh(ji), *eusd) "singe', Aor. suaai, suarpa "pit, pothole, the place for singeing
slaughtered swine ';

alb. ethei. "fever';

Latin uro, -ere, ^s/^s (thereafter ussJ) " to burn; to dry up, parch; chafe, gall; to disturb,
harass (trans.)', amburo- apcpsuu) "to burn round, scorch; of cold, to nip, numb; in gen., to
injure';

Old Norse usiixw. "glowing ash'. Old English yslei. ds.. Middle High German use{e) f.
ds.; Old Norse ysjai. "fire', ^5//"scorchs, deflagrates, incinerates ', with gramm. variation
eim-yrja. Old English gem-yrie {ev\i^\. embers). Middle High German eimei{e) f.. Modern
High German Dialectal a/77/77e/'" glowing ash'; Norwegian Dialectal orna^ become warm '
{*uznen); perhaps as " burning, stormy, hot tempered = keen, eager' here Old High
German ustar^ greedy, gluttonous', i/s//7'"industria', i/s///7d/7 "fungi';

Lithuanian usnis " scratch thistle ' (a kind of thistle) or " alder buckthorn '.

In the one *eus- under **eues- to be combined with *ues- "burn' one attributes to Latin
(Oscan) Vesuvius, the but also as "the bright, the radiant, the glowing ' can be placed to
Ya/^es- "gleam, shine' (above S. 87).

References: WP. 11 11 f.
Page(s): 347-348

Root / lemma: eueg^h-i* huehueg^h-)

Meaning: to praise, worship

Material: ueg^h-. Old Indie ved. {*gvaghat) vaghat-^ the vowing, worshiper, organizer of a

sacrifice ', Avestan rastare-vaysnti- EN;

Armenian gog "say!', gogces " you can say ';

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic * hue- > gw- > g-, u-; Old Indie gw- > v-, Latin gw- > v-, u-.

Latin voved, -ere, vovT, votum (this at first from *vdve-vai, -turn) " to vow, promise
solemnly, engage religiously, pledge, devote, dedicate, consecrate ', Umbrian vufetes (=
Latin votTs) " a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement, vow, to dedicate,
devote, offer as sacred, consecrate ', vufru^ of a vow, promised by a vow, given under a
vow, votive ', Vufiune, Uofione^ a promise to a god, solemn pledge, religious engagement,
vow '.

eug^h-: Avestan aog- {aojaite, aoxta, aogada) " announce, declare, say, speak, esp. in
ceremonious way ', wherefore Old Indie Shate^ praises, vaunts, boasts ';

and presumably Armenian uzem'\ wish, lil<e ', y-uzem'\ searcli, seek';

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > u-.

gr. Euxojjai " I promised, prayed, wished, praised ', athemat. Impf. sukto (= gath.-
Avestan aogada, j.-av. aoxta^ spoke, talked, conversed ') to a present *eugh-tai
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679); suxoq n, " thing prayed for, object of prayer, boast, vaunt, vow,
votive offering ', suxn " profession, declaration, prayer, request, imploration'; in addition
perhaps also auxsw 'boast, brag, vaunt, boast', abstracted from K£V£-auxn<; " the empty
boasting ' (*K£V£-£uxn<;, Bechtel Lexilogus 192).

References: WP. I 110.
Page(s): 348

Root / lemma: e 1, 6

Meaning: a kind of adverbial/ nominal particle

Note: out of Aryan and partially also already in this in the meaning coloring, in Germanic
as sense ' under, after, behind, back, again, away ' extended cognitional with Pron.-stem
e-, 0-, either as its originator or, what is obvious esp. for the long vowels e, 6, therefrom as
an Instrumental formation.

Material: Old Indie a, Avestan Old pers. 5" in, to there ', e.g. a-gam-^ near to, draw near,
get near, come close ', as postposition with Akk. "to - toward ', with Lok. "on, in, to - toward
', with Abl. "from - away '; with Old Indie a-da^ receive (in) ', a-da- " receiving; getting in
possession ' compare Old Indie dayada- rr\. " hereditary receiver' (o'sya- "inheritance'), gr.
Xnpwairiq " wer ledig gewordenen Besitz (to XHPOv) zu eigener Nutzung oder zur
jVerwaltung bekommen hat ' (*-cjo-5Ta, compare Old Indie participle a-t-ta-h^ receive '),
Latin heres^ an heir, heiress ' {*hero- = XHPO- + e-d- " receiving '). In adj. compounds has
Aryan ^the concept of the convergence, e.g. Old Indie a-nTIa-^ blackish, darkish ' (also
probably gr. u)-xp6<; "pale, wan, yellowish', probably also n-paioc; besides paioc; " little,
small ', and Slavic ya- see below). About Avestan a- insecure affiliation in the nominal
setting s. Reichelt Avestan Elementarbuch 270;

Armenian in y-o-gn^much, a lot of from preposition /+ *o-g"hon-ox *o-g"hno- {\.o Old
Indie a-hanas- "tumescent, luscious' s. g^hen-^io swell');

gr. 6- probably in 6-k£AAu) " set in motion, drive, animate ' (see (7©/- "drive, push'), 6-
Tpuvu) (see /^er- "hurry'), ocpEAAw, oAonru) (see /e/0-"schalen'), oap "wife' (see ar-^

decree, edict, mandate, dispose, arrange; reconcile, settle; resign, submit to ', above S.
56), 6-vivr||Ji (see /7a- "help"), 6-TTaTpo(; ' by the same father, being descendant by same
father ', o-rpixsc; Tnnoi ' of similar mane ' , o^oc; 'attendant, servant' ( *c»-zo'c»s actually '
Mitganger ', to root sed-, as also Indo Germanic *ozdos, gr. 6^o<; "bough' as " ansitzendes
Stammchen ', compare 6-axn. o-oysic, "twig, branch' to £X£iv, sxsTv), 6-tAoc; (see /©/-"bear,
carry'), 6-(p£Ao(;, 6-4jov, 6-^^\\xoc, (see below g'^er- " heavy '), perhaps also in oi^a and
other under *eis- " move violently, fast ' discussed words;

after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 433 though lies in 6naTpo(; before Aeolic 6- instead of a ( *sm-),
according to Risch (briefl.) also in oap, orpixsi; and o^oc; " companion ';

gr. £- probably in eGeAw besides GsAw; E-ysipu) "arouse, stimulate; wake up, awaken';

gr. CO in xnpwaTriq (see above);

gr. n probably in r|-pai6(; (see above);

e\ din Old High German amahf eclipse (of a hevenly body); want, defect;
flowing/dropping down, faint, swoon, temporary loss of consciousness ', ateilo^ free from;
without; lacking experience; immune from ', Old English in sewsede^ nude ', Old High
German amad: uomad^ after reaping, harvesting ', awahst: uowahst^ growth,
development, increase; germ (of idea); offshoot; advancement (rank) ', " occiput, back part
of the head or skull ', Old English dgenger\he (retreating) Querriegel ', oleccan^ flatter,
compliment, chatter, wheedle ' from *d-lukjan\ d suffixed in Akk. Sg. the pron. Dekl., e.g.
Gothic fvano-h, fvarjatd-h, f^ana etc.

In Slavic *eor*d, colorless in some compounds, as Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic y^-
skudb besides Church Slavic skgdt "ugly' (see Berneker 441); e following the Lok. and
with this deformed in type Old Bulgarian kamen-e and Lithuanian rankoJ-e"\n the hand'.

References: WP. I 95 f., WH. 388, 642, Specht KZ. 62, 56, Hirt Indog. Gr. IV 54, Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. I 434, 6483, 7221.
Page(s): 280-281

Root / lemma: e2, o

Meaning: interjection (vocative)

Material: Old Indie a emphasizing behind adverbs and nouns: "oh!';

gr. n " hey, hallo!, you there!', also emphasizing and questioning " really!?' n H cnibira,
Lesbian n MCiv etc., also inri-TOi, £TT£i-r|, r|(F)£ "or', n-5r|; probably also lak. tar. eYWV-n,
whereupon horn. Tuvr) etc.;

Latin eh'e'\, hey, hallo!, you there!', e-castor^ by Castor', edepdr by Pollux ', edT{*e
deive), etc.;

Old High German ihh-a^\ Gust)', ndd. iaka, Proto Norse hait-ik-a, probably also Old High
German nein-a^ no, nay' ;

Lithuanian e, e, Latvian e, e, exclamation particles;

about Slavic e- in exclamation see below S. 283;

References: WP. I 99, WH. I 1, 389, 396, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606.
See also: s. further under ehem.
Page(s): 281

Root / lemma: eg- 6g- qq-

Meaning: to say, speak

Material: Armenian asem^say\ if s instead of c{= Indo Germanic^) is established through

the position in the 3. Sg. *asfrom *ast= *agt, verbal noun ar-ac^ proverb ';

gr. n " he spoke ' (the unique hom. form; from *eg-t}, wherefore is joined after hom. 1.
Sg. Imperf. pv, 1. 3.Sg. present npi, nai (Doric nri) as neologisms after (£)(pr| : (£)(pr|v, cpHM'.
anoi. Perf. av-wya " order, command ' (originally " I announce ' (?), ava as in avaKaA£Tv "
shout loudly ' ), presently reshaped avcbyu); about nxciv£v £Itt£v s. EM2 30 and Liddell-Scott
s. v.;

Latin a{i)d^ say, speak, state ' {*agid), the prophetic god Aius Locutius, adagio, -onis,
later adagium^ proverb, saying ', prodigium^ a prophetic sign, token, omen, portent,
prodigy ' ("prophecy'); aA'5/r7e/7/a "carmina Saliaria' (about anxare^vocare, nominare' s.
WH. I 44);

Oscan angetuzeV put forth, set forth, lay out, place before, expose to view, display, bid,
tell, command ', if syncopated from * an-agituzet {irovc\ a frequentative *agitd} "in- saying,
speaking, uttering, telling, mentioning, relating, affirming, declaring, stating, asserting ';
Umbrian aiu{*agia) " a divine announcement, oracle '; perhaps also acetus^ answer,
reply, respond, make answer ';

Old Indie aha, attha' spoke ', um dessentwillen the root form was earlier attached as
*agh-, is because of Avestan ada^ spoke, talked ', present adaya-, a6aya-\ead back to a
different root ad^- (GiJntert Reimw. 84).

References: WP. 1114, WH. I 24 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 678; different EM2 30.
Page(s): 290-291

Root / lemma: eik-

Meaning: to possess; to be capable

Material: Old Indie Tse, 7s/e (/"originally present perfect reduplication) 'has owned,

possessed, governed ', Isvara-' wealthy, ably; m. master, lord '; Avestan /se'is master,

mister about', /5Ka/7-"vermogend', /s//-" blessing, fortune, grace, wealth ' (Germanic aihti-),

aesa- "fortune, property'.

hereupon Gothic *aigan{aih, aigum, secondary preterit aihta) " have, own, possess ', Old
Norse eiga{a, eigom, atta). Old English agan. Old Frisian aga, asachs. egan. Old High
German e/gan ds.; participle *aigana-, a/g/na-\n the meaning ' own, personal, private ' and
substantive n. 'property' : Old Norse eiginn^ particular, characteristic, singular'. Old
English agen{ev\Q\. own). Old Frisian egin, ein, asachs. egan. Old High German e/gan etc.
ds., Gothic a/g/nn. 'property'. Old Norse e/g/n. Old English segen etc. ds. hereof has
derived * a/ganon: 0\6 Norse e/gna, -ada' assign, allot '; Old English agn/'an 'make have,
possess, own', further Old High German eiginen' make have, possess, own, appropriate,
allot ' etc.

//-Abstr. Germanic * aihti: Gothic a//7/5 'property'. Old Norse aett, att\n the abstract
meaning 'gender, sex, quality of being male or female '; also ' firmament, heavens, skies ';
Old English seht. Old High German eht' possession, rightful possession, property',
compare further Old Norse eigni. ' property of reason and ground ' {*aig-ni-);

proto Germanic *aihter' holder, owner, occupier, possessor ' is to acquire to be
acquired by lapp. aitards. (: Old Indie fsitar- ds.);

after Pedersen Groupement 30 f. here Tocharian B aii(-, ais- ' know, have knowledge of

References: WP. I 105, Feist 20.
Page(s): 298-299

Root / lemma: ei2

Meaning: vocative particle

Material: Old Indie e' Ausruf der Anrede, des Sichbesinnens ' etc.; a/ds., ay/before the
vocative;

Avestan a/before the vocative; it could also belong to a/, above S. 10,;

gr. da ( *e/!+ a) " on! up! away!' (besides skv);

Latin e/, her ah! woe! oh dear!' therefrom, e/i//o"cry out, wail, lament ', oi-er alas! woe
is me!';

Old Irish (/7)e" Exclamation of joy and pain ';

Old High German 7, Middle High German Modern High German e/have not developed
from it phonetically;

Lithuanian ef exclamation of warning ', Latvian e/" hey, hallo!, you there!; wow!';

Serbo-Croatian ej, poln. russ. ey" hey, hallo!, you there!'.

References: WH. I 396 f., Trautmann 67.
Page(s): 297

Root / lemma: ela

Meaning: bodkin

Material: Old Indie ara^ pricker, awl'. Old High German alai.. Middle High German ale 6s.

(Germanic *eld} Old English sef, ablaut. Old Norse alrm. " pricker, awl, gimlet', > nengl.

awlbes\6es Old High German alansa, alunsa^ pricker, awl'.

From Gothic *e/a derives Old Prussian ylo, from which Lithuanian y/a" awl, gimlet ',
Latvian Tl§ns6s.

References: WP. I 156, Vasmer by Senn Germanic loanword-Stud. 47.
Page(s):310

Root / lemma: el-

Meaning: line

Material: Old Indie ali-, alTi. 'stripe, line' could belong to gr. (jbAiyyri " wrinkle under the eyes

' ( *dlin-g-a)\ here one could also put Old Icelandic 5//(lndo Germanic *elo-) 'gully or dent in

river, deep valley between rocks, furrow or stripe along the back of animals ';

compare Old Icelandic alottr' striped, lined, having stripes or bands ', Norwegian dial, aal
= Old Icelandic a//and Modern High German Aa/' stripes in the cloth '; Modern High
German Aalstreif, -strich " stripes on the back of animals ' nevertheless, could belong
though to Modern High German Aaree\\ whereas vice versa the possibility of the naming
of the eel after its long-stretched figure would be possible.
References: WP. I 155, Specht Dekl. 213.
Page(s): 309-310

Root / lemma: eneu, enu

Meaning: without

Material: Gr. (Lokat.?) av£u, av£u9£(v) 'without'; Doric avsuv, el. av£U(;, meg. qvk; (shaped

after xwpi<;);

from * eneu-, Gothic />7^ 'without';

with lengthened grade: Old Indie anu-sak, Avestan anu-sak^ one after the other, in
succession ' (to Old Indie anu-sac- ' follow, go after, ensue, follow as a consequence of,
happen as a result of, result from, result, arise from ', root sek"-)\ Old Norse an, on. Old
Frisian oni. Old Saxon ano. Old High German anu, ano, ana. Middle High German ane, an.
Modern High German ohne irom *enunder

Not entirely certain that only from Gramm. is covered Old Indie a/7d'not' (= gr. aveu),
also osset. a/7a "without'; relationship with Latin s/neetc. (Meillet BSL. 30, Nr. 89, 81)
might exist, yet under no circumstances certain.

References: WP. I 127 f.. Feist 295, WH. I 677.
Page(s):318

Root / lemma: en

Meaning: look here!

Material: Gr. qv, nnv, Latin enlook here!'

References: WP. I 127, WH. I 403 f.

Page(s):314

Root / lemma: epi-
Meaning: comrade
Note:

The original root was Root / lemma: ap-/ (exact ap-) : ep-\ "to tal<e, grab, reacli, *give' >
Root/ lemma: epi-\ comrade' > Root/ lemma: ai-3\ "to give'.
Maybe alb. Tosc {*e-ip-ml) epjap, Geg nep{*na ep) "give us (*take)' : Hittite e-ip-mi
{epml) "take', 3. PI. ap-pa-an-zi (apanzl) : gr. aTTTco " give a hand, [see above]
Material: Old Indie api- "friend, ally ', apya/T? "friendship, companionship';

gr. rinioq "friendly, mild; helping'.

Perhaps to *epi^ near, to there, eui ', so that *epi-s (and *epi-os) would have meant "the
helpful companions close to a rest station ', from which also " trust, rely on, have
confidence in '.

To nniO(; from Gr. still nnaopai originally (?) "heal' (compare nnia cpappaKa naaasiv)
and out of it " join two sides of a wound or incision using stitches or the like, patch, piece
up'?

References: WP. 1121 f.
Page(s): 325

Root / lemma: ereb(h)-, 6rob(h)-

Meaning: a kind of dark colour

Material: Gr. opcpvoc; " dusky, dim, dour, gloomy, dark' (opcpoc; " a dark-tinted sea fish '?);

for growing pale the real color meaning Rozwadowski Eos 8, 99 f. in russ. rjabinovaja nocb

"cloudy, stormy night', as hom. opcpvair) vu^;

with dissimilation reduction of the first -r-alb.-Ligurian-Celtic-Germanic eburo- " rowan,
mountain ash, yew, evergreen tree with poisonous needles ':

in alb. -Geg ber-sh-evc\. "yew' {*ebur-isio-, with collective suffix), Ligurian PN Eburelianus
saltus, gallorom. eburos^ew' (in many PN and PN), Old Irish /barm, "yew', also as PN,
cymr. efwr' acanthocephala, class of parasitic worms which have rows of thorn-like hooks
', Middle High German eberboum. Modern High German Eber-esche,

Old Icelandic /a/??/'" brown'. Old High German erpf dark, swarthy, dusky; husky; hoarse
' (often in FIN), Old English eorp^ swart, black, dark '; therefrom Old Icelandic iarpi^ hazel
grouse ' and ndd. erpeF drake, male duck ' (in contrast to brighter females); with full grade
the 2. syllable Old High German repa-, reba-huon, Swedish rapp-hona " partridge, game
bird ' < Middle Low German raphon;

Latvian irbe\v\ meza irbe' hazel grouse ', lauka-irbe^ partridge, game bird ' (see above
Muhlenbach-Endzelin, Latvian-D. Wb. I 708 f.; barely Slavic loanword as Lithuanian ferbe
erube, jerube, jerubre ' hazel grouse ', compare kir. jarubed);

Slavic with nasalization: mb^. Jer^bb, r.-Church S\ay\c Jarabb, *jefabb, Serbo-Croatian
Jarebeic. " partridge, game bird ', named from the color, as kIr. orabyna, orobyna, sloven.
jerebfka, Czech jerab eic. ' rowan berry '; without aniaut. vowel russ. rjaboj^ dappled,
dotted, spotted ' (compare above rjabinovaja nocb. Old Bulgarian r§bb, russ. rjabka^
partridge, game bird ', rjabfna^ rowan tree ', rjabcik^ hazel grouse ', etc.).

from here also late Old Norse rafu. " amber, yellowish brown color ', Old Icelandic refr
"fox' as "the red '? But probably here Old Icelandic arfr^oyC etc. as "the rubiginous, rust-
colored, reddish-brown '.

compare Specht Dekl. 115 f., it derived from a color root er-\ s. also rei-, reu-b-^ striped
in different colors, multicolored; dappled '; to ,6* : b^ s. Specht 261 f.

References: WP. I 146, Jokl Symb. gramm. Rozwadowski II 242 f., Trautmann 104 f.
Page(s): 334

Root / lemma: es-ffg"), Gen. gS-n-es {* hes-)

Meaning: blood

Grammatical information: older r/n-stem

Material:

In e- grade:

Tocharian A ysar, {*eysa/)

Hittite e-es-har{eshar). Gen. eshanas.

Hittite: eshar, /shar gen. eshanas, /shanas {T\sch\er 112ff); eshanija- 'red'

Armenian a/7i//7 "blood' {*esr-);

gr. poet. {*esa/) sap, elap (nap Hes.) "blood' (probably proto gr. *nap with lengthened
grade as nnap; see Schuize Qunder ep. 165 f.);

In a- grade:

Old Indie asrk, asrt, Gen. 55/75/7 "blood', asrjaRM. 3, 8, 4, nachved. asra- n. ds.;

Old Latin aser {asset), ass>r "blood', assaratum^ drink from the mixed wine and blood '
(probably aser\N\Vc\ simple s; compare WH. I 72);

With ng- extension:

Maybe Latin [sanguis, older sanguen, /n/s' blood'- most probably also here < *asen-g"-]

Latvian as/ns'b\oo6' {*esen-?), PI. asinis, compare in addition Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 14,
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 143;

References: WP. I 162, WH. I 72, 849, Meillet Esquisse2 39.
Page(s): 343

Root / lemma: es- {*hes-)
Meaning: to sit
Material:

In e- grade:

gr. Infin. fioGai, participle {* hesmenos) v\\xzyoc„ secondary Attic Ka9r|Tai, inverse r\a\xa\\
the Asper after £5- {*sed-)7

Hittite Med. e-sa{esa) "sits', e-sa-ri {esari) ds., Infin. a-sa-an-na (asanna) etc., (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), perhaps zero grade a-sa-si^ places, sits ';
Hieroglyphic-Hittite es- "sit'.

Hittite: as- (I) ' remain, to be leftover', as, es- (I) ' sit, sit down ' (Tischler75, 77, 110-111);
ases-, {asas-) (I) ' place; settle ' (Tischler 79); ses- (I) ' rest, sleep, remain ' (Friedrich 191)

In a- grade:

Old Indie asfe, Avestan aste'he sits' (= gr. Attic narai ds.), ostiran. as-, 3. PI. Old Indie
asate{== gr. hom. ETarai, lies narai), Avestan arjhente,
Tokharian: B ask- 'sit, be seated' (Adams 58); A,B sam- 'sit' (654)
References: WP. II 486, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679 f., Couvreur H 99 f., Pedersen Hittite 91,
101, 104, 110.
Page(s): 342-343

Root / lemma: eter-

Meaning: intestines

Material: Gr. hom. nrop n. "heart' (Gen. p£yaA-nTopo(; etc., Aeolic form for *etr, *nTap);

nrpov "belly, lower abdomen';

Old Norse ^dri. "vein' {*eter, through misinterpretation of -/'transferred as nominative *-
zin the /-Deki., Dat. Akk. sed/, PI. ^d/'r, ^dar). Old English aedre, aederi. "vein', PI. also "
kidneys', Old High German ad{a)ra. Middle High German ader, adre\e\n, sinew; PI.
intestines, entrails ', with /nn{a) " inside ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- >
-nn-), clustered together Old Franconian inn-ethron<^\. "fat, lard, grease; intestine fat'. Old
Saxon ut-innathrian^ 6\se'r(\ba\Ne\, remove the entrails from', besides an older composition
with //7"in' and stress shift *oin Old High German (with suffix exchange) inuodilT intestine,
entrails ';

the fact that also Old Irish inathar^ intestine, entrails ' are deducible from *en-dtro-, is
but barely doubtful; it would have received * enathar {irom *en-dtro) through influence of
the preposition in- being /; about acymr. permed-interedou q\. "that part of the abdomen
which extends from the lowest ribs to the pubes, the groin, flank', mcorn. en-eder-en^ the
chief internal organs of the body, significant organs ' s. Loth RC 42, 369; mcorn. -eder-
could go back to *-dtro-, against which acymr. word could belong to preposition * enter.

from here Avestan x^a&ra-^ moments of joy, cheerfulness, contentment ' as *su-atra-l

References: WP. I 117, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 519, Meillet Et. 167 f., Specht Dekl. 81.
Page(s): 344

Root / lemma: etT-

Meaning: diver, a k. of bird (of waterfowl?)

Note:

Root/ lemma: eff-: "diver' derived from the abbreviated Root/ lemma: anat-: "duck'

Material:

Maybe Old Indie: ati-, aftf. "an aquatic bird' : Other Iranian: Sak ace, aci "waterfowl',

Osset occ "wild duck', Pamir Wakh. yoc "duck' : Greek: cbric; , iboc,, n, ( [oui;] ) A. bustard,

Otis tarda, X.An.1.5.2sq., Arist.HA 509a4, al., Ael.NA5.24, Opp.C.2.407; cf. ouTi(;, oriq.

Old Norse aedri. (Gen. aedar), sedarfugl, out of it engl. Dutch Modern High German eider,

Norwegian cerfug/{and sefugl); Swedish ada, dial. ao'"eiderduck'. Perhaps with Old Indie

atf-, atr a water-bird ' in connection to present. However, see below anat-' duck ' (see 41

f.).

References: WP. 1118, Kluge^^ s. v. Eider

Page(s): 345

Root / lemma: et-men-
Meaning: breath, *soul, wind

Material: Old Indie atman-, Gen. atmanahxw. "breath, breeze, soul';

Old English ^dmrr\.. Old Saxon athum'breeze, breath'. Old High German adhmot
(Isid.) " flat ', otherwise in Old High German m. gramm. variation atum{= adum\s\6.) m.
"breath'. Modern High German Atem and (with dial, ofrom a) Odem.

from here Irish athach {*at-ako-) "breath, breeze, wind'?

References: WP. I 118.
Page(s): 345

Root / lemma: etro-
Meaning: hurried, swift
Note:

Root/ lemma: etro-\ "hurried, swift' derived from Root/ lemma: at(e)r-\ fire'
Material: Old High German atar{*etr6-) "keen-scented; acute, sharp, perceptive, swift,
fleet, quick, speedy'. Old English ^oVie 'immediately, forthwith, at once, right away,
instantly, now, fully, totally, completely'. Old Frisian edre. Old Saxon adro6s., Old
Icelandic adr'early, matutinal, before, previously, in the preceding time, at an earlier time'
one places (in ablaut) to Latvian a//'s"rash, hasty, violent, stormy, hot tempered' {*atro-),
Lithuanian dial, o/^ "quick, fast', Latvian afri Adv. 6s., afruma^\n the haste, hurry, in the
heat'; North Lithuanian a/ms "violent, stormy, hot tempered, irascible, irritable', atre{/) Adv.
ds. and "quick, fast' could be borrowed from Latvian.

The supposed ablaut e: 5 nevertheless, is doubtful lengthened grade; also the
vocalism of Tocharian A atar, B etar'hero', whether correct, is unclear; compare Van
Windekens Lexique 23; Baltic forms could moreover belong to af{ejr-l\re' (above S. 69).

References: WP. 1118, Trautmann 203, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 245.
Page(s): 345

Root /lemma: euA'^-, du6^- m^-

Meaning: udder

Grammatical information: r/nstem; Old Indie occasional forms of -es-stem (secondary?),

Slavic men-stem.

Material: Old Indie udhar{ar\d udhas) n.. Gen. udhnah^ udder';

gr. ouGap, ou9aTO(; (a = -n) 'udder';

Latin uber, -er/'sn. " a teat, pap, dug, udder, suckling breast; fullness, wealth' {ubertas
"richness, fulness'; out of it uber Ad\. "rich, fertile' inferred aiier pa upertas : paupe/);

Old High German Dat. utrin, Middle High German uter, iuter, Swiss utar. Old Saxon Old
English uderu. "udder', next to which the changing by ablaut *eu6'"r- in Old Icelandic y^^y//"
ds. and Old Saxon ieder. Old Frisian fader ds.;

Lithuanian udruo-ju, -//" udders, be pregnant';

Slavic *Kj//77^ in Czech vyme, Serbo-Croatian K//77e "udder' {* 06^-merh)\

probably as "the swelling, the swollen', compare russ. uditb or udetb "to bloat, bulge,
swell', also perhaps the Volscan FIN Oufens, Ufens.

References: WP. 1111, Trautmann 334, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 518.
Page(s): 347

Root / lemma: gag- gog-

Meaning: a round object

Note: word the Kindersprache

Material: Isl. Aa/ra "cake', Norwegian and Swedish /ra/ra "small, round and flaches bread',

Danish kage " cake' (Germanic *kakan-), wherefore the diminutive Old English cicel, cycel

" small cake' (engl. cake\s Norse loanword) and changing through ablaut Norwegian kok

"clump', Swedish koka^ clod, clod of earth'. Middle Low German koke. Old High German

/ri/oc/70 (Germanic *kdkan-) "round bread, cake', in addition the diminutives Old English

caecil, cec/7 and Old High German kuocheli(n)^ small cake';

Maybe alb. /ro/re "round object, head'

Lithuanian guoge' cabbage head, head, thick skull ', guogJngas' mit Kopf versehen ',
guogiotr Kopfe ansetzen (vom Kohl) '.

From Germanic *kakan- der'we Finnish kakko, lapp. gakko^ cake', Finnish kakkara ^c\od
of earth, lump of earth, bread';

about prov. katal. coca' cake' (ndd. loanword) s. Meyer-Lubke^ 4734.

References: WP. I 530 f., Kluge^ 333.
Page(s): 349

Root / lemma: ga/-1

Meaning: bald; naked, *callow (without feathers)

Note:

Root / lemma: gal-1\ "bald; naked' derived from Root/ lemma: koi-lo-\ "naked; miserable'.

Material: Old High German kalo{*kalua-), inflectional kalwer. Middle High German kal

"naked, bald, bleak'. Old English calu, engl. ca//o\/v'nake6, bald, bleak, callow'; Old High

German ca/ua " baldness, a bald spot ';

Latvian ga/a, ga/et (lengthened grade) " thin ice cover, glazed frost, ice ', ga/s^ ice-
smooth ';

aki. go/b "naked', sloven, gof, russ. gdty/^ba\6, bleak, naked', Czech holy 6s., holek^
beardless fellow ', /7o//ra"girr, etc.; in addition Church Slavic golotbi. "ice', Czech holot,
russ. goiotbi. " ice, icing, glazing ';

baltoSlavic *galuat "head' in:

Latvian ga7vat, Lithuanian ga/va {Akk. galv^) f. "head (substantive Adj.)',

Old Prussian gallu, Akk. ga/wan6s.; Lithuanian ga/votas' kopfig ' (= Serbo-Croatian
g/avaf);

Old Church Slavic g/ava'hea6', Serbo-Croatian g/ava {Akk. glavu), russ. goiova {Akk.
goiovu); Serbo-Croatian glavaV having a large head ', Czech hlavaty^ kopfig ';

Baltic and slaw, intonation {galvc[ : goiovu) do not agree; compare Meillet Slave
commun2 183, 503; Baltic pushed intonation spoke after Trautmann 77 rather for kinship
with Armenian ^/^-^"head' from *^/7dA/-/rc»- (Meillet Esquisse 36); then however, Germanic
words must be observed as Latin loanword (from calvus).

References: WP. I 537 f., WH. I 143 f., Trautmann 77; different MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 596
f., Specht Dekl. 85, 132.
Page(s): 349-350

Root / lemma: gal-2

Meaning: to call, cry

Material: 1. Cymr. ga/w'caW, shout, cry, subpoena, send an invitation to court, summon'.

Middle Breton ga/u 'caW, appeal; claim, summons; plea' {*ga/-uo-), Middle Irish ga//lan\e,

glory, honor ' ( *gal-no-s, covered only doubtfully), probably also ga/Z'swan';

Old Church Slavic glagoljq, glagolati {* gal-gal-) 'speak', glagolt "word", russ. gologolitb
"chatter, joke, jest, tell a funny tale '; perhaps Old Indie gargara-h " a certain music
instrument ' (= Old Church Slavic glagoli^, if with /"from Indo Germanic /, Meillet Et. 229; or
to *ger- or *g"er-, what in alignment these onomatopoeic words are not closed, compare
from still from one more such Old Indie gharghara-^ rattling, clashing, gargling, gurgling;
m. din, fuss, noise').

2. gal-so-\'c\.

osset. yalas^ cpoovri ', Old Church Slavic glasi^, russ. golos'b 'voice', Lithuanian galsas
"echo ', Old Norse kallu. ' the calls ', whereof kalla^caW, shout, cry, sing'. Old English
call/an {eng\. call) ds.. Old High German kallon^ speak, babble, chatter a lot and loudly ',
with -/A from -Iz-, next to which -Is- in Old Norse kails n. 'provocation, incitation, irritation'.

from Latin ^a//i/5 "rooster, cock' (only afterwards supported in the Gaul's name) vorder
Old Saxon loanword, also as gr. KaAAaiov ' a cock's comb '?

Maybe alb. ^/e/' rooster, cock'

In addition perhaps as extensions, but rather independent onomatopoeic words:

3. gla^\

gr. yAa^w ' lets a song resound ' (*YAaYju));

Old Norse A/a/ra 'chirp, twitter'. Old English clacui. 'insult', further plural with function in
"resounding, roaring, banging blow' Middle High German /r/5C "applause, clapping of the
hands, slam, bang, strike, noise, crack', klecken^ meet, break, crack with a bang ', engl.
c/ac/r "clatter, rattle, clash, chat, prate'. Old Norse klakk-sarr^ injurious, malign, pernicious
', and m. d. meaning " make move, put into motion slapping, tattling, splotch, stain; smear'
Middle High German klac a\so " splash, splotch, stain, blob, spot, blot ', Middle Low
German klacken^ make blot, splash, splotch, stain ' (Modern High German klecksen,
Klecks= ndd. klakks). Old Norse klakkr^ blot, splash, splotch, stain, clump, cloudlet,
cloudling, small cloud ';

4. gal-gh-, g{^a)lagh- " lament, wail, scold, chide':

Old \n6\c garhatl, -te, ved. 3. PI. grhate' complains, reproves, rebukes ', garha
"reprimand', grhu- " beggar, mendicant ', Avestan gerszaitr complains, cries, wails ',
osset. ^3/2-^/7 "groan, moan', Avestan graza, npers. gila^ lament';

Old High German klaga' lament', klagon^ wail ';

Middle Irish ^/a/77 "clamor, curse, swearword, evil proclamation ' {*glagh-sma)\

5. nasalized glengh- : Old High German k//ngan'r\ng, sound, clink' (without close
connection to Latin clangor, gr. KAavYH sound'), next to which with Germanic 'thin, fine;
delicate; weak, feeble' Old High German klinkan6s., engl. clink, Swedish klinka^ clink '.

In Germanic furthermore *kalt-, *klat-, *klap-, e.g. Middle High German kalzen, kelzen^
babble, chatter'; Old Frisian /r5///5 'speak'; Old English c/a//7a/7 'clatter, rattle, clash',
Modern High German /(7a/z 'smirch, stain, splotch, smear', bekletzen; Old Norse klappu.
'sound of a kiss; sound of a lash; gossip, rumors, blow, knock'. Old High German klapfm.
'gossip, slam, bang, strike, blow, knock, shove '.

References: WP. I 538 f., WH. I 580 f., Trautmann 77.

See also: compare the similar to onomatopoeic words ghel-, kel-.

Page(s): 350-351

Root / lemma: gal-3ox ghal-

Meaning: to be able

Material: Cymr. gallu^ to be able, can be able ', corn, gallos^^o^ef, bret. gallouV to be

able ' (//< In), Irish gal\. ' braveness, boldness, courageousness ', abret. gar skill, ability,

power'; Old Irish dT-gal\., cymr. dial, corn. dyaF revenge, vengeance '; gallorom. *galla^

power' (Wartburg); in addition Celtic VN Galll, raAarai;

Note:

The name VN Galll, gr. raAarai, Keltoi seem synonymous as Keltoi is an attribute noun

modelled after lllyrian adj. (see alb. numbers).

Galatea

[Greek] One of the Nereids, and the beloved of Acis, a Sicilian shepherd. She was also

loved by Polyphemus, who killed Acis with a boulder in jealousy. From his blood, Galatea

created the river Acis on Sicily.

Goliath

giant Philistine warrior killed by a stone from David's sling (Biblical); giant.

Lithuanian gallCi, galetr to be able, galla, gallos lortune, ability, capacity, power', ne-
galei. ' indisposition, minor illness ';

with unclear formation russ. -Church Slavic ^c»/e/77b 'big, large, high', Bulgarian golem
'big, large, high, wide', Serbo-Croatian gdllJemno^b\Q, large'. Old Czech holemy^b\g.

large', Serbo-Croatian gdlem^b\<^, large', russ. dial. goljamyj^\\\<^\\, mager' and Adv.
galjamo 'much, a lot of, very' (further by Berneker 320 and Trautmann 77).

References: WP. I 539 f., Trautmann 77.
Page(s): 351

Root / lemma: gan(<i!^)-

Meaning: vessel

Note: Only Celtic (?) and Germanic

Material: Middle Irish gann{*gariA^n-ox *gan6'^-) "vessel' (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),

(very doubtful covered: Stokes BB. 19, 82);

isl. kani^ vessel with a handle, bowl (poet.), Norwegian dial, kane^ a bowl with a handle
', Swedish dial, kana^ sled ', Danish kane^ sled ' (Old Danish also "boat'). Middle Low
German kane'boaV (from which Old Swedish kan/'boaV), Dutch kaan^smaW boat, barge'
(from dem Ndd. derives also Modern High German Kahn, s. Kluge EWb. s. v., v. Bahder,
Wortwahl 30); with it changing through ablaut Old Icelandic k^na'kind of boat'; in addition
further(< *gan6!"na) Old Norse kanna, aschw. kanna, Danish kande. Old English canne.
Old Low German kanna. Old High German channa " carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase
', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), from which is borrowed late Latin
canna; from Franconian kanna a\so prov. cana^ measure of capacity ', afr. channe'
carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ', s. Meyer-LiJbke 1596, Gamillscheg EWb. d. Franz.
168; besides Old High German chanta, canneta, Franconian cannada^ carafe, glass
bottle, jar, pitcher, vase ' (< ganA^S).

Maybe alb. /ra/7e "carafe, glass bottle, jar, pitcher, vase'.

References: WP. I 535, WH. I 154.
Page(s): 351

Root / lemma: gang-

Meaning: to mock

Note:

Root/ lemma: gang-', "to mock' derived from the onomatopoeic duplication of Root/

lemma: ghagha, gheghe, ghighi: "to cackle (of geese)'.

Material: Old Indie ^a/^a-/?" disdain, contempt, derision, ridicule', ganjana-h^ scornful,

ridiculing, mocking';

gr. yayyaivEiv to \\zm ytKuiioq npoanai^siv Hes.;

Old English cane un^er ge- cane' derision, ridicule, reprimand' (= Old \v\6\c ganja-h),
cancettan' mock ', Old Norse kangen-yrde' mocking words' (Old English cincung' loud
laughter ', engl. Dialectal kink' laugh loudly ' has expressives i, as Modern High German
kichern q\£,)\

perhaps belongs nir. ^eo//7 "clamor, din, fuss, noise, pleasure, joy, mockery, jeering '
here, if from *ganksni-, o\der* gang- sn/-; Middle Irish ge/m' bellowing, braying, roar',
gessim "cry', gesachtach ' peacock' could then also belong to it.

The family seems originally onomatopoeic coloring. Similar to onomatopoeic words are
Old \nd'\c gun/at/' buzzes, hums ', gr. yoyypu^siv "grunt, snort ', spatgr. yoyyu^u) "grumble,
coo ', Old Church Slavic gggbn/vb " speaking heavily ', russ. gugnati {o\6) "mumble,
murmur', gugnja' stammerer, stutterer ', poln. g§gac, gggnac' gaggle, cackle ' (from the
goose), etc. Latin gannio " to bark, snarl, growl ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-
, -nt- > -nn-), is probably independent onomatopoeic word formation.

Maybe expressive alb. gagag' stammerer, stutterer', gogesinj 'be\c\\, burp', gugaVio sing
(pigeon, dove).

References: WP. I 535, WH. I 582 f.
Page(s): 352

Root / lemma: garsg-

Meaning: grim, grievous

Material: Armenian /r5/r/'"hard', karcem'\ dread, believe';

gr. yopyoq " grim, fierce, terrible , wild', fopyu) "bugbear, spectre, bogeyman',
yopyouoGai " become wild (from horses, i.e. get a fright), to be hot or spirited ', yopycbitJ,
yopywn6(; " looking terribly ' (gr. words assimilated from *yapy6-??);

Old Irish garg, gargg' rough, wild';

on the other hand Middle Irish grain' ugliness, disgust, repulsion, loathing, fear, shyness
' {*gragnis), granda {* gragnodjos) "ugly', cymr. ^/-^e/? "mourning, grief, distress; hideous';

Lithuanian grazoju, grazoti' threaten ', Latvian grazuoV grumble, rumble, be wilful ',
^/i^z^d/ "threaten' (to Latvian efrom a following rs. Endzelin Latvian Gr. 36 f.);

Old Church Slavic groza' horror, dismay, shudder, shiver', Serbo-Croatian groza, poln.
groza6s., russ. groza 'threat, austereness, severeness, thunder-storm, violent weather ',

Church Slavic groz/'t/" threaten', sloven, groziti, poln. grozic, russ. grozitb ds.; groznyj
"terrible, cruel, savage'.

Maybe alb. kercenoj^ threaten' , kercej^ jump, dance ' Slavic loanwords

References: WP. I 537, Trautmann 95, Leumann Homer. Worter 154 f.
Page(s): 353

Root / lemma: gau-
Meaning: to rejoice; to swagger

Material: Gr. yhQ^w, Doric yaQsw "to rejoice ' (from *yc(F£9£U) = Latin gauded), Yn0o|jai,
Doric yaGoijai ds., Perf. YSYlQa. Doric ysyoQcx ' be pleased, rejoice ';y5-present Yoiu)
(*YC(F-i(ji)) ' I am pleased '; present with /7e-lnfix (Indo Germanic *ga-ne-u-mi) in Ycxvufjai "
to brighten up ', wherefore YC(vup6(; "cheerful', as well as as secondary formations with
yav- as stem yavo(; " brightness, sheen: gladness, joy, pride ', yavaw " shimmer, glimmer,
gleam, sparkle ', etc., Ionian 5ir|-yav£(; AapTrpov; ayavoq " mild, gentle, kindly '; yaupoq
"stout, proud (boasting), exulting in ', yaupn^ " swaggerer, bragger ', yaupiaw "be minxish,
bold, frivolous; impudent ', yaupou) "make minxish, bold, frivolous; impudent ' (ayaupoc; "
stately, proud ' seems hybridization with cxsaxioo, " illustrious, noble ' [*ayaF-a6(;], ayav
"very' [*aYaFc(v]);

Latin gauded {*gau-e6'^-eid) " to rejoice, be glad, be joyful, take pleasure, be pleased,
delight ', gaudium " inward joy, joy, gladness, delight ';

Maybe alb. gezim {* gaudium) "pleasure, joy' : Doric yaGsu) "to rejoice '.

Middle Irish guaire^nob\e' {*gaurios)\

reconverted with metathesis Lithuanian dziaugiuos^ to rejoice ' (from * gaudziuos);

after Pedersen (Tocharian 109) here Tocharian B kaw- " lust, desire, crave; seek after ',
kawo^ lust, desire, crave; seek after ', A kawas6s., Aai^aV/e "beautiful'.

References: WP. I 529, WH. I 584.
Page(s): 353

Root / lemma: geid-
Meaning: to tickle, stick
Note: ('popular saying')

Material: Armenian /r//a/r "prick, sting, point ', kitvac^ embroidery ', kcem ' itcli, ticl<le '
{*gidjd), kcanem{kox. kid) " sting, bite '; Old Icelandic kitia. Old English c/fe//5/7 (through
metathesis engl. tickle). Old Saxon kitilon. Middle Low German ketelen. Old High German
kizzilon^ tickle ', kuzzilon {\n\Vc\ expressive variation /: u).
Maybe alb. gicilonj, gudulis^ tickle '.
References: WP. I 552 f.
Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: geig-

Meaning: to prick, bite

Material: Osset. anyezun lerment, leaven, sour' (Proto-lranian *ham gaizaya-),

westosset. yizun^ become cold, freeze ';

Armenian kc-anem, Aor. 3. Sg. e-A/ic 'prick, bite', /rc-^ 'bitter, rancid';

Old Irish ^e/-'sharp, sour' {*gig-ro-)\

Lithuanian gizti^ become sour ', gaizus, gizus^ rancid, bitter, grumpy, surly, sullen ',
gaTzti^ become bitter';

about alb. gjize, gjize^Z\qex, cheese' s. rather Jokl Indo Germanic Jahrb. 18, 152.

References: Liden KZ. 61, 1 ff.
Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: gei-

Meaning: to turn, bend

Note: Only in Root extensions:

Material: Old \nd'\c J/hma-h ' crooked, cunning, deceitful, slant, skew, slantwise, crosswise

recumbent, stoopedly, squinting '; different above S. 222;

Old Icelandic ke/kr^ with crooked back, with high head and shoulders', Norwegian ke/k
6s., ke/km. ' bend, turning, crookedness, dislocation, luxation ', Old Icelandic ke/k/a' bend
the upper part of the body backward ', Old Icelandic k/kna ' bend backward ', Danish ke/,
keitet' left hand '.

geb"^-:

Latin gibber^ crook-backed, hunch-backed, hump-backed, protuberant '. gibber, -isvc\. "
hump, hunchback, hunch ', gibbus^ a hunch, hump ' (with expressive Gemination from
* gibus);

Norwegian dial. /re/V'slant, skew, twiddled, twisted, upside down, reversed ', keiva^\ei\.
hand', keiv, /re/Va "unskillful, clumsy person ';

Lithuanian ^e/Z?^5 "clumsy, unadept, unskillful ', geibstu, gefbtT become weak, collapse,
perish '; in addition with Aniaut variant ^t/ after Trautmann KZ. 42, 372: Lithuanian
gvaibstu, gvafbtr become senseless, unconscious, swoon, faint, blackout ', intens.
gvaibeti?, Latvian (with dissimilation reduction of z/ before b, or borrowing from Lithuanian?
s. MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 582, 695, 698) gibstu, gibC sink, fall, bend down ', geibstu, geibt
" perish, die', geiba^ dizziness, giddiness; swindle, clumsy, weak person', gaiba^ foolish
woman '.

geim- :

Norwegian dial. /re//77a"bend askew, hold the head askew, swing, bin und herschweben
', /r//77a" turn, sway (with joy) '.

geis- :

Old Icelandic /re/sa "bend, crook', PN ATs/] isl. ^e/s "round belly', Norwegian dial. i(eis
"movement, curvature ', ids' hump, hunchback ', Swedish icesa' flee in wild escape ',
Swedish Norwegian dial, idsa' squint, leer, cross one's eyes, blink'. In addition further with
gramm. variation Old Frisian i(era. Old Saxon icerian, iderian. Old High German iceran'
turn, twist ' (wherefore the retrograde formation /remand icera' turn, circular movement,
spin '), Middle High German i<eren. Modern High German i<ehren, Swiss chTre"' nach
einer Seite neigen '. (Different about /reAa/? Scheftelowitz BB. 28, 296, it with Armenian cir'
circle ' combined, wherefore Petersson PBrB. 44, 178 still placed osset. zTiin, zeiun' slue,
turn, turn around reverse '.)

Here also with Petersson LUA 1922, 2, 39 ff. Armenian /r//re/ "crook, bend' (to *i<ii<<
*gisuoll), and russ. dial, zichatb, zichatbsja " bend, give way, yield to, sway ', zichijatb "
make something stagger '?

References: WP. I 545 f., Persson Beitr. 83 ff., WH. I 597.
Page(s): 354-355

Root / lemma: gel^

h_

Meaning: to plane, flay

Material: Gr. yAacpu) " to scrape up, carve from', yAacpu n. " hollow, cavern', yKa(pup6q "

hollow, hollowed ';

Slavic *g/ob/f/"\n poln. wy-gfob/c{*g/cb^-), imperfect -gfat>/ac^\r\o\\o\N out', sloven. g/gt>-
am{-IJem), -a//"hollow out; repair; gnaw ', Bulgarian globvn. " eye socket '; russ. globa
"crossbar, crossbeam, long shaft, pole', iterative serb. glab-am, -ati{*gb^-) " gnaw '; here
perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 199 f.) as nasalized form Old Bulgarian gigbok-b "deep'
and with expressive c/7-Old Bulgarian chlgbbt "depth, abyss '.

Beside these words leading back to Indo Germanic "ig/abh-or in Indo Germanic *gldc>^- :
5^3^- stands with it under *gel^^-, ^e/ob'^- compatible *geb^-, *gob^- in Old Church Slavic
zlebt, russ. zolobeic. " crib, manger, gully', russ. zelobftb, sloven, zlgbiti^ groove, make
furrows or channels ',

and gallorom. gulbiai. " chisel ', Old Irish gulban {*gulbTno-) "sting, prick, bill, beak',
abret. golbina' having a beak, hooked, with a crooked point, beaked, with a curved front ',
acymr. gilb^ punch, piercer ', gilbin^ a point ', ncymr. gylf, -in, -a/7/"bill, beak', acorn, geluin
" a beak, bill, snout, muzzle, mouth ' (Indo Germanic *gob''^-).

References: WP. I 630, WH. I 625, Trautmann 90.
See also: compare though also under g/edb^-.
Page(s): 367

Root / lemma: gel(9)-3

Meaning: cold

Material: Latin ge/u {a\so gelus, -Jsand gelum, -/} "coldness, frost', geMus ' co\d' , geld, -

are^ congeal, freeze '; Oscan ysAav "naxvr|v' (Steph. Byz.);

gr. ysAavSpov njuxpov Hes. is perhaps incorrect according to (WH. I 867); gallorom.
*gelandron^i'cos\: (Hubschmied VRom. 3, 130) is better with Bertoldi (ZrPh. 56, 187) and
Wartburg (see v. *gelandron) through influence of Latin geluou gallorom. *calandron 6s. to
explain (with mediterr. ending), to Old Irish c5/te "(white) spot '; again different Specht
Dekl. 130; about gallorom. *ge/abr/a Irost' s. Wartburg s. v. *ca/abra and gelabria;
Hubschmid Praeromanica 18 ff.

about Latin glacies see below;

Old Norse kala, ko/'be cold, freeze ' (unpers. m. Akk. mik keli), Old English calan6s.
{hine or him C3ell=> " it freezes ') with a through reshuffling of a Kaus. *kaljan = *go/e/d' make
cold', whence also the impers. construction with Akk.; Old English c/e/em. (nengl. ch/7/)
from */ra//"coldness'; as a participle furthermore Gothic ka/ds, Old High German (etc.) ka/t,
Modern High German ka/t{\n addition Old Norse ke/dairom *kaltidn-^ fountain, well,
source of water ', Finnish loanword kaltia, with ablaut, due to the older form *kul-da-oi
participle. Old Norse kuldim. = Middle Low German kuldei. "coldness'); lengthened grade
Old English col. Old High German kuoli. Modern High German kuhl, whereof Old English
celan. Old High German kuolen. Modern High German kuhlen. Old Norse k0la6s., zero
grade Old Norse kul{kol) n. " chill breeze ', kylrxw. 'coldness';

with broken Redupl. Indo Germanic *gla-g-{\.\\e base seems to have also been *gel9-).
Old Norse klakim. "frozen earth's crust ', wherewith Latin glacies^\ce' is to be connected
under the assumption, that *g/ag/es\Nas reshaped after ac/es {and other words in -acies);

here also Swiss challen^ solidify, congeal (from fat)'. Old English cealer, calwervn. "
thick milk'. Middle Low German kellerds. ("solidification ' is at first cooling off, e.g. from
fat); Old High German chalawa. Middle High German kalwe^ shudder, shiver', probably
originally " shiver before showers as before cold '; after Machek (Slavia 16, 195) perhaps
here with expressive ch-0\6 Church Slavic c/7/ao'b "coolness, coldness' {*gol-do-).

References: WP. I 622, WH. I 585 f., 603, 867 f.
Page(s): 366

Root / lemma: gel-1

Meaning: "to curl; round, *gland, growth, ball, fathom, arm'

Material: evidence for the unadjusted root form are seldom and partly very doubtful:

Old Indie gula-h, gulT{Lex.), gulika^baW, sphere, pearl ', gulma-xn., n. "swelling, lump,
tumor, growth, bush' (to -ul- before Kons. s. Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. I 30); with />suffix
Old Indie ^^/7/]^5 (Lex.) "swelling, lump, growth';

gr. redupl. yavvAiov n. "swelling, lump, growth, tumor, pearl ';

Latin gallai. " a gall-apple, gall-nut, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by
the gall wasp ' as " spherical outgrowth ' from *gel-naox *gol-na, out of it borrowed Old
English gealla, gealloc. Modern High German " nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on
trees produced by the gall wasp ';

alb. goge/e 'baW, sphere; nutgall, small nut-shaped protrusion on trees produced by the
gall wasp ' ( *gel-gal-na);

older holl. kar core in apples and pears '; Swedish dial, kalm^ cairn, pile of stones set
up as a memorial or mark of some kind ';

Old Church Slavic zbly{zely) "ulcer', Bulgarian ze//ra "gland, swelling, lump, growth',
russ. zolvb, zolvuj, ze/i/5/r" swelling, blister', Czech zluna, z/i/1/5 "swelling, lump, growth',
kir. zo/a "groundnut, peanut, goober'; poln. gle'n, ^/o/? "clump, piece of bread'.

A. guttural extensions:

gel-g-\

Gr. "ithfxc, f.. Gen. ^^thfxQoq, (also \/^K\/\oq and -i5o(;) "head of garlic', PI. ysAy^"^ the
cloves of garlic' (if not because of ayATc;, -TSoq "clove of garlic, head of garlic made up of
separate cloves ' = *a-YAT6- "from nodule parts, cloves clustered together ' from redupl.
*Y£A-yAT9- dissimilated; yet compare also:) Old Indie grnja-h, grnjana-h "kind of garlic ',
perhaps also gr. YsAyn PI. " antiquities ' (if perhaps " round products, little nodules ',
compare Modern High German Kurzwaren);

Swedish kalk^ marrow in wood' ("marrow globules '), Middle English /re//res "eggs of
fish', colk coike " apple core '.

The consecutive only Germanic (and Celtic?) word groups (Indo Germanic gleg-, glog-
?) make no Indo Germanic impression with their expressive intensification and
nasalization, so

g/ek-\n Old Norse kleggi {* klagjan-) " haycock, haystack ', nasalized Modern High
German Dialectal (siebenbg.) heu-kling, klang^ haycock, haystack ', klang, klinge^
gravelly shallow place in the river, sandbank'; Old English clingan^ contract, shrink ', engl.
cling^ cling, stick; adhere ', Old Norse klengiask^ auf jemand eindringen ' ("*cling '), Middle
High German klingen' climb, ascend, go up, mount ' (with consonant-sharpening Modern
High German dial, klinken^ cling '), Old High German klinga. Modern High German Klinge
"narrow gorge, ravine, gulch, gully, canyon ', wherefore with gramm. variation (also Indo
Germanic *gle-n-k-) engl. dough {= Old English *cldhirovc\ *klanh-) " steep gully, canyon,
gorge ', Old High German Clah-uelde; Old High German klunga^ ball (of thread, yarn),
tangle, knot ', Demin. klungilTn, Modern High German Klungel6s., Swedish klunga^
congested heap, mass ', klanga' climb, ascend ', Old Norse klungr{*klung-ra-, -ru-) "
thornbush, rosehip, dog rose ';

with Germanic -k- (partly Indo Germanic g, partly Germanic consonant-sharpening) Old
Norse k/ak/ Irozen earth's crust ', k/akkr' lumps, wool lumps, blot, cloudlet, small cloud ',
Middle High German k/ak' spot, blot '; Old English c/yccan' pack, grapple, grasp ' (engl.
clutch), to Old Frisian k/ets/e^sp\t, pike', Swedish klyka {*klykja) " agrafe, hook, clasp, fork

in addition (?) that in proto Celtic /r/rweisende Middle Irish glace, nir. ^/ac'hand',
glacaim " seize; grasp';

nasalized Norwegian dial, k/ank and k/unk^ c\ump'. Middle High German klungeleri. "
tassel (*mass of tangled hair) ', g/unkern ^ 6ang\e' , Modern High German Klunker^
excrement lumps, mucus lumps, slime of the eyes ' (from similar meaning of the
uncleanness has perhaps derived also Old Norse kisekiu. 'disgrace, shame, humiliation ',
Old English c/ac/7 "insult'?);

ndd. klinken^ make ruffles in clothing, pleat, crease, shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up ', klinksuchV consumption, tuberculosis ', Middle High German klinke'
door handle ', Old High German klenken {*klankjan) " lace, tie, bind'. Old English be-
c/encan^\r\o\6 down', engl. clench, clinch^ {\he fist) clench; enclose; clasp together; hold
tightly ', Middle High German klank^ loop, noose, sling; trick, intrigue, conspiracy '.

In Indo Germanic gleg- indicate though probably russ. Church Slavic glez-n-b, -na, -no
"ankle', poln. gloznaAs. and lengthened grade russ. glazoki, " pellet, globule', glaz-b "eye',
poln. glaz^ stone, cliff; little stones ', ^/5z/7y"smooth, skilled, adroit, clever' (compare
Berneker 301 m. Lithuanian, Persson Beitr. 792);

Note: russ. glazok-b " pellet, globule', glaz-b "eye' are compounds of extended Root /
lemma: gel-1\ "to curl; round' into gleg- + Root/ lemma: ok"-: "to see; eye'.

Zupitza (KZ. 36, 236) places Middle High German kluod^-g) "smart, sly, cunning,
courteous, polite, elegant' (Germanic *k/(9j5-). Middle Low German A/d/r (Germanic *kldka-
) "smart, cunning, adroit' to Old Irish gllcc{x\\x. ^//c proves proto Celtic kk) "wise, judicious;
discreet'; originally "as a ball so smooth and so movable'??

B. Dental extensions:

gel-t-\ at first (as " intumescence, swelling; puffiness - womb - young of a human or
animal while in the womb or egg', as under by Kalb, kilburra): Old \n6\c Jatharam "belly',
Jartu-' womb, uterus'; at most Old Indie gutlka^ pellet, globule, pill, pearl, drinking cup '
(rather dial, from gudlka ds.);

Gothic kilt^eii. "womb', //7-A//A'd "pregnant', Old English c//c/n. "kid, child', engl. child.

Maybe alb. Geg c^//e "children'.

Mikkola BB. 21, 225 connects also apparent zero grade Swedish kolla, ku//a'g\r\;
female of different animals ' ( *kult^-) with kilt^er, about Old Swedish kolder^ children from a
marriage ' s. Liden IF. 19, 335 and root gol-.

*ig/e-/- perhaps in Church Slavic glota^ commotion, uproar, turmoil, tumult, disturbance;
crowd, mob, multitude ', serb. glota' family (wife and children); poor people; weed, wild
plant; impurity, dirt '?

Because of the uncertainty of the consecutive Old Indie example, certain recorded word
groups only in Germanic (Indo Germanic *gel-d-, *gle-d-?) are of dubious Indo Germanic
origin:

with the meaning of animal young Old Indie gadi-h, gali-h "young bull' (?);

in addition zero grade Old English colV the young of animals ', engl. colV young male
horse, (abundance, fullness) '?;

Old Icelandic kialta, kilting^ puff, bulge, puffed crease of clothing', Norwegian dial, kult^
wood stump, mountain top, ungainly thick figure ' (Swedish also " half-grown piglet ',
compare above Old English colt);

nasalized ( *glend-) Old Swedish klinter^ mountain top, mountain summit ', Old Icelandic
klettr^ rock, cliff'. Middle Low German nnd. klint^ rock, cliff', ndd. klunt, k/unfe'c\ump,
heap; thick Weib' = Modern High German dial, klunze, ndd. klunter^ clots of ordure or
crap, muck' (besides with Germanic c/ndd. k/under^ bunch, heap', Norwegian k/undra'
knag, knot ' );

westfal. kisetern {0\(ii Saxon *klatirdn) " climb, cling ' (actually " adhere or cling tightly '),
ndd. klateren, klatteren6s., nnd. klaterru. " sticking dirt'; with d Middle Dutch holl. cloet,
A/oe/" stick; round grasp, sword handle ' (late Old Norse /r/o/" sword handle ' is loanword
from Middle Low German kldt= Modern High German Kloli^ dumpling, lump ');

with expressive -//-: Middle Low German k/atte'rag, cloth ' = Modern High German dial.
A/a/z" smirch, stain, splotch ', Middle Dutch /r/5//e/7 "smudge'. Middle High German
bek/etzen ds., Norwegian Swedish Dialectal k/afra^work sloppily ';

besides with expressive dd. ndd. kladde' smirch, stain, splotch; burdocl<' (i.e. " the
sticl<ing '); with Dent. + s.' Norwegian klessa {klass) " stick, cling, splash, bang, clap ',
klessa {kleste) ' smudge, pollute ', klussa "smudge, pollute, lisp'; Old Icelandic kless
"lisping'; compare Old Icelandic k/as/S. 362.

C. Additional labials:

gelet{h)-, glet{h)- (: glat{h)-) and glet{h)- {:g/b{h)-) " conglobate '.

Latin (probably actually gall.) ga/jba{*ge/^^-?), after Sueton gall, name for "
exceptionally rich, filthy rich, outstandingly fat '; gall. *galbo-^ swelling, calf of the leg, arm'
is also probably assumed from galbeus, -eum " a kind of armband, fillet (worn as an
ornament, or for medical purposes) armlet, as a jewellery', perhaps from galbulus " the nut
of the cypresstree ', which belongs to the vocalism presumably from *ge/sb'^-;

Old Norse ka/f/'m. "calf, ka/fabot' hip area; hip joint of meat ', engl. ca/fcaW, Modern
High German Dialectal Ka/b' muscle ', Old High German wazzarka/b' dropsy, abnormal
collection of fluid in body tissues ' ("swelling, tumescence through water '), wherewith (as "
intumescence - womb - fetus', compare engl. /n calf, with c5//"pregnant') deckt Old High
German kalb, PI. kelbir^caW, Old English cealf, calfuru.. Old Norse kalfr^caW, Gothic
kalboi. "heifer, young cow, cow that has not had a calf, with e-grade Old English cilfor-
lamb. Old High German kilburrai. " female lamb';

Maybe alb. /ra/t* "spoil' : Old High German wazzarkalb^ dropsy, abnormal collection of fluid
in body tissues '.

Latin globusm. " a round body, ball, sphere, globe, heap, clump', lengthened grade
Latin glebai. " a lump of earth, clod; shred, clot ' (out of it borrowed poln. g/eba'c\o6 of
earth').

Is g/ebo' of the country, rural, rustic' ("piling up clods '??) Gallic (then e) or only arisen
in Latin part of Gaul?

Old High German k/aftrat " measure of the stretched arms, fathom ' {*g/^^-); ablaut.
Old Norse klafixu. " neck yoke, packsaddle'. Middle Low German klave' neck yoke '
( */r/5i&5/7- "the pressing together'); Old English clyppan^ hug, embrace, hold tight, wrap the
arms tightly around (a person or thing) ' ( *klupJan\N\Vc\ -lu- as zero grade from -le-). Old
Frisian kleppa6s., Swiss chlupferbuu6\e' , engl. clasp {*claps-) " hug, embrace; hold by
the hand; fasten together ' (probably also Old Irish glass^ lock, hinge, chateau, castle '
from *glabso-);

compare with the same meaning " to press together (with the arms) ' and likewise at
best from a heavy root form gldo^-: gl^^-io explanatory ablaut of the Baltic family of
Lithuanian glebiu, glebtT enclose with the arms, embrace ' {glebys^ armful, armload,
hugging, embrace '), globiu, globti^ hug, embrace, hold tight, support ', Latvian glebt, glabt
" shield, protect ', Lithuanian glaboti^ preserve, guard, save, keep; demand, beg ', Latvian
glabaV protect, preserve, guard, wait, hold on'. Old Prussian poglabu^ cuddle '
(MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 621, 623 under 626);

perhaps in addition Lithuanian gelbu, -e//"help', gUbti^ recover, recuperate ', Old
Prussian galbimai^. PI. Konj. ' we help ', pogalbton' helped, aided, assisted ' as *gel^'^-
(Trautmann 92);

Slavic *globig, *globiti\x\ serb. z-globTm, zgldbiti^ fold, plait, fold up, merge, decree,
edict, mandate, dispose, arrange ', poln. giobico\6 "press, merge, packetize, coalesce '
(lengthened grade sloven, glabim, glabiti^ pile, heap, place one on top of other') with Indo
Germanic a or rather o{: Latin globus).

Further with the meaning of "the clenched, round, klutzy, clumsy, awkward ' Germanic
*/r/a/0'/O- (intensive consonant increase) in Old Norse kigppi. " Knijppelbrucke ', Middle Low
German klampe6s., Swedish klapper-sten^ round stones for the pavement ', Middle High
German klapfm. "cliff top';

Germanic expressives *klabb- in Norwegian dial, klabb " adhesive clump, of sticking
lumps ', Swedish klabb{e) "clot, chunk, mountain summit in the sea, short, thick boy ' (zero
grade Old Norse k/ubba'c\ub, mace, joint', whence engl. c/ub);

Germanic *k/ep- (compare Latin gleba; Germanic p from express, ppor at most a form
with Indo Germanic b) in Old Norse /r/^p-ey^/'"popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring
eyes ', klaprau abusive word, insult (perhaps "clot, chunk') u likewise; about Indo
Germanic qlep-see there;

zero grade *ku/b-\n Old High German ko/bo' stump, club, mace, joint (as weapon),
cudgel, club'. Old Norse ko/fr^ plant nodules, arrow ', ky/f/, ky/fa'c\ub, mace, joint ';
besides with Germanic -p- ndd. kulp-oge^ popeyed, wide-eyed, with bulging staring eyes ',
mrhein. Kulp^ Schlagholz am Dreschflegel ', Swedish dial, /ri///? "thick person'; Middle
English cuipe, nengl. kelp " salsola (salt herb) '.

Nasalized ^'/e/TTb'^- (perhaps partly through hybridization from *g/eb^- and *g/em-):

Maybe alb. glemb, gjemb^Vc\oxv\, sticky thorn, clinging thorn, prickly plant'.

Middle High German klamben^ join tiglitiy ', Old Norse klembra' climb, ascend ', Old
Icelandic klgmbr^ agrafe, hook, clasp ', Middle High German klemberen^ cramp, clamp,
staple, clip ', Middle High German Modern High German Klammer, engl. clamber^ climb,
ascend ', actually ' clip something to, cramp, clamp ', as also ablaut. Old High German
klimban " clamber, climb, ascend ', Old English climban. Middle High German klimben,
klimmen^ clamber, climb, ascend; pinch, tweak, nip, pack, grapple, grip, seize '; Old Norse
k/umba^c\ub, mace, joint', k/umbu-fotr' clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot ';

with Germanic yo: Old Swedish k//mper^ c\u{r\p, dumpling, lump ', Old Icelandic kleppr
'clump, rocky hill ', Middle High German klimpfen^ to press together tightly '; Old High
German klampfer^ agrafe, hook, clasp ', Middle Low German klampei. 'hook, gangplank,
footbridge', nnd. klamp, /r/5/77pe 'clump, clot, chunk' (Modern High German Klampe^
agrafe, clasp, hook, clot, chunk' is ndd. loanword, genuine Modern High German Klampfe);
Old English c/K/77yOe 'clump', ndd. M//77yOe 'clump' (Modern High German Klumpe(n)\s ndd.
loanword);

poln. giqb, Czech hloub ' stalk, stem of a plant '.

gleiri-:

Latin glomus, -er/sn. ' a clew, ball made by winding, lump dumpling, (as dish, food);
ball, tangle, knot ' {*glemos), glomerare^ c\ex\c\\, clasp together ';

Old Irish ^/c»/775/'' bridle, rein, toggle' (compare S. 360 Middle High German klammei);

Old English climman^ climb, ascend ', Middle Low German klimmeren6s.. Middle High
German k//mmen {part\y with mmirom mb), also 'make narrow, limit, restrict' (Modern High
German beklommen). Old English clam(m) 'band, strap, handle, grasp, manacle'. Old High
German klamma^ restriction, constriction, clamp, glen, mountain valley, gulch, canyon ',
Modern High German Klamm, Kaus. Old High German Modern High German klemmen.
Old Frisian klemma. Old English bec/emman 'c\amp', Middle High German /r/a/77 'narrow,
dense'. Modern High German (Low German) klamm^ steif (krampfig) vor Kalte ', zero
grade Norwegian dial, klumra^ work with stiff and frostbitten hands ';

Maybe alb. {*k)/emce^ womb, uterus (of animals)' : Gothic kilt^eii. 'womb', in-kilt^o
'pregnant' [common alb. gl- > /-].

with erweit. *klam-cl-: Old Norse klanda, klandra^ disparage, anger, denigrate, annoy,
try to steal';

Lithuanian glomo-Ju, -tr liug, embrace, liold tiglit '; witli -g- extended Litliuanian
glemziu, glemztT snatch, snatch up; crumple ', Latvian glemzV eat slowly, babble, chatter
nonsense ';

further glem-, glem-'^Wh older meaning-development to ' stick together, mucilaginous
mass ':

gr. yAcxmwv 'blear eyed, bleareyed ', etc. (Latin ^/5/775e loanword);

alb. nglome, /7£)/c»/77e "humid, wet, fresh, young' {*glemo-)\

Old Norse klam^ dirty speech ', engl. clammy^ humid and sticky, clingy, cool and damp
', East Prussian klamm " humid and sticky, wet';

Lithuanian glemes, glemes, glemost pi. " tough slime ', Latvian gl^mas, ^/e/77/ "slime,
mucus', glumf become slimy, smooth ', glums^ smooth ' (also glemzf chat, prate
thoughtlessly ', glemza " babbler ', compare z. meaning Latvian glei'sts " babbler ': gltst^
become slimy '); about Lithuanian gleimes see below S. 364.

Maybe alb. (*(g)/e/77ze "hiccup, involuntary spasms ' : Lithuanian g/emza 'babb\er' [common
alb. g/- > /-]

D. g(e)l-eu-, partly with further consonantal derivative:

Old \x\(ii\c glau-hi. " globular object, ball, clenched mass ', npers. gu/u/e^baW;

gr. \/i\/-\/ku-[}oq m. "a hinge joint: a joint in a coat of mail, bone joint, hinge ';

Old Irish glo-snathe, glao-snathe^ a linen thread, string, line, plumb-line, a measure,
standard ' (literally " bale cord ');

Old Norse klexr\. ( *klew-an-) " Webstein ', Old English c/ynen. " metal lumps ' ( *klu-n-),
Swedish k/unsm. "clump', isl. k/unn/" klutzy, clumsy person'; (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High German kliuwa, kliwa^baW, tangle, knot ', kliuwi,
kliwi' ball, tangle, knot' (Demin. Middle High German kliuwelTn, dissimilated Modern High
German KnauerbaW, tangle, knot'). Old English clfewen^ thread knot ' (engl. clev\/}\ zero
grade Middle Low German kluwen, holl. kluwen^ ball, tangle, knot '; in addition with
lengthened grade and meaning-development " the gripping: claw ' the family of Germanic
*klewa: Old High German klawa^ claw, talon, nail ', Middle High German klawe. Middle
Low German /r/a" claw, talon, nail, hoof. Old Frisian kle, wherefore with ablaut das verb
*klawjan {has changed *klawan) " scratch, scrape, itch with the nails ', Old High German

klauuentr to itch or long for a thing, for blows, stripes, for pleasure, to be wanton ', Middle
High German /r/o^M/e/7 "scratch, scrape'. Old English clawan= Old Norse /r/a'rub, scratch,
scrape' (Old Norse /r/^ya "itch' neologism after the 3. Sg. kl^r= *klawid), wherefore
*klawiPan-'(r\. in Old Norse kladixu. 'itchiness, itching, scratching ', Old English claeweda
ds.. Old High German glouuida {\\es clouuida) "scabies'; from the verb derives the
abbreviation from Old English clawui. " claw, nail, hoof (engl. clav\/} and cleai. (engl.
Dialectal clea) ds. (the last = *klauixorr\ clawu), as well as Old High German kloa^ claw,
nail '; Old High German cA/ty/" pliers, tongs'; Old Icelandic A/of. " claw, nail, hook '; Old
Icelandic klunna " attach tightly ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
compare Old English c/yne, Swedish k/uns "clump'. Old English clynian " swathe, wrap up

probably Old Irish g/un^knee' = alb. Geg g/un/, PI. g/unj, g/u-n {Geg), gju-rHJosc) "knee'
(with Indo Germanic *genu-^Vx\ee' barely as dissimilation form compatible to *gnu-n-
because of the Guttural difference); (similar to alb. kjuhem^be called', gjuanj, kjuanj
name' see Root / lemma: Rleu-1, RIeua-. Rlu-\ to hear, cry).

presumably Lithuanian gliaumas^ smooth diminution of the whetstone ', gliaumus^
smooth, slippery ', Latvian glaums, glums^ slimy', if " slimy = sticking together, balling,
massing-together ', compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 622; compare with -s- Norwegian
klyse {*klusion-) " slimy clump', that from Middle Low German /r/Js "mass', nnd. " ball,
tangle, knot, confusion, mass', ndd. kluster^ bundle, grape, type of fruit which grows in
clusters on a vine ', Old English cluster, clysteru. ds. are not to be distinguished; compare
from a root form *gle-s-0\6 Norse /r/a5/"lump of berries or fruit, mass'.

extension with -t-\

gr. yAout6(; (to yAoura) "buttock ', to yAouTia " medullary tubercles near the pineal gland
of the brain ';

sloven, gluta, gluta'growth, swelling natured tumefaction, tree gnarl ' (Berneker 309);

changing through ablaut Old English cludm. "a mass of rock, hill', engl. cloud ^c\ou6'
("cloud bundle '), compare with gemination {*kludda-) Old English c/c»o'lc/(engl. clod) " clod,
lump of earth '.

extension with -d-:

Middle Low German klotxw. "clump; testicle'. Middle High German kloz. Modern High
German Kloli, Old English elect, engl. c/ea/"clump, wedge'; changing through ablaut

Middle Low German klut, klute' clod, lump of earth ', East Frisian M7/'clump, piece,
fragment' (in further development of latter meaning also :) Old English c/utm., engl. c/out
"rag; metal sheet ', late Old Norse k/utr'rag, clump'; with expressive gemination {*klutta-)
Old English c/c»//(engl. clot) 'clump' = Middle High German kioz. Modern High German
Klotz.

Perhaps here Lithuanian glaudziu, glausti, Latvian glausV mache etwas eng
anschmiegen ', glaudus^ anschmiegend, dicht aniiegend ', gludoju^ liege angeschmiegt
da ' (compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 622 f.);

russ. ^A/o'a "clump, dumpling, lump '.

Maybe alb. ^/ase "droppings'

extension with -b^-:

sylt. Frisian A/ep/"kiss', russ. ^/j/it'a "clump, block', g lyba zemli^ c\o6 of earth' (Berneker
310; compare to -b- under *gle-b-), perhaps Lithuanian glaubti^ squeeze, caress the
breast ', g/aubstyt/" caress' .

E. g/ei-, partly with further, consonantal derivative (esp. glei-t-, -d-, glei-b'^-; glei-m-)
"glue, put grease on, oil, smear', but probably originally derived from gel- "clench, clasp
together '; after Specht Dekl. 144 basic meaning "gleaming' (to gel-, gel-?}, nominal: gli-io-,
-no-, -tu-, gloi-uo-.

Gr. yAia f. " glue ' (Slavic *glbjb, see below), yAivri ds. (:Slavic glen-b, glina. Old High
German klenan. Old Irish glenlmsee below), \/ko\6q " any glutinous substance, gluten,
gum, generally, oily sediment in baths ', \/Ko\6q " humid and sticky, wet' (*yAoiF6c;: Latvian
gllevs, Slavic *glevT3, see below), yAittov yAoiov Hes. (*yAitF-6(;: Lithuanian gllti/s etc.),
yAixopai "cling to, strive after, long for ', yAioxpoc; " glutinous, sticky, clammy, sticking
close, importunate, penurious, niggardly, of things, mean, shabby, of buildings, of painting,
carefully, with elaborate detail', (presumably with ^Hfrom a *YAioxu) from *YAix-OKU));

Latin glus, -tis, gluten, -In/sn. " sticky oil; slime, gluten', glutlno^ glue together' (^from
oi, compare that of the changing by ablaut:) glls, -tIs " fat dormouse ', glittus "soft, delicate,
tender, yielding ' (basic form *gleitosmVc\ intensive //);

Maybe nasalized alb. {*ngllt) ngjlt\o stick to, climb, cling' : Lithuanian glleju, ^//e//" smear',
refl. glietis^ stick, glue, remain ', alb. glisht^\\x\<gex (to grasp, cling)'.

Old Irish glenim {*gli-na-ml), cymr. glynaf to cleave or stick to a thing '; in addition
further Old Irish fordfuclainn^ gobbles, engulfs, devours ', after Pedersen KG. II 540 from
for-di-uks-glen-io *glenaid {irorc\ *gl-na-ti)\ also bret. ^eo/ 'grass' from *^eA/5(Marstrander
Pres. nasalized 30 f.);

Old English c/^^(engl. cla}^. Middle Low German klei^ loam, clay ', Danish klseg^
glutinous, thick, loamy slime, mud' (Germanic *klajja-\ in addition ndd. kleggen^ climb,
ascend '); changing through ablaut Norwegian dial. M'slime, mud, loam, clay ' (the
derivative Middle Low German klick^ earth loam ' probably after slick^ slick, film of oil
floating on top of water, silt, earth loam '?), Old High German klenan^ stick, glue, smudge '
(= Irish glenim, see above, compare also nominal yAivr) etc.; is klenanas stem V. in the
converted e-row, hence also Old Norse klunna " attach tightly'?); (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Old Norse k//na'smear' {*k//h/an, schw. V.),
with o/Norwegian k/e/na6s.;

Lithuanian g//eju, ^//e// "smear', refl. glietis^ stick, glue, remain ';

Slavic *glbjb in russ. ^/ey'clay, loam ', poln. glej^ muddy, sludgy ground ' (: gr. yAia;
extended russ. Dialectal glekb "mucus, lymph, serum, clear fluid which separates from the
blood during coagulation ' from *glb-ki3)\

Maybe alb. glak, 5/a/r' blood'

p/e^h_ (Slavic equivalents see below); an deducible also from Indo Germanic *glei-p-.

Old High German kleben^ stick, glue, adhere, be stuck, be stuck up ', Old Saxon klibon.
Old English clifian, cleofian^ stick, glue, attached, be linked ', Old English clibbor^ sticking,
adhesive ', zero grade Old High German kITban " adhere, stick, glue , cling ', Old Saxon
biklJban6s., Old English c//7^/7 "stick, adhere, cling ', Old Norse /r//7& "climb, ascend (pin,
clinch, attach oneself)'. Middle Dutch clTven6s:, Old High German kITba, Old Saxon kITva,
Old English c//Te "burdock'; with -o/-Old High German /r/e/Z?e/7 "clamp, fasten, stick, fix
(make stick, glue)'. Modern High German kleiben^ stick, glue, paste, cause to adhere ';
Old English cisefre {*klaibridn-). Middle Low German klaver, klever^ clover, plant having
leaves with three leaflets '; here also Old Norse kleifi., klifu. " steep hill ', Old English clif
n.. Middle Low German kliT cliff. Old High German klep{-b-) " forelands, promontory ',
Middle Dutch, Middle Low German klippei. " crag, cliff ' (out of it Modern High German
Klippeas " smooth rock ', as Old Irish sITab "mountain' to root *sleib- "glide, slide'); to what
extent occurred besides *gle-m-b'^ also a nasalized form from *glei-b'^-\u Old English Old
High German klimban^ clamber, climb, ascend ', is unclear;

Old Church Slavic u-glbbl'g " get stuck ' Aor. ugltbg " fixed ', uglebi^ {e = b) 'fix or
plant in ', changing through ablaut {*oi) russ. -Church Slavic uglebl'evatT fasten, implant,
drive in, affix ', and ( *ei) serb. gifb 'ordure' (Berneker 310).

glei-d- in Middle Irish gloed^ glue ', Old English clatei. 'burdock', cITtei. ' coltsfoot, herb
(Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs ',
engl. dial, dote, elite, c/ea/' burdock', clite^ glue, slime, mud ' (: Latvian gffdet^ become
slimy ', compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 626, 627).

with m-formants: Old English clam^ viscous material, loam, clay ', wherefore Old Norse
Kleima^ name of a giantess (*clod, heap?) ' Old English clabman^ smear, daub, tallow,
lubricate ', Old High German chleimen^ glue, attach with glue, paste, size ';

Latvian gliemezis, gliems, glieme^ snail, mussel '; Lithuanian ^/e//77es 'mucus', glimus^
mucilaginous, of the sticky substance from plants; mucinous, slimy '; Latvian glaTma^ joke,
flattery, insincere compliments, excessive praise ', glaTmuot^ joke, flatter, caress '
(compare Norwegian dial, kleima^ smear, daub, tallow, lubricate : caress '); MiJhlenbach-
Endzelin I 621, 628 f.; Trautmann 92; about Lithuanian g/emessee above S. 361;

Slavic *glemyzdzb in Czech hiemyzd 'snail'.

with /7-forms (see above yAivri etc.) russ. -Church Slavic glenb 'mucus, tough dampness
', glina 'clay';

glei-t-\x\ Old English setclTI=>an^ stick, adhere ', zero grade clida, cliodam. ' plaster,
wound dressing ', Old English elide ^bur6oc\C ('the sticking'). Old High German kledda,
kletta, Dutch klis, A/// 'burdock'. Modern High German klettern; also probably Middle High
German kleit. Modern High German Kleid, Old English clad6s.; Middle High German
klTster^ paste, glue, dough ', nisi. klTstra^ paste, cause to adhere, stick ' (as *gleit-tro-\\ere
or with Germanic forms -stra- from the root form *klT-, Indo Germanic glei-); Norwegian
kleisa^ stick, glue; (stick, glue with the tongue =) lisping or impure, unclean talk'. Old
Norse kleiss T male^ stammering, stuttering, spluttering '.

Lithuanian glitus^ smooth, humid and sticky ', glyte^ nasal mucus, pi. isinglass, form of
gelatin obtained from fish products and used in the production of glue and jellies, fish glue
', Latvian glfts^ smooth, neat nice, pretty; lovely, kind '; Latvian gITstu, gITdu, glfst^ be and
become slimy ', glTdet^ become slimy ', gleJsts^ babbler '; s. MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 624,
627; compare above S. 363 gr. yAiTTOv;

perhaps in russ. (etc.) glisth, glista " worm, earthworm, tapeworm ' (or to Modern High
German gleiten; Bernel^er 304);

Maybe alb. glisht, glishta PI. "(smooth) finger, clinging finger ' : russ. (etc.) glisth, glista^
worm' [compare Old Irish g/un'knee' = alb. Geg g/un/, PI. g/unj, g/u-ri (Geg), gju-ri (lose)
'knee']

with i/-formants: Germanic *klaiwa-. Old High German kleo-, kle^ clover, plant having
leaves with three leaflets ' (after the sticky juice, sap the bloom, blossom?) and *klTwdn-,
Middle Low German kITe, Old High German kITwa, kITa, Modern High German Kleiet (if
with Indo Germanic /" so ablaut equally with Latvian gITwe "mucus').

Lithuanian gl'eivesi. PI. "mucus', Latvian ^/ei/s "tenacious as mucus, slack' (if with e
from Indo Germanic *^/]?; about Lithuanian glemessee above S. 361 under ^/e/77-),
Latvian glievs "slack' (= yAoi6(;), gITve " mucus, green mucus on to the water ' (: Old High
German kITwa, see above);

Slavic *glevTD (: Latvian gUvs, \/ko\dq) in russ. dial, g/evb m., g/evat " mucus offish ',
poln. ^/ety/ec (besides gliwied) "spoil (of cheese'), changing through ablaut kir. klyva "
Beefsteak fungus. Oak-tongue (a type of mushroom, species of mushroom '), serb. gljiva "
type of mushroom, fungus ';

References: WP. I 612 ff., WH. I 577 f., 580, 606 f., 608 f., 611 f., 617, 867 f., Trautmann

92.

Page(s): 356-364

Root / lemma: ^^eA^and g^el-

Meaning: to devour

Note: the form with ^"'presumably after Osthoff IF. 4, 287, Zupitza gutturals 86 through

hybridization from ^eZ-with g''er-.

Material:

A. Certainly gel- in: Old Irish gelid^ consumes, eats, grazes ', ^5//e "stomach'; acorn, ghel,

cymr. gel, bret. gelaouen^ bloodsucker, leech ', Old Irish gellt6s. (participle f. in -nt/j;

Old High German kela. Old English ceo/e "throat, gorge, ravine, gulch, prow, bow of a
ship' {*keldn-), ceolor. Old High German celurvn. "gullet'; Old Icelandic kjglrru. {*kelu-) "
the keel of a ship ', Middle Low German kel, kil, engl. keelAs.; with ^-extension Old High
German kelah, -uh^ throat infection ', Old Norse kjalkiru. "mandible, lower jaw bone, jaw
(also hand sledge)'; zero grade Danish /ri///r "gullet, throat'. Middle Low German kolk, kulk.

Old Frisian kolkxu. " water lioie ' (Modern Higli German Kolk), Old English cylcan, Modern
High German Dialectal kolken, kolksen^ belch, spit', as Latvian gulgaties^ belch, vomit '
(MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 678), wherewith Slovak, ^/g'gulp, pull' perhaps is connected
(onomatopoeic word?).

compare with other extension Swedish dial. /r^//0"gulp', Norwegian kulp^ water hole ',
ndd. kolpen, kulpsen^ throw open, open quickly and forcibly; eruct, belch'.

Maybe alb. qelb^'^us': Old High German kelah, -uh^ throat infection '

B. Certainly ^'^eZ-only in Gr.: SsAsap, -aTO(; "bait' (*5£A£-Fap); besides SsTAap (Callim.)
from *5£A-Fap from the monosyllabic basis, and Aeolic pApp from *pAr|-Fap from the heavy
root form *g'"(e)le-\ SsAs-rpov "bait', SsAoc; n. ds.; pAu)|j6(; "morsel, mouthful, bread' {*g"ld-)\
Ka-pA£-£i, Kara-pAs-Gsi Karanivsi Hes. from the root form *g"(e)le-, also pAsopov (correctly
pAsGpov?) pa9o(;, SsafjajTripiov Hes. ("papaGpov', Fick BB. 29, 196), pA£-TU£(; ai pSsAAai
Hes.; compare SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 519; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

in guttural ambiguous: Latin gula {*g"ela?) f. " the gullet, weasand, throat '

Maybe Occitan gola^ mouth' : alb. {*gola) goje^ mouth ' a Latin loanword.

compare in vowel Armenian klanem, Aor. 3. Sg. eku/^6evour, swallow up, engulf,
consume, gobble up, eat hastily ', whereas -u- after all could be a result of Labiovelars;
*^y-/d-s based on *glut-6s, would be assumed from Old Church Slavic *g/btat/ {russ.
gfotatb) "swallow, gulp', "ig/b/b "gullet', russ. gfot, gfotdk'gu\p, mouthful ', Czech h/t,
compare also Latin *g/ud, the base of ingluvies "throat, voraciousness, appetite, gluttony,
greediness ', ^/t7/i/5 "gullet', glutid^ swallow, devour ', glut/t/o, -onis^ gormandizer,
gourmand, voracious eater '.

Maybe alb. {*glotit) gelltiC swallow ' a Slavic loanword.

Maybe alb. {*g"ela) gjelle^6\s\\, food' [common alb. shift I > II].

References: WP. I 621, WH. I 612 f., 625 f., Trautmann 93.
Page(s): 365

Root / lemma: gem-

Meaning: to grab, grip; be full

Note: elaborated Persson Beitr. 78 ff., 933 m. Lithuanian

Material: Armenian dim, ce/T? "bridle, rein', cmlem^push, press together';

gr. Aor. y£vto "he grasped' (*Y£M-to), uy-Y£MO<; auAAapr). laAafJivioi Hes., an6-Y£|J£
acpsAKE. Kurrpioi Hes., 6-ymo(; "furrow in ploughing, swath, , swathe in reaping, strip of
cultivated land, vast orbit of the sun, of a hippopotamus, wrinkled old age, row (of teeth) '
(see also under ag- "drive, push'), redupl. presumably yoyYOMOv, YOYYCiMn small round
net, esp. for oystercatching '; ysMW " be filled, packed full ', ysfji^u) " fill full of, load or freight
with, pack full, load ', y£|JO(; " the meat parts filling the body ', y6|jo(; m. "shipload, cargo,
freight, load' (Y6po(; ^u)p6(; Hes., perhaps a mash for stuffing, fattening?);

Umbrian gomia, /r^/77/a/" gravidas' (out of it Latin gumia, -aem. f. " a glutton, gourmand
gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater, devourer', actually " obese person '), probably
also gemo, -©/"©"sigh, groan, moan' as " be pressed emotionally, have the heart full ' (=
yspu) " be full ');

Middle Irish gemel, cymr. gefyn^ chain, series of metal rings which are linked together;
shackles, gyve, manacles, handcuff; pastern, part of a horse's foot between the fetlock
and hoof;

Old English cumbolu. "wound, swelling, lump, growth', Norwegian /r^/77/a "clump; knead,
compress ', Old Norse /r^/77/5 "squeeze'; s-extension Norwegian kams^ dumpling, lump ',
/ra/77sa "knead, stir, mix', /ri//77sa "mixture';

doubtful, if in addition with labial extension (there only Germanic) Old English cimb,
c//77it'e "connection, joint, point of connection (between limbs) ', Swedish dial, kimb(e)^
stave (of a cask) ', Old Norse /r/>r7-/?^//"bundle'. Middle Low German /r//77/77e/" toggle',
kimme{mmirovc\ mb) " frame, edge, border ', etc. compare also gen^^-S. 378 f.;

Maybe alb. kumbu//'p\ufr\, round fruit'

Latvian gumstu, gumV snatch; attack ', reflex. " bow, bend oneself '; Lithuanian
gumulas, gumulys, gumuras {besides gub-) "clump, ball, tangle, knot ', ograde gamalas
(besides gab-) " snow ball, piece of bread, meat '; borrowing from Poln. is possible for
Lithuanian gumulis, gumule^ goat, cow without horns - actually, with lump instead of
horns-, also hen without tail ' because of poln. ^0/770/y" hornless', Czech homolyds.;

Old Church Slavic zbmg, zQti^ compress, press, jam, constrict, squeeze, pack ', z^telt "
dog-collar, wooden collar worn by prisoners, collar as an ornament ', kir. zmena " handful ';
russ.-Church S\ay\c gomola^ mash, mush, porridge, gruel, soft mixture, clump', serb.
gomolja^ cheese lumps ', sloven, gomot. Gen. -0/5" crowd in a heap, confusion ', Czech
hmotal^gi^mota), old also homota^ cloth, fabric, material, matter, substance; stuff'.

References: WP. I 572 ff., 585, WH. 588 f.
Page(s): 368-369

Root / lemma: gendo"^-, gendo^-

Meaning: a piece of wood

Material: Only Germanic, hence probably barely Indo Germanic origin.

It concerns probably two different word groups:

1. Germanic kamb-, kumb-'c\ot, chunk, clump, block, lump, cut-off piece of wood '.

Old High German kembiV chain block ', kamp ' a (wooden) fetter or shackle, for the feet
', Old Norse kumbr^ block of wood ' with Germanic -p-: Middle High German kumpf
truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off, dull', engl. chump^ block of wood ' (aniaut
from chop), Norwegian dial. /r^/77yO "clump', Norwegian Danish kamp' brow, edge of a hill
or cliff ', Old Norse kgppusteinn, Danish kampe-sten' Rollstein ' etc. compare also under
gem-.

2. Germanic knab-, knabb-, knap-, knapp- {express'we gemination) "peg, plug, stick,
penis, knave, boy'.

With -b-: Modern High German dial, knabe'peg, bolt ', Old High German knabo. Modern
High German Knabe' boy ', Old English cnafa ds., from which engl. cnave' knave '; Old
Norse knefiir shaft, pole, picket, pole, stick'. Old High German knebil. Middle High
German kneber toggle, ankle ' (also " rascal, villain, scoundrel ', as also Norwegian
knebel). Middle Low German kneveF short, thick transom, toggle ' and " twisted
moustache point ' (Modern High German " small pointed beard '), Swedish dial, knaver
thin shaft, pole';

with -bb-: Swedish dial, knabbe "tubers, clump', also " stocky fellow, bovine animal, bull
'; knabb'peg, plug' (Norwegian " brow, edge of a hill or cliff ');

with -p-: Old English cnapo. Old Saxon A/7a/0C» "young man, husband, servant', Swedish
dial, knape'peg, plug' and "knot';

with -pp-: Modern High German dial. Knappe "foot of a bench ', Old High German
knappo' youngling, knave, boy'. Modern High German Knappe, Swedish dial, knappe
"peg, plug, block of wood ';

sometimes are above forms of the derivatives from gn-dD^-' to press togetlier ' (above
S. 370) barely to mal<e a distinction; compare above (see 370) Old Norse knappreic;

Old English cenep. Old Frisian kenep. Old Norse /ra/7/7/'"whisker, moustache' (Germanic
*kanipa-), wherefore probably Middle Low German kenneve^ neck block ', (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), mnl. kanef-been " maxilla, jaw, upper
jawbone ' are probably contaminated somehow with genu-^c\\\v! (under S. 381 f.).

References: WP. I 585 f.. Martinet Gemination 117 f., 196.
Page(s): 378-379

Root / lemma: gengh-

Meaning: to wind; to weave

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old Norse kinga^ pectoral, chest decoration, brooch, pin, clasp ', probably to

kengr {* kangiz) m. "bay, bend, hook ', kgngur-vafa^ spider' (Old English gangelwaefre^s.,

reshaped aiter gangan), Middle High German Modern High German dial, kanker' spider',

Finnish (from dem Germanic) kangas " web, webbing, strong cloth or fabric, net-like weave

', Swedish Dialectal kang^ droopy slender branch ', kang{es'Q. from horses) 'agile, lively,

excited, aroused ' (actually ' spinning violently '), Ay/7^e 'bundle'. Old Norse kgnguir

bundle of berries ';

Maybe alb. /r^/7^^//' pumpkin'

Finnish (from dem Germanic) kinkko, /r/>7/ro/7 'bundle'; in addition compare also those

mentioned words under "igo/T^- 'clump' as Middle Low German kinke, see there;

Old Church Slavic gqzvica ' a long, slender, flexible shoot or branch ', sloven, goz
'strap', Serb, guzva ' twig, shoot, basket or braid from plaited twigs', russ. guzb ' twig used
for tying up, rope, cable', Czech houzev, poln. gqzwyP\. ' strap of a flail '.

References: WP. I 587 f., Petersson IF. 24, 265.
Page(s): 380

Root / lemma: geng-, gong-

Meaning: lump

Material: Gr. yoyvpoq ' conger-eel, tubercular disease in olive-trees ' (out of it Latin

ganger, congerds.), yoYYpcbvn ' swollen neck gland ', perhaps yoyyajv [j(ji)p6(; Hes. ('fat,

obese and stupid'?), yoyyuAoq ' round ' (-uAoq suffix as in aTpoyyuAoq, ayKuAoc;; compare

also Lithuanian gungulys ' ball '), YOYYuAi(;, YoyyuAri ' turnip ', YiYYi(;, -i5iov 'a kind of beet.

turnip ' (assimilated from *Y£YY'-; the reminiscence in Litliuanian zinginis^a plant bog arun,
Calla palustris' and the Old Indie flower uames jirjginT, jhinjhika are certainly coincidental);

Latin gingival, (mostly Plur.) "gums', further formations from *^e/7^a "swelling, blister,
hump, hunchback ';

Old Norse kgkkr^ ball ' ( *gongu-s, against it derives Old High German kankur. Modern
High German Kanker^ malignant growth, cancer' from Latin cancer^ cancerous ulcer,
cancerous growth '), also Old Norse vatn-kakk/m. {*gong-) " bucket; pail '.

In Germanic perhaps (?)cognate words for " coil, bind, wind, bend':

Middle Low German k/'nke, Norwegian dial, kink(e)^ coil by a rope ', kinka\so " small
bend, contemptuous movement of the head ', Middle Low German kinke a\so " sinuous
snail house ', Norwegian dial, kank^ gyration, whirling, turning, rotation, circular
movement, spin, knot in the thread, unwillingness ', West Flemish /ro/7/re/ "whirl,
maelstrom, whirlpool, eddy ' (but Old High German kunkala, konakia. Modern High
German KunkeF distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) ' derives from
Middle Latin conucia, Demin. from colus); s. also uu^er gengh-S. 380;

Lithuanian gunga^ hump, hunchback, ball, clump' (out of it Latvian gurjgis^ curvature,
belly'), gungulys^ ball ', gungu, gungt/'crook oneself, gunginti^ go slowly, from a humped
going person ';

maybe alb. gunge^huvn'^, hunchback'

besides with palatal ( *gong-, gung-)\

Baltic *gunz- in guzys^ crop from birds, Adam's apple, head of the femur; cabbage head
', guzili, gOztr conglobate, bundle up; sit down to the earth (from the chicken which
spreads out the wings) ', gusta " lair, camp, nest of a chicken, a goose '; Old Prussian
^i//7s/>r" swelling, blister' (Lithuanian guzas, guzikas^ hump, hunchback, gland, knag' from
Poln.);

Maybe alb. {*gunsa) gusha'neck, Adam's apple '

Slavic *ggz- {a\so *guz-\N'\t\r\ i/from Indo Germanic ^ei/-^-, see be\o\N geu-f) in serb.
^t/z "buttock', russ. guz, guza, guzo " the thick end of the sheaf, a beam ', guzka "
backside, tail , rump ', poln. old ggz, ^pz"tuber', ggzicsig^ crook oneself (with u

nowadays ^i/z "swelling, blister, hunch ', guza^ buttocks '), sloven, ggzai. "buttock,
backside' (with u. guza " buttocks, hunch ') ;

participle Perf. Pass. *ggstb ( *gng-to-) in Serbo-Croatian gust, russ. -Church Slavic
gusth, russ. gustoj, poln. ^^s/y "thick, dense'.

Because of sloven, poln. i/and the Baltic -un- (> -0-) forms (which would perhaps be
normal however, as reduced grade colored in ograde *gong-) assumes Persson Beitr. 937
for the Slavic mixture from *gong- and *geug-, gug- (extension from geu- "crook', see
there), compare isl. A/i//ra "ankle', Norwegian kjuka^kuaq, knot, spigot ' etc. and for
Lithuanian guzas "knag' and for Baltic gunz-, guz- formation from such nasalized *gu-n-g-
(at most also "igJ^-), since Baltic forms with lengthened grade "igo/T^- are absent. Also
those in velares pending Baltic words, as Lithuanian gunga, could be assigned to a
parallel extension *geu-g-, compare under ^ei/-/.' Lithuanian guga^ bump in saddle, hump,
hunchback ', gaugaras^ acme, apex, summit ', etc.

References: WP. I 637 ff., WH. I 601, Trautmann 101 f.
Page(s): 379-380

Root / lemma: gen-

Meaning: to pinch, pluck, press, etc..

Note: (Persson Beitr. 88 f.); therefrom are gnegh-, gneig-, gner-, gnes-, gneus- or\\y

Germanic

Material: Lgn-do"^-.

Gr. perhaps yvapnTU) " bend, make curved; wind; arch, make arched, make vaulted;
incline, bow ' (formal as in the meaning but influenced through KaijnTU));

Old Norse /r/7a/^ "sodomize', compare "compress, squeeze women'; with pp. holl. knap^
joining (*pressing, squeezing), narrowly, brief, fast ', ndd. /r/75/O "short, spare, small' (out of
it Modern High German knapp), Norwegian knapp' v^oxxom , short, concise', with bb.
knabbe " pinch, cut off'; further with the meaning " fold up the jaws ' and " snap one's
fingers ' and out of it deriving sound suggestions of Swedish knappa^ crack, snap, clink ',
holl. knappen^ break, crack, creak', ndd. knappern, knuppern^ crunch, nibble ', Modern
High German knabbern^bWe, gnaw '; finally as "the crushed, clenched, rounded ' Old
Norse knappr^ bump, bulge, gnarl, handle, knob ', Old English cnsepp^ mountaintop
(bulging); brooch, pin, clasp ' (from " nub, button, knop, knob '), ndd. knap(p)^ mountain
top, tableland, hill, plateau, elevation, heel of the boot';

Maybe alb. Geg {*knappen) themben "heel' [common alb. k- > s- > th-].

ndd. knappen^ cut off, shorten; live briefly '; from Slavic perhaps here poln. gn^bic, old
gn^b/c {\N\t\r\ secondary nasal vowel as a result of preceding n) "press, distress, maltreat,
stir, tease, irritate'; compare also gendd^-, S. 378 f.

2. gnegh-:

Swedish knagg^ knot, knag'. Middle English Middle Low German /r/7ap'^e"knag, thick
piece'; with Germanic /r/r.' Old Norse knakkr^ foot (at tables, chairs), footstool (foot block) '.
Here also Old High German kneht. Modern High German Knecht, Old English cniht
"knave, boy, youngling, servant, warrior' {*kneh-ta-, compare to meaning Knabe, Knebel ,
to /-suffix Modern High German Bavarian knucbte/^cu6ge\, club, bludgeon').

3. gn-eb^-:

Gr. yvicpajv " skinflint, scrooge, cheapskate, curmudgeon ' (if not because of older
recorded Kvicpwv, Meisterhans-Schwyzer 74, with secondary aniaut softening, so that with
Old Norse hnippa^bum^, poke' to the parallel root *ken-, kn-eib(h)-)\

Old Norse kneiTV\v\6 of pliers ', kmfr. Old English c/7/T"knife', Modern High German dial.
/r/7e/r knife'; besides with Germanic yO/O, p.' Middle Low German kmp. Modern High German
dial. kneiprVx\\ie\ Norwegian Dialectal kmpa. Middle Low German kn/pen {out of it Modern
High German /r/7e/>fe/7 figurative) " nip, squeeze tightly between two surfaces, pinch, break
off by pinching, squeeze, press ' (partly also " be thrifty, stingy; run short, be used up, be
exhausted, running out of; pinch; run away '; s. similar under gndoi'^-), Low German
kn/ppen ^cut, clip'. Modern High German knippsen. Low German knipperig^ stingy, fugal,
spare, thrifty ', Modern High German Kn/ff{a\so = thievish, sneaky trick ), Middle Low
German kn/ppen' blink, wink the eye, wink';

Lithuanian gnybiu, gnybti, Iterat. gnaibau, gnaibytr pinch (with the fingers or tongs) ',
besides snybiu, znybtids., Trautmann 93.

4. gneig-

Old Norse kne/k/a' press, clamp ', Norwegian dial, kne/kja' bend backward '; Middle
Low German Low German Modern High German knicken, wherefore Knicks^ knee-bend,
flexure, bowing, bending '.

5. gner-.

Norwegian knart, knort'kna<^, knot, unreifes Obst', Middle Engiisli knarre^ liunch,
outgrowth, knag'. Middle High German /r/70/re'knag' ; besides Old High German kniurig
"knorrig'. Middle High German knur(e)^ knot, knag, Klippe, mountain top ' with ablaut
neologism.

6. gnes-

Norwegian knastm. 'knag' = Low German hd. Knast, Middle Low German knoster
"gristle', holl. /r/7c»e5/'knag'. Middle Dutch /rA7c»e5 "gristle', knoesele^av\V\e'\ Norwegian
Dialectal knos {*kndsia-) " large mighty beggar', Swedish knase^ big, rich, obstinate,
inflexible person '.

7. gnet-.

Old High German knetan. Old English cnedan siexu V. 'knead', zero grade Old Norse
knoda, -ada 'knead'; with Germanic //Old Norse kngttr {*knattu-z) 'ball, sphere', knattT
brow, edge of a hill or cliff ', Norwegian knottxr\. ' short and thick body, knag, knot ',
Swedish dial, knatte^ small bush'; Old Church Slavic gnetg, gnesf/" press' , Old Prussian
gnodei. ' trough for kneading the bread ' {*gndta), Trautmann 93.

Maybe nasalized alb. {*ghnes-) ngjesh ' press' common alb. gh-> gj-.

8. gn-eu-.

Old Norse knyja^press, hit'. Old English cnO(w)ian^\r\ mortar zerstoften' (Old English
cneowian^ coire ', as Swedish knulla6s. compared with Middle High German knullen
'bump, poke, hit'); Old Norse knui^ knuckle '; Old Swedish knula, knyla^ knag, knot in
trees, foot ankle ';

Maybe alb. {*knyla) nyja ' knag, knot' [common alb. kn - > /?-]

Serb, gnjaviti^ press', sloven, gnjav/t/' press, ruffle, crease, crumple, wrinkle, strangle,
throttle, choke '.

9. gn-eu-b^-.

Irish gndo^ ' knot in the wood, knot, node ' ( *gnLb'^o-);

Old Norse knyfillm. ' short, just come out horn ', East Frisian knufe'c\oX, chunk, clump,
knag'; Old Norse kneyfa^ press'; Norwegian knuva^ press, squash, crush ', East Frisian
knufen, ndd. knuffen^bump, poke, kick'; with *J.- Middle Low German knover knot, ankle';

Middle High German knubera'c\k\e'; witli Germanic yO(/0) (consonant-sliarpening):
Norwegian dial. knuppw\. "bud', Middle Low German knuppe, knoppe'bud', knuppel =
Middle High German knupferc\ub, cudgel' (these ndd.), Old High German knopf knot,
knag, knop, knob ', Swiss chnopfkuoi, knop, knob, bud, small kid, child' (in addition
knupfen; a derivative is Knospe, there probably from * knup-son-), and ograde Middle Low
German knopm. 'knot, knop, knob, handle, button, pommel ', Middle High German knouf.
Modern High German Knauf, with Germanic bb: Norwegian knubbm. "clot, chunk'. Middle
Low German knobbe^kuao^'. Middle English knobbe {ev\Q\. knob) "bud, knop, knob, knag,
knot', Norwegian knubba^bum'^, poke, kick, press';

Lithuanian gniaubti^ comprise, enfold, hug, embrace, hold tight ' {*gneLJb^-), gniubti^
lose stability, fall, sink '; if from gn/auzt/ {under 10.) through influence oi gnybt/ {above 3.)?

10. gn-eu-g-

Old Norse A/t/^At" round mountain top ', Norwegian Dialectal knjuka, knoka^av\V\e\ Old
Norse knykilF small knot'; Middle Low German knokexu. "bone'. Middle High German
knoche'bone, knag, bundle';

Maybe alb. {*knyk) /rye "ankle'

Old English cnyce/{7), Middle Low German knokel. Middle High German knuchel. Modern
High German Knochef, but Old Norse knoka^bW, knock', Norwegian Dialectal knoka^
press, squash, crush ', Old English cnocian, cnucian^ knock at a door, thrust in the mortar
', Middle High German knochen' press' stand in ablaut to Old Swedish A/75/r5 "crack, creak'
and indicate to onomatopoeic words gneg- (Wissmann 79), whereat also Kluge''"' s. v.
knackerr,

with Germanic -/r/r-.- Middle Low German knocke. Middle English knucche, engl. knitch
"bundle'. Middle High German knock^ nape, cervix, neck '.

Lithuanian gniauz-iu, -tT close the hand firmly ', gniuzis, gniuzte, gn/auzta 'bund\e,
handful ', gn/uzt/" bend, fall, lose firmness ' ("*fold up, double or bend something over
upon itself '), Latvian gnauzt'grasp with the hand, press' (Latvian znaugt' strangle,
throttle, choke ' from *ghauz-?)\ compare (above 9.) Lithuanian gniaubti.

11. gn-eu-s-.

Old Norse knosa, -ada^ abuse with blows ', Norwegian knysia' crunch, munch, chew
with the teeth; pulverize, grind into fine particles ', Old High German knussen^\\\\., crush'.

Old English cnyssan^ crush, grind '; with J Old Swedish knusa- ndd. knusen^^gtress,
squeeze', Old Norse knOska^h\{\ Modern High German Swiss chnussen, chnuschten
"thrash'; Old Norse knylla^hW, bump, poke' {*knuzljan, s. also above under ^/7e^/- about
Knollen) = Old Englishc/7y//a/7"hit', Low German kn u lien {knu lien iroxw *knuz-ldn) " to press
together, zerknijffeln ', Middle High German kniillen'hA, bump, poke, cuff, strike, slap,
pommel, push, shove, thrust '; Old Norse knaussm. ' round mountain corner'; with u
Middle Low German knustm. "knag', Swiss c/7/7t7s"knag, clump'; with i7 Norwegian knust,
knysta^ coiled chunk, knag', schwed Dialectal knose' hunch, outgrowth ' (figurative
Bavarian knos^ a youth, lad ', Swiss c/7/705/ "thick man, husband', nrhein. knoser dwarf,
crippled being, unripe fruit ').

12. gn-eu-t-:

Old High German knodo {*knut^an-) " knop, knob, ankle, bud'. Middle High German
knoder ovary, dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ', Old High
German knoto{*knudan-). Modern High German Knoten, whereof Old High German knutil.
Modern High German Knutterth\ck stick' (actually " knotty walking stick '); Old English
cnoftam., Middle Low German knutfe 'tubers, flax bud ', Middle High German knotze
"knag'. Middle Low German knulten' knit, tie, bind, knot ' = Old English cnyttan, engl. knit
ds. and with the originally meaning " to press together ' Bavarian knauzen' to press
together ', Low German knutschen. Middle High German knutzen' squeeze, push, shove,
thrust '; Old Norse knutr{*knudn-) "knot, knag', knuta' capitulum, head of a bone, end of a
bone ', knyta' tie, bind, knot '; Middle High German knuz'{* gnarled, snaggy, knobbed
rising arms against, daring, bold, audacious, perky, cheerful; bold; impudent '; Middle High
German knolle'c\od of earth, clump'. Old English cnollm. "mountaintop, mountain peak,
summit, acme, apex ' (if from *knud-la- or *knuz-la ior the root form *g(e)n-eu-s-);

Lithuanian gnlutu, gnlustr press', gnlutuofl6s., gnlufele' pole for pressing of the straw
with the roof cover', gnlutulas' bales, paper, lump, clump', gnutulas' c\urx\p, fist-size
clump'

References: WP. I 580 ff., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 83, 132.
See also: compare also under ken-.
Page(s): 370-373

Root / lemma: gerdo^-
Meaning: to scratch, write
Material: 1 . geib"^-:

Gr. Ypacpu) " scratch, carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching, write ' {*gjb^d), ypaMMCi
"alphabetic letter', YPOMMH line', YPCicp£U(; ' scribe ', vpanruq ' Ritzung der Haut ' (besides
dialect forms with -po- instead of -pa-);

Old English ceo/:^/? (participle corfen) "cut, clip, notch'. Old High German kerban^ make
incision, cut, clip'. Modern High German kerben. Middle High German kerbei. " incision,
notch', kerpm. ' seam, joint, fugue ', Old English cyrfxx\. 'cut';

Slavic *zerb'b in Old Church Slavic zrebi), Serbo-Croatian zdrijeb, kir. zereb^\o\., fate'
and Slavic zerbbjb in Old Church Slavic zrebbjb "lot, fate, crumb' ("*notched rod'). Old
Prussian ^/rit*//? 'number' ("*crenation, series of notches on the outer edges of a leaf or
shell ').

Maybe alb. A/r^it'e "shepherd's stick'

2. ^rz-ebh-;

Middle High German krabelen {\n\Vc\ expressive intensification: Middle High German
krappein. Middle Low German krabbelen, out of it Modern High German krabbein)
"scratch, scrape, grovel, truckle, creep'. Old Norse krafla^ grovel, truckle, creep ', krafsa
"scratch, scrape, leicht anrijhren'.

Maybe alb. kref, kreh (^ krefs) "comb, clean'

with expressive intensification Danish Norwegian krabbe^ scratch, grapsen ' (and "
scrabble, scribble, scrawl, scratch, grovel, truckle, creep ', originally " grovel, truckle,
creep, while one gets stuck '), wherefore Old Norse krabbim.. Old English crabba. Middle
Low German krabbe^ crab' and Old High German {krebiz), *krabita-, krebaz{o), asachs.
krebit. Modern High German Krebs. - Ouite doubtful gr. ypopcpK; "sow' (better " the grunting
'?) as nasal form.

3. Besides *grb'^-{W\Vc\ expressive /?):

Gr. YpicpaoGai ypacpsiv. /KdKUivzc,. oi 5£ ^usiv Koi apuaasiv Hes. (compare from sker-:gr.
GKapTcpaoijai, Latin scrlbo), aypicpn, aypsTcpva " rake, gardening tool with a comb-like end;
rack ' (a- from */?- "in', " carve, cut, mark by cutting or scratching '?);

holl. kribbe/en' murmur', kr/be/en "\tch' , Middle High German md. knbe/n' kitzein (von
der Sinuenlust) ', Modern High German kribbein, and with Germanic pp. Old High German

kripfan^ rascfuIn^wieaemol^onacf^rBiTen ', Modern High German kripfen^ esp. of
scratching a groove ';

Latvian gnpsta^ scratch '.

References: WP. I 606 f., Trautmann 87.

See also: compare ^Teo^- "scratch, scrape', 57ei&^/;^o-5 "hornbeam".

Page(s): 392

Root / lemma: ger-1, gere-
Meaning: to gather, put together

Material: Gr. aysipu) (ayspw, HY^'Pa) gather; assemble' {*n-ger-Jd; a- weal< form from £v,
also " collect, gather '?), gr. Doric a-^^t-mc, " collector, gatherer ', Aor. EypsTO " be
gathered ', Infin. avpsoGai; ayopa, ayupic; "congregation, meeting', aYupTr|<; " collector,
gatherer, beggar', a^oaioq, "hand, crooked, bent arm' (if from *a-YopaTO(;, with Aeolic op
from r, for the formation compare naAaarn "flat hand'), YSPY^PC noAAa Hes., to YapYapci "
swarm, flock; mass, crowd, heap';

broken reduplication *gre-g- in:

Latin grex, gregism. "herd, troop, multitude, crowd';

Middle Irish graigu. (with secondary a). Gen. grega^ herd of horses ', cymr. corn. bret.
gre6s:, because of Old Irish grafanni. " horse race ' {*grego-suendna) (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), barely borrowed from Latin;

Maybe alb. {*grega) grigja " herd of sheep '

Balto-Slavic gur- from *gor- in:

Lithuanian gurgulysm. " coagulation, thickening ', gurguolei. "bulk, mass, lump ';
Maybe alb. gurgullonj^boW (liquid coagulation) '

Latvian gurste " bundle of flax ' {*gursti- from *gurt-sti-) =

Maybe through metathesis alb. {*gursti) ^msM" handful, thin, emaciated; fist'; {*grisf)
glisht, g/sM l\nger'.

Slavic *gbrsfb in Old Church Slavic grbstb "fist, handful ', Old Russian gbrstb, Serbo-
Croatian grst{P\. grsti) "hollow hand', poln. garsc6s., russ. gorstb6s.; russ. -Church Slavic

pri-ghrbscai. ' handful ' {*gurstiS)\ Slavic *g-brtati bx\^ *ghrnQti {iroxw *ghrtnQti) in Serbo-
Croatian grcem, grtati^ scrape together ', kir. pry-hortaty ds., poln. garnq'c6s.\

*gere- in Lithuanian gretaMv. " side by side, abreast ';

remains far off Old Indie ^5/75/7 "troop, multitude, crowd', because not Indo Germanic
(Kuiper Proto-Munda 54 f.).

root extension grem-:

Old Indie ^/'a/775-/7m. "heap, troop, multitude, crowd, village, congregational, parish,
community, township ';

Latin ^/■e/77/^/77 "armful; lap, bossom, womb, female genitals';

maybe alb. {grem-) grem/ne' bottom, hole, abyss', grem/s'thro\N to the abyss, pile up'

Middle High German krammen' snatch with the claws ', Old High German krimman
{kramm) " press, grip with the claws ', Old English cramm/an {eng\. to cram) " stuff, fill '
(actually "press'). Old Icelandic krem/a^press, clamp ', krgm' consuming illness, disease,
malady', ablaut, krumma, krymma'hand';

Lithuanian grumiuos, grumtis " with struggle somebody ', grumulas "clump', grum(s)tas "
clod ', grumdau, -yti^ are pushing, filling, stuffing by force from above '; the same d{h)-
extension in gr. yp6v9o(; " clenched fist';

maybe alb. Geg grumull grumbull {* grem-ul) "mass, pile' [common alb. /77>/77^ shift] :
Lithuanian grumulas "clump'

Note: alb. shares the cognate with Baltic lang. not with Slavic lang. which means the alb.
cognate is part of the inherited lllyrian Baltic lexicon.

russ. -Church S\av'\c gromacfa, gramacfa^ heap, mass', poln. Lower Serbian also " village
community, local meeting '.

Maybe alb. {*gramada) germadha 'ru'\ns, mass of stones'

References: WP. I 590 f., WH. I 621 f., Trautmann 94, 102, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 14335, 715,

7468.

Page(s): 382-383

Root / lemma: ger-2

Meaning: to scream (in expr. forms)

Material: A. Old Indicya/'a/e" it rushes, sounds, cracl<les, shouts \jara^ the rustling,

murmuring ' (or to *gar- or *g"er-)\ perhaps gargara-h " a music instrument ' (yet see also

*gal-\,

alb. ngur6nJ^\\a\Ny (from wind); [actually hunguronJ^howX]

Old Norse kaera, kaerda^ bring forward a matter, lodge a complaint, make a complaint to
the proper authorities, accuse ' (derived from a lengthened gradeen /-stem *geri-)\ with
consonant increase Old High German carron^ squeak, screech, clash, jangle, squeal,
grate, jar, resound, rattle, creak ' (schw. V.), cherran {stem V.) "cry, creak'. Middle Low
German kerren, karren ' creak' , Old English ceorran ' creak' {ceorung' lament, grumble,
growl, complain, repine, snarl '), Norwegian karra^ coo, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk,
snicker'. Old Norse kurra^ growl, murmur', kurr^ murmur, rumor';

Lithuanian gurti^ shrill, shriek, scream ';

B. Here the name of crane:

1. Lithuanian gerse^ crane, heron '; after Risch (briefl.) contaminated from gerve ar\6
genser,

2. With formants -en-, to part with -u- and -g- extended:

Armenian krunk' crane ' {*geru-n-g-); compare under Old High German kranuh;

gr. yepHV Y£pavo(; Hes., y£pavo(; m. " crane ' and ' crane for lifting weights, esp. used in
the theatre, quern, a fish ';

gall, tarvos trigaranos (Inschr. about a bull with three plumes on the back); cymr. corn,
bret. garan ( *gerenos) " crane ';

Old High German kranuh {-ih). Old English cranoc, cornuc. Middle Low German kranek
m. ( *granug-);

Old English cran, asachs. krano. Middle High German krane. Modern High German
Krahn ( *granon-) m.; in addition Old Icelandic trani^ crane ' (with /- instead of k- after trami
" evil spirit, demon, evil supernatural being; devil ');

Lithuanian garnysm. ' heron, stork ' {*gor-n-jos); Latvian garnsm. " heron '.

3. With formants -6u- : -u-:

Latin grus. Gen. gruisi. (later also m.) "a crane', therefrom ^r^e/ie 'of crane's call';

Modern High German westfal. krune^ crane '; see below Old High German kron,

Lithuanian gerve, Latvian dzeJve, Old Prussian gerwei. " crane ' {*ger9uia)\

russ. -Church Slavic zeravb m. ( *gerduios), Serbo-Croatian zerav, wruss. z6rou{(jev\.
zoraula); besides Serbo-Croatian zdralj{irom *zbravlb) and russ. zuravlb (Gen. zuravija).

C. from the same ou-: au-: u-eyXev\s\ov\ also Old High German kron^ chatty, loquacious,
talkative, garrulous, gossipy, prattling, logorrheic', ndd. krolen {*krauljan) 'loud cry', holl.
kruilen^ coo ', krollen^ cry like cats ', Middle Low German kruschen^ screech, shriek,
scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '.

With /-extension redupl. Latin gingnre^ cackle, esp. from to geese ';

perhaps (?) here gr. YiYYpa(;, YiYYpo(; m. ' Phoenician flute' etc.;

Middle Irish grith, cymr. gryd^ scream ' {*gri-tu-s). Middle Irish grinnigud^ creaking of
the arrow ' {*gri-n-d-) (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-);

Maybe alb. {*gri-n-d-) grindem ' scream, quarrel'

Middle High German knschen^ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ',
Middle Low German knten^cry, howl'. Middle High German /r/7"e/7 'sharp cry'. Modern High
German kreiHen, Middle High German knsten. Modern High German kreisten.

D. gra- in West Germanic nord. *kra- (with dnot changed to old a through recent
imitation of the of a- a colored raven's croaking): Old High German kraen. Modern High
German krahen. Middle Low German kreien. Old English crawanAs., Old High German
hanacraf cock crow, call of a rooster; dawn, time of morning when roosters crow ', Old
High German kra(w)a, kraia. Modern High German Krahe, Old Saxon kraia. Old English
crawe6s., Lithuanian grioju, russ. -Church Slavic grajg, grajati^ croak, caw '.

With guttural extension:

Old Norse kraka^ccow', /rraA/"' raven'. Old English *cracian, cracettan^ croak, caw (of
raven)'. Modern High German krachzen; Germanic -k- from Indo Germanic -^because of

nir. grag^ croaking ' {*graggo-)\ Middle Low German krakelen^ cliatter, prattle, jabber; talk
rapidly; talk nonsense '.

With Indo Germanic A:-/ Latin gracu/us ']ack6a\N' , gracillo, -are^ gaggle, cackle, chitchat,
talk, snicker (from chicken)';

Old High German kragil. Middle High German kreger gabby, gossipy, loquacious,
garrulous, blithering ', Old High German kragilon^ babble, chatter'. Middle High German
kragelen, kregeln^ gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker';

russ. -Church Slavic gracu, grakatT croak, caw ', grbkatT coo (from the dove)'.

E. With formant -g-, and from other hearing impressions:

Old Indie ^a/75//" rages, roars, hums, bellows';

Armenian karkac^^\x\, fuss, noise';

Old English cracian, cearcian^ ring out; sound ', Old High German krahhon^ crack,
creak';

Lithuanian girgzdziu, girgzdeti^creaV!.

In addition perhaps russ. gr6chot^6\v\, fuss, noise, crash, blast, loud laughter' as new
onomatopoeic words.

References: WP. I 591 ff., WH. I 583, 601 f., 615, 624, Specht Dekl. 48, Trautmann 87, 94.
Page(s): 383-385

Root / lemma: ger-3

Meaning: to turn, wind

Material: A. Old Indie guna-h ( *gr-n6-s) " the single thread of a string, line, cord; stain ' {dvi-

, //7-^i//7a- actually " consisting of two, three threads ');

Maybe alb. guna^ fleecy attire of the shepherd '

Old Indie garta-h " carriage seat of the chariot' ('*from rods twisted seat, carriage basket '),

compare with formants -/770-Old Norse karmr^ parapet, defensive wall, protective wall in

front of a trench ', Swedish karm " back, part of a chair support from wickerwork, carriage

basket ' (*gor-mo-s^ wickerwork ').

1. guttural extensions:

a. In Indo Germanic -g. presumably gr. YupYC(66(; " wicker-basket, creel, twisted basket
from willows, weir, fish-snaring net ' (-u-reduced vowel, ending as in kqAqGoc; ' basket
narrow at the base, esp. for wool, for fruit, (carried in procession in honour of Demeter),
capital of a column, in this form, wine-cooler, mould for casting iron, reservoir of an oil-
lamp ');

Old Norse kraki^ pole with hook; thin person '; Old High German kracho{*krekan-),
kracco {as *kraggan-, gemination form to Germanic *krag-see below) " hooked device ',
Old Norse krakran6 changing through ablaut krokr^bend, bay, hook ' (out of it Middle
English crok, nengl. crook^ curvature etc.'), AmA/a "crook, snatch ', Swedish kraka,
Norwegian dial, kreka krak^ grovel, truckle, creep ', kreken^\Neak, old age'. Besides in
Germanic -^(probably = Indo Germanic -A) Old High German krago^ hook '; perhaps also
Old English crog. Old High German kruog'crock, pitcher, jug', if not in any leaning
relationship to gr. Kpodoooq (see below under greu-g-). compare from the root form gr-e/-
the same extension in Old Norse knkr^bend, bay', -kr/k/{irom which Middle English cr/ke,
creke, nengl. creek) " curvature, bay';

perhaps Latvian gredzens^uv\Q\

b. In Indo Germanic -k. Old Church Slavic shgrbciti s§^ draw together, collect,
assemble ', Bulgarian girca se' bend, curve, crook, pull myself together ', ^B/ra 'wrinkle',
zg-brcen^ withered, shriveled, shrunk, dwindled ', serb. ^/r 'cramp'.

Maybe nasalized alb. ngerg' cramp', ngerth 'k\nk', ngerthej, kthej 'turn', ktheter^ c\a\N' =
Old Indie granth-, grathnami. Put. granthisyamT coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join,
attach, tie a knot ' (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian) see below.

Maybe alb. m. grethi, f. grenza' wasp, insect sriped with rings '.

Maybe alb. gersheV plait, braid, three or more interwoven strands (of hair) ', Geg
gershana, Tosc gershere ' scissors for cutting the braid '.

Note:

In Alb. highland it was a taboo cutting the hair, hence men like Aryan Persians had long
hair = an old custom of matriarchy when men identified themselves with the mother
goddess. In South Albania men still wear a womanish kilt like Scottish Celts.

c. Nasalized:

In Indo Germanic -Ar certainly Old Norse Ara "point, edge, angle ' {*krarihd) and probably
also Germanic forms in -g. Old Norse kringrm. 'ring' = Middle High German krinc, -ges
"ring, battlefield'. Modern High German Kring, Old Norse kringla^ ring of a circle, circle,
compasses, instrument for drawing circles and measuring, calipers ', Middle Low German
kringel(e)^r\v\i^, round pastry, cake ', Middle High German kr/nge/{an6 changing through
ablaut krengel) ds.. Modern High German Kringef, Middle High German kranc, -ges'
circle, ring, district, region, area ', Modern High German Swiss chranger curvature ',
Middle High German krange/'nee6, tribulation' (from 'entanglement, curvature ') and "ring,
circle'; Old Norse cranga " grovel, truckle, creep, trudge, lumber ', with figurative meaning
krangr'^eak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated '; Old English cr/nganlaW;

in Indo Germanic -g: Old English cranc-staer a weaver's device ', crencestre' weaver ',
Middle English crinkled' twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ', engl. cr/nk/e'bend,
curvature, crease, rumple, wrinkle; make a rustling sound ', crank' lever, handle, curvature
' (as Modern High German Swiss chrank), older also cranke' spool ', mndd. krunke'
crease, wrinkle, frill, ruffle; frizziness, curliness; ruff, holl. kronkeF crease ', krinkel' loop,
noose, snare, crease, wrinkle', Norwegian krenkja " dislocate, luxate, crick '; with the
meaning-development to " bent from disease, malady ': Old High German krankolon "
stumble, trip; transgress, go astray, lose one's way, become weak ', Middle High German
krank' narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, small, weak'. Modern High German krank. Old
English cranc'weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', as well as Old English
crincan' fall in battle, die in battle, die in combat, die in war'("*bend in agony');

in Indo Germanic -^(not -^ point at Baltic *grenzid' turn, twist, rotate ' in Lithuanian
gr^ziu, gr^ztT turn, twist, rotate, drill, wimble, bore a hole ' (Iter, gr^zyti), gr/ztu, grizti'
retrovert, turn back, return, go or come back ', grjzte' roll of flax ' = Latvian grTzte " the
twisted together ', Latvian griezu' turn, rotate ' (= Lithuanian gr^ziu), Lithuanian grqztas
"borer'. Old Prussian granst/s6s. (Lithuanian gr^zulas' shaft, pole, rod, beam; long
revolving bar used to transfer motion or torque to gears or other parts ' presumably
likewise from " cord, rope, hank, halter, rope with a noose for hanging criminals ').

2. Dental extensions:

a. gr-et{h)-: 0\d English cradolm. " cradle ' {*kradula-' the plaited '), Old High German
Ara/Zo "basket' {*kraddan-), krezzo. Middle High German krezze. Modern High German
Kratze " pannier ' ( *krattian). (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian)

b. Nasalized:

Old Indie granth-, grathnami, Fut. granthisyamr coil, bind, wind, tie, knot, fasten, join,
attach, tie a knot ', participle grath/ta-^\N\nde6, knotty, conglobated', granthf-hm. "knot,
joint, intumescence ', grantha-h 'knot', grath/n- 'sc\r\em\ng, deceptive', grath/'/a- 'ray\ng,
mad'; but ghata- "bulk, mass, troop, multitude, crowd' is not a root. (Kuiper Proto-Munda
55 f.). (common -k > -th Albanian Celtic Old Indian)

c. ger-d, gr-ed-, nasalized grend-:

Old Irish grinne {*grend-n-io-) "bundle, fagot, bunch, fascis'; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- >
nn-).

Old Norse kartr. Old English crgetxw. " cart ' (probably " twisted carriage basket '),
probably also Old Norse kart-nagF deformed, twisted nail', Norwegian kartm. " unripe
fruit, knag'. East Frisian /rAe/ "shrunk fruit'. Middle High German Are/7ze "basket'. Old High
German kranz. Modern High German Kranz,

Lithuanian grand/'s {reduced grade grundis) " bracelet, iron ring, hoarfrost of wheel,
round cheesecake ', Old Prussian grandis " the ring in the plow which connects the plow
crossbeam with the front rack ', Latvian gruods' s\bxV. twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,
revolved, drall';

poln. grQdacsiQ' turn, rotate '.

3. Labial extensions:

a. ger-b\ gr-dd^-:

Old Indie grapsa-h, glapsa-h " bundle, tussock ', next to which with Middle Indie
development from * grpsa-h guccha-h and as hypersanskrit. back-formation gutsa-h'
tussock, bundle, bunch '; belongs probably better to S. 455.

Middle High German kreberw. {*kreban-) "basket; intestines, entrails ', Old Saxon
kribbia. Old High German krippa. Old English cribb " crib, manger ', in Modern High
German (and Holl.) also " wattle fence on shores, fish snaring net, verge of a roof with
brushwood bundles ' (^^^^H additional form Middle Low German krubbe, Old English
cryb; with Germanic -pp-: Modern High German Swiss chrup(e) " crib, manger ', as on the
other hand also Old High German kripfa);

Middle Low German kerve' weir, net'. Old Norse kiarf, kerf(i)v\. "bundle, fascicle, sheaf.
Old Swedish kaerve' grain bundle, fascicle, sheaf, Swedish dial, /ra/v" basket', isl. karfa,

korv'baskeV (but Modern High German Korb, Middle Low German /ro/fnevertlieiess
probably only loanword from Latin corbis).

In addition behaves perhaps gr. ypTcpo(; " shopping bag, fishing net; somewhat
complicated, riddle ' (whereas with n: ypTno(; "fishing net', ypTn£U(; ' fisherman '), as scr-
Tbo, aKap-T-(po(; to *5Ae/"-"cut, clip'.

b. gertj-, with revelation of the meaning " crinkle, wrinkle, shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up, cramp ', but also for other kinds of of bending:

Old Irish ^eA-^ac/? "wrinkly';

Old Prussian ^aA-^/s 'mountain', Lithuanian garbana {see below) and garbanai. " hair
lock ';

Maybe poln. garble si^^io hump' : alb. kerrus'to hump', kurriz\ hunchbacked) spine'

Note:

Root / lemma: ger-3\ "to turn, wind' : Root/ lemma: (s)ker-3\ "to turn, bend'.

in addition ablaut. Old Church Slavic grbbt "dorsum, cramp', grbbo-nos'b " crooked-
nosed ', russ. gorb^ hump, hunchback, hunch, outgrowth, elevation, back', sloven, grb,
g'rba^ hunch, hump, hunchback, wrinkle', grbatT make hunchbacked, crook, furrow ';

nisi, korpai. "wrinkle, crease ', korpna^ contract, shrivel ';

a heavy basis, perhaps *ger9b- (?), seems the base from Armenian karth " fishhook,
hook; knee bow, popliteus, shinbone, leg' {*gfpti-) and Lithuanian garbanat " curl ';
Berneker 368.

c. Nasalized:

Old High German krim(p)fan. Middle High German krimpfen. Middle Low German
krimpen^ shrink up, shrink ' = Old Norse kreppa {krapp) "pull together'. Middle High
German kr/mpr crooked; cramp'; Old English crompeM' crumpled, wrinkled ', Old High
German krampf writhed, crooked, humped ', substantivized krampf(o)^ crarc\'^\ krampf
hook ', ndd. (and as loanword Modern High German) Krampe^ hook for closing ', Old
Saxon Ar5/r7/7^c»y) "cramp', Kaus. Middle High German krempfen {*krampjan) = Old Norse
kreppa {sc\r\\N. V.) "pull together'. New Swedish krumpen^ wizened ', Old Norse kropna

{*krumpna) " shrink up, become stiff, Old English crump, Old High German krumpf
writhed, crooked, humped '.

Besides Old English crumb. Old Saxon krumb. Old High German krump. Modern High
German krumm presumably for Indo Germanic ^-root from gr. YPUfjnavsiv vpunouaGai,
auYKaijnTEiv Hes., yPutt6(; "crooked' (see S. 389 under B. 2.);

Latvian grumbf gotten wrinkled ', grurnbulatns^ jolting ';

Maybe alb. grumbullonJ^'^vW together', grumbulF'^We, heap'

Lithuanian grumbu, grubau, ^/'i/M(analogical nasalized form for *grumbau, *grumbti) "
jolting, hard or become insensible ', grubus {ior *grumbus) " jolting, hard';

Old Church Slavic ^/ipi6'b'i5iu)Tr|<;, unlearned, untaught, ill-mannered ', russ. grubyj
"rough, coarse, raw', poln. ^/ig-i?/ 'wrinkly, rough, adverse ', poln. grqba, gr^bai. 'elevation,
hill, boundary ';

d. grep- or gfejrsp- {compare above S. 387 *ger9b-) in Middle Low German krappe
'hook, claw, talon ';

maybe alb. grep^Y^ooV^

holl. krapi. 'cramp'. Old High German krapfo^bev\\. claw, talon, hook'. Modern High
German Krapfen^ hook; pastry of such form ' (Germanic pp, besides Germanic -bb- in:)
Old High German krapo. Middle High German krape'hook', Swedish dial, krab be '\r\ookior
the search in water ';

maybe alb. Geg krrabe, Tosc kerrabe^ crookeA stick of the shepherd'

Old Norse krappr^ or\<^ , holl. krap6s.. Modern High German Bavarian krapf
'unprepossessing, small', Swiss chrapf strong' ('*thickset)'; Old High German Modern
High German Kraff{irorr\ cramping the muscles). Old Saxon kraff. Old English craefV
power, skillfulness, art ', Old Norse krgptr, kraptrm. ' power, witchcraft ', compare Old
Norse krgfi. ' demand ', Are^a 'arrogate'. Old English crafianAs.; Norwegian kravrw. ' Ice
crust ' (besides Old Norse krapr\., krapiru. ds.; 'wither, shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up '; nord. -p- probably for root form with Indo Germanic b).

4. 5-extension *gre-s-, only Germanic: Old High German kresan^ grovel, truckle, creep ',
Norwegian Dialectal krasen 'weak, frail '; presumably Old Saxon Old High German kresso

' goby, small fish ', Modern High German Kresse, Kress//ng 6s.; *ger-s- probably in
Norwegian karra^ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, friz, curl '.

Besides from the /-extension *gr-ei-2\so *gr-ei-s-\v\ Middle High German krJsen, kreis^
grovel, truckle, creep '.

B. root form gr-eu-\ gru-mo-^ scraped together ':

gr. YpO ' little dirt under the nail ' (i.e. ' what settles while scratching under the nail ');

Norwegian kryr hump, hunchback ' {*kru-li-? *kruvila-'7), dial, also skryl, kryla^
KrummriJckig sein ' (also gryla), Swedish dial, krylas i hop^ creep together ', Norwegian
dial. krylt{grylt, skrylt) " hunchback person' (the forms with g- belong together with Old
Norse grufa^ sich vornijberbeugen, auf der Nase liegen ', Modern High German Swiss
gruben, groppen, gruppen ' crouch down, stoop ' to a versch. root with Germanic g-)\

with the meaning ' crooked claw, talon, mit gekrallten Fingern zusammenscharren ': Old
Saxon krauwil. Old High German krouwiT claw, talon, fork with crooked points ', Modern
High German KrauelAs., Old High German krouwon. Modern High German krauen. Old
Frisian krawia aciuaWy " scratch, scrape with crooked fingers ';

with formants -/770-;gr. ypO|j£a, -eia, -aia "junk, trash, trumpery, offish small fry, also
pouch, bag or chest for old clothes ' (similarly the /^-derivative ypuTr) 'junk, offish small fry,
woman's dressing-case or vanity-bag, prob. a workman's tool-bag, frippery ', ypOToSoKn
"lumber room'), actually " scraped together ';

Latin grumus^ a little heap, hillock of earth ' (as earth scraped together);

Middle High German Modern High German Krume; with Cr. Old English crumam., mnl.
krume (ablaut, krome), holl. kruim " crumb ' ("what one scratches from the hard crust '), isl.
krumr, kraumr, Swedish kram, inkram {inkrom) " intestines, entrails of birds and fish,
crumbs '.

1. guttural extension greu-g-\n. Old Irish gruc, nir. ^/i/^ "wrinkle' {*gruggu-), Middle Irish
grucanach^ corrugated ';

maybe alb. {*greu-g-) krunde^ crumb, bread crumbs ' common alb. -g- > -d-.

Old High German kriochan^ grovel, truckle, creep ', Modern High German kriechen,
ablaut, krauchen^ duck, slip, crouch, grovel, truckle, creep ', Krauch^ road curve ' (Middle
English crouchen, engl. crouch "duck, stoop', is French loanword). Middle Dutch kroke

'wrinkle, crease ', holl. kreuk ds. {*kruki-), Middle Dutch crooc' hair lock ' ( *krauka-),
Norwegian krjuka {krauk-) " shrink up, grovel, truckle, creep ', kruka^ crouch, squat ',
kr0kla, krykla^ crippled tree, invalid creature, osseous fragility '; in addition probably as
"staff with crooked handle, grasp' Norwegian dial, krykkia. Old English crycei., nengl.
crutch. Old High German krucka. Middle High German krucke, asachs. krukka " crutch '
(Germanic *krukjd)\ perhaps Middle High German M/c/?© (Modern High German Krauche),
Old Saxon kruka. Old English c/t7ce "crock, pitcher' (compare above Old High German
kruog). Old English crocc, crocca. Old Norse krukka'pot, pan', therefore certainly also old
close relationship to gr. Kpiooodq "crock, pitcher' from *Kpu)Ki6q (about Old High German
kruser crucible, melting pot ' etc. s. Falk-Torp under krusm. addendum) stands to the
consideration. About Modern High German Kriechbaum s. Kluge'''' under Krieche.

2. Labial extensions:

greu-p-:QX. ypunoq " hook-nosed, aquiline, hooked, writhed, crooked, humped, with a
curved nose ', ypOnou) " bend, crook ', ypuijj, ypOnoq m. " griffin (Griffin (after the crooked
beak and the crooked claws), a bird, part of a ship's tackle, or anchor '), nasalized
YpupnavEiv ypunouoGai, ouyKapnTSiv Hes., wherefore probably at first Old English etc.
krumb^ crooked' (see above S. 387).

greu-b-:here perhaps Scots Gaelic groban "top or point of a hill' {*grubb-)\

Old Norse krjupa. Old English creopan. Middle Low German krOpen^ grovel, truckle,
creep ' ("*curve like a worm '), Old English cryppan^ba\N, bend'. Modern High German
Dialectal sich krupfen " crook oneself ' (Swiss chrupfen "somewhat a bit bend so that it
gets a roundish deepening '), Middle Low German kroppen^ bend crooked ', Norwegian
kr0ypa {*kraupjan) "crook'; Old Norse kryppai. " hump, hunchback ', kryppil. Old English
cryper cripple ', Middle Low German kropelds. (holl. kreupef. Middle High German
krup(p)el. Modern High German Kruppelirom Ndd.), zero grade Old English creeper
cripple '; Old English crepp^ bundle of berries or flowers, ear, goiter, crop '; with
expressive intensification: Old High German krepf crop, bird's head ', Middle Low
German Ayo/? "swelling, blister, hunch, outgrowth, crop. Bird's head; trunk, (toter) body',
only in latter meaning Old Norse /r/'o/?/?/'" trunk';

maybe alb. Geg kryja, Tosc krye^ (round) head '

with simple it'.OId Norse krefu. "trunk, killed animal body ', kryfia^ disembowel '; a *krufta-
" curvature, hill' in Middle Dutch krechf\\\\\, farmland, field in the dunes ', Old English creft
"small field';

Lithuanian probably ^mit*//?©//" stagger, stumble', grub(l)asxr\. "rough bumpiness, hillock'.

3. s- Extension greu-s-:W\66\e High German Middle Low German M7s' frizzy, curly ';
Middle Low German kruse " chitterlings, belly fat' ('*the frill, ruffle '); with Germanic -au-
ndd. kros^ Intestine of geese ', Middle High German (ge)kroese. Modern High German
Gekrose, ndd. kruse {*krusi-) "wrinkle, crease, furrow, curl ', holl. kreus^ fold in staves ';
Old English cress "dainty'. West Frisian kreas^ frilly '; Old High German Middle High
German krol{-lf-) " frizzy ' {*kruzla-). Middle High German krol(le), krulle^ curl ', Norwegian
kru//6s.; Norwegian Dialectal kruslen, krusken^ frail ', ndd. krusch' curled ', Middle High
German krusp^ frizzy ', Modern High German obd. krausC frizzy '.

References: WP. I 593 ff., WH. 623, Trautmann 94 f., 97, 99 f.
Page(s): 385-390

Root / lemma: ger-4, grei-
Meaning: to grow; to awake

Material: Old \r\d'\c jarate ' awakened', ja-gar-t/^ wakes', Perf. ja-gara, part\c\p\e ja-gr-vams-
"alert, awake, smart, keen, eager' , Jagrv/- ^ attentive, sleepless, alert, awake, smart', av.
jayarayantam^ the watching one ', Peri, jagara, participle Perf. f\VX. Jagaurvah-, jigaurvah-^
awake, watchful, wakeful', Kaus. a-garayeitT arouses, awakens ', with fra- inchoativ fra-
y/7sa/77/70 "awakening' {*grhsk-), Kaus. fra-yra-yrayeiti, dissimil. fra-yra-rayeitT awakens'.
Middle Persian k/^ass "awake', vTgrasenag^ livener';

gr. Eysipu) " awake ' (whether £- Adv. *e?compare eor din Avestan a-garayeiti ar\6
above S. 280; different SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 6483), Aor. sypsTO, sypEaGai, Perf. s-ypn-yopa
(for E-yn-yopa - compare Old Indicya-^a/a- with dem p from sypsaOai; Med. (late) s-yn-
ysp-pai; of Perf. proceed from sypnyopTi " on guard ', sypnyopaic;); sypnaau) "watch' to
*ypr|-T- (compare Avestan fra-srato^by awakening '); barely from *£ypriaKi(ji) (Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 7082);

alb. Tosc ngre {irorr\ which ngr^, Geg ngrei^\\i\. up, arouse, erect, awake, stretch a gun
'{*n-gra-n-id), participle n-grite{*-grht-)\

presumably Old Norse karskr, /re/'s/r/'" fresh, agile, lively'. Middle Low German karsch
"fresh, alert, awake, smart', Alemannian charzsch.

References: WP. I 598 f., WH. I 429 f.
Page(s): 390

Root / lemma: g(e)u-lo-

Meaning: glowing coals

Note:

Root / lemma: g(e)u-lo- : glowing coals derivded from Root / lemma: ker(9)-3\ to burn

Material: With Asuffix:

Irish guar coa\' (< *geulo- or * goulo);

Old Icelandic kolu. " charcoal ', Old English colm. "coal', engl. coal. Old Frisian kolei..
Old High German kolom., also kolu.. Middle High German kolu., kol(e)xx\., kolei., Swiss
c/7c»//e "gleam'.

In addition with /"-suffix (or previously reshaped from *^^/c»- after Armenian hur^f\re'):

Armenian Ara/r "fire, glowing coals' (< *guro-, *gura-), krak-aran^ siove, hearth, fireplace,
glowing frying pan '.

References: WP. I 563. other possibilities by W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 479.
Page(s): 399

Root / lemma: ge(i)- : gd(i)- : 57-

Meaning: to sing, to cry

Note: onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indie gayatiax\6 gati^ sings', gatu-xx\. and gTtf-i. " song', ^/?a-"sung,

chanted', gatha^ song, verse' = Avestan ga&a^ song of religious content ';

Old Russian gaju, gajati^ crow, squawk ', russ. gajb m. " Jackdaw's croaking, clamor',
gakatb " groan, croak, caw ' etc.;

Baltic *geidd\v\ Lithuanian gfeduav\6 gfestu, g/edot/" s\ng, cackle, crow, squawk ',
Latvian dziedu, dz/edaf 's\ng'; in addition Lithuanian gystu, gydau, gyst/'to sing, begin
crow ', ga/dysm. "rooster, cock', giesmei. "Kirchenlied', Latvian dziesmai. " song ', gaWs
m. "rooster, cock'.

Maybe Latin ^a/A/s "rooster, cock' : alb. 5/e/" rooster, cock'

Tocharian A kak, B kaka^ he shouted ' (redupl., to Old Indie gati), present 3. PI. kenehc
[*gei-n-l), Pedersen Tochar. 183, 263.

References: WP. I 526 f., Trautmann 76, W. Schuize KZ. 27, 425 = Kl. Schr. 52.

Page(s): 355

Root / lemma: geu-, gau-, gu-{*sgeu-)

Meaning: to bend, curl; a kind of vessel

Note:

Root/ lemma: geu- gsu- gu-\ to bend, curl; a kind of vessel probably derived from Root/

lemma: (s)keu-2, (s)keua : (s)ku- : to cover, wrap

Phonetic evidence: Middle High German /rc»/?e 'stall, pigpen, cage, cavity' : kir. kuca^

pigpen' (Trautmann 145)

Material: Unextended probably in goua-: ^J-"hand', see there; further Norwegian kaa^

turn, twist the hay ', Old Norse ka^ disturb the peacefulness ' {*kawdn)\ ka-beinn^

bowlegged' {*gouo-\ Old Irish gau, ^d'lie, falsity', whether from *gdua, here, otherwise to

connect with Latin haud); about gr. Yur|<;, yuTov see below S. 398, about yuaAov see below

S. 397.

a. More dental extensions :

gud-, ^re^/f/- (occasionally gu-ed-?), before all in Germanic; gudo-m^ intestine '.

Old Indie gudam^ intestine ';

maked. yoSa svispa MaKzboyzq, Hes.;

ndd. kut^ intestine ', Modern High German Bavarian kutz^ a part the bowels '; ndd. kut,
kute a\so " Intestine of smaller animals, roe bags; calf; bag, pouch ', Middle Low German
kut^ soft parts in the animal body, roe bag, calf, holl. kuit{*kOt-) and kiete {* keot-) " roe;
calf, engl. Dialectal kyte, A/fe "belly, stomach ' (compare to meaning under q/Pus);

Old Frisian kate {* kaut-) "ankle'. Middle Low German kote, /rJ/e"hoof, talon, the foot
joint of horses ', ndd. (and borrowed Modern High German) Kote, Kote' ankle, shackle of
the horses ', Demin. Middle Low German kotel. Low German /(c>/e/(from *kutil) " plump
excrements, e.g., from nanny goats, horses ', Middle Dutch cotel, holl. keuter^s., cone,
toddler';

Norwegian dial. Ay/a" hump, hunchback, puffed out fold, hump in an plump body,
sacklike extension of a net ', Swedish dial. kOta " go or run with stooped back ', Modern
High German kauzen= crouch (" together bend '), geminated Swedish kott(e)''Q\v\e cone',
dial, kutte, kutting' small squabby knave, boy';

with the concept of the incurvation, cavity: ndd. kute'pW., pothole', Middle High German
kuz, Modern High German Kauz^ Grube als Gerichtsstatte ' (formal = Norwegian dial, kut^
deformation in growth', Swedish dial, "tuber, bulb, hump, hunchback '; Middle High
German /rJ/e'pit, pothole, hole'. Modern High German Dialectal Kaute ds. probably from
Ndd.); Norwegian dial. k0yta' degradation in the surface of the earth, pool; the vessel in
what one carries fish ' ( *kauti-) = Middle High German kaetze. Modern High German
Dialectal Kotze^ woven basket ', Old English cj//e "cottage, house, lair ' (j?= Te) =
Norwegian k0yta " wood hut from branches ', compare Modern High German dial, k/eze '
bast basket ' {-eu-), Old English cyt-werl\s\r\ snaring net' with expressive gemination
Middle Low German etc. kutte^ female pudenda ' (Middle High German /roiz-e "courtesan');
hole = schlechte Wohn- oder Liegerstatt: ndd. (and borrowed Modern High German) kot,
kote' sheds, stable, hut, stall, cottage'. Middle Dutch cot, cote' cave, lair of wild animals,
stable, bad hut ', Old English cot'{ robber-) cave, house, lair ', Old Norse kot'smaW
cottage', kyt/'a ds.;

nasalized Old Norse kunta\uWa' from Middle Low German kunte' female pudenda;
also buttocks ', Norwegian Swedish kunt' Ranzen (from birch bark)'; also Avestan gunda-,
gunda " Teigballer\ '?

gu-t-, geu-t-\ about gu-et-see distinctive article; ^'^//'-/"throat'.

Latin guttur{*gutr, formation as Hittite kuttai); n. (by Plautus m.) " gullet, throat', guttura
(Plin.) " thick neck, swellings in the neck ';

Maybe alb. gushe'neck, throat'

in addition as " sacklike skin growth in the neck ' :

geut- in Old English ceod(a)m. "sack, bag, pouch ', Old High German kiotds.. Middle
Low German kudeF pouch ', Middle High German kiuteF dewlap, Unterkinn ', Modern
High German Keuter fishnet, intestine, swelling, lump, growth';

gut- in Middle Low German koderm.. Modern High German dial. Koderl, Goderl {* gut-
ro-) " Unfeddnn, goitre ';

maybe alb. koder' (round) hill '

ndd. kodends., engl. cud' cud, the inner gullet from ruminants', Dutch kossem' Unterkinn.
' {*gutsmo-), Norwegian kusma' parotitis, mumps '; Middle High German kutein. Modern
High German A'/7//e//7"Kaldaunen';

maybe alb. {*kuta) shyta " parotitis, mumps '

with expressive dd. Old English coddxw. "husk, pod, sack, bag'. Old Icelandic koddi
"pillow, cushion, testicle'; perhaps Old High German kuttrV\ex6\ Modern High German
Kette, Bavarian /r^//"troop, multitude, herd of warrantable animal';

Hittite ku-u-tar{kuttar), Dat. ku-ut-ta-ni {kuttani) n. " nape, upper arm ' (= Latin guttur,
see above); kuttanalli^ necklace '.

b. guttural extensions; guga^baW.

Middle High German kugel(e). Modern High German Kugel, Middle Low German holl.
koge/ ds., Modern High German dial. Koger round brow, edge of a hill or cliff ' (Persson
Beitr. 113); rhein. Klugel, Kruge/ aiter Persson probably previously through amalgamation
with k//u we/ and Klungef,

with ^^.Old English cycgel, engl. cudgel {*kuggila) "cudgel, club'. Old Norse kuggrirom
Middle Low German kogge, engl. cog' wide, ungainly sea ship ';

with Germanic k. isl. kjuka' knuckle '; Norwegian A/z7/ra "clump', kokle, /r^/r/e "clump',
kokia {and kogia), kokuF Fruchtzapfen der Nadelbaume '; Old English cycel, nengl. dial.
kitcher small cake'; in addition Old Norse kjuklingr\N\Vc\ " gosling ', Old English ciecen,
nengl. chicken. Middle Low German kuken. Modern High German Kuchlein' chicken ';

with Germanic kk: 0\d High German coccho. Modern High German Dialectal Kocke
"heap, haycock, haystack, dunghill ', Danish /rc»/r/'A>' "heap, haycock, haystack';

Lithuanian gugai. " knop, knob, hump, hunchback, hill', gaugarasm. " summit of a
mountain ';

russ. gugija, poln. ^^^a "swelling, blister' (Persson Beitr. 937); but Lithuanian guoge,
goget "head', gogasm. " withers of the horse ', probably not from lengthened grade
*g^u]-g-; different above Trautmann KZ. 43, 176;

maybe alb. {*kok) kokei. "top, head' : Lithuanian goget "head' and Danish kok(k)'V\ea'^,
haycock, haystack';

with -g-\

npers. guzak' ankle ' (?);

Lithuanian guzas'knag, swelling, blister, craw ', guzys^craw ', gauze'head', Latvian
guza, guza'crop, goiter', guzma'heap, hunch ', guza'W\p, haunch, loin, club, mace, joint
of the roast ';

similar to

Lithuanian: guze "head of cabbage' [f e] 2

Lith. accentuation: 1/2/4

Latvian: guza't\r\\g\r\, ham' [f ja]

Proto-Slavic reconstruction: gyza

(Old) Church Slavic: RuCS gyza 'unnpe grape' [f ja]

West Slavic: Cz. hyze't\p of the shin-bone' [fja]; OPI. g/za'\eg of pig or cattle, ham' [fja]

South Slavic: SCr. ^//o'^za (dial.) "stump of a vine' [fja]; Bulgarian g/zaWne, stump of a
cut off vine' [f a]

Maybe alb. ^/ic"piglet, roast of a pig?'

Old Czech hyze'\r\'\p, haunch, thigh', poln. g/za, giza^ capitulum, head of a bone, end of
a bone in the shinbone ' (also Church Slavic gyza vintnaja^ grapevine ', serb. gidza6s. as
"knag, gnarl of a plant'); probably here as to *geng-{see there), poln. ^i/z "swelling, blister,
hunch ', guza^ buttocks ', sloven. gCiza^ buttocks, hunch ', as partly probably also other, in
itself also with guz= ggz- attachable words (see *geng^\ ambiguous are also the words
with Baltic {gunz-) guz- as gunzys, guzys " crop by birds, head of the femur ' etc.; s.
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 685, 687;

besides Latvian guza, guzma stand kuza "heap', kuzma " crop of chickens ', the formant
with guza etc. stand in connection, in aniaut. k-but one with Avestan fra-, apa-kava- " in
the front, behind with a hump ' and the family qeu- "bend, curve ' are coherent word to the
prerequisite;

about that from Slavic guz- not certainly to separative ggz- see below geng-.

c. Labial extensions; gupa^ burrow '.

Gr. yunri " earth hollow, cave, hiding place, nook, hideaway, vulture's nest ' (Hes.); yunj,
Y0n6(; " vulture' (from the crooked beak or the crooked claws, as ypunj to yputt6(; "
writhed, crooked, humped ');

Maybe alb. {*gupos) gjyp " vulture'

Old High German chubisr a hut, cot, cottage of shepherds, peasants ', Middle High
German kobe^siaW, pigpen, cage, cavity'. Modern High German Koben^ small, miserable
room or edifice, building, pigpen' (in addition Middle High German kobolt. Modern High
German Kobold, z.B. Kluge'''' 315), Old English cofa{ev\Q\. cove) " chamber, hideout, cave'
(out of it Old Norse kofi^ chamber, cell '), westfal. kuffe {*kufjd) " miserable cottage'; basic
meaning 'hole in the earth as residential pit', actually ' arch, curvature ', ndd. Kubbung^
annex '; Middle High German Modern High German Kober^baske\!\ holl. kub, kubbe^i\s\\
snaring net'; Middle High German kobelvn. " (arched) box, narrow miserable house, stable
'; whereas derive Middle High German kobelu. " rock canyon ', kofer brow, edge of a hill
or cliff ', Modern High German Bavarian-allem. Kofel, Kobel, Gufel, ratorom. cuvel, Italian
covolo^ cave, Felswand ' from Latin *cubulum {{o cubare) ' Lagerstatte des Viehs ' (Zinsli,
on the ground of Grat 322) and Old High German miluh-chubilV milk tub ', Middle High
German kubel. Modern High German /CJ/7e/ probably from Middle Latin cupellus.

Old Norse kufr^ round cusp, peak, heap',

Maybe alb. kufi^ boder, edge '

Norwegian /rJi/e/? 'roundish, arched' (therefrom Norwegian kuva, Ayi/5 'round off, make
blunt, dull', compare also Swedish /r^/fa 'soften, bump, poke = ndd. kuffen^bum^, poke,
slap'), holl. /r^//(Middle Dutch *cuve) ' plume, tuft, shock of hair, crest, treetop ' (compare
in similar meaning friJhModern High German Kaupe^ plume, actually, crest, on the head of
the birds ' from Old High German *kuba, probably from the rom. family of cupa, also Old
English cy/'barrel, vat, cask'. Old Saxon /rJi/zT? 'barrel, vat, cask', compare French cuve
from Latin cupa^ tub ');

Maybe alb. Tosc kuvli^ box '

Germanic *kubb-:\Nest Flemish kobbe^ Federhijschel, buschiges Haar, Hutkopf ', Old
Icelandic kobbim. ' seal ', Bavarian koppen^ tangled crown of a conifer ', engl. cub^
young animal ', cOit* 'round clump, head, spider', presumably also isl. kubbur, kubbi^ c\o\.,
chunk, stump' (in addition Swedish isl. Norwegian kubba^ cavitate ');

Germanic */rJ/7-.- Norwegian dial, kup^ hump, hunchback ', Swedish kupa^ half-
spherical case, beehive ' ; Swedish Aypa 'round vessel from straw', ndd. kupe^ big pannier
', engl. dial. kipe{0\6 English *cype) ' plaited fish snaring net, basket'; changing through
ablaut Norwegian dial, kaup^ wooden jar', kaupa^iubex, bulb';

whereas derive probably from Latin cuppai. 'goblet': Old English coppm. ' acme, apex,
goblet' (Middle English also 'head), cuppm., cuppet 'goblet'. Modern High German
(actually md.) Koppe' crest of the birds ', Koppe, Kuppe, 'round mountain top ', Middle
High German kuppe. Old High German chuppa^ headpiece ' (with expressive
intensification Old High German chuppha6s.. Middle High German kupfe, kuffe, gupfe6s.,
gupf, gupfe m. ' summit of a mountain, point of the tower ', wherein g- probably
substitution for roman. c-\ Old Norse /rO/OyO/''head, vessel, Helmknopf, eye socket ' is
loanword from Middle Low German kopp); Old Frisian Middle Low German /rOyO/? 'goblet'.
Old High German kopf, chuph ^ gob\et' , Middle High German /ropr drinking vessel,
cranium, head' (similarly rom. /es/a 'head' from Latin /es/a 'shard, bowl'. Middle Latin testa
capitis). Modern High German Kopf.

Nasalized Germanic *kumb-: Old English cumb{ev\ig\. coomb) ' paten ' (in the meaning
'valley' from abrit. */r^/77i6'o-s 'valley'). Middle Low German kumm(e)i. 'round, deep vessel,
tub, paten ', Modern High German Kumme'6eep bowl', Swiss chumme' cistern '; *kump-
(from *kumb-m\h consonant-sharpening) Middle Low German kump. Middle High German
kumpryesse\, cup ', Modern High German Kumpf.

In addition perhaps npers. gumbed^ bulge, cupola, goblet';

further presumably Lithuanian gumbasm. ' bulge, swelling, lump, growth, knag'; Latvian
^i//77/75 'swelling, lump, growth';

Old Church Slavic ggba' sponge, fungus ', Serbo-Croatian guba' sponge, leprosy ',
sloven, ggba' sponge, fungus ', gobecm. 'muzzle', acech. huba' sponge ', newer
"muzzle, lip', russ. guba^ tree-fungus '; besides ^i/i&a'lip'; in Slavic lies intonation change
before, the meaning 'muzzle' is everywhere newer.

Under a basic meaning 'save, store' was connected with Modern High German Koben
Avestan gufra-'6eep; mysterious, wonderful ', ostensibly originally 'sunk in a pit '?

d. With Asuffixes; geu-/o-s' round vessel'.

Old Indie goia-h'baW, goia, goiam^ ball, round water jug'; perhaps Old Indie guia-ii, gulT,
guiika^ ball, globule, sphere ' (or as gJ-^-o *gel- ' clench ');

Armenian kaium^\ take, catch' ( *gueid);

gr. YuAi6(; ' long-shaped wallet, hedgehog ' (also yoy-yuAo(;? s. gong-, about Y^Kzoq see
below '^'oA'lie');

gr. YuaAov " cubical stone ', later "gorge, ravine, gulch', meg. YuaKaq " drinking cup ',
EYYuaAi^u) " put into the palm of the hand, put into the hand ' (compare to latter syyuau)
under *goua-) can also as *YuaaAo- derive from the 5-extension *g{e)u-s-\

Latin i/o/sf. ' the hollow of the hand, the palm, or of the foot, the sole ' {*gu-ela)\

Old High German kiol. Old English ceol. Old Norse kjdilm. "(*roundish) vehicle, ship'
(the newer meaning "keel' through influence of Old Norse A/ip//'"keer; Germanic *keula- =
Old Indie go/a-), Old High German kiulla^ pouch '; Old English cyll(e)^ hose, vessel',
borrowed from Latin culleus, from which Finnish keula " wheel of the prow ', Old Norse kyll
m. "sack, bag, pouch ' (Dutch kuiT the middle, sacklike part of a net ' but after Franckvan
Wijk Wb. 356 from Old Dutch ku/de/irom the /-extension the root); Old High German ku//.
Middle High German k/u/e. Modern High German Keu/e {proto Germanic *kOldn-) "stick
with a thick spherical end'. Middle Low German /rJ/e"club, mace, joint, clavate vessel,
testicle, swelling, lump, growth, polliwog; (konkav:) "pit, pothole, cave' (latter meaning also
in Middle High German kule. Modern High German (md.) kau/ean6 Old Swedish ku/a).
Middle High German ku/e. Modern High German Kau/e'baW, spherical object ', Modern
High German Kau/quappe {oi sp}r\er'\ca\ appearance). Old Norse /rJ/a "swelling, blister,
ball'; Modern High German Dialectal ku//e'ba\\, pulley, roller', kullern, kollern^roW, make
into a ball' (: gr. yuAAoq KupO(; n T£TpaYU)vo(;Ai9o(; Hes. with coloring of the meaning
round?); presumably also Old Norse kollrxu. " rounded acme, apex, head'. Middle Low
German kol, kollexw. " head, uppermost part of plants ', Modern High German kullbockav\6
(zero grade) kielbock^ hornless he-goat; billy goat ', compare alb. tsjap guF hornless he-
goat; billy goat '; Norwegian k0yla {* kaulion) "gully, canal'.

e. With />suffix; gou-no-m^ curled, arched '.

Avestan gaona-v\. "hair (esp. the animal); (hair)farbe' (compare above Lithuanian gauraT
etc.);

particularly Germanic formation Old Norse kaunu. "swelling, blister', mnl. coont " jaw,
mandible, lower jaw bone ', nid. koon 'cheek' {*kaund); in addition Gothic kuna-wida
"manacle' ("crooked rope', to Old High German widi^xope").

f. With /--suffixes; geu-ro-s, gou-ro-s, gu-ro-s, gur-no-s.

Armenian kurn Gen., kran'back' (= Lithuanian gurnas), kr-ukn. Gen. Ar/ra/? "calcaneus ',
kur. Gen. /r/7"boat, barge', also "Becken, paten, Pfanne'; kray{*gurati-) "turtle, tortoise'; o

grade kor {*gou-ero- ox -em-) " writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved; inverted ', kori
"canal', /ro/vz" swelling, lump, growth; kernel, seed ';

gr. Yupoc; " round, veer ', yupoq " roundness, circle, round pit, pothole', Yupooo "curve ',
YupTvo(; or YupTvo(; " polliwog ' (as Middle Low German kO-le, Modern High German
Kaulquappe, see above);

Middle Irish gOaire^hair' (originally "* curly hair', compare:) nir. ^^a/>77e5/7 "whirlwind';

Norwegian /ra^/ie "frizzy curl (esp. from wool)', kaur^ curled wave ' (Indo Germanic
*gou-ro-\ besides Germanic *kau-ara-\x\\) Old Norse karrm. "frizzy curl ', kari^ the gust of
wind curling the water ', Norwegian kare^ shavings '; with -eu- Germanic loanword Finnish
keuru^ arched '; with J (compare yOpoq and the J included Armenian words) Norwegian
kura^ squat; rest'. Middle Low German kuren^^a)/\a)/ (for the hunt)'. Modern High German
kauern; with application of coagulation of the milk Norwegian kj0re ( *keuran-) " cheese in
the first state ', kur{ *kura-) "ds., coagulated milk', k0yr{*kaurh) " cheese mass of sour milk
', kaara{*kauardn) " curdle, coagulate, harden, become caseous ' (doubtful whereas
sloven, etc. zt//'"wheys' because of the ^indicating additional form sloven, zura, zgra
"wheys');

maybe alb. h/rra^whey');

Lithuanian gauras m., mostly PI. gauraf hair in the body, flax fiber ', Latvian gaurivn. PI.
"pubic hair' (compare above Avestan gaona-n. "hair'); Lithuanian gurnasm. "hip, haunch,
ankle ', Latvian gurus' hip, fork in the spinning wheel ' (= Armenian kurn); Lithuanian
gurinti, gOruoti' get writhed, crooked, humped ', Latvian guraties, guorfties' loll oneself,
stretch oneself; Lithuanian kaino gurasm. " mountain projection ';

Serb, gurat " hunch ', gur/t/se' shrink up, crook'; if here Serbo-Croatian zur/t/se' hurry
'?; s. also under ^e^-" expedite, hurry'; also Bulgarian gurkam, gurn-b " dive in the water
'?; the intonation required *gduraox 'igo^g/'a (compare above Old Norse karreic).

maybe alb. ^^/ra "rapid'

g. With s-suffixes:

npers. gosa' angle, point, edge';

gr. Yur|<; " the crooked piece of wood in a plow ', aporpov auToyuov " Pflug, an dem
ilCrummholz und Scharbaum noch aus einem Stuck bestanden ' (s-suffix doubtful),

wherefore Yur|<; " piece of wood as field measure ' {*\/u[a]diq-, but also *YuFac;- possible);
gr. YuTov " limb, the feet, womb, hands, the hand, (so prob. as device on signet); the whole
body ';

maybe alb. 5//" womb'

gr. MHTpoc; yuTa "lap", yuiow " lame ', from which yuioq " lame ' (Grdf. *yua-iov; or yuF-iov?
ders. doubt by yuaAov, see above), yavaoq 'crooked, bent outwards, writhed humped
(from legs)', yauaoojjai " to be bent ' (but ^avaabaq i])Z{jbf\q Hes. perhaps Gaelic, to Old
Irish gau'We, falsity'?) can a have preserved after other Adj. in -ooqior ' stooped, writhed,
crooked, humped ', yet au is also difficult, because an ablaut *geu- : gdu-'\n spite of the
frequent grade *gu- stands not certainly; unclear hom. apcpiyuoq " with a limb at each end,
double-pointed, or bending both ways, elastic', epithet of spear, and aiJcpiyunsK; ' he that
halts in both feet, the lame one ', epithet of Hephaistos;

maybe also alb. genje/l'\e'

Middle Low German nnd. kuse' stump, club, mace, joint; grinder, molar tooth ',
Norwegian dial, kus' hump, hunchback '; Swedish /ri/s5 'pudenda'; Old Norse kjossi. "
pouch ', kjossm. 'bay, cavity', faro, kjosi. 'craw ', Swedish kjusa^ valley gulch ', kjus
'point, edge of a poke ' , Norwegian kysa {*keusidn-) and k0ysa ( *kausidn-) ' crest, bonnet,
cowl '.

References: WP. I 555 ff., WH. I 112 f., 311, 629, 852, Trautmann 80, 100 f.
Page(s): 393-398

Root / lemma: ghsb^(o)lo-, -la
Meaning: bifurcation

Material: Old Irish Middle Irish gabur\oxV.Qd bough, fork; fork point the thighs, vulva', cymr.
gafr fork; thigh fork, vulva', abret. Plur. gablau^ fork ', nbret. gavl, gaor bifurcation ' (with
/^umlaut from ato eacymr. gebeF a mattock, pickaxe ', cymr. gefail\-l-s\.Q'C(\\ 'pliers', bret.
gevelm., acorn. geuel-hoern<^\. A pair of snuffers), (gall-)Latin gabalus^ cross, gallows ';
the brit. forms prove a Celtic *gablo-\ the medial 5 in gabalus\s probably Latin; v. Wartburg
separates gallorom. gabalus 'spear, javelin' (older '*fork'), places that in *gab-lakkos
'spear, javelin' (cymr. gaflachds), from gabulum' gallows ', but ^in Old Irish gabul
( *gh^'^lo-) is only epenthesis;

Old High German gaba/alorW, Middle Low German gaffel(e)i., Old English gafol,
geafeli. ds.; Old Icelandic gaflak. Old English gafeluc^ light spear, lance' derive from an
Old Irish *gablacfr,

here probably the PN lllyrian Gabuleo, Venetic Tpi-yapoAoi.

References: WP. I 533 f., WH. I 575, Krahe WiJrzb. Jahrbucher 1, 215.
Page(s): 409

Root / lemma: ghsb^-
Meaning: to grab, take
Note:

Root/ lemma: ghsb"^-'. 'to grab, take' derived from the extended labials: gelet{h)-, glet{h)-
(: gl9t{h)-) and glet{h)- {\glt{h)-) of Root/ lemma: gel-1\ "to curl; round' [see above].
Note: with e-forms durative ' have on, wear, hold on, possess, adhere to ', could be
onomatopoeic words (imitation of of snatch sound), what would explain the frequent
coincidence with the synonymous roots qagh-an6 gap- {compare also Vendryes MSL. 18,
310); on the other hand place EM2 150 for gap- {a\so also ior ghsb^-) put a vocalism e\ o:
a (against it Reichelt KZ. 46, 339, WP. I 344, WH. I 159), so that its root must be assumed
as ghdd^- and Old Indie gabhasti-h 'hand' then was to be kept away.
Material: Old \r\d'\c gabhast/'-h m. ' forearm, hand';

Latin habed, -e/ie'hold, possess, have', etc.; debed^ to owe, to be indebted to
somebody for anything; to be due to do a thing, be morally bound to or be bound by logic
or necessity or law to; to have to pay because of fate, to be destined to give, have to '
{* de-habed), praebed^ to offer, hold out; to provide, supply, allow; bestow; with reflex, to
present or show oneself in a certain character, behave as ' (older prae-hibed= Umbrian
pre-habia, pre-hubia^ to hold forth, reach out, proffer, offer, tender '), habe-nai. ' a strap;
a bridle, reins ', habilis^ easily managed, handy; suitable, fit, convenient ', etc.;

Maybe abbreviated alb. {* habed, kapem) /ra/r? 'hold, possess, have' similar to po\n.Jestem
'I am' : alb. Jam 'I am', common alb. h- > k-\ -b- > -mb- > -ms found in corn. caf(f)os,
cafes. Middle Breton caf(f)out, bret. /rai/o^/'have'.

Note:

Also zero grade in alb. preterite (ha)pata^\ held, possessed, had'

Oscan„/c>-inflection: ha1[far\ " have, hold, support, carry, wear ', hafiesV have, hold,
support, carry, wear' {*gh^^-), in addition Prater, stem hip- {*ghep-, probably through
influence of Latin capio: cepr, different EM2 442) in Konj. Perf. hipid. Put. exakt. hipusC
will hold, possess, have ';

Umbrian habe^ have, hold, support, carry, wear', Imper. habitu, habetu^ have, hold,
support, carry, wear ' {*habe-) besides hab/est'Vney have, hold, support, carry, wear '
{*habid) and sub-ahtu, subotu^ send different ways, send out, send forth, send about,
scatter, distribute ' {*sub-habhtdd), etc.; to Umbrian -b- compare Devoto, Tabulae Iguvinae
172 ff., V. Blumenthal, Iguv. Taf. 662;

Maybe alb. Tosc {*{h)ap) jap, Geg e/O (nasalized) nep^ give ' : Old High German geban
■give'.

Old Irish gaibid^ takes, seizes etc.', later also " attains, gets ' {*ghab{h)-i-ti), verbal noun
gabali. (Celtic *gabagla, the ending probably attributed to *kagla, cymr. caer attainment ';
see below qagh-^ caich') " the taking ' = cymr. gafaeF the holding on ' (/= i^, corn, gavelt
" the holds, the seizing ', abret. an-gabor the grabbing, resumption '; otherwise mostly in
Brit, beginning /r (attributed to qagh-): mcymr. and cymr. caffaer attainment ' (besides
cael, see above); das /f derives from the s-subjunctive (i/+ h> /); with other suffix corn.
caf(f)os, cafes. Middle Breton caf(f)out, bret. kavout^have';

about the striking congruities Irish compounds with gaib- with Latin compositions of
haberes. Pedersen KG. II 532;

here also gallorom. *gabella^ fascicle, sheaf, bunch, bundle ' from gall. *gabagla;

Gothic gabeit " richness ' {*gh^^Tj, gab(e)igs^ \\c\\' {*ghdb'^Jko-), Old High German kepi
f. ' richness ', kepic^x\c\\\ Old English giefig. Old Icelandic ggfugrds.; g^fat "luck', g^fr^
generous, pleasant, helpful ' (Germanic *gebiz). Middle High German ggebeAs., Modern
High German gabe'g'we'; in addition also the Germanic matron's name Aia-gabiae^ the all
giving ones ', GN Fria-gabis' dear giver'; about den GN Garman-gabiss. Gutenbrunner
Germanic God's names 90 ff.; Gothic PN Gaf-iido, Old High German Gab-ward,

Germanic neologism (as replacement for do- "give') is Gothic giban (Prater, gaf, PI.
gebum). Old Icelandic gefa {Pxoio Norse 1. Sg. present gifu, 3. Sg. Prater, gaf). Old
English giefan. Old High German geban etc. "give'; Gothic gibai.. Old Icelandic gjgf Old
English giefu. Old High German gebat "gift'; after Kretschmer Gl. 19, 208 derives the

vowel of Germanic *jei&a/7 of contrasted neman'iake'; Old High German PN Gibicho, Old
Icelandic Gjukr,

Germanic *kabisjdt in Old English cefes, cyfes^ bondmaid, concubine ', Old High
German kebisa' concubine, mistress ', besides Old Norse kefserrw. "captive', would lead
back (doubtful) to a Indo Germanic additional form "igabh-;

Lithuanian gabana, gabanat ' armful, armload (hay)'; besides gabenu, gabentT take
away ', Prater, dial, at-gebau " has brought ' (compare Latin capio: cepi), gabus ' gifted,
talented ', gebu, gebeti^ to be able, be used to, be accustomed to '; with a gobus ' greedy
', gobisvn. "greed, lust', dial, gudbti^ snatch ', etc.;

Slavic (originally iterative) *gabajQ, *gabat/"\r\ poln. gabac' assail, gripe ', wruss. habac'
take, gripe ', etc.; Old Church Slavic ^c»i6>//7c» "fullness, wealth', gobbZb'ncW are Germanic
loanword About the expressive character of cb- in russ. chabitb "grab quickly ', chopftb "
grasp, catch' etc. s. Machek Slavia 16, 178, 208 ff.

References: WP. I 344 f., WH. I 158 ff., 630 f., Trautmann 74, Feist 175 f., 214.
Page(s): 407-409

Root / lemma: ghaido- or ghaido-

Meaning: goat

Material: Latin haedus, -/"m. " a young goat, a kid ' from *^/7a/ofc»s (dialect (h)edus, faedus,

fedusX

Maybe abbreviated alb. {*gheida) dhija " a goat' common alb. gh- > d- ; -d- > -j-%.

Gothic ga/tsan6 Old High German ge/zt, Old Icelandic ge/tt, Old Swedish get, f.. Old
English gati., Old Saxon geti. (consonant stem) "goaf, originally used for both genders.

From *gba/do- 6emed *gba/d/'nos: Latin haedmus^ of a kid ', Old English gseten. Old
High German geizTn " of or pertaining to goats ', Gothic gaiteinu. " kid ', Old High German
geizTn n. " he-goat; billy goat '.

Old High German ziga, wherefore Old English ticcena'r\6 Old High German zicchTn\N\Vr\
hypocoristic consonant stretch, is not " through causing taboo Lautumstellung' from Indo
Germanic *^/7Adhds originated, rather as Auslautsdublette to gr. 5i^a ai^. AaK(jov£(; (Hes.) <
*digia, Armenian tik^hose (from goatskin)' to stellen.

Daft alb. q/th'k\6', Middle Irish c//"sheep'. Old Norse /r/id'"Tierjunges', Old High German
kizzi(n), chizziu. (Germanic *kittTna) " caressing alteration ' are from ghaido-, is a

unnecessary assumption. Rather the named words are directly an enticing (or frightening)
shout, call, as kitz, gitz, hitz, hetzusi. is attested to have evolved from most different
languages and dialects.

References: WP. I 527 f., WH. I 632, 868.
Page(s): 409-410

Root / lemma: ghais-

Meaning: to stick to

Material: Latin haereo, -ere, haesT, haesum ' to hang or hold fast, to hang, stick, cleave,

cling, adhere, be fixed, sit fast, remain close to any thing or in any manner; to hold fast,

remain attached or fixed, to keep firm, adhere; to hold fast, remain attached or fixed, to

keep firm, adhere ' {*ghaisejd), haes/tare ^\r\es\tate' ,

Maybe alb. nasalized {*gher-) nder^ hang, hesitate ' common alb. gh- > d-.

presumably to Lithuanian gaistu, -au, gaTsti^'^\}x\, border, hesitate, dwindle ', gaisinti
"while, spend time, destroy'.

References: WP. I 528, WH. I 632.
Page(s):410

Root / lemma: ghait-a, -es-
Meaning: curly or wavy hair
Material: Von *ghait-[e]s-ixoxx\\ Avestan gaesa-xx\. " curly hair, curls ',

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in -h2"ahre- > Avestan -ae-

npers. ges^ droopy hair, curls ', Avestan gaesu-^iuzzy haired, curly haired; (from camel:)

rat's hairy tail ';

gr. xaiTn ' loose, flowing hair, used esp. of back hair, of a horse's mane, of a lion's
mane, of a hedgehog's spines, crest of a helmet, of trees, foliage, of human hair '; in
addition probably the maked. PN raiT£a(;;

Middle Irish gaTseti. (from *ghait-s-) "stiff hair, bristle'.

References: WP. I 529.
Page(s):410

Root / lemma: ghauo-

Meaning: false

Material: Latin /7ai/o' Concept of negation 'not', maybe from *hauidom > *haudom (> haud

as nihilum > nihil), neutr. adjective ' incorrect (it would be)';

Old Irish gau, gao, got ' the inaccurate, lie, falsity', gO-forcei/' wrong testimonial ',
mcymr. geu, ncymr. gau' incorrect ', Subst. "lie, falsity', corn. gowm. ds., bret. gaou ds.;
derived mcymr. geuawc, ncymr. ei/o^ "culpable'.

Quite zweifelhafte equation. If Celtic forms must be assumed with au, they could go
back to Indo Germanic *gdu- (to geu- "bend', S. 393). compare to vocalism Pokorny
ZceltPh. 11 , 1 9, to meaning Frisk Goteborgs Hogsk. Arsskr. 41 (1 935), 3. Abt., S. 1 1 .

References: WP. I 530, WH. I 636 f., 869.
Page(s):414

Root/ lemma: ghagha, gheghe, ghighi

Meaning: to cackle (of geese)

Note: (compare ghans-' goose '). Sowohl Urverwandtschaft as newer creation are

possible.

Material: Old Irish gigren, giugrann ' goose ', cymr. gwyrain' Red Grouse, wild chicken '

(basic form seems *gigur . . . ??); Middle Irish ged, cymr. gwydd, acorn, guit, bret. goaz,

gwaz' goose ' (*^/igo''5 because of Middle Irish Gen. geoid), to d/-forms compare Old

English ganotuuder *gfians-' goose ';

expressive alb. gogesfnj' belch, burp ' (, G. Meyer Wb. 126);

Middle High German gagen, gagern {a\so gTgen) " shout, cackle like a goose ' (Modern
High German Gagag, GTgag for "goose '), Old High German gacl<izdn, gacl<azzen'
mutter, mumble, speak in a low tone; bleat, as a he-goat, shout ', Modern High German
gacl<sen, gatzen, gacl<ern, Tirol etc. gaggezen, Swiss gaggelen, gagelen' gaggle, cackle,
chitchat, talk, snicker, laugh shakingly ', mnl. gagelen. Middle English gagelin, nengl.
gaggle' gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker'; similarly Old High German gickazzen.
Middle High German giksen, geksen. Modern High German gicksen' blurt fine inarticulate
tones ' (/depicting not real Ablaut, but the higher tone); Old Icelandic gagadx\d nisi, gagga
" deride ';

Lithuanian gagu, -etr cliatter', gaga^e\6er\ gagonas "\abberer' (somewliat similarly
^e^e "cuckoo'); Latvian gagaV shout like goose ', gaga " kind of duck ', gagars "goose '
(Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 74 f.);

Maybe alb. expressive goges/nj" burp, belch, yawn' {*gha-ghans) "*ononnatopoeic cry of

goose', ^a^ap "stutterer', guguge'dove kind ' (Slavic origin) also alb. gaga'cry of goose' :

P'e^e "Albanians (neighbouring the Slavs) *stutterers ', geg' North Albanian speech

(according to Slavs) unknown speech '

Note:

From Root / lemma: ghagha, gheghe, ghighi: "to cackle (of geese)' derived the new

Root / lemma: ghan-s- : goose'.

Maybe alb. per-gjigjem, Geg 5/55/" answer'

russ. gogotatb " gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, chatter; laugh loudly ', Dialectal "
neigh ', Czech old hohtat/"bo\N\\ poln. ^c»^c»/ac"glucken'. Upper Serbian gagotac, gigotac
(because of ^instead of hue^Ner sound imitation) " chatter '; russ. gagatb " chatter, from
geese ', gaga "eider duck', gagara " aquanaut ' etc.

In bird's names except not named here:

Old Icelandic gagr greylag goose ';

Lithuanian gaJgalas^ drake, male duck ', Latvian gaigale^ a gull kind ', Old Prussian
gegalis^ aquanaut ', See N Gaygelitfr,

russ. gogolb " common goldeneye. Golden Eye ', poln. gogoi, g^goF European
goldeneye ', old gogolica^ a coot, a water-fowl ' (Berneker 318).

Maybe alb. ^0^0/ "ghost'

References: WP. I 526, Trautmann 74 f.
Page(s): 407

Root/ lemma: gh^^-el- -el- -lo-

Meaning: weathercock; head

Material: Gr. KscpaAn " head, end, acme, apex ', maked. KspAri, KspaAn, PN K£paAo(;;

unclear yapaAav syKscpaAovri KScpaAnv Hes.; compare in addition Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 70 f.,

Pisani RIEtBalk. 1937, 15 ff.;

Gothic giblaxw. " gable, pinnacle', changing through ablaut Old Norse gaflrw. ' gable;
point of an island '; Old High German gibilm. " gable, pole of the earth '; gibillai., gebalm..
Middle High German gebercraumm';

Tocharian A spa/- "head' (: gr. KScpaAn), Instr. spalyo.

References: WP. I 571, Feist 214, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 252, 261.
Page(s): 423

Root / lemma: ghedy-, ghcA^-

Meaning: to join, make a bond

Material: Old Indie gadhya-h " stick firmly '; a-gadhita-h " clipped, dinged ', pari-gadhita-h "

clasps ' (from sexual union);

Old Frisian ^aoVa "unite ', Middle Low German gaden {* gadon) " suit, please, be married
', Old High German bigaton. Middle High German gaten, gegaten\ntr. " gather, so that it
fits ', trans. ' Gleiches zu Gleichem gesellen, zusammenbringen ', refl. " sich fijgen ', Old
High German gi-gat^ fitting'. Old Saxon gi-gado^ ilk ', Old English (gejgada^ comrade,
husband ', Modern High German Gafte; Gothic gad/7/ggs' cousin ', Old Saxon gaduling
"kinsman, relative'. Old English gsede/fng ' comrade' , Old High German gatulinc, gatilinc
"kinsman, relative, cousin, journeyman '; Old English geador, to gaedere {er\<^\. togethei)
"together'. Old Frisian gadur. Middle Low German gader. Middle High German gaterds.,
Old English gadrian, gged(e)rian {er\<^\. gathei) "gather, collect'. Old Frisian gaderia. Middle
Low German gad(d)eren ds.. Middle High German vergatern^be united, merge ', Modern
High German vergattern ds.\ in addition presumably also Old High German gataro. Modern
High German Gatter {umge\au\.e\ Middle High German geter. Modern High German Gittei),
Old Swedish gadder, Middle Low German gaddere^ Gitter ';

with lengthened grade: Go\.\\\c got^s. Old Icelandic ^dd/; Old English god. Old High
German guot. Modern High German gut {Qermar\\c *gdda-^ fitting'); Old Icelandic ^oda"
gut machen ' etc.

Old Church Slavic godi) "time, right time', god/na ' G) pa' , godtnb "compliant', russ.
godnyj^ suitable ', Old Church Slavic u-goditi^ please ',

maybe alb. Geg ^ooV/" strike (chime?)', goditun' suitable '

russ. -Church S\aN\c goditids.. Church Slavic ugoda^ satisfaction ', russ. kk^oo''5" benefit,
advantage'. Old Church Slavic negodovati^ be undisposed ', iter. Old Church Slavic

ugozdg, ugozditr it make right, please ' (etc., Berneker 317 f., where also about poln.
loanword Lithuanian gadas^ association ', gadytis^ occur, meet ' among others).

In addition perhaps Lithuanian dial, guddas, Latvian ^i/oo's "honour, fame; decorum,
courteousness; festivity, feast ';

whereas are Latvian gads, sagads^ stock, acquired property ', gadat'care, worry'
probably from borrowed Russ.;

here (compare Van Windekens Lexique 32) Tocharian AB kafk-, is softened A kack-, B
kacc- " rejoice ' (compare above Middle Low German gaden " please '); different Pedersen
Tocharian 172.

References: WP. I 531 ff., Trautmann 74, Feist 218.
See also: see also under ghend-
Page(s): 423-424

Root / lemma: ghed-

Meaning: to defecate; hole

Material: Old Indie hadati, hadate^ defecates', Avestan zadah- m. 'rump';

Armenian ye/(ostem) "tail (of animals)';

gr. x£^w " defecate ', Perf. K£xo5a; x65avo(; "rump';

Phrygian ^swa nuAr) (leg. nuyn?);

alb. dhjes^ defecate ', ndjete^Wxdeous, disgusting', fem. "repugnance'; ndotem^ be
stained, smeared ', Geg ndishem "hideous'; common alb. gh- > d-.

Old Norse gatv^. "hole, aperture ', Old English geaC door, aperture ' (out of it nir. gead^
the bottom '), Old Frisian yie/n. "hole, aperture ', Old Saxon ^a/"hole'. Middle Low German
also 'anus', ndd. Kattegaf Katzenloch '.

References: WP. I 571 f.
Page(s): 423

Root / lemma: ghegh-
Meaning: to curve, bend

Material: Armenian ^og "cavity, lap, bosom, belly' etc., as adjective "hollow, concave',
^o^e/r? "hollow out'; gugem {* ghogh-) " hug, embrace, hold tight, care';

Norwegian gagr^ crooked back ', Old Icelandic gag-ha/s'\N\t\r\ neck crooked backward ',
ablaut, gseg/ask'te stretched ', etc.;

Lithuanian gogasm. " withers of horse '.

References: WP. I 570, Liden Armen. Stud. 93 f.
Page(s): 424

Root / lemma: gheti'^-
Meaning: to yearn for

Material: Old Irish gra//= cymr. gwysti, acorn, guister captive ', bret. goest/'pay, caution',
gall, in Conge/st/usMH. (cymr. cyngwystr commitment ') = Old High German gTsal,
Modern High German Geisel, Old English gTsel, Old Icelandic g/s/ds.; the precise
concordance between Germanic and Celtic speaks perhaps for borrowing on the part of
Germanic; Gothic PN GTsla-mun-dus, besides without / Gothic PN Anda-gTs, Old English
GTs-wulf, Old High German GTsi-ulf, compare Middle Low German gTse " captive'.

With ablaut here Irish geir sacrifice, pledge, deposit ' ( *ghistlo-), whereof the verb Old
Irish gell-, gill- "to pledge, promise' (3. Sg. Konj. gellaid, 3. PI. Put. gillfit), with ad- " swear,
vow, promise ' etc.; from gJalF captive' derives the verb giall-, geill- " serve, obey ', e.g. 3.
Sg. giallaid, Put. 3. PI. geillfit.

Old High German Middle High German gTt^ covetousness, greed, avarice ', Old High
German gTtag^ greedy, avaricious, stingy'. Middle High German gften and gTt(e)sen^ be
greedy, avaricious ' (from latter zfrom Middle High German gTze, German Geiz^ greed '),
Old English gffslan lust, crave', gTtsung^ greed ';

Lithuanian geldzlu ge/str\ust, crave, long, want, wish', geidauju, -//"wish, long, want',
gaTdas^ violent wish, desire', dial, gidis^ greedy '; lett, gaidu, gaid?t^\Na\\., hold on'
(originally iterative), gaida^ expectation ', dzTdris{'7) " thirst '; Old Prussian geidi, gieide^
sie warten ', sengijdr he attains ', se'/7^/io'5^/"erlangen';

Old Church Slavic zidg, zi.o'a// (thereafter also zbdg) "wait, hold on'; russ. zdu, zdatb
"wait, hold on'.

References: WP. I 553, Trautmann 82, Pokorny Urillyrier 56^ WH. I 576, 632, 641.
See also: compare gheigh-

Page(s): 426-427

Root / lemma: gheid!^-

Meaning: to wish for

Note: only Aryan and Slavic

Material: Old Indie grdhyati^'xs greedy, demands violently' (= serb. -Church Slavic zltzdg),

grdhn'u-h^ greedy ', grdhra-h^ greedy; vulture', gardha-h{= Old Church Slavic gladt) m.

anxiousness, concupiscence, solicitousness ', Avestan garada- (is.\

Slavic *zildid^ demand ' in:

serb. -Church Slavic zli^zdg, zl-bdetT long for, ask, demand, call for, wish for, desire,
require, expect ', Serbo-Croatian zudfm, zudjet/long, want, long for, yearn for ';

Slavic *ga/da-m. "hunger' in:

Old Church Slavic g/adh, Serbo-Croatian g/ad{Gen. g/ada); Czech h/ad, russ. gofod
(Gen. goioda).

References: WP. I 633, Trautmann 87 f.
Page(s): 434

Root / lemma: gheigh-

Meaning: to yearn for

Note: (see also that similar to ghe/i'^-)77

Material: Old Indie ye/?- only \v\ jehamana-h^ galmend, den Mund aufsperrend, klaffend'

Sechzend '; perhaps secondary io jihJte, S. 418;

Gothic faihu-geigan'\\is\., crave', ga-geigan^ gain ', nasalized Old High German gingen
"after etwas verlangen', ^//7^c»"das Verlangen'; after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 41 though
to ghei-gh; above S. 421.

Lithuanian apmaudqgiezti^ hold a grudge, nurse a grievance ', gieziuos' long, want
violently ', pagiezti' ask for revenge ', pagieza^ thirst for revenge '; whether Lithuanian
giezti, pa-giezti\x\\x. " im Halse kratzen ' would be with it.

References: WP. I 552; different Feist 136 f.
Page(s): 427

Root / lemma: gheis- and gheiz-d-

Meaning: confused, shocked

Note: original resemblance with ghei-, ghe/-s-\n Old Indie h/not/ etc. is very probably

Material: Avestan zaesa-' gruesome'

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in -h2™ahre- > Avestan -ae-

zoisnu-^ frightening, shuddering, shaking together (before frost)', zoizdisto^ of the

ghastliest, most hideous ones ' (Superl. to a verb *zdizda- ' make shudder '; see below

gheiz-d-)\

Gothic us-geisnan^ erschrecken (intr.), au(ler£assung geraten ', Kaus. us-gaisjan^
erschrecken (tr.), aufter Fassung bringen ' (but Old Icelandic ^e/isa ' hervordringen,
heranstijrmen ' from *ga-eisa)\

Old Icelandic geiskiu. " fear, horror '.

root form gheiz-6^-:0\6 Indie hed- 'be angry with' {ahedant-, ahedamana-h, Perf. jihTda),
heda-h rw., hedahu. "anger' (here also helate' is improvident ', helayati^ deride ', see
be\o\N ghe/-' yawn '), hTdati^ excited, aroused, aggrieved ', Med. 'is excited, aroused,
angry '; Avestan zoizdista- {see above);

Old High German geist{= Old Indie heda-li) m.. Old Saxon gest. Old English gast
{gsestj m. 'ghost (in contrast to the body); uberirdisches gespenstiges Wesen ' (so esp.
engl. ^/7c»s/' ghost'). Old English gsestan {*gaistjan) 'frighten' (tr.), engl. aghasf agitated,
angry, irate', ghastly^ grisly, terrible, dreadful'.

That in the meaning exact attuning Old Church Slavic za5/7(?// "frighten (intr.). stupefied ',
zas/// "frighten' (tr.), uzast 'fright' from *g(h)ds- aWuues in vowel and not in guttural.

References: WP. I 553 f.. Feist 531 f.
Page(s): 427

Root / lemma: ghel(e)gh-

Meaning: a kind of metal

Material: Old Church Slavic *zelezo\x\ zelez(b)n-b ' iron', Serbo-Croatian zeljezo, russ.

ze/&zc» 'iron';

Lithuanian ge/ez/'san6 zem. ^e/z/5 (therefrom gelezinis, gelzinis^ iron'), Latvian dzeizs.
East Latvian dzelezs. Old Prussian gelsot 'iron';

Whether in connection with gr. xc(Ak6(;, Cretan Kauxot; " copper, bronze '? That k from
XQAkoc; standing comparison not in the way, because Kouxoq in *xaAx6(; points as common
primary grade. The word probably derives from a a foreign cultural circle; also the unique
gradation of the 2nd syllable in Balto Slavic would be based on different substitution in the
in the borrowed; xciAk6(; (£pu9p6(; llias I 365) as ' red metal ' perhaps to xaAKP), xaAxn.
KaAxn ' murex, snail emitting purple dye ', which is likewise borrowed; in Balto Slavic the
name would be figuratively transferred from bronze to the iron.

References: WP. I 629, Specht Dekl. 27, Trautmann 83.
Page(s): 435

Root / lemma: gheled-
Meaning: ice

Material: Npers. zala{*zalda) "hail, hoarfrost';

gr. hom. xaAa^a 'hail';

Old Church Slavic z/e d/ca Irozen rain', sloven. z/ed^g\azed frost, ice', kir. ozeleda^ rain
with snow, ice on trees ', poln. ziodz^ sleet, smooth ice '.

References: WP. I 629 f., Specht Dekl. 17.
Page(s): 435

Root / lemma: ghelgh-

Meaning: gland

Note:

Root/ lemma: gheigh-: "gland' derived from an extended Root/ lemma: gel-1\ "to curl;

round, *gland, growth, ball'.

Material: Armenian geij-kh " glands ' (the obvious aniaut can be explained through

dissimilation, s. Meillet MSL. 13, 244f., Liden Arm. Stud. 71 under A. 1. 2);

East Lithuanian gelezuones, gelezaunes, gelezunes " glands, craw ';

Slavic *zelza\v\ Church Slavic zleza, russ. zeleza, sloven, zleza, acech. zleza,
nowadays zlaza^ gland ' (about Czech hlfza^ abscess ' s. Meillet aaO.), poln. zo/zads.

References: WP. I 612, 632, Trautmann 84.
Page(s): 435

Root / lemma: ghel-ond- ghol-ijd-

Meaning: stomach; bowels

Note: (A supposition about the old paradigm by Petersson Heteroklisie 228'')

Material: Gr. xoAa5£(;f. PI. ' intestines, entrails, Gedarm', x6AiK£(;ds.;

Maybe abbreviated alb. zorra " intestine, entrail ' common alb. gh- > d-, z-\ l/rs.

Old Church Slavic *zelgd'bk-b " stomach ', russ. -Church Slavic zeludtk-b, Serbo-Croatian
zeludac, Czech zaiudek, poln. zo/^o'e/rds.

References: WP. I 631 f., Trautmann 82.
Page(s): 435

Root / lemma: ghel-ou-, ghelu-

Meaning: tortoise

Material: Gr. x^Kxic, 'turtle, tortoise. Lyre', xsAcbvp ds., Aeolic xsAuvva, x£A£U(; KiGapa Hes.

(Kuiper Notes 48);

Slavic zelu-i. 'turtle, tortoise' in:

Church Slavic zeli^vb, russ. -Church Slavic zelva, Serbo-Croatian zelva, Czech zelva,
russ. zolvbi., poln. zd/tv.

References: WP. I 631, Trautmann 84, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 120.
Page(s): 435

Root/ lemma: p'^eA/i? (Germanic) and p'^eZ-d'^d (Slavic)
Meaning: to cost, pay

Material: Gothic fra-gildan^ repay, compensate ', us-gildan^ repay'. Old Icelandic gjalda^
defray, pay, repay, be worth ', Old English gieldan. Old High German geltan ' defray,
repay, serve, sacrifice' (proto Germanic *je/dd), Old Swedish gja//a ds. {*je//=>d); Gothic
g/7dn. 'tax, interest'. Old Icelandic 5/5/0'' payment, earnings, punishment'. Old English
gield^ payment, tribute, tax, sacrifice, oblation, brotherhood ', Old Icelandic ^/M'
membership ', Old English glide v\. ds., glldam. ' Gildenbruder ' (out of it Middle Irish gllda
' squire '), Middle Low German glide, out of it Modern High German Glide; Old High
German gelt^ payment, repayment, sacrifice, oblation etc.'. Modern High German Geld,
QoVc\\c gllstru. 'tax'. Old High German gelstar{*geld-tra-) 'sacrifice, oblation, tax'; from
ndd. gellen =gelfen derWes Lithuanian gelluotrbe valid';

Old Church Slavic zledg zlesti {zladg zlasti) " repay, pay, atone' would be, if common
origin, o'/TT^opresent besides Germanic -/opresent.

References: WP. I 632, Trautmann 82 f.
Page(s): 436

Root / lemma: gheluna

Meaning: pine-tree

Material: Armenian ye/^/?' palate, ceiling ';

gr. xsAOvri 'lip, upper jaw', in addition perhaps also X£TAo(; 'lip', Aeolic Y^tKKoq,, if from
*X£AFoq (Solmsen KZ. 29, 352);

Old Icelandic g/g/nar'p'\ne tree', Swedish ga/'g'\\\, pine tree', Danish gjce//e6s.

References: WP. I 632.
Page(s): 436

Root / lemma: ghe/-

Meaning: to call, cry

Note: also in bird name, with -b- -b^^-and -^/-extended, compare the similar to

onomatopoeic words ga/-, qel-.

Material: Old \x\^\q, pra-galbha-h^ courageous, determined ' (: Old High German gelbon);

gr. x£Ai5u)v 'swallow', older x£AT5Fu)v; the high-pitched sound coloring -/- reminds
anlVliddle High German glTen^cvj, esp. from bird of prey', redupl. gr. KixAr), syrak. KixpAa
'choke';

Note:

Maybe alb. {* ghalandus) dalendyshe^a swallow' : Latin harundo -inisi. 'a reed; meton., for

an object made of reed, a fishing rod; limed twigs for catching birds' : hirundo -inis, f.

'swallow'. Similar phonetic setting alb. d/men ^mnter' : Latin hiemo -are^to winter, spend

the winter' [see Root/ lemma: ghei-2 . ghi-\ 'winter; snow'

common Latin gh- > h- : alb. gh- > d-, see Root / lemma: aro-m : 'reed'.

Old Icelandic gja//a {stem V.) ' resonate'. Old English g/e//an {stem V.) 'cry'. Old High
German gellan 'sound, clink, cry'. Modern High German gellen {-II- from -In- or rather pure
sound echo consonant increase); Old Norse ^a/5 (preterit golj 'cry, crow, cackle, sing', Old
English Old Saxon Old High German ^a/a/7'sing; also enchant, fix a spell upon, bewitch.

enchant ' (Germanic present with -a- due to a Perf. with Indo Germanic d)\ Gothic gdlj'an'

greet ' (actually '*shout ', as Old Frisian gela "hunt, chase' actually ' das Wild durch

r

Geschrei aufstobern '; lengthened grades iterative, presumably denominative) Old Norse

g0la^ make happy, please, comfort ', Old Saxon golian^ gladden '; Old High German guol-

lih^ boasting ', ^/"-^i/o/" illustrious'; Old High German Old Saxon galm. Middle High

German galm, gelmxw. " clangor, din, fuss, noise'. Old High German nahti-galat "

nightingale ', Old Icelandic galdrvn. " singing, magic song ', Old English gealdoru. " magic

song ', Old High German galdar, kalterav\6 galstaru. ds.. Old Icelandic gallr, gjallr^

clinking ';

£>grade (as Gothic goljan) russ. galitb-sja^ deride ', dial, galucha, galbi. "fun, laughter ',
nagalitb " taktmaftig schreien, singen, bei der Arbeit ' etc.

b- and b^-extension:

Old English g/e/pan {stem V.) "brag, boast'. Middle High German gelpfen, gelfen^cry,
sing, brag, boast'. Old Icelandic gjalpu. " boastfulness ', Old English g/e/p6s., Old Saxon
ge/p ^Trotzr^B, derision, ridicule'. Old High German ^e'/yO/7"Trotzrede, boastfulness ', adj.
"lustig, minxish, wanton'. Old High German ge/bdn'\emd. deceive ', Old Saxon galpon
(schw. V.) "loud cry, brag, boast', Danish gylpe, gulpe^ shout, cry like a raven ' (with
Germanic i&Old Icelandic gjalfr^ Wellengetose ', ^y//^"king, prince, lord', gylfinu. "fiend,
demon', gylfrai. " witch ', gylfringrm. "sword'. Middle Low German gelve^ surge ', Dutch
^o/rwave', dial, galveren, go/veren^ sound, howl');

Lithuanian guJbinti^ vaunt, praise '; about ^^Tt'as "swan' s. S. 431;

perhaps after Machek (Slavia 16, 198) here with expressive c/7- Slavic *chblbiti sq^
boast ', *ch-blba^ boastfulness ' in Czech chlubiti se, ch/ouba {o\d chluba), etc.; possibly
also Slavic *chorbrb (from * ghob'^^-lo-) "valiant' in Old Bulgarian chrabbrb, chrabbrb "
warlike ' etc. (compare above Old Indie pra-galbha-h).

Dental extension Germanic gelt-: isl. gelta {* galtjan) "bark, bay'. Old High German
gelzon^ utter the voice, squeal '.

References: WP. I 628.
Page(s): 428

Root / lemma: ghen6^-{ghon6^-)
Meaning: boil

Material: Gr. KavGuAr) "ulcer, swelling, lump, growth', Kov9r|Aai ai avoi5na£i(; Hes.;

Gothic gundu. " cancerous ulcer ', Norwegian dial, gundm. "scurf'. Old English gundxu.
"pus'. Old High German gundm. "pus, pustulating ulcer'.

References: WP. I 588.
Page(s): 438

Root / lemma: ghencf- and ghed-

Meaning: to grab, grip

Note: For concurrent the unnasalized and the nasalized root form s. Brugmann l|2 3, 293f.,

IF. 32, 321

Material: Gr. xavSavw ( *ghend-) " take in, hold, contain, take; to be capable, able; catch',

Aor. £xa5ov ( *ghnd-), Fut. xsicjopai {*ghend-s-), Perf. with present-meaning K£xov5a;

alb. gjendem ( *ghend-) " be found ', gjenj, gjenj, Geg gjej^ixud' (G. Meyer BB. 8, 187,
Alb. Wb. 140, Alb. stem III 10; gjet' find, regain ', s. Schmidt KZ. 57, 20ff.);

Latin praehendo, -ere, -J, -sum^ catch, capture, take hold of, arrest, occupy, handle,
gripe ', praeda^ spoils of war, plunder, booty; of animals, prey; in gen., plunder, gain '.
Ablat. old praidad {* prai-hedS); hedera^'wy' ("clasping '; from *ghedes-a)\

Old Irish ro-geinn "findet Platz in' ( *ghnd-ne-t), cymr. 1 . Sg. gannaf, verbal noun genni
(from *gannim, Indo Germanic *ghnd-n-) ' enthalten sein, Platz haben '; (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), in addition Middle Irish geindi. (Old Irish *gend) 'wedge', bret. gennm.
6s., mcorn. PI. genow, corn, gedn, ncymr. gaing6s. (with secondary -ng)\

Gothic b/'-g/tan l\n6' , Old Icelandic geta'reach; bring forth, assume ', Old English be-
g/etan' receive, produce ', for-g/etan lorgotten' (engl. get, beget, fo/ye/ Scandinavian
loanword). Old High German p/'-gezzan' obtain ', f/r-gezzan lorgotten' (in addition as
Causative Middle High German ergetzen^ make forget, compensate '), Modern High
German ergotzen. Old Saxon bi-getan " gripe ', far-getan "forgotten'; Middle Low German
gissen, Swedish Norwegian g/ssa' advise, assume ' (engl. guess ndd. or nord. loanword);

perhaps here (as with cymr. genn/the form related *ghend-nd}: Gothic du-ginnan. Old
Englisho/7-, bi-ginnan. Old Saxon Old High German biginnan^iake hold, take in hand,
begin ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (other interpretation
attempts s. by Feists s. v.; therefrom noteworthly by Wiedemann BB. 27, 193 as *ghen-ud

to alb. ze, Geg za" touch, catch, start, begin, occupy, conceive [from the woman], hire '
from proto alb *zend)\

common alb. gh- > d-, z-.

perhaps also Old Church Slavic gadati^ assume, mean' ("grasp spiritually '), russ.
gadatb " conjecture, create, invent ', Czech hadatT advise, mean', etc.

References: WP. I 589 f., WH. I 638, Thurneysen Gr. 353, Berneker 288 f.
Page(s): 437-438

Root / lemma: ghen-

Meaning: to crack open, grind, scratch

Material: Only in den extensions ghnegh- : ghnegh-, ghnac^h)-, ghne'h, ghneu-.

guttural extension ghnegh-:

Avestan aiwi-ynixta-^ gnawed, corroded '; Old Norse gnaga^ gnaw', Old English
gnagan, g/nagan {\N\t\r\ anaptyktischem vowel), late nagands. - Besides with Indo
Germanic ^in aniaut and Franconian cnagan, Dutch knagen6s.;

Latvian gnega' someone who eats with long teeth ' (the softening after Endzelin Latvian
Gr. 136 f. characteristic for scornful expressions), compare also MiJhlenbach-Endzelin
Latvian-D. Wb. I 634.

Dental extension ghnad[h)-:

with intensive consonant stretch Old English gnsettm. " mosquito ', engl. gnat'
mosquito ', ndd. gnatte'smaW mosquito ', Danish dial. gnat'smaW piece'. Middle High
German gnaz, -/zes 'scurf, niggardliness'. Modern High German Gnatz, Gnatze'scurf,
skin rash '; Old Icelandic ^/7p//'a "clatter, rattle, clash (of skeleton)', engl. dial, tognatter,
Swedish gnat' Genorgel, Gezank ', gnatig' peevish, immer grumpy, surly, sullen ',
Modern High German gnatzig' iJbellaunisch ' (compare kratzig\v\ the same meaning).

further with dd Old Norse gnaddr' the young from animals or people ', Old Icelandic
gnadda' murren, mit ubellaunischen Worten qualen ', Norwegian dial, gnaddra, "drone,
grumble, growl ', ndd. gnadderig' iJbellaunisch, morose '.

Persson Beitr. 95 f., 811.

/■extensions ghnei-, ghneid(h)-:

Gr. xvisi ^)am[,z\, Gpunsi (I. Gpunrsi), xviapwTspa xvocjL)[5£a]T£pa Hes.;

Old English gnkfan'rub, grind ', Old High German gmtan. Middle Low German gnTden,
from which probably Old Swedish gmdha, Swedish gnida, Danish gn/debomwed is;
compare also (likewise borrowed?) the rare Old Icelandic gnida 6s.\ Old Icelandic gmsta
tonnum^ clatter with the teeth ', Middle High German ^/7/s/ "ground', Tirol GneisV chopped
or scraped stuff '; Norwegian dial, gnita ' |^ ^gs 9'^g^gP'"ungene^ ^ ^ jjy^ ', Middle Low
German ^/7///e "small mosquito ', East Frisian gnid, gniV sundries, small stuff; a kind of
small gnats ', Modern High German (SA7/i'ze "small mosquito ';

Latvian gnJde "rough, shabby, dirty skin'; Old Church Slavic gnijQ, gniti^ blight, decay ',
russ. gnitb, Bulgarian gnija, Serbo-Croatian gnj/'t/and gnjfliti, Czech hnfti, poln. gn/c6s.;
Old Church Slavic gn/7b " rotten ', russ. gn/7, Serbo-Croatian gnj/'o, Czech hn/7y, poln. gn/ty
ds.. Old Church Slavic gnojb " manure', russ. gnq/"pus\ Serbo-Croatian gnq/^ds.', Czech
hnuj'crap, muck, manure ', poln. gndjds.

Maybe alb. {*gno/a) njolla " stain, dirt ' common alb. gn- > nj-.

hereupon ghriTda^ nit, louse ':

Old Icelandic, Norwegian dial, gniti.. Old Swedish gnether, Swedish gnet, Danish gnid,
Latvian gnJda' nit, louse, greedy, stingy person' (MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 633), Lithuanian
P'///7o'a(dissimilated from *gnindal)\ russ. gnida, sloven, gnjida, Czech hnfda, poln. gnida,
about Latin iens, -disi. ds. compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Dekl. 44.

^/-extensions ghneu-, ghneud!^-, ghneus-:

Gr. xvauu) " nibble, scour, scratch, gnaw ', xvaujja " slice, tidbit ', xvaupoc; " dainty',
Xv6o(;, xvou(; " that what can be scraped off, dust, foam, froth, underfur ';

Old Icelandic g-nOa'rub' (also gnyia' rant, make a noise, roar', gnyr^ din, fuss, noise
'?), Old Icelandic ^/7ai/d "noise, rattle', gnydr^nag, growl'. Old English gneaf^' stingy,
tightfisted'. Middle Low German gnauwen' growl ';

Lithuanian gniOsai \erm\n, pest'. Old Church Slavic ^/7^56A7b "disgusting', gngsati,
gnusatisg'be disgusted', russ. gnus\errc\'\r\, pest', Serbo-Croatian gnus' disgust,
repulsion, loathing, smut', Czech iinus' disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut', iinusny
"disgusting', poln. gnusny'\6\e, blight, decay'.

References: WP. I 584 f., WH. I 783, Trautmann 93.

Page(s): 436-437

Root / lemma: gher-1

Meaning: expr. root

Note: mostly only newer parallel Wortschopfungen, frequent, often with expressive vowel

change and Gemination

Material: Old \n6\c gharghara-h ' rattling, clashing, gargling, gurgling ', m. " rattling,

laughter ', gharghar/fa-n. ' grunting ', ghurghura-h^ a gargling sound ', ghurghurV cricket

', ghurghurayate^ whizzes, hums ';

Maybe alb. gurgullon " water sounds ', ^i//re "water spring'

Latin hirnre " whimper, growl ' ("rr' with /vocalized as reproduction of of high tone);

Old English g/erran stem V. "sound, clink, creak, babble, chatter ', Modern High German
g/'rren {M\66\e High German also garren, gurren), Swedish Norwegian garpa^raui, roister,
brag, boast'. Old Icelandic ^a/x?/"" intrepid pugnacious person'; Norwegian dial. garta"\oke,
chat, prate, grunt'; Old English gierman, Norwegian garma'roar, bellow'. Old Norse garmr
'dog'; further Old English gryllan^ gnash, rage ', Middle High German gre//en stem V. "
piercingly, before rage shouts ', gre/'roug\r\, grell, angry, irate', Dutch ^/"o/Ze/? "murmur, be
angry, irate'. Middle High German grullen " scoff ', Modern High German grollen,

russ. -Church Slavic g-trkati^ coo ', Czech /7/re//" rattle, clash, purr, murmur', hrkati
"crack, creak, burr '; slov. grgati^ gargle, coo ';

Maybe alb. gryke^ throat ' : russ.-Church Slavic g-trkati^ coo '

here perhaps ghre-d-\r\ Gothic gretan, Old Norse grata, asachs. gratan, Old English
grsetan {greofan aiter reofan6s.), Modern High German Alemannian grats9'\i\/eep, cry,
lament '; ablaut, causative Old Icelandic greta'reduce to tears, bring to tears'. Old English
graetan^ assail, greet ', asachs. grotian^ call ', Old High German gruozen. Modern High
German grulien; Old Norse gratrm. " weeping, cry ', Old High German graz^iury';

ghre-6!^- in Old English grsedan "call, shout, cry'.

References: WP. I 605.
Page(s): 439

Root / lemma: gher-2
Meaning: to stroke roughly, rub

Note: compare also the extensions ghrei-, ghreu-, ghrem-, ghren-, as well as above grod-
Material: Gr. k£yxpo<; "millet, sorghum, ordure', Kaxpu(; ' parched barley, winter-bud barley
' (diss, from * gher-ghro- dx\^ *ghn-ghru-)\ xspaSoc; n. and x^PCK^. -aSoc; f. " detritus, gravel '
( *gherad- or *ghernd-l)\ x£PMC(<^. -a5o(; f. " large pebble or stone, esp. for throwing or
slinging, sling-stone ';

Latin furfur, -uris m. " husk of grain and the legumes; the bran; scales, scurf on the skin '
(reduplicated form, originally *for-for)\ vowel gradation as in Lithuanian gurus^ crumbly ',
gurti^ crumb, spall, crumble '. common lllyrian gh- > o'-then Latin d- > f-.

s-extension:

Old Indie gharsati^ grates ', ghrsta-h " chafed, grated '; russ. goroch-b "pea", Serbo-
Croatian grah 'bean, pea' (the Slavic intonation development from a zero grade basic form
*^/70/'sc»-5 or from *ghorasos).

Maybe abbreviated alb. {*ghdrso-s) groshe'bean, pea'

References: WP. I 605 f., WH. I 545 f., 570.
Page(s): 439-440

Root / lemma: gher-3, ghre- : ghro- : ghra-

Meaning: to come out, stick out

Note: (probably identical with ghre-. ghro-: ghrd-'gro\N, be green', see there); s. also

under ghers-.

Material: a. Gr. xapia pouv6(; Hes., x^PMI ' joy of battle, lust of battle, battle; upper lance

point ', ay-xapijov avojcpspn rpv aixMnv Hes., xoipc((; " like a hog or a hog's back, low rock

rising just above the sea like a hog's back; in pi., scrofulous swellings in the glands of the

neck, etc.; sow ' ( *ghorio-)\

at most (yet quite doubtful) here Norwegian dial, gare^cus^, peak', gara^^uck, bump,
poke';

from the heavy basis: Middle High German grat, PI. graete m. " fishbone, ear of corn,
mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, mountain ridge'. Modern High German Grat, Grate
{*ghre-tf-)\

with reduplication-grade: poln. grot, Czech hrot^ arrowhead, spear, lance';

b. with -fl^suffix: Old High German Middle High German grazu. 'sprout, twig, scion,
branch of conifers ' (also probably turned into mental Old High German grazzoMv.
"violent, stern'. Middle High German graz, grazlury', graz^ furious, angry, irate');

c. with /^suffix:

Gothic *^/'5/7o(lsidor Orig. XIX 23, 7), Old High German grana. Old English granu. Old
Icelandic grgnt 'whisker, moustache; mouth, fir, spruce'. Middle High German gran, grane
" cusp, point of the hair, beard hair, fishbone ', Modern High German Granne ^ ear o1 corn' ,
dial. " back bristle of pig ', and " fishbone '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-).

Slavic *granb^ sharp point, edge, border', e.g. in russ. granti. 'limit, boundary;
landmark, territorial marker; facet', Czech hrana ^ po\r\t, edge, border' etc.; in addition also
russ. granka' tussock ', kir. /7/'a/7c»/r' bough, twig, branch', bg. Serbo-Croatian grana^W\g,
branch';

d. with -e/7-dh- suffix:

Alb. krande' straw, splinter, deadwood', Tosc krende 'tmg, branch' {*ghron6^- or
*ghren6'^-), etc.; : alb. {*grendu) krunde 'bran'

gall, grennos 'beard' (Wartburg), Middle Irish grenn'bear6' {*ghren6^-no-s)\ cymr. grann
'eyelid, cheek', bret. grann 'eyebrow' (with unclear a; or has it originated from *ghrn6'^-no-
s?). (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

References: WP. I 606, WH. I 413 f.
Page(s): 440

Root / lemma: ghers-1, ghres-

Meaning: disgust, horror

Material: Avestan grahma- ' sinner, delinquent ' (?);

Armenian garsim ' have loathing before ';

[Middle Irish ^c»/>:^' bitter' {*ghorstis). Old Irish gortae'bunger'; better to g"her-\.

Middle High German Middle Low German garst. Modern High German nl. garstig 's'poW,
rancid '; Old High German ^eAS/rBitterkeit'; Old Icelandic ^e/"s/5 'stir, tease, irritate,
embitter '; s. also g"her-;

Lithuanian grasai. " tlireat, austereness, severeness ', grasus^ tinreatening, disgusting',
gresiu, gresti^ threaten, outgrow ', gristu, gristi^ become disgusted with ', grasinu, grasinti
" threaten ', Latvian grasat, grasll' threaten '.

Maybe alb. l^garsinu) /re/re/7oy" threaten'

References: WP. I 610 f., WH. I 461, Trautmann 95.
Page(s): 445

Root / lemma: ghers-2

Meaning: used in names of weeds

Material: Old High German gers, giers, ^//^/(Grassmann, Dt. Pflanzennamen 100 ff.,

Bjorkmann ZfdWtf. 3, 268) 'Giersch, Aegopodium Podagraria';

Lithuanian garsasm., garsvat "Angelica Archangelica'; garsvet " Giersch ', Latvian
garsa, garsa, gars/ ds.; in addition also Lithuanian g/'rsat = dirse^ darnel ' (oat), Latvian
dzirsT darnel ' (these after Endzelin KZ. 44, 58 to Latin hordeum [see below gherzd(h)^
"barley'; compare Mijhlenbach-Endzelin I 555, 618 f.).

References: WP. 1611, Trautmann 79 f.
Page(s): 445

Root / lemma: gherto-

Meaning: milk, butter

Note: only Aryan and Celtic

Material: Old Indie ^/7/fa/77" skimmings, butter, melting butter';

after Uhlenbeck io Jfgharti {gharati) " sprays, sprinkles ', npers. a-yardan^ blend, mix,
soak';

Middle Irish ^e/f "milk'.

References: WP. I 607, II 166.
Page(s): 446

Root / lemma: gheub(h)-

Meaning: to bend, move

Material: Norwegian dial, guva^ sit sunk down ', S^edUsh jordgubbe^ Fragaria ananassa;

strawberry ', Old Danish gubbe^\avjv\x, breast', ndd. (Estland) gubbe^ small haycock.

haystack '; Old English geap'crooked, cunning' (but ^ea/? "wide, capacious, open ', Old
Icelandic gaupn' hollow hand ' see below gheu-' yawn, gape, stare with an open mouth
'), Old Icelandic ^^/TT/O/' (from Old Swedish gumper), Swedish gump, Danish ^i//77yO'rump',
Middle High German guffe, goffers, (but about Middle High German gupf summit of a
mountain ' see below ^'e^-'bend'). Old English gupanP\. " buttocks, haunches ', Old High
German ^o^'rump', further in addition the intensive formation isl. goppa, Swedish guppa.
Modern High German gupfen^ jump up and down, swing';

Latvian gubstu, gubV bend down, sink ', gubat 'heap', Lithuanian gubuotis^
interweave, intertwine ', gaubiu, gaubti^ cover, wrap up, curve ', gaubtis ' crook oneself ',
guba^ haycocks, heaps of standing sheaves ', ^i/i6>^s 'adroit, expert, skillful' (compare the
meaning from Old English geap), Lithuanian dvigubas^ twofold ', Old Prussian Gen. Sg. f.
dvigubbusdiS.;

Old Church Slavic ^b/7p//"fold', russ. gnutb "bend, crook', kiruss. bnutyds., Serbo-
Croatian nagnem, nagnuti^ incline ', sloven, ganem, gan/t/^ move, bestir ', Czech hnouti
ds., in addition Old Church Slavic negi^bljb^ unmoved ' (from *gubja-), russ. Church Slavic
g-bbezb^bev\6\ Czech prfhebm. ' flexible place, joint ' (from -gtbt, compare Lithuanian -
gubas) and changing through ablaut Old Church Slavic sugubt, dvogubb 'double', russ.
guba^bay', sloven, guba^ crease ', poln. przegub^]o\u\, curvature '; iterative Old Church
Slavic gybljg gybati^ be destroyed, perish ', pregybajg, pregybat/^ bend, bow', russ.
gfbnutb, gfnutb ' spoil, perish ', gibatb 'bend', Serbo-Croatian gJbljem {g'ibam) gfbati^
move, weigh, rock, sway ', Czech hynouti^ be destroyed, perish, go to waste, run wild ',
hybat/'move, drive, push'; causative Old Church S\av'\c pogub/Jg pogub/t/" wreck ', russ.
gubftb 'spoil', Serbo-Croatian gubfm, gub/t/6s., Czech hub/t/'spo\\, exterminate ', poln.
gub/g, gub/close, spoil'. Old Church S\a\/'\c paguba ' rum' .

Maybe alb. Geg {*gub-) hup, Tosc humb'\ose' : Czech hub/t/"spo'\\, exterminate '; common
alb. -b > -mb, also alb. gaboj^ get lost, err '.

References: WP. I 567 f., Trautmann 100 f.
Page(s): 450

Root / lemma: gheugh-, ghugh-

Meaning: to conceal

Material: Old Indie guhati, guhati^ hidden' (Aor. aghuksat), guha^ hideout, cave', goha-h^

hideout, lair '; common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Avestan guz- {guzaeta, fra-guzayanta) "conceal, hide', Old pers. yadiy apa-gaudayahr
If you hide ';

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal In -h2™ahre- > Avestan -ae-

Old Icelandic gygri. " unnolain, giantess ' ( *gugT-z, compare formal Lithuanian guze),
Old Danish gyg^ a subterranean, an underground ', ^/ige/"" murderer, robber ';

Lithuanian guztr patronize, guard, cover ', also "brood, hatch, cover warmly ', guzyne^
blind man's buff, guzis, guzta^ Brutnest ', guze^ heldnlsche Relsegottin '; In addition
guzas, guzutis " stork ' (as " the nest builder ').

References: WP. I 566 f.
Page(s): 450

Root / lemma: gheueja {gheueji)

Meaning: pit, hollow

Note: Only gr. and Latin

Material: Gr. x£ici, Hom. x£in "cave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole' =

Latin fovea^ pothole, cave a small pit, esp. for taking wild beasts, a pit fall; a snare,
conspiracy

'; favissae " underground reservoirs or cellars near the temples, for water or for sacred
utensils no longer In use; subterranean chambers ', with etrusk. suffix, could be hybrlde
formation.

Common lllyrlan gh- . o'-then Latin d- > f-

References: WP. I 564, WH. I 467 f., 538.
Page(s): 451

Root / lemma: ghe-, gho-

Meaning: an enclitic particle

Note: It seems two groups have to be separated, single-llngulstic but to have partly begun

at another place: 1 . ghe, gho, 2. with palatalem gutturals, the In europ. languages as g, In

Aryan as ^/7 appears (as In the cases like gr. y£vu(;: Old Indic hanuh), thus showed one of

the normal so-called volced-asplrated various articulation kind, and the vowel /or e.

Material: 1 . -ghe, -gho:

Old Indie ^/7a(*^/7c»), ha{*ghe) behind negation {nagha), personal pronoun (e.g. vayarh
ghat), dem sc< /oPron. {sa gha, sa ha), to the question pronoun (e.g. karri ha), to the
relative pronoun {yo gha, yo ha), also behind other parts of speech; Old Indie hanta' well,
on take, there take, see there ';

Umbrian -hont{e.i^. era-hunt^by the same way, by the same piece of work; at the same
time, likewise'), compare also Latin hic^ this, this one; this present ' from * gho ox *ghe +
*ke,

cymr. a(^) 'with' from *ad-ghe, see above S. 3;

Old Church Slavic -go, -ze behind negation {ni-ze ' not; and not, nor; rarely not even ',
ne jedin-b ze 'not only one, not one, i.e. no one, none; not at all, naught '; compare also
Old Church Slavic neze, serb. nego^as' in comparative and serb. nego^ however, but',
Czech nez{e) 'yet', where ne- rather the negation has arisen as indicating the positive
meaning of Pron.-stem ne-), behind the relative pronoun {/ze), lengthened grade {*ghd)
Upper Serbian kdy-ha^ when, then ' (; Berneker 316);

Lithuanian -gu{*ghd}, -^/ (these with dem vowel /the 2. group) in negi, neigi, negu'not',
behind Pers.-Pron. (e.g. tu-gu, tu-g/" thou at least, for thy part ' : Boeot. touga: gr. auys).
Old Lithuanian also -ga, -ge, dem so/to-Prou. {e.g.t/e-g/), to the question pron. {kaip-gi
'as'), -^^also interrogative particle (compare also Old Lithuanian an-gu^W, Old Prussian
an-ga"\V), Old Prussian begg/lor', ka/g/^as', negg/"a\so not, still', n/que/g/" nevermore ';
gr. ouxi see below.

2. -gfhjr

in Old Indie h/, Avestan z/"emphasizing particle {na hf, nahf, Avestan noitzr. Old Indie
kar-h/^\N\r\en7', tar- h/"da{r\a\s' ), behind the first word of the sentence ' then yes ';

gr. ou-xi, MH-X' not', rj-xi 'where', vai-xi " certainly, indeed' (-x- instead of -y-, compare
under ys, presumably through hybridization with a particle the 1 . group);

Latin * ne-g/ {a^er Holthausen KZ. 47, 309 = Old Saxon nec'and not'), assumed through
negotium, originally sentence compound neg'otium es/ (compare haud-otium est by
Terenz) and negare (compare Modern High German verneinen, bejahen);

kir. Bulgarian serb. -z/behind personal pronoun

3. -g(h)e.

in gr. Eps-ys = Gothic mi-k. Old Higli German mi-h = Armenian /s "me' (at first from *//?-
c), £YU) Y£. £YW-Y£. c^u \e, Gothic /=>u-k, s/'-k, Old High German cff-h, si-lr, after so/ZoPron. 6
Y£, after the relative pronoun oaaa Y£, ovtivq y£, further y£, Doric Boeotian el. yq also
behind other parts of speech. In Baltic as well as also (besides in the with /"vocalized form)
in Slavic the guttural of the 1. group has become dominant, as well as in gr. -xi;

Venetic me-xo^rc\e' has related ofrom exo^V;

Tocharian strengthening particle A - /r, B - k(e)irorr\ * -ghe or -ghe {compare Pedersen
Tocharian 136);

Hittite am-mu-uk {ammuk) 'me', tu-uk{tuk) "you': Gothic t^uk{*tu-ge), etc., s. Pedersen
Hittite73f., 166f.

Maybe alb. {*mu-uka) mua^me' : Rumanian m/e'me', {*tu-uk) /y'you', nasalized {*mu-
uka) Alb. Arberesh uth, alb. une'V common alb. -k > -th.

References: WP. I 541 f., WH. I 644, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 606, 624.
Page(s):418

Root / lemma: ghlad!^-
Meaning: " brilliant, smooth, shining '
See also: see below ghel- 'gleam'
Page(s): 451

Root / lemma: ghleu-

Meaning: to be joyful, to joke

Note: extension from ghel- 'cry' or ghel- 'gleam'?

Material: Gr. x^£un f- " joke, derision ';

Old Icelandic glyr\. 'pleasure, joy'. Old English gleo, glleg, gITwu. 'game, pleasure, joy'.

With dental extension:

Old Lithuanian glaudasm., glaudai. ' pastime, entertainment ', glaudotr joke', Latvian
glaudat^s. [glaudas^ cuddle, caress ' belongs but originally to glausti, Latvian glausf
cuddle, embrace, caress', Lithuanian glaudus^ sich anschmiegend, einschmeichlerisch ';
see below gel-1, extension gl-eu-].

With /77-derivative (nominal formation ghloumo^:

Old Icelandic glaumr^ loud jubilation ', gleyma^ make forget, make cheerful, make noise
', Old English gleam^ jubilation, pleasure, joy'; ablaut. Old Icelandic glymr^ro\N, din, fuss,
noise', ^/y/TT/a "sound, clink'. Middle High German g/umen'd\n, drone';

Old Church Slavic bezbg/uma' firm, unchangeable, constant, immovable, uniform,
steady, fixed, stable, invariable, regular, persistent; consistent, harmonious; unanimous;
sure, steadfast, constant, faithful, unchanging ', glamiti sq^ to talk idly, prate ', russ. gium^
joke, derision ', giumitb sja^ mock, sich lustig machen about', Bulgarian gluma^ fun, joke,
derision ', glumja se^ joke, fool ', Serbo-Croatian glumai. ' joke, comedy ', Czech (old)
hluma^ an actor', poln. dial, w gium^ in Nichts ', eigti. " in Scherze '.

Maybe alb. {*hluma) lume^ blessed, happy, lucky, fortunate ' common alb. gl- > /-.

With yO-derivative:

Slavic *glup-b, russ. ^/^pjy'stupid, clownish ', Specht KZ. 68, 123.

References: WP. I 660 f., Trautmann 91.
Page(s): 451

Root / lemma: ghoilo-s

Meaning: foaming; turbulent; roaming

Note:

Root/ lemma: ghoilo-s: foaming; turbulent; roaming, derived from Root/ lemma: g^el-l:

to stick; pain, death : Lithuanian ^e///"prick'.

Material: Perhaps Middle Irish gaer kinship', nir. gao/a\so ' friendship, love';

Old High German ge/7, Old Saxon ^e/"minxish, wanton, luscious, strong'. Modern High
German ^©//(Middle Low German ^e//e 'testicles'. Modern High German Biber-geif, Middle
Low German geile. Modern High German Geile^ dung, manure '), Old English gar funny,
lascivious, stout, proud'. Middle High German geilen^ ridicule, make fun of = Gothic
gailjan^ gladden '; Old High German keilTi. " lasciviousness ';

changing through ablaut and partly with the meaning " foaming ' Old Icelandic gil-ker^
fermenting vat ', Norwegian gll, gTlu. " fermenting beer ', Dutch g//76s., g//7en lerment,
seethe', also, as Middle Low German gf/en' covetous ';

Old Lithuanian ^a/7as "violent', Lithuanian ^a//i/s "irascible, irritable; sharp, biting (from
vinegar, lye); bitter (from tears); pitiable, pitiful ' (in latter meaning with ablaut to gilus^
painful, sore ', ^e///"prick, schmerzen' after Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 75?);

Old Church Slavic dzelo{zelo). Old Czech zielo, weiftruss. o'oze/a'very'.

References: WP. I 634, Feist 185, Trautmann 75.
Page(s): 452

Root / lemma: ghom-

Meaning: stall

Material: Armenian gom " HomenstaTT ';

Danish gamme^ sheepfold, shed ', Swedish dial, gamme^ crib, manger'. Old Norse
gammim. " Erdhiitte ', Swiss gammeli' ViehhiJtte ', pomm. gamm^ Haufe von
Ziegelsteinen, die zum Trocknenaufgesetzt werden '.

References: WP. I 637, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 80.
Page(s): 452

Root / lemma: ghosti-s

Meaning: stranger; guest

Note:

Root/ lemma: ghosti-s: stranger; guest, derived from Root/ lemma: ghds-\ to eat see

below.

Material: Latin hostisvn. f. " a stranger; but esp. an enemy, foe, opponent (Old Latin), fiend

' (in addition hospes, -pitis^ a host, hostess; a guest; a guest-friend, friend; a stranger;

used also like adj., foreign ', Paelignian hospus^ guest's friend ' from * hosti-pot-s^ master

of the guest');

It is a compound of Root/ lemma: ghosti-s\ stranger; guest + Root/ lemma: poti-s:

owner, host, master, husband : gr. kor. ^evFo^ "foreigner' : Old Bulgarian gospodb "master'

: Paelignian hospus^ guest's friend '.

Gothic gasts. Old Icelandic gestr{Pro{o Norse -gastik) "guest'. Old High German Old
Saxon gast. Old English giest^ stranger, guest';

Old Bulgarian gostb "guest' (borrowing from Germanic according to Solmsen Unt. 203);

to gostb probably also Old Bulgarian gospodb "master, mister' etc. as Kurzung from
gostbpot-.

Maybe alb. ^os//"feast, party' a Slavic loanword.

Barely credible is the apposition from gr. Attic tpjoo,, Ionian ^sTvoq, kor. ^£vFo(; "foreigner,
stranger, guest's friend ' due to a present *ghs-enu-d, lengthened grade of alb. {h)uai, Geg
{h)uj^ strange ' (from *ghsen-l s. Jokl IF. 37, 93);

Maybe the transposition of Alb. Geg {*heuva-) huej, Tosc hua/lore\gner, stranger, guest's
friend '.

quite incredible SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 329; about New Phrygian ^suvs vocative {*ghs-enue7)
s. V. Blumenthal Gl. 20, 288.

References: WP. I 640, WH. I 660 f., 662 f.
Page(s): 453

Root / lemma: ghou-ro-s

Meaning: frightened

Material: Old Indie ^/7o/-a-/7 "dreadful, imposing, venerable ', n. " scary force, might, magic

power ';

Maybe alb. gjor " pitiful person'

Gothic gaurs^ grieving ', gaunPa^ sorrow ', (75^/75/7 "mortify'. Old High German gorag'
woeful, wretched, miserable, arm, small'; Old Icelandic gaurrm. " pitiful person'
(Johansson KZ. 67, 221); perhaps here with ablaut and /?- further formations: Old English
gyrn, gryn n. "mourning, grief, also gnorn, grorn m., gnyrni. 6s., gryre m. " horror ', with
variant assimilation and dissimilation, in addition Old Saxon gornon, gnomon, grornon^
grieve ', grun'm. " horror ';

kiruss. zuryty 'affWct, sadden', zurba^ care ', russ. zurftb " scold '.

References: WP. I 636, Feist 208.
Page(s): 453-454

Root / lemma: ghous-
Meaning: to sound; hear
Note: Only indoiranisch.

Material: Old Indie ghosati^ sounds, announces aloud, hears ', ghosayatT fmae^momng
lei (Akk.) ' (Geldner Rigveda in Auswahl I 58), ghosa-hru. " sound, clamor, shout, call, din,
fuss, noise', Asvaghosa EN ' ear of the horse ', Harighosa EN " Yellow ear ' (= Avestan
zairigaosa);

Avestan ^aos-'hear', Kaus. in gusayal-uxda-^ sein Wort zu Gehor bringend ', npers.
niyosTdan^heax, listen, eavesdrop ', Baluchi gosay^heax', n/yosay'hear, listen, eavesdrop

Maybe alb. Geg n/gjoj, ndegoj {* nde-ghosa), Tosc degjoj, alb. Greece delgonj, alb. Arbersh
dilingonj, ndelgonj, ndlegonj, glegonj^ I hear ' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : Nth. gh- > dz-].

afgh. ngvaiar listen, obey ', Old pers. gausa-, Avestan gaosa-m. 'ear', npers. ^ds'ear',
skyth. EN DPaGaywaoq ' rattling, clashing by the war chariot ', Avestan zairi-gaosa-^W\Vc\
yellow ears';

about Latin heus^ hallo! ho, there! hark!' s. rather WH. I 643 f.

References: WP. I 569, WH. I 643 f.
Page(s): 454

Root / lemma: ghou(e)-

Meaning: to notice, pay attention

Material: Latin faved, -ere, favT, fautum^ to favor, be well disposed, be inclined towards,

favor, promote, befriend, countenance, protect; be favorable to, help, support, with dat.;

with infin., to be inclined to do. Esp. as religious t.t., to speak no words of bad omen;

hence to be silent; be quiet in worship '; favereirom *fovere because of Umbrian fans

"favens', foner' favorable, propitious ' from *fouenis, [lllyrian Latin gh- > d- > f-]

Old Icelandic ga{*gawdn) ' look out, take care ', Gothic gaumjan^ remark, see, raise up
one' s attention ', Old Norse geyma^hee6, care, worry for, beware'. Old English gTeman,
Old Saxon gomian. Old High German goumen6s.. Old Icelandic gaumrxw. and gaumi.
"attention', Old High German gouma^ paying attention, observance, feast ', Swiss gaume
'baby sitting' (from dem Germanic Latvian gaume^{as\.e\ gaumeV memorize, observe,
taste '), Old Saxon ^0/775 "repast, meal, guest's meal ', whereof Old Saxon gomian " host '.
(The meaning relations are still to be cleared in detail; s. Slotty IF. 46, 369.) In addition
changing through ablaut Old English o/fe/y^/77/a/7 "neglect'. Old Saxon fargumon^ neglect ',
isl. guma " pay attention ';

Old Church Slavic govejg, govetr worship; revere, live a god-fearing life ', russ. govetb "
fast ', sloven, dial. govetT remain grumpily silent ', Serbo-Croatian govijem, govjetT obey
', Czech hoveti^ favor, spare, look after, look up; satisfy, show Indulgence '; from dem
Russ. derives Lithuanian gavetT fast ', Latvian gavet6,s.

References: WP. I 635 f., WH. I 465.
Page(s): 453

Root / lemma: ghos-
Meaning: to eat

Material: Old Indic ghas- "eat, consume' In 2. 3. Sg. Aor. aghas, 3. PI. aksan, Perf.
Jaghasa, jaksuh, (common Old IndIc gh- > ks-) from which after Wackernagel KZ. 41 , 309
present ya/rs///; particle Perf. *g6!"a-\v\ agdhad^ uneaten food ', \ater Jagdha-, sagdhi-i. "
shared meal', \a\.er Jagdhi-s. Wackernagel aaO., ghasmara- ' voracious ', ghasana-n. '
the consuming ', ghas/- m. "nourishment, food'; Avestan gah- "eat, devour (from
daevlschen creature)';

about Latin host/a' sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', host/re' repay' s. WH. I 661 f.;

about angebl. Latvian goste' feast ' s. WH. I 637.

Maybe alb. ^05// "feast', ngos, ngop'sate, feed' Latin loanword.

References: WP. I 640.
Page(s): 452

Root / lemma: ghr^^-1, gheid^-\ root widening ghr^^a-

Meaning: to grab

Note: compare also ghreb^-.

Material: Old IndIc grabh-, grab-^ gripe, catch, obtain, seize, touch, attain, arrest ', Aor.

agrabham, Perf. Jagrabha, Pass, grhyate, grbhayant, grabba-m. " the griping ', graba-'

filled goblet '; grapsa-'bush, tussock ', grbh-^ griping, handle, grasp', grb- {as 2.

composition part) " griping ', grbba-m. "handle, grasp', grbb/-' In recollecting, containing ',

grabba-m. " selzer, handful ';

Avestan grab-' grasp ' In b§ngrabam {casmainl) " I captured (with the eye) ', Perf.
jigaurva, gdurvaye/t/ {compare Old IndIc grbbayant) " seizes, holds firmly, agrees.

perceives ', participle Perf. Pass, garapta-, grab-' structure of words, sentence '; Akk.
garabqm' the holding on, seizing '; npers. giriftan' gripe ', gTrad' seizes ';

Old Norse grapa' snatch, grasp ' (pin support in grlpal). Old English graeppian' gripe ',
engl. grapple' grip, grasp '; besides Swedish grabba' grapple, pack ', Middle Low
German grabben, grabbelen' catch fast, heap ' (out of it engl. grab, grabble). Middle High
German grappein' grope ', Norwegian dial, grafsa, grapsa' scratch, scrape ', deutsch
grapsen; in addition nasalized Swedish dial, gramma' snatch ', Swiss grame' creep ',
Swedish gramsa' take with full-hand ', Swiss gramseds.; asachs. garva' fascicle, sheaf ',
Old High German garba' a handful, bundle ', Middle High German Modern High German
Garbe,

Lithuanian grabCis, grabnus' adroit, skilful in the stealing ', grabinetl, graballoti, grabotr
grope, reach for something ', grabstytr gripe, pack ', lengthened grade grebiu, grebtr
rake, gripe, rob'; previous iterative, groblu, grobtr gripe, snatch, rob', groblsm. ' robbery,
booty'; Latvian grebju, grebt a\so ' grasp ', grabasi. PI. " the bundled together ', greblls
"small rake ', grabju, grabf grasp, catch, rake ', grabat \teraWve in addition ' rake, gather
together ';

Old Church Slavic grebg, gretroar, row', russ. grebu, grestr pile, rake, oar, row',
Bulgarian greba' rake, scratch, scrape, comb, oar, row, (water) scoop ', greblo' rake,
rudder '; iterative Old Church Slavic grabljg, grabltrrob\ Serbo-Croatian grabitr grasp,
pile ', Czech hrabatr scratch, dig, burrow, rummage, rake ', etc.

Maybe alb. grabif rob ' a Slavic loanword.

root extension ghr&i^a-:

Old Indie grbhnati, grbhayatr seizes, sticks, attains '; innovations are: agrabhTV griped
', Infin. grahJtum, participle grbhJta-' reigned, caught, held on ', grabhJtr, grahltr' seizor';
Avestan garawnaiti, gaurvayeitl. Old pers. garbayaiti' seizes, conquers, agrees,
perceives, understands '.

References: WP. I 652 f., Trautmann 95 f.; different Kuiper Nasalpras. 232.
Page(s): 455

Root / lemma: ghrdo^-2
Meaning: to scratch, dig

Note: (Not always certain from ghr^^-^ gripe, rake ' to divide; identical with it?; see

Persson Beitr. 728 A. 1).

Note:

Root / lemma: ghrdo^-2\ to scratch, dig; derived from Root/ lemma: ghrdo^-1, ghefti^-,

root widening ghr^^a- : to grab.

Material: Gothic graban^6\0)\ Old Icelandic grafa^ notch, dig, prick ornaments ' (Plur.

preterit Old Icelandic grgfum indicating to a present grefa, really records Old Norwegian

and Old Swedish {graeva)). Old English grafan6s.. Old Saxon bigraban^buvj'. Old High

German graban^ dig, bury, engrave '; Old Frisian grevascVm. v. s. meaning, Dutch

groeven^ trickle, groove, make furrows or channels '; iterative to graban-: 0\6 High

German grub/7dn' dig naggingly, rummage through, investigate ', Middle High German

grube/nds.; Gothic ^/'dit'af. "ditch, trench, channel'

Maybe alb. grope 'd'\tc\r\, trench, channel'

Old English grafu, Old Icelandic ^/ip/f. "pit, pothole, grave' (Germanic *grabd)\ Gothic

grobai. "pit, pothole, cave'. Old Icelandic ^/lo/ds.. Old High German gruoba'pW., pothole,

cave, gullet' (Germanic *grdbd)\ Old English graefu. "ditch, trench, channel, grave'. Old

Frisian gref. Old Saxon graf. Old High German grab^grave'; Old Icelandic grgptrm. "

graving, grave, burial, funeral ', Old English grseftvn. " sculpture, engraving ' (Germanic

*graftu). Old Frisian grefti. " ditch, trench, channel ' (Germanic *^/'a/?/), nid. grachtds.. Old

High German grafti. "monumentum, sculpture, engraving ' (but Old High German gruft\s

folk etymology reshuffling from gr.-Latin crypta);

Latvian grebju, grebV hollow out, dig with a chisel; scrape, excavate, seize ', greblism.
" gouge, type of chisel ' (also rake, see below ghr^^-^ gripe ');

Old Church Slavic pogrebg, pogreti^bury', Serbo-Croatian grebem, grebsti^ dig,
scratch, scrape', with prefix po- "bury', Czech (old) hrebu, hrebst/^d'\g, bury', poln. grzebg,
grzesc^ scratch, scrape, dig, bury'; zero grade Slavic *grbbet/"\n Old Czech brb/'et/' lie
buried ', nowadays pobrb/t/" bury'; iterative Old Church S\av\c pogrebat/, gr/bat/^bury', russ.
pogrebatbds., Serbo-Croatian (old) zagribati^ bury', Czech hrebati^ upbraid, rebuke',
poln. grzebig, grzebac^ curry, scratch, scrape', with po- "bury'; Church Slavic grebent
"comb', russ. grebent ds., Serbo-Croatian greben^ comb, sting, prick, carding, ridge ',
Czech breben' comb, garden rake ';

Maybe alb. {*hreben) kreben ' comb' : Russian: grebeh^ comb'.

poln. grzebien ds.; Old Church Slavic grobt "grave', Serbo-Croatian grob (Gen. groba),
Czech hrob, russ. grob{Qer\. groba).

Maybe alb. graba 'eros\on, hollowing out', also a zero grade noun *graba, grath 'iooth,
prong (for digging) ', ^/'e/7i/// "thicket'.

References: WP. I 653 f., Trautmann 96.
Page(s): 455-456

Root / lemma: ghred^-

Meaning: to march

Material: Avestan a/w/'-garadmah/" we begin, advance, go forward, march, proceed ',

gsrszd/'-t ' (*lineup =) the captured, gained '; but Middle Indie (Asoka-lnschr.) adh/g/cya'

initiating, commencing ' = Old Indie adhi-krtya-, S. LeviGA 1912;

Latin gradior, -f to take steps, step, walk, go, advance ', gradus, -us' a step; a step as
made, a pace; an approach; a step as climbed, a stair; hence any tier, gradation; a braid of
hair; abstr., degree, stage; rank, position; milit., station, post', grallae' stilts ' (Latin grad-
from *ghr^^-, ablaut grade as in Lithuanian gridiju);

Gothic gnPs (only Akk. Sg. grid) " footstep, grade' (but Middle High German grit'
footstep ', griten' spread the legs apart ', Modern High German Bavarian gritt, grittenAs.
and - indeed definitely the /-row belonging - graitein " lock the fingers or legs apart ' belong
to Germanic *grT-' straddled, gaping ', the strange link so far is missed);

Lithuanian gridiju, -y//(Juskevicz) " go, wander, err about '.

Present nasals:

Old Irish in-grenn-, to-grenn-' pursue ' (-e/7/7-from -n6^-n-, themat. /7-present, 3.
Sg. *giirn-6'^-ne-t), (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Thurneysen KZ. 63, 1 14f.,
Kuiper Nasalpras. 170 f.;

Old Church Slavic gr§dg, grgsti' go, come ', russ. grjadu, grjasti' go, march ' etc.

References: WP. I 651 f., WH. I 615 f., Trautmann 98.
Page(s): 456-457

Root / lemma: ghreib-

Meaning: to grab

Note: compare also ghrdd^-.

Material: Gothic greipan^ grasp ', Old Icelandic grfpa' grasp, gripe ', Old English Old

Saxon grTpan6s., Old Frisian grfpa. Old High German grTfan6s., in addition as iterative

Old English grapian, Old High German greifon^ caress ', and Norn, agentis Old Icelandic
greipi. "handle, grasp, span, hand'. Old English grap^ixsi, handle, grasp'. Old High
German gre/falork', Old English gr/'pam. " handful, fascicle, sheaf; in addition Old
Icelandic gr/prm. ' preciousness, valuable possession ', Old English gripe m. "handle,
grasp, attack, jewel'. Old Frisian bi-gripxw. " statute; agreement'. Old High German ana-
griff^ attacking, specially of a free girl without agreement of her parents ', Middle High
German grif^ snatch, palpation, grasp ', Middle Low German gripe, ^/lepe "handle, grasp,
fork';
Maybe alb. grep^hooV! from a Romance derivative also Italian grappa ^\r\ook'.

Lithuanian griebiu, griebt/ {besides greibiu, grelbti) " snatch at, seize, gripe ', intensive
graibau, graibyti, gribsn/sm. " quick grasp, grabbing ', Latvian gribai. " wish, volition ',
gribef want ' (originally " reach for something ').

References: WP. I 647, Trautmann 96.
Page(s): 457-458

Root / lemma: ghrem-1

Meaning: to scratch, rub

Note: extension from grier-6s.

Material: Gothic gramsta Dat Sg. "wooden splinter' (Persson Beitr. 99); East Frisian grum

" residuum, smut ' (such meaning also by grireu-an6 ghrei-), mnl. nnl. grom^ intestines,

entrails, smut ', Low German nl. groom 6s., Norwegian Dialectal grumen^ cloudy, mixed

with deposit, residuum ', ablaut. West Frisian gram, grim " intestines, entrails, esp. from

fish ', Modern High German Bavarian grameF cracklings ', Old Icelandic grom, gromr

"smut'; Modern High German Swiss grummen^ pick out, pick up, collect; pinch, rummage '

(Falk-Torp under ^/i//77s);

Maybe alb. grumbuir pile, collection', grumbulloj^ collect '.

Lithuanian gremziu, gremzti' scxa'^e', gramdau, -///"scratch, scrape', Latvian grerrizu,
grerfizV gnaw, bite ', grarfistJV snatch ' (against another division of Baltic words see below
ger-, ^Ae/T?- "catch'); different MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 637, 649. compare Lithuanian
grendziu, gr^st/ under under ghren-.

References: WP. I 655.
Page(s): 458

Root / lemma: ghrem-2

Meaning: heavy sound, thunder, grumble

Material: Avestan gram- " become angry, feel rage ' (only in participle present gramantqm^
of those who are to us grimm ' and participle Perf. Pass. granta-irorc\ *ghram/ta-' becomes
angry'), npers. yaram 'fierceness';

gr. xpspi^w, xP^M^tI^w " neigh ', xp6|ja5o(; m. " creakiness ', XPO|JO(; (= Old Church
Slavic gromh) "noise, neighing ' (Hes.);

Old Icelandic gramr^ enraged, hostile ', Old English gram. Old Saxon gram. Old High
German gram 6s., Middle High German ^/"a/r? 'angry, irate, uncourageous ', Gothic
gramjan^ enrage ', isl. gremia' make angry, irate ', Old English gremman^ infuriate, revile
', Old High German gremmen^ enrage, infuriate ', Middle High German gremen^ cause
grief, refl. ' grieve ', Old High German gramiz^ becomes angry, sad, infuriated ', Old
Icelandic grimmr^i\erce, grim, hostile, excited, aroused ', Old English Old Frisian Old
Saxon Old High German gr/mm'wM, cruel, savage'; Old English grimman^ rage ', Old
Saxon grimman "wheeze, rage, bawl, blaster'. Middle High German grimmen " rage before
anger or pain ', zero grade Old High German umbegrummon^ gnaw at ', Middle High
German Middle Low German grummen^^roue, grumble, murmur'. Modern High German
grummen, grumme/n^ murmur, scold, grumble, sound vaguely ', Norwegian grymta 'grur\t'.
Old English grymettan^ growl ';

Lithuanian gramCi, grameti^ fall with noise ', grumiu, grumetT thunder ', grumenu,
grumentr drone vaguely, grumble, murmur, threaten'; with extension -zd- (see Persson
Beitr. 349) grumzdziu, grurnstT gnash, creak, threaten'; Latvian gremju, gremV mumble,
murmur, threaten, grumble, rumble; talk with passion ', Old Prussian gruminsm. " distant
thunder ', ^/';777c»/75"sung, chanted', grJmikan^ ditty ';

Maybe alb. gumezhiC sour\6' a Slavic loanword.

Old Church Slavic vi^zgrbmitb, -grbmeti^ thunder ', russ. gremetb " thunder, clang,
clink', Serbo-Croatian grm?, g'rmljeti, Czech hrmfti, poln. grzmiec^ thunder ', wherefore the
intensive in Church Slavic gr/mat/" sour\6, clink', Serbo-Croatian dial, grimat, Czech hrfmati
" thunder, fulminate '; Old Church Slavic gromh, russ. grom "thunder', Serbo-Croatian
^AO/T? "thunder, lightning', Czech ^ao/t? "thunder', poln. ^/io/t? "thunder, thunderbolt '.

References: WP. I 655 f., Trautmann 97.
Page(s): 458-459

Root / lemma: ghrenA^-

Meaning: beam

Material: Latin grundai. " a gutter ', suggrundai. " the lower border of a roof, the eaves;

rafter ' from *ghron6!^a\

Old Icelandic grind\. " latticework, grid door, harbour ', Old English grindel. Old Saxon
grindiTbar, bolt'. Old High German grintiVbar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ', Middle Low
German grindel, grander transom, bar, bolt, crossbeam of the plow ';

Lithuanian grindis, grihdas, grinda^ planking board ', PI. grihdos' board layer, boarded
floor', grindoti, grindyti, grindziu gqsti^ cover with boards ', granda^ bridge plank ', Latvian
gr'ida, also gr'ids^ floor, plank ', gruodixw. PI. " planks, balks, beams ', Old Prussian
grandicoi. 'plank, balk', grandan {f\Vk.) "man, husband' (to meaning compare E. Lewy IF.
32, 162 with Lithuanian);

Slavic ^/'(^o'a in russ. grjada^beA, row', Serbo-Croatian greda^ba\k, beam', Czech hfada
" shaft, pole, balk, beam, scaffold, trestle', poln. grzQda^ shaft, pole, furrow, bed'; besides
Slavic gr^db in sloven, gr^d. Gen. gred?^ shaft, pole'.

References: WP. I 657, WH. I 623 f., Trautmann 98.
Page(s): 459-460

Root / lemma: ghren-

Meaning: to rub, stroke roughly

Note: extension from gher-26s., mostly with dental extension (originally present?)

Material: Gr. xpaivw " touch slightly; smear, paint; besmear, anoint; stain; defile; esp. of

moral pollution ';

in addition with formants -tu- {-to). Old Icelandic grunnrrw. {nniroxw nt^) 'bottom,
ground' (basic meaning 'sand, sandy soil' as '* the pulverized ground '), grunnu. ' shallow
place in the water ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), grundi. (m.
gramm. variation) 'field, earth', Gothic grundu-waddjus^ foundation wall ', Old English Old
Saxon grund. Old High German ^At//?/ 'ground, bottom'.

ghren-d-:

Gr. xovSpoq m. ' a grain or lump of salt; in pi. groats of wheat or spelt: gruel made
therefrom ' (diss, from *xp6v5-pO(;);

alb. (-0'- or -d'^-) grunde, krunde, krunde^ bran ' {*ghrn-d[h]a)\

maybe alb. Geg gr/nd 'quarre\, fight, crush', alb. Tosc^/7/7y" grind'

Latin frendo, -ere^ crunch, gnash the teeth '; common lllyrian gh- > d-, from there Latin
o'->/- shift.

Old Icelandic ^/c/Z/m. "mill'.

ghren-^"^-:

Old English grindan^ grind, crunch ', engl. togr/nd'6s., sharpen ' (Old English grindan
with tot^um), engl. to grind one's Zee//? 'gnash the teeth'; Modern High German (ndd.)
Grand^sav\6\ ndd. grandi. " coarse sand, meal, flour, bran ', Old High German in grente^
in earth full of clay ', Old Icelandic grandivn. "sandbank, gravel '; ndd. gn'ndi. " pebble
sand; scurf', nid. gn'nd, grinV coarse meal, flour, sand'. Old High German Middle High
German grinf crust, scab, eschar, scurf', Gothic grinda-fra^jis^ pusillanimous ' (from an
adj. *grinds "*pulverized ');

Lithuanian grendu, gr^stian6 grendziu, gr^sti^ rub hard, scour, clean' (zero grade
present). Iter, grand-aunder -yti {compare gremzti above under ghrem-'f); russ. grjada.

References: WP. I 656 f., WH. I 545 f., Trautmann 96 f.
Page(s): 459

Root / lemma: ghrei-. ghrai-. gfin- ar\d (Lithuanian) ghrei-
Meaning: to smear, etc..

Note: extension from giier-^ub'; much less productive than ^-extension giireu-.
Material: Gr. xplw "anoint, smear, color, rub, scratch, prick ' (*xpTa-iu) orxpT-ju), compare
£Xp1a9r|v, xpTorot;), YS>\o\c, " smearing; anointing; colouring, varnish, wash; colour-washing
', XP^MCi. new xpTcfMCi " ointment; anything smeared on; anointing, unction; of spiritual grace;
coating of wall, plaster ', £YXP^w " to rub, anoint; sting, prick '; xpiMtttu) ' wander above the
surface, scratch ' etc.; Med. " bring near; touch the surface of a body, graze, scratch; draw
near, approach ';

Old Icelandic gnma^mask, helmet; riddle ', engl. grime^ dirt, smut ', Old English Old
Saxon gnma, -cm. "mask, helmet; ghost'. Middle Low German grJmeV lined in black ',
ablaut, gremei. "smut';

Lithuanian gn'eju, grieti^ skim the cream ' (older present form greju), grairnas' cream';
with transference in the mental area (compare similar under giireu-) here Germanic ^/ts- in
Old English a-^/7S5/7 "shudder, fear, dread', grisiic, Old High German ^/7se/7//77 "terrible.

grisly', mnl. gnsen, Middle Low German gnsen, ^rese/? "shudder', greselTk^ eerie '
(different Wood Mod. Phil. 5, 265: to Old \nd\c J/'-hret/^ feel shame ', wherewith Johansson
IF. 2, 44 are connected under a basic meaning "*cover'. Old Icelandic gnma etc.); after
Kluge'''' s. v. Gr/esgram here Old English gr/sfn. " milling ', Old Saxon gr/st-gr/mmo'
bruxism ', Old High German gr/st-gr/mmon 6s. (besides grus-gramon 6s.); out of it Middle
High German grisgram 6s.; perhaps also Old English gristlei. 'gristle'. Old Frisian Middle
Low German gristel6s., also Old English grost. Middle High German gruschel 6s.

References: WP. I 646 f.
Page(s): 457

Root / lemma: ghreu-1 : ghrau- : ghru-

Meaning: to fall down

Material: Hom. Aor. sxpaov (sxpaFov) ' attacked, pressed ', ^axPHH'^ " attacking violently,

furious, raging ' (-xpaF-n(;);

Latin ingruo, -ere^ to fall upon, assail, attack ', congruo, -ere^ to run together, come
together, meet; in time, to coincide; in gen., to be suited to, correspond with, agree ';

Lithuanian griauju, grioviau, griautr break down (trans, intr.); thunder ' (/^i/from eu; out
of it /from:) griOvu {griiivu, Trautmann 100), griuvau griutT collapse, fall in ruins ' {griuvu =
Latin -gruoirovn *ghruud); Latvian gfauju, gravu, grauf shatter ', gfustu, gruvu, gruC
collapse ', gruvesim. PI. ' rubble '; double aniaut besides qreu-{see there)?

Russ. dial, gruchnutb sa^ collapse with noise ', kir. hruchnuty^ rumble; crow ', Serbo-
Croatian gruham, gruhati^ crack, creak', sloven, gruh^ scree, stone fragments ', grusa^
coarse sand, grit ', poln. gruchnqc^ fall down with crashing sound; hit fast ' {gruchac' coo
like the pigeon ').

References: WP. I 647 f., WH. I 700 f., Trautmann 100. from zum Folgenden?
Page(s): 460

Root / lemma: ghreu-2. ghrau- : ghru-

Meaning: to rub

Note: extension from gher-'rub'

Material: Gr. *xpauu), Konj. Aor. xpauap " scratch, scrape, graze, wound slightly, injure ',

EYXpauoo " hit in ', Cypriot xpauopai, xpau^opai ' bump, stumble, of lands, touch, be

adjacent to ', axpan(; ' untouched, clean, pure cold water '; with gradation *ghr^u\-: xpw<; '

surface of a body (*which one touches)', hence "skin, complexion' (Nom. xpw'^from

*ghr^u]-s, Gen. xpo6(; thereafter from *ghrau-6s, besides then later xpwt6(;), XP^^w and
Xpo'i'^u) " touch or coat, color, stain, blemish the surface of a body ', XP^JiJMa. -aTO(; "skin,
complexion, paint, color, makeup ', xpoia, Attic xpoa " body surface, skin, paint, color '
(*XpwF-jc();

gall. *grava^ gravel ', cymr. gro, acorn, grow, mcorn. grow^s2x\^\ Middle Breton
grouanenn6s., (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), nbret. gro{a) f. "sand beach', groan,
grouan^ engrave ' (vocalism unclear);

Old Icelandic grjonu. " cereal (*crushed corn, grain)'. Middle High German grienm. n. "
gravel sand, sandy bank ', Middle Low German ^Ae/? "grain of sand' {*ghreuno-\ also
Norwegian isl. gruggu. " residuum ' from * gruwwa- as " sandy residuum ').

Because the extended root ^/7/'ei/-o'- plural applied is on the mental area ("touch hard in
the mind '), one also assumes affiliation from Old High German ingrOen, Middle High
German gruen, ^/T/n^e/? "shudder, fear, dread'. Middle High German griul, ^/vi/n/e/ "fright,
horror'. Old High German gruson, gruwison^ feel fright ', Modern High German ^graus,
grauserl etc.. Old High German grunn, -nnes^ misery, woefulness ', griuna^ eagerness,
vehemency, fierceness, atrocity ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

extension ghreu-d-:

Old High German *firgriosan^ grind ', participle firgrozzen. Middle High German ver-,
durch-griezen' grind in small parts '; Old Icelandic ^//io/n. (a-stem) " stone, semolina ', Old
English greotu. "sand, dust, earth'. Old Saxon griotu. "sand, bank, border, shore'. Old
High German grioz. Middle High German griezrw., n. 'grain of sand, sand, semolina ',
Modern High German " semolina ' (Germanic *greuta-^ rock, sand, gravel ' also in VN
GreutungT shore inhabitant ' and in Finnish /7^//a "sandbank, cliff);

Old Icelandic grautrm. " cereal, grain ' (" ground, scrunched, crushed, crunched roughly
'); Old English greaf coarsely granulated, big, large, thick' (engl. great). Old Frisian grat.
Old Saxon grot. Old High German Middle High German ^/■d2'"big, large'. Middle High
German also "coarse, thick' (Germanic *grauta-); about Old Icelandic grotti^xwWy see below
ghren-;

Old English grytt^ cereal, grain ' (engl. gr/ts'6s., coarse sand'). Old High German
gruzzi. Middle Low German grutte^ cereal, grain ' (Germanic *grutia-); Old English grut
(Dat. gryt} f. " coarse meal, flour, grape marc ', Old Frisian gret^sav\6\ Middle High
German gruzm. "sand, grain ', Modern High German Graus^gra\n of sand, rubble, detritus

', Middle Low German grut^ brittle as ferment, yeast, substance which causes
fermentation ', Dutch gruit^ malt, yeast, residuum ', Norwegian grutu. " residuum '; Old
English grotv\. " coarse meal, flour' (Germanic *gruta-)\

with formants -to- or -so-Middle Low German grus, gros' crumbled stones, gravel ';

Balto Slavic *grudid^ stamp ' in Lithuanian grudziu or grudau, grust/" stomp (barley for
the pearl barley preparation); bump; touch '; ablaut, graudus besides ' brittle ' also "
stirring, wistful ', Old Prussian engraudTsnan f\Vk. Sg. ' pity ', grudas'corr\, grain'; Latvian
gruzu, grudu, ^ms/'bump, poke, stomp', grudenesi. PI. " pearl barley '; ablaut, graudsm.
"corn, grain', grauzu, graudu, grausV rumble, thunder ', graudiensrr\. " lightning strike ',
grausliP\. ' rubble, debris ';

Church Slavic gruda'c\od of earth', collective grud//ear\6 (deriving from an already
collective *ghrdud-d!"a) gruzdije; Serbo-Croatian Brno's 'clump' etc. (6^ proves initial long
diphthong du)\ with -/77e/7.- Serbo-Croatian grumen 'c\od', russ. grumds.; here also with
transference on the mental area russ.-Church Slavic st-grustiti sa^ grieve ', russ. grustbi.
" distress, sorrow ', sloven, grustm. " disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (^from short diphthong,
Indo Germanic su, the old sensory meaning still in grusc rr\. " grit, mountain rubble '), with
weak grade i/.' Serbo-Croatian grsti. m. ' disgust, repulsion, loathing ' (proto
Slavic *grbstb), g'rstiti-se " be disgusted ', as well as *grbdb in Old Church Slavic grbdh
"horrendus, terribilis', Serbo-Croatian grd^ hideous, unsavory, distasteful, nasty', from
which also Old Church Slavic grbdb "stout, proud' (originally " feeling disgust, fastidiously
'), russ. gordyjds., Serbo-Croatian grd^ sioui, proud, terrible', etc.;

Maybe nasalized alb. (^krude) krunde, crumps "debris '

about Latin gurduss. WH. I 627.

extension ghreug(h?)-:

Lithuanian grauzas^ gravel ', gruzotas^ uneven, bumpy ' (is Latvian gruzis, PI. gruzi^
rubble, horror, dismay ' ndd. loanword?);

poln. gruz^ rubble, mortar', PI. " debris, ruins ', kir. Ami" debris ', PI. " rubble ' (barely
from Middle High German grus^ horror, dismay ' because of:) poln. p'mz/a "clump'. Upper
Serbian hruzia " clump, clod '.

extension ghreu-b^-:

presumably in Germanic groups from Modern Higli German Griebe ' cracklings ' (Old
High German griubo, griobo), Griebs, perhaps also grob, compare with Germanic p,
Norwegian Dialectal grupa, graup^ grind coarsely, crush ', gropa, grypja6s., gropu. "
crushed grain, coarse flour '.

References: WP. I 648 ff., Trautmann 99.
Page(s): 460-462

Root / lemma: {ghre- :) ghro- : ghra-

Meaning: to grow, be green

Note: only Germanic (and slavisch?)

Material: Gothic grasu. 'grass, herb'. Old Icelandic Old Saxon gras. Old English graes,

gsersAs., Old High German gras. Modern High German Gras, full grade Middle High

German gruosei. ' young plant shoot, plant juice ', Middle Low German grosei. ' plant

juice ', mnl. groese^ young vegetation, young grass ';

without the 5-derivative: Old Icelandic groa^ grow, be healed ', Old English growan^be
green, bloom', engl. grow. Old High German gruoen, gruowan. Middle High German
gruejen^Qro\N, thrive, be green'; Old Icelandic ^/iod/m. " growth ', Middle High German
gruot\. " greenery, fresh growth '; Old High German gruoni. Middle High German gruene.
Old English graene. Old Icelandic ^/i0/7/7 'green, fresh, good'; (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Gr0na/and ^Green\and'.

With dental extension: Old English grsedxw. "grass'. Middle High German graz, -zzes'
young branches of coniferous wood ' from ghre-t-, ghre-t-;

probab\Y to ghre-: ghrd-\ ghre-^ project, protrude, e.g. from plants shoots, plants
prickles, beard hair ' and its light basic root gher- ds. (see there would be to be covered by
Latin herba ' vegetation; a green plant; a blade or stalk, esp. of corn or grass ' to the latter,
if from *gberz-d^a 'bar\eY' with suffixal of the same kind to *gher-6!"a.

Berneker 355 considers doubtingly for Old Church Slavic grozdh "grape', grozrrb ds. a
cognate of *ghras-6!^o-, -nu- as base; the meaning would be justified at most through russ.
granka^ bundle ' : Bulgarian Serbo-Croatian grana'tw\g, branch'.

References: WP. I 645 f., WH. I 616 f., 639 f.
Page(s): 454

Root / lemma: ghroud-

Meaning: a protruding body part

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish gruad{u. es-stem) "cheek", cymr. gruddds., corn, ^mo' 'maxilla';

Old English greadam. 'bosom'.

References: WP. I 658.
Page(s): 462

Root / lemma: g(Oeu-, g(Oeu-

Meaning: to chew

Material: Npers. yai/zo'a/? "chew', afgh. zova/, zoya/ds., "bite, gnaw ' (Iran. *jyav-)\

Armenian kveni^ larch, any of a number of cone-bearing trees which yield a heavy solid
wood ';

Old Icelandic tyggja, -i/a"chew' (for *kyggja af^er tgg/a'c\r\e\N'), Swedish tugga, Old
English ceowan, nengl. c/7ei4/ [common lllyrian-alb. kh- > t-, gh- > d-s]\

Middle Low German keuwen. Old High German kiuwan. Middle High German kuwen
"chew' {*kewian)\ Old High German kewa. Middle High German kiuwei. " jaw, mandible,
lower jaw bone '; derived: Old English ceace. Old Frisian ziakei. {*keukdn) and Old Frisian
kese^ molar tooth ', Middle Low German kuse, mnl. kuze, changing through ablaut mnl.
kiezeds.;

Balto-Slavic *ziauid^ chew ' in:

Lithuanian ziaunost PI. " jaws ', Latvian zaunast PI. " jaws, maxilla, gill';

r.-Church Slavic zuju {* zjou-) and zbvg, zbvati{ *zjbv-). Old Czech ziji, zvati, russ. zuju,
zevatb "chew'; in addition (from Balto-Slavic *zjauna) Bulgarian zunai. "lip' and Serbo-
Croatian zva/on. " pharynxes, throat, gorge ', zva/et PI. " set of teeth in the bridle '; russ.
zvakatb "chew', zi/a/r" larch resin as a tooth cleaning material ';

Tocharian AB sw-a-fs/"eat' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 43);

compare further g^Tu- "resin'.

References: WP. I 642, WH. I 601, Trautmann 372, Liden Ann. Acad. Sclent. Fennicae 27,

119.

Page(s): 400

Root / lemma: glag-ox glak-

Meaning: milk

Grammatical information: Norn, glaktn.

Note: only gr. and Latin

Material: Gr. yaAa, yaAaKTOt; n. "milk"; originally probably *YAaKT, Gen. *YAaKT6(; (compare

yAaKTO-cpayoc;), out of it *yAaK, *yAaKT6(; (hence yAaK(I)VT£(; psaroi yaAoKTOc; Hes. and

yAoKKOv yaAa9r|v6v Hes., probably a Kinderwort with hypocoristic gemination as |jikk6(;),

further *yAa, with vocal development in monosyllabic word (probably in the child's mouth,

whence also die initial stress:) yaAa, whereupon also yaAaKTO(; instead of *yAaKT6(;. The

form hom. ykdyoc, (nspiyAaync;, later yAayaw), on the other hand dissimilated Cretan

KAayoc;, goes back perhaps to Nom. *yAay < *yAaK.

Latin lac, lactisu., with dissimilation reduction of aniaut. Gutturals from *glact= gr. yaAa;
old- and late Latin /-stem lacte, compare PI. lactesi. " milk of the male fish '; derived
delicus ( *de-lac-os) " put away from the breast, weaned; the weaned mother's milk '?

About altchin. lac{*glac)iroxr\ Indo Germanic *galakts. Karlgren DLZ. 1926, 1960 f.

References: WP. I 659, WH. I 337 f., 741 f.
Page(s): 400-401

Root / lemma: gleg-

Meaning: soft, tender

Material: Nasalized in Old Icelandic klokkr^ soft, pliable, flexible, sentimental ' (from

*klinkuaz). Old Icelandic klekkva^ become soft, show faintheartedness or grief, groan,

moan', Swedish /r/5c/ra "frighten' {*klinkwan). Old Danish kliunka6s., Danish klynke^

whimper ', compare in addition the causative Old Norse klokkva' soW. make', Swedish dial.

/r/5/r/r5 'melt' {*klankwjan)\ ndd. k//nker^ tender, weak, lean ';

Lithuanian g/eznas ^tender, soft, flabby', gleznus ds., gl^ztu, glezau, glezti^ soft, slack,
become wilted ', Latvian glQzns,

Bulgarian glez-b, gleziT forgive, coddle ', razgleza^ corruptness, unmannerliness '.

References: WP. I 661.
Page(s): 401

Root / lemma: gleUd^-

Meaning: to cut, slice, pare

Material: Gr. yAucpu) ' carve from, carve out, cut out with a l<nife; engrave; to note down [on
tablets] ', Y^ucpic;, -i5o(;f. ' incisure, notched end of the arrow; but perh. of notches or
grooves for the fingers; poet, for the arrow itself; also in pi., notches in the arrow-head;
pen-knife; chisel; in Architecture, capitals of columns; in pi., a lurking-place, den, hole,
cave ';

Latin glubo, -ere "to deprive of its bark, to bark, peel; to cast off its shell or bark ', gluma
" a hull or husk, esp. of corn '(forms -sma; g/ut>d\N\t\r\ 0= eu, as Modern High German
klieben);

Old High German klioban. Old English cleofan. Old Norse /r^^/^ "split'. Old Norse klauf\.
"cleft, gap, the cloven hoof, zero grade Old Norse klofna, -ada'be split', k/yf/a k/ufda ^ spWV ,
k/ofn. "cleft, gap, cleft, fissure', k/of/m. " door latch, clamp ', = Old Saxon k/obom. "cloven
stick, hook for fowling ' = Old High German k/obo " cloven stick for catching or capturing,
hook ', Old English clofei. " buckle ', clufui. "onion, bulb'. Old High German klobo-louh.
Modern High German with dissimilation Knoblauch, Old High German kluppai. " pliers,
tongs, split wood for clamping ', Modern High German Kluppe {*klubjdn-). Old Norse klyfi.
" the split packsaddle ', Old High German kluft. Modern High German Kluft, after
Wissmann (Nom. postverb. 129 f.) with expressive lengthened zero grade J.' Old High
German klubon^ to pick to pieces; defoliate ', Modern High German k/auben{\n addition
probably with Germanic intensive consonant increase Old Norse klypa^ clamp, nip,
pinch');

Old Prussian gleuptene^ mouldboard, curved metal blade on the front of a plow which
loosens the earth '; but Lithuanian glaudyti^ take out its shell or pod ' has probably -o'from
gvaldyti^ take out its shell or pod, core ' referring, exactly in such a way, as gvalbyti6s. -b-
is covered by *glaubyti.

References: WP. I 661, WH. 1 610 f.
Page(s): 401-402

Root / lemma: glogh- : g/agh-

Meaning: spike

Material: Gr. yAcJoxsc; " spike of the ear ', yAcjoxif^, -woq f. "cusp, peak', yAoJaaa, Attic yAaJTia,

Ionian yAaaoa "reed' (originally Nom. *yAu)x,ic( Gen. YAax,ic«;);

Serb. -Church Slavic (etc.) g/ogb "thorn';

Maybe alb. -mb- formant glem, gjemb ' thorn ' similar to alb. delme " sheep ', zjarm ' fire '

perhaps Old Norse A/e^^/" gadfly, brake' as " piercing little animal ', or as *klajjan- " the
sticking, the clinging ' to Indo Germanic glei-, s. gel-V clench ' extension gl-e'h, S. 363.

References: WP. I 662, Trautmann 91, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 474, 3.
Page(s): 402

Root / lemma: gol-1, lengthened grade gol-, reduktions stem gj-

Meaning: to lie; den (of animals)

Material: Armenian kalaFcave, hiding place, nook, bolt-hole or lair of a wild animal';

gr. ywAEOc; 'cave, pit, pothole';

Old Swedish holder {= Old Icelandic *kollr from *kolt^aR), Norwegian dial, kold, kuldm.
and f. ( *koldd) ' birth of animal young, a full packed egg, children from the same marriage
(actually of the same bed ';

Lithuanian guolis^ lair, camp, night campground ', Latvian guol'a^ lair, nest '; Lithuanian
guliu{gul'u), gulti^ lie down, go to bed, go to sleep, lay down in bed and go to sleep ',
Latvian gult^ lie down to sleep ', Lithuanian guliu, gu/et/l\e', Latvian gu/a^ lair, camp, night
campground ', Lithuanian gu/ta, gu/te' lair (of an animal) ';

guolis (and at most in *^d/e/-ds traceable back to yu)A£6(;) with frequent lengthened
grade in /-stem; Baltic gul-, Armenian kal- from reduplication-stem gj-.

Because of Lithuanian gvalis (Szyrwid) = guolis, gvala, gva/u Adv. ' lying ', gvalscias =
gulsc/as' lying', gvalini tora= gulsciu kartelLi tvora {Kve-darna, where ^o would have led
to u) after Trautmann KZ. 42, 373 will place the root as *guol- (lengthened grade *gdl- from
*gu6l- with Indo Germanic loss of Lr,gul- then = Indo Germanic *guP}\ it seems Lithuanian
gval-iorms demand a single-linguistic explanation, compare but Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 93 f.

References: WP. I 639 f., Trautmann 93 f.
Page(s): 402

Root / lemma: gol-2

Meaning: branch

Material: Armenian /ro//'"bough, twig, branch'; russ. go/b/a't\N\g, branch' (etc., s. Berneker

326).

References: WP. I 640, Meillet MSL. 11, 185.

Page(s): 403

Root / lemma: goua- (or gaua-1.) gu-

Meaning: hand; to grab

Material: Avestan gavaDu., gavokVk. PI. " hands '; Avestan gunaoiti^ supply, gain ',

gaona- m. "profit, gain' (see below Lithuanian gaunu);

gr. *YuFa assumed from Ey-Yuau) "

to give or hand over as a pledge; to have a thing pledged to one, accept as a surety; of a
father to give his daughter in marriage, to plight, betroth; to have a woman betrothed to
one; also to pledge oneself, give security; to promise or engage that; to answer for '; Med.
" to pledge oneself '; postverbal syyuri ' a pledge put into the hand: surety, security ',
£yyuo(; " giving security ', Subst. ' bondman, guarantor '; unoyuoq, utt6yuio(; "( under one's
hand, imminent, nigh at hand =) willing, ready; recent; sudden, actual, present '; £y-yu-(; "
of Place, near, nigh, at hand; of Time, nigh at hand; of Numbers, etc., nearly; of
Relationship, akin to ' (as Latin comminus), syyuGi ' hard by, near; of Time, nigh at hand ',
eyyuGEv " from nigh at hand; with Verbs of rest, hard by, nigh at hand; hard by him ' and
Ijeaonyu, -yuo, " of Space, in the middle, between; of Time, meanwhile ' (' between the
hands '); £yyuo(; ' secured, under good security; reliable; giving security for ', actually " in
the hands (?)', s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 6203; compare but EyyuaAi^u) " properly, to put into
the palm of the hand, put into one's hand ' (above under ^e^- S. 397), yuTov a limb; the
hand ' (under ^e^- S. 398);

Lithuanian gaunu, gauti^ obtain, receive ' {gaudyti^ readjust '), Old Prussian po-gaunai
"receives'. Inf. pogaut, participle Perf. gauuns^ receive ', Latvian gunu, guV catch, capture
', guvejs^ gainer', Lithuanian gauklasrw. " acquisition ', guvus, gavus^aQ\\e, skilful';

Old Church Slavic o-, po-gymati^ touch' (due to a *gy-ma' giving a hand '?).

References: WP. I 636 f., Trautmann 101.
See also: see also under geu-1.
Page(s): 403-404

Root / lemma: gou- goua- gu-
Meaning: to call, cry
Note: (onomatopoeic)

Material: Old Indie gavate {or\\Y Dhatup.) " sounds', \ntens.joguve' allow to sound loudly,
spoken loudly \j6gu- (Gen. P\. jSguvam) " loud singing ', garj-gu-yatT exclaim shouts of
happiness ';

gr. y6[F]o(; ' weeping, wailing ', yoau) ' wail, groan, weep ', yonc;, -nTO<; ' magician
(enchanter, sorcerer)';

perhaps here Latin gaviai. " seagull' (? s. Persson Beitr. 897 f.).

Old High German gikewen^udime, call'. Old English cTegan^caW, shout, cry' {*kaujan)\
Old High German kumai. " lamentation ', kumo^ with grief, with pain ', Modern High
German ' with difficulty ', in addition Middle High German kume^{* pitiable, mournful)
weak, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', Old High German kumJg^ weak, sick ',
Middle Low German kumela\nt, languid'. Old English cymel\ne, beautiful', Swedish
(gotl.) kaumn. ' misery '; Norwegian dial, kauka^ entice the cattle with calls '; as base from
animal names in Middle Dutch c5^M/e 'jackdaw'. Old High German kaha, ka^ crow ',
Danish kaa 'jackdaw' {*kava) and in Old English cyta m. ' bittern ', Middle High German
kuze. Modern High German Kauz^o\N\ ', compare with identical forms isl. Ay/a 'quarrel,
squabble'. Middle Low German kuten {out of it Middle High German kufen, kiuten) '
babble, chatter '; ndd. koterirom proto Germanic *kautari, or as ' farm dog ' to ndd. kot
'cottage' (above geu-S. 394);

Lithuanian gauja' pack of dogs, wolves ', gaudziu, gaust/'duW sound, clink' ( *goudieti),
ablaut, guodziu, guosti^ comfort ', reflex. ' complain, bemoan ' {* goudjeti); gaudus^ wistful
', Latvian gauda^ lament ', gausV lament ', gavileV jubilate ' (the Baltic words could also
belong to *ghau-^zd\\, shout, cry', as also e.g. Old Norse gaud^ bark ');

Slavic *ggdQ, *^ps// (shaped as *gr§dgax\(ii LaWnJungo) in russ. -Church Slavic gudu,
gust/, KiGapi^siv', kir. hudu, husty^^\ay\ Serbo-Croatian old gudem, gusti^^\ay\ dull sound',
poln. old ggdg, gqsc^ fiddle, play ';

Old Church Slavic govorb m. 'din, fuss, noise', ^01/0/7// "rant, roister' (russ. etc. also esp.
'speak'), wherefore ablaut, russ. -Church Slavic ^i/c»/^(*^bi/c»/^) m. 'vesicle, blister', poln.
gwar {*g-bv-arb) m. 'din, fuss, noise, noise', lengthened grade Czech /75 1/0/7// "talk, chat,
prate', kIr. /751/5'crow' (compare above Germanic *kaua), sloven, gavac^ lapwing,
European plover; plover, type of shorebird ', and due to a *gou-ta^ discourse ' with the
same forms as ^oi/o/^ also russ. gutor^ conversation, entertainment, humorous speech '.

References: WP. I 634 f., WH. I 584 f., Trautmann 80 f.

Page(s): 403

Root / lemma: gras- : gros-

Meaning: to gnaw, to devour

Material: Old Indie ^/"ssa/e "gobbles (esp. from animals), devours' {*grasd), grasa-h^

mouthful, morsel, bite of food ';

gr. Ypaw " gnaw, devour ' (= Old Indie grasati) Ypaaric; ' grass, green fodder ' (Attie
KpaoTK; through assimilation in voieeless internal eonsonanee), yQCJtpk; ' gormandizer,
gourmand, voraeious eater ', Ypaao(; m. ' smell of a goat: henee, of men ' from *Ypaa-ao(;
(originally he-goat; billy goat as nibbler, as i^&ioc, : Tpcbyw, TpayeTv), yaaTrip f. 'belly'
(*Ypaa-Tnp " devourer', eompare Kpaarripiov ' raek, manger (of horse); in pi., bed-posts ',
assimil. from Ypaar-; yaaTpa " the lower part of a vessel bulging out like a pauneh ');
redupl. due to a *yay-ypa£iv ' devour ': yayypaiva ' gangrene, the eating uleer '; yp(I)vo(; '
eaten out; eroded, hollowed ' {*grds-no-s), ypcbvri "eavity, kneading or dough trough;
dough tray; huteh ' (eompare ipcbyAri "eave': rpcbyu));

Latin gramen {*grasmen) n. " grass, turf; any plant or herb ' (esp. as feed herb); about
Germanie gras eompare under ghre-

References: WP. I 657 f., WH. I 616 f.
Page(s): 404

Root / lemma: gred- : grod-

Meaning: to serateh

Note: Only alb. and Germanie

Material: Alb. gerruse, gerrese, krus(e)^ rasper' (from its first grade derives Latin grosa

ds.), to lengthened grade present gerruanj, kruanj, kruj, also gerruej, geruj^ scratch, serape

' (from *grdd-, Indo Germanie gred-);

Old Norse krota {*grd-) ' engrave ', ablaut, (with intensive gemination) Old Swedish
krafta' scratch, serape'. Old High German krazzon. Middle High German Modern High
German kratzen6s. (Germanie *krattdn), besides /verbs mnl. cretten {ar\d cretsen).
Middle High German kretzen6s., kretze^ seabies ';

here with expressive voealism Old High German krizzon. Middle High German kritzen "
earve, seribble ', also Middle High German krfzen^ draw a eirele ', with seeondary ablaut
Old High German Middle High German kreiz {* kraita-) " eirele' ("*earved magie eirele ');
expressive probably also the s-extension in ndd. kratsen, krassen^ scratch, serape'.

References: WP. I 607, 651, WH. I 622 f., Wissmann Norn, postverb. 175 f.
Page(s): 405

Root / lemma: grem-

Meaning: damp; to sink

Material: Latin gramiaei. PI. " a viscous liumor, rheum, that collects in the corners of the

eyes ', oculi grammosi^eye drip; pus in the eye ';

Old Icelandic Ara/??/'" humid, wet, half-melted (of snow)', perhaps also Gothic qrammiPa^
dampness ', if for *krammiPa;

Old Church Slavic grtmezdh " pus in the eye ';

Balto-Slavic root extension gremd-:

in Lithuanian grimstu {* grimzdu), grimzdau, gr/mst/"un6er-, sink ', gramzdet/6s.,
causative gramzdinu, gramzdinti^ sink ', gramzdus^ deeply sinking, pensive ', Latvian
grimstu, grimV sink ', causative gremdeV sink ';

Old Church Slavic pogr^znoti^ sink in the water ', Church Slavic gr^za 'ordure', russ.
grjaznutb " sink in ordure ', grjazb 'ordure, smut', Serbo-Croatian greznuti^ sink in ', poln.
grzQznq'c, grzqznqc^ submerge '; causative Old Church Slavic pogrgzQ, pogrgziti^ sink,
submerge ', russ. gruzftb ' sink, immerse, freight '.

References: WP. I 654 f., WH. I 617, Trautmann 97 f.
Page(s): 405

Root / lemma: greus-1

Meaning: to crackle, crush

Note: (and other onomatopoeic words)

Material: Gothic krius-tan^ gnash ', krusts^ the creakiness ', Old Swedish krysta^ gnash of

teeth ' and 'squeeze'. Old High German krustila. Modern High German Krustel, Kroster

crash, rumble of the leg ';

Old High German krus-k^ bran ', Modern High German Krusch^ bran ' (also Grusch,
(Sms/through hybridization with Gries, Grutze^ cereal, grain ');

Old High German kros-pel. Modern High German Kruspel, Krosper QusWe' , kruspeln^
crunching to bite ';

maybe alb. kruspu//' bent'

Lithuanian grukset/" gnasli, rustle, crackle, of sand' (/r-insertion?; about grauzas '
horror, dismay, gravel ' s. in the end from *ghreu-2)\

Serb, gruhat/" crack, creak (from the cannon), hit with crack; husk by hitting ', grusiti
"bump, poke, shuck, husk', sloven, gruh^ stone rubble ', grusa^ coarse sand', russ.
gruchnutbsja " collapse with noise ', etc.

References: WP. I 650 f.
Page(s): 405-406

Root / lemma: greus-2

Meaning: to burn, smoulder

Material: Gr. Ypuv6(; or Ypouv6(; "dry wood, torch; fagot, firebrand', fpuvsiov, fpOvoi "town

in Aolis';

Lithuanian gruzdeti, gruzti, Latvian gruzdet, grusC smolder, gleam'; yet is quite doubtful,
whether gr., badly attested words originally rather stand for " spinney '.

References: WP. I 651, Persson Beitr. 129.
Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: greut-

Meaning: to press; curds

Material: Irish gruth {*grutus) " coagulated milk, curd';

Old English crudan'urge, press, push', engl. to crowd' urge, press, push', mnl. kruden.
Middle High German Arc»/e/7"urge, press, push'. Old English crodu.. Middle High German
/r/To/ "crush, crowdedness'. Middle English crudes, curdes, nengl. c^/t/s "curd'.

References: WP. I 650.
Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: greb(h)o-s : grob(h)o-s

Meaning: hornbeam

Note:

Root / lemma: greb(h)o-s : grdb(h)o-s : hornbeam' derived from zero grade of Root /

lemma: ger^"^-: "to scratch, write (carve wood)'

Grammatical information: m.

I\^aterial: Maked. (Illyrian) ypapiov "torch' (" oak wood '?);

Venetic PN Grebia, Illyrian VN Grabaei, PN rpapO(;, fpapoov;

Umbrian GN Grabov/us {== poln. grabowy, see below) " Oaken God ' (Old Umbrian
Krapuvi, New Umbrian Grabovie, Dat.) borrowed from Illyrian grab- {o\6er greb-);

likewise Illyrian loanword is Latin grabatus'be6' (*from oak wood) from gr.-lllyrian
Kpap(p)aTO(; ds.

Maybe alb. krevat {krabat) "bed'

grdb(h)o-s:

Balto Slavic graba-vn. "hornbeam' in:

Old Prussian wosi-grabis^ Spindle-tree ', Latvian PN Gruobina {gruobas);

Serbo-Croatian grab, russ. grab, poln. p'/'^it' "hornbeam', grabowy^ belonging to beech ';

perhaps to gerdd^-^ crack, split '.

References: WH. 11 71, 614 f., 855, Krahe IF. 59, 63 ff.
Page(s): 404

Root / lemma: grod-, grad-

Meaning: hail

Material: Armenian karkut {\N\\h metathesis from reduplicated *gagrddo-s. Meillet MSL. 10,

280) "hail';

Latin grando, -inisi. "hail';

Lithuanian gruodas (Balto Slavic *grdda-) " hard-frozen street excrement, stone frost,
frost without snow; mallenders ';

Old Church Slavic gradt, russ. grad, Serbo-Croatian grad, poln. grad^haiW

References: WP. I 658, WH. I 618, Trautmann 99.

Because of Armenian word anyhow difficult seems and could be kept away, is perhaps a
basic form *ghrd6'^-, ghrd^"^- must be assumed, to gr. X£PMa<^ pebble ' (see gher-2),
compare Modern High German Hagel.^x. KaxAr)^ pebble ', etc.

Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: gru-

Meaning: grunting (of pigs)

Note: {gru-d-, gru-n-d-)

Material: Gr. ypu 'a grunt, as of swine', ypu^oo (*ypu5jaj) "to grunt, grumble, mutter',

ypuAoc;, ypuAAo(; "piglet', ypuAi^w " to grunt, of swine', yoyypu^siv TOvGopu^siv, to mc;, uc;

cpojvsTv Hes.;

Latin grundid, with volkssprachl. assimilation ^/'i//7/7/o "grunt' =

(with in onomatopoeic words faltering consonant shift in aniaut) grunnen. Old English
grun(n)ian, (under the influence of common Celtic -/7S-, -nt- > -nn-), intensive Old High
German grunzian. Modern High German " grunt ', Old English grunnettan6s., engl. to
grunt ds.;

Old Norse /r/y//a (preterit krutta) " growl, murmur', krutrm. "clamor', Danish Aro/Ze "drone,
grumble', engl. crout^ croak, caw ', whether not rather to ger-2 C.

References: WP. I 658, WH. I 624.
Page(s): 406

Root / lemma: gues- guos-, gus- extended guoz-do-

Meaning: branches, leaves

Material: Norwegian Danish /ri/as "small, chopped branches ';

1. with -of-extension:

alb. Geg ghethi^\eaV, Tosc gjethe' foliage, twig, branch' (collective PI. to a Sg. *gath
from *guozd-)\ [common alb. gu-> gh- > gl- > gj- : Nth. gh- > dz-].

Old High German questai.. Middle High German queste, koste, haste, quastxr\. f., "
foliage bunch, sprinkling whisk, besom ', Modern High German Quastei., asachs. quest^
foliage bunch ', Old Swedish kvaster, koster, Swedish qvast, Norwegian Danish kost^
foliage bunch, rice broom ';

aserb. gvozdvn. "wood, forest', apoln. gwozd' mountain forest ', gozd^ dense wood,
forest', etc.;

2. with -^extension:

gr. p6aTpuxo(; " a curl or locl< of Inair, anytliing twisted or wreatlied, of a flasli of liglitning

I.

3. witli -p-extension:

Old \v\6\c guspita-^ interlaced, intertwined ';

Latin vespices PI. " dense shrubbery ';

Middle Dutch quispel, quespel. Middle Low German md. quisper tassel, whisk '.

References: WP. I 644 f., Berneker 365.
Page(s): 480

Root / lemma: guet-

Meaning: swelling

Note: (extension from geu- 'bend'? see there)

Material: Latin botulus^ intestine, sausage ' (Oscan-Umbrian loanword);

perhaps Old Irish it'e/'lip' {*guet-lo-s), whether not from *beklo-s\.o gall. beccos^b\\\,
beak, neb';

Gothic qiPus^ stomach, womb', (7/^^/7a//o "pregnant'; Old Icelandic kvidrvn. 'belly,
womb', /riz/id'^^/'' pregnant'. Old English cwid(a)r(\. 'womb'. Old High German qu/t/'vuWa',
quoden ' interior of the thigh';

in addition further Old English cwidelet 'pustula, varix'. Old High German quedilla6s.,
ndd. quader inflamed swelling of the skin', zero grade Middle High German kutel. Modern
High German Kuttein ' tripe'.

References: WP. I 560, 671, WH. 1112 f.
Page(s): 481

Root / lemma: guozd(h)o- guozd(h)i-
Meaning: nail, penis

Material: Gallorom. bottos'hub of a wheel' (M-L. 1229a), cymr. both'hub of a wheel,

shield boss ', Middle Irish bot, nir. bodm. "tail, penis';

Maybe alb. b/sbt^ tail ' [common celt, kw- > p-, gw- > b- initial shift].

Old Bulgarian ^i/ozofe'nail', poln. g(w)6zdz^s., Czech hvozdej^ punch wood '; in
addition poln. g(w)ozdzik^ carnation, clove ', Czech hvozdfk6s.

Maybe alb. {*guozd-) gozbde'naW a Slavic loanword.

References: Pokorny ZceltPh. 16, 405, WH. I 574, 636, Berneker 365 f.
Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gg//-, glf-

Meaning: mouse

Material: Old Indie girf-h, girikai. ' mouse ' (Lex.);

gr. yaAsn ( *gelei-a, originally " the murine '?) "weasel, marten', from which borrowed
Latin ^5/ea originally "*crest of the weasel fur ', then " a helmet (usually of leather), head-
piece, morion; the crest of the Guinea fowl ' (also galerus " a helmet-like covering for the
head, made of undressed skin, a cap, bonnet, hat; so of a priest's cap; wig, a kind of
peruke; a rose-bud; a conical cap of leather, fur cap ' is uncovered to be borrowed from gr.
*YaAr|p6(;); to yaAsr) also yoAiayKajv (yaAi- = Old Indie giri-), further yaAnoiiJic;, yaAeopSoAov
' brownwort, Scrofularia peregrine; deadnettle ', actually " eye of the weasel ', probably
also yaAiov ds.;

Latin gITs, glTris^ dormouse ' (this inflection presumably after mus, muris); rom. also
*glere, compare French /o//' besides limn.

common rom. gl- > I-

Maybe alb. gjer{gler) " dormouse ' common alb. gl- > gj-

References: WP. I 630, WH. I 579, 607, different EM 409.
Page(s): 367

Root / lemma: gab-

Meaning: to show, to watch

Material: It derived, if one might place with Zupitza gutturals 194 Old Icelandic kdpa{pl^) '

stare, gawk'. Old English csepan^ observe, look out after, provide for, protect ', changing

through ablaut Old English capian up^\ook up to', asachs. upcapen^ stand out, project,

reach upward ', Middle Low German kapen'ga\Nk, see, show', Middle High German kaffen
ds.. Old High German (with intensive gemination) kapfen^ see, show, peer ' (out of it back
formation Old High German /rs/orplace, one looks out from, summit ') and Old High
German ufkepfen^\ook up' to russ. zabota' care, worry ', zabotitb sa^ are worried, are
concerned '.

Everything quite uncertain. The beginning of a root, with voiced-nonaspirated initial and
final sound, has from the start little likelyhood for itself (compare Meillet Introduction'' 173
f.).

References: WP. I 530.
Page(s): 349

Root / lemma: gar-

Meaning: to call, cry

Note: besides single-linguistic "iga/r- through expressive consonant increase in

onomatopoeic words

Material: palatal is proved through osset. zarin, za/i//7"sing', zar^ song' and through

Armenian c/carn ^swaWow', c/carnuk' nightingale ' (redupl. *go/-gar-dn or -no-, Petersson

KZ. 47, 287);

Maybe alb. c/ceron ' {b\rd) sings'

gr. Ynpu<;, Doric YC(pu(; "voice'; yappicbpisGa AoiSopoupsGa Hes., with rras

Latin garrio, -Tre^ babble, chatter, chat, prate, chatter (seldom of frogs; of the
nightingale:) ', garrulus^ gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ';

Old Irish gar- 'call, shout, cry' in ad-gair^ accuses' {*gar-e-t), aA-^a/r" prohibits', do-gair
"calls' etc.; cymr. ga/r'\Nor6' {*gar-Jo-), dyar^6\n, fuss, noise, sadness': Middle Irish do-gar
" sad ' {*du{s)-garo-)\ Old Irish fo-gor^ souu6, tone, sound' {*upo-garo-), abret. ar-uuo-art^
enchant, bewitch, fascinate '; Old Irish gairmu. (Celtic *gar-{s)mn), cymr. corn. bret. garm
ds. (: Old Saxon karm^ lamentation '); lengthened grade Old Irish gairi. "clamor', gaire^
laughter ', cymr. gawr^ c\arc\or , fight, struggle';

Old High German charat " lamentation ', Modern High German Kar-freitag, Gothic kara
f.. Old English cearui. " care ' (therefrom Old High German etc. karon^ bemoan, lament'.
Old High German charag^ grieving ', Middle High German /ra/r "smart, cunning, stingy'.
Modern High German karg. Old English cearig^ sad, afflicted ', engl. chary^ careful,
cautious '), Old Saxon karm{see above). Old English cearm, ciermru. "clamor'.

References: WP. I 537, WH. I 583.

See also: compare die similar to onomatopoeic words *ger-an6 *g"er-.

Page(s): 352

Root / lemma: ^eb^-

Meaning: brancli; sticl<

Note: only Germanic and Baltic

Material: Old Icelandic kafim. ' sliced piece ', keflin. " cable, bit of wood, toggle', runa-kefli

" rune stick '; Middle Low German kavelei. " piece of wood (for drawing lots) ', Old Frisian

kavelia' raffle', Dutch kavelx^. " allotment, lot, fate ', Modern High German dial. Kabelt

and m. ds.;

Lithuanian zabasm. "bough, deadwood, bridle, rein', zabat 'rod', zabaras' thin bough',
zaboju, zaboti^ bridle ', zaboklasm. "rein', /-Z5i6'c»/r//s 'toggle', ablaut, zuobris {zuobrys) '
plowshare ', Latvian zabuoV put a gag (stick) in the mouth of an animal '.

References: WP. I 571, Trautmann 364.
See also: compare also gegh-, S. 354.
Page(s): 353

Root / lemma: gegh-, gogh-

Meaning: branch; bush

Note: (compare also gdci^-)

Material: Norwegian dial, kagevn. ' low bush ' (Germanic *kagan-), Swedish dial. ' stump

(out of it engl. cap' 'stump'). Modern High German dial. kagxr\. ' cabbage stalk, stump,

Dutch kag, keggei. 'wedge' (Germanic *kasid). Old High German /rep// 'picket, pole, peg,

plug, nail' (Germanic *kasila-)\

in addition with expressive consonant stretch {g.gg: kk):

Old Icelandic kaggi^ keg, chubby person ', Middle Low German /ra/r 'tree trunk, pillory'.
Old High German slito-chohot ' tub ', Modern High German (High German) kueche^
sledge skid '; dissim. Kufe ds.;

Lithuanian zagaras^ thin twig, branch', PI. 'deadwood, shrubbery, bush', zap^e 'plough',
z/dg r/s lence' , Latvian zagan" deadwood', zagasP\. f. ' loose foliage ';

Maybe alb. dhiega' twig, branch ' [common alb. g->c/-].

unclear is the origin of Old English cgeg(e)i. ' key, solution ', Old Frisian kei, kai{ *kaiga-
), Middle Low German keie6s.\ dubious from Armenian ca^ 'elevation, acme, apex, end'
(Petersson Meter. 89 f.).

References: WP. I 569 f., Kluge^i 334, Martinet Gemination 116.
Page(s): 354

Root / lemma: geid-

Meaning: to suck

Material: Gr. hom. vsoviAAoq " new-born, young, sucking not for long (of animal young) ',

riAAo(;, V\KK\c„ fiAAiajv (from a *yiAA6c; from *yi5A6c; " sucking, suckling ');

Lithuanian zindu zjsti^sucV!.

References: WP. I 552, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 323.
Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: geis-

Meaning: gravel

Note: {gei-s-, if nid. kei^ stone ' < *keie < *kaiJo belongs here or kei< *kagi\o kegeR s.

Franck-v. Wijk 298)

Material: Middle High German A/sm. n. " gravel ', Old English ciosol, ciselvn. ds.. Old High

German kisili, kisel, kisilinc^ pebble, small stone ', nnd. keiserling, keserling, kiserling 6s.\

Old Prussian sixdot "sand', Lithuanian ziezdra, " gravel, corn, grain', ziezdros^ gravel,
coarse sand', ziegzdrosdiS., also m. ziegzdrai

Dubiously the affiliation of supposedly Phrygian yiaaa ' stone ' by Steph. Byz. s. v.
Movoyiaaa.

References: WP. I 553.
Page(s): 356

Root / lemma: gel-, gels-, gle- (also *gelei- :) g(e)l9i-

Meaning: light, to shine; to be joyful

Material: Armenian cair. Gen. caiu^ laughter ' (probably with ^from d= gr *YaAu)q,

therefore ysAux;), cicaHm ' laugh ', perhaps (after Petersson KZ. 47, 289) also caHk{Qev\.

caikaii) "flower, blossom';

gr. YsAaw, £Y£Aa(a)aa " laugh ', yzKaa-toq " laughable ', Doric (Pind.) ysAavriq " laughing,
cheerful ' {*\/zKao-vr\q due to being reshaped from *Y£Aac;, n. to m. ytKudq, originally s-stem
as Kpiaq, Indo Germanic *ge/e-s, Aeolic to yzKoq n.), ythioq, -ojtoc;, Akk. ysAoj m. " laughter
' (probably after ysAau) colored *yaAcb(; = Armenian ca&ds.); ysAsTv Aapnsiv, avGsTv Hes.;
with reduced grade the 1 . syllable FaAa-Teia Nereid name (?), yakr\vdq "cheerful, peaceful'
{*yaKaav6q), yaAnvri (Aeolic zero grade ysAava) 'cheeriness, calm (at sea) ';

with zero grade the 1. syllable \/K{\-voq n. 'superb example, splendour piece; things to
stare at, shows, wonders ', yAnvri " the pupil of the eye, eyeball '.

g/a/-\n yAaivoi to Aaijnpuapara Hes., at first to Old High German A/e/>7/ "gleaming,
dainty, fine' (Modern High German k/e/n, in old meaning still in K/e/nod and Swiss ch/e/"
and ch/P, with unexplained /), Old English c/sene ^ pure' , engl. c/earr,

with formants -uo-: a\/ka[F]6q ' of persons, famous, distinguished; of objects, events,
splendid; lovely bright, superb, pretty ' (*aYa-YAaF6q?), ayAa'i'a " splendour, beauty; joy,
triumph; pi., festivities, merriment; adornment, of a horse's mane, colours of oyster's shell;
one of the Graces, who presided over victory in the games ' (here also ayaAAu) ' glorify,
adorn, Med. be adorned, be glad ', with a- == n "in'? An other attempt by Boisacq 5);

about Old English c/^ne'pure', Old High German /r/e//?/" gleaming' see above;

the Celtic and Balto-Slavic color adjective Old Irish ^©/"luminous, white', g/an "pure',
Lithuanian ^e^/as "yellow, blond' etc. might be placed because of the Germanic parallels
preferred to color root ghe/- (see there); only if ga/bus was genuine Latin, it would have to
be put together with Lithuanian gulbiseic. here.

References: WP. I 622 ff., 628, WH. I 578 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 682, Specht Dekl. 123,

144.

Page(s): 366-367

Root / lemma: gerrio^-, gixfo^-

Meaning: to bite; tooth

Comments:

Root/ lemma: gerrt^-, gn[t^-\ to bite; tooth ' : Root/ lemma: gep(h)-, ^eb^-: jaw, mouth'

derived from Root/ lemma: ghdem-, ghdom-. Gen.- ablative gh(d)m-es lAeaw\wQ\ " earth,

man, dragon ' because the ancients believed that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted

his teeth in the ground and fierce men were born from the ground, snake peeled its skin

and was reborn again, that is wliy warriors venerated tlie snal<e as tine source of

immortality in battle.

Material:

Old \n6\c Jambhafe, zero grade Jabhate ' snaps ', Kaus. -\ter. Jambhayat/" crunched ',

Avestan hsm- zdmbayat/6s.; Armenian perhaps camem^ chew ', cameli^ maxilla, cheek,

mouth'; alb. dhemp, dhemb^ it hurts me ', Lithuanian zembiu^cui up'. Old Church Slavic

z^bQ, z^bst/" tear';

Old Indicya/77i6'/7a-/7m. 'tooth, PI. teeth ' (Jambhya-h^ incisor tooth or molar'), gr. y6|j(po(;
"tooth', also 'peg, plug, nail'; yo|j(pio(; soil. 65ou(; ' incisor tooth ', alb. dhemb, Geg dam
'tooth'. Old Church Slavic zgbii 'tooth', Latvian z^Oit's 'tooth', Lithuanian zambas^ sharp
edge'; zs/ttZj/s 'wooden plow';

Old High German kamb. Old English cc»/77i7'comb' ('dentated'). Old Norse kambr^ Q,orr\\i ,
jagged edge (: Lithuanian zambas), jagged ridge ', Modern High German ' ridge, mountain
range ' (but about ndd. kimmesee above ur\6er gem-). Old English cemban. Old High
German kemben ' comb' , Swiss chambe^ Kamm bei Hahnen '; in addition Bavarian sich
kampe/n \quarre\ =) tear, rend, fight, squabble', with expressive p;

Tocharian A kam, B /re/77e 'tooth'.

Under a meaning mediation 'tooth' - ' like a small tooth of protrudent plant shoot ' one
lines up the family of Lithuanian zembu, zembet/" gerrr\\nate' , Old Church S\a\/\c pro-zgbat/,
pro-zgbngt/6s., Latin gemma {*gerrb^na) ' eye or bud in the grapevine or in trees;
gemstone, precious stone ', Old High German champ ' the stalk of a cluster of grapes and
similar plants; a bunch of berries, cluster of grapes ', Modern High German Kamm
('dentated device '); the Lithuanian glottal stop is explainable through a lengthened grade
present formation like sergmi, gelbmi, gelbu.

References: WP. I 575 f., WH. I 588, Trautmann 369, Specht Dekl. 86 f.
See also: see also under gep(h)-, geb^-.
Page(s): 369

Root / lemma: gem(e)-

Meaning: to marry

Material: Old Indie yaAa-/?' suitor, lover' {*gm-r6-s?)\ Old \r\(X\c jamatar-, Avestan zamatar-

' man's daughter ', created after other relationship names in -/sa- extension, with a the

second syllable after matar-; the basic root has been abbreviated *Jama-, compare

Avestan zamaoya-^ brother of son-in-law ', also Old Indicya/r?/-/?' connected, related by

blood ', fern, nachved. " feminine relatives, esp. daughter-in-law ', ved. vf-Jami-h) " relative
by marriage \jama^ daughter-in-law ';

gr YOM^w " marry ' (Akt. of man, husband, Med. from the wife, woman), eyriMCi (Doric
£yc(|ja), y£yapr|-MC('; YC(M£Tr|<; " husband ', yapeTn, yapsiK;, -xboo, "wife", yapr|AiO(; " nuptial ',
yapo(; m. " wedding '; yappp6(; {*gem-ro-) 'son-in-law';

Maybe alb. o'as/77e "wedding': gr. Ya(JO(; m. "wedding' common alb. gh- > o'-phoentic
mutation.

Latin gener-, /"ds. (for *gemer aiter genus, gens).

References: WP. I 574 f., WH. I 590 f.
Page(s): 369-370

Root / lemma: gen-1, gene- gne- gno-

Meaning: to bear

Material: thematic present Old lndicya/7a//" generates, bears ', Old Latin geno, gr.

YEvsaOai (sysvovTO = Old Indie ajananta), compare Old Irish -genatharKon]. (to Indik. -

gainethar^ it is born ' from *gn-ie-tro), also cymr. genn/^be born', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt-

> -nn-), bret. gener to give birth to children ';

redupl. present unthematic Old \n6'\c Jajant/, Avestan zTzanti{y. 1. zazanti), themat.
Avestan zTzanenti^ they bear '; Konj. zTzanal^ she should bear ', kaus. Aor. Old Indie
ajTjanaf gave birth to ', Old Irish Fut. gignithir{ *gi-gena-) " he will be born ' and with (old)
zero grade the root gr. yiyvopai " to come into being; of persons, to be born; of things, to
be produced; of events, to take place, come to pass, come on, happen, and in past tenses
to be; to come into a certain state, to become ', Latin gigno, -ere {genui, genitum) "
produce, bring forth';

Perf. Old Indie y5-y/7-e" I am born ', 3. Sq. jajana, 3. P\. jajnur, gr. ysyova, *Y£Yafj£v,
ysyaclx; (Schwyzer Gr. Gr I 767, 769), Old Irish rogenar{ *ge-gn-) " be born ';

/>present Avestan za-n-aite " they are born ?' ( *gn-na-mi), Armenian cnanim, Aor. cnay
" is born; generate, bear ' (I 456; *gna-n-), gr. ysvvau) " of the father, to beget, engender; of
the mother, to bring forth, to produce ' ( *(g/7-/7a-? different Meillet BSL. 26, 15 f.; postverbal
is Y£vva "birth, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor; descent, birth; offspring, a
generation; a race, family', whereof yzyyd\oc, " suitable to one's birth or descent; of
persons, high-born, noble by birth; so of animals, well-bred; noble in mind, high-minded, of

things, good of their kind, excellent, notable, genuine, intense '); compare SchwyzerGr. Gr
1694

Kaus.-lter. Old \v\6\c janayatr generates, bears ' = Old English cennan^ produce '
( *goneJd)\ (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), yb-present Old Indie
jayate^ is born ' (therefrom yaya ' woman '), npers. zayad {*gen-9ia, besides ^/7;;/o in:)
Avestan zayeite6s.\ with lengthened grade of 2. Basis vowel *gne-Jd: Irish gnTu^\ make,
do' ("*engender, create ');

sAropresent Latin na-scor{ *gn-sk6-i) ' is born ';

common lat gn- > n-

/b-participle and similar: Old Indie ya/a-/?" born ' (/a/5 -/r? 'gender, sex, kind of), Avestan
zata-\ Latin natus {cognatus, agnatus) ds., ' born m., a son ';

Maybe alb. /ri//7a/" brother-in-law', /ri//7a/a "sister-in-law' from Rumanian c^/77/7a/" brother-in-
law', c^/77/7a/a "sister-in-law'; from Latin cc»^/7a/^5 "related, connected by blood; m. and f.
as subst. a relation either on the father's or the mother's side. Transf., akin, similar'.

Paelignian cnatois " the rump, the buttocks ' ( *gn-t6s, so probably also :) gall. Cintu-gnatus
" firstborn ' (could be in itself also = grYvu)T6(;), f. ^/7a//7a "daughter'; Old Norse kundr'son',
Gothic -kunds {himina- ) " be a descendant of ', Old English heofon-kund, with t^ Old Norse
as-kunnr^ of divine origin '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero
grade Latin genitus {*gen9- or *gene-tos, as :) gall. ^e/7e/a "daughter', expressive cymr.
geneth {*genetta) ds.. Old Irish a/c/7eo'" nature' (*ad-gena-tom or *-gene-tom)\ Lithuanian
ze/7/as "son-in-law' {*gena-to-s), ^e/7//s "kinsman, relative' (with gaiter g/mt/" be born '),
Old Church Slavic zgtb m., Serbo-Croatian ze/"son-in-law, sister's husband ' ( *gena-ti-s)\

Maybe suffixed alb. Geg {*gen-tai) dhander, Tosc dhender^ son-in-law ' [common alb. g- >
d^. Phonetically alb. dhandri^ son-in-law ' : Old \r\^\o janitrl) "progenitor'.

with reduced eOld High German A//7o'"kid, child' {*gen-tom). Old Saxon kind {*gent6m)
ds.;

with full grade the second base syllable gr. -\iyr\\oc, " born ' (5i6-, Koai-; proto gr. -r|-;
yvnaioq " of or belonging to the race, i. e. lawfully begotten, legitimate '), with o-grade Old
lndicy/75//-/7m. "kinsman, relative' (originally f. " kinship'), yvu)t6(; "kinsman, relative,
brother', yvajiri " sister', mcymr. gnawt ^V\r\srr\ar\, relative', Gothic *kndt^s {Dai. knodai)
"gender, sex'. Old High German knot, knuot'ger\6er, sex' (compare also Old High German

knuosalv\. 'gender, sex, stem'. Old English cnos/n. " progeny, gender, sex, family '),
Latvian znuots 'son-in-law, brother-in-law';

from the light basis Avestan -zanta-, -zanta-^ born ' (compare cpsprpov : bharf-tram);
also acymr. -gint^V\6, child' from gen-t-.

compare an other Aryan forms : Avestan fra-zaintis^ progeny ' (against Old \v\6\c pra-
jati-h)\ Avestan zq&a-u. 'birth, origin' (Aryan *zan-tha-m)\ z^&ra-u. 'birth' (against Old
lndicy^/7///'a/77'birth place'); zantu-^ district, administrative district ' = Old \v\6\c Jant'u-h
'creature'; Avestan z^/7y5/77/7a- participle Put. (against Old \v\6\c Janisyate, Aor. ajanista);
Old lndicy5/7/77a/7-n. besidesy5/7//77a/7-n. ' birth, gender, sex, lineage '.

Gr. ysvsTn 'birth', Latin Gen/ta Mana^ name of a divinity', Oscan Deivai Genetai^
goddess of birth ', wherefore Latin genitalis ' of or belonging to generation or birth, causing
generation or birth, fruitful, generative, genital ';

gr. YSvsGic; ' origin, source, beginning; an ancestor ', Latin genetTvus^ of or belonging to
generation or birth '; with reduced &. Avestan frazaintis {see above), Latin gens {or iroxw
*gntf-) ' a clan, stock, people, tribe, nation. Transf., an offspring, descendant; a district,
country ' (then probably ingens as ' monstrous, vast, enormous '), Germanic l<indi-\v\
Gothic fcindins {*genti-no-s) ' provincial governor ', Old Norse l<indi. 'entity, gender, sex,
descendant '.

gpt/-\n Old Indie y5//-/7' birth, family ' = Latin /75//-d 'birth, gender, sex', Umbrian nafine'
a birth, origin, people, nation ', Old English (ge)cyndi. ' kind of, nature, quality, origin,
source, beginning; an ancestor, descendant ' (engl. I<ind)\

/^-stem Latin natu {maior-) 'from birth', therefrom natura^ birth; nature, natural qualities
or disposition, character; an element, substance, essence, nature';

/0/'5e^/75s 'pregnant', v\e\N praegnans, from *-gnatis.

gena-ter-\r\ Old Indie ya/?//^/'- 'progenitor, father' , janitrf begetter, mother', gr. yEverrip, -
npoc;, Y£V£TU)p, -opoc; 'progenitor, father', ysvsTSipa 'mother', alb. dtiender, dtiander^sor\-
in-law, bridegroom ' {*gena-tr-), Latin genitor, genetnx{: Old \r\6\c janitr/j 'progenitor';

Armenian c/75^/ 'progenitor, father' {*gena-tio-)\

Old \nd'\c Jan/man- {and Janman-) n. " birth, gender, sex, lineage ', Latin germen'germ,
sprout, scion, shoot, twig, branch', germinare^ sprouted out ', germanus, -a(-/77-from -mn-
) " brother, 1 . sister (having the same father and mother)' ( *gen-men).

genos-\n Old \n6\c janah {Gen. Janasah) n. 'gender, sex', Armenian c//7 'birth', gr. ysvog
"gender, sex', Latin genus^ birth, descent, origin; race, stock, family, house; hence
offspring, descendants; sex; in gen., class, kind, variety, sort; in logic, genus; of action,
etc., fashion, manner, way ' {generare^ produce ').

gon-os\n Old \nd\c jana-h {Gen. Janasah) m. 'gender, sex', Avestan (in compound)
zana- 'people, humankind ', gr. yovoq m., yovr) f. 'birth, parentage, ancestry';

Maybe alb. Geg zana ^ nymph, goddess';

-geno-s, -gno-s, -genjos, -gniosasl. composition part e.g. in Latin capri-genus^
proceeding from a goat, of the goat kind ', indigenam. f. ' born in a country, native,
indigenous ' (= Armenian ando-cin, ando-cna-c, ' born in the house of the appropriate
patron '), alienigenaxw. f. ' born in a foreign land; foreign, alien; and subst., a stranger, a
foreigner, an alien ';

gall. Boduo-genus, Litu-genius, Old Irish ingen, ogom inigena' ^\x\ .

gena\n ncymr. adian^ progeny ' {*ati-genS), anian, bret. dial, agnen^naiuxe' {*nde-gen^.
Loth RC 36, 106; 39,63;

with gr. -yEvriq, thrak. -ze/7e5 (AiOY£vr|<; = thrak. Diuzenus, Ai^evp)^), compare venet.
volti-xenei and volti-xnos, lllyrian PH Anduno-cnetis {Gen.), Volto-gnas, Messapic
oroagenas^ inhabitant of Uria ';

gr. yzo-yybc, ' new-born ', Gothic niu-kla-hs' under-age ' (dissim. from niu-kna-, with
formants -ko), also aina-kla-^ isolated, occasional, sporadic (from *-kna-) and Latin
singulus {irom *sem-gno-) as well as Latin malignus, benignus, pnv/gnus {'separate, i.e.
born in other matrimony, stepchild '), Celtic -gnos\n people's name, originally Patronymica,
e.g. gall. Truticnos{= Drutignos), latinis. Druti filius, ogom Gen. Coimagni, Irish Coim-an,
gall. Ate-gnia, gr. b^byy\ec^ 'of the same descent ';

about CypriotlvK; 'kid, child' (barely *£v-yvi(;) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 450^;

*gn-Jo- {^\\exe\oxe the above -^/7/b- additional weakening) in Latin genius' the superior
or divine nature which is innate in everything, the spiritual part, spirit; the tutelar deity or

genius of a person, place; the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste,
appetite, inclination; of the intellect, wit, talents, genius ', originally the personified fertility
(at most zero grades *gen-ios), Gothic kuni{ *gn-io-m). Old High German (etc.) chunni
"gender, sex', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), compare Gothic
sama-kunjans f\Vk. PI. "the same gender': gr. opo-yvioq; Latin progenies^ progeny ', Old
Irish gein {*genen < *gen-n) "birth'. Old English cyne-\n compound " royal ', Old Norse
konr^son, noble-born man, husband' (Germanic */r^/7//7^a-z in Old High German etc.
kun/ng'k\ng', i.e. "sprung forth from, belonging to a noble gender').

gp- in Old Indie ya-s" descendant ', pra-Ja' progeny \jas-pat/s' paterfamilias, male
head of a family '(MeilletMSL. 10, 139);

about Latin /ngenuus' free-born, born of free parents; worthy of a freeman, noble,
upright, frank, candid, ingenuous ', genu/hus' innate, native, natural; genuine' s. WH. I 593
f.

References: WP. I 576 ff., WH. I 590 ff., 597 ff., 868, Trautmann 370, Meillet
Cinquantenaire 172 ff.
Page(s): 373-375

Root / lemma: gen-2, gene- gne- gno-

Meaning: to know

Note: for the avoidance of the homonyms 1. gen- axe often used with various with gno-

verbal forms.

Material: Old lndicya/7a/77/"l know', anu-jna-^ acknowledge, admit, grant', Avestan paiti-

zanenti' they take care of somebody ' (themat. 2. PI. paiti-zanata^ you recognize, take up,

absorb, take in '), Old pers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dana^ he knew ' (Indo Germanic *gn-na-mi,

besides enclitic *gn-nam/"\n:) Avestan zana-J, zanqn, afghan. yC>e-z5/7rdistinguishes,

recognizes';

Armenian Aor. cancay^\ recognize' {an-can' unacquainted ') insecure basic form (to
present '1^/7-/73-/77/? or from *gen-7 as:) canaut' ^known';

Old Irish itar-gninim, asa-gninaim " to taste, savor; to taste, smack, or savor of, to have
a taste or flavor of a thing ' (Put. -gena irom *ge-gna-. Pert ad-gen-sa " become acquainted
with, acquire knowledge of, ascertain, learn, perceive, understand ; perf., to know ' from
*ge-gn-\ in present stem gnin- is the Vok. still unsolved; compare Pokorny IF. 35, 338 f.,
Marstrander Pres. nasalized 23);

Maybe alb. {*gina) o'/"know' : Old pers. 3. Sg. Impf. a-dana' he knew ' common alb. g- >

Gothic kunnan "know, have knowledge of ' {kann, preterit kunl=>a\ originator of the zero
grade plural forms kunnum, kunnunirom * gn-ne-mes); besides weak Verb ana-kunnan^
recognize ' etc. = Old High German kunnen^ know ' (already proto Germanic, Wissmann
Nom. postverb. 146 f.); besides zero grades d/7-Verb Old Norse kanna^ examine '; (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Maybe alb. Geg njof, Tosc njoh ' recognize'

Old High German (etc.) intense Verb, kunnan {kann) " know, have knowledge of, to be
able ' (in the older linguistic times only from insubstantial konnen^ can, be able to; may,
might' = kennen^ know', contrary to mogen); in addition das Kaus. Gothic kannjan {*gon-)
' announce, make known, disclose ', Old English cennan^ apprise, inform, define, impute ',
Old High German ar-kennen^ recognize ', bi-kennen^ 2N<y^ ', Modern High German
kennen.

Lithuanian zinau, zinoti, Latvian zinaV know, have knowledge of ' {zino= *gen-,
thereafter PI. zinome. Inf. zinoti, participle zinotas) == Old Prussian posinnal avow ' (Inf.
posinnat, participle posinnats), ersinnaV recognize ';

s^opresent Old pers. (Konj.) xsnasatiy^ he should recognize '; gr. yiyvcbaKU), epir.
yvcbaKw ' recognize ', Latin nosco {gnosco) ' recognize ', ignosco^ to pardon, forgive,
excuse, overlook, allow, indulge, make allowance ' (compare Old Indie anu-jna-)\ alb. njofi
"I know' ( *gne-skd\ 2. 3. Sg. /T/ie/? through umlaut); s. also under Lithuanian pazjstu;

Perf. Old \'r\6\c Jajnau, Latin novT, Old English cneow {cnawan) 'recognize'; gr. Aor. £-
yvojv. Old Indie O^t jna-yat, gr. ysyojva " to call out so as to be heard ' (also formally
become present yeywveu) ds., ysyajviaKU));

in additionyb-present Old Indie y/75ya/e (Pass, io janati). Old High German knau{ir-, bi-,
int-) " recognize \*gne-Jd), Old English cnawan {eng\. knov\/} ds. (to tv compare Latin novT,
Old \n6\c JajnauJ, with Old High German urknat' cognition ', and Old Church Slavic z/7a/ip,
znafi 'kno\N, have knowledge of ' ( *gnd-id);

Desid. Old \n6\c Ji/nasati Avestan zixsna/jiismna ' the yearning to enquire '; Lithuanian
pa^fstu, -zinau, z/nt/' know'; after Leumann IF. 58, 118 derived from *gn-skd\ different
Persson Beitr. 341;

Kaus. Old \r\d'\c Jnapayat/ {Vr\e yO-form would be old, if Charpentier IF. 25, 243 places
rightly Armenian canauf 'known', /-stem = Old \n6\c Jnapf/'-h ^ cognition, knowledge'); but
jnapfa- rather retograd from kausat Jnap/fa-, IF. 57, 226 f.

/b-participle ^/7(7-/'d-5 (if that has maybe covered d secondarily from the verbal forms):
Old lndicy/7a/5-/7 'known', gr. yvajTOc; (newer yvwaTOc;) ds. (ayvcbc;, -wtoc; ' unacquainted '),
Latin nofus, Old Irish gnath^ habitual, customary, known' (cymr. gnawd^ consuetude '; in
addition cymr. gnaws, /75M/5 'nature', bret. neuz^ appearance ', as brit. loanword Old Irish
/7ds 'custom'), gall. KaTOu-yvaroc;, Epo-so-gnatus, Old Indie ajnata-, aYvu)TO(;, ignotus^
unacquainted ', Old Irish ingnad^ strange '; besides '(g/7d-/d-s (colored from *gn9-t6s aWter
gno-l) in Latin nota^ distinguishing mark, sign, spot, stain ' (substantive Fem. of
participle), Denom. noto, -are^ mark, observe; reprove, reprimand; rebuke ', hence
probably also in cognitus, agnitus, compare with the same vowel gradation gr. *a-Yvo-Foc;
in ayvosu) ' not to perceive or recognize; to be ignorant of; not to discern; fail to
understand ', a\NOKx, ayvoia ' want of perception, ignorance; mistaken conduct, a mistake
'; better about ayvoEw (stands for *av6£Cji)) and Latin nofa {to ovooGai 'rebuke') currently
Leumann Homer. Worter 22823; Tocharian A a-knats, B a-knatsa see below.

gna-to-s\r\ mcymr. yngnad, j//75o''judge' {*en-gna-to-s), dirnad^ power of judgement '
( *de-pro-gna-to-). Loth RC 47, 174 f.

gp-td-s\r\ Lithuanian paz/'nfas 'kr\o\Nr\' , Gothic kunl=>s. Old English cul=>. Old High
German kund^ known ', Gothic unkunt^s^ unacquainted '; with lengthened grade the 1.
syllable Avestan paiti-zanta-^ recognized ' (as a-zainti- 'knowledge').

gnd-t/-\r\ Old \r\6\c pra-Jnati-hi. ' cognition ', gr. yvwoK^f. ' cognition ', Latin noti-oi.. Old
Church Slavic Inf. znati, russ. znatbi. ' the acquaintance, friends '; compare Old High
German urchnati. ' a knowing, knowledge ' {*gne-ti-s)\

gp-t/-s\r\ Old High German kunst {-sti- ior -ti-) ' art, knowledge, wisdom ' (Gothic kunt^i
'knowledge, cognition ' from *kunt^ia-r\.), Lithuanian pazintisi. ' cognition ';

gno-ter- in Old \r\(ii\c jnatar-, Avestan znatar-^ connoisseur, expert ', compare gr.
yvcjOGTrip, Latin notor^ one who knows a person or thing, a voucher, witness; connoisseur,
expert '; compare Old \r\6\c Jnana-m {*gnd-no-m) 'knowledge, cognition '.

gnd-mQ\r\ gr. yvwpia ' purpose; judgement; a mark, token ' (out of it Latin groma^ A
surveyor's pole or measuring-rod; the centre of a camp, where the measuring-rod was
planted, so as to divide the camp into four quarters by streets meeting at that point ' and.

of Akk. YV(i)|Jova from, also norma^ a square, employed by carpenters, masons, etc., for
making right angles; a rule, pattern, precept '); Old Russian znamja {0\d Church Slavic
znamenije, znak-b) 'mark, token, sign' (influenced by a corresponding Latin *gndmen\s
*cogndmen, agnomen); gr. yvcbpr) "opinion' (probably for *gnd-m[n]a), compare Lithuanian
ZK/77e 'mark, sign' ( *zime)\ yvu)|ju)v ' one that knows or examines, an interpreter, discerner

gnd-te/-\n sloven, znatelj^ connoisseur, expert ', russ. znatelb ' confidant '; also Old
Indie y/75/a/'- could belong here instead o\ gno-ter-.

gena-tio- . gno-tlo-^ mark ' in Lithuanian zenklas^mark, token, sign'; Old Prussian
ebsentliuns^ identified ': Old \v\6\cjnatra-v\. ' ability of the recognizing ';

Germanic *kndNa-\v\ Old High German beknuodilen^ become perceptible ', einknuadiV
distinguished by a mark, remarkable, noted, eminent, distinguished, prominent,
extraordinary '; compare Latin (g)ndbilis^ that can be known or is known, knowable,
known; wellknown, famous, noted, celebrated, renowned ' (adjective of a *gnd-6!"lom^
distinguishing mark ');

gnd-ro-\r\ gr. Yvu)pi|JO(; ' well-known; familiar, acquaintance; notable, distinguished ',
yvajpi^u) 'make known' (to *YV(I)pov), wherefore with ablaut *gp-rd-: Lat\n gnarus^a thing
expert, skillful', /g/7a/'i/s 'ignorant' (/g/7d/'c» rather from */g/7a/'c» after /7dscc» colored as with
the ablaut grade from Yvu)pipiO(;), gnaruris G\oss. ' knowing or acquainted with a thing;
skilful, practiced, expert ', /gnarures' ignorantly ', narrare' create knowledge, tell ' =
Umbrian naratu^ a relator, narrator, historian ', naraklum' a declaring, announcing; a
declaration, announcement made by the augur respecting what he has observed '; as final
ending from compounds Old Indie -jna-, Avestan ux5a-sna-^ knowing the speech '.

Here presumably Indo Germanic gne-uos expert who knows about how one has to do
it, skillful ' in Old Norse /r/7a/'' proficient, strong' (Old English gecnsewe^ admitted, known'
is against it new formation from cnawan); compare (from *gn-uo-s'7) Latin navus {o\(ii
gnavus) ' busy, diligent, assiduous, active ', ignavus^ inactive, lazy, slothful, idle, sluggish,
listless, without spirit, cowardly, dastardly ', next to which with *-9u- mcymr. go-gnaw^
familiar with ' {*upo-uks-gn9uo-'7). Middle Breton gnou^ manifesto, obvious ', abret. inschr.
Bodo-cnous (\.e. -gnous. Loth RC 18, 93), Middle Irish gno^ distinguished ', nir. gno
'business, affairs'. A similar meaning-development in the Germanic family Old Icelandic
k0nn ' reasonable, smart, proficient', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-), Old English cene'bo\6, audacious'. Old High German kuoni^ bold, pugnacious '

(lengthened grade as ysY^va), compare with zero grade Lithuanian zyne' witch ' ("the
clever '), zynis m. " sorcerer ';

Tocharian AB kna-^ know, have knowledge of, recognize ', A a-knats, B a-knatsa
"ignorant'.

About Hittite /7a-a/7-/7a-/"adjudicates' s. Pedersen Hittite 201 (a little plausibly).

Note:

Common IE h- > k-.

References: WP. I 578 ff., WH. I 613 f., II 176 ff., Trautmann 370 f.. Feist 316 f., Meillet
Cinquantenaire 172 ff.
Page(s): 376-378

Root / lemma: genu-1, gneu- {*ghenu-)

Meaning: knee, joint

Grammatical information: n. inflection gonu, genues, gnUo^fseic; besides the /7-stem

according to Old \v\6\c Janunf both knees ' and gr. Y6vaT0(; etc. from gonuQ-

Comments:

Root / lemma: genu-1, gneu- : "knee, joint' > Root / lemma: gen-1, gene-, gne-, gno- : "to

bear', (the euphemism of lower part of te body)

Material: Old Indie ya/7^n. "knee', Pahlavi zanuk, npers. z5/7j"knee'; Avestan Akk. Sg.

znum, dat. abl. pi. znubyo; Old \n6\c Jnu-badh- ' the bending knees ', abhi-jnu^ up to the

knee ', pra-jhu-h' saber-legged ', Avestan fra-snu-^ holding the knees forwards ' (:gr.

*np6-YVu);

Armenian cunr^kuee' (/'-extension to old ^-stem *gdnu-), PI. cunk-k'. Gen. cng-ac\N\\h
^-extension {*gon-g-o-, compare yvu-^);

Maybe alb. Geg {*gdnu-) gjuni, Tosc gluri^ knee'.

gr. yovu. Gen. (Hom.) youvoc; ( *gonu6s), PI. youva, Aeolic yova "knee' (compare also
y£uvu)v yovaTwv Hes.), besides Gen. Sg. youvaTO(; (for *yovFavo(;); lengthened grade
ywvia "point, edge' (*yu)vFia), zero grade (compare under npoxvu) yvu-nsTsTv " drop to
one's knees ', yvu^ " on the knees ', iyvun (besides iyvu(;, Specht KZ. 59, 220) " popliteus,
the part behind the thigh and knee, ham ' (*£yyvua, -yvu(;);

irpoxvu " with stretched out knee ' II. 570 stands for *np6yvu (= Old Indie pra-Jnu-h)\

Latin genu, -us' knee; of plants, a knot, joint ', gen/cu/um'Wnee, a little knee, a knot or
joint on the stalk of a plant; angle ';

Gothic kn/un., Old High German etc. kn/o, kneo {*kniwa-, Indo Germanic *gneuo)
"knee' (Old Norse knea\so from 'knot in the straw', as Old English cneowehV knotty, from
plants '; Latin geniculum also " a knot or joint on the stalk of a plant '; but Latin genista is
Etruscan); an extension with Germanic /in oberschles. knutzen' squat on the knees ' and
perhaps in Gothic knussjan " kneel ', kniwam knussjands " bending in the knees together ',
if in a tu-siem *kn uss us irom this verb *knutjan^ based on ';

lllyrian FIN Genusus, Low Italian PN Genusia, Messapic PN tn'-gonoxoa, Ligurian PN
Genua, adjective derivative Genava " Geneva ';

Tocharian A kanwem, B kenJne Dual, "the knees';

Hittite gi-e-nu {genu) "knee'.

Note:

Pronunciation of the labialized laryngeal: Hittite gi-e was gje- as in Albanian gju-

References: WP. I 586 f., WH. I 592 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 463, 518.
Page(s): 380-381

Root / lemma: genu-2\. and {genaA^--) gonady-

Meaning: chin

Note:

Root/ lemma: genu-2i. and {genad!^-:) gona6!^-\ chin' derived from Root/ lemma: genu-1,

gneu-{*ghenu-) : knee, joint'.

Material: Old Indie hanu-si. " mandible ', Avestan zanu- ds., in compounds (with

secondary Aryan gh-, GiJntert WuS. 11, 124 f.);

Phrygian a-^nv Akk. d-^£va "beard' (prefix a- and *gen-); (common Occidental Romance
vowel prefix)

gr. Y£VU(;, -uo(;f. "chin, mandible' (with secondary J-stem; compare ysvEiov "chin beard'
from *Y£V£Fiov, Y£vr|i'(;, Attic ysvp^f. " edge of the hatchet ' from *Y£V£Fi(;);

Latin genai. "cheek' (fur *genus aiter mala), genuTnus {dens) " grinder, molar tooth ';

Old Irish g/{u)n'rc\ou\h\ cymr. gen'cheek, chin', PI. geneu, acorn, genau, bret. genou
(older PI. *geneues)\

Gothic k/nnust "cheek' {* genus, *genues, -/7/7-fronn -nu-). Old Norse kinnt " cheek,
mountainside ', Old English cinn. Old High German kinniu. "chin'; (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Tocharian A sanwe-m Dual f. "mandible, lower jaw bone ' (e-extension from genu-).

gon9A'^-\v\ Lithuanian zandas^ mandible', Latvian zi/do's"chin, sharp edge'; maked.
KQvaSoi aiaY6v£(;, yvaGoi (compare Specht KZ. 59, \W)\

zero grade gr. Yva9o(; f., Yva9ij6(; m. " mandible' ( *gnaA^^\

unclear is Armenian cnauV mandible, cheek'.

References: WP. I 587, WH. I 589 f., Specht Dekl. 87, 253, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 463.
Page(s): 381-382

Root / lemma: gep^)-, ^eb^-

Meaning: jaw, mouth

Note:

Root/ lemma: gep(h)-, ^eb^-: jaw, mouth' : Root/ lemma: gerrid^-, gixt"^-: to bite; tooth'

derived from Root/ lemma: genu-2i. and {gensd'^-:) gonad!^-\ chin' : Root/ lemma: genu-

1, gneu-{*ghenu-) : knee, joint'.

Material: With ptr. Avestan zafar-, za/a/7- "mouth, jaw', participle Med. vT-zafana, compare

s-stem (besides rln-sieru) in ^rizafah- besides &rizafan-\

Maybe alb. Geg za" capture, bite'.

with bh : gallorom. expressive *gobbo-. Old Irish gop, nir. gob^b\\\, beak, neb, mouth';

Maybe alb. ^op "vagina'.

Germanic with ph or to partial b'^ Old Norse kjaptror kjgptr{ *kebuta- or *kefuta-)
"muzzle, mandible, jaw ', Middle High German kivel, kiver^ jaw ' {*kefra-) Modern High
German dial. /r/e/e"giir, ndd. keve^ jaw, gill', wherefore the verbs Norwegian kjava^
quarrel, argue ' (" move the jaws ')

Maybe alb. {*zifem) zihem " quarrel' [common alb. g- > -z- ; -f- > -/?-]

Middle Low German Low German kibbelen, kabbelen, kevelen' babble, chatter loudly ',
Middle High German kibelen, A/fe/e/? 'quarrel, squabble', kiven, kiffen^ gnaw ', kifelen^
gnaw, chew '; lengthened grade Old Norse kafi. Old Saxon cafi. Old English ceafl{ev\Q\.
jowl, jole) " jaw ' ( *kefala-).

In addition as ' nibbler ':

Old High German chevaro, kevar. Middle High German /rei/e/ie 'beetle, chafer' {*kebran-
); changing through ablaut Old English ceafor {*kabra- ox *kabru-), ndd. kavel6s.;

Lithuanian zebiu, zebtT eat slowly ', zebiu, zebetT eat, peck ';

Old Church Slavic o-zobatT AupaiveaGai ', serb. zobatT eat, devour ', z6b\. ' oat ',
russ. zobatb " eat, peck ', zobxx\. 'bill, beak, neb';

Czech zabra^QiW of the fish ', russ. zabry6s. could have covered zfrom the e-grade and
contain a variant with g-.

from genib^-'b\te' as a nasalized form belongs to our root?

References: WP. I 570 f., Trautmann 364, Benveniste Origines 10 f., Kluge''"' s. v. 'beetle,
chafer' and ' jaw '.
Page(s): 382

Root / lemma: gefs-

Meaning: to turn, bend

Material: Armenian car'tree', PI. ' brushwood ' {*grso-)\ caray{*gr-ati-) 'servant,

farmhand'; c^/'slant, skew, crooked' {*gorsos)\

gr. ysppov n. ' anything made of wicker-work; oblong shield, covered with ox-hide;
wattled screens or booths, used in the Athen. market-place, generally, wattles; wicker
body of a cart ' etc., also 'penis' ('*rod') (*Y£pajov);

Maybe alb. /ra^'penis' : Gypsy AsA'penis'.

Latin gerra^ anything made of wicker-work ', PI. gerrae^ wattled twigs; trifles, stuff,
nonsense ' is gr. loanword; zero grade yappa pap5o(; and yapaava cppuyava. K^\\izc,
Hes.;

from Gr. Y£p5iO(; derives Latin gerdius^ weaver ';

cymr. gyrrxw. " drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, livestock drive ' {*gersjo-),
therefrom gyrruds.7;

Old Norse kjarrn., kjgrrm. {*kerza-, kerzu-) "shrubbery, bush ', Swedish dial, kars, karse
m. 'basket from withe, small bag, net bag ', Old Norse kassf/Jm. {*kars-) ' wicker basket,
back basket ', Swedish karsat "creel, net bag ', Norwegian A/iessa "basket, bast netting '
{*kars/dn).

In addition probably Middle High German kerren^ turn ' {*karzjan) = Old English cierran
"wend, in a certain position bring, intr. turn ', becierran^iuru', cierrm. {*karzi-) "time, one
time, business '.

References: WP. I 609 f., WH. I 594, 596, Loth RC 40, 375 f.
Page(s): 392-393

Root / lemma: ger-, gera-, gre-
Meaning: to rub; to be old; grain

Note: also, esp. in formations with formants -no-, "corn, grain, seed ' (only NW-lndo
Germanic); the oldest meaning seems to have been "rub' (hence " fruit grater, neatly
pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed '), intr.-pass. " become faded, from age or
disease, malady'.

Material: Old \x\6\c jarant-^ fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, old, graybeard' (=
osset. zarond^o\(i\ gr. yspojv; compare also npers. zar^ graybeard, hag '),ya/'a//" makes
fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, allows to grow old ' ("*rub, chafe '), jarana-^
frail, o\(i\jaras-i. (Nom. Sq. jarah, Indo Germanic -os) and Jam ^ age, grow older,
senescence, aging process, process of growing older, age'; redupl. jarjara- "frail,
breakable, decrepit ' (: gr. Y£pY£pi|jO(;); lengthened grade yara- " aging, maturing; growing
older ' (= npers. za/'"weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', zar^ graybeard, hag '; also in
Aor. jarisuh); heavy basis in Old \n6\c Jar/man- m. " old age, senility ', jTryati, juryatT
become fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle,
grows old ', participle yi7/77a-, y7/77a- " fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, decrepit,
antiquated, worn out, old, decompose, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, old'; Avestan
azarssant-^ noi aging, maturing ' (participle of s-Aor.), azarsma-'not decreasing,
lessening, diminishing, declining ' (from *zarama-rr\. "the abandoned, depraved, unkempt,
withered, shabby, dilapidated, neglected '), zairina-^ attritional, tiring, languishing,
wearying, exhausting ', z5/'a/a-"altersschwach' (probably = Old Indie *jTrta-), with formant u
(: gr. Ypau(;? Old Norse kgr, see below) zaurvan-xx\. " hoariness, old age, grayness,

senility ', zaurura- " decrepit, infirm, feeble, weak, frail, aged, fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated ', perhaps also zrvan- .■z/'J/7-'time';

Armenian ce^'old, graybeard' {*gero-)\

gr. Yspwv " graybeard' (yspovT-), yspouaioc; " pertaining to the council of the elders,
senatorial ', yspouaia ' Council of Elders, senate, esp. at Sparta, sacred college ', yspac; n.
(Indo Germanic *ger9-s, from the heavy basis) originally "*age, * age prerogative ', hence "
honorific title; award, prize, honorary position, guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy
', yspapoc; ' venerable, stately, respectable ', later also 'old, senile ', yspaioc; 'old' probably
from *Y£paa-i6c;; in the meaning 'age' is Y£pa(; replaced through ynpac;; n from ynpaaKCjo '
grown old ', participle present ynpcic; ' aging, maturing; growing older ', themat. Impf.
EVnpa, etc. auf ynpac; (for yspac;) figurative, also in ynpau) ' get old, grow old, mature, ripen
', YHpaAsoc; (by Hes. also yspaAsoc;) 'old'; Attic ypauc;. Gen. Ypa(*F)6c; (hom. Dat. YpnO 'old
wife, woman' (hom. ypnu*; probably later inscription of a right one *Ypr|(F)i(; after the usual
one YpaO(;); perhaps in relationship to Avestan zaurvan-m. ' hoariness, old age, grayness
', perhaps originally Nom. *ger-us .Gen. *ger9-u-6s, from which ypaFoc;; s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I, 574; redupl. yspyspifjoc; ' dropping by itself or ripe fig or olive ' (see above);

Old Norse A^A/'man, husband, old man, husband, husband, free man, husband' = Old
High German karal6s., with ablaut Old English ceorr free man of the lowest class,
husband ', engl. churr rude person, person from the country, fool ', Middle Low German
ker/elree, common man, husband, sturdy man, husband'. Modern High German (from
Ndd.) Ker/^, basic meaning probably ' aged man, husband';

Old Church Slavic zi./"©// "ripen', ztre/b ' mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', causative
Sbzori^ ripe '.

In the meaning ' corn, grain, seed ':

Latin granum^corn, grain, seed ' {*gr-ndm, = Old \n6\cj7rna-, see above) = Old Irish
gran, cymr. etc. grawn {Sg. gronyn) ds. (borrowing from Latin is not provable) = Lithuanian
zirnis, Latvian zirnisxw. 'pea'. Old Prussian syrnei. 'corn, grain'; Old Church Slavic zrtno,
Serb, zfnou. 'corn, grain'; Gothic kaurn. Old High German Old English Old Norse korn.
Modern High German Korn, Old English cyrner seed ', next to which zero grades Old
High German kerno. Old Norse kjarnixw., ds. (probably also Modern High German
Dialectal /re/77' milk cream, milk skimmings ' granular becoming as in butter. Middle High
German /re/77' churn, vessel in which butter is made ', Old Norse kjarni, kirna6s.. Old
English ciern, engl. churn 6s.).

Maybe alb. {*kjern) thjerre^ lentil ' not from Armenian sisern' chickpea '

*graros {*gr-r6s) " pulverized, ground into fine particles; crushed ' is continual probably in
Latin glarea {* grareja) ' gravel '; o'-present 'ig/'d-o'd perhaps in Gothic ^5/r/io/d/7 ' crunch '.

References: WP. I 599 f., WH. I 605 f., 618 f., Trautmann 371 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 514,
574, 682 under Anm. 5.
Page(s): 390-391

Root / lemma: geus-

Meaning: to taste; to enjoy [' savor, enjoy, taste ', in the Germanic and Celtic 'choose', in

Indo Iran, and Alban. 'love']

Material: Old \nd'\c Josat/, Jusate ' tastes, enjoys, loves 'Josayate^^here one finds

pleasure', yiosa-/?' contentedness, approval, sufficiency ', Avestan zaos-. Old pers. daus-

"where one finds flavor ', Avestan zaoso' pleasure ', zusto^ liked, beloved, fancied,

desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted '; khotan-sak. ysusde' he appraises,

appreciates ', ysua, ysuyan {ys = z) "treat, delight ';

gr. ysuoMQi ' feel, enjoy the taste of; experience, have enjoyment of, enjoy the company
of ' (therefrom ysuu) " allow to taste ');

alb. deshal loved', present do, dua{*geus-n-, Jokl IF. 37, 101 f.);

Also alb. Geg me dashte' to love '.

/7-present Latin deguno, -e/ie 'taste' {*gus-nd)\

Old Irish asa-gu{*gus-s-t} 'he wishes ' {ad-gusi, asa-gussi^he wishes ', s. to form
Pedersen II 549), do-goa{*gus-a-t) 'he chooses ', verbal noun togu^ choose ', preterit
doroigu^ elegit ' {*to-ro-gi-geus-t), Pokorny IF. 35, 177 ff., etc. (see Pedersen aaO.);

Gothic kiusan^ assay, try, test, check ', Old Norse kjosa^ choose, wish' (also ' affect
through sorcery ', Old High German Old Saxon kiosan' taste, assay, try, choose ', Modern
High German kiesen, Kaus.-lter. Gothic kausjan^ assay, try, taste ' (= Old Indie idsayate);
compare Old English wael-ceasig^ choosing corpses ' (of raven).

noun actionis of /"/-/Old Indicy^s//-/?' Liebeserweisung, favour ', Gothic ga-kusts\. '
examination ', Old Frisian kest. Old English cystm. ' object of a choice, exquisiteness,
excellence ' (but gr. ysuoK; previously single-linguistic formation from ysuoijai): of tu-: Latin
gustus, -us ' a tasting of food, a partaking slightly or eating a little of any thing, a light dish

at the beginning of a Roman meal, an antepast, whet, relish, taste, flavor', Celtic *gustu-'
choice ' in names Irish Oengus, Fergus, acymr. Ungust, Gurgustan6 in Old Irish guss'
skillfulness, power', Gothic kustus' examination ', Old High German Old Saxon kustm. "
examination, appraisal, choice, excellence ', Old Norse kostr, -ar^ choice, capriciousness,
(good) quality '; derivative of participle "ig^S'/ds/ Latin gusto, -^Ae "taste, eat, drink; relish,
enjoy ' = Old High German Old Saxon /ros/d/7 'taste, try, assay, test ', Old English costian^
try, assay, test, plague'. Old Norse kosta, -ada " assay, try, exert oneself, strive '; previous
noun actionis is *kur/z\n Old English cyrem. " choice, judgement'. Old High German kur/1.
ds. (Modern High German Kur-iurst "prince elector, elector, electoral prince, one of the
princes of the Holy Roman Empire entitled to elect the emperor', Will-ZTJA "capriciousness,
despotism, arbitrariness'), with intersection in neuter Old Norse k0r' choice ', Old English
ge-cor' verdict ', derived Old High German koron' taste, sip; have some experience of;
enjoy, try'.

References: WP. I 568 f., WH. I 628 f.. Feist 312 f.
Page(s): 399-400

Root / lemma: geu- geua- (besides geus^

Meaning: to advance; to hurry

Material: Old \v\6\cjunati^ drive, hurry, set in motion, stir into action as if by fanning;

arouse, instigate 'Javate^ hurries ',yzy/^-/7 "hurrying', y^- "quick, ias\.\jut/^ quickness,

encouragement ',yai///7 "hurrying', yai/a-/7 "hurrying, quick, iast' , jav/stha-h 'the fastest', m.

"haste, hurry, quickness ',Javas-' quickness \Javana-h' driving, animating, inciting ';

Avestan zavah-r\. " power, strength ', zavar- n. "(physical) power, strength ' (esp. of the
feet and the horse), npers. zor' power ', Baluchi zJ/ "quick, fast', Avestan zevTstya " the
hastiest, most fastest, the most conducive ', uzutay-' hurrying out, foaming ';

besides auf Indo Germanic ^'et/a-weisend: Avestan yai/a" hurry '; npers. zJo' "quick,
fast' could belong to Aryan gox z,

perhaps to Old Norse /rey/'a "drive, ride, push, throw, ride';

Serbo-Croatian zuriti se " hurry ', from Trautmann 80 to guriti se " brew ' placed, perhaps
in spite of unclear aniaut here.

References: WP. I 555.
Page(s): 399

Root / lemma: gei- : gT-

Meaning: to sprout

Material: Armenian c//, ciui, ceV stem, stalk', s/7-c/^/ "sprout, germ, sprout';

Gothic keinan, ^s-/re/>75/7 "germinate', us-kijans^ germinated, sprouted '; Old High
German c/7/77a/7 "germinate, split, open'. Old English clhan^break, crack, be open'; Old
High German chTmoxu., asachs. /r/777c»"germ, sprout'; Old English cTd, Old Saxon kTdm.
"germ, sprout, young shoot ', Old High German frumakTdi^ first shoot '; Old Saxon kio. Old
English ceon, cTun^ gills ' (probably *kijan-).

Here probably with a previous form the bursting bud, sprout in general meaning "break,
crack, sich split' Old High German kTI, Modern High German Keil, Middle Low German kTI,
Norwegian kTlem. "wedge' (or this meaning of the sharpness deriving form of the plant
bud? formally from *kT-dla-, compare *kT-Ma-\n:) Old High German k/de/, Modern High
German Dialectal ke/de/m. "wedge'; Old Icelandic A/7/m. " narrow sea bay ' ("*cleft,
fissure'), changing through ablaut Norwegian keilai. "small gully, canal'. Middle Low
German kelrc\. "narrow Meerbucht '; with /Old English cinui. " cleft, col, gap', Danish
Dialectal kin "col, gap'; perhaps Old Middle High German chiT\eeW, Middle High German
/r//m. " onion, bulb of the leek ', Modern High German Kielm. ds. (compare Bavarian
ausk/e/enirom acorn, onion , " germinating the peel, breakthrough skin ');

Latvian ze/ju, z/et' flourish, bloom, appear, come into view ', next to which with d-
extension (probably originally o'-present) Lithuanian zyd{z/Ju zydef/"b\oor(\, blossom',
prazystu, -zydau, -zysti^ blossom ', z/ec/as "bloom, blossom, ring', Latvian ziedu {ziezu),
z/ec/e/ "bloom, blossom'.

References: WP. I 544.
Page(s): 355-356

Root / lemma: ghaiso- (or ghaiso- : gheiso-)

Meaning: stick; dart

Material: Old Indie hesas- n. "projectile' (yet see below ^/7e/-/ "stimulate, invigorate');

gr. xciTo(; m. (?) "shepherd's crook; crosier';

gall. -Latin gaesum, gall.-gr. yaTaov "heavy iron spear, lance' (gall. gaesatT
"mercenaries'); Old Irish ^ae "spear, javelin' {gaide^ lance '); fo-gae. Middle Irish fo-ga
"spear, lance' = cymr. gwayw{see in addition Thurneysen lA. 26, 25, compare also abret.

guu-goiuou' a little sharp point or sting, a weapon used for fighting at a distance; a missile
weapon, missile, as a dart, spear, javelin ', BB. 17, 139), Middle Breton goaff, corn, gew.

Old High German Old Saxon ger. Old English gar. Old Icelandic geirrxu. " throw spear '
{*gaizas)\ Gothic PN Rada-gaisu-s, wand. Gaisa-nk-s.

In addition as -//0/7-derivative Old High German geisila. Modern High German GeiHel
"lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur'. Old Icelandic ^e/s/, geislim. " stick of the
snowshoe runners '; with ablaut (Indo Germanic eR /?) langob. gTsiT arrow shaft ' (but
about Old High German gTsar captive = Burgschaftsgefangener ' see below gheiA^- "lust,
crave'). Old Icelandic ^/s/(7^ "staff.

References: WP. I 528, WH. I 575 f.
Page(s):410

Root / lemma: ghalg(h)-

Meaning: (flexible) twig

Material: Armenian ya//r "twig, branch, horsewhip, stalk, captive' (< *ghalga\ Petersson

Heteroklisie 155 expounded den variation from ^and ghirom a paradigm *gh6lgh,

*ghjgnes)\

Gothic galgaxx\. "picket, pole, cross'. Old Icelandic galgi^ gallows ', Old English gealga.
Old Frisian galga. Old Saxon Old High German galgo^ gallows, cross', in addition further
formations Old Icelandic ge/g/a^t\N\g, branch, shaft, pole, stick' (the oldest kind of the
gallows was a pliable branch in which the criminal would be hanged);

Lithuanian za/gaan6 za/gasm. "long, thin shaft, pole', Latvian za/gai. "long rod, fishing
rod'.

References: WP. I 540, Trautmann 364.
Page(s):411

Root / lemma: gha/-, ghal-ar-

Meaning: flaw, defect

Material: Old Irish galaru. "disease, malady, distress ', cymr. corn, galar^ sorrow,

mourning, grief, affliction, distress, lamentation, a striking or beating accompanied by a

loud noise, a banging, rustling, roaring ';

Old Icelandic gallixw. "blemish, fault, error, damage' (but geallaxr\. " sore-grated place of
the horse ', engl. ga//6s., Middle Low German ga//e^ damaged place'. Middle High
German ga//e' swelling, tumefaction of the horse, damaged place in the rock ', Modern
High German ^a//e "swelling, lump, growth, flaw in rock, in farmland etc' are with Ga//e
= Ga//-apfe/ borrowed from Latin galla);

Lithuanian za/5 'damage, injury ', zalingas^ wicked, harmful ', Latvian zaiba, zolba
"damage, injury in the body' (or borrowed from Russian? s. Endzelin KZ. 44, 66);

perhaps also kiruss. zolok^ the most painful place of a wound ', russ. nazola
"ruefulness, distress, anger, irritation '.

Pedersen (Hittite 46) compares with Old Irish galarHWWie kal-la-ar{kallar) "evil, bad'.

References: WP. I 540, WH. I 580.
Page(s):411

Root / lemma: ghan-s-

Meaning: goose

Note:

Root/ lemma: ghan-s-: goose' derived from Root/ lemma: ghagha, gheghe, ghighi: "to

cackle (of geese)'.

Material: Old Indie hatfisa-h m., hatfisTi. "goose, swan'; soghd. zy"sorte d'oiseau';

Latin anser, mostly m. "goose ' (originally *hanser, to stem formation compare Slavic
*zansera- {*gansera-) 'gander' in Old Czech huser, polab. gunsgarr, etc.);

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

gr. xnv, -oc„ m. f., Doric Boeotian xciv "goose ' from *xav(;, xavaoq (here, as in Germanic
and in Lithuanian Gen. PI. z^sQ, still the old conservative inflection);

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*he-nos) /'osa"duck ' common alb. n/r rhotacism; also gn- > n-
italic-illyrian.

Old Irish ge/ss's\Nar\' {*gansT= Old Indie hamsT, not reshaped from a conservative
stem);

Old High German gans {f-stem has changed), Old English gds{P\. gesirom *gans-iz =
gr. xnvsc;). O'd Icelandic gas{P\.g3es) "goose ' (from Old English ^ds derives Middle Irish
goss);

Lithuanian zqsisi. "goose ' (Akk. zqsi= gr. XHva, Gen. PI. conservative zqsQ, dial, also
Nom. PI. z$ses), Latvian zuoss. Old Prussian sansy6s.\

Slavic *ggsb (with probably auf Germanic influence based ^instead of ^ in russ. gust,
sloven, gos, poln. ^^s'goose ';

Specht Dekl. 204 will also Lithuanian gen-s-e, gen-z-ei. " egret, heron ' here place.

Old English gan(d)ra^ gander ' (engl. gander). Middle Low German ganreds. is applied
as Mask.-formation of stem *gan- after kind of from Old High German kat-aro' tomcat,
male-cat'; if ein *ganezan- the basic lies, stand Swiss gann, ganner' appellation from
aquanauts ' as *ganza-\N\t\r\ it in Suffix ablaut, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-).

Besides certainly of the abbreviated stem ^/7a/7- (wherefore ghan-{e]s- as Indo
Germanic *men-dt-: * men-{e]s- " month ') on the exterior formation with -d-: Germanic
(zuerst by Plin.) ganta "a kind of goose ' (out of it prov. gante "wild goose, stork '; the
meaning " stork ' shows also Lithuanian gandras. Old Prussian gandarus, from Germanic
*gan[d]ro). Old English ganot'a wild water bird, e.g. a coot ', Old High German ganazzo'
gander ', also ganzo. Middle Low German gante diS. (A derivative therefrom with similar
meaning as Tirol ganzen^ flirt ', gansern' act as a goose', also " wish, adore cravingly ',
siebenbiJrg. goaseln^ philander, flirt ' is nisi, ganta^ philander, flirt ', ganti^ an idler, loafer,
man about town, a city buffoon, droll, jester, clown, pantaloon, parasite ', Swedish mdart.
gant, Danish gante^ dandy, fop, man excessively concerned with his clothes and
appearance ', wherefore as fem. Norwegian gjente ' g\r\' .)

Maybe alb. goce'g\r\'

There Indo Germanic ghan-s-, -(9)d-mt\\ gr. xavsTv (see ghan-) and generally with the
family 2. ghe- " yawn ' zusammenhangt, also from dem heisern Anfauchen of animals by
open bill, beak, neb den Namen hat, is um so glaublicher, as also ghe- " yawn ' originally
identical Ausatmen beim Gahnen identified hat. A similar Lautnachahmung (partly also
base from Wasservogelnamen) see below gha gha-.

References: WP. I 536, WH. I 52, 583, Trautmann 365 f., Specht Dekl. 47, 204.
Page(s):412

Root / lemma: ghan-

Meaning: to yawn

Material: Gr. horn, sxavov Aor. (actually Imperf. to *xa-vc(-pi, *xa-vu)), Ksxnva Perf. (Doric

KExcivavTi) " yawn, gape' (thereafter later present xaivu)), to yflyoo, "yawn", by comedian

also "mouth", axavr|(; (a- copulativum) 'wide open, enlarged', etc.; besides xavOw,

Xavuaau) "speak with open mouth' Hes.;

different about gr. axavn(; Specht Dekl. 282 f., the in a- sees the aniaut of the root;
about xciv-56v " with mouth wide open, greedily ' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 626;

Old Icelandic gann. " yawn ' (probably = to xavoq), Norwegian Swedish ^aA7 "gullet, jaw
', also "gill, head and entrails of small fish '; Old Icelandic gana " gape, stare with an open
mouth, lust, crave, glotzen', g0n/r' mocker '. Also the name of the goose, Indo Germanic
ghan-s-, ghan-[9]d-, is placeed here, see there.

References: WP. I 534, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 149 f.
Page(s):411

Root / lemma: ghasto-1, ghazH^o-

Meaning: twig; pole

Root/ lemma: ghasto-1, ghazH^o-'. (twig; pole) derived from Root/ lemma: aR-, oR-, {aR-

sti-)\ (sharp; stone)

Material: Latin hasta^ shaft, pole, staff, spear, javelin, spear, lance', Umbrian hostatu,

anostatu^ armed with a spear' (onot satisfactorily expounded). Middle Irish gass^ lap,

scion, shoot, rod ' (< *ghasto-)\ besides *(g/7azdh- in Middle Irish gat^ withe'. Middle Irish

tris-gataim^ drill through, pierce '; perhaps in addition Old Irish gataid^ steal, rob ' as "

prick, stab with a sharp object '? (Thurneysen KZ. 63, 11 4^);

maybe alb. full grade heshta^spear' is older than Latin hasta^spear'

Gothic ^5zo(sm. "sting, prick'. Old Icelandic ^ao'b'/'"sting, prick, cusp, peak'. Old Saxon
f/urgard' poker, tool used to arrange hot coals ', Old High German gartrw. " stimulus '; in
addition withya-derivative Old English gierdi. "rod', afr. ierde^ horsewhip, measuring rod ',
Old Saxon ^e/'o'/a "horsewhip, rod, staff, ray'. Old High German gartia, gert/a'ro6, scepter'.

References: WP. I 541, WH. I 636, 869.

Perhaps identical with:

Page(s): 412-413

Root / lemma: ghasto-2

Meaning: hand, arm

See also: s. more properly under ghesto-2.

Page(s):413

Root / lemma: ghau- ghaua-

Meaning: to call, *priestess, *goddess

Alb. shows that Root/ lemma: ghuen-: "to sound' derived from Root/ lemma: ghau-,

ghaua-: "to call'

Material: Old Indie havate^ call, shout, send for, call out to, summon ' (other phrase

formations in hvayati, huve, homa, juhumasi). Pass. hOyate, participle hOta- " loaded,

charged, filled with emotion, called', havftave \ni\n., havlman-n. "appeal, request, plea;

prayer', hava-vn. n., havas-, havana-n. 6s., homann. " caller of the price ', hvatar-^ caller

Avestan zavaitr calls, shouts, curses' (besides the present zbayeiti, zaozaomi),
participle zuta- " call ', zavana-u. "shout, call, appeal, request, plea; prayer', zavan^shovX,
call', zbafar-m. " shouter, caller'; [common alb. Romanian Iranian -v- > -b-].

Maybe Albanian zana^ nymph ', alb. geg {*gha-) za, zan/\o\ce, call'

Lithuanian Z5i/e//" conjure, perform magic', Latvian zavetds., actually " somebody to
curse something ' (compare Avestan zava/t/" enchanted, spellbound, bewitched ');

Old Church Slavic zovg, zbvaf/^caW, shout, cry', Serbo-Croatian zovem, zvat/'caW,
shout, cry'. Old Czech zovu, zvati, russ. zovu, zvatb ds.; in addition sloven, zovm. "shout,
call (whether not noun post-verbal, = Old Indie hava-h, m. "shout, call').

Am\er\\an Jaunem ' consecrate, sanctify, bless; ordain', n-zovk" curse ';

gr. KQuxaopai " praise, oneself, boast, brag' ( *ghaughau-, compare Avestan zaozaomi),
from which back formation Kauxn f. " boastfulness ';

maybe gemination alb. {*ghaughau-) ^e^e "northern alb. people.

Old Irish guth m. "voice' ( *gutu-s); in addition gall, gutuatername a class of priests,
probably from *ghufu-pdter lather (that is to say master) of calls (a god)'. Loth, RC 15, 224
ff., 28, 1 1 9 ff.. Rev. Archeol. 1 925, 221 ;

Here probably (as *ghu-t6-m "angerufenes creature '):

Germanic *guda-n. "god' (compare Old Indie yC»^m-/7j/a-/7 "loud call', ved. epithet of
Indras) in Gothic guf^m. "god' (the originally neutral form still in PI. ^^o'aand in galiuga-
gul=>^ idol '), Old Icelandic god, gudu. " heathenish god'; gudm. "( Christian) god', Old
English engl. Old Frisian asachs . godds., Old High German gotds.;

therefrom derived Old High German gutin{na), mnl. godinne. Old English gyden
"goddess'; Gothic ^^q^am. "(originally heathenish) priest'. Old Icelandic ^od/m. "
heathenish priest' (Proto Norse gudija), gydjai. "priestess'; Middle High German gating
"priest';

previous Christian formations are Old High German *gotfater, gotmuoter. Old English
godfaeder. Old Norse gudfader, gudmoder' godfather, godmother ', in addition of the
name indicating fondness also Swedish gubbe^ graybeard', gumma^ hag ', Old High
German *goto, gota. Middle High German gd1{t)e, goi{t)e^ godfather, godmother'.

References: WP. I 529 f., Trautmann 367; ausfiJhrl. Lithuanian by Feist 227 f.
Page(s): 413-414

Root / lemma: ghag^'h-

Meaning: young of an animal or bird

Material: Npers. zac/ "young animal, esp. young chicken ' (c/ Arabic spelling for fj\

[Armenian ya^ "the young of an animal, esp. a bird, nestling, chick' is pers. loanword];

alb. zok, zogu'bkd, young bird, the young of the donkey'.

References: WP. I 531.
Page(s): 409

Root / lemma: g(h)egh-

Meaning: ferret

Material: Old lndicya/7a/ra "polecat' (or "hedgehog'?), Lithuanian ses/ras "polecat'

(originated through double assimilation iroxr\*zezkas)\ compare Lithuanian os/ra "goaf

compared with Old Indie ajika ds.

References: WP. I 570, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 630; different Miihlenbach-Endzelin III 820.

Page(s): 424

Root / lemma: ghei-1, ghei-

Meaning: to drive; to throw; to wound

Note: from the meaning 'projectile' or at most verbal 'whereupon toss, fling, meet' could

have derived ' wound, hurt ' (group B) (root form ghei-s-).

Material: A. ghei- 'antreiben':

Old Indie hinoti, /7//7Ka// (participle hayant-) 'set in motion, motivate, energize, stimulate,
hurl, sling, fling', participle hita-h; heman-v\. ' eagerness '; he'tf-hm. 'projectile' (compare
Germanic *gaida)\

Avestan zaen'h ' astir, keen, eager', zaeman- ' active, awake', n. 'wakefulness, agility,
liveliness, lively being, aroused being ', zaenahvant- {irovc\ a *zaenah- n.) 'waking,
watchful, wakeful'; zaena- m. 'weapon', zaya- m. '(*weapon), tool, piece of armament,
weapons ', zayan- 'armed'.

Also Old Indie /7aya-/7 'steed' = Armenian y/; Gen.y/byds. here as ' the living, the
energetic '?;

langob. gaidai. 'spear, javelin'. Old English gadi. 'sting, prick, cusp, peak, stick ', PN
Old High German Gaido; in addition Old Icelandic geddai. ' pike ' < geidida, compare
lapp. ka/to ds.;

Gothic langob. ga/n- 'weapon' in PN {Gainhard, Gainwald), Old English gaen- in PN;

Gothic *ga/7s{r\. 'spear, javelin' in PN Gel-mTrus, Old English Gal-frid, Old High German
Geil-muot.

B. gheis- ' wound, hurt ':

Old Indie hesas- n. 'projectile' (but it could also be Indo Germanic *ghaiso-s, see there);
in addition probably /7/s5// (previously nachved. hinasti) ' hurt, harm, injure ';

Old Irish goite^ a wounding, wound ', Middle Irish gaetas^ strike down, knock down, cut
down, cut off, kill, slay ' {*ghoizd-)\

Lithuanian zeidziu, zeidziali, zeTsti^ wound, hurt ', za/zo'a 'wound'. The same d-
extension by gheis : gheizd- ' angry, furious '.

References: WP. I 546, Pokorny Urillyrier 64, Holthausen Gothic etym. Wb. 34.
See also: compare still gheis-, gheizd-^ be angry, furious ', as well as ghaiso-
Page(s): 424-425

Root / lemma: ghei-2. ghi-

Meaning: winter; snow

Note: after Specht Dekl. 14, 330 f. older -men-siem, with already Indo Germanic change

of mn to m.

Material: A. ghei-men-, *gheimn-

The /"-extension is analogical after *5e/77e/'c»- "summery'.

Old Indie heman (Lok.) "in winter', hemanta-hm. "winter' (: Hittite gimmanza 6s.)\

Latin hiems, -is "winter';

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

gr. X£^MC( n. "winter, winter storm, coldness', xs'Mwv m. " winter storm, winter weather,
winter' (in addition also x£i|Japo<; " spigot ', it would be pulled out if the ship was brought in
the land);

alb. Geg dimenm., Tosc dimer{e) "winter' (older Akk. *ghei-men-om)\

alb. Tosc dimer{e) "winter' = Armenian Ailhn o!z/77e/ "winter' = gr. xsTpa n. "winter'.

Also alb. Geg (*x£iMapo(;) dzbore, Tosc debore^ snow ' = Armenian {*dzemon) AjhlG
dzyoun " snow ' = gr. xiwv chion " snow '.

alb. (*x£iMapoc;) debore, dzbore, bdore, vdore^suoW [shift -m- > -mb- > -it*- like Latin
hibemus ( < *gheimrinos) "cold'].

Balto Slavic * zeima {irom *zeimna) in Lithuanian ziema, Latvian zima. Old Prussian
se/77c» "winter' and Old Church Slavic zima. Gen. zimy, russ. zima, Bulgarian zfma, Serbo-
Croatian zfma, sloven, zfma, Czech zima, poln. zima 'mnter'.

Hittite gi-im-ma-an-za '\N\nter' see above.

In addition ghe/m{eJr/nos and giieiminos ^mntery' .

In gr. xsiM^P'voc;, Latin iiibemus{< *giieimrinos), Lithuanian zieminis. Old Church Slavic
zimbp-b, russ. zfmnij, Serbo-Croatian zfmnf, Czech zimnf {Czech zimny ^co\d'), poln. zimny
"cold, wintery' (compare with ablaut, /in the root syllable Armenian y/77e/77 "winter').

To *ghei- allein: Avestan zayan-, zaen-m. "winter', npers. dar, Avestan zaya/7a- "wintery'
and with Vrddhierung Old Indie hayana- 'annua\, yearly', hayana-m. n. 'year' (rhyme
meaning to Avestan hamana^ summery').

Note:

Gr. zvoq "year' : Latin annus'year' {*atnos) "year' : Old Indie hayana-^year\)/\ hayana-m.
n. year' prove that Root / lemma: en-2\ year' : Root/ lemma: at-, *atno- : "to go; year' :
Root/ lemma: uet-\ "year' [prothetic jt/- before bare initial vowels] derived from Root/
lemma: ghei-2, ghi-, ghei-men-, *gheimn- : "winter; snow'

B. ghiom, ghijom, Gen. ghiemos, ghimos, also ghiomos (m from *mrR).

Avestan zyai. "winter' (Akk. zya^^m. Gen. zimo);

Armenian y/^/7 "snow' (< *ghiidni). Gen. Jean {< gh/fin-, s. Meillet Esquisse 45);

gr. xiwv (*xiwm). X'Ovo(; "snow';

Ligurian mons Berigiema ( schneetragend '), with a reshaped ending;

Middle Irish gem-adaig " winter night ' {gam "winter' is reshaped after sam "summer',
compare Thurneysen KZ. 59, 2, 8; 61, 253); acymr. gaem, ncymr. gauaf, acorn, goyf, bret.
goanv, gall, winter month Giamonpos], Eigenname Giamillus, other formations Middle Irish
gem-radn., mcymr. gaeaf-rawd^\N\nter' {*gh//emo-rdto-, to re/'-" run'); also Irish gamu/n'
one year-old calf ';

Old Icelandic go/t and g^t, goi-manadr^ the month from middle of February till the
middle of March ', isl. goa, under f., Norwegian gj0i., Swedish gojemanad (go- < gio- after
Bugge Ark. f. nord. Fil. 4, 123 ff.).

doubtably the apposition from Old Norse gamairo\6', gemlingr^one year old sheep'. Old
English gamo/^o\6', gamelian^ grow old ', Old Saxon gigamalod^ a<^e^\ Old High German
only in proper name as Gamalbold, Gamalberht, Gamalberga eic. as "aged', compare
Latin annosus.

C. ghimo- {irom ghi-mn-o-?).

Old Indie hima-hm. "coldness, frost, snow', hfmai. "winter', Avestan zamaka-m. "
winter storm ' (compare den Gen. from zya: z//77d under B.);

gr. 6uaxi|J0(; 'wintery, stormy', 6 xiMCipo<; "he-goaf, n xiMapc"^ the one-year-old (nanny
goat)', xiMQipa 'goat'

Maybe alb. geg {*ghein-) dhej, tosk dhiP\. dhen^ goat ' [common alb. gh- > dh\

Latin bTmus{< *bihimos), tnmus, quadnmus^ two years old or lasting two years ' (compare
ved. 5a/a-/7//77a- "hundred-year-old'), Norwegian dial, gimber, Swedish dial, gimber, Danish
gimmerlam " female lamb', dial, but " one-year-old lamb' (Pedersen KZ. 32, 248), andfrk.
(Lex Salica) ingimusl " porous anniculus '. The forms with y. Old Icelandic gymbr^ov\e-
year-old sow', Norwegian gymber, Swedish ^y/77/77e/'"lamb' are based probably on
influence of not related - by the way, uninterpreted - Old Icelandic gymbill, PN Gumbull,
Old Swedish gummerlamb "aries, ram', isl. gummarr, Norwegian gumse, Swedish gumse
"aries, ram', see Hellquist SvEO. 210.

References: WP. 1 546 ff., WH. I 106, 645 f., Trautmann 367, Specht KZ. 53, 307 f.
Page(s): 425-426

Root / lemma: ghe/-1 {and ghe/-7), also as A, u-or /7-stem; ghela-: ghle-, ghlo-. ghla-

{*ghwet-)

Meaning: to shine; green, gold, blue, yellow, moon

Note:

Root / lemma: ghe/-1 {and ghe/-7), also as /-, u- or /7-stem; ghela- : ghle-, ghlo- : ghle- : to

shine; green, gold, blue, *sun; derived from Root/ lemma: gel-, gela-, gle-, (also *gelel-.)

g(e)lal-\ light, to shine; to be joyful.

Material: In view of the frequent cases, where Indo Germanic palatals in Balto-Slavic are

represented by velar, instead of through a concurrence of gel-, ghel- and ghel- agreeable

with Persson (Beitr. 790) and Kretschmer (Gl. 21 , 115) the Balto-Slavic *gel- is defined

through borrowing from a Centum language (Venetic-lllyrian?).

Note:

The enxtended root {*ghwel-)-nta, -na, -/aformants follow the model of lllyrian - Anatolian

attribute nouns, adjectives, (see alb. numbers).

Old Indie har'h "blond, yellow, golden, green yellow, pale', harina-h^ gazelle ', harit- "
dun-colored, light grayish brown ', harita- ^yeWow, green', hfranya-n. "gold, medium of
trade', hiranyaya-^ Qo\den'; about hataka-n. "gold' s. Kuiper Proto-Munda 30; in addition
being based on velar root Old Indie gbofa-'horse' as originally "fox'? (Sommer IF. 31 , 364
under A. 3);

the normal development in Latin helvus^ honey-yellow, golden ' {*gheluos) = gallo- Latin
g/7vus'\\g\r\t yellow' (with dial, /from gall. *gelvos)\

in addition Latin {h)olus, -e/75(from *holos, *heleris) n., dial, folus, old helus, helusa^
herbage, vegetables, cabbage ';

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

Avestan zari- 'yellow, yellowish, golden ', zaMa- "yellow, paled-yellow ', zaranya-. Old
pers. daraniya-u. 'gold', zaranaena Irom gold, golden', zara- m. 'gall' (= gr. xoAn), named
after the color as gr. xoAoc;, Latin fe/, [common Latin ghw- > ph- > A], Old Norse ga// ust;
with velar root aniaut gsrado-karata-^ cutting out the gall '? (see Bartholomae Altiran. Wb.
523 with Lithuanian);

Note:

From Root / lemma: ghel-1 (and ghel-1), also as /-, u-or /7-stem; ghela- : ghle-, ghlo- :
ghla-\ 'to shine; green, gold, blue, *sun' derived Root/ lemma: d^e/-/, d^o/o-: 'curve;
hollow'. Root/ lemma: 6^61-2: 'light, shining'. Root/ lemma: 6}^el-3\ 'to tremble' [common
alb.-lllyrian gh- > o'-].

thrak. ^n^Ta 'gold' (?), Phrygian ^sAkiq Aaxava Hes.; Phrygian YAoup6(; xpua6(; and
yAoupsa xpuoea Hes. (borrowed from gr. xAu)p6(;??);

alb. dhelpere, dhelpne, dhelbun(e) 'fox', actually 'the yellow one' (see Jokl Linguist,
kulturhist. Stud. 297 ff.);

Wrong etymology:

Alb. alb. dhelpere, dhelpne, dh e l buna 'fox' derived from the transposition of Griko
Salentino li pun eddha; ali puna 'fox', from earlier Greek Greek aAgnou 'fox'.

gr. xbkoQ, 'gall, rage, fury', xoAr) 'gall, rage, fury', xoA-£pa ' stomach disease ', xAwpoq '
pale green, green yellow, fresh, strong' (:Old Icelandic ^/oa' radiance ');

Latin fel, fellis{*fel-n-is) n. 'gall' (older /7-stem as Old High German galla), /probably
dialect; WH. I 474, EM2 342 would be placed to /e/and Lithuanian gelfas 'yeWow' etc. (see
below) a root *g"'hel- {77);

Note:

Latin fel, fellis {*fe/-n-/s) n. 'gall' derived from root *del because of common Latin d- > f-.

here also Latin ga/bus' xanthous bird', galbinus " green yellow ', whether Celtic or
lllyrian loanword {*ghe/-b^o-or *gho/-b^o-, further to Lithuanian gulbissee below);

Maybe alb. {*gelben) gjelber' green ' < Rom. galben^ green ' < galbinus^ green yellow '.

Old Irish ^©/"luminous, white', nir. gealachi. 'moon'; cymr. ge//'ye\\o\N', bret. ge//
'brown' {*ghel-no)\

in addition *ghl9-\v\ Irish cymr. corn. bret. g/an 'pure, clean', Celtic FIN Glanis, Glana,
Irish glain 'glass, crystal' ( *ghlani-), cymr. glain 'gemstone, jewel' ( *ghlanio-);

also in isl. glana' clear up ', glan' radiance ', Norwegian dial. ^/aA7a "shimmer, gleam,
shine, clear up ', Swedish dial. glana's\\\v\e weakly, stare, peek', asach. FIN (S/a/7a (further
see below den s-extensions).

Old Icelandic gallu. 'gall, poison ' ( *galldn-, Indo Germanic *ghol-n-). Old English gealla
m.. Old Saxon galla, intense f.. Old High German galla, weakf. 'gall';

zero grade Old Icelandic gu/r'yeWow', besides full grade Old English geolo. Old Saxon
Old High German gelo. Gen. gelwesAs. (< *gelua-)\

Gothic gult^u.. Old Icelandic gull, gollu.. Old English Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High
German goldu. 'gold';

Ablaut grade *ghle- in Old Icelandic glamr' moon', glamsynr optic deception, illusion ',
Swedish glamlg' gray-yellow in the face, with sunken eyes ', Old Icelandic ^/^/"'bright'
{*glela= Lithuanian z/eya under).

*gh/d-{as in gr. xAwp6<;) appears in Old English glom' twilight, dawn, dusk' (yet o
before m\s ambiguous). Old Saxon glolan. Old High German gluoen'burv\\ gluhen'shme
', Old Icelandic ^/od 'blaze, glow, glowing coal'. Old English gisedt 'blaze, glow, flame,
glowing coal, coal'. Old Frisian gled'b\aze, glow'. Old High German gluot'b\aze, glow,
glowing coals'; Old Icelandic -^/oAn. ' radiance ' (: xAwp6(;), Old Icelandic ^/d/a 'sparkle,
glitter'; s. also under S. 433 ghlou-,

Lithuanian zeliu, zeliau, zeiti, Latvian zelu, zelt'be green'; ablaut. Lithuanian zailas,
Latvian zal's. Old Prussian sallgan' green', Lithuanian zole, Latvian zaiei. 'grass, herb'.
Old Prussian sal/nAkk. 'herb', Lithuanian zaias'red' (from cattle); Lithuanian z/las'gray',
Latvian z//s'blue', Lithuanian zelvas' greenish ', Latvian ze//5 (previous Neutr.) 'gold'.

East Lithuanian ze7tas'go\6en'; Litliuanian z/eja' twiiiglit, liaif darkness, dusl< ' {*gh/e/a),
Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 364 f., 368, 372; Lithuanian /^/z/s"gall', through Metath. from *zu/t/s,
Latvian zu/ts6s. {*ghlt-)\ to i/-stem in Lithuanian zalvas, zelvas{= Latin helvus) "green',
zaliuke^ green frog', etc. s. Specht Dekl. 120;

Old Church Slavic zelen-b 'green', Serbo-Croatian zelen, Czech zeleny, russ. zelenyj,
poln. z/e/ony6s. (compare Old Indie h/ranya-^go\6'; in addition Old Church Slavic ze///en.
" vegetables ', russ. ze/je'\r\erb, medicinal herbs ', Serbo-Croatian ze/je' herbage ', Czech
ze//n. "herb, cabbage');

in addition also russ. zofa'asW, Bulgarian zo/a'Holzasche, out of it cooked lye'; Old
Church Slavic z/akb "herb', russ. z/a/r'grass', Bulgarian z/akove' grasses, herbs ';

Slavic *zo/to'\n Old Church Slavic z/a/c»"gold', russ. zofoto, Serbo-Croatian z/ato, Czech
z/ato, poln. z/o/ods.,

besides Slavic *zo/tb "golden' in russ. zofotoj, sloven, z/at, Czech z/aty poln. z/oty
"golden';

Old Church Slavic z/bcb "gall' (*ghl-ki-s)\ Bulgarian z/bJAa "chicory' (zin folk etymology
connection with zelenb etc.?); compare under Old Church Slavic zibtb ds. with velar
aniaut.

Besides aniautendes Balto-Slavic g- in:

Balto Slavic *gelta- and *gilta- "yellow' in: Lithuanian geltas 'yeWow' (therefrom gelsvas
"yellowish');

Latvian dz^/ts yeWow' , dzeltet^ become yellow '; therefrom derived Old Prussian
*ge/taynan {Hs. gelatynan); Lithuanian geltonas, Latvian dze/ta/ns an6 dzeltans^yeWow';
Serb.- Church Slavic zIbtb, Serbo-Croatian zut{i. zuta); Czech zlut'y russ. z6H{i. zeHa);

in addition Old Church Slavic zIbtb, zibcb "gall', russ. zolcb, Bulgarian zlbcka6s. and
"chicory', Serbo-Croatian zuc, Czech zluc, poln. zd/c'ds.; compare above with palatal,
aniaut Old Church Slavic zIbCb ds.;

besides the /-suffix in Farbadjektiv in /7-suffix in animal names Balto-Slavic *gilna-\. "
woodpecker ' in Lithuanian gilna " fieldfare ', Latvian dzilna " woodpecker '; Slavic *zblna in
russ.- Church Slavic zibna, Serbo-Croatian dial, zina " black woodpecker ', poln. zd//75 "
woodpecker ', russ. zeina^ black woodpecker ';

with other suffix Czech zluvai. " oriole, songbird ' (from Slavic zblvsr, compare in
addition above Latin he/vusan6 with palatal, aniaut Lithuanian zelvas^ greenish ', in
addition zaivei. " panicle, loose cluster of flowers ', zelvysm. " green stem');

here probably also (compare but ohen S. 428 under ^eA) Old Prussian gulbis,
Lithuanian gulbis m. ( *gob^jo-) gulbei., Latvian gulbis "swan' and ' white cow' (hence not
to ghel- 'call, shout, cry');

further with unexplained k-:

Slavic *k-blpb, *k-blp-b\x\ Upper Serbian kolp, Kashubian k61p6s., russ. kolpikm. "
spoonbill, large wading bird with a long bill with a broad flat tip ';

in addition further russ. goluboj. Old Prussian golimban ^b\ue', Lithuanian gelumbei.
"blue kerchief, cloth'. Old Bulgarian golgbb "dove', Serbo-Croatian gdlubxu. ds., Czech
holub ds., etc.; to this formation compare Latin columba, palumbesds.;

Root extensions with Dental:

ghlad-\v\ Old English giseterian^ become bright, begin to shine, derive lustre ', participle
" yellow '; Middle Low German glate. Middle High German glazm. " baldness '.

gh/enc{h)- "gleam, see, show, glance, look' in:

Old Irish as-glelnn'\r\e guides ', in-glennat' trace out, find out, discover, investigate,
search into ', fo-gliunn'\ learn', bret. goulennlong, want'; Old Irish do-gliunnl collect '
(verbal noun dfglaimm), bret. dilenn^ choose, select, pick ', gallorom. glennare^ Ahren
essen ' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), {glenn-< *glendn-s.
Pedersen KGr. I 157, II 539), ^/ese "gleaming' {<*glendtio-)\ bret. glein'c\ear, bright'
{*glandio-, Indo Germanic * ghln6!"Jo)\

Norwegian dial. glefta^peeW, gleft'c\ear Fleck am sky, heaven', Swedish dial, glanta'
gleam out, slightly opened ', Middle High German ^//>7ze/7 "shimmer, gleam'. Old High
German Middle High German ^/5/7z "gleaming'. Middle High German glanz, glunz'
radiance ', Old High German Middle High German ^/e/7ze/7 "gleam'; Swedish gllndra' glint,
glitter ', Middle High German ^/a/7o'e/'"gleaming, glimmering ', glanderm. n. " radiance,
shimmer '; compare with other meaning under ghlend(h)-,

Balto Slavic *glendid look, see' (with aniaut. Velar) in:

Latvian (Curonian) glendi' search, seek';

Slavic *gl§djQ, *gl§detr\n:

russ. gljadetb 'see, show, glance, look', Serbo-Croatian gledfm, Czech hiedfm, hiedeti
ds. and as originally iterative Old Church Slavic glgdati^ look at, see ', Bulgarian gledam,
Serbo-Croatian gledam, gledati. Old Czech hiadati, poln. glqdac^see, show' (Trautmann
92 f).

Here ghlad!^-, ^^/sd^- "gleaming, smooth '?

Latin glaber^ smooth, hairless, naked, bald, bleak' {*ghl9(i!"-ro-)\

Old Icelandic gladr^ smooth, gleaming, blithe, glad', gledia, glada^ cheer, entertain ',
Old English ^/ceo' 'gleaming, glimmering, blithe, glad, joyful, gratifying, pleasant', gladian
'gleam, shimmer, make shine, caress, comfort, cheer'. Old Frisian gled^ smooth ', Old
Saxon gladmdd{= Old English glsedmod) ' cheerful ', Old High German ^/a/'gleaming'.
Middle High German ^/a/ 'gleaming, smooth '; with intensive gemination Middle High
German glatz^ bald head, baldness ' (compare Middle High German glitze ' radiance; bald
head ');

Lithuanian glodus, glodnas^ smooth, appurtenant; (about clothing) slinky, tight, form-
fitting; adjacent, near, adjoining; enclosed, gentle', glodziu, ^/ds// "polish, smooth', Latvian
glastu, glasttC caress'. Old Prussian ^/os/o 'whetstone';

Old Church Slavic gladi^-ki^ ' smooth, even ', russ. g+adkij^ smooth ', Bulgarian gladi^ki,
' smooth, polished', Serbo-Croatian gladak, Czech hiadky, poln. giadki' smooth, beautiful,
cute '; causative russ. giaditb 'smooth, iron, caress', Bulgarian gladja, Serbo-Croatian
gladiti, Czech hiaditi, poln. gladzicAs. (Trautmann 91).

Maybe alb. per-kedhel: Slovenian gladiti, po-gladiti : Albanian Kosovo gedhe/' caress',
truncated alb. dhele^ caress ' : Rom. gudura^ caress' : magj. gede/' caress'.

further with nasal infix gh/end{hj- gWde, slide' in ndd. g/andern' sled, travel by sled,
slide, skate, skid ', g/ander' floe, floating mass of ice' (perhaps also Old English glendrian,
glentrian^ consume, plunge down, fall' as 'glide, let slide '); Norwegian gletta, Swedish
mda. g//nta'g\'\de, slide' (compare above g/etta' peek');

Lithuanian galandu, gal^sti^ sharpen, carve, cut ', Latvian ^aA/Od/s 'whetstone'. Old
Prussian glandinV comfort ', glands' consolation ' (compare to meaning above Old
English gladian' caress, comfort '; compare above ghlend{h)- 'gleam');

about Lithuanian glembu, glebtr become smooth, soft ' see below gel-^ clench '.

Maybe alb. glemb^ sharp thorn (smooth, sharp) ' : Old Prussian ^/os/o "whetstone'.

s- and sAextensions:

Irish ^/ass "green, gray, blue', cymr. ^/a5"blue', bret. ^/az"green', gall, glastumn. 1. "
woad, type of plant, Isatis tinctoria. Asp of Jerusalem', 2. " blueberry ' (M.-L. 3779b); with
plain -s- gallorom. *glasina^ blueberry ' (M.-L. 3779a); to Irish glasssKxW Old Irish glaisst
"river'. Middle Irish glaisTn " woad, type of plant', mcorn. glesin " vermilion or a color like
vermilion ', in addition

Middle High German glast^ radiance ', g/anstds., g/anster^ spark', g/asten ' g\eam' ,
ablaut, glosten, glusten,

Latin-Germanic glesum " amber ' = Old English giserm. " amber, resin ', Old High
German glas^ amber ', Old Icelandic glaesa^ make gleaming, decorate, furbelow,
embellish, ornament', ablaut. Norwegian dial, ^/osa "sparkle, glitter, gleam, shine, glance,
look'. Old Icelandic ^/0's/-//g/'"gleaming'; Old Icelandic ^/eAn. "glass'. Old English with s.
gigesu. "glass'. Old Frisian gles. Old Saxon glas, g/esn. "glass'. Old High German g/as
"glass'; Old Saxon glaso^ grey horse ', Middle English ^/aAe/? "gleam'. Middle Low German
glaren^Q\earc\, glow'.

ghlei-\\es before in gr. (poet.) xAiw " become warm or soft, indulge oneself, live
lusciously ', x^iaivoi) " make warm, soften ', xAiapoq "warm, lukewarm';

Irish gle, cymr. ^/c»eM/"gleaming, clear, bright' (< *ghlei-uo), gledd {*ghlii§) " green lawn',
Middle Irish gleinech' c\Qax , bright', mcymr. try-lwyn^vevj distinct';

Old Norse glja^ glint, glitter'. Old Frisian g//a'g\o\N', Old English glaem^ radiance ', Old
Saxon gITmo " radiance ', Old High German gITmo, gleimo " firefly ', Middle High German
^//777e/7 "gleam, shine, gleam', g//mmen^g\o\N, gleam', Norwegian dial. ^//77a "gleam, stare',
Swedish g//na' smile ', g/ena^g\earc\, shine, clear up, laugh '.

gh/e/d-:

Gr. xAi5r| " softness, luxuriance, richness ', x^iSav " mushy, softish, delicate,
mollycoddle, be luscious ';

Gothic g//tmunjan 'g\eam', Old Icelandic g//ta, g//tra' glint, glitter ': full grade Old Saxon
g/rtan' shine ', Old High German g//zzan ' g\ea{r\' , g//fzen \ntensWe in addition. Old

Icelandic ^///n., Old High German glfz^ radiance, lightning', glizemo6s., Old English
glitenian. Old High German ^//z//70/7 "shimmer'.

Here probably also ^/7/exJh- 'glide, slide':

Old English glTdan^ slide, fall', glidder^ slippery ', Old Frisian ^//i/a "glide, slide'. Old
Saxon glTdan^ labi ', Old High German ^//?5/7 "glide, slide'; Old English a-^/^o'a/? "glide,
make slide ', asach. bi-gledian^s.. Old Icelandic gleidr^ with spreaded legs '.

About Lithuanian glitus " smooth ' see below glei- by gel- " clench '.

ghleis-:

Gall. gITso-margai. " bright marl ', gallorom. *glTso-, older *ig/e5C»-(lndo Germanic *ghlei-
S-0-); compare cymr. ^/ttys "beautiful', abret. g/o/s, g/oes ds. {*ghlei-st-d)\ Old Icelandic
glissa^ laugh scornfully ', Old English gITsian, glisnian^Q\eaxr\, shine'. Old Frisian glisia
"shimmer, blink'. Middle High German ^//is/e/r? "sparkle, glitter', Norwegian Swedish gITsa
"gleam, shimmer'; nasalized Middle High German g//nsten 'g\earr\', glinster^ radiance '.

gh/eu- and gh/ou-: gh/u- perhaps in gr. xA6(F)o(;, x^ouq " greenish-yellow or light green
colour: hence, pallor ', xA6r| " the first green shoot of plants in spring, young green corn or
grass ', xAo(F)£p6q "green, fresh, strong';

further in Irish gluair{*ghleu-ri-) "clear, bright, pure, clean'; cymr. ^/c»"coar, corn, glow.
Middle Breton glou, abret. g/aou{see Pedersen KGr. I 63).

Gothic g/aggwo' clear ', g/aggwaba' carefully ', Old Icelandic g/gggr, g/0ggr'c\ear,
bright, distinct, painstaking, stingy'. Old English gleaw. Old Saxon glau. Old High German
ndd. glau^ clear-eyed, hawk-eyed, smart'. Old \ce\av\d\c gluggi^ light opening, window'.

(To arrangement of these words with Lithuanian zvelgiu, zi/eTg//" glance, look' compare
Trautmann 374.)

ghl6u-\v\ Old Icelandic g/da'g\o\N, gleam, shine'. Old English g/owan' fulminate ', Old
Icelandic himinglseva " daughter of Agirs and Ran ' (impersonating the surge); -glo- f. "sun',
-gloai. "moon'; s. also above S. 430 under ghlo-

^^/J-; Norwegian dial, glyma^ dim, lookthreatening or sneaky ', Old Swedish gluna^
look askance ', East Frisian glumen^ see and lurk hidden and secretly after something ';
Old Icelandic ^/J/77/'m. "bear'.

In addition 5-(s#-)extensions:

Irish gluss {*ghlustu-) "light, brightness';

Old Icelandic glys^ radiance, frippery', nisi, glosa^ shine'. Middle High German glosen,
g/osten 'g\o\N, gleam', g/oste'b\aze, glow'. Middle Low German g/uren'\urk', engl. to
glower^ look dim, scowl ', steir. gloren^ stare ', Norwegian dial, glyra^ look sideways,
squint, blink'. Old Icelandic ^/>r/7af. 'eye', Norwegian g/dr6s.

ghlud-: Middle English glouten, engl. to glouV stare, look grievingly or sullenly ', to
gloat {< *glotian) " feel or express triumphant and malicious satisfaction at another's
misfortune, exult, look, gaze malicious ', Old Icelandic ^/c»//a" grin ', Middle High German
Modern High German glotzen.

References: WP. I 623 f., 624 ff., WH. I 473 f., 514, 578 f., 600, 607 f., 639, 654, 868,
Trautmann 83 f., 88, 364 f., 368, 372, Persson Beitr. 170 f., 790 ff., 876 f.
Page(s): 429-434

Root / lemma: ghel-2
Meaning: to cut

Material: Old Indie hala- m. n. 'plough' (originally 'bough, twig, branch'?); hudu-, huda-xx\.
'aries, ram' {*gh!du-)\

Armenian yb/ 'picket, pole, stick' etc.,y/e/77' groove, plow';

gr. yaAAoc; 'priest of Cybele, the castrator ' (from Phrygian, whence also Hittite iskalla-^
shred, tear', Iskallis name of Attis?), out of it Latin gallus ds.;

acymr. gylym, mcymr. geleu, ^e/yf' knife, dagger' (Vendryes Et. celt. 4, 60) from *ghel-
mo-= Old English gielm;

Gothic gill=>ai. 'sickle'; Old English gielm m. ' fascicle, sheaf '; Old Icelandic ggltr, gaiti
'boar', gylr, gylta^sow, axe'. Old English g/elteyoung sow'. Middle Low German gelte' a
castrated mother's pig ', Old High German galza, gelzat ' castrated swine'; Old High
German Middle High German gait, Old English g/elde, Old Norse geldr, Old Swedish
galder^ giving no milk, barren, infertile ', Old Icelandic gelda^ castrate '; Swiss galta\so
'not giving milk ', galdvee= ' Jungvieh '.

Lithuanian zuolis^ piece of wood, tree trunk ' {gholi-).

the above equation always doubtful.

References: WP. I 626 f., Petersson Heterokl. 155 f., nVH. I 581.
Page(s): 434

Root / lemma: ghengh-

Meaning: to march, step

Material: Old Indie 75/77/735-11. " footstep, flapping 'Jarjgha^ shank, leg, shin bone ',

Avestan za/7^a/77 'ankle of the foot', -zangra-{\n compounds) ds., zero grade Old Indie

jaghana-m. n. "buttock, pubic region ' : gr. Koxwvn " place between thighs' (assim. from

*Kaxu)va);

Old English -g/hf gait ', Middle High German g/ht' gait, journey' (proto Germanic
*g/nxtf- from gheng-ti-), with gradation o.' Gothic gaggu.. Old Icelandic gangr. Old English
Old High German gang^ gait ' and Germanic *gangjan \ter. (Gothic preterit gagg/da'
walked ', Old English gengan. Middle High German gengen, gancte^ leave; wade in') and
thereafter also *gangan, Gothic gaggan 'go' = Old Icelandic ganga {gekk). Old Saxon
gangan {geng). Old High German gangan {giang). Old English gongan6s., wherefore Old
High German gengi. Old English genge. Old Icelandic gengr^ feasible, able to be carried
out', Gothic framgahts' advance'. Old Icelandic gatV incision in doorposts', gaettT door
frame '; zero grade Old Frisian gunga 'go', Danish gynge, older gunge 'swing';

Lithuanian zengiu, zengti^ march, step, stride, strut ', prazanga' contravention, violation
', zingsnis ' footstep '.

A duplicate Aniaut (through dissimilation?) perhaps in Old Irish cingim ' march, step,
stride, strut' (3. PI. cengait, Perf. cechaing), cymr. rhy-gyngu^ going pass ', Old Irish cing.
Gen. cinged^\Narr\or\ gall. Cingeto-rTx, zero grade proto Celtic *kngsmn\n Old Irish ceimm
{* kenksmen), cymr. corn, cam, bret. camm^ footstep ' {*kanksman).

An other variant *ghenk-\s (under d/r^-s 'quick, fast') for Old High German ^5/7/ "rash,
hasty, sudden' take into consideration.

References: WP. I 588, WH. I 217, Trautmann 370.
Page(s): 438-439

Root/ lemma: ^^e/d^-and ghei^^-

Meaning: to encircle, enclose

Note: because of Latin hortus{see gher-4) extension from *gher-4^ caich';

Material: A. ghe/ti'^-{here also about the original aniaut nothing conclusive about words of

the centum languages):

here also about ursprijngl. Initial sound nothing to determining words of the Kentum spoke

Old Indie ^rz-^a- {*grdha-) 'house, dwelling', PI. " rooms', Avestan garada- m. " Hohle als
Behausungdaevischer Wesen ' (an older meaning 'house, dwelling' could be proven
through fiugr. loanword, as wotj. gurt^ residence, village', syrjan. gort^house, dwelling' and
" underground dwelling, vault, sepulchre, grave',);

alb. garth, gardhT hedge ' {*ghordhos, Jokl Slavia 13, 297ff.);

Phrygian -gordum 'town, city' in Manegordum' MannfiR|t|rjt ' (besides Manezordum);

gr. (by Hes.) Kop0i(; awpoc;, KopGsAai auarpocpoi, awpoi;

Gothic bigafrdan' cincture ', Old \ce\av\6\c gyrda. Old English gyrdan. Old Frisian gerda.
Old High German gurten6s.; Gothic gafrdai.. Old Icelandic gJgrd'beW., girdle', ablaut. Old
Icelandic gyrdell. Old English gyrdel. Old Frisian gerdel. Old High German gurtil(a)6s.
(Middle High German gurt\s nomen post-verbal); Gothic gardsm. "house'. Old Icelandic
gardrm. 'fence, paddock, courtyard, homestead ', Old English geard. Old Saxon gard'
enclosed, fenced property ', Plur. "dwelling'. Old High German gartvn. " circle ' in miWIgarf
circle; territory, region; sphere ', heimgart' forum ' etc.; Gothic garda' hurdle, stockyard ',
Old Frisian ^a/'o'a "garden'. Old Saxon gardo. Old High German garto6s. (or from Indo
Germanic *ghor-t6-, compare xopTO<; under gher-4),

Lithuanian gardasm. "corral, pen, fold', gard/st " gate, trellis, grate ';

Slavic *gordb in Old Church Slavic gradb "castle, town, city, garden', russ.- Church
Slavic ogradb "garden' (therefrom Old Church Slavic grazdb m. "stall'), russ. g6rod'\.a\NV\,
city', Bulgarian gradb, Serbo-Croatian grad, sloven, gradds., Czech hrad' castle, palace ',
poln. grdd6s.; zero grade Slavic zbrdb in Old Church Slavic zrbdb "wood', russ. zerdb
"long, thin shaft, pole', poln. zerdz, sloven, zrd' point tree ';

Tocharian B /re/r/ye" "palace' absents (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. 34f.);

Hittite ^^/-/55 "fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also gher-4.

about Latin urbs'town, city', ostensibly from *ghorA'"os, s. Georgiev IF. 56, 200.

B. gherS^-:

Phrygian -zordum'{o\NV\, city' (in Manezordum, see above);

Lithuanian zardas " rack for the drying of grain or flax sowing, pinfold, place for housing
stray animals, animal pound ', Latvian zards ' rack for drying, wooden layer, pyre ', with
intonation change Lithuanian zardis^ horse garden ' m., Prussian sard/slence' (= '
unfenced horse garden ');

russ. zorod^barn, haystack', weiftruss. azorod^ dry hurdle '.

References: WP. I 608 f., WH. I 242 f., Trautmann 78 f., 366.
Page(s): 444

Root / lemma: gher-1

Meaning: to yearn for

Note: partly with forms from a basis *ghere(i)- : gheri- (see Persson Beitr. 728)

Material: Old Indie /75/y5//"finds pleasure, desires'; Avestan zara- m. ' striving, purpose ';

Oscan herest {^or * heriest}, Umbrian heriesV volet ', heris-heris^ conj. and adv. prop.,
will, choose, take your choice, hence, as disjunctive conjunction, to introduce an
alternative as a matter of choice or preference, or as not affecting the principal assertion,
either ... or, be it ... or, in general but where the alternatives are necessary and exclusive,
that is, where one must be right and the other wrong ', Oscan heriam " a judgment,
decision of an arbitrator, mastery, dominion, authority, power, will, free-will, choice,
pleasure, denoting or containing power ', Herentatefs^ Veneris ', pralign. Herentas, sabin.
hiretum^ a decree, decision, ordinance, vote, resolution, principle, doctrine, dogma '; Latin
horior, -TrV actuate, encourage', horitor, syncopated hortor, -ands.

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

gr. xaipco (*xapi-iJi)), xapnvai " be pleased', xciP'<^f- pleasantness, agreeableness,
favour ', xapa 'pleasure, joy', xc(pon6(; " glowing joy of battle ', xaPMCi n. 'pleasure, joy,
pleasure'; also xaPMH "fight, struggle', originally ' joy of battle, lust of battle '? xapToq
'joyful, gratifying' (?); after Pedersen 5® decl. Latin 73 here XPH etc. S. under ^^er-^ here
after Leumann Homer. Worter 318''09f also 5uax£pn<; ' unfriendly, unpleasant', suxspHc; '
unworried, undisturbed, light' (previously later in x£ip 'hand' attribute);

Old Irish ^c»/-'godly, pious', goire^ devoutness, piety'; Middle Irish do-gar^ unlucky ', so-
gar'very lucky' (: gr. xapa); cymr. dyar^ sad ', /T/aA'pleasant' (I. Williams RC 40, 487);

Maybe alb. gjore^ poor, wretched '

Old High German ger^ yearning', gerdn^\\}s\., crave'. Old High German ging. Old Saxon
gerag^ greedy '; Gothic fafhu-gafrns^ avaricious, greedy'. Old Icelandic gjarn. Old English
^eo/77 'wherefore willing, inclined, whereupon eager, avid'. Old High German Old Saxon
gern^ eager, avid, eager after something'. Adv. Old High German gerno. Modern High
German gern, Denom. Gothic gafrnjan. Old Icelandic girna. Old English giernan. Old
Saxon g/rnean'\ust, crave'.

Perhaps here as d^-formation from the basis gh(e)re-. Gothic ^/leo'i/s "hunger', gredags "
hungry'. Old Icelandic ^rad/^ gradixx\. 'greed, lust, hunger'. Old English gnged^qxee(i, lust'.
Modern High German y/a/ "hunger' (Berlin), Old English graedig. Old High German gratag^
greedy '. In addition as '(g/7/'ed^'- Germanic *grada-^ eager, avid, rutting, in heat' in Old
Icelandic gradr^ not castrated ', gradungr^buWl In Middle High German gntm. "
eagerness ', gntec' eager, avid'. Old Icelandic ^/"A^f. 'vehemency', gr/djungrm. "bull' ein
ablaut. Indo Germanic *gh[e]rei-6^- or *gh[e]rM^- to search, could be possible.

Middle Irish gradu. "love' is from Latin gratum facere alicuiav\6 similar change of
direction or position borrowed (o'instead of th aiter grad^ step; position ').

References: WP. I 600 f., WH. I 657 f.
Page(s): 440-441

Root / lemma: gher-2
Meaning: to scratch, scrape

Material: Gr. xapaSpa " Erdrift, crevice, gorge, ravine, gulch '; xapaaau), Attic -ttoj "whet,
sharpen, notch, incise', xapa^. -OKoq "picket, pole, vine-prop, pole, pale, used in fortifying
the entrenchments of a camp, cutting, slip, esp. of an olive, a seafish, one of the breams,
Sargus', xapoKinp "engraver, one who mints coins', then "mark engraved, impress, stamp
on coins and seals, distinctive mark or token impressed (as it were) on a person or thing,
by which it is known from others, characteristic, character ' (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 254);

Lithuanian zeriu, zeftT scrape, scratch', zarstyti' scratch often, scrape '.

References: WP. I 602.
Page(s): 441

Root / lemma: gher-Sand ghera-, ghre-
Meaning: to shine, shimmer

Material: Old Icelandic grar{ *ghre-uo-s), Old English gr^g {*ghre-uio-s), engl. gray, Old
Frisian gre. Old Saxon gra, gre. Old High German grao {Gen. grawes) 'gray';

Lithuanian zerili, zeretr shine in brilliance ', zeruotr q\o\n , sparkle, glitter', ablaut, zarija
f. 'glowing coal'. Old Prussian sarii. 'blaze, glow';

Old Church Slavic zbrjg, ztret/'see, glance, look', russ. zretb, sloven, zret/, Czech zr/t/,
poln. zrzec6s., Old Church Slavic zo/ya 'shine, radiance ', zarja'ray', kiruss. zd/75'star,
stars, aurora', russ. zara ' redness in the sky, heaven', Serbo-Croatian zora ' rosy dawn',
Czech zo/e 'aurora', za/e 'shine, radiance, ray', poln. zo/za 'aurora'; Old Church Slavic
pozorb ' sight, spectacle ', russ. yoozd/"' sight, shame', nadzor^ custodianship ';

Maybe alb. zo/"' difficulty, shame'

Czech pozor^ attention, Acht ', nazor^ outlook, conception'; here also Old Church Slavic
zrakt 'sight, form, kind of, russ. dial. zdAo/r' look, front ', Serbo-Croatian z/a/r' light', Czech
zAa/r 'vision, face, eyesight', poln. ttz/'o/r 'eyesight, face'; ablaut. Old Church Slavic zrbcalo
n., Serbo-Croatian dial, zrcalo, Czech z/raoyo 'mirror';

about Latin gravastelluss. WH. I 620.

root extension ghrei-:

Old Irish gnan\. 'sun' ( *ghreina);

Old Frisian Old Saxon Old High German Middle High German gns'gray', Modern High
German gre/s^gray, old', wherefore probably also Old Icelandic gnss 'p\g\et', Old Swedish
gns6s., Swedish Danish gr/s 'p\g\et, swine'.

root extension ( *ghereu-) : ghru-.

In Old Icelandic ^/y/5/7o''/f. 'aurora'. Old Swedish ^/y '(of days) fright', Danish gry6s.,
gryn. 'fright'; here also Old Icelandic ^/"eyn. 'bitch, wimp ', ^/'ey/7^/70'/'' greyhound'. Old
English ^/'/e^/7^/70' 'greyhound'?

References: WP. I 602 f., Persson Beitr. 300 ff., Trautmann 366.
Page(s): 441-442

Root / lemma: gher-4
Meaning: to gripe, grab, enclose
Note: extended gheirH^-isee below)

Material: Old Indie haratT brings, carries, gets, takes ', harana-n. "the bringing, receiving,
donation ' etc., haras-u. " receiving, griping, handle, grasp, power, force, might';

gr. xopTO(; m. " enclosed place (v. sub fin.), but always with collat. notion of a feeding-
place: in II., farmyard, in which the cattle were kept, generally, any feeding-ground,
pasturage, fodder, provender, esp. for horses and cattle, courtyard, meadowland ';
doubtful, whether here xop6(; " dancing place, place for dancing ' as originally " inserted
place'; about xopiov " placenta, afterbirth ', etc. see below gher-5, about xeip "hand' under
ghes-

Oscan heriiad^ furled, ', [hjerrfns^ wrinkled, to drawn together in wrinkles ', Latin cohors
" fenced courtyard, stockyard, troop, multitude, crowd, cortege ', from *co+ Indo Germanic
*ghrtfs^ summarization', in ablaut to /70/Y^s "garden as fenced place' (in old latin also villa),
Oscan hurz^ hortus lucus '; dubious is Latin hTr, Tr^ palm of the hand ', s. WH. I 649;

Irish gort^ cornfield, the standing corn, growing corn, crop in a field, a field, ground, soil
', gall. ^o/Yo-and gortla^ hedge ' (v. Wartburg), cymr. garth ^corra\, pen, fold, hurdle,
paddock ' (das aafterOld Icelandic loanword gardd), bret. garz^ hedge, fence', in addition
Irish lub-gort^ garden', acymr. Plur. lulrd, ncymr. Iluarth, acorn. luworch-gult^\NM garden',
mcorn. /on/a/f/? "garden', bret. liorz6s.

Maybe Albanian gardh^ fence ' : Welsh garthlo\d, enclosure' common lllyrian Celtic -th
suffix.

Is not to be decided, whether Gothic garda' hurdle, stockyard ', Old Frisian garda. Old
Saxon gardo. Old High German ^5/Yo "garden' in Indo Germanic *ghor-t6-ox in *ghopA^o-
are based on (see below *ghe/6'^-). - Norwegian gaare " annual ring (in a tree) in wood',
Swedish gara, nisi, garr co\, gap in wood' Ablauts form to YPpoc, as " place for dancing,
choir, band of dancers and singers ', is incredible.

Doubtful, whether here Lithuanian zaras^xuu, flow, way, circle, turn ' (Wackernagel
AIGr. 251); compare above gr. xop6(;;

Hittite ^^/-/as "fortress' (Benveniste BSL. 33, 139)?; s. also gherd"^-.

References: WP. I 603 f., WH. I 242 f., 660, 857.
Page(s): 442-443

Root / lemma: gher-5, ghor-na
Meaning: bowels

Material: Old Indie hira-hxx\. "band, strap', hira\. 'vein';

Latin haru-spex^ a soothsayer, diviner among the Etruscans, who foretold future events
from the inspection of the entrails of victims ' actually " intestinal beholder', hTra^ jejunum,
middle part of the small intestine', PI. " intestines, entrails ', hillae^ the smaller and anterior
intestines of animals (other than men and sheep), a kind of sausage, smoked sausage ' (/'
Sabine for e), hernia " medical condition in which an organ protrudes through an opening
in its surrounding walls, break';

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

gr. xop5n f. " intestine, catgut, gut string, string made from animal intestines, sausage ';
dubious xopiov ' placenta, afterbirth, meal from milk and honey, skin, leather';

Old Icelandic ggrni., PI. garnar^ intestine ', PI. " intestines, entrails ' {*ghorna). Old
English micgernu. " fat, lard, suet'. Old Saxon midgarni. Old High German mitti(la)-garni
ds.; Old Icelandic garnu. "thread, string, lift (in weaving)'. Old English gearnAs., Middle
Low German garn. Old High German ^5/77 "thread, string';

Lithuanian zarna, Akk. zarnq^ intestine, small intestine', Latvian zarnat " intestine ', PI.
" intestines, entrails '.

Note:

Maybe alb. zorre {*ghorna) "bowel', PI. " intestines, entrails'.

Albanian proves that Root / lemma: g''er-1, g''era-\^ to devour; throat ' derived from Root/

lemma: gher-5, ghor-na\ " bowels '. [common alb. gh-> z\

whether Armenian ya/" twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ' belongs here, to
modify meaning according to the root.

References: WP. I 604, WH. I 635 f., 869, Trautmann 367.
Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: gher-6 [ghera- : ghre-1)

Meaning: short, small

Material: Gr. xsipwv (Aeolic xsppwv) from *x£pju)v "bad', in addition Superl. xsipicfToc; and

hom. Kompar. xspsiwv, x^Pn^"^ etc. (see Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 2 ff., different Schwyzer

Gr. Gr. I 538), xs'pou), -6o|jai " dazzle, blind with bright light'. In addition perhaps XPH 't is
necessary ', XP£W ' necessary, necessity, need, desire', *XPno<;, XP£^0(;, XP^oq, XP£W(; "
necessary, desire, blame', xpnc^Qai ' take advantage of, utilize etc' (< *xprLi£a9ai), besides
dial. xpn-£Ta9ai, XPHMQ "thing (the man used), event', PI. 'fortune, currency, possession ';
s. different under gher-l;

Old Irish ga/r's\r\ort' {*gheri-s), gaire' life shortness, near proximity, shortly ', Old Irish
garait, nir. goirid^shorW

root extension gheres-, ghres-, ghers-:

Old Indie ^rasi/a- "minder, short, small', compounds hrasTyarhs-, Superl. hrasistha-,
hrasati^ abate, reduce, become shorter ', Kaus. hrasayati^ decreases', Avestan zara-
heh/s'the small, weak' (for zra . .);

Middle Irish gerr' short', gerra/ml shorten, abscise, remove, cut off, gerran'{
castrated) horse'.

References: WP. I 604f., SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 538 under Anm. 10, 539, 675 under Anm. 8.
Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: gher-7
Meaning: " gaze, stare '
See also: s. ghers-
Page(s): 443

Root / lemma: ghers- and partly gher-

Meaning: rigid, *pig

Note: (see also gher-3)

Note:

From an extended zero grade of Root/ lemma: eghi- {* eghi-no-s)\ "hedgehog (*serpent

eater)' derived Root/ lemma: ghers-, gher-\ "rigid, *pig' > Root/ lemma: portto-s\ pig' :

lllyrian-italic-celtic g"h- > p-; also {*egh/-no-s) > {* ghers) abbreviation and rhotacism n/r.

Note:

Root/ lemma: eghi-{* eghi-no-s)\ "hedgehog (*serpent eater)' derived from Root/ lemma:

ang''(h)i- {* eg^hi-, og'^hi- and egh/-): "snake, worm, (*hedgehog = snake eater)'

Material:

Old Indie harsate, hrsyatr becomes stiff, ruffles, shudders, is excited, is glad, is
aroused '; Latin horreo, -ere^ to stand on end, stand erect, bristle, be rough, tremble,
shudder, quake, shudder at, tremble at, be afraid of, dread ' (= Avestan zarsaya-); in
*gher-k"o-yN\Vc\ dial, /from e before r+ gutturals (e.g. stircus: stercus) based on Latin
hircus, sabin. /^/r^5 "he-goaf {hirquTnus, h/rc/hus ^ oi \r\e-goat, billy goat ') = Oscan-sab.
h/rpuslupus' (whereof the people's name Hirpini); in addition also /7//Vt/s 'bristly', hirsOtus
"struppig, rough'; based on parallel to *ghers-k"'os {as Oscan-Umbrian loanword) hispidus
"rough'; mars, sabin. hernau. PI. ' rocks ' {*ghers-no);

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

Maybe Latin horreo, -ere' dread ' > alb. n. urrejtja, v. urrej' hate ': Sardinian
Campidanesu n. tirriu; tirria, v. tirhai: Romanian n. ura, v. ur?\ urgisi: French n. horreur,
V. horreur' hate '.

Probably Latin Latin horreo, -ere' dread ' {*ghorred) : Basque n. gorroto, v. gorrotatu:
Hungarian n. gyulolet, v. gyuldl' hate ' as in: Proto-Altaic: *gali Meaning: to hate, wild
: Turkic: *K(i)al : l\^ongolian: *gal3aYU : Tungus-I\^ancliu: *galu- : Japanese: *k[rap-.

Avestan zarsayamna- ' die Federn aufstraubend ' {zars- = zrs- = Latin horred); zarstva-
n. ' stone ';

Armenian y5/'(-/; -i\) ' mane of horse ' {*gheri-)\

Maybe from Armenian ya/'(-/; -iv) " mane of horse ' > turk. yele) ' mane of horse ' > alb.
Jele " mane of horse '.

gr. x£pcfO(; (Attic x£PPO<;) f. " mainland, continent or the main part of a continent as
distinguished from islands or peninsulas', nachhom. also Adj. " barren, dry, tight, firm';

Maybe alb. {*ghei) djerre' barren, dry land '.

gr. perhaps lengthened grade noun from the s- loose root form gher-{ox gher-)\ xnp XIPO*^
"hedgehog' (= Latin er, er/s6s., erfcius, erinaceus, herinaceus 6s.)\

Maybe Latin erlcTus , ii, m. [er] , " a hedgehog, urchin ' : Romanian {*erTcius) arid
"hedgehog': Albanian {* erfcius) //7(7/"hedgehog' [conservative singular definite form (alb.
phonetic trait)].

gr. xoTpo(; (< *ghorios) "piglet' (as pig), xoipa<; " inflated gland in the neck; cliff' (or to gher-3
" project, protrude', see there);

alb. ofe/r'swine' (< *ghdr-n- with lengthened grade as in XHP). ofer/r "piglet, sow' (<
*ghdr-n-l<);

Note:

Common alb. shift gh- > d-\ also alb. {*derk-us) o'e/'/ri/c "piglet', {*ghork-os) cfose'so\N' :
Latin hircus, sabin. fircus "he-goaf proves that solidified -us : -os ending was attested also
in proto alb.

Unique similarity Albanian derri: Basque txerri^'^'v^

Old Irish garb, cymr. ^a/'M/"rough' {ghr-uo-)\ Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old English gorsf gorse ' and the etymological cognate group gherzd-^bar\ey\

compare in allg. Pick 1^219, 435, IH 107, 111^ 130 (and Falk-Torp under ^/l^z-sm.
Lithuanian about the fish names Norwegian gjors^ Pike Perch ', Swedish gers^ ruffe,
perch, chub', prakrit. y/7asa-"a kind offish').

References: WP. I 610, WH. I 413 f., 650, 659.
Page(s): 445-446

Root / lemma: gherzd(h), Gen. ghfzd(h)-es, gherzda

Meaning: barley, grain, spike

Material: Gr. KpT n. (conservative stem, as alb. drith) "barley', probably from Indo Germanic

*ghrzA^, from which proto gr. *k~rth\ KpTOr), mostly PI. "barley', Sg. (later covered) "barley';

alb. drith i^ghrzA^), drithem. n. "barley, corn, grain ';

Maybe alb. drize^ bush'.

Latin bordeum {6\a\. fordeum) n. "barley' (from *gbrzd{b)eiom^ grain awn ', substantive
adjective);

zero grade: Old High German ^ers/a "barley' {*gberzda).

In addition perliaps gr. {* akherdos) a-x£p5o(;f. "wild pear tree, hawthorn', maked. a-
Y£p5a, gr. a-xpac; "wild pear tree' (a < *sm-), alb. darc/he^ pear, pear tree' {*ghor-6^-) and
the antike VN Aap5avoi;

alb. dardhe'pear, pear tree' = Armenian tandz' pear'

only under assumption a of guttural change (above S. 18, Anm. 1) has made Lithuanian
g/rsa " darnel ' here place (see below ghers-2).

References: WP. I 611, WH. I 414, 657, Specht Indog. Dekl.
Page(s): 446

Root / lemma: gheslo-

Meaning: thousand

Note:

Root / lemma: gheslo- : thousand' derived from Root / lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr- : "hand,

*hand count' [///allophones]

Material: Old Indie sa-hasramn. " thousand ' {sm -gheslom, to sem- " one '), sa-hasriya-

"tausendfach', Avestan hazanr9mr\. "thousand', npers. hazar, from which borrowed

Armenian hazar, sogd. z'/'(= *zai), afgh. zar.

Perhaps also Latin mTlle' thousand; a thousand ', whether from *smTgzhlT{ghslT) " one
thousand '; *smT: gr. |jia.

gr. Ionian xsiAioi, Aeolic xsAAioi (xsAAnoTuq " a division of the people at Ephesus '), Attic
XiAioi (*x£aAioi).

The basic word component *x£aAo- has been found in Sakisch ysara ar\(i^ in loanwords
of Finno-Ugric languages (Jacobsohn Arier and Ugrofinnen 105 ff.).

References: WP. I 633, II 488, 491 , WH. II 88 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 593.
Page(s): 446

Root/ lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr- {*ghestoi), {*ghestai)

Meaning: hand

Note:

Both Root/ lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr-'. hand' and Root/ lemma: ghesto-2\ "hand, arm'

derived from an extended archaic root ghes+ reduced form of the common PIE suffix

variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre.

Material: Armenian Jern {*ghes-r-m), P\.Jer-k' "hand' (Meillet Esquisse 83);

gr. xsip f- "hand", Gen. x^'poc;, Doric XHPO^. Dat. PI. x^PCfi (thereafter the form x^P-);

Tocharian A tsar, B sa^'hand' (after Pedersen Tochar. 236 from *kesar=) (common
labialized gr. - Tocharian k"-> t-).

Hittite ki-es-sar {kessar) n. and ki-es-si-ra-as {kesseras) m., f., Dat. Sg. ki-is-sa-ri{kesri
= gr. X£ipi?);

The earlier Hittite form was probably ghes-tar > ghessar common lllyrian suffix -tar, -tor

about Latin /?, /7/?"hohle hand' (from Oscan-Umbrian *her< *ghesrai7) s. WH. I 649.

Maybe alb. {*ghestor) dore^ hand '

Note:

Clearly Root / lemma: der-1{. dor-, der-) or dor-, dor-: "hand span' derived through Root/
lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr-: hand'; Root/ lemma: ghesto-2\ "hand, arm' through lllyrian
intermediary.
Page(s): 447

Root / lemma: ghesto-2 {* ghes-toi)

Meaning: hand, arm

Note:

Both Root/ lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr-: hand' and Root/ lemma: ghesto-2\ "hand, arm'

derived from an extended archaic root ghes+ reduced form of the common PIE suffix

variants -tar, -ten -tra, -tre.

Material: Old Indie hasta-hm. "hand', Avestan zasta-. Old pers. dasta- ds.;

Maybe alb. {* dasta) djathta ' r\g\r\t hand'

Maybe Latin /?, /7/?"hohle hand'

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

Maybe alb. {*ghestoi) dore^ hand '

Latin praesto' at hand, ready, present, here ' from * prae-hestod {EM 805f.)?; different
see below sta-,

Lithuanian pa-zaste, pa-zastist " place under the arm, armpit '.

Note: common Baltic-lllyrian gh- > z.

There Armenian ye/77 also in *gher-m q,o\}\A also go back to gr. forms could have
expounded better from *gher-s, there further alb. dorei. "hand', PI. konson. o'i/a/' required
a basic form *gher- {ghesr- has produced *dostr^, with Belardi (Riv. Studi Orient. 23, 69
ff.) could be considered, if not for the Hittite and Tocharian metathesis from -rs- to -sr- is to
be accepted, and to be placed the group 1 from 2 to separate and to gher-^ grasp '.

References: WP. I 541, 603, WH. I 243, Trautmann 367, Duchesne-Guillemin BSL. 39,
211, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 446, 569, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 75.
Page(s): 447

Root / lemma: gheu-

Meaning: to pour

Material: Old \x\^\z juhoti, juhute^ pours in fire, sacrifices ', Passiv huyate, huta-h^

sacrificed ', homan-u. " sacrificial downpour, sacrifice, oblation' (= gr. xsujja), homa-hm.

6s., hotar- " offerer, sacrificer, priest', hotrai. " oblation ', hav/s-n. 6s., havanamn.

"sacrifice, oblation';

maybe alb. d/y'ame lat' : gr. 5r|M6(; "fat' [common alb. gh- > d-];

Avestan zaotar, zao&r-m. "priest, priest of sacrifice ', Middle Persian zot, Avestan
zao&rau., zao&rai. " liquid sacrificial donation, sacrificial drink, sacrificial downpour',
npers. zor^ holy water', Avestan azutay-t "fat, lard, luxuriance, abounding fullness,
wealth';

Note:

First of all Old Indie then Avestan, Middle Persian, npers. and alb. seem to employ Root /
lemma: gheu- : to pour + -tra suffix.

Armenian yby/" poured' (< gheu/o-), Jew lorm, shape'; here also yb/"" valley' (< ghouer-
o)l

Phrygian ^supav nnynv Hes. (= gr. x^upa); thrak. ^srpaia xuTpn ( *gheutr-), FIN r£u5i(;, -
o<;;

gr. X£(F)w pour', Aor. horn. £X£ua < *£X£uaa, Perf. kexukq, xut6(; " poured ', xsupa "
that which is poured, stream, cast vessels, bowls, river, libation, drink offering made to the
gods ', xoavoc;, xwvo(; ' a copper cup, mold ', xon " libation for the dead', xosuc; m., f. "
measure for fluids ', xouq ds.. Gen. x^oq and xoO(;, older dial, xou m., f. " heaped earth',
XU)|ja ' earthwair, xow ' pile up earth, pour '; xuTpoc;, xuTpa " earthen pot, pan, xutAov "
anything that can be poured, liquid, fluid, water for washing, the bath, a mixture of water
and oil, running water, stream ', xu5r|v " as if poured out, in floods or heaps: without order
or system, promiscuously, indiscriminately, in unfettered language, i.e. in prose,
abundantly, rich ' (to 5 compare the root extension gheud-), koxuSeTv " stream forth
copiously ', Koxu noAu, nAr|p£(; Hes.; xucn<; " shedding, pouring out or forth, diffusion, e.g.
of nutriment, melting, liquid poured forth, flood, stream, of dry things, heap, of fluency or

copiousness of speech, quantity, abundance ', xu^O(; "juice, sap' (< *ghuslo-, W. Schuize

} ■

mijndl.), xum6(; ds. (< ghu-smo); further here xwoijai "rage against, be unwilling '

(XWOfJEvoc; = auYX£6|j£voc; a severe critic; the term is derived from the name of the Greek
grammarian and critic Aristarchus, who was known for his harsh judgments)?

Latin fu-tis\. " watering can, canister used for pouring water', fu-tilis, futtilis^ that easily
pours out, a water-vessel, broad above and pointed below, used at sacrifices to Vesta and
Ceres, that can not contain, brittle, untrustworthy, vain, worthless, futile ', exfuti= effusT,
effutio^ babble out'.

Note:

common Latin d- > f- shift, derived only from an intermediary lllyrian ( *gheu- > du- > fu-).

very dubious is the affiliation from Middle High German ^J/"male animal, boar, horse'.
Modern High German Gaul(\v\ Bayr. " stud ', Swiss ^J/"rooster, cock', compare Dutch guil
"mare, has not given birth to young yet ', s. Sommer IF. 31 , 362 ff.), as " seed spiller, seed
molder '.

Root extensions:

gheud-:

Latin fundo, -ere, fudT, fusum^ pour, lay the bottom, make a foundation, found, begin '
(about fusus^ spindle' s. WH. I 474);

Note:

According to phonetic laws Latin initial d- > /-hence Latin /^/7o'o cognate must have
derived only from an lllyrian ( *gheun- > deun^ since there is no other cognate among IE
lang. to start with d-\ see maybe alb. dhjame^ia\! : gr. 5r|M6(; "fat', common alb. gh- > d-\
also common alb. n >/7o'shift .

Gothic giutan "pour", Old Icelandic gjota "( boy) throw', Old English geotan "pour, flow,
schijtten'. Old Frisian 75/5, Old Saxon giotan. Old High German g/ozzands., nisi. gJota
"cave, narrow alley'. Old Swedish g/uta' mold ', Old High German ^/bzo "running water'.
Old English gyte^ downpour, flood ', Old High German guz' a pouring out, a melting,
founding, casting of metals ', ndd. gefe " low waterway ', Norwegian gofa " incised gully'.
Old Saxon gota' canal ', holl. goof gutter, gully'. Modern High German Gosse, Old
English gutt, engl. gut^ intestine '.

Maybe alb. ^o/e "glass of water'.

gheus-:

Middle Irish guss{*ghus-tu-s) " power, vehemency, rage, fury';

Old Icelandic gjosa, gaus^ burst out, break out, effervesce ', geysa' bring into motion,
stir, agitate ', Geys/r' the known hot jumping streams in Iceland ', nisi, ^^sa "effervesce'.
Old Icelandic gustr^gust of wind', engl. gush, Middle Dutch guysen^ flow out ', Old High
German gussa^ inundation ', urgusi^ overabundance '.

contrariness of irregular Aniautes (compare above S. 18 Anm.) perhaps here Lithuanian
gausus, gausingas^ nch, productive, fertile', gausinga upe " plentiful amount of water of
the main river ', gausetT be provided with plentiful ', gausakalbis^ who is able to speak a
lot, well-spoken ' (compare Norwegian dial, gausta' fast and indistinct talk, as if one
hastens to tell something '), Latvian gauss " long lasting '.

References: WP. I 563 ff., WH. I 563 f.
Page(s): 447-448

Root / lemma: gheu-, gheu-d-

Meaning: to disappear, get away

Material: Middle Irish guassi. {*ghoud-tS) "danger', guss ds. = cymr. gwst' evil,

wickedness, disease, malady' ( *ghud-tu-s);

Old English gietan, a-g/etan "\n]ure, slay';

Lithuanian zuvli, zutr perisli ', zudau, zudytr s\ay'; Latvian zudu, zusV disappear, get
lost ', zaudet lose'.

References: WP. I 564, WH. I 568, Lotli RC 45, 193 ff.
Page(s): 448

Root / lemma: ghe-1, ghei-

Meaning: to be empty, lack; to leave, go out

Note: perhaps to ghe-, ghei- ' yawn, gape' (compare " yawning emptiness '); from ' stand

gapingly ' can also be changed ' leave, depart '.

Material: With the meaning- coloring B:

Old \n6'\cjahaf/" leaves, gives up, abandons, leaves behind ' ijahimah, \fr\per. Jah/h/,
Aor. ahat, ahayi, participle hTna-h), jfhTte^Qoes, run into, bump into, come up against ',
hJyate' become abandoned, falls behind '; hani-ht " lack; release, giving up, giving way,
conceding ' {vihayas- " empty room' because of prefixes, that also in vi-ha- " gape ');
compare S. 427;

Latin hems " heir ' {*ghero- + e-c^d\-, " das verwaiste Gut an sich nehmend '?, s. about
the ending under e-particle);

Note:

Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

Avestan zazamil dismiss from, fire from ', with ava-^ leave, go away, scare, frighten ',
with upa-3iU6 fra-^ leave, allow here, lead here, conduct here '; a-za- ' go near, approach
', uz-za- " jump, be elevated ' {uzayanto par\.\c\p\e Nom. PI.);

Maybe alb. Geg me zane' quarrel, capture, occupy '

gr. hom. Kixcivu) (*KixavFu)), Attic Kiyxavw {*gha-n-u-). Inf. present hom. KixniJevai,
participle present Kix£i<; 'reach, catch up, meet, attain, take'; with formant -d-\ gr. xa^ofjai,
Fut. ep. xacraoijai, Aor. ep. xaoaapriv " retreat, flee, cease, stop, halt, desist ', avaxa^u) tr.
" drive back, repel ', intr. " retreat, go back', as Med. xaAau) ' reduce, decrease, become
limp ' in partizip. Adj. *gha-lo-s ' going away, leaving ' or ' gaping, loose, slack '? be based
on, is perhaps mentionable; after Meillet Esquisse 36 rather to Armenian Aa/'game', xai^ai
" peaceful, friendly ' (with Indo Germanic kh-)\

Maybe alb. ndar cease, stop, halt, desist ' [common alb. gh- > d-] : gr. xaAaoo " reduce,
decrease, become limp '.

Old High German gan{= Old Indie hana-m) "go'. Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English gan.
Old Swedish Old Danish ga, Crimean Gothic geends.; about the additional form Old High
German gens. Kluge'''' 193, Braune Old High German Gr.s p. 382''; Lithuanian by Feist,
182 b.

With the meaning- coloring A:

gr. *xnT'c; (Risch word formation d. hom. Spr. 74), Dat. xHtsi " in absence of, lack of ',
ablaut. {*gha-t-) xareaj, xQTi^u) 'lack, need, long for, yearn for, lust, desire'; xnpo<; " stolen;
looted, empty, bare, lacking' (= Latin ^M/r*- in hems), xnpa " orphan, widow'; with gradation
X(I)po(;, xwpa ' empty, free room, free country (in contrast to town, city), region', epid.
Xcbpa ' empty eye socket ', xwpi<; Adv. and preposition m.Gen. 'apart, separated; without;
with exception from; besides', x^pi^u) "slit, separate', xwpsTv "catch, can absorb, from
container' (actually "make room') and " withdraw, leave, depart; go forever ';

Gothic ga/dwn. "lack'. Old English gad, gsedn. "lack, need, desire'. Old Frisian gad'
necessary'. Old Saxon Gen. PI. mef/gedeono' lack of food, famine' (basic form *ghai-tu6-);
in addition probably also Old High German geisini' indigence, penury, necessity, want ',
Old English gaesne' lacking, missing';

References: WP. I 542 ff., WH. I 451 , 641 f.
Page(s): 418-419

Root / lemma: ghe-2. gha- and ghei- : ghT-

Meaning: to gape, yawn

Note: onomatopoeic for the yawning sound (in addition the further formation stem ghn-a);

(see also under ghans- "goose '; similarly, but with Velar, gha ghaior gaggle, cackle,

chitchat, talk, snicker and likewise, see there). Beside ghei- also gheu-: ghsu- (see there),

either as other perception of yawning sound, or with originally formant u.

Material: Gr. xaoKU) {gha-skd) " yawn, gape' (only present and Impf.; later replaced by

xaivu), see below ghan-), xaa|ja " gaping mouth '; xnpci|JO(; "hole', xnpaMU'^ a big, giant

shell ', after xapaijoqn Tpq yf|(; SiaaraaK; Hes., x^Koc, f. " hutch, chest; drawer '; xHMn " the

yawn, mussel living in the coral seas, mussel whose bowls have a leafy surface '.

Maybe alb. {gha-sko) guaske' shell ' a Greek loanword.

Von ghei- from: Old Church Slavic zejg " to gape wide ' {*gheid).

Von gM-a-irom:

Latin h/'o, -are {*gh//a-/dj^ yawn, gape, be open ', Oscan eehianasum^ emittendamm
(an animal sacrificed, victim, sacrifice) ', Umbrian ehiato^ let go, let loose, release, drop,
let out";

Lithuanian zi6-ju, -//"open', reflexive ziotis^ ^jb^nv^ ' {zi6tysP\. f. "crack, deep cleft, gap;
mouth, jaw '), wherefore Lithuanian ziovauti, Latvian zavaties^ yawn ' {zavasi. PI. " yawns
')

and with p.- Lithuanian ziopsau, -soti^ sit there, remain with open mouth ';

Serbo-Croatian zjam, zjati^ open the mouth', iterative Old Church Slavic zijaj^, zijati,
russ. zijaju, -atb ds. and sloven. zevatT hold the mouth open ', Czech zivati, russ. zevatb "
yawn ' (sloven, zev, poln. ziew, russ. zei/" jaw ');

with p (compare under the root form gheip-): big. zepam, poln. ziepac^ breathe with
difficulty ', kir. zfpaty^ struggle for breath ', Czech z/p5//"pant, gasp'.

similarly, but after e-verbs. Old High German gTen^ ^i^^nv^ ' (would be Gothic *gijan, -
aida); besides with still the need for clarification (but barely deriving from from the root
form gheu-) w\v\ Hiat Old High German anagiwen^ gape, be open mouthed with
astonishment, covet, desire ', gewon' open the mouth, yawn ' (Middle High German
gewen, giwen6s.). Old English giwian, giowian^\ov\Q, want, arrogate' (from " *with open
mouth, greedy whereupon pant for, long for, desire '); in addition Old Icelandic gjat
{*giwd) on the one hand "col, gap, cleft, gap in the earth', on the other hand (from " pant
for, long for, desire ' from) " voluptuous life'. Middle High German giude {* giwiPo) " loud
pleasure, joy', giuden^ boast, brag (*open the mouth wide); be in noisy joy, live wastefully
', Modern High German vergeuden; Old High German inginnan^ open up, open, lacerate,
split' from *ginuan\s probably Causative to Old High German g/nen{see below) in formal
connection with the similar sound biginnan. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -
nt- > -nn-).

sAropresent: Latin hTsco, -ere{*ghhsRd) " yawn, gape, be open '; similarly Old English
giscian. Middle High German gischen^ sob, weeping ' and Norwegian Dialectal geiska^
stretch the legs ' (see Persson Beitr. 318).

/^ present and related nouns: Old Icelandic ^/77astem V., Old English to-glhan stem V.
"gape, yawn '; with /Old Icelandic ^//7e, Old High German ginen. Middle High German
ginen, genen. Modern High German gahnen= Old English ginian, gionian^ be far open ',

Old Icelandic gina^ yawn ', ^//7n. "gullet', Old English ^//7n. ds.; with Germanic a/(lndo
Germanic ghei-l or rather the preterite ablaut of stem V. gJnarR) Old High German geinon,
Swiss gaine, Gothic *gainon. Old English ganian; but engl. yawn^ yawn ' for *yone irom
Old English gionian;

Old Church Slavic zing, -Qti{*ghTnd) " yawn, gape '.

other nominal formation:

with Lf. Old English giw, geowm. " vulture' {*gTwaz^\he voracious ');

with m: Old Icelandic g/mat " cleft, mouth ', Swiss gTm ds.; Old Icelandic geimixw. "

r

|Vleeresschlund '; nisi, geimr^ big, empty room';

with r. Germanic *gTr{i)a- " greedy ' (actually "* long for, desire '), in Norwegian Dialectal
gTrm. " eagerness, ferventness, passion'. Old High German gTri^ eager, avid', gTr ' vulture\

with / Old Icelandic Norwegian gilu. " cliff crack ', Swedish Dialectal giljai. " defile,
narrow passage between mountains'. Old High German Middle High German giTbreak,
hernia'; Old Icelandic geili. " defile, narrow passage between mountains, Engpaft'; Middle
Low German gTlen^\\}s\., crave, beg' (from *gTla- Adj. " yearning', compare to meaning
above Old English gTwa^.

With meaning-development from "gape' to " stand crookedly (at first e.g. from woods )'
probably to be added ndd. Dutch gillen " abscise slantwise ', Dutch gillinghouV cut through
wood at an angle ', further isl. ^e//a "separate' (" *make gape '), Old English gaelan
{*gailjan) "hinder, hesitate'; from r-forms Low German gTren, Dutch (out of it Modern High
German) gieren, Norwegian Dialectal gTra^ deviate from the course '; Dutch geerends.,
Norwegian Dialectal geira' run crookedly '.

extensions with /-vocalism:

*ghei-gh- : Old Icelandic Norwegian dial., geiga^ deviate sideways ', Old Icelandic geigr
m. "damage' (originally outlook "* stand crookedly, gape' e.g. from woods); compare
Modern High German Swiss Geigle^ double branch in a tree which breaks up in any
corner; PI. the thighs ', Modern High German Heugeige^ Stecken mit seitwarts
abstehenden Astresten zum Aufschobern des Heus '; Modern High German dial, geigen^
move to and fro ', Old Icelandic gTgJa, from Middle Low German Middle High German gTge,
Modern High German Geigeas musical instrument; Old English for-, of-gsegan^ deviate
from, overstep ', g^glaud gagoF exuberant, bending ', Old Frisian geia^ contravene.

refrain from, desist from, penance, atonement pay for, atone'; Norwegian dial, giga, gigia,
g/gralose stand, wobble, sway', engl. g/g{nord. loanword) " light cart, light racing boat ',
whirligig, Danish gig^ spinning top as plaything '; ndd. giggelen, engl. to giggie^ titter,
laugh in a foolish high-pitched manner, furtive, sneering laugh '; as " sticking out freely,
movable sail pole ' here Dutch gei^ Raa ' (basic form geig(*j)a?), ndd. gTI<, Dutch gi/k ds.
and Middle Low German gec/cirom revolvable things (e.g. lid, top, cover, shutter.
Pumpman gen), also 'fool' (Modern High German Gecl<); here (after Wissmann Nom.
postverb. 41) Gothic geigoi. 'greed, lust', ga-geigan^ gain ', faiiiu-geigan^\us\., crave'; s.
S. 427.

similar is (from giina- from) with ^/7 shaped Lithuanian ziogautr \/a\Nn ', ziogas' locust,
grasshopper ', ziogris ' palisade, fence made from stakes; protective fence made from
poles that are inserted into the ground '.

gfiei-p-(\u Germanic perhaps partly also ghei-b^-):

Maybe with i&-formant alb {* gtiei-bo-n) zfigabonje, stiqiponje^ (greedy, voracious) eagle,
vulture ' : Old English giw, geowm. ' vulture' : Old High German gTr ' vulture'

Latin (Gloss.) hippitare, exippitare (*hJpitare)^ hietare, gape; yawn ' (span, hlpar^ sob,
weeping '); Czech z/pa//'pant, gasp' (etc., see above);

Old English gTfer^ devourer'. Old Icelandic ^/T^m. 'fiend, demon'; Modern High German
dial, geifen, geiben, geipen' yawn, gawk, desire greedily '; from ' stand crookedly, stand
loose ' Norwegian dial, geivia ' deviate sideways; shiver', also geivra, from stretching the
mouth ndd. gib(b)elen^ mocking laugh ', Modern High German geifeln^ mocking laugh ',
engl. to gibe, jibe ' mock '.

In Germanic also:

ghei-b-, Germanic *glp-:0\d Icelandic gTprm. 'muzzle, jaw ', FIN for Gipa, Norwegian
Dialectal gipa^ make gape, struggle for breath ' = Old English gTpian^ struggle for breath ';
Middle Low German gippelt^ crazy, stupid'; Swedish dial, gippa^ cmck, col, gap'; with /"
schwed dial, gipa^ stretch the mouth ', ndd. gTpen^ struggle for breath '; Modern High
German Bavarian gaif(f)en yor\ einem nichtfestsitzenden, schlotternden Schuh; with the
meaning ' twist mockingly the mouth '.

With Germanic ai Old Icelandic geipa^ babble, chatter', Norwegian dial, geipa^
chatter; open the mouth wide; sit or go with spread legs ' ;

Old Icelandic geispa^ struggle for breath ', Middle English gaspen< Old English
*gaspian, probably from *^a/pso/7 (through amalgamation from *gaip-av\6 *gais).

gheis-:\s\. gisinn^ leaking, cracked from dryness ' (participle from *gfsa=) Norwegian
dial, g/sa' grin, blink'; Norwegian dial, g/sfa 'get split, become thin, of the wood ', Old
Swedish gistinn' leaking, cracked from dryness '; from this meaning further Middle Low
German gest. Old Frisian gest, gasV the higher dry land in contrast to marsh depression '
(related ^-forms Low German guste, Dutch gust' infertile, dry, gelt' from the basis gheu-??
S. Persson Beitr. 318).

extensions with e- : a-vocalism (fast only Germanic):

*ghagh- (: ghegh-):

Old English geaglm. n. "mandible, lower jaw bone, throat', PI. ' grinder, molar tooth ',
Middle Low German gagel, gegelm. n. " palate, gums' {*gagula-, -ila)\

Modern High German dial, gagen, gagein, gagern "spread themselves (from the legs,
the fingers), wobble, gesticulate, flutter', gackelicht'ioo\\s\\, loony'. Middle High German
gagen, gageren' move to and fro, thrash, wriggle ', Old Icelandic gagr' writhed, crooked,
humped, crooked behind ', gaghals' back crooked neck ', Norwegian dial, gag' crooked
backward (e.g., from crooked standing off device parts) ', engl. gag-toothed {nor6.
loanword) " with protruding teeth ': ablaut. Old Icelandic gsegjask' prestretch oneself to
look ', and (both with consonant-sharpening) md. gaken'gawk'. ' '

Maybe alb. guak' gawk ', expressive form alb. {*gha-skS), gogesij' yawn, gape '

Old Icelandic gjggrarP\. " cliff gaps ' {*gegura-) compares Liden Armen. Stud. 70 f.
probably more properly with Armenian gez' co\, gap, crack, incisure '.

*ghep-:

Old Indie haphika' echo, resound, ring ' (with new p/? instead of p, Persson Beitr. 565).

*gh9b-:0\^ Icelandic gap' wide aperture, hole, chaos; shout, call, scream ', gapa'
open the mouth, cry'. Old English gapian, ndd. gapen. Middle High German Modern High
German gaffen' look with open mouth '.

*gtido

h.-

Old English geaflas PI. " jaws ' (in the meaning directed after ceafr jaw ', see below
geph^. Old Danish paa gafle^^eW offen', Swedish pa gavel 6s.

Maybe Latin {*gnoffula) offula{-ae) [n] " slice ' : alb. nofulla^ jaw ' : Rumanian falca^ jaw '.

Old Icelandic gabba^ play jokes, play a joke on, fool ', Old English gabbian ^b3ibb\e\
deride, mock ', gaffetung^ derision ', gafspraec^ brainless speech ', Dutch gabberen^ trifle,
joke ' (probably from Ndd. derive Lithuanian gabl(i)6-ju, -ti^ banter, vex ', gablys^ one who
teases, vexes ', s. Berneker287 f. - also about poln. gabac^sKyx, tease, irritate, banter').

References: WP. I 548 ff., WH. I 647 ff., Trautmann 368, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 694.
See also: compare still ghe-1 " empty, bare, lacking sein, fehlen'; Specht (Dekl. 282)
places eine root *agh-e-eic. an; see above under ghan-.
Page(s): 419-422

Root / lemma: ghe/a

Meaning: wine

Material: Old Indie M/a 'alcohol';

gr. xciAk;, -\oq " unmixed wine ', xaAi-KpriToq ds.; maked. mK\Boq ohoq. 'Ap£pia(; Hes.;

thrak. ^iAai 6 olvog Hes. {*ghe/-).

Maybe alb. {*ghela) gjella " food, dish '.

References: WP. I 631. very dubious.
Page(s): 434

Root / lemma: gheu- : ghd(u)- : ghau-

Meaning: to yawn, gape

Note: (see above ghe/-)

Material: Gr. X'^oq n. 'the empty room, airspace' (later also "cleft, gap'; probably from

*xaFo(;), xc(uvo(; ' gaping, lax ', xc(uAi-65ovt- 'with spread teeth';

whether here also Gothic ^an// "land, region'. Old High German gaw/, Modern High
German Gau, Old English ge, etc. from *gh9u/omw\t\r\ similar meaning-development as by
gr. xwpo(;, x^pa (see below ghei-^ lack; abandon ') and Armenian gavar^ portion of land,
area, region'? or from Germanic *ga-awja{\.o ak"a, above S. 23) ' scenery in the water'?

Old High German goumovn. {*gh9U-men-), giumo {*gheu-men-) " palate ', ablaut. Old
Norse gomr^Qums, palate', Old English gdma{ev\Q\. ^^/77s 'gums'), Old High German
guomo {* gh^u]-m-) " roof of mouth = palate'; about Lithuanian gomurys see below;

in addition probably Old Icelandic geyja'bark, bay, scold, chide, mock ', Old English
g/egan ^cry', Old Icelandic god-ga' blasphemy ', hund-ga^ bark ' and further formations
Old Icelandic gauta^ babble, chatter, brag, boast', ndld. guiten^ scold, mock ', Modern
High German dial, gauzen, gauzen^bark, bay, cry', Gothic gaunon' wail, grieve ', Old
Icelandic gau/a'\r\o\N\'; about Lithuanian gaustisee below ^o^-'call, shout, cry'.

In spite of the non-palatal root initial sound (see above about Lithuanian gomurys) it could
belong here, because many originally palatal gutturals appear in Lithuanian as g, k.

further in the meaning " yawn ' with Aforms (: gr. xauAi-) perhaps here Middle High
German gielm. " jaw, gullet'. Old Norwegian -gjdr\v\ place names? as well as Norwegian
dial. gyrc\ei\, gap, cliff gap ' {*gulja-\ so also Swedish ^o/'puddle, slop, pond'. Middle
High German ^J//e "puddle, pool, slop'. Middle Low German gole, goe/^ swamp, marsh' as
" the cavity in which water is collected '?).

Modern High German Gosche, Gusche, ndd. goske, guske^b\g muzzle' as s/r-formation
belongs here however, they would possibly be used with Old Indie ghosat/" calls, shouts,
howls' are related (see Persson Beitr. 116 f.), it is not likely a trivial expression without
pursueable history;

Maybe alb. gusha'tbroat'

Baltic *gamur/a-m. " palate' in Lithuanian gomurys, Gen. gomur/om., also gomere {Akk.
gomer^) f.; Latvian gamursm. ' windpipe, larynx' (only by Miezinis doubtful guomurs); a
sound equivalent to Modern High German (Sa^/77e/7 produced Lithuanian Latvian i/o (Baltic
6); perhaps in vocalism it influenced German; to p'- compare above S. 18 Anm.

An extension gheUd^- in Old Icelandic gaupai. " lynx, wildcat ' (probably actually "the
thirsting, the greedy ', as Old English earn-geap^ noble falcon '), ablaut. Norwegian dial
P'dp "gorge, ravine, gulch, abyss '; Old English geap^mde, capacious '; geopan ^'\r\tert\N\ne,
entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume'. Old Icelandic gaupnt " the hollow hand ',
Old High German goufanads., wherefore Lithuanian z/upsn/s' a little less than a handful ';
compare still Persson Beitr. 835 m. A. 2.

Maybe alb. gop\ag\na, hole'

References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 470, Trautmann 77.
Page(s): 449

Root / lemma: ghdem-, ghdom-, Gen.- ablative gh(d)m-es

Meaning: earth, man, dragon

Note: It was developed from the zero grade, from where the simple aniaut gh- a\so in

lengthened grade spread forms (about Old Indie aniauts y/r?-, ^/77- besides /rs/r?- compare

Johansson Xenia Lideniana 1912, S. 116-126)

Comments:

Root/ lemma: gerrt^-, gixt"^-: to bite; tooth ' derived from Root/ lemma: ghdem-, ghdom-

, Gen.- ablative ^^(^d[^/77-es Meaning: ' earth, man, dragon ' because the ancients believed

that their ancestors killed the dragon, planted his teeth in the ground and fierce men were

born from the ground, snake peeled its skin and was reborn again, that is why warriors

venerated the snake as the source of immortality in battle.

Material: compare to aniaut still Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. I 129, 241, pp. 109, 209bY, III

241 ff., SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Benveniste BSL 38, 139 ff., Specht Dekl. 241.

Old Indie stem ksam-, Nom. Sg. ksah{= Avestan za) f. 'earth, ground; face of the earth,
earth's surface' [common Old Indie gh- > As-], (Akk. ksam = Avestan z^nr, Lok. ksam/an6
*ksam, if ksamanirom this form with postposition *e/7'in' to define is, compare Old Indie
pari-Jman^ all around on the earth'; Instr. y/775; Gen. Jmah, secondary gmah, ksmah);
ksamya-h^p\ace6 on earth, earthly ';

Avestan za, Akk. z^m, Lok. zeme. Gen. za/77o"earth, ground, earth; face of the earth,
earth's surface';

Note:

the -/77- suffix similar to alb. delme' sheep ', zjarm " fire '. Illyrian Nominative is the same
as Indo Iranian and in general Indo European Locative.

gr. x6wv f. "ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface' (*x0wm; thereafter with v
also Gen. x0ov6(;, x06vio(; "subterraneous, underground' etc.), xciMCi' originally ' on the
ground, to earth ', (in addition to the other vowel gradation = Old Prussian 55/77/775/ "low'
and presumably also = Latin humfio bottom'), xai-ia^s to the ground, on the ground ',
XajjriAoc; "low', xQaMoAoq " near the ground, on the ground, low ' (: Latin humilis), perhaps
v£o-xij6(; ' new, always of things, drastic, egregious, rude, flagrant, discourteous, impolite
(*low)';

Phrygian ^spsAw (thrak. IspsAri) 'mother earth' (?), also Phrygian ^spsAsv pappapov
C(v5paTTo5ov Hes. (compare russ. de/oi/e/r 'person' and 'servant') ; fSav Ma 'XGcbv Ma'
can be genuine Phrygian (Indo Germanic e> Phrygian a), gd- : z- as Old Indie ksah:
Avestan za; common Old Indie gh- > ks-

alb. (y/7e 'earth' (= xQwv) ;

Note:

Albanian oT?© 'earth' : Phrygian ^spsAoj */hi/forthe non -colouring laryngeal.

[common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > gz-]

Note:

[common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > gz-]

Avestan gz- > Greek x0- > Baltic dz- > lllyrian d- : Baltic dz- > Slavic z-]

compare gr. AriMHTrip, Doric Aaparrip, Thessalian AaiJijarrip, Aeolic Acjo^jarrip; lllyrian Aw-,
Aap- (Pisani IF. 53, 30, 38) from Indo Germanic *gdhd, respectively Vokat. *gdhom, about
Aapia, epithet of Demeter, s. WH. I 321 ;

Note:

Clearly AriMHTrip 'mother earth' was shaped according to lllyrian and alb. phonetic laws
[common alb. gh- > d-, dh-] Anpn-Trip common venetic lllyrian suffix -ter,-tre . Therefore
AriMHTrip is an lllyrian goddess of earth.

Note:

gr. AnMHTiP 'mother earth' : Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den: lllyrian AriMnTiP.
alb. oT?© cognates evolved according to lllyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. gh- >
d-, dh-] suggesting a shared origin of those lang.

Latin humus {irom * homos) 'earth, ground, earth; face of the earth, earth's surface',
probably reshaping of an old consonant -stem *ghom-\ hence also f. as xQwv; humilis 'low'
(: x0C(piaA6(;); in Oscan-Umbrian *homi-teros, -temos as Kompar. Superl. of Lok. *hom/
'under' (: Old Indie ksami) : Oscan hL{n]truis^ below, beneath, underneath, lower ', huntrus
' below, beneath, underneath, lower'; Umbrian hutra, hontra^ on the underside, below,
underneath ', Abl. hondomu^ the lowest '; Umbrian hondu^ pessumdato ' from * hon(d)-tdd,
about Latin humanussee below;

Old Irish du, Gen. o'lo/7'place' (Pedersen KG. I 89, s. also under to duine; the
development from ghdio d- similar to /from -kt^-\v\ art'bear' from efkf^os, /? instead of -/77-
as in xQovoq extended from the full grade *ddn- from *ddm - from du);

Note:

Old Irish du/ne, cymr. dyn, corn. bret. den: lllyrian AnMHTrip, alb. oT?© cognates evolved
according to lllyrian and alb. phonetic laws [common alb. gh- > d-, dh^ suggesting a
shared origin of those lang.

Lithuanian zeme, Latvian zeme. Old Prussian same, semme'eadW, semma/'base, low'
(: xci|JC('. see above), Latvian zem 'under' (probably VerkiJrzung of Lok. zenn§)\ Lithuanian
zemas, Latvian zemslow';

Old Church Slavic ze/77^5 'earth'; in addition also Old Church Slavic zmtja'snake'
("creeping on the earth'), zmbjb 'dragon' : gr. x0C(|jaA6(; ' near the ground, on the ground,
low '.

layoe aiD. {~dnemie) dnemje eartni^^^^^MfTmponanOe^j^ffi

In addition words for "person' as " earthly,of the earth ':

Latin homo, -//7/s "person'. Old Latin hemo {a\so in nemo^ nobody, no person, no one '
from *ne-hemd), Akk. hemonem, to /7^/77^s probably humanus^ human, of human beings,
of people; humane ', with unclear vocalism {*ho/m-\Nur6e to o/of Old Irish PI. do/n/
"people', whether here lay before an older diphthong, but for Indo Germanic *gdhoim-
lacks every probability; s. also under); Oscan-Umbrian 770/770/7- (ablaut grade *ghom- as
humus, compared with Latin /7e/770/7- or dialectic umlaut from *hemdn-), Oscan humuns^ a
human being, man, person ', Umbrian homonus^ a human being, man, person ';

Gothic guma. Old Icelandic gumi. Old English guma. Old High German ^0/770 "person,
man, husband'. Modern High German in Braut/'-gam {\ndo Germanic *ghemon- or *ghomon-

);

Lithuanian (old) z/77i/d'(Dauksa m. Akk. zmun/) "person', nowadays zmogus, zmdgus{g-
forms as in Old Church Slavic mg-zb) "person'. Old Prussian smoy{\eQ. smoal), other
formations Old Prussian smunentsm. "person', smonenaw/ns6s., and smun/'t "person',
Lithuanian zmonai. "wife, woman', zmdnesP\. m. "people' (Akk. PI. z/77d/7/sdial. from Indo
Germanic ghmoPens).

Pedersen (KG. I 69, 89, 116, 173) places here also Old Irish duine, cymr. dyn, corn,
bret. o'e/? 'person', Proto Celtic *don/o- irom *ghdomJo-= x66viO(;, Old Indie ksamya-lj,
however, this would be the only evidence for Celtic /7/from mj, it could be considered the
transference of /7fronn the paradigm *o'o/7 'place' (see above). However, then the PI. Old
Irish dofni, nir. o'ao//?© 'humans, people' (typical diphthong) would have to be separated
from duine; far likely it is connected dofni as *^^euenJo-ox *^^ouenJo-dx\^ duine eic. as
strong grade *d'^un/o- with Gothic diwans' perishable, mortal ' connected (see '^^uen-
under d^e^z-'die'); incredible Borgstrom NTS. 12, 83 f.;

Note:

common lllyrian-celtic gh- > d-

Tocharian A so/n'lad, young boy, youngling ', B saumo, PI. S5/77/7a 'person' (: Latin
fiemonem); s. Pedersen Tochar. 107 f.;

Hittite te-e-kan{tegan). Gen. tagnas'ear\h' and Tocharian A tkam, Gen. tkanis, B kem
ds.

Luvian: tiyamm(i)-

Meaning: earth'

Attestations: [NSg] ti-ya-am-mi-is: 54 ii 41.42.43*.51.iii 28 .35; 56,2*; KBo XXIX 40,5e.

ti-ya-am-me-is: 107 ii 4*.

[ASg] ti-ya-am-mi-in: 103 iii 13; 139 i 4(?).iv 10e(?).

ti-ya-am-me-in: 107 ii 11.

[D-LSg] ti-ya-am-mi: 94, lie; VII 53 + XII 58 i 59e; KBo XXII 254 Vo 7*.

[ErgSg] ti-ya-am-ma-an-ti-is: 39 ii 15.

[GenAdj]

[NSgC] ti-ya-am-ma-as-si-is: 45 ii 26; 107 ii 12*.

[NPIC] ti-ya-am-ma-as-si-in-zi: KBo XXII 254 Vo 1 1*.

Commentary: Delocatival formation, as per Kimball, Hittite Plene Writing 42720, NOT
direct formal match of Hittite tekaii.

Hittite: tekan n., gen. taknas ' earth ', dagan, tagan ' down, to the ground '; HLuw takamia '
earth ', Luvian tiyammi- id. (Friedrich 204, 220)

common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Note:

Common Hittite Tochanrian gh- > tk- : common Old Indie gh- > ks- : lllyrian Albanian gh- >
dh- : Celtic gh- > d-.

They derived through metathesis from * g(e)dhom-, *gh{e)dhom {Pe6ersen Group. 41 f.),
these explained from Indo Germanic '^'^{ejghom (Kretschmer Gl. 20, 66 f.); against it with
substantial reasons Beuveniste Mel. Van Ginneken 193 ff.; a root in *d^egh-p\aces also
Specht Dekl. 241; I with Benveniste would rather keep away the Hittite and Tocharian
forms.

References: WP. I 662 ff., WH. I 654 f., 663 ff., 869, Trautmann 369.
Page(s): 414-416

Root / lemma: ghd/es {zero grade ghdi^), vereinfacht (?) to ghdes, ghies, ghes

Meaning: yesterday

Material: Old Indie hyah^ yesterday ' {ghies), hyastana-h^ yesterday';

Latin hen, here^ yesterday ', hesternus^ yesterday' (from * hestr/nos \N'\t\r\ -tro-as in
Germanic *gestra-); Common Old Indie : Latin gh-> h-.

Avestan zyo. Old pers. diya{ka), pers. dT(g);

alb. dje^ yesterday ', dial. ' morning' {*ghes), djethinediS., para-dje^ the day before
yesterday, two days ago';

Old Irish in-de{*gdjes), cymr. doe, acorn, doy, neorn. de. Middle Breton dech, nbret.
deac'h^ yesterday ' (the brit. forms from *gd//es); cymr. neithiwreic. " yesterday evening'
rather from *nokti+ cymr. hwyr'\ate' (loanword from Latin serus);

gr. eleisch asp-oc; xQtc, Hes. (from *x,i£^, Indo Germanic ghies?); gr. ^Qto, { *ghdes), t%Qtc,
(after eksTvo^ : k£Tvo(;, independent particle or suggestion vowel, see above S. 283 and
SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 413, Lejeune Traite 182); xQ\^6q„ adverb. xQ'Ca " yesterday', after
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 from y^dtc, + *5ja to Old Indie a-oya "today' (Instrum. from Indo
Germanic *d/os'6ay'; lacks above S. 183), with sound weakening from £ to i, after Specht

KZ. 68, 205 from *ghdis> ghis\N\\h adverbial suffix (as in gr. Kpup-5a); )^Qza\y6c, '
yesterday';

Gothic g/stra-dag/s 'morgen', Old English geostra, wsachs. giestran-dseg. North
Umbrian gioster-daeg' yesterday ', Old High German kestre, gesteron, gesteren^
yesterday '; lengthened grade Old Norse f gser{*gez-), /gjar{Horeer\ Old Icelandic Gr.'' p.
72, 263a 1); s. above Specht KZ. 68, 202 f.

References: WP. I 664, WH. I 642 f., 869, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 631, 10, Specht KZ. 68,

201 ff.

Page(s):416

Root / lemma: ghdu- (or ghiu-1)

Meaning: fish

Material: Armenian y^A/7 "fish' (extension as in mu-kn^ mouse ');

gr. ix0u(;, -uoo, ( *ghdus) "fish' (i- is a vocal development as in IktTvoc; " a number of small
predatory birds belonging to the hawk family type of predatory bird, kite ': Armenian cin
"falcon, kite', Indo Germanic kt^Tno-);

^/7d^t/-.- Lithuanian zuvis{Qev\. PI. zuvij) f., Latvian zuvs, z/'vsm. 6s.; in addition the
verbs East Lithuanian zusta, zuvo, zut/" fish, catch fish ';

Gutturalsuffix: Old Prussian suck/sm. (Akk. PI. suckans) "fish' (Lithuanian zuk- in zuk-
mistras^ Fisclnmelsfer ', zuk-sparnis^ Fischaar', zuklys^ fisherman '); in addition further
Latvian zut/sm. " eel, snakelike fish '; Lithuanian zvejysm. " fisherman ', Lithuanian zvejdti,
Latvian zvejuoV fish, catch fish ', zvynasx^. " fish scale ', Latvian zvlnim. PI. " fish scales
'; Old Prussian sucka-ns besides ix6u(;, as Latin sucu-la besides sus. Old Norse askr
besides Lithuanian uosis.

To the initial sound question {ghd or ghR) compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325; it is of the
same kind especially xQwv : zeme, and a parallel proposed with k- '\K\\yoc, : cin. No quite
sure indication is in *ghi-, because in its affiliation somewhat dubious, the fish name alt.
Swedish gius. New Swedish ^c>s"Perca Lucioperca', Modern High German dial, giesen
"Cyprinus cephalus' and alt. Swedish fiska-giusen^a bird of prey, Faico haliaetus', wherein
*gjuse " fisherman '.

References: WP. I 664, Trautmann 373, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325, 413; to Indo Germanic d
compare lastly Lejeune Traite de Phonetique grecque S. 31 f.

Page(s): 416-417

Root / lemma: ghlad-

Meaning: to sound, call

Material: Old Indie hradate^ sounds', hrada-m. " Geton, noise', Avestan zrada-m. ' coat

of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ' ('rattling, clashing, clinking, chinking '), npers.

zirih "armor, coat of mail, garment made of linked metal rings ';

gr. K£xAa5a (Pind.) 'swell, of sound, ring out, murmur, rustle, roar, blossom ', KaxAa^w "
plash or bubble, of the sound of liquids, of the sea, of rain, of boiling water, frothing forth
foam ';

Old Irish ad-gladur^\ address, speak to; refer'.

The Aryan words can but just as well with Indo Germanic rto Gothic gretan be\ov\Q\ see
below gher-1.

References: WP. I 659 f.
Page(s): 451

Root / lemma: gho

Meaning: behind, towards

Grammatical information: preposition and Partikel

Material: Armenian z preposition and proverb " referring to, applying to, pertaining to ' etc.

(Meillet Esquisse2 166);

Baltic *a-zd\v\ Lithuanian dial, azuo, azu, az^ behind, for' (compare azuof instead,
instead of. East Lithuanian azuomarsa^ oblivion '); Latvian az(compare az^o/5 'bosom' =
East Lithuanian azuhtis^s., to Latvian *uots= Lithuanian 5/7//5 "bosom'), newer aiz
(unexplained) ' behind, after, because of, instead of, also verbal prefix " behind, from, to,
to-';

Slavic za" behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on', also verbal prefix; also in Old
Church Slavic zadi) " the behind, buttocks part', compare na-dv,

perhaps instrumental a Pronom.-stem gho-io ghe, gho{above S. 417) with aniaut. gh-;
s. also under ud.

References: WP. I 533 f., Trautmann 336, Endzelin Latvian Gr. 485 f.
Page(s): 451-452

Root / lemma: ghuel-

Meaning: to bend, swerve

Material: Old Indie hvarate^ turns from the straight direction, makes crooked way ', hvalati

" makes on error, stumbles, wanders \ juhurana-h^ failing ', vfhruta-h^ defective, faulty,

lewd, sick ', hrunati^ go astray, lose one's way ', participle hruta-, it has changed hvrta-,

hurchati^ fails, glides, sways, falls '; hvaras-n. " curvature ', hvara- m. "snake', vihrut-t

"kind of snake or worm';

Maybe alb. zvarranik^ reptile ', zvarris, zvarriV drag ', zvarritem^ draggle, creep along,

trapes, crawl '.

Avestan zbaramna-' walking in a crooked way ', zbara&a-w. " foot of a daevischer
being ', zbarah- n. "hill', zurah- n. " wrong; injustice, deception ', npers. zur^ incorrect; lie,
falsity';

gr. cpaAinTEi (jojpaivEi Hes., cpaAoc; "stammering, deaf, stupid' Hes. and probably cpaAoc;
m. "horn of a helmet', presumably cpoAKoq, epithet of Thersites B. 217, perhaps "
bowlegged, bandy-legged'; perhaps also ano(pu)AiO(; "empty, vain, idle, useless, fruitless,
deceitful, deceptive ' (c>grade), cpnAoq " deceitful ', cpnAriTric; " cheater ', cpnAou) (Doric
cpaAou)) cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool';

Latin fallo, -ere^ trip, cause to fall: glacies, deceive, trick, dupe, cheat, elude, fail,
disappoint,be misled, lead into error, be deceived, err, mistake, deceive oneself,to mistake,
be deceived, violate, break, betray, deceive, disappoint, put on, avoid, confound, deceive in
swearing, swear falsely, be perjured, swear falsely by, faith pledged to, lie concealed, be
unseen, escape notice, remain undiscovered, elude, arrive secretly, infuse undetected,
escape recognition, lighten, appease, silence, beguile ' ("*walk in a crooked way; veer,
swerve, turn about '; *ghuelnd, compare Old Indie hrunati);

Lithuanian nuozvelnus " declive, sloping downwards; precipitous, very steep, having a
high degree of inclination, sloping, oblique '; zi/sA/s "skilful; agile, nimble; graceful; sharp,
keen ' ("*slightly bending '); ablaut. IzvJInas^ slantwise, slant, skew' {*ghuf-), pazvil-ti, -au^
bend oneself, zi/y/i/o//" swing, waver'; prazulnas{*ghul-) " slantwise, sloping, slant, skew',
pazulnus 6s:, atzulas, -us' brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep, hard, rude, pitiless ' ;

Latvian zvel'u, zvel'u, zveIC roll, move, knock over, knock down, hit ', refl. " move
slowly, roll, fall down ', zvalstWes " stagger, sway ', zvalns " fluctuating ';

Old Church Slavic zb/b "mad, wicked, evil, bad ', Serbo-Croatian zao{i. zfa), russ. zc»/(f.
zia) ds.;

perhaps *ghu-el- from a ^/7ei/- "slant, skew' extended; compare *ghu-er- in Lithuanian
zurle " a tendril plant ' {*ghur-lo-), gr. Qtp\xoQ, m. " lupine, lupin, any of a number of
leguminous plants which bear tall clusters of flowers in a variety of colors ' {*guher-mo).

Note:

Greek gh- >Q- common Greek Dorian lllyrian Celtic.

References: WP. I 643 f., WH. I 448, Trautmann 372 f.
Page(s): 489-490

Root / lemma: ghuelg-

Meaning: to glance

Material: Gr. GsAyu) " properly, to stroke or touch with magic power, in bad sense, to cheat,

cozen, to produce by spells, beguile, enchant, charm, captivate; bewitch, entrance; cast a

spell on ' (incredible above S. 247);

Note:

Greek gh- >Q- common Greek Dorian lllyrian Celtic.

Lithuanian zvelgiu, zvelgti^ look, gaze; watch; stare, gaze fixedly with wide open eyes',
Iterat. zvalgau, zva/gyt/ and zv/Ig/sm. "look', zvilgiu, zvilgeti^ look briefly '.

References: WP. I 644, Trautmann 374, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302.
Page(s): 490

Root / lemma: ghuen-

Meaning: to sound

Note: extension from ghau-, s. Persson Beitr. 191

Material: Armenian Ja/n {ghuon-//-), /-stem "voice' (with /-Epenthese); alb. Toscze "voice',

Geg za{< *ghuono-s)\

Armenian AmjG dzayn = Albanian Geg zan/\o\ce' conservative definitive forms versus

indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)]

Note:

Alb. shows that Root/ lemma: ghuen-\ "to sound' derived from Root/ lemma: ghau-,

ghaue-: "to call'

russ.- Church Slavic zvbnj'u, zvbnet/Wng, sound, clink', russ. zvenetb, Old Czech zvnieti,
Czech znfti, altpoln. wzniec6s., ablaut. Old Church Slavic zvorib "sound, tone', Slavic
zvpn'beW, Bulgarian zvbnb "sound, clangor ', zvbnecb "bell', Serbo-Croatian zvono, russ.
Czech zvon, poln. dzwon^ clangor, bell'.

Balto-Slavic root extension ghueng-

Lithuanian zvengiu, zvengti^ neigh ', su-zvingu, -zvingti^ burst in neighing ', zvangus
"loud, resounding ', zvangu, zvanget/ ^ratt\e, clash, ring, clang, clink', Latvian zv/egt' neigh

Old Church Slavic zv^gg^ announce ', russ.- Church Slavic zv/agu's\r\g, babble', russ.
dial, zvjagu, zvjacb "bark, bay'.

Slavic root extension ghuenk-.

Old Church Slavic zvgkb m. "sound', zi/^/r/7(?//"sound, clink', zvgcati^caW, shout, cry',
Serbo-Croatian zi/e/r "sound', poln. zwigk, dzwigk^ so\}v\6, clangor '; with ablaut Old Church
Slavic zvgkb "sound', russ. zvuk, Czech zuz/Zr "sound, tone, sound, clangor ';

Slavic root extension ghuent-.

Bulgarian zi/b/7^5 "sound, clink '.

References: WP. I 642, Trautmann 374.
Page(s): 490-491

Root / lemma: ghuer-

Meaning: wild beast

Material: Gr. Grip, -6c„ m. late f. (6r|p£(;, 9r|pu)v = East Lithuanian zveres, zverQ, Schwyzer

Gr. Gr. I 424), Lesbian cppp, horn. Or|p£(;, Thessalian cpeip (n£(p£ipaK0VT£(; = T£9r|paK6T£c;,

OiA6(p£ipoc;) "animal';

Note:

Common Greek lllyrian Celtic gh- > d-, 0-.

Latin ferus, -a, -um^ wild, untamed, rude, uncultivated; savage, barbarous, fierce, cruel
' ( *ghuero-s)\

Maybe alb. ferre^ thorny bush, prick, blackberry, blackthorn ' Latin loanword.

with structure in /■ declination (after Akk. Sg. PI. -b, -/= m, -ns) Lithuanian zverisxw. f.,
Latvian zversrc\.\ Old Prussian Akk. PI. swTrins,

Old Church Slavic zverb "wild animal', sloven, zv$r. Old Czech zverrw. f., russ. zverb;

substantive adjective Lithuanian zverienai., russ. zverfna^ venison, deer meat', to Latin
card ferJna ds.

References: WP. I 642 f., WH. I 487 f., Trautmann 374 f.
Page(s): 493

Root / lemma: ghuoig"-

Meaning: to shine; star

Material: Gr. cpoTpot; 'pure, clean gleaming', a(piKT6(;, a(piKTp6(; {*ghuig"'-) 'impure, unclean';

Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

From Root/ lemma: ghuoig"-: 'to shine; star' derived Root/ lemma: b'^eig"-: 'to shine'

(sse above) common ghu- > Greek ph- > Old Indie bh-.

Balto Slavic *zuaigzda- f. 'shine, star' (Indo Germanic *ghuoig"(e)s-d3) in:

Old Prussian Akk. Sg. swaigstan^s\\\x\Q\ yoosn/a/gs/ziaa/ "illuminate' (?) ; Lithuanian
zvaigzde, zvaigzde, dial, zvaizde, Latvian zvaigznei. 'star'; in addition further Lithuanian
zvygulys^ radiance ', zvafnas^ silberfleckig ', Latvian zi/5/gs//?/es 'gleam', zvaidrTt
'shimmer';

Slavic *gvezda (from *guaigzda, through dissimilation from *zuaigzda) in Old Church
Slavic dzvezda, Serbo-Croatian zvigezda, poln. gwiazda, russ. zvezdai. 'star'.

References: Trautmann 373 f., Pedersen La cinqunderdecl. Latin 74, Mikkola Urslav. Gr.
166 f. Probably inaccurate about gr. cpoTpoq etc. above 118.
Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: ghuolc-, ghuak"-

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

Material: Gr. Siacpaaasiv Siacpaivsiv Hes., cpdjijj cpaoc; Hes.; "rrapai-cpaaaei Tivaa-asi . . .

Hes., reduplicated Traicpaaaw ' dart, rush about, quiver, wave violently';

Latin fax{o\6 faces), facisi. 'torch; agitator, inciter, troublemaker, fomenter ', Demin.
/^c^/a 'torch', /^ce/^s 'elegant, witty', facetia and -ae^ a jest, witticism; drollery, piece of
humor, a witty or clever thing in action or behavior. Wit, witty sayings ';

Lithuanian zi/a/re 'candle'.

References: WP. I 645, WH. I 438 f., 471, 864, Trautmann 374.
Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: glei-

Meaning: to run up to

Note: Only indoiranisch.

Material: Old Indie yr^ya//' onrushes, attacks, starts, activates \Jrayas-n. "

impetuousness, hastiness, run, flow, river flow ', prthu-Jraya-^ distant running ';

Avestan zrayah-. Old pers. drayah-^ sea ', Middle Persian zray, npers. (with metathesis)
darya, psreu-zrayah' wide water surface stretching above '.

References: WP. I 660, WH. I 608.
Page(s): 401

Root / lemma: guer-, guera-

Meaning: to burn and be hot

Note:

Root/ lemma: guer-, guera-\ to burn and be hot' derived from Root/ lemma: gher-San^

ghera-, ghre-: to shine, shimmer'.

Material: Old Indie yVara//" has a temperature, is feverish \jvara-h lever, pain, distress ',

y/y/va// "singes, burns', ylty//?/-/? 'blaze, glow' (< *Jvur-, *gur-)\ besides yVa/5//" flames up,

glows, shines \ jvalita-h^ flaming, burning, luminous', yVa/a/7a-/7' burning, ignitable ', m.

"fire', n. " the burning, blazing 'j'vala-hm. "light, flame, torch', yVa/af. ds.;

mnl. coortsm., Middle Low German /roA/s "fever'??;

Lithuanian z/ur/u, z/uret/^see', z/uraWe\N, look', z/uras^eag\e owl';

full grade Latvian zi/e/'5"scintillant, flickering, sparkling', zveruot^ g\o\N, flash'.

References: WP. I 643, Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. I p. 228.
Page(s): 479

Root / lemma: g(e)ldu-
Meaning: sister-in-law

Material: Gr. *YaAajFo(; in horn. Dat. Sg. and Norn. PI. yqAou), Gen. PI. yqAooov, Attic
yaAojc;, Gen. yciAu) "a husband's sister or brother's wife, a sister-in-law ';

Latin glos, gloris^ a husband's sister, wife, woman of brothers' {*gl^u]s);

spatChurch Slavic zb/bi/a. Old Czech zelva, serb. zaova, russ. zoiovka^ a husband's
sister ';

perhaps also Armenian taF a husband's sister ' (for *ca/ after ta/gr' husband's brother
')■

That Phrygian Y^Kapoq aSsAcpou yuvn Hes., also yaKKapoc,, belongs here, is most
doubtful; whether recommended for *Y£AaFog?

After Jokl EbertsRL. X 142bwere the non-palatal guttural through influence of /limited,
whereupon also poln. zefw, zofw/ca ( *gjuua) besides zel-w, zoiwica ( *geluua) " husband's
sister ' should indicate; compare though that under ghel- it is explained by Balto-Slavic gel-
"yellow'.

A gr. conservative stem *yaAu)[t/]-(; has contravened (only the case oblique) in the o
Dekl. experienced; in Slavic lies an older J-stem zbly. Gen. zb/bi/e, before which could be
compared with Latin glos.

References: WP. I 631, WH. I 610, SchwyzerGr. Gr. 480.
Page(s): 367-368

Root /lemma: 5'"aih-

Meaning: to sink, submerge

Material: Old Indie ^^/7a/e "dives, permeates, soaks', participle gac/ha-h^ deep, dense, tight

', gaha-h'dep\h, the interior '; with a. gahana-, gahvara-' deep, dense', n. "depth, abyss,

thicket ', dur-gaha-m " wicked place or way';

the participle gadha-\s probably analogical form after roots with Old Indie h= Indo
Germanic gh; gadha- " shallow, having little depth ', m. n. " shallow, ford' is perhaps from
an Old Indie root noun ga{\.o Indo Germanic g"a-^ gait ') + dha as " granting passage ' to
define;

Avestan Akk. PI. vi-ga&o^ canyon, gorge, gulch, ravine, abyss, steep narrow valley
carved by running water ' (: Old Indie vi-gaha-) " dipping oneself ', zero grade guda-
"depth';

gr. pnaaa, Doric paaaa (*pc(0ja) f. " wooded combe, glen, mostly in the mountain glens,
gorge, ravine, gulch '; paaaoc; n. ds. (*pa9ao(;), zero grade puGoc;, puaaoc; ' the depth,
esp. of the sea ' with p instead of y after pnaaa; a^vaooq " with no bottom, bottomless,
unfathomed ', pa9o(; n. "depth"; p£v0O(; 'depth' secondary after nsvGoq : na9o(;; Note:
common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

Old Irish ba{i)dim^ go under, dive, submerge; sink, drown', cymr. boddi^ drown, flood ',
corn, bedhy. Middle Breton beuziff^ drown '; cymr. diffoddi^ extinguish, annihilate, erase '
from *di-spad- ( *dT-eks-bad-).

Note:

From Root / lemma: g^aA"^-: to sink, submerge, derived Root/ lemma: b'^au-l . b^J-: to hit.
References: WP. I 665, Schwyzer Rhein. Mus. 81, 193 ff.
Page(s): 465

Root / lemma: g'^a- g^em-

Meaning: to go, come

Note:

Root / lemma: g^'a-, g^em- : "to go, come' from zero grade of Root / lemma: ag- {*heg-): "to

lead, *drive cattle'.

Material: Old lndicy/-^5-//"goes' (= gr. *pipr|ai, compare lak. 3. Sg. pipavri, hom. participle

pipa(; " walking along with big steps ', in addition also hom. pipaaGwv), Aor. a-ga-m " I got

to, arrived at, reached, got there , left ' (Avestan Injunkt. gal^ he will get to, arrive at ') =

Armenian kam " stand ', gr. £pr|v, Doric £pav " I undid; (a jacket, package, door, etc.)

opened, went '; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old Indie ^a/Aa/T? "limb, member, body'; gatu-h^ gait, way, room, place', Avestan gatu-s
"place, couch, long upholstered seat, folding bed; small spare bed; camp bed, seat,
throne'. Old pers. ga&u6s.\ Old Indie vf-gaman-v\. " footstep ' {prthu-pra-gaman-^ walking
further '; compare gamin- "going', further formations an ostem gama-h), Avestan ga-man-
n. " footstep ', Old Indie gaya-m " footstep ' in uru-gaya- " walking further, walking far ' (of
way), Avestan ^5ya-(Akk. gaim) " footstep ' (with formants -ya-)\

Armenian kam " stand ' ( : gr. spnv);

gr. *pipr|ai, pipat;, sppv see above; pnTappoc; " dance ', pr|TapiJU)v " dancer ' (from
*pc(TO(; or *paTa " das Fuftaufsetzen ' + appa " structure, composition '); aiJcpiapnTSw,
Ionian afjcpiapaTEw " dispute, argue, fight ' (" nach zwei Seiten auseinandergehend '), pnija

n. " footstep ' changing through ablaut pajpot; m. " step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered
by the foot; footprint, track, grade, rack, altar'; infinitive pnjJEvai; Pn^oc; m. " doorsill ';
p£pr|^0(;, Doric p£paAo(;, kyren. papaAo(; ' enterable, unhallowed, not consecrated, not
sanctified ' (contrast from apaTO(; " immortal, holy'); zero grade p£paiO(; "certainly' (*good
feasible); pa5r|v Adv. 'in footstep '; pa5oq m. 'way', paGpoq m. 'grade, threshold, footstep
', paGpov ' foundation ', £ppaTr|<; ' man's shoe '; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

alb. nga^\ run, drive' {*ga-nid)\ Actually {*ga-snid) nasalized form prevented common
alb. g- > d-.

Maybe alb. ngathte's\o\N, lazy (walk)' [common alb. - Old Irish -s > -th]

Maybe zero grade in alb. gare 'race' < Rumanian goana 'race, battue'.

Lithuanian dial, got/ "go'; Latvian ^^^^ (preterit to /et) 'I walked ' (places a present *ga/d
ahead, whosey would be present formant), therefrom iurther gajums ' gait, row'; ga/ta'
gait ' (with analogical a/, Endzelin Latvian Gr. S. 678); gat/s PI. ' Fluglocher der Bienen ';
Lithuanian proga' occasion, opportunity, term, deadline (*end of the road)' (prefix *prd +
ga)\ Lithuanian gatve' road, livestock pasture ', Latvian ^a/i/a'way, passage ' are
Germanic loanword

Perhaps here also Celtic words for 'die' (as ' leave, depart ', £k pporajv pnvai), as Old
Irish baTd'6ea6' { *ba-a- t/irorr\ *g"'a-), at-batb'6\e6' {*-g"'d-t. .), batb'6eat\r\' = cymr. bad
'pest, pestilence', bret. bad' anesthetization ', corn, badus' phrenetical '; Old Irish bas
'death' is shaped aiter gnas' consuetude ' etc.. Contrariness of Thurneysen Gr. pp. 547,
728 is a stem bas- not proved; s. more properly Pedersen Litteris 2. 89 f. Note: common
lllyrian g"'- > b-.

2. g^em-

Unthematic *(e)-g"em-t {> *e-g"en-t), -g"m-te, -g"m-ent\r\ Old Indie Aor. agan, gan{gior
/after forms with original *g"'m-, *g"m-; 1. Sg. agamam), agata{*g"'rn-), agman, agmata,
Gatha-Avestan 3. Sg. Inj. uz-J§n, 3. PI. g^marr,

Armenian 3. Sg. ekn'he comes ' (= Old Indie agan); about still unclear 1 . Sg. eki, 3. PI.
ekinsee Meillet Esquisse 134 f.;

gr. parnv 3. Du., un£ppaaav 3. PI. probably to root form *g"a-\ Note: common lllyrian g"-
>b-.

Konj. *g"'emet/"\n Old \nd'\c gam-at, -anti, Ga\ha-/Kves\.av\ Jama'ti, jima'tr, Opt. g"'m-/et\n
Old Indie gamyat, Avestan jamyat, ap. jamja^ (/for ^ from forms with lengthened grade
Indo Germanic *g"em-)\ Old English cyme see below;

thematic: zero grade Old Indie gamati, As/estan Jama/f/" goes' (Old Indie gamayati
"allows to eome, brings about, causes, makes happen ', Avestan jamaye/t/^ brings to the
side, flank '), zero grade Old Indie (Opt. Aor.) garnet, gamema, gamemahi, probably also
Aor. agamat, Perl. Ja-gama'\ walked ' (compare Gothic 1. PI. qemum); Avestan fra-ymal
(Gatha-Avestan-^^/775]) 'he comes over, joins; ensues, follows as a consequence of,
happens as a result of ', Old pers. a-gmata,

Oscan kumbened^ it agrees, came together ', cebnust {irom *ce-benusf) " (nucn^eneni
', Umbrian benust, benurent' venerit, -int '; Latin Konj. advenam {a\iO\A nior msee below;
perhaps with analogical -en- after the forms as Latin ven/o, ventum, ven/j;

Gothic (7//77a/7 (preterit qam, 1. PI. qemum: 0\6 Indie 1. Sg. Peri. Ja-gama), Old High
German queman an6 (zero grade?) coman= Old English cuman. Old Norse koma^ coxwe';
Old English Konj. Prater, (older Optat.) cyme {*g"em-T-tj\

Tocharian A kam-, kum-, B kam-, kam-, sem 'come'.

70-present *g"m-i6\v\ gr. paivw "go' (Put. prjaofjai etc.), Latin Ke/7/o'come' with very old
alteration from -/t?/- to -/?/■; after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309 could na\so be related to forms as
Avestan Jantu {*g"'em-tu-), Armenian ekn {*e-g"em-t}\ to Ke/7//77^sstimmt Gothic qemum,

5^c^present *g"'m-sk6: 0\6 \n6\c gacchati, Avestan jasaiti^ he goes', gr. paoKS "go!
come!' Tocharian A kumnas^he comes ', Med. kumnastar, B kanmastra.

Verbaladjektiv: Old Indie gata-h^ gone, departed, left; dead; lost ', Avestan gata-ds., gr.
pQToq " feasible, able to be carried out ' ( *g"'m-to-s), Latin in-ventus.

other nominal formation:

Old \n(i\c gati-hi. " gait ', Avestan aiwi-gati-^ coming along = entry, beginning ', gr. paai(;
f. " footstep; base' {*g"m-ti-s), Latin con-venti-6^ gathering, assembly, meeting, convention
', Gothic ^5C7^/77A's " gathering, assembly, meeting, convention ' {*-g"m-tis). Old Norse
samkundi. ds.. Old High German cumft. Modern High German Ankunft^ arrival,
appearance, approach, incoming '; Old \n(ii\c gantu-hxx\. " gait, way', Latin adventus, -us'
arrival, appearance, approach, incoming '; Gothic qums' arrival, appearance, approach,
incoming ' {*g"'em-/s). Old English cyme. Old High German cumr. Old Indie gamya-' where

one can go or should go ', Oscan kumbenniefsQe'c\. " meeting, rendezvous, coming,
together, circuit, congress, assembly, union, session '; Old High German biquami^
bequem ' (compare ' digestible '), Old English ^ecu/e/ne "pleasant, fitting'. Old Norse
kvsemr^ capable or allowed to come '; kvamat ' coming, visit, dropping by; inspection ',
koma ds.;

Tocharian A kum-, AB kam-, A kam-, B se/77-"come', A kumnas, Med. kumnastar^
comes ', A kakmu, B kekamu^ arrived; resulted '.

With a meaning- development ' come (to the world) ' = ' be born ':

Avestan n'hjamayeinti^ be born ' {*ni-Jama- 'birth');

gr. £-pa0r| syEvvEGri Hes.;

alb. pre-gjim " feast in the first birth '; (common pronunciation alb. gj- = Slavic dz-)

Lithuanian gemu, gimti^ be born ' = Latvian dzemu, dzimtds., Lithuanian g/mstu{ior
pronunciation see Schuize KZ. 45, 230) = Latvian dzimstu 6s., Lithuanian gimine^ family ',
^j7/77/5 "birth', gamas^ the innate ', causative gaminti^ generate children, breed cattle ',
Latvian dzimts^ congenital, existing from birth, innate, inherited ', o'z//775a "birth' = Old
Prussian gimsenin kVk. Sg. "birth'. Old Prussian gemton^ to give birth to children ',
^e/77/77c»/7s participle Perf. " born '.

References: WP. I 675 ff., Meillet Esquisse2 134 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 309, 689, 7423,
7072, Trautmann 76, Pedersen Tocharian 170 ff., 221, 234.
Page(s): 463-465

Root / lemma: g'^eA^-
Meaning: to push, hit, harm

Material: Old Indie gandh-^bump, poke, prick, injure, destroy' (by grammarians), gandha-h
m. "smell, odor, fragrance ', Avestan gantay- " fetidness ', Middle Persian gand^ fetidness
', Old pers. gasta-^ disgusting, unsavory, distasteful', afgh. yandar disgust, repulsion, feel
loathing ', Baluchi gandag^evW, bad', (to meaning development "bump, poke, prick' >
"smell, odor' compare e.g. Old High German 5///7/ra/7 "smell, stink' against Gothic stigqan^
clash, bang together, collide, crash ' and gr. Kviari " steam and odour of fat which exhales
from roasting meat, smell or savour of a burnt sacrifice ' compared with Old Icelandic hmta
"bump, poke, prick'.)

Gr. btvvoq " vituperation, sliame' {*g"'en6'"no-); after Kuiper Nasalpras. 65 liere cpGovoq
m. " envy ' (present *(p9£vu) from *g"&'-en-);

Note:

comnnon lllyrian g"- > d- ; g"- > b-.

about Middle Higli German quetsen, quetschen^hW., bump, pol<e, squeeze' s. Kluge s. v.
quetscherr,

Litlnuanian gendu, gestr be damaged, spoil, be destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die ',
gadinu, gad/nt/'spoW, damage, disturb, bother', pagadas 'ru'\r\\ Latvian ginstu, ginV be
destroyed, perish; wither, wilt, die '.

Maybe alb. godas^ hit' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 672 f., Benveniste BSL. 38, 143.
Page(s): 466-467

Root / lemma: g''eid(h)-
Meaning: mud

Material: Gr. SeToa " filth, slime, mud ' {*g"ei6\iao'c -sa, or *g"eid-s-a)\ perhaps Old Norse
kveisai. "swelling, blister, lump, growth'. Middle Low German quese' blood blister, blood
pustule', besides Norwegian kvisa, Swedish kvissla6s.\

Old Church Slavic zidtk-b " succous, succulent, sappy, sapful, juicy, rich, opulent ', russ.
etc. zfdkij^ fluid, liquid, runny; soft, pliable'.

References: W P. I 671.
Page(s): 469

Root / lemma: g^ei-l
Meaning: to cry, weep

Note: Beyond the Germanic only unsafe comparisons; probably onomatopoeic.
Material: Gothic qa/ndn^\Neep, cry, grieve ', Old Norse kveina^ lament'. Old English
cwanian^ wail, be sad ', Old Norse kveinka^ wail, lament' and with other derivative Old
Icelandic stem Verb. kvTda' be frightened ', kvTda\. ' trembling, quaking, shaking, terror,
anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ', kvTdixw. ds.; Old English cwTdan, schw. Verb. " wail, bemoan ',
Old Saxon c/^/lJ/a/? 'lament';

here recalled formally Lithuanian g/edu and gfestu, g/edot/" s\ng, crow ', etc., to the only
registered root in Satem languages *gef- 'sing' (see there); it is not listed because of
meaning in question.

References: WP. I 665 f.
Page(s): 467

Root / lemma: g''ei-2

Meaning: to put together, enclose

Material: Umbrian bio, Paelignian Akk. biam^ enclosed district, region, area '; Note:

common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old Norse kve\. " pen, fold, narrow enclosed passage ', kvJa^ coop, place in a pen or
coop, pen '.

References: WP. I 666.
Page(s): 467

Root / lemma: g'^eja-

Meaning: to prevail, be mighty

Material: Old Indie y>a,y/y^f. " suzerainty, sovereignty, political control ' (= gr. pia) = alb. f.

{*g"eia) zija^ mourning, grieving, lamentation; act of feeling sorrow for someone's death;

period of mourning; clothes worn by mourners; signs of mourning '.

Old \r\d\c Jyana-m, JyanF-h ^ oppression, depression, exploitation, suppression \Jyayan'

mightier, more prepotent \ jyestha-, Jyestha- " most incredible, strongest '■,Jayat/ {Peri.

jigaya) " overmatched, overpowered, defeated ' (Avestan \v\t Jayai, full grade I the root, 'to

defeat, conquer'), yay/s/7^- ' victorious \jetar- " defeating '; jinati {Vut jyasyati. Pass, jTy ate,

participle y/7a-) ' beaten, overpowered, oppressed'; y/^/sa//" will defeat, conquer ' ( : Avestan

Jijisaiti^ tries to attain for himself, cause to be found '), jigy'u- " victorious ';

Old Indie y»7a// stands also for " bring about sth ', jyani-h a\so " decrease, loss' and is so
both the extender of the palatal aniaut. root from Avestan zinat^ damages ', Old pers.
adinat^buuQ about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. dTta-, Avestan
zyana, zyani-i. " damage, harm ', Inf. zyana/^to harm', Baluchi zinay^ seize, take forcibly;
grasp, snatch, take abruptly, seize hastily, take away by force ' (external Aryan
correspondences not known);

Maybe alb. Geg mezane^ to gripe, capture ', Geg me uzane, Tosc zihem^ quarrel '.

gr. pia " force, might, power ' Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-. (= Old Indie y/ya), piaco,
pia^u) " force, coerce ', piaiO(; ' violent, brutal ', AvTi5iO(; probably = AvTipiO(;; pTvsTv ' futuerl
', ^a£i pivsT Hes. " rape ' (whereas pTvsTv would have derived from a participle *pT-v6-(; = Old
lndicy/-/7a-, Gramm.,); after Liden IF. 19, 328 with npers. gayad^ futuit ', Inf. gadan, gan,
from a root *g"'ai- or (?) *g"'di-, which would be compatible only with the latter beginning
with g^ei-as lengthened grade of the ogradation at most theoretically;

Maybe alb. {*zyana) dhune^ force, violence, forcing, viciousness, rape ' : Old pers. adinat
'bring about, take away, take off, remove ', participle Perf. Pass. 07?^-.

with g'^eja-^ suppress, crush; repress ' appear also the following words for " exhaust,
weaken, make feeble ', Intr. Pass. " go altogether, grow old, dwindle ' originally belonged
together:

Old Indie y//7a// also ' grows old \ jyan'hh^ senility ', ajyani-h^ immortality ',jTna-'age6,
old', a-j7ta-' unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged ', a-jTti-h^ intactness,
completeness, entireness, wholeness ',y/V/7-'old, fragile, easily broken; unstable,
dilapidated, helpless ', Avestan yya-, present J/'na/t/" exhausts, weakens ', ajyamna-' not
decreasing, inexhaustible ', wherefore Middle High German verquTnen, preterit quein^
dwindle away, decrease ', Old English cwTnan, a-cwTnan, preterit cwan' dwindle away,
decrease, abate, pain, feel ill ', extended Old English cwincan, acwincan^ disappear,
abate ' (Kaus. with ablaut neologism acwencan, engl. quench^ extinguish, put out '), and
with /77-forms wfal. kwTmen^ pain, feel ill ', kwTmelig' softened, made soft; overindulged '.

From Germanic seem in both meaning of colouring addable:

Old Norse kveita^ dazzle, blind with bright light ' (o'-present); s-extensions Middle Low
German quisten^ let perish, waste ', (7^/s/ "damage, loss', mnl. quisten^ rub, rub away,
wear away, bruise, grind, bray triturate, rub against, wear', Gothic q/stjan ^spoW, Old High
German quisti. " annihilation ', archwistan, f/rqu/stan 'spoW, destroy'. Old English cmesan'
crush, squeeze hard, squash ', jut. /riws 'press, extract, squeeze ', nisi, kveisa^ stomach
ache '; Norwegian kveisa^ verkummertes Geschopf ', kvisla^ dwindle away, decrease '; g-
extension (fragmented reduplication?) Frisian kwTke, kwikken^ pinch, tweak, nip ', in the
reduced meaning in Prussian queicheln^ fondle '.

References: WP. I 666 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 300, 694.
Page(s): 469-470

Root / lemma: 5'"&/-5and g^eia-: g^fijie-: g^Olio-: gl"-, frequent, often with -:/- extended

Meaning: to live
Material: A. from *g''eid:

Old Indie y7i/a/i/-/7 "life' (see below), gaya-h^ house, courtyard, Hauswesen ' (see below);

AvestanJ/'yaesa' you should live ' (2. Sg. present Med., orthemat. 2. Sg. Opt. for
y/gayaesa); Jljf/sdnt/ {ong\na\\Y subjunctive) " be refreshed, nourished \Jaya- m. " incitation
'; gaydxr\. 'life, lifetime, lifestyle ' (= Old Indie gaya-h^ house and courtyard, Hausweser^ ' =
russ. ^oy "peace; salvation!'); Avestan gaeda. Old pers. ^a/z?a "entity, house and courtyard

Armenian keam^ live ' {*gl'ya-ye-mi); Meillet Esquisse 110, 176.

gr. hom. psoijai " I will live ' {*^z\zao\\a\\ SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 780, 788''); Note: common
I Nyhan g"'- > b-.

Lithuanian gajus' slightly healing '; Lithuanian gyju, gyti{*gTti-) " revive, recover,
become healthy ' (in addition i-gyti-^ attain ', actually " live there '), Latvian dz?t^ heal;
become healthy ', gydau^heaX, Latvian dziedet^\\ea\, cure' (MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 559),
Old Church Slavic z///" live ' (present zivgsee below); in addition Old Church Slavic zitb
"life' ( *gft/s), pa-zitb " pasturage, food, fodder, provender, esp. for cattle, grass, generally,
any feeding-ground, any moist, grassy place, meadow ';

Slavic *gojb " life' {*g"'q/o-s) in Old Russian ^oy"peace', old Serbo-Croatian goj ds., Old
Czech /7oy "fullness, wealth' (: Old \nd\c gaya-h), causative Slavic *gq/7t/' make live ',
Serbo-Croatian gdj/'t/^ care, fatten, overfeed ', etc.;

Tocharian B sa/- " live ', Van Windekens Lexique 127.

'^'^o-in:

Avestan -Jyaiti- f. (in compounds) 'Wie' , Jyatus Gen., Jyatum Akk. "life' (in Old Indie if this
became *Jya-tu-h aftery7i/5//to jTvatu-h)\

ep. Ionian ^cbw, gort Scbu) " live ' (from *^(ji)-i(ji), Indo Germanic *gzid-id), Aor. Epiwv
( "(g^/io-zT? with vokal. /; which was presumably supported by piow), Attic ^w, ^pq, ^p (*^n,'£'.
Indo Germanic *gZie-), ^w6q " living ', ^cbn "life', ^coov "animal'; gr. uyinc; "fit, healthy' {*su-
g"lies " living well ');

■^"/^ (except in baltosl. *gTti-, see above) in Avestan yavae-jT-^ perpetually living ',
Avestan jTti- f. "life', Old Indie y/?5- 'agile, lively, rash, hasty', Avestan jTra- " brisk of mind,
smart'; Old Prussian ^e//s 'bread'. Old Church Slavic zito^ corn, grain '.

Maybe alb. Geg 5/a 'thing, property' : Old pers. ^5/z?a 'entity, house and courtyard ';

With Indo Germanic ^^suffix {g'fg-): Old High German queh and quek. Gen. queckes^
living ', Modern High German keck, Swiss c/7ec/r 'strong, tight, firm' (A/rfrom a form with kw
as Middle High German quicken' refresh '), Old English cwicu, cucu' living ', Old Norse
kvikr, kykr{f\Vk. kykkvan) ' living ', also Modern High German Quecke, Old English cwice'
orchard grass, cocksfoot grass, cock's foot' (from the extraordinary vitality and germ
strength of the plant);

Latvian o'z/^a'life' (as dzTveds.), dzfguoV live ' (as dzfvuotds).

Latin i/Zge/'e'be lively ' separate from vegere' move, excite, quicken, arouse, be lively,
active ' to, seems unjustified. Wood KZ. 45, 68 puts in a line an nord. kvikr eic. also plenty
Germanic words for lively movement of all kind, thus except Old Norse kveikja ' animate,
kindle, inflame', with other further formation Old English cwiferiTce Mn . 'keen, eager', engl.
^^/VeA'agile, lively, nimble', Frisian kwistern' wave, wag (tail, etc.), sashay ', kwispein^
^u^^^^^|ruhig hii^^U^J^^^^ ', Swedish dial. /ri//7y' throw', jut. kwTdar' 3\qx\.,
awake, smart'.

B. from *gZiou-, g'^u-:

with f. Old Indie y/Va-' living, m. life'. Old pers.y/Va- Avestan yVa- (i.e.y/Va-) ' living ' =
Latin vTvusds., Oscan bivusP\. ' ™', cymr. biw, corn, biw' horned cattle ' ('*living cattle
'), Lithuanian gyvas, Latvian dzTvs, Old Church Slavic z/Vb ' living ';

with Agr. ^\oc, 'life' {*g"'i-y-os), Gothic qius' living ' {gaqiunan' ovo^iv '), air, biu, beo,
cymr. byw, bret. beo, corn, byw, bew' living ' (therefrom Celtic *bivo-tut-s\v\ Old Irish
betiiu. Gen. betiiad= cymr. bywyd'Wie');

■^■^in Celtic *bitu-. Old Irish bifii {Gen. betiid), cymr. byd, bret. it'eo'' world';

Maybe alb. {*g"(ilid-te) bote'\Nor\6' : pioTOi;; 'life, means of living, substance, the world,
mankind, etc' common Celtic - lllyrian gr. g"'- . b-.

gall. Bitu-nges, i.e. ' Leute des Weltkonigs ' (compare the similar meaning from Avestan
gae&3); besides zero grades Indo Germanic *g"eito-\n cymr. bwyd'e^X, acorn. buiV^\s\\,

food', abret. boitolion' esciTens ', nbret. /7C»eo'"nourishment, food'; the disyllabic Old Irish
biad. Gen. /?//o'" nourishment, dish, food' (previous *biveto-m).

with /r-suffix: Latin vTvax^ tenacious of life, long-lived, vivacious, lively, vigorous ', similar
formation with Lithuanian gyvokas' living ', distant Old Indie y7i/5/ra-ds.;

with /-suffix: 1. with /"Old lndicy/V//a-/77" life, living being etc.', Lithuanian gyvata'W^e,
livelihood, farm ' = Latin vfta 'life' ( *g"'Tuota) and Old Church Slavic zivoti^ m. 'life'. Old Indie
JTvatha-h\ common Latin g"- > gv- > v-.

Maybe alb.yie/a: Bolognese vetta: Bresciano eta: Latin K/Tg'life'.

Note:

Root / lemma: aiu-, aju-\ 'vital energy, vitality' derived from reduced Root/ lemma: g^ei-S

and g^ejQ-: g^OJie-: g^OJio-: g'f-, frequent, often with -f/- extended: to live

English

life

Italian

vita

Spanish

vida

French

vie

Aragones

bida

Basque

bizi

Breton

buhez

Bolognese

vetta

Bresciano

eta

Albanian

jete

Calabrese

vita

Catanese

vita

Corsican

vita

Furlan

vite

Galician

vida

Irish

beatha

Scots Gaelic

beatha

Welsh

bywyd

Manx

bea

Papiamentu

bida

Latin

vita

Leccese

vita

Leonese

vida

Lucchese

vita

Mudnes

vetta

Napulitano

vita

Paduan

vita

Portuguese

vida

Romanian

viata

Sardinian Logudoresu

vida

Sicilian

vita

Triestino

vita

Umbro-Sabino

vita

Wallon

veye

2. with ApiOTH, masc. pioTO(;; 'life, means of living, substance, the world, mankind, etc.';
Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

with or. Lithuanian gaivus^a\er{, awal<e, smart, living ';

verbal derivative: Old Indie y7i/a//i Avestan Jva/'t/ {\.e. jTva/t/) "lives', ap.y/Va" live!' = Latin
v/vo, Old Church Slavic z/vg' live ' (Inf. z/t/see above), extended Lithuanian gyvenu' live
'; Old Indie y»7i/a/A pra-jinosi^ be alive, get excited; stimulate, animate, refresh '.

References: WP. I 668 ff., Meillet Introduction^ 165, Specht KZ. 62, 11 1, Schwyzer Gr. Gr.
I 298, 300, 330, 5014, 6756, Trautmann 75 f.
Page(s): 467-469

Root / lemma: g^eb^-

Meaning: womb; young of animal

Material: Old Indie garbha-h, Avestan garawa- "womb, foetus', garabusu. " the young of

an animal '; Old Indie sa-garbhya-h^ son of the same mother, brother and sister ' (= gr.

a5£A(p£6(; ds.);

gr. SsAcpuq, -uoc; f., Doric SsAcpua " womb, uterus' (see below); *5£A(poc; n. ds. as base
from aSsAcpsoc; (Hom.) "couterinus, brother ' (*a-5£A(p£[a]-6^), next to which Attic a5£A(p6(;
ds.; SsAcpa^ m. f. "piglet', 5£A(pi(;, hvo(; m. "dolphin', 5oAcp6(; n MHTpa Hes.; Specht (Indo
Germanic Dekl. 268) reconstructs from gr. a5£Ai(p-r|p a5£A(p6q. AaKU)V£c; (Hes.) an
originally root *g"el-\

the -^s-stem reappears in Old High German kilburu., chilburra\. "mother lamb'. Old
English cilforlamb6s. (besides of es^stem Old High German kilbira6s. and - with gradation
o after ostem as 5oA(p6(;, garbha-h- Modern High German Kalb, see above S. 359 under
*gel-, *ge/d3^-' clench '), which point to purely velar aniaut (as gall. -Latin ga/baan6 Gothic
A//-A'e/"womb' etc.).

Different and mutually influencing but similar in sound families lie before: *g"'eto'^-,
*g"'ereb'^-, and from ge/- extended b^-forms whose stem formation and specific meaning,
however, in Germanic are presumably assumed by absorption from g"'eb^-^orms.

References: WP. I 692 f., WH. I 578, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295.
Page(s): 473

Root / lemma: g^el-l

Meaning: to stick; pain, death

Material: 1. Gr. btKKxQzo, " wasp, hornet', Hes.; [^"'-o'- 1 Nyhan Albanian].

gr. psAovri f. "cusp, peak, needle', 6^up£An(; oimoq Horn.; but ^zKoq n. "projectile' probably
rather to paAAu), s. about the secondary amalgamation with the latter family under 2. g'^e/-
"trickle down, drip; throw'; opsAoc;, o^oKoq, Arcadian Doric obEkoq " spit, cusp, peak,
pointed square pillar, obelisk, coin' s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 295;

Balto Slavic *ge//et/" it stings, hurts ' in:

Lithuanian ^e///"prick', unpers. "ache', g/'/t/^ begin to ache ', geluo, ge/uon/s ^st\ng,
prick', Giltine^ death goddess, death ', galas xx\. "end, death, bottom, stretch, part, slice,
lump ' and ^e/5"pain' (= Modern High German Qual), Latvian ^a/5"cusp, peak, end,
region', o'ze'7/" prick'; Old Prussian Akk. gallan, Vok. go/Zsm. "death', gallintwei^ s\ay\
ablaut, gu/senn/n Akk. "pain';

russ. -Church Slavic ze/ejg, ze/et/" mourn ', Old Czech ze/ef/" bemoan ', Old Church
Slavic ze/Jaf. "affliction', ablaut. Old Church Slavic za/bi. "pain'. Old Russian za/b 6s.,
russ. za/bi. " pity', dial, "grave, graveyard ', etc.;

the pure physical meaning " pricking, pointed ' presumably also in Armenian c/i//"twig,
branch, finger' (from e before f), in alb. ^//s/?/ "finger' (Pedersen KZ. 39, 393, Jokl IF. 36,
125, whereupon at first from *glen-st-\ Brugmann IF. 11, 286 Anm. had compared pATija^oo
" touch, feel, grope '), alb. gr. glimp{gjemp, gjembl) "thorn' {*gle-mo-, Jokl aaO. 141);

but Middle English quille, engl. quiir long feather; weaver's reel, pen made from a feather;
hollow spine found on some animals (i.e. porcupines) ', Middle High German kil. Modern
High German Federkiel {^Nhy n/dwindled?), westfal. kwiale^ quill ' have derived because of
mrhein. KeiTkee\, wedge ' (Middle High German *kJl) probably an /-root, whether not folk
etymology distortions exit through influence of Middle High German Middle Low German
/r/7"wedge' and Middle High German /r/e/"ship'.

2. With the meaning "pain - sorrow - death':

Armenian keiem^ afflict ' (Meillet Msl. 8, 165);

Old Irish at-bailF dies ' {ess-^ bain- from *^7-/7-with prefixed object pronoun "if;
nevertheless barely after Pedersen KG. II 459 as namely "it throws life away ' to £K-paAAco,
because of the meaning "die' returns also out of Celtic; compare also corn, bar^i deadly,
esp. an infectious or contagious disease, a plague, pest, pestilence', cymr. aballu{*ad-
ballu), ba//u'6\e' {*g'?-n-), ad- fe/7/o {*ate-ba/- irom *g"el-) ds.; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-

perhaps Latin vallessiV penenT ' (placed as Celtic verb, a present *(g"'a/-/7o ahead;
different EM2 1129);

Old High German Old Saxon quelan, guar endure sorrow ', Old English cwelan^AW;
Old Norse kvelia^ afflict ', Old Saxon quellian. Old High German quellenAs., Old English
cwellan^s\aY\ Old Norse kvgli. " torment, pain, agony'. Old English c/Va/i/ "killing, violent
murder'; Old Saxon quala^ agony, torture ', Old High German qua/ads., "violent death'.
Modern High German 0^5/ (lengthened grade as Lithuanian ge/a, Old Church Slavic za/b);
Old High German, Old Saxon qua/m' death, devastation ', Old English cwea/m6s.,
Swedish kva/m' abrupt indisposition, minor illness, nausea '; Old English cuvie/c/ "death'
{g^el-th), cwieldtTd^ eventide (*end of day'). Old High German quiltiwerk^ evening work ',
Old Norse kveldu. {*g"'el-t6-) "evening'.

About " aniaut variations ' (probably at best rhyme meaning) s. Siebs KZ. 37, 315, Lewy
KZ. 40, 420.

References: WP. I 689 f., Trautmann 83, Vendryes RC 40, 433 ff.
Page(s): 470-471

Root / lemma: g''el-2, g^ela- g^le-

Meaning: to drip, flow; to throw, *boil over

Note: though after Wackernagel KZ. 67, 159 belong a) and tS) variant verbs.

Material: a) Old Indie galati^ trickles down, falls down, disappears ', galita-h^ vanishes,

retreats, withdraws ', Kaus. galayati^ pours away, makes flow, strains off '; Old Indie

galana-^ dribbling, running ' (Lex.), n. " the trickling, gully, trench, ditch, small ravine,

runnel ' = ga-rana-m (Gramm.);

gr. paAavEuq " bath attendant ', paAavsTov "spa, bath' (> Latin balneum); pAuu), pAu^u) "
gush forth ' (formation after cpAuu)), pAu5iov "humid, wet' Hes., and from the family of
paAAu) in similar meaning appoAaSnv " bubbling up (of water)', AsAAoi " bubbling fountain
in Eryke', compare also z\c, aha paAAsiv " flow '; Note: common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

In e- grade:

Hittite: kweluwana- {kuluwana-) c. ' washbasin, bowl ' (Tischler 604)

Old High German quellan {quail) "spring up, bubble, to swell' (//probably from In), Old
English (gejcollen ' s\i\/o\\en' , Old High German quella. Modern High German Quelle,
Middle Low German qualm (*t\r\e gushing forth ' =) "fume, smoke, vapor, smoke'. Old

Danish /ri/a/'vapor, haze, mist'; Modern High German Qualle, Dutch kwal, kwalle^
medusae '.

In connecting meaning (perhaps from " cave in, crumple, collapse inward ') Old Indie
gla-ti, glayati^ feels tired, is irritated, dwindles ', participle glana-, glana-m, glan'hh^
exhaustion, feebleness, decline, reduction ', Kaus. glapayati^ exhaust, press; allow to
decay '?

IS) Avestan niyraire " they are flung down ' {ni-gar-)\

gr. paAAu) 'throw, cast, hit, strike ' ( *g"'eln-o), zero grade Arcadian egSeAAovte^ =
£KpaAAovT£(;, ^sAAsiv paAAsiv Hes., Aor. paAsTv, Perf. p£-pAr|-Ka, Aor. £pAr|v ' received a
shot, was offended, hurt ', £pAr|TO, pAr|T6(;; pAr||ja " throw, cast, of dice, of a missile, shot,
wound, coverlet ', poArj, p6Ao(; m. ds., poAi(;, Aboq, ' missile ', ^zKoc,, psAs-pivov 'projectile',
'QEKaTr|-p£A£-Tr|q;

Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

From New Testament Greek Trapa-paAAu) " to throw beside or by ' > TrapapoAn " juxta-
position, comparison, a comparison, illustration, analogy, a parable, i. e. a fictitious
narrative by which some religious or moral lesson is conveyed, a by-word, proverb ' > Latin
yoa/'ait'o/a 'parable ' > Italian parlare : Spanish hablar: French parler: Bergamasco

baia : Ladin bale : Bresciano paria : Calabrese paria : Catalan parlar: Catanese parari:
Furlan sfevela: Galician falar: Portuguese falar: Albanian geg mefole' to speak',
Albanian tosk flas ' speak', Aorist fola ' spoke'.

Also Spanish hablar: French parler: Galician falar: Portuguese falar: Albanian tosk flas^
speak', Aorist fola ' talk '.

from Celtic perhaps cymr. bllf^ catapult ' ( *g"'le-mo-, compare gr. pAr|-|ja); about Old
Irish at-balir dies ' s. g^el- 'prick';

Tocharian AB kla- 'fall'. Van Windekens Lexique 40.

With a meaning development ' sich im Geiste auf etwas werfen, paAAsoGai £v Gupco,
psTQ cppsoi' places one to paAAoo also (?) the gr. family of pouAo|jai ' will, wish, be willing '
(*poAao|jai, Konj. of s-Aor. to paAAw); pouArj, Doric pwAa: f. ' resolution, decision, advice,
counsel '; but Thessalian p£AA6p£V0(;, Doric 5r|A- from *g"'elso-\ here also paAs ' prevail
god, O that! Would God!'.

References: WP. I 690 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 284, 693 under Anm. 9.

Page(s): 471-472

Root / lemma: g''el-3, gV- g'^la-

Meaning: acorn; oak?

Note: only in derivatives with the meaning ' acorn ' receive (after Specht Indo Germanic

Dekl. 60 f. previous noun g^el-s, secondary g'^-s. Gen. g''J-6s)

Material: Armenian kaHn, Gen. kal-noT acorn ' {*g"'el(9)-eno-, /from dem Gen.); kai^ni

"oak";

gr. paAavoc; m. " acorn ' {g^el-ono-); Note: common lllyrian g'^- > b-.

Proto Baltic *gTls{*g'^-s), Gen. *gJIes, what from *gTI'na\x\ Latvian (d)zTle, Lithuanian gyfe,
and *gWna\x\ Lithuanian g'lle^ acorn ', Old Prussian gile' acorn, oak';

extension -n-d-'w^:

Latin glans, glandist " acorn ';

Maybe alb. Geg lande, tosk {*glandis) lende : Galician landra " acorn ' [Italian ghianda,
French gland, Albanian geg lande, Catalan gla, Galician landra, Romagnolo, genda,
Roman ghianna, Romanian ghinda, Umbro-Sabino ghianna, Venetian gianda, Zeneize
glanda, Bolognese gianda, Bresciano gianda.]

Lithuanian gilendra, gilendre^ rich harvest in fruits (originally acorn ');

russ. -Church Slavic ze/i/^yi. (Slavic *zelgd'b) m. " acorn ', Serbo-Croatian zeludm., russ.
zoludbm. ds.

References: WP. I 692, WH. I 604 f., Trautmann 82, Specht KZ. 66, 56, Indog. Dekl. 60 f.,

173,230.

Page(s): 472-473

Root / lemma: g^em-
See also: see above g^'a-.
Page(s): 473

Root / lemma: g''er(a)-4

Meaning: to raise the voice; praise

Material: Old \x\(ii\c grnati, grnJte^ sings, praises, praises, announces ' (Fut. garisyati, Abs.

abhigurya), sam-girate^ promises, pledges ', gurate^ greets', gTri., Gen. girah^ laudation.

song ', Avestan gar-, aibi-gQrante^ praise, looenc^insTimmen ', ^a/cGen. f. " laudation,
praise, laudation; praise song ' (=Old Indie ^//s/?), garah-v\. " laudation, canticle ', aibi-
jaretay- " laudation song ', aibi-jaratar-^\3iU6er' = Old \r\d'\c Jar/tar-' caller, singer, bard,
glorifier', Avestan *a-gra- " approving ' in agremati-' sense of approval '; Old Indie gurti-h\.
" laudation ' = Latin grates PI. f. " gratitude ' (in addition ^AaZ/a'acceptableness, good favor,
grace, gratitude '), Old Indie ^J/Va-/?' welcome ' = Latin ^ra/^s 'compliant, praiseworthy,
grateful '; Oscan brateis^ favor, esteem, regard, liking, love, friendship, partiality;
thankfulness, gratitude, acknowledgment ', pparajp ' a service, office, post, employment,
function, duty; burden, tribute; a service, favor, kindness; present, gift ', Paelignian bratom.
Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

here gall. -Latin bardus^ bard ', Old Irish bard, cymr. barddds. {*gf-d(h)o-s);

alb. gershas, grish " invite to the wedding ';

Also alb. gerthas' scream'

Maybe alb. Geg gershane 'sassors', gershet 'bra\d, tress, plait, queue, tail, plat'

Lithuanian g/r/u, g/'rt/ 'pra\se, laud, vaunt ', Latvian dz/rt/es' boast ', Old Prussian girtwei
"praise, laud', pogirrien f\Vk. Sg. ' laudation ', also Lithuanian ^e/'as'good' and Old Church
Slavic grarrb {*gornos) " formula, verse' (u likewise, see Berneker 332).

With b- extended: Lithuanian ^e/^M' honour', ^saM" honour'. Old Prussian gerbt, gerbt
"speak', ^/Ait*//? "number'; Old Norse karp " boastfulness ' does not prove for original g in
this it>-extension g"er-b-, because it would be reshuffled from from the equal meaning garp
through hybridization with onomatopoeic words with Germanic k- in aniaut.

With d^^-extension perhaps here (see above gall, bardus) Armenian kardam " raise the
voice ', Lithuanian gefdas^c\arc\or, message, official notice, communication transmitted
through a messenger ', /s-g/rst/" accepted to hear ', g/rdet/^ hear', garsas " clangor ', Old
Prussian gerdaut^ say', Latvian dzirdet^hear', MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 552 with Lithuanian

maybe alb. {* garsas) gerthas > theras "scream' : Lithuanian garsas " clangor '.

gr. 5£ipic(v Aoi5op£Ta0ai. IKaKUivzc;, SsipsToi Aoi5opoi. oi auToi; Sspiai Aoi5opiai Hes. (i.e.
probably 5r|p- from *g"er-s-);

Old High German queran^siOih'.

Compared with the similar onomatopoeic words ger-, gar- a sure separation is not
everywhere possible; however, the concept of high utterance is unmistakeable here under
^"'er- combined words, not surely to be attached therefore up to d^-extension.

References: WP. I 686 f., WH. I 583, 619 f., Trautmann 88 f.
Page(s): 478

Root / lemma: g''er-1, g^era-
Meaning: to devour; throat

Material: 1 . Old Indie girati, gilati, grnat/' devours' (Fut. garisyati, participle gJrna-^ devour';
-^//-(in compounds) " devouring ', -gara-6s. {aja-gara-^ devouring nanny goats , boa ' :gr.
5r|MO-p6po(;, Latin carni-vorus, gr. pop6(; " voracious ') Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-,
gara-h^ drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion',
P'a/a-/7 'throat' (perhaps to parallel root *^(^";ie/- "intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up,
engulf, consume'), tuvi-gri-, -gra- " devouring a lot ';

f\yes\.av\ Jaraiti^ gulp, sip, swallow, send down the throat', -gar(\n compounds) "
devouring ' {aspd-gar-'\r\orse v.'), f. PI. 'throat, neck ', npers. gu/u^ throat', Avestan
garaman- 'throat, neck ';

Maybe Latin gula^ throat '.

Armenian /re^'dish, food, food fed to livestock ', kur6s. {*g"'ur-), eker^ ate ', kokord
'throat' (also krcum ' gnaw '?? Pedersen KZ. 39, 427);

alb. ngrane^ eaten ';

Note:

alb. hangra'\ ate' : Armenian eker' ate ' (common Avestan Greek Armenian aorist prefix);

From there alb. Geg. hanger' to eat ', ha' to eat '.

gr. popa f. ' food fed to livestock, dish, food' (= Latin *vora, whereof vorare), pop6(; (see
above), pippcboKU) 'consume', hom. Opt. Perf. psppcbGoK;; ppcjopa, ppcbpn. Ppwcfk; 'dish,
food', ppajTHp ' trencherman '; ppw- could have also originated from *gf- (Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. I 361); Note: common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

Maybe alb. bar' fodder, grass, food fed to livestock '.

gr. papaGpov, hom. pEpsGpov, Arcadian ^spsGpov, SepsGpov 'gullet';

alb. zorre^ bowel ', PI. " intestines, entrails' ("*food fed to livestock, bowels ') from
*g"erna, in addition zgurdhe {*dz-g'^orda) " intestines, entrails', anger(r), angurre{*a-n-g"or-
na) ds., Jokl Mel. Pedersen 139 ff.;

Note:

Maybe alb. zo/r-e "bowel', PI. " intestines, entrails' didn't derive from Root/ lemma: g^er-l,
g^era-: to devour; throat; but from Root/ lemma: gher-5, ghor-na\ bowels, [common alb.
gh->z-\.

Latin voro, -are {see above) " engorgement ', i/c»/'5^c» 'gullet', carni-vorus.

Maybe alb. t/r/'hunger' a Latin loanword.

Maybe alb. Geg {* g"'er- g"'ha) verza' (*throat), gill offish'.

Old Irish tuarae^6\s\\, food' {*to-g"'r-liaR), mcymr. breuad^ dead worm ', breuan^ carrion
crow ' (proto Celtic *bravato-, *bravana aiter Pick II'' 181; *bra= gr. ppoo-?);

Old High German querdar^ sugarplum, bait' {*kver-t^ra-). Modern High German 'bait';
Old Icelandic krasi. ' tidbit ' ( *g'^re-so-)\

Balto Slavic *girdav\6 *gerd^ gobble' in:

Lithuanian geriu, gerti, Latvian dzefu, o'ze?/ 'drink' (Baltic *^e/70 reshaped from Balto
Slavic *gerd), ablaut. Lithuanian ger/sm. ' drinking, drink ' and g/rat " beverage, drink ';
Kaus. Lithuanian girdyti, Latvian dzCrdtV water, soak ';

Slavic *zbr-Q, zerti\v\ Old Church Slavic poz-tro, pozreti, sloven, pozrem, pozreti. Old
Czech pozru pozfieti^ entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume, gobble up ', besides
Slavic *zerg, zbrat/"\n Czech zeru, zrati^ devour ', compare russ. pozratb ' eat up ';

Balto Slavic participle Perf. Pass. *gTrta-\v\ Lithuanian girtas^ drunk, intoxicated ': Old
Church Slavic pozrbtb ' devourer ' ( *gr-to-, compare Old Indie gJrna- ' devour');

Balto Slavic gurtia- n. "craw, throat' in:

Old Prussian gurcle\. ' gullet ', Lithuanian gurklysm. 'craw, Adam's apple, projection of
cartilage in the front of the throat ';

Maybe alb. {*gurk-) ^/y/re "throat' a borrowing of Lithuanian gurklysxw. "craw, Adam's
apple, projection of cartilage in the front of the throat ';

Slavic *ghrdlo'c\. in russ.-Cliurcli Slavic ^ab/o 'tliroat', Serbo-Croatian grlo^ neck, gullet
', poln. gardio^s., russ. gorio6s., besides Slavic *zbrdlo\v\ russ. -Church Slavic vozopi
zerlom " crying voice ' and kir. zorlo " riverbed '; as well as Slavic *zerdlo in sloven, zrelo "
jaw, gullet'; Old Russian zerelo^ embouchure, estuary ';

Maybe alb. gre//e^deep place, abyss' a Slavic borrowing.

Baltic -gara-' devouring ' in Lithuanian pra-garas^ abyss, hell', Latvian pragars^
wolverine ' (compare above Old Indie -gara-^ devouring ', gr. pop6(; ' voracious ', Latin
carni-vorus' carnivorous ').

2. With full or fractured reduplication:

Old Indie ^a/ya/'a-/7 "gullet, whirlpool'; Intens. ni-galgalTti, ni-jalgulTti ^ 6eyours\ participle
jargurana-,

Latin gurgulid{-ur-as in Balto-Slavic) ' gullet, windpipe ', ^^/yes "(gullet =) whirlpool,
whirl, deep pool ', gurgust/um {suffix after angustiae) " a small, mean dwelling, a hovel, hut

Old High German quer(e)kela, querka' gullet ', Old Norse kverk {*g"'ergS) ^Gca\N,
whereof Old Frisian querka. Old Norse kyrkia " strangulate ';

Lithuanian gargaliuoju^ groan, gurgle '; after Specht KZ. 59, 110'' here Lithuanian
gvrTgsti, gvarzdeti^ be hoarse ', Latvian gverg(z)det^ creak, babble, chatter '; s. above WH.
1628;

3. With formants -ua-:

gr. Attic 5£pr|, Ionian 5£ipn, Lesbian Ssppcc, 5£pa, Doric 5npa " neck, nape ' ( *g'^er-ua);

Note: [common lllyrian Albanian g- > o'-].

due to an h feminine *g"'(e)r7. *g''nua^ neck, throat area ' in:

Old \v\6\c gnvat, Avestan grJva^ nape ', Latvian grJva^ embouchure, estuary; triangular
land between rivers ', gnvis " tall grass';

Old Church Slavic gr/va ' mane' , gr/vbna 'coWar, neckband'.

Maybe alb. krifa 'mane', grifshe' jay, shrew, lumberjack ' Slavic loanwords.

4. As p'^extension presumably here *g'rogh-\

in gr. sppo^s, Aor. " devoured ', horn, ava-, Kara-ppo^Eis, ava-ppox£i<;, ppo^ai pocpnaai
Hes., ppoxSoq m. 'gullet, throat'; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Middle High German krage^ neck, throat, nape '; Modern High German Kragen ' collar ',
Old Norse kragi^ neckwear, collar ', Middle English crawe, engl. craw^ bird or insect's
crop; stomach ' (lengthened grade in addition Middle Low German kroch, kruch^ hostelry,
inn ', Modern High German Krug\v\ the meaning ' inn '? meaning as in Latin gurgustium' a
small, mean dwelling, a hovel, hut ');

Old Irish bragae' neck, nape ' ( *gfg-nt-), acymr. abal-brouannou^ throat ' (actually '
Adam's apple'), mcymr. breuanV windpipe ' (proto Celtic *brag-)\ acorn. i6'/7a/7se'/7 "guttur',
abret. Brehant-Dincat<^\. " gunu^receptaculi pugnae ', maybe from *brg-, Pedersen KG.
100. Note: common lllyrian g""- > b-.

With nasalization in addition perhaps gr. pp6yxo(; m., Ionian ppoyxir) " windpipe ',
ppayxia, papayxia ' gill offish; trachea, windpipe ' seems in Vok. reshaped after ppayxaoj
"be hoarse', ppaYXO(; " hoarseness ', that related to Old Irish brongide ^hoarse' (above
103), but it must be separated from ppoyxot; to (: sppaxs " jangle, crack, shout ', Old Indie
brmhatr barrire '? Johansson KZ. 36, 345).

Note:

Gr. ppayxia, papayxia ' gill offish' : alb. Geg {* g"er- g"ha) verza^ (*throat), gill offish' :
Latvian barda^<^\\\ offish' : Latvian : M/'o'a "beard' [fa]; barzda {'6\a\.) "beard'.
Root / lemma: g^er-l, g^ere-: " to devour; throat ' > Root/ lemma: b'^arH^a: " beard'

5. With pure velar: gr. y£py£pO(; ppoyxoq Hes., yapyapscbv " uvula in mouth', yapyapi^w
"gurgle' (: Armenian kerker/m 'become hoarse'?) perhaps through labialization after forms
with yup- (yopyupn "subterraneous, underground jail, water pipe '), yet is previously ger-
besides g"er- because of ge/- besides g^e/- is safe.

References: WP. I 682 ff., WH. I 627 f., Trautmann 89 f., 98, Specht KZ. 59, 1 10, 1 .
Page(s): 474-476

Root / lemma: g''er-2, g^erQ-, g^erQu-, g^en-

Meaning: heavy

Material: Old Indie gurii-h' heavy, important, venerable ' (compounds ganyan. Sup.

garistha-h), agru-' available, unoccupied; unmarried', gru-mustf-h' heavy handful ',

garima^ heaviness' {*g"'er9-); Avestan gouru- (in compound) " lieavy '; npers. giran^ lieavy
' {*grana-\ reshuffling after *frana-^i\}\\y,

gr. papu(; " heavy ', papuvw "beschwere", papo^ n. " heaviness'; Note: common lllyrian
g"'-> b-.

Maybe alb. barre^ burden, pregnancy '.

Latin gravis ' heavy, weighty ' ( *g"ra-u-is)\

Middle Irish bair^ heavy ' (?), baire^ distress (?)', bruth^ weight, mass' {*g"rutu-), cymr.
it'/yn/ 'strong, strength ' {*bruwo). Middle Irish br6^bu\k, mass'; Note: common lllyrian g"- >
b-.

Gothic kaurJosUoxu. PI. f. ' heavy ', kaurjan' grouch';

Lithuanian gurstu, gurti^ lie down (from the winds) ', Latvian gurstu, gurt^ tire; lie down
(from the winds) ', gufds^ fatigued, faint, languid' (compare also papuq and gravis\v\ the
meaning ' weighted, pressed down, faint, languid'), whereof with further shifting from '
faint, languid, weighted ' to "tame, domesticated, mild' (compare Old High German 75/775/"'
sorrowful ' : gr. n[J£poc; "tame, domesticated') perhaps:

Gothic qafrrus^ of persons, gentle, kind ', qafrrei^ gentleness, softness, kindness ', Old
Norse kyrr, kvirr^sWW, peaceful'. Middle High German kurre. Modern High German kirre^
tame, domesticated, trustful ' {*g'^er-ar6s or -eras, -uros);

Latvian gruts " heavy ' = Latin brutus (Oscan-Umbrian loanword) " heavy, clumsy,
insensible, unreasonable ';

Tocharian A kra-marts^ heavy ' (?); Van Windekens Lexique 44.

Here further as n- derivatives from g"era-av\6 g"erau-: Go\h\c {asilu-) qafrnus^
(Esels)muhle ' {*g"er9nu-). Old Norse kverni. {*g"erna) " millstone, quern ', Old English
cweorn6s.. Old High German quirn, quirna^s.;

zero grade Balto Slavic J-stem gTrnu-t "quern ' {*gfnu-) in:

Old Prussian girnoywis {* girnuwis), Latvian dzirnus, dzirnavas, besides Latvian dzirnas
f. PI. and Lithuanian girnos^. PI.; in addition Lithuanian gerukstis, Latvian dzerukslism. "
pens molaris';

Old Church Slavic zrhnbv/i. PI. "mlN', in addition zrbnovb m. " millstone '; sloven, z'rnav
f. 'quern ', poln. zarnaH. PI. ds.; russ. zernovm. " millstone ';

Old Church Slavic zrbny'mWV, and on the other hand Old Indie gravan- m. " stone to
press the Soma ', Armenian erkan^ millstone ' ( *g"rana). Old Irish brau. Gen. broon^
millstone, quern ', cymr. breuan {irom the stem of the oblique case *g"'raun-), acorn, brou,
bret. breo (nominative case form *g"'raud) ' millstone '.

5'"'e/f-; besides Old Indie gan-yan (?, see above) here:

gr. ppT0O(; n. " force, weight, load', ppTGuc; " massive, heavy ', pplGu) 'be heavy, loaded,
trans, grouch ', probably also pplpn "( massive) attack, rage, fury, abusive word, insult ',
ppTpouoGai " heavy be angry with', 6ppi|J0(; "vast, grand, strong', ppiM6(; |J£Ya(;, xqAsttoc;
Hes.; ppiap6(; "tight, firm, strong', next to which the composition form *ppi(i)- in (3pi-nnuo(; "
crying intensely ' Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Maybe alb. britme^ scream', britme^ autumn month '.

gr. Bpi-ap£(jO(; ("wer groften Schaden bringt'), ppi-r|p6v (jsyaAajq K£xapia|j£vov Hes. (ppT
ppiapov and ppi sni tou [JEyaAou perhaps previously from den compounds released,
liberated), here with prefix gr. u- {*ud) probably also gr. uppi(; " wanton violence, arising
from the pride of strength or from passion, insolence, lust, lewdness ', uppi(; avrjp " violent
man, husband' on grounds of the image " rush with the whole weight of one's strength
towards something '; -v5-present ppivSsTv 9u|Joua9ai, spsGi^siv Hes.;

Old Irish bng^ force, power, value, worth ', cymr. bri^ stateliness ', corn, bry^ value,
worth '; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Modern High German Krieg, Old High German kreg^ stubbornness ', Middle High
German kriec^ exertion, fight, struggle', md. Middle Low German kngen^ exert
themselves, strive, fight, attain, achieve ' {*grTgh-, respectively Germanic partly greigh-)ll

Latvian grins "cruel, savage, angry, irate', gnnums " hardness, austereness, severeness
'?

References: WP. I 684 ff., WH. I 117 f., 621 , Trautmann 89.
Page(s): 476-477

Root / lemma: g^er-S, g^or-
Meaning: mountain

Grammatical information: originally inflection g'^ores, Gen. g^eros
l\^aterial: Old Indie girf-h m. "mountain', Avestan gairi- ds.;

gr. 5£ip6(; (Hes.) "hill', ui|ji5£ipo(; " with high cliffs ', 5£ipaq, Cretan 5r|pc((; f. "hill,
tableland, hill, plateau ' {*g"'erio-'7);

Note: common lllyrian g"- > d-.

in addition pop£a(; "northerly wind' (to *p6p£ioc; " mountain ', Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 461 and
Anm. 2); papu£(; 5£v5pa Hes.?;

the thrak. VN 'QYn£p-pop£Oi " living beyond the mountain ' contains probably gr.
loanword *(3opi(;;

lit nugara^back, ridge ';

with the meaning development " mountain - mountain wood - tree ': Lithuanian gire, giria
"wood, forest', Latvian dzire6s., and Old Prussian garianu. (Akk. garrin) "tree'; further
Latvian gars'wood, forest', ^arsas "swamp, marsh';

Old Church Slavic ^ora "mountain', Serbo-Croatian gora 'mounta\n, wood, forest', etc.

alb. gur'rocks, stone' {g"eri-) = Armenian fmp kar' stone'

Also alb. {*g"'eres) gerxh^ xocK

References: WP. I 682, Trautmann 78, Pedersen La cinqunder decl. Latin 37, 66.
Page(s): 477-478

Root / lemma: g^eru-

Meaning: pole, pike

Material: Avestan ^/-ai/a- "stick, cane, rod, reed ' (to ablaut compare Latin genu: Gothic

kniu);

Latin ueru, -usn. "spit, pike'; Umbrian berva' uerua ', berus^ ueribus ';

Old Irish b{u)rn., later f., "spear, javelin, spit, pike', cymr. corn. bret. bert, m. ds.; Note:
common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

Gothic qafruu. "picket, pole, sting, prick';

perhaps as "twig, branch' to gr. ppuoo " sprout, bud, to be full of, to abound with, to be
bursting with, to be bristling ', ppuov n. ' moss, catkin, type of flower without petals ',
spppuov n. " the newborn child ' and (?) Germanic *kruda- {\v\6o Germanic *g"'ru-to-) in Old
High German Middle High German krut, asachs . ArJc/'herb'.

About Latin bruscum^ an excrescence on the maple-tree ' s. WH. I 117.

References: WP. I 689.
Page(s): 479

Root / lemma: g^es- zg^es-

Meaning: to extinguish

Material: Old \nd'\c jasate, jasyat/" is exhausted \jasayat/" extinguishes, exhausts ';

gr. Attic opEvvOpii " extinguish ' (for *o^e'\yu[i\), Aor. hom. apea-aai, aa^zmoq "
inextinguishable ', with o^zo- after opoa- (see below) for lautges. obzo-, that in ^Eivapisv
a(3£vvu|j£v {*zden- from *zg"'esn-) Hes. is present; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

EQpnv "I die, I am extinguished ' (from the 2. Sg. e-zg"'es-s, 1. PI. e-zg^'es-me^^xoxw which
EGpri'^. £apr|M£v, whereupon also sapnv etc. because of type £pAr|v and well also in
apevvupi the root final sound sfor the sense of language no longer existed); Ionian
KaTaapuJaai " extinguish, put out ', from *apoaaai from a present *apo[a]a^u), next to
which with from the type ^sivapsv carried aniaut Ipac, a{z]^zoz\c„ ^oaaov a[£]p£aov Hes.;

Lithuanian ^^s/^(old g§su), gesaZi, gest/" die, be extinguished, be exhausted ',
causative gesau, gesyt/an6 gesinu, ges'mti' extinguish, put out ', ^es/77e 'small, still
smoldering fire'; Latvian dziestu{irom *genstu), dzisu, o'z/s/ (ablaut derailment), " die, be
extinguished, become cool ', dzesu{dzesu), dzesu{dzesu), dzest{dzest) ' quench;
annihilate ', dzesma {dzesma) "the cool breath, breeze in the morning ', dzestrs^cooY;

Maybe reduced alb. {*ga-su) 5/7^ay[extinguish, put out]

Old Bulgarian causative *gasg, *gas/f/" die, be extinguished, leave', in Old Church
Slavic ugasiti^ extinguish '; it is insecure, if in addition the changing by ablaut g"es-\v\ Old
Bulgarian uzast, russ. ^zas 'fright'. Old Bulgarian zas///"daunt, scare' is present
(Pedersen IF. 5, 47; perhaps as *ged-s-os\.o nasalized Lithuanian gandinu-, -/>7//"daunt,
scare', issi-g^stu, -gandau -g^st/lng\r\ten, intrans.', /sg^s//s 'fright', Scheftelowitz IF. 33,
155). from here Celtic *bas- 'die'? (see below g^em-, g'ra-'go, come');

doubtful is the kinship from Old High German qu/stf. "ruin, annihilation ' as *g"'es-t/-s'*
die, be extinguished ', whereof Gothic qistjan, fraqistjan ^s^oW, trans.', fraq/stnan 'spoW,
intrans.'. Old High German firquisten "spoil, trans.'.

References: WP. I 693, Trautmann 86, Feist 388 f.
Page(s): 479-480

Root / lemma: g^et-l

Meaning: resin

Material: Old Indicya/i/n. " varnish, rubber';

Latin bitumen^ bitumen, asphaltum ' (Oscan-Umbrian or Celtic loanword); betulla^b'nch'
(gall, loanword). Middle Irish be(i)the {* betuia) " the pale, evergreen box-tree ', cymr. bedw
{*betua) " the birch ', corn. i6'eo'e'M/e'/7"populus', bret. bezuen^ the birch ' (named, because "
bitumer^)^^Gall^xcoqui^ ', Plinius NH. XVI 75); Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old English hwTt cuidu, cweodo, cwudu^ mastic ', Old High German cuti^ gluten ',
Middle High German kute, kut. Modern High German kutt, kitV putty '; changing through
ablaut Old Norse kvada\. "resin'. Old Danish kvade, Norwegian dial, kvaede^ birch juice ',
Norwegian koda, kvaeda " beestings '.

References: WP. I 672, WH. 1112.
Page(s): 480

Root / lemma: g''et-2

Meaning: to speak

Material: Old Indie gadat/'says' (whether through analog, influence from *gatat/)7

sogd. zayam, zam'\ say', zut^he says' (Proto-lranian *jat-ati)\

Armenian kocem ( *g"'ot-i-) " shout, name, invite ', /roc "invitation' (probably to post verbal
nouns); Gothic qil=>an^say, speak, name'. Old Norse kveda6s. and " sing, poetize ', Old
English cwedan 'speak, say, name, order, define'. Old Frisian quetha'say, speak, signify'.
Old Saxon quedan. Old High German quedan^s.\ Old Icelandic kvidr' saying, gossip ',
Old Saxon quidi siem m. "discourse, word'; causative Old Icelandic kvedja' greet, address,
speak to, arrogate, exert'. Old Saxon queddian. Old High German chetten "greet' (that is to
say " bring to the discussion '); Old Norse kvgt^' demand, subpoena, invitation to court,
summoning, commitment ' is to /ri/eda retrograde shaped; Gothic un-qet^s' inexpressible '
(compare Old Norse sam-kvaedr' accordant, suitable; harmonious, agreeing, concordant.

congruous '), sama-qissi. " accord, agreement, settlement ' ( *g"'et-ti-), to Old English ge-
cwissi. ' conspiracy, plot '.

References: WP. I 672, Feist 389, G. Morgenstierne NTS. 7, 116 ff.
Page(s): 480-481

Root / lemma: g''§o^-1 (or g''§o^-l), g^do^-

Meaning: to sink, submerge, plunge

Material: Gr. panru) " dip, dunk ', pacpnvai, pacpn " diving, coloration ' (Aeolic punrsiv

panri^Eiv Hes. after Sunru), the same hybridization from panru) with Suw; pinra^w

reconverted with metathesis from panri^u)); Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

maked. paPppv " residuum of oil ' Hes.; whether also yupg "dives' Hes.?

Old Norse Aa/^'dive', /ri/e^5(and /re^a after the preterit /ro/from *kv6f) trans. "
submerge, choke; suppress, crush', kvafna \r\irar\s. 'choke; suppress, crush', kafn. ' depth
of the sea ', then ' dive, submersion, swimming underwater '; Old Swedish kvardeptW,
Old Norse kvsefa {\ndo Germanic e!), k0fa trans, 'choke; suppress, crush'. Middle High
German erqueben' choke; suppress, crush' (= Old Norse kvefja).

A possible cognate, but only the meaning 'deep' showing the Aryan root *g("')errb^-,
*ig^"^/77bh- (whereas in Old Indie ^ of the zero grade or ograde is carried out, compared
with Avestan yof the e-grade): Old Indie gabhJra-, gambhTra-^6ee'p\ gambha-, gambhan-,
gambhara- n. 'depth, abyss', gabha-xr\. 'vulva', gabb/-sak Avestan Adv. perhaps ' right
down at the bottom or inside ', Avestan ya/Vtv- 1/5/^5- Adj. 'with deep snow', ya/^a- 'deep',
Jqfnu-s^ immersion, sinking in '; compare Frisk nominal formation 30.

Fick places the root *g"§o^- in what squeezes to the acceptance that Old Norse kvaefa
ablaut is a new formation.

References: WP. I 674, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 75.
Page(s): 465-466

Root / lemma: g''eb(h)-2

Meaning: slimy; toad

Note:

From Root/ lemma: g''§ci^-1(ox g''§ci^-l), g^dc!^-: to sink, submerge, plunge, derived Root

/ lemma: g''eb(h)-2\ slimy; toad.

Material: Presumably onomatopoeic; yet it is possible to reckon, that an old word for frog
was involved previously only in the Germanic sound-coloring family.

Asachs. quappa, quappia, quappo^ burbot' (with onomatopoeic words of frequent
consonant gemination), out of it Middle High German quappe, quape, kobe. Modern High
German Quappe, holl. kwab{be) ' tadpole, frog or toad larva, craw, dewlap ', isl kvap, kvapi
" jelly or gelatinous things', Swedish dial. {s)kvabb^ something fat ', {s)kvebba^ squabby
wife, woman', engl. quab^ morass', (7i/ai/e/''tremble, vibrate '. In addition the verb of
Norwegian dial, kvapa^ emit liquid ', Swedish dial, kvabba, ndd. quabbein' shake from
fatness ';

Old Prussian gabawo " toad ' ( *g'"ab(h)-)\
Maybe alb. zhgaba, shkaba, shqiponje, gabonje, zhgabonje^ vulture, eagle '.

Slavic *geba^ toad ': in Old Church Slavic zaba, russ. zaba, Serbo-Croatian zaba, etc.

Maybe alb. zhaba^ toad ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 674, WH. 11 21, Trautmann 8.
Page(s): 466

Root / lemma: g^ei- (or g^eia^. gl"-

Meaning: skin

Note: with formants -no-, -lo-

Material: Old Indie y/775- ' leather bag', y^a-/? "hose'; Middle Irish bTan^sV\v\, fell, fur'; Note:

common lllyrian g"- > b-.

the Irish cognate word could certainly belong also to b^ez-'hit', whose Celtic representative

have also the meaning 'cut, clip' (compare scortum : scheren ) ; see above S. 118.

References: WP. I 666.

Page(s): 469

Root / lemma: g''ena {* ghfenS)

Meaning: woman, wife, *goddess

Grammatical information: Gen. g'^n-asand *g''^-as, also Nom. g^ena-, g^enT-

Note:

Root/ lemma: gh^ena^ woman, wife, *goddess' could be a truncated Root/ lemma: ghau-

ghaua-{* ghauvana): "to call, *priestess': mnl. godinne. Old English ^yofe/7 "goddess'

Material: Old Indie gna{*g"'nS) f. " divine woman, goddess ' (to partly disyllabic *g^n^,
Gen. gnas-\ Avestan gsna, yna'\N\ie, woman'; Old \nd\c jan/-h= Avestan Ja/nh, npers. zan
ds. (Old Indie a\sojan/j; in compounds Old Indie lengthened grade -Jani-= Avestan ya/?/-
ds.;

Armenian kin {*g"'ena) "woman', PI. kanai-k {*g"en-ai + Plur.- ending-A) ; Old Phrygian
povoK, New Phrygian pav£KO(; ' woman, wife ' is probably loanword from Aeolic Gr.;
differently Kleinhans with Pedersen Groupement 48 Anm.

gr. yuvn 'woman' {*g'^una). Gen. yuvaiKOc;, beside Boeotian pava {*g'^enS), PI. pavr|K£(;;
*g"'na-, from it *pvc(-, gr. \x\cx- puts in pvao|jai " unengaged, free ', in addition pvpoTrip "
suitor ', pvPiOTuc; ' courtship ', (jvpiarn aAoxoc; " lawful wife ' (with secondary -a-);

Old Irish ben{*g"enS), Gen. Sg. mna{*g"'n-as), Gen. PI. ban {*g"'en-dm), ), in the
compound ban-{ban-chu^ female dog '); besides bev\. " woman ' {*g"en)\ cymr. ben-yw^
feminine, female ', corn, ben-en^ bride, betrothed woman '; [common lllyrian g"- > b^.

alb. gheg. grue, Tosc grua'wie, woman' {*g"'n-dn), pi. gra,
Note: alb. grua : Breton gwreg: Welsh gwraig^m^e, woman'.

after Vetter Gl. 23, 204 here Messapic benna'wi^e' and (?) lepont. ven/a{G\. 15, 12);

Note: corn, ben-en' bride, betrothed woman ' = Messapic benna'\N\ie'.

Gothic qino {*g"en-dn-) = Old English cwene. Old High German quena. Middle High
German quene'woman, wife'; besides zero grade Middle High German kone, ds.. Old
Norse kona {Gen. PI. kvenna) 'wife, woman' {*g"en-on-)\ lengthened grade Gothic qens
"wife' {*g"'eni-s= Avestan Jan/-, Old \nd\c Jan/-), Old Norse kv^n, kvan. Old English cwen,
asachs. quands.;

Old Prussian genna, Vok. genno'\N'\ie, woman';

Old Church Slavic zena'\N\ie, woman'; zen/nb " female ' = Gothic q/ne/ns ds.;

alb. zonje' mistress, wife, woman' {*g"enia).

Maybe alb. {*g"ania) za/75 "nymph, goddess', {*g"onia) zotm., PI. zotai. "god' [common
alb. n > nt> /\ : npers. zan, Old Church Slavic zena "wife, woman'

Tocharian A sarh (PI. snu) = B sana (Obi. sno) "wife, woman'; Pedersen Tocharian
Sprachg. 37 f.

References: WP. I 681 f., WH. I 112 f., Trautmann 84, Meillet Esquisse 84, Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. 296, 582 f., Tagliavini L'Albanese di Dalmatia 126.
Page(s): 473-474

Root / lemma: g^heA^-

Meaning: to beg, wish for

Material: Avestan Ja/dyem/, Old pers.Jac//yam/y'\ beg for, entreat';

gr. Aor. GsaaaoGai {*g"'he6^-s-) ' plead, beg', participle -Gsqto^ in arroGsaToq " curses,
disdains ', noAuG£aTO(; ' longs very much ', Pers.-N. Qzo-Qzoioq, Boeotian Q\6-(pz\oioq;
n6Go(; m., noGr) f. "longing, yearning, desire', noGsu) " long for, miss painfully, ask ';

Old Irish guidiu^ beg ' (= noGsu)), Perf. 1. Sg. ro-gad, s-Konj. 1. PI. gessam {e\.c.)\ geiss
f. " curse, enchantment, spell, bewitchment, taboo ' {*g"'he6^-t/-s); gu/de^prayer'
{*g"'ho6'^/a)] fo/gde' begging ' {*uo-gedja)\ cymr. gwedd/^ prayer' {*uo-godTmS)\

Lithuanian gedau-ju, -ti^ long, seek longingly, ask, want ', gedu {ar\<A gedziu), gedeti^
long; be sad, mourn '; nasal present pas/gendu, -gedau, -gest/long; miss something ',
ablaut, causative gadinti ^spoW, disturb, bother', hence secondary the o-vocalism (instead
of ud) from gddas^qree6, lust; burdock', ^oo'^s 'avaricious, stingy', godziuos, godet/slust,
crave, whereupon crave, wish, eager, be avid ';

in Slavic with implemented nasalization: Old Church Slavic z^zdg, zgdati. Old Czech
zadati^\\}s\., crave, after which covet ', zgzdg, zgdetT cupere ', zgzda " thirst ', poln. zqdza
" lust, greed, lust, longing, yearning, wish';

doubtful because of the aniaut Old Norse gedr\. ( *gadia-) "sense, mind, character,
desire, lust', gedlauss^ characterless ' perhaps = Old High German getilos. Middle High
German getlos^ unrestrained, bratty';

one follows the correspondent grouping GeaaaoGai : iroGew = Irish gess-am ( *g"'he6'^-s-
o-mos) : gu/'d/u {*g"'ho6'^-e/d).

References: WP. I 673, Trautmann 84 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 577.
Page(s): 488

Root / lemma: g^heia- : g^hT-

Meaning: vein, sinew

Material: Cymr. gi-au PI. " nerves, tendons ';

Lithuanian gija^ Faden im Aufzug eines Gewebes ', Latvian dzija^ filament', PI. threads,
strings';

Old Church Slavic z/-ca "sinew', russ. dial, zfca^ worsted, knit made from spun wool ',
Serbo-Croatian zTca^ filament, wire, cord, string '; the Balto Slavic-forms could also belong
to g"ii9-.

g^hTslo-.

Armenian y//'sinew, cord';

Latin fflum ' filament ';

Maybe alb. M'thread' a Latin loanword.

Lithuanian ^ys/a"vein, sinew, midrib, center vein of a leaf, Latvian dzTsIa, dzTksla^yeiVi
(the nasalization in zemait. g'insla\s secondary). Old Prussian pettegislo^ RiJckenader';
but Old Church Slavic zila, russ. zfia, Serbo-Croatian z/'/a etc. "vein, sinew' are neologisms
to z/-ca, see above.

References: WP. I 670, 694, WH. I 497 f., Trautmann 87, 90.
Page(s): 489

Root / lemma: g^hel-

Meaning: to wish

Material: Gr. GsAw, e-GeAw (to prefix s. e-, d-particle) "will, wish, desire ', changing through

ablaut cpaAi^si OeAei Hes.; £ni^a(p£Ao(; "violent';

Old Norse gildrai.; gildriu. " dragnet ', ^/^a "allure, entice'. Old Swedish gisel-skaper^
lubricity ';

Old Church Slavic zeleti, zelati, iter. russ. -Church Slavic za/at/"\N\sW, Old Church Slavic
ze//a'\N\s\r\, longing, yearning' (also " grieve ' and "mourning, grief through support in za/b
"pain' from *g"'e/-^pr\ck').

References: WP. I 692.
Page(s): 489

Root / lemma: g'^hemb-
Meaning: to spring, hop
Material: Gr. aGspipouaa aKoAaoTaivouaa ("exuberant ') Hes.;

Middle High German gampen, gumpen^s'^'c\v\Q\ gampel, gumper amusing wilful
jumping, farce play ', gumpel. Modern High German Gimpet, with High German consonant
shift Middle High German gampfxw. " the swaying '; Norwegian dial, gimpa^s^ay, swing',
gampm. " big clumsy guy, ungainly horse '.

A short root form g"hem- perhaps in Old Icelandic gaman n. "pleasure, joy, friskiness,
playfulness, sensuality, voluptuousness'. Old High German gaman n. ds., etc.

References: WP. I 678 f.
Page(s): 490

Root / lemma: g''hen-1

Meaning: to swell, abound

Material: Old Indie a-/7a/7a- "tumescent, plentiful, luscious', ghana-^dense, thick', m.

"compact mass';

npers. a-gandanlWV, agan/sluW;

Armenian yogn' much, great, many, of things ' (Prap. /+ *o-g"'hon- or *o-g"hno-, in
prefix o- standing next to Aryan a-)\

gr. EuGsvnc; "rich, in fullness, wealth', Hes. suGsvsu) " flourish', euGeveiq " fullness,
blossoming state ', lengthened grade Ionian EuGnvnq "rich, in fullness, wealth', Ionian Attic
£uGr|V£U) " flourish, be in bloom, blossom and power', £uGr|via f. "fullness, wealth'; ograde
noAu(p6vTr|<; = noAuKiriTri^, KAsocpovrnc;, etc., reduced-grade cpavav GeAeiv Hes., probably
actually "be horny, lustful';

Lithuanian gana^ sufficient ', ganeti^ suffice ', gandeti^ have enough ', Latvian gana^
sufficient ';

Old Church Slavic gonejetb, gonetT suffice ', Denomin. from *gona= Lithuanian gana,

whether here gr. acpsvoc;, acpvoc; n. "plentiful supply, richness ', acpvsioc; " propertied,
owning property ' (cp and the vowel suggestion from the vowel loss form (a)(pv- or *sm-
g"h(e)n-l), also nap-G£vo(; "virgin' (physical fullness, wealth?)?

References: WP. I 679, WH. I 479; Trautmann 77 f.
Page(s): 491

Root / lemma: g''hen-2(a)-

Meaning: to hit

Material: nominal formation: g^hono-s^ hit ', 5'"/7^-/'d-5 'beaten', g^hp-t/s and g''hp-tia {!) "

hit ', g^hen-tel-^ hit ', g^hen-tuo-s^ occidendus '.

Old Indie /7a/7-// (newer thematic hanati) " hits, strikes, kills, slays ', 3. PI. ghn-anti. Imp.
ja-hi. Opt. han-yat, ghn-Tta, Per\. jaghana; jaghanvas, Qeu. jaghn-us-ah. Pass, hanyate,
participle /7a/a- "beaten, killed' (= Avestan ya/a- gr. -cparoc;), hantva-h'to hit, to slay' (:
Avestan y^z?M/5-, Old Church Slavic z^fva), vrtra-han-. Gen. -ghn-ah{= Avestan vere&ra-
Jan-, Gen. -y-no) " knocking down the opposition ', ^/7a/7a- "killing, m. shillelagh, club,
mace, joint' (= gr. av5po-cp6vo(;, Latvian gans), sam-ha-V layer, stack, pile ', hati-h^
hitting, blow, multiplication ' (: gr. Sicpaai-oq, fKvesiau-jaiti-, Old Norse gudr, gunni), (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), hafya {\ate\) "killing' (: Old High German
gundea, Lithuanian dial, gincia), hantar-^ one who hits or kills ' (= Old Church Slavic
z^teljb); from the heavy basis Old Indie han/tum {\ate\) and ^/75/5- "killing ', m. "blow,
knock, killing, annihilation ', ghatayat/' slays '; Note: common Old Indie g^'h- >/?-.

Avestan Ja/n-t/ {= Old Indie hanti-) " he hits, strikes, kills ', lmp.ya/5/i 1. Sg. Med. ni-yne^
I knock down ', Opt. paiti-ynTta (= Old Indie ghmta) " he would like to fight around ',
participle ya/a- (= Old Indie hata-, see above), J^^wa-^ occidendus ', participle Perf. Akt.
jaynva, npers. ajanam^\ killed = defeated ', 3. Sg. aja(">, Avesianjana-' punching \jantar-
"the hits, knocks, slays \janti-i. " the hitting, the killed ', -jaiti- (as 2. compound part) " the
hitting ' (= Old Indie hath); Vsre&rajan-^ knocking down the opposition ' = Old Indie Vrtra-
han-,

Armenian gan. Gen. gani{ *g"he-rt) "blow, cudgel ', ganem " hit, beat ', jin "stick' ( *g"hen-
),Jnem^\ hit' (about *j/nem irom *g"hend= hanati, Lithuanian genu. Old Church Slavic
zeng),jnjem' destroy, clean' (from *g"'hen/d= Gsivu), Lithuanian geniu);

gr. Gsivu) {*g"'hen-id= Armenian y/T/e/r? "slay, kill', alb. gjanj^ hunt, chase', Lithuanian
geniu^ astle ab ') "hit', Gevw, sGsiva; redupl. snscpvov "slay', nscparai; -cpaT6(; in hom. apr|i-
cpaTO(; (= Old Indie hata-h), also in Sicparov Sicpaaiov Hes. i.e. "double' ("Mai' = "blow,
knock', also:) 5i-(paai-0(; (: Old Indie hatf-s .above); (^ovoc, "murder' (= russ. gon), cpovr)
ds., cpovEuq "murderer', avSpocpovoq " men killing ' (see also Boisacq under cpoivoc;); Note:
common lllyrian g"h- > d-, b-.

alb. gjanj^ hunt, chase, pursue' {*g"'henjd);

Latin defendo, -ere^ refuse, defend ', offendere^ stumble, offend ', //7/fe/7s^s (participle
*infendd) ' hostile ';

Old Irish ^o/?//?? "wound, slay, kill', Perf. 1. Sg. gegon, 3. Sg. gegu/n; gu/n'\Noun6';

Old Norse gudr, gunnrt (= Old Indie hat/-), Old Saxon gudea. Old English gu^{*gun^jd
= Old Indie /7a/Ka besides the pronunciation) "fight, struggle, battle'. Old High German
gund-fano' war flag '; Old Norse gandr^st\ck', Swiss gunten^a kind of wedge'; Norwegian
dial, gana " clear out the boughs in trees ' as Lithuanian genetr,

Lithuanian genu{= Old Church Slavic zeng. Old Indie hanati, Armen\an Jnem) g/nt/"
drive (cattle on the pasture) ', Latvian dzenu-, dz/t6s., heavy basis: geniu{= Gsivoj) gene-ti
"branch off, ramify, fork, divide' and ginu, g/nt/^deiend, shield ' {g/nt/: ginti, gintas: gintas
= Old Indie hata: ghata-); to genuWexaX. ganyti^ (drive cattle =) protect, graze cattle ';
Lithuanian ganas, let. ^a/75 "herdsman, shepherd' (= Old \nd\c ghana-), gan/'m. PI. "
pastures ', lengthened grade Lithuanian nakti-gonisxw. " night bird, reveller, merrymaker';
Lithuanian genys, Latvian dzenis^ woodpecker', Lithuanian dial. gincia{= Old Indie
hatya), ^/adas "fight', ginklasxw. "weapon' {*gintlas, compare Old Church Slavic z^/ofrom
*gindla-), isganus^ salutary, beneficial ' (Lithuanian gainioti\s iterative to gintr, Latvian
dzenis^ das in der Gabel der Pflugschar eingeklemmte Holz ', dzenu//s ^st\ng, prick'
(compare to meaning under Old Church Slavic zg/o "sting, prick');

Old Church Slavic zeng, ghnaf/'drWe, push' (as Lithuanian genu), Iter, gonjg, goniti
"drive, push, hunt, chase', whereof again poganjati^ pursue '; russ. etc. gon^ drive, impel,
drift, propel, push, thrust, hunt' (= cpovoc;), Czech uhona^ injury, damage', serb. prijegon
"fight, struggle' (in addition perhaps kir. honoba^ annoyance, plague', sloven, gonoba
"damage, ruin', ugonoba^ annihilation, Untergang ');

Maybe alb. (^ghanas) gjah^ hunt '.

Old Church Slavic zbnjg, zgt/ {serb. zeti, also heavy basis) "reap', zgtva{sQxb. zetva) f.
"harvest' ( : Old Indie hantva-); also zglo{*zgdld) n. "sting, prick', poln. zqdio ds., russ.
za/o "sting, prick, cutting edge of a knife, an axe'; Slavic *gen-tel-rc\. "reaper, mower' in
Old Church Slavic zgteljb (= Old Indie han-tar^ one who hits, kills ');

Hittite ku-en-zi^ slays ' (= Old Indie hanti), 3. PI. ku-na-an-zi [kunanzi); compare Old
Indie ghnanti ( *g "hn-enti) .

References: WP. I 679 ff., WH. I 332 f., Trautmann 85 f.
Page(s): 491-493

Root / lemma: g^her-

Meaning: hot, warm

Material: Old Indie haras-u. 'blaze, glow' (= gr. Qt^oo,, Armenian yie/), ghrna-xx\. "blaze,

glow, heat' (= Latin fornus. Old Church Slavic gn^n-b), ghrnot/'g\o\NS, shines', gharma-xw.

"blaze, glow, heat', Avestan garama-^hot', n. "heat, blaze, glow'. Old pers. in garma-pada-

name of a month, perhaps "* beginning of the heat' (= Latin formus, German M/5/777 "warm';

Old Prussian gorme); Note: common Old Indie ^"Z?- >/?-.

Armenian ye/"" warmth, good weather; \Narxx\\jernum' warm me ',ye/7r7"warm' (= gr.
Gspfjoc;; perhaps as 'ig"'/7e/'-/77/7-c»s derivative oi men-stem:) Jermn Gen. Jerman lever' (also
gr. Gsppa f. " warmth ' originally a neuter?);

thrako-Phrygian germo-^warm' (in many PN: Jokl Eberts Reallex. 10, 142 f., 13, 285,
292, 294), kappadok. garmia{s) " Stadtname auf der Peutingerschen Tafel ' {a = Indo
Germanic o);

Gr. Btpoq n. "summer heat, harvest', Gepofjai "become hot', 0£p|j6(; "warm', Qtp[iaooa
"oven';

also Germ-\n lllyrian PN, as also probably in originally North lllyrian VN German/
(Pokorny ZceltPh. 21, 103 ff); alb. Tosc z/arrl\re, heat' (/rfrom rm), gheg. zjarm{:
9£P|j6(;), ngroh^yNarm' ( *g"hre-as in Old Church Slavic gret/^warm', Latvian gremens
"pyrosis, heartburn'); alb. ^a/se"burning coal' {*g'^hortia?);

Maybe alb. grij^ freeze ' : ngroh'warm '

Maybe other alb. cognates: 27ey"boil, cook', duplicated zezead]., f. "black, burnt'.

Also alb. Tosc z/arrl\re, glow, heat, fervour ' : Rumanian ya/'"fire, glow, heat, fervour '.

Latin formus 'warm' (Festus), fornus, furnus {*g"horno-s), fornax'oven (latter being
based on a fem. a-stem), forn/x, -ids " dome ' ( *fornicos " having the figure of a stove ');

Note:

The shift g(fi)- > d- is of lllyrian alb. origin, hence the common Latin shift d- > /-testifies a
loanword from lllyrian

Old Irish fo-geir' warms up, heats up ' etc., bret. gredm. " warmth, heat; courage ' =
Middle Irish gr/th'sun, heat' {*g"hrtu-s). Middle Irish gorim, guirim^\Narm up, get warm,
burn', nir. ^o^'heat; brood; ulcer'; cymr. ^c/7"brood', ^OA^brood, pus', bret. gor^ burning
fire, boil '; Old Irish goml\re' (= Latin fornus); against it is Irish ^0/777 "blue' loanword from
cymr. ^H7777"dark-(blue)' and this together with abr. uurm\n Uurm-hae/on MH ' aux
Bourcils bruns ' from Old English wurma ' purple color ' borrowed (Gwynn Hermathena 20,
63ff.); Old Irish ^c»//f "bitter' ("*the burning taste'), wherefore Old Irish gorte {*g"hortJ§)
"hunger';

Maybe truncated alb. {*g"'horia) ^/ra "hunger', i/za "burning log'.

Old Norse ggrr{*garwa-), gerr, g0rr{*garwia-) " ready, willing, perfect ', Old High
German garo^ prepared, ready ', Old English gearu. Modern High German gar. Old Norse
g0rva. Old High German garawen. Middle High German gerwen^ finish, prepare, make
ready, tan, convert hide into leather'. Old English ^/e/w5/7 "prepare, concoct, cook'. Old
Norse gerd {* garwiPo) " fermenting the beer ' (formal indeed = Old High German garawida
"preparing '), Middle High German gerwe " yeast, filth ', Middle Low German gere^
fermentation, stench, dung pool, dirt ', ^e/"©/? "ferment, seethe' are rather after Holthausen
Wb. of old westn. 102 defined from prefix ga- and *-arwa- > Old Norse p/r"rash, hasty,
skilful' (above S. 331);

Old English gyrwe-fenn' morass', gyre' manure', mnl. gore, gore'smoke, smell, odor'.
Middle Low German gdre'pu66\e, slop', Norwegian dial, gurm'yeast, ordure, food mash'.
Old Norse gorn. " the half-digested stomach contents ', gjgr {* gerva-) " residuum, sludge ',
Old English Middle Low German Old High German ^c»/'"crap, muck, manure'; to meaning
compare above cymr. gor'pus';

here probably Old Norse gersta' embitter'. Middle High German garst. Modern High
German garst/g'spoW;

about Gothic \/varmjan'\Narm' etc. see though under uer-'cooW;

Lithuanian garas'vapor; intense desire', Latvian gars\apor, ghost, soul'. Old Prussian
gorot "stove, hearth', gorme'heat', Latvian garme' warmth ', Old Prussian garewingi
Mn. "rutting, in heat', Latvian gremens' pyros\s, heartburn';

Old Church Slavic gorith, goret/'burn, grejg, gret/'\/\/arm', zeravb " blazing ', pozarb
"blaze', grbni,' Kessel ' (= Latin fornus), grhn/7o 'os/en', russ. gorn'stove, hearth', poln.
garn/ec'pot, pan'; further Old Church Slavic gortkb ( *g"'hori-ko-) "bitter' ("*burning of

taste'; compare above Irish goirt), but sloven, gorgk s\so "warm', Czech horky'\Narr(\\
against it Old Czech /7c»/7^y" bitter'; isolated Serbo-Croatian grk, f. ^/Aa 'bitter', compare
Berneker 232; Old Church Slavic ^OAfo/i. compounds "evil, bad' ('*burning, bitter'), gore
■blow!'

g'^hre-ns-o- {due to es-stem g'^hre-nes-):

Old Indie ghrarhsa-h m. ' solar glow, sunshine, brightness ' = bret. groez, grouez
{*g"hrenso-) "solar heat', cymr. gwres^heai' (to m^s. Pedersen KG. I 108, ©through the
influence of /esds.); /"from Old Irish ^/Ts'fire', grJsaid^ fires, stimulates ' probably from
*ghrenso-, in spite of Thurneysen Gr. 130.

References: WP. I 687 ff., WH. I 532 ff., Trautmann 79, 102.
Page(s): 493-495

Root / lemma: g''hdei(9)-

Meaning: to perish, destroy

Material: Old Indie ksinati, ksindti{ : gr. *(p9ivF-u)), ksayat/" destroyes, allows to pass ',

participle ksita-h "exhausted' (= gr. (p9iT6(;; srava-h aksitam = gr. Kktoq acpGiTOv

"indestructible fame'), ksTna-h6s., ksTyate^ schwindet hin, nimmt ein Ende ', ksaya-h'

decline, reduction, ruin' (: gr. cpGon f.), /rs/if/-/? "crime, ruin' (= gr. cpOiaK; and -?- Latin s/f/s;

compare -tu-stem Latin s/'tus); [common Old Indie g"'/!- > ks- : gr. g^h- > ph- : Latin ks- > s-]

prakr. ajjhitah- (= acp0iTO(;),y/7/77a- (= Old Indie ksTna-);

Avestan ayzonvamnam^ sich nicht mindernd ' (Kuiper Nasalpras. 65'');

gr. ep. cpGlvoj, Attic cpOIvw (*(p6ivF(jo, see above) "destroy', mostly intr. " decay, wane,
perish ', cpGivu-Gu) " decay, wane, make disappear', Fut. cpGEiau) (Attic dnocpGiau)), Aor.
scpGsiaa (Attic anscpGTaa), scpGijjnv, (pGip£vo(; "destroy'. Pass, "be destroyed, perish',
participle Perf. Pass. cpGiToq, cpGori "consumption, tuberculosis', cpGiaic; ds. (see above);
about perhaps old double forms, as njivsaGai, njiva^siv " allow to drop, lose flowers or fruits
', ijjioK; aTTcbAsia Hes., s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326.

From Latin probably situs, -us' rust, mould, mustiness, dust, dirt, filthiness of the body,
neglect, idleness, absence of use, a rusting, moulding, a wasting away, dulness, inactivity '
and s/f/s' thirst ' (if actually "*decline, languishing').

Maybe alb. et' thirst ' : Italian sete, Spanish sed, Catalan set, Croatian zed, Czech zfzen,
Furlan set, Galician sede, Leonese sede, Portuguese sede, Romanian sete, Sardinian
Campidanesu sidi, Valencian se/" thirst ' < Latin sitis^ thirst '.
References: WP. I 505 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.
Page(s): 487

Root / lemma: g^hder-
Meaning: to run, flow
Note: (or better g^'der-ll)

Material: Old Indie ksarati^ streams, flows out, melts away, disappears ', ksara-m^\Na\.er',
ksarayat/" allows to flow ', ksa/ayat/" washes away ' (compare Wackernagel Old Indie Gr.
I 241); Avestan yzara/t/" streams, boils up ', yzaraye/t/ ^aWows to flow ', with i//- "allows to
overflow '; further formations in a-yzradaye/t/" a\\o\NS to surge ', vT-yzra5ayeiti^ leaves
apart, flows '; reconverted with metathesis zyar- in avifra-zyaraiti^ flows here to '; common
Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > gz- > gr. cp9

probably Armenian Jur, Gen. y/cy "water' ( *g"hddro-);

Maybe alb. {*g'^hddro-) bdore, vdore, dzbore^ snow '.

gr. Attic cpGsipoo (*cp9£pj(jo; Lesbian cpOsppaj, Arcadian cpGnpoo), zero grade Doric cpGaipw
(*(p9apju)) " ruin '; in addition also cpGeip "louse' (i^JEipsi cpGsipEi Hes. is result of the later
spirant pronunciation of 9), cpGopa " destruction, ruin, of persons, death, esp. by some
general visitation, as pestilence, of animals, loss by death, passing out of existence,
ceasing to be, deterioration, loss by deterioration, damage, seduction, rape, abortion or
miscarriage, gradation of colours in painting, storm-tossings or shipwrecks ' also
aupcpGsipu) besides " ruin at the same time or totally ' also " let colors flow into each other ',
then also " melt, mix generally ', aupcpGEipsoGai "flow together'.

Maybe truncated alb. {*bddr) mom"\ouse' " the scratching '? : gr. cpGsip ds.: cpGEipw :
modern Greek HJEipa " louse ' : Basque zo/r/" louse '.

Note:

It seems that from Root / lemma: g^hder- : to run, flow, derived Root / lemma: mer-5,
rnera-: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, common lllyrian g'^h- > b.
References: WP. I 700, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 714, Benveniste BSL. 38, 139 ff.
Page(s): 487-488

Root / lemma: g'^hren-

Meaning: phrenic; soul, mind

Material: Gr. cppnv ' phren' (PI. ' intestines, entrails '), "soul, ghost, reason, heart', cppovsu)

" think', cppovnoK; ' thought, reason', (ppovTi(; (: Old Icelandic grundi) " care ', acppojv "

injudicious, crazy', acbcppwv 'sensible, wise', Eucppwv " the kindly time; of sense, pleasing,

favorable ', sucppaivoj 'make glad, entertain';

Old Icelandic grunrm. " suspicion ', gruna^ be suspicious of, grundrm. " contemplation
', grunda "think'.

References: WP. I 699.
Page(s): 496

Root / lemma: g^hre-

Meaning: to smell, scent

Material: Old \x\(i\c jfghrati, ghrati^ it smells, it smells in anything, kisses, perceives ',

participle ghrata-, ghrana-m. n. 'smell, odor, fragrance ', ghranai. and ghrana-v\. 'nose',

ghrat'h 'olfaction, smell, odor';

gr. OGcppaivoiJai 'smell, scent, feel' (< loo'es 'smell, odor' + *g"hr-), Aor. Attic (JbacppoMnv;
oocppnoK; 'olfaction, smell, odor' (: Old \y\(\\c ghrati-);

Tocharian A krarh, B /rc»/''nose'.

References: WP. I 697, WH. I 540.
Page(s): 495

Root / lemma: g''lia, g^ijos

Meaning: sinew

Material: Old Indie yya' sinew, tendon, string esp. of the bow', Avestanyya' bowstring (in

compounds also sinew of flesh)';

gr. pioc; m. ' bowstring '; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

about Lithuanian gija ' filament ', Old Church Slavic zi-ca 'sinew' etc. see below g"hei-.

References: WP. I 670, 694, Trautmann 87, 90.
Page(s): 481

Root / lemma: g^is-t/'-s

Meaning: finger

Material: Cymr. bys, acorn, bis, bes, bret. it'/z "finger", Middle Irish it'/sse^a "icicle'; Celto-

Germanic PN Bissula " little fingers '?; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old Norse kvistrxw. "twig, branch';

Middle Low German /n75/"twig, branch' had to be a miscellaneous word from kvistr,
what is as doubtful, as Old Norse kvTsli. "twig, branch, fork, arm of a river ' to be separated
from Old High German zwisila^ fork-shaped object, twig, branch '; see above S. 232.

Maybe alb. gisht, g//sbtl'\nger', b/sbt^taW common lllyrian g''>b.

Note: alb. proves that Root / lemma: g^is-ti-s: " finger ' derived from zero grade of
Sanskrit: ahgustha-

First attestation: SB+
Part of speech: [m]
Meaning: thumb'
Proto-lndo-lranian: HangustHa-
Page in EWAia: 49
See also: ahguri-
Avestan:YAv. angusta-{xx\] "toe'

Khotanese: hamgusta- "finger'

References: WP. I 694.
Page(s): 481

Root / lemma: g'lu-
Meaning: resin

Material: Armenian A/Vm., Gen. kvoy^ resin, mastic ' ( *gfuo-), therefrom kvenT the pitch-
pine, larch';

Old Irish bT\. (?) "tar ( *g'^uf)\ Note: common lllyrian g""- > b-.

russ. zivfca. Lower Serbian zyiz/ica "resin';

the connection with g(/Jeu-' chew' is dubious, but not impossible.

References: Thurneysen Mel. Pedersen 301 f.
Page(s): 482

Root / lemma: g'^ltur(os)

Meaning: vulture

Grammatical information: m.

Material: Gr. *pAoaup6q (with Aeolic Ao for Aa) " vulture', Horn. pAoaup-cbniq ' grim-looking

', hence Adj. pAoaup6(; 'with terrible eyes, grisly looking, hairy, shaggy, bristling, ', etc.;

Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Latin voltur{vultui), -ur/san6 vo/turus' vulture'.

References: M. Leumann, Homer. Worter 141 f.
Page(s): 482

Root / lemma: g''or-g''(or)o-

Meaning: dirt, dung

Material: Armenian /rc»/-/r 'smut';

gr. (36ppopo(; 'slime, mud, smut, ordure, crap, muck'. Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

References: WP. I 694.
Page(s): 482

Root / lemma: g^ou-

Meaning: cattle

Grammatical information: m. f. Nom. Sg. g^ous. Gen. 5'"&^5(and g''ouosn), Akk. g''dm,

Lok. g''oui

Material: Old Indie gauh m. f. 'cattle' (= Avestan gaus ds.), Gen. goh (= Avestan gaus),

Dat. gave (= Avestan gave), Lok. gav/{= Latin Abl. boue), Akk. gam (also 2silb., as

Avestan g^m); PI. Nom. gavah{= Avestan gave). Gen. gavam (= Avestan gav^m), Akk.

gah{= Avestan ga, Indo Germanic *g"'ds, gr. Doric pwc;) ; therefrom ^o-pa-/? 'herdsman,

shepherd', gopayati, gopayat/^huieV, etc.;

Armenian /roi/'cow';

gr. Attic pou(; m. f. 'cattle, cow', Akk. pouv [both with fake ou in place of old *pouq (with
real ou), Akk. *pajv], Doric pox;, Akk. pwv. Gen. po(F)6(;, etc.; also in pou-AOroc; m. ' time
of unyoking oxen from the plough, evening', pou-Tupov m. ' butter' (out of it Latin butyrum.
Modern High German ' butter'), actually ' cow's cheese ' (TOpoc; 'cheese'), further in

strengthening prefix pou- from pou-AT|jO(; " ravenousness ', etc. (Scliwyzer Gr. Gr. I 434, 6;
577 p); Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Latin bos, bovism. f. "cattle' (Oscan-Umbrian loanword for Latin *vds)\ derivatives of
stem bov- ( *g"ou- before vowel) or bu- ( *g"ou- before consonance), bub- (redupl.
formation): bovTIe^ cowshed ', bubf/e ds., bovTnus^ of or pertaining to oxen or cows:
medulla ', bubu/us6s. (lautl. identical with gr. poupaAo(; ' gazelle ', that with Old Indie
gava/a-b'wM Buffer is not to be immediately equated), Bubona' cattle goddess ', etc.;
Umbrian bum^ bovem ' {*g"dm), bue^ bove ', Oscan in Buvaianud, Volscan bim^ bovem ';

Old Irish boi. "cow' (from arch. *bau, Indo Germanic *g"dus). Gen. arch, bou, bau, later
bao, bo, in Brit, replaced through the derivative acymr. buch, ncymr. buwch, acorn, buch,
bret. buc'b^co\N' {*boukka); here the Proto Irish FIN Boouiv5a (= *Bovovinda), nowadays
engl. Boyne, Old Irish B6(f)ind^ die Kuhweifle '; *g"ou-, Celtic *bou- in compounds
gallorom. bo-tege {*g"ou-tegos) " cowshed ' (M.-L. 1229a), cymr. bugail {*g"ou-k"olios) "
6ouk6Ao(; ', bret. bugenn^ cowhide ', (under the influence of common Celtic -A75-, -nt- > -
nn-), next to which *bovo-tegos\v\ abret. boutig, cymr. beudy 'cowshed '; Middle Irish
buasach "rich (in cows)' from buas " richness ' ( *g"ouo-uid-to-s "cow- knowledge ');

Old High German chuo, SSachs. Old Swedish /ro(from dem Akk. *kdn, Indo Germanic
*g"dm). Old English Old Frisian cu. Old Icelandic kyr'co\N' {*kuzkorr\ g^ous. Old English
cJ could also be = Old High German kuo);

Latvian guovs'cow', Demin. guotiija;

Slavic *(g'c»K^o'c» "cattle'. Old Church Slavic ^i/-/77i>/7c» "threshing floor', i.e. " place where
steers out the grain ';

Tocharian A /rc»"cow', PI. kowi, B kau, PI. Obliq. kewan; A kayurs, B kaurse^buW <
*g"ou-urso-, to Old Indie vrsan- "bull'.

Maybe alb. {*k"o-) kau 'ox' : Rumanian Cg'^o-) bou'ox' common lllyrian - Celtic g"'- > b-.

compare still yio-derivative Old Indie gavya-, gavya-, Avestan gavya-' bovinus ', hom.
T£aaapapoiO(; " worth four steers ', Armenian kogi' butter' ( *g"ouio-), and the zero grade
Old Indie sata-gu- " owning hundred cows ' = Old pers. &atagu- "name of a country '
(originally people, actually " owning hundred cows '), Old Indie nava-gva, dasa-gva-,
Avestan aeta{*g)va- EN, i.e. " one who has gleaming steers '; gr. £KaT6|j-pr| ( *-g"u-3) "an
offering of a hundred oxen; sacrifice'; against it is Latin bu-bulcus' one who ploughs with
oxen, a ploughman, a herdsman ' after su-bulcus' a swine-herd ' shortened from

*bubulcus, after Specht Indog. Dekl. 234 here Old Norse kvTgr^ bull calf, /ri//^e "young
cow' (after Holthausen Wb. of old westn. in addition westfal. quTne, nid. kween6s.) and
kussi, kurs/'caW, etc.

To cattle name one places the gr. family of pooKw " graze, feed ', pooKn, ^6o\q " feed,
pasture ', porov "cattle", poravn " pasture herb, feed ', porrip, pcbTwp "herdsman,
shepherd', pwriavsipa " man-feeding, nurse of heroes, epith. of fruitful countries '; Note:
common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

Maybe alb. fpcbrajp) it'a/'/" herdsman, shepherd'.

as well as Lithuanian ^5^ya"herd', guju, guiti^^nve, push', ^^0/55 "herd'; the oldest parts
of these rows may have possibly been *g"6[u]-to-m " herd of cattle ' and *g"ouid " be cattle
shepherd '? About gr. np£apu(; "old' see below per-3.

numerous would become borrowings from sumer. ^^ (older *gud) "bull, cattle'. Against it
Specht Indog. Dekl. 33.

References: WP. 1696 f., WH. I 112, 118, Trautmann 94, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 577, 708.
Page(s): 482-483

Root / lemma: g^ou- g^u-

Meaning: dung, dirt

Note: in Germanic and esp. in Balto-Slavic with meaning -development from "repugnance,

disgust, repulsion, loathing ' to "small, disgusting animal, reptile' and from " pollute, soil,

defile, mutilate, deform' to "vilify, revile, rebuke'.

Material: Old Indie gu-tha-h, -/r? "excrement', Avestan gu-^a-u. "smut, ordure' (only by

Gramm. also guvati^ cacat ', gunam " cacatum ');

Armenian kuav\6 koy'crap, muck' {*g"du-so\ ? see below);

Latin bubinare^ soil with the menstruations ' could be transfigured from old *bovind {\N\Vr\
Oscan-Umbrian biox g'^, as bovTIeio bubTle; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

maked. yorav (leg. ^urav) uv Hes. (?);

Slavic *(gc»i/b/7c» "ordure' in russ. -Church Slavic ^c»i//7c» etc., in ablaut Slavic *gavjg, *gaviti
in russ. -Church Slavic ogavitT vexare ', serb. gaviti se^ be disgusted ' (and changing
through ablaut guvf mi se " disgusts me, I must throw up ', guviti se), Czech o-haviti^
mutilate, deform', c»/75K/7y "hideous', russ. dial, gavedbt, "horror', kir. havedha^ plebs ',

Czech haved'^ fowl, plebs ', poln. gawiedz^ small children and domestic animals; fowl,
lice; rabble, mob '.

d^-extension g''e[u](i!^-, g''6[u]6^-, g''CiA^-.

Lithuanian geda\. " shame, disgracefulness', gedingas^ schandbar ', gedintr humiliate,
revile ', Old Prussian gTdan/Wk. "shame';

Old Church Slavic gadh m. " reptile (*disgusting animal); harmful animal' {*g"d6!"-).
Church Slavic gazdu, gaditi^ abhor, detest, rebuke', russ. gaditb "smudge, befoul, spoil',
Serb, gad^ disgust, repulsion, loathing; snake, worms ', Czech haditi^vMy, rebuke' (etc., s.
Berneker289);

poln. zadacsiQ^ abominari ', zadny, zadliwy^uq\y, nasty ' {*g'^e(i!^-)\ russ. dial, gfdkij
"disgusting', kir. hyd^ disgust, repulsion, loathing '; with formants -d(h)a\v\ Czech o-hyzda
{*gyz-da) " disgust, repulsion, loathing, repugnance', /7yzo'///" rebuke, vilify, reject', poln.
Dialectal gizd^ disgust, repulsion, loathing, smut, impure person' (with other meaning
change serb. ^/zo'a "pride, elegance, jewellery, pleasantness, agreeableness ' , s.
Berneker 374);

Middle Low German quad^ dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', Old High German quat.
Middle High German quat, kot, kat. Modern High German Kot, Tirol kot^ disgusting
animal', PI. koter^ all kinds of vermin ', Middle Low German quad. Middle Dutch qwaet,
holl. kwaad^xx\a6, wicked, evil, ugly, spoiled', md. ^^ao'"mad, wicked, evil, disgust, weak';

with Indo Germanic -9U-.

cymr. /7i/o'/'" dirty, filthy', i^^o'/'o "smudge'. Middle Irish buadra/m 'c\ou6y, bewilder'
(compare Pedersen KG. I 112); Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old English cwead^or6ure\ Old Frisian quad^evW, bad';

with i/from *-ai/- Slovak. 0/7^^5 "monster', kIr. o^^o'a "reprimand'. Old Russian guditi^
slander, blaspheme, accuse, blame ' ;

with -a-as zero grade from -^u] or Germanic ablaut neologism ndd. quadder^ dirty
dampness, mucus' = Middle Low German koder^ mucus'. Modern High German dial.
koder, Koder^ glutinous mucus, catarrh';

also ndd. quassen {* kwadson) " dribble (in humidity) ', quasken, quatsken. Modern High
German quatschen, engl. quask, squash and perhaps the people's name Quadr,

alb. zT{*gue&^[io-), fern, zeze {* gue^'^JS) "black, unlucky, bad ', z/T "mourning, grief,
famine '.

References: WP. I 694 ff., WH. I 118f., Trautmann 81.
Page(s): 483-485

Root / lemma: gTdo'^-

Meaning: embryon, young

Material: Gr. pp£(po(; n. " foetus, youngling ', Middle Irish brommach {*g"rorrb^akos)\ Note:

common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old Church Slavic zrebg^ plenitude'.

References: WP. I 689.

Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gTeig-

Meaning: to sleep, dream

Material: Gr. ppi^u) fppiyju)) sppi^a "sleep, be inactive', appi^ Eypnyopwc; Hes.; Note:

common lllyrian g"- > b-.

russ. grezitb " talk in sleep, fantasize' (barely *grez-, rather *grbz-), greza "dream,
maundering, silly discourse '. very doubtful; s. also Berneker 351 .

References: WP. I 698.
Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: g'^rend!^-

Meaning: to swell; breast

Material: Gr. pp£v9o(; "pride', Pp£v9uo|jai " bear oneself haughtily, hold one's head high,

swagger, plume oneself on '; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Latin grandis^ Of things, full-grown, large, great, full, abundant: tumulus. Of persons,
grown up, large, big, tall: Of style, great, lofty, dignified, noble ' (a= eor o);

Old Church Slavic ^/po'ij" breast', Slovak. /7mo' "elevation', poln. old gr§dzi^bxeas\!, grqd
' eijToht^tell^n^umDf^l^ns^ ' (etc.).

References: WP. I 699, WH. I 617 f.
Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gTetso-

Meaning: thick, big

Material: Latin grossus^\h\cV! one maintains to bring together with Middle Irish cymr. corn.

bret. bras^b\Q, large, thick'. Middle Irish also "strong'. However, it makes the Celtic

vocalism a problem, and Middle Irish Z^^es "already' is barely an additional obstruction.

Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Whether bras rather as *g"'ra-sto-\.o Latin gravis, above S. 476?

References: WP. I 698, WH. I 623.

Page(s): 485

Root / lemma: gTeugh-, gTugh-

Meaning: to gnash the teeth; to bite

Material: a) gr. ppuxw " crunch with the teeth, to eat with much noise, to eat greedily '

(besides through derailment from ppu^u), sppu^a ppuKw) "bite', ppuySriv "biting', ppuypoq "

bruxism ', ppux£T6(; "cold fever' ("chattering of teeth').

b) Old Irish bron^ distress ', cymr. brwyn^ piercing, biting pain ' (proto Celtic *brugnos)\
Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Lithuanian grauziu, grauztT gnaw ', sugruzinti^ 6es\xoY;

Old Church Slavic gryzQ, grysti^ gnaw ' (in other Slavic languages also from gnawing
grief; here probably also sloven, gruze PI. f. " scabies ').

To g/yzg probab\Y russ. grustb " distress ', sloven. grusV disgust, repulsion, loathing '.

References: WP. I 697 f., Trautmann 100.
Page(s): 485-486

Root / lemma: ha ha!

Meaning: interjection of laughter

Material: Old Indie ha ha, gr. a a (ngr. xaxa inscribed), Latin {ha)hahae. Modern High

German ha ha, serb. ha ha, russ. cha cha.

Maybe alb. ha ha

References: Hirt Indo Germanic Gr. I 284 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303, WH. I 630, 632;

Schwentner Interjektionen 18.

Page(s): 497

Root / lemma: ha

Meaning: ha! oh! (surprise)

Material: In certain interjections is probably to be accepted the aniaut h-ox a kind of

guttural spirant; s. also above S. 293 and under kha kha.

Old Indie ha, gr. a, Latin ha. Modern High German ha.

Page(s): 497

Root / lemma: ielo- jslo-

Meaning: unripe, raw

Note: only Celtic and Balto-Slavic

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Gall, -iaio- " clearing ', often in PN, as Nanto-ialo-, French NanteuiVyaWey- clearing ', etc.;

cymr. iaii. " clearing ', PN /a/(J. Loth Mabinogion2 II 356); an-iaF waste land, wilderness ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- > ia- Celtic

Latvian yie/s' unripe, uncultivated, raw, sore (from the skin)';

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > ye- > je- Baltic

Slavic j'a/band *jalo\n,\x\ xwss. jaiyjdx\^ jaiovyj^ infertile, uncultivated (of land)', serb.
Jalov^ infertile ', Czech Jalovy 6s., po\n.jafow/zna^ empty, waste place'.

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- > ja- Slavic

References: Trautmann 107, Dottin Langue Gauloise 262.
Page(s): 504-505

Root / lemma: ie-ro-
Meaning: " year, summer '
Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
See also: see above S. 296 f. (e/-).
Page(s): 506

Root / lemma:^^^'^-
Meaning: to chase, wish for
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old \n6\c yahih, yahva-' restless, rash, hasty shooting ahead', yahvTds. (from FliJssen),
but sahaso yah iih ' son of the powerful ', whereas the concept 'kid, child, son' has probably
evolved from ' the cheerful, movable '; in any case, it corresponds to the latter usage of
Avestan yazus pu&ro "the youngest son', yezivT dugadr^m " the youngest one of the
daughters ' (Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1280); Old Indie (pra-)yaksati^ penetrates, hurries,
strives ', ya/rs//?- perhaps 'keen, eager, vivid ' (after Graftmann " pursuing, avenging '),
yaksya- 'active, quick, lambently fast ' (previous to 5-formations).

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

Old High German Jagon, holl. Modern High German ya^e/7. Middle High German Jaget
{*jagdt^). Modern High German Jagd, Middle Low German holl.yac/?/" hunt ', perhaps after
Grafimann Wb. 1001 to Old Indie.

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie > ja- Germanic

References: WP. 11 95 f.
Page(s): 502

Root / \envma: Jag-
Meaning: to worship
Comments:

Root / \emma: Jag- : to worship : Root / lemma: ag- : to lead.

see Latin ago, -0/7/5 "of the priests killing the sacrificial animal', agon/um' a victim, beast
for sacrifice '.
Material:
Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-

Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old Indie yay^// venerates with prayer and sacrifice, oblation' (Perf. 0, participle /sta-) =

Avestan yaza/feds. (participle yas/a- with lengthened grade after the present). Old Indie

satya-yaj-' really adoring, veritable ', with zero grade //i/-/y" sacrificing regularly according

to regulation' = ' sacrificial priest ', /jya-'to worship, revere, m. teacher ', yya "sacrifice,

oblation';

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

Old \n6\c yajas-n. 'worship, veneration' = gr. ayoc; n. "blame, maculation, sacrifice,
oblation', *navaYn(; " totally holy';

Old \n6'\c yajna-h, Avestan yasna-m. " worship (of God), sacrifice, oblation' {yajnfya-,
Avestan yes/7y5- 'honorable offering, belonging to the sacrifice '), gr. ayvoq "holy, pure,
candid ';

Tocharian A yaks-' hug, embrace, hold tight ' (Van Windekens Lexique 167f.)?

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2*a- > ya- Tocharian

gr. a^opai fayjoijai) " shy', aYiO(; "holy, consecrated' (identical with it Old Indie yajya-^to
worship ' has been used in Vopadeva as a gerund. Debrunner GGA. 1910, 9), ayi^u) "
consecrate, sanctify, bless; ordain';

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ha- = Greek 0a-

Meillet (BSL. 21, 126ff., EM2 845) will connect the gr. words rather with Latin sacer
■holy';

References: WP. I 195, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303.
Page(s): 501-502

Root / \emma: Jai

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
See also: see above S. 285 {e-3)
Page(s): 502

Root / \emma: Jam-
Meaning: to dig
Comment:
Root I \emma: Jam- {*Ja-mor-): to dig, derived from a prefixed Root / lemma: mori, mori:

sea.

see Old Saxon mer/m. " ditch, pond '.

Note: {or Jem- ■.Jem- :Jdm-)

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2™a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old Church Slavic y5/77a" pit, pothole' (originally anlaut/ verified through Old Bulgarian
and through that dial. russ. hama, grown from *v-bn-Jame, *jamQ).

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya-, ja- Old Indie = ja- Slavic

Gr. apn f. "shovel, hack, mattock, hoe', Si-apaoo "dig up, excavate, dig out', s^aijaoo, -opai "

dig out '; apapa "ditch, trench, channel, canal, furrow', afjapsuu) " irrigate ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ha- = Greek 0a-

References: WP. I 198 f., Berneker444.
Page(s): 502

Root / \emr(\a\ Jam

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
See also: see above S. 285 {e-3)
Page(s): 502

Root / lemma:^^- .j6-

Meaning: to be angry; to be punish

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old Indie ved. ya-van-^ attacker, persecutor, pursuer', ya-tar-^ avenger' , rna-ya-, -ya-van-,
-yat-' avenging the guilt ', Old \n6\c ya-tu-m. " witchery, ghost, magic demon ';

Avestan ya-tu-m. "sorcery, magician ', ya-sa"wish';
Note:
labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

Armenian 75/75/77' I exert myself (Meillet Esquisse^ 52);

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie > ja- Armenian

Slavic *jdra- "violent' in Old Church Slavic ya/^ " strict, harsh ', jarostb "rage, fury,
vehemency', russ.ya/}^'" irascible, irritable, gamy, violent, fiery, fast, rapid, hurried', etc.; in
addition nsloven.ya/" envy ' (: gr. ^f|Ao(;)? Different above Berneker 28.

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie > ja- Slavic

In -m- formant:

Maybe alb. ye/777 "rage, fury, vehemency';

gr. ^\\KoQ„ Doric l^aKoc, m. " eagerness, jealousy, envy ' (: nsloven.ya^, ^x\i^6c, "tormenter
', CnM'Ci. Doric lsx\x\a " punishment, penance, atonement, loss'; Ijoi^oc, "fiery, strong, not
mixed (of wine), pure, sheer, prop, of wine without water ' (: Old Church Slavic y5/7>);
ablaut. £ni-^ap£U); " onrush, attack, press '?;

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, h3"o- > Proto Greek yo-
> go- > Old Greek zo-, h2"a- > Proto Greek ya- > ga- > Old Greek za-

Old Irish a(i)lid^ wishes eagerly, requests, craves', cymr. iawr command, laudation ',
iolar\ praise, laud ', eiriolaf{*are-ial-) "I beg urgently ', abret. 3. PI. Konj. iolenV precentur

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Celtic ye-. Old Celtic ie-, h3"o- > Proto Celtic yo-. Old
Celtic io-, h2"a- > Proto Celtic ya-, Old Celtic ia-

References: WP. I 197, 775, WH. I 718, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108, J. Morris-
Jones, Welsh Gr. 383.
Page(s): 501

Root / lemma:^^-
Meaning: ' go '

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
See also: see above S. 296 (e/-).
Page(s): 501

Root / lemma:7ebh-

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2™a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
See also: see above S. 298 {efo'^-)
Page(s): 503

Root / \emma:jeg-

Meaning: ice

Note: only Germanic and Celtic

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old Norse ya/r/m. {*ekan-< *jekan-) ' ice piece', compare Swiss yac/7, gicht{= gejicht) "
lioarfrost, frozen dew on trees '; demin. formation Old Horse Jgku//m. " hanging down
icicle, glacier '; Old English gicel(a)m. "icicle, floe, floating mass of ice', engl. icicle= Old
English Tses gicel. Old Norse ichilla' a frozen drop; an ice-drop, ice-drop, icicle ', ndd.
Tshekel, Jaker\c\c\e' (Middle Low German yb/re/eds. might derive from Nord.); Old High
German ihilla{= *jichilla) 'a frozen drop; an ice-drop, ice-drop, icicle ';
Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Germanic ye-. Old Germanic je-, ie-, ha^o- > Proto
Germanic yo-. Old Germanic jo-, io-, h2"a- > Proto Germanic ya-. Old Germanic ja-, ia-

Maybe alb. akulli^\ce\ abbreviated {*ihella) /7e///" icicle' : Old Norse yip/ri///m. " hanging
down icicle, glacier'.

Middle Irish aigi. (Gen. ega) "ice' {*iegi-s), cymr. iaxw. ds., iaen {*iegina) ' glacicula ',
acorn, ieyql ' glaties ', /e/ng\. ' cold, coldness, coolness ', mcorn. yeyn, ye/? 'cold', br. /en
■cold'.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Celtic ye-. Old Celtic ie-, h2"a- > Proto Celtic ya-. Old
Celtic ia-

about Hittite e-ku-na-s'co\6' compare Pedersen Hittite 171.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e- Hittite.

References: WP. I 206; Swiss Idiotikon II 112f., 1120, III 5, IV 1010.
Page(s): 503

Root / lemmai^eAr-
Meaning: to speak
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h™- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old \nd'\c yacat/" begs, demands ', yacna Request'; yacita-, yacitum, yacitar-, etc.

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

Tocharian A B yas/r- 'long, want, beg' (Van Windekens Lexique 165 f.), A yassuce, B
yassuca ' beggar'.

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Tocharian

Old High German ye/7a/7, gehan^say, speak, avow ', asachs. gehan6s.. Old High
German J/'ht {*Je){t/-) 'declaration, confession, admission', bijiht= Modern High German
Beichte ' confession, admission ', in addition illness name (S/ic/7/'gout, disease
characterized by the inflammation of the joints' ('caused by discussing');

Lithuanian yi/o/r55, Latvian yZ/o/rs ' joke ' is perhaps Latin loanword, as well as Modern
High German Jux^ joke'; against itTrautmann 108;

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Germanic ye-. Old Germanic je-, ie-, h3"o- > Proto
Germanic yo-. Old Germanic jo-, io-, h2"a- > Proto Germanic ya-. Old Germanic ja-, ia-

Latin iocus^ funny speech, joke '; Umbrian iuka, iuku f\Vk. PI. n. ' prayers ', Oscan iuklef
' inconsecratione ';

mcymr. ieith, cymr. iaith, bret. /ez 'language' {*jekti-)\

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Celtic ye-. Old Celtic ie-, h3"o- > Proto Celtic yo-. Old

Celtic io-, h2"a- > Proto Celtic ya-. Old Celtic ia-

References: WP. I 204 f., WH. I 715 f.; Sommer WuS. 7, 104 ff. will also put here Jak-

'heal, cure', but because of Old Irish hTcc{\v\6o Germanic e) it is not credible.

Page(s): 503-504

Root / lemma:7e/77-
Meaning: to hold
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old \r\6'\c yamat/" reins, steers; stretches, presents ', yacchat/ds., yata-h^kept, held',
yama-hm. "rein', yantra-n. 'rope, band, strap'; Avestan yam-, yasaite. Old pers. Imperf.
ayasata, participle Avestan yata- "hold, stop', ya/a- "assigned allotment, possession ' (to a
compare the heavy root form Old \v\(i\c yamitavai, Bartholomae IF. 11, 141 f.); Old Indie
yama-hm., Avestan ydma-m. "twin'; Old Indie GN Vama-h't\N\n, hermaphrodite ' =
Avestan Y/md;
Note:
labialized laryngeal hre- > yei-, yi- Avestan, h2™a- > ya- Old Indie

Latin geminus " born at the same time, twin-born, twin ' probably g- is attributed to the
root gem-^ grasp, press together ' (above S. 368 f.);

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > je- Proto lllyrian > ge- Latin, lllyrian (an lllyrian substrate
because Latin would have produced je- > ie-)

Middle Irish emonm., emu/nt {*emno-, *emnl) " pair of twins ', emnaid^ double ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e- Celtic = hre- > 0e- Hittite

perhaps here Germanic *ibna-^ even, equable, uniform ', whether from *imna-<
*Jemn6-, in Gothic ibns^ even ', Old Horse Jafn, Jamn, Old English efn, engl. even, asachs.
edan, Old High German eban^ flat, even ';

after GiJntert (Weltkonig 337 ff.) here the Old Norse GN Ymiras " hermaphrodite ' from
Germanic *Jumiiaz, Indo Germanic *iem(i}i6sl

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Germanic ye-, Old Germanic e-, i-, y-, h3"o- > Proto
Germanic yo-, Old Germanic jo-, io-, h2"a- > Proto Germanic ya-. Old Germanic ja-, ia-

it is not certain, whether it also belongs here gr. nM^PO"^ "tame, domesticated, mild',
nijepiq, -iSoc; " the cultivated vine ', npspou) " tame, make tame ' (with lengthened grade e),
and as zero grade Latin redimio^io bind round, wreathe round, encircle, gird, wind, deck,
crown', as well as infula "a white and red fillet or band of woollen stuff, worn upon the
forehead, as a sign of religious consecration and of inviolability, a sacred fillet; so a priest's
fillet' {*im-6^laRl).

That with gr. r|M£po(; identical Old High German asachs. jama r. Old English geomor^
sad ', Subst. Old High German 73/773/"' sorrowful, sad, regretful, full of pain, grieving,
mourning, lamenting ' (originally supposedly " sad, gloomy ') might belong though because
of Old Norse amra " lament', that to emja, ymja "howl', has rather originated from an
interjection. Cymr. a/^/'"affliction, lament' (Middle Irish amar ds.) could not have lost/ and
therefore it must have already been been absent.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Germanic ye- > 0e- Celtic, Greek

labialized laryngeal h3"o- > Proto Germanic yo- > 0o- Celtic, Greek

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > Proto Germanic ya- > 0a- Celtic, Greek

References: WP. I 572, WH. I 587, Marstrander Eriu 5, 160.
Page(s): 505

Root I \emma:jen9ter-, reduced case JenQtr-i/ptr-)

Meaning: husband's brother's wife

Comments:

Root I \emma:jenater-, reduced case Jenatr-i/ptr-): husband's brother's wife = Root/

lemma: gen-1, gena-, gne- gnd-\ "to bear' suffixed in -/erformant.

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h™- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-

Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old Indie yatar-6s. (pronunciation the strong case + vocalism of the weak case);

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

Phrygian Akk. lavarspa;

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > 0ya- Proto Phrygian > ia Phrygian

gr. Evarrip " husband's brother's wife ' (Ionian Psilose), Hom. zwait^zc,, -spojv (ei-
verbalized metr. lengthening for £v-), inschr. (klein Old Saxon-gr.) svarpi;

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e- Greek = hre- > 0e- Hittite

Truncated ( *ianiter) Armenian ner, more properly ner. Gen. niri^ the wives of brothers or
the wives of the same husband ' (to the basic form supposition by HiJbschmann Arm. Gr. I
478; Bugge IF. 1, 445, 449, Meillet BSL. 30, CR. 90, in the end Cuny Recherches 66 f.);

Latin janitnces (extension from */an/ter aiter Fem. of noun agents in -/ic-) " the wives of
brothers ' (/derives from *ia niter);

Old Lithuanian *jente, -ers6s. {gente, ze/7/e through hybridization with ^e/7//5 'kinsman,
relative', ze/7/a5 "son-in-law'), Latvian letere, /eta/'aan6 Curon\an Jen fere 6s.;

Old Church Slavic j^i^/zy (ending after svekry), russ. -Church Slavic ya//yds., serb.Jetrva
ds.

References: WP. I 207 f., WH. I 668, Trautmann 107 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 568.
Page(s): 505-506

Root / \emma:jes-
Meaning: to foam, boil
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2™a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old Indie *yasati, yasyat/" bubbles, boils; struggles ', yayastu^ shall scald '; with a- ' exert
oneself {a-yas-ta-^ arouses, instigates, strains, exhausts, grows tired, languishes ', a-yas-
aya//' strains, fatigues, afflicts'), pra-yasta-^ boiling, bubbling ', Intens. i-yas-yate^ grows
tired, dies away, disappears ', redupl. yesati {*Je-js-) ' flows, bubbles ', Avestan yaesye/t/"
boils (intr.)';
Note:
labialized laryngeal hre- > yei-, ye- Avestan, h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

gr. ^£U) (= yasati) "cook, boil, simmer, seethe, boil (intr.)', ^tooz, ^egtoc;, ^sapa and ^spa
" decoction, extract acquired by boiling', ^6r| to snavw tou ij£Aito(; ("scum, froth, foam')
Hes.;

Maybe alb. {*Je-) ziej, zjej^ cook, boil, simmer, seethe ', in -/r7-formant like {*^ta\}o) ^spa "
decoction ' : alb. {*zesm-) zemeroj' make angry', zemerim^ anger', zemer^ heart '.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, hs^o- > Proto Greek yo-
> go- > Old Greek zo-, h2"a- > Proto Greek ya- > ga- > Old Greek za-

gallo-rom.„/es/a"scum, froth, foam' (v. Wartburg), cymr. iasi., PI. iasau^ boiling, foam,
bubbles, cooking '; Old Irish essru. (older n., from *Jestu) "waterfall'; bret. p'o/ "ferment,
seethe' perhaps abstracted from gdeiryeasi' {*upo-ies-lo)\ (common Celtic lllyrian -si- > -
II-)

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Celtic ye-. Old Celtic ie-, ha^o- > Proto Celtic yo-. Old
Celtic io-, h2"a- > Proto Celtic ya-. Old Celtic ia-

Old High German yes5/7 "ferment, seethe, foam ' = Swedish Dialectal esa{as) "ferment,
seethe', Norwegian sese, Swedish Dialectal asa{*jesian) ds., Norwegian Dialectal asa
{*jasan, preterit ds) "flare up, foam, ferment, seethe, roar, storm, dash', esja {*jasjan)
"ferment, seethe'. Old Norse 0sa {*JdsJan) " stir in violent movement ', compare Norwegian
Dialectal " the roaring, restlessness in animals and people ', Old Norse yips//", Qeu. Jastarru.

(at first from *estuz, *estauz, olderyes-) and Jastrn. (at first from *estra) "yeast', Old
English ^/e5/(engl. yeast) "scum, froth, foam, slobber, yeast'. Middle Low German gest
"yeast'. Middle High German yes/, gestm. "scum, froth, foam'. Modern High German Gest
and G/scht^ scum, froth, foam, yeast';

Tocharian A yas- "simmer, seethe, boil'.

References: WP. I 208. O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 144 f.
Page(s): 506

Root / lemmai^e/'-

Meaning: to set out for; to strive

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old Indie yatati, -/e after Pet. Wb. " connects, joins together; set out for; to strive ', after
Geldner Ved. stem 3, 1 1 ff. (doubt by Sommer Gr. Lautst. 157) " amounts, is equal with,
agitates after, competes; it is jealous, envies, argues; pushes to the front, attacks, stirs
oneself, hurries, marches ', Kaus. yatayati^ forms an alliance, combines; lays the
responsibility, prosecutes, avenges ', yati- m. "ascetic' ("*striver'), yatuna-^ keen ', yatna-
m. " aspiration, endeavor, exertion, toil', Avestan yateiti, yatayeitT sets into movement
(Perf. be in motion), stirs, is industrious, strains eagerly ', with fra- " approaches; it
concerns somebody about something ', Kaus. yatayeiti^ brings to the use, pursues,
worries, takes pains ';

perhaps here Tocharian IKyat- "reach, attain ', present Med. yatatar, B yototar, Schulze-
Sieg Tocharian Gr. 487, Van Windekens Lexique 167, Pedersen Tocharian 221; also AB
yat- " be able, command ' (Van Windekens aaO.)?

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie, Avestan, Tocharian

cymr. ao'o'-/ao'"longing, yearning', gall. Ad-ietu-marus, Ad-iatunnus, (common Celtic -ns-
, -nt- > -nn-), Ad-ietuanus{: Old Indie yatu-na-), nasalized (compare with nasal suffix Old

\nd\c yat-na-) cymr. ac/c/-/ant '\ong'\ng, yearning', Irish e/(nir. eacf) " eagerness, jealousy ',
gall, lantu-maros, lentu-maros {= Irish etmar^ jealous '); Old Irish Ttu, Akk. Ttith, nir. fota^
thirst ' maybe from lengthened grade *Jetu-tut-s,

Maybe alb. etja "thirst'.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Celtic ye-. Old Celtic ie-, h3™o- > Proto Celtic yo-. Old
Celtic io-, h2"a- > Proto Celtic ya-. Old Celtic ia-

References: WP. I 197.
Page(s): 506-507

Root / \eTnma\Jeu-&^-
Meaning: to move swiftly, to fight
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2™a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h™- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g'^-

Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old Indie ud-yodhati^ boils up (from the water); make someone angry ', Kaus. yodhayati^

involves in fight ', yudhyati, ydo'/?^// "fights', yudh-m. " combatant ', f. "fight, struggle,

battle', yudhma-h^ warlike ', m. " combatant ', yodh/yas-' more pugnacious, combative,

better fighting '; Pali yJ/?^// "fights';

Note:

labialized laryngeal h3"o- > yo-, yu- Old Indie = h3"o- > yui- Avestan = hs^o- > yu-

Tocharian

Avestan yuidyeinti^ si^<ampfen ', yuidista- " he fights best of all ';

Tocharian A yutk- "worry about'.
Note:
Reduplicated laryngeal in hs^ohre- > Avestan (*you-ei-) yui-

changing through ablaut Lithuanian ya^o'af. "enticement, seduction ', \N\\ereoi jaudintr
wake somebody's passion , entice somebody ', refl. " be agitated, get excited ', Latvian
yaJo'a 'fortune, power \jaudaV have the necessary strength ';

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ah3"o- > Baltic (*ya-ou-) yau-

Lat\njubed, -ere' order, give an order, bid, tell, command ' (= Lithuanian yi/o'e//),yi/ss/"
(alt. /ouslj, Jussum actuaWy '* set in movement, rouse ', hence; y^it'af. "the flowing hair on
the neck of an animal, the mane' ("*the shuddering, flowing ones ') ; {about Jubar, -aris'
the radiance of the heavenly bodies, light, splendor, brightness, sunshine ' see WH. I 724);

acymr. acorn, abret. y^^/- "fight, struggle' {*Jou6!"o-), " combatant ' {*iou(i!"Jos), in MN as
acymr. Jud-gual, abret. lud-uuar tremendous fight '; this Jud-{= iud^ became later in
aniaut polysyllabic names of mcymr. to ld-{= Id-), in all other positions to ud{= ud), so
acymr. Mor-iud' sea fighter ' to mcymr. Mor-ud, independent cymr. ^o'o' "master, mister'
{*jOLKi!^Jos);

i

Lithuanian y^/o'^, -et/'be shaking, trembling, move, quarrel, squabb\e' , Jundu Just/

r ~

zitternde Bewegung, in Aufruhr geraten ', Old Lithuanian yi/o'i/s "quarrelsome', yi/o'/'a

"whirlwind';

po\n.Judz/c' stir, tease, irritate, incite, argue about something bad ' (: Old Indie
yodhayati); perhaps Old Church Slavic ojbmin-b, PI. oyi>/77/ "warrior' (= Old \n6\c yudhma-h
with prefix o-); (common Occidental Romance = Slavic prefix)

also Bulgarian yZ/o'a" nymph ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > yei-, yi- Avestan, h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

gr. hom. uapTvi Dat., uaplvr) " fight, battle, combat' {*/u6'^-s-m/h-, derivative from a Jud'^-
s-mo-s, compare Old Indie y^o'/7/775-/7); (lllyrian substrate abbreviation)

References: WP. I 203 f., WH. I 724 f., Trautmann 109.
Page(s): 511-512

Root / \evcvrc\a\jeug-
Meaning: to wave, unsteady

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Avestan yaozaitT be moved, be excited, sprunt up (from the water, from restless lands) ',
yaosti- " activity, wakefulness, agility, liveliness ';

Armenian yuzem^ enrage' is Iran, loanword;

Tocharian A yok-, A B yuk- "defeat, conquer'.

Note:

Reduplicated labialized laryngeal in h2"ah3"o- > Avestan yao- > Armenian yu-, Tocharian A
yo-, B yu-

Gothic y/i//ra "rage, fury, fight', y/i//ra/7 "fight'. Middle High German Jouchen, Jouchen
"drive, push, hunt, chase' and Old English geocorluW of hardship', geocre My . "stern';

Note:

Reduplicated labialized laryngeal in hreha^o- > Germanic (*yiu-) jiu-, jeo- > Old English
jeo- > geo-

References: WP. I 203, Feist 301 b.
Page(s):512

Root / \eT(\T(\a\jeu-1

Meaning: to mix (of meal preparation)

Note: {■.Jeu-,Jd[u]-,Ju-,Ju-\ latter due to the lengthened grade or from a heavy basis *ieua-

), originally probably " set in motion '; s.^e^z-d^-.

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h™- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old Indie yauti, yuvati^ mixed ', ud-a-yauti^ agitates, stirs up ', pra-yauti^ stirs, mixes ',
yutf-i. " mixture ', a-yavana-v\. " mixing spoon ';

Lithuanian ya^/7^,yc»i//aZ/, Jauti^ pour hot water about ', Latvian ya^/" stir in, mix dough ',
yai/s" mixture of cattle feed ', Lithuanian yioi/a/as" pig's food; waste, pigswill, grape marc';

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2™ah3"o- > Old Indie yau- > Baltic jau- = h3"oh3"o- > Baltic jou-

gr. ^OGoc;, ^uGoc; ' Egyptian barley beer '??; (lllyrian substrate g- > z-)
Note:
labialized laryngeal ha^o- > Proto Greek jou- > gou- > Greek zu-

alb.-Tosc gjar^soup' {*Jd-no-), Geg gjane^svnuX, pond, pool, watering-place ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > Proto Albanian ja- > Albanian gja-

Maybe alb. {*Jesla) gjella^ soup, dish ' (common Celtic lllyrian -si- > -II-)

ablauteud gallorom. /utta^rom gall. *Ju-ta, Middle Latin /c»//a "broth', mcymr. /wt, ncymr.
uwd, iwdrc\., acorn, abret. iot, nbret. ioud, /bo' 'porridge, mash'; Old Irish /'//? "porridge,
mash, broth' /"probably is attributed to ///7"fat' (Thurneysen Gr. 39).

Note:

Reduplicated labialized laryngeal ha^ohs^o- > Celtic iou-

s-s\.exx\jd(u)s-,jOs- " broth':

Old Indie yi75 (only Nom.), yusa-, yusa-m. n. "broth', Latin /us, /z/r/s "broth, soup',
Lithuanian yi/5e {*jus//a) " bad soup from sour dough mixed with water thoroughly ', Old
Prussian yZ/5e "broth, meat broth'. Old Church S\ay\c juch a {* Jou sa) "broth, soup' (Modern
High German Jaucheirom West Slavic); in addition to- derivative of New Swedish ost

{*Justo), Old Norse c»s//'(secondary o) "cheese' and Finnish-Proto Horse Juusto, New
Swedish dial, ustds.;

Note:

Reduplicated labialized laryngeal ha^oha^o- > Germanic juu-

perhaps in addition gr. ^upn " sourdough' {*iusmaoxjuma) and ljji\x6c, "broth, soup'
{*id[u]smos or *J^u\mos).

References: WP. I 199, WH. I 734, Trautmann 110.
Page(s): 507

Root / lemma: ieu-2, ieu9- ieu-g-

Meaning: to tie together, yoke

Note: probably as ^.Jeu- " mix' evolved from " set in motion '; s. also^e^z-d^-and jeu-ni-

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2™a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h™- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g'^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old \n6\c yaut/, yuvat/"ban6s, joins together, harnesses, places a harness on a draft
animal ' (also " mixed '), participle yuta-, yutf-i. "connection' (and " mixture '), ni-yut-i.
"row, yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ', yutha-m. " association, troop, multitude, crowd',
yotra-u. "rope, band', yuna- n. 'band, strap, cord', avayava-m. "limb, member, part';
Avestan yav- "occupy oneself with sth. ' (present yavayeiti, Inf. yuto, yuta), yaona-n.
"occupation ', yav- (yu-) Adj. " holding, standing by somebody ' = Old Indie yu- "
journeyman, fellow ' (see Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1264 f., where also about yav-
"duration');
Note:
labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie = hs^o- > yo-

Latvian PI. yiJ/zs "joint (*connection), crossroads ', Lithuanian yai///5m. "ox' ("*strained
before wagon, a beast used for drawing or carrying, draught-cattle ' = Lat\n Jumentunr,
Baltic heavy root); here also Latvian yi//77/s " Doppelfrucht, Felddamon \jumt^ {roof) cover'

(Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 177ff.). doubtably Armenian ya^o^'connection' because of
vocalism (Iran, loanword?).

Perhaps here Lat\njuvare' support, help; delight'; probably compatible with Old Indie
yu-yo-t/" cuts off, protects from, separates, severs, defends, keeps away, it is separated ',
vf-yavanta^ tending to repel, driving away ' merge to a particular family.

Note:

Reduplicated initial laryngeal in h3"oh2"a- > Lat\n juva- = ha^oha^o- > yu-yo-

with as ^-derivative also Old English (*jeoc) geoc'\r\e\p, consolation, certainty ', geocian
"preserve, protect, rescue'; see be\o\Njeu~4. (common Occidental Romance]- > g- )

Specht (KZ. 65, 207 f., 68, 52 ff.) places y^i/are to Old Indie avat/, whereat above S. 77;
against it M. Leumann Gl. 29, 173 f.

Ju-go-m " yoke ':

Old Indie y^^a-n. "yoke; pair' (also "gender, sex, generation') =

gr. ^uyov "yoke ' =
Note:
labialized laryngeal hreu- > Proto Greek yeu- > geu- > Greek zu-

\-3X\T\ jugum 6s. (see also WH. I 728 f. about Umbrian Iguvium) =

Gothic asachs.yi//rn.. Old English geoc, Old Norse ok' yoke ', Old High German yZ/c/?,
joch yoke; also so much land when one can plow with an ox's pair during one day ';

Lithuanian (with na^erjung/ujjungas' yoke ';

Old Church Slavic /^o(Gen. /ga) " yoke ' (es-stem), Czech y/7c» ds. (Slavic Jbgo^rom
*jbgo, see also Berneker421 f.; in addition Old Russian obbza' a land size; so much that
a man plows with a horse ' from *ob-JbgJa, nowadays obzaan6 obga-d. j. *ob-Jbga- "
beichselarme des Hakenpflugs '; Church Slavic PI. /zesa, sloven. Gen. /zesawith results
of Indo Germanic stem *Jeugos-, see below);

cymr. iaui., acymr. iou, acorn, ieu, bret. ieo, geo' yoke ', kazelye, kazelge' bondage,
slavery ' = mcymr. kesseyl-yeu ' axxWaxy yoke' (Loth RC 40, 153 f.); gall. PN Ver-iugo-

dumnus, see also Pedersen KG. I 98; Thurneysen lA. 26, 26 doubts the affiliation of Irish
and proto relationship of brit. words; doubtful is also the assessment from Irish cuing^
yoke '; after Hessen ZceltPh. 9, 39 maybe from *uing {*iungis) through influence of the
preposition com-, furthermore mcymr. kyn-iwng^ associa tion ' (Loth RC 38, 160);

Armenian luc " yoke ' created not originally for aniaut //- root; influence of lucanem "
unhitch, unharness'; (common Celtic Armenian j- > I- see acymr. Jud-gual, abret. lud-uuar
tremendous fight ')

Hittite i-u-ga-an {yugan) " yoke ';
Note:
labialized laryngeal ha^ou- > hyu- > iu- Hittite

Tocharian f\ yokami. "door, gate' (Old Indie loanword?).

without historical connection between them are Old \n6\c yuga/a-n. "pair', Lat\n jugu/um
(Demin.) " cheekbone, collarbone', y^^^/ae" the three stars which form Orion's belt; also,
the whole constellation '

Maybe alb. S\av\cjugu' south, southern night sky'

Gr. ^£uyAr| " loop attached to the yoke, through which the beasts' heads were put, cross-
bar of the double rudder '; with Hittite yugas "annual', dayugas " biennial ' compare
Lithuanian dveigys^ biennial ' {treigys^ triennial ', etc.), above S. 229, 230.

jeu-gos- es-stem:

Maybe alb. Geg zgjedhe,-a^ yoke ', gjedhe^ (harnessed) oxen ', zgidh, zgjidh, Tosc zglidh
" untie ', Geg zgjedh^ select' (common alb. -g > -dh).

gr. TO ^Euyoq " yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ', PI. ^Euysa = LaWn Jugera {*/ougesa),
wherefore a new Sg. jugerum " an acre, or rather measurement of land, measuring 28,800
square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth ' = Middle High German y/^c/7n. "
measurement of land ', compare also above Church Slavic izesa, further perhaps (that
certainly late) al,\)\iv\c, " not joined, unmarried ', as well as Latin iouxmenta, iOmentum {see
S. 510); zero grade (as a^uYn(;, but from ^uyov could be a neologism from) probably
Gothic yZ//ra?/f. " yoke, bondage, slavery ', compared with Old English gycer^ yoke '
{*Jukizi-), with i/the 2. syllable through assimilation? (common Occidental Romance Old
English j->g-)

verb stemjeu-g-:

Old \n6'\c yunakt/{3. PI. yuhjanti= Lat\njungunt), yunjati^ harnesses, tightens, connects
', compare full grade yojayati {*jeugeieti) ' joins '; Avestan yaoj-, yuj- ' harness an animal,
yoke up; accustom ';

gr. ^£UYvO|ji "harness, bandage ', ^su^ai ^uynvai;

\-a!m jungo, -ere, -nxi, -nctus^ connect';

full grade Old High German untar-jauhta " subjugavi ';

Lithuanian y^/7^/^,y^/7^//" connect, tighten in the yoke '; participle Old \n6'\c yukta-,
Avestan yuxta-, with pras. -n- Lat\n Junctus, Old English geoht, iuktu. " yoke ', Lithuanian
Jungtas, with the (as in present deriving from ^su^ai, ^suKirip etc.) lengthened grade
^£ukt6(;;

root nouns jug-\n\

Old Indie yJy-' Gefahrte, Genosse; geschirrt, bespannt mit ', ayuj-' without comrades,
not in pairs ' = gr. a^u^ "unyoked, unpaired, unmarried, isolated ', au^u^ "of a wedded pair,
united ', Latin conjux^ husband, wife'; Superl. *iugistos\v\ Latin y^A-Za "of several objects,
near together, in close proximity, near at hand, near, near by, hard by, close to, by the side
of, next to, immediately after, beside, on a par with ' {*Jugista, soil. K/a" via, byway of, by
means of); in the strong Kas. analogical Old \v\6\c yunj-, Latin conjunx.

Additional derivatives in:

Old Indie yoga- m. " harnessing, connection '; yogya-m. " draft animal ', compare Old
Norse eykr^ draft animal, horse' (Germanic *jaukiz, compare also Kaus. *jaukian' harness
' assumed through Old Norse eykt\. " working hours between the meals ' from *jaukiPd) =
Latin y^^/s "perpetual; bestandig flowing ' (besides /uges, -e//s"angespannt'); Old Indie
yojana-n. " a road measure ', Avestan yujasti-i. ds.; Old Indie yukti-i. " harnessing ', gr.
^sO^k; " harnessing, bandage', LaWu Juncti-m, juncti-o, compare of es^stem Avestan
yaoAs//- "ability, capacity, skill, adroitness '; Old Indie yo/r/a/'-"harnesser', yoktra-n. "rope,
belt', Avestan yaoxddra-n. " warlike strain, undertaking, attack', gr. ^£UKTf|p£(; "yoke
straps', LaWn junctor, Junctura, Old Indie y^^/77a/7-" paired, coupled', gr. ^suyMa " that which
is used for joining, a band, bond, yoke, a bridge of boats ', LaWn jug{u)mentum ^ jamb,
crossbar, crossbeam', due to es-stem in addition Old Latin iouxmenta. Classical iOmentum
" yoke, pair of harnessed oxen '.

Perhaps \N\Vnjeu- are also related the families jeu{e)s- ' statute ' as " obligation,
commitment, liability, bond' and Jos- " gird ' as *id[u]s-.

References: WP. I 201 f., WH. I 261, 726 ff., Trautmann 109 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 70 ff.,
109, Renou BSL. 41, 18ff.
Page(s): 508-510

Root / \eTnma\Jeu-3
Meaning: young
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 01- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-

Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.

Old \u6\c yuvan- {yuva. Gen. yunah) " young; youngling ', f. yunl, compounds Sup. yavTyas-

, yavista-h\ Avestan yvan-, yavan- {both written ior yuvan-), Gen. yuno^ youngling ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal ha^ou- > Old Indie yu- = h2"a- > Old Indie ya-

Latin y^i/e/7/s ' young; youngling, virgin' (to -i/e/?- instead of -1///7- compare EM^ 509)
instead of *Juud due to the old conservative case Gen. juven-is, Dat. -/; Akk. -em etc.; JunT-
A- 'young cow' Latin -c-extension besides Old Indie yum, against it compounds y^/7/c»/'with
newjun- (through Latin development from *juvenios)\ Umbrian iouies^ juvenibus, militibus
', Akk. PI. Jovie (one of the back formation compounds *jovie-s 'troop, multitude, crowd of
juniors?);

Note:

labialized laryngeal ha^ou- > Proto Latin you- > Latin ju-, Umbrian iou-

Lithuanianya^/7as, Latvian y^t//?^ Old Bulgarian y^/7b' young ' (-/7c>-stem instead of -/?-
stem after *se/7c»-5'old';y^^e/7c»- after Kompar. reconverted with metathesis to *jeueno-,
Balto Slavic *iduno-).

Note:

labialized laryngeal ha^ou- > Proto Latin you- > Latin ju-, Umbrian iou-

Old Irish (*ho-ia) da" younger', dam' youngest', mcymr. /e^(ncymr. iau) " younger',
ieuaf {so also ncymr.) ' youngest', bret. iaou' younger ', next to which the Positive Old
Irish dac {arch, oec). Middle Irish oc, cymr. ieuanc, bret. iaouank, acorn, iouenc, mcorn.
yowynk' young ', gall. Jovinc-illus, -a(lndo Germanic *iuunR6s, see below), unvocalized
after compounds-Sup. to Celtic *jeu-, *iounko-\

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Celtic ye-. Old Celtic ie-, h3"o- > Proto Celtic yo-. Old
Celtic io-, h2"a- > Proto Celtic ya-. Old Celtic ia-

derivatives of stem *iuuen-:

juupRd-s:0\d \x\6\c yuvasa-h, yuvaka-h' juvenile ', LaWn Juvencus, -a 'young bull, young
cow, youngling ', Umbrian /veka, iuenga' young cow| heifer; girl ', QoVc\\c juggs. Old
Icelandic ungr. Old High Qermau Jung, Old English geong' young ' (Proto German *jungaz
from *Juwungaz, in addition a new compound Junh/zan- \n:) Goth\c Juh/za, Old Icelandic
0re ' younger ' (compare also Old Icelandic 0ska " youth ' from *JO[n]hiskdn-).

juuent-,juuQt-:0\d \nd\c yuvant-, f. yuvatf-h' young; virgin'; Old High German Jugund,
Old Saxor\ Jugud, Old English geogud {g '\r\stead of n/after *dujunf^/-' virtue, uprightness,
integrity, skillfulness '), Got\r\'\c Junda ' youth ' {*Juunta)\ Lat\r\ Juventus, -tutis' youth '
{juventa= Go\h'\c Junda?) = Old Irish det/'u, ditiu. Gen. -ted' youth ' {*iountut-s, reshaped
irorx\ Juuntut-, see above to dad).

A 5-extension probably in Old Indie yosa. Gen. *ydsnah, N. PI. yosuh, yosanah' young
woman, wife '; for Latin Juno' Juno, goddess of marriage and wife of the god Jupiter ', if
the goddess actually stands for " youth, young persons ', it has derived from JunTx, junior
present s\.err\jun-, different Leumann-Stolz^ 239.

References: WP. I 200 f., WH. I 735 f.
Page(s): 510-511

Root / \emr{\a:jeu-4

Meaning: to separate; to hold off

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h™- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Note: see above S. 508; after Renou (miindl.) is the Old Indie root /^-"separate' with yu-^
connect ' identical and meaning included in the compounds with apa-av\6 vf-.
Page(s): 511

Root / Xexwxwa: Jeu-ni- oxjou-ni-
Meaning: the right way
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old Indie yoni- m. 'residence', f. 'womb', Avestan Akk. Sg. yaonsm 'way' (probably from
yaonim, see Wackernagel KZ. 46, 266); in addition Old Indie 5yc»/7a- 'comfortable' from
*su-yona-, Wackernagel KZ. 61, 203f.;
Note:
labialized laryngeal h3"o- > yo- Old Indie

Old Irish uaini. 'possibility, opportunity (i.e. the more proper place = the right time),
leisure, time'.

References: WP. I 204;

See also: probably iojeu-V set in motion '.

Page(s):512

Root / lemma:7ei/o-
Meaning: corn; barley
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h™- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian Tosc.
Old \n6\c yava- m. ' corn, grain; barley, millet, sorghum' = Avestan yava- m. " corn, grain ',
npers.yai/" barley' (= Lithuanian yai/a/); Old \n6\c yavya-m. " fruit supply ' (: Lithuanian ya^ya
"barn'); yavasa-n. "grass, food', Avestan yava/jha-n. " willow '; Avestan ydv/h-m. "
grainfield ';

Lithuanian yai/asm. "species of grain', yai/a/'PI. " corn, grain ',jauja 'barn'.

Note:

Reduplicated laryngeal in h2"ah2"a- > Old Indie yava- > Baltic java-

hom. Attic ^siai f. PI. " spelt ', hom. [,e\bLopoq ' grain-giving, as epith. of the earth,
producing grain ' (for *^£F£5(ji)po(;), (puai-^oo<; (ala) " grain-giving, producing grain ' {.Jeuo-s
= £U-(ppu)v : cppnv);

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, de-, h3"o- > Proto
Greek yo- > go- > Old Greek zo-, do-
References: WP. I 202 f., Trautmann 107.
Page(s):512

Root / \emma:jeuos-

Meaning: norm, right

Note: perhaps as " obligation, commitment, liability ' to */eu-2' connect '

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, ha^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic,
Armenian,

Slavic,
Celtic,

, Old Latin,
lllyrian = z

Old Albanian = w-,
- Old Greek, Baltic,

f- Old Celtic
Slavic = gj-

= V- Old Slavic =
Albanian Geg, gl-

Albanian

Tosc.

Old Indie yoh n. "salvation!' (only in connection with sam; to form s. Bartholomae Airan.
Wb. 1234); Avestan yaozcfa-5a/t/" makes bright, purifies, cleans ritually ';

Note:

labialized laryngeal ha^o- > yo- Old Indie

Latin ius^ statute, enactment, right' (Old Latin /bi/sfrom *Jouos, compare:) /ustus{0\6
Latin iovestod) " justified, legitimate '\JOrd, -are 'swear, vow' (Old Latin probably in iouesat
Duenos-lnschr.), about yZ/zyd, iniuria, pe(r)ierare, ejerare, deierare {Tero grade Jusa-) s.
WH. I 732 ff., EM2 506 ff.; about yt/c/ex 'judge' see above S. 188, WH. I 726;

Note:

labialized laryngeal ha^o- > you- > iu-, ju- Latin

Old Irish hu/'sse' justified, legitimate ' {*ius-tios).

Note:

labialized laryngeal ha^o- > Celtic hu-

References: WP. I 203, WH. I 733 f., 870.
Page(s):512

Root / \eT(\T(\a\Jeg''a
Meaning: force
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, hs^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic,

Slavic,

, Old Latin,

Old Albanian = w-.

f- Old Celtic

= V- Old Slavic =

gh.

Armenian,

Celtic,

lllyrian = z

- Old Greek,

Baltic,

Slavic =

gj-

Albanian Geg, gl-

Albanian

Tosc.

Lithuanian nuo, pa-jega' power, ability \ jegiu, jegtT be capable, be strong ', Latvian
yei^a 'reason', ye^/'catch, understand, comprehend '; whether here the isolated russ. dial.
jag/yj Wo\er\l, keen, eager; fast, rapid'? (see Berneker443).

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > ye > je- Baltic = h2"a- > ya- > ja- Slavic

Gr. ripn "youth strength, pubescence', npaw "be nubile, marriageable', npaaKw "become
m.', £(p-r|pO(; " youngling ' (compare sn-apyupoc;); (common lllyrian g'^- > b-)

Doubtful is the interpretation from gr. app6(; "tender, fine, luscious' from *j9g"-r6s^ being
full of strength in youth '.

Note:

Root / lemma: ^'^ro-{*h2^'^ro^: " strong, mighty ' derived from Root / lemma:^©^'"^ : force
extended in -r- formant.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h2"a- > 0a- Greek

gr. appoq "tender, fine, luscious' = also, whether Latin legius, Oscan /e//s(with e?) belong
here.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > ye- > je- > le- Latin (common Celtic Armenian j- > I-)

References: WP. I 206 f., Trautmann 107.
Page(s): 503

Root / Xewwwa'.Jek- .jak-
Meaning: to heal
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3™o- > hu-, h2™a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 01- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic,

Slavic,

, Old Latin,

Old Albanian = w-.

f- Old Celtic

= V- Old Slavic =

g^-

Armenian,

Celtic,

lllyrian = z

- Old Greek,

Baltic,

Slavic =

gj-

Albanian Geg, gl-

Albanian

Tosc.

Old Irish hicc{*iekko-) "healing, payment ', cymr. iach'iW, healthy', corn, yagh, bret. iac'h
ds. {*i9kko-), with unclear consonant doubling.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > hye- > hi, h2"a- > ya-, ia- Celtic

Gr. QKOc; n. "remedy', OKEopai "heal", delph. scpaKeiaGai, aKearajp (as epithet of Apollos,
'physician, medicine man, savior, redeemer', aKsarrip 'healer, physician, medicine man'.
Epic -ionische Psilose), in Attic prose seldom used words;
Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h2"a- > 0a- Greek

References: WP. I 195, WH. I 716, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 303;
See also: see above^eAr- 'speak'.
Page(s): 504

Root I temmaiJe/C-fff-J, Gen. Jek^-n-es

Meaning: liver

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i-

- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-.

f- Old Celtic = V- Old Slavic = g^-

Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic,

Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian

Tosc.

Old \nd\c yakrt, Gen. y5/r/75/7 'liver'; pers. j7gar{*yakar-), afghan. yJna {ob\. *yaxna-)\

lengthened grade (?) Avestan yakard {aiter \N . Krause KZ. 56, 304 ff. perhaps also

Avestan *ha-yakana-, compare Old Norse litre xn. ' belonging to the same liver, brother ',

lifra\. ' sister ') =

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Old Indie

gr. nnap, -aroc; ( *-n-tos)\
Note:
labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e- Greek

Lat\njecur, -or/sand -/nor/s {proves previously *jecinis, amalgamation of A-and /7-stems);

Baltic *Jekna\. in Litliuaniany5/rA7c»s, o\6 j'eknos, jekanas, Latvian aknas, aknisi. PI. Old
Prussian iagno{y\s. lagno) f.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > ye- > je- Latin, Baltic = h2"a- > ya- > ja- Baltic

After Pedersen KG. I 129 here Middle Irish i(u)chair{*ikuri-) f., Gen. i(u)chrach' roe,
eggs of a fish, eggs of various crustaceans ' and Church Slavic ikra, russ. ikra. Upper
Serbian jikro, jikno ds., that is further identical with Slavic ikra 'plaice' and ikra "calf (and of
that Baltic correspondences or rather leaning forms. Old Prussian yceroy, Latvian ikrs. Old
Lithuanian Gen. ikru) under a basic meaning 'clump, intumescence '. Also Indo Germanic
*/e/r7f could be based on the same view.

It is difficult perhaps distorted taboo Armenian leard. Gen. Ierdi^\\yef (compare finally
Cuny Recherches 68 ff.). Whereas belong Old Norse iifri. 'liver'. Old English iifer, engl.
liver. Old High German libera, lebaraio gr. kxua^oo, 'fat' (see Root / lemma: leip-1\ to
smear, stick), so that the original epithet of the (fattened) liver also the old word for liver
was displaced, like LaWu jecur ficatumhas lead to Italian fegatoeic

A proto Indo Germanic basic form 7/e/r7Y appears to be risky.

References: WP. I 205 f., WH. I 673, Trautmann 103, 106, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 518,
Benveniste Origines I 8f.
Page(s): 504

Root / lemma:^©- :ya-, with -Ar-extendedyeAr-,^^^-

Meaning: to throw; to do

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East
Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-
Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian
Tosc.

Tocharian A ya-' make', supplied through y-pa-, in preterit through yam-, in B has been
carried out in the whole paradigm; after Van Windekens (Lexique 167) here also A B yak-
"neglecf?

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- Tocharian

Latin /ac/d, ieci, iactum, iacere\o throw, cast, fling, hurl, catapult; spread';

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2*a- > ya- > ia- Latin

Hittite i-Ja-mi^\ make', pf-Ja-mi^ send to', u-i-ja-mi^ send here '; here Luvian a-'hja-ru
(from *i-ja-ru?) " it should be done '?;

Note:

labialized laryngeal h2"a- > ya- > ja- Hittite

Gr. Tr||Ji (Inf. i£vai, Fut. riau), Aor. £-r|Ka, hko) "set in motion, throw, cast, send' {*Ji-Je-mi);
n|ja n. ' throw, shot'; (common Avestan, Greek aor. prefix)

Pedersen places also here gr. iaiTTU) " send, dispatch '.

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > ye- > ie-, h2™a- > ya- > ia- Greek

Against derivation from gr. TriMi from *s/-se-m/\N\t\r\ good reasons WH. I 667, EM 468.
doubting Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 686, 741 . Frisk (Eranos 41 , 49 f.) decides because of
Armenian h/'mn ' foundation ' ("*the thrown?' = Latin semen ' of plants, seed, of men or
animals, seed, race, a shoot, graft, scion, set, slip, cutting ') for *si-se-mi.

References: WP. I 199, II 460, WH. I 667, Pedersen Hittite 129, 198, Tocharian 166, 191,
Lykisch under Hittite 30.
Page(s): 502

Root / \emma:Joi-ni-
Meaning: bulrush
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic,
Armenian,

Slavic,
Celtic,

, Old Latin,
lllyrian = z

Old Albanian = w-,
- Old Greek, Baltic,

f- Old Celtic
Slavic = gj-

= V- Old Slavic =
Albanian Geg, gl-

Albanian

Tosc.

Latin iuncus^ bulrush' {*ioini-ko-s) belongs to Middle Irish a//?" bulrush' {*Joinh), Gen. afne,
about Latin iuniperus^ the juniper-tree ' s. WH. I 731, 870 and Leumann Gl. 27, 74;
Note:

labialized laryngeal ha^ou- > you- > iu- Latin

Old Icelandic einir, Swedish e/7' juniper', ndd. en(e)ke6s. whether from *jainia-, by
which the meaning change of bulrush : juniper (see above) would be assure as old.
However, it is then with Middle Low German eynho/z and Modern High German
Einbeerbaum {irom Old Icelandic eini-ber' juniper berry ') to be influenced by ein^ one '.

References: WP. I 208f., Kluge^ 126.
Page(s):513

Root / \Qmma:.jork-

Meaning: a kind of roebuck

Note:

Root / lemmai^b/^fr- : a kind of roebuck : Root / lemma: ghers-, gher-\ rigid : alb. o'er/r pig'

(< *ghdr-n-k)\

Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic,

Slavic,

, Old Latin,

Old Albanian = w-.

f- Old Celtic

= V- Old Slavic =

gh.

Armenian,

Celtic,

lllyrian = z

- Old Greek,

Baltic,

Slavic =

gj-

Albanian Geg, gl-

Albanian

Tosc.

gallo-rom. *iorkos\oe deer', cymr. iwrch' male roe deer ', corn, yorch, bret. iourc'h^xoe
deer' (presumably from Celtic come the later isolated forms iopKO(;, iopK£(;, iupK£(; by 0pp.
and Hes.); gall. FN Jurca.

Note:

labialized laryngeal h3"o- > Celtic yo-, io-, ju-, iu-

Gr. ^6p^, ^opKQc;, with folk etymology connection in SspKopai mostly 56p^, 5opK6(;; bopmq

f., 56pKO(; m. "roe deer, gazelle '; (lllyrian substrate)

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > Proto Greek ye- > ge- > Old Greek ze-, de-, h3"o- > Proto
Greek yo- > go- > Old Greek zo-, do-
References: WP. I 209; M.-L. 9678.
Page(s):513

Root / \emma: jou,ju

Meaning: " already; before, ever; just '

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2™a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i-

- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-.

f- Old Celtic = V- Old Slavic = g^-

Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic,

Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian

Tosc.

See also: see above S. 285 {e-3, etc..)
Page(s):513

Root / lemma:7b-
Meaning: relative stem
Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, hs^o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic, Slavic, Old Latin, Old Albanian = w-, f- Old Celtic = v- Old Slavic = g^-

Armenian, Celtic, lllyrian = z- Old Greek, Baltic, Slavic = gj- Albanian Geg, gl- Albanian

Tosc.

See also: see above S. 283 {e-3, etc..)

Page(s):513

Root / \emma: Jdfujs- . Jus-
Meaning: belt; to begird
Note: (presumably iojeu-2)
Material:

Note:

labialized laryngeal hre- > 0e-, h3"o- > hu-, h2"a- > ha- Hittite

labialized laryngeal PIE h"- > 0u-, 0u-, 0y-, 0i- West Germanic = y-, j- Old Indie = j- East

Germanic,
Armenian,

Slavic,
Celtic,

, Old Latin,
lllyrian = z

Old Albanian = w-,
- Old Greek, Baltic,

f- Old Celtic
Slavic = gj-

= V- Old Slavic =
Albanian Geg, gl-

Albanian

Tosc.

Avestan ya/jhaye/t/ {mosWy with a/wh) " girds ', participle yasta- ' girded ', yah n. " belt
string ';

gr. ^ojvvvpi " gird ', Zp^aioc, (= Avestan yasta-, Lithuanian y^os/as) ' girded ', ^ajarrip
"belt, girdle', ^(b\xa ds. {*^uda-\xa compare Lithuanian y^os/77^0 'belt'), ^cbvp ds. (*^u)a-va,
compare russ. -Church Slavic pojasnt ds.); ^ouoGu) ^wvvuoGu) Hes. perhaps thessal. =
*Cdjaeaj?

alb. n-gjehs, ngjesh^ gird, put on a belt ';

Lithuanian yi/c»s/i/,y^c»s//" gird \ juostas^ girded ',yi/c»s/a "belt, girdle' besides pa-Juset/"
gird ' (ablaut du\ u)\

Old Church S\3n\c pojasg, -jasati^ gird ', poyasb "belt, girdle' (etc., see Berneker449).

References: WP. I 209, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 330, Trautmann 108 f.
Page(s):513

Root/lemma:7it/-/

Meaning: you (pi.)

Grammatical information: originally only Nom.; case oblique of stem yes-, ^as- (from *Jues,

Material: 1 . Old Indie yuvam " you ' Du., yuyam PI., Avestan yuzsm, gathav. yus,

Armenian having a lasting effect in those with ye- aniaut. case e.g. Dat.ye2'(e after mez^
nobis ', /r'ez" tibi ');

Gothic yZ75" you ' PI. otherwise reshaped after " we ' (see ue-) Old Icelandic er. Old
English ge. Old Saxon g7, ge. Old High German ir, Du. Gothic *Ju-t{: Lithuanian y^-o'i/),
otherwise reshaped after ' we ' Old Icelandic it. Old English Old Saxon git,

Lithuanian y^5, Latvian y^s, Prussian ious, iaus^ you ' PI., Lithuanian y^-o'^" you both';
Old Prussian iouson, Lithuanian yi7s</, Latvian yZ/si/ " your'.

alb.y^" you 'from *^= Old Indie i/a/7with hiatus erasing/;

Also alb. juve "you', justi 'from you'.

ues-, u6s-:Q\^ Indie vah, Avestan i/aenkl. for Akk. Gen. Dat. PI., Dual. Old Indie vam;
of Akk. *us-sme (= Lesbian u[J|J£) from with takeover of nominative^/- Old Indie yusman
Akk. (etc.), Avestan Abl. yusmat,

gr. Lesbian u|J|J£ {*us-sm-), Doric ups Akk., out of it nom. Lesbian \i\x\xzc,, Doric uiJ£q, as
well as Attic \}\\z\c, etc.;

Latin vds{= Avestan Akk. PI. vaR), Paelignian vus^ vos ' and ' vobis ', Latin vester,
Umbrian uestra' vestra ';

Old Prussian wanskVk.; Old Church Slavic Nom. Akk. PI. vy. Gen. PI. i/asb, Dat PI.
vami3, Instr. PI. vami,

Hittite su-{um-)me-es {sumes) from *^s/77e (compare Pedersen Hittite 75 f);

Tocharian A yas, B yes (yfrom the 1 . PI.).

Besides with aniaut su : Old Irish sT, sissi^ you ' {uai-b 'from you ' from *d-sui), cymr.
etc. ciiwi^ you ' (-/"< -*c»/of Nom. PI. the ostem?); Irish faru. ' your ', indala-sar^ one of
you both ', setfiar^ your ' (compare Thurneysen Gr. p. 449), and with aniaut es^- Gothic
izwis ' you ', izwara ' your ', Old Icelandic ydr, yduar6s.. West Germanic without s (i.e.
probably with s- reduction) Old High German iuwiii ' you ' (Akk.), iuwer' your ' etc.;
perhaps it is also gr. acpcb ' you both' after the reflexive, where *aF£- through acps- it was
replaced the older *aFu).

References: WP. I 209 f., Trautmann 110, 364, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 600 f.
Page(s): 513-514

Root/lemma:7i72

Meaning: exclamatory interjection

Material: Gr. iauoT" exclamation of sorrow!' (iau, iu:), iu: " interjection of amazement'; witli
silbischem, to partly long /- {Tu-) ranksluyn ' howling, shrieking, as of men in pain, but also
of the shout of heralds, the hissing of snakes ', iuYM6(; ds.,1u^u) (Fut. iu^oj) "cry' (Lithuanian
by Bezzenberger BB. 27, 164 f., the also auf Lithuanian yvas^ a night-owl, an owl ', Old
Prussian ywo-garge 'owVs tree' and in A7-present refers ivuEiai kAqIei, oSuperai Hes.); not
here, but to au1 {above S. 71) there belongs aurn ' scream ', older inschr. aFura;

Latin y^Mo" rejoice, shout, to raise a shout of joy, call out to a person ' (perhaps *iud-
d^d-/d) ; in addition /ugo, -ere " to utter the note of the red kite ';

Middle Irish ilach {*liuluko-) "victory cheering';

Middle High German yZ7,yi7c/7" exclamation of pleasure, joy' (similarly yio with the
exclamation and shout), therefrom Middle High Qermau Juwen, jOwezen^ shout, jubilate ',
Juchezen, Modern High Qerrrnu jauchzen^ whoop ', Middle High Qerrwau jolen, jodein.
Modern High Qerxuau johlen, jodein, also Old Norse yla, engl. yoty/'howl' from *JOIjan\

Serb. Ju, fju, ijuju^ hurray, hoorah!, hurrah!!';

Lithuanian yvas^ a night-owl, an owl ' see above.

References: WP. I 210, WH. I 725 ff.
Page(s): 514

Root / lemma: 7li-

Meaning: groin, intestines

Material: Gr. lAia popia yuvaiKsTa; lAiov to th^ yuvaiKoq ecpnpaiov 5r|AoT. Koi kogijiov

yuvaiKsTov napa Kwok; Hes. (presumably i-, compare:)

Latin Tlia, -um^ intestines, guts; loin, flank; the lower abdomen' (Sg. TliumQ\., /7e"the
genitals' constructed by Catull); or lAia Latin loanword?

whether here cymr. //" ebullition ' (*swelling?), gall. PN ///c»-/775/'i/s 'with big groin ' and
Scots Gaelic island Old Irish Tie, Gaelic lie, engl. /s/ay (Watson, Celtic Place-Names 87)?

Perhaps here Slavic *Jelito {^rom *jilitd7) etc. " groin, intestines, testicles' (/-forms as in
/an/ta ' cheek' , /s/o "kidney', /ys/o'calf, i/s/a "mouth') in wruss.y5//iy "testicles', serb. old
ye//to" a sausage, a small sausage ', cak. o//to^ intestine, a sausage ', poln. ye/zto"
intestine ', dial. " sausage ', PI. " intestines, entrails ', russ. litdntja^ manyplies of
ruminants, psalterium ' (Old Prussian laitianu. " sausage ' probably from apoln. *litd7).

References: WP. I 163 f., WH. I 673 f.
Page(s): 499

Root / lemma: il- Jlu-

Meaning: dirt; black

Material: Gr. iAu(;, -uo(;f. "slime, mud, ordure; dregs, sediment (of wine); impurity ', siAu

(i.e. iAu) jjeAqv Hes.;

Latvian TIs " very dark ' {*Tlus)\

Old Church Slavic //& ' mud, mire, dirt; clay; bog ', russ. //, Gen. //a 'slime, mud', Czech
y/7"slime, mud, loam, clay', poln. I'tJeF clay, natural dampness of earth ', wherefore
maybe the name of the whitefish living in the mud (Squalius vulgaris), russ. je/ec, Gen.
Je/ca, Czech Je/ec, j/7ec, poln. Je/ec, Lower Serbian Ja//ca (to aniaut alteration compare
under ///- " groin, intestines ').

References: WP. I 163, Trautmann 103.
Page(s): 499

Root / lemma: *at/-, ate//-, -o-

Meaning: a kind offish

Material: Gr. eizKiq " a kind offish ' (could be assimilated from *cnzk\q), Latin aft//us' a kind

of large fish found in the Po ' (probably gall, or Ligurian: Holder Altcelt. Sprachsch. s. v.,

M.-L. 766; different Hirt IF. 37, 222); Old Lithuanian at/s, Lithuaniand/as, Latvian ate'

turbot, type of flatfish eaten as food '.

References: WP. I 44, WH. I 78.

Page(s): 70

Root / lemma: *dag/i-m6-

Meaning: slant

Material: Old Indie y//7/77a-' slantwise, slant, skew ' (Proto Aryan *z/z/7/77a-assim. from

*d/z/ima-), gr. 5oxm6(;, 56xmio<; 'slant, skew' (assim. from *5ax|J0<;?).

References: WP. I 769, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I, 302 g, 327.

Page(s): 181

Root / lemma: ( *g''/ie/- :) g^/ia/-, g^/ia/d- : g^/iTd-
Meaning: bright, shining

Material: Gr. cpai5p6(; 'clear, bright, luminous; cheerful' (= Lithuanian giedras), next to
which (pai5i- in (pai5i[J0(; "gleaming, stately'; cpaioc; ' dim, dark, hazy, brownish, gray' (basic
form *(pai-F6(; or -ab(^)\ (paiK6(; Aa|jnp6(; Hes.; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Lithuanian giedras, ^a/ioVi/s "cheerful, clear, bright' (therefrom giedra, gaidra\. " nice
weather '), Latvian dziedrs^ azure, sky-blue color', changing through ablaut dzTdrums
"brightness'; Lithuanian gaTsas {*g"h9id-so-s), gaisa^ gleam in the sky, heaven', Latvian
gaissru. "air, weather', gaiss {* gaisus) "clear, bright', gaismai. "light', Lithuanian gaTsras
m. " gleam in the sky, heaven, conflagration; rage, fury', gaTzdrasm. " gleam in the sky,
heaven'; probably also Old Prussian gaylis "white'.

References: WP. I 665, Trautmann 75.
Page(s): 488-489

Root / lemma: *ds, os-i-s, os-en-, os-k- {* hwoks-, hw6sk-\x\ centum languages)
Meaning: ash tree

Material: Latin ornus^ the wild mountain-ash ' {*os-en-os)\ cymr. acorn, onn-en, bret.
ounn-enn ' as\r\ tree', cymr. PI. onn, ynn {proto Celtic *onna< *osna)\ (common Celtic -/7S-,
-nt- > -nn-). Old Irish (h)uinnius, Dat. uinnsinn {*onn-is-d) ds.; Lithuanian uos/'st, m.,
Latvian uosisxw.. Old Prussian woasis {*dsi-s, in addition Illyrian-Pannonian VN Osi, PN
Osones); Slavic *jasenb{*jasen-b) m. in serb.Jasen, russ. Jasent;

with A'-extension: Armenian hac/"as\r\ tree'; alb. a/? "beech' {*oska);

Note:

Maybe wrong etymology as alb. {*phau) ahu^ beech ' : Spanish haya, French hetre,
fayard, foyau, fau, fagette, faye, Fayette, Italian faggio, Aragones fau, Bresciano fd, Breton
favenn, Calabrese fagu, Catalan faig, Furlan fajar, Galician faia, Irish fea, Manx faih,
Piemontese fd, Portuguese faia, Romagnolo faz, Sardinian Campidanesu fau, Valencian
faig, Venetian fagaro, fagiier, Welsh ffawydden " beech '.

gr. o^un "beech, spear shaft' (*6aK[£]a-?); Ligurian PN 'OgkeAq "ash-tree forest' (?); Old
Icelandic askrrw. "ash tree, spear, javelin, ship'. Old English ^sc (Germanic *askiz). Old
High German 5sc"ash tree';

compare tscherem. c»5/rc»"ash tree'.

References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 223, Trautmann 203, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 59.
Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: {*(s)pen-2), (s)pon-, (s)ponA^o-
Meaning: a kind of wooden vessel (pail)

Note: related to sphe-, spha-long, flat piece of wood' (compare -/70-derivative Modern
High German Span).

Material: Armenian p 'and \esse\' {*phond'"o-); Latin sponda ' the frame of a bedstead,
sofa, bed, couch, bier'; Middle Irish sonnm. " jamb, pillar', (common Celtic -a7s^, -nt- > -
nn-), sonnaid' bumps, presses ', cymr. ffon\. "stick' {*spon6'^a)\ Old Icelandic spannu. "
bucket, pail ' (Danish spand' bucket, pail '), Middle Low German span, -nnes' wooden
bucket ', fat-span " wooden vessel handle ' (Germanic *spanna-, perhaps oAbleit. an en-
stem *spanan-, or from *spon6'^-no-or *spon-uo-)\ Old Church Slavic spgdi^' a corn-
measure, measure, peck ';

e^forms missing; Dutch spinde' larder, pantry, warehouse for storing food ', Modern
High German Spind' cupboard ' derive from Middle Latin *(dis)penda {Vuuqs, Germania
Romana 146).

References: WP. II 662, WH. II 578.
Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erag-, (s)p(h)reg- (nasalized spreng^

Meaning: to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle

Note: ^-extension to sp(h)er-

Material: A. With onomatopoeic word formation:

Old Indie sphurjati, sphurjayat/ {'bursts out, appears' and) "beats, rattles, roars'; sphurja-
, sphurjaka-vc\. "a certain plant'; onomatopoeic word formation also gr. acpapaysoijarbe
abundant, bristle, hiss, be full to bursting (from full udder' and) "beat, hiss, burst with loud
bang';

Lithuanian spraga, -eti" crackle, crack, creak', causative spraginti" make crackle, roast';
ablaut, sprogti' burst'; Latvian spragtand spregt'break, crack', spruogt'bud', Lithuanian
spurgai. " Hopfenblute ', Latvian spurdzesi. PI. ds.; spurgt' spray'; proto Slavic *pragng,
*pragngti\r\ Czech prahnouti'dvj up, wilt, wither, languish ' PN Praha' clear place';
causative slov. praziti ' braise' , ablaut, serb. prz/t/' roast' (proto Slavic *prbziti)\

maybe alb. {*praziti) perzh/t'burr\' a Slavic loanword.

B. alb., Germanic and Celtic of speech: alb. shpreh^\ speak' ( *spreg-sk-)\ but cymr.
ffraeth {*spregh-to-) "quick, fast, willing, ready', bret. fraez, /^eaz 'distinct', corn. /^eB 'agile,
lively' belong to spergh-S. 998; cymr. /?^e^ 'gossip' has unclear -^(from *-k)\ Old English
sprecan. Old Saxon sprekan. Old High German sprehhan ^ speak' , Old English sprsec. Old
Saxon spraca. Old High German s/7/'5/7/7a 'language' (besides forms without /"unclear
occurrence: Old High German spehhan. Old English specan^speaK, spaec^ discourse ',
engl. to speak, speech. Middle High German S/05/7/'gossip, loud song', S/oeMe/? 'babble');
in more general onomatopoeic word formation Old Icelandic spraka^ crackle, patter '
(5y0/'a/r/' rumor'), Danish sprage'crack, creak, rustle '.

C. In other meaning:

Old Indie sphurjat/" bursts out, appear, come into view ' (see above); paragas' pollen ';

Maybe alb. shperthej" blow, blossom, appear, come into view ' common alb. -k > -th.

Avestan s/jara^a- 'scion, shoot' (' from the barbs below the head of the arrow '),
frasparoya-^ sprowi, twig, branch';

gr. acpapaysopai ' burst with a noise, crackle, sputter, as liquids when thrown upon the
fire, groan with fulness, to be full to bursting ', anapyau) ' to be full to bursting, swell, be
ripe, of nursing mothers, swell with milk ', anapyai opyai opijai Hes., anopyai ipzQ\a\xo\ z\(^
totskeTv Hes., aaTTapayo(;, aacpapayoq ' stone sperage. Asparagus acutifolius, the edible
shoots thereof, the shoots of other plants ';

Latin spargo, -e/ie 'strew, distribute, scatter, sprinkle, spray';

Middle Low German sparken^ spark, produce sparks, sparkle, glitter'. Old English
spearcian 6s. (engl. sparkle), spircan^ spark, produce sparks, spray'. Middle Low German
sparke. Old English spearca {ev\i^\. spark) 'spark', nasalized Middle Low German spranken
'sparkle, glitter', mnl. spranke^ spark, the spraying, small stain ';

Old Icelandic spa/'Ar 'agile, lively, strenuous ', Old Icelandic spreekr, Norwegian sprsek,
Swedish dial. spraker^ai^\\e, lively', also 'radiating, gleaming', Danish dial, spraeg^
haughty, boasting ' {*spregi-); engl. sprinkle^ sprinkle, spray', Swedish dial, sprakker
stain ' ('*splash, dash '), sprackla^ measles, morbilli, contagious virus occurring mostly in
children that is characterized by red spots on the skin', Norwegian and nisi, sprekia. Middle
High German sprecker chloasma, skin spot, brown spot on the skin ', nasal. Middle High
German sphnkel, sprenkeF speckle, stain '; r-lose forms are Middle Low German spinkel =
sphnkel, mnl. spekelen ^spuv\k\e\ nl. spikker stain, speckle ', Old English specca ds..

Lithuanian spuogas^ stain, dot, speck '; - without an!, s, and concomitant as variant
besides *pertt-, *preR-^ dappled ' (see 820 f.): Old Icelandic freknottr^ freckly, freckled ',
Norwegian and nisi, frekna^ freckle ', engl. freak^ make striped ';

Old English spraecu. 'scion, shoot, twig, branch', sprancam. ds. (5p/7/7ce/' basket-
snare'); in the meaning ' crackle, rustle, break, crack' based on Norwegian sprek' dry
deadwood'. Old Icelandic sprek' rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle wood'. Old High
German sprahhu/a 'spWnter, chaff'. Middle Low German sprok, sprokke/'6ea6\NOod'; holl.
sprokkig^ brittle ', sprokke/n^ break, crack', Norwegian dial, sproka, sprokka^ crack,
spring, cleft, fissure'. Old English forspiercan^dry, dehydrate, desiccate'; mnl. sporkel
February' (probably of bud sprout, compare engl. spring^ spring '), Low German sprickel
"deadwood, dry twig, branch';

compare also Old English spracen^ alder ', Norwegian sprake^ juniper ', Old High
German sporah, spurchaAs., also ('twitching, shooting up, elastic') Old High German
houue-spranca locusia (grasshopper)'. Old Saxon sprinco ds., Middle Low German
spranke, sprinke, sprenkel 6s.; Middle High German sprinke^ bird trap ', Low German
Modern High German Sprenker S'pecV\e ' ds.; Low German sprenker clamp wood ';

Old High German springa^ shackle, fetter, or chain for the feet, a springe, gin, snare ',
older Modern High German SprengeF bird trap ', engl. springe, springle^ bird's loop ' are
influenced by springen,

Latvian spFrgC become fresh, strengthen ', spirg(t)s^^resh, alert, awake, smart, fit,
healthy'; spirgsti {pirgsti) 'glowing coals under the ash'; sp/zy^/zs 'splinter'
('*Weggesprj^tzb|s '); spridzinaV spray around, spring ', spridzfgs^ rash, hasty, alert,
awake, smart'; spurguls^ srr\a\\, munteres child', spQrgans^ brittle, alert, awake, smart';
Lithuanian sprogis, Latvian spradzis^ Erdfloh ';

D. without aniaut s- compare still: Old Indie parjanya-^ rain cloud (squirting, spraying);
the rain God and thunderstorm God ' (see above S. 819, 823); Old Irish a/y'drip', mcymr.
eiry, cymr. e/Za'snow', acorn, irch, ncorn. er, bret. erc'h6s. {*pargo-, *pargio-); common p-
> zero Celtic Armenian.

probably also Old Church Slavic prbga^ neuer Kornansatz des Weizens ', russ. perga'
pollen ' ; Old Church Slavic /s-prbgngt/ ^spr'\r\g out', poln. p/erzgn^c^ break, crack (skin)';
nasalized Old Bulgarian vbs-prggngt/" sprout ', prggb ' locust, grasshopper '; as 'shooting
up ' Old Church Slavic prgg/o ' a little snare, noose, a little stretcher ', russ. pruga, pruzina
"jumping feather', u-prugij^ shooting up flexibly, bulging ', also the family proto Slavic

*pr§gQ^ tighten, hitch, harness an animal; tense, pull taught, stretch tight ', prggh' yoke ',
poln. popr^g^beW.' etc.

Maybe alb. pranga " cuffs ' : Slavic prggh ' yoke '.

References: WP. II 672 ff., WH. II 566 f., Trautmann 276 f., 278 f., Vasmer 2, 337, 450.
Page(s): 996-998

Root / lemma: *uep-1 : uop- : up-
Meaning: water

Material: Old Indie vapni. "deep pond, pool'; the above S. 52 mentioned pre-Celtic FIN
with -up- in Celtic bottom, wherefore still Uxantia ( *upsantia) " Ousance ' (Orleans), the
Ligurian PN Vappincum^ Gap '; Lithuanian i/pe 'river' (barely to ap-)\ Old Prussian wupyan
"cloud'; Old Church Slavic vapa^sea' {*udpa; barely after W. Schuize, Kl. Schr. 1152to Old
Russian vapb "paint, color' etc.); Hittite uappu- " riverbank, wadi, dry river valley '.
References: Trautmann 1 1 , 342, Vasmer 1 , 168 f., Krahe BzNF 5, 98 ff.
Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: kad^-

Meaning: to guard; to cover

Material: Latin cassis, -/ioVs "helmet' (if first Latin, s. WH. I 177, then from *ka6^-t/s);

perhaps Middle Irish ca/slove', m/s-cu/s'\r\ate' {*ka&^-ti-s)\

Old English haedre^ thoughtful, anxious '; Old High German huotai. "the hat, guarding,
wardership'. Old English hod. Old Frisian /7do'e "guarding', whereof Old High German
huoten. Old English hedan^\ook after, watch over, keep, guard, watch'; Old High German
huofm. "the hat, bonnet, helmet'. Old English hddxr\. "cap'; Old Icelandic hgttrand hattr.
Old English haett, engl. /7a/"the hat' {*had-tu-). Old Icelandic hetta' covering; shelter'
{*hattjdn-); Kluge under Hut, Zupitza gutturals 206 f.; Old English heden'dress' = Old
Icelandic hedinn " fur skirt ' ( *hadina-). (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nn-).

References: WP. I 341 f., WH. I 177.
Page(s):516

Root / lemma: kaghlo-

Meaning: small round stone

Material: Gr. KaxAnt -Hkoi; "stone, pebble ', Abl. from *KaxAo(; =

Old High German hagal, Old English hagol, haegelrw. Old Norse haglv\. "hail'.

References: WP. I 338.
Page(s):518

Root / lemma: kagh- : kogh-
Meaning: to sew, plait, etc..

Material: Latin caulae {* caholae) ' sheepfold, enclosure around temple and altars ',
wherefore (dial, development) colum " A vessel for straining, a strainer, colander, a bow-
net, a net of wicker-work for catching fish, a wear, fish snaring net' (all from wickerwork),
cold, -are^ strain, filter with a sieve or strainer, purify '; ablaut. Latin cohum, after Paul.
Diac. " the strap by which the plough-beam was fastened to the yoke ' as " holder,
encirclement ', in addition incoho, -are^ to lay the foundation of a thing, to begin,
commence ', actually " harness ' (word of farmers);

here Oscan kq, aq ' incipias ', kahad^ capiat ': Umbrian 3. PI. Konj. Perf. kukehe(n)s^
occupaverint ' = Latin capere: cep/{see below S. 527 f.); Umbrian cehefi^ captus sit ' is
Konj. Pass, of /^Perfekts (E. Fraenkel, Fil. Biedr. Raksti 1940, 8 f.);

gall. (5. Jh., Zimmer KZ. 32, 237 f.) c5/7"cancelli' Gl., caio^ breialo sive bigardio ' Nom.
Gall, (out of it French quai. Old French chai^ river dam '); abret. caiouP\. ' munimenta ',
cymr. cae^ paddock ' and "collar, neckband', corn, /re" paddock ', Middle Breton kae
"thorn hedge, fence'; derived cymr. cau' make a hedge, fence ', bret. kea' make a hedge
'; perhaps cymr. caeni. " covering, operculum, skin' {*kagh-na) Vendryes WuS. 12, 242;
out of it borrowed Middle Irish cam " surface '); cymr. caer das Eriangen ' ( *kagh-la), see
above S. 408; ablaut, in bret. mor-go {*mon-go, to *mon-^ neck ') " Halsring der Pferde ',
whether -^ofrom * kogho- {aiter \/ . Henry, Lexique, though to cymr. caw^band, strap'), and
cymr. myn-c/ ds., whether from *-ce/, Indo Germanic *koghio-\ out of it Middle Irish muince
"collar, neckband';

Old High German hag^ hedge, paddock ', Old English hagam. " hedge, garden', engl.
haw, asachs. hago. Old Icelandic hag/^ meadowland '; Old English haegu. " paddock,
small area of land', engl. hay. Old English hecgi. " hedge ', engl. hedge. Old High German
heckia, heggia^ hedge ', to Old Icelandic hegg-r^ Ahlkirsche ' {*hagja, out of it French haie
ds.); derivatives: Old English hagu-run^ charm, spell', hegi-tisse. Old High German haga-
z^ssa "witch'; Old Icelandic hegna^ make a hedge, fence, shield ', to Old High German
hagan'bnar', PN Hagano, Old Norse Hggni, etc.

References: WP. I 337 f., WH. I 187 f., 243 f., 631, Loth RC 45, 198 f.

Page(s):518

Root / lemma: kago- or kogo-, -a-

Meaning: goat

Note: only Slavic and Germanic

In Albanian the old laryngeal gave h- > k-.

Note:

From the older root Root/ lemma: aig- {* h2evig-)\ goat', derived Root/ lemma: ag^h-no-s

{* heg^h-no-s): lamb' and Root/ lemma: ag-\ "goaf : Root/ lemma: kago-ox kogo-, -a-\

■goat'.

Material: Old Bulgarian /roza "goaf, koz-bl-b "he-goaf (Latvian /r5Z5"goaf from Russ.),

therefrom abgel. /rc»za"skin' {*kozja, originally "* goatskin ', as Church Slavic 0)3zno^sV\v\,

leather': Lithuanian ozj/s "he-goaf);

from the meaning " (nanny goat fur as of covering, mantle ' goes probably also Gothic
/7a/r^/5 "mantle'. Old Icelandic hgkollAs. (fem. hekla^ mantle with hood, cowl '), Old
English hacele. Old Frisian hezil{*hakil). Old High German hachulxu. ds. back; with
lengthened grade probably Old English hecen. Middle Low German hoken. Middle Dutch
hoek/jn'YOung goat, kid' {*hdkTna-).

Meillet Et. 246 reminds an *a^c»s "goat(nbock)' (above S. 6 f.) as " rhyme word ', what
would speak for kago-W\Vc\ a. The low spreading of the word can be explained from the
extent of the standing contest among nanny goat names, s. in addition Liden Arm. stem 13
f.

Maybe alb. kedh/'yound goat, kid' but not kec/'yound goat, kid' from Turkish keg/" goat '.

References: WP. I 336 f.. Feist 238 f.
Page(s): 517-518

Root / lemma: kai-ko-

Meaning: one-eyed

Material: Old Indie kekara-' squinting ';

Latin caec^s "blind, dark'. Old Irish caech^ one-eyed, squinting, blind', cymr. coeg^

vacuus, deficiens ', coegddair one-eyed', acorn, cuic^ luscus vel monophthalmus ',
Gothic haihs^ one-eyed'; Middle Irish leth-chaech^ squinting';

^

perhaps here gr. KaiKia(; "northeasterly wind' as " *the dark ' (GiJntert, Kalypso 67^,
compare aquilo : aquilus above S. 23; against it Pick GGA. 1894, 238: KaiKOc;, a river the
Aolis);

Lithuanian keikti' curse ', actually "lay an evil eye ' ( *keikmi: *kaikmes).

Because of the basic meaning " one-eyed' compare *Aa/-" alone '.

References: WP. I 328, WH. I 129.
Page(s): 519-520

Root / lemma: kaiR- or koiR-

Meaning: to scratch, itch, comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair

Material: Old Indie kesa- m. " hair of the head ', kesfn- mahnig ' (as Old Church Slavic kosa

"hair' : cesa//" comb' from */res- "scratch, scrape, comb');

Maybe alb. ( *ces-) qeth'to cut hair of the head' common alb. -s > -th.

Lithuanian kaTsti^ scra'^e, rub, smooth', /5Aa/5//"glass, wood make smooth inside ',
kaTstuvas^ plane instrument of the cooper'. Old Prussian coys/7/s"comb', coestue^ corwb,
bristle brush';

Old Bulgarian ces/a'way, road' as "smooth way'.

References: WP. I 328, Trautrnann 113.
Page(s): 520

Root/ lemma: kai-1, kai-uo-, kai-uelo-

Meaning: alone, whole

Material: Old Indie kevala-h^ belonging exclusively to somebody ', hence " alone ' and

"whole, complete ';

Latin caelebs, -ibis^ unmarried, single (whether of a bachelor or a widower) ', probably
from *kaiuelo-lib(h)-s^ living alone ', to Gothic liban^ live ' etc.; compare Latvian /ra/7s"
single, childless '.

References: WP. I 326, WH. I 130, 455;
See also: compare also kai-ko-, kai-lo-
Page(s):519

Root / lemma: kai-lo- {kai-lu-)

Meaning: bright; safe, healthy

Note:

Root/ lemma: kai-lo- {kai-lu-) : bright; safe, healthy, derived from Root/ lemma: kai-1, kai-

UO-, kai-uelo-\ alone, whole.

Material: Cymr. coeli. 'omen, sign', acymr. PI. coilou^ auspiciis ', abret. coer

(h)aruspicem ', leg. " (h)aruspicium ', acymr. coiliaucc, acorn, chuillioc' augur ' (Old Irish

cer augurium ' brit. loanword);

Gothic hails. Old Icelandic heill. Old High German hei/l\t, healthy, whole'. Old English
ha/, engl. whole '\N\r\o\e', Old High German he/In. " salvation, luck'. Old English hsel'
auspicious omen, sign, luck, haleness, healthiness'. Old Icelandic heil{*heilz, s-stem) n. f.
"good omen, luck'. Old High German /7e///50/7 "emblem, landmark, mark observe'. Old
English halslan\rr\a6, wicked, evil ghost) adjure ', Old Icelandic hellsa ^ greet' (compare
also Gothic ha/lsl. Old English wes hallas greeting). Old English halettan. Old High
German hellazzen ' greet' , Old High German (etc.) he/lag '\r\o\Y'; Old English halanP\. "
placenta, afterbirth ' = Norwegian hel/e6s.;

Old Prussian kallustiskan kVk. Sg. " haleness, healthiness' (derivative from *kailOsta-s
Adj., this from *kailu-s), kail^. - pats kal/s\ " Heil! - selbst Heil! ', Trinkgrufl;

Old Bulgarian celb "heil, fit, healthy; whole, unbroken, unmarred, unscathed,
undamaged ', celjg, ce////"heal, cure', celujg, celovatr greet ', then also "kiss'.

References: WH. I 130, Trautmann 112, Liden KZ. 61, 25 f.
See also: Perhaps to Aa/-" alone ', above S. 519.
Page(s): 520

Root / lemma: kais-

Meaning: hair

Note:

Root/ lemma: kais-\ hair, derived from Root/ lemma: kaik-or koik-: to scratch, itch,

comb, *dress (the hair), cut the hair.

Material: Old Indie kesara-rw. n. hair, mane' (s instead of sfrom a form *kesra-, e.g.

Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. I 232); compare above /resa- under kalR-,

Latin caesahes " hair of the head '

about Tocharian A sisak, B secake^ Leo (constellation) ' s. Van Windekens Lexique 120
f., E. Schwentner IF. 57, 59, Pedersen Tocharian 247.

References: WP. I 329 f., WH. I 133.
Page(s): 520

Root / lemma: kaito-

Meaning: forest

Note: (Celtic and Germanic)

Material: Acymr. coit, ncymr. cc»eo''wood, forest', acorn. cuiU mcorn. coys, cosds., bret.

coet, coa/'wood, forest, spinney', gall. PN Kairo-ppi^, Ceto-briga, Eto-cetum (die spatere

rom. pronunciation -zetum Wes den Modern High German place names auf -scheidam

linken Rheinuferthe basic);

Gothic haiPii., Old Icelandic heidr. Old English hsed, engl. heath. Old High German
heidat " heath ', Middle High German heidei. " moor, heath, moorland '; besides Old
English *had, engl. dial, hoath, proto Germanic *haiPanas^ steppe inhabiting, wild',
probably similar to Latin paganus{: pagusland'), in addition Gothic ha/Pnot " pagan,
heathen ', Old Icelandic heidinn. Old English hseden, engl. heathen, asachs. hethin. Old
High German heidan, heidin, heidanisk^\\ea\hev\\s\\, of or pertaining to heathens, pagan';
different W. Schuize Kl. Schriften 521 ff.

about Latin bucetum^a pasture for cattle, cow-pasture ' s. WH. I 120, Vendryes RC 48,
398.

References: WP. I 328 f.. Feist 237 f.
Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kaiuf-t, kaiup-t

Meaning: hole, ravine

Material: Old Indie kevata-vc\. "pit, pothole';

gr. KaioTQ opuyMara Hes., hom. KaiaTosaaa (AaKsSaipajv; so for expressed KnTcbsaaa
originate) ' klijftereich ', Kaia5a(; Erdschlund in Sparta (5 as in SekoS- : Lithuanian desimt-).

References: WP. I 327, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 25.
Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kai2

Meaning: and

Material: The equation gr. Kai "and, also' : Old Church Slavic ce\n a ce, ce/" KaiToiIj
Koinsp, £iTT£p ' (compare the still unclear forms Arcadian Cypriot Ka(;, Cypriot kq) is very
doubtful; for ce is probably as "*as = as also, as probably' at first with Lithuanian kar,
Latvian ka, ka?. Old Prussian kai^ like, as' of Pron. stem k"o-, to connect, during Koi could
have barely evolved from k"- (infolge proclitic position?); not to Latin ceu^as' ( *kai ue
barely with efrom a/as /0/'e/7e/7o''o after Wackernagel and Niedermann lA. 18, 76).
References: WP. I 327, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 5672, jrautmann 112, Endzelin Latvian Gr. p.
474, WH. I 209.
Page(s):519

Root / lemma: kakka-

Meaning: to defecate

Note: babble-word the Kindersprache

Material: Armenian /r'a/rc»/''crap, muck', gr. KOKKau) ' caco ', KaKKP) " human excrement ',

Latin caco, -are. Middle Irish caccaim^ caco ', C5cc 'ordure', cymr. each, bret. cac'h, corn.

caugh ds., russ. etc. kakatb "defecate', Modern High German kacken;

Maybe alb. kaka "ordure'.

in addition perhaps as baby talk - compare Modern High German geggal\e, shame on
you! for shame!' - also gr. KaK6(; "evil, bad'; New Phrygian kqkouv "evil, harm', after
Friedrich (Eberts Reallexikon I 139) gr. loanword; barely here KoKOOpoc;, klein Old Saxon
horseman's God (in Lycian), compare above S. 309.

References: WP. I 336.
Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: ka/-1

Meaning: hard; blister

Material: Old Indie k/na-m. "weal, callus' (Middle Indie from *kma-s); about Old Indie

kathina-, kathora- see below kar-3,

Latin callumu., callusm. " hardened thick skin, weal, callus' (in addition called, -ere' to
be callous, to be thickskinned. To be hardened, insensible, unfeeling. To be practised, to
be wise by experience, to be skilful, versed in; in a pun on the literal sense, to know by
experience or practice, to know, have the knowledge of, understand ', callidus's\y,
cunning');

alb. a-kul, akuir'xce';

Note:

Wrong etymology, alb. akuir\ce' derived from Old Norse yip/ri///m. " hanging down icicle,
glacier ' see Root / lemmai^e^'- : ice'

Old Irish Middle Irish calath, ca/ad'\r\ar6', cymr. ca/ec/6s., gall. VN Caleti, Caletes, in
addition gallo-rom. *calJo-, *caliauo-^ sioue' (M.-L. 1519a), as well as gall. -Latin callio-
marcus' coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose leaves and root are employed in
medicine to treat coughs ' {^ox*callio marcT testiculus equi '), epo-calium {\eQ. -callium),
ebul-calium {ior *epalo-callium, to mcymr. ebawl, bret. ebor plenitude ') ds., to cymr. caill,
bret. kelli. "testicle' (Dual *kalnai);

Church Slavic kaliti^ temper, harden (glowing iron)', serb. prlkala' hoarfrost '.

Maybe alb. kaliV temper ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 357, WH. I 139 ff.; 388.

See also: Zusamenhang with AeA'hit' would be possible.

Page(s): 523-524

Root / lemma: kal-2, kali-, kalu-
Meaning: handsome; healthy

Material: Old Indie /ra/ya-'fit, healthy, lively ', ka/yana- ^beaut\iu\, healthful ' {-ana-= *alno-
to gr. u)A£vr|, cbAAov, above S. 308 f.); gr. *KaAAo- = Old Indie kalya- (?) as base from
KaAAiwv, KaAAiGToq "schoner, schonst', KtxKKoc, n. 'beauty'. kqAAuvu) 'make beautiful',
Ionian KoAAovn 'beauty', koAAi- as 1 .composition part; besides with formants -u- Boeotian
KaKVbc, = hom. kqAoc;, Attic etc. kqAoc; 'beautiful'; in addition as Spottname KoAAiac; 'ape'
and perhaps kqAAoiov n. (mostly PI.) ' cockscomb, crest on head of cock, rooster's comb '.

/■stem Old Norse halr{*hali-) 'man, husband, master, mister' (poet.). Old English
/7^/e(^dy/'man, husband', asachs. helid. Old High German helfd^mau, husband,
combatant, hero ', Old Swedish halith, besides ^stem Old Norse bg/drlree farmer, man,
husband' {*halut^).

References: WP. I 356, 443, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 128, 195; Seller, The primaren
gr. Steigerungsformen 68 ff.
Page(s): 524

Root / lemma: kalni-

Meaning: narrow passage

Material: Latin callis^ lane, trod, path, footpath, forest path, pathway, sideway, trackway,

mountain-track, forest pastures ';

bulgar. k/an/k'room between stove, hearth and wall', serb. klanac. Gen. klanca^ defile,
narrow passage between mountains ', sloven, klanec' defile, narrow passage between
mountains, mountain path, rivlet of a brook, village lane ', Czech klanec^ saddle, pass,
narrow road between mountains '.

References: WP. I 356 f., WH. 1140 f.
Page(s): 524

Root / lemma: kamb-
Meaning: ' bend, curve, crook '
See also: see below (s)kamb-
Page(s): 525

Root / lemma: kam-er-

Meaning: to bend, curve, vaulted

Material: Old Indie kmarati {ox\\y Dhatup.) 'is crooked';

Avestan kamarai. 'belt, girdle' (and '* dome ');

gr. KpsAsGpov 'beam, ceiling, roof, house' (probably dissim. from *K[j£p£9pov), Kopiapa '
dome, four-poster bed; covered cart ' (to Solmsens BPhW. 1906, 852 f. assumption Carian
origin, Kopapa AsysTai ra aacpaAr), s. Boisacq 402 Anm.; Latin loanword camera, camara^a
vault, an arched roof, an arch'); at most KapTvoq 'oven' (certainly this could have derived
from a culture word);

Latin camur(us), -a, -^/t? 'arched, writhed, crooked, humped ' (dial.), genuine Latin
camerus.

References: WP. I 349 f., WH. I 146 f., 149 f., 306, Feist 6, 256;
See also: s. also kam-p-.
Page(s): 524-525

Root / lemma: kam-p-
Meaning: to bend

Material: Old Indie kapana'\NO'cr(\, caterpillar, inchworm' {*kmpena), kampate '\.remb\es\ if
originally ' writhes, curves ' (doubtful); ablaut, kumpa- (uncovered) " lahm an der Hand ';

doubtful Old Indie kapata-u. "deceit, insidiousness' (would be *kmp-).

gr. KaiJirn "bend", KaijnToo "curve, bend', KaiJTTuAo(;, Ka|ji|j6(; " writhed, crooked, humped
'; Kapnri "caterpillar, inchworm'; Pannonian PN Campona;

Maybe alb. Geg kama, Tosc kemba "leg, bent leg' : engl. Jamb n. A\so Jambe. me. [(0)Fr.
jambe\eg, vertical support, f. Proto-Romance (whence late L gambahooi) f. gr. Kapinr).]
The characteristic alb. m > /t?,^ shift.

Latin campus ^i\e\(y (originally "bend, indentation, lowland, depression', as Lithuanian
/anka\a\\ey, meadow' to /enkt/ 'bend');

Gothic /7a/77/fe "mutilated'. Old English hof paralyzed hands ', asachs. haf, Old High
German /75/77r mutilated, lamed ';

Lithuanian kampas 'po\nt, edge, angle ', Latvian kampis' Krummholz '; reduced grade
(with Indo Germanic «= ein dark environment) Lithuanian kumptT crook oneself ', kumpas
"crooked', Latvian kumpV become hunchbacked, crooked ', Old Prussian etkumpsMN.
"against'; in addition probably Lithuanian kumste "fist' as *kump-ste " the fingers bending
together ';

perhaps poln. /rg/oa "river island covered with bush, shrubbery'. Old Church Slavic
kqpina't\ thorn - bushes, thorns, rubus, bush, shrub', russ. /ri/yO//7a "shrubbery, bush,
mound, knoll; bunch, fascicle, sheaf;

Indo Germanic kamp- is possibly an extension from *kam- "bend, curve ' (see also the
similar root (s)kamb-ixoxx\ gr. aKap(36(;, gall. Cambio-dunum e\.c.)\ yet compare also the
nasalized equal meaning family of Old Indie capa-vn. n. "bow', capala-' resWess,
fluctuating ', npers. cap "left', i.e. "*crooked'; Endzelin KZ. 44, 63 reminds of *capala-a\so
in Latvian kaparuoties' wriggle ', k'eparaV wriggle, move with difficulty ', Lithuanian
kapanotis " liegend sich aufzuhelfen suchen ' or " go laboringly '.

References: WP. I 346, 350 f., WH. I 148 f., Trautmann 116.
Page(s): 525

Root/ lemma: kand-, skand- and (Old Indie) (s)kend-
Meaning: to glow; bright, *moon

Note:

Root / lemma: kand- skand-and (Old Indie) (s)kend-\ "to glow; bright, *moon' derived

from Root/ lemma: sen(o)-{*heno)\ 'old, *old moon'

Material: Old Indie ^3/70(3// 'shines', Intens. participle cani-scadaV exceedingly gleaming'

[*sknd-), candra- {scandra-, EN Hari-scandra-) 'luminous, gleaming, burning; m. moon',

candana-m. n. ' sandalwood (incense ');

gr. KQvSapoc; avGpa^ Hes.;

alb. Geg hane, Tosc hene^moon' {*skandna) : Urdu chand'moon'

PN Candavia : Maybe lllyrian PN Sca(n)din-avia

(Kav5aouia), Candavii Montes. The mountains separating lllyricum from Macedonia,
across which the Via Egnatia ran.

Latin candeo, -e/ie 'gleam, shimmer, bright glow', transitive *candd, -ere\x\ accendo,
incendo^ set on fire, ignite, inflame ', ca/7o'/b'i/s 'blinding, dazzling white, gleaming', candor
' A dazzling, glossy whiteness, a clear lustre, clearness, radiance, brightness, brilliancy,
splendor, glitter ', candela, candelabrum ' cand\est\ck, flambeaux' (out of it cymr. etc.
cannwyll ds. {common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-}), cicindela^ little luminous beetle, oil lamp ',
cicendula^ lamps ' (redupl. *ce-cand-)\

cymr. C5/7/7 'white, bright'. Middle Breton cann^ full moon ', abret. cant^ canus ';
borrowing from cand/dus takes Pedersen KG. I 190 (compare Latin splendidus> bret.
splann), but cymr. c5/7/7a/o'' luminous; sun, moon' and numerous derivatives leave perhaps
a genuine Celtic *kando- seem possible, whereas the FIN Kander {Badeu, Switzerland)
does not belong to Indo Germanic gand- ' waste, desolate reclining land', Bertoldi BSL 30,
111 and Anm. 2.

References: WP. I 352, WH. I 151 f.
Page(s): 526

Root / lemma: kan-tho-

Meaning: angle, curve

Note: probably from kam-tho-io kam-p-'bend'

Material: Gr. kqvOoc; ' corner of the eye'; in the meaning ' wheel rim' meaning-loanword

from Latin cantus,

Latin cantus"\ron wheel rim' is again loanword from:

gall, (also gallo-rom.) *cantos "\ron ring, edge, point, edge', cymr. cant {hence ceiniog'
penny, coin ') ds., bret. kant^ circle ', Old Irish cetad^ {round) seat' from * kanto-sedo-.
Middle Irish ce/'round stone pillar'; derivatives: gall, cantalon, probably " pillar', cantena,
KavTsva dss.?; also gall, cando-soccus^ Rebsenker ', lies canto-soccus {io gall, succo-^
pig's snout, plowshare '; compare Jud Arch. Rom. VI 210 f.);

abret. //7/cc»^ca/7/ "complete'; mcymr. yn geuganf6s. (actually "very skillful ' from *kouo-
kantos, Latin caved); to kant^ circle ' > " perfect ' compare acymr. Iloerganf full moon';

cymr. ca/7/"troop, multitude, crowd', in addition Middle Irish cete {*kantia) "congregation,
meeting', probably as *" a division of 100' identical with cymr. c5/7/"100' above S. 92;

Slavic *kgt-b m. " angle ' in russ.-Church Slavic kut-b etc.

Maybe alb. /re/7o' "angle' a Slavic loanword?.

References: WP. I 351 f., WH. I 155 f.. Loth RC 42, 353 f., 47, 170 ff., Vendryes RC 45,

331 ff.

Page(s): 526-527

Root / lemma: kan-

Meaning: to sing, sound

Material: Gr. Kava(aau)), Aor. Kova^ai " pour with a gurgling sound ', Kovaxn " shrilling,

noise', Kavaxsw, Kovaxi^w " sound, ring out ' (compare arsvaxu), arovaxn : gtevu)), ni-

KQvoq "rooster, cock' ("cackling in the early morning '); Kovapoq "noise'?

Maybe alb. kendes^ rooster' a Greek loanword.

Latin cano, -ere^ o utter melodious notes, make music, sing, sound, play ', canorus^ of
or pertaining to melody, melodious, harmonious, euphonious ' (compare sonorus), carmen
" song' {*canmen), Umbrian kanetu^ canito ', procanurenV praececinerint ', af-kanT*
accinium, cantus flaminis '; perhaps also Latin ciconia " stork ' (out of it probably
syncopated praen. conea, compare to vowel gradation Old High German huon, russ.
kanja);

maybe alb. Geg kanga^ song '.

Old Irish can/ml sing ', cymr. canu, bret. cana's\ng', Middle Irish cefa/n., cymr. cathli.
" song', bret. kenteli. " ^an ' {*kan-tlo-m, previously brit. has changed to Fem., s.
Pedersen KG. II 66); lengthened grade mcymr. g(w)o-gawn^\\\us\x\o\}s\ cymr. go-goniant
"fame';

Gothic hana, Old High German etc. /7a/7c» "rooster, cock', fern. Old High German hemn,
Gen. -nna {*hanen-i, -Jas), henna {*han[e]n-T, -Jas) and Old Norse M/75"hen' {*hdnjdn), PI.
h0nsn {h0ns, h0sn) " chicken ', Old High German huon^ chicken ' (Germanic s-stem
*hdniz);

perhaps (Berneker 483 between) russ. (etc.) kanja, kanjuk^ kite, type of predatory bird,
Weihe. durnh .sein Ge.snhrei la.stioer Rauhvnnel ' (: cicdnia);

Tocharian A kan " melody, rhythm '.

References: WP. I 351, WH. I 154 f., 212 f.
Page(s): 525-526

Root / lemma: kapro-

Meaning: goat

Material: Old Indie kaprth-rc\., kaprtha- m. "penis';

gr. Kanpo(; "boar', also au(; Kanpo(;;

Latin caper, ca/O/T"" he-goat, billy goat ' (in addition a new formation Fem. c5/0/'a"goat' as
well as due to of Adj. *capreus " of a goat ' : caprea "roe deer', capreolus " roebuck '),
Umbrian kabru, kaprum^ caprum ', cabriner^ caprlnl';

Maybe alb. kaproir roebuck ' a Latin loanword.

gall. *cabros^ he-goat; billy goat ' reconstructs Bertoldi (RC 47, 184 ff.) from gallo-rom.
*cabrostos " honeysuckle, privet ';

Old Norse /7a/^"he-goat', Old English hsefer^s. (figurative "crab', as French chevrette).
Modern High German Habergeid (from the grumbling estrous sound of the bird);

proto Celtic *gabros^ he-goat; billy goat ', *gabra^qoa\!, gall. PN Gabro-magos
(Noricum) " goat's field ', rappnia uAr| " Bohmerwald ' (lllyrian?). Old Irish gabor, cymr. gafr
m. " he-goat; billy goat ', f. "goaf. Old Irish also "mare', etc., ^-is perhaps attributed to an
equivalent from Indo Germanic ghaido- {above S. 409).

To Germanic bafra-' he-goat; billy goat ' seems to belong as " goat's grain ' the word
Hafer, because this was built originally only as cattle feed: Old Norse bafrim., Old Saxon
haboro. Old High German habaro. Modern High German Haber, Hafer.

A miscellaneous word is agutn. hagre, Swedish Norwegian dial, hagre, Finnish loanword
kakra " oat '; it belongs to after Falk-Torp aaO. as the hairy, i.e. begranntes grass to
Norwegian dial, hagru. " coarse horsehair ', perhaps concomitant to Middle Irish coirce,
cymr. ceirch, bret. kerc'h^ oat ', if this through dissimilation from *korkrio-.

References: WP. I 347 f., WH. I 157 f.
Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kap-ut, -(e)lo-
Meaning: head; pan, etc..

Note: originally perhaps " Schalenformiges ', see below

Material: Old Indie kapucchala- n. (from * kaput-) ' hair on the back of the head, tuft, bowl';

Latin caput, -itis ' head '; bi-caps " bicipital ';

Maybe truncated Albanian (*conca) koke : Bergamasco (*capoccia) c6 : Bolognese :
(*capoccia) zocc: Bresciano (*capoccia) c6: Calabrese capa; capu: Catalan cap: Griko
Salentino (*capoccia) coccalo (contaminated by Greek KEcpaAi) : Greek KEcpaArj : Lombardo
Occidentale coo: Marchigiano (*capoccia) zocca : Napulitano (*capoccia) capa; chiocca;
coccia : Occitan cap : Reggiano (*capoccia) soca : Romagnolo zoca : Romansh chau :
Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada) (*capoccia) conca : Sardinian Campidanesu
Ccapoccia) conca; corroga ; carroga Umbro-Sabino capoccia : Valencian cap : Venetian
capocia: Viestano : chop': Welsh copa^ head '.

Maybe Galician caluga, cocote : Romagnolo coppa : Sicilian cozzu : Venetian copa :
Romanian ceafa: Albanian qafa^ nape ; nape of the neck ' : Furlan cjaf: Turkish kafa^
head '.

Old Norse hgfudu. ' head'; in Germanic besides Gothic haubiP^ head ', Old Norse
haufud. Old English heafod. Old High German houbit. Modern High German Haupt
through amalgamation with one to Old Indie kakubh-i. "cusp, peak, acme, apex '.

Maybe alb. kagube^ bush '.

Old High German /7Ji75 "bonnet' etc. (compare keu-2) respective words; Cretan Kucpspov n
Kucpnv KEcpaAnv Hes.

With Asuffixes: Old Indie kapala-n. "bowl, cranium, Pfanne am Schenk^
schalenformiger oder scherbenformiger Knochen ', Pahlavi kaparak {Sc\\ei{e\om\.z BB. 28,
144) "vessel', kapolf kneecap ', kapola- m. "cheek';

Old English hafola^\\ea6\

doubtably is affiliation from Latin cap/7/us'\r\a\r, esp. hair of the head ', see WH. I 158.

References: WP. I 346 f., WH. I 158, 163 f.
Page(s): 529-530

Root / lemma: kap-

Meaning: to grab

Note: (Varianten s. am Schlusse); various in words for Gefafte

Material: Old Indie kapatrtwo handful ' (/Middle Indie for t), Old pers. n KaniGn ' 5uo

r

XoiviK£(; '; with Indo Germanic enpers. caspTdan, capsTdan, cafsTdan^ grasp, capture,
catch ';

gr. KQTTETic; "a measure of capacity ', Kairn " crib, manger ', Karravri ds., Thessalian " the
cross-piece in a chariot seat, the side-pieces ', Kanru) ' snap, swallow ', Kcbnn 'handle,
grasp';

alb. kap^ gripe, seize, catch', kapase^ oil vessel ', /ra/r? "have' {*kapmi or * kab{h)mi- io
root form *Aabh- to Modern High German haben);

Latin capio, -ere, cepl captus^take', au-ceps, -cupare^ a bird-catcher, fowler', parti-
ceps^ sharing, partaking, participant ', capax^ that can contain or hold much, wide, large,
spacious, roomy, capacious, susceptible, capable of, good, able, apt, fit for, suitable ',
capedo, -/n/'s' a bowl or cup used in sacrifices; drinking vessel', capu/us 'barrow, bier,
later coffin' and 'handle, grasp, that by which any thing is seized or held ', capu/a' a small
bowl with handles ' {capulare' von einem Gefaft ins andere schopfen '), caputrum' loop
for catching a thing; esp. halter ' (but capis, -idis " a bowl with one handle, used in
sacrifices ', Umbrian kapife' a bowl with one handle, used in sacrifices ', Oscan KaniSirop
" a pot, jar ' maybe from gr. OKacpic; with 5-drop in all three Italian languages; certainly is
capisterium \oarmor(i from GKacpiarripiov); capsa' a repository, box, esp. for books,
bookcase, satchel ', capsus "the carriage body; cage for wild animal' (out of it gr. Kaiya,
Kajjijja);

Maybe alb. {*capsa) kafsha' (*captive) animal ' from " cage for wild animal ' common alb. ■
ps- > - fsh- similar to npers. caspTdan, capsTdan, cafsTdan ' grasp, capture, catch '; also
from Latin capesso' seize ' > alb. kafshoj' (*seize with the teeth) bite '.

Latin captus, -a= Old Irish cachf maid, female servant, slave ', cymr. caeth's\aye\
acorn, caid^ taken prisoner, captive ', nbret. keaz^ unlucky, arm', gall. Moeni-captus^
slave of Main (river in Germany) ', Middle Irish cachtaim " to take somebody prisoner' =
Latin captare' try to seize ' (coincidental also = asachs. hafton' stick '); Irish cuan
{*kapno-) "(sea-) harbor, seaport ';

Gothic -hafts {= Latin captus, Irish cacht) " to be marked with something ', Old Norse
haptr^ a prisoner, captive ', haptu. 'manacle'. Old English hseftm. "captive, slave, band,
strap, manacle', n. " haft, handle, grasp'. Old Saxon haft^ a binding ', Old High German
haft^ bound, attached, engaged, caught, afflicted with ', m. n. 'custody, manacle', whereof
Old Norse heftiu. " haft, hold, grasp'. Old High German heftiu. " haft, handle, grasp' and
Gothic ha ft/an lasten, clip, bind'. Old Norse hefta^b\n6, hinder'. Old English haeftan. Old
Saxon heftan. Old High German heften^b\v\6, arrest, detain'; Modern High German
haschen ( *hafskdh) = Swedish dial, haska " run after to catch up ';

Gothic hafjan{= Latin capid} "heave'. Old Norse hefja {hafda). Old Saxon hebbian. Old
English hebban. Old High German heffen, heven. Middle High German Modern High
German heben {S\n\ss only 'hold, stop'); in addition (compare to form Latin habere) Gothic
haban, -a/b'a'hold, stop, have'. Old Norse hafa {hafda). Old Saxon hebbian. Old English
habban. Old High German haben'have';

Old Norse -hafn. "lifting'. Old English bsefn.. Middle Low German haf'sea' (ndd. Haf/),
Middle High German hap, -bes 'sea, harbor'; Old Norse hgfni. ' harbor'. Old English
hsefenie) f.. Middle Low German havene. Middle High German habenei. ds. (Modern High
German Hafenirom Ndd.; compare Irish cuan); Old High German havanm. 'pot, pan,
kitchenware ', Modern High German Hafen, Old Norse hgfugr. Old English hefig. Old
Saxon hebig. Old High German hebTc, -g' heavy ' (actually 'holding something'); Old
English hefe, haefem.. Old High German heve, hepfo. Modern High German Hefe( what
lifts the dough '); isl. Norwegian dial, havaldu. 'band, strap'. Old English hefeld. Middle
Low German hevelte {* hafadia-; Old High German haba. Modern High German Handhabe
' hold, grasp';

Old Norse hafrm. ' creel, basket for holding fish after they have been caught ' (eas in
Latin cep?);

Old Norse hofu. ' the right measure or relation', h0fa ' aim, fit, send ', Gothic
gahobains' abstemiousness, austereness ', Old English behofian' have need of, need ',
Old High German bihuobida' praesumtio ', Middle High German behuofm. ' business,
purpose, benefit, advantage'. Modern High German Behuf' end, purpose, aim, goal ';

[Old Norse haukr{ *hQbukr), Old English heafoc^ hawk' (out of it mcymr. hebawc, and
from this Old Irish sebocc^ia\cov\''). Old Saxon habuk-\v\ EN, Old High German habuh^
hawk' from Germanic *habuka- (Finnish loanword havukka), are to be compared probably
better with russ. (etc.) kobec, poln. kobuz^ names of falcon's kinds ']

Maybe alb. {*gabokna) gabonja, zhgabonja, shqiponja^ eagle' (common alb. -kn- > -nj-).
Albanian has preserved allophones shift k- .-^-guttutals (typical in Celtic Baltic languages).

with the meaning from gr. KaTTTOo and Germanic pyO as intens. consonant-Gemination
(due to the root form in por b^ or b) Modern High German (actually ndd.) happen, hapsen
" devour '. holl. happen^ snatch ' ;

Lithuanian kuopa\. 'troop, multitude, crowd, dividing off, partitioning off, 2. " ransom for
distrained livestock ' (= gr. Kcbnn); Latvian kampju, kampV gripe, catch';

about Trojan name KaTTU(;, Latin capys, cap^s 'falcon' (lllyrian?) s. Bonfante REtlE 2,
113.

The vocalism is absolutely almost a, also in Old Indie kapatT{Vc\a\. as an isolated word
could not have been 5 as derailment for /= a); besides occasional e{cepi, hafi) and 6
(Kcbnn, Lithuanian kuopa, presumably also Germanic hof-), the barely placed as normal
grades {e: a s) (vocalization by Reichelt KZ. 46, 339). The same vocal relation between
Oscan hafiest: hipid, Lithuanian gabenti: preterit atgebau, Gothic gabei: Old Norse gsefr,
considering of vocalization appears in the root aniaut and auslaut (final sound ) sway
between Tenuis (*A tenuis consonant is one which is unvoiced and unaspirated. That is, it
has a voice onset time close to zero), voiced-nonaspirated, voiced-aspirated, which can be
explained from the imitation of short snapping sounds {kap, ghap, gbabh etc.) and
imitation of quick snaps through this sound ("catch, grasp, snap ').

About that in detail Collitz preterit 85 ff., K. H. Meyer IF. 35, 224-237; s. also above S.
407ff.; different EM3 173.

Altaic etymology :

Protoform: *kap"e

Meaning: to squeeze, press together
Turkic protofomn: *Klp-
l\^ongolian protoform: *kajici
Tungus protoform: *kap-

Comments: KW 180, BnaflMMMpL\OB 270, Poppe 48. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer's
doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk, and Mong. forms cannot be separated from each other. It
is interesting also to mention the forms meaning 'to wink' ( < *'press eyelids together')
among the reflexes of PT *Klp- (usually confused with *Klp- 'spark') and the TM derivative
*kapta- (usually confused with *kapta- 'flat'). Cf. also *k'ap'V.

References: WP. I 342 ff., WH. I 159 f., 169.
Page(s): 527-528

Root / lemma: kar-1

Meaning: to scold, punish

Material: Gr. Kopvp l,x\\x\cx, auT6Kapvo(; auT0^npi0(; Hes.;

Latin carino, -are^ scoff, mock ' (probably a);

Old Irish cairei. "reprimand', acymr. cared^ wickedness; idleness', cymr. caredd^iauW.,
error', corn. cara^xeb\Ae\ Middle Breton ca/iez" reprimand' {*l<ria)\

Old High German harawen. Middle High German herwen^ deride ', Old English hierwan
" deride ', Old Norse herfiligr' contemptible, degrading'. Middle High German here, herwer
" sharp, tangy', Finnish loanword karvas' bitter| bracl<isli| pungent; liarsli| slirill;sad| calamitous;
ill-naturedl caustic'; zero grade Old English gehornian^ affront, offend';

Latvian /ra/7/7a/' banter, stir, tease, irritate'; ablaut. East Lithuanian kirinti6s:.

Old Church Slavic kerb, u-korb^ indignityl affront| abuse/insult', u-koriti^vMy, scold', po
koriti^ subject, subdue', Czech yOC»-/rc»/'5 'humility', yOC»-/rc»/77y" humble, humiliated', ablaut.
Serb. -Church Slavic karat 'fight', Czech kara' reproach, accusation, punishment', etc.;

Maybe alb. kor/t'make ashamed' a Slavic loanword.

perhaps here Tocharian A karn-, B karn- "torment, smite'.

References: WP. I 353, WH. I 168 f.; Trautmann 118 places Balto Slavic words to Indo
Germanic kor/o- see there.
Page(s): 530

Root / lemma: kar-2, kara-
Meaning: to praise, glorify

Note: also (still) more in general onomatopoeic words as many other, the connection from
kand /■included roots

Material: Old Indie carkarti^ erwahnt ruhmend ' (Aor. akant), carkrtf-lavne, praise,
laudation', karkarf-, karkarT a kind of sound ', kTrtf- f. "fame, knowledge' (thereafter with /"
also kTrf-, /r/?/>7- 'singer'); karii- 'singer, bard' (: Kripu^);

gr. KapKoipw ' thunder out, roar, rumble ', Kripu^, Doric KOpO^ ' herald ';

Old Norse herma {*harmjan) ' apprise, notify ', hrodrxw. 'fame, laudation ', Old English
hrodorm. 'pleasure, joy', hred {* hrot^i-) 'fame'. Old High German {h)rdd-, (h)ruod-6s. (in
EN), Gothic hro^eigs' glorious ', Old Norse hrosa^ vaunt ' {* hrdt^s-dn)\ Old High German
(h)ruom. Old Saxon hromlame, laudation, honour', in addition Old English breme
'illustrious' {* bihromi-);

Maybe alb. mbrembje ' even\ng, dark' common alb. b > mb

perhaps as i>-extension: Gothic ^rops 'clamor'. Old High German ruofshoxA, call'. Old
Saxon Old English hropan. Old High German (b) ruo fan ^caW, shout, cry'. Old High German
(h)ruoft. Middle High German geruefte, geruofteu. 'shout, call, scream ', Middle Low
German ruchte, rochteu. 'shout, call, scream, rumor'. Modern High German (from Ndd.)
Gerucht . ' rumbling, rumor, hearsay ';

Lithuanian kafdas^ echo ', Old Lithuanian ap-kerdziu^\ announce ', Old Prussian kirdJt
'hear'.

References: WP. I 353 f.
Page(s): 530-531

Root / lemma: kar-3, redupl. kartiar-

Meaning: hard

Material: Old Indie /ra/'/ra/'a- 'rough, hard' = gr. KopKopoi Tpax£T<; Hes., Old Indie karkasa-

'rough, hard' (also karaka-xx\., 'hail'?); presumably gr. Kpava[F]6(; 'hard, rough, rocky'.

In addition probably die words for ' Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac': Old Indie karkata-m.
' Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' {karkin- ' Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac as constellation',
loanword from gr. KapKivo(;), karka-hm. 'crab';

gr. KapKivo(; ds., Latin cancer, -crT6s. (dissim. from *carcro-, perhaps already Indo
Germanic, compare Old Indie karjkata-xw. 'armor, coat of mail, garment made of linked
metal rings ' from *karikrta-)\

Old Church Slavic rakt " Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' from *kraki, dissim. sei, is
possible; die Ahnlichkeit with Norwegian (etc.) rseke^caucev squilla, prawn, shrimp' places
borrowing of Norwegian words ahead;

further words for hard shell, nut, dry fruit contained in a shell: gr. Kopuov ' nut, dry fruit
contained in a shell', Kopua f. " walnut'; Latin cannai. " nutshell, the keel of a ship, ship'
(maybe from Gr. after Keller Volkset. 279, in which case Kapuivoq is the origin); cymr. ceri
{*carTso-) "kernel '.

With /-suffixes: Gothic hardus' hard, stern'. Old Norse hardr' hard', Old English heard
"hard, strong, valiant'. Old Saxon hard. Old High German hart, herti^hard, tight, firm, heavy
', Adv. Old Norse harda. Old English hearde. Old High German harto. Middle Low German
harde^yevj, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly,
separately, extra, notably ' (compare gr. Kopra), proto Germanic *hardu- from Indo
Germanic *kar-t'u-; due to an Indo Germanic extension *kre-t-, *krt- Aeolic (Gramm.)
Kp£TO(;, next to which with the vocalism of Adj. Attic KpaTO(;, ep. Ionian Kaproc; " strength,
power', hom. KpaTU(; "strong' Komparat. Ionian Kpsaaajv, Attic KpeiTTwv, Superl. KpaTiaTO(;,
ep. KapTiaTO(;, Adv. Kapra "strong', K^aiz^oc,, KapT£p6(; "strong, tight, firm, violent' (etc.);
remains far off Old Indie kratu-, Avestan xratus^ spiritual power '.

Old Indie kathina-, kathora-' hard, tight, firm, stiff ' could also belong to Indo Germanic /
to cymr. ca/ed. Middle Irish ca/ad'hard', gall, -ca/etos {see ka/- "hard').

Because of the existence of a widespread iber.-mediterr. *carra 'stor\e, cairn, pile of
stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind ' (v. Wartburg FEW. s. v.) the affiliation
of the following words is dubious, they could partly belong here or to (sjker-'cut, clip':

Old Irish carraci. (nir. carraig) "rocks, cliff and creci. ds.. Gen. craice, creice. Middle
Irish also Nom. craic {r\\r. craig) f. ds.. Gen. creca, derive all from Brit., also Middle Irish
crach^ouqh' (= scabbed); to acymr. carrecc, cymr. carregi. "stone, rocks' {*karrika), bret.
karreg, corn, carrek ds., compare cymr. cam?^ "stream, brook' {*karraka), actually " rock
brook ' = Middle Irish carrach^ scabbed ' and gallo-rom. *cracos ^s\.or\e' (v. Wartburg FEW.
s. v), acymr. creik, cymr. craigi. {*krakT} "rocks', bret. krag^ sandstone ', cymr. crach
"scurf' = bret. (Vannes) krah^ small hill, cusp, peak' {*krak-, *krakk-, perhaps through
metathesis from *kar-k-) etc. basic forms are Proto Indo Germanic "/ra/r- or Indo Germanic
YSy/Zr-s- (ergabe Celtic carr-), respectively *kar-k-, also zweidentig Italian-venezian.
(Venetic) scaranto, caranto^ stony mountain brook ' and Venetic PN Scarantia> Scharnitz
(Tirol), Ca/'a/7/a/7/5"Carinthia, region in southern Austria', etc.;

likewise Germanic *har(u)gaz^ cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of
some kind, sacrificial altar ' in Old Norse hgrgr^ cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial
or mark of some kind ', Old English heargm. " heathenish temple'. Old High German harg
' grove, temple' (Finnish loanword karko^ woodpile, pile, stack ', /7a/'/r/rc» 'clump, heap'),
perhaps also to Old Irish cymr. bret. co/77 'stone hill, stone grave ', and Old High German
hart^ mountain forest ', Old English harad, -edds.; barely here as 'woodlander, forest-
dweller ' the Old Germanic VN Xapou5£c;, Harudes, Old English Hseredas, Old Icelandic
Hgrdar, rather to Old Irish caur, cur' hero ' ( *karut-s).

References: WP. I 30f., 345f., WH. I 8, 151, 166, 168, Loth RC 43, 401 f., Thurneysen KZ.
48, 71; 59, 7 Anm., Much Hoops Reallex. s. v. Harudes.
Page(s): 531-532

Root / lemma: kars-

Meaning: to scratch, rub

Material: Old Indie kasati' rubs, scrapes, scratches ' (Middle Indie from *krsat}), unclear

/rasaya- 'tangy, bitter, sharp' etc. (also kustha-n. ' leprosy ', Middle Indie from *krstha-'7)\

Latin carro, ere '(wool) krampein', card u us' \h\sWe' (due to from *carridus' grating,
scraping, coarse ');

Maybe alb. {*koro) kore: russ. kor6sta'scab\

Lithuanian karsiu, karsf/" comb, curry, krampein', Latvian karsu, karst'\NOo\ comb';

Old Bulgarian krasta {*kor-sta), russ. korostat, Serbo-Croatian krasta' scabies, crust,
scab, eschar';

Middle Low German harsV rake ', probably also Middle Low German Modern High
German harsch 'bard, rough'. Modern High German verharschen' form hard crust over a
wound ', Dialectal harsch' snowy crust ', Middle High German harsten, verharsten'
become rough, hard '; with Germanic ablaut neologism and aniaut. 5- from the root sker-
here also andd. o/fe/re/ra/7 intense Verb ' scrub, scrape ', Old High German scerran. Middle
High German scherren\v\\.ev\se Verb 'scratch, scrape', intensive formation *skarzdn\n
Norwegian skarra' produce a scratching sound ', Middle Low German Middle High
German scharren' scrape, scratch', Swedish skorra. Middle Low German schurren' give a
scratching sound '.

Maybe alb. {*schurren) shkurre 'thorny bush'

The root vowel is a; the the intonation difference between Lithuanian and Slavic still
remains to be explained.

References: WP. I 355 f., WH. I 173 f., Trautmann 118 f.
Page(s): 532-533

Root / lemma: kat-1

Meaning: to link or weave together; chain, net

Material: Latin catena^ chain ' {*cates-na), cassis, -/s' a hunting-net, snare, net' (because

of catena rather = *kaf-s-/s as *kat-ti-s, perhaps also casa "primitive cottage' (originally

from easy netting; probably dial, from *catia, as Oscan Bansaeirom Bantiae);

perhaps here catervai. "heap, troop, multitude, crowd' {*kates-oua), Umbrian kateramu,
caterahamo^ catervamini, congregamini ', yet see below under ket-1.

cymr. cader^ ioriress' (only in PN), Old Irish cathir^\.a\Nr\, city';

perhaps Old Icelandic haddai. "ring, handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by
the hand, hanger' {*hat^iPdn: catena, rightly doubtful), probably Old English headorr\. "
confinement, jail ';

Church Slavic kotbcb "cella, nest', russ. kotyP\. " fish weir ', Serbo-Croatian kot, (dial.)
kdtac^ small stall'; dial, "kind of fishing' etc. and Bulgarian kotara, kotora, kotor^ hurdle ',
Serbo-Croatian kdtarler\ce' , kotar' region, area, limit, boundary' ("*from fence '), sloven.
kotar^ district, region, area ' (see Berneker386, 588);

Maybe alb. kotec^ceW, nest' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 338, WH. I 175 ff., 181 f.
Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: kat-2

Meaning: to bear young; animal cub

Material: Latin catulus^ a young of an animal, esp. a whelp, puppy [animal-young, esp.

young dog or cat]', Umbrian katel. Gen. katles^ catulus ';

Maybe alb. kotele "young cat' .

Old Icelandic hadnai. "young goat'. Middle High German hatele. Modern High German-
Swiss hat/e' goat';

Slavic kot/t/ s^ {russ. kot/tbsja etc.) "kitten, give birtli to kittens ', dial, kotbka lamb',
Serbo-Croatian /ro/' brood', poln. wy-kot'young goat, kid' etc. (see Berneker589 f.).

References: WT. I 338 f., WH. 1183.
Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: kau-/-, ku-l-

Meaning: hollow; bone

Material: Gr. KauA6(; m. ' stalk; quill, shaft'; Latin caulis {colis, caulus) " the stalk or stem of

a plant'; Middle Irish ci/a///e 'picket, pole' {* kaulTnJo); Lithuanian kau/asm. "bone' (glottal

stop secondary), Latvian kau/s' stalk, bone'. Old Prussian cau/ann. "bone, leg'.

zero grade: Old Indie ku/yamn. "bone', ku/yat "stream, brook, ditch, trench, channel,
canal'; Old Norse ho/r'hoWow', Old High German Old English ho/ds., Gothic ushulon
"hollow out'.

References: WP. I 332, WH. I 188 f., Trautmann 122; compare under 2. keu-.
Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: kaus-

Meaning: to draw lots

Material: Gr. Kauvo(; "lot, fate' (*Kaua-vo(;); Church Slavic k-bSb m. "lot, fate'; kbs/t/s^'

draw lots for ', prekbsiti^ gain in dice game '.

References: WP. I 332, Berneker 672.

Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: kau-

Meaning: to put down, discourage

Material: Gr. kquvoc; kqkoc; (oKAripoq, in latter meaning to Koiu), Schuize KZ. 29 270 Anm.

1) Hes. and Koupog (or KaOpog) KaK6(;, also Kouapov kqkov Hes.;

Gothic haunslow, humble' {haunjan^ abase, degrade'). Old High German honi^
despised, woeful, wretched, miserable, low' {honen^yMy, scold, scoff). Old English hean
"low, woeful, wretched, miserable, pitiful ' {hynan WWiy, scold'). Old High German honida.
Old Saxon honda^ shame'. Old Frisian hanethe^ accusation ', Old High German hona^
derision, ridicule';

Old Norse had {*hawil=>a-) n. " derision ', Middle High German huren^ cower, cringe';

Latvian kaunsm. "disgrace, shame, shame, the genitals', kaunet/es' be ashamed, be
stupid ', kaunfgs^ shamefaced, shy, bashful, stupid ';

Lithuanian kuviuos, kuvetis^ be ashamed'.

References: WP. I 330, Feist 249 f., Trautmann 122.
Page(s): 535

Root / lemma: kad-

Meaning: to harm, rob, chase

Material: Old Indie kadana-v\. " annihilation ', ca/rao'a (doubtful, if not cakara?) kadanam^

have arranged destruction ';

gr. hom. K£Ka5u)v " causing deprivation ', Fut. K£Ka5r|a£i " will rob ', KSKoSnaai pAanjai,
KaKwaai, aTspnaai Hes., in medial-pass, meaning hom. K£Ka5ovto 'caused to retire ',
£K£Kri5£i (Konjektur) un£(K£)xu)pnK£i Hes., anoKa5£U) aa9£V£U) Hes.; KoSupoq Kanpoq
avopxii; Hes.

References: WP. I 341, WH. I 128; compare under kad-.
Page(s):516

Root / lemma: kai-d-4, kai-t-

Meaning: " bright, radiant '

See also: see below (s)kai-d-, (s)kai-t-.

Page(s):519

Root / lemma: kai-3, kf-

Meaning: heat

Material: Old High German /7e/"arid', giheiu. "heat, aridity ', arhe/gefun' withered, wilted ',

Gothic Dat. PI. haizam^ the torches ' (es-stem *haj-iz-).

With -fltextension: Old High German heiz. Old Saxon het. Old English hat. Old Icelandic
/?©/]/'/' 'hot' (whereof Old High German Modern High German heizen. Old English hsetan.
Old Icelandic he/ta6s.); Gothic he/tot "fever'; Old High German h/zza' heat', {*hitjd) Old
Saxon hittia. Old English hitti.. Old Icelandic M/m. ds.

With -/-extension: Lithuanian kaistu, kaitau, kaTstT become hot ', kaitra^ fire glow, fire
heat ', kaitrus' giving heat ', prakaitasru. ' Schweifl ', Latvian kaistu, kaitu, kaist^ become
hot, burn' , figurative Latvian kaTtinat^auQer, stir, tease, irritate' (/ra/Te "damage, affliction.

disability, plague', compare Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 135), Old Prussian ankaitTtaT
Angefochtene ';

Old Icelandic hass {* ha/rsa- ^rom *hais-ra-). Old English has{*haisa-), engl. hoarse
(from Middle English hds+ coarse). Old Saxon hes. Old High German /7e/5/" hoarse'
(unclear is, whether here from *k/rsem a\b. kirrem^ become hoarse '?).

References: WP. I 326 f., Trautmann 113.
Page(s):519

Root / lemma: kai-t-

Meaning: " light, illuminated, pale, bright '
See also: see below under skai-t-
Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: kak-

Meaning: to croak

Material: Old Indie kaka-m. "crow', kakala-, kakola-vn. raven'; Latvian Aa/r'/5 "jackdaw'

(also Old Prussian koce6s., if so to change after kote); to Latvian FIN Kak'upe, Lithuanian

FIN Kakup/s {compare KaKunapK;, FIN in Sicily?)? Different about the Baltic words

Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 190.

References: WP. I 335.

Page(s): 521

Root / lemma: ka/-3{kd/-7)

Meaning: prison

Material: Old Indie kara^ jail '; Lithuanian ka//u, ka/et/" sit in jail ', kaline, kalejimas' jail ',

/ra///7j7s "captive'.

References: WP. I 356.

Page(s): 524

Root / lemma: kam-

Meaning: " lust, desire, crave; seek after, look for '

See also: see above S. 515 ka-.

Page(s): 525

Root / lemma: kapha- or Ropho-
Meaning: hoof, *claw, nail

Note:

Root / lemma: kapho-ox Ropho-: hoof, *claw, nail' derived from Root/ lemma: Reub-

thorn'

Material: Old Indie sapha- m. "hoof, claw, nail ', Avestan safa- m. "hoof of the horse';

Old Icelandic hofr. Old English hof. Old High German huofhooV.

References: WP. I 346, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 253.
Page(s): 530

Root / lemma: kapo-

Meaning: things that float in water

Material: Old Indie sapa-m. " was flieflendes Wasser mit sich fuhrt, Trift, Geflofttes ',
sapeta-m. " washed ashore reed '; Lithuanian sapai^ scattered stalks, remains which an
inundation on the fields leaves behind ', sapas' stem, straw, bough'.
References: WP. I 345, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 27.
Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kap-, kap-

Meaning: a piece of land

Material: Gr. Kpnoc;, Doric kc(tto(; "garden', Hes. Konuc; Kpnoc; (Cretan " uncultivated small

area of land', s. Gl. 3, 303); Old High German huoba. Old Saxon hoba^ a piece of land ',

Modern High German Hufe, Hube, alb. /royos/?/© "garden'.

References: WP. I 345, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 27, places here Old High German

habaro etc. " oat '.

See also: S. under under kapro-

Page(s): 529

Root / lemma: kar-
Meaning: wax

Material: Gr. kx\^6q, " wax ', Kripiov "honeycomb, a cutaneous disease', although Doric
Kap6(; can be secure enough, out of Ion. -Attic are loanwords from this dialect group, Latin
cera as gr. loanword;

Lithuanian korys^ honeycomb, honeycomb of the bees'.

In -dh- extention:

Maybe {*kro-dh^ krodbe'beehWe'.

Latvian karesHom. PI. ds.;

poln. skarzyk'the thrust in tlie beehive'.

References: WP. I 355, WH. I 202, Specht Indo Germanic Del<l. 52.
Page(s): 532

Root / lemma: kau(a)la : kula

Meaning: abscess, boil

Material: Gr. Ionian KriAri, Attic KoAri "swelling, lump, growth, esp. a tumor', poupojvoKnAri

"hernia'; KaAa^si OYKOurai. Axaioi Hes., KaAaija o^koq, Hes. (Ionian Kv\kr\ from *mV-zK-a,

Attic ach. KaA-r|, -a from KaF-sA-a?);

Old Norse haull. Old English heala. Old High German holai. "hernia' {*kau[9]la, at most
*kau[9]la)\

zero grade Church Slavic Ay/5"ds.'; russ. k/7a'6s.; knag in a tree', serb. k/7a6s.;
Lithuanian dial, ku/ei. " hunch, outgrowth, knag'.

References: WP. I 333, Trautmann 144.
Page(s): 536-537

Root / lemma: kau- kau-
Meaning: to hit, cut

Material: Latin (with present formation d) cudo, -ere^hW, knock, stomp, stamp ' (probably
for *cauddaf[e'c many frequent compounds; compare) caudex, codex' The trunk of a tree,
the stock, stem. The block of wood to which one was bound for punishment, A block of
wood split or sawn into planks, leaves or tablets and fastened together, (Since the
ancients orig. wrote upon tablets of wood smeared with wax.) A book, a writing (its leaves
were not, like the volumina, rolled within one another, but, like those of our books, lay over
one another, A code of laws ', codicillus " logwood ', caudica " barge made from a tree
truck ', incus, -udisi. " anvil '; Tocharian A /ro/-, B kaut- "split';

Maybe Italian incudine : Basque ingude : Calabrese 'ncudina : Polish kowadfo : Sicilian
'ncunia: alb. {*incudis) kudher' anvil', nasalized thunder' hoof (which the smith shoes, fits
a horse with horseshoes)', thua' nail'?.

Old High German houwan{hTo), Old English heawan{heov\/). Old Icelandic hgggua {hid)
"hew, hit (blow)' (in addition as "the hitting ' Gothic etc. hawi'haY);

Lithuanian kauju, koviau, kauti {*kauid) "Init, forge; figlit', /roi/^'figlit, struggle', Latvian
nud-kaut^s\a)/, kill', /rai/a'blow, knock, layer' {*kau-), Lithuanian /r^/5 "hammer' = Old
Prussian cug/s6s. (Old Bulgarian kyjb ds.; Lithuanian kugis\s reshaped from kujisaiiex
kugis^ haycock, haystack ');

Old Bulgarian /roi/p (later Church Slavic kuj(^ kovati^ forge ' (= Old High German
houwu), Serb. kujem{6\a\. kovem) kovatT forge, stamp; shoe, fit a horse with horseshoes
', Church Slavic kyjb "hammer' {*ku-Jo-), russ. kuznt " smith's work ', zero grade Old
Bulgarian kbznb "shrewdness' ("forge a conspiracy') etc.; Tocharian A ko, B kau- "slay'.

Maybe alb. {* pod' under '-kovajpatkua, Czech podkova, Hungarian patko, Polish
podkowa, Romanian /Jo/coaKa "horseshoe', alb. /roi/ap "smith' Slavic loanwords.

References: WP. I 330 f., WH. I 186, 300 f., Trautmann 123.
Page(s): 535

Root / lemma: kau- keu-, ku-

Meaning: to howl

Note: onomatopoeic words, partly with aniaut. k partly with k.

Material: Old Indie /rai/// "shouts, howls', Intens. kokuyate' shouts, sounds, sighs '

(Gramm.), koka- m. "owl, dog'? (" shouting; howling '); kokila- "cuckoo';

Armenian k'uk'^ sighing, groaning ' (: Lithuanian kaukti, Meillet Msl. 12, 214; the non-
conversion of 2. k\.o s after ^is not an objection in onomatopoeic words);

gr. k(jo-ku-w "cry, lament ' (dissim. from *kO-ku-(jo), KWKOpia " lamentation '; kquq^, -tKoc,,
Ionian -r|^, hom. kh^, -koc; f., Kpu^, -UKoq "a kind of gull'; with fractured reduplication (as Old
Indie koka-, Lithuanian kaukti, saukti, Slavic kukat/etc.) KauKoAiai;, KauKiaAo(;, KauKiaAr|<;
bird name (Hes.);

but mcymr. cuan, cymr. cwan, abret. couann, nbret. kaouan, dial, cavan, kohan, kouhen
ds. (Ernault RC 36, 206^) are probably onomatopoeic neologisms;

Latin (gall.) cavannus' a night-owl, an owl ' (Anthol. Latin); (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Old High German huwo "owl ', huwila, hiuwula " a night-owl, an owl ', Old High German
hiuwilon' jubilate ', Middle High German hiuwein, /7/i//e/7"howl, cry'. Middle Low German
hulen. Middle English hulen, engl. howf.

Lithuanian (see above) kaukiu, kaukti, Latvian kaukt'ho\N\, of dogs or wolves ',
Lithuanian sukukt/'ds., start howling', kaukale^a kind of water bird ', Latvian kauka
"whirlwind';

Lithuanian k6vasv(\. "jackdaw', k6va\. " rook, black European bird of the crow family '
( *kaua = poln. kawa);

russ. kavkalrog', dial, "jackdaw', kavatb " cough intensely ', kir. (etc.) /rai//ra "jackdaw',
kavcaty' screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell '; ablaut. {*keu-) Bulgarian
cavka, serb. cavka, Czech cavka "jackdaw';

Maybe alb. gafka'heron' a Slavic loanword.

Old Church Slavic kuja-jg, -//"murmur'; russ. kukatb "murmur, mutter, mumble ', serb.
/r/y/ra//" lament' etc.

Maybe alb. kuja^ lamentation ' a Slavic loanword.

With -b-, -t(h)o-\ Old Indie kukkubha-rr\. "wild rooster, cock, pheasant', gr. KOUKOU(pa(; "
hoopoe' (late, barely genuine gr.); onomatopoeic words are: KiKupO(; probably " a night-
owl, an owl ' (besides KiKKapn. KiKupo(; (out of it Latin cicuma), K\K\j\nc, ds., KiKKOpau " cry
in imitation of the screech-owl's note '), Latin cucubio, -/?e "of scream of an owl' (Thomas
Stud. 39 takes the filling hiatus tS)\ also t^H)- suffix ' of the aforementioned ones could
have arisen like that.

With -g-\ Old Indie kujati^ growls, hums, murmurs'; Norwegian hauke^ howl, call, shout,
cry'.

Maybe alb. kujit^ growl', kujai. "lament'.

With -/7-;Gothic /7/i//&/7 "lament'. Old Norse hjufrads.. Old English heofands.. Old Saxon
hiovan. Old High German/7/c»/&/7, hiobands.

With -r-\ Old Indie cakora- m. "a kind of partridge, game bird '; Latin caurJre "cry, of
panther in heat '; Old Church Slavic kun, "rooster, cock'. Church Slavic /r^/7ica"hen';

With aniaut. palatal:

Old Indie 5i//ra-m. "parrot'; Armenian sa^ "goose ' {*kaua) = Old Church Slavic sova
"owl ' (: Celtic cavannus); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian saukiu, saukti^cvj.

loud call, shout, cry, name'; russ. sycb " midget owl, sparrow owl ', Czech syc'owl ' {*Ruk-
ti-)\ doubtful Old Church Slavic 5^/r7b 'noise' {*Reu-mo-sl Brugmann l|2 1, 247).

Maybe alb. zhurme^'r\d\se' a Slavic loanword.

compare Suolahti Dt. bird name 185 (here about the neologism Old High German kaha
"jackdaw' etc.; compare Lithuanian kovaseic. ds.).

References: WP. I 331 f., WH. I 184, 190, 298, Trautmann 122.
Page(s): 535-536

Root / lemma: ka-
Meaning: to like, wish

Material: Old Indie kayamana-^ having with pleasure ' {a-kay/ya-' desirable ' with from this
Jo-present carried-y-), Perf. cakS^ take pleasure in, love, long for ', -kaf/- (in compound) "
demanding, requiring '; Avestan ka-'\ong, want' {kaya^. Sg., kata-, cakuse);

-/770stem Old Indie kama-m. " lust, wish, love', Avestan Old pers. kama- m. 'desire,
wish';

Note:

-/77-stem is of Greek lllyrian origin.

kam-\v\ Old Indie kamayati, particle Perf. Med. cakamana-, /r5/77/'a- 'charming, beautiful',
kamana-^ eager, avid, lascivious '; Lithuanian kamaros^\us\., desire' and Latvian kamet
'starve'.

no-stem: Latin cams 'dear, worth, precious (also of price)'; Gothic hors {* hora-) '
adulterer, Hurer', Old Icelandic horrds., horn. ' wooing, lubricity ', Old English horn, ds..
Old High German huorn. ds.. Old High German huora {and huorrairom *hdridn-) ' whore ',
Old English hore. Old Icelandic hora- {*hdrdn-) ds.; Latvian kars^ lascivious, covetous '
{karudt^\us\, crave, long, want');

reduced grade gall. Carant-us, -/7/us etc., abrit. Carant-Tnus, -orius. Old Irish caraim
'love', ca^ae 'friend'; cymr. corn. bret. ca^'friend' {*k9-rant-s), cymr. carar\ love'; about
(gall.?) caris(s)as. WH. I 169; Tocharian Akk. Sg. A krant, B krent'goo6' (= Celtic carant-).

Based on Aryan kan-{0\6 Indie Perf. cakana, Aor. akanisam, Avestan cakana), can-
(Old Indie canistam; Old Indie canas-n. ' pleasure, satisfaction', Avestan canah-, cinah-

'desire, demand') " be given satisfaction, find pleasure ', Avestan cinman-r\. " lust, strive '
in a Indo Germanic -{e)nes- stem k-e-nes-1 The forms cani-, kani- can also be secondary
as kami-syate, -tar- besides kama- (if Stokes KZ. 40, 246 has rightly compared Middle
Irish cin. Gen. cenalove, affection ' as *kenu-, would be assessed k-en- : ka-as ks-en- :
kes-).

Old Indie cam- 'pleasant, welcome, mellifluous', cayamana-^ covetous ', nicayya- (is.,
cayu-^ yearning', with previously Indie replacement from /rthrough c after the concurrent
from Aa/7-and can- {see above).

References: WP. I 325 f., WH. I 169, 175, 885, 886, Pedersen Tocharian 109, 234.
Page(s): 515

Root / lemma: ka, ke, kom

Meaning: a kind of particle (all right?)

Material: Old Indie kam behind dative from Personen (as Dat. commodi; so also once

Avestan k^m) and from abstract (as final dative), also in Imper., after the particles nu, su,

hi, and in indik. main clause;

Old Church Slavic k-b(n)^\\\\ Dat. "to'.

Nasallos gr. kq, ke (kev could have v ecpeAkugtikov) perhaps 'probably', modal particle,
Slavic -ka{-ko, -ku, -ki, -kiD, -ce, -ci, -cu), affixture particle esp. by Pron., through Imper.
and through Adv., also probably ko- as preposition in Verbal- and nominal compound (e.g.
russ. k6-voroti3 ' cervical vertebra, nape ');

Lithuanian -A/(perhaps originally kd), -/rin Imper. (e.g. duoki, -/r" give !').

References: WP. I 326, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 568, Trautmann 111f.
Page(s): 515-516

Root / lemma: ked-

Meaning: to smoke, fume

Material: Old Indie kadru- ^bro\Nn\ perhaps also kadamba-m. " Nauelea cadamba, a tree

with orange flowers ' and kadamba- m. ' a kind of goose with dark grey wings ';

Old Church Slavic kadilo^ incense ', kaditT fume ', russ. dao^'haze, mist', serb. cad^ be
dark, gloomy, misty ', caditi^ become sooty ' (etc., s. Berneker 133, 467), perhaps Old
Prussian accodis ( *at-codis) ' Rauchloch, durch das der Rauch herauszieht ';

These are placed as " Raucnernolzer ' (?):

gr. K£5po(; " juniper; later: Pinus cedrus', K£5pi(; " juniper berry; fruit of cedar '; Lithuanian
kadagys. Old Prussian kadegis^ juniper' (borrowed from Estonian kadakasl).

Maybe alb. keder^ cedar ' a Greek loanword?.

References: WP. I 384 f., Trautmann 112, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 147.
Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: keg- keng- and kek-, kenk-

Meaning: hook, grappling hook, handle

Note: compare das similar Rak-, Rank-, and Renk-, Ronk-

Material: Npers. cang^ claw, nail, fist' {*kengo-)\

Middle Irish ail-chengi. " rake, weapon rack ' (: Lithuanian kenge, see below);

Germanic *hakan-, *hdka-, *hekan-rc\. "hook' in: Old Icelandic PN Hakim, 'hook', haka
f. 'chin'. Old English haca rw. 'bar, bolt', haeccei. ' crosier, crozier, bishop's staff; Old
Icelandic hakrm. ' Frechling ', Old High German hako, haggo'hook', Old English hocm.
'hook'. Middle Low German hok, hukvc\. ' angle, point, edge, foreland, promontory ', Old
Icelandic h0kjai. {*hdkidn-) ' crutch ', h0kill rr\. ' Hinterbug '; with intensive Gemination:
Old English haccian^hackevi , Middle Low German, Middle High German hacken ds., and
the/verbs: Old English ofhaeccan^ cut off. Old High German hecchen^bWe, prick'. Middle
High German hecken'\r\e\N, hit, prick'; nasalized Middle Low German hank' handle, part of
an object designed to be gripped by the hand ' (out of it Old Icelandic hgnkxu., hankii. '
handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the hand '), Dutch honk. East Frisian
/7^/7/r' picket, pole, jamb ';

Germanic *hakildi. ' hackle, heckle ' (from crooked iron teeth) in: asachs. hekilon'
hechelql', engl. hatchel. Middle High German hecher hackle, heckle ', Norwegian hekia'
hackle, heckle, stubble, bristle ';

Germanic *hakuda-xr\. ' pike ' (after den spitzen teeth) in Old English hacod, *hakida\v\
Old English hacidxw.. Old High German hachit, hechit. Middle Low German hekeV pike ';

Lithuanian kenget 'hook, handle ';

Slavic *kog'btb m. in russ. kogotb ' claw, nail, crooked iron point ', Upper Serbian kocht
'thorn, sting, prick' (: Germanic *hakuda-);

Maybe alb. {*k6gotb) kthetra' claw, nail', kthej^ bend, make crooked ' common alb. -g- > -
th-, -dh-.

perhaps here, " hang on a hook, scratch, irritate as with a hook ' : Bulgarian kach,
kac(u)vam' elevate, raise, hang ', za-kact, -kacam' hang, catch, banter', serb. zakac/t/"
hook, hang ', sloven, kac/t/" banter, anger' (Berneker465 f.).

Maybe alb. kacavirrem^ clamber, scramble, climb up, cling ' a Bulgarian loanword.

References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307, Trautmann 112, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 182 f.,
Petersson, Heterokl. 91 f.; Stokes BB. 25, 252.
Page(s): 537-538

Root / lemma: keid-

Meaning: to fall

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Cymr. cwyddo, di-gwyddo^iaW, happen, occur', cwydd^iaW, bret. koezaffiaW, di-

gouezouV happen, occur';

Old Icelandic hitta a^ hit, strike, hurt, meet, encounter', hitta'i^ get involved into, get
into ', dan. hitte paa^ auf etwas verfallen ', Swedish M/a 'find'. Middle English (from Nord.)
hittan^ hit on something, find', engl. M(originally " fall on something, go down, deteriorate
'?).

References: WP. I 364.
Page(s): 542

Root / lemma: keis-
Meaning: arm; thigh
Material: Old Indie kisku- ' forearm ';

Dutch hijse, hijsi. ' muscle, fillet, slice of boneless meat or fish, joint', limb, hies^
popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ';

Lithuanian kis-ka^ popliteus '; Latvian cis-ka^ thigh, hip, haunch'.

References: WP. I 365, E. Lewy PBrB. 32, 140.
Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: keku-

Meaning: a kind of stick or cudgel

Material: Avestan cakus- n. " throw hammer, throw ax ', npers. da/ri/s "hammer';

Old Prussian queke^ stick ', i.e. " firs or spruces branch as a fence stick ', Latvian caka
"cudgel, club with knag as handle, grasp'; compare but MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D.
Wb. 1401.

References: WP. I 381.
Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: keR-

Meaning: weasel

Material: Old Indie kasa-x^. kasTka\. "a kind of of rodent animal, weasel'; but with aniaut.

Pal. Lithuanian ses/ras "polecat', Latvian ses/rs ds.

Different about Lithuanian ses/ras W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 630.

References: WP. I 381.

Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: kelg-

Meaning: to wind; windings, intrigue

Material: Middle Irish celg\. "artifice, betrayal ' (out of it cymr. celg^ hiding place, cover');

Armenian keick'^ hypocrisy ';

changing through ablaut Old English hylc^ curvature, convolution ' and Slavic *c'blgati\'r\
poln. czoigacsig^ grovel, truckle, creep, glide, slide, drag onself on '.

References: WP. I 447.
Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: kel-1, kela-

Meaning: to tower, be high; hill; *projection, protrusion

Material: Gr. koA(jov6(;, KoAcbvri "hill', KoAocpcbv m. " acme, apex, cusp, peak' instead of

*KoAacpu)v due to an *koln-b^o-s)\

Latin ante-, ex-, prae-cello, -ere " jut, project, protrude, stick out ' ( *cel-d-dW\Vc\ present
formation -d-), participle ce/5^5 "high'; cc»///s "hill' {*kln-is or * koln-is); columen, culmen' the
top, summit, roof, gable ' (*/re/c»/77/7 "elevation'), columna^ a column, pillar, post ' {*kelomna
" the rising ');

Maybe alb. {*culmen) ku/m'ndge, peak' a Latin loanword.

Maybe Italian collina: French colline^ hill' > alb. kodrina^ small hill', kodra^ hill' common
Calabrese Albanian -//-> -o'o'- similar to changes in Latin axilla; ala; ascllla; ascella : Italian
ascella : Spanish axial: French aisselle : Calabrese ma-scidda; sciddra; titiddra; titilla :
Albanian Geg sqetlla, Tosc sqetuir armpit ', common Calabrese -//-> -dd-: Sardinian -//-> -
dd-. [see ages-, aRs' (fulcrum, pivot:) axis - shoulder ': from Root / lemma: ag-{*heg-): " to
lead '].

Middle Irish coll' head, guide, leader' {*kolnos)\ gall, celicnon 'tower' (out of it Gothic
kelikn' tower, upper room, upper chamber, loft, upstairs room ');

gallorom. calma' desolate land ' is probably pre-Celtic;

Old English hyllm. f., engl. M/'hill' {*hulnis, Indo Germanic *klnisy, Old Saxon holm
'hill'. Modern High German Holm, Old English /70//77 'island, sea wave, (high) sea'. Old
Icelandic holmr, /70//77/ "small island' {*k!mo-)\

Maybe alb. kolme lat, big'.

Lithuanian keliu, keiti {heavy basis) ' lift, raise, heave, weigh up, advance, further,
aggrandize, arouse, wake, awake, rouse, open, shut, ferry, arrange, make up, excite,
create, stir', Latvian celt'heave, life', Lithuanian iskeltas ' con\/ex, elevated'.

Note:

adjective prefix /-, e- common alb. Lithuanian.

Lithuanian kalnas, Latvian ^57/75 "mountain', compare Lithuanian kalvaf. " small hill',
Latvian kalva'h\\\, river island'; in addition Lithuanian kilti' rise, ascend, climb', iskilus
"high'.

Note:

adjective prefix /-, e- common alb. Lithuanian.

Lithuanian kilme\. " lineage, gender, sex', kiltisav\6 kiltist, Latvian c/7/sf. "gender, sex';
Latvian kalat " lever'; Lithuanian kelnasm. " ferry, barge', Lithuanian keltai., kelfasm. =
kelfuvasm. " ferry '; Latvian celtavai. "small ferry ';

Slavic *cb/nbm. in Serbo-Croatian cun {Gen. cuna), "barge', Czech clun, russ. coin
"boat, Weberschifflein ';

Old Bulgarian ce/o "forehead", russ. Je/d "forehead, head, cusp, peak' etc., russ. -Church
Slavic celesbn-b " that is taken before other things, particular, peculiar, especial, special,
chief, principal, excellent ' (originally -es-stem).

References: WP. I 433 ff., WH. I 197, 245, 249 f., 855, Trautmann 125 f.
Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: kel-2

Meaning: to stick; sting

Material: Old Indie katamba-m. "arrow' ( *kol-to-)\

Middle Irish cuilenn, cymr. celyn, corn, kelin, m. bret. que/enn'hoWy, mouse thorn, forest
thistle ' (Celtic *kolino-)\

Maybe alb. Geg kallini, Tosc kalliri^ ear of corn ' = (Celtic *kolino-).

Old High German hulls, huls6s.. Modern High German Hulst, Middle Dutch Middle Low
German huls ds. (Dutch hulst), Old English hole{g)n, engl. holly av\6 holm-oak. Middle
English also hulvlr. Old Norse hulfr ds.;

Old Church Slavic klasb " ear of corn ' (" the piercing '), russ. kdlos= alb. kallds., kashte
{*kallshte), Jokl IF. 36, 124, 'straw, chaff (-s^forms then as in huls);

alb. (Jokl IF. 37, 95) re-kuair iWisWe' {*per-ker incision, wound, sting, prick').

^/7)-extension in Middle Irish co/g "sword, awn the barley, sting, prick', acymr. colginn^
the top of an ear, beard of corn ', ncymr. cola^a^u', cc»/"cusp, peak, awn', co/y/? "sting,
prick', cal, cala, ca/y "penis', bret. kalc'hds.

Maybe alb. {*kali) karl: Kurdish (KurmancT): kirru, xlrrru, Kurdish (SoranT): ker^ penis'.

On grounds of Celtic forms take Meillet MSL. 14, 374, Kretschmer KZ. 38, lOOf. also an
equal meaning root /r"'e'/- "stick, dig' an: cymr. palu'd'\g', pal corn. bret. yC>5/"spade' (from
Latin pala? certainly doubtful because of Ligurian pa/a "grave', cymr. paladr^ spear shaft;
spear; cane ', also "balk, beam, ray').

ko/-no-s\r\ Old Indie kana-h' durchstochen, being pierced, being poked full of holes,
being perforated, being punctured, like a sieve, like a strainer, one-eyed' {*kolno-; to a

compare Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. I 168) = Old Irish (acymr.?) coir with closed eye, with
one eye closed, one-eyed'. Middle Irish (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated) ^c>//"blind';
changing through ablaut gr. keAAoc; pov6(p9aAMO(; Hes.

Alb. qorr^ blind' : Kurdish: kor' blind' from Turkish kor' blind'.

References: WP. I 435.

See also: s. /reAJand s/re/- "cut, clip'

Page(s): 545

Root / lemma: kel-3, kela-, A/a- extended klad-

Meaning: to hit, cut down

Note: separation from kel- 'prick' and from skel- 'cut, clip' is barely feasible; observed esp.

Slavic *^d///'prick' = Baltic kalti'hW:.

Material: Gr. kzKzoq, {*kzKzV6(^) ' green woodpecker ' (as 5puKoAanTr|<;); keAsk; a^ivr) Hes.;

KsAoi ' ^uAa ' after Hesee below KzKzoy^ao;, SiKcAAa ' two-pronged fork, hack, mattock, hoe

'; compare OKaAic; 'hack, mattock, hoe' under s/re/- 'cut, clip';K6Aoq 'mutilated, unhorned ',

K6A-oupo(; ' with trimmed tail ', KoAa^u) ' mutilate, hinder; castigate, punish ', koAouoj '

mutilate; hamper '; KoAsipav 'tread, trample on ';

with formants -bo-: koKo^oc, 'mutilate' (compare also the root form *k(e)lemb-)\

with formants -bi^o-.' K6Aacpo(; 'slap in the face, box on the ear, slap in the face ',
therefrom derived KoAanru) 'hew, strike, hoe', from the heavy basis kAqu) 'break' (KAciau),
SKAaaa, auoKkdc,, Kkambc^, kAogk; ' breaking, fracture, bending of the knee joint,
modulation of the voice ', KAaapa 'piece, fragment', KArijja n. 'twig, branch; a vine-twig,
vine-branch, a cutting, slip ', Demin. KAr|MC(Ti<; esp. PI. 'deadwood'; KAppot;, Doric KAapo(;
m. ' lot, casting of lots, drawing of lots, that which is assigned by lot, allotment of land,
piece of land, farm, estate, legacy, inheritance, heritable estate, collect., body of inheritors,
Astrol., certain degrees in the zodiac connected with planets and important in a nativity,
province, sphere ' (= Old Irish alar, cymr. c/awr^board, slab ', bret. k/eur' Gabelbaum am
Wagen ');

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . bret. kleur^ Gabelbaum am Wagen ') : 'lAAupioi , oi, lllyrians,
'lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO^ , li, 6v, lllyrian: -Krj, the region or province
of lllyria, 'lAAupi^O) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:-hence Adv. 'lAAupiori.

gr. kAwv, Khiovoq m. "sprout, shoot, rod', KAibvaKa pap5ov Hes., kAwvo^ Kkdboq Hes.
(close kinship to: Old Icelandic h/unnr' rolling rollers for vehicles ', hlu{m)mr^ the upper
thick part of the oar ' from *hlunma-l) - KAwpa^, -cikoc, m. " cairn, pile of stones set up as a
memorial or mark of some kind, rocks';

Latin ca/am/tas^ damage' (from *ca/amo-irom *calimo-, Indo Germanic *kele-mo-
"beaten'), in addition incolumis' unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged '; further
from *kel-nd: percello, -culi^ to beat down, throw down, overturn, upset ', se procellere^
throw oneself down ', procellai. " a violent wind, storm, hurricane, tempest ', recello^ to
spring back, fly back, recoil '; not */re/-o'd because of gall. GN Su-ce//us ' good stick ';

Old Irish c/areic. see above S. 545;

Lithuanian ka/u, kaiti, Latvian kalu, kalu, kalt^hW., forge ', Lithuanian pakalas^ scythe
wedge ', prfe-, prei-kalas^ av\y\\, incus'. Old Prussian kalo-peilis' chopping knife, mincer ',
Lithuanian /ra//5S "chisel'. Old Prussian calte^ unit of currency (coin)', i.e. " beaten, struck,
hit = the stamped currency', Lithuanian kalvis' smith ', causative Lithuanian kaldintT allow
to forge ', Latvian kaldftds.; Lithuanian kulili, /r^/// "thrash', Latvian kul'u, kulu, /r^7/"hit,
thrash'; Lithuanian kelmas' stump ', could also be " cut, carved, split';

Maybe alb. kaliV forge' a Slavic loanword.

Old Bulgarian etc. koljg klati^^iuck, slaughter ' (Old Bulgarian also "sacrifice'), russ.
/rc»/d/i> "prick, slaughter; split, hack'; Old Bulgarian /ro/b"peg, plug', russ. koi. Gen. koia^
shaft, picket, pole', ablaut. */rb/b in kir. /rc»/(Gen. ki-a) " canine tooth, sharp tooth, fang ',
sloven. /rf/(Gen. kla); Czech klanice' shaft, pole', poln. kionica^ Seitenholz am Wagen '
(in participle *kolno- being based on klatJ)\ serb. klato "kind of neck yoke for swine ', Czech
klaV stump, clot, chunk, club, cudgel' (= Lithuanian kaltassee above); Church Slavic p/c-
kleju, -/r/e//" germinate', russ. (etc.) A///7 "wedge' (formation as mlin-bio meljg); doubtful
S\ay\c *kolt-Jg, -/t/"\n Old Bulgarian klastg, k/at/t/"rc\ove, shake, bump, poke', russ. kolocu,
ko/ot/f'\r\\t, knock; chatter' etc.; whether in addition zero grade r. koltatbsja^ move, wobble,
sway'?

Maybe alb. koloviV shake, swing ' a Slavic loanword.

fltextension kelad-, klad-:

Gr. KAa5ap6q {*kladeros) "frail, breakable; decrepit, antiquated ', KAaSaaai oeTaai Hes.,
ablaut. KaAa5ia puKavri Hes., Kkdboo, m. "twig, branch', conservative o'-stem *KKdc„ KKdbza\
etc. ds., KAa5u)v, -ovoq Hes. ds., KAaara^u) " dress vines, cut grapevine ';

Latin cladesi. ' injury; damage, mischief, beating ';

Middle irisli c/a/c//m'6'\tc\r\, grub' (witli acf- " pursue, liunt, cliase, fisli, catcli fisli ' etc.),
cymr. claddu, bret. c/aza'dig'. Middle Irish clad, cymr. cladd^6\\.c\\, trench, channel';
lengthened grade cymr. clawdd, corn, c/a^o'" ditch, trench, channel', bret. A/e^z "ditch,
trench, channel, hedge ' {*klado-)\ cymr. c/eddyr sword', bret. /r/eze "sword, blade' {cleddyf
diss, from *cledyd, Celtic *kladjos), Irish claideb\s loanword from Cymr., Latin gladius
"sword' from Celtic;

Middle Irish ca/7/{Gen. caille) "wood, forest', cymr. ce///"wood, forest', corn, kelli^ a tract
of woodland, forest pasture, meadow with shade, grove ' (Celtic *kaldl);

Old Irish cymr. coll, bret. /rc»//"ruin, damage'; Middle Irish cellach^war, fight' and those
related to it Old Icelandic hlldrt "fight, struggle, fight goddess ', Old Saxon Old English hlld
" struggle, war, fight'. Old High German hlltia, M/a "fight, struggle' have Indo Germanic -d^-
and probably as basic meaning "hit, lash out ';

Gothic halts. Old Icelandic haltr. Old English healt. Old High German /75/z"lame' (= Old
Irish coll, basic meaning " broken '), perhaps at first from fragmented limbs;

Old Icelandic Old English holt. Old High German /7o/z"wood, forest' (= KAaSoq), in
addition Old Icelandic hjaltu. " the hilt of a sword ', Old English hiitt ds.. Old High German
helza " the hilt of a sword, haft ', Old Saxon helta " handle in the oar ';

Old Bulgarian klada^ba\k, beam, block', russ. koloda^ chunk of wood, clot, chunk, tree
block, from a chopped piece trunk ' etc.; Church Slavic /r/aoVVo "hammer' (proto Slavic
*klad-: Latin clades).

Labial extension:

klomb(h)o-\n. gr. KAa|jp6(; "mutilated'. Old English laempi-halt, lamp-healt^ lame '
(Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 262); compare Lithuanian klumbas^\axr\e\

References: WP. I 436 ff., WH. I 135 f., 225 f., 691, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130 f.,
262, 322, Trautmann 1 14 f.
Page(s): 545-547

Root / lemma: AeMand kal-
Meaning: a kind of dark/light spot
Note: compare also ker-3ax\(i kers-1.

Material: I. Old Indie kalaijka-xw. " stain, Rost', kalana-v\. " stain, smut', ka/usa-'dkiy,
filthy, black', kalmasa- m. " stain, smut', /ra//77asa- 'varicolored, dappled '; with formants -
ko-: karka- "white', m. " mildew ', karkTvasa^ white cow', karka^ white mare' (Persson
Beitr. 169), kalka-m. 'ordure, filth ', casa- m. "the blaue Holzhaher' {*kel-so-)\

npers. carma^ mildew ', Kurdish ce/777e "white' (: Swiss helm);

gr. KsAaivoq "black', KiAAoq "gray', k\KKoc, " donkey ' and " cicada ' (vowel as in niAv6(;
besides -nzhbc;, -kk- from -Av-?); very probably K6Au|jpO(; ( *ko/u-nib'^os) " diver (bird's kind)
', whereof KoAuppaw " dive ', called from the dark color; here also K\kk-ovpoq " wagtail '
Hes.;

Latin columbai., -usm. " a dove, pigeon ' from *ko/-on-b^o- or *kolu-irb^o-, then
identical with K6AupipO(;; to -mb- from -irb^- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 333;

Modern High German Swiss /7e//77 "weifter stain beim Vieh auf the forehead', helme
"name of a cow with white-mottled head ', Swedish dial, hjalm " white ox or white horse'
(compare to /77-forms Old Indie kalmasa-); probably Middle High German hilwei. "fine fog',
Bavarian geh/'/blog, Herdrauch' {-\/v-\n relationship to i/from Old Indie kalusa-h),
wherefore Old High German huliwa' moisture, dampness, swamp, marsh, bog, mud ',
Middle High German /7j/M/e "puddle, slop, pool, swamp ' stands in ablaut;

here (from the black berries) also Old High German holuntar, ho/antar'e\6er', Old
Swedish hylleAs.; s. Berneker473 m. Lithuanian, the also for russ. /ra///7a "Viburnum
opulus, common snowball ' considers affiliation to kalt (see below).

II. root form kal- : Ara/-(with unclear relationship to kel-):

Gr. Kr|Ai(;, -\boc, (Doric mK\c;) " stain ', Kr|Ai56u) "sully, dirty, soil ', Kr|Arivr| [jsAaiva Hes.,
Kr|Aa(; vscpsAn avuSpoc; Koi x£i|J£pivn t\\xipa Koi ai^, nriq Kara to petojttov ar||J£Tov
£X£iTuAo£i5£(; Hes.;

Latin calidus, callidus {G\.) " warm, hot, fiery, rash, eager, spirited, fierce, impassioned,
vehement, hasty, rash, practised, shrewd, experienced, adroit, dexterous *(from horses)' =
Umbrian kalefuf{buf) " adroit, (oxen)'; Latin calTgoi. "fog, darkness ';

Old Irish caile. Middle Irish gaib " stain ';

Lithuanian kalybas, kalyvas " weiflhalsig ';

Old Church Slavic kali, " dark-coloured, ordure' with the meaning "swamp, marsh,
morass, smudge with ordure '; in addition (after the paint, color) russ. kalfna " Viburnum
opulus, common snowball ', as also sloven. /ra///7a "puddle, slop' and russ. kalu-ga
"morass', /ra/Z/-za "puddle'.

Maybe alb. kaush " cup ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 440 ff., WH. I 139 f., 249, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 118, 140, 1433,
Trautmann 113f., Petersson Heterokl. 146 f.
Page(s): 547-548

Root / lemma: kel-5

Meaning: to drive, force to move quickly

Material: Old Indie kalayati^ floats, carries, perceives, holds ';

alb. Geg qil, sizil. (/©/"bring, bear', shqiltse^ rennin, enzyme used to curdle milk and
produce cheese, active component in rennet (derived from the mucous membrane of the
fourth stomach of young cows), a means of coagulation, a coagulum or coagulator (the
curdled milk in the stomach of a sucking animal, the stomach itself, etc.), rennet or runnet,
(that which holds or binds together) ', probably also kal, kair cause, make happen, bring
about, put, place ' (Jokl IF. 30, 198);

gr. keAAcjo "drive on; land; go ashore (from a boat); arrive on the ground, touch ground '
(present only by Gramm. and in 6-keAAu) trans. " go ashore; run ashore, fail, be
unsuccessful, make unsuccessful, break down, fall through '; otherwise only Aor. Fut.
£K£Aaa, KsAaoj), KsAric;, -nTO(; " rusher, racer (horse); quick-sailing ship'; kAovoc; " intense
movement', kAoveoo " drive tumultuously or in confusion, o be agitated, rush wildly, o be
beaten by the waves ' (compare 9p-6voc;, xp-6vo^; Boisacq s. v. m. Lithuanian); perhaps
(Persson Beitr. 179) koAeTv sAGeTv undKoAsa, KoAia 'kind of dance ' Hes.;

Latin ce/eA "quick, fast, rash, hasty' (as K£Ar|<;), celeber, -bris, -bre^ frequented, much
visited, thronged, crowded, populous, abounding ' {*keleA^lo-, -d'^/f-);

as /-present Gothic haldan^ tend, feed, graze cattle ' (to a-Vok. s. Brugmann IF. 32,
181), Old High German ba/tan ^beware, guard, hold, stop'. Old Saxon haldan. Old English
healdan. Old Icelandic halda. Old Swedish halla {* halt^an) "hold, stop'. Middle Low
German hilde, /7///e"rash, hasty, keen, eager'.

References: WP. I 442 f., WH. I 194f.;

See also: probably identical with kel-6; s. also keleu-^ wander '.
Page(s): 548

Root / lemma: kel-6, k(e)le-, k(e)la-or 1(1-1

Meaning: to call, cry

Material: Old Indie usa-kala-m. 'rooster, cock' ('rii-Kav6(;'), kaladhika-, kalavika-^s., kala-

v/fjka-' sparrow', ka/a- - " leise tonend, undeutlich vernehmbar', ka/aka/a-m. ' bewildered

clamor, noise';

gr. kqAeoj (instead of *KaA(jo) " call, summon, name, rufe herbei' (Aeolic KaAnM')- Futur.
KaAsGU), Attic kqAu), Perf. K£KAr|Ka, kApitoc;; sniKAnoK; "epithet', kAhok; "shout, call,
invitation, subpoena, invitation to court, summoning ', KAr|Tn(;, K(a)AriTwp "Rufer', opiOKAr)
"shout' (to 1. part see below oma-); KiKAnoKU) (or KiKApaKU)) "rufe an, flehe', KAn'i'^u), kApi^co
"name' (*KAr|-F£-(;-i^u)?); zero grade K£A(a)- in KsAofjai "treibe an (through shout)', hom.
Aor. (£)k£kA£to, Doric k£vto = (£)k£Ato; [about k£A£uu) see below kleu-]; K£Aapu^u)
"rausche, riesle (water)', keAojp cpcjovrj Hes.; extension KzKaboc, " din, fuss, noise',
K£Aa5u)v, K£Aa5£iv6(; " roaring ', K£Aa5£U) " sound as flowing; shout aloud, of various cries,
e.g. of a new-born babe, sing of, celebrate loudly ';

Umbrian karitu, kafetu, carsitu^ to call together, summon, convoke, drive to, move up,
bring along, force towards ' {*kaletdd);

the fact that a corresponding Latin *caled has stood once in the proclamation formula of the
calendar data Dies te quinque, respectively septem, calo, luno Cove//a ar\d ca/encfae'\he
erste day of month ' would be named from this exclamation, is probable (Salonius Z. rom.
Dat. 1 ff.);

Latin ca/o, -a/ie "exclamation, to call together, summon, convoke ' (: Latvian kaluot),
calator^ a servant for calling, etc., a crier ', nomen-clator^ one who calls by name, a
monitor ' (back formation from nomen calare), calabra {curia) " Curia Calabra, a court,
curia so called from the proclamation of the dates which was there made ', perhaps
conciiium^ a meeting, rendezvous ' {*c6n-caiiom), con-ciiiare ^ur\\te, connect, gain etc.',
clamo, -are 'caW, shout, cry' (compare Old High German ii/amon etc.), ciamor' scream',
c/a/Y/s"lauttonend, fernhin resounding; illustrious; clear, bright', Umbrian angiarHom. PI.,
ang/af Akk. PI. "oscines' {*an-k/a 'av\s inclamans'); Latin c/as5/s "Aufgebot: army, fleet;
class, dividing off, partitioning off {*kiacf-ti-: Kikaboq?);

Maybe alb. Geg k/a, Tosc qanj, qaj" cry, scream '.

Old Irish cailech, ogam Gen. caliaci, cymr. ceiliog, corn. che//oc' rooster, cock'
{*ka//akos);

Old English hlowan^ roar, cry out, resound ', Old High German (h)ldian, {h)luoen.
Middle High German luejen^roar, bellow'; Old English /7/e/5/7 'grunt'; Old High German
hluoticla^ a barking '; with lengthened grade the first syllable Old High German /7e/'loud,
sounding ' (Modern High German /7e//' gleaming'), hellan^ resonate'. Middle High German
har echo, clangor'. Old Norse hjala^ babble, chatter', hjalr\. 'gossip', hjaldr^
conversation, fight noise, fight, struggle'; Old Frisian /7a//^'herbeiholen, heimfijhren, take'.
Old English geholian^ attain, achieve, fulfill (goal, desire, etc.); get, receive, obtain ',
asachs. halon^ appoint, bring, carry with, take with ', Old High German ha/on ar\6 ablaut.
ho/on, ho/en'caW, shout, cry, get, fetch', ndd. ha/en 'puW, drag'.

Latvian kal'uot^ babble, chatter ' {kalada ^c\arr\or, din, fuss, noise' is russ. loanword),
Lithuanian /ra/6'a 'language'. Old Prussian kaltza, kelsaT sie lauten ' (Lithuanian *kals6ti);
redupl. Lithuanian kankalas {* kalkalas) 'bell'. Old Church Slavic klakolt, russ. kolokol'b
'bell', kolokolitb^ c\\\rr\e, clink; babble, gossip ', Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 115.

Hittite sa-ra-a kal-li-is-ta {sara kallesta) ' rief (lockte) herauf '.

extension *k(e)lem- {com'pare Latin cla-m-are): Old Indie krandatT shouts, howls,
bellows, roars, neighs ' {*klem-d-l\. Old English hiimman, h/ymman 'r\r\g, sound, clink,
sough, rustle, roar, bellow', hlimme^ violent stream', hiemm {* hiammi) ' clangor'. Old High
German {hj//mmen' drone, grumble, howl'. Old Norse hlymja^ clink, crack, creak, rant,
roister'. Old High German h/amon^ sough, rustle, bawl, blaster';

*k{ej/en-\r\ Old English hlyn{n) ' clangor, din, fuss, noise, violent stream', hlynnan,
hlynian^ eo\\o\ hlynsiands., hlynrian^ thunder', gehlyn, asachs . gihlunn^ din, noise ';

Similar to skel-, (sjk^el- {s-D\Me\.\.e besides kel-)\

1. skel-: Old Icelandic skja//a stem V. 'sound, clink, loud hit' = Old English sciellan
'sound, sound, clink'. Old High German sce//5/7 'sound, clink, ring, rant, roister'. Modern
High German verschollen^ fade, disappear, decline '; Kaus.-lter. Old Icelandic skella^
bang, rant, roister, scold, chide, laugh loudly ', Middle High German schellen sch\N . V. '
allow to sound, shatter ', Modern High German zerschellen; /-or d^-present Old Frisian
s/re/o'a 'scold, chide, rebuke, define loudly ', Old High German see/tan 'sco\d, chide, vilify,
scold, revile, rebuke'; Old Icelandic skgllt ' derision, ridicule, din, fuss, noise', skellr
{*skalli-z) ' clangor, Knall' = Old High German scal{-IPj ' clangor, row'; Old Icelandic skjallr

' lauiionena ' = Old English sciell, Dutch scher echoing, schrill'; Old High German scella
"bell'; with plain /(-/A based on the aforementioned in a /7-present *skel-nd) Old Icelandic
skalu. 'din, fuss, noise', skjalu. " chitchat, small talk ';

Lithuanian skaliju, -///"continuously bark, strike ' (of hound), whereof skalikas^ a
continuously barking hound (see below because of gr. OKuAa^); Old Prussian scalenix^
pointer, setter ' derives from poln. skolic' whine like a dog '; Latvian skal's^ clinking, sharp
sounding '; with (i6')/7-extension (as Lithuanian kalba) Lithuanian skelb-iu, -ti^ spread a
rumor';

Czech skoliti^ belfern ', poln. skolic, skulfc^ whine like a dog '.

2. (s)k''el-: 0\6 Icelandic skva/n. " useless gossip, torrent of words ', skva/a'\oud talk,
call, shout, cry', skva/drn. " loud discourse '; without s- Old Icelandic hvellr^ sharp
sounding ';

the changing by ablaut sk^J- perhaps in gr. gkuAq^ " young dog, dog; young animal',
also KuAAa okuAq^. HAeToi Hes., as from *skel-\.\\e above called Lithuanian skalikas, and
from kel- from: Lithuanian kale, /ra/e "bitch', alb. ke/i/sh'cub, esp. young dog'. Middle Irish
cuilen, cymr. colwyn, acorn, coloin, bret. /ro/e/7 "young dog', (Celtic *koli-gno-)\ these
names for young animals, esp. dogs, would be taken from yelping or whining.

At least, however, gkuAq^, kuAAq as (s)kol-, also as Indo Germanic or gr. reduction forms
(influence of kuojv?) could belong together directly from Celtic *koligno-, Lithuanian kale,
alb. kelush.

References: WP. I 443 ff., WH. I 141 f., 227, 228, 258, Specht KZ. 59, 85 ff.;
See also: probably identical with kel-5.
Page(s): 548-550

Root / lemma: kel-7{kol-, kj^

Meaning: goblet

Note: with ^-suffix

Material: Old Indie kalasa-hxn. "pot, pan, crock, pitcher, bowl' {*koleko-, -oko-);

gr. KuAi^, -iKoq "goblet' {*keli-k);

= Latin callx, -Iclsm. "deep bowl, goblet, calix' (from callx6emes Old High German
chellh. Modern High German Kelch " calix '), wherefore perhaps with moveable s Umbrian
skalge-ta, scalse-to lormer \ow bowl, flattened dish, saucer, libation-saucer', scalsle"\n a

low bowl, flattened dish, saucer, libation-saucer '; Latin culigna^ small calix' from gr.
KuAixvP) (*KuAiK-ava) ds.;

There s- also in Modern High German Schale^ shell ' (that to {s)kel- "cut, clip') and in gr.
GKoAAiov, aKaAi(; ds. Hes.,.

In addition gr. kqAu^, -ukoc; f. " fruit cup, grain cup ' and perhaps Old Indie kalika\. "bud'
(different in gutturals of suffixes from kalasa-h).

References: WP. I 442, WH. 1138 f.
Page(s): 550-551

Root / lemma: kel-7

Meaning: " chop, cut '; " be at fault, be to blame, be wrong; " parch, dry '; " bend '

See also: see below (s)kel-

Page(s): 551

Root / lemma: kelp-, l^lp-

Meaning: jar, cauldron

Material: Gr. kqAhk;, -i5oc;, KaATrn f. "crock, pitcher; cinerary urn ';

Latin calpar, -aris " wine cask ' ( *calp-ali-, probably Latin further formations of gr.
KoAna);

Old Irish cilornn, cilurnn^ urn ' {*kelpurno-), cymr. celwrn^ milk bucket ', bret. kelorn^
bowl, basin ', brit. PN Celurnum.

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- : brit. PN Celurnum : 'lAAupioi , oi, lllyrians, 'lAAupia , n, lllyria, also
lAAupi? , n. Adj. lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -ys\, the region or province of lllyria, lAAupi^O} ,
speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:~hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.
References: WP. I 447, WH. I 142.
Page(s): 555

Root / lemma: kemero- komero-, keinero-

Meaning: name of a plant

Material: Old High German hemera {* hamiro) "hellebore'. Modern High German dial.

hemern6s.\

r.-Church Slavic cemerb' poison ' (originally tlie hellebore), russ. cemerfcai. "hellebore'
(etc. s. Berneker 142 f.);

Lithuanian kemeraiP\. " Alpkraut, Wasserdost '; presumably gr. Kapiapoq " larkspur, any
of a number of tall flowering plants ', Kaijpapov, Kapijopov (latter spelling after hom.
Kopfjopoc; " ubject to destiny, i.e. ill-fated '?) " a poisonous plant, wolf's-bane, aconite ' and
Old Indie kamala- n. 'lotus' (would be besides gender = Old High German hemera, also in
the flower form similarly), camarika^m. " Orchid Tree '.

References: WP. I 390, Trautmann 126.
Page(s): 558

Root / lemma: kema-, koma-, kma- {* hank-mhnos)

Meaning: piece

Root/ lemma: kema-, koma-, kma-{* hank-mh(e)nos)\ piece, derived from Root/ lemma:

aR-, oR-\ sharp; stone.

Material: Gr. aKjjrivoc; " without Imbift, hungry', OKpa (Aeolic) vnarsia, £v5£ia Hes.; zero

grade KO|ju)aa ysfjouaa Hes.?

Latvian kumuoss^ t(\o\sq\, mouthful' (-^/77-reduced grade; the ending -i/oss from -ansas
perhaps through hybridization with a *kan[d]s-as = Old Church Slavic kqsi) 'piece, morsel,
mouthful'? compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. II 313);

ndd. ham, hamm'b'\te, morsel, mouthful, piece, cut'.

References: WP. I 389.
Page(s): 557-558

Root / lemma: kem-1

Meaning: to press, squeeze

Material: Armenian k'amerio press, squeeze, wring; to filter, make flow';

Old Norse hemja {hamda) "curb, restrain, hinder, hamper', hemiir leg fetter', ham/at "
Ruderband ', Middle High German hemmen and hamen^\r\\n6er, hamper', sal- Franconian
chamian^ clamp, press'. Old Frisian /7e/77/r75 "hinder'. Modern High German dial, ham,
hamen " horse collar ' (compare that maybe from a Gothic *hamands hemmend "
hindering ' borrowed Slavic *chomgt-b, russ. etc. chomuf-b " horse collar '); Middle Low
German ham. Old English hamm^ enclosed piece of land', ndd. hamme^ fenced field'. Old

English engl. herr{m) "edge, hem', engl. to hem {in) "to hem, gird, border, envelop,
surround';

Old Norse hafna^ abandon, give up from ' ("*be restrained '), causative hefna^ avenge ';
with labial Middle English hamperen, engl. to hamper '\r\\n6er, bother, annoy' (: Old
Prussian kumpinna^ hindered ', kumpint^moye, displace'); (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Balto Slavic *kama-{r\. "clump' in Latvian kamsm. "clump', in addition Lithuanian
kamuoti^ press together, stuff, kamanos^ leathery bridle, rein', kemuras ^ grape' ,
kam/enasm. "stem', Latvian Aa/77^c»/' torment, smite, plague', Lithuanian kamuolys,
Latvian kamuolis^ ball, tangle, knot '; ablaut. Latvian c§mu(o)rsm. "grape', extended
Lithuanian kemsu, kimsti^ stuff, Latvian kemsu, A7/77S/ (Lithuanian loanword) "ds.', also "
devour', Lithuanian kamsa^ crush, squash, corduroy, brushwood road ';

russ. kom "clump', komftb " clench together ', serb. kdm " husks of grapes ' (" what
remains of the pressed grapes '); in addition russ. komelt m. 'thick end of a rod ', poln.
komelm. "knag' {*kamlia-), russ. komuljai. "clump', serb. kominai. " husks of grapes '; in
ablaut Slavic *k-bmy. Gen. *k-bmene'(r\. in Czech A/77e/7 "stem'; as " be pressed '
presumably also Slavic *cbma\v\ serb. cama^ boredom, weariness ', camati^ wait with
displeasure, hold on'; Old Church Slavic di^s/b "dense' (= Lithuanian A//775/as "stuffed').

Doubtful is Perssons (Beitr. 159) apposition from gr. KdJMU(;, -u0O(; " bundle, truss of hay,
branch of laurel, placed before the gates, reed-bed ', kojjjoc; " revel, carousal, merry-
making, concrete, band of revelers, the ode sung at one of these festive processions,
festival to honor of the Dionysios '; gr. Kr||j6(; ( */ra/770S because of Latin loanword camus)
"muzzle' is not compatible in vocalism.

References: WP. I 388 f., Trautmann 115, 126.
Page(s): 555

Root / lemma: kem-2

Meaning: to buzz

Material: Old Indie camara- m. " Wild Yak ';

Middle High German Modern High German hummen. Modern High German hummein,
holl. hommelen^buTz!, Middle English hummen, engl. hum 6s., Norwegian humre^ neigh
quietly '; in addition originally probably also Old High German humbal. Middle High

German humbel, hummelxw. "bumblebee', Middle Low German hummeli., engl. humble-
bee, Norwegian Dialectal humlai. ds.;

Lithuanian kimstu, klmtT become hoarse ', kiminti^vnake the voice dull ', kimCis^
hoarse, raucous, thick, husky ', kamane^ bumblebee, bumblebee ', kamine^ Feldbiene ',
Latvian kaminesi. pi. " bumblebees, bumblebees ', Old Prussian ca/77i/s "bumblebee';

Slavic *CB/r7e/6 (ablaut equally with Hummel) in russ. dial, cmelb etc., " bumblebee,
bumblebee '; Church Slavic russ. komaretc. " mosquito ' (ablaut equally with Lithuanian
kamane).

References: WP. I 389, Trautmann 115 f.
Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: keng-, kenk-
See also: see above under keg-
Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-1

Meaning: to bind, girdle

Material: Old Indie /ra/7C5/e(Dhatup.) "binds', kahcuka-m. "armor, coat of mail, garment

made of linked metal rings, jerkin, corsage', kancTi. "belt, girdle';

gr. KiYKAi(; " lattice, latticework, trellis, structure of interwoven strips of wood or metal ' (to
I from £ s. Solmsen Beitr. I 214 f.), KOKaAa n. PI. " walls ' {*knk-), no5o-KaK(K)r| " foot
plague, a kind of stocks ';

Latin cingo, -ere^ go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe, crown ',
Umbrian sihltu^ go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe, crown ', perhaps
also gihgera^ a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars, railings, bar in a court of
justice ' {*kinkeda-); Latin -^for c derailment due to the ambiguous cinxi, cincfum aiter
present as dingo, mingo; WH. I 217 places here Celtic cing-^ march, step, stride, strut'
(different above S. 439), whether originally "*turn in circles '; however, the variation of the
Auslauts would be easy to understand, as the page 439 accepted initial sound variation;
still different about Celtic c//7^-Kuiper Nasalpras. 168 f.;

Lithuanian kinkau, -ytr harness horses '.

An unnasalized root form */re/r- one seeks in Old Indie kaca-xw. " hair of the head
("*fastened together '?); scar, band, strap' and Latin cicatrix ^ scar, scratch ' (due to a
*cicare irorw *cecare^ tie together, heal ')?

References: WP. I 400 f., WH. I 211, 216 f.
Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-2

Meaning: to burn, be dry; a burning feel (hunger, thirst)

Material: Old Indie karjksati^ longs for' (' brennend verlangen '), /r5/ra/e(Dhatup.) " covets,

thirsts '; common Old Indie gh- > ks-

gr. K£YK£i TTEivg (after Aor. *KaK£Tv originated a new present *KaYK(jo, compare:)
KOYKopEvnc; ^nPCK^ TO) cpopu) Hes., hom. noAuKayKriq (Siijja) ' parching, very dry ', KaYKavo(;
"arid', KayKoivsi GaAnsi, ^npa'vsi Hes., KayKaAsa KaraKEKaupEva Hes.; KaKi0ri(; aTpo(po(;
apnEAoq; kokiGec; Aijjrips^; kokiGq Aipripa Hes. (in the ending supposed Schuize Kl. Schr.
329 *5ydh--burn');

Gothic huhrus, with gramm. variation Old Norse hungr. Old English hunger. Old High
German hungar{*knkru-) "hunger' (= gr. kqk-); ablaut. Old Norse /7a "plague, torment,
smite' {*hanhdn);

Lithuanian /ra/7/ra"pain, agony', kankinti^ afflict ', /re/7M"harm'.

References: WP. I 401, Trautmann 126, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 42.
Page(s): 565

Root / lemma: kenk-3

Meaning: knee-cup, heel

Material: Old Indie karjkala-m. n. "bone, skeleton ';

Old Norse ha {* hanha-) in ha-motm. " ankle joint, heel joint ', ha-sini. ' Kniesehne des
Hinterbeins bei Tieren, Fersensehne beim Menschen ', Old English hoh-sinui.. Old Frisian
ho-sene^ heel tendon ', Old English /7d/7 "calcaneus, heel bone ' {* hanha-). Old Norse haell
"calcaneus, heel bone ' {*hanhila-). Old English he/am. "calcaneus, heel bone ';

Lithuanian kenk/e' popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ', k/'nka'6s., hock,
joint in the hind leg of a quadruped; shank, leg ', Latvian c/nks/a ' s\ne\N in the knee-bend '.

References: WP. 1401.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: ken-1

Meaning: to press, pinch, etc..

Note:

Root/ lemma: ken-1 \ "to press, pinch, etc' derived from Root/ lemma: gen-\ "to pinch,

pluck, press, etc.'.

Note: meaning- scope as in gen-.

Material: A/7eAr-(only german.):

Old Icelandic hnakki, hnakkrm. " nape ' (Norwegian nakka\so " mountain top, small
hillock '), Old High German hnac, -ekes' nape, acme, apex ', Bavarian nacken'bone',
changing through ablaut Old English hnecca' nape, occiput ', Middle Low German necke
ds.. Middle High German genicke' nape '; with the meaning " snap; crease, fold ' here isl.
hnakkT 3x\c\\ox\ Norwegian nakke' small iron hook', n0kia'crook, bend'. Middle English
nok, engl. nook' angle, point, edge' (Old Icelandic hnekkja' repel, hamper', actually " to
press together '?).

knes- perhaps in Old High German hnel. Middle High German ne{le) "cusp, peak,
acme, apex, peak, highest point, top, summit ', Old High German hnor acme, apex ', Old
English /7/7o//"Scheiter (^hnezla-, hnuzla-1) and Latvian A/7ese"club, cudgel'.

A /-basis in kneig"h-, knei-b- " incline '? (see there).

^/■basis kneu-3iX\6 extensions:

Middle Irish cnu. Gen. cnd{*knus, *knuuos), cymr. cneuen, PI. cnau, mcorn. knyfan.
Middle Breton knoen'uui, dry fruit contained in a shell', gall. *knoua\ derived Middle Irish
cnuas' nuts; harvest '; with ctsuffix Old Icelandic hnot. Old English hnutu. Old High
German {h)nuz' nut, dry fruit contained in a shell'; with A'-suffix Latin nux, -cis' nut, dry
fruit contained in a shell' ("nut, dry fruit contained in a shell' also actually " pellet, globule,
clots '); Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 62 ff.

A77e:/-i&-/ Lithuanian kniubtT bend down ', Latvian kijubV incurve, bend inward ';

nisi, hnypra sig saman' squat, sit on one's haunches, crouch down low ', hnypur'
crouching down position '.

A77e:/-(/-/ Norwegian nut'knag in wood, mountaintop, mountain peak, summit ', Old
Icelandic hnutrvn., hnutai. 'swelling, lump, growth, ankle', Swiss nossenm. ' cliff point,
protrusion'.

kneu-g-, -k-:

Old Irish cnocc, nir. cnoc{*knukkos), cymr. cnwch {and as loanword from Irish also
cnwc) (ablaut, cnuch^ joint, coitus '), abret. cnoch^ mound, hillock; mound, tomb ';

Old Icelandic hnuka^ curve together ', hnokinn' writhed, crooked, humped ', hnykill
"swelling, lump, growth, knot', Norwegian nykkja^beud, crook (e.g. an iron nail); jut,
project, protrude, stick out ', nisi, hnjukr, hnukr'round mountain top ', Norwegian dial.
nykk/an. " ball, tangle, knot ', nisi, hnokk/m., Norwegian nokkai. " small iron hook ', Old
English /7/70CC "penis' (engl. nock^ incision ' is Swedish loanword). Middle Dutch nocke^
incision in a arrowhead ', ndd. nock, nocke^ protruding end of something ', Old English
ge(*h)nycned^ puckered, wrinkled, creased, rugose, furrowed ', Modern High German dial.
nock nocken^ small hill; dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ' (also
Old Icelandic hnykkia " seize, take forcibly; grasp, snatch ', perhaps from " to press
together '?); besides /7c»c/r stands Modern High German dial. knock^\\\\\ (also in whole
remaining Germanic language area),

the above S. 372 on top middle should be mentioned (compare also Old Norse knjukr,
knykill bes\6es hnjukr, hnykill), but also secondary Germanic formation could be neologism
to nock, and /r/7- could be attributed perhaps to words, as Knollen, Knopf, Knorren, Knoten,
Knuppel eic; compare Weisgerber Rhein. Vierteljahrsbl. 1939, 34 ff.;

compare Latvian knaukis " Knirps; Querholz am langen Sensenstiel ' and gr. kvu^ov
aspa EnivscpsAov, Kvu^cbau) auanaau) Hes.; Tocharian A k'huk^ nape '.

kneu-p-: Latvian khupV zusammengekrijmmt liegen ', Lithuanian kniupoti 6s.;

Old Icelandic hnufa^ blunt, stop short, crop, trim, prune '.

kneu-f-:0\d Icelandic hnodan. " ball, tangle, knot '.

kondo-' the pursed, constricted into folds or wrinkles, puckered ':

Old Indie kanda-xw. "tuber, bulb', kanduka-xr\. " balloon d'essai, ball for playing sports ',
kanduka-v\. "pillow, cushion';

gr. k6v5oi KspaTai. aarpaYaAoi Hes., k6v5uAo(; ' knuckle of any joint, as of the humerus,
of the finger (middle joint), (a slap in the face), pudding and knuckle-sauce to it, i.e. a good
thrashing, knot in a string, any hard, bony knob, of the teeth ', K0v5uAu)|ja 'swelling, lump,
growth';

Lithuanian kanduolasm. " seed '.

References: WP. I 390 ff., WH. II 191 f., J. Loth RC. 40, 366.
Page(s): 558-559

Root / lemma: ken-2, kena-, keni-, kenu-;

Meaning: to rub, scrape off; ashes

Note: various with conservative extensions

Material: I. Light basis: Gr. kovk;, -ioc; f. "dust, ash' (-/s-stem, compare KoviaaaAoc; "cloud of

dust', KSKOvia-TQi Theokr., Koviu) " make dusty, cover with clouds of dust, cover with dust, o

be sprinkled as with dust, roll in the dust, like birds, horses ' from *Kovia-iw, hom. Kovir)

"dust, sand, ash' from kovigq); aKOvTii " without the dust of the arena, i.e. without struggle,

without effort, usu. of the conqueror ' (JiJthner Gl. 29, 76);

ablaut, with Latin cinis, -eris\. m. "ash' (from *cenis), Dimin. c/n/s- cu/us {K6v\q, c/n/sare
probably originally a neutr. as- stem, and have suffered gender changes only single-
linguistically because of Nom. in -/s).

Maybe zero grade Latin c/n/'s -er/sm. f. "ashes' : alb. Geg h/n/"ash'

Note: [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)].

II. Heavy basis kena-, kne-: Attic Kvpv, 3. Sg. present Kvfi, later Kvp-Ow " scrape,
scratch; itch', KvpOpoc;, Kvpopoq, Kvpapovn "the itchiness', kvhgk; " the grating, scratch;
itchiness', Kvpapa " scrapings ', Kvparrip " scraper ', KvpoTK; " rasper ' and "backbone,
spine' and " stinging nettle '; Attic KoviaaAoc; " cloud of dust, the mixed dust, oil and sweat
on wrestlers, a demon of the same class as Priapus, lascivious dance ' (in an Aryan
*knath- same meaning would go back to Avestan xna^&aitr name of a Pairika 'GiJntert
KZ. 45, 200).

Old High German nuoen, Middle High German nuejen^ aurc^ScnaDe^laiien^enaLi
r
zusammenfijgen ', Old High German hnuo, nuoa^ seam, suture, joining together of two

sides of a wound or incision, groove ', Old Saxon hnoa^ seam, suture, joining together of

two sides of a wound or incision, groove, narrow scratches ', Middle High German nuot^

mortise, recess or groove in a piece of wood or anotlier material tliat fits togetlier witin a
corresponding projecting piece of material, joint, slot ', Modern High German Nut, Nute^
rabbet, groove or notch in a timber into which another timber is inserted (for joining timbers
without using nails or screws) '.

Middle Irish c/7a//77 "consume, gnaw '; ecna^ consume ' (Stokes KZ. 41, 385) is quite
doubtful;

Middle Irish cna/mm. 'bone' {*knd-m/-s' the gnawed '), cymr. cnaw, PI. cnofein.

1 . fltextension kened-, kena-d-:

gr. Kvu)5u)v, -ovtoc; PI. ' projecting teeth on the blade of a hunting spear, ', Sg. " a two-
edged sword, sword', KvcbSa^, -tKOC, m. ' pin or pivot on which a body or machine turns,
axis of a sphere, sockets in which the axes of a drum turn ' ('*tooth'), KvcbSaAov '(
snappish =) any dangerous animal, from a lion to a serpent or worm, a monster, beast '
(from Hom.), zero grade KvaSaAAsrai KvriGETai Hes., with ©the first syllable (as Kivai5o(;,
KivcbnsTOV, see below) Kiva5o(; sizil. 'fox', Attic as swearword, by Hes., Gnpiov, 6cpi(;';

Maybe alb. kunadhe' marten' : Kiva5oc; sizil. "fox'.

Albanian kunadhe' marten ' derived from GreeAr(*5£v5po-Kouvapo) 5£v5poKouvaPo
[common Albanian -v- > -dh-], similar to Croat/ankuna, Czechkuna, Po/ishkuna, Slovak
kuna, S/oi/e/7/^/7kuna, Serbian (upper)kuua, Sorbian (lower)kuua, Bulgarian Kyna, kuna,
Macedonian Kyna, kuna, Serbian Kyna, kuna, Belarusian KyH\\\a, kunica, Russian KyHv\\\a,
kunica, Ukrainian KyHv\\\^, kunicja, Lithuanian k\aur\e, Latvian cauna.

Lithuanian kandu, k^sti {*konad-) "bite', kandis^vc\\{e\ kand/s 'morse\, mouthful'
(secondary second accent) A^5/7/s "morsel, mouthful', Latvian kudzu, kuddu, kudst^b\te, be
sharp, divide';

Church Slavic kusb' a piece, bit ', serb. /ri/s"morsel, mouthful, piece'. Church Slavic
kusaju, kusati, serb. kusam, kusat/ (etc.) "bite'; Old Bulgarian c^stb "part' {*knd-ti-)\ without
s-extension poln. Agofe/r "morsel, mouthful, piece, gobbet '.

2. Labial extensions:

kene-p-:qr. Kvooiy, -tt6(; " snappish animal', kvol)tt£U(; apKToc; Hes.; kTvwttetov ( *kendp-)
"animal, esp. venomous beast, esp. serpent '.

Maybe alb. {*knafsa) kafsha^ animal', kafshoj^ bite '.

ke/ie-b^-, kena-b^-:

gr. Kvncpn " scabies, mange ', with aniaut. s- aKvpcpn Hes. " stinging nettle '; KvanTW
(YvanTU)) ' to card or dress cloth, (which was done either with a prickly plant, the teasel, or
with a comb): -of torture, to card, lacerate ', Kvacpoc; ' the prickly teasel, a plant used by
fullers to dress cloth, a carding-comb, also used as an instrument of torture ', Kva(p£U(; "
fuller, cloth-carder or dresser, kind offish ', KvacpaAov (KvscpaAAov Eur., yvocpaAAov
Alkaios) ' wool torn off in carding or fulling cloth, flock, used for stuffing cushions or
pillows: hence, cushion, pillow ' (the perception from Kvacp- as hybridization from Kvscp- and
KQcp- =Kn(p-\s incredible, s. Persson Beitr. 139);

gall. GN Cnabetius {: Runic Gen. Hnabpjdas), Old Irish cnai^ wool shorn off, a fleece '
(from Cymr.), cymr. cnaiT fleece ', cneifio^ to shear, clip, crop, shave ', ncorn. (?) kneu,
bret. kreon, Vannes kaneo^ fleece '; different J. Loth RC 43, 408 f.;

Runic Gen. Hnab(i)das {\v\6o Germanic */r/7abhe/ds 'mutilated'). Old Icelandic hnafa,
preterit hndfcut, clip', hnefixw. 'fist, sword'. Middle High German /7ei/e"fist', PN Old
English Hnsef, Old High German Hnabr, geminated Old Swedish nappa^ nip, pinch, to pick
to pieces ' and the /verbs Old Icelandic hneppa^uvp, pinch, clamp, press'. Old English
{ov\ce)hnceppan " hit, bump against something ';

remain far off though Old English hnappian^ drowse ', Old High German hnaffezen6s..
Modern High German dial. na{p)fezen 6s. (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 183);

Lithuanian kniebiu, kniebtT quietly pinch '; Latvian knab-Ju, -u, -/" peck, pluck'. Iter.
knabat, Lithuanian knab-u, -eti^ peel (potatoes)', knabus^ light-fingered, thievish, sneaky,
skilful', knabenti, knebenf/^p\ck up, dig ', knimbu, -au, kn/bf/^p\uck, pick out, pick up,
collect; pinch', Latvian knibet, kn/b/naf \ter. ' pick out, pick up, collect; pinch' (-/?/■ could be
zero grade of -ne-); whether the following words inferred previously from kn/'b- ablaut after
the /-row have or partly old remnant of the /- variation of kene/'-b^- are, is not certain;
Lithuanian knyburiuoti^ be occupied with any manual labor or finger work ', Latvian knieb-
Ju, -u, -/' pinch, tweak, nip ', Iter, knaibft.

3. 5-extension kene-s-, k(e)ne-s-:

Old Indie redupl. ki-knasa-m. " parts of the ground grain, groats, semolina ';

gr. Kvsojpoc;, -ov " spurge-flax, kind of nettle, any of numerous plants with stingy hairs
that irritate the skin on contact ' (probably from *Kvr|[a]opoc;);

Gothic hnasqus' soii, fine' (from dress; originally either " aurch ReiDer^aerKnisTem
weich gemacht ' oder " weich wie gekratzte Wolle '), Old English hnesce 'tender, soft,
weak'. Old High German [hjnascon^ naschen (*abknipsen), Leckerbissen genieften ';
Latvian knuosti, knuosV pluck the plumage with the beak '. compare from the /-basis
kenei-s-: Lithuanian knisue\.c., see below.

III. Abasis keni-, k^a-i:

1. base of -w-stem gr. kovk;, Latin cinis, see above; gr. ano-, £k-, Sia-Kvaiw 'scrape or
grate away, to be lacerated, wear out, wear away ' (seems */r/7a/-o with after £Kvai-aa,
Kvai-GU) preserved /); in addition gr. Kivai5o(; ' catamite, generally, lewd fellow, public
dancer, obscene poems, a sea-fish, wryneck ', actually ' itch ', grown from an Adv. auf -
56v as pa5o(; ' walk, march ' from pa56v Adv.

2. Dental extensions:

k(e)nei-d-.

gr. Kvi^u) (Put. kvISoj) ' scrape, scratch, prick ' (*kvi5j(ji)), Kviapot; ' itching, tickling,
irritation, lovers' quarrel ', Kvia|ja ' scratches, irritation, of lovers' quarrels '; Kvi5r| ' stinging
nettle ';

Middle Irish c/7eo''wound' {*knida), in addition Irish cymr. c/7e5'skin' {*knid-ta)\

Old Icelandic hnTta{hneit) ' stumble against something ', hneita {* hnaitjan) 'bump, poke,
affront, offend', hnita, -5d5 'rivet'. Old English hnrtan'bump, poke, prick ', /7/7//c»/(Middle
Low German nete/) ' kicking, pushing, goring with horns ', gehnaestu. ' crash, fight,
struggle'. Old Saxon of-hnTtan^iear a\NaY\

Latvian kniedet^uyeV (as Old Icelandic hnita); Latvian knideV itch, grovel, truckle,
creep, move '; besides from a root form in t Latvian kniest, 3. present /r/7/es preterit kniete
'itch', kn/etet ds.

Under the imagining of the scratching, piercing smell are addable: hom. Kviar) ' steam
and odour of fat which exhales from roasting meat, smell or savour of a burnt sacrifice,
fume, smoke' (*KvT5-a-C(, compare Latin //xa: liquor, Lithuanian tamsa: Old Indie tamas-; in
the a-Dekl. transferred Attic KvTaa);

Latin mdor {*cnTdds) m. ' a vapor, steam, smell, fume (from something burned) ';

Old Icelandic hn/'ssn. " smell, revolting taste of food ' (: hnfta; compare Gothic stigqan
"bump, poke': Old English Old High German s///7ca/7 "stink').

3. Labial extensions:

gr. Kviijj, Akk. PI. Kvlrrat; "sknips, small creatures which infest fig and oak trees and
devour the fig-insect, small ants ', with aniaut. s-gkvIijj " skniphes, an insect found under
the bark of trees, eaten by the woodpecker, an insect which attacks vines ', Kvlrroq,
aKvTn6(; " bigoted, narrow minded, stingy ', aKvinTw, OKEvinTU), OKr|vinTU) "nip'; Kvicpsa
Kvi5a(; Hes., Kvicpwv (see in addition also *gen-, gneb^-^ to press together ');

Middle Dutch nipen sievn and schw. V. (Dutch nijpen) " pinch, nip, press, feel; touch on,
grasp ', Middle English /7/7?//7 "press' (Germanic -f\p]-, compare:) Old Icelandic hnippa
"bump, poke, stick', hn/ppask' quarre\, squabble'. Middle English n/ppen'n'\p, pinch, clamp
', engl. n/'p, Low German Dutch nippen "sip'. Modern High German Bavarian nipfen, nipfein
"sip'; Low German nibbelen^bWe off'; perhaps Lithuanian knimbu (see above under kene-
b'^-), if with old /-vocalism.

4. s-extension: Lithuanian knisu, knisti^ gnaw, dig', Latvian knisis, /r/7/5//5 "small
mosquito '.

IV. :/-basis kenu-, kneu-\

1. Gr. Kv6(F)o(;, Kvou(; " the box of a wheel, sound of footsteps ', kvOoj "scratch lightly ',
Kvu|ja " scratching, k. ton daktulon, of a person feeling for the door-handle in the dark ',
Kvuo(; n. " scabies ', kvu eAqxiotov Hes.;

Old Icelandic hn0ggva, hnggg {and weak hnyggja) "bump, poke' (originally "rub, scratch,
scrape') = Old High German hniuwan. Middle High German niuwen^ grind, crush, squeeze
hard, squash ' (Old English hnygelan, Plur. " Abschnitzel ' from * hnuvilan-l); further with
the meaning ' penurious ' (compare schabig: schaben) Old Icelandic bn0ggr^ concise,
penurious, economical ', Old English hneaw' penurious, bigoted, narrow minded, stingy ',
Middle Low German nouwe^eng, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin, concise, small, genau'.
Middle High German nou, nouwe^eng, accurate, painstaking ', Modern High German
genau' accurate ';

Latvian knudu and knustu. Inf. knut and knust, preterit knOdu'Wch' {d{b)- and s/-present,
compare with root-like treated -d- also knudetds.); poln. knowac' dismember, astein ',
know/e' straw splinter '? (see also Bruckner KZ. 45, 313 because of Slavic *kbnb "stem',
*kbn/ga "book', whereat different Berneker 663, 664).

2. Dental extensions:

With d. gr. Kvu^a, Kvuaa " scabies ', Kvu^oOpai " Kraize myself '; about kovu^q see
below; Old English hnoV worn out, naked, bald, bleak, shaved '.

With d^: gr. kvu9o(; OKavGa piKpa Hes., kvuGov apiKpov Hes.;

Old Icelandic hnjoda, /7/75^d"bump, poke, hit, rivet'. Old High German pi-hneotan
"fasten, clip, bind'. Middle High German nietm. f. ' broadly hit nail, rivet ', nieten^u^eX'; Old
Icelandic hnydia^ tools for hitting or beating ';

Norwegian dial. nuddasV become dull ' (with s- Swedish Dialectal snudda^ touch softly
', Falk-Torp under /7^o'Io); Old High German /7/7c»/d/7 "shake'. Middle High German notten^
move to and fro ', Middle English nodden, engl. nod^ nod '; Old Icelandic hnosst ' Kleinod
' ("hammered '), Old English hnoss/an' knock'. About Latvian knudef etc. see above 1.

With t presumably Gothic hnut^o, hnuto^ anything pointed: esp. pale, stake ', Old
Icelandic hnudr^ shaft, picket, pole', Latvian knute, knute/e'th\n shaft, pole' (or loanword
from Modern High German KnutteR).

3. ^^extensions: gr. Kovu^a, OKOvu^a, KvO^a " strong-smelling plant, Erigeron
viscosumL.' (if -^- from -yj- ; also -5j- is equally possible; the smell formation compare
above KvTaa, mdoi); Old Icelandic hnykr{ *hnuki-) " fetidness ' (besides fnykr, snykr, knykr,
nykrds., late aniaut alteration forms).

4. Labial extensions:

With Indo Germanic tr. Gothic d/s-hn/upan ^ tear' , dishnupnan^ become torn ', Old
Swedish n/upa 'n\p, pinch'. Old English a-hneopan' pick '; with intensive consonant-
doubling Norwegian Dialectal n uppa ^ p\uck' , Old English hnopp/an ^p\uck', Danish Middle
Low German noppe "flock, tuft of wool, Hechelhede ';

with Indo Germanic b^: Old Icelandic hnyfiir short, blunted horn, lamb with such horns ',
ndd. nobbe, nubbe^i\ock, tuft of wool'. Middle High German noppe, nop' Tuchflocke '
(rather loanword from Middle Low German noppe).

5. 5-extension: Latvian /r/75Js/5 "small mosquito ' (as knisis, fen /s//s irom the /-basis).

References: WP. I 392 ff., WH. I 217 f., 11166 f.
Page(s): 559-563

Root / lemma: ken-3

Meaning: to appear, be born; to begin; young

Material: Old Indie kamna-^ young ', compounds Sup. kanlyas-, kanistha-, kanistha-,

kanya. Gen. PI. kanTnam {o\6er n-stem) "girl', Avestan ka/ne, kaim-, kainJn- ds.;

gr. Kaiv6(; ' fresh, egregious ';

Latin /'ece/75 "fresh, young, new', actually " lately arisen, not long in existence, fresh,
young, recent ';

Middle Irish cinim^ rise, puff up, originate ', c/n/ud^ gender, sex, stem, line '; Old Irish
ce/7e/" gender, sex', acymr. cenetl, ncymr. "gender, sex, nation'; perhaps also acymr.
mcymr. cein, ncymr. cain. Middle Breton quen. Old Irish -from Brit. - ca//7 "beautiful' (: gr.
Kawjoc, "beautiful' = " young '?); genuine Irish is cain{*keni-) ds.;

Middle Irish cano, Canada wolf cub', cymr. cenau^youug dog or wolf {*ken9ua. ken-);

gall. Cintus, Cintugnatos {^ Primigenitus '), Old Irish cetne, cet- " previous ', cymr. etc.
cyn(t)^ previous, before, rather', c>77/a/"the first';

burgund. hend/nos' king'; controversial Gothic hindumists^ extreme, hindermost ', Old
High German hintana, hintar^ behind ', Old English hindema^ the last ' ("new, not old,
young, fresh, recent ');

Old Church Slavic i/b- na-cbnq, -J^//"begin', zac^f/"6s.; receive (of woman)', konb'
beginning ', kontcb "end'. Old Church Slavic c§do "kid, child' (if not loanword from Modern
High German Kind, s. Berneker 154); with flexible s- Upper Serbian sceho^ the last-born
child ', russ. scenok^young dog'. Old Church Slavic sten§^ a young animal, whelp '.

References: WP. I 397 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 112 f.
Page(s): 563-564

Root / lemma: ken-4

Meaning: to strain, strive

Material: Gr. kovsTv snsiysaGai, svspysTv, kovsi an£u5£, rpsxe, Kovapcbrspov

5paaTiKU)T£pov Hes., KOvr|Tai GspanovTS^, ayKOvouc; Siqkovouc;, SouAouq Hes., Siqkovoc;,

Ionian 5inKovo(; " servant, messenger, attendant or official in a temple or religious guild,

esp. in the Christian church, deacon, servile, menial ', syKOVEU) " o be quick and active,

esp. in service, urge on, incite ', sy-Kovit; " maid ';

Latin conor, -an" to undertake, endeavor, attempt, try, venture, seek, aim, make an
effort, begin, make trial of;

proto Celtic *kan-{\n6o Germanic *kdn-) " accomplish ' in mcymr. d/gon/'make',
dichawn, digawn, cymr. dichon, digon' can ', digon' sufficient ', acymr. MN Guoccawn,
mcymr. gochawn, gogawn^ distinguished ', abr. MN Uuocon.

References: WP. I 398 f., WH. I 262.
Page(s): 564

Root / lemma: kenth(o)-
Meaning: rag, cloth
Note: also ket(h)-l
Material:

Old Indie kantha' repaired dress'; Armenian k'ot'anak^ 6xess, cover';

gr. K£VTpu)v " skirt from rags ' meaning leans from Latin;

Latin cento^ a rag cushion, patchwork quilt ';

without nasal Old High German hadarai. "rag, clout' {*hat^rd, Indo Germanic *kotra).
Modern High German Hadern, in addition with Aderivative Middle High German Hadel,
ablaut. Modern High German dial. Hudel, therefrom hude/n' smear'.

References: WP. I 402 f., WH. I 200.
Page(s): 567

Root / lemma: kerd-1

Meaning: to girdle

Note: only Celtic and Slavic

Material: Old Irish fo-cridigedar^ to gird to, gird on, bind on, put on with a girdle, gird round

', cri(u)ss^be\\, girdle' {*krd-su-). Middle Irish fo-chrus^ Gurtung ', cymr. c/ys 'belt, girdle,

shirt', gwregys {iw *gwe-grysirorc\ *gwo-grys) 'belt, girdle', acorn, kreis^ shirt ', grugis

"belt, girdle', bret. krez^ shirt ', gouriz^beW., girdle';

russ. ce/'es (besides cerez, has zthrough influence of the preposition crez) " Gelogun ',
kir. ceres^ leathery, wide belt, girdle, Geldkatze ', poln. trzos^ Geldgurt, Geldkatze ';

perhaps an extension from (s)ker-\\}'cv\\

References: WP. I 423, Berneker 148.
Page(s): 579

Root / lemma: kerd-2

Meaning: talent, craft; talented

Material: Gr. K£p5o(; n. 'profit, gain, benefit, advantage', K£p5iu)v " useful, beneficial ',

K£p5iaT0c; ' der Verschlagenste (Horn.); ersprieftlichst ', KZ^baKzoo, " captivating, useful,

cunning', KspSaAsn, KspScb 'fox', KspSaivw ' gain '; from gr. *K£p5u)v derives Latin cerdo^ a

workman of the lowest class ';

Old Irish cerdt " art, handwork; artist, bard'; cymr. cerddt " art, poetry ';

Old Icelandic epithet hortixw. 'smart' (?), horskrds., Old English asachs. Old High
German horse 6s. {*hort-ska-).

References: WP. I 423.
Page(s): 579

Root/ lemma: [kerem-), krem-{: krom-) and kerm-

Meaning: 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree

Note: (esp. with 5-forms); aniaut k-, occasionally R-

Root/ lemma: [kerem-), krem-{. krom^ and kerrn-: 1) onion, garlic; 2) ash-tree, derived
from an -m- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)kere-, (s)kre- : to cut. see in -d- formant:
(s)ker-d-. Illyrian Scordus, lKap5ov (opoi;): gr. aK6p(o)5ov n. ' garlic ', alb. hurdhe, hudhre
ds. ( *skord-)\ Material: Gr. Kpepuov Hes., otherwise (through Assimil. out of it) Kpopuov '
onion kind ' ( *kremusom);

Middle Irish crim. Gen. crema, cymr. (reduced grade) craF garlic ';

Old English hramsan, engl. ramsons^ ramson ', Norwegian Swedish Danish rams 6s.,
Middle Low German ramese, remese6s.. Old High German ramusia. Modern High
German (Bavarian) rams^ds.' (Allium ursinum. Bear's Garlic L.);

Lithuanian kermusei. 'wild garlic ';

Slavic *cermi,sa, *cermucha\v\ russ. ceremsa, ceremfca, ceremuska^ ramson. Allium
ursinum. Bear's Garlic', poln. trzemuchads., with Pal. Serbo-Croatian srijemusm. -saf.
uud srfjemuz, -za'kind of wild-growing vegetables '; in addition of the appellation of '
Prunus padus. Bird Cherry, Mayday tree, Maybush ' (likewise strong-smelling plant);

Lithuanian sermuksnisxr\. sermuksle, sermuksnei. " rowan, mountain asli ', Latvian
SQrmuksliseic. ds., with other guttural line Latvian cermauksiseic, ds.;

russ. ceremcha, cerema, ceremucha^ alder buckthorn, alder dogwood, Ahlkirsche,
Prunus padus', kir. cerem-cha, -ucha6s., sloven, crem-ha, -5a(and with palatal) srem-sa,
-sa6s., poln. trzemcha, Czech tremcha, nowadays stremchads.,

perhaps here the venet. PN Cremona.

References: WP. I 426 f., Trautmann 128 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 168.
Page(s): 580-581

Root / lemma: ker(a)-3

Meaning: to burn

Material: Old Indie kudayati^ singes ' {*k~r-d-, i.e. *kera-d-)\ nasalized kundate^bums';

about kusaku-, kasaku-see below;

dubious Latin carbo, -on/'sm. 'coal' (Indo Germanic *ker-6^d^), from Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 266 placed to color root ker- ( *ker-b'^d^); [common Latin -6^-> -b-].

Gothic haur/n. 'coal'. Old Icelandic hyrrm. 'fire' {*hurja-, Indo Germanic *ker-io-);

Old High German herd. Old Saxon herth. Old English heard 'stove, hearth'; Old High
German harsta' a frying-pan ', gahurstiC roasted, fried ', Middle Low German harsC grill
(to roast) ', Old English hierstan 'xoas\!, hierstepanne' frying pan ';

Lithuanian kurili, kurtT heat ', kOrenti' heat continuously ', /r^/'s/yZ/'schuren', Latvian
kur'u{kurstu), kurt, frequent. ku~rst?t, kurinaV heat ', Old Church Slavic kurjQ, kuriti s§
'smoke', kurenbje' coal fire ' etc.; Baltic kur-, Slavic kur-, must be explained through this
interpretation ablaut neologism to *kur\xo'C(\ a Indo Germanic reduplication-grade 6, an
other interpretation under (s)ker- 'cut, clip';

Latvian c^/7" glow stones ', c^ras' fervor, ardor', cereV\QNQ, sehnen, hoffen'; russ.
ceren' Salzpfanne der Salzsiedereien ', kIr. ceAe/? 'bottom of the oven and high-level
stove, fire stove ', poln. trzon'stove, hearth';

Lithuanian karstas 'hot', karst/s 'beat', Latvian karsts'bot', karset' warm up, inflame,
arouse, instigate ', ( *kor-s-); wherefore as 'stormy, hot tempered' also Lithuanian kerstas
'rage, fury', kerus, keringas ' full of rage ', kifsti" become angry '; probably to Old Indie
kusaku-' burning; fire, sun ' and kasaku-'i\'ce, sun' (both Middle Indie from *krsaku-.

compare Armenian xarsem "cook, burn' from intensive *khrs-); compare MiJIiienbach-
Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. I 375, II 164.

A cognate root form kra-s- as " fire brilliance, blaze, glow', from which partly "red', partly
"luminous, bright, beautiful', in Old Church Slavic krasa^ charming, pleasing, winning,
agreeable, beautifu, pulchritude ', russ. Arasa "beauty, adornment, jewellery'. Old Church
Slavic krasbp-b^ nicely, pleasantly, whitely dressed ', russ. krasnyj"re6, beautiful', Czech
Ar55/7y "beautiful', old also " light, gleaming' and "reddish' (etc.); Latvian Arasi/s "beautiful'
is russ. loanword

Maybe alb. Geg kreshn/k ^nob\e man, lord' a Slavic loanword.

One seeks a root ker- widened to *k(e)r-em- in Latin cremo, -are "to burn, consume by
fire (tr.)', Umbrian krematra PI. *crematra " kind of vessel to the roast of the meat, roast ';

in addition as " decoct, extract a substance through boiling ' also cremor^ to burn,
consume by fire, a thick vegetable juice '; further gall. Koppa, Kouppi, Old Irish coirm n.,
mcymr. cwrwf, acorn, coref, coruFbeef, wherefore perhaps Old Indie karam-b(h)a-'(r\. "
cereal, grain, porridge, mash', kulmasa- m" sour mucus of fruits, sour rice mucus ';
compare further Tocharian B kark-, kark- "fry, roast'.

References: WP. I 418 f., WH. 1165 f., 287 f.
Page(s): 571-572

Root / lemma: kerap-, krep-

Meaning: cloth, leather; shoe

Material: Latin carpisculum^a kind of shoes' (previously by Vopiscus and of foreign origin

suspicious as the similar carpatinusixoxw gr. Kap(3aTivo(; "from leather', Kapparivn " leather

shoe ');

Old Irish cairem^ shoemaker' {*kariamos, Indo Germanic *ker[a]p-), cymr. cryddds.
{*cerydd, Celtic *karijos), acorn, chereor, bret. kere, kereour6s.\

Old Icelandic hriflingr. Old English hrifeling^ shoe ';

Lithuanian kurpe, Latvian kufpe. Old Prussian kurpe^ shoe ' {*kurpja, Indo Germanic
*kor9p-);

Old Church Slavic krbpa^ a web, texture, rag', is-krbpiti, -atT patch up, mend ',
Bulgarian kbrpa^raq, kerchief, cloth; patch ', serb. krpa^ patch, shred, piece of canvas,

fabric'; with tlie meaning " slice ', serb. Arjb^e'sncwshce', pcln. kierpce' kind cf slice ',
Czech krpec " bast shce ';

with full grade the 2. syllable Kpr|TTi(;, -T5cq " man's high beet, half-bcct, scldiers' beets,
sheeshaped cake, groundwork, foundation, basement of a building or altar, walled edge of
a river or canal, quay, ox-tongue, Helminthia echioides, a bandage ' (Latin loanword
creplda ' a sandal, sole with straps, half-shoe, Grecian shoe ').

There kerap-\s probably an extension from (s)ker(e)-^ cui, clip',.

References: WP. I 425, WH. I 172, Trautmann 146.
Page(s): 581

Root / lemma: [kerR-.) korR- : kfR-

Meaning: to wrinkle, become thin

Note: (or at most kark- : krk-)

Material: Old Indie krsa-^ emaciated, lean, weak', krsyati^ peaks, becomes thin ', Avestan

karasa- " skinny ';

Maybe alb. {*kerk) kerthi^ young, small', kerthize^ umbilical cord of the baby' (common

alb. -k > -th).

Latin cracentes, leg. gracentes^ thin, slight, slender, slim, meagre, lean ' to gracilis^
skinny, slim, arid', dissim. from *cracilis.

Old Icelandic horr{*hurha-) " thinness, leanness ';

Lithuanian karseti, intensiv karstu, karstT become old ', iskarsqs^ frail before age ',
karse^ senility ', Latvian nuo-karsV become old, mature, ripe, mellow, become seasoned

kir. kors^ cleared line of land ', Serbo-Croatian krsljav' be slow in growth ', sloven, k'rs
m. 'shrub, bush', Czech krs^ dwarf tree ', krs-ati, -nouti^ abate ', poln. dial, karslak^ low,
crooked tree, firewood'.

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 284, Berneker 670.
Page(s): 581

Root/ lemma: ker-1, kor-, kr-

Meaning: a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc.), *crane

Note:

Root / lemma: ker-1, kor-, kr-\ "a kind of sound (hoarse shrieking, etc.), *crane' derived
from Root/ lemma: ger-2\ "to shriek (in expr. forms), *crane'.
Note: aniaut mostly k-, rare R- also with moveable s- : (s)ker-.
Material: I. Old Indie karata-xx\. "crow' (?), karayika^a kind of crane '.

Gr. Kopa^, -QKoq m. "raven', KopoKiov "bill, beak, neb of raven ' {*kor-n-k-, compare Latin
cor-n-T)^, OKOpaKi^w "dismiss contemptuously (from ic, KopaKac, paAAsiv ), Kopcbvp "crow',
Kopacpoc; TTOioc; opvi^ Hes. {* kor-n-b^os); KopKopuyn "rumbling noise, tumult';

Latin ccAi/i/s "raven', cornTx, -/ic/s^crow', Umbrian curnaco' a crow ' {-/k- besides -ak-);
Specht, Indo Germanic Dekl. 118, 161 places whereas corvus and corn/xto color root ker-;

Alb. korb : French corbeau ; corbin : Bresciano corf : Catalan corb : Finnish korppi :
Romanian corb : Sardinian Campidanesu crobu : Swedish korp : Valencian corp "raven'
[common alb. -v- > -d-].

Czech krakoratr gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' [*kor-kor-, compare
KopKOpuyn), Serb, krakoriti^ cackle ', kir. kerekorfty^ gobble, coo '.

see also Aar-"loud praise '.

1. Dental extensions:

Old Danish sAraofe "rattle, clash, groan ', Swedish Dialectal sAra/a "sound', Norwegian
Dialectal skrata' gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker, scold, chide, loud lachen', skratia
"rattle, clash', Swedish sAra/Za "lachen', Danish skratte^e\v\ev\ gesprungenen Ton give'.

2. guttural extensions:

A. Auf -Ar- (broken reduplication): kerk-, krek-, krok-:

Old Indie krkara-, krakara-, krkana-rr\. "a kind of partridge, game bird ', krka-vaku-m.
"rooster, cock', krkasa, krka//ka^b\rd name'; Avestan kahrkatat-t "rooster, cock', npers.
kark^ chicken ', Avestan kahrkasa-rc\. " vulture, actually Hahneesser'; Old Indie karkati
(uncovered) "laehf, kraksamana-, -kraksa-, -Ara/rs//?- perhaps "knarrend'; common Old
\v\d\c gh- > ks-

Armenian perhaps as neologism /r5/'/r5c"Rausehen, noise', karkacem ' excess'we
lachen, roar';

gr. KspKa^ ispa^ Hes., K£pKa(; Kps^ to opvsov Hes., K£pKi9aAi(; tpLob\6q Hes., KspKiq
...£l5o(; 6pvT9o(; Hes., K£pKV0(; ispa^, n aAsKipucbv Hes., KspKOc; ... aAsKipucbv Hes., KipKoc;
"iepa^', KopKopac; opvic;. nspYaioT Hes., Kps^ "eine Vogelart', Kipx^oq m. ' hoarseness ' (if
from *K£pK-avog), Kspxvr), K£pxvr|i<;f. Turmfalke';

Latin crocid, -/?eand croco, -are^ croak, caw ' (: Irish crain, Lithuanian krokiu, Latvian
kracu, Slavic krakati, compare with -g: gr. Kpcb^u), Old Norse hroki);

Middle Irish crain. Gen. crana^so\N' ('grunzend'; proto Celtic *krakni-)\ cercc^hevi (but
cymr. ysgrechf. 'scream' from Old English "sca^c 'clamor'; Middle Irish scree/? 'scream'
from Old Norse skreeki); abret. corcid, nbret. kerc'heiz, cymr. crychydd^Reihef, Irish corr
( *kork-so-) ' crane ';

Old Prussian kerkot ' aquanaut (bird)', Latvian kercu, kerC gaggle, cackle, chitchat,
talk, snicker, sough, rustle, din, fuss, noise make', Lithuanian karkiu, kafktT burr, croak,
caw, gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker', Lithuanian kirkiu, kFrktr screech, shriek,
scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell (from the Bruthenne)'; Lithuanian krekinuos, -intis
'rutting, in heat sein (of swine)', Latvian /rece/ 'hoarse become'; Old Prussian kracto{\\es
kracco) ' black woodpecker ', Lithuanian krake^s., Lithuanian kr(i)okiu, kr(i)6kti' groan,
grunt' (: Latin crocid Qic), kr{i)okiys'\Natefia\\', Latvian kracu, krakt' croak, caw,
schnarchen, groan, bawl, blaster'; Lithuanian kurkiu, /r^A/r// "quarren', Latvian kurcu, kurkt
'quarren' (: Old Church Slavic krbkngti, changing through ablaut with Lithuanian kvafktR);
compare MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb II 296, 270, 322;

Old Church Slavic krbkngti^ croak, caw ' (etc.); russ. -Church Slavic krecet-b ' cicada ',
russ. /re/r'Aufstehnen', Arece/'Jagdfalke', serb. /r/'e/ra'clamor of the chicken or Frosche'
(etc.), Czech s/r/e/r 'clamor'. Upper Serbian 5/r/e/r5Ka 'Eichelhaher'; russ. krochaib
'Tauchergans', Bulgarian /r/id/ro/? 'raven', serb. krocem, krokati^ croak, caw ' (etc.); russ.-
Church Slavic (etc.) kracu, krakati 6s.; in addition slovz. krek {*krak-b) m. 'raven'.

Also alb. krokaV croak, caw ' a Slavic loanword.

Nasalized: Old English firingan^ so\}v\6, clink, rattle, clash, clatter', engl. /0/7/7^'lauten,
clink ', Old Norse iirangu. 'din, fuss, noise', iiringia ' chme' , Lithuanian krankiu, krankti^
croak, caw, groan ', kranksciu, kranksti6s., russ. krjakatb 'crack, creak, groan, burr, croak,
caw '; Tocharian B kraiiko roosier, cock; Old Indie kruii, kruhca-, kraufica rw. 'Brachvogel'.

With ani. ^-;Old Indie sari-i. "a bird', sarika^\he Indian magpie '; Armenian sareak
"Star'; Lithuanian sarka. Old Prussian sarke^ magpie ', russ. soroka, Czech straka, serb.
sraka^ magpie '; besides Old Church Slavic svraka, serb. svrakaAs., see below.

With aniaut. Ru-:a\b. sorre {* kuerna) "crow' (Jokl, Mel. Pedersen 146);

Note:

Wrong etymology because of alb. sorre, sorrai., Bresciano cornacia, Calabrese ciavula,
Catalan cornellai., Corsican curnachja, currachja, French corneillei., Friulian gore,
cornile, Greek Koupouva (kourouna), Irish carog dubh, Italian cornacchia, Reggiano
curnaccidun, Romagnolo curnacia, Romanian cioara, Romany korungxw., Sardinian
Campidanesu carroga, corroga, Sardinian carroga, corrancra, corranca, Scottish starrag,
Spanish cornejat, Valencian cornella^crosN' from Latin comix (-icis) " crow, carrion crow '.

Old Church Slavic soraka, serb. svraka " magpie'.

E.f\ui-g-\

Old Indie kharjaf/ ^knarrt', kharga/a'e\n certain Nachtvogel (owl?)';

gr. Kpcb^u) 'krachze', Kpa^u), SKpayov, KSKpaya ' croak, caw (of raven), cry'; mpayuq 6
Tpax6(; nj6(po(; olov rrpiovajv Hes.;

Old Norse hrokr, Old English hroc, Old High German hruoh' crow'; ndd. harken, Danish
harke^sich rauspern', Swiss harchlen' groan ', Old Norse hark, sAa^/r 'din, fuss, noise',
herkir, skerk/rl\re' ('*knisternd'). Old Norse harka^rant, roister', ndd. harken 'scratch,
scratch, scrape', harke' rake ', Modern High German loanword Harke; to Old Indie kharju-
m. (uncovered) "the itchiness, scratch ', khrgala-rr\. " crutch ' (?);

Old High German rachison' s\c\\ rauspern'. Old English hracaru., hracui. "throat'. Old
High German rahho' jaw ', Old English hreeca rr\. "das Rauspern; saliva', hr£ecan's\cV\
rauspern, spucken'. Old Norse hrakam. "saliva'; Old Norse skrsekrm. "scream' {*skrek/-),
skraekja, skrsekta'cvj', skrgkr\. PI. "lie, falsity', 5Arp/ri/5"erdichten, erlijgen';

Lithuanian kregzde ' swaWow' , kreget/" grur\t' , krog/u 'r6ch\e, grunt'.

3. Labial extensions:

A. With -p-: Old India krpate, Aor. akraplsta^ lament';

krcchra-^ bad '; n. "need', Middle Indie from *krpsra-\

npers. sarfak^ clangor', s^/f (Iran. *sarafa-) " cough ';

Latin crepo, -55 and -is, -5/'e''knattern, rustle, crack, creak', crepundia, -d/'i7/77'Klappern
as Kinderspielzeug, Kastagnetten' (after M. Leumann, Gnomon 9, 240, rather Etruscan);
EM3268;

Old Norse ^ra/^ "raven', Proto Norse HrabnaR, Old English hrsefn^ ray evi. Old High
German hraban, hram^rayeu' (Middle High German also rappe). Old Saxon naht-ram^ a
night-owl, an owl ';

With 5-: Old Norse skrafa^ babble, chatter ', skraf{av\6 skrapsee below) n. "gossip'; Old
Norse s/ra/^ "Seerabe', Old English skrgef6s.. Old High German scarba, scarvai., scarbo
m. ds.. Modern High German Scharbe; bret. sc/'5i/"Meervoger is Germanic loanword;

Latvian krepet, krepet^6\r{)/, filthy become', krepat^zaheu mucus auswerfen' (from
"*rauspern'), Lithuanian skreplenti6s., Latvian krepalasP\., Lithuanian skrepliaTP\.
"Schleimauswurf, Old Church Slavic kroplj^, kropiti^ besprinkle, sprinkle' etc., russ.
kropotatb "drone, grumble, grumpy, surly, sullen sein, sich sorgen' etc.

With -b-\ Old Norse skrap'das Raschein, gossip', skrapa'rusWe, babble'; Lithuanian
skrebef/ ^rust\e', Old Church Slavic skrobofb ^ no\se' . Nasalized gr. KpsppaAa
"Kastagnetten'.

II. Abasis (s)(k)erei-:

Old Irish screti., nir. scread^screarci from * skri-zd(h)a; compare Persson Beitr. I 348;

with s-\ bret. screo {*skriua) "kreischender Meervogel';

Old High German Old Saxon scnan^cry\ Old High German screiu. "scream', ndd.
schrewen, Dutch schreeuwen^cvj' {*skraiwian). West Flemish schreemen, engl. scream
ds. {*skraimian)\

without s-\ Old Norse /7/'e//77/'"clamor', Old Norse hnna^cxY (of swine); compare Latvian
kr7na'so\N' (also Irish cra/n ds. : Latin crocid) and piem. c/y/? (Ligurian?) "swine'.

guttural extensions:

A. With -k-\ gr. Kpks "(the yoke) knarrte, kreischte'; Lithuanian kryksciu, krykstr
screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ', /r/7/rse//"quaken';

Old Church Slavic A/7/rb "clamor', kricati^ccY;

Old Norse hegri. Old English hragra. Old High German he/garoan6 (h)reigaro. Middle
High German heigerav\6 reiger. Modern High German Reiher{*kroikro-, *knkro-), partly
with diss. Schwunde of first r,

cymr. c/y^ "hoarse', fem. creg, therefrom creg-yr^Reihef;

eine various Lautnachahmung is Bulgarian cirkam "zwitschere, zirpe; cry, spritze' (etc.
s. Berneker 132);

B. With -g-\ gr. Kplyn "das Schwirren; creakiness (the Zahne)', Kpiyn n yAau^ Hes.,
Kpi^w, Kpi^ai, KSKpIya " screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell, growl ',
Boeotian Kpi55£iJ£v (55 = y) "ysAav';

cymr. cre{*kriga), dychre {*dT-eks-kriga) "clamor'; derived cre-ydd, cre-yr^Reihex';

Old Norse hrJka^ gnash ', hrikta^ screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ';

with s-\ Old Norse s/r/yTt/a "Vogelschrei', as verb "chirp, twitter'. Old English scrTc
"WiJrger', Norwegian skrTka, skreik^cvj'. Old Saxon skr/kdn6s., Old Norse skr^kr
"scream';

late neologism: Modern High German Krickente, Swedish krickand, krikka6s., Dutch
kriek, kreker cricket, Heimchen', French cr/quef6s., Dutch kricken, kreken^Z\rpen (from
the cricket)'. Middle English creken ^ creak' , engl. creak6s., French cr/quer6s.;

with S-: Old Church Slavic skrbgati(\.e. skrbg-) " gnash ', skrbzbt-b (i.e. skrbz-)
"Geknirsche'.

III. ^basis (s)k(o)reu-, (s)k(o)rau-:

1. Latin corvus{sQQ above S. 567); Middle Irish c/y? "raven' {*krouos)\ ndd. schrauen,
schraulen, Norwegian skryla, /y/5"cry', Norwegian dial. 5/r/y/7/5 "clatter, noise make, sharp
clink; cough'; Old Norse skraumi^ bawler, crier, Hanswurst'; North Frisian skrummer din,
noise, rumor'. Modern High German schrummeln^ thunder'. Old Norse s/rm/r? "gossip;
Lithuanian kriunu, -e//"cough, groan, moan'; perhaps also Tocharian B /rem "drum'.

2. Dental extensions:

With -d-\

Old Norse hrjota'roar, bellow, schnarchen, drone, grumble'. Old English hrutan
"schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort'. Old High German rOzan, ruzdn'ratt\e, clash, schnarchen,
buzz'; compare Old English hrotm. " thick FliJssigkeit, mucus', etc. under S. 537;

Middle Low German sc/?/!//©/? "schnarchen, wheeze, prusten', wfal. Sc/7/'i/te"Truthenne',
Swedish s/r/y/5 'brag, boast', dial, 'schnarchen', Norwegian dial. sA/y/a'pant, sniff, snort,
prusten', skrota {*skrutdn) 'brag, boast' (perhaps also Old Norse skrautu. ' splendor,
jewellery', sArey/a 'adorn', if actually 'brag, boast', compare Norwegian 5/r/i0y/a 'adorn,
praise, laud, brag, boast', /isy/ads.).

With Indo Germanic-^: Old Norse hrydjai. 'Spucknapf, isl. /7/'c»d/"saliva', Norwegian
dial, ryda, skrydai. 'mucus in neck'.

3. guttural extensions:

With -k-\ Lithuanian krauklys^cro\N\ kraukiu, krauktT croak, caw ', ablaut, kriuk-iu, -ti
'grunt', Am/re'Gegrunze'; Latvian krauklisrw. 'raven', kraukis^ rook, black European bird
of the crow family ', kraukafQ,o\^<^\\, mucus auswerfen (of cattle)'; kraukai.
'Schleimauswurf';

Old Church Slavic kruk-b 'raven' (etc.);

isl. /7/y^/a" rattle in the throat'. Middle High German ru(c)heln. Modern High German
roche/n^ groan', Norwegian rugde^ Waldschnepfe '; in addition probably Old English hrog^
nasal mucus ';

with gemination -/r/r-.- Danish skrukke^ chorWe, chuckle', skrokke ^chai, prate', next to
which Old Danish krokke^caW, shout, cry, from chickens ', Middle Low German krochen
'grunt; hoarse cry (of raven)'.

With -T(-\ Old Indie krosati, Avestan xraosaiti^ shrieks, shouts, howls'. Old Indie krosa-,
klosa- m. 'scream, earshot ', (: Old English hream^ emergency call ' from *hrauhma),
npers. a-^/ios 'rooster, cock'; s. W. Schuize Kl. Schr.166.

With -g-\ gr. Kpauyn "clamor', KpauY6(; 5puKoAaTTTOu €\6oc, ('kind of woodpecker ') Hes.;
Gothic hrukkVk. ' the crows ', hrukjan^ crow '.

References: WP. I 413ff., WH. I 275 f., 290, 291 f., 293, Trautmann 128, 139 f., Wissmann
Nom. postverb. 130f.
Page(s): 567-571

Root / lemma: ker-2
Meaning: cut'

See also: see below (s)ker- .
Page(s): 571

Root / lemma: ker-4

Meaning: cherry

Material: Gr. Kpavo(; m. f. = Latin cornus{*krnos) ' a cornel cherry-tree ', Kpavov = Latin

cornum^ cornel, cornelcherry ', Lithuanian *kirnasas base from Kirnis^ deus cerasorum ';

in addition probably gr. K£paao(; " cherry tree ' (out of it Latin cerasus), perhaps thrakisch-

Phrygian word.

Contrariness to phonetically concordance remain far off the meaning because of:
Lithuanian kirnai. " Strauchband aus Weiden ', k/rn/s' swamp, marsh'. Old Prussian k/rno
f. 'shrub, bush'.

Maybe alb. {*kurna) shkurre' shrub, bush '.

ablaut. Lithuanian keras^ hoher, verwitterter Baumstumpf; Staude ', keretr shoot in the
branch ', Latvian c^as 'shrub, bush, gnarled tree root ', Old Prussian ker-berse^
Wirsenholz ' (perhaps ' birch shrub '), with formants -ba, Lithuanian kirba (out of it Latvian
kirba) 'swamp, marsh, morass'; russ. -Church Slavic k-brjb, russ. kort 'root', Czech ker
'shrub, bush', ograde Old Church Slavic (etc.) korent. Gen. -ene {en-siem) 'root';
together with russ. ceren, cerenok' Heft, Stiel, Griff eines Messers; Pfropfreis ' etc. (see
Berneker 146 f.); perhaps to (s)ker-Q.\A, clip'.

References: WP. I 41 1 f., WH. I 221 f., 276 f.
Page(s): 572-573

Root/ lemma: {ker-5^), kor-

Meaning: to hang

Material: Lithuanian karili, kartT hang, halter, gibbet ', Latvian kar'u, kart^ hang ',

Lithuanian pakara^ Kleiderstander, Pflock zum Kleideraufhangen ', Latvian pakars^ hook

for hanging up ', Old Prussian /?acc5/7s 'strap', Lithuanian pakore^ gallows '; perhaps also

Lithuanian pra-kartas^ crib, manger', Old Prussian yoraca/ifi's "trough', if originally I
vorgehangter Futtersack ';

in addition perhaps as extension *krem(a)-\n gr. KpEpiavvupii " hang ', older Kpi|jvr|Mi ds.
(besides KpnpvriMi, s. Specht KZ 59, 97), Kpstjapai "hang', KpspaGpa " hammock ', zero
grade Kpr||jv6(; "slope'.

References: W P. 1412.
Page(s): 573

Root / lemma: ker-5
Meaning: " jump, turn '
See also: see below (s)ker-.
Page(s): 574

Root / lemma: kerm-

Meaning: to be tired, rest

Material: Old High German Middle High German hirmen. Middle Dutch hermen'rest, halt';

Lithuanian kirmy-ju, kirmyti, kirmetT start to rot, become faul ' (influenced from kirmis

"worm'?).

Maybe alb. kermiir snail, slow creature'.

References: WP. I 426.

Page(s): 582

Root/ lemma: Aer-5and Rer-

Meaning: dark colour; dirt, etc..

Note: often extended with -/and -u, s. the extensions kerb(h)-ax\6 kers-

Material: Old Indie karata-^ oxblood, indigo ' (?), kuruhga-, kuluhga-m. " antelope ',

A/Am/Aa- "varicolored', kansa- n. " sputum, spit, saliva, manure', kardama-m. "slime, mud,

smut, manure'; kalka- m. "ordure, filth ', /ra/'/ra- "white' (: Middle Irish corcach); npers.

cardeh^ blackish, darkish ', kari, /ra/'a/7"smut', Pahlavi Aa/7ic"crap, muck'; gr. Kopu^a

"catarrh, snot', Kopuvai pu^ai Hes., Kopupov \xzKom Hes., Kpou|jai [ju^ai Hes.;

Maybe alb. qurrate' nasal mucus, snot ' a Greek loanword.

about Latin carbo^ burning or burnt wood' see above under 3. ker-\

Middle Irish corcachi. "swamp, marsh' (: Old Indie kalka-, karka-, see above);

Old High German horo, Gen. horawes, Middle High German hor, hurwe'ordure, smut'
{*kr-u-)\ Old English horh. Gen. horwes. Old High German ^o/y 'dirty, filthy' {*kr-k-u-o)\ Old
Icelandic horrm. ' nasal mucus, snot, smut'; Old English hrotm. 'snot'. Old High German
hroz6s., asachs. hrottag' snotty'; Old High German ruoz, rouz. Middle High German ruoz,
most, asachs. ^/lo/'smut'; Old English hrumm. 'smut', asachs. hrum, Middle High German
PN Rum-olt,

with palatal in aniaut:

Armenian sarn. Gen. sann^\ce\ sarnum' freeze ';

With -/77-formant:

Venetic-lllyrian PN Ca/777d(Steiermark, Austrian province), ratoroman. carmun ^^easey;
see below Ror-men-\

alb. thJer-me^i^raY, per-thjerm^ lazuline' {*Rer-uo-mtV\ secondary -m^\ / surme ^ ashen'
( *Ror-mo-); s. Jokl Mel. Pedersen 153 ff.;

Note: alb. Illyrian Celtic Greek common -/77-formant.

Old Icelandic hjarnn. 'frozen snow' (: Armenian sarn, Slavic *sern-b); Old High German
hornunc. Modern High German Hornung^ february '; Old High German harmom. 'ermine'
(: Venetic-lllyrian carmo); common alb. - Illyrian h- > k-.

Lithuanian s/rvas'gray, greyish-blue' {*kr-uo-s), s/rmas6s. {*kr-mo-s), Latvian s/rms
"gray' (compare Old Indie sy5-/77a- 'black, dark' besides sya-va- 6s.); Lithuanian s/rv/s
'(*gray) hare'; in addition Lithuanian sarmai. ' hoarfrost', Latvian sarma, serma6s.,
Lithuanian sarmud, sermud^ {*gray) ermine' (: Old High German harmo, Venetic-lllyrian
carmd); sarmuonysxw. '(*gray) weasel', with ablaut East Lithuanian s/rmuone//s ds.,
Latvian sermulism. '(*gray) ermine';

Note:

-/77- common stem formation Illyrian Greek.

proto Slavic. *sernb\n russ. -Church Slavic srenb ' many-coloured, spotted, pied,
dappled ', Old Russian serenyj 'wh\te' (from horses) and as m. sloven, sren, srenj"
Raureif, gefrorene Schneerinde ', russ. se/ieV? 'frozen snow', poln. szro/? (older srzon) '
hoarfrost (: Old Icelandic hjarn);

Lithuanian serksnas {bes\6es sefkstas) " wliite-gray, mouldy', serknasxw. " hoarfrost ',
ablaut, sifksnas " hoarfrost ' and sirsnija sirsnyti^ cover itself with white frost '; Latvian
serns, serksnsm., also sersn/m. Plur., sersnai. " hoarfrost ' and serstu laiks^ Zeit, da der
Schnee tragt '.

Note:

Maybe {*hurve) Hrv> Hrvat' dark people' = Sarmoi> Serboi, S/t'from Lithuanian sarma

'gray, white weasel'. Thee names actually originate from the same root: indeed, the roots

are distinctly similar (Srb/Hrv).

Sarmantia PN

References: WP. I 409, 428 f., Trautmann 300, 303, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 118 f.,

179, 199, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 113 under Anm. 1.

Page(s): 573-574

Root / lemma: kemo-
Meaning: jaw

Note: only Celtic and Slavic; compare ker-2.

Material: Cymr. ce/77 "mandible, lower jaw bone ', bret. /re/77" Muhltrichter, Scheitel, Tonsur
'. Middle Irish ce/77 "point, edge, angle ' (es liegt die Vorstellung des Knicks am Kinnbacken
^);

Slavic *ce/77bin: Old Bulgarian crenovbnaja^ puAai ', r.-Church Slavic crenov-bn-b
(zubb), crenovftbCb " uuAn ' " den^riolans ', Slovak, c/ie/? "mandible, lower jaw bone ' etc.

After Buga RFV. 67, 234 to Latvian c§ruo-k(s)lis " grinder, molar tooth ', Old Indie carvati
"chew'.

References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 129, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 141, 169.
Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: kers-

Meaning: a kind of colour (black)

Note: and probably also bloftes ker-, compare also kel-4 and ker-6.

Material: Old Indie krsna-^b\acV! = Old Prussian kirsnands., FIN Kirsnappe= Old

Bulgarian crbPb, russ. cerenb, Serbo-Croatian crn etc. "black' {*cbrxnb, *cbrsnb)\ without -

/7o-forms Lithuanian kersas^ mottled, speckled black and white, *tabby', kerse' dappled

cow', /re/^/s "black dappled ox', kersulis^ Ringeltaube '; karsisi. "Brassen, lead (fish)',

k/rs/ysm. "ash'; the intonation from kersasi\ts but not to Old Indie;

Note:

Old Church Slavic: crbnb'b\ack' : Lithuanian: k/rsnas'b\ack (of a horse)' : Old Prussian:

kirsnan 'black' : Krishna " Vedic black god '

Swedish Norwegian harr^ ash ' {*harzu-)\ Old English heard-hara, heardra-m.. Modern
High German holl. harder, herder^ sea-asW.

References: WP. I 428 f., Trautmann 118, 134 f.
Page(s): 583

Root / lemma: kert- kerat-, krat- {*kuers-t}

Meaning: to turn, roll, wind, net

Root/ lemma: kert-, kerat-, krat- {* kuers-tj\ to turn, roll, wind, net, derived from the suffixed

with -t- formant of Root/ lemma: kures-, kuers-, kufs-\ wood, trees.

Note: extension from ker-7, S. 574; see below (s)ker-3.

Material: Old Irish krnatti^ twists the thread, spins ', karttar- "the spinner ', crtati^ binds,

fixes together', kata-m. 'netting, mat ' (Middle Indie for *krta-), probably also kutf-, kutTi.

'cottage' {*krfi), kudya-n. {*krtya-) ' (*geflochtene) Wand ', pali koccha-' wickerwork ' (Old

Indie *krtsa-)\ Old Indie /r/'/s/7a- 'complete, whole' (compare Latin crassus, Slavic *cbrstvh);

gr. KapTaA(A)o(; m. 'basket', KpoTwvr) ' excrescence on trees, esp. on the olive,
fragments of bronchial cartilage ' (*KpaTU)va); with ^/-colored reduced grade KupTO(;, Kuprn
' a fishing-basket, fish snaring net, cage', Kupria ' wickerwork ';

Latin cratis' wicker-work, a hurdle ', crates dentatae^ harrow ', cratio, -/?e 'harrow'
{*kerati-, or *krati-, compare Latvian kratihs, Lithuanian krotai); crassus ^\h\ck, strong,
coarse'; probably cartilage 'gristle' (probably ker[a]t-, compare paima : naAapn);

In e-grade:

alb. kjerthuii^ circle, thread reel, thread coil, windlass ' (: Middle Irish ceirtiesee below);
Maybe alb. kerthiza ' navel, navel cord ' : sloven, kretica ' knot in the weave ': alb. kurth '
trap, (net) '.

Middle Irish ceirtiet ' ball, tangle, knot ' {*kerteiJ3)\ certi. 'scrap, shred, sundries ';

Gothic haurds {*krtis) 'door'. Old Norse hurd6s., Old Saxon /7i//Y/7' netting'. Old High
German hurd, PI. hurdids., Modern High German Hurde^ hurdle ', Old English hyrdeian6
(old) hyrt^ii^ wickerwork ';

doubtful {*kert-s-to-, *krt-s-ti-l) Old Saxon harstxw. " wickerwork, Rost ', harsta 'RosV;
Middle Low German harst6s., "deadwood, shrubbery, bush, Rost' (whereof Middle Low
German harsten. Old High German hersten. Old English h/erstan' roast'), Norwegian dial.
rust' spinney'. Old English hyrstm. "wood, forest'. Middle Low German horst, hurst
"shrubbery, bush'. Old High German horst, hurstm. "shrubbery, bush'. Modern High
German Horst' eyrie, nest of a bird of prey ';

Old Prussian corto " paddock '; nasalized (as Slavic kr§[t]n^ti) perhaps Latvian krietns
(would be Lithuanian *krehtnas) "proficient, valiant' (if originally as much as russ. kruth, see
below);

Lithuanian krahtas' steep bank, border, shore'; compare kir. /rm/j^' "winded, upright,
brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep ', kruca' steep bank, border, shore' (Trautmann
142);

r.-Church Slavic crbstvb, C6/'s/i/b "tight, firm; pure, candid, genuine', russ. cerstvb'\r\ar6,
dry; unfeeling; old ', serb. cvrst' tight, firm, hard; vollfleischig ' etc. {*krt-tu-os);

nasalized Slavic *kr§tati, *kr§[t]n^ti, russ. kratatb, kranutb "move from the place, upset;
touch ', sloven, kr^tati" turn, steer, move ' etc., changing through ablaut *krgtb in russ.-
Church Slavic krutb " a twisting, winding coil, not mellow, harsh, unripe, sour ', russ. krutb "
twisted tightly; abrupt, upright (see above to Lithuanian krahtas); thickly preserved; cold;
hard, strict ', serb. /rm/ "violent', poln. krgty' twisted tightly; winded, crooked; twiddled,
rotated, revved, revolved, curled ', Church Slavic krqstg, kr^titi s§' turn about, turn away,
twist, bend, wind ', russ. krutftb "turn, coil, whirl, lace, tie ' etc., sloven, krotfca' knot in the
weave ', Czech krutfna'6s.; convolution: cradle ', poln. skrgtka' Weidenseil ';

after Pedersen Tocharian Sprachg. here Tocharian B /re/rc/ye "palace'.

References: WP. I 421 f., WH. I 285 f., Trautmann 142, 146.
Page(s): 584-585

Root / lemma: kes- {*ghes-)

Meaning: to scratch, itch

Material: Gr. kegksov (to form KCOKiov s. Boisacq) " oakum ' ( *kes-kes-);

Middle Irish cTri. "comb' {*kes-ra); [common Celtic Albanian abbreviation]

Old Norse haddrvc\. " hair of the woman ' {*hazda-z); Old English heordi. "hair'
( *hezda), in addition heordan PI. " oakum ', engl. hards. Middle Low German herde

Tlachsfaser'; hede. Middle Low German hede, ^e/o^e (Dutch Modern High German Hed&j
" oakum '; [common Latin Germanic -s- > -r- : common Germanic Anatolian s- > z-].

Lithuanian kasa^ braid, plait, pigtail ', kasau, -yti^ continuously scratch mildly ', kasu,
kasti^ dig over', Latvian kast^ rake ', /ras/7' scrape, scratch, rake, scratch, scrape'.

Alb. /ros// 'harvest the crops' Slavic loanword.

In addition Lithuanian kasat, kasusm. kask/sm., " scabies '; Old Prussian kextii. " braid
hair, (development from a participle *kesfas or a *koz-6^o-= Germanic *hazda-)\

maybe alb. {*ces) c/e//? 'dress hair' [common alb. s > //? shift] Slavic loanword.

Old Church Slavic cesg, cesati^ comb; wander, stray (e.g., berries) ', Bulgarian (etc.)
ceser comb', Czech pa-cesm. ' buckwheat, oakum ', russ. ceska' buckwheat, oakum ',
ces^^ "dandruff, cesotka' scabies '; Church Slavic /rosa 'hair', russ. (etc.) /rosa 'lichen,
pigtail ', Church Slavic kosmb 'hair'; Old Church Slavic /rc»5/7^// "touch, feel; touch on',
kasaf/sg' touch' (from 'pluck'), serb. kosTm, -///'lace rare, vellere' probably iterative to
cesatr, Czech (etc.) /roc/75// 'delight, caress, love' (to kosn^tias ' caressing, zartlich touch',
perhaps 'krauen'; compare Berneker 152, 491, 538, 580 ff.).

Root extensions:

ks-en-\x\ gr. ^aivw ( *ksnid) 'scratch, comb; drum; tumble, beat ', ^aviov ' card for
combing wool ', %aa\xa ' carded wool ', Eni^nvov ' chopping-block, executioner's block ';

Latin sentis {*ksen-tis) 'briar', sentus^ thorny, rough, rugged, standing on end, rough,
shaggy, bristly, prickly ' (by Prudentius ' thorny ');

ks-n-eu-\n.

Old Indie ksnauti^ trails, races, rubs ', ksnotra-n. 'grindstone, whetstone', participle
ksnuta- Avestan hu-xsnuta-' well sharpened '; common Old Indie ^/7->/rs-

Latin novacu/a'a sharp knife, razor' (due to a verb *novareirorc\ *ksneua-);

Old Norse snQggr^ shaved ', snodenn^ clipped bald '; snaudr^ bald, poor, needy'. Old
English besnyddan^xwui^, rob'. Middle High German besnoten^ sparse, poor, needy ',
s/y^o'e 'small, weak'. Modern High German schnode^ disdainful '.

ks-es-\n: gr. ^eoj {*ks-es-d), Aor. ^taoai "scrape, smooth', ^sarot; " scraped '; common
Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > gz-, z- : gr. z-

ks-eu-\^:

Old Indie ksura-xw. " shearing knife, thorn plant '; npers. sor^ salty ', Kurdish sur6s.\
common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- : Old Indie ksura- m. " shearing knife, thorn plant ' : 'lAAOpioi , oi,
lllyrians, 'lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -Kr|, the region
or province of lllyria, UAupi^U) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupla:-hence Adv.
lAAupiaTi.

gr. ^uu) ' scrape, rub, smooth ', participle ^ugto^ ' scraped, smoothed ', -6v "(smooth)
spear shaft', ^uapa " scrapings ', ^uarpa "currycomb', ^uarrip " rasper', ^upov (: Old Indie
ksura-) " shearing knife ', ^upov Topov, iaxvov, o^u Hes.; ^oavov ( *ks-ou-enom) " image
carved of wood, image, statue, esp. of a god ' common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- >
gz-, z- : gr. z-

gr. ^cbarpa HJr|KTpi(;, HJnKTpia Hes. ("currycomb '), rather with ksdfuj-\r\ere, as with *ksds-
to root form ks-es-,

here probably with metathesis Baltic *skuud' shave ' in Latvian skuvu, skut, Lithuanian
skutu, skust/ ds.

References: WP. I 449 ff., WH. I 178 f., Trautmann 119 f., 268, Specht Indo Germanic
Dekl. 239, 250, Kuiper Nasalpras. 85^.
Page(s): 585-586

Root / lemma: keuad- kud-
Meaning: to cry

Material: Old Indie kutsayati^ blasphemes, reproves ', kutsa^ abuse, reprimand ', npers.
nikOhTdan^rebxAe, vilify, scold';

gr. Ku5a^u), -o\xa\ " abuse, revile, scold ', KuSayxaq |jaxa(;, ko\bo^\ac, Hes., KuSayxoiJSva
Aoi5opouM£va Hes.; from a stem ku5oi- : KuSoiiJoq " din of battle, uproar, hubbub ',
Ku5oi[j£Tv " make an uproar, spread confusion ', ku5oi-5ottc(v ds.;

agutn. huta^ send for, call out to, summon ', Norwegian dial, huta^ shout, make a noise,
at a dog shout threateningly, contemptuously treat ' (Middle English huten, hoten, nengl. to
/70o/'cry, make a sound like the cry of an owl ' from Old Norse /7d/a 'threaten');

Maybe alb. huta' owl'.

Old English husc{*kud-sko-),0\6 High German Old Saxon hose {*kud-sko-) " abuse,
derision, ridicule'. Old English hosp^ disgrace, shame, insult', hyspan^ mock ' (with -sp-
suffix). Middle High German hiuze' cheeky, alert, awake, smart', hiuzen^ sich erfrechen '
("*shout challengingly '), gehiuze, gehuze^ din, clamor, derision, ridicule', hiuzen, huzen^
shout to the pursuit ' (in addition the Interj. hussa?);

with aniaut. s- (previously after schallen, schreienl) perhaps Middle English schuten^
cry out, shout, bawl, exclaim ', engl. to shout^ cry loudly ', Old Icelandic skOta, skutT
derision, gibe ';

Old Bulgarian kuzdg, kuditT ruin ', Church Slavic also "vilify, scold, rebuke', russ.
prokuditb " make bad pranks, play practical joke ', kudbi. " black art, black magic,
witchcraft ', Serbo-Croatian kudJm, -///'rebuke, slander', poln. dial, prze-, przy-kudzic
'spoil, tire, bore '.

References: WP. I 378 f.
Page(s): 595-596

Root / lemma: keu-1, skeu-, lengthened grade keu-

Meaning: to notice, observe, feel; to hear

Note: heavy basis koua-\ s-extension keu-s-, about forms with aniaut. 5-s. at the end;

Ao^o-5'sorgsam'; ctextension keud-\ kud- in keudos : kudos iame' .

Material: 1. Old Indie kavf- 'smart, wise; seer, bard', kavarf-^ selfish; penurious ', a-kava-

'not stingy'; a-kuvate^ intentional, deliberate ', a-kuta-v\., a-kuti-i. ' intention';

Avestan cov/sn. Sg. Med. Aor. ' ich erhoffte, versah myself;

gr. koecjo ' mark, perceive, hear' (Denomin. from *kouos, = Latin caved); *koFo(; placed
in Ionic-Attic avoKux; exeiv ' carefully, look well to a thing, give good heed to it '; Doric
£KOC(|j£(; HKOuaapsv Hes.; Koir|<;, K0i6Ar|<; i£p£U(;; koTov, kojiov svsxupov; Koua, Kwa svsxupa
Hes.; maked. Koioq 'number'; PN Aao-K6(F)u)v, Aao-Kowaa, etc.; ku5oc; n. 'fame' (see
below to Slavic cudo);

from the basis keu-s-: aKouw "hear' (*aKouqi(jo), aKori, horn. aKoun " ear, hearing '
(*aKOuaa), unriKOOc; ' hearkening, answering with both gifts, a hearer, scholar, obeying,
subject ', lak. EiraKOoq ' witness, testifier ', qkeusi iripeT Hes., gort. aK£uovTO(; (with old e-
Vok., during qkouu) depends from *aKOuaa:); about Ku5og see below;

QKOuu) ' hear, understand ' etc. at first related to Gothic hausjaneic, see below; d- is
barely = /7'in', but = a- ( 77a-KOuhiu), *ha-K£uh(ji)) through breath dissimilation, or Indo
Germanic s/77- 'together'; different above S. 18, whereas oksuu) ablaut formation would
have to be kept away what is not likely;

Latin caved, -ere^ to be on one's guard, take care, take heed, beware, guard against,
avoid ' ( *covere, Denom. from *kouos), cautus " careful ', Umbrian kutef " careful ';

Maybe alb. {*koutos) kujtoj^ mark, perceive, remember'.

Gothic hausjan. Old Icelandic heyra. Old English hTeran, Old Saxon horian. Old High
German horfrjen 'hear' (see above); lengthened gradees *keu-\n Old English hawian
"see, show';

Latvian kavet{: Latin cavere) " vacillate, hesitate';

wruss. s-kuma-ju, -c' understand, comprehend ', Czech koumati, s-koumatT mark,
perceive, hear, become aware' (denominative a (s)kou-mo-, -ma)\ Old Bulgarian cujg, cuti
" feel, mark, perceive, hear ', serb. cujem cuti'heax, feel ' (etc.; *keu-)\

Old Bulgarian cudo, -ese 'wonder, miracle', cuditi s§' to wonder at, be surprised ' {*keu-
dos, changing through ablaut:)

Maybe alb. f^oV "wonder, miracle, surprise', guditem' to wonder at, be surprised ' a Slavic
loanword, common Slavic alb. c >q.

gr. k05o^ "fame, honour', kuSigtoc; " most honoured, noblest ';

serb. cuvat/' beware, guard'; proto Slavic *cevg, *ceviti\r\ Old Czech vs-cieviti, na-vs-
cieviti, nowadays navstfviti' call, visit '.

Maybe alb. gohem' get up, wake up', goj' send' Slavic loanwords, common Slavic alb. c >
?■

keu-s-\r\ russ. dial, cuchatb 'percewe, hear', sloven, cuha-m, -//"feel, foresee, predict ',
Czech c/ic/7 "sense, mind, scent, spoor'; compare above to qkouw.

2. With initial sound s-:

miran. skoh, np. s/koh, 5^/rd/7(Proto- Iranian *skaua^a-) " splendor, glory, magnificence,
majesty, stateliness '; Armenian cucanem^ allow to look, point, show ' coyc^ pointing,
show ' {skeu-sRd);

gr. GuoGKOOc; " sacrificing priest ' from gr. Guoa "a sacrifice, offering';

Gothic us-skaws'i* looking out =) prudent, cautious, careful ', Old English sceawian.
Old Saxon skauwon. Old High German scouwon "see, show'; Old Icelandic skygn ' seeing
', skygg/nn 'c\ear, bright' {*skuvvini-), whereoi skygna^ peer'; Gothic s/r5^/7s "beautiful'
{ibna-skauns^ from the same figure '), Old High German scon/ 6s., Old Icelandic skjoni.
Old Saxon s/ro/7/"gleaming, beautiful'. Old English saencds. (actually "conspicuous'); zero
grade *sku-n/-\n Old Icelandic skyni. n. "order, information, message, discernment',
skynja^ examine, understand, comprehend '; Old Icelandic skoda^ peer';

Maybe alb. shquaf perceive, distinguish '.

Old Prussian au-schaudTtwei^\xus{\

References: WP. I 368 ff., WH. I 186 f., Trautmann 132.
Page(s): 587-588

Root / lemma: keu-2, keua-

Meaning: to bend

Note: Numerous parallel formations from the root geu-see there, compare esp. the

confrontations by Persson Beitr. 1 00 f., 1 04 Anm. 1 . - About the attempt of a mediation

with fsjkeu-' cover' see there.

Material: The f. root in Old Indie kora- m. " movable joint '; Avestan fra-, apa-kava- " vorn,

^inten buckelig '; kir. ku//ty' shrink up, before coldness', poln. ku//c'pu\\ together, crook'.

Also the prehistory from Latvian kuza "craw, goiter ' and such is not to be judged
because of the rhyme relation to guza etc. not certain, see below ^e^- "bend' above S.
395.

Under an initial sound variation A/? Petersson KZ. 47, 277 here will place Old Indie
kho/aka-' ant heap ' (also Lithuanian kulys^ bundle straw'), more confidently Armenian
xoyi. Gen. xuli^ a scrofulous tumor, swollen gland, struma, scrofula, tuberculosis of the
lymph glands of the neck ', russ. s^^a/a "testicles', serb. suljevi' golden vein'.

Maybe alb. kule^ hernia' = Armenian xoyi. Gen. xuir swollen gland ', alb. kulpra, kulper
"bendable ivy, clematis ' = {*kupra) thupra, thuper^ twig, rod' see below.

Maybe alb. per-kul, perkur bend'.

A. Dental extension (redupl.) ka-ku-cf- 0\d Indie kakud-' summit, acme, apex ', kakuc/-'
oral cavity, palate', kakudmant-' provide with a summit or hump '; Latin cacumen^cusp,
peak, acme, apex ' (the men- further formations probably after acumen), basic meaning "
bulge '; in Germanic *hagu= Old Indie kakud- one introduces also Old Frisian /7e//a'head'
back ( *hagila-, with suffix change for hagu-la-)\ compare also Old Indie kakubh- " acme,
apex ' under "labial extensions'.

B. guttural extensions.

B. I. keu-g-:

Old Icelandic huka " cower, cringe, crouch ' {hukta, stem participle hokinn), hoka, hokra
" grovel, truckle, creep ', h0ykiask^s\v\k down, creep together'. Middle High German
huchen^ cower, cringe, crouch ', Modern High German hocken; Swiss hockrw. 'heap',
Tirol hockenm. "heap of hay', with aniaut. 5- Middle High German schochem. " stacked
heap of hay ', (with kk.) asachs. skokm. "60 pieces'. Middle High German schoc(kes)
"heap tussock, number of 60 pieces ', Middle English shock^ heap sheaves (12 - 16)';
about Schochs. lastly Sommer " Zum Zahlwort ', S. 78 ff., S.-B. Bayr. Akad. 1950, Heft 7;

Lithuanian kauge, ablaut, kiugis^ hay heap ', Old Prussian kugis^ Knauf am
Schwertgriff ', Lithuanian kaugure^ small precipitous hill ', Latvian kaudze^heap, barn,
haystack' (and skaudze).

B. II. keu-k-:

Old Indie kucati, kuncate^ contracts, curves ', kuhcika^ key ', kuca- m. " female breast',
kocayati^ raises together ', koca- m. " the shrinkage ', npers. koz^ crooked, hunchbacked

Old Irish ci7a/'"crooked' {*kukro-)\ (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation).

Middle High German hocker, hogger, hoger^ hump, hunchback, hunch '; Gothic hauhs.
Old Icelandic hor, har. Old English heah. Old Saxon Old High German /7d/7"high' ("*bulged
'); Old Icelandic haugr. Middle High German houc^h\\\\ Gothic h/'uhma' heap; bulk, mass',
huhjan' heap, gather, collect'. Modern High German (md.) Huge/' hill';

Lithuanian /raJ/ras" swelling, blister, purulent ulcer ', kaukos PI. f. ' glands ', kaukas
"fairy demon, ghost, dwarfish ghost'. Old Prussian cancY 'devil', Lithuanian kaukara^\\\\\ ,
kukulys^ dumpling, small mass of dough which is boiled or steamed ', kukis^ Misthaken ',
Latvian kukurs, kukums^ hunch, swelling, blister', kuki's^ dwarf; wren, songbird ', kuksa'
sine vom Alter Gebeugte ', russ. -Church Slavic kukonost ' crooked-nosed ';

russ. /r^/ra "fist', Bulgarian kuka^hook, crutch ', Serbo-Croatian kuka^\\ook\ kukonosast
" hook nosed ', kukara " Haken bei der Pflugdeichsel ', okuka, okuct " bend of a river ';
Serbo-Croatian cucTm, cucatT crouch, cower, cringe', sloven, cucfm, cucat/an6 kucfm,
kucat/6s.; russ. dial. kuceriP\. f., kir. kuceryP\. m. " curls '; with a meaning "heap' russ.
kuca^hea^', dial, "haystack', kuckatb " conglobate, heap', kucki^ Pleiades {pi} ', Czech
^^^©"mass', poln. kuczkiP\. "small heap'. Old Bulgarian k-bk-bnjb^ shank, leg, shin bone '.

From kIr. kuceryP\. m. "curls' derived Ukraninian kucheri, kucher'avij, Czech N kucera, A
kuceravy : Slovak N kucera, V kuceravit' sa, A kuceravy : Albanian diminutive n kagurrel, v
dredh, kagurrel, bej kagurrela. common alb. slav c > g. Lack of this cognate in Bulgarian,
Romanian, Russian, Serbian speaks of an early borrowing of Albanian from Old Slavic
Church.

C. Labial extensions.

C. I. keu-b-:

a. In application to bends in the body, bend in the joint:

gr. Kupoq " a cube: a cubical die, marked on all 6 sides, in pi., dice, cavity before the hip
of the cattle; vertebrae ' (out of it Latin cubus, KupwAov "elbow' Poll, either from Kupoc; with
Suff. -cjoAo- or reshuffling from KupiTOV ds. - from Latin cubitum- under influence from
ibAsvri);

Latin cubitumx^., -usm. " elbow' (out of it gr. KupiTov 6s.)\cubd, -are^W (Faliscan cupa,
i.e. cubaft], besides /ofertaders. Inschr., proves Italian b; also Paelignian incubat), Latin
{ac-)cumbd, -ere " to lay oneself down, lie beside ', {in-)cumbd, -ere " to lay oneself, lean,
press, support oneself, sabin. cumba^ a litter, sedan, portable couch, palanquin, sofa,
lounge ';

cymr. gogorcave' (derivative mcymr. guocobauc), bret. kougoh^s. {*upo-kubS)\

Gothic hupsxw. (stem hupi-), Old English hypem., Old High German hufi. "hip, haunch';
Old Icelandic hopa, Old English on-hup/an' recoil ', Old English {fen-, mdr-)hopn. "hiding
place, nook, bolt-hole' (as " lair, cavity');

intensive /verb is ndd. happen, Modern High German hupfen. Middle High German
hupfen, hupfen, hopfen; o-verb with gemination: Old Icelandic hoppa. Old English hoppian,
hoppettan. Modern High German hopsen, geminated voiced-nonaspirated in Swedish dial.
hobba, hubba bump, poke'. Modern High German dial, happen^ jump ', engl. hobble^
limp ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174f.).

b. Mit nicht aufs Biegen des Korpers gewendeten Bedeutungen :

Old Indie kubra-v\. "cavity in the earth, pit, pothole; Ohrring'; gr. Kupoc; ... flacpioi 5£ to
TpupAiov Hes.;

[but Old English hdpig^\v\ hills and hollows', hopm. " ring, hoop ', engl. hoop, Dutch
hoep^uuQ, hoop'. Old Icelandic hopu. "bay' to Lithuanian /r5M"hook'?];

Old English heapm. f.. Old Saxon hop. Old High German houfheap; troop, multitude,
crowd'. Middle Low German hupe. Old High German hufo. Modern High German Haufe
(also). Middle High German huste{see above under keu-p-).

C. II. Aef/-bh- (including from words, can contain the b^ or b).

Old Indie kubhanyu- perhaps " rotary, gyratory, dancing ';

redupl. Old Indie kakubh-t " fingertip; rounded projection; small hillock, acme, apex ',
kakubha- " protruding, towering ' (previously reshaped after kakud-l);

Maybe alb. kagube^ shrub, bush ' [hill = forest, bush very often in Indo Germanic].

in final sound ambiguous bakhi (pamird.) kubun^ wooden drinking bowl' (: poln. kubek
"goblet', gr. KupO(; " cube, esp. cubical die, marked on all six sides, mostly in pi., dice ',
nasalized gr. Kup(3oq etc.; Uhlenbeck Old Indie Wb. 59);

gr. KOcpoc; " crouched, writhed, crooked, humped ', Kucpoq n. " hump, hunchback ', Kucpu) "
bend forward, curve ', probably also kuhtcjo " bend forward, stoop, hang the head from
shame, bow down under a burden, of animals, to be bowed forward, opp. the erect figure
of man ', KunT6(; " humble', Kup5a " with the head forwards, stooping forwards ' (original
labial not objectively noticeable); Kucpspov ri Kucprjv KScpaAnv Kpnrsq Hes.; maybe from the
northern language (thrak., maked.) derive hence probably Kupn " head, ' EM., Kupr|p0(; "

stooping with tlie liead, Kubebos, minister of Cybele, one ecstatic or frantic ' EM., KupnPav
" to be frantic ' EM., " be seized by rage ' Hes. Poll., as well as Kupiarau) " tumble head
foremost ';

to the labial extensions in the meaning from Kunrn TpcbyAn probably KunJsAri ' any
hollow vessel: chest, box (whence Cypselus was called), hollow of the ear, ear-wax ',
KuipsAoq ' of swallows' or sand-martins' nests, wax in the ears ';

Old High German huba. Old Saxon huva. Old English hufe. Old Icelandic /7J/^ 'bonnet,
cap';

russ. kubarb "a humming spinning top, a spinning top that makes a humming noise ',
kubarem-b "headfirst, hastily', kubect "a humming spinning top, a spinning top that makes
a humming noise ', kubelb Dialectal ' wooden ball to the play ', kubokb "goblet, cup ', kir.
kub ' aus Holz ausgehohltes Geschirr ', kubok ' Napf, hauchiges Gefafl, kleines Geschirr ',
poln. kubek^ qob\e\, Schoppen, Obertasse '.

cm. keu-p-:

a. Old Indie kupa-\x\. "pit, pothole, cave';

gr. Kuirri TpwyAn Hes. (0?), kuttqi zxboc, ti yzbic,, Kai ai £^ uAr|c; Koi xopiou oiKnoEK;;
KunsAAov 'goblet', Kunpo(; m. ' grain measure ';

Latin cupai. " cask, butt ', roman. also ' bath' (besides gloss, and roman. cuppa^ qob\e\!
seems late short form with consonant doubling besides KunsAAov to sein); about
respective forms from Latin and Rom. directed Berneker 645 f.;

Maybe alb. qyp^ jug' a Latin loanword.

Old Icelandic hufrm. ' hull, hulk, body of a ship ', Old English /Tj/Z^'beehive'; here (or to
root form in -b^- or -b^ probably also Old English gehopp ' a small bag, little sack ', hoppe
f. " a round swelling; in water, a bubble, capsule ', Middle English hoppe^ boll, seedpod of
flax ';

at most Slavic *kbp-b, Czech kep 'vulva', poln. kiep "ds.; fool, good for nothing, useless
person' (Berneker 664 f. between).

b. Meaning group ' curvature upwards, heap ':

Apers. /ra^/^- "mountain', Avestan kaofa-^6s.; camel hump ', npers. /ro/7 "mountain'
(place -ph- ahead);

alb. (South Tosc) Ay/prheap' {*kup-ija)\

Middle Irish cuani. "group, bunch, heap' {*koup-na);

Old High German hovar^ hump, hunchback ' (: Lithuanian kupra). Old English hoferxw.
ds.. Old High German hubiThWX, Old Saxon huvil6s. (therefrom Modern High German
hobelnas "smooth wood using a plane, make smooth, remove rough areas '); perhaps Old
High German hufila, h/uf/7a^ cheek', Modern High German Swiss hufelin^ part of the cheek
lying down under the eyes '; Norwegian hovu. " tableland, hill, plateau, small hill'. Old
Icelandic hofu. "temple'. Old English hofu. "paddock, house, temple'. Old Saxon hof. Old
High German hofxr\. " surrounded space at the house, court, property ' (originally from the
position on hills); Middle High German huste^ auf dem Felde zusammengestellter
Getreidehaufen, Hauste ' (: Lithuanian kupstas); *hufsto\s ablaut equally with Old High
German hOfoav\6 appears like this probably rather to belong to keu-b-io (see there); is
also connected with russ. kustit "shrub, bush, bunch', kir. /r^s/ "shrub, bush, bunch';

Maybe alb. {* kupra) thupra, thuper^ twig, rod' (the meaning " bush' derived from " hill, hill
forest' (common alb. k- > th-) = Lithuanian kupra^ hunch '.

Lithuanian kaupas^hea'gi' = Old Bulgarian kupb ds. (serb. /r^ijc certainly with other
intonation as kaupas, s. Berneker 646); Lithuanian kaupiu, /r5Jp//"haufeln', kupiu, kCipti^
lay, place on a heap, sort, order, arrange', kupra^ hunch ', kupstas ^\\\\\\ kupeta^ haycock,
haystack', /r^p/>75s"gehauft', Latvian kupt^sich ballen', /r^pe/7/5"Schneehaufen', kuprs^
hunch ';

with lengthened grade */rc»//7/y0-.- Lithuanian kuopiu, kudptr pile up, heap up (corn,
grain)', Latvian /r^Oy05"heap', kuopina^ fascicle, sheaf;

russ. (Berneker 646) kuprt, kuper^ coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the
spinal column, rump ', poln. kuper^um^, buttocks '.

D. Nasalized kum-b"^-, mostly kum-b- .

Old Indie kumba-vn. "the thick end (bone)'; kumbha-m. "pot, pan, crock, pitcher', Du. "
both rises on the forehead of the elephant ' = Avestan xumba-m. "pot, pan; extension ',
npers. xumb, xum^pot, pan, crock, pitcher' (this with aniaut. Tenuis asp.);

gr. Kuppn "bowl, bowl, barge', KU|jpO(;, Kuppiov "vessel", mostly PI. "cymbalum, bowl'
(after Banateanu REtlE. 1, 120 from Semitic qubbah. Van Windekens Lexique 48
compares Tocharian A /r^/77pac"drum');

KupPn "head' EM., Suid., hom. KU|jpaxo(; "crown of a helmet ' (compare KU|jpr|). S-
Leumann Hom. Worter231 ff.;

Latin (with present nasalization) -cumbo {see above S. 590);

Middle Irish co/77/77 "vessel'; c^/77/77a/ "goblet, bowl', cymr. cwmm 'vaWey' (m.), bret.
/ro/77/77 "trough' (m.); from urbrit. *kumbos der'we Old English cumb'yaWey', engl. coomb,
combe ^bas\n, hollow, coomb, narrow valley ', whereas is gall. -rom.c^/77i6'a "valley, trough'
Fem.; from French derives bret. /ro/r?/? "valley'; compare the unnasalized vascular names
pam. kubun, poln. kubek, also gr. KupO(; " cup. bowl ';

Old Icelandic aptr-huppr, Norwegian Dialectal buppan6 hump^ the hip of the cattle ',
Modern High German humpein. Middle Low German humpelen " limp ' and in not
especially on the bending of the body ability meaning:

Norwegian humprw. "bumpiness, knag' (ndd. loanword), engl. hump^ hump, hunchback
', ndd. humpei. "thick piece', bumper low hillock', Dutch homp^Vc\\ck piece of bread';
perhaps Modern High German (ndd.) Humpen {compare Kuppog).

References: WP. I 370 ff., WH. I 127, 297 f., 298, 305, 306, 310 f., 859, Trautmann 121 f.
Page(s): 588-592

Root / lemma: {keuap-.) kuep- kuap- kup-nexi to which occasional keu(e)p-, k(e)uep-

Meaning: to smoke; to boil; to cook

Note: From Ai/- plural only Ar- probably through previously proto Indo Germanic

simplification

Material: Old Indie kupyati{= Latin cupid) " is seething, is angry ', kopa-vn. "surge, rage,

fury', kopayati^ shakes, angers'; copati^ moves, stirs '; /ra/?/- (uncovered) "incense',

wherefore as "* smoke-color ' kapila-, kapisa- " brownish, reddish', also kapf-xw. "ape';

alb. /ra/O/fe/T? "breathe heavily ' (as Lithuanian kupuoti' breathe heavily ');

Maybe alb. keputem^ be tired', kepuV cut '.

gr. KaiTvoq "smoke', horn, ano 5£ itJUxnv EKaTTiruaEV "exhale, breath out; give off ' :
Kanu(; uud Konoq nv£U|ja Hes., KEKpcps teGyhke Hes., KEKacpnora Horn, "exhaling';
compare to dissimilation from *kuap-no-s\.o Kouvbc, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 302;

Latin cupio, -ere "lust, crave' (= Old Indie kupyati), cuppedo= " a desire, wish, longing,
eagerness, passion ', also cuppes^ lascivious, esp. of treat, delight', cuppedium^
snacking, tidbit'; Umbrian Cubrar^ Bonae ', sabin. cuprum^ good ' ("*worth having,
welcome, wanted, desirable ' with passive forms -ro-as c/arus etc.); vapor^haze, mist,
vapor', old uapos {*kuapds)\

Old Irish ad-cobra " wish, desire, want ' ( *-kuprat), verbal noun accobor{ *ad-kupro-)
"wish', Thurneysen Gr. 139;

Gothic a ffvapjan {*kudb- bes\des other *ku9p-) "choke; suppress, crush, extinguish,
annihilate, erase ', affvapnan^ die, be extinguished ' (: ano-Kanuw), Middle High German
verwepfen^ kahmig werden, vom Wein ', nisi. /7KayO "dropsical flesh';

Lithuanian kvapas'C(\. "breath, breeze, haze, mist, Wohlgeruch' (: Latin vapor), kvepiu, -
eti^ smell ' (-e- could be Baltic ablaut neologism), kvepiu, /ri/ep//"breathe', Latvian kvept
"smoke', kvepesP\. "breath, breeze, fume, smoke, smut', kvepeV fume ', changing
through ablaut Lithuanian kupuoti^ breathe heavily ', Latvian kupet^ smoke; steam, raise
dust, cause dust', kupinaties^ auiqeheu (of dough)', /r^p/ "ferment, seethe'. Old Prussian
kups/nslog' (derivative from an es-stem as Latin vapor);

Old Church Slavic kypljg, kypet/"bo\\, overflow', kypn, " lax, porous ', Czech kypry o\d
"keen, eager, fresh'; kir. kvapytysa' hasten, hurry'; with (Indo Germanic) reduced i/russ.
kopotb ( *koput-) f. "fine smut, dust', koptftb " make black with smoke, fume '; perhaps Old
Church Slavic /ro/?/^"diir (smelling plant; s. Berneker 564).

References: WP. I 379 f., WH. I 312 f., Trautmann 147.
Page(s): 596-597

Root / lemma: kei-

Meaning: to move, go, departure, *die

Note:

Root/ lemma: kei-\ to move, go, departure, *die, derived from Root/ lemma: Rei-1\ to lie

down.

Note: (: kai-. kT-); e:/-basis (partly with n-\ni'\x) kT-(n-)eu-, heavy basis kia-{. kie-1)

Material: Gr. kIoj "go away, travel' is late neologism to Aor. ekiov; Imper. kIs, participle kiojv;

horn, imperfect psT-SKiaGs, -Gov (/"metr. lengthening) " folgT^Tacn^urcnstrBiTie ', Kiaro
ekiveTto Hes. (heavy root); 6vo-Kiv5iO(;, -Kiv5a(; 'muleteer, driver of mules', Kiv5a^
"movable, nimble, easily moved, agile,' (compare to formation aAivSoj, KuAivSw);

from kT-n-eu- gr. Kivu|jai " to set in motion, to move ', KTvOaaopai " waver, sway
backwards and forwards ', kTveoj "set in motion, drive' (*kTv£F-u));

alb. qoj^ awake, animate, arouse ' {*kienjd), poy"send, dispatch ' {*ds-k6j) (common
Slavic alb. c>g).

alb. cys, cyt^ irritate, annoy, itch, anger, tease; arouse, excite, banter' {*ter-kiu-t-id), syei,
syen {*kiu-n-id) " assail, assault, spring on, attack ' (Jokl Mel. Pedersen 149 f.);

Maybe prefixed alb. mbe-syj, mesyj^ attack'.

Latin cied, c/e/ie (secondary cio, are) " to cause to go, move, stir, drive ' {ciere= Indo
Germanic kiCi)e-H), c//i/s "quick, fast', cito, -are^ to put in quick motion, rouse, excite ',
solli-citus^ thoroughly moved, agitated, disturbed ', cunctus {* con-citos) " all in a body, all
together, the whole, all, entire '.

Maybe nasalized alb. nxit^ urge, stir, drive ', nxitoj " hurry ' < Latin excito, {*ex-citare) " to
call out, summon forth, bring out, wake, rouse '.

extensions from the simple root form Are/- from:

With «/(o'-present?): perhaps Irish cid- e.g. in c/'sse' to carry in, bring to, introduce ',
Pass. Konj. as-cesarg\. " to stretch out, thrust out, put forth, take out ' (etc., Pedersen KG.
II 490 f.), very probably Gothic haitan. Old High German heizan. Old English hatan. Old
Saxon hetan. Old Norse heita "call (= set in motion), order, name'; compare osset. sTdin
"call, shout, cry'.

With /jfb/formants: On *ke/-/o-s' moves, seesawing ' can be based: Lithuanian k/e/e,
kyle, Latvian cielawa. Old Prussian Ay/o" wagtail ', Old Czech c/Zy "agile, lively'; Latin cillo,
-©/•©"move' is perhaps only grammarian's invention.

With ST. Old Indie cestati^ moves the limbs, is in motion ', cesta- n., ces/5 "movement,
gesticulation '.

root form A/-ef/- without nasal infix:

Old Indie cyavate^ stirs, goes away, leaves, departs ', Avestan s(y)avaite^ gets going,
march ', Old pers. as/yavam' marched', Old Indie cyautna-n. 'undertaking, endeavor',
Avestan syao^na-n. " deed, action, work ', syaoman-n. "feat, dead, act, work';

Armenian cu{= Old Indie cyut/-) " departure ', cvem^ I sally, burst forth, rush forward;
leave on a journey, set out on a trip, depart ', Aor. (to present ert'am) cogay^\ walked '
( *kiou-):

gr. oeucjo ' put in quick motion, drive, hunt, chase, set on, let loose at, drive or hurry
away to or from a place ', Med. " to be put in quick motion, and so, run, rush, dart or shoot
along, be excited, aroused ' (asusTai = cyavate), hom. sgouto " to put in quick motion: to
drive, hunt, chase away ', participle Perf. saaupEvoc;, sni-oauToq 'hurrying, eager,
impetuous, eager, yearning for' (= Old Indie cy^/a- 'driven, propelled ', compare Avestan
fra-suta-'get in motion '), TTav-au5in "in haste, hurry'; Attic aou|jai ' move quickly or
violently ' (*aoF6o|jai), ausi (Bacchyl.) ' driven ', £aaor|M£vov TsGopupriM^vov, opMnM^vov
Hes., hom. Kao-aaooq ' causing the people to gather, popular, urging the people to the
fight '; Attic TEUfJwpai 'undertake; pursue, persist in' (compare Avestan syaoman-); teutq^cj
'o be employed upon, engaged in, concerned with a thing, be busy, bustling, '; a long
grade formation as Old Indie cyautna-, but with reduced u, is probably here suitable
awTpov ' wooden felloe of the wheel ', EniaawTpov ' wheel rim, the metal hoop round the
felloe '.

References: WP. I 361 ff., WH. I 213 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 679, 686, 745.
Page(s): 538-539

Root / lemma: kel-, kol-, kal-

Meaning: to deceive, enthrall, etc..

Material: Gr. Attic khAeu) (proto gr. n) " enchant, beguile, bewitch ', Kr|Ar|0M6<; ' enthrallment

', KriAr|56v£(; PI. f. ' enchanting creature ';

Latin calvor, -/"and calvid, -Tre ' devise tricks, use artifice, attack one with artifice, to
intrigue against, to deceive ', calumniala\se accusation, deceit, slander, trickery, artifice,
chicanery, cunning ' {*calvomnia), very probably also cavilla {*calvilla) ' badinage, mocking
', cavillor, -a/7 to jeer, mock, criticise, satirize, jest '; -v- is unclear;

Gothic holon, afhd/dn's\ander', Old Norse ho/n. ' laudation, boastfulness ', M/a'
praise, brag, boast'. Old English ho/n. ' slander', /7d//a/7 'slander', holunga, holinga^ in
vain, groundless ', /7e/a/7 'slander'. Old High German huo/en ' cheat, deceive'.

Should probably Perssons (Beitr. 148) citation of gr. KoAa^ " adulator ' apply to (?), it
would be assumed the root as short vocal, hence gr. Kr\k- and Germanic ho/- lengthened
grade, Latin ca/- reduced grade.

References: WP. I 446, WH. I 143, 187; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 125.
Page(s): 551

Root / lemma: ket- kot-

Meaning: dwelling space

Note:

Root/ lemma: ket-, kot-\ dwelling space, derived from Root/ lemma: kat-1\ to link or

weave together; chain, net.

Material: Avestan kata-m. " chamber, storeroom, cellar' (: Gothic hel=>jd), npers. kad

"house', from which Finnish kota; but about Old Norse /ro/' miserable cottage', kytja

"cottage'. Old English cc»/"cottage, chamber ' etc. see above S. 393 f.;

Maybe alb. {*kotu-) /ra/^a "stable, basement, cellar', /ra/i//7o'" house, village'.

Gothic het^jo^ chamber ';

Church Slavic kotbCb "cella, nest' etc.; whether "residential pit, hole in the earth' the
original meaning, can be added:

Maybe alb. /ro/ec "animal shelter' a Slavic loanword.

gr. KOTuAri, k6tuAo(; " cavity, hole, empty space, hollow ', further " hollow vessel, bowl,
goblet';

Latin catTnus^ a deep vessel of earthenware, bowl ' (Demin. catillus, out of it Gothic
katils, German Kesser kettle ', out of it again Old Bulgarian kotbib, Lithuanian katilas) =
Old English heden^ pots and pans, set of cooking utensils '.

References: WP. I 383 f., WH. I 176, 182.
Page(s): 586-587

Root / lemma: kt^eO)- kt^aO)- {*ghde(i)-)

Meaning: to acquire, possess

Material: Old Indie ksayati^ owns, controls ' ( *kt^ai-eti) = Avestan xsayat/' has power,

force, it rules, disposes of what owns ', xsayo^ power'; Old Indie ksatra-n. "power, rule',

Avestan ap. ksa^ra-n. "power, rule, empire; imperious power' (Proto Aryan neologism to

ksayati), Old pers. xsayadiya-^ king in the possession of tlie imperious power ' (npers.
saH), Xsayarsan- " Xerxes ' {xsaya-arsan- " ruling heroes '); common Old Indie gh- > ks- :
Old pers. gh- > xs- : npers. xs- > s-.

gr. KTQopai ' acquire ' (= ksayati), Perf. kekthmcii " possess ', kteqvov (with unclear z) "
possession, property, fortune', poet. Kieap, Dat. PI. KTsaTsaaiv ds., Kinpa n. ' acquisition,
possession, property', KTr|vo(; n., PI. ' possession, fortune', Sg. " the single piece of cattle ';
with the same initial sound relation as between kteIvu): gort. KaraaKEvn also Attic OiAo-
aKnT[r|<;] = -KTriTr|<;; through hybridization from £y-KTr|ai(; and £p-naai(; (: naija) dial.
syKTaaic; " land acquisition '.

common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Hittite gh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- see Root / lemma: ghdem-,

ghdom-. Gen.- ablative gh(d)m-es\ "earth'.

References: WP. I 504, BSL. 38, 143, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 325 f., 5196.

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: kha khal

Meaning: interjection of laughter

Note: with partly einzelsprachlicher neologism

Material: Old Indie /ra/r/75//(Gramm.) 'laughs'; Armenian xaxank^ laughter', gr. Kaxa^w

(from *xaxa^u)) ' laugh loudly'; Latin cachinno, -are'io laugh aloud, laugh immoderately',

cachinnus ' laughter '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High

German kachazzen, kichazzen. Old English ceahhettan^ laugh loudly '; Old Church Slavic

etc. chochotati6s.; compare Lithuanian kikenti, kiknotT giggle '.

Similar to onomatopoeic words kak-^ flout, show scorn, mock ' in gr. kpikq^u) " abuse,
revile '; Old High German huohon^ mock, scoff. Old Saxon hohi-ITk^ laughable'; with
Germanic -Ar-: Old English hocoru. " derision '.

*) According to WP. I 341 , 348 f., 399 mentioned roots khad- "bite', khabh- : khobh-
"feeble', khend^6\g' are not to be proved as Indo Germanic, just as little as those from
Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 263, Anm. 4) set /r/7a-/77c»- "crooked';

those mentioned by him (see 256) Old Indie Beispiele khalati-, kharva-, khara-, khanda-,
khora-axe all not of Indo Germanic origin. Old Indie khadati' bites to pieces, chews ',
npers. xayadti^s., could belong to Armenian xacanem^\i\\.Q\ but also with secondary

expressive Aspiration as *knd-\.o Lithuanian kandu'b\\.e' (somewliat different above S.
560).

To the same root root Ae/7- (above 559 ff.) could belong Old Indie khanatT digs ', Inf.
khani-tum, participle khata-{*khn-to-), together with the neologisms kha-v\. "cave', a-khu-^
mole ', /r/7a- "stream, brook'= Avestan Nom. Akk. PI. xa6s.\ Old Indie khanf-^ burrowing ',
f. " mousehole, entrance to the burrow of a mouse ' = Avestan Aa/7/- "ditch, trench,
channel'; Avestan Old pers. /ra/7/7-"dig' (/r-from /r/7-from the compounds with us-, ham-).

Maybe in -m- formant etymology in alb. Tosc f. {*kamur-is) hamuridhe " mole ' > Geg m.
urithi^ mole ' ; common alb. Avestan k- > h-.

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . alb. Tosc {*kamur-is) hamuridhe^ mole ' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians,
lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi^ , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kx\, the region or province
of lllyria, 'lAAupi^io , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

The aniautfrom gr. Kocpav, Kncppv "drone', K(j0(p6(; "dull, deaf is doubtful, also from Church
Slavic chab/t/" spoW , chabenb " woeful, wretched, miserable ', as also the from Church
Slavic chomg-tb " horse collar ', placed by Specht to Latin hamus{*kha-mo-) "hook', gr.
Xaijog " writhed, crooked, humped ' (and Yfl^oo, ds.) (different above S. 555).

About the problem of the Tenues Aspiratae, which is to be understood partly indeed as
secondarily expressive, compare Hj. Frisk, Goteborgs Hogsk. Arsskr. 1936: 2, S. 38 ff.,
Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251 ff. For Slavic beginning c/7- compare V. Machek Slavia 16
(1938), 161 ff. and J. J. Mikkola Urslav. Gramm. 174 ff.

numerous Old Indie words not of Indo Germanic origin with aniaut. kh-, below the above
mentioned, by Kuiper, Proto-Munda 47 ff.

References: WP. I 336, WH. I 126. compare above S. 497 ha ha.
Page(s): 634

Root / lemma: kik-

Meaning: jay

Note: onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indie kiki-, kikidTvf- m. " blue wood jay ' (/rnot to cto the firm position of the

sound imitation);

gr. Kiooa, Attic kittq (*KiKi-a) "jay';

Old English higoraxw., higoret " a woodpecker (magpie or wood jay)', Middle Low
German hegeru. 'jay', Old High German hehara^\a)/\

References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: kista

Meaning: a kind of basket-work

Material: Gr. Kiarn "box, case, basket, hamper ' (out of it Latin cista, cisterna);

= Old Irish cesst "basket, hurdle ' (compare ro-cess' get twisted '), c/sse "twisted'
(compare but Pedersen KG. II 491).

References: WP. I 452.
Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: k/au-

Meaning: to weep

Note: only gr. and alb.

Material: Gr. KAaiu) (Ionian), kAqu) (Attic) "cry, weep' (*KAaF-iu) : KAauao|jai, CKAauaa,

Kkavioq and Kkavoioq): alb. k/anj, kanj, qaj^cvj, weep' ( *klaunjd).

References: WP. I 490; compare 6. kel-.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: klafH^ra

Meaning: alder

Material: Gr. KAnGpa " alder, Betula ainus L.', Modern High German dial. (Zillertal) lutier,

ludere, ludern {SchmeWer |2 1542) "Alpine alder, Betula nana L.'.

References: WP. I 490.

Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: kla-
Meaning: to heap up, to put

Material: Lithuanian kloju, kloti^ hinbreiten, breit hinlegen ', Latvian klaju, k/at6s.,
Lithuanian klotas^ das Pflaster im Hofe ', uzklodas^ bedspread ', paklode^sheei, type of
bed covering' {-d- from d- or d^-present as:)

Old Bulgarian kladg, k/ast/"\oad, lay, place' (etc., in addition also russ. k/adu'cWp, cut ');

/-present (partly perhaps also original /b-nouns) in Gothic afhlat^an "overburden ', Old
Icelandic hiada. Old English Old Saxon hiadan. Old High German ^/ao'a/? (participle
gihiatan) "stratify, layer, load'; Old Icelandic /7/ad"Pflaster im Hofe, pile, stack, heap'. Old
English hlaedu. " Erdaufwurf, heap', hlseder dipper ', and full grade (compare Lithuanian
klotas) nisi. /7/ddNom. PI. "stove, hearth' as well as Old English hlodi. "booty; bulk, mass,
troop, multitude, crowd'. Old Franconian h/otha^ booty', Middle High German /uot, md. /ut
"load, big, giant bulk, mass, gang'.

-to-or -sto-, -5/iHioun to *hlal=>an\s Old Icelandic hiassu. "load, cargo', agst. hiaestu..
Old High German last, PI. lestii. "load'.

Special position from Old English hlodi. " robbery, booty', hlodere^ robber' (: Old High
German landeri^ a mercenary soldier'. Old Icelandic hlennT robber, thief, hlanna^rob',
Germanic *hlant^-); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), then also
Middle High German luot, md. lOt, which have not derived from *hlant^-, whose meaning
"gang', is only for the Old English.

References: WP. I 489, Trautmann 135 f.
Page(s): 599

Root / lemma: kleiR-

Meaning: to press, squeeze

Material: Old Indie A//s/7a//" afflicts, bothers ', klisyate' is tormented, suffers ', klesa-rw.

"pain, affliction, complaint ', sam-k//s-^ squeeze';

Lithuanian kliset "crab's claws' (therefrom probably also /r//s5s "crooked-legged'),
kleisiuoti^ run with crooked feet ';

Slavic *k//sa and */r/es5 "pliers, scissors' (from Balto Slavic *k/e/s/a- and *k/a/s/a-) p\aced
in poln. k//szawy and kir. *klfsavyj^ bowlegged'; besides r.-Church Slavic A/esca "pliers',
sloven, klesce, kIr. kliscfi. PI. ds. (from Balto Slavic *klaistia-)\

Church Slavic A/es/a "pliers', klestiti^ press ', Old Bulgarian si^-klestati sq^ torture,
torment', russ. dial, klestftb (= klestftb) "press, clamp ' etc.

References: WP. I 492, Trautmann 137.
Page(s): 602

Root / lemma: klem-, klem-, kleUi-

Meaning: weak, ailing, feeble

Note: (barely better as klem- : klam- must be assumed)

Material: Old Indie offers on the one hand klamyati, klamati^ becomes tired, grows tired ',

on the other hand sramyatT becomes tired, struggles, castigates oneself, sranta-^

fatigued, exhausted ', srama-m. ' fatigue, tiredness, exhaustion, feebleness '; sramana-'

castigating, mendicant ' is to East Asiatic languages as Schamane " shaman, magician '

after they arrived to Europe (Indo Germanic change chain of events?; also the ambiguity of

the liquid complicates the judgment; from kerm- "exhaust, get tired ' in any case, at least

through the divided vowel position);

gr. KAapapav rrAaSapav, aa0£vr| Hes.;

Old Irish clam " leper, outcast, one who is rejected by society', cymr. acorn, claf. Middle
Breton claff, nbret. klanv, klan^ sick '.

References: WP. I 498.
Page(s): 602-603

Root/ lemma: kleng-a'c\6 klenk-

Meaning: to bend, wind

Material: 1. Latin dingo, -ere^ go around, surround, encompass, environ, gird, wreathe,

crown ' (Paul, ex Festo 49 L., Glossen);

Old Icelandic hlykkr^ curvature ', hlekkr^ x\x\<^ {*hlanki-, =) Old English hience ^\\rr\b,
member or ring in a chain '; Old High German {ljjlanca'\r\\p, haunch' ('incurvation ' or '
place where one bends oneself). Middle High German lanke^ haunch, side, hip, flank ',
Middle High German gelenke' bend', Modern High German gelenkSubst, ^e/e/7/r 'pliable',
Middle High German lenken'bend', Modern High German lenkenlead', Old English hlanc
' slim, thin' (actually 'pliable'), gehlencan l\ax, wattle, braid', also Old English /7///7C 'slope,
hill'; Tocharian B kle/jke' fortification ';

2. with auslaut. Tenuis:

Balto Slavic *klenkid^ hobbles, limps ' in: Lithuanian klenktr go quickly, fast ', Latvian
klenceV hobble, limp ', Old Church Slavic kl^cQ, kl^catl, kir. kljacu, kljacaty, Serbo-
Croatian kleknem, kledr kneel ', sloven, kl^catr limp ', etc.

References: WP. I 498 f., WH. I 233 f., Trautmann 136.

See also: compare the rhyme roots /enk-'ben6', sleng-, slenk-^ coil, turn', skreng(h)-,

skrenk-6s.

Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: kleno-

Meaning: maple

Note: partly with still unsettled i, ei

Material: Maked. KAivorpoxov (see G. Meyer IF. 1 , 325 f.) " a kind of maple ', gr. yAsTvov

(loanword);

Middle Low German lonenholV maple '; ndd. lone, lane\v\ pomm.-rug. /on etc. ' maple '
( *hluni-z, from Low German Modern High German Lehne, Lenne ' Spitzahorn ') = Old
Icelandic hlynr{hluni), Danish l0n, Swedish lonn^ maple ', Old English h/yn6s. (probably
better as h/Ih); besides Old High German Middle High German /Tn-, ITm-boum, Modern High
German Leim-, Lein-baum, -ahorn;

Lithuanian (with quite unclear u) klevas^ maple ';

russ. klent^ maple ', serb. klenax^A A^e/7 "common maple', kun {*klhnh) "kind of tree'
etc.

References: WP. I 498, Trautmann 136.
Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: klep-
Meaning: wet

Material: Gr. kAehqc; vorspov, nriAwSsq, n 5aou, n uypov Hes.;

Old Irish c/ua/n^ meadow' {klop-ni-, also ^/e^-/7/- possible); (common Celtic Alb.
abbreviation).

Lithuanian slampu, slapti^ become damp ', slapuma^ wet place on the field ', slapias
"damp', Latvian slapeV make damp ';

References: WP. I 497, Trautmann 306.
See also: s. still under kleu- " rinse '.
Page(s): 603

Root / lemma: kleg-, klog- klag-, klang- kleg-, klog- kleig- kleik-

Meaning: to cry; to sound

Note: various extensions of onomatopoetic words Ae/-5"call, shout, cry'

Material: 1 . Gr. KAayyn f. "rattle, woozy din, fuss, noise', kAq^u) ' make a sliarp piercing

sound: of birds, scream, of dogs, bark, bay, of things, as of arrows in the quiver, clash,

rattle, of men, shout ' (*KAayyju); KAay^u), SKAayov, KSKAayya, KSKAnyux;); full grade kAw^cjo

(KAojyju)) "flick, crack, cry', KAu)y|j6(; "clucking of hens, clucking sound by which we urge on

a horse ';

Latin clango, -ere^ clang, to sound, resound; cry, caw (from birds)', clangor^ a sound,
clang, noise ';

Old Icelandic hlakka{= Latin clangd) "cry (eagle), jubilate '; Old English hlacerian^
deride '; Old Frisian /7/a/r/r/a "laugh';

Lithuanian klageti, Latvian kladzeV gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker '; with e:
Latvian kl^gat^cxY, Lithuanian klegeti^ laugh loudly ';

Aforms: Lithuanian sukligo^ he squealed ', Latvian klidzet^cry like a hawk', kliedzu,
kljegt, Iter. klaTgat' cry' (Leskien Abl. 275, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin II 231 f.).

Chioxru: Lithuanian A/i/^e//"chortle, chuckle';

2. with final sound Tenuis:

gr. KAcbaaoj " cluck ' (late, perhaps rather back-formation from kAu)yp6(;);

Middle Irish cloccm., cymr. etc. clochi. "bell'; the origin of Modern High German Glocke
etc. is Middle Latin-rom. clocca^beW;

Gothic hiahjan {hloh). Old High German (etc.) lahhen, /ahhanlaugW, h/ahtarn. "
laughter ', Old English hleahtor^ laughter, jubilation, lust', Old Frisian /7/5CA/5 "laugh', Kaus.
Old Icelandic h/0g/a^rY\ake someone laugh', Gothic ufhlohjan^ make burst into laughter';
Old Icelandic /7/^ya "laugh'. Old English hiiehhan 6s:,

russ. -Church Slavic klegttati, kleki>tati^ cry, esp. of eagle'. Old Bulgarian klbCbt-b^
chattering of teeth ' (etc., s. Berneker 511), Old Bulgarian klokostg, -otati^ cluck n, gaggle,
cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker' (etc., Berneker 521).

Aforms: Old English hlTgan^io give a reputation for (wisdom); attribute to', hITsa, hiigsa
"account, shout, call, fame'. Middle Dutch ITen be-ITen, //hen'say, notify ', Dutch belijden.
Old Frisian hITa " notify, avow ';

Lithuanian klinku kllkti' scream suddenly, whistling '; ablaut, klykiu, klykti^ screech,
shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ';

russ. -Church Slavic k//knut/ ^sc\uea\ ', Iterat. Old Church Slavic klicati^caW, shout, cry',
kliki} "clamor' (etc., Berneker 519).

Similar to onomatopoeic words are, with aniaut. g-. Latin glocio, -Tre " cluck ', Middle
High German klukken. Old English cloccian 6s.\ Old Icelandic A/5/ra "babble', engl. clack'
rattle, clatter ', Middle High German Klechel, Klecker bell stick '; with aniaut. k-. Church
Slavic A/bca//" knock', Lithuanian klukseti' cluck '; The sound root offers onomatopoeic
words ker-1S. 567 f.

References: WP. I 496 f., WH. 227 f., 606, Trautmann 136.
Page(s): 599-600

Root / lemma: klep-

Meaning: to hold in the arms, in one's lap

Note:

Root/ lemma: klep-\ "to hold in the arms, in one's lap' derived from labial extensions

geleb{h)-, gleb{h)- (: glab{h)-) and glet{h)- {:g/b{h)-) of Root/ lemma: ge/-1: "to curl; round,

*fathom, arm' [see above].

Material: Middle High German /after' fathom, arm', Latvian /r/e/7/s "lap, lapful', Lithuanian

klebys' fathom, armful, armload ' (/? perhaps aiter g/ebys' armful, armload ').

Initial sound variation besides Lithuanian glebys. Modern High German Klafter' fathom'?
(see above S. 359 under ^e/-" clench '). - Old High German halftra' halter', Lithuanian
kilpa' loop, noose, snare, steep hill ' (Persson) see below s/re/- "split'.

References: WP. I 498, Buga Kalba irs. I 71, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin II 224.
Page(s): 604

Root/ lemma: kleu- {a\so kleu-1) and klau-

Meaning: hook; hooked branch or piece of wood, etc..

Material: Gr. Ionian KAn'i'q -T5oc;, Old Attic KApc;, Attic kKzxq,, Doric KAai'c;, -i'Soc; " key ' (also

"bar, bolt; hook-shaped noose; oarlock ')., Doric secondary KAg^, epidaur. Gen. kAqiko^

ds., KAn'i'u) (Ionian), KApu) (Old Attic), kAeIu) (Attic) " 'draw forward' the bolts closing the
door, by means of the thong, bar, bolt, key ', KApiGpov (Ionian), KAfiGpov (Old Attic),
KAsTGpov (Attic) " bar for closing a door, boom of a harbour, fences, railings ';

Latin clavis^ key ', Demin. claviculae^ a tendril ', c/avus'naW ', claudo, -ere "shut, lock '
{*klaui-dd, with present formation d)\ in addition probably c/audus'\ame' (to cludus, clodus
s. WH. I 231), claudeo, -ere^ limp '.

Old Irish do, PI. c/o/'nail'; unclear mcymr. cloxw. "bar, bolt, fastener', PI. cloeu^ nails ',
Middle Breton clou^ ferrement ' (Ernault RC. 37, 104 f.);

from Germanic probably here (with moveable s-) Old High German sliozan. Middle Low
German sluten. Old Frisian s/J/a'shut', Old High German sluzzil, asachs. slutiT key ', Old
High German slozu. " lock ' (sAfrom skl-)\ compare Middle English slote= Low German
s/afen^bar, bolt'. Middle Low German s/e/from *sleuta-^ flexible shaft, pole', if from " little
peg, branch piece '.

without 5- perhaps Old Norse /7^0/a strong. V. " draw lots for, receive'. Old English
hieotan. Old Saxon hliotan^ draw lots for, release, liberate ', Old High German hiiozan'
draw lots for, forecast, soothsay, conjure, perform magic', Gothic h/autslot, fate, heritage'.
Old Icelandic h/autr'\ot, fate'. Old High German h/ozn., Old Saxon h/dt'\ot, fate, the
assigned right or property'. Old Icelandic h/utr'\ot, fate, allotment, thing'. Old High German
(h)luz^ lot, closed allotment, portion of the land, allotment, plot of land'. Old Frisian Old
English hlotu. 'lot, fate', Dutch /o/ds.;

Latvian M7/"become, succeed, attain ', kfutas'fate, destiny', Lithuanian nekliutas
"mishap, mischief and Lithuanian kliudyti^ make hang ';

Lithuanian kliuvu, kliuti^ hook, hang, remain hung', kliutis, kliute^ hindrance ', kliaute^
hindrance, disability ', pasikliau-ju, -tT trust on ' ("*cling on to something '), Latvian kl'Ostu,
kiuf{ remain hung), (whereto) obtain, become', klaustfties^ remain hung ', klum-s, -a, -e'
hindrance '; causative with -d-. Lithuanian kliudau, -yti' make hang ', kliaudau, -///'hinder',
kliauda^ the physical disability ' (see above to Latin claudus), Latvian kfudft \ter. to k/ut
(see above);

with Ar-forms Old Church Slavic k/Jucb "hook, key ', kljuc-g, -iti^ combine, merge '; russ.
kljuka^ crutch, crosier, crozier, bishop's staff, OfenkriJcke ', serb. kljuka^hook, key, agrafe,
clasp ', Old Church Slavic kljuc-im, -///'bend, crook', also Church Slavic /r^i//ra 'artifice,

deceit' , and as " hook, hang = fit together, suit, occur ' Old Bulgarian kluciti s§ " fit,
assemble '; probably also serb. klJuna^V\v\6 of hook, cramp', kljun^ something crooked'.

Maybe alb. geles^ key ', pe/"open, unlock ', p/Z/e^'sincere ', pe/eY'light (color) ', pa/e/"lame
(with crooked legs) ', galoj^ limp ', galaman^ limped person ' Slavic loanword (common
Avestan Slavic k> 6: alb. k> ts ><^: Greek Tocharian labialized k"-> /-).

References: WP. I 492 ff., WH. I 231 , Trautmann 137 f.
Page(s): 604-605

Root / lemma: knei-g^h-, knei-b-

Meaning: to incline, bend

Material: Latin conived, -ere, -nMax\6 -nTxf to go together, come together, meet,

assemble, collect ', as *con-cnT(g)ued\.o nicto, -a/'e'wink, wink at, nod ', mtor, -T, n/sus and

nlxus {gnixus Festus) ' to bear upon, press upon, lean, support oneself '; Umbrian

conegos, kunikaz^ to put forth all one's strength, make an effort, strive, struggle, endeavor

' (as though *conigatus: -g- probably analogical form after verbs in -^);

Gothic hneiwan, hnaiw^ bend ', hnaiws' humble, low' ("*crouched '), Old Icelandic knJga
" bend, sink ', Old Saxon Old English hmgands. (Old English hnag^ stooped, bowed,
contemptible'). Old High German hnJgan^ incline '; Old High German hnegen^ be willing,
inclined ', Old English hnigian {see in addition Schuize Kl. Schr. 599 f.); Kaus. Old High
German hneicken^ incline ', Old Icelandic hneigja^ incline, bend, bow before ';
denominative (from hnaiws) Gothic hnaiwjan^ abase, degrade'. Old English hnaegan^
humble, humiliate '; Old High German /7/ic/re/7'bend, be bent, bow, nod '.

Besides Indo Germanic knei-b-\v\ Old Icelandic hmpa {*hnTpen, -on) " allow the head to
hang, be disgruntled ', hnlpinn^ sullen, gloomy ', gnTpai. {*ga-hnTpdn-) " overhanging rock
', Old English hnipian^ allow the head to hang, be disgruntled '; Gothic *ga(h)nipnan^ be
sad '; Lithuanian knimbu, knibti^ snap together '.

References: WP. I 476, WH. I 261; Wissmann Nom. postverb. 64, 183.
Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: kneug-

Meaning: expr. root

Material: Gr. Kvu^av, -sTv ' growl (of dogs), whimper (of infants)': Lithuanian kniaukti' ccy

like a cat '. Probably only accidental resemblance.

References: WP. I 476.

Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: knid-, Rnid-, sknid-

Meaning: louse, nit

Note: often distorted taboo; compare above S. 437 ghnJda^s.

Root/ lemma: knid-, Rnid-, sknid-: " louse, nit ' derived from Root/ lemma: gtien-: "to

crack open, grind, scratch' hereupon root ghriida^ nit, louse '. That means zero grade
mutations: ghen > kn-, skn-. Old Icelandic, Norwegian dial, gnitt. Old Swedish gnether,
Swedish gnet, Danish gnid, Latvian gnJda^ nit, louse ' (MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 633),
Lithuanian glinda {irom *^/7//7o'adissimilated?); russ. gnida, sloven, gnj'ida, Czech hnfda,
poln. gnida; about Latin lens, -dist ds. compare WH. I 783f. and Specht Dekl. 44.
Material: Armenian an/clouse' {*nid-s);

alb. tiienTlouse' {*R(e)nid-); alb. Tosc {*konida) tiierriza^ louse ' (common alb. n- > r-).
Maybe alb. {*koni) thai, thua, PI. thonj^ nail' (for scratching louses?)

gr. Kovi(;, -i5o(; f. ( *knid-s), probably assimilate kovk; "dust';

Middle Irish snedi. "nit, egg of an insect (usually a louse) ', kymr. PI. nedd, nkorn. ned,
bret. nez6s. {*s(k)nidS);

Common kentum k- > sk- > satem 5- >.

Old English finitui.. Old High German (fi)niz. Modern High German Msse^egg of the
louse' {*kn/da).

Could belong to /'s^/re/?- "scratch, scrape', as gtinldaio giien-6s.

References: WP. I 461, WH. I 783 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 44, Trautmann 93.
Page(s): 608

Root / lemma: ko ko, kak(k)-, ku(r)kur-

Meaning: expr. sounds of a hen or cock

Material: I. Gr. KOKKapn f., KaKKapi(;f. " partridge, game bird ', KOKKapi^siv from the

physical sound of the partridges (also the borrowed Latin cacabare), kokkq^eiv " gaggle,

cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ';

Latin caailare " gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (of the hen)';

ndd. kakkein' gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker', nl. kokkelen^ coo (of rooster,
cock)', next to which Old High German gackizon ' cluck (of the hen laying an egg) ',
Modern High German gackern, dial, gaggezen. Modern High German Gockel {see also
un^er ghegh-).

II. Latin coco coco^ physical sound of the chickens ' (Petron 59, 2), franz. coc/ 'rooster,
cock', Danish kok, Swedish Dialectal /ro/r/r' rooster, cock'. Old Norse (Old French
loanword) kokr. Old English cocc, nl. old cocke6s.\ Old Church Slavic kokof-b 'rooster,
cock', /rc»/ro5b 'hen', russ. kokotatb ' gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker ' etc.

Maybe alb. /ro/ros/7 'rooster, cock' a Slavic loanword.

III. Old Indie kurkuta-, kukkuta-m. 'rooster, cock', kukkubha-m. (Middle Indie for
*kurkubha-) ' pheasant'; Latin cucurrid, -/re'kollern' (of rooster, cock), cJc^/y/ interjection;
Modern High German kikenki {o\6er kukeruku, kukerlukuh), md. kuckern, kockern, kocken
'crow, cackle'; Lithuanian kakaryku^ cock-a-doodle-doo, call of a rooster', kiruss. etc.
kukurfku6s., serb. kukurijecem-, -ijekati, russ. kukorekatb e\.c. 'crow, cackle', gr. Koupi^w
ds.

Maybe alb. kukurisem' laugh ' a Slavic loanword.

Maybe alb. kikiriku^ cock cackle ' a Germanic loanword.

Maybe alb. kakaris^ hen cackle ', a Lithuanian loanword.

IV. Gr. KiKippo(;, KiKKOc; 'rooster, cock' Hes.; Oscan cicirrus, cognomen of Messius,
probably 'gamecock, fighting cock '.

References: WP. I 455 f., WH. I 126, 212, 242, 300.
Page(s):611

Root / lemma: kob-

Meaning: to fare well, be successful

Material: Old Irish cobu. 'victory', gall. Ver-cobius, *Cobo-nertos> CobnertosMH,

CobrOnus, -runius MN (also in Slavic shifted as Kobrynb, whereof the town name of russ.

Kobrynb, poln. Kobryh\v\ Gouv. Grodno);

Old English gehaep' fitting', nasalized Swedish hampa sig^ occur' = Norwegian heppa
ds., heppen^\ucky, gijnstig'. Old Icelandic happu. 'luck' (engl. hap^ chance, luck ', to
happen^ occur', ^a/j/Oy' lucky' from Nord.);

Old Bulgarian kobbi. ' fortune, chance, good or bad. Muse, poet's source of inspiration
(Greek Mythology), protective ghost ', Church Slavic kobb " augury, the observance of
omens, interpretation of omens, divination ', russ. old kobb^ divination, foreboding after the
bird's flight or encounter ', today dial. " horror, monster ', Serbo-Croatian kob 'good omen,
congratulation; foreboding, bad foreboding ', etc.

Maybe alb. kob^ horror, bad omen ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 457 f.
Page(s):610

Root / lemma: koi-lo-

Meaning: naked; miserable

Note: only Celtic and Baltic

Material: Old Irish coil, coer narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', cymr. corn, cur

macilentus, macer ';

Latvian katls^ naked, bald, bleak, bare', kaW laudis^ married couple without children '
(could also belong to kai-^ alone ').

References: WP. I 326, 455, WH. I 130.
Page(s):610

Root / lemma: kois-

Meaning: to care for, cure

Material: Latin cura^ care ', curd, -are'to care for, take pains with, be solicitous for, look

to, attend to, regard ', Old Latin co/rav/tetc, pal. co/satens' to care for, take pains with, be

solicitous for, look to, attend to, regard ', Umbrian kuratu' to care for ';

in addition at most Gothic ushaista 'poor' as ' neglected '?

Here perhaps gall. PN Koisis, Coisa.

References: WP. I 455, WH. I 314, 859.
Page(s):611

Root / lemma: koi-, kuT-
Meaning: squeaking noise

Material: Gr. koT^siv " squeak as a sucking pig ', Modern Higli German quieken, quieksen,
quietschen, Lithuanian kvykti, russ. kvicatb ' squeak, chirp, twitter, whimper ' etc.
References: WP. I 455, Berneker 656 f., Trautmann 147.
Page(s):610

Root / lemma: koRsa {*hogha)

Meaning: a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)

Note: (Aryan also *kokso-s)

Material: Old Indie kaksai., kaksa-m. 'Achselgrube, Gurtgegend the Pferde', Avestan

kasa- m. "Achsel' (proves -ks-); common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Latin coxai. 'hip, haunch';

Maybe Rumanian coapsa 'thigh' : alb. /ro/fe/7a 'thigh', kafsha ' an\ma\ (*meat)', kafshq/"b\te
(like an animal)' common Rumanian-lllyrian k^'hs- > phs-, fs-..

Old Irish cosst 'foot', abrit. Apy£vt6-ko^O(; perhaps ' white foot ' (but cymr. coesleg' is
borrowed from Latin);

Old High German hahs/na' knee bow of the hind leg ', Middle High German hehse.
Modern High German Hachse, Hesse Bavarian Haxn.

References: WP. I 456 f., WH. I 188, 283, 858.
Page(s):611

Root / lemma: kol(eli-

Meaning: glue

Note:

Root / lemma: kol(eli- : 'glue' derived from a reduction of the extended *glei-b'^- Root /

lemma: gel-1\ 'to curl; round' [see above].

Material: Gr. koAAq ' glue ' (*K6Aja);

Middle Dutch Middle Low German /7e/e/7 'stick, glue' {*haljan)\

Old Church Slavic klejb, klejb ' glue ' (proto Slavic, forms *k-blejb, kbibjb, kbie, s.
Berneker 659 f.); Lithuanian klejaf glue ' is loanword from Slavic; Slavic -b/- reduced
grade to -ol-.

References: WP. I 464, Trautmann 144 f.
Page(s):612

Root / lemma: kola- : klo-

Meaning: to spin

Material: Gr. kAwGu), KAcbaKw " spin ', kAwGu) actually 'die Spinnerin', KAojarrip, -npoq "

filament, spindle';

Latin colus, -us ox -/""distaff.

Against connection from colusmVn k^'eZ-'be spinning, move around ' speaks, daft the
distaff does not turn.

formally could be kAojGu) a d^^-present from a heavy basis ko/d- : k/o- ( "A/o-d^-d or ko/s-
6^d); the kinship at first with mkaQoq "basket' ("*netting') would be possible.

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 250.
Page(s): 611-612

Root / lemma: ko/i-

Meaning: " young dog, animal-young '

See also: s. S. 550 under ke/- "call, shout, cry'

Page(s):612

Root / lemma: kom

Meaning: by, beside, at, with

Material: Gr. Kowoq " collectively, communally, jointly, cooperatively, conjointly, in unity, in

cooperation, together' from *Kop-i6-(; ( yds "going');

Ligurian FIN Com-beranea, Venetic PN Com-petalis, hispan. PN Com-plutum, Com-
pleutica (Ligurian? veneto-lllyrian?);

Latin ci//77"with, by', preposition and (after Pron.) postposition in Abl. (= Instr.), as prefix
com-, from which con-an6 before K-(as in Celtic) and vowels mostly coco-,

also coram, which is reshaped after pa/am, c/am irom co-oro-^ in the presence, before the
eyes, in the face, openly, face to face ';

Oscan com, con preposition "with' in Abl. (= Instr.), com-, kum- prefix "with' (derivative
comono, Lok. comeneT a place of assembly, place of meeting ' from *kom-no-); Umbrian
CO/77 "with', preposition (only by pronoun postposition) in Abl. (= Instr.), stets postposition in
the meaning " with, at, by, near ', likewise in Abl. (= Instr.), prefix kum-, com- {co- aga\n

before v-: coaertu, kuveitu); Faliscan cuncaptum " to take hold of, take up, take in, take,
receive ', Volscan co-uehriu No\. " a court, curia, association ' {*ko-uTrio-, compare Latin
curia^ a court, curia, association ' probably from *co-uIria)\

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Latin curia^ a court ' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia , n, lllyria,
also UAupi^ , n. Adj. UAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kx\, the region or province of lllyria, UAupi^U)
, speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:-hence Adv. lAAupiaTi.

Italian comparative in -t(e)ro-, -, which together from two ones, the compared with
typically, in Latin cc»/7//'5 'compared with, against it, against' contro-versia^ a contention,
quarrel, question, dispute, controversy, debate ', Oscan contrud^ in opposition, opposite,
face to face, in front, on the other side ';

Old Irish cc»/7-"with', preposition in Dat. (= Instr.), prefix gall, com-. Old Irish com-
(proklit. con-), cymr. cyf-, cyn-, corn, kev-; reduction of -/77 before u-, e.g. cymr. cy-wir,
abret. keuuir-gar, gall. Com/5 MN, cymr. cy-we/y'be6';

therefrom different Old Irish co'io, twice, at two times, on two occasions ', preposition
m. Akk. CO a che/e' to his comrade ' = cymr. bw-y g/7ydd ^ {irom one) to other', also with
originally k"", */rc»/77-dhc»-s "understanding ' is perhaps the base of Old Irish co/7<y'sense,
mind, reason' (= Old Church Slavic sg-db 'judgement');

alb. ke- = Latin co(m)-,

for citation also of Germanic prefixes ^a- speaks this basic meaning 'with', compare e.g.
Go\h\c ga-Juka^ a connection, conjunction, comrade', ^5-/775//7s'com-munis', ga-qiman^
con-venire ' and similar congruities; Germanic g- from j^'-in the unstressed prefix;

the nasal faded before the association with verbs and and according to their model also in
possibly overcome olde nominal compounds as gamains, unequivocal */rc»/77 stecktin Old
Franconian ham-ediV coniuratores ';

Old Church Slavic sg-db "judgement' see above.

cognate A/?7/'a "besides, along, downwards, with' in:

Note:

cognate kiyta^ with' is used as an adjective lil<e Anatolian and Albanian numbers in suffix -
n- > -nt-.

gr. Kara, Kara preposition in Akk. "along, about - toward, through - to, in, by' in Gen.
"about - toward, along, downwards ', in Gen. (= Abl.) " von etwas her herab ', also prefix;

Old Irish cet-, preceding ceta- {* kmta); in cet-bu/th' sense, mind' and also otherwise with
the verb Subst.; acymr. cant, mcymr. can, gan, acorn, cans, bret. ^5/7 "with, by, alongside';

Hittite /ra/-/a(afrom ml), postposition in Dat" under, below, at, in, on,, by, with ' in Abl.
"from, back, for, to - down'; kat-ta-an ds., in addition also (?) enclitic -kan, Pedersen Hittite
158f.

References: WP. I 458 ff., WH. I 251 ff., 857, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 473 ff., wrongly ZceltPh.
22, 325 ff.
Page(s): 612-613

Root / lemma: konemo-, knamo-ox kenamo-

Meaning: shin; bone

Material: Gr. Kvnijri f. "shinbone, spoke, the radius or ray of a wheel', Kvr|Mi<;, -T5o(; f.

(Aeolic KvapTv Akk. kvc(|ji5£(; Nom. PI.) " shin pad ';

Old Irish cnaim^\eQ, bone' (whether gr. Celtic -na-= Indo Germanic n, i.e. -ena-, or =
Indo Germanic -na-, i.e. full grade is the 2. syllable, is undecided);

with full grade the 1. syllable {kon[a]ma) and Assim. from -nm- to -mm- {out of it partly -

m-y.

Old High German hamma' thigh, popliteus, muscle located in the back of the knee ',
Old English hamm' popliteus ', Old Icelandic hgmi. " thigh of (an animal)'.

It is doubtful, whether the meaning from hom. KvpiJoq " projecting limb, shoulder of a
mountain (above the foot), mountain wood, covered mountain slope, public grove, an acrid
herb ' through ndd. hamm^ mountain forest ' would be verified as old, because latter
maybe as fenced woodland is to be connected with Middle Low German ham " enclosed
piece of land', ndd. hamme " fenced field' (see kem- " to press together ').

References: WP. I 460 f.
Page(s): 613-614

Root / lemma: kopso-

Meaning: blackbird

Note: (: Rop-^ onomatopoeic words'?)

Material: Gr. k64j-ixo(; "blackbird", K6aau-cpo(; (diss, from *KoiiJ-u(po(;) ds.;

russ. -Church Slavic (etc.) kos-b "blackbird". - Meillet legt (MSL 18, 171) under
assumption from Indo Germanic R- (because /rosb would be held on following see
consecutive 5 as A) an onomatopoeic word Rop-ihe basic: Church Slavic sopg^ play the
flute ", Old Bulgarian soptcb " the court-yard ", russ. sopetb "pant, gasp" etc. and Old Indie
sab-d-a-m. "sound, clangor, discourse, word" (to -o'-suffix in words for din, fuss, noise s.
Brugmann l|2 1, 467), sapati^ curses ", -/e" declares, promises ".

Maybe alb. shqiptof pronounce, utter, speak", shqiponje, shRabe, gabonje, zhgabonje^
eagle (as black bird?)", (common gutturals k- >^- Celtic Baltic), shqiptar^ eagle man",
shqip^ clear, fluently ".

References: WP. I 457, Trautmann 299.
Page(s): 614-615

Root / lemma: koro-s, kono-s

Meaning: war, warrior

Material: 1. without formant -io-, -Ja-. Lithuanian Raras^\Nar, fight" and lengthened grade

Old pers. Rara-rc\. " war people, army; people", npers. Rar-zar' battlefield ".

2. Gr. Koipavot; (from *Koipovo(;) " military leader, king, master, mister" (derivative from
*KoTpo(; from *K6pjO(; with formants -no-, also Old Icelandic herjann^ father of the army " as
epithet of Odins from harja-^ army " from; Koipavsu) " command; rule ", Koipavia "power,
rule", compare of the unadjusted *KoTpo- EN as Koip6|jaxo(; (Boisacq s. v.);

Middle Irish cuirem. "troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass", gall. 777-, Petru-corii
Volkernamen ("die drei-, vierstammigen");

Gothic harjis. Old Icelandic herr. Old English here^ army ", Old High German Old Saxon
heri^ army, bulk, mass", PN Old Germanic Hari-gasf/ (Dat), perhaps god"s name (Meckel
KZ. 60, 284);

Lithuanian kar/as' army", kare'\Nar, fight", /ra/ys "warrior", Latvian kar's '\Nar, fight, army
", Old Prussian /ra/y/is (consigns kragis) " army ", caryawoytis kVk. Sg. "military parade,
military march";

compare also above kar-1S. 530, where Balto Slavic examples can also belong here.

References: WP. I 353, 462, Trautmann 118.
Page(s): 615-616

Root / lemma: kos(e)lo-

Meaning: hazel

Material: Latin corulus^ a hazel-tree, filberttree ', colurnus {*corulinos) " of the hazel, of

hazel-wood ';

Old Irish coll, acymr. coll etc. ' hazel' (also gall. Coslo-\n EN); (common Celtic alb.
abbreviation), [common Celtic si- > II-]

Old High German hasal(a). Old English haesel. Old Icelandic haslm. " hazel'. Old High
German hesllfn. Old English hseslen^ of hazel-wood ';

Old Lithuanian kasulas^ Jagerspieis ' as " Hasler

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 280.
Page(s):616

Root / lemma: kost-

Meaning: leg; bone

Material: Latin costai. " rib '; Old Bulgarian kostbi. "bone' (Serbo-Croatian kost^ rib ').

assumption of a k- prefixe (to Latin c»5 etc.) is incredible.

Maybe alb. Geg koc, Tosc /rc»5-/re "bone, leg bone', kashte^ straw, *bone? ' (common alb.
diminutive -kS)

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 281.
Page(s):616

Root / lemma: krat-

See also: see above S. 584 under kert-.

Page(s):616

Root / lemma: krafuj- : krau- : kru-

Meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed

Note:

Root / lemma: krafu]-. krau-. kru-\ to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed,
derived from Root/ lemma: Rer-, Rera-. Rra-, Rerei-, Rereu-: head; horn, cow.
Material: Old Irish crau, crom. "stall, cottage, shack, shed' {*krayo-), cymr. crawvn. "stall",
corn, crow, bret. kraou6s.;

Lithuanian krauju, kroviau, krauti^ place one on top of other, heap, pack, load'; Latvian
krau nu {krau ju), kfavu, kraut ^ heap'; Iter. Lithuanian kraustyti, Latvian kraust/'t^ heap',
kravat' snatch ', krauja, krava, kruva " cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of
some kind '; Lithuanian /rAt7i/5(Akk. kruva) "heap', kriaute, kraute^ loft ';

Maybe alb. {* kruva) krye^ head, top'.

Old Bulgarian krov-b^rooV {*krauo-), ablaut, kryjg, /r/y//"cover, wrap, conceal' etc.;

with 5-extension:

russ. /r/ysa "roof, serb. kr?som My. " clandestine ' (etc., also:)

Old Icelandic hreysarP\. f., hreys/n., besides Norwegian rusa, ndd. ruse^heap'; Old
Icelandic hraun n. " cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of some kind, stony
ground'.

Auf kr^u]- based on perhaps Latvian kraju, Ara/ "gather, collect, heap'. Old Bulgarian
(with present formation cf) kradg, krast/" steaV.

Labial extension (-b^-): gr. Kpunru) "hide', Kpucpn " clandestine ' , KpupSpv ds.;

with p-extension (compare above Kpunru)) Latvian krapju, krapu, krapt 's\.ea\, cheat,
deceive', Lithuanian kropt/^steaV; about Gothic hrotand Old English hrofrooV see below
kred-av\6 krapo-, also MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. II 269; Tocharian B kraup-, B
krop- "gather, collect'; compare also klep-,

for Old Icelandic hraukr, Irish cruach^\\eap' , such which could be descended
themselves from a A'-extension, s. another interpretation under sker-, s/re/ie^- "turn'. In
same sense dubious is Old Norse skrufu. "piled heap', skrufrm. "tuff, Norwegian dial.
skrauv^ Schaumgipfel ', etc. (would have the movable s-).

Dental extensions seem: Old Icelandic hraudi. poet. " medieval coat of mail ', Old
English hreadi. "jewellery'; Old Icelandic hrjoda^ coy ex, adorn'. Old English hreodan6s.
(compare Lithuanian kraud/nu ^ aWow to load?') besides hyrstm. "jewellery, armament.

armor', Old High German hrustxw. ds., Old High German {h)rusten' arm, equip with
weapons'.

References: WP. I 477, Trautmann 139, 140.
Page(s): 616-617

Root / lemma: kreb-5

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s):617

Root / lemma: kred-

Meaning: beams, roof

Note: {Rred-1 see below)

Note:

Root / lemma: kred- : beams, roof, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma: kra[u]- : kreu- :

kru-

Meaning: to heap up, put together; heap; roof, cottage, shed.

Material: Gothic hrotu. 'roof. Old Norse hrot'rooi, attic ', Old Saxon Old English hrost'

Sparrenwerk des Daches ' {*krdd-s-to-) = Dutch roest^ perch, chicken roost, chicken

ladder'. Middle High German raz, raze^pyre, stake' {*kreda; fem. collective as Old Church

Slavic krada); with Middle High German raz(e)^pyre, stake' corresponds to Middle High

German raz, raze 'honeycomb', afr. rata, mnl. /"a/e 'honeycomb', next to which with ablaut

mnl. rete {*hretdn-) and rote. Dialectal still rote {* hruti-) 'honeycomb';

Old Bulgarian krada^pyre, stake, woodpile ' {*krdda).

/n^^paTOnwen<^u^rateruJS\A^Gezi^^ Lithuanian

Ares/as 'stately stool', Latvian kr^sls. Old Prussian CAes/a/? 'armchair', Lithuanian krase
'stool', russ. kreslo, Czech /r/fes/o 'armchair', as well as Lithuanian krosnis, Latvian krasns
"oven'. Church Slavic krosno^ a weaver's beam ', russ. krosno ^\oorw, piece of canvas,
fabric', Bulgarian krosno^ Aufzug beim Webstuhl; Torriegel ', krosnai. ' cradle ', Serbo-
Croatian krosna ^\oorw\ Czech krosna, krusna{o\6 krosna) 'pannier, basket for carrying
food or supplies'.

References: WP. I 485 f., Trautmann 141.
Page(s): 617-618

Root / lemma: kreg-1 (and kerg-1)

Meaning: to suffer

Material: Old Indie karjat/" affWcts, torments' (Dhatup.);

Old Icelandic ^AeA/a "torment, smite, bother, annoy, pursue ', Old Frisian hreka' rend '.

References: WP. I 484.
Page(s):618

Root / lemma: kreg-2

Meaning: " onomatopoetic word '

See also: see above S. 569 under ker-1.

Page(s):618

Root / lemma: krei-1

Meaning: to touch, brush

Material: Old Icelandic hnna^ have an effect, seem ', Old English asachs. Old High

German hnnan^ touch, stripe' (/7C>- pre sent); after Wissmann Nom. postverb. 152 ff. here

Old English hrenian^ give off a smell ', Old Frisian strong. V. hrena' sense a smell '; Old

English Old Icelandic hrJm, Middle High German rJm ' hoarfrost ';

Lithuanian krenat ' skimmings, cream' (' was man abstreift, abschopft '), Latvian kreju,
kreju, kr'ief skim, remove the cream from the top of milk ', kreimsm. " skimmings' (from
the verb krejums ' was man abstreifen kann ');

besides with Germanic p. asachs. hripo. Old High German hnfo " hoarfrost '.

References: WP. I 478, Trautmann 141.
Page(s):618

Root / lemma: krei-2, kreig-, kreik-

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s):618

Root / lemma: krek-1 {-k-7)
Meaning: to hit

Material: Gr. KpsKw 'hit, beat; weave, strike a stringed instrument with the plectron, of any
sharp noise ', (Of. Old Norse hrse// {*hrah'\\az) 'weaver's sley'. Old English hrsege/' dress',
'garment', perh. Lett, krekis 'shirt'.)

KpoKP) " EinscmagTaaen^eweDe ', Kpo^ ds., KpoKouv "to weave', KpoKU(;, -u5o(; f. "flock,
tuft of wool';

Old Icelandic hrgell{ *hrarjhila2) "a weaver's reed ', Old English hreol{ *hrehula^ "
windlass, reel '; Old English hraeglu. "dress, garment ', engl. rail. Old Frisian hreil. Old
High German hregilu. " a garment, the skin, hide, fell ';

Latvian kr^kls " shirt ';

if the Latvian word has received a second Arthrough West Indo Germanic influence, it
can also be followed by the Slavic family: russ. kresu, kresatb b " mit dem Feuerstahl
Feuer schlagen ', kir. kresaty, kresnufyl\re hit', dial, "hew, hit, strike ', Serbo-Croatian
kresem, kresat/l'\re hit; scabble, cut or chisel stone roughly; branch cut off the branch '
(etc., s. Berneker611).

Maybe alb. kr/smen. "strike, shot ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 483 f.
Page(s): 618-619

Root / lemma: krek-2, kfk-

Meaning: roe; slimy stuff in water

Material: Old Icelandic hrognu.. Old High German (h)rogan, rogen^ spawn, fish eggs,

spat, spawn of oyster ';

Lithuanian kurkulaTP\. " spawn of frogs ', Latvian kurku//s ds., Lithuanian apkurkot/"
refer to water moss ';

Maybe alb. karka/ec' grasshopper (jumping like a frog)' : Bulgarian CKaKaneq (skaka/ec)
"grasshopper' [bullg. erroneous folk etymology from Bulgarian CKanaM {skakamY\ jump' a
misinterpretation of Lithuanian kurkulaTP\. " spawn of frogs ', Latvian kurkulis.

in spite of phonetic difficulties here Slavic family of serb. dkrijek^ water moss, algae ',
slov. krek, zabo-krecina^ spawn of frogs ' etc., ablaut, slov. krak^ spawn of frogs; green
coating in pools, water moss ', with remarkable ya: russ. krjak^ spawn of frogs '

(common Slavic alb. -e- > -je-, -a- > -ja-, ).

Czech Dialectal okraky^ collective name for water plants '?

References: WP. I 483, Berneker 613 f.

Page(s):619

Root / lemma: krek-3

Meaning: ' onomatopoetic word '

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s):619

Root / lemma: krem-

See also: see above S. 580 f. under kerem-.

Page(s):619

Root / lemma: krep-1, kfp-

Meaning: body

Note: (or k^erp-l see below)

Comments:

Root / lemma: krep-1, kfp- : body derived from -p- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)kera-

, (s)kre- : to cut

Material: Old Indie krpa\x\s\x. Sg. "shape, beauty', Avestan karafs, kahrpam^sha^e, body'.

Middle Persian karp " body ' (Avestan xrafstra- n. ' predator ' from *krep + *[e]d-tro-\.o ed-

■eat'?);

perhaps (?) alb. sh-krep, sh-kep^ resemble a little ' (5/7= Indo Germanic sem, som, sm-,
compare to meaning Old High German gi-ITh^ alike ': ^'body');

Common alb. Celtic -e- grade.

Maybe taboo words alb. shkrep^ rock, fire rock ', shkrep, shkref, shkreh^ trigger, fire',
shkrepje^ glance, flare, gun '.

But alb. qep " sew ' < sh-kep , shqep^ unpick, rip, tear, take out stitches; unfasten threads,
resemble a little '; shqepoj^ to be lame'.

Comments:

Root / lemma: krep-1, kfp- : body derived from -p- suffix of Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)kere-

, (s)kre- : to cut

(3) (s)kerp-, (s)krep-:

alb. karpe, karme {*korp-n-) 'rock, cliff' krep, shkrep'rocW, slope';

Latin corpus, -or/sn. " body';

Middle irisli cnt "body' {*krpes)\

Old High German {h)refm. "body, lower abdomen, womb'. Old Frisian href, hr/TbeWy',
Old English hr/fn. "womb, belly' {*hrefiz- = *krepes-). Old English mid(h)rif. Old Frisian
midref phren, diaphragm, wall of muscles or membranes that separates the chest cavity
from the abdominal cavity ' ("*cavity in the middle of the body ').

Gr. npani(;, mostly PI. Ahzc, " phren', which would prove the initial sound as k" , is
doubtful in its affiliation, because the suitable meaning from Old English mid(h)rif\s
probably based on the first part of the compound;

it would have to be then npani(; a short form to a similar composition; after Vendryes
RC 44, 313 ff., Specht KZ. 68, 193 ff. would be Indo Germanic *k"'erp- taboo metathesis to
*perk"-^\\ie, world, oak' (Gothic fa/r/vus 'wor\d').

References: WP. I 486 f., WH. I 277 f.
Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: krep-2

See also: see above S. 567 ff. under ker-1.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kret-1

Meaning: to shake

Note: (whether as "bump, poke' with Are/'- "hit' identical? or extension from 5Ae/"-"turn,

kreisend schwingen'?)

Material: Lithuanian kreciu, kresti^ shake, strew shaking ', Iter, kratau, -yti6s., kretu kreteti

" move to and fro, shudder, shake ', Latvian Ares/ "shake', Iterat. krat?t, kr^tulis^ kind of

sieve ' (Latvian Ara//5/" lurch' derailment from a *krit-);

Maybe alb. kredh^iuru, twist', shkrydh, shtrydh^ squeeze ', kridhem^ dive';

Middle Irish crotha/m' shake', gall.-rom. *crotf/are' shake';

Old High German redan' sieve ', Modern High German Dialectal rader, rade/' sieve ';
Old Icelandic hradr' qu\ck, fast'. Old English hr^f^, hraed 'qu\ck, fast, nimble, agile;
graceful; sharp, keen ', engl. rather' very, quite ', Old High German hrad, hraV swift, fleet.

rapid, speedy, brisk, nimble, quick, prompt, active, vigorous, strenuous '; Old Icelandic
/7/"^d5 "frighten (trans.)', hraeddr^ to be horrified ';

also Old English a-hreddan^ set free, release, rescue'. Old High German retten ^xx\oye,
drive, push; set free, release, rescue' as ' von der Gefahr wegstoflen '?

References: WP. I 484, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin II 274, 261, 256.
Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kret-2

Meaning: to hit

Note: probably originally with Are/-/ identical

Material: Gr. kp6to(; " rattling noise, made to collect a swarm of bees '; KporsTv " bang,

clap, knock, hit', KporaAov " clapper, tongue of a bell; rattle', Kp6Ta(po(; ' temple, flattened

region on either side of the forehead ' (actually '* the beating '); 'mountainside, mountain

slope; side', KpoTa(pi(; " pointed hammer ';

in addition with probably original bare present nasalization of Old Icelandic hrinda, hratt.
Old English hrindan, hrand^bump, poke';

perhaps the Slavic family of Old Bulgarian krostg, krot/t/" tame', krotbkb "gentle, mild,
sparse, reduced ', if originally ' durch Prugein miirbe machen '?

References: WP. I 484 f., Berneker 624.
Page(s): 621

Root /lemma: kreu-1, kreue-. km-, kreus-, krus-
Meaning: blood, raw flesh; ice, crust

Material: A. Old Indie kravfs-v\. ' raw flesh' (= gr. Kp£Fa(;), kravyam n. 'blood' ( *krouio- =
Old Prussian kram'ann.), kru-ra- 'b\oo6y, cruel, savage' = Avestan atJ/'s- "bloody, frightful,
cruel, savage' (: Latin crudusl) in compound with /■ for Aostem, Avestan xrvi-dru-' he
wields a bloody wooden weapon ', i.e. xruvi-dru-, Avestan xru-i., xrOm (= xruvam) Akk.
"piece of bloody flesh', xrvant- (i.e. xruvant-) "terrible, frightful ' (: Latin cruentus), xrvfsyant-
" blutdiJrstig, Grausen erregend ', xruta-^ frightful, cruel, savage', xrunya-u. "bloody deed,
serious crime, bloody abuse ', .v/'i7/77a- "terrible, frightful '; with a meaning "*clotted,
congealed, coagulated* = "thick, hard'. Old Indie krudayati^ makes dick, tight, firm',
Avestan xruzdra-^\\ar6' (besides again with i- instead of ro-siem in compound xruzdi-
vacah-^ speaking with crude, loud voice '), xraozdva-^hard,';

gr. Kptaq n. "flesh' ( *kreu9s)\

Latin cruentus ^b\oo6Y (see above), cruorm. "the raw, thick blood' {*kreuds), Oscan
krustatar^ crusta tegitor' (Denom. from *krus-ta), Latin cms/a "crust, bark, scurf', originally
" das fest gewordene Blut auf einer Wunde ' ( *krus-ta), crudus "raw, rough, hard' ( *kru-do-
), crudelis^ qx\xq\, savage, heartless ';

gall.-rom. crodios^Y^dx^ {*kroudios)\

maybe alb. {*krodios) krodhe^bread crust, coagulated blood, coagulated snot'.

Middle Irish cr'u{*krus). Gen. crau, cr6{*kruuos), cymr. crau, corn. crow{*kruua) "blood'
(see Pedersen KG. I 61, 251 f., II 97, Lohmann ZceltPh. 19, 63 f.). Old Irish cruaid
( *kroudis) "hard, tight, firm', bret. kriz {*krudis) " cruel' (Pedersen KG. I 207; not loanword
from Latin crOdus); because o^in Celtic and Latin through dissimilation from /?

Lithuanian kraujas ^b\oo(y (: Old Indie kravya-m). Old Prussian crauyo, krawianAs.,
Lithuanian /r/'i/i//>7as "bloody', kruvinu^make bloody', participle kruvintas^ made bloody ',
Latvian Arei/e "coagulated blood, scurf, crust';

maybe alb. Ar^ay" scratch, damage, injure', krua, krojeP\. "liquid, rapid', {*krev-) kredh
"plunge in water' [common alb. f> th, v > oT? shift]; Krujaa\b. city.

Slavic *kry{*krus). Gen. "Arbi/e "blood' in slov. kr?, apoln. kry. Old Church Slavic krbVb;
Old Church Slavic krbvbn-b "bloody' (= Lithuanian kruvinas);

Old High German (h)rd, {h)rawer. Old Saxon hra. Old English hreaw. Old Icelandic hrar
"raw' {*hrawa-).

B. Skyth. *xrohu-kasi-, gr. KauKaoK; " Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains ' (as " smooth ice

');

gr. TO Kpuo(; "frost' (= *Kpuao(;?), KpuoTaivw "make congeal, freeze ', KpuaTaAAo(; "ice;
crystal', Kpu[j6(; "frost' (*Kpuap6(;), from Kpuo(; derived (?) Kpuosig " eerie ', Kpu£p6(; " eerie,
cruel, savage';

Old Icelandic hriosa, ^ra^s "shudder', hrjostru. " rough bottom' (: Latin crusta). Old High
German (h)roso, (h)rosa "ice, crust' (in addition also the name of Monte Rosa), Old English
/7/t75e "earth, ground' (these 5-forms in relationship to to Kpuo(; and:)

Maybe nasalized alb. {*kri-) ngrij^ freeze', ngrice^ frost' (common k- > g- gutturals in Celtic
Baltic).

Latvian kruvesis, kruesis^^rozeu ordure', Lithuanian atkrusti, preterit -krusau^
wiederaufleben, von Erfrorenem ' ('*freeze '); Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 291.

Note:

adjective prefix /-, e-, {*aP) /e- common alb. Lithuanian.

without -s- presumably Norwegian dial. /y^£)7a 'shudder' (compare Kpuspot;), much more
doubtfully Old English ^/lec/? 'rough (of weather), grieving, wild'.

References: WP. I 479 f., WH. I 294 ff., Trautmann 141 ff., J. Markwart Morgenland 1
(1922), 3 ff.
Page(s): 621-622

Root / lemma: kreu-2

Meaning: to fall down, collapse

Note: only Germanic and Baltic

Material: Old Icelandic hrunn. ' breakdown, collapse', hrynia^iaW;

Old Prussian krut'iaW, kruw/slaW (but Latvian kruts' steil abfallend, steil abhangend '
as loanword to kir. krutoj^ sinuous, crooked, precipitous, steep ', see below kert- 'turn');
perhaps Latvian /ra^/zs 'falling, tumbling, dropping', krauja^ steep bank, border, shore',
Ar5^/5'bank, border, shore';

with -5-Old English hreosan^iaW;

with -d- Old Icelandic hrJotalaW, spring'. Middle High German ruzen^ move in a hurry ';

with -/-Old English ^rAJ/g 'snowcapped, topped with snow (about a mountain) ', Old
Icelandic ^/lod/ "offal', hrydr^ it bursts out ' (of vapor, fire under likewise), hrydja^co\6,
damp weather, rain and snow'.

References: WP. I 480, Trautmann 143, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 127.
Page(s): 622

Root / lemma: kreu-3, krou-s-
Meaning: to push, hit, break

Material: The unadjusted root perhaps in Old High German (hjr/uwan ' affWct, sadden, to
irritate somebody ', Modern High German reuen. Old English hreowan "afflict, sadden'. Old
Icelandic hryggr^ grieving ', Old English hreow6s., f. ' repentance ', Old High German
(h)riuwa^ repentance ' (different Persson Beitr. 178); about Old Bulgarian krupa^ gobbet,
lump, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ' (would be a yO-extension) see below
Are^rp-" scurf'.
Maybe alb. krype^ salt' a Slavic loanword.

krous-. gr. Kpouoo "poke, push, hit' (*Kpoua(jo, compare SKpouoGnv, KpouaT£0(;;
KpouaTiK6(; 'pushing, thrusting, echoing '); hom. Kpoaivu) 'stamp, strike with the hoof '
(*Kpouaavi(ji)), Kpoi6(; ' ruptured, broken, damaged ' (*Kpouai6(;);

Old Icelandic hrostim. 'crushed malt ';

Lithuanian krusu, krusti {kriusti) 'stomp, grind ', krusat 'hail', Latvian A/z/sa'hail',
Lithuanian Iter, kriausau, -yti, Latvian /rai/se/' stomp', Lithuanian kr(i)ausius, pakrausius
'slope';

Old Bulgarian u-kruch-b (Church Slavic also kruch-b) 'piece, fragment, gobbet ', Old
Bulgarian sb-krus/f/^ break, rupture, grind (trans.)', sb-krusenbje^ remorse, contrition' (poln.
s-krucha^ repentance '), ablaut. *krbcha^ gobbet, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a
pinch ' (russ. Arc»c/7a 'shred'), *krbchbkb^\ra\\, breakable, brittle ' (poln. krechki), *krbsiti
(slov. krsiti) ' dismember, break, rupture, grind' (etc., s. Berneker 628-630).

Alb. /r/7s' break', krisme^ strike', krasiV mow ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 480 f., Trautmann 143.
Page(s): 622-623

Root / lemma: kreu-4

Meaning: ' onomatopoetic word '

See also: see above S. 570 f. under ker-1.

Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: kreup-

Meaning: scab

Material: Gall, cruppellarii^ armoured gladiators of the Aedui [Celtic tribe] ', brit. Mons

Graupius (leg. *Croupios), because of Indo Germanic yoveneto-lllyrian origin (Pokorny

Urillyr. 131);

Old Icelandic hrjufr'rough, scabbed ', /7/y/fe "scurf, scab', hrufa' sore bark ', Old English
hreorrough, scabby, having leprosy, scabby ', Old High German nob' having leprosy,
scabby', hriupf scab\es\ {h)ruf, PI. hruvi. Middle High German mrblister, bubble, scurf,
scab, crust, eschar, leprosy ', Modern High German Bavarian ruffV crust on quickly dried
earth ', rijfe, riefe' leprosy, scurf, scab'. Old High German ge-rob. Modern High German
grob;

Lithuanian su-si-kraupti' shudder together ', nu-krupQs' scaly, scabby', kraupus
"rough', Latvian kraupa' crust, scab, eschar, wart ', kraupis' crust, scab, eschar; toad '
(from the warty skin; Old Prussian crupey/e Irog'), kfupu, kfupu, M/p/ "shrunk', krupis'
toad, dwarf'; of the ruptured skin (becoming rough) (" goose bumps ') also Lithuanian
pakraupti, krupt/s' shudder, frighten'.

Maybe alb. krupe' horror' a Slavic loanword.

Against it russ. krupnyj' coarsely granulated; big, large', Czech krupy' clumsy, rough '
at first to Old Bulgarian krupa' gobbet, tiny bits ', etc. [in addition changing through ablaut
alb. krip(e), krupi. "salt' {*krupa)]\ this family probably actually "the ruptured ' or likewise to
kreu-3, krou-s-' break, rupture, bump, poke', see there.

References: WP. I 481 f., Trautmann 143.
Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: kreu-t- {kreu-d^-7)

Meaning: to shake, throw, move vividly

Material: Middle High German rutten {*hrudjan) "jolt, shake'. Modern High German zer-

ruttet, zerrutteV shattered, ruined, destroyed', engl. rudder, ruddle' sieve '; Old English

hreade-mus 'bai'; probably Old Icelandic hraustr'rasb, hasty, gamy'; perhaps as "be

shaking, fluctuating ': Old High German br/ot. Modern High German R/ef, Old Saxon briod.

Old English breed' reed ' {*kreu-d^o-);

compare Tocharian A kru 'reed'7

Lithuanian krutu, -eti" stir, move ', krutus' strenuous, active ';

References: WP. I 481 , Trautmann 143 f.
Page(s): 623

Root / lemma: krek-4 : krok-

Meaning: to tower; beams

Note: with -z/- extended

Material: Gr. Kpoaaai " stepped copings of parapets, courses, steps of the Pyramids'

( *krokJa)\ in addition probably also as ' protruding filament ' Kpooaoi ' tassels, fringe,

lappets';

Old Irish crfchi. {*krekua) 'end, limit, boundary, furrow' = cymr. c/7Z?"comb, cusp, peak,
acme, apex ';

Old High German *hragen. Middle High German Modern High German ragen. Middle
High German rac^ stiff, to raehe. Old High German *hrahi^ rigid, stiff, further Middle High
German Modern High German regen^ stir, move, uplift, set up'; Old English ofer-hrsegan^
exceed; surpass, tower';

Lithuanian zem. kraket "stick';

Slavic *kroky. Gen. -bi/ein russ. krokva^ shaft, pole; toggle; rafter, sloped beam that
forms the framework of a roof ', Czech krokva, old krokev. Gen. krokve " rafter, sloped
beam that forms the framework of a roof ' (Berneker 621 ).

Maybe alb. {*krake) kercej^ jump, dance', kercenoj^ threaten (dance in a threatening
manner)', diminutive (^ krak-al-ec) karkalec^ grasshopper' Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 482, Trautmann 139.
Page(s):619

Root / lemma: krep-1

Meaning: strong

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old Icelandic hrsefa^bear, endure' (compare russ. krep/tbs/a ^ endure,

persevere'); Old Bulgarian krepb, krepbkb't\g\r\t, firm, strong';

cymr. cra^'quick, fast' from Old Icelandic krapprds. (= krappr^uaxxoW, S. 388).

References: WP. I 487.
Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: krep-2

See also: see above S. 581 under kerep-.

Page(s): 620

Root / lemma: kr(o)k-sko-, -u-
Meaning: arm

Material: Old Indie kisku- m. ' forearm; Stiel an axe; ein measurement of length' (Middle
Indie for *krsku-)\ (common alb. Indie kr- > k-)

alb. krake^ upper arm, shoulder, wing' {*krok-sko-l)\

Maybe alb. krah^axv^', kraharor' chest' [eommon alb. -sk- > -/?-].

probably to Lithuanian karka " Sehweinefuf^, Vorderbein des Sehweines ', ablaut. East
Lithuanian kirkalism. 'stilt';

Slavie *korkai. in sloven, kraka, kraca^ Sehweinefufl ';

besides Slavie *kork-b in Bulgarian Ara/rMeg, foot', russ. d/ro/'o/r'ham'; in addition ablaut.
Slavie *krok-b m. in Serbo-Croatian krdk{Gev\. kroka), Czeeh krok^ footstep ' and Slavie
*korak-b m. in Serbo-Croatian korak sloven. korak6s.

Quite unelear the ablaut relation.

References: WP. I 488, Trautmann 118.
Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: krom-

Meaning: wooden fenee, ete..

Note: only Germanie and Slavie

Material: Old leelandie hremma 'catch, elamp ', Old English hremman' tighten, restriet,

hinder' (probably from '*fenee'). Old Frisian hrembend '{r\anac\e', Duteh remmen' restrain,

bloek (a wheel) ' ("*with a beam'), presumably also Old leelandie hrefni' the lowest plank

above the ship ground ' and Gothie hramjan' cxwc\\)i ' (as ' an ein Gestell heften ');

russ. kr6myP\. "loom', zakromftb' mit Brettern umstellen ', kir. prykromyty'tame,
domestieate', russ. 5-Ard/77/7>y" blushful' ete. (eommon Slavie alb. k- > sk- , shk-).

References: WP. I 487 f.
Page(s): 623-624

Root / lemma: krut-

Meaning: protuberanee; breast; belly

Material: Middle Irish crotti. " hunch, harp', nir. emit 6s., altbrit.-gall. c/c/Za'harp', cymr.
crwthm. " hunch, fiddle, violin', crothi. "belly, uterus, vulva';

Lithuanian krut'is^ female breast', /r/77///7e "breast', Latvian kruts^\\\\\, breast'.

Probably to kreu-^ curve ', see below (s)ker-, (s)kereu-^\.uxy\\

References: WP. I 485, 489, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 772.
Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: kseip-, kseib-

Meaning: to throw, be thrown

Material: Old Indie ksipati^ throws, flings ', Kaus. ksepayati, ks/pra-h ' qu'\ck, fast'; with

voiced-nonaspirated Old Church Slavic osiba-jg, -ti^ avert, prevent; turn away ', russ.

s/t>atb'\hro\N\ s/My "quick, fast', os/batb'chop, cut, reject', os/batbsja' wander'.

common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Old pers. gh- > xs- : npers. xs- > s-

Hence Slavic xs- > s- is of npers. origin.

References: W P. I 501.

Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: ks-en-, ks-es- ks-eu-
See also: see above S. 585 f. under kes-
Page(s): 625

Root/ lemma: kseiJo^-{*ghseiJo'^-)

Meaning: to sway, swing

Material: Old Indie ksubhyati, ksobhate {ksubhnoti, -nati) " sways, trembles ', ksobhayati^

sets in motion ', ksobha-m. " sway, tremor '; Avestan xsaob-'go into raptures, become

excited ' {xsufsqn), npers. a-suftan, a-softan^ in Bewegung versetzen ', a-sdi? "perplexity,

tumult ';

common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Old pers. gh- > xs- : npers. xs- > s-

poln. chybac^ swing, move to and fro '; chybkT nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen,
rash, hasty'; kir. chybaty^ be ambivalent, have mixed feelings ', chyba {*ksuba) "lack, fault,
error' etc.

common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Slavic gh- > ch-
References: WP. I 502 f., Trautmann 144.
Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kseud- {*gheud-)

Meaning: to grind in little pieces

Material: Old Indie ksodati^ stamps, crushes ', ksoda-m. ' push, stamping, crushing; flour,

powder, mash ', ksudra-^ sma\\\ low, despicable ', compounds ksodTyas-, ksudra-u. 'mote,

speck'; common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Slavic gh- > ch-

Old Bulgarian chudt^ smaW; small, evil, bad', compounds chuzdbjb{: Old Indie ksod/yas-
)■

Machek (Slavia 16, 174) takes as originally meaning ' skinny ' an (Czech chudy' poor,
bad, lean '), which he consequently would place to Old Indie ksudhyat/" starves' , ksodh-
uka-^ hungry'.

Old Church Slavic: xudb 'small, insignificant, scanty' [adj o]; A^t/zoV/" worse'; Russian: xudoj
'thin, lean, bad, full of holes' [adj o]; A-^ze 'worse'

Maybe alb. {*ksdda-) holle^ poor, bad, lean ' common Slavic- alb. cM? reading; common
alb. Italic -d- > -A.

connection from Old Indie ksudra-W\\h Avestan xsudra-^i\u\(y (see kseud-2} attempts
explain Batakrishna Ghosh (Les formations nominales en p, S. 21).

References: WP. I 502.
Page(s): 625

Root / lemma: kuku

Meaning: cuckoo cooing

Material: Old Indie kokila-rw. 'the cuckoo pertaining to India ', koka-m. 'cuckoo' (also

'goose; wolf see below kan).

Gr. KOKKu^, -Oyoc; m. 'cuckoo' (dissim. from *kukku-), kokku: 'shout of cuckoo ', kokku^oj
' shout cuckoo';

Latin cucu/us ^ cuckoo' (directly shaped from *cucu)\

Middle Irish cuach {or neologism to Old Irish cd/< *kovik-s. Gen. cuachl), cymr. cog
'cuckoo'; Modern High German Kuckuck,

Lithuanian kukuoti, Latvian /rJ/r^/d/' cuckoo cry'; serb. kukavica^ cuckoo' russ. kukusa
etc. ds., r. kukuvatb etc. ' cry like a cuckoo '.

maybe alb. kukuvajke' cuckoo' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 466 f., WH. I 299.
Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: ku-, kus- {*k"'uk"'h-)

Meaning: to kiss

Note: (compare bu- S. 103)

Material: Gr. kuveoj, sKuaaa "kiss' (Greek -ne- infix of the present *Ku-v£-a-[pi]).

Comments:

Greek infix -ne- : Hittite infix -nin- which is used, like the more frequent suffix -nu-, in order

to build the causative of some verbs : hark- "to collapse" harnink- "to throw down", istark-

"to be ill" istarnink- "to make ill".

With the stop of the consonant shift in onomatopoeic words of Old Icelandic koss. Old

English coss. Old High German /ri/s "kiss'. Old Icelandic kyssa. Old English cyssan. Old

High German kussen^V\ss'\ Gothic kukjan. East Frisian /rJ/r/re"/? seems out of it to be

reshaped in the baby talk;

Hittite 3. PI. kuwassanz/" they kiss '. (common -wa- infix of the present in Hittite).

similar Old Indie cusat/" sucks' , cuscusa' munching the food '.

References: WP. I 465, Kuiper Nasalpras. 151 .
Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: kuak-

Meaning: croaking, quacking

Material: Gr. koq^ " of the croaking of the frog ', Latin coaxare "quack' (probably imitation of

Koa^), German quack, quacken^ from frogs; cackle (duck) etc.', Swedish Dialectal kvaka^

cackle like a duck ', Old Icelandic /ri/a/ra "chirp, twitter', russ. kvakatb "quack'.

Maybe alb. {*kuak) kuak'croak'.

References: WP. I 468.
Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: kuat(h)-

Meaning: to ferment, become sour

Material: Old Indie kvathati^ boils, cooks ', kvatha- m. " Decoct ';

Gothic hjat^oi. "scum, froth, foam', hjal=>jan^ foam ', Swedish dial, hva {*hvat^a) "scum,
froth, foam'. Old English hwa^erian, hwo^erian^ foam, seethe';

Latin casei/s "cheese' (from *C55C»- from *kuat-so-^ the coagulated ', ablaut equally with
Old Bulgarian kvasv, the absence of t/ still awaits the explanation);

Maybe alb. /ros "sour yogurt, clotted curds' a Slavic loanword.

Old Bulgarian kvash "sourdough, sour drink ' {kuat-so-) etc., zero grade Old Bulgarian
vb{s)-kysngf/, -kyseti^ become sour ', kyselii "sour' (-5- from /+ s);

Latvian kusaV simmer, seethe, boil', kusuls^ mineral water', also probably kustu, kust
"melt'; the from "ferment, seethe, sour become' entwickelte concept "faulen' schlagt die
bridge to Church Slavic ki,sbn-b "slow'; compare Latvian /r^s/ "melt, thaw - exhaust',
kusinaf make tired '; Latvian kusls^ stiff, weak', Lithuanian dial, kuslas, kus/i/s 'weak', Old
Prussian ucka kuslaisin "the weakest '.

References: WP. I 468, WH. I 176 f., Trautmann 147.
Page(s): 627-628

Root / lemma: kueiek- or kelak-, kolak-

Meaning: bundle, bale

Material: Old Indie kurca-hm. "bundle, bale, tussock ', Latin cu/c/ta'p'\\\o\N, cushion'; s.

kuelp-2' curve '.

References: WP. I 473, WH. I 302.

Page(s): 630

Root/ lemma: kuelp-1, kuelb-. kijjp/b-. klup/b-
Meaning: to stumble, stutter; to trot
Material: Gr. KoAnn "trot' (*KFaAna, *kulpS)\

Modern High German holpern. Dialectal holpein, hulpen, holpeF clumsy person'; under
assumption secondary lengthened grade *kleup/b-ov\e has added Gothic hiaupan'ruvi,
us-hlaupan' jump ', Old Norse /7/ai/pa "spring, run'. Old English hleapan6s.. Old High
German {h)/oufan' run' (Middle High German participle geloffen);

Old Prussian po-quelbtonUom. Sg. "kniend' {b = p), Lithuanian klumpu, /r/i//?// "stumble',
klupau, klupoti' kneel ', Latvian klupuMN. " stumbling ', Lithuanian klaupiuos, klauptis'

bow, kneel '; Latvian kluburaV limp ', kluburs^ lame person' (Lithuanian k/umbas lame'
here or to Latvian klambat^ walk clumsily ').

References: WP. I 473 f., Trautmann 137.
Page(s): 630

Root / lemma: kuelp-2

Meaning: to be curved

Material: Gr. K6Ano(; ' a bent surface, curve, fold, hollow, coil ' (from /r^o/yoos through diss.

reduction of ^against the following /?);

Old Icelandic participle /7c>/^/7/7 "arched'. Middle High German preterit walb^ arched ',
Kaus. Old Icelandic huelfa' curve ', Old High German (h)welben6s.. Old Saxon
bihwelbian^ vaulted ', Old Icelandic hualfu. " dome ', Old English hwealfi. " bulge '
{heofon-hwealfj " vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies ': gr. aiGEpoq Kokuoc^), Adj.
"arched'. Middle High German walbe^ gewolbtes Oberblatt der Schuhe, Einbiegung des
Daches an der Giebelseite ', Modern High German Walm ; Gothic hjilftrjom Dat. PI. "coffin'
(two hollow dugouts put on top of each other).

That Old Indie kurca-m. "bundle, bale, tussock ', Latin cu/c/ta' p\\\o\N, cushion' stand in
relationship to the root variation ( *kuela-k- : -f>) of the above words, is quite doubtful.

References: WP. I 474, WH. I 302.
Page(s): 630

Root/ lemma: kuerp-, also kuerb-{* (s)k(u)er-p^

Meaning: to turn, wind

Note:

Root / lemma: kuerp-, also kuerb- : to turn, wind, derived from a suffixed Root / lemma:

(s)ker-3\ to turn, bend as Gr. Kapn6(; "wrist' : Old Icelandic hreifem. "wrist'.
Material: Gr. Kopnoc; "wrist' (fulcrum of the hand), KaprraAiiJoc; " agile, quick, fast'
(formation as £i5aAi|J0(;; reduction of ^through Diss, against the final position labial);
besides with auslaut voiced-nonaspirated Kuppiq " drehbarer Pfeiler mit Gesetztafein ';

zero grade probably Middle Irish carrt, cymr. parm. 'spear, javelin' (Stokes ZceltPh. 1,
172; compare perhaps te/a vibrare, fulmina torquere); (common Celtic ku- > p)

Gothic fvafrban^ nspiTTareTv ' {hjeilahjafrbs^ fickle, changeable ', gafvafrbs^ obedient,
submissive '), Old Norse hverfa^ turn, sweep, disappear'. Old English hweorfan^ turn.

travel, change ', Old Saxon hwerban^ turn, return, stroll, change ', Old High German
hwerban, hwerfan^ turn, turn back, work at '; trans. ' set in motion, tackle'. Modern High
German M/e/t'e/7 (compare the meaning of Latin ambTre), Gothic etc. /i'5/'/?d/7 'change',
next to which zero grade Old Norse horfa " turn, think, belong' ( *hwurbdn), Kaus. Old
Norse hverfa. Old Saxon hwerbian. Old English hwierfan. Old High German werban
'change'. Old Norse hverfr^ o^\j\ck, fast', hvirfill. Old High German wirvil, w/rb/7^\Nh\r\' (and
Old High German werb/7irom *hwarbila-6s.). Old Saxon hwarf^ circle, swarms of people,
crowd ', Old High German warb^ turn, rotation of circular battlefield ', Old English hwearf
m. 'exchange, variation', anord hwarf^6as Verschwinden';

Tocharian A karp- 'climb down, go down', B karp-' sich wenden nach, gehen '.

References: WP. I 472 f.
Page(s): 631

Root / lemma: kuet- : kuat- : kut-

Meaning: to shake, winnow

Material: Latin quatio, -ere, quassum^ shake; shatter, poke, push, swing, brandish';

Middle Irish caith^ a needle, bran ' ('*Abgebeuteltes'; *kvdti-)\

very doubtful gr. nriTsa nirupa (bran), nnTTiai nirupivoi aprioi. AaKCjov£(; Hes., whereof
nirOpov ' bran ' in spite of still unclear i is not to be separated;

there from 'shake' could have also evolved ' shake out, strew, distribute', is identical with
(7^5//(9 possibly gr. Traaau), Attic naiTU) (naaw, snaaa, snaoGnv) ' scatter, spray ' (in the
weavers' language ' weave colored figures ', hence xpuaonaaroc; ' gold embroidered ',
naaT6(; m. ' bridal chamber, bridal bed '); certainly naaaw is to be connected at first with
Doric nf|v TTf| Kai TTf|v eiri toO Karanaaas Koi KaTanaaasiv Hes., epidaur. Eirinnv
cpappioKov;

Old English hOdenian^ shake'. Middle High German botzen^un, swing', nisi, hossa
'shake, toss, fling'; about forms with 5- see below (s)kut-^]\qq\e'\

Lithuanian kutinetis^ sich zurechtzupfen ' (of birds), kuntu, atkutau, kustT sich erholen '
(*aufrutteln).

References: WP. I 511 , II 601 , WH. II 399 f.
Page(s): 632

Root / lemma: kuoi-, kuT-

Meaning: to wish for; to invite

Material: Old Indie keta-m. 'volition, eagerness, intention, request, invitation', ketana-n. "

request, invitation';

gr. koTtqi yuvqikwv EniGupiai (?) Hes., dubious also Kiaaa, Attic Kirra (*KiTia) ' morbid
desire of a pregnant women ';

Old Prussian ^^a//s 'volition', (7^0/ "he will', guo/t/t^ want, desire, will', Lithuanian kvieciu,
kviesti^ invite '.

References: WP. I 475 f., WH. I 714, Trautmann 146 f.
Page(s): 632

Root / lemma: kures- kuers- kujrs-

Meaning: wood, trees

Material: Gr. npTvo(; "Steineiche', whether from * kurs-no-s {1)\ gall, prenne^ arborem

grandem ', cymr. corn. bret. prenn'tree' ( *kures-no-)\ (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),

ablaut. Old Irish crann{*kurs-no-). Gen. cruinnAs., cymr. prys{prysg) ' spinney' {*kurs-to-

); Old English /t/z's/ "shrubbery, bush, spinney'. Old Saxon Old High German mud. horst,

hurstAs., Modern High German HorsV eyrie, nest of a bird of prey ' ( *kyrs-to-\ less

probably above S. 548); Slavic *chvorsti3. Church Slavic chvrastije, russ. chvorost

"deadwood, shrub, bush', slov. hrasf 'oak' {*kuors-to-7), with unexplained aniaut.

Maybe alb. shkurre' bush' [common Italic lllyrian sr- > rr\.

References: WP. I 524, Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 128, Machek Slavia 16 (1939), 182 f.,

Mikkola Urslav. Gr. 177. J. B. Hofmann (Etym. Wb. of Gr. 284) contemplates gr. because

of Carian PN as pre Greek - Asia Minor.

Page(s): 633

Root / lemma: kjauo- kjeuo-

Meaning: bald

Material: Old Indie ati-kurva-, -kulva-' completely naked, bald', Avestan kaurva-, npers. kal

" hairless, naked, bald'. Old Indie kalvalTkrta-' made bald ';

Latin ca/i/i/s "naked, bald, hairless ' (basic form Italian kalouosiroxw Indo Germanic
*keleuos because of:) Oscan Kaluviefs (besides Oscan Kalaviis " Calvius ', Paelignian
Calauanfs]), wherefore Latin ca/i/a "cranium, the scalp, bald head', ca/var/a ds., in
commentary also "skull'.

About the tried arrangement with Modern High German /r5/7/under assumption Indo
Germanic initial sound variation see below Aa/- 'naked, bald'; other assonant words are
(with expressive kh-) Old Indie khalatf- " baldheaded ', kha/vata- 6s. (: Armenian xalam
"cranium'?).

References: WP. I 447, WH. 1143 f.
Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: kemer-

Meaning: cancer, turtle

Note:

Root/ lemma: keiner-: cancer, turtle, derived from Root/ lemma: kam-er-\ to bend, curve,

vaulted.

Material: Old Indie kamatha-xw. 'turtle, tortoise' (Middle Indie from * kamar-tha-)\ gr.

KaM(M)apoc; ' sea cancer, lobster ' (out of it Latin cammarus 6s.) = Old Norse humarr. Low

German Modern High German Hummer, presumably as ' vaulted animal' to kam-er- '

curve '.

References: WP. I 390.

Page(s): 558

Root / lemma: kenako-

Meaning: gold; honey, yellowish

Note: (with unclear vowel gradation relations)

Material: Old Indie kancana-^qo\6eu\ m. 'name of a plant', kancana-u. 'gold';

gr. Kvr|K6(;, Doric kvc(k6(; 'yellowish, safflower-eoloured ', kvhkoc; ' safflower, Carthamus
tinctorius ';

Latin canicae ' bran ';

Old Icelandic hunang. Old Swedish hunaghu.. Old English hunig. Old Saxon honig. Old
High German honag, honang^houey' (named after the color; basic form probably
Germanic *hunaga-, from which Finnish hunaja; partially before ^appearing /? based on
nasalization of the vowel through the preceding /7and supporting influence of Germanic
suffixes -ung-, -ing-)\

Old Prussian c^ca/7 'brown' (I. cucan, i.e. cuncarr, u\s Baltic development from reduced
vowel in disyllabic base);

about Old Indie kanaka-v\. "gold' s. Kuiper, Proto-Munda 30 f.;

gall, caneco-sed/on bare\y as ' golden seat' here, also not to Middle Irish canach'
marsh grass ' (: cymr. pan 6s.)]

References: WP. I 400, Vendryes RC 47, 200 f., H. Lewis Et. Celt. 1, 320 f.
Page(s): 564-565

Root / lemma: Racf-I

Meaning: to fall

Material: Old Indie sacf-, Perf. sasada. Put. satsyati^ drop off, fall down, fall out' (: Latin

cadd);

Armenian cacnum ( *RadJo-) 'fall, get low ';

Latin cadd, -ere "fall' (Oscan antkadunrR s. WH. I 128); cadaver v\. " corpse ' as "the
fallen ' {*kada-ues)\ caducus^ fragile ';

Old Irish casart "hail; lightning' {* kad-t-ara), PI. cymr. cesair^ihe finished ', corn, keser,
bret. kazerc'h^haiW

References: WP. I 339 f., WH. I 127 f.
Page(s):516

Root / lemma: Rad-2

Meaning: to shine, to flaunt

Material: Old Indie Perf. sasaduh, participle sasadana-^ s\c\\ auszeiehnen, jut, project,

protrude, stick out ';

gr. Perf. K£Kaa|jai, Plusqpf. £K£Kaapr|v, participle KEKaapsvoc; (Hom. Aisch.) " honor,
grant ', K£Ka5|j£V0(; (Pind.) " prangend ', Kaarajp actually " the shining ' (?), Kaari-avsipa "
excellent among men ', etc.; in addition Kaarajp m. "beaver' with transference of GN
because of the healing effect of the castor: Kaaropiov (> Old Indie kastuni. " musk ');
present Kaivupai seems neologism after Saivuijai;

perhaps Middle Irish ca(i)d^\\o\y\ wherefore gall, caddos^ consecrated, established as
inviolable, sacred, inviolable ' C. Gl. L. V 493, 30;

abrit. Be/atu-cadrus ep\t\r\et of " god of war '?? reshuffling a *katros 's/aWanV (compare
Aa/- "fight') to kadros\Nou\6 be certainly excluded totally.

References: WP. I 340.
Page(s): 516-517

Root / lemma: Rak-

Meaning: to become thin

Material: Avestan kasu- ' small, little', compounds Superl. kasyah-, kasista-.

Modern High German /7a^e/-(Trautmann ZfdtWtf. 7, 267, KZ. 43, 153);

Lithuanian nukasetT become totally weakened '.

References: WP. I 334.
Page(s): 521-522

Root / lemma: Rak- {Rek-1) {*kegh-)

Meaning: to help; to be able

Material: Old Indie saknoti^ can, is able, helps ', Desid. siksati^ helps, honors, serves,

learns ', saktf-i. "help', sakra- "wealthy', 5a^/r7a- "wealthy, helpful', 'sacT\. "fortune, help',

saka-x^. " power, help', s^/ra- "strong, helpful; m. helper', sakman-v\. "help'; compare

sakvan- "skilful'; common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > xs-, c-

Maybe alb. sak-te^ accurate '

Avestan S5ca///" of course, certainly, surely, naturally ', Desid. sixsaiti^ learns ', npers.
S5A'/"hard, tight, firm, very' = Old Indie 55/r/a- "wealthy';

Old Irish cecM' power' {*kankt- or *kenkt-)\

Perhaps Lithuanian kanku, kaktr reach, suffice, hand, give ' (Reihenwechsel?); doubtful
also Old English hagan^ genitalia ', Middle High German hagen^ breeding bull ', Modern
High German dial. hegelAs., haksch^ breeding pig ', Modern High German hecken^
copulate (of birds)', engl. hatch 'brood', Old High German heg/-druosa 'test\c\e'.

Also, because never -h-, but only -g- in root final sound, Germanic family Old Icelandic
hagr' fitting, skilful', hagrm. " position, benefit, advantage, prosperity ', /75^5 "dispose',
hogr, h0gr' fitting, comfortable ', hattr {* hahtu-) "manner, way ' (would be tu-siem besides
the //-stem Old Indie sakti-). Old High German stem participle ki-hagan, h/hagan ' cheeriuV ,
Middle High German behagenl\t, suit, be right ', Modern High German behagen. Middle
High German hage m. "enjoyment, satisfaction ', Old Saxon h/hagon 'p\ease, favor ', Old
English onhag/anl\t, please ', gehag/an unpers. "chance, occasion ';

under assumption from auslaut -gh- compares Zupitza gutturals 104 with prakr. ca(y)atr\s
able ', Agoka-lnschr. caghati^ is ready, willing for something ', Avestan cagad- {\N\Vr\
rafadram) " granting help ', cagaman-n. 'gift', cagvah-' offering, granting ', admittedly on
the other hand in its e-vocalism does not agree so directly with Germanic a : o;

Tocharian A kakmart, B kamart' power, rule'.

References: WP. I 333, 334.
Page(s): 522

Root / lemma: Rank-
See also: s. kak-1 an6 Rak-2.
Page(s): 526

Root / lemma: Ras-, Ras-no-

Meaning: gray

Material: Latin canus {*cas-no-s) 'gray, ash-colored ', Paelignian casnar^ old, aged,

advanced in years ', Old High German hasan'gray gleaming, finely polished '; sabin. -Latin

cas-cus'o\d' (originally ' aged-gray ');

Old Norse hgss{*kas-uo-). Old English hasu^ gray-brown'. Middle High German heswe
'pallid, faint, languid'.

In addition the descriptive name of rabbit (compare russ. serjak^ grey hare' : seryj
'gray'):

Old Indie sasa-rr\. (from *sasa-), afghan. soe, Pamird. sur, cymr. ce/nach {-ach-
extension of a *cein= *kasnr doe, female hare', Pedersen KG. I 86); Old High German
haso, with gramm. variation Old English hara. Old Norse her/ {an ablaut formation with
Germanic e seems Norwegian Swedish Dialectal yase = Old Norse *hjasi). Old Prussian
sas/nsm. 'hare', sas/n-t/nk/o ' hare's snare', PN Sassenpile^ hare's mountain'.

An extension of the stem *Rasen- (: kas-n-o-) and *Raseu-, kasou- (: kas-u-o) with
formants-d^o and zero grade of the root syllable is supposed in gr. ^ayQoc, 'blond, brown'
from *ks-en-6'^o- (whether ^av- amalgamation from *^£v- and *^a- =*^n-)7 and ^ouGoc;
ostensibly ' golden ', whether from * ks-ou-6'"o-, but very dubious.

References: WH. I 156, Hofm. Etym. Gr. Wb. 221, Trautmann 330, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I
329.

Page(s): 533

Root / lemma: Rat-

Meaning: to fight; battle

Material: Old Indie satayati^ smashes to pieces, throws down '; satru-m. "besieger, fiend';

gall, catu- 'fight, struggle' in GN Ca/^-rZV" battle king'. Old Irish ca//7 "fight, struggle;
troop, multitude, crowd', cymr. cad 6s., corn. casm. "fight, struggle'; cymr. cadr{*kat-ro-)
"strong', abret. cadr. Middle Breton kazr, nbret. /raer" beautiful'; cymr. cao'a/T? "strong', bret.
Aao'a/T? "valiant'; in addition also after Loth RC 42, 84 f. cymr. cadwm. " troop, multitude,
crowd' {*Ratuo-), as Verb "preserve, protect, shield '; abrit. Mars Be/atu-cadros conta\ns
whereas the root ^ao^- "gleam';

Old Icelandic hodl "fight' (= gall, catu-), GN Hgdr, Gothic MN Theuda-hatha-s, Old
English headu-. Old High German hadu- "fight, struggle' in names as Hadu-mar, Hedwig,
Middle High German /750'e/'" quarrel, fight';

whether one here Slavic k- for R- accepts the possibly (compare above S. 1 S"!), Old
Bulgarian kotora, russ. -Church Slavic kotera^ fight, struggle ';

possible would be citation of thrak. VN the larpai, larpo-KEVTai;

That in gr. oaTivri " luxury chariot ', aariAAa ttAeiqc; to aarpov, as Phrygian words
interrelate with Armenian sayr cart ' (Armenian-Phrygian *satilia), which is the original
meaning of " chariot ', is unproveable.

References: WP. I 339, 340, Vendryes RC. 43, 246, M. Leumann Hermes 68, 359.
Page(s): 534

Root / lemma: Rad- : Redes- : Red-s-

Meaning: uneasiness, displeasure, hate

Note:

It derived from Root/ lemma: od-2{*had-)\ "disgust, hate' earlier Root/ lemma: od-1{*had-

): "to smell, *have repulsive smell', old laryngeal centum h- > a-, e- : satem h- > s-;
Material: Old Indie ri-sadas- " worrying about the stranger ';

Avestan sadra- n. "affliction, labour pains, mischief ' (Geldner KZ. 27, 242f.);

gr. Kr|5o(; n., Doric Ka5o(; "sorrow, mourning, care about, anxiety, grief, esp. for the
dead, funeral rites, mourning, connexion by marriage ', kpiSigtoc; " most worthy of one's

care, most cared for ', Kri5£iO(; " cared for, beloved, areful of, or caring for, of a funeral or
tomb, sepulchra ', Kr|5£aTri(;, Cretan mbEOiaq " connexion by marriage ', Kr|5£uu) " provide,
supply, tend, look after; bury; be related by marriage ', Kr|5£|ju)v ' protector; undertaker;
connexion by marriage ', khSoj 'make worried, sadden ', also " injure, hurt '; aKr|5n(; "
untroubled, unburied ', whereof aKr|5£U) 'neglect';

Oscan cadeis amnud^ immTcitia^ausa ' (: Modern High German Ha/i, Kern KZ. 21,
242);

Middle Irish caiss, cymr. cas, bret. cas'hate' ("/^aofe-/- as further formations of -es-stem
from Gothic hatis); cymr. cawdd^ disfavor, offence, hatred, enmity, anger, wrath, rage, ire,
passion, displeasure, indignation, disdain ' corn, cueth. Middle Breton cuez, nbret. keuz
{*Rado-s) 'affliction, mourning, grief;

Gothic hatisu. 'hate, rage, fury'. Old Norse hatrx^.. Old English hetexr\.. Old Saxon heti
m.. Old High German hazm. 'hate' partly also 'lose control of in pursuit', hence the
meaning ' pursue ' from Old Norse hata. Old Saxon /75/0/7 partly also Old High German
hazzon, compare also Old High German hetzen irom *hatjan\ for a basic meaning ' pursue
'; ablaut. Old Saxon /70//" hostile ';

Tocharian A kat^ destruction '.

References: WP. I 340 f..
See also: compare above kad-.
Page(s): 517

Root / lemma: Rak-1 : Rak-, probably Ra[i]k- : RJk-

Meaning: to jump, spring out

Note: (with R9k- as ablaut neologism from kak-)

Material: Gr. Kr|Kiu) ' rise, bubble out ', KOKiu) iSpouv apxopai. AaKU)V£(; Hes., kpikjc;, Aboo,,

Doric KC(Ki(;f. ' all bubbling out (blood; magenta juice; burning fat; steam) '; Lesbian

KayKuAri ds. Hes.;

Lithuanian sd/r// "spring, dance '; nasalized S5/7/r^s 'agile', sankinti^ make spring (of a
horse) ' (compare KayKuAn) and Old High German hengist. Old English /7e/7^es/' stallion,
uncastrated male horse', actually Superl. ' best of all jumping, riding ', Germanic *hangista
besides *hanh/s fa {gramm. variation) in Old Norse ^es/r' horse', to Positive *hanha-, in
addition Dat. Proto Norse haha/^the rusher, racer' and Old High German Hah-, Hang-, Old

Icelandic Ha-\v\ PN; in addition Celtic *kankst/ka' mare' in cymr. casegds., bret. PI. kezeg
" horse', dial. " mare', acorn, cassec "mare', gall. PN Cass/c/ate (Lok.) ' Pferdepark '.

For ka/k-: kJk- one introduces probably thrak.-Phrygian aiKiv(v)iq " dance of the satyrs to
honor of the Dionysos ' (namely /by Lex., but Eur. Cycl. 37 also may be evaluated with /),
probably also kTkuc; f. " power ', accurate " flexibility, briskness', kTkuu) tqxuvu), iaxuu)
Zonar, ep. Ionian qkIku^, -\joc, 'weak, flabby';

Pedersen KG. I 51 places here (kTku(;:) Irish cTchi. " female breast', cymr. cig, bret. kik,
acorn, c/7/ic "flesh'.

References: WP. I 334, Hofmann Etym. Gr. Wb. 142, Kluge^i s. v. Hengst.
Page(s): 522-523

Root / lemma: Rak-2, nasalized Rank-

Meaning: branch

Material: Old Indie sakhai. "bough' (: Gothic hoha, Armenian caA); sakala-xx\. n. "chip,

splinter, splinter, wooden log, schnitzel, shred' (: Lithuanian sakalys); sa/jku-m. " wooden

nail, peg, plug, picket, pole, stick ' (: Old Church Slavic sgkb, cymr. ca/nc, Old Norse ha/);

sakti-i. "spear, javelin' (: Old Irish cecht);

Armenian c5A'"twig, branch', perhaps loanword from pers. sax6s., and these from Old
Indie sakha; after Meillet Esquisse2 36, Slave commun^ 23 f. rather from Indo Germanic
*ksakh-\

because of the meaning doubtful alb. //7e/re "fringe, tail ', compare after all the same
meaning from Norwegian heker corner, tail' under *keg-,

cymr. cainc{*kanku, compare i/-stem of Old Indie sarjku-), PI. cangau, mcymr. canghau
"bough'. Middle Irish gee, nir. ^ea^" bough' (with secondary voiced-nonaspirated in aniaut),
with -sk- suffix gallo-rom. *gascar/a {French Jachere) " arid land', actually " arable field ',
Hubschmied Vox Rom. Ill 123^; Old Irish gescae^bN'\g, branch, bough'; with /-suffix Old
Irish cec/7/ "plough' (probably as */r5/7/r-/c»- next-related to Old Indie sakti-);

Gothic /7o/7a "plough' (= Old Indie sakha). Old High German huohili^ a small arable field
'; nasalized Old Norse har^ oarlock' {*hanha, Finnish loanword), hse//^peg, plug, stick'
{*hanhila-);

Lithuanian saAa "bough' (ablaut, with Old Indie sakha), sake^ fork ', saAa/ys "splinter' (:
Old Indie sakala-), saknis. Old Prussian sagn/st, Latvian sakne \oot'; Lithuanian sakarnis

' brachiating ', Latvian sakarnis^ Wurzelenoe '; Old Church Slavic *SQkTD " a tender young
twig, branch, shoot, sprout, sprig ';

Slavic 5c»c/7a"club, cudgel (Old Church Slavic etc.), hook, plough (russ.), Gabelstange '
(poln.), poln. rozsocha^ forked bough'. Old Church Slavic pc»sc»c/7bm. "cudgel, club'.

References: WP. I 335, Trautmann 297 ff., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 55, 254;
See also: compare under ke(n)g-, ke{n)k- "peg, plug, hook' S. 537 f. and kenk-, konk-
"waver, hang ', S. 565.
Page(s): 523

Root / lemma: Ras-, Ras-
Meaning: to teach, indicate
Note: only Aryan and Armenian

Material: Old Indie sasti, 1. PI. 5/s/77a/7 "weist zurecht, zijchtigt, herrscht, befiehit, belehrt',
participle Aor. 5/5a/7/- "teaching', sista- " reprimanded, instructed, instructed ' (newer sasta-
, as Avestan sasta-); Avestan sasti^ is called, teaches ', Opt. sTsoil, a-sTsta- " promise ';
Old Indie sastar-^ castigator, lord, master' = Avestan sastar- " master, prince, lord ', Middle
Persian sas/a/"" ruler'. Old Indie sastra-n. "directive, teaching, textbook ', Avestan sax^an-
n. "doctrine', S5S/7a "doctrine, command ', Old Indie s/st/'-i. " punishment, command, order'
(newer sasti-), sisya- "to instruct', m. " learner ';

Armenian sast^ reproach, accusation, threat, austereness, severeness, authority ',
sastem^ threaten, urge, order', sas///r "violent' (all Iran, loanword?).

References: WP. I 358, WH. I 179.
Page(s): 533

Root / lemma: Rei-1

Meaning: to lie down, *die

Material: Old Indie se/e (older saye), 3. PI. sere, Avestan saete{\ gr. keTtqi) "lies', 3. PI.

soire. Old Indie sayate, -ti^ lies, rests ', saya, sayya' lair ', madhyama-sT-' settling in the

middle, recumbent, lying down ', ni-sT-tha-m. " midnight ', etc.;

Maybe alb. /ra/^a "basement, cellar, stable' a Greek loanword.

Maybe alb. Geg katun, Tosc /r5/i/A7o' "village'.

Maybe alb. kotem " rest '.

gr. keTtqi "lies', 3. PI. Ksarai from * Ksjnt-, reshaped after k£i-, hom. Keiarai; new is hom.
KEOVTOI (: Old Indie sayante); koTto(; m., Koirn f. " lair ', okoitk; " wife ' (with Ionian reduction

from *a-KOiTi(;); compare bret. (d)argud^ light sleep ( *-are-koito-); Koifjaw "bring to bed, put
to sleep ' (compare Gothic haims. Old Irish coim, Latvian saime, also Lithuanian seimyna.
Old English haeman). Second composition part -ki-o- in nspioaoc;, vsoaooc;, very probably
Latin cunae, cunabulaP\. " cradle, nest' ( *Roi-na) and Old Norse hTd, hTdiu. " lair of bears '
{*Rei-to-)\

Hittite Mediopassiv ki-it-ta {kitta) and ki-it-ta-ri {kittari) "lies'; perhaps also Lycian sij^ni
"lies' (Pedersen, Lykisch under Hittite 17).

Note:

Anatolian Albanian /r-.s-allophones before the kentum : satem differentiation.

With the concept "home, trusted, dear':

with Asuffix Old Indie slifa-n. " consuetude, character'. Old Irish ce(/)/e "comrade,
husband ' {*kef-///o-s), with secondary /cymr. c/Zyofa' "comrade', etc.;

with /7^suffix:

Note:

-/77- suffix is of lllyrian Greek origin.

gr. KOifjau) (see above), K£i|jr|Aiov " preserved blessing' (from *K£Ttja n. " lair');
lengthened grade Kcopn f. "village' {*k^i\ma)\

Old Irish coim, cdem'6ear', acymr. cum, ncymr. c^etc. "dear' {ko/mo-);

Gothic haimsi. (/-stem) "village, dot; PI. aypoi'. Old Norse heimrm. "homeland, world',
Nng-heimr^ 6\e beim Thing anwesende congregation, meeting'. Old English ham. Old
Saxon hem. Old High German /7e//77 "homeland, house, dwelling' (Old English haeman
"sleep on, marry', originally " Koipav ');

Latvian saimei. " house servants, family ', ablaut. Lithuanian seimynai.. Old Prussian
se/m/hsm. " servants ';

Old Church Slavic semt/a' servants, slave', sem/hb' belonging to the servants, slave';

Lithuanian k/emas' farmstead, /ra//77as "village', Latvian c/e/775 "village, meeting-house'.
Old Prussian cay/77/5 "village', Lithuanian /ra//77y/7as"Nachbar', ka/mene'\r\er6' are the
borrowing from Germanic 77a//775z dubious;

Trautmann (112 f.) takes ablaut. Proto Baltic *kaima-xx\. and *koima\. an (Indo
Germanic di\ ai);

with rosuffix: Armenian ser'leaning, tendency, love', s/rem'\ love' {*Reiro-)\

with i/o-suffix: Old Indie seva-{= Germanic hTwa-) " trusted, friendly, dear, worth ', siva-
(= Germanic *hfwa-) 'intimate, dear, healthful ';

Latin c/V/s "guarantor' = Oscan ceus6s:, the /-inflection after /7c»5//s(M. Leumann
Gnomon 9, 237);

Gothic heiwa-frauja^ householder'. Old English /7/"M/-c^/7o'"homey', hTw-rgeden\.
"housekeeping'. Old High German hT-raf marriage'. Old English hhred6s., agutn. hT-skepr
" family ', Old Norse /7y-/?j?//Neutr. PI. " house beings ' (besides ablaut. *hJwa- = Old Indie
s/'va- in Old Norse herad. Old Swedish hse-rat^^ district, region, area ', hae-skaper^ family '
from *hewa-)\ the Germanic stem *hTwa- is composition form *hTwan-^
Hausgenossen(schaft) ' in Old Norse hju{n), hjon " married couple, servantship, servants ',
Old English hTwan, hJgan^ housemate, family ', hTwenu. " household ', asachs. sinhTwun'
husband'. Old High German h\\A/)un^ married couple, servant', hT(w)o^ husband;
housemate, farmhand', hfwa^wie', asachs. h/wads.; with -ro- extended Old Norse hyrr
"friendly, kind, gracious'. Old English heore, /7/e/'e "friendly, gentle ', Middle High German
g/h/ure 'mM, comfortable'. Modern High German geheuer. Old High German Old Saxon
unhiuri^ scary, terrible ';

Latvian s/ei/a "woman' {* seiua \n\Vc\ the intonation change of Femin.).

References: WP. I 358 ff., WH. I 224 f., 306 f., 856, Trautmann 1 12 f., 300 f.
Page(s): 539-540

Root / lemma: Rei-2

Meaning: a kind of dark colour

Note: (see also ke-ro-)

Material: Old Indie s/-//- "white', s/if//7-^-a- "whitish';

gr. Kipa(po(;, Kipa "fox' Hes., Kipp6(; " orange-yellow ' (-//■- probably expressive);

Middle Irish cfar^dark brown' {*kei-ro-), cfarannm. "beetle, chafer'; cir{*kiru-). Gen. cera
" tar coal '; ceo ( *ki-uo-k-s) "fog'. Gen. cTach (: Gothic hiwi);

Old Icelandic harr^(^ray, old', Old English har, engl. hoar, asacns. Old High German her
{*haira-) " dignified, honorable, convex, elevated'; comparative *heriro, her(r)o^ army'; Old
English h^wen^b\ue' {*haiwina-)\ Gothic h/m'n. "shine, appearance ', Old Icelandic hyn. "
fine hair, fluff, underfur', Swedish hy'skin, complexion'. Old English h/ew, hi(o)wv\.
"apparition, paint, color, beauty', engl. Z?^©" paint, color' (Indo Germanic *Ri-uo-);

Old Church Slavic serb, russ. seryj, sloven. s^/'"gray' ( *Roi-ro-), with -o'-suffix (?) Old
Church Slavic seo'b, Serbo-Croatian sTJed, russ. seddj^gray' (if not reshaped after smedb
"pale, wan', b/edb' greenish-yellow, pale green, pale, pallid '); Old Czech sery, poln. szary
"gray'. Old Czech sed/vy ds. show nevertheless of a proto Slavic, aniaut. ch-, that from
Pedersen (KZ. 40, 176 f.) is expounded from Indo Germanic Rh- (probably expressive);
whereas Persson Beitr. 304 Anm. 1 takes for proto Slavic. *cherb a borrowing from
Germanic *ha/ra- an, which in itself has mixed with genuine Slavic serb.

Besides an extended root form the same meaning:

R/e-, RT-; Rie-mo-^ dark grey '.

Maybe alb. {* Rei-mo-na) shqiponja, zhgabonja, gabonja^eag\e, black bird' : Old Indie sya-
ma- " black', syamaRa-^ swart, blackish ', syena-m. "eagle, falcon' : gr. EN Kipwv.

Old Indie sya-va-^ brownish black, dark', Avestan syava- "black', npers. s/j/a/? "black';

Armenian (probably Iran, loanword) seav^daxk, black';

reduced grade Lithuanian syi/as "whitish, moldy (from horses)'. Old Prussian sijwan
"gray'. Old Church Slavic sivb " dark grey ', russ. sivyj, serb. s/'i/ds.;

Old Indie sya-ma- " black-gray, black-green, black', syamaRa-' swart, blackish ' =
Avestan syamaRa-m. " name of a mountain ' (also sama- "black' with s- from sy-,
Bartholomae Airan. Wb. 1571);

Lithuanian semas, se/7755 "greyish-blue, blue';

reduced grade *^/"-/77o- probably in Latin c/777eA'" bedbug' ("swart '; forms -Ro-, as Subst.
after the conservative Dekl. as sene-xto Indo Germanic *seno-s); perhaps in gr. EN
Kipojv;

Mayeb alb. qime^ hair'.

with other suffix: Old Church Slavic sirib, russ. sfnij^ dark blue';

In -/^formant:

Maybe truncated alb. {*RTna) //7//7ye "grizzle, gray hair' [common alb. k- > th-] Slavic
loanword.

based on a root form /f/e/- shine, appear, seem Old Indie syenTi. (wherefore m. syeta-
probably previously created anew after em: eta-, harinT: har/ta- etc. and sveta-) a kind of
colour "bright, white, reddish', and those named after the color Old Indie syena-m. "eagle,
falcon', Avestan saena-^ a big bird of prey, probably eagle'.

In -b^-formant:

Maybe alb. {* Rie-b'^-on) shkaba, gabonje, shqiponje^ eagle' : Old Indie {*Riei-na) syena-m.
'eagle, falcon', Avestan saena-^ a big bird of prey, probably eagle'.

References: WP. I 360 f., WH. I 216, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 121,

179.

Page(s): 540-541

Root / lemma: Reipo- Roipo-

Meaning: peg, sharp piece of wood or stone

Note: also sReipo-

Material: Old Indie sepa-, sepha-m. " tail, penis ' (with sR- prakr. cheppa- 6s.)\

Latin cippus^ a pale, stake, post, pillar' {*keipos)\

alb. thepm. " sharp cliff {*Roipos), /sep "prick, sting, point, edge, angle ', metath. step
'edge, cusp, peak'.

Maybe alb. sqep " beak'.

Additional connection with Latin scTpio, gr. GKTnwv and root ske/p-'cut, clip' is probably.

References: WP. I 364, II 545, WH. I 219 f., 856.
Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: Reip-

Meaning: to wag, wave, pull faces

Material: Old Indie siprai. "whisker, moustache, flowing plume, feather', Avestan (with
metathesis) srifa- m. " nostril '; Avestan saeF whisk, small broom for dusting '; the
meaning of Avestan saepa- is unclear;

Lithuanian siepiuos, s/epf/san6 saipaus, saipytis' making faces, making facial
expressions ', sypla^ mocker, person who mocks, scoffer', sypsau, -oti^ grin, smile
broadly, bare the teeth, grimace '.

References: WP. I 364, Frisk Le monde oriental 30, 78 ff.
Page(s): 543

Root / lemma: Rek*-

Meaning: to defecate

Material: Old Indie sakrtu. Gen. saknahu. "crap, muck' ; compare chagana-u. ds.;

gr. K6npO(; "crap, muck, manure, smut';

Lithuanian siku, s//r//" defecate'. Perhaps here also Old Irish cechor\. Gl. "palus'
{*Rekura), Middle Irish cechair^s\\rc\e, mud, ordure' (if " bodily excrement ' is the original
meaning).

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Celtic {*Rekura) "slime, mud, ordure' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians,
lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi^ , n. Adj. lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, lllyrian: -ys\, the region or province
of lllyria, 'lAAupi^O) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.
References: WP. I 381, Benveniste Origines 9.
See also: See still *AaAAa- "defecate'.
Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: Relb-, Relp-

Meaning: to help

Material: Gothic hilpan. Old Icelandic hjalpa. Old Saxon Old English helpan. Old High

German helfan, he/phan^\r\e\p';

Lithuanian selpili, selpti. Old Lithuanian se/b/nos'\r\e\p, aid '; unclear is the relationship
to gelbeti^\\e\p\

References: WP. I 447 f., Trautmann 302, Feist 255 f.
Page(s): 554

Root / lemma: Rel-1

Meaning: cold; warm

Material: 1. Old Indie s/s/ra-'coo\, cold', m. " cool time, coldness', Avestan sarata- 'cold',

npers. sarc/ds., osset. sa/o' 'coldness', Avestan sara-6a-' bringing coldness ';

Old Icelandic he/a' hoarfrost {hi-hlon-, compare Old Indie si-sira-)\ Dutch halu. 'frozen
bottom', with lengthened grade eOld High German /7a//" slippery, smooth ', Modern High
German Bavarian hal, Swiss ha/6s., Old English hselig' changeable ', Old Icelandic hair
smooth, cunning';

Lithuanian s^lu, saiti' freeze ' (Latvian salt}, sa/tas'co\6' (Latvian 537/5), sa/na'
hoarfrost (Latvian salna), pasa/as Irozen earth' = Old Prussian passa//s IrosV , Lithuanian
pasolys ' night frost, frost in the earth';

Old Bulgarian slana' hoarfrost '.

2. Old Indie sar^o'-f'autumn', with numeral, word that represents a number 'year',
Avestan sara5-\. 'year' (see also Solmsen KZ. 34, 78 to Lydian aap5ic; 'year'), osset. sard
'summer', npers. saryeaf ('autumn' as ' warm time ', also Lithuanian s//i/s 'August', more
properly silius);

Latin caleo, -ere 'warm, be hot, glow', caMus 'warm, hot', ca/or' warmth, heat';

cymr. c/ycf{ *RI-to-) 'warm, warming' (: Lithuanian s/Itas); in addition perhaps from an e/-
extension cymr. claear' lukewarm ', bret. klouar6s.l

Old Saxon ha/o/an 'burn'; in Germanic became an extension *Rleu-: Old High German
lao, fleet, /a M^e/"' lukewarm, warm'. Old Icelandic hlserAs., oi weather {*h/ew/a-), hIana'rwM
become'. Bavarian /aunen' thaw'. Old Icelandic hiaka' thaw': Old Icelandic /?///' 'lukewarm',
hlyr\. ' warmth ', Old English /7/eoM/e 'lukewarm'. Old Icelandic hle{*hlewa-) n. ' protection,
lee, side protected from the wind'. Old Saxon hleo m' protection before the weather ', Old
Frisian hIT, Old English hleo, hleowr\. 'hideout, cover, protection' (compare also Middle
High German liewe, lie\. 'bower, network of branches, shaded place', Swiss /e 'sheltered
position, sunny side', Swedish lya'caNe of animals '); Norwegian Danish lum, lummer
'mild, lukewarm', Swedish //um6s., Swiss /J/77 'mild, of weather' , ndd. /uk, holl. /euk
'lukewarm'.

Lithuanian sy/u, silau, s/'/t/'warm become'; s/Itas'warm' (: cymr. c/ycf).

References: WP. I 429 f., WH. I 137, Trautmann 297 f., 304 f.
Page(s): 551-552

Root / lemma: Rel-2

Meaning: to incline

Material: The base of tlie root form developed much more Rlei- 'lean' (see below) and very

probably in consecutive words to recognize:

Latin ausculto^ to hear with attention, listen to, give ear to', originally ' bend the ear'
from *auscltarB, derivative from *a^s-A//c»5 (Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 285, 333);
different WH. I86f.;

Lithuanian sa//'s's'\6e, region';

Old Icelandic ha//r, Old English hea/d, Old High German ha/d' willing, inclined'. Old High
German ha/da, Modern High German Halde^ mountainside ' (Old Icelandic halla^ incline ',
Old High German haldon ' bend ', Old Icelandic hella " pour out, tilt a vessel ', as Swiss
helde), Gothic wilja-halt^ei^\eav\\v\i^, tendency, favour '; Gothic hul^s^ sense of inclining,
gracious'. Old Icelandic hollr. Old English Old Saxon Old High German Modern High
German hold6s. (Old High German huldf grace, inclination ' etc.); in addition also Middle
Low German heldei. 'slope'. Low German hille ' space about the cattle stables for
sleeping ' (from hilde^ inclined, sloping cover') and the nord. family of Norwegian hjell
'scaffold, trestle, bottom'. Old Danish /t/^/o'' hayloft, chicken steep track, top seller'. Old
Icelandic /t/s///'' scaffold, trestle, elevation', hjalli^ bench, step, terrace ', hilla^ cornice,
board, shelf (= Middle Low German hilde); changing through ablaut Danish hylde^ shelf,
Swedish hylla.

References: WP. I 430 f., WH. I 86 f., 235;

See also: about kel- ' incline ' (with velar) s. (s)kel- 'bend'.

Page(s): 552

Root / lemma: Rel-3

Meaning: a thin shaft, stalk

Material: Old Indie sala-m. 'stick, sting, prick of porcupine', salala- n., 55/a/r sting, prick of

porcupine', salya-m. n. ' arrowhead, spearhead, thorn, sting, prick', salyaka- m.

'porcupine'; dial, additional form ablaut, s/'/a-m. ' ear' = Lithuanian sl/as' moor, heath,

moorland '; in addition sara-'reed, arrow', sam- 'arrow, spear, javelin';

doubtful Armenian s5/5/:^"foliated twig, branch, long hair';

gr. Kf|Aov "arrow, projectile';

Middle Irish ca/7'spear, javelin', celtairi. "spear, spearhead';

Old Norse haliru. " apex of a shaft, tail ';

Old Prussian ke//an 'spear, javelin' with West Indo Germanic /rfor /c, Lithuanian s/'/as'
moor, heath, moorland ' (after the rigid stalks).

References: WP. I 431 f., WH. I 304.
Page(s): 552-553

Root / lemma: Re/-4

Meaning: to conceal

Material: Old Indie sarana- "sheltering', n. " shelter, protective roof, cottage', sarman- n. "

shelter, protective roof, cover, guarding' (: Modern High German Helm), lengthened grade

(as Latin celo, cella. Old High German hali) sa/at "cottage, house, chamber', sa/a- m. "

enclosure, hedge ', 5a//775- "verlegen' (*hidden, concealed); very doubtful Old Indie sata-m.,

satTi. "kerchief, cloth, bandage';

gr. KaATa: "cottage, barn, nest'; K6Au9po(; m. "sack, bag, pouch '; hom. koAsov, stretched
metrically kouAeov, Attic koKzoc, "vagina' (*koA£F6(;; unclear Latin c^//e^s "leather sack',
from which russ. kulb, poln. /ri//"sack, bag', out of it again Lithuanian ku//s6s., kulikas. Old
Prussian ku//ks'bag '); with labial extension KaAunru) " wrap, hide', KoAupn "hideout,
cottage', KsAucpoc; n. "bowl, husk'; labial shows also probably cognate Middle High German
hu/ft' quiver ' (see below);

Maybe alb. /r^/e "hernia'.

Latin *celd{= Old Irish celim. Old High German helan) in occulo, -e/ie "conceal'; color, -
0/7S "paint, color' (arch, colds, actually "sleeve, wrapping, external side '); lengthened
grade celo, -are' hide, conceal', nominal ce//a "storeroom, chamber, cell ' (probably with
consonant increase for *cela= Old Indie sala); zero grade clam' clandestine ' (Akk. a
*cla), clandestFnus ' secret ' from *clam-de; also Oscan kafia' a place of concealment,
store-room, cell, granary ' {*kalja);

clllum (from Plinius) "eyelid, esp. the low' and the older superclllum " upper eyelid'
probably from * super-keliom "the upper cover';

Old Irish ce//m'W\de\ cymr. ce/c/ 'conceal', Old Irish c^//e "cellar, warehouse ' and '
kitchen ' (not from Latin culTna, but influenced in the meaning therefrom). Middle Irish luid
arcer obiit ', actually ' fuhrzur Holle '; Middle Irish cur protection', cu/a/d's\eeye,
wrapping ' {*colu-), probably also colum, Dat. PI. co/omna/t>' skin, hide' and cuilche
"mantle' {*kolikia)\ Middle Irish clitharru. " protection' {*RI-tu-ro-)\

Old High German Old Saxon Old English /7e/5/7 "conceal', next to which from an present
Aorist -hulan, Gothic hulundii. "cave' {*RQlntr the rescuing '), Gothic huljan. Old Norse
hyija. Old High German hullen' veil, cover', whereof with Germanic Suff. -stra-, Gothic
hulistru. "sleeve, cover'. Old Norse hulstr^ sheath '; in an old -es-stem (see Latin color)
based on whereas probably Middle High German hulsti. "cover, sleeve ' and Middle Low
German hulse. Old High German hulsa, hulis^husV! (Old English helustr, heo/stor's\ee\/e,
hiding place, nook, bolt-hole, darkness' with Germanic suffix vowel gradation or at most
with Indo Germanic *Relu-)\ compare in similar meaning Old English hului. "bowl, husk'.
Old High German helawa, helwa^ oat chaff ', Swedish dial, hjelmvn. ds.. Old High German
/7a/a "cover, bowl'; Gothic hilms. Old High German Old Saxon Old English /7e//77 "helmet'.
Old Norse hjalmr6s.. Old English he/ma\so " protector' (: Old Indie sarman-, word has
shifted in this Slavic in Baltic: Lithuanian 5a//775S 'helmet' etc.); Gothic haija. Old High
German hella. Old Saxon hellia. Old English helli. " underworld, hell ', Old Norse her
death goddess ' from *halja-, Indo Germanic *RolJo-, compare Finnish-ugr. Koljo^
underworld demon ';

after Szadrowsky (PBrB. 72, 221 ff.) soil Germanic *halj6^ the concealing, the kingdom of
the dead ' have merged already early with *halljd(n) "flagstone ' (to Gothic hallus "rock'); s.
also under (s)kel-^S'^\\\!\ Old High German Old Saxon halla. Old English heair hall ', Old
Norse hglli. "big house' {*Rolna)\ Norwegian /7^/0'e/' (participle Pass. f. *hult^J), hulda^
forest elf. Modern High German Frau Holle^heW;

lengthened grade Old High German hala^ the concealment ', Middle High German h^le
" concealment ', Old Norse haeliu. " hideout ', Old High German hali^ concealing, hidden '.

With labial extension: Middle High German hulft, holfte, hulfe, hulft " quiver ', Middle
Low German hu/ffe ds. (: KaAunTOj); compare also R/ep-

References: WP. I 432 f., WH. I 195 ff., 214 f., 226 f.; J. Loth RC. 42, 88 f.
See also: s. also under /r/e/?- "conceal'.
Page(s): 553-554

Root / lemma: Rem/9/-4

Meaning: to be tired

Material: Old Indie samnTte, samati, samyati. Imp. samJ-sva' exert themselves, slave,
work, prepare, concoct', samita- " prepares ', samitar- "worker for preparing of pressure
pieces, fabrics, leather', samTi., sam/n. " endeavor, work, Fleift' (brought about simyati =
'samyati', s/ma-m. 'Zubereiter' are through das bedeutungsgleiche 5//77/""diligence');
samyatr stops, decreases ' from '*fatigued', Aor. asamat, asamTt, 55/7/5- 'relieved,
peaceful, gentle, mild' {*Remat6s, is associated a partially in the meaning close to samyati);

gr. Ka|jv(jo "work, win by toil, oil, labour, o be hard-pressed, worsted, in battle or contest,
to be sick or suffering, to be distressed, meet with disaster, of the dead, i. e. either
outworn, or those whose work is done, or those who have met with disaster ' (probably
*km-n-a-, as Old Indie samnTte), Fut. Kaijouijai, Aor. SKopov, Perf. K£K|jr|Ka, Doric KSKpoKa,
participle K£Kpr|(F)w(;, Kpr|T6(;, Doric K|jaT6(;, noAuK|jr|TOc; " wrought with much toil, epith. of
iron (as distinguished from copper), elaborate, laborious, of persons, toiling hard ', KapaTO(;
" fatigue, exertion, hardship, affliction ', a-Kpn(;, -f\\oc„ aKd\}ac„ -avTO(; " untiring, fresh',
Kapi6vT£(; ' the dead people ', as Attic K£Kpr|K6T£(;; ograde £ipo-K6po(; " preparing wool ',
inno-K6|Joc; ' groom, stableman ', Kop£U) "tend, look after' etc., KojjiSn 'nourishment, care,
cultivation etc.'; lengthened grade KG)\xa " deep, peaceful sleep';

Middle Irish cuma. Middle Breton caffou' distress ' (Pedersen KG. I 47, 361); Middle
Irish cumal' slave ' ("*striving, strenuous ', as:) gall. Camulos' god of war'?

References: WP. I 387 f.
Page(s): 557

Root / lemma: Rem-1 or Ram-

Meaning: stick, pole, horn

Material: Old Indie sa/r?/^ "stick, spigot, wooden nail, supporting nail', Avestan sima{-i-

seems Indo Germanic a; or = Old \v\6\csamyaR) 'a part of the harness of the horse-drawn

chariot ', npers. sfm ds.;

Armenian sami-k'P\. " Stirnholz des Ochsenjochs ' (Iran, loanword?);

gr. KQija^f. m. " shaft, pole, picket, pole, shaft of javelin ';

Danish Swedish hammei, Norwegian dial. iiumul{-hgmuil) " the crosspiece in front in
the chariot ', Middle High German hamel' shaft, pole, clot, chunk';

about the difficult Latin camox^ chamois, small goatlike antelope', vorrom. *kamosso-, s.
J. Hubschmid ZrPh. 66, 9ff.

References: WP. I 385, WH. I 148, 633.
Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: Rem-2
Meaning: hornless, young deer
Material: Old Indie sa/77a-/7 "hornless";

gr. KZ\xdQ„ -aboc, f., later also KZ\x\xdc, 'young deer'; K£p(pa(; sAacpoq Hes.;

Old Norse hindi.. Old English hind. Old High German /7//7/a'hind, female deer ' {*Rem-t-

Lithuanian zem. s/77i//a5 'hornless', smulism., smulei. ' ox, cow without horns ' {*Rm-u-
+ forms -lo), liv. loanword smoul;

perhaps here russ. /rc»/77c»/>y "hornless'; compare also W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 619.

References: WP. I 385 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 132.
Page(s): 556

Root / lemma: Rem-3

Meaning: to cover, wrap

Material: Old Indie samulya-u., samula-u. "woolen shirt ', sa/777"Prosopis spicigera;

legume, pod vegetable, bean ';

Latin cam/s/a {\ate) " shirt ' (gall, word; borrowed from Germanic *xam/P/a-' shirt ';
previously from Latin stamen again Old Irish ca/mmse' shirt ', acorn, cams' white ', bret.
kamps' mess garment, priest's garment used during Mess (Roman Catholicism) ');

Alb. kem/sha' shirt' a Latin loanword.

unclear is the aniaut in mcymr. hefys' chemise ', akorn. hev/s, bret. hiviz6s.; Old
English cemes6s. is loanword from cam/s/a;

Old High German /lem/d/n. " shirt ', Old English fiemede {*fiam/l=>/a-) "shirt'; Old Norse
fiamrm. "wrapping, skin, shape'. Old English /70/775 "wrapping, cover, suit '; ITc-hama, Old
Saxon //k-fiamo'bo6Y, Old High German /Thh/n-[*h]amo' body, corpse', Gothic ana-, ga-

hamon^ get dressed ', Old Norse hama-sk'{* be disguised in animal figure, hence:)
bucket '; Old Norse hams'bo\N\, husk, serpent skin ' {*hamisa-), compare Norwegian
hamar^ core '; here also Gothic himins. Old Norse h/m/nn {Dat hifne\N\Vc\ -bn-^xovn -mn-,
compare:) Old English heofon. Old Saxon hedan'sky, heaven', next to which Old High
German Old Saxon h/m/7, md. humiTsky, heaven'; Old High German himila\so " ceiling ',
Dutch hemer palate, roof. Modern High German HimmelbetV four-poster bed ', Old High
German himiliz{z)i. Middle Low German hemelte^ ceiling '; barely right above S. 22 to aR-
"stone'.

A s-form sRem- one seeks incredible in Gothic skaman' be ashamed'. Old English
skam/an ds., Old Icelandic skgmm. Old High German scama^\he genitals, shame' etc.
("*be covered'?).

References: WP. I 386, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 346.
Page(s): 556-557

Root / lemma: Renk-, Ronk-

Meaning: to sway, hang

Material: Old Indie sarjkate^ sways, doubts, fears ', sarjka^ anxiety, fear, doubt', sarjkita-

"worried';

Latin cunctor^ to delay, hesitate ' from *cc»/7c//c»/'frequentative to *concd, respectively
Ableit. of participle *concitos= Old Indie sarjkita-;

Old Icelandic /7^//5 'venture, risk' {*hanhatjan-), hsettai. 'danger, risk ', hask/m. ds.
{* hanhaskan-); Gothic stem V. /7a/75/7 (preterit hafhah) ' hang, keep suspended or
uncertain ', Old Icelandic /75/7^a (preterit hekk}. Old English /70/7 (preterit heng). Old High
German hahan {pretent hiang) ' hang ' (trans.); Gothic schw. V. hahan {pretent hahaida) '
hang ', Old Icelandic hanga. Old English hongian. Old High German hangen' hang '
(intrans.); causative Old Icelandic hengja. Old High German hengen^ hang '; Old High
German Middle High German henken ' hang ' from *hengjan, therefrom Modern High
German Henkel, Swiss henkeF sling, strap ', compare Middle High German henger iron
hook, handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the hand '; in addition probably
Old High German hahila, -alai.. Middle Low German haleu. ' pothook, metal hook used to
hang or lift pots ' {*hanhild)\

Hittite ga-an-ki {kankJ) ' hangs '.

References: WP. I 382 f., WH. I 307; compare above kak- and keg-.

Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: Rens-

Meaning: to proclaim, announce

Material: Old Indie samsayat/" aWows to recite, proclaims, announces ' (= Latin censed),

samsati^ recites, praises ', samsa- m. " laudation, glorification prayer ', sastf-i. " laudation '

{*l<ns-), sasai. " song of praise to God ';

Avestan sah- " to make publicly known, publish, proclaim, announce ', Optat. sahyal,
sast/-^\Nord, instruction '; sanghaite. Old pers. z?a//y" speaks, announces' {*^a(n)hat})\

alb. thom'\ say' {*Rensmi), 2. Sg. thua, thue, ablaut, participle than^ said ' {* thonsno);

Latin censed, -ere^ examine, assess ', Oscan censamur^ censeior ', censaum^ to tax,
assess, rate, estimate ', keenzstur, kenzsur{= censor. Old Indie saifistar-^ he recites there
'), an-censtot = in-censa^ non censa ', Latin census {: Old Indie sasta-h^ spoken, praised
'), censtom-en^ in censum ', Kenssurine/s Gen. (= Censormus);

Old Bulgarian s^/b " to say ' (older root Aorist? compare Meillet, Slave commun2 209).

References: WP. I 403, WH. I 198 ff., EM3 201.
Page(s): 566

Root / lemma: Rent-

Meaning: to stick

Material: Gr. kevtsoo (from the 5. Jhd.; older:) *K£VTaj, Aor. Ksvaai 'prick', Ksvrpov 'sting,

prick' (forms-AO-) ' pricking ', kevtojp ' goader, driver ' (to KEvrpov shaped after other -Twp

besides -ipo-), Kzaioc, ' embroidered ' (*k£vt-t6(;), Ksarpov ' pointed iron', Kzaipoq, 'arrow',

KEOTpa f. ' pointed hammer ', kovt6(; ' pole, punting-pole, pike, crutch, goad ' (out of it Latin

contuses., whereof /Oe/rc»/7/a/7"actu ally ' to question strictly ');

Old Irish cinteir {LaWu loanword) ' a spur ', cymr. cethr^v\d\\\ corn, kenferds., bret. kentr
' spur ' (borrowing aller from Latin centrum ' the stationary foot of the compasses ',
Pedersen KG. I 198, is barely provable, but probably; Vendryes Mel. Saussure 319 allows
only the ir. word to derive from Brit.);

Old High German hantag' sharp'; Gothic handugs'mse'. Old Norse hannarr' skilful,
smart' from *hant^ara-, actually 'sharp witted, shrewd'?; (under the influence of common
Celtic -n^, -nt- > -nn-).

Latvian sfts (= Lithuanian *sintas) ' liunting spear '.

References: WP. I 402.
Page(s): 567

Root / lemma: Ren-

Meaning: empty, puny

Grammatical information: only gr. and armen.

Material: Armenian s//?" empty, bare, lacking, vain', gr. hom. k£V£[F]6(;, Cypriot K£V£uF6q,

Ionian kzwjoc, (*k£vF6(;) = Attic k£v6c; ' empty, bare, lacking, vain'.

References: WP. I 390.

Page(s): 564

Root/ lemma: Rerbero- anA kertero-

Meaning: variegated

Note: (compare S. 573 ^e/"- besides ker-6\v\ color names)

Material: Old Indie s5/'i/5/'5- "varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', sarvani. " animal of

the Maruts, night ' (i/stands for t>, compare Wackernagel Old Indie Gr. I 184 and:) sabala-,

sabara- {d'\ss. reduction of first /) "varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ' (besides karbara-,

karvara-, kabara-, karbura-, karbu- ds.);

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- : Old Indie karbura-' dappled ' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia , n,
lllyria, alsoUAupi? , n. Adj. UAupiKO^ , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kpi, the region or province of lllyria,
'lAAupi^cu , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

gr. K£pp£po(; originally " the dappled '; compare the mythological turn of Old Indie
sarvarr,

Slavic sobolb " sable ' seems to derive from Aryan.

The root kerb-seeks Liden Stud. 50 f. in Old Irish co/t's//?? "besmirch, sully' and
Lithuanian kirba{> Latvian kirba) "swamp, marsh, morass' and contemplates *kerb-diS
extension the color root /re/'- (see S. 583 kers-), MiJhlenbach-Endzelin II 383.

References: WP. I 425, Schuize Kl. Schr. 125, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119, 262.
Page(s): 578

Root / lemma: Rei&^o- Re/6^a

Meaning: troop, line

Material: Old Indie sardha-m., sardhas-u. "herd, troop, multitude, crowd', Avestan sarada-

, Old pers. dard-^ kind, type ';

gr. K6p0u(; "heap", KopGuoijai " rise to a head, tower up ', KopGuvu) ' gather, pile up ';

mcymr. corddi. " troop, multitude, crowd, family ' ( *RopA'"a; wrongly Loth RC 42, 276 f.);

maybe alb. kordhe ' SM\/or6 (of soldiers)'.

Gothic hafrda. Old Icelandic hjgrd. Old English heard. Old High German ^e/Ya'herd'
(therefrom Gothic hafrdeis. Old High German hirtieic. "herdsman, shepherd') and Old High
German /ye/Ya "variation' (actually "order ');

in Balto Slavic with West Indo Germanic guttural: Lithuanian kerdzius {av\6 skerdzius)
"herdsman, shepherd' (places ein *kerda^\\ex(y ahead). Old Prussian kerdan f\Vk. "time'
(actually "*row, order ');

Old Bulgarian creda " division of the priests for the daily service of the temple, the
service itself, series after order of the day ' and " herd', crediti\* queue, dispose =) host ',
kir. cereda^xoi\N\ herd' (etc.).

References: WP. I 424 f., Trautmann 127 f.; compare paelign. PN Corfinium.
Page(s): 579

Root/ lemma: {Rered-.) Rerd-, Rerd-, Rfd-, ^/©(y- (nasalized PIE

Meaning: heart

Material: Armenian sirt, Instr. s/t/'-i/" heart' {*kerdi-)\

gr. Kap5ia (Attic), Kpa5ir| (hom.), Kop^a (Lesbian), Kopi^a (Cypriot) "heart; stomach;
marrow of flowers ' {*krdCi)a), poet Kpp, -oo, n. "heart' {*kerd)\ K£ap neologism after £ap :

npo<;;

Maybe alb. (*Kopi^a) kerth/ze 'naye\, center of the body', kerth/'baby' Greek loanwords.

Latin cor {irom *cord), cord/s'bearV, con-cors, -d/s' harmonious ', d/s-cors' discordant,
disagreeing, inharmonious, at variance ';

Maybe alb. kerd/a' massacre ' a Latin loanword.

Latin cor (cordis) " heart', Latin ex corde > Italian scordare, Asturian escaecer, Bolognese
dscurder, Calabrese scordara, Galician esquencer, Mudnes descurder, Napulitano scurda,
Portuguese esquecer, Sardinian Campidanesu scadesciri ; scaresci ; scaresciri, Zeneize
ascorda, Albanian harroj (common alb. sk- > h-).

Old Irish crideu., nir. cro/dhe' heart, center', cymr. craidd^ midpoint', corn. cre(y)s,
bret. kreiz^ center ' (the Irish can be explained from *RredJomor *RrdJom, provided that the
dark colouring of the aniaut. consonance explanation finds (after cm "blood'?); the brit.
forms require against it a basic form *RredJom)\

Gothic hafrto. Old High German herza. Old English heorte. Old Norse hjartau. 'heart'
( *Rerd-on-)\

Lithuanian s/rd/st (older m.), Akk. s/ao'/ "heart, seed, marrow of trees '; Latvian s/rdst
(older m.) 'heart' and serdet " marrow, seed in wood' (basic forms *serd-an6 sird-,
compare the old Gen. Sg. s/rdes and Gen. PI. s/rd^, the Indo Germanic based on *Rerdes
and *Rerd6m, see Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 302); Old Prussian seyru. {*Rerd), to m. o-stem
extended sTras, Akk. s/?a/7 'heart';

aki. srbdbce, serb. s/be 'heart'; zero grade Old Church Slavic sreda ' center ' ( *serda),
russ. sereda ds.;

Hittite Ra-ra-az {Rarts) 'heart'. Gen. /ra/'-o''/-a5(Pedersen Hittite 41).

Not here (but to Middle Irish cretair' relic ') Indo Germanic Rred-d'^e-^ witchcraft
whereupon place, believe, trust' in Old Indie srad-dadhati^ trusts, believes ' (separated still
e.g. srad asmai dhatta^ have faith in him, trust him!'), srad-dha ' reWance' , Avestan zrazda-
'believe' (from * srazda-\hxo\^<^\\ folk etymology support in za/'ao'- 'heart');

Maybe

Luvian: uzuzfrt-

Meaning: heart'

Attestations: [N-ASg] uzuza-a-ar-za: 16 i 7*(?); XXXII 7,12.

[D-LSg] za-ar-ti-: 133 ii 4.

Maybe Alb. nasalized {*zanra) zemera'heart' : Hieroglyphic Luvian: ^^^zfrf-, ^^^za-a-ar-za,
zar-za' heart', za/t- 'heart' (with loss of nasal before dental stop) : Avestan zrazda-
'believe' (Melchert, 1987:197-198; MA:262-263)] (Sapir, 1936:263, VW:235; H:100).
common alb. Luvian Hittite -n- > -m- > -p-, -f-

Latin credo^ believe ' {*krezdd-, Indo Germanic *Rred-6^e-);

Old Irish cretim^ believe ', cymr. credaf^s. (not *crethaf, hence previously late has
changed to a fixed composition ), corn, crezy. Middle Breton cridiff, nbret. cre^y/'believe';
in addition Old Irish cretar, mcymr. creir, cymr. crair{*kredra) " relic '.

rhyme word to Rer(e)d- is gherd-, ghrd-, only Aryan, in Old Indie /t/tc/" heart', etc.

Number: 125

Proto-Semitic: *kVrb-

Meaning: inner part, middle (of the body)

Akkadian: kerbu 'intestines, inside^ (in tiie pi.), 'mind, iieart OB on [CAD k 216], [AHw 914-915]

Ugaritic: krb ' Korpermittd [Aist 282]

Hebrew: karab 'entraiis, inward part^ [KB 1 135]

Arabic: kurb- (u < *a assimilated to b ?) 'fiancs, a partir des tianciies jusqUau bas-ventre' [BK 2 704]

Notes: Note a derived meaning 'inside, (in tiie) middid: AKK kerbu 'inside, inner part, middie' (the first and

main meaning in AKK) OA on [CAD k 216], [AHw 914-915]; UGR krb (prep.) 'inmitten, in, arl [Aist 282];

MOAB b-krb 'in tiie midst [Segert 266].

Cf. SOQ di-rfkob (di-rfkab) 'boyaU [LS 400]; see also QALAN-V d-Trekob 'estomac de ctievrd et al. [SSL 4
100]; metathetic of *kVrb-?

Cf. *kalb- 'tieart, middie, centei' (No. ).

[Holma 61]: AKK, ARB, HBR; [KB 1135]: HBR, MOAB, UGR, AKK, ARB
References: WP. I 423 f, WH. I 272 f., 286 f., 857, 858; Vendryes RC 40, 436.
Page(s): 579-580

Root / lemma: Rera-, Rra-

Meaning: to mix; to cook

Material: Old Indie srayati^ cooks, roasts ', srJnati^ mixes, cooks, roasts ', srTta-^ mixed ',

sTrta-^s. (: gr. a-Kparoi;), srata-, 5/Ya- "cooked, boiled, roasted' {srayaria-v^. ' the mixing ',

ablaut neologism as Kaus. srapayati^ cooks, roasts, burns pots etc. '), a-sir-i. ' mixture of

warm milk with Soma';

Avestan sa^-med. " sich vereirr^^Hnit, sich anschlielieffi^^^^lten mit ', sar-t "
association, connection';

gr. KipvriMi "rnix, mingle, bandage, balance ', newer Kipvaoo, Kspaco, Kspaiu), Attic
KEpavvvpi, Fut. KEpaau), Attic Kspw, Aor. £K£paa(a)a, Ionian eniKpnaai Perf. KSKpapai. a-
Kpc(TO(; ( : Old Indie sTrta-) " of liquids, unmixed, neat, esp. of wine, of conditions or states,
pure, untempered, absolute, of persons, intemperate, violent' {*Rer9-t6s)\ KpaoK^f. "
mixture ', Kparrip ' mixing bowl for wine '; hom. aKripaTO(; in the meaning 'pure (water)',
metr. lengthening for *aK£paToq (?);

Old Norse hmra. Old English hreran, Old High German {h)ruoren, German ruhren " set
in motion, move = bestir ', Old Saxon /7/'(9/'5 'movement, agitation'. Old High German mora
"movement ', Modern High German Ruhr^ river in western Germany ', Old English Old
Saxon hror^ strenuous, strong'. Old English hrer{ev\Q\. rear) 'half cooked, boiled'.

References: WP. I 419 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 695, 697, Risch Wortbildung 227.
Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: Rer-2, Rera-, Rre-

Meaning: to grow

Material: Armenian ser^ lineage, progeny, gender, sex', set. Gen. sends. {Rer-si-), serem^

bring forth, produce, create ', serim^ be born, grow', se/r? 'gender, sex, progeny ', serm,

sermn^ seed, sperm ';

gr. EKopsaa, Kops-aoj (later present kopegku) and Kopsvvupi; Perf. KSKopsoMai) ' satiate
', Kopoq ' satiation '; *KopFoc; in Attic K6po(; = hom. Ionian Koupoc;, Doric Kojpo^ ' growing,
near maturity, young, youthful ' (later also 'lap, sprout, young twig, branch'), fem. Arcadian
Dat. Sg. KopFai, Attic Kopn, hom. Ionian Koupn, Doric Kcbpa 'girl, virgin; the pupil of the
eye, eyeball ', hom. KoupnTsq ' waffenfahige Jungmannschaft '; probably KsAwp, -wpoc;
'son, offspring, descendant ' (diss, from *K£pu)p, originally n. ' progeny ');

alb. thjerm. ' acorn ' {*Rer-), //7ye/re 'lentil' {*Rer-n-), actually ' food '; (actually alb. root
*kers- because of common Italic lllyrian rs- > rr-).

Latin Ceres, -en's ' the daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture ', Oscan kerrf^ the
daughter of Saturn, goddess of agriculture ' (etc.), ' to bring forth, produce, make, create,
beget, give origin to ', Latin masc. Cerus manus^ creator bonus ' with ^as Old Latin
spelling for rr{ *cerso-) because of Umbrian Serfe Wok. etc., (Umbrian behaves like satem
language) Oscan ca/va 'bread'; lengthened grade Latin pro-cerus^ high, tall, long '; from
the heavy basis creo, -aAe'make, create ' (Denom. a *creja^ growth '), cre-sco, -i//"'grow',
creber^ thick, close, pressed together, frequent, numerous, repeated ' {*Rre-6^ros)\

Old Icelandic hirsi {W\66\e High German loanword) m.. Old High German hirso {*Rers-
ion-), hirsT millet, sorghum ';

Lithuanian seriu, sert/lee6' (heavy basis), pasarasm. 'food', sermens and sermenys
PI. ' burial meal ', Old Prussian sermen6s.

References: WP. I 408, WH. I 204, Trautmann 302 f.

Page(s): 577

Root / lemma: Rer-3

Meaning: rope; to weave

Note: only Armenian and gr.

Material: Armenian sari-k'P\. (Gen. sareac, Instr. sareoc) 'band, strap, cord' {*Rereia), sard

(/■stem) " spider' ( *Rr-ti-)\

gr. KaTpo(; ( *Reri-os) asipa tk; £v iarco, b\' r\Q, oi aixwxovzq, 5i£Y£ipovTai Phot., perhaps "
row of thrums in the loom, to which the threads of the warp are attached, ravel ', Kaipu)|ja '
ds., of the web so fastened ', Kaipow ' band the fabric together ', zero grade Ksipia " the
strap of the bedstead ', PI. (NT.) " shroud ' (the forms Kripia, Kaipia s. Liddell-Scott; the
meaning ' shroud ' through connection in Krip ' death goddess '?).

References: WP. I 409, Kuiper Proto-Munda 122 f.
Page(s): 577-578

Root / lemma: /feA-^and Rera- : ^re-
Meaning: to hurt, harm; to be spoiled

Material: Old Indie srnati^ breaks, crushes ', sfryate, sTryate^ it is broken, disintegrates ',
participle sTrna-, -sTrta-, sJ/Ya- "broke, decayed ', Inf. saritoh;

Avestan asareta-' not broken, not made discouraged ' (= Old Indie asTrta-), sari-m.
"piece, fragment, shard', sari-i. "break, ruin'; ein o(/7)-present in addition is perhaps npers.
gus/7em Rupture, slit, separate' from Old pers. *vi-srdamiy,

gr. KEpa'i'^w "devastate, despoil ' (*K£paF-i^(ji), due to a *K£paFo-(;; Kspa- = Old Indie sari-
), aK£paiO(; " unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged ', K£pauv6(; "thunderbolt,
lightning' (*K£pa-F[£]v-0(;, actually " smasher '); lengthened grade gr. Kpp, Kr|p6(;, f. "death,
ruin; death goddess ', (proto gr.e; Attic saying 9upa^£ YJapzo, (Kr|p£c;) ... one explains from a
secondary Nom. *Kap from *Kap(; with a from previous paradigm Kpp : *Kap6(;); Kapiwaai
anoKT£Tvai Hes. contains reduced grade, as alb. ther, aKnpiO(; " unharmed by the Keres;
generally, unharmed, harmless ', Kripaivu) "spoil, hurt ', whereof a Kr|paTO(; "unharmed', also
"pure, candid ' (reduced also with aKnpaTO(; "not mixed ');

Latin caries {*Rr-Je-\.o present *carid) " the rotten being, decayed being ', cariosus^ full
of decay, rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle ', carius^ dear, precious, valued, esteemed,
beloved ';

alb. ther' slaughter, cut, bite' {*Rr-), tsirrfs^ prick ' {*Rer-n-);

Maybe alb. gjerr^ prick '; (common Avestan Slavic k> c: alb. k> ts >q: Greek Tocharian
labialized k"'-> /-).

Old Irish ar-a-chrin {*-Rr-nu-t) " decomposed ', do-cer^\\Q fiel' {*-Rer9-t), crfn^ wilted;
faded, flaccid, withered ' {*Rre-no-s), irchreu. 'ruin' {*peri-Rr-Jo-m)\

Tocharian A karyap, B Rarep 'damage'.

References: WP. I 410 f., WH. I 167 f., Thurneysen Gr. 437, 462.
Page(s): 578

Root / lemma: Rer(s)-1

Meaning: bristle, stiff hair

Material: Old Indie *sala in Rapucchala- n. ' hair at the back of the head ';

Middle Irish carrach^ scabbed, scabby, stony '; different above S. 532;

Old High German hursti^ a tuft, comb, crest ', Norwegian herren^ stiff, hard'. Old
Icelandic /7e/'s//''rough, harsh'. Middle High German hersten' solidify, congeal '; perhaps
Old High German Old Saxon Old Icelandic har. Old English /7^/''hair' from a s- loose the
abbreviated root form (lengthened grade);

Lithuanian se/ys 'bristle', seriuos, sertis^ lose hair, go bald, come off badly, come out of
something not without damage ', siurRstus, s/urgzdus ^ rough'; ablaut. East Lithuanian
sersas ' shiver '; Latvian sa/v " bristle, stiff hair ';

Slavic *sbrstb (= Old High German hurst} in russ. -Church Slavic strstbi. 'wool', sloven.
srst^ animal hair ', russ. serstb 'wool', ablaut, russ. sorosxu. 'rough surface ', Old
Bulgarian vbsorb 'rough'; Slavic *sbrchb in sloven, srh m. ' shiver ', russ. -Church Slavic
srbchbRb' rough, harsh, bitter, stubborn ', sloven. s//7£r/r 'unkempt, shaggy'.

References: WP. I 427, Trautmann 305.
Page(s): 583

Root / lemma: Rers-2
Meaning: to run

Material: For palatales /^speaks aapaai apa^ai Hes., as Latin sarracum, serracum{\\.a\\aw

-rr- from -as-) ' a foreign chariot ' could have originated lllyrian *sarsa = Indo Germanic

*/(rsa;

Note: [^->s-satem: Maybe pre-lllyrian substrate satem?]

gr. £niKoupo(; "to help hurrying' ( *Rorsos);

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . gr. sniKOupo^ "to help hurrying' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia ,
n, lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n, Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -Kr|, the region or province of lllyria,
lAAupi^O} , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:~hence Adv. lAAupiaTi.

Latin curro, -ere "run' ( *Rrsd), cursus "run, flow', currus " cart ', equirria " chariot race '
{*equi-curria, from which assimilatorisch *equi-quirria av\6 Haplologic equirria);

gall, carros. Latinized carrus^ carriage, cart ', Old Irish mcymr. carr, bret. /ra/r" biga,
vihiculum ' {*l<rsos)\ compare mcymr. carrawci., ncymr. carrog^ torrent, stream ' {*l<arsal<a
" the running '?), different above S. 532.

alb. l<arroce^ cart' a Latin loanword.

Middle High German hurren^ move quickly '; doubtful Old High German hros, -ses. Old
Icelandic Old Saxon fiross. Old English fiorg^ horse, steed' {*hrussa-). Old Low German
tiers 6s. {*fierssa-), because -s5-from one has understood in -sauslaut root maximally as
consonant increase in a shortened name; hence rather to a dental extension (: Old Indie
l<ijrdati^ hops, jumps ') the not palatalen root (s)l<er- "spring';

Armenian l<afl<'^ cart ' is probably loanword from Galatian.

References: WP. I 428 f., WH. I 315 f.
Page(s): 583-584

Root / lemma: Rer-, Rera- : Rra-, Rerei-, Rereu-

Meaning: head; horn, cow

Material: Old Indie siras-u. (ved. only Nom. Akk.) "head, cusp, peak', Avestan saraii-u.

"head' (in the 2. syllable not genau = gr. Kspaqfrom Rera-siroru the heavy basis;

the reduplication-grade of the first syllable, instead of *saras-, is carried previously by Indie

or Proto Aryan from preceding Old Indie Gen. sFrsnah etc.), Gen. Old Indie sTrsnali, Abl.

sTrsataii ( *Rrsn-tos : gr. KpaaTO(;);

sriiga- {*Rr-n-go-) n. "horn', of /7-stenn *Rer-{e)n-\N\Vc\ perhaps originally bare nominative
g, compare gr. KpayY^v 'crab' and from the i^basis gr. Kopu-YY-£Tv Kspari^Eiv (see also
under about Irish congan);

from the ^-basis Avestan sru-, srva-' horn; nail in fingers and toes ', srvara ^horned '
( *sru + bhara-), srvT-stay- " with horny barbs ';

Armenian sar'height, acme, apex, slope' {Rero-);

gr. Kap in hom. sni Kap ' on the head ', Hippokr. avaKap " up to or towards the head,
upwards', originally probably *RerQeu. *Rer-ds {Kapoq), from which analogical Kap, Kopoc;;
besides Kapa, Ionian Kapn " head'; an s- loose stem Kop- is decisive forsy-Kapoq (and a-
Kapo(; with a- as zero grade to £v), ly-Kp-oq ' brain ';

perhaps here Ionian KopTc;, -'iboq, Attic mplq, -Iboq f. " a shrimp or prawn ', Doric Kwpic;
Koupi(; ds.;

keras-\r\ gr. Kspac; 'horn' (Gen. ep. Kspaoc;, Attic -wc;, newer -aroc;, later Epic -aaroq)
see below Latin cerebrum,

*Kapaa- {*Reras-) in: Attic Kapa "head' (n. *Rer9S-n> *Kapaa), Ionian Kopn ds., oblique
stem *krasn- (with -qt- for -/?-) Aeolic Gen. KpaoTOc;, out of it Kparoc;; hybridism are
KapnaTO(; and Kapr|TO(; (*Kpc(av- = Old Indie sTrsn-); KOpnap; in addition KapouoGai ' sich
schwer im Kopfe fijhlen '; hom. Kapnva Nom. PI. ' heads, mountain summits ' (secondary
Sg. KQpnvov, Attic Doric Kopavov, Aeolic Kopavvo-), basic form *Kapaava PI.; compare M.
Leumann Homer. Worter 159.

Kapapa KscpaAr) Hes. (*Kapaa-pa; therefrom Kapcipwv, father of Kapavo(;);

about Kpri5£|jvov, Doric KpaSsfjvov ' head fascia ' s. Schwyzer Gl. 12, 20; about hom.
KaTOKpnGEv (= kqt' aKpr|6£v) s. Leumann Hom. Worter 56 ff.;

perhaps Kpaaivw ' accomplish, complete, perform, execute, achieve, finish, fulfill '. If
KpainaAr) " drinking-bout, intoxication, drunken headache ' is to be understood because of
Latin crapulaas KpaiTraAr) ' drinking-bout, intoxication, drunken headache ' (in 2. part then
naAAw), Kpa[a]i- could stand beside *Kapaa-pc(, as adjective e.g. Ku5i-av£ipa besides
K05p6(;;

*Kpaa- ( */cr9s-or *Kpaa-, *k/s-) in Attic KpaarrsSov " edge, border, skirt, esp. of cloth,
Theoc.2.53; of the fringe or tassel worn by Jews, affection of the uvula, fimbria '; ajjcpi-
Kpc(vo(; (*Kpaa-vo-) ' two-headed ';

alb. Geg {*karena) krena, Tosc krereP\. ' heads', shqipja me dy krena^ double headed
eagle', krye^ head' a Greek loanword (common alb. -n- > -r-), alb. krenar^ proud', kreu^
beginning', (through metathesis) i^kreu) krye^ head'.

alb. Geg krena PI.' heads' = gr. neut. nom. pi. ionic apcpi-Kpnva " two-headed '.

gr. EKOTOY-Kpavoc; " 100 headed ', Ionian sniKpnvov K£(paA65£a|Jov Hes., Attic Kpaviov
"cranium', 6A£[vo]Kpavov, wAsKpavov 'elbow'; Kpavi^ai ettI KscpaAnv anoppTujai Hes. next
to which with lengthened grade (: K£pa(;) Kspavi^ai KoAuppnaai Kupiarnaai Hes., vau-
Kpc(pO(; ' the chief official of a division, of the citizens for financial and administrative
purposes' (diss. vau-KAapoq, -KAr|po(;), Boeotian AaKpapiSaq from *Aa-Kpc(po(; " head of
people '; in addition KpaTpa f. 'head', nijiKpaipa etc. (from *Kpaa-pia);

ograde *Kopa- in Ionian Kopar), Attic Koppn, Doric Koppa " temple, flattened region on
either side of the forehead, head' (Indo Germanic *kors-)\

of -(e)/^stem Rei{e)n- : Kpavo(; 'helmet' ( *krno-s)\ Kapvo(; ... pooKniJa, rrpopaTov Hes.;
Kspvai, K£pva PI. 'transverse processes of the vertebrae' {*kern- or *kers-n); Kpayv^v
'crab' (compare above Old Indie srhga-); unclear is the formation from Kspajjpu^, -uko(; "
stag-beetle '; KapapO(; m. ' horned or cerambycid beetle, a prickly crustacean, crayfish, a
light ship ' (> Latin carabus ds.), perhaps with maked. (?) derivative (gr. *-(poc;) to Kopic; '
shrimp (Crangon) and prawn (Palaemon) ', see above; but all doubtful.

Von Rereu-: K6pu56(; m., f. ' crested lark ' (: Germanic herut- 'deer'); Koput;, -uQoc,
"helmet', hom. Kupa Kopuaasrai " rears up ' K6pufjpO(;, Kopucpn ' acme, apex ', Kopunru) "
butt with the head, the horns ', KopuyyETv Kepari^siv Hes. (to -yy- see above to sriiga-).

Von Rerei- . KpT6(; "aries, ram' (compare in the meaning K£paaTn(;), ablaut, with Old
Norse hreinn. Old English hran " reindeer '.

Vereinzeltes: Koprriv rpv pouv. Kpr|T£(; Hes. (if *kr-ta^ the horned '); KupiiTU), Kupnpa^co
" butt with the horns, like goats or rams ' (as Kopunru); *kor-)\

Latin cerebrum^ brain ' {*keras-ro-m, compare gr. Kopapa); cervTx^ nape ' {*cers-vTc-)\
cernuus, cernulus^ turning a somersault, stooping forwards, head-foremost ' ( *kers-nouos,
if not rather loanword from gr., compare Kspavi^ai), cr5i6>/io "hornet' (see below). From (e)n-

stem: cornu 'horn' (the i/-stem perhaps as gall. Kapvu^; " trumpet ' through amalgamation
of /7- and ^stem); compare also lllyrian PN TpiKopviov (Moesia), PN Corn u/Jn us etc.
(Krahe IF. 58, 222 f.) from */<m-;

to crabro' hornet ' {*crasrd, Rerasron-) is placed (Indo Germanic fqs-en^:

Maybe nasalized alb. ( *kerenza), grenze, grereza, grere, greth " wasp ' (common k- > g-
gutturals in Celtic Baltic), (common alb. Tosc -n- > -/■-).

Old High German hurnuz, hornaz, m., Old English hyrnet(u)^ hornet ' {*hurznuta)\ Dutch
horzel{*hurzla-). Modern High German Horlitze;

Lithuanian sirsei., s/rs/ysm., sirsuolis, old s/rsuo^ wasp', sirsuonas, sirsunas^ hornet ',
Latvian sirsis. Old Prussian sirsilis " hornet ';

russ. -Church Slavic (etc.) strtsenb " hornet, gadfly, brake', serb. srsljen " hornet ';
compare Buga Kalba irsenove 11 91, 224;

bret. kern^ Scheitel, Wirbel des Kopfes ', Middle Irish cerni. 'point, edge'; gall. Kopvu^ '
trumpet ', Kopvov rpv aaAniyya. raAarai; cymr. corn. bret. /ra/77 "hoof the soliped, animal
which does not have cloven hoofs ' (from "*horn'; but Middle Irish corn. bret. corn^ drinking
horn ', cymr. co/77'horn'; because of brit. VN CornoviTeic. barely from Latin);

Old High German hirni. Old Norse hiarnT brain ' {*Rersniom), Dutch hersen^ brain ', Old
Norse hiarsT Scheitel, Wirbel des Kopfes ' {*kerson-)\

of (e)n-s{exr\: Gothic haurn. Old High German Old Norse /7c»/77"horn, drinking horn, trumpet
' (see above to Latin cornu).

with ^suffix (compare above gr. Koprriv) in addition Old High German (h)rind. Old English
hnderu. " horned animal ', zero grade Old English hryder6s.. Low German Dutch rund
"rother, cattle'.

From the :/-basis: Old High German hiruz. Old Saxon hirot. Old English heorot. Old Norse
hjgrtr. Modern High German H/'rsch {-d-iorms as in gr. K6pu5o(;; also in:) Old Norse hrutr
"aries, ram';

Latvian sirnas PI. " roe deer '. (Endzelin KZ. 42, 378) = Old Church Slavic srbna^roe
deer' (: Kopvoc;); ablaut equally with cymr. carw,

in addition belongs the derivative:

Rerauo-s : Rruo-s^ horned, deer-headed, as Subst. of deer' or "cow".

gr. Kspaoc; " horned ';

Latin cervus, -/"m. "deer', cervai. " hind ', therefrom cervTnus^ of a deer', gall. -Latin
cervesia, cervTsia' deer-coloured, brown drink, beer' (PokornyVox Rom. 10, 259);

cymr. carw, corn, carow, bret. karom. "deer' {*kruo-s)\ in addition the mountain name
Karawanken;

Old Prussian sirwisxw. "roe deer' (out of it borrowed Finnish hirvr elk, deer' compare
also sarve, lapp. cuarvi^ elk ');

probably from a centum language derive:

alb. ka'ox' {*kru-)\

Note:

Wrong etymology because alb. kau'ox' : Rumanian bou'ox' derived from Root / lemma:
g'^ou-: "cattle'.

Lithuanian karve 'com\/'; in addition karv/enat " cow's meat ' (: Czech krav/na' cowhide

');

russ. -Church Slavic krava, poln. krowa, russ. korovat "cow' {*kor9ua)\ ablaut, apoln.
karw{^kruo-s) " aged ox' (out of it borrowed Old Prussian curms\/ok., Akk. kurwan'ox').

References: WP. I 403 ff., WH. I 164, 203 f., 206, 207, 276, 283 f., 284, 856, 858,
Trautmann 119, 305 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 583, Benveniste Origines 24 f., 175.
Page(s): 574-577

Root / lemma: Res-
Meaning: to cut

Material: Old Indie sast/, sasati^ cuts, slaughters ', sasta-h^ massacred ', sastra-n. "knife,
dagger', sasa-m. " butcher's knife ';

gr. {*kesazo) keo^u) "split', £u-K£aTO(; "light to split', {*kesarnon) Ksapvov "carpenter's
axe';

alb. thadre{*kas-6'"ra) " two-edged ax ';

Latin cared, -ere^ to be without, be free from, be destitute of ', Oscan kasit^ it is
necessary, is proper, is becoming, behooves '; /oparticiple, Latin castas^ morally pure,
unpolluted, spotless, guiltless, virtuous, an abstinence from sensual enjoyments on
religious grounds ', originally " cropped, truncated, cut off , apart, separated'; thereof
castTgo^ chide, scold, attack '; neologism is cassus' empty, void, hollow '; *kastrom'
cutting tool ' ( : Old Indie sastram) was assumed from Latin castro, -are^ abscise, clip,
castrate ', castrum ' encampment ' as ' sliced piece of land', Oscan Gen. Sg. castrous'
pour, pour out, shed ', Umbrian castruo, kastruvuf the bottom, lowest part ' (^-stem after
yoe/r^- 'cattle');

Middle Irish cess\. "spear, javelin' {*kesta)\

Old Norse hesi. " spigot in cow's rope ';

Old Church Slavic kosaf. "sickle, scythe' (/r- instead of 5- through dissimilation against
the following s?).

References: WP. I 448 f., WH. I 167, 178 ff.
Page(s): 586

Root / lemma: /ceub-

Meaning: thorn

Material: Asachs. /7/b/7c» "briar'. Old High German h/ufo ds., Old English heopam., heope

f., engl. hip, Norwegian hjupa^ rosehip, dog rose ';

Old Prussian kaaubri^Vc^oxv!.

Maybe alb. {*Reub-) thumb'thorn' common alb. s- > th-.

References: WP. I 380 f.
Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: Reuk-

Meaning: to shine, glow

Material: Old Indie socati, sucyati^ lights, shines, glows, burns, suffers violent pain,

mourns ', socayat/" kindles, saddens; it is sad, deplores ', soka-rc\. "blaze, glow, flame,

pain, mourning, grief, si/c/- "luminous, gleaming, pure', sukra-, sukla-^ light, white, pure',

sukti-t " shell, pearl mussel, mother of pearl, iridescent lining of a mollusk shell ' (if

"*gleaming'), perhaps sukta- "sour' (if " burning from taste') ;

Avestan saocint-^ burning ', saocayeitr set on fire, light up, kindle = set in rapid motion,
urge on, hurry, hasten, accelerate, quicken ', npers. soA-Za/? "kindle, inflame, burn ',
Avestan upa-suxta-^ kindled ', atrs-saoka-m. ' firebrand ', np. so^ "mourning, grief,
distress ' (Armenian s^^ "mourning, grief is Iran, loanword); Avestan sovra- "luminous (of
fire)', np. surx' red';

gr. KUKvoq "swan' as "the white'.

References: WP. I 378. extension from Reu-2.
Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: /ceuR- RuR-

Meaning: to mix, to whirl

Note: very doubtful.

Material: Gr. kukewv " mixed drink ', kukqco " stir in, mix in, mix into, mingle', KUKri6pov

"Rijhrkelle';

Lithuanian saukstas "spoon', siuksmes " a rubbing away, sweepings ', siukstus " mixed
with chaff or bran '.

References: WP. I 377, WH. I 218 f.
Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: Reu-1, Reus- : Ru- Rua-
Meaning: to swell

Material: Old Indie sv-ayati^ rises, becomes strong, mighty ' (Perf. su-suv-uh)\ su-na-n. "
growth, prospering; flourishing, luck, salvation'; savas-v\. " strength, heroic strength ',
savTra- "strong, mighty' (/"probably secondary for /; so that = gall. Kauapo(;), savistha- "
ubermachtigst ', sJ/75- "swollen, turgid ' (Old Icelandic hunneic; about Old Indie suna-m
"lack' s. Thieme KZ. 69, 172f.); sunya-' empty, bare, lacking' (and Armenian sun^ sehr
gering, entbloftt von '); si/AS- "strong', mostly " hero ' (= Avestan sura-, gr. a-Kupoc; etc.);
so-fha-m. " intumescence, swollen state ', so-pha-m. "swelling, lump, growth, ulcer'; sava-
m. " the young of an animal ', Old Indie s/-su-m. "kid, child, youngling ';

sva-tra-' thriving, strong', n. " power, strengthening '; sa-svant-^ each, every ', see
below; from an 5-extension probably susi- m. "cavity' (= Old English hyse^ youngling '),
susira- {irom sus-7) "hollow'; n. "cavity, a wind instrument ';

Avestan spa(y), redupl. present participle s/sp/mna-'s\Ne\\ up', sura-{= Old Indie sura-)
"strong, vast, grand', Superl. sav/sta-{= Old Indie savistha-); sura-m. "hole, lacuna', npers.
sJ^aA- "hole' (: Kuap = u5po(; : u5(jop; s. also Armenian sor, at most Latin caver-na)\

Armenian sun {see above to Old Indie suna-^ emptiness '); sc»/'"hole' {*so[v]oro-i'coxr\
*sovaro-= Old Indie *savTra-, gr. Kuap), sc»//"eave' {*Reu-lo-)\

alb. thele, the//e^deep' (= k6(F)iAoc;; oto aand through umlaut to e); thane^ eornel,
eorneleherry ' ( *Rousna), Tose i thante^ made of eornel, strong ' (Jokl by WH. I 277);
(common Celtic alb. abbreviation)

Maybe alb. Tose i tharte' sour '.

gr. Kooi Ta xc(CJ|jaTa Tf|(; yf|(;, Kai ra KoiAcbpara Hes. (: Latin cavus. Middle Irish cua),
KoTAo(; "hollow' (koFiAoc; = alb. //7e/e), lengthened grade kwo^ "cave, jail '; Kuap ( *Ruui)
"hole' (see above to Avestan sura-^\\o\e\ Armenian sol)\ (perhaps borrowed word Kua9o(;
"goblet' and KcbGojv " Laconian drinking-vessel, used by soldiers, drinking bout, carousal,
the inner harbour at Carthage ' from *KoFa9(jov?); KuAa ra unoKaru) tojv pAscpapwv
KoiAcbfjara Hes. (also kuAov " the parts under the eyes, groove above upper eyelid ' Poll.,
Suid.; also KuAa5£(;, KuAi5£(;; in addition, as it seems, koikuAAoj " gawk around ', KoiKuAiwv
actually " gawper, starer ';

with the meaning "to swell' etc.: kueoj, (£y)kuu), Aor. ekuoq " be pregnant ', Kuoq n.
"foetus' (: cymr. cyw), £ykuo(; "pregnant', syKupajv (?) ds.: Kupia " surge '; Kuapn rj AGriva
Hes. ("*the strong', ablaut, with Old Indie savTra-, gall. Kauapo(;) ; a-KOpo(; " invalid ' (= Old
Indie sura-), Kupioi; " having power or authority over, legitimate, lawful, goodness proper,
lord, master ', KOpoq n. "power, force, influence, verdict '; in addition from the grade *Rua-
(as Old Indie svatra-) Doric Aor. ndaaoGai, Perf. nsnafjai " received possession, power on
something ', nc(|ja "Besitztum', PN 0i6-nnc(aTO(; (nn < Ru), Ionian £MTTr|<;, Doric £|jna(; "
alike, anyhow, generally '; in addition epna^opai " busy oneself about, take heed of, care
for', KaTspna^w " gripe, seize, assault ' ("*take in possession '), z\xua\oc, "expert, skillful,
knowing, practised ';

TTag "whole' (*TTa-vT- from *Rua-nt-)\ also = a-naq " someone, each, every ', Old Indie sa-
svant- ( *sa-svant-) " jeder der Reihe nach, vollstandig ';

Latin cai/i/s "hollow, arched (concave)' from *cc»i/c»5 (compare port, covoeic), caverna
"cave'; cumulus {*Ru-me-los^ intumescence ') "heap'; //7c/e/7s "pregnant' {*en-cuiens.

similarly Old Indie svayate); here also caveaf. 'cage', Middle Latin cave//um 'basket',
roman. *cavaneum {M.-L. 1786) "basket, cradle ';

gall. PN Kauapo(;, Cavarillus (assimil. from *covaro-. Old Indie savTra-), cymr. cawr
{*cawar), corn, caur' giant '; Middle Irish Nom. Plur. coraid' heroes ', religiously
aggravated to " sinner'; Middle Irish cua {*Rouios) 'hollow' (: kooi, Latin cavus); cuass
"cave'; bret. keo " grot, cave ' ( *kouio-)\ cymr. cywm. " the young of an animal ' ( *Ruuos. gr.
KuoO;

Old Icelandic hunnm. "dice, cube, block-like piece; youngling ', (under the influence of
common Celtic -n^, -nt- > -nn-), Old English hOnm. " youngling ', *huni-^ power, strength '
in EN as Old High German Hun-mar {= Old Indie suna-), elsass. hunsch^ tumefaction of
the milk veins '; probably also the strengthening Old Icelandic hund-, e.g. hund-diarfrt
TTOv-ToApoq ', i.e. participle 77^/70''a= *Ru-nt-{: */^t/-e/7/-, during gr. navT-, *Rua-nt\\as
derived from the heavy basis Rua-)\ Old English hyse^ youngling ' (: Old Indie susi^ hollow
stalk '), hossm. "twig, branch';

Latvian sava " fissure or cavity in the tree shaped like a sheath ' (lengthened grade,
compare ku)0(;); from "to swell' from: Lithuanian saunas, saunus^ strong, proficient',
pasune^ power, strength ' (: Old Indie suna-m; Persson Beitr. 192, would like to add also
sau//s{0\6 Lithuanian) "hip, haunch', suka' haycock on the field ', susn/s' heap', sut/'s'
woodpile ', sut/'s "heap of stone or wood '??);

Maybe alb. suke'hWV. (in PIE word and hill are of the same origin).

Old Bulgarian sujb' void, vain'; compare Buga Kalba ir. sen. I 291.

A root form Ru-e/- perhaps in Old English hi/i/y/ca{\eg. hweica) " pustule, swelling, lump,
growth ', wherefore hwelian^ fester' and (?) Latvian Rveldet, kve/et'g\o\N' (MiJhlenbach-
Endzelin II 352).

References: WP. I 365 ff., WH. I 188, 191 f., 277, 306, SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 301.
Page(s): 592-594

Root / lemma: /(eu-2

Meaning: to shine, bright

Material: Avestan savahT- "name of the continent situated in the east ' (actually Nom. Du.

from *savah-' morning, east '), with zero grade root syllable Old Indie svah My. "early to-

morrow morning '; A-stem Avestan sursm " early in tlie morning' (tliematic Akk. a
conservative stem), a-suiri^ in the morning darkness ' {suirya-), Akk. suinm^ breakfast ';

perhaps Armenian sukh^ radiance, splendor, fame' (as *Rud-ko-\ therefrom skhei
"glamorous etc.'), sorxay, beam of light' (as *Ruo-lo-), nsoyr light, radiance, sparkle ' ( *ni-
Ruoljd), probably sand, S5/7/' "spark, lightning, glowing iron' {Runti-, probably from a
participle-stem Ru-ent-\ Ru-nt- denve ).

no-stem: Old Indie 50/75- "red, bright red ' (/7for n), gall. C01//VOS(coin), Old Irish
*cuan-dae, Middle Irish cuanna, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. cun' mellifluous'
(Sommerfelt BSL. 24, 219 ff.); russ. sunica, sunika, Serbo-Croatian sunica^ raspberry ';
russ. /ri//75 "marten' etc., Lithuanian Riaune, Latvian cauna, caune. Old Prussian caune6s.
could lie a corresponding color adj. from a root form with velar of the basic; about
Lithuanian sv/naslea6', Persson Beitr. 745 between adds as Rueno-, s. Boisacq s. v.
Kuavoq 'cyanus, a dark-blue substance'.

Maybe alb. kunadhei. 'marten' : gr. Kouvapi "marten' : russ. /r^/7a "marten'.

Root extensions:

Reu-b'^-. Old Indie sumbhat/" sh\nes', sobhate^ ist stattlich, nimmt sich schon aus ',
sdi6'/75/75- "beautiful, gleaming', subha-' pretty, pleasant, joyful, gratifying', subhra-
"beautiful, gleaming, light color' = Armenian surb^pwe, holy', srbem^c\eav\, holy, sacred '.

Reu-ci"^-. Old Indie 5'^/7o'/7a//"purifies, cleans', sudhyate^ becomes pure ', suddha-' pure',
Kaus. sundbayat/ ^pur\f\es, cleans' (Avestan sudu-^ cleaning of the grain? grain mill? ' s.
Bartholomae Wb. 1583).

Reu-k-see below esp. headword {Reuk-);

Ru-en-'}r\o\6 festivities, sanctify '? see below esp. headword {Ru-en-),

Ru-eid-, Ru-eit-see below esp. headword {Ruei-3).

References: WP. I 368, Trautmann 122 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 121 ; s. Ryon- dog'.
Page(s): 594-595

Root / lemma: Re-
See also: see below Ro-
Page(s): 537

Root / lemma: Rei-b'^-

Meaning: quick, hasty

Material: Old Indie sfbhamMN. 'rash, hasty, quick, fast', sfbhya-^ wandering quickly, fast ',

sibhra- "horny, lustful (?)';

Gothic /7a/>fe/s 'fight, quarrel'. Old Norse heipt, heifsti. 'enmity, rage, fury, hate'. Old
High German he/ft/g Wo\ent'; Old English /7^s/ 'force, might, vehemency'. Old Frisian
/75e5/'haste, hurry'. Middle Low German /7e/5/ 'vehemency'; Old English haeste. Old High
German /7e/s// "violent, forcible '.

References: WP. I 364 f.; belongs to Rei-gh-, see below.
Page(s): 542

Root / lemma: Rei-gh-
Meaning: quick, hasty
Material: Old Indie sFghra-^ash, hasty, quick, fast';

Old English hTgian^ stretch, make tense, stretch out, spread out, distend, extend,
hasten, make haste, be in haste, hurry, be quick, bear upon, press upon, lean, support
oneself, engl. /7/e 'hurry', geminated Norwegian hikka^ sob ', Old Swedish hikka^ gasp,
have the hiccups ' (onomatopoeic words?);

russ. sigatb, s/gnutb ' spnng' , wruss. s/gac, s/gnuc' walk, make big steps '; wherefore
also russ. s/g'a kind offish', as Sa/mto salid, so that Lithuanian sykiseic. and Old Norse
s/Ttr maybe are borrowed from Russ..

References: WP. I 363, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 174, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 249;
See also: belongs to Rei-b'^-, see above.
Page(s): 542-543

Root / lemma: Re(i)- : Rd(i)- : RsO)-

Meaning: to sharpen, whet

Note: probably further formations from a^- 'sharp' (see 18 ff.)

Material: Old Indie si-sa-ti{si-sT-t§), sy-at/" sharpens, whets ', participle s/ta- ' sharpened,

pointed ' (= Latin catus, Old Irish cath), sata- ds., sana- m. (with Middle Indie /7for n) '

whetstone, touchstone, yardstick, criterion ' (= npers. s5/7 'whetstone'); perhaps also Old

Indie S//5 'stone, rock' ( *ka-la)\

Avestan 5ae/7/-"cusp, peak, treetop, sharp' (npers. sayad'reM) = Old Norse he/rr,

Armenian s^r'sharp' {*Rd-ro-), sre/T? "sharpen', sur. Gen. sroy 'sword, knife', sair
"cutting edge' {*Re-ri-), compound s5//'a^//'"cutting edge', therefrom *sardrem, sadrem^
irritate, annoy, itch, anger, tease; arouse, excite, set in motion '; perhaps also sal. Gen. sail
"flagstone, anvil ' ( *Ra-li-, compare above Old Indie sila);

gr. Kwvoq m. " cone, a pine-cone, the cone of a helmet, top ' (= Old Indie sana-),
therefrom kwveiov " hemlock, Conium maculatum ' (after the leaves);

Latin ca/i/5 (after Varro Sabine) "acutus, sharp witted, shrewd' (= Old Indie si-ta-. Old
Irish cath); cos, C0//5 "whetstone', also cotes, cautesi. PI. " pointed rock, reef {-au-
hyperurbanism); catanus' cedar juniper ' is perhaps gall, loanword;

Old Irish cath^mse' (= Latin catus. Old Indie si-ta-);

Old Icelandic heini. "whetstone'. Old English han^ boundary stone ', engl. hone
"whetstone' ( *Rai-n- : Avestan saeni-); Middle High German har^ tools to sharpen the
scythe ' ( *Re-r-), Middle Low German haren " sharpen, be sharp '.

References: WP. I 454 f., WH. 1181, 183 f., 190 f.
Page(s): 541-542

Root / lemma: Reko-

Meaning: green grass, green fodder

Material: Old Indie saka-m. n. " edible herb, vegetables ';

Lithuanian seRas^ freshly mowed grass, green fodder", Latvian seRs6s., Old Prussian
schokis "grass' (these at first from *sjaRas, -ya-from -e-1);

Old Icelandic hat " bumper crop, byproduct' (probably from Germanic *hehdn-).

References: WP. I 381.
Page(s): 544

Root / lemma: Re-ro-
Meaning: a kind of colour

Material: Old Indie sar^- "varicolored, dappled, dotted, spotted ', this -ra- as formant was
verified through the Avestan composition form *sa-{i)i- in sai-muzay- EN " varicolored
colored female donkey ';

gr. KPipuAoq "the blue kingfisher ' (diminutive formants -uAo(;).

*/re-/'c»- perhaps as *Re[i]-ro-\.o Rei-2\v\ " color names '?

References: WP. I 420, WH. I 133.
Page(s): 582

Root / lemma: Reu-1 : Ru-

Meaning: to sway

Material: Latin ceved, -ere "wobble, sway; to agitate one's self, (the figure taken from the

wagging of the tail of a dog), to fawn, flatter ';

Old Bulgarian po-kyva-Jg, -//(mainly with glavg) " shake the head, nod ', Czech kyvati
"wave, beckon, nod, wag, move, shake' (etc.).

References: WP. I 376.
Page(s): 595

Root/ lemma: Reu-2{. Rau- Ru-)
Meaning: to light, to burn
Note: Only gr. and Lithuanian

Material: Gr. Kaiw (Ionian), kqu) (Attic) from *KaF-i(jo "to light, kindle', Aor. hom. £Kr|Fa, Old
Attic Gen. Sg. keqvtoc; (*Kr|FavT-), New Attic CKauaa, Med. Epic Kr|afjr|v, Pass. £KC(r|v,
£Kau9r|v, delph. Kr|ua, Guaia', Kpia KaGappara and keTq ds. Hes., hom. Kr|cb5r|<; " smelling
as of incense, fragrant ' (from a *Kr|Fo(; "blaze, incense '), kqugk;, Kaupa n. "blaze', kqAov "
dry wood' (*KaF-£Aov), Aeolic KauaA£0(; " burning hot', hom. KriA£0(; {*mFaktoq) etc.;

Lithuanian kOleti^ become blight-ridden, of corn, grain ', kule^ smut, blight '. (common
Celtic alb. abbreviation)

Maybe alb. kule^ hernia '.

References: WP. I 376 f.
Page(s): 595

Root / lemma: Reuero-, Rouero- (also sRuro-1)

Meaning: north, north wind

Material: Latin caurus {corns) "northerly wind' {*Rauero-)\

Lithuanian siduret "north', siaurysm. "northerly wind';

Old Bulgarian severb {*Reuero-) "north';

Maybe reduced alb. {sven) veri^ north' a Bulgarian loanword?.

moreover perhaps changing through ablaut and with aniaut. s-:

Armenian curt^co\&, coldness, shiver' {*sRur-do-)\

Old Icelandic Old High German skur^ thunderstorm ', Modern High German Schauer,
Old Frisian Old Saxon Old English scur, sceor^ shiver', Gothic skura m///7o'/s "whirlwind',
Norwegian dial. sk0yra {*skauridn-) " Windschauer ', skj0ra {*skeurdn-) ds., Norwegian
sk0yra, skura " drive off blindly on something ', Old Icelandic skyra " run there fast '.

Note:

Uralic etymology :

Alb. {*Reuero-) veri^ north '

Proto: *orja

English meaning: slave

Finnish: orja 'Sklave, slave ' ( > Saam. L ar'je 'Leibeigener, Knecht, Sklave', oarji (I)

'Sklave')

Estonian: ori (gen. orja) 'Sklave, Frohnarbeiter'

Saam (Lapp): oar'je -rj- (N) 'who, which is found in or belongs to the southwest';

southwest, west', ar'jel (L) 'Leute von SiJden', viorje (T) 'Norden', orjal (A) 'Nordwest',

vu«-<9"rjel«-< (Kid.), vuaTjel«-< (Ko. Not.) 'Nordwesten' ?

Mordovian: ure (E), ura (M) 'Sklave; Lohndiener', urehde- (E) 'muhsame Arbeit verrichten'

Udmurt (Votyak): var (S), war (G) 'Sklave, Diener, Knecht'

Komi (Zyrian): ver (altsyr.) 'cjiyra, pa6', Ud. veres, veres 'Ehemann, Gatte'

References: WP. I 377, WH. I 190, O. Szemerenyi KZ. 70, 65.
Page(s): 597

Root / lemma: Rhei-

Meaning: to settle

Material: Old Indie kseti, ks/yat/" stays, dwells ', Avestan sae/t/ds., Old Indie ks/t/-,

Avestan s///-" residence, settlement'. Old Indie ksetra-, Avestan soi&ra-u. " estate,

residence ', Old Indie ksema-m. ' quiet, peaceful staying ';

Maybe alb. {*ksati) fshat/ WWage' : Rumanian sa/ 'village, countryside' identical to

Rumanian coapsa "thigh' : alb. /ro/fe/?^ "thigh' common Rumanian-lllyrian k"hs- > phs-, fs-.

[see Root/ lemma: koRsa: a part of body (foot, hip. etc..)].

Armenian sen. Gen. s//?/" inhabited, farmed, village ' (: gr. KToiva);

Common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Old pers. gh- > xs- : npers. xs- > s-\ hence Armenian sen "
village ' is of Persian origin.

gr. KTi^w " of a city, to found, plant, build; to plant; set up, establish; to create, bring into
being, bring about; to make so and so; to perpetrate a deed ', £UKTi[j£vo(; " well-built,
furnished, well-made, of a garden, well-wrought ', £uktito(; ds., ttspiktIovec;, nspiKTirai "
dwellers around, neighbours ', apcpiKTiovsi; " they that dwell round, next neighbours ' (to
form afj(piKTuov£(; Lithuanian by Boisacq 525 Anm. 2), ktIgk; " a founding, foundation, a
doing, an act, a creating, the creation of the universe, that which was created, the creation,
an authority created or ordained ', rhod. ktoIvq " a local division, township ', also KTiAo(; "
peaceful, tame; a ram ' (actually " tame, docile, gentle, domesticated ');

common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Hittite gh- > tk- : gr. tk- > kt- (see Root / lemma: ghdem-,

ghdom-. Gen.- ablative gh(d)m-es\ earth)

See also: belongs probably to consecutive: kt^eO)-, kt^aO)-

Page(s): 626

Root / lemma: Rik-1

Meaning: strap

Material: Old Indie sic-i., s/kya-n. " loop, noose, snare, suspenders ', sa/kya-'

damascenes, provide with loops ';

gr. KiaaapO(; and K\ao6q "ivy' (?);

Lithuanian s/ksna' fine leather to manufacture straps '.

References: WP. I 451.
Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: RiRer-

Meaning: pea

Note: barely indogermanisch

Material: Armenian sisern " chickpea ' (seems to continue ReiRer-ox RoiRer-);

gr. (maked.) KiKsppoi (so for expressed Kipsppoi demanded through alphabetical
sequence) cbxpoi. MoKeSovsq; gr. Kpi6(; ' chickpea ' (would be from *KiKpi6q dissimil.);

Latin cicer^ chickpea ';

Alb. qiqer^ chickpea ' a Latin loanword.

[Lithuanian /re/re 'grape', Latvian R'ekars6s. seem to form against it with a different
family Latvian R'eR/s ' umbel, grape', Lituanismus to Latvian ceRulis " pigtail, tassel, fringe,
bunch, tussock ', cecers^inzzy hair, curly head' and Czech cecefitT make unkempt,
shaggy, frill, friz '.]

Maybe alb. {*katsuref} kagurer curly hair' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 451 f., WH. I 212.
Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: Riph-

Meaning: a small twig or root

Material: Old Indie s/p/7a'thin root, rod'; gr. messenisch Kicpot; n. " a crown, wreath,

garland, chaplet '; at most also Latvian s/ps/7a "strong rod', Lithuanian s/pi//j7s"chip of

wood, wooden log'.

References: WP. I 452.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: lak-2

Meaning: to rain, drizzle

Material: Old Indie sTkara-vn. "fine rain', sTRayati^ dribbles '; Norwegian higla^6u'^, trickle',

h/g/l\ne rain'.

References: WP. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: RFon- [RTsdn-l)
Meaning: pillar

Note: only Armenian and gr.

Material: Armenian siun = gr. kIwv " pillar '.

References: W P. I 451.

Page(s): 598

Root / lemma: ^/ex-
Meaning: to tip, incline, lean

Material: Old Indie srayat/" leans, puts against ', srayate' leans, resides ', srita- = Avestan
srita-{\ sray-) "leaned";

Avestan sray-, srinav-, sr/nu- '\ean' (compare gr. kAivioj);

Armenian /earn, Gen. /e/7/7 "mountain' {*Rleitrno-'7'7);

doubtful Armenian ///7//77 "become, originate, befall, be' (compare Old Indie srayate^be');

gr. K^vu), Lesbian kAIvvu) (*kATviu)) " make one thing slope against another, turn aside,
make another recline, make subservient, inflect ' (Fut. kATvoo, Perf. KSKAipai), kAito^
"suitable', kAIoic; "tendency', KAiaia f. "cottage, tent', SikAISec; "double door', KAivri "bed',
kAivthp, KAia|j6(; "couch, bed, place for resting ', kATtu(; (lies kA£itu(;, Herodian.) f. "slope,
hill' (hellen. kATto(;, kKuoc, "hill'), KAipa n. " inclination, s/O/Oe of ground ', KATpia^f. "ladder';

Latin cITno, -are^ben6, bow, incline ' (previously to compounds neologism and thematic
reshuffling a *l<If-na-mi), acclTnis^ leaning on, inclined to ', triclTnium' a couch for three
persons reclining at meals, eating-couch, dinner-sofa, table-couch ', cliens, -tis^ a
personal dependant, client ', clemens^mMe, gentle' {*RleJomenosl)\ cITtellae' a pack-
saddle, sumpter-saddle ', diminutive of a *Rleitra= Umbrian l<letram^ a litter, bier, sedan,
portable couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ' (and Gothic fileit^rat "tent'); c//V^s"hiir (= Gothic
filaiwu. "grave'), c//V/i/s "slant, skew = unlucky, of omen, sign';

Middle Irish cie, cymr. cledd, bret. I<leiz, corn, ciedh^ left, unlucky ' = "slant, skew'
{*Rleios), Middle Irish fo-chia, cymr. go-gledd^v\orVc\'\ Middle Irish c/e/7 "leaning, tendency',
wish' (: cymr. o'/c/7/k/7 "watchful, wakeful' from * dT-eRs-Riin-, Loth RC 42, 87 f.);

Old Irish cidin, c/oe/7 "slant, skew, krummriJckig '; gallorom. *cleta^ hurdle ', Middle Irish
cITatfi ^ cra{es\ cymr. c/wyd' hurdle, barrier', acorn. c/uifg\. " clita ', bret. RIoued-enn
"grove, hedge ' {RIeito-, -ta)\ in addition acymr. clutam^ lump, mass together ', clut, ncymr.
c/i/o'"heap' {*Rloi-ta)\ Middle Irish cletfieu. "roof beam, roof, zero grade cymr. cledr-en
"rafter, lath, fence' {*Rli-tra= Middle Irish c/etiiar^ pad'), Middle Breton clezr-en, nbret.

klerenn' main piece of tlie wicl<er rack ' (ablaut, witin Umbrian kletram, Latin clitellae,
Gothic h/e/Pra and Old High German leitara);

Old High German {hj//nen'\ean (intr.)', asachs. hlinon. Old English hiinian, hieonian
( *hlinen) ds.; Old High German hiina ' the back of a couch ', Old English hiinbedd, hiinung
" lair', Old High German hlina^ a lattice, enclosure, grating, grate, balustrade, bars,
railings, bar in a court of justice '; Kaus. Old High German (h)leinen. Old English hlaenan
"lean (tr.)'; Gothic hIaineQeu. PI. "the hill', nisi, hleinn^ rock ledge ', Norwegian dial, leini.
" mound, hillside, slope' (: Latvian slains); Gothic h/a/w^ grave', Proto Norse hiaiwads.. Old
High German Old Saxon /7/eo "burial mound, grave'. Old English h/aw^bur\a\ mound,
gravestone ' (= Latin clfvus); Gothic hlijam. "tent, cottage'; Old High German (h)ITta,
Modern High German Leite^ mountainside ', Old Icelandic hiidt "slope, mountainside '
(compare gr. kA£itu(;, Lithuanian slaTtas); Old Icelandic hiidi. "side'. Old English hITdu. "
heap, mound, hill' (: KAiTO(;, Lithuanian slite); Gothic h/e/Pra^ cottage, tent' (see above to
Latin cITtellae etc.); Old High German {h)/e/tara ladder'. Old English hlsec^djer ds.; Old
English -hlTdan^ cover', hlidr\. "cover, door'. Old High German ///"cover' (Modern High
German Augenlid), Old Icelandic hlid^door, GattertiJr', Gothic h/e/duma 'Wnker';

Lithuanian s//eju, s/ze/'/ (older zem. sleju= Old Indie srayati=) Latvian sleju, s/iet' lean ',
in addition Lithuanian s/y//" lean, incline, verge ', su-slij§s^ be bending ', causative nu-
slajinti^ turn over, overturn, capsize; keel over '; nouns: Latvian slejsru., slejai. "line'; Old
Prussian s/ayann. " sledge skid ', Nom. PI. slayo^ sled ', Lithuanian slajos\. PI. ds.; at-
slainis rr\. " wing, outhouse, outbuilding ', Latvian slains^ wo man einsinkt ', Lithuanian
slaTtas rw. "slope', slynai. ' loam, clay ', at-slaTmasrw. "forecourt'; Latvian slitat "fence',
Lithuanian zem. pa-slitas ^s\ar\t, skew' (= Old Indie srita-, gr. kAit6(;); Lithuanian slite, slitis
f. " Garbenhocke ' (: gr. kAIok;), Old Lithuanian 5///e "ladder'; Lithuanian sleivas^
bowlegged' (compare Latin c//V^5 "slope'), ablaut. s//V/sm. "bowlegged person'; to the
rhyme word Lithuanian kleTvas, klyvas^ bowlegged' see below (s)kel- ^ber\d'; different
Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 130, 31 7^;

Slavic *slojb " layer ' {*kloJo-s) in sloven, s/oy" layer, lair ', russ. Czech s/ojds.; compare
formal above Old Prussian s/ayann. " sledge skid '.

About the extremely dubious affiliation from Old Bulgarian etc. k/etb " room, cell '
(Lithuanian k/et/s " granary, garner, barn ' is Slavic loanword) under assumption from West
Indo Germanic Guttural s. Berneker 517 f.

References: WP. I 490 ff., WH. I 231 f., 233, 234 f., 236, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 144 f.,
Trautmann 308 f.. Loth RC 42, 87 f., Vendryes RC 46, 261 ff.

See also: extension from Rel-2^ incline '; s. also under (s)kel-bev\6\
Page(s): 600-602

Root / lemma: Rlep- {sRlep-1)

Meaning: to cover, conceal, steal

Material: Gr. kAshtu) (*KA£ni(ji)) "steal' (KSKAocpa, SKAannv and SKAscpGnv), kKzuoc, n.,

KAspija (out of it Latin clepta), KAcbi^j, KAonoq, KAon£U(; 'thief, KAonr) ' theft ';

Latin clepo, -ere ' to steal ';

Gothic Mfan'sieay {hliftus^MeV);

Middle Irish cluain {*klopni-) f. 'deceit, flattery, insincere compliments', cluainech
'deceitful';

Old Prussian auklipts{*-klept6s) 'hide, conceal'; s. also under klep-.

With aniaut. 5/- from s/r/- seems related Lithuanian slepiu, s/ep// "conceal'.

The meaning is made probably, that Rlep- extension from ^e/- 'conceal'; Middle High
German hulft^ quiver ' seems to be justly zero grade our root form, as Old Prussian
auklipts. Old Prussian ai//r//p/s indicate then West Indo Germanic guttural.

References: WP. I 497, WH. I 232, Trautmann 137.
Page(s): 604

Root/ lemma: Rleu-1, RIeue-. Rlu-

Meaning: to hear, cry

Note: (extension a root Rel^\

Material: 1. Old Indie srnSti {*RJ-neu-) ' hears ', srudh/" hear' (= *kAu9i), participle sruta-{=

KAuToq, Latin inclutus, Irish cloth v\.. Old High German Hlot-, Armenian lu) etc., sravayati

'allows to hear', sruyate' is heard ', sruti-' the hearing ';

Avestan surunaoltl {* klu-n-) 'hort, steht im Rufe, heiflt' etc., participle sruta-' heard,
famous ', sm/Z-'das zu Gehorbringen, Vortrag';

Old Indie srotra-n. 'ear', Avestan srao^ra-n. ' the singing ' (= Old English hieodor. Old
High German hllodai), Avestan sraota-n. ' the hearing ' (compare serb. slutlti), Avestan
sraoman-n. ' ear, hearing ' (: Gothic hlluma). Old Indie sromata-n. 'good shout, call' (=
Old High German hllumunt);

Armenian lu' renowned, glorious ' (= kAut6(; etc.), /c//'"l<nowledge, rumor, tidings ', Isem,
Aor. /i/ay'hear, heard' ( *Rlu-Re-)\ the -s- of thepresent tense is the most lil<ely -sRo-)\

gr. kA£(F)co, -opai, ep. kAeIw " praise' are secondary; ekAuov "heard' (= Old Indie
sruvam), kAuGi, kskAuGi "hear!', kAut6(; "illustrious', kKzuoc, 'illustrious' (*kA£F£T0(;, as
Y£V£Tr|, Latin genitus), KAr|i^u) " praise; shout, name' (*KA£F£[a]-i^cjo of e5-stem), KA£r|5u)v,
KAri5obv, -di/of (*KA£F-r|5u)v) "shout, call', etc.;

Latin clued, -ere (later also duo, -ere) " to hear, be spoken of, be said ' (e-verb with the
zero grade Rlu-), c/uv/or{G\.) " that is known, well-known, famous, noted, celebrated,
renowned ', />7cA//^5 "illustrious' (about Latin from-culto see below Rel-2^ incline '), Oscan-
Umbrian only in names {Kluvatiis^ Clovatius ', Umbrian Kluviier^ Cluvii ' );

Old Irish cloth v\. "fame' (= Old Indie sruta-), cymr. clod^ praise, commendation, glory,
fame, renown, esteem ';

cymr. clywed^ the hearing, sense of hearing ', mcymr. clywaf, corn. clewar\ hear'; bret.
clevout^heaf. Old Irish ro-clul-nethar {recons/erted with metathesis from *cll-nu-, Indo
Germanic *RJ-) " hears ', Perf. 1. Sg. ro-cuala, cymr. clgleu^ hear'. Old Irish Konj. rocloor^
da^cf^Tore ', -cloth, newer -doss ' was heard '; Thurneysen Gr. 357, 439;

Old Icelandic /7^(9d "listening, quietness; sound' (= Avestan sraota-). Old English hieodor
"sound, tone, melody ', Old High German hiiodaru. "sound, tone, clangor ' (= Old Indie
srotra-), Gothic hllumaru. ' ear, hearing ', PI. "ears' (= Avestan sraoman). Old High
German hiiumunt. Modern High German Leumund{= Old Indie sromata-), participle
*hlu^a-, *hluda- in Old High German HluderTch, Hlotharl, Old English Hlo^-wTg, Hlol=>-here
etc.; besides with J (heavy basis, see above). Old High German hlut. Old English Old
Saxon hlud. Modern High German laut,

Latvian sludlnat^ announce, declare '; lengthened grade Lithuanian sloveaud slove
"glory, magnificence, splendor', ablaut. East Lithuanian s/ai/e "fame';

Old Bulgarian slovg, slutl'caW, be illustrious', lengthened grade slavat "fame',
therefrom slavltr make illustrious ', serb. slutTm, slutltr foresee, predict ' (Denom. a *slutb;
sloven, slut^ suspicion ' is probably postverbal), s/y/yie "shout, call, names';

Tocharian AB Rlaw-^ announce, declare '; A Riots, B RIautso'ear, gill'.

With West Indo Germanic guttural: alb. RJuhem'be called', gjuanj, Rjuanj^v\axr\e'
(Pedersen IF. 5, 36).

2. es-stem: Old Indie sravas-n. 'fame', Avestan sravah-n. "word', gr. KhtFoq "fame',
lllyrian EN Ves-cleves{= Old Indie vasu-sravas' possessing good fame '), Latin c/uor{G\.)
" glory, splendour, effulgence, the opinion which others have of one, estimation, reputation,
credit, honour ', Old Irish c/J"fame' (but cymr. c/yw' ear, hearing ' is a new formation), this
/yfrom the Gen. Sg. derives; Old Church Slavic 5/01/0 "word'; Tocharian A k/yw, B kalywe

( *kleuos) "fame'; Pedersen Tochar. 225.

3. s-extensions: Old Indie srosati^ hears, listens, conforms ', srusti-^ compliance,
obsequiousness ', Avestan sraosa-^ ear, hearing ' etc.;

Armenian lur closemouthed ' (k/us-r/-);

Old Irish c/uas 'ear' {*klousta) = cymr. o/Js/" ear, hearing ';

Old Icelandic h/er'das Lauschen' (from *hloza-, older *hluza-). Old High German hlosen
"lend ear, listen ', Modern High German (Bavarian) Alemannian /osen6s.; Old Icelandic
h/ust'ear' (= Old Indie srusti-). Old English hlyst' ear, hearing ', Old Saxon hlusti. "
Gehor, Ohr, Horen, Lauschen ', Old Icelandic hlusta, Old English /7/ys/5/7 (engl. listen)
"wake up, become alert, listen '; with J (as Old High German hlut, see above): Old High
German lOstren, Modern High German (schwab. -Bavarian) /ausfern'\en6 ear, listen ',
Modern High German lauschen ( *hlus-skdn)\ Old English hieor. Old Saxon hllor. Old
Icelandic hlyr'c\\ee\C (= Old Bulgarian sluch-b);

Old Bulgarian slysatrheaf, sluch-b' ear, hearing ', slusatl {serb. slusatl, also heavy
basis as slysati) "hear';

Tocharian A klyos-, B klyaus-'heaf; A klosam, B klausane Dual "ears'.

With West Indo Germanic gutturals: Messapic A/50/7/ "hear!' (: Old Indie srosi);
Lithuanian klausau, -y//"hear', Latvian klausft' hear, obey ', Old Prussian klausTton
"erhoren', Lithuanian paklusnus' obedient, submissive ' (against it Lithuanian klauslu'ask'
= "*will hear' from *kleua-s-id has future s).

References: WP. I 494 f., WH. 86 f., 237 ff., Trautmann 307 f., Specht Indo Germanic
Dekl. 285, 333; Hj. Frisk, Goteborgs Hogsk. Arsskr. LVI 1950: 3.
Page(s): 605-607

Root / lemma: Rleu-2: *Rld[u]- : Rlu-
Meaning: to rinse, clean, tear

Root / lemma: Rleu-2. *Rld[u]-. Rlu-\ to rinse, clean, tear, derived from Root/ lemma: Rleu-

1, RIeua- : RIO- : to hear, cry.

Note: extension RIeu-d-, Latvian also Rlou-k-.

Material: Gr. kAu^oj (*kAu5ju)) ' rinse, wash with water ', kAuSojv m. ' wave, billow, surf,

rough water', KAuapa n., KAuapoc; m. " gurgle, sound made by water flowing over stones ',

kAugthp m. " a clyster-pipe, syringe ', root nouns Akk. Sg. KAu5a " surge ';

Maybe alb. Geg {*klusmos) klumesht, Tosc qumeshV milk' : gr. KAuap6(; m. " gurgle' :

Latvian 5/5^/r/" milk'.

Old Latin cluo^ to free from what is superfluous, make clean, make pure, clean,
cleanse, purify' {*Rloud), Latin cloaca {cluaca, clovaca) ' drainage ditch, drainage canal ';

altgal. Cluad, acymr. Clut, Ptol. KAcbra river name, engl. Clyde (Celtic *klouta)\ cymr. clir
"clear, bright, cheerful, pure' {*klu-ro-s);

Gothic hlutrs. Old English hlut(t)or. Old Saxon Old High German hlut(t)ar^ pure, clear,
bright'. Modern High German lauter{*klud-ro-s)\ Old Norse hler^ sea' {*hlewa-, Indo
Germanic *kleuo-)\

Lithuanian sluoju, slaviau, sluoti, dial. slavu{= Latin duo) ' sweep, wash away, whisk ',
sluota^ besom ', Latvian sludta6s.; extension kldu-k-\n slauclt^ sweep, wash away,
whisk', slauksef splash, fall violently and noisy ', slaukVxvi\\W, Lithuanian sliaukti, slaukyti
" sweep, wash away '.

Perhaps extension of *Rel- "humid, wet, damp', there also lie the consecutive roots of
the basic: ^/ep-"humid, wet' (see there), klek-6s. (Lithuanian slaku, -e//"drip, trickle', slektl,
sllknotr spray' etc.), kleg{h)- ds. (russ. s/eza "tears'. Old Church Slavic sIbzaAs.). If this
applied, would be for kleu- : kel- the relation sreu-' flow ' : ser- either model or parallel.

References: WP. I 495 f., WH. I 239 f., Trautmann 307.
Page(s): 607

Root / lemma: Rlou-nl-
Meaning: hip

Material: Old Indie sroni-m. f., Avestan sraonl-i. "buttock, hip, haunch';

Latin clOnls^ a buttock, haunch, rump of people and animals' {clunaculum^ small sword
or dagger which one carries behind ');

cymr. corn, clunt "hip, haunch', bret. M//? "buttock';

Old Icelandic hlaunx\. 'buttock';

Lithuanian slaunis^ femur, thigh, hip, haunch, ham ', Latvian s/auna'h'\p, haunch'; Old
Prussian s/a^/7/5 'thigh'.

The Lautform from gr. KAoviq, -loq ' coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the
spinal column ' is still unexplained.

References: WP. I 499, WH. I 239, Trautmann 306, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 162.
Page(s): 607-608

Root / lemma: Roi-no-

Meaning: grass

Material: Gr. Koiva xopTO(; Hes. (perhaps Neutr. PI.); Lithuanian sienas, Latvian s/ens'hay'

(Finnish loanword out of it signify 'hay, grass, herb'); Old Church Slavic seno^ any

feeding-ground, pasturage, grass ', Serbo-Croatian s/jeno'hay', Old Czech seno ds.

References: WP. I 455, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin Latvian-D. Wb. Ill 859, Trautmann 297.

Page(s):610

Root / lemma: Rolamo-s, Rolama

Meaning: stalk; reed

Material: Gr. KaAa|jO(;, KaAapn 'reed' (assimilated from koA-?);

Latin culmus^ stem ';

Old High German halm, halam. Old Norse halmr. Old English healm^ stem ';

Old Prussian s5//77e 'straw', Latvian salms' straw ';

Old Church Slavic slama {*solma, Indo Germanic *Rola-ma), russ. soloma, serb. slama
'straw';

Tocharian A kulmamts- 'reed' (?).

From gr. KaAaMO(; are borrowed Old Indie kalama- m. ' a kind of rice, writing pipe ' and
Latin calamus^ reed', from which again cymr. etc. calafreed'.

Maybe alb. kallam^ reed ' a Latin loanword.
Maybe alb. kalli, kalliri^ ear of grain '.

relationship to ^eAperliaps "tliin sliaft, arrow, stiff stem ' is wortli considering (see 552
f.).

References: WP. I 464, WH. I 136, 303 f., Trautmann 298.
Page(s):612

Root / lemma: Ronkho-

Meaning: clamshell

Material: Old Indie sa/jkha-m. " shell, temple, flattened region on either side of the

forehead ';

gr. KOYXOc;, koyxH " shell, measure of capacity '; KoxAoq, KOxAiac; " shell, snail shell,
snail', maybe from *koyxA-;

Latin cong/us' a measure for liquids ' is most likely a gr. loanword;

doubtful Latvian sence' shell ', there zence seems the right form.

References: WP. I 461 f., WH. I 260, J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 151.
Page(s):614

Root / lemma: konk-

Meaning: to doubt; to sway

Material: Old Indie sarjkate^ sways, doubts, is procured, fears ', sarjkita-^ anxiously,

anxiously before ', sarjka^ anxiety, fear, suspicion, doubt';

Latin cunctor, -arf to delay, hesitate' ( *cc»/7c//c»/'frequentative, compare Old Indie
sarjkita-);

Old Norse h^tta' chance, risk' {*hanhatjan), hsetta ' danger' , hask/6s. {*han-h(a)skan-).

About Old High German hahan^ hang ' etc. s. S. 566 under kenk-^ waver'.

References: WP. 1461.
Page(s):614

Root / lemma: Rop(h)elo-s or Rap(h)elo-s

Meaning: a kind of carp

Material: Old Indie saphara-rr\. ' Cyprinus sophore ' = Lithuanian sapalas^ Cyprinus

dobula ';

gr. KunpTvo(; 'carp', perhaps reshaped after KsarpTvoq, KoxpoKTvoq, spuGpTvot; etc.; u-
possibly popular etymology after Kunpo(;, because *KonpTvoc; would allow to think in
K6npO(;.

References: WP. I 457, WH. I 171, Trautmann 299.
Page(s):614

Root / lemma: Rorka{RrokS7), -Ja

Meaning: gravel, boulder

Material: Old Indie sarkara {sarkara-h) " powder, gravel, stone, powder sugar ';

gr. KpoKP), KpoKaAri "pebble"; perhaps has a *KopKaAa : s'a/'/ra/'a previously after KpsKW
'hit' metathesis experienced in KpoKaAr).

References: WP. I 463.
Page(s):615

Root / lemma: Rormen-

Meaning: ' weasel '

See also: see above under ker-6.

Page(s):615

Root / lemma: Rormno- Rfmno-

Meaning: acid liquid, lye, urine

Material: Middle High German hurmen^ fertilize ' (originally probably with Jauche), Modern

High German harn, harmO\6 High German haran ^unne';

Lithuanian sarmas' alkali, leach, lye, buck ', Latvian sarms'\ye', Old Prussian (with the
ablaut grade from Middle High German hurmen) s/rmes {ior *sirmis) 'lye'.

References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 300.
Page(s):615

Root / lemma: Rormo-

Meaning: suffering, pain

Material: Avestan fsarama-vn. ' sense of shame before ', Middle Persian sarm ds.;

Old Icelandic harmr^ sorrow, distress, damage, injury'. Old English hearmm. ' distress,
pain, damage, pity'. Old Saxon /7a/777'pain, injury'. Middle Low German /75/777'pain', Old

High German ^az/a^/r? "affliction, damage, insult'. Modern High German Harm, Old English
hearm. Old Saxon /75/777 "painful, hurtful ';

Old Bulgarian sramh "the genitals'.

References: WP. I 463, Trautmann 299.
Page(s):615

Root / lemma: Ro-, Re-{W\Vc\ particle ^e"here'), R(e)i- R(ilio-{*Rehu^ Note: common Proto

Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: this

Material: Armenian -^"article' (e.g. marc/-s'\he person'), 5a"this', a/'-s ds., a-5-/"here';

Phrygian a£|JOu(v) "this' {*Rem+ di)\ different Pedersen Tochar. 259.

gr. particle *k£ in k£Tvo(; and iKZ\yoc„ Doric Lesbian K\\yoQ, "that' from *(£)k£-£VO(;; out of it
back formation (£)k£T "there', (£)k£T9i etc.; *Rio- in or|p£pov, Attic Tr||j£pov "today'
(*Kic(p£pov), whereupon also *kic(F£T£(; "this year' in a\\izc„ Attic ^\\\zc„ Doric aaizc;.

Note:

(common Avestan Slavic k> c: alb. k> ts >q: Greek Tocharian labialized l<^> t, gutturals
p-^- > cf).

Latin -ce, ce-particle in ce-do^ hither with it, give, bring here ' (also Oscan ce-bnusV er
wird hergekommen sein '), ceterus'the other, remainder, rest' {*ce+ *etero-, compare
Umbrian etru^ one, another, the one, the other'); hi-c{*hi-ce), hTs-ce, sT-c{sT-ci-ne), illT-c,
illu-c, tun-c, nun-cetc, Oscan ekak^ Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ',
ekfk' to this place, hither ' = Paelignian ec/'-c, marr. /af-c' he, she, it, the one mentioned ',
esu-c' he, she, it, the one mentioned '; Oscan /di-k, Umbrian ere-k' he, she, it, the one
mentioned ', Oscan ekas-k^ Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ',
Umbrian esmi-k^ Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Latin ecce
(probably from *ed-ke, s. *e'Pron.-stem), Oscan um -^/t? extended ekk-um ^ a\so' , aiter puz
" as, like' reshaped from *k"uti-s ekss " in this manner, in this wise, in such a way, so, thus,
accordingly, as has been said '; conglutination e-Zro-e.g. Oscan ekas^ Of that which is at
hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Paelignian acuf Of that which is at hand; in space,
this . . . here, this ', ecuc^ to this place, hither ', ecic^ to this place, hither ', *e-k{e)-so-e.g.
Oscan exac' Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ';

*/c/-'\n Latin c/s" on this side ', c/ter' on tliis side ', c/trd'here', citra' on tinis side, on tlie
liither side ', citimus " On this side ', Umbrian give " on this side, on the hither side ' (stem
*Ri-uo-), gimu, simo' behind, on the back side, in the rea ';

Old Irish ce'here, on this side ' ( *Rei, compare changing through ablaut Ogom coi
"here', gall, koui), ce/7 (compare to /7-suffix Old High German hina^ 3>N2i\i, in another place
' etc.) ' on this side ' (in cen-alpande^ cisalpinus ') and "without', centar^ on this side '; gall.
eZ/i; besides e//"also' could contain likewise -Re;

Old Norse hann, hann^he' {*hanaR, Indo Germanic *Renosirorc\ *Re-eno-s), hon^ she ';
asachs. he, he, hie. Old High German he, her^he', only Nom., Old English he6s.;

Gothic himma " Of that which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', hina " Of that
which is at hand; in space, this . . . here, this ', Man. "now, yet', asachs. hiu-diga. Old
High German hiu-tu^hoc die, today' (: asachs. ho-digo6s.). Old High German hiuru{*hiu-
Jaru) "this year'. Modern High German ye/^/, osterr. hietz(t). Middle High German {*h)ie-zuo
(from *hiu+ postposition /d"to'); Old High German hina^ away, in another place ', Modern
High German hin, h/nweg {compare Old Irish cen); Gothic /7//7" get over here, come here,
come over here ' (basic form doubtful); Old High German hera. Old Saxon her^here';
Gothic her. Old High German h/ar. Old English her'here' {*Rei-r); Gothic hidre^here'. Old
English hider, engl. hither^here' (: Lat\nciter, citro), nl. heden^today'. Old High German
hitumum, hitamun^ previous, at length, at last, not till then, just, precisely, only ' (: Latin
citimus);

Maybe nl. heden^today' : alb. sonte' today ' see below.

controversial, whether here: Gothic hindana^ behind, beyond'. Old English asachs.
hindan. Old High German /7//7/a/7a "behind'. Old Norse handan ^iroxw that side her, beyond',
comparative Gothic hindar. Old High German hintar' behind ', superlative Gothic
hindumists^ hindermost, endmost, outermost'. Old English hindema last', whereas /7from
*Ri-n-t-, */^c»-/7-/ identical would be as in Old High German hina, or with gall. Cintugnatos^
firstborn ', Old Irish cetne, cymr. Ay/7/5/'" first' etc. to */re/7- "frisch kommen, soeben sich
einstellen, anfangen' (above S. 564) with the meaning "last' = ' new, not old, young, fresh,
recent '?

Old Prussian schis {Adverb schai^here"), Lithuanian 5/s (Latvian sis= Old Church Slavic
Sb "this'). Gen. Lithuanian sio. Old Church Slavic sego, Akk. PI. Old Church Slavic SbJ§,
fem. Lithuanian s/ (Latvian si) = Old Church Slavic si, Akk. Sg. f. Sbjg, Lithuanian s/-tas
"this' {*Ri-to-), in addition stafhere, there, that' (old sifai). Old Prussian s/as "that ';

Lithuanian siandien, Latvian suod/en' today', Litliuanian se, Latvian se'liere', Old Cliurch
Slavic s/'-cb " of such a kind, such ' etc.;

Maybe alb. {*sodiena) sonte'today' : Latin hodie, Latvian sodiena, Lithuanian siandien
'this day, today'.

Hittite Ay" this ', k/-nun'no\N, yet' contains */^/(Pedersen Hittite 50).

Maybe alb. Geg m. ky, Tosc /r/"this', f. kjo' that', {*ky-ta) ketam. " these', {*ky-to) ketot "
these', {*ky-tu) ketu^ here', (common Polish alb. -y- > -e-).

Alb. Geg {*a-ji) aji, Tosc ai he', {*a-jd) ajo " she'. Note: Occidental (western) Romance
languages prefix e-, a-.

Alb. {*a-jd) ajo^ she' = Lithuanian y7" she', alb. {a-ji) Geg aji, Tosc a/" he' = Lithuanian y/s"
he';

References: WP. I 452 ff., WH. I 192 f., 208 f., 222, 390, 644 f., 855, 862, Trautmann 304,
SchwyzerGr. Gr. I 613.
Page(s): 609-610

Root / lemma: Rrapo- {Rropo-l)

Meaning: roof

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old Icelandic hrofu. 'roof, hanger, shed ', Old English hrofxooi, deck of the ship

', engl. roof. Middle Low German rof shelter, cover, cover';

Old Bulgarian strops 'roof ( *krapos). (common Slavic sk- > st-)

References: WP. I 477 f., Trautmann 309.
Page(s):616

Root / lemma: Rra-

See also: see above S. 574 ff. under ker-1 av\6 S. 582 under kera-.

Page(s):616

Root/ lemma: Rrdd^-, Rrdd^-, Rrerrio^-

Meaning: to trust

Material: Old Indie srambhate, participle srabdha- {W\Vc\ v'h and other preposition) .) ' trust,

count on ', nisrmbha- ' appearing surely ';

Old Irish crabud' devoutness, ascetic' {*Rrdo'"itu-s) m.; cymr. crefydd {x^e^^ creddyf)
"faith, belief would have attributed eto c/ieo'i/ 'believe'.

References: WP. I 478, Kuiper Nasalpras. 146.
Page(s):617

Root / lemma: Rred-

See also: see above S. 579 f. under Rered-.

Page(s):618

Root / lemma: Rrei-

Meaning: to appear, show oneself

Material: Old Indie sn-i. "beauty, splendor, satisfaction, richness, glory, magnificence',

Avestan s/7"-' beauty'. Old Indie 5/7-/a- 'beautiful, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', a-snra-^

ugly, not good looking ', Avestan 5/7?5- "beautiful', Kompar. Old Indie sreyas-, Avestan

srayah-, Superl. Old Indie srestha- {srai'stha-), Avestan sraesta-. Old Indie sreman-m. "

decoration, preference ', Avestan srayan-n. "beauty'. Adj. "beautiful'. Old Indie sr/yase Dat

n. "beautiful';

horn. poet. Kpsiwv "noble, princely, ruler' (supu Kpsiojv, Kpsiouaa) Kpsojv Pind. Aiseh.,
nachhom. EN Kpsouaa (*Kp£[i]-ovT- participle " shining out ' (?), stands perhaps as
comparative for Kpsiov-).

References: WP. I 478, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 526.
Page(s):618

Root / lemma: /(re- Rrei- ^-

See also: see above S. 574 ff. under Rer-1.

Page(s):617

Root / lemma: Rre-

See also: see above S. 578 under Rer-4.

Page(s):617

Root / lemma: Rrus-
Meaning: shank, leg
Material: Armenian srun-R'P\. (Gen. srvanc, sruni-c) "shinbone, calf {*RrOs-ni-)\

Latin cms, -risn. " shank, shin bone, leg'.

References: WP. I 489, WH. I 295.
Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: Rsa- {*Rehu-s-)

Meaning: to burn

Material: Old Indie /rsaya//" burns', ksatf-i. 'blaze, glow', /rs5/775- 'singes, burns, withers,

dries up ', ksara- ' burning, searing '; Kaus. /rs5y05y5//" makes burn '; common Old Indie gh-

> ks-

to latter yoform perhaps Armenian cai/'pain', casnum^rage against', Aor. caseay{^*be
stormy, hot tempered '; s = ps-); to ksama- probably Armenian camak'^diVj' (the Armenian
words show ks-).

References: WP. I 500, Frisk Nominalbild. 6;
See also: see below kse-ro-.
Page(s): 624

Root / lemma: Rse-ro- {*Rehus-ro-)

Meaning: dry; bright (of weather)

Material: Gr. ^spov (only Akk.) ' solidified, dry land ', lengthened grade ^r|PO<^ dry, arid';

compare above S. 624 Old Indie ksara-, common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Latin serescunt {LucW. I 306) '(the dress) dry (in the sun), grow dry ', serenus^ elear,
fair, bright, serene ' (of sky, heaven and weather);

Old High German serawen' become dry, dwindle, waste away, melt, decay, become
faint, grow weak, sink, be enfeebled, be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', Middle High
German Modern High German serben^ wither, become wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ';

Tocharian A ksar(k) ' morning '?

There kse-ro- is probably an extension from ksa- 'burn, scorch'.

References: WP. I 503, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 329.
Page(s): 625

Root /lemma: ^:/e/-5 extended kuei-d-, kuei-s-, kuei-t-{*R"ehu-) Note: common Proto
Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: shining; wliite

Note: probably extension from Reu-, S. 594 f.

Material: a. Ruei-d-:0\6 Indie 5V//7o'a/e "glares, gleams' (Dhatup.), Perf. sisvinde, gr.

mountain name niv5o(; "the white', PN niv5apo(; (?); Gothic hveits. Old Icelandic hvftr. Old

English Old Frisian asachs. hwit. Old High German ^/7^i4vz "white', zero grade nid. ndd. witt.

Old Frisian hw/fds.;

ograde Gothic hveiteis, Old Icelandic hweitiu., Old English hwaete, Old Frisian asacns.

hweti, ahd weizzi. Modern High German We/zen 'wheat'; changing through ablaut Middle

English white, Swedish dial, hv/te, westfal. M//a/ "wheat'.

b. ^:/e/-5- Lithuanian sv/esat "light', sva/sat " gleam'.

c. Ruei-t-{Ruei-to-, Ruei-tio-, Rui-t(g/io-, Rui-t(gfo-'b'c\<^h\., white'):

Old Indie si/e/^- "white' (f. si/e/7/"by Vopadeva) = Avestan spaeta-6s. (= Old Bulgarian
SKe/b "light'); Old Indie si/e/ya- "white, light ', fem. -a{= Old Bulgarian si/es/a "light'). Old
Indie si/e/a/e "is white', svftna-, svitnya-, svitra-{= Lithuanian svitras' sandpaper') "white'.
Old pers. IniGpa-Sarnc;, npers. s/p/hr'sky, heaven'; composition form Aryan sv/t/-\n Old
Indie 5K//y-a/7c "gleaming', Avestan spiti-doi^ra-' having bright eyes ';

doubtful gr. Tiravoqf., m. " calc, lime, limestone, gypsum, chalk ' {*Ruit-3no-s), KiTiavoc;
ds., dissimil. from * Ru/t-Usno-s PH Tiravn, Aeolic lakon. fliTavn; mountain name TiTapo(;;

Note:

Greek Tocharian labialized k^> t, gutturals g^- > d

lllyrian, Celtic Greek Avestan /c^- > p-, g^- > b-

Lithuanian svieciu, siz/es//" gleam, shine': sveiciu, si/e/s//"clean', svitu, sviteti' to shine
always, shimmer', svintu, sv/st/'be getting bright ', Kaus. svaitau, svaityti' make bright ';
svitrasrw. " sandpaper', si/y//Y/o//"flicker';

Old Church Slavic svbtitb s§, SK6/e//s^ "gleam, shine' and Slavic *svbng {irom *svitnd
besides Lithuanian svintu) in russ. -Church Slavic svbnutr, Kaus. Old Church Slavic svetiti'
jemandem leuchten '; Slavic svaita-m. "light' in Old Church Slavic svetb "light, world'; in
addition Slavic *sva/t/a\n Old Church Slavic si/es/a "light, candle';

besides with West Indo Germanic k-:

Latvian kv/tu, /ri/z/e/ "flicker, gleam', Kaus. kvitinat.

Slavic *kvbtQ, */ri//s//" bloom, blossom' in Old Church S\aV\c pro-cvbtg, -cv/st/l\o\Ner,
bloom, blossom'. Old Czech ktvu, kvfstr, ablaut. Old Church Slavic cvetb, Czech kveteic.
"bloom, blossom'; besides Slavic *kvbtet/"\n russ. -Church Slavic cvbtet/" b\oom, blossom'
and Serbo-Croatian cavtJet/^b\oorc\, blossom' (= Latvian kvitet).

References: WP. I 469 f., Trautmann 147 f., 310 f., Osthoff ZONF. 13, 3 ff.
Page(s): 628-629

Root / lemma: Rup- {*Rehu-p^

Meaning: shoulder

Note: (Germanic with aniaut. s-)

common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem.

Material: Old Indie supti-, Avestan si/yO//- 'shoulder'; alb. s^p "shoulder, back' (without

formant -/-); Middle Low German schuftxr\.. East Frisian, Dutch 5c/7c»/? "shoulder blade of a

cow, a horse' ( *skuftu-).

Note:

Clearly alb. alb. s^p "shoulder, back' is the oldest form IE cognate while other IE forms are

extensions with suffix -ti, -tu.

References: WP. I 467.

Page(s): 627

Root/ lemma: Ruei-1, Ruei-no-{* R'^ehu-no-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -

■

Meaning: dirt; to defile

Material: With formants -n(o)-:\-a'(\x\ caenum^smxA, ordure, dirt, filth', obscenus,

c»i6'scae/7^s (back-formation from *obscenare) "dirty, filthy, disgusting, indecent' {caenum

urbanized for the plebeian *cenum irom * co/nom, *quoinom), in-, con-qu/nare^ smudge,

befoul ', cunTre^ produce, dung, excrements, ordure, manure ', ancunulentae^ feminae

I

menstruo tempore ';

Swedish dial, hven^ marshy field'. Old Icelandic hvein {*kuoina) in place names,
wherefore as " marsh grass ' probably Danish hvene^ couchgrass, type name for several
stiff grass kinds ', Swedish hven, Norwegian dial, hvein " couchgrass, thin blade of grass '
(Middle English M//7//7 "broom' from Danish hvine);

Latvian SK/77/7refl. " make oneself dirty ', sk/77s 'smudges';

with other formant presumably Armenian s/V" deposit of pressed grapes ' {Ru7-uo-);
much more uncertain Old English hwaeg. Middle Dutch tvey "wheys' {*/(uo/o-7).

References: WP. I 469, WH. 1131 f.
Page(s): 628

Root / lemma: Ruei-2{*R"ehu^ Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to hiss, whistle, etc..

Note: (see similar under Rues- "pant, gasp')

Material: Nisi. hvTa^ neigh ', Swedish dial. hwiJa^\ou6 or violent cry'. Middle High German

wihe-n- -nen, -len, -ren^ neigh ', Old High German hwaijon, waijdn. Middle High German

weihen^ neigh '; in addition as causative "weep, cry make': Old English a-hwaenan

"plague, torment, smite'. Old Swedish hwin^ annoyance ';

Old Icelandic hvTna^ buzz, whirr', /7i///7/'"schwirrender sound, tone'. Old English hwTnan
" buzz, whirr ', hwinsian. Old High German winison " lament'. Modern High German
winsein; Old Icelandic hvTskra " whisper', hvTsIa "whistle, whisper'. Old English hwiscettan
"whistle, from the mouse ', hw/st//an'\N\r\\st\e', hw/spr/an '{r\u{r\b\e, murmur'. Old High
German (h) wispa Ion ^\\\ss, wispern'. Old Church Slavic 5K/5/a//"hiss'.

Maybe alb. {*hvTskla) f/shke//e/"\Nh\st\e' = Old Icelandic hvfskra' whisper', nasalized alb.
{*hvinkla) hingellin^ neigh '.

/cue/-k-\n Armenian seem' fizz ' ( *s/cemkorc\ *RuTkJd) and Lithuanian svykstT breathe
whistling '.

References: WP. I 469.
Page(s): 628

Root/ lemma: ^t/eAr- (nasalized Ruenk-) : Ruk-{*R'^ehuk-)

Meaning: to gape

Material: Old Indie svancate' opens', ucchvarjka-m. " the gaping, gap, shard, the opening

Lithuanian sukei. " notch', sukosV\. "comb', Latvian sukai. "bristle brush, currycomb '
(probably from "*comb'), suk'isrw. "shard', sukumsm. ' fracture, notch';

Slavic *sbcefbi. in polab. sacef 'bnst\e, bristle brush', sloven. sci^/"bristle brush', russ.
sde/b "bristle'.

References: WP. I 470, Trautmann 309 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 142.
Page(s): 629

Root / lemma: Ruel- {*k''ehul-)
Meaning: muddy

Material: Armenian saiem^ wet, moistened, prepared cement, mortar ', saiax^ loam, clay,
slime, mud, cement, mortar ' {-al- =Jor el)\ Lithuanian sve/ni/s' soft, tender, tender-
hearted, gentle, delicate, sensitive, subtle, subtile, kindly, fond, sweet, affectionate, loving,
dulcet, merciful, lenient, facile, smooth, fine, mild, clement, bland, meek, velvet, genial,
fleecy, balmy '?

Maybe alb. {*Rue/-k) thuk ' mortar '
References: WP. I 473.
Page(s): 629

Root / lemma: Ruen- {*k"ehu-)

Meaning: to celebrate; saint

Material: Avestan spa/7/a-"holy' (= Lithuanian sventas. Old Church Slavic si/^/b "holy'),

compounds Superl. Avestan span-yah, spanista-^ sacred, holiest ', es^stem Avestan

spanah-v\. " holiness';

probably Gothic hunslu. "sacrifice, oblation'. Old English hus/n. " sacrament' {Run-s-lo-

);

Lithuanian si/e/7/a5"holy'. Old Prussian swenta-\'r\ PN, Old Church Slavic sv^th, russ.
svjatq/6s.; further to Latvian si///7e/"hold festivities, sanctify '.

References: WP. I 471, Trautmann 311, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 366.
Page(s): 630

Root /lemma: RuenA'^-ro-, -no-{*k"ehu6'^-ro^
Meaning: a kind of plant

Material: Latin combretum^ a kind of rush'; nir. cuinneog^ Angelica silvestris ' (common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (Marstrander ZceltPh. 7, 359); based on Ruon&^na= Old Icelandic
hugnn^ Angelica silvestris ' from Ruon6!^-na, Danish faro. quander6s., Swiss
Wannebobbeir arum maculatum ', Lithuanian svendraiP\. "a kind of reed, Typhalatifolia '.
References: WP. I 472, WH. I 253.
Page(s): 631

Root / lemma: Rues- Rus- {*k"'ehus-)

Meaning: to puff, sigh

Material: Old Indie sVas/// (inflection perhaps previously after an/'t/^ breathes '), svasat/"

breathes, wheezes, sighs ', a'susana- " piping, whistling ', Avestan susi^ both lungs ';

Latin queror, -T, questus sum " to express grief, complain, lament, bewail ' (: Old Indie
svasati);

lengthened grade Old Icelandic hvaesa. Old English hiA^osan^ pant, gasp';

Lithuanian sus/nt/" mit zischendem Gerausch durch die Luft fahren ' (it could be like Old
High German suson^ buzz, whirr, whiz, swish, whistle ' an independent onomatopoeic
word).

The Rues-\s an extension of a Ru-, ^e:/- through -es-{a\. most onomatopoeic origin), one
supposes because of the same initial sound in Old Indie sOt-kara- m. " the whistle, hiss '
(perhaps rather like sTt-kara- new onomatopoeic word formation?), Armenian sulem^
whistle, fizz ' (from *soyl= keu-lo-or kou-lo-)\ Lithuanian 5i/-5/7/rs//" breathe, wheeze, pant,
gasp': Armenian 5i//7c 'breath, breeze, soul, ghost' {kuonkio-); Lithuanian 5i//?/rs// "whistle,
buzz, whirr ', svilptT whistle, pipe, sing, whine, howl, whiz, whirr, hiss, hurtle ' and in the
root Ruei-2Y(\ss ' see there.

References: WP. I 474 f., WH. II 403 f.
Page(s): 631-632

Root/ lemma: Ruon-, Run-{*k'^ehun-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: dog (*animal with a strong sense of smell)
Grammatical information: originally Nom. Sg. Ruud(n), Gen. Runos
Material:

In e- grade:

French chien: Albanian {*kjen) qen: Furlan cjan: Dzoratai tsin: Breton ki: Welsh ci:

Viestano cheh : Wallon tchen " dog'.

Common Hittite Slavic /?£/-> alb. Geg y, alb. Tosc /)/

Note:

Maybe under the influence of Occidental Romance languages even the Greek cognate

changed towards the common hu-> alb. Geg y, alb. Tosc /

: Greek kuwv > Greek okuAoc; > Griko Salentino {*scillo) sciddho " dog'.

In a- grade:

Luvian: UR.ZiR

Meaning: dog'

Attestations: [NSg] UR.ZfR-is: 109 iii 7.

Commentary: Probably *zuwani-, cognate with HLuv. zu-wa/i-ni-. See Melchert, Gs Cowgill

202.

IHittite: h.l. suwanis (Tischler 500)

Old Indie si/aand s(u)va^ 600^', Gen. sunas, Akk. svanam, Akk. PI. sunas, Avestan spa,

spansm. Gen. PI. sunam, med. (Herodotus) anoKa {*Run-ko-^ doglike': Old Indie svaka-

"wolf), Middle Persian sak, npers. sag, Kurdish sah, waxi sac, from Iran, derive alb.

s/75/r(^ey 'bitch', gr. onaSaKsq Kuvsq Hes. (from *anaKa5£g) and russ. sobaka^6,o<^;

compare npers. sabatr,

Armenian sun. Gen. s5/7'dog' (with unclear s); not well compatible with skund^ little
dog', whether from *kuon-to-, -ta; or to those above S. 564 under *ken-^ be born recently '
to discussed names of the animal young?;

with for the Thrak.-Phrygian obvious gutturals Lydian Kav5auAr|c; "Kuv-ayxn^'. thrak. GN
Kav-5aoi)v (to 2. part s. (S^au-^ strangle, throttle, choke ');

quite unclear Latin canis^6oQ\ c5/7e5 originally previously fem. "bitch', canTcula
(compare Old Indie sunTi.) considering of a; perhaps interference a the Middle Irish cano,
cana'a wolf cub', cymr. ce'/7ai4/ "young dog or wolf (see ken-3) corresponding words (so
also Lydian Kav-5auAr|<;?);

The meaning from Latin cam's as " a dog, shameless, the barking mouths (of Scylla), the
dogs of Hecate, a pack, a term of reproach, dog, of a backbiter, of a miser, of parasites,
the constellation, the Dog (canis maior, or Sirius; and canis minor, or Procyon), In play, the
worst throw (of dice), dog-throw (opp. Venus) ' turns in gr. kuwv again, as well as in Old
Indie sKa-^/7/7//7- actually " Hundetoter ', i.e. "professional, dishonest players avoiding the
bad throws '; compare also gr. kIvSuvoc; "danger (*ln play, the worst throw (of dice), dog-
throw (opp. Venus))' from *kuv-5uvo^, to Old Indie oyj/a"game'? Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 335
above.

In o- grade:

gr. Kuwv, Kuvoq (*kuFu)v) "dog' (KuvT£po(; "hijndischer, i.e. unverschamter'. Sup.
KuvTaTOc^^cuvajJuia compaj^e Lithyanian sun-muse^ Hundsflieg^);

Old Irish cu {Gen. con= kuv6(;), cymr. c/{P\. cwn- kuv£(;, Lithuanian sunes), bret. corn.
Av'dog' from *Rud;

Gothic hunds. Old Icelandic hundr. Old English hund. Old High German hunt'6og' {/(un-
to-), see above;

Lithuanian sua {Gen. suns) "dog' (has changed to /-stem in Lithuanian dial, sun/s,
Latvian suns, Old Prussian sun/s^dog'); t-iorm Latvian suntana'\arge dog'; Latvian ku/ia
"bitch' probably with West Indo Germanic gutturals, Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 310? or /rfrom
kuca ds. (Lockruf); compare Buga Kalba ir s. I 196; quite doubtful but russ. poln. suka
"bitch';

Tocharian A ku. Obi. kon, B Nom. kunder

References: WP. I 465 f., WH. I 152 f.; Kury+owicz Accentuation 19; after Specht Indo

Germanic Dekl. 32, 121 f.

See also: derivative from the color root Rehu-2, S. 594.

Page(s): 632-633

Root / lemma: Rud"^- {*kehud^-)

Meaning: dirt

Material: Gr. ug-kuGq u6(; acpoSsufja Hes., Ku0u)5eo(; 5ua6apou Hes., kuGvov " semen '

Hes.; Lithuanian sudas, Latvian sJo''s"crap, muck, ordure'.

References: WP. I 467. Different Specht Indog. Dekl. 252 f.

Page(s): 627

Root / lemma: Ru- {*kehu-)

Meaning: sharp; pike

Note:

Root/ lemma: Ru-{*kehu-)\ "sharp; pike' derived from zero grade of Root/ lemma: aR-, oR-

: "sharp; stone'.

Material: Old Indie su-la-m. n. "spit, pike, pointed picket, pole; stechender pain', Armenian
s/5/r' (from *sulak') "spit, pike, dagger, arrow'. Old Irish cuiT a gnat, midge ', cymr. cylion-
ends., Latin culex^ mosquito ';

Old Indie su-ka-m. n" sting of an insect, awn of the corn', Avestan su-ka-t "needle', np.
sdza/7 "needle', sok' ear, awn'; dubious prakr. osukka/" whets, sharpens ';

Latin cuneus^ wedge' (due to from ku-no-^cusp, peak').

Maybe alb. kunJ'\/\/e6ge' Latin loanword.

References: WP. I 465, WH. I 302 f., 308.
Page(s): 626-627

Root / lemma: Icalo-s {* Icehu-lo-s)
Meaning: a kind of big fish
See also: see below under (sjk^alo-s.
Page(s): 635

Root / lemma: Icas-io-, -lo- {* IC'ehus-lo-)

Meaning: basket-work

Material: Latin qualum{quallus) 'a wicker basket' ( *kuaslom, compare the diminutive:)

quasillus, -um ' a small basket for various purposes; esp., a wool-basket ' (with emphatic -

ss-)\

Old Bulgarian kosb 'basket' ( *k"as-io-s), russ. /ros "basket, fish snaring net; hurdle ' etc.,
also Church Slavic kosar(j)a^ hurdle ' etc., russ. koselb "basket, bread basket '.

Maybe alb. /ros/? "basket' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 507, Trautmann 119, WH. II 397.
Page(s): 635

Root/ lemma: k''as-. k^as- {* k'^ehus-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to cough

Note: [addendum to S. 635]

Material:

In a- grade:

(*/7^"a5-)

Old Indie kas-, kasa-^ cough ', therefrom /rasa/e "coughs'; Middle Irish cassachtfachjm. "

cough ', cymr. pas ds. {*k"'9s-t-), pesychu ' cougW {*k"'as-t-/sk-), bret. pas' cough ', corn.

paz ds.;

Latvian kaseju, kasetds., Latvian kasulis' cough '; Slavic *kas'blb in russ. -Church Slavic

kaselb " cough ', etc.

In o- grade:

Old Icelandic host/vn. " cough ', Old English hwosta, Middle Low German hoste, Old High

German huosto, Alemannian wuaste6s.\

Lithuanian k6siu{o\6 kosmi), /rdse//" cough', Lithuanian kosulys^ cough ', alb. kolle, kolla^

cough ' ( *k"os-la) (common alb. -si- > -If-)

Maybe alb. peshtyj^ spit' : cymr. pesyc:/?^ 'cough' a Celtic loanword.

References: WP. I 506, Trautmann 119.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: k''ei-1(t){*k''ehu-tj Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to observe; to appreciate

Note:

(common Avestan Slavic k> c: alb. k> ts >q: Greek Tocharian labialized k"'-> /-).

Material:

In a- grade:

A. Old Indie cayatr perceives, observes, is shy, is concerned ', cayu-^ showing reverence

' = Old Bulgarian cajg, cajatr expect, wait, hope ' (lengthened grade *k"'el-d)\

Old Indie clnotl, c/M//" notices', citf-t ' sympathy, appreciation ', cf-tt "ghost, intellect':
gr. ari^u) " not to honour, not to heed, slight, treat lightly, deprive of honour due ' from *a-Ti-
T- " unheeding ';

In e- grade:

k^epj-ro-'m gr. ir\^6q, "warden, guard', rripsoo " perceive, protect; observe, wait, hide out
and wait, lie in wait and make a surprise attack', perhaps also Old Indie cara-rr\. " spy,
scout '; it may be added because of Old Indie cayatr\s anxious ' with zero grade also gr.
TETiriMai "be grieving ', tetihux; "timorous, grieving '?

To *kei- "move' (above S. 538 f.) belongs ke[i]so-, kepJsaWvne' in:

In a- grade:

Old Church Slavic casb m. " time' {* h2''ai-ska).

In o- grade:

alb. kohe, kohai. " time', {*hi''ei-ska) Jokl Mel. Pedersen 159^ f.

Note:

Also alb. pas/'moment' : Old Church Slavic cash m. a Slavic loanword.

In a- grade:

B. Old Indie cayate^rachi, straft', cetar-^ avenger', apa-citi-i. "repayment' (= anoTiOK;,
tIgk;);

Avestan kay-^ repay, atone', e.g. c/kayaTshaW atone, punish, curse, avenge ', pairi-a-
kayayanta^ sie sollen als Bufte auf sich nehmen ', kaena-i. "penance, atonement' (=
noivri, Slavic cena, compare also Lithuanian kaina), npers. km- "enmity, hate, rage, fury',
Avestan ka&a-n. "repayment', ci&i-i. " atonement through payment', c/'z?a"ds.,
punishment ', osset. C///75' "honour' (as Tipn);

In e- grade:

gr. Tiu) and fiu) (Arcadian teIu) reshuffling after STSiaa, Tsiau)), Fut. fiou), Aor. etigq,
participle Pass. Tsrl^jsvot; " assess; esteem, honour', noAu-TTTO(; " highly honored ', aTi£TO(;
"unhonoured, not honouring or regarding ';

hom. fivu), Attic fivu) (*tivF-u)) " atone, pay ', Med. " allow to pay or atone, punish ',
Tivupsvai (Eur. Or. 323), hom. Tsivurai (as Cretan anoTSivuTw after STSiaa, Tsiau)); Fut.
Tsiou), Aor. ETEioa (Thessalian nsTaai, Cypriot TreioEi ), tIgk; " payment, penance,
atonement, punishment, revenge, vengeance ', noivr) " atonement, punishment, revenge,
vengeance ' (out of it Latin poena); i\\xx\ " appraisal; honour; penance, atonement,
punishment ', arlpoq " dishonouring, derisive ';

probably Middle Irish cin, Gen. c//7ac/ "blame' {*k"'inu-t-s, compare Tivu-rai);

In a- grade:

Lithuanian kaina^ value, worth, price'; Old Prussian er-k/h/nt'{oit\r\e devil) set free,
release ';

In e- grade:

Old Bulgarian cena^ valuation, price, satisfaction, penalty, punishment; honour, price ',
cen/t/" assess '.

In a- grade:

Old Bulgarian kajQ, kajati s§^ feel repentance ', pokajati s§^ make penance, atonement ',
okajati^ deplore, lament ', russ. /r^'^fe "rebuke", -sja^ feel repentance '.

In e- grade:

root extension k^eis-, A'"i9/lC- (compare above Old Indie cit, citi-)\

Old Irish ad-cT{*k"is-e-t) " sees ', cTall\. "reason' = cymr. pwyll, bret. poellAs. {*k"eis-la),
etc. (Lewis-Pedersen 350);

Old Indie cetati, cfketatr hat acht auf etwas, nimmtWahr', Perf. ciketa, participle
cikitvan^ understanding, knowing ', Avestan ciki&va^ thinking over, deliberative ', Old Indie
ciW-\. " thought, reasoning, discernment', Avestan cist'h ds.. Old Indie cinta^ thought, care

Old Bulgarian cbtQ, cistT count, calculate, read a script; honor', *k''i-t-ti-> Cbstb{= Old
Indie cftti-h) "worship, veneration, honour'; with ani. s- Latvian skietu, skitu, sA75/"mean',
Impers. "shine, appear, seem'.

In a- grade:

Latvian skaittV count, recite prayers ', Lithuanian skait-au, -///"count, read '.

References: WP. I 508 f., Trautmann 113, 124, 135, 138, SchwyzerGr. Gr. 686, 697.
Page(s): 636-637

Root / lemma: k''ei-2{*k''ehu-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to pile, stow, gather

Material: Old Indie cinSti, cayati^ piles up, lines up; collects, accumulates; joins, is based ',
caya-xx\. " accumulation, heap '; kaya-xx\. " abdomen, body ' (actually "* build, figure, body
structure '; or "*mass'?); cita^ layer, woodpile, pyre, stake', citi-\. " accumulation, layer,
pyre, stake', cTtiA. " the collecting ';

Avestan kay-, cayeiti, c/nva/f/^{*\egere) aussuchen, choose 'with i//- "divide,
distinguere', with ham- "colligere, (Schrittlangen) aneinanderlegen'; np. c/0'5/7 "gather,
collect';

gr. ttoi£(jo "create' (arg. -Boeotian STToiFnas ), then also " poetize, write poetry ',
denominative of a *noi-F6-(; " constructing, creating ' (compare apTO-noi6(; " baker ');

Old Bulgarian cinh (probably i/-stem: Old Indie cino-ti, Avestan cinvaiti, yet in Slavic with
/"the first syllable, as Old Indie cTtf-) 'order, row, rank', ciniti^ sort, order, arrange, put in a
line, build ', probably also kir. koju, kojfty^ instigate, prepare something evil', as gr. cpovov
noisTv "murder instigate '), poln. dial, /ro/ics/i^ "succeed, proceed, go ahead'.

A 5- further formations in Avestan kaes- (with Praverbien) " to place together, heap up,
pile, arrange ', fra- "prepare, make ready ', i//-" prepare, get ready ' (Bartholomae Wb.
429).

References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Berneker538, Trautmann 124.
Page(s): 637-638

Root / lemma: Iceia-, k''lie-{*IC'ehu-es) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to rest quietly, quiet, peaceful

Material: Old Indie cira-m^ indecisiveness, delay', cira-^ lasting, continuing; ongoing, long
'; Old pers. siyati-s^ complacency ' (= Latin quies), Avestan sa///-5 "pleasure, joy' {s- = sy-,
compare gathav. syeitibyd), Avestan syata-, sata- " pleases ' (= Latin quietus), a-sata- "
unhappy ' (= Latin inquietus), Flapu-aaTK;, Avestan saista- " most cozily, most gratifyingly ',
np. sao' "blithe, glad', oss. ancayun^x^^'C; sogd. sV gleeful ';

Armenian han-gcim^\ lie, rest ', han-gisV tranquility ' {-g'h from *-k"i-)\

Latin quies, -etis' tranquility ', quie-sco, -scere, -vT, -turn 'rest', with formants -/c»-(as
Germanic 77by/7-) tranquTius, tranquiiius' peaceful' {trans + kfios);

Maybe alb. ^e/e "quiet' a Latin loanword.

Gothic tveila. Old English fiwJl, Old High German (ii)wJla " while, time'. Old Icelandic
/7i//7a "couch, bed, place for resting ', hvlld' tranquility ', Gothic fveiian' stay, linger,
hesitate, cease'. Old English HwaiaUH, Old High German wTion, -en' stay, linger';

Old Church Slavic pokojb " tranquility ', pokojg, pokojiti' calm, appease ', pocijg, pociti
"rest';

Tocharian B sa/e"rich' (: Avestan syata-' pleases ');

Lycian tezi' sarcophagus ' from *k"jetis{'7), Pedersen Lycian and Hittite 50.

References: WP. I 510, WH. II 406, Trautmann 124.
Page(s): 638

Root / lemma: IceR-, IcoR-, IceR-s- {* k^ehuR-s-)

Meaning: to seem, see, show

Material: Old Indie /ras'a/e 'appears, glares, gleams, shines', cakasiti, ca/ras/a/e "shines,

looks ', kasa-'C(\. ' being visible, shine';

Avestan akasaV perceives '; npers. 5^5/7 "expert, skillful', /7/ga/7 "sight'; s-extension
k'^eks-. Old Indie caste {"i. PI. caksat§) "appears; beholds ', in compounds also " announce,
show', caksas-v\. "shine, face', caksu-^ seeing ', n. " brightness, face, eye'; Avestan
cas(te, -5/fey) "instruct, teach' (actually " allow to notice '), Middle Persian das/7a/7 "instruct,
teach', Avestan Old pers. casman- n. "eye', npers. casm, ds.; (common Old Indie gh- > ks-
: Old pers. gh- > xs- : Middle Persian xs- > s-)

gr. TEKjjojp, young TSKjjap (after TSKjjaipu)) "mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic
mark or property' ( *k"ek-m[d]r-l); different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326;

with voiced final sound Old Church Slavic kazQ, kazaf/^s\r\o\N, urge, remind', u-kazb " a
showing forth, exhibiting, a setting forth, exposition, proving, proof ' (also kaznb " decision,
judgement, alignment '), probably Indo Germanic *k"eg-bes\6es *k"ek-l common Old Indie
gh- > ks- : Slavic gh- > z-, z-

References: WP. I 510 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 326, 519.
Page(s): 638-639

Root / lemma: k^'e-l {*k''ehu-)
See also: s. unk^o-
Page(s): 636

Root /lemma: k^el-l, k''el9-{*k'^ehulah-)
Meaning: to turn; wheel; neck?
Material:

In a- grade:

Old Indie carati, calatT moves, walks, grazes, drives ' etc. (heavy basis in caritum, carita-,
cTrna-, carftra-v\. "foot, leg', carcOryamana-, curtf-, also probably tuvi-kOrmf-^ energetic,
vigorous '), lengthened grade cara-m. " way ', etc.; Avestan caraiti^ versatur, obliegt einer
Tatigkeit ' etc., carana-^i\e\6\ Old pers. parikara^cuWSyaieY;

s-extension in Old Indie karsu-f. "furrow, headland ', karsati, krsatr turn over, rotate
something, plow ', Avestan karsa-m. n. "furrow', karsa/t/"r\6ge, mark with ridges ';

Tocharian A kallas^ brings ', preterit sel, PI. /ra/5/'(Pedersen Tocliar. 183).

In e- grade:

alb. sjel, sjeir turn round, twist, turn over, bring' {*k"'el-)\ besides A/e/"bring, bear'
{*k"'oleid), a-sur willow ', sule " boat ', (Note: Occidental (western) Romance languages
prefix e-, a-), per-kul, perku/'bend, curve ' ( *k"'e/-n-), kulp, kulper, kulpra " forest shoot
'(*A-V-bh-);

Balto Slavic */re//^-"knee' in Lithuanian kelys. East Lithuanian /re/zas "knee', Latvian
cell's 6s.\ Lithuanian kelenasm. 'knee', ablaut. Old Church Slavic kolenou. "knee, stem,
gender', perhaps further to Slavic *ce/nbn\., sloven, d/e/7 'joint, limb, member', kir. ceMn
'limb, member';

Gothic Old Icelandic asachs. {* heals) halsm., Old English heals, Modern High German
Hals' neck '; Old Icelandic hveln. 'wheel' =

Old Prussian kelan'wheeV, Latvian f. PI. du-celes' 2-wheeled cart ';

gr. nsAu), nsAopai 'be in motion ' (tt Aeolic), Aor. ettAeto, participle n£pinA6|j£V0(; 'to
move round, be round about', with Aeolic t£- = */r"'e-.n£piT£AA6|j£V0(; in the meaning
(teAAu) ' accomplish, perform duties, rites, etc, make to arise ' Pind.), hom. izkzQod 'be,
become', Cretan T£Aopai ' to be, to exist ', Cypriot T£VTai 'he will be ', also itkoq n. 'coming
to pass, performance, consummation, power of deciding, supreme power, magistracy,
office, decision, doom, something done or ordered to be done, task, service, duty, services
or offerings due to the gods, state of completion or maturity, completion, end, finish, full
realization, highest point, ideal, the end or purpose of action ' (t£A£U) ' finish, complete,
bring to an end, accomplish, execute, perform ', itkeioq, itkzoqirom *izkzo-Fo-q ' perfect,
of victims, entire, without spot or blemish, fully constituted, valid, of animals, full-grown,
married, of persons, accomplished, perfect in his kind, in relation to quality, of prayers,
vows, etc., fulfilled, accomplished, of numbers, full, complete, of the gods, having power to
fulfil prayer, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, grown', T£A£UTn ' consummation, termination,
end'), wherefore teAgov (*T£AaFov, compare above Old Indie karsu-) ' furrow, headland ',
i.e. ' headland, i.e. land where the plough turned ';

In o- grade:

gr. tt6Ao(; " piuot on which anything turns, axis, axis of the celestial sphere, pole-star,
celestial sphere, vault of heauen, sky, orbit of a star, crown of the head, centre of the
circular threshing-floor, pole passing through the axle-tree of a carriage, as a shock-

absorber, concave sun-dial (called polos from being shaped like the vault of heaven), on
which the shadow was cast by the interpreter, head-dress, worn by goddesses ', ttoAeu)
"go about, range ouer, haunt, revolve, turn up the earth with the plough, plough ',
aiJcpinoAoq ' maid (Hom.), servant' = Latin anculus^ a man-servant ', ain6Ao(; ' nanny goat
shepherd ', GeottoAeu) ' minister in things divine ' (besides Geh-koAoc; 'priest'); with k in
(3ouk6Ao(; " tending kine, worshipper of Dionysos in bull-form, in pi., title of play by
Cratinus, Osorapi devotee of Sarapis, cattle shepherd ' = Middle Irish buachaill, cymr.
i&^^a//"herdsman, shepherd' from *k"'o/{/Jos\N\t\r\ labialization after u,

Maybe alb. ,^5/7^ "herdsman, shepherd' a Celtic loanword.

ttoAeuu) " turn or go about, the planet presiding ouer a day, turn up the soil with the plough
' (yf|v " plough up '), Ionian Attic sninoAnq ' on the surface, on the top, uppermost ', spnoAn
"merchandise, traffic, purchase, gain made by traffic, profit '; nwAsofjai " go up and down
or to and fro: hence, go or come frequently '; naAiv " of Place, back, backwards, of Time,
again, once more, in turn ' (Akk. a *TTaAiq ' turn '); kukAo^ see below; the gr. n-forms
contain probably partly Indo Germanic pe/-see below;

Latin co/o, -ere^ to till, tend, care for, cultivate ' {*k"eld)\ colonus' a husbandman, tiller
of the soil ', //7cc»/e/'e "inhabit, to be at home, abide, dwell ', incola^ an inhabitant, resident ',
inquilTnus^ of foreign birth ', Esquiliae^ the largest of the seven hills of Rome '; about
anculus " a man-servant ' see above;

colus, -ust m. or -/"f. "distaff' {*k"elos^ spindle'), collus, -/"m. (Old Latin), collum, -/"n. "
the neck, the neck (of a flask or bottle), (of the poppy), mountain ridge ' {*k"ol-so-, Gothic
ha Is);

Old Irish cur cart ' (Dual. *k^old); Middle Irish coir head' =

Old Church Slavic kolou.. Gen. /ro/ese "wheel', PI. kola 'cart ' (mixture from k^olo-m.
and k"eles-v\.)\

Icelclo-, k^olclo-il) "wheel' in:

In a- grade:

Old Indie cakra-m. n. (pronunciation secondary) " cartwheel, disc, circle ', Avestan
caxra-m. "wheel'.

In zero- grade:

gr. KUKAoq " circle ', PI. kukAoi and kukAq " wheels '

In e- grade:

Old Icelandic hjol, hvel {*k"ek"elon-, Germanic *hweh(w)ula-) n., Old English hweol {ev\Q\.
wheel), besides hweowol, ^n/eo^o/ (Germanic *hweg{v\/}ula-). Middle Low German wel
"wheel'; also Frisian fiar\s probably eine dissimilation-form for *hwewla-\ compare also
Phrygian kIkApiv " big, giant bear ' ('cart '), Lithuanian kaklas, Latvian kokis " neck ';
Tocharian A kukal, B kokale " cart '.

Lengthened grade perhaps (as ' twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ')
Old Icelandic hva//an6 hollru. (latter from dem Dat. PI. holumiroxw hvalum) 'roundish hill'.

References: WP. I 514 f., WH. I 45, 245 ff., 250, 846, Trautmann 125.
Page(s): 639-640

Root / lemma: lrel-2{*k''ehul-)

Meaning: far (with regard to place and time)

Material:

In a- grade:

Old Indie carama- ' the last, extreme ', ciras 'chronologically long', gr. naAai ' for a long

time, since long ago ' (naAai6(; 'old', naAairspoc;, -TaTO(;).

In e- grade:

gr. Tf|A£, Aeolic irnAui 'afar, wide' (thAo-Gev, -0i, -as), cymr. corn. bret. peiraiaf {*k"el-s-o-

?), cymr. pellaFihe extreme'.

References: WP. I 517.

Page(s): 640

Root / lemma: k''el-3{*k''ehul-)

Meaning: swarm, flock, shoal, school, clan, herd, crowd

Material:

In o- grade:

Old Indie kula-mv\. 'herd, bulk, mass; gender, sex';

In zero- grade:

Old Indie krstf-i. 'people, people';

In e- grade:

gr. TsAoq n. 'troop, multitude, crowd';

Old Church Slavic celjadbi. ' servants ', collective to that in celoveki, "person' present
celo-.

References: WP. I 517, Berneker 141 f., Meillet BSL. 22, 18 f., Kuiper Proto-Munda 55.
Page(s): 640

Root / lemma: Icem- {*k''ehum-)
Meaning: to swallow, sip
Material:

In a- grade:

Old Indie camat/ and camat/'* slurps ', participle acanta-, camasa-m. "drinking bowl,

goblet', camu-m. ' platter'; npers. cam^ the eating ', cam/5an ^ 6nnk' , osset. cumun^ slurp

I.

In e- grade:

Armenian k'im-k'P\. "faux, guttur' ( *k"'ema^\ dubious is gr. £T£|J£v npsAvsv and tsjjvovtq
[probably Tspovra] ajJEAvovTa Hes., whereas afJEAysiv in the later meaning " soak, saturate,
absorb the liquid, squeeze ';

In o- grade:

with ablaut grade a npers. kam^ palate', afghan. kumai6s.\

nisi, hvoma {iroxw *hvama, Indo Germanic *k"emd= Old Indie camati) " swallow, devour,
engulf, consume', hvomai. " esophagus, gullet'.

References: WP. I 514.
Page(s): 640-641

Root / lemma: Icene {*k^ehus-)

Meaning: particle of generalization/uncertainty

Material:

In a- grade:

Old Indie cana, Avestan cina^ any, whatever, anyone, anybody, at all '; often negative,

e.g. Old Indie na ekas cana "no, not at all, not';

Maybe alb. ca" any, some ';

In e- grade:

Germanic -j/>7 in Old Icelandic hver-gin^ by no means, not at all, in no way ', Old
English asachs. Old High German hwer-gin^ anywhere, in any place, someplace,
somewhere, in some place ' (from /7M/5/''where' + -gin) from Old High German io-wergin.
Middle High German iergen. Modern High German irgend. (tmmor^Hittit^l^^t^^^

References: WP. I 399 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 562.
Page(s): 641

Root / lemma: k''enth-{*k''ehuth-)
Meaning: to suffer, endure
Material:

In e- grade:

Gr. -ntyQoc, n. 'affliction, mourning, grief, misfortune'; nachhom. na9o(; n. 'affliction,
misfortune, ferventness, passion', rraaxu) {*k"nth-skd). Put. nsiaopai, Aor. EnaGov, Perf.
nsnovGa 'suffer, bear, endure ' (ns- for t£- after the forms with na-, tto-);

Old Irish cess(a)im^\ suffer' {*k"enth-t6 ox *k"enth-s-d), cessad^ a suffering '.

Pedersen KG. II 486 assumes a nasalized cognate in Old Irish ar-cessi{ *k"et-sT-) '
spares, takes pity ' (meaning would be as in Lithuanian pakenteti^ be patient with
somebody '), cymr. arbedu{*k'^et-) 'spare, look after', bret. erbedi^ recommend ' (older
also 'spare, look after'), acorn. henbidiaV sparing, frugal, thrifty, economical, niggardly,
stingy, penurious, parsimonious '.

Lithuanian kenciu, k§str withstand, suffer, bear, endure'.

In a- grade:

Lithuanian {*pa-kanta) pakantai. ' patience ', kancia^ suffering, pain, anguish, misery,
distress, martyrdom, excruciation, torment, torture, purgatory, rack, sting ', ziem-kintis^
den Winter uber aushaltend ', Latvian c/'esu c/esf suffer, bear, endure, brook ', ziem-ciesis
( *kentsia-) ' member one to the family of the winter green plants (Pyrolaceae) belonging
type of low shrubs: Pyrola ';

References: WP. I 513, Trautmann 126 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 708.
Page(s): 641

Root / lemma: k''er-1 {*k''ehur-)

Meaning: to do

Material: Old Indie karot/{\rc\per. kuru), krnoti^ does, accomplishes ', participle krta-, kara-
" doing, making ', m. 'hand, elephant's trunk ', kara-^ making ', m. "feat, dead, act',
karman-v\. "action, work', karmara-h' smith '; /rr//- "feat, dead, act'; sam-krt^ ov\ce'\ besides
with s- pari-skar- an6 sam-skar-,

Avestan ksrsnaoitT makes, performs, acts ', /rara/ay- "feat, dead, act', Infin. karstae.
Old pers. akunavam, karta-, Avestan cara^ tool, aid ', np. car^ tool ', cara^ tool, help,
artifice' (= Slavic cara^ charm, spell', see below);

Oscan petiro-pert^ quadruple, four times, fourfold ' (: Old Indie sam-krt)\

cymr. paraf effectuate, cause, obtain ', verbal noun peri, wherefore redupl. (from a
redupl. present?) probably cymr. pybyr^ energetic, vigorous ';

Old Irish cm//? "shape', cymr. pryd {*k"rtu-) "shape, time'; in addition perhaps Old Irish
Cru(i)thin, mcymr. Prydyn " Picts '; cymr. Prydain " Britannia, ancient Roman name for the
island of Great Britain ' the ending is attributed to Rhufain {Rdmanl); acorn, prit, mcorn.
prys, bret. pred^^xme'; Middle Irish creth^ poem ' {*k'rto-), cymr. prydu^ poetize ', prydydd
"bard';

Lithuanian kuriu, kurt/'erect, build, make', out of it perhaps "start a fire, heat '; Latvian
kurt' stimulate, heat ', Old Prussian kura' build, construct, create '; different above S. 572.

Here with the meaning " cheat somebody, bewitch ', also Old Indie /rr/ya ("action, feat,
dead, act':) "the bewitching, charm, spell' , gr. itpaq n. " miracle sign ', nsAwp n. " monster,
horror ', T£Au)piO(; \^tyoi(;, nsAcbpioq Hes.; the n- is Aeolic; TTsAwp, TsAwp dissimilated from
*TT£pu)p, *T£p(ji)p; Lithuanian ker/u, kereti^ conjure, practice witchcraft ', /reras "charm,
spell', Slavic carai. "charm, spell' in Old Bulgarian carodejb^ magician ', carii. PI. "charm,
spell, allurement ' etc.;

perhaps with aniaut. s- (compare Old Indie sam-skar-) Old Indie a-scarya- " strange,
wonderful ', n. "wonder, miracle'. Old Icelandic skarsu. "a monster; giantess ', skersat "
giantess ', skyrsem. "( nauseous) omen, sign, phantom ' (whose suffix includes the zero
grade of es-stem itpaq).

References: WP. I 517 f., WH. I 165, 273, Trautmann 127.
Page(s): 641-642

Root / lemma: k''er-2{*k''ehur-)

Meaning: a kind of dish or pot

Material: Old Indie caru-^ kettle, pot, pan', wherefore probably Aa/'/ra/'r water jug', kararjka-

"cranium';

Old Irish co/z^Ae (though not from *k"eriJo-, but from *k"eriJo-), cymr. pair, corn, per^
kettle ';

Old Norse hverrm. " kettle ', Old English hwer. Old High German (hjwerds.

/7-extension lies before in: Middle Irish cernt " platter ', nisi, hvorn' bone in the fish
head ', Norwegian dial. hvann6s.; Gothic fvafrneii. 'cranium'. Old Icelandic hvernai. "
pots and pans, set of cooking utensils '.

References: WP. I 518.
Page(s): 642

Root / lemma: k''eru- {*k''ehur-)

Meaning: to chew; to grind

Material: Old Indie c5/'i/5// "chews up, crushes ', participle curna-s, m. "fine dust, powder,

meal, flour' (in -J- influenced the second vowel after the basis k"eru-l)\ different about

can/a//above S. 576, 582;

gr. Topuvri oitwSe^ t£ Hes. (assimil. from *T£puva), nopuvav [jayiSa Hes. (development
from gradational */r"'c»/'i//7a or Aeolic form of Topuvri), nupvov n., PI. nupva (Hom.) " wheat
bread ' (-u- in still to inquiring connection with the second vowel from *k"'eru-).

References: W P. I 519.
Page(s): 642

Root /lemma: Icetuer-, Icetuor-, ICetur-xw., k''etes(o)r-i. {* k''ehut-ehsor-)

Meaning: four

Note: (contains?? *50/'"wife, woman')

Material:

In a- grade:

Old Indie catvarahm. (Akk. caturah), catvariu., catasraht; Avestan ca^warom. (Gen.
caturqm), catarjrdi., npers. cahar,

Latin quaftuor {a seems, as hom. moupzc;, ©to continue);
In e- grade:

Armenian cork'irovn *corek'< *k"'etuores {Akk. dors);

gr. horn. Tsaaapsq, Attic TSTTapsq, Boeotian TTSTTapst; (witli secondary weak grade);
Ionian Arcadian lieiien. T£aa£p£(; {*k"etueres)\

reduced grade liom. niaup£(; (Akl<. niaupa(; = Old Indie caturah, Lesbian TTiaupcov =
Avestan caturqm), Lesbian also TT£aaup£q; Doric wgr. itiopzc, {*k'^etuores)\

Oscan pettiur, petoran. (compare petiro-pert^ quadruple, four times, fourfold ' from
*petria-, that after *tria\v\ Umbrian triiuper' thrice, three times ');

Old Irish ceth(a)ir{iem. cetheo/ra^er teo/r^3'), acymr. petguar, ncymr. pedwar{^erc\.
pedaii), corn. peswar{abnt town name n£Touapia);

Gothic fidwor, nord. and West Germanic due to an assimilation form "/r^e/r^o/' (besides
the composition forms salfr. fitter-. Old English fyder-. Old Swedish fiaet^er-: QoVc\\c fidur-):
Old Icelandic fidrerxr\., fiorari., fiogoru.. Old High German feor, fior. Old Saxon fiuwar,
fior. Old English feower,

Lithuanian keturi {Akk. keturis= Old Indie caturah), fem. keturios, Latvian cetrr. Old
Church Slavic -cetyrem., -/f. n.

Tocharian A stwar{*k"'etuer-), B s(t)war, s(t)wer {*k"etuores) "4", A stwarak^AQ'.

In a- grade:

In compounds (and derivatives) k^etur-, k^etuf-, k^etru- Old Indie catur-{ar)ga-h^ four
limbed '], with zero grade of the 1 . syllable Avestan a-xtuirfm " quadruple, four times,
fourfold ' Old Indie turJya-, turya-h, Avestan tuirya-^ the fourth '; Avestan ca&wars-aspa-
Avestan cadru-[gaosa-J,

In e- grade:

from *T£TFpa (Indo Germanic *k"'etur-): gr. T£Tpa-[K6aioi], -irout;; contaminated from rpu-
and T£Tpa-: gr. Tpan£^a; Tpu-(paA£ia "helmet' (compare T£Tpa-(paAo(; ' with four horns ')
probably zero grade *[k"]tru-, as Oscan trutom (if it stands for " for the fourth time '); Latin
quadru-[pes], Umbrian petu^-pursus^ four-footed; quadruped ']; gall. Petru-corii^ the 4-
born ', petru-deca-metos^ fourteenth ', cymr. pedry-^ fourfold ' (gall, petor-ritum
"vierraderiger cart ' probably with the vowel from *k"etuores), " rectangular, strong'; Gothic
/^io'i//'-o'o^s (West-Germanic see above); Lithuanian ketur\kdjis^ four-footed; quadruped '];
Armenian k'tar-a-sun^AQ' (from *twr-, compare Old Indie turJya-^ the fourth ').

ordinals:
In a- grade:

Old Indie caturtha-, tuny a-, turya-, Avestan tuirya-.

In e- grade:

Armenian corir, corr-ord, kar-ord, gr. Attic T£TapTO(;, horn. T£TpaTO(; (for *TupTO(; " the fourth '
in TupraToq), Boeotian TT£TpaTO(;; Latin quartus, pran. Quorta, Oscan perhaps truto-{see
above); Old Irish cethramad {*k"etru-metos)\ gall. petuarios= acymr. petuerid.

In zero grade:

Old High German fiordo. Old English feorda. Old Icelandic fiordr, Lithuanian ketviftas
(Latvian ceturtaTsas Old Indie caturtha-h). Old Church Slavic ceivrbtv, Tocharian A start
( *k"eturtos), B stwerne.

From other attachments is accented Latin quattuordecim, Gothic fidwortafhun. Old High
German v/orze/^an'^4'■, Doric Ionian delph. TSTpcbKovra {*k"etUora-komte) = Latin
quadrag/nta' 40'; Avestan ca&rus^ quadruple, four times, fourfold ', Old Indie catuh= Latin
quater{*k"etrus)\ Old Indie catvara-m. " rectangular place', Lithuanian ketverT quadruple
', Old Church Slavic cetvert, cetvorb6s., Old Irish cethorcho^AQ' {*k"'etru-Romt-s).

References: WP. I 512, Trautmann 131 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 351 f., 589 f., WH. II 394,
400 f., F. Sommer Zum Zahlwort, 27.
Page(s): 643-644

Root / lemma: Ice 1 {*k''ehu-)

Meaning: and (end.)

Note: from '* anyhow, somehow ', as also to Pron.-stem k^o-, k^e-oi interrogative and

indefinite standing in same relationship, as *^e"here' to Ro-, ke-^\h\s\ With it identically

k"e behind forms of interrogative - indefinite -stem to the strengthening of the indefinite

mode.

Material: Old Indie ca, Avestan ca, ap. da enclitic "and"; Lydian -/r'and'; gr. te 'and'; venet.

-ke, lepont. -pe, piken. -p, Latin -que; ne-que= Oscan-Umbrian nep, neip^ not; and not,

nor; rarely not even ' = Old Irish na-ch, mcymr. etc. /7ac"not' (to afrom esee below ne

"not'), compare Latin atque^an6 in addition' {ad+ que) = Umbrian ap{e) " in which place, in

what place, where, with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with,

together, and '; Gothic n/-h {etc., see below ne) "not'; (see also Old High German etc. noh

under */w/" but, well, now that '); Bulgarian ce' but, and, that, because ', Czech old a-ce,

ac'W, poln. acz^ even though, although ';

Maybe alb. Geg nuk, Tosc nuku' not ' : mcymr. etc. nac'noV.

Maybe alb. ne se' if not', se' that'.

the indefinite mode, mind intensifying e.g. Old Indie kas-ca, Avestan c/s-ca' wer irgend,
welcher irgend ', in relative clause with Rel.-Pron. ya-; Avestan c/s-ca a\so " whoever it be,
whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ';

Armenian -k'e.g. o-k" whoever' (if drop of efrom */r"'e before the palatalization; with k'
of equated with the plural);

gr. 6a-T£ (here behind the relative; s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 575 f.);

Latin quom-que, cunque, Umbrian yC>^/r7yC>e originally '* with, together with, in the
company of, in connection with, along with, together, and ', then with coloring of time mode
(as in Modern High German M/e/'//77/77e/' "whoever') just generalizing, e.g. quTcumque,
Umbrian pisipumpe 6s.\ quisque {ixom *qurqu/sque:0\d \nd'\c yah kas-ca) in sentences of
relativen mode, (7i//S(7^e (mostly against) ' whoever it be, whatever, each, each one, every,
everybody, every one, everything ';

Gothic -/7, -u-h'\n fvaz-u-h, fvo-h, fva-h^ whoever it be, whatever, each, each one,
every, everybody, every one, everything ';

Hittite ku-is-ki{= Latin quis-que) = Lycian tf-ke; ni-ik-ku{: Latin ne-que) = Lydian n/-k.

In similar meaning also other forms from of the stems k"'o-, k"a, k"i-. Latin quis-quam.
Old Indie cit{cid), Avestan cil, ap. c/y generalization particle (z. B. Old Indie kas-cid^ any
one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something ') = Indo Germanic *k"id\v\
Oscan -pfd, -pid, Umbrian -pe, -pe/{e.g. Oscan puturus-pfd^ which of both ', Umbrian
putres-pe^ which of both ') = Armenian -c{/n-c' something '); s. also *k"ene.

References: WP. I 507 f., WH. I 309 f., II 401 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. II 573 ff., 6482 f.
Page(s): 635-636

Root / lemma: Iced- k^od-i^k^ehutt-)

Meaning: to prick; to drill, sharpen

Note: (older keued-1)

Material: Old Icelandic ^i/a/r'quick, fast, gamy, sharp', hvQt\. ' Anreizung ', hvata, -ada^

set in motion, hasten ', Old English /7M/^/"quick, fast, gamy'. Old Saxon hwatds.. Old High

German {hjwaz' sharp, violent', Gothic gahjatjan' set in motion, whet'. Old Icelandic hvetja
" sharpen, incite ', Old English hwettan6s.. Middle Low German M/e//e/7"whet', Old High
German (h)wezzen. Middle High German wetzen^sWr, tease, irritate, stimulate, whet'; to
participle Gothic hjassabaMv. 'sharp, stern' (/wasse/'vehemency, austereness,
severeness '), Old Icelandic /7i/a5S 'sharp, rash, hasty'. Old English hwsess^ sharp'. Old
High German (h)was. Middle High German was(ser)^ sharp, spiky, violent, stern'; ablaut.
Old Icelandic hvata^ penetrate '; Old Swedish M/a' bore holes '; with an allegorical
meaning Old Saxon for-hwatan. Old High German far-hwazan' curse ' and Gothic hjotat
' threat ', /ko^s/? 'threaten'. Old Icelandic /70/n. ' threat ', /70/a 'threaten';

probably Latin tri-quetrus^ with three corners, triangular' ('tricorn, three-cornered ';
probably from *tri-quedros); possibly also Old Indie codati, codayati^ invigorates, sets in
motion, presses ' {*kehud).

References: WP. I 513, II 554, Wissmann Postverbalia 64 f.
Page(s): 636

Root / lemma: k^t^ei-

See also: s. more properly above S. 487 under g'^hdei(a)-.

Page(s): 649

Root/ lemma: Ico-, k^e-, fem. k*'a, k''ei-{*k''ehu-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-,

-y-, -/-.

Meaning: indefinite/interrogative pronominal base

Grammatical information: (presumably once only in Nom. Akk. Sg.); ^"^/-(only in Adv.);

Note: the relative has partly changed single-linguistically

Material: 1 . stem k^o-, k''e-, fem. k''a-\ Gen. k''eso, Instr. ^"^ time adverb k^om.

A. Case forms and only single-linguistically provable derivations:

Old Indie ka-h{= Phrygian Koq ' anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything;
something; everything ', Gothic /z^as 'who?'), fem. /r^'who?' and indefinite; Indo Germanic
^"05 probably the old Nom. Sg. m.;

Avestan /rd(Gen. Gatha-Avestan ka-hya, ca-hya), fem. /ra'who?, who, what, which, the
one that?'. Old pers. kas[-ciy], as Indef. with -cJl, or placed in reduplication, or in neg. or
rel. sentences; Avestan Aa'as?'; Old pers. ada-kaiy^ then, at that time ' = gr. noi by
Pindar ' also, i.e. especially ';

Armenian o'who?' {*k"'o-, Meillet Esquisse^ 189), indef. c»-/r' "whoever' {-k'= Latin que),
o-mn^who' (relative o-^'who, what, which, the one that'); k'an/'how much', k'an'as, after
the comparative' (= Latin quam), k'anak^ quantita ' ; Latin quantus 'oi what quantity?',
Umbrian panta^ how great? how much? of what amount? ' has derived from quamwWh
formants-to-;

Maybe alb. {*k"a) sa' how great? how much? of what amount? '.

gr. Gen. Sg. hom. tso, Attic tou ' whose, of whom?' (= Old Bulgarian ceso, Old High
German hwes, Indo Germanic *k"'es(j)o)\ Dat. Sg. f. Doric ng, Attic np, Ionian Kp ( *k"a-)
"whereto?, wherefore?, how?'; Instr. f. Ionian Attic irfi "whereto'; Instr. Sg. m. n. Cretan 6-
TTn "where, whereto', Doric Trn-TTOKa, ncb-rroKa, Attic ncb-nore " when? at what time? ', nu),
Ionian koj "(* during a period, sometime =) still' and modal " anyhow, somehow ' in ou ttoj "
not yet, not at this time, not just now, not to this point in time ' and " not anyhow, on no
account ' (compare Gothic fveas well as Latin c/^d "whereto', if not ablative); nclx;, Ionian
KU)(; "how'; TToSairoq " from what country?: hence, generally, whence? where born? of
what sort? ' (neutr. *k"'od+ forms -rjk^'o-, compare aAAo5-an6c; above S. 25 under *alios
"other'); Attic etc. noT "whereto', Doric ttsT "where' (Lok.); Attic ttou, Ionian koO "where'
(Gen.);

Maybe alb. {*k"'o-) ku^ where' : Ionian koO "where'.

n69£v 'from where?'; hom. ttoGi, Ionian k60i "where'; hots "when?' (Doric noKa "when',
compare SchwyzerGr. Gr. 1, 629), hots, Lesbian nora, Ionian kote " someday, one day,
one of these days, some time or other, once ', wherefore also hots after Interrogativen,
e.g. Ti TTOT£ " what then' and - with previously gr. reduplication - TirrTE ds. (see in addition
under poti-s), noas "whereto' (-as from -te) = Gothic fvat^, fvad 'whereto'; Cretan teTov
noTov Hes., Attic ttoTo^ " of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a ' from *k"'o- + oiuo- =
Old Indie ei/a-"kind of way'. Old High German ewa, compare Gothic laiwa'howT, see
below ei- "go'; to variation from n- (: Ionian k-): t- s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 293 f.

alb. ke' whom?' {*k"'o-m), se' what, which?', se" then (in comparative)', ne se' if (Abl.
*k"'dd w\t\r\ analogical palatalization?), s/"how, as?' (*/re/?); (common alb. Polish y> e)

Latin quT{0\6 Latin quoi^rom *k"o+ Demonstr. -/), quae, quodRe\. and indefinitive,
Oscan pui, paf, pud' who? which? what? what kind of a?, any one, anybody, anything,
some one, somebody, something, in what manner? how? whereby? by what means? why?
', Umbrian po-i, -e, -ei' who? which? what? what kind of a? ', pure, parse " who? which?
what? what kind of a? ', Latin cuius, cui, quo, qua etc., Umbrian pusme' who? which?

what? what kind of a? '; Adv. Latin (7^0 "whereto' (Abl.) = Umbrian pu-e^ in what manner?
how? whereby? by what means? why? ' {u= o, that is not abbreviated before the enclitic);
Latin quam ' in what manner, to what degree, how greatly, how, how much ' (Akk. Sg. f.) =
Umbrian fpre-Jpa' former, previous, prior, first ', Oscan pruterpam ds. (Avestan kqm-cil^
in irgendeiner, jeder Weise ', Old Latin quam-de = Umbrian pane, Oscan pan " who?
which? what? what kind of a? '; Latin quantus see above;

Latin quom, cum^ with, together with, in the company of, in connection with, along with,
together, and ' (Akk. Sg. n. as pn'mum etc. = Avestan kem 'as', Gothic fvan "when'. Old
Prussian kan, Lithuanian (dial.) kq^W; Old Church Slavic ko-gda iroxw *ko-g(o)da, Meillet
Slave commun2 470;

with -flfeextension Umbrian pon(n)e, Oscan pun^ with, together with, in the company of,
in connection with, along with, together, and '; Latin quando'when' {*quam Akk. extension
+ dd), Umbrian panu-pei^ at what time soever, whenever, whensoever, as often as ',
Middle Low German wante^ twice, at two times, on two occasions '; Latin quantus,
Umbrian panta " how great? how much? of what amount? ' (see 644);

Old Irish nech, adj. (proklit.) nach' some, any; any one, anybody ', cymr. corn. bret. nep
{*ne-k"o-s, with coloring of the negation in neg. sentences with repeated negation, also
Lithuanian /raz-/7e-/r5S "somewhat', kada-ne-kada^ sometimes ', Old Bulgarian nek-bto^
somebody, some person, someone, anybody, anyone '); Old Irish each, connected to
each, mcymr. pawp, connected to pop, corn, pup, pop, pep, bret. pep " each, every ' ( *k''a-
or k^o-k^o-s, to Old Bulgarian kaki, "who, what, which, the one that?'), Irish cech^ each,
every ' (e after nech); Old Irish can, mcymr. pan{*k"'ana). Middle Breton pe-ban
"whence?'; Old Irish cuin^yNheuT, mcymr. etc. pan, pann^as, if {*k"ani?). Old Irish ca-ni,
mcymr. po-ny^ In a direct question, not? ' {*k"a^;

Gothic hjas{*k"o-s) "who?' and indefinite (Gen. hjis. Old High German hwes= Old
Bulgarian ceso, gr. teo). Old Swedish hvar, har. Old Danish hva. Old English /7iya"who',
with eof Gen. Old Saxon hwe. Old High German hwer {*k"'e-s) "who'; neutr. Gothic hja
( *k"'o-d). Old High German hwaz. Old Norse hvat. Old English hwaet. Old Saxon hwat^
what '; fem. Gothic fvo'who? what? which?' : Gothic hjan^when, how'. Old Saxon hwan.
Old High German hwanne^\N\r\en' (close comparison to Old Irish ca/7 "whence' is doubtful
because of the meaning). Old Saxon hwanda' because, for, due to the fact that, since ',
Old High German hwanta^ why '; Gothic /I'e "wherewith?' (Instr.); Old Frisian ho. Old
Saxon hwo. Old High German hwud^ho\N' to Latin ^^o "whereto' (Ablat.), gr. tto), kw "
anyhow, somehow ';

Lithuanian /ras'wlio?, wliat?' also indefinite, fern, ka, Old Prussian kasxw., kan. "who?',
kast qua/, quo/, n. ka {Akk. also kan, ka/) " what, who, which, the one that; some, any;
what a '; Lithuanian kad^ than, but, whereas, that, as, in order to, in order that, because, if
' (conjunction as Latin quod, from the questioning use, compare Old Indie kad, Avestan kal
adv. interrogative particle " then, whether, if?'); Lithuanian kaf, kaT-p, Old Prussian kai-gi
"how?' (= Old Bulgarian ce; but about gr. Koi see below */r5/"and');

Old Bulgarian kb-to'who?' (Gen. ceso), kyjb, f. kaja, n. koje^ who? which? what? what
kind of a? ', ce" and indeed, and further, and yet ' (see above).

Maybe alb. kujt^ whose' a Slavic loanword. Slavic alb. -/ consonant.

B. The derivations which can be pursued by several languages: k^o-tero-^ who of the
two? '; Ar"'^-//-"how?'; k^o-ti-, Ar»i9-/'/-"how many?'.

Old Indie katara-, Avestan katara- " who of the two? ', gr. n6T£po(;, Ionian ko^zqoc, ds.,
Oscan Lok. puteref-pfd^ in utroque ', Umbrian podruh-peia6v. " to both places, on both
sides, in each direction ', putres-pe " which of both ', Gothic tua^ar. Old Icelandic hvarr.
Old English hwae^er^ who of both ' (Old High German hwedar. Modern High German still
in weder, with e, as hwer^yNho' : Gothic fvas), Lithuanian katras^ which?'. Old Bulgarian
koteryjb, koto/yjb " what, who, which ' comparative formation (restriction on the choice
between two opposites); superlative Old Indie katama-^ which of several '; compare of
stem k^u- : Latin uter.

Old Indie kada, Avestan /raJa "when?'; but Lithuanian kada^\N\\ev\T from *kadan; to
ending see above S. 181 ff. (also for Old Bulgarian kgdg, kgde^ whence', Latin quan-do).

Gr. TTr|Ai-KO(; "how great or large? of what age', Latin qua/fs ' of \Nhat sort, of what nature,
what kind of a', Lithuanian ko/e/, /ro/'"how long'; of stem k"'o-irom: Old Bulgarian ko//kb'of
what quantity?', ko/b " as much as, so much as, to as great an extent ' (Trautmann 111).

Old Indie /ra//"how many' = Hittite kuwatta, Latin quotds. (of apocope quotirom: quotus
" which in number, which in order, of what number'). Old Indie kati-tha-^ which in number,
which in order, of what number' = Latin *quot/te/ {Lok. m.) d/e> cofthd/e' in how many
days, always, daily '; gr. Lesbian Troaaoc; (hom. noaanijap), Attic n6ao(;, Ionian Koooq " of
what quantity? ' ( *k"oti-os; n6aT0(; " which in number, which in order, of what number,
which in the ordinal series? ' from *noaaoaT6c;; besides with Indo Germanic eAvestan
ca/t/"ho\N many', bret. pet\n pet dez^how many days', petguez^ how often? how many
times? '.

Old Indie kar-h/"\N}r\en7' = Gothic hjar, Old Icelandic hvar{ *k"'o/) "where?' and relative
(therefrom Gothic hjarjis. Old Icelandic /7i/e/r"who, what, which, the one that', actually
"where he', as from Lithuanian kuf [*k"ur]^\Nhere' +J/s^\r\e' arose Lithuanian Rel. kuris,
kurs'\N\r\o, what, which, the one that'); ©-grade Old English hwser. Old High German Old
Saxon /7M/5/'"where'; d-grade Latin cOr^ why, wherefore ', old quor.

Maybe alb. kur^ when', apocope {*kui) ku^ where'.

A parallel formation to Latin quis in Old Latin quir-quir^ in which place, in what place,
where '.

2. stem Ar"©/-, same form for Maskul., Neutr. and Femin.:

Old Indie kfm^ what? which', /r/T? "who?', na-ki-h' nobody, no person, no one ' (with k
instead of c, latter sound according to the rules in:) Old Indie cit{cid), Avestan cil. Old
pers. c/y" even, anyhow ' (originally Nom. Sg. n. *k''i-ct, s. also under /r"'e"and'); Avestan
as"who', cisca= Latin quisque, gr. i'\c, t£. Old pers. c/s-c/j/ds.; Avestan d/""how' (Instr.);

Maybe alb. 5/" how'.

Armenian -cin //7-J "somewhat' (= Old Indie kim- cid), that also in first part here, with
drop of /r"'-as i{z-i) " what?' {*k"'id-), Instr. /-i/" which, wherewith', (see also above to
Armenian o "who'); to Alb. see above under 1 ;

gr. Ti(; ( *k"is) m. f. (Thessalian Ki(;, Arcadian Cypriot a\(^, n. ri ( *k"id) "who? who, what,
which?' and i\c„ ri " who, what ', Akk. m. *tiv [*k"im) extension to riva, whereupon i\yoc„
Tivi, PI. n. *kl'9\v\ Megarian aa pav " why?' ri \^'^\y•, Boeotian to " why ' = Latin quia, also in
Ionian aooa, Attic QTia, " something, some, ' (through false separation from ottoTq oaa)
and with the relative a connected aaaa, Attic ana;

Maybe prefixed alb. {*pre-se) perse, pse' why?'; (common Slavic alb. prefix pre-).

Latin qu/s, qu/d'who, what ' (interrogative, indefinite, relative), quTMv. " who? which?
what? what kind of a? ' (it could be Abl. *kfd, but yet probably due to an Instr. *k"i =
Avestan cT, sloven. c/"if', Czech c/'"if'. Old English etc. hwr\\o\N, wherefore, why '); quT-n
(from -ne) " why not? wherefore not? ', quia-nam' wherefore? ', quia' wherefore?,
because, for, due to the fact that, since ' (Akk. PI. */r7a) see above;

Oscan pis, pid' any one, anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something '
(interrogative, indefinite, indefinite -relative), Umbrian sve-pis' sT quis ', pis-i' any one,

anybody, anything, some one, somebody, something, whoever, whosoever, whatever,
whatsoever, every one who, everything which '; doubled Oscan pispis, Latin quisquis,
argiv. rioTK; in generalizing indef. mode;

Old Irish c/ic/" what?' with /from c-id^ although it is '; originally as the adj. cedirom *ce
ed.

Old Irish cia 'who', cymr. pwy, corn, pyw, bret. piou "who' ( *k"'ei)\ connected to cymr. py,
pa, p- etc. (Old Irish cote, cate^ what is', 'where is' is unclear);

Gothic fvi-leiks. Old English hwilc " of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a '; Old
English hwT, Old Saxon hwT, hwiu. Old Icelandic /7K/"'how, wherefore, why ' (/r"flnstr.);

Maybe alb. c///" which ' : Gothic fvi-leiks. Old English iiwiic^ what kind of a '.

Old Bulgarian cb-to^ what '; Instr. ^"^(see above) in sloven. c/"if; also interrogative
particle ', Czech d/"if', poln. czy^W, russ. old c/"if'. Old Bulgarian ci-mb Instr. extended out
of it;

Maybe alb. ^, compond (*f' + fare^ kind ') ^fare^ what ' a Slavic loanword.

about Tocharian A kus, B kuse 'who, what, which, the one that' s. Pedersen Tocharian
121;

Maybe alb. kusii " who ' : Tocharian A kus " who '.

Hittite question- and relative pronoun kuis'\N\r\o, what, which, the one that', generalizing
kuis kuis etc. (= Latin quisquis) " whoever ', indefinitive kuis-ki{= Latin quisque) " whoever
it be, whatever, each, each one, every, everybody, every one, everything ', n. kuit-ki{=
Latin quidque); Lycian ti-ke{= Hittite kuis-ki); s. P. Tedesco Lang. 21, 128 ff., A. Hahn
Lang. 22, 68 ff.

3. stem k''u-:

Old Indie ku, Avestan /rJ 'where?'

Maybe alb. /r^ "where', /re "whom'.

ved. kuv-id^ if, whether, perhaps', Avestan c/7" how, in which quantity? ' (c- after cT
"how?'); Old Indie kuva, /ri/^ "where, whereto'; Old Indie kutra, Avestan ku^ra^ where?

whereto?'; Old Indie /rJ/a/7 "whence'; Old Indie kuha= gathav. kucfa'\N\r\ere' (= Old
Bulgarian kbde, Indo Germanic *k"'u-d'^e; see below Latin ub/);

Maybe alb. kudo ' everywhere '.

Avestan ku^a "how'; here also Aryan kuas 1 . first part of the compound the expression of
the bad, defective (actually ' of which kind !'), e.g. Old Indie ku-putra-'ba6 son', Avestan
ku-nairi^ whore ', compare Boeotian nouAijJoq " ravenousness ' (*ttu-). Old Boeotian
nuAipiia5c((;, also from stems k^'o- and k"i-. Old Indie ka-, ka-, kad-, kim-, e.g. ka-purusa-^
living creature, goblin, ugly mischievous sprite ', ka-puya-^ stinking ', kim-purusa-^ia\ry
demon, ghost, dwarf ' (W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 399 f.);

Cretan 6-nui "whereto', syrak. nuc; (*nui-c;), rhod. onuq "whereto' (*nui neologism to
noT);

alb. kur^as, when' (see below 1. B with r-formations = Lithuanian kur, Armenian ui),
kurre^ ever, never' {*kur-nei), ku'where', ku-sh'who', ku-sh'how' {uirom Indo Germanic

^;

Maybe alb. Tosc {*ku-sh) qysh' how' (common Balric Celtic alb. gutturals).

Latin ubT in which place, in what place, where ' (in addition unde' from which place,
whence ' shaped after /t>/: inde), next to which inlaut. -cubnn ne-cubi, sT-cubi, ali-cubi,
nescio-cubi, nun-cubi{ne-cunde etc.);

it is that has changed through the stem Latin quo-, qua, quFbeiore the labialization through
^preserved q"'- before ^to qw-an6 qwu-are attributed to ani. wu-, u-, in *ne-qwubi e\.c. as
a result of the syllabic separation neq-wubTVc\e gutturals were preserved;

Note:

Latin {*ku-wa-&^i) ubi^ where ' : Hittite ku-wa-pi{kwabi) "where, when?'. Common
Anatolian Latin d^ > b^.

it is ^i&7 reshaped after Lok. in -/"( *ei, *oi) from *ube= Old Indie kuha, Avestan kuda. Old
Bulgarian k-bde= Oscan puf in which place, in what place, where ' (Umbrian extended to
pufe^ in which place, in what place, where ')?; after Pedersen Hittite 50 f. contain ubi, ibi
rather the Indo Germanic adverbial ending -b^/(gr. -cpi), compare Hittite ku-wa-pi{kwabi)
"where, when?'; correspondingly Latin i//" where ' {uti-nam, -que) and utT, Old Latin utei
(reshuffling as in ubl) from * k^u-ti {us-piam, -quam^ anywhere, in any place, someplace.

somewhere, in some place ' from ut+ adv. s= Oscan puz, Umbrian pi/z-efrom *k"'ut-s-),
uter, utra, -um " which of both ' from *k"u-teros (parallel with n6T£po(; etc.), unquam,
umquam " someday, one day, one of these days, some time or other ' {k"'um- of time Akk.);
whether Umbrian yO^-e(-c» particle) 'where' = Old Indie ku\s or *k"'d, is doubtful;

mcymr. cw, cwd{= d), cwt{= d) "where, whereto' {*k"u-) = Old Irish co'how?';

Gothic -hunio the formation of indefinite pronoun: ni ains-hun^ not anyone ', etc.; Old
English hu'how', engl. hoi/i^, Old Frisian hu, Middle Low German wu;

Lithuanian kur^where' (see above 1. B); also Lithuanian dial, ku^ what?' from *kun? 0\d
Prussian que/"\i\/\r\ere' from *k"'u-e/ and probably the originator of qu-\nstead of k- in fem.
Nom. qua/, quo/eic;

References: WP. I 514 ff., WH. I 313, II 397 f., 404 ff., 408 f., 410 ff., Trautmann 110 f.,
120 f., 133, 134, Meillet Slave commun2 442 ff., 469, SchwyzerGr.Gr. 1, 293 f., 615 ff.,
Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 558 ff.
Page(s): 644-648

Root / lemma: k''rei-{*k''ehur-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to buy

Grammatical information: present kTi-na-mi

Material: Old Indie knnati^ buys ' (/"after Ar/Ta- participle; ved. also A/7/7a//according to

poetic meter, as also Pali kinati), Infin. kretum, kraya-^ purchase, purchase price'; npers.

xandan^\i\yi'\

gr. Tipiapai " buy ';

Old Irish cren(a)im {*k"'ri-na-mi) "I buy', Konj. ni-cna{*k"riiat), crJth^ payment, purchase
', cnthid^ fond of buying '; cymr. prynu' receive, ransom, to purchase the freedom of;
sometimes, to set free for a ransom ' (3. Sg. acymr. prinit), corn, prenne, perna, bret. prena
"buy', cymr. prid{= Irish crlth) ' mortgage, pledge, pawn ';

Maybe alb. blenj^ buy ' : corn, prenne, perna, bret. prena^b\}Y [common lllyrian Celtic k"-
>p-.

Middle Irish tochra^ the wooing ' ("*purchasing of the bride'), t-ind-s-cran. ' purchase price
for the bride' (seems *k"rqio-= Old Indie kraya-), cymr. g(w)o-br^ price, guerdon, reward,
recompense, prize, trophy ', corn, gober, bret. gobrds., cymr. also go-brwyds. {-wy-
suffix); verbal noun Akk. Middle Irish CAe/icc (formal after reicc^ sell ', whereat s.

Thurneysen Gr. 454), Old Irish fochr(a)icc\. " guerdon, reward, recompense, prize, trophy

Old Lithuanian (Gen.) krieno' price for guarantee, price for engagement ', Latvian
kriens, krienis^ present to the bride ', also Lithuanian kraTtis^ dowry, dowry of the bride';

Old Russian krbnuti, krenuti^buy\ Infin. kriti, russ. -Church Slavic once also u-kri-jen-b
{*u-krbjen-b) " bought ' without the present nasal;

Tocharian A /r^/yar 'trade', kuryart^ trader ', B karyor' purchase ', keryorttau^ trader '.

References: WP. I 523 f., Trautmann 142, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin II 284, Kuiper Nasalpras.

197.

Page(s): 648

Root / lemma: ICfmi-i^ k^ehurmi-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: worm, grub

Note:

-/77- suffix lllyrian Greek stem formation.

Material: Old Indie /r//77/-"worm, maggot '; np. A//777 'worm';

alb. krimp{krim-bi), Geg kri/m ds.; (common alb. -w- > -y-, -i-)

Also alb. kermiir snail ' : Lithuanian kirmele^ worm ' (common Polish alb. y > e)

Old Irish cru/m'\Norm', Proto Irish k"rimi-, cymr. pryf, corn. ds. 'worm', bret. prenv6s.;
gall. FIN *Primia> Modern High German Pfrimm, Primantia> Modern High German Prims,

Old Prussian g/rm/s{\eg. kirmis) ' maggot '; Lithuanian kirmism. f. etc. ds., Latvian
cirminsrw. ds., Latvian cermet ' worm, mawworm, hook-worm, bot, helminth '
MiJhlenbach-Endzelin I 378 under 386;

sloven, dr/77' carbuncle, red gemstone, finger worm ', poln. czerh{io'c *czerrhl compare
Serbo-Croatian crn ' metallic oxide, rust ' for *crirR) ' worms in the rotting meat ', czermieh
' Dragon tea ', czermiowka^ morel, nightshade, any of various herbs and shrubs of the
genus Solanum ';

in addition Adj. -formation of Slavic *cbrmbrrb 'red'. Old Bulgarian crbmbnb 'red',
crbmbnovati s§^ turn crimson ' etc.;

the e-lengthened grade seems to exist in Latvian cermet ' eartJiworm ', cerme'\Norm';
besides si. *cbrmb is found *cbrvb with peculiar vi- suffix: Old Bulgarian crbvb "worm', russ.
cervbeic; compare Lithuanian *skirvis^ ant '?

References: WP. I 523, Trautmann 134, Specht KZ. 65, 212 f., Indo Germanic Dekl. 45,

181.

Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: Irsep- (?) {*g''sehup-)

Meaning: dark

Material: Old Indie ksap, /rsa/Oa "night", Avestan xsap- "darkness"; common Old Indie gh- >

ks- : Old pers. gh- > xs- : npers. xs- > s-

gr. ijJEcpac;, ijjscpoc; n. " darkness", iiJ£(pap6(;, i|j£(pr|v6c; "dark"; Kvscpac; " darkness";

Note:

common gr. k''s->ps-.

Maybe alb. Geg mshef, Tosc fsheh^\\\6e (in the dark)" common Old Indie gh- > ks- : alb.

/r"/?- > ph- > f-

5v6(po(; " darkness ", later Yv6(po(; ds., hom. 5vo(p£p6(; "dark", ioSvscpnq " dark (as the

flower), purple-dark "; ^ocpoq " darkness", ^ocpspoq "dark".

common Old Indie gh- > ks- : lllyrian-alb. - hom. gh- > d-, z-

The changing gr. aniaut based on taboo images.

References: WP. I 524 f., WH. I 289, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 1 1 .
Page(s): 649

Root / lemma: /ab^- {*/ehdb^-)

Meaning: to grab, hold

Material: Old Indie labhate, lambhate, rabhate{Pexi. lalabha) " grasps, seizes ", labha-xx\. "

the obtaining, profit, gain, benefit, advantage", rabhas-n. " impetuousness, hastiness,

force, might", rabhasa-'wM, boisterous, vast, grand";

gr. Aacpupov "booty", apcpi-Aa(pn(; "wide, big, large";

Lithuanian /ob/sm. "blessing, possession, richness ", /oM" become rich ", ablaut, /abas
m. "blessing", also " good ", Latvian Old Prussian /abs^ good ".

References: WP. II 385, Trautmann 148, Kuiper Nasalpras. 148 f.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: /ab- and /abh-(?), /ap(hJ-{*/ehLJb^-)
Meaning: to sip, chaw, etc..
Note: onomatopoeic (compare the similar /ak-)
Material: Armenian /ap'e/l'\ck']

gr. AacpuoGU) ' devour, swallow up ' {-ph-7 or */sb^uk-jd, standing next to Slavic lobbz-
atR); AanTU) ' lick slurping ' is secondary besides old Aanjsiv, Aanjai;

alb. lap^ lick water';

Latin lambo, -eAe'lick';

Old High German laffan{luof) "lick'. Old High German /e/?^/" spoon'. Middle Low German
lepelds. (: Gothic *lapins, from which borrowed Old Prussian lapinis); Old English lapian
"drink, slurp ', Old Swedish lapads. {*lapdn), nisi. Norwegian lepja^ lick slurping like a dog
' = Middle High German leffen^\\ck, slurp ', Old High German gilepfen 6s:, intensive.
Middle High German Modern High German /appends, behaves to schlappen as lecken
"lick' to schlecken;

besides Modern High German dial. labbe^\\'Q\ /abern'ta\k slowly, simply; drink licking ',
Serbo-Croatian labati^ drink like dogs or cats ';

here perhaps russ. dial, lopa^ devourer', lopatb^ devour'; Bulgarian lapam^ devour,
gobble', etc.; also Old Bulgarian /obbzat/ ^k\ss' ("*munch, smack, chew loudly ')?

Maybe alb. /ope ^cow (eating slowly?) '.

References: WP. II 383 f., WH. I 754, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 72 f.
Page(s): 651

Root/ lemma: /ati^-, Ikiy-{*lehu6y-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to cut, hurt

Material: Gr. Aiarpov n. " shovel, poker, spade; spoon', AioTpsuu) " hoe around ', Aiarpou) "
level, even ', Aiarpiov n. "spoon'; Aiayapiov "hack, mattock, hoe' (*Ai5-aK0-);

Latin laedo, -ere "injure, damage';

Latvian Ifdu, /fst' clear, cut away ', Lithuanian lydymas, lydimas' clearing, virgin soil,
untilled land '. (common Baltic alb. y > i)

Maybe alb. {*lydo) /endoJ'hurV, /end/ne' meadow, virgin soil '; (common Polish alb. y > e).
References: WP. II 379, WH. I 749.
Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: /ai- {*/ehu-os)

Meaning: fat

Note: Only gr. and Latin

Material: Gr. AapTvoc; " fattened, fat' {*/ajes-r-/hosf?)] Latin laridum, lardum^ the fat of

bacon, lard ' {*laJes-idom?)\ largus^ abundant, copious, plentiful, large, much ' {*laies-

agos); /ae-tuslai, luscious, fertile, gleeful, cheerful', /aetare' fertilize '.

References: WP. II 379, WH. I 750, 764 f.

Page(s): 652

Root/ lemma: laiuo-{*lehuu-os) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: left

Note: originally 'crooked'?

Material: Gr. kaxoo, ' left '; lllyrian PN Laevicus, Laevonicus, Levonicus, Levoeic; Latin

Iaevus6s.\ gloss, laevi boves^ with horns crooked downwards ' point at in association with

Lithuanian islaivoti^ make bent ' in "crooked, writhed, crooked, humped ' perhaps in sense

from ' crooked = weak, left' as basic meaning; Old Bulgarian levh 'left' etc.

References: WP. II 378 f., WH. I 750 f., Trautmann 148.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: laku- {*lehuk-)

Meaning: water basin (ditch, lake, sea)

Material:

Proto-Baltic-Celtic-lllyrian: *lek-men-ia f., *lak-men-a'^ f. : pool, puddle

Lithuanian: lekmene'^\as\\, pool, pond', /akmena 'deep pond in which is quite a lot of mud'.

alb. {*leik-men) likien, liqen = Armenian i^lifi lic= Breton {*lek-men) lagen, lenn, Welsh llyn,

Scots Gaelic loch, Irish loch, Ladin lech, Mantuan lach, French lac, Basque laku,

Bergamasco lac, Bresciano lak, Catalan llac, Napulitano laco, Occitan lac, Romanian lac,

Valencian llac, Wallon lac^ lake '.

Gr. AaKKOc; (*AaKyo(;) ' cistern, pond, pool';

Maybe alb. {*pe-llegu) pellgu^ pond, pool ' (common Slavic alb. pe- prefix)

Latin lacus, -usxw. (Old High German /5/7/7a "puddle', Middle Low German /a/re "puddle,
slop'. Old English lacui. "river, stream, brook' etc., are Latin loanword) "pit, pothole, sea,
trough', lacuna^ a ditch, pit, hole, pool, pond ' (therefrom lacunars. " Felderdecke ', as
laqueardiS. directly from lacus);

Old Irish loch n. "sea, pond, pool' ( *laku), out of it borrowed cymr. Ilwch, etc.; acorn, bret.
lagen^sea, pond, pool'; Southeast French /oye probably from venet.-lllyrian *lokua; unclear
oalso in gall. PN Penne-locos {Qeu. *-ous)\ (common Celtic -/75-, -nt- > -nn-).

Old English asachs. lagu {*laku-) "sea' (in addition the nordwestd. FIN Leine from
Laglna), Old Icelandic Iggrm. "sea, water, liquid '; in addition la, laei. " beach water, sea'
( *lahd). Middle High German /a "stream, brook, marsh water ';

Old Bulgarian lokyi. {*laku). Gen. -i>i/e "puddle, cistern ', serb. /o/ri/a "puddle, pool, slop',
etc.

Uralic etymology :

'roto: "laKte
^nglish meaning: ba^

Finnish: lahti (gen. lahden), dial, laksi, laaksi 'Meerbusen, Bucht' ?
^stonian: laht (gen. lahe, lahi) ?

aam (Lapp): luok'ta (N) 'creek, bay', luokta (L) jyn^jyuj^^ggrbucht', ffkt (T),JyjJ
[Kid.), Iu0xt (Not.) 'Bucht, Meerbusen' ?

Khanty (Ostyak): !6k (V), lox (DN), lox (O) 'lEmglflfflmiffluffl^WI^Woxe? 'WinlS^
Lj. loxT 'schmale Seebucht')

MansI l^iogulj: \IV mi lii W 'Lay, tIgU, lochi

References: WP. II 380 f., WH. I 748, Trautmann 149.
Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: lak- {*lehuk^

Meaning: to lick, lap

Material: Armenian /a/re/r? (from *kk) "lick';

Lithuanian laktl, Latvian lakt^ devour slicking ';

Church Slavic locu, lokatrWck'.

Similar to onomatopoeic words as lab-, lap(h)-

References: WP. II 380.
Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: laR- {*lehuR-)

Meaning: to be spotted; salmon

Material: Old High German lahs. Old English leax. Old Icelandic laxm. 'salmon'; Old

Prussian lasassot; Lithuanian lasisai., besides /as/san6 Latvian /as/sm.; russ. lososb

'salmon'; after Lowenthal (KZ. 52, 98) as ' the spotted ' to Lithuanian /asas'drip', laseti

'drip, trickle', Latvian lase^ speckle, spot, stain ', lasaJns^ dotted, dappled ', etc.;

Tocharian B /a/rs'fish'. After Thieme KZ 69, 209 ff. in addition also (?) Old Indie laksa^

lacquer; varnish; enamel ' (*'salmonoid, resembling a salmon, *red') and (?) laksa-

uniJbersehbare Menge '. common Old Indie gh- > ks-

References: WP. II 381, Trautmann 150, Petersson Heterokl. 199 f., Specht Indo

Germanic Dekl. 31, Heine-Geldern Saeculum 2, 247.

Page(s): 653

Root / lemma: las- {*lehus-)

Meaning: willing, active, covetous

Material: Old Indie lasati^ longs for ' ( *la-ls-ati), lalasa- ' eager, avid, violent, longing ',

ullasita-^ exuberant, bratty', lasati^ strives, plays, shows, is cheerful';

latter stands for also 'seems, shines', compare gr. Aaw ' gaze ', wherefore also a-Aaoc;
'blind'; perhaps originally various group;

gr. AiAaio|jai ' long or desire earnestly ' (*Ai-Aaajopai), Perf. AsAiniJai (analogy after
TETiriMCii " be grieving '); Aaarn nopvr) Hes., AaaGr) ' a mockery, derision, wantonness '
(etc.), AaaOai (*Aa[a]-£a9ai) nai^siv, AoiSopsTv Hes., Ar|vai pOKxai. ApKaSsq Hes. (*Aaa-vo-
), kr\y'\c, ' female bacchant, a female priest or devotee of Bacchus, god of wine ' (out of it
Latin lena^ a bawd, procuress ');

Latin /asc/uz/s 'bratty, exuberant, unrestrained, luscious, horny, lustful' (further
formations Adj. *las-ko-s)\ in addition also (?) Lar, Laris, Old Latin Lares^ ghost' (actually
'the greedy'), larua, larva {*lasoua) 'ghost, larva, mask' {Larhas nominative lengthened
grade);

Old Irish lalnn^ greedy ' {*las-nl-s)\ (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Gothic lustus, Old High German Old Saxon Old English /^5/'lust', Old Icelandic lostixw.
"pleasure, joy, lust, eagerness ' (reduced grade); lysti. ds. from Middle Low German lust,

Lithuanian loksnus^ loving ' {*lasknus)\

Serb, /as/ra "flattery, insincere compliments', Czech /aska^\o\/e'; compare russ. /asyj"
keen, lickerish ', lasovatb " nibble ', etc.; lasko-serdyj^ lustful, greedy ', lasitb " flatter ',
/ast/tb6s., etc.

References: WP. II 386 f., WH. I 762 f., 766 f., Trautmann 150.
Page(s): 654

Root / lemma: /at- {*lehut-)

Meaning: wet, damp; swamp

Material: Gr. Aara^, -cxsoq, "drip, the drops of wine in the bottom of the cup which were

thrown into a basin with a splash, water-quadruped, perh. beaver ' (compare the loanword

Latin latex, -ids), Aaraysu) 'throw the drops of wine in the bottom of the cup ', AaTaaaoj ds.;

Middle Irish lalth'beer, liquid; swamp, marsh' = gall. Are-late town, city " to the east of
the swamp ', corn, lad^ fluidity ', acymr. Ilat6s., cymr. Ilaid {*latio-) "slime, mud'. Middle
Irish Iathach6s.;

Old Icelandic lel=>ja {*lal=>jdn-) " loam, clay, smut'. Old High German letto'c\ay, loam ',
Modern High German Letterr,

Lithuanian FIN Lat-upe, Latuva, Latvian FIN Z.a/e(Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 425).

Note:

Latuva^ muddy place ' is a translation of Albanian Balta' mud, bog, baltic place '.

References: WP. II 381 f., WH. I 770.
Page(s): 654-655

Root/ lemma: lauk(o)-{l9uk-) {*lehuk-)

Meaning: throat, jaw

Material: Hom. AauKoviri "throat, gullet', Lithuanian pa-laukis^ the dewlap of the cow ',

wruss. Ikac{*lhkati), Iter, lykac^ gulp, sip, swallow, drink' etc. (kir. lyhatF gulp, sip,

swallow ' with /7from proto Slavic g, compare probably the cognate root (s)leug-^ gulp, sip,

swallow ').

References: WP. II 380.
Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lagh-{*lehug''h-)

Meaning: to cut, a cutting instrument

Material: Gr. Aaxaivw 'ditch, grub', Aaxavov ' garden herb, vegetable '; Irish /^/ge 'spade'

{*lagjS), laigen^ lance \*laginS), cymr. //a//7 'blade' {*lagTna).

References: WP. II 381, WH. I 757 f., different O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 152.

Page(s): 652

Root / lemma: lag'^h- {*lehug''h-)
Meaning: ' catch '
See also: see below (s)lag''h-.
Page(s): 652

Root /lemma: /a-/ and le-i^lehiA^-)

Meaning: expr. roots (bark, howl, etc.), onomatopoeic words

Grammatical information: present /a/oand lejo

Material: Old Indie rayati^ barks ' (possibly also to re- 'cry'); osset. /-a//7'bark, bay';

Armenian lam^cry, weep'; unclear /o/-' quail ' (see below gr. Aapoc;);

gr. Anpoc; m. 'gossip, prank, trash, trumpery, of what is showy but useless, delirium '
(contains la- or le-), Aripsu) ' to be foolish or silly, speak or act foolishly, of a sick person, to
be delirious '; unclear is the vocalism (onomatopoeic?) in Aapoq ' seagull' (compare
Armenian /o/"' quail ');

alb. /e/7'bark';

Latin lamentum^ lamentation ', /a/77e/7/5/7 "lament', latro, -are'bark, bay'; perhaps Oscan
/amat/r' should be cursed ';

Old Irish ITid {* leieti) ' accuse '; cymr. edliw{*ate-ITu-) 'rebuke';

Gothic lafloun^ be blasphemed ' (present *laian, Indo Germanic *le-)\ Old Norse /of., '
curlew, long-billed wading bird ', PI. lor, lomr^ sea diver, loud crying bird', compare isl.
/o/77i//'' clamor, lamentation ';

Lithuanian loju, /d//"bark, bay', Latvian laju, /a/'bark, bay, curse ', ladet^ curse '; ladet^
curse ';

Old Church Slavic lajg, /ajat/'bark, bay, inveigh' etc. {/ajat/lor 7a// after the preterite
stem, compare Lithuanian /djo).

Reduplicated /a/(/Ja-: 0\d Indie lalalla^ babble '; gr. AaAoc; " gabby, gossipy, loquacious,
garrulous, blithering ', AaAia 'gossip', KaKtud "babble', AaAayn ' prattle'; Latin lallo, -are^ to
sing lalla ', lallus' a singing lalla or lullaby ' (compare PN Lalla, Lallia, Lallo, Lollia);
Modern High German lallen^ babble '; Lithuanian laluotr babble ', russ. lala^ babbler ',
etc.

Maybe alb. laluc, lale^ people from the south (pejorative)' a Slavic loanword.

Note:

Lycian language < Carian lukk- " (a Leieg) *babbler ' : Luwian lulahf- " (a Leieg) *babbler '
< gr. AaAayn " light murmuring '.

similar lei-, lul-^ lull, rock to sleep, swing' in:

Old Indie lolatr moves to and fro ', lullta- "fluttering', lalatr walks daintily, plays, shows',
lelayati^ sways, swings '; Latin lollum^ darnel, cockle, tares, dizziness exciting plant ';

Maybe alb. lule^ flower, narcotic plant ', {*luludi) lulezoj^ blossom ' : Greek AouAou5i :
Griko Salentino luludi^ flower '.

Middle Low German lollen. Modern High German lullen, Lithuanian lelluou, lelluotr\u\\,
craddle, swing', Latvian leluoju, leluot^\\j\\, cradle children'; in addition Lithuanian lells, lelys
m. ' night raven, pitch black '; Latvian lells 6s. and " clumsy person'; serb. lelJaflluW, swing,
cradle, dangle', Ijuljatr lull, swing, cradle ', russ. Ijulju^ little poplar = (traditional in
lullabies) ', /e^a'aunt', etc.; in addition russ. lelek, poln. Czech lelek^ night raven, pitch
black ' (see above Lithuanian lells).

Maybe alb. lejlek^ stork ' < Turkish leylek' stork '.

Perhaps here with Ar-extension:

gr. AaoKU) (*AaK-aKU)), Aor. eAokov, Perf. AsAriKa, Doric AeAokq ' speak loudly, cry',
Ar|K£U) Doric Aqk-) ds., AaK£p6(; Hes. ' gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ';

after Jokl L.-kunder U. 205 to alb. laikatis " flatter, cajole '.

References: WP. II 376 f., WH. I 752 f., 754 f., 819, Trautmann 146, 156, J. Loth RC 38,

49 f.

Page(s): 650-651

Root / lemma: la-2{*lehLK^'^-)

Meaning: to be concealed, covered

Note: also /ah/- and /ahf/J-d'^-

Material: Gr. ApTO, ArjiTO snsAaGETo Hes., due to a *Ka-F6q 'hide, conceal' perhaps

Kzix)py6q, TravoupYoq " nefarious, evil, wicked ' (*Ar|Fo-F£pY6c; ' im verborgenen tuend, was

das Licht sch euen muft ');

from the d^-extension (d^-present?) Kr\Qio, Doric AaGu) "to lurk, lie hid, be concealed,
escape notice, skulk', AriGn ' a forgetting, forgetfulness, a place of oblivion in the lower
world ', Doric KaBoq n. ds., aAr|6nc;, Doric aAaOnq " unconcealed, so true, real, opp. false,
apparent, of persons, etc., truthful, honest ', AavGavu) (Anau), sAaGov, AsAnGa) ' to escape
notice, to be unknown, unseen, unnoticed ', AaGp6(; ' clandestine ', Ionian AaGpn, Attic
AaGpa Adv. " clandestine ', horn. AaGi-Kr|5n(; ' banishing care ';

/a/-6'^-\r\ AaiG-apYO(; besides Kr]Q-apYoq;

Latin /ated, -ere' to lurk, lie hid, be concealed, escape notice, skulk ' (from a participle

*/9-td-S)]

Old Icelandic /omr' betrayal, deceit'. Middle High German /uo' pestering, temptation;
snare'; Old High German /uog 'cave, lair', luoga' lair (of an animal) ';

Old Bulgarian lajati" be after someone, to follow somebody, to pester somebody ',
Czech (due to a *la-ka= Old High German luoga) lakati' make advances, pursue ';

Tocharian A lat-, lant-, B lat-, lant- " go after ', preterit 3. Sg. A lac, B lac{: gr. eAqGe), 3.
PI. A lantsehc, B /a/e" (Pedersen Hittite 173, 189).

References: WP. II 377 f., WH. I 768 f.
Page(s): 651

Root / lemma: /ama {*/ehumta-)
Meaning: swamp, puddle
Grammatical information: f.

Material: Latin lama\. "puddle, slop, swamp, marsh', probably barely genuine Latin; as

appellative still today in Spain, southern France, northern Italy, frequent, often in PN in N

Portugal and Spain, Corsica, northern Italy and Apulia, also in venet.-lllyrian region, area;

lllyrian FIN Aapr|TO<; (Bruttium), nowadays Lamato; Latvian /5/775 'puddle, slop, pit,

pothole', Lithuanian /oma {one expects loma), Akk. Sg. /dm^6s.; Bulgarian /amm. 'pit,

pothole, hole'.

Maybe alb. //ome, Hum, //ohe'mud'.

References: WP. II 385 f., WH. I 753, 870 f., Trautmann 162, R. Menendez Pidal ZrPh. 59,

202 ff. Unclear is the relationship to Finnish /amp/, Gen. /ammen'pond, pool', Estonian

/0/77/77 'puddle, slop, lowland, depression', etc.

Page(s): 653-654

Root / lemma: /ap- {*lehu-p)
Meaning: cow

Note:

Root/ lemma: lap-{*lehu-p)\ cow, derived from zero grade of gr. £Aacpo(; ' deer ' see Root/

lemma: el-1, ol-, J-\ red, brown (in names of trees and animals).

Material: Alb. /ope 'cow' {*lapa), Latvian /i/cjcs 'cattle'; also Swiss loobe, lioba^ coW.

Maybe Celtic: *lapego- > Olr laegm. ' calf; Cymr //o (for *//c»c after PI. lloau< *lloceu)\

OCorn loch^ calf, NCorn leauh{-c\\- < -gn-) ' calf, Bret leue^ calf.

References: WP. II 383.

Page(s): 654

Root / lemma: lau- {*lehu-)

Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

Material: Old Indie lotam, lotramu. 'booty, robbed property ';

gr. anoAauu) ' eat, drink ', Doric Aaia, Ionian Ar|Tr| and Ar|'i'(;, Attic Asia 'booty' ( *lauia),
Ar|'i'^oo|jai ' capture, entrap ', Ar|'i'aTU)p, Aniarrip, ApaTnc;, Doric kaaidc, ' robber '; probably
also Apiov ' seed, FeldfriJchte', Doric AaTov, Aqov ' sown field ' as '* gain, yield'; hom.
C(Ar|iO(; 'arm', noAuArjiog ' rich, affluent ' (originally in arable land); Aapog ' delicious, tasty '
(? Vahueros);

Latin lucrum v\. 'profit, gain, benefit, advantage' {*lu-tlo-m)\

Old Irish log, luag, /t7ac/7 'earnings, price' (with g- or gh-iorms), folad {folutli) ' substance
' = cymr. golud' richness ', acorn, wuludoc' rich, wealthy, opulent ' {*upo-lau-to-m)\ cymr.

//atve/? "cheerful' ("*enjoying '); also cymr. //awer'much, a lot of, Old Irish /our' sufficient '
as original Subst. 'number, big, giant bulk, mass' from *laueros= gr. Aap6(;;

Gothic launT\., Old High German /dn{n., m.) "earnings, repayment'. Old Norse /aunn.
PI., Old English lean 6s:,

Old Church Slavic /oi/b" catch, capture; ensnarement, hunt', loviti' capture, hunt,
chase'; Lithuanian lavinti' train an animal ' etc. is russ. loanword

References: WP. II 379 f., WH. I 826, Trautmann 153.
Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: lah[i]p- Iship-, lahp-{*lehup-) Note common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -
/-.

Meaning: to burn, be bright

Material: Gr. Aaijnw ' shine ', Aapna(; 'torch', AaMnp6(; 'luminous' (with originally bare
present formation nasal);

Old Irish lassaim' burn ', lassair' a blazing fire, blaze, flame ', cymr. //5c/7a/''gleaming'
{*laps-);

Lithuanian /d/Oe 'light', Latvian /apa 'torch'. Old Prussian /O/O/s 'flame';

Hittite lap- 'glow, be hot'.

Besides with /-Vok. Old Indie lip- ' ignite ', Old Icelandic /e/p/^'lightning', Lithuanian
//eyOS/7^ 'flame', //]cs/ 'burns', Latvian //p/'gleam, kindle, inflame'. Lower Serbian lipotas
'flicker'.

References: WP. II 383, Trautmann 149, Kuiper Nasalpras. 152, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin II
439, 475.
Page(s): 652-653

Root / lemma: legh- {*lehugh- )

Meaning: to put down; to lie down, woman in childbed

Material: Gr. Aexstqi KoipaTai Hes., As^opai, Askto, eAs^qto ' lie down, lay asleep, lull to

sleep ', zKz%a ' lull, put to sleep ', AsAouxuTa Aexw yevojJEvri Hes., Asxoc; n. ' a couch, bed, a

kind of state-bed or bier, a marriage-bed, and generally marriage, a bird's nest ', AsKipov '

lair ' (= Old High German lehtai), " womb, uterus, placenta, afterbirth ', Asxw a woman in

childbed, or one who has just given birth '.

Maybe alb. lehone^ woman in childbed ', apocope alb. Geg me /e' be born, give birth ',

Tosc {*leigh-) lind' be born' (common alb. -gh > -d).

gr. Aeaxn rhod. " final resting place; resting place, couch, bed = grave', Attic " a place

where people assembled to talk and hear news, a lounge ' ( *leghska, compare under Old

Irish lesc. Old High German irieskan), A6xo(; ' ambush, place for lying in wait, child-birth ',

n Aox6(; ' woman in childbirth, woman in the childbed ', a-Aoxo(; " bedmate, wife' (: Slavic

*SQ-log-b), AoxMH ' thicket, copse, esp. as the lair of wild beasts ';

alb. lagjei. "troop, multitude, crowd, quarter, borough' etc. (older */a^= A6xo(;);

Latin lectus, -/""deposit, layer, bed' (from *legh-to-), lectTca^ a litter, sedan, portable
couch, palanquin, sofa, lounge ';

Old Irish //ge"bed, grave' {*leghiom), cymr. lie, corn, /e "place' {*legho-), cymr. gwe-ly,
bret. gwele, corn, gueirbed' (upo-leghlo-); cymr. gwarbe6' = Old Irish mucc-foir pigsty,
pigpen ' {*u(p)o-legh-s)\ gall. legaslV has put down, set down, put, placed, set, fixed ';
Middle Irish lalgld^ lies down ' (to sfrom esee Thurneysen, KZ. 59, 9), Perf. delllg^ has
lain down ', l(a)lge^ a lying together, concubinage ', Middle Breton lech, nbret. leac'h
' p\ace'{ *legl7s-o-); Old Irish *lulglm {Kaus. *logheJd) in fo-alglm {*fo-ad-log-) " knockdown ',
fu-llugaimm^h\6e'; Old Irish fo-lachv\. " hideout ', cymr. bret. go-lo6s., gall. loganAkk. Sg.
"grave'; nasalized and in gradation to Slavic /p^p probably Old Irish Im-fo-lngar causing,
bringing about', In-loing' combined ' = mcymr. ellwng, ncymr. gollwng\o let go, drop';
about Old Irish lescsee below; lengthened grade gall.-rom. ITga {*legha) " settlings,
sediment ';

here very probably Old Irish lesc^ unwilling, reluctant, averse, backward ', cymr. Ilesg^
not strong, weak, feeble, infirm, faint, dull, sluggish, languid ', basic form *legzgho- irom
*legh-sko-.

In o- grade:

alb. plok, plogu, ploge, plogete 'care\ess, neglectful, idle' (common Slavic alb. prefix pe-
, pa-) + log-teirom Indo Germanic *leg-' to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself
about, not attend to, slight, neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ' proves Indo
Germanic ^ for our family.

probably as "lie, lay, place': Old High German lescan, iriescan, Old Saxon leskan^ die,
be extinguished, extinguish, put out ' (the trans, meaning must be then secondary);

Gothic //gan'We' (neologism); previous/present Old English licgan. Old Frisian lidza.
Old Saxon liggian. Old English licgan. Old High German ligen, licken, "lie' {liggiu= Old
Bulgarian lezg), Kaus. Gothic lagjan^\a)/, place' (= Old Bulgarian loziti). Old High German
leg(g)en. Old Saxon leggian. Old Frisian ledza. Old English lecgan. Old Icelandic leggja
ds.; Gothic ligrs^ lair'. Old High German Old Saxon legaru. ds.; Old Icelandic lagu.
"place, position ', PI. Igg^ law, state community '; Old English ^e-/^^" surface, plain, area';
from Proto Norse Old English lagu, engl. law. Middle Low German lach^ lair '; Old Saxon
aldar-laguP\. n. " die bestimmte Lebenszeit ', gl-laguv\. PI. " determination, fate, destiny,
lot, fate' (: gr. A6xo(;); postverbal are 0rlggH. PI. "fate, destiny'. Old Saxon orlag, orleg
"ds.', Old English orlaegu.. Old High German uriagm. ds.; Middle High German uriage
"fate, destiny, war, fight' (latter meaning probably originating from Old High German urilugi.
Middle Low German orloge, s. leugh-); Old High German lehter^ womb, uterus, placenta,
afterbirth ' (: gr. AsKTpov), Old Icelandic latr {*logh-tro-) n. "lair of animals'; lengthened
grade Old Icelandic Iag0\6 High German laga^ position ' (: Lithuanian pa-legys);

maybe alb. Geg logu'p\ace for men'.

with gradation Old English Old Frisian logn. "place', loglan' to place here and there, array,
distribute, set in order, arrange, dispose ', Old High German luog^cave, lair ', Old Icelandic
l0gr tranquility ';

about Old High German lescan see above;

Lithuanian pa-legys' bedriddenness, confinement in bed';

Old Bulgarian lezg{= Old High German llggiu), lezati {*legeti) "lie', nasalized Iggg, lestl
"lie, lay, place', causative lozltl{= Gothic lagjan) "lay, place'. Iter. legatrWe, lay, place'. Iter.
\/b lagatr\n\aY' etc.; laze' lair, womb, uterus', *sg-logb (Serbo-Croatian- Church Slavic
sulogh) " a bedfellow, spouse, wife ', za-logb' pledge, agreement' (etc.);

Tocharian A lake, B leke " lair '; A lak- "lie', B lysalyne " the lying ';

Hittite la-a-kl {lag!) " brings to collapse', la-ga-a-n {lagari) "lies'.
Maybe alb. loth, lodh\o weary, tire' [the common alb. shift -g > -th, -dh]
References: WP. II 424 f., WH. I 777 ff., Specht KZ. 62, 40 ff., Trautmann 158.

Page(s): 658-659

Root / lemma: leg-1 {* lehug- )

Meaning: to drip, ooze, flow out

Material: Armenian //ic'swamp, marsh' {*legiS)\

Old Irish legaim^ dissolve, melt, disappear', fo-llega' the ink leaks ', dT-leg-{^. Sg. do-
leg^ 'destroy', dTlgend^ annihilation ', mcymr. dflein {*de-leg-ni-) ds., d/7e/th6s., cymr.
//a/th, bret. leiz {*lekto-) 'humid, wet', cymr. dad-leithio^meW!, Old Irish /ec/7/'death', cymr.
Ilaith^ death, annihilation, a cutting-down, violent death, murder, slaughter' as '*
dissolving ', /teas 'death' {*leg-astu-)\ perhaps also as Kaus. Old Irish do-luigim {*logeid) '
soften, forgive ', dflgud^ forgiveness ';

Old Icelandic /eAr' leaky, leaking ', lekim. ' leak, leakage ', Old English /7/ec(with false
/?) ' leaky, leaking ', Modern High German (actually ndd.) Leek, Adj. /echand (ndd.) /eck,
Middle Low German /ak, Old Icelandic /e/ra strong. V. ' let the water through ', Middle Low
German /eken ds., Old High German zefrj/echen' leaky, leaking ', Middle High German
lechen^ Flussigkeit durchlassen, vor Trockenheit Risse bekommen, verschmachten '
{lechezen^ parch, dry ', Modern High German lechzen); Kaus. *lakjan\v\ Old English
leccan^ moisten, make damp ', Middle Low German lecken^ strain ', Middle High German
lecken^ moisten, make damp '; Middle Low German lakvc\. n. 'fault, error, lack, disability ',
Middle English lac, nengl. lack 6s., Old Frisian /ec 'damage, pity'; lengthened grade Old
Icelandic l0krrc\. 'stream, brook', Norwegian also 'puddle, slop'.

References: WP. II 422 f.
Page(s): 657

Root/ lemma: leg-2{* lehug-)

Meaning: to take care about smth.

Material: Gr. aAsyu) ' to trouble oneself, have a care, heed, regard, respect ', aAsyi^u) ds.,

dAsyuvu) ' provide, supply ' (a- = the preposition /7-'in'); hom. 5ua-r|A£Yn^, epithet of death,

as ' bringing bitter grief, cruel, ruthless ', as also that presumably for Tav-nAsynt; inserting

av-r|A£Yr|(;, likewise epithet of death, at best is to be understood as ' inconsiderate '; after

W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 538 but to Asyw ' count ';

References: WP. II 423 f., WH. I 351 ff.; Leumann Homer. Worter 55.

Page(s): 658

Root / lemma: leg- {* lehug- )

Meaning: to gather

Material: Gr. Ktyui ' pick up, choose for oneself, pick out, count, tell, say, speak ',
KaraAsYU) " lay down ', auAAoyn " collection ', CKAoyn " selection, collection of items
available to choose ', A6yo(;, As^k; " discourse ', Aoyi^opai " calculate, think; consider ' (also
dAeyu) £v " number, count something ' with a- '£v-'), Acbyn auvaywyn airou Hes., Doric
sAcbyn sAsysv Hes.;

Maybe alb. Geg /c^ 'meadow for gathering of men, place of discourse', /oth, lodh {*log) 'to
tire, weary, exhaust, be choosy, elegant'.

Latin lego, -ere'to bring together, gather, collect; choose; read ', legio^a body of
soldiers, legion ' = Oscan leginum^ a body of soldiers, legion ', legulus^ a gatherer,
collector ', elegans^ choosy, elegant'; here probably also lignum as ' gathered wood,
firewood '; further dTllgere {*clis-leg-) ' to single out, value, esteem, prize, love ', Intellegere
{*lnter-leg-) ' to come to know, see into, perceive, understand, discern, comprehend,
gather ', neglegere^ to disregard, not heed, not trouble oneself about, not attend to, slight,
neglect, be regardless of, be indifferent to ', rellgio^ conscientiousness, sense of right,
moral obligation, duty '; Paelignian lexe^ to bring together, gather, collect '.

palatal proves alb. {*mbe-leg) mb-leth, mbledh^ collect, harvest, assemble ', preterit
mblodha{: Latin legl). Pass, mblldhem.

Maybe alb. ledhe {* leg-) n. 'caress, fondling'

to /e^d presumably also as ' collection of the regulations ' Latin lexi. ' a formal
proposition for a law, motion, bill ', legare, legatus, Oscan llgud^ to bring together, gather,
collect ', llgatufs^ to bring together, gather, collect ' and legumen^ legume, pod vegetable,
bean ';

Germanic *lekja- ' sayer of a magic spell, physician, medicine man' in Gothic lekels. Old
Icelandic laeknir. Old English laece. Old High German lachr, in addition Old High German
lachlnu. 'healing'. Middle High German lachenTei. ' sayer of a magic spell, witch '; Church
Slavic Ieki3 'remedy' from Germanic; about Old Irish llalgsee below /ep-1.

References: WP. II 422, WH. 351 ff., 779 f., 789 f.
Page(s): 658

Root / lemma: lehg^h- {*lehug''h- )
Meaning: light (adj.)

Note: nasalized lehng^h-

Material: 1. Old Indie laghu-, ved. raghu-'rash, hasty, light, small', Kompar. laghTyarhs-,
Superl. laghistha-; Avestan ragu-, f. /"aiz/'agile'; Kompar. ranjyo, Superl. ranjista- (of stem
* length-);

zero grade Old \u6\crhant- "weak, small' ("*light'); Avestan ranjaiti, ranjaye/t/" makes
light, agile, allows to be moved'. Old Indie rarhhate, rarjghati, larjghati^ runs, it hurries,
jumps up, jumps about ';

gr. sAaxuc; "small', Kompar. sAaoawv, Attic sAdTTwv (with secondary a, s. Schwyzer Gr.
Gr. 1 , 538 and Anm. 4), Superl. zKcxY^a^oc, (£Aaxu(; from Indo Germanic *leg"'hu-, as Slavic
lbgi>ki> and Celtic *lag-. Old Indie laghu- perhaps also or zero grade as Latin levis);
£Aa(pp6(; "light, agile' (probably from *lng"hr6s= Old High German lungai); after Schwyzer
Gr. Gr. 1 , 302 though contaminated from *£Aaxp6(; (= Old High German lungai) and
*£Aa(p6(; (from *-xFo(; = Lithuanian lengvas); perhaps Ionian Awcpav " recover, relax,
slacken, trans, ease, dismiss, set free, release ';

lllyrian lembus ( *leng"ho-s) " light vessel ', out of it gr. A£|jpo^, Latin lembus ds.; northern
Italy FIN Lambrus{: £Aa(pp6(;), Krahe, Gymnasium 59 (1952), 79; Note: common lllyrian
g'^-> b-.

Latin /ei//s" light, quick, fast ' (based on f. *leg"huRo m. *leg"'hu-s);

Old Irish Kompar. la/g/u {and laugu) "small, bad' = mcymr. Ilei, ncymr. //a/" little, small,
petty, puny, inconsiderable ', corn. leds. bret. -/e/in abret. nahu-lei^ nothing, in no respect,
not at all, to no purpose, in vain ' (proto Celtic *lag-ids, Indo Germanic *leg"'h-, see above),
Superl. Old Irish lugimem and lugam, mcymr. Ileiaf, abret. lau, mcymr. llaw^sruaW (out of it
Middle Irish lau, lu ds.), Old Irish lagat^ smallness, littleness, slightness '; Old Irish lingim
"spring' (preterit leblaingmih analogical imitation of p: i6>-reduplication). Old Irish leimm,
cymr. etc. //5/77 "spring' {* Ing-smen-);

Maybe alb. {Veiht) /e/7/e "light'.

Gothic leihts. Old English leoht. Old Icelandic lettr. Old High German ^Z?/^/; "light'.
Modern Dutch lichtu. " placenta, afterbirth ' {*linxta-, Indo Germanic *leng"h-to-);

Old Saxon lungor. Old High German lungar^c^uick, fast'. Old English lungrekdM. "quick,
fast, bald' {*lng"'hro-, see above); Old High German gilingan^ vonstatten gehen, Erfolg
naben, gelingen ', Middle High German lingen^ progress ';

Lithuanian lengvas, lengvus, Latvian //e^s'iiglit';

Old Cliurcli Slavic Ihghkh {*leg"hu-, see above) 'light', Ibgota^ lightness', Old Church
Slavic (Je) Ibze^ it is permitted ' (Dat. Sg. to Itga), po-lbdza, /0C»-/6Z5 "benefit', russ Ibzja,
old Ibze^ it is possible, one may ', besides Ibga, ds. (etc.).

2. Here also names of the lung (lighter than the remaining meat parts, swim on top of
the water): Old High German lungunP\., Old English lungen. Old Norse lungau. " lung ',
engl. lights ' lungs of an animal (especially of a sheep or pig) ', russ. legkoje ' lungs ';
hence also Armenian /5/7y/r'" breast' (older '* lungs '; *lng"hio-).

References: WP. II 426 f., WH. I 788 f., Trautmann 158 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 143.
Page(s): 660-661

Root / lemma: /efo^-{*/ehub'^-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: ' live '

See also: see below /e//?-/ "besmear'.

Page(s): 666

Root/ lemma: leid-{*lehud-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to play, joke

Material: Gr. Ai^si rrai^si, Ai^ouai "rrai^ouai Hes. (from *Aiv5ju), compare Aiv5£a9ai
aiJiAAaoGai Hes.); Aoi5opo(; " scolding ', AoiSopsu) ' abuse, revile, scold ' (compare to
meaning Middle High German schimpf joke, pastime, entertainment ': Modern High
German Schimpi);

Latin ludo, -ere, lusT, -sum^ to play, play at a game ', /udus {o\d loidos) " a play, game,
diversion ';

Maybe alb. {* loidos) luaj, loz^p\aY, joke', alb. {* loidos) loje "game' Latin loaword. [common
alb. -d- > -j-\.

perhaps Middle Irish laidid{*loid-) " stimulates, invigorates, sings '.

References: WP. II 402, WH. I 829 f.
Page(s): 666

Root/ lemma: /ehig-l and /ehik- beiier oleig-/k-{*lehu^ Note: common Proto Germanic -u-
> -U-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: poor, miserable

Note:

Root / lemma: /ehig-1 and /ehik- beiier olehig-/k-\ poor, miserable, derived from Root/

lemma: elg-\ miserable, poor.

Material:

In zero grade:

1 . Gr. Aoiyoc; 'ruin, mischief, death', AoiYiO(; " ruinous, deadly '; oAiyoc; "small';

alb. //ig'mad, wicked, evil, lean', //ge "malice, evil, wickedness ';

Lithuanian //ga "disease, malady', Latvian //ga "heavy disease, malady, epidemic',
ablaut. Lithuanian {*pa-liegis) paliegism. ds.;

In a- grade:

2. Armenian aik^aV poor, miserable, a little, concise '; Subst. " poor beggar ', aik^at-
anam^ be or become poor; decrease, become weak ' : Armenian aikaik^ miserable, poor,
small, evil, bad' see Root/ lemma: elg-\ miserable, poor.

( *alik'- must be assumed from Indo Germanic *oliko-\ accordingly is also that 6- from gr.
6AiY0(; probably old, the root also as *(o)leig-/k-)\ Old Irish ITach^ woeful, wretched,
miserable, unlucky '; Old Prussian licuts "small'.

References: WP. II 398, Trautmann 161;
See also: probably to lei-2.
Page(s): 667

Root/ lemma: lehig-3, lohig-{*lehu^ Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to jump; to tremble

Material: Old Indie rejati^ makes jump, allows to tremble ', rejate^ jumps, shakes ', rejayati
" makes tremble, shake ';

npers. alextan^ jump, kick (of the horse) ', Kurdish be-fez/um^ dance', ITzim^ play';

gr. eAeAI^u), sAsAi^a " cause to vibrate, whirl round, of an army, cause it to turn and face
the enemy, rally it, move in coils or spires, of a serpent ', £A£Ai[*Y]-x6u)v " shaking the
earth, epith. of Poseidon ' (in addition probably also Aiy- " tear off, dash off ' in Aiyaivsi "
outleap, jump before -, jump forward ', Aiya tqxsux;);

Old Irish lofgvc\. "calf, bret. dial, /u-eds., A/" blockhead, laughable'; cymr. PI. //o/"
calves ' (Sg. //o) is Irish loanword;

Gothic laikan{laflaiK) " jump, spring', bi-laikan^ deride ', laiks^ dance ', Old Norse leika
{lek) 'join somebody to play, lick (flame), fence ', /e/Ar'game, derision ', Old English lacan
"be quick, move fast, play, fence ', /ac'game, fight, struggle, booty, gift'. Middle High
German leichen^ jump, make fun, laugh at ', Old High German leih, /e/ch^game, song,
melody ', Modern High German dial, /a/ch^ lusus venerius ', Middle Low German /e/r' the
spawning, spawn ', Modern High German La/ch {from Germanic entl. Old Bulgarian //kb '
round dance, peasant dance ');

Lithuanian /a/gyt/' run around wildly ', verbal noun laigymas.

References: WP. II 399, Trautmann 148.
Page(s): 667-668

Root / lemma: lehig-4, lehig-{*lehu^ Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to bind, *vow, make an oath

Material: Alb. lith, //dhPass. //c/hem 'b'\nd, bandage, gird ', //dhe, Mhe^band, strap, chain;

fascicle band, truss ';

Note:

Also alb. Mh besen'yow, make a sacred oath' is identical with Hittite li-in-ga-in f\Vk. "oath';

alb. common g > dh, k > th.

Alb. and Hittite prove that Root/ lemma: lehig-4, lehig-: "to bind, *vow, make an oath'
derived from Root/ lemma: d/jghu, dpghua: "tongue' [common Latin-italic d- >/-].

Latin ligo, -areata tie, bind, bind together, bind up, bandage, bind fast', obligatio^ an
engaging, pledging, obligation'; ITctor^ a lictor, official attendant upon a magistrate';

Middle Low German ^"band, strap', out of it Old Icelandic //7r" hemline rope ', changing
through ablaut probably Middle High German geleich^ joints, joint';

with g. kir. polyhaty sa' bandage oneself, zalyhaty^ in Bande schlagen, schnijren,
anknijpfen, in Beschlag nehmen ', nalyhaty^ Zaum, Schlinge aniegen, fessein ',
presumably also Lithuanian laigonas " brother of the wife, woman', wherefore Aoiyajviiav
cpparpiav Hes.;

Hittite li-in-ga-in f\Vk. "oath', li-ik-zi {lenkzi) "swears', 3. PI. li-in-kan-zi.

References: WP. II 400, WH. I 800.
Page(s): 668

Root / lemma: lehigh-, slehigh-{*lehugh-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to lick

Note:

Root/ lemma: lehigh-, slehigh-: "to lick' derived from Root/ lemma: dgghu, dQghua\

'tongue' [common Latin d- > /-.

Grammatical information: present leigh-mi

Material: Old Indie ledhi, redhi, lihatT licks ', leha-vn. " licker ', Avestan 3. PI. raezaite^ lick

oneself, np. //stan'Wck';

Note: comon alb. Old Indie gh- > dh-.

Armenian lizum, lizem, lizanem " leak ';

gr. Asixu) " leak ', Asixnv "lichen, skin rash', Aixvoc; " delicious, tasty, snacking ', Aixvsuu) "
lick ', hyflybc, " forefinger ' ("licker ');

Latin lingo, -ere, linxr\\ck\ ligurrio, ligurio' leak ' (compare formal Old Irish ligur, Corm.
"tongue'), ligula {*ligh-la) "spoon', as also Middle Irish Hag, cymr. Ilwy, bret. loa, corn, lo
"spoon' {*leigha). Old Irish ligim^ leak ', cymr. Ilyfu, llyw^\\cV! (/is a hiatus push, Pedersen
KG. I 100), Middle Breton /e5/"lick'; Old Irish //^i//-"tongue';

Maybe alb. luge, luga^ spoon' a Latin loanword.

Maybe alb. leplJ^\\c\C : cymr. Ilyfu, llyw^\\cV! common lllyrian Celtic k"- > p-.

Gothic bllalgon^ lick '; ablaut, geminated Old English llcclan. Old High German lecchon.
Old Saxon llkkon'\\cW;

besides with aniaut. s-."Old Icelandic slelkja^\\cV!, Middle High German sleeken^ lick,
nibble '; das s- has perhaps in the varying onomatopoeic words of licking on the grounds
as perhaps westfal. slappern besides other *lat>- "lick';

Lithuanian lezlu, llesztrWck', iter, lalzau, -ytl ds., isz-lizosi. PI. " space between the
teeth ', Latvian laischa "sweet tooth, love for sweet foods ';

Old Bulgarian lizq, llzatrWck', Serbo-Croatian laznem {*lbzng) ds.

References: WP. II 400 f., WH. I 800 f., Wissmann, Norn, postverb. 183 f., Trautmann 155

f.

Page(s): 668

Root / lemma: lehik-1 {* lehuK} Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to prepare for sale

Material: Latin Heed, -ere^ to be for sale, be priced, be valued ', licet^ it is lawful, is
allowed, is permitted', liceor, -erV to bid, make a bid ', pollicerr to hold forth, offer,
promise ', Oscan Ifkftud, licitud^ to be for sale, be priced, be valued ';

Latvian ITkstu, ITku, /Ikt'get, put, suggest, set, lay, place, bring, order, make, have,
constrain, compel, possess, oblige, bid, cause, rest, tell, back ', sa/Ikt'ds., put, place,
assemble ', nuo/Ikums ' pact, covenant'.

References: WP. II 395, WH. I 797.
Page(s): 669

Root/ lemma: lehik-2{*lehuK} Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to bend

Material: S. above S. 309 E {el-8, elehi-, lehi-), wherefore further the Celtic (?) FIN Licus '
Lech, River (the name is of Celtic origin), river in the west of Austria, rises south of Rote
Wand, the highest peak in Vorarlberg ' (Bavaria), Lithuanian FIN /./e/reand Leika,
Lithuanian //e/r/7a "marshy meadow', Latvian Iiekna6s.; compare lllyrian Ep/-//cus partus,
FIN Pacco-//cus (Bruttium), mod. FIN Z.//^a(Kroatien).
Page(s): 669

Root/ lemma: /eh/k"- {* /ehcik') Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to leave

Grammatical information: imperfect lehik^o, perfective //-/7-Ar"'d (originally athematic); Aor. 3.

Sg. e-lik^-e, Perf. leh-lohik^-e, participle Perf. lik^o-s

Material: Old Indie rinaktii^. PI. rincanti) ' leaves, lets go, puts away, gives, grants ', rikta- "

blank, empty, freely of something ', rfcyate^ wird befreit von etwas, geht verlustig ', reku-

"unproductive', atireka-m. " remnant, leftover item ', reknas-v\. " inherited possession,

property ' = Avestan /'5eA'/7a/7- 'blessing, treasure, tribute, inheritance', -irinaxti^ clears up,

releases ', npers. /"eA-Za/? "diffuse', gurexten 'm'\ss';

Armenian /k'anem' allow ', Aor. e//k'= sAins, /k'an/m' will leave, becomes weary,
exhausted ';

gr. Aeittu) " allow, leave ', Aoiirot; "residual, remaining', Aiijuavw " allow ', Aiaa(jO|j£v
eaaojpev Hes. (probably with /; from *link"-id)\ AsTppa n. ' remnant, leftover item ', Asii^javov
ds.;

Latin linquo, -ere, ITquf to go away, leave, quit, forsake, depart from ' ( Voik^ai, compare
Old Indie rireca, gr. AsAoina, and esp. Gothic lailv), relictus^ leave behind ', relicuos
"residual, remaining';

Old Irish /e/c/b'" allows, lets go ', after Strachan (BB. 20, 31) from *link"-, with the
vocalism of Fut. and Aor. *leik"-s-\

Gothic leifvan. Old Icelandic IJa, Old High German IThan, Old English lean " lend '
{*leik"d), participle Old Saxon Old High German farliwan^ lend ', Old Icelandic leiga^ rent ',
Old Icelandic Ian, Old English leen. Old High German lehan^ borrowed property, fief,
feudal estate, land held on condition of service and loyalty to the feudal lord who granted it
' ( *laihna- = Old Indie reknas-, compare to /7-forms also Czech liknav^;

Lithuanian lieku, old //e/r/77/ (reshaped from * link-mi), Infin. Iiktr let, allow ' and " abide,
remain ', ///r/5S "residual, remaining', liekas^ to leave something [for somebody] ', old "
eleventh ', palaikas ' residual, leftover, remaining ', laJkas " certain time, time, period '
(Latvian /a/i^s "time'), laikau, -///"keep, retain possession of, hold onto the remaining ',
lykius " rest ', atlykis " work break '; Latvian lieks (= liekas) " supernumerary, excessive,
spare; phoney '; Old Prussian polTnka^ he remains ', also Old Lithuanian palinkt6s.;

Old Bulgarian of-blek-b^ remnant, leftover item ' (: Old Indie atireka-), Czech liknovati se'
refuse, shy, hesitate, flee ', liknavy' negligent ' (see above), with s-forms Old Bulgarian
Iichi3 " extraordinary, eminent, remarkable, wicked, evil' etc. ( *lik-ch-b, Indo Germanic
leiq"'so-); lisitrmug, rob';

Maybe alb. m. lig, f. //ge" mad, evil'.

here also Lithuanian vienuo-, dvy-likae\.c. "11, 12' etc. (bis 19), Old Lithuanian liekas^
eleventh '; but Gothic ain-, twa-lif. Old High German ein-, zwe-lif\ 1, 12', Old Icelandic
ellifu. Old Norwegian 3ellugu^\X, 0llykti^Vc\e 1 1 .' etc. are to be put either to either to leip-1
or according to Marstrander (Eriu 5, 206) borrowed from Celtic *lipi-{*lik"i-).

References: WP. II 396 f., WH. I 808 f., Trautmann 154 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 123 f., 179,
Speeht KZ. 62, 89, 114.
Page(s): 669-670

Root / lemma: lehi-2{*lehu-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to eliminate, dissipate, disappear; weak, thin

Note: (from *el-ehi^

Material: a. Gr. Aivapai i^tuo\xa\ Hes., Aia^opai " bend, incline, go aside, recoil, shrink,

sink, fall, retired, drew back ', Asipoc; (handschr. Asipcbc;) oioyyoo, Koi U)xp6(; Hes. (=

Lithuanian leTlas), K\\\bc, m. ' hunger, famine ', Aoi|j6(; ' pestilence, epidemic disease,

plague '; Aiv6-oapK0(; " with soft, tender body ';

Middle Irish Ifan {*lei-no-) "gentle'; leinei. "shirt' ("*soft untergarment ');

Middle High German /v7 "lukewarm, faint, languid'. Old High German LinoPU, nid. lenig
" ductile ', Old Icelandic Z//?/"" tender, soft, weak'; lina^ relieve, slacken ';

Gothic af-linnan^ cease, leave, depart ', Old Icelandic linna^cease let, hamper'. Old
English //nnan' cease', Old High German bi-linnan^ withdraw, cease', with -/7/7-from -nu-\
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Old Icelandic Iseu. {*laiwa-) "damage, pity, misfortune, deceit'. Old High German Gen.
lewes^ unfortunately ', Old English laew^ mutilation '; Old English Old Saxon /erweak'
( 7e/7/-bho-);

from the concurrent Gothic-nord. ///- (in Gothic /e/if/Zs "small, little ', Old Icelandic //////ds..
Old Frisian /ft/k, Bavarian dunn-leizig. Old Icelandic Adverb //?/" little, evil, bad') and West
Germanic lut- (in asachs. luttil. Old High German luzzil, liuziT sxr\a\\\ Old English Iytel6s.)

/e/7/-must have originated from *el-ehi-, besides lehu-irom *el-ehu-\

Lithuanian /e/7a5"thin, slim ' (from *leTras, to gr. Asipoq), Latvian //e'/s"big, large' ("*slim '),
with other suffixes Lithuanian lemas, leTtas' slim ', ablaut, lainas^s.; //ebaslean, thin',
ablaut, /a/'bas' tender, thin, slim ';

Church Slavic //bevh, libavb, libiv-b "lean', serb. linjati^ dwindle ', linjati se^ moult, shed
periodically ', Denomin. from *lein-{: Lithuanian lemas), slov. ////// "hauten' (: Lithuanian
/e//(9//"lean become'), leviti se^ skin, flay, flesh, remove the skin from oneself (: Lithuanian
laibinti^ make thin ');

Tocharian A lalamsk-, B lalamske "tender'.

b. s-extension lehis-, /oh/s-\n:

gr. K\ap6q " warm, lukewarm ' ( *liSero-s), AoTa9o(; ' left behind, last ', Ko\ad\oc, ds., maybe
from *AoihiaTO(;, superlative to *Aoihic;

= Germanic */a/s/z'\ess, smaller'. Old English /^s, nengl. /ess, Old Saxon /esds.,
Kompar. Old English lsessa{*laisiza). Old Frisian lessa, Superl. Old English /^s/and
laeresU engl. least. Old Frisian /erestand lest, to Crimean Gothic llsta^ little '; Old High
German I/so Adv. " soft, smooth, mild, gentle, easy, calm ', Middle High German Adj. and
Adv. l/se. Modern High German lelse; Old English ge-ITslan " slip, stumble, glide, slide';

Lithuanian Ifesas, Latvian //'ess "lean'; Lithuanian l/esti and lystr become lean ', Latvian
Ifestds.

References: WP. II 387 ff., WH. I 807 f., Trautmann 154, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 125,
Machek Recherches 75 ff. Probably here 1 . lehlg- and lehlk-, see below S. 676.
Page(s): 661-662

Root / lemma: lehi-3{*lehu^ Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: slimy; to glide

Note: various also slei-

Material:

In a- grade:

Hittite: hallna- 'clay' (Tischler 131-2)

gr. aAivu) (-Tv- from -Tvi-) " spread, anoint, smear, rub'; about ITmussee below;

Latin lino, -ere, levT{*lehuualj (from de-levTseevns to derive deled), inum^ daub,
besmear, anoint, to spread or rub over ', llnio, -Treds.;

Old Irish lenaid, Perf. /r*///" follow' (actually " stick to someone '; cymr. ca/?-///? "follow'
better to glynu, Irish glenald^ get stuck, stick '), Old Irish lenomnalb^ a smearing on a
writing tablet, blotting out, erasure ', abret. linom " a smearing on a writing tablet, blotting
out, erasure, correction ', Old Irish 55-/e/75//77 "besmirch, daub, smear over';

Latin ITmus^ earth mud, sludge, ordure, smut' {*lolmos) = Old High German lelm^ loam,
clay ', Modern High German Lehm, Old English /a/r?" loam, clay, humus ', Old High
German lelme^ loam, clay ', Modern High German Leimen, ablaut. Old High German Old
English Old Icelandic ITm " glue, calc, lime, limestone ' ("* Erdmasse zum Verkleben ');
based on a weak es-stem *loJes-0\d Icelandic lelru. " loam, clay ' {lajlz-), leira {*laizdn).
Fem. " loamy beach, seaside ';

Tokharian: A, B li(ya)- 'wipe away, cleanse oneself (Adams 553).

1. Old Indie //nat/ (gramm.), layate, ITyate ITyati^ adhere; cling or press closely, stick to ';
Una- " nestling up, snuggling up; clinging to, adjoining ';

and Old Prussian laysoi. {*laisa) " clay, natural dampness of earth, earth clay '; in the
meaning from a o'-extension Old Prussian laydis^ loam, clay ' and alb. leth, /edh^damp
clay';

Lithuanian laistali, -yt/" make sticky, smear with loam or lime ', compare also Old Indie
//ncfu- "slimy, slippery ';

2. as appellation of slimy fish:

gr. kwzuq ' mullet ', Old High German s/Io, Old English s/fw, sleo 'tench ', Lithuanian
lynas, Latvian l?nis. Old Prussian ///7/s "tench ', russ. //nbetc. 6s.;

3. as appellation of '(slimy) the smooth ': gr. AsToc; " smooth ': Latin /ev/s {*leiuis) "
smooth ', gr. Kubo, " smooth, simple, inexpensive, frugal ', Kubc, and K\c„ -^bc, " smooth
kerchief, cloth', Aiaari nsrpa " smooth rock '; Aiano(;, Attic Aiacpot; " smooth, rub or scrape
against ' are unclear; Latin //777a "file, tool for smoothing surfaces' probably from * (s)IT-maox
YsJ/e/'-ma {compare Old High German s//777 'mucus', sITmen^ make smooth, rub shiningly ',
also gr. Kz\\xa% "snail');

Alb. lima " file, tool for smoothing surfaces ', lemof smooth with a file ' Latin loanword.

4. with initial sound si-:

Celtic *s//-/77-/7c»- "slimy' in Old Irish slemun^ smooth, slippery', cymr. Ilyfn^ smooth,
even ', acymr. limnint^be smooth', abret. gur-//mun ' smooth' , Middle Breton c//-/effn^\r\ar6';

Old English Old Icelandic Modern Frisian Middle Low German Middle High German s//777
"mucus' (Old High German s//777e/7 "smooth'); compare Old Icelandic s/yn. "slimy water
plant';

Latvian slienasi. PI. "saliva' {*sleinas). Old Church Slavic sliny, serb. s//>7e "snot', russ.
s//>7a "saliva';

5. with A'-suffix:

gr. A£i|ja^ " snail without covering ' (out of it Latin ITmax6s.) = russ. 5///775/r 'snail';
compare Old Prussian s/ayxm., Lithuanian sliekasm., Latvian sliekai. " earthworm ' and
Latvian sliekasi. PI. "saliva'; perhaps also Lithuanian seiles, Latvian seilasi. PI. "saliva'
(from *s/e/7as7).

6. extensions:

(sJ/e/b-^sWrny, slippery, glide, slide, darijber stroke, smooth'.

Gr. 6Aipp6(; " slippery, smooth ' Hes., oAipa^ai oAiansTv Hes.;

perhaps cymr. //y/r? "sharp', bret. /e/r7/77 "sharp; sharp side of a knife' (as *slibsm6s)\

Old High German sITfan^ glide, slip; sharpen smoothly ', Modern High German schleifen.
Middle Low German sITpen^ sharpen, make smooth; intr. slink'. Old English toslTpan^
dissolve, melt '; Old Icelandic sITpari^ grinder', sleipr^ slippery, smooth ' = Middle High
German s/e/f6s., Old English s//por, Old High German s/effar6s., Norwegian s//pra'g\\6e,
slide', Kaus. Middle Low German s/epen'drag, sharpen ' (out of it Modern High German
schleppen). Old High German Middle High German s/e/fen6s., Middle High German e/ne
burcs/e/fen' they make to the surface of the earth immediately ', Intens. Old High German
slipfen^ slide, hatch'. Middle High German slipfec, slipferic^ slippery ';

besides with Germanic -it'it*-: Dutch slib, s//bbe's'\\t, slime, mud', s//bberen 'gWde, slide'.
Middle Low German slibber, -ich^ slippery '.

(sj/e/i'^-' slippery, glide, slide', see below the particular headword.

Maybe alb. /edhe' fondling, caress ', /edhatoj" to caress '.

s/eig-'sWrny, glide, slide, smooth':

Gr. AiySnv "the grazing surface ', Kiyboq, Kiyba " clay mould, lye, used as soap, mortar';

Old Irish sligim, fo-sligim^ to reduce to a straight line, to make straight ', adslig^ lure,
tempt, entice, draw ' (cymr. /////?" sugarplum ', llithio^ decoy, lure ' < *slig-t-), perhaps - as
"stroke = hit' = Old Irish s//g/m'h\t', in addition s//ge'roa6' (?); Old Irish sliachtad^ the
smoothness, flattening '; Old Irish s//ige"comb';

Old Icelandic sITkr^ smooth ', s//7r/s/e//7/7 "grindstone, whetstone'. Old High German
s/Thhan'sWnk' (= "glide, slide'), s/e/hha'\oop, sled ', Middle Low German s//k, slick. Middle
High German s//c/7"silt, slime, mud'; participle *slihta-^ smoothed ' in Gothic slafhts

'simple, even ', Old Icelandic slettr^ smooth, even, straight'. Old High Germans/e/?/
"straight, even, evil, bad'. Modern High German scMchtan6 schlecht. Old English sliht.
Middle English slight, sleghV smooth, even ';

Old Bulgarian 5/6Zb/rfc "£i(; oAioGov', russ. slfzkij^ slippery', s//z6 "mucus', slfzyP\. "a
kind of loop'.

leip-^ besmear with fat ', see below particular headword {leip-).

lei-t-^ glide over, touch softly, stroke ': probably Ann request', Aiaao|jai, Airoijai "bid,
beg, ask, invoke', Kuavoc, "imploring', AiravEuu) "invoke'; Latin litare^io make an acceptable
sacrifice, obtain favorable omens' (based on 7//5from Ann); Lithuanian /y/e// "touch',
Latvian /a/tft' stroke, caress', Lithuanian //ec/'u, //es// "touch, betreffen'.

Maybe alb. /ut, /us ' pray'.

References: WP. II 389 ff., WH. I 789, 801, 802, 807 f., Trautmann 148, 162, 269, 270;
different about 3. and 4. /e/- EM2 553 f.
Page(s): 662-664

Root / lemma: lehip-1 {* lehup) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to smear, stick

Note: probably extension to /e/- "slimy'.

Material: Old Indie lip- {limpati-, llpyat§) "besmear', llpt'a- " sticking, adhesive ', lepayatr

smears ' (= Slavic leplti), /vp- "smear, stick, glue, cheat, deceive'; rip-\. "deceit; pollution '(=

gr. Aina Akk.), lepa-vn. " the coating, the smearing, smut', repas-v\. " stain, smut', rlpra-v\.

"smut' (similarly gr. Airrapoc;, alb. laparos), rlpu^ malicious, cheater ';

npers. fl-reftan^ cheat, deceive', rew^6ece\\!, osset. fa-lewun, -//"wy/? "cheat, deceive';

gr. Aino(; n. "fat', Ainapog "fat, being anointed ', with final sound derailment aAsicpoo
"anoint, smear, rub', aAsicpap, aAoicpn " ointment '; with the meaning " climb, ascend ' (as
Lithuanian lipu, lipti) gr. aiyiAinJ "destitute even of goats, hence, steep, sheer', aAinJ nsrpa
Hes., actually "unersteiglich', K\\^ nsrpa, acp' rjc; u5u)p ara^Ei Hes.;

alb. laparos^ dirty, soil, stink ', laperdhr dirty discourse ', gelepe, shklepei, sklepm..,
glep^eye discharge, glama ' (prefix ke-+ *lolposox *lolpa);

Latin llppus^ blear-eyed, bleared, inflamed ' (with expressive consonant increase);

Gothic bileiban, Old High German bilTban^ abide, remain ', Old English belTfan^ abide,
remain, be left ' (to /"s. Meillet MSL. 14, 351), Kaus. Gothic bilaibjan. Old Icelandic leifa.
Old High German leiben. Old English laefan^ leave '; Gothic laibai.. Old Icelandic leif. Old
High German leipa. Old English laf remnant, leftover item '; Gothic aflifnan. Old Icelandic
lifna^ be left ', Old Icelandic //fa'be residual, remaining ';

Germanic /Z&- 'stick, glue' has also absorbed the meaning ' be left ' from /Ihj {leik"-^
abandon '), thereby now in the meaning " abandon, lend ';

[a various, also in Latin cae-lebs iroxu * caivi-lib- {see kai-^ alone ') available root *leb^-^
live ' contain Gothic liban{'i. Sg. libaiP), Old High German leben. Old Saxon libbian, lebon.
Old English libban. Old Icelandic lifa^ live ', lifna^ come to life '; Old Icelandic //Tn., Old
English ITf, Old Saxon ITf, IJbu. 'life'. Old High German ffb, Ifp, Middle High German ITp, ITbes
m. n. "life; body, person'];

Lithuanian limpu, lipti^sWcV! (and lipu, I'lptr climb, ascend ', see above), lipnus^ humid
and sticky ', //pus'6s., sticky', Latvian //pu, //pt'be attached, be linked ', lipigs^ humid and
sticky ', lipns, laipns^xx\M, affable, friendly';

Slavic *lbng, *lbnoti\v\ Old Church Slavic /0/7-/6/7(?// "stick, cling ' and Slavic *lbpeti\v\ Old
Church S\ay\c pri-lbpljg, pri-lbpeti ^sWck, cling ', in addition Kaus. Old Church Slavic /O/7-
lepiti sq ds., etc. and Old Church Slavic *lepb m. " glue ' (= Old Indie lepa-), also Old
Bulgarian lepb^ fitting, beautiful' (originally "sticking');

Tocharian A lip- " be left '; lyipar^ rest ';

Hittite //p- "smear'.

References: WP. II 403 f., WH. I 811 f., Trautmann 161 f., Jokl L-k. U. 314, Specht KZ. 64,

67.

Page(s): 670-671

Root / lemma: lehip-2{*lehup) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to wish for, request

Material: Gr. Ainroijai, new Ainru), participle Perf. Med. (in akt. meaning) AeAijjjjevoc; "lust,
crave', Aiijj sniOupiaHes., Ainjoupia "desire to urinate ';

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur-: gr. Ainjoupia 'desire to urinate': UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia ,
n, lllyria, aiso'lAAupi? , n, Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kx\, the region or province of lllyria,
'lAAupi^U) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

Lithuanian liepiu, liepti, pa-lieptT oxAqx\ Old Prussian pallaips, Akk. -san^ command ' (-
so-stem), pallaipsJ twer\ws\., crave', laipinna^ demanded '.

References: WP. II 404, Trautmann 155.
Page(s): 671

Root / lemma: lehis-{*lehu^ Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: furrow, to furrow; to pursue, learn

Material: Latin ITra ( *leisa) " the earth thrown up between two furrows, a ridge ', delTrus '
silly, doting, crazy ', delTro, -are^ to be crazy, be deranged, be silly, dote, rave ' (also
dialekt. delerus, dele rare); Umbrian disleralinsusV inritum fecerit ' {*dis-leisa-li);

Old High German wagan-leisa 'wheel track, groove, furrow' (= Old Bulgarian lecha).
Middle High German leis(e)^ track, line '; zero grade Middle Dutch lese{*ITs-) f. ' track,
furrow, line in face, wrinkle'. Old High German /esa 'wrinkle'; Gothic laistsm. 'spoor, track '
(/■stem f. old o-stem). Old Icelandic /e/strm. 'foot; sock ', Old English /ast, l^st^ footprint,
spoor'; Old High German Middle High German /e/5/ 'spoor, track, groin ' {*lois-to-), whereof
Gothic laistjan^{ follow up on the spoor, strive after, aspire to ', Old High German leisten^
einem Gebote oder Versprechen nachkommen, leisten ', Old English lsestan^io\\o\N, help,
commit, withstand ' (engl. /as/ 'endure'); Gothic listsi. "artifice'. Old Icelandic //s/f.
'skillfulness, shrewdness'. Old High German Old Saxon Old English //is/'skillfulness,
Klugheit, artifice' (Old Bulgarian Ibsth "artifice, deceit' from Gothic lists); Gothic /a/is preterit-
present " I know, I know to do something ' (example wait}, Kaus. /a/sya/7 "instruct, teach'
{gaiaisjan sii( learn'); Old High German ierran, ieren. Old Saxon ierian. Old English iaeran
"instruct, teach'; Old High German lirnen, lernen, iernon {* liznon). Old Frisian lirna, lerna.
Old English ieornian '\earn\ Old Saxon ifnon ds.; Gothic /^/ya-Ze/s "poison-expert' (example
weis);

Old Bulgarian lecfia^a field divided into beds', russ. lecfia, Serbo-Croatian iijefia, Czech
Ifctia {* ioisa);

Lithuanian /yse "garden bed, garden plot'. Old Prussian lyso^a field divided into beds'.

References: WP. II 404 f., WH. I 812 f.
Page(s): 671

Root / lemma: lehit(h)-2 {* lehuth-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: to go out; die; go

Material: Avestan rae^-'d'\e' (present iri&yeiti);

Gothic ga-leiPan^Qo\ Old Norse ITdasiem V. ' go, pass, dwindle away, run, come to an
end, pass away ', Old Saxon //than stem V. ' go, walk, drive, drive, pass ', schw. V. lithon^
bring, proceed '; Old English IFt^ansieru V. ' go, travel ', Old High German /lic/an stem V.
"go, leave, pass, go bad; get to know, experience, suffer'. Modern High German leiden
(different of Subst. Leid, s. *leit-' abhor, detest '); Old Norse //(Jn. 'vessel'. Old English n.
"vessel, ship'; Old High German uz-liV a departure, demise ';

Germanic *laid6-A. "way' in Old Icelandic leid\. ds.. Old English lad 6s., " watercourse ',
Primarbildg. to Germanic ITt^an^qo, drive'; 2. " direction ' in Old English ladi. n. ds., "
means of transporting, sustenance, livelihood'. Old High German leita^ direction ', to
causative Germanic *laidjan^<^o, make, guide, lead'; 3. Old English /ao'"clearing oath'. Old
Franconian lade 6s., also to *laldjanas " Beibringen von Eideshelfern ', also Old High
German laida (<yfrom lelda " accusation ');

Kaus. (Germanic *laldian) Old Norse lelda^ lead, escort, accompany ', Old English
laedan. Old Saxon Iedlan^\ea6, bring'. Old High German lelttan, lelten^ lead, guide '; Old
Norse lidlnn " dead ', leidlu. " tomb ', Old High German lelta ( *leitla), leltV a funeral
procession, funeral rites, burial, funeral ', Middle High German bllelte n. "burial, funeral';
with latter meaning presumably also gr. Aoirn " a burial, funeral ', Aoireueiv 6anT£iv Hes.,
also Aoit6(; Aoim6(; Hes.?

Tocharian A ///- 'leave, depart, tumble, fall down'.

from extension from 7e/-" duck, disappear '?? compare Gothic afllnnan 'leave, depart '
etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).
References: WP. II 401 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 57 f.
Page(s): 672

Root/ lemma: lehit-1 {* lehut-^ Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.
Meaning: to be disgusted; to violate

Material: Gr. aAEirri^ " delinquent', Aeolic aAoiTr|<; " avenger', aAoiToq " delinquent',
aAiraivEiv " commit an outrage, commit a sin', aAiTrnjojv " sinner, delinquent', aAiTp6(; "ds.,
mad, wicked, evil';

Old Irish //Z/55 "repugnance' {*lit-tu-), ni er-lissaigther^ nunquann^sTiaiTur ';

Old Norse /e/id'/'"unpleasant; detested ', Old English /ad(engl. loath). Old Saxon leth.
Old High German /e/dds., Modern High German Subst. Le/d{\n origin quite different of
verb leiden^ suffer, bear, endure');

Gothic s/e/Pja{N. PI. n.) ' harmful, bad ', Old Norse s//dr bad ', Old English s//de, Old
Saxon S//7/7/ "fierce, grim, cruel, savage, mad, wicked, evil'. Old High German s//d/c6s.

References: WP. II 401 , WH. 1 813, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 41 1 .
Page(s): 672

Root / lemma: lehizd-, lohizd-{*lehuzd-) Note: common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

Meaning: edge, fringe

Material: Old High German ITsta^ bandformigerStreifen, Saum, Borte, Leiste ', Modern

High German Leiste, Old English //5/' border, hemline, edge ' (from asachs. ITsta: Old

Icelandic listai. " stripe, edge, strip '); alb. leth, ledh^ the raised edge of a property,

margin, wall, riverside ' {*loizd-).

References: WP. II 405.

Page(s): 672-673

Root/ lemma: {lehk-17) : lohk-{*lehuk-)

Meaning: to scold, reprove

Note: Only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish lochtm. {*lok-tu-) "blame, fault, error';

Old High German Old Saxon lahan. Old English /ea/? "rebuke', nisi, /ads.. Old English
leahtorm. " vice, crime, reprimand', mnl. lachter' shame, derision, ridicule'; Old Frisian
laster. Old High German Old Saxon /5s/5/'"reprimand, insult, fault, error' {*lahstra-). Old
Icelandic Igstrm. "fault, error, vice ' ( *lahstru-).

Unclear, whether to connect with lengh- "vilify, scold' (Osthoff MU. VI 7 ff.)

References: WP. II 436 f.
Page(s): 673

Root/ lemma: lehk-2{. lek-) and lehk-. Iahk-{*lehugh-)
Meaning: joint, member; to bend, wind

Material: Old \nd'\c rksa/a ' ankle of hoofed animals ' {*/k-s-e/a); common Old Indie gh- >
ks-

gr. Aa^, AaySriv "with dem Fufle ausschlagend', AaxMO<; (*AaKapoq) "das Ausschlagen
with dem Fufte', AaKii^w "stofte with dem Fufte'; Aqktk;, -\oc, "Morserkeule'; ablaut. Ar|Kav
TO np6(; d)5nv 6px£Ta6ai, Ar|Kr|aai nara^ai Hes . (: Latvian l$kat)\ AikeptI^eiv aKipTCiv HesJ
{*leq-)- sA.Knn. S. 3nR under ^/--hend':

whether Latin lacertus, mostly PI. " the muscular part of the arm from the shoulder to the
elbow, upper arm ', lacerta "lizard' ("the flexible ')?? lacca " a swelling on the shinbone of
draught-cattle ' (would be a late short form with consonant-Gemination); locusta^ locust,
grasshopper; sea cancer ';

gall.-rom. 75/ra/'e"bend', v. Wartburg FEW s. v.;

Old Icelandic leggr^ Unterbein, bone', arm-, hand-leggr^ arm ', fot-, laer-leggr^ caW
{*lagiz)\ langob. lagi^ thigh '; Old Icelandic Iser, Old Swedish Iar6s. {*/ahaz- or */ehaz-n.),
Old English /Tra " the thick meat in calves, thighs, flanks and bottom ' ( *ligizan-)\ Middle
High German lecken. Modern High German old locken^ kick behind, jump ', Norwegian
dial, lakka "(auf a foot) jump, walk on tiptoe; trip ' ( *lakjan);

Lithuanian lekiu, lekti^i\)/\ Iterat. lakstyti' run, run about, trot about, scamper, scurry,
hurry-scurry, hustle, shuttle ', causative lakinti^ feed, give to lap, make fly ', lakta^ roost,
perch ' ("*Aufflug'), lakCis' fleeting, nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen ', Latvian lezu, lekt
"spring, jump ', Iterat. Iakat{: Ar|KC(v), lekasi. PI. " heartbeat '; Old Prussian /agno {irom
*lakno) "breeches, pants, trousers '; perhaps Old Bulgarian -lestg, -leteti^i\)/\ if from *lek-t-
before dark vowels or contaminated from lek- and pet-.

References: WP. I 420 f., WH. I 743 f., Trautmann 156; compare also above S. 308 f.
Page(s): 673

Root / lemma: lehm-1 {* lehum-)

Meaning: to crush; fragile

Material: Gr. vwAspsq, -sw^rangueles^^riayb^ronwTo^usam^^

one with preposition o- refined *6-Kz\xoc, n. *6-A£pr|q;

Venetic MN Lemetor,

Note: common lllyrian : Iranian : Old Indie -tor, -/aASuffix.

Old Irish ro-la(i)methar^ ventures ', cymr. //5/&s^ "venture, risk', corn, /auasos ds.,
Middle Breton lafuaez^ able, dare ', also cymr. cyflafan^ malefaction ', perhaps to Middle
Irish laOJive^axe"; with other meaning: Middle Irish /em lade, crazy, impotent'. Old Irish
lemnat^ marshmallow ', Middle Irish lemlacht, lemnachV sweet milk', cymr. Ilefrith, bret.
livrizds., mcymr. llyveithin^^eaV! {*lemekt-)\

perhaps alb. leme, Geg lame, Tosc leme^ threshing floor, oil grinder ' = russ. lom\

Old High German Old Saxon lam{*lom-). Old Icelandic /5/77/"lame, crippled ', Old High
German lemmen, asachs. lemmian^ lame, cripple, disable ', Old English lemian^ds., tame
(a horse)'. Old Icelandic lemia^hW., smash to pieces; hinder', o-grade Old High German
/i/o/77/ "faint, languid, nachgiebig, mild'. Middle High German luemen, A/c»/77e/7 "languish',
reduced grade Old Icelandic luma^ release, let go, free, set free ', Alemannian lumme^
become slack ', Modern High German dial. /i//77/r7 "slack', in addition Modern High German
Lummef, Middle High German lunzen^ drowse lightly ', East Frisian /d/77" lamed, lame,
faint, languid', Swedish loma " be stiff or clumsy ';

e-grade: Norwegian /aa/77"lame';

Latvian I'imstu, I'imt, Lithuanian //mt/"break down under a load ', Old Prussian limtwei
"break, rupture'; Lithuanian /e/77// "decide, settle, govern, condition, reserve, ordain,
destine, determine, fate, doom, augur', Latvian /e/77/"decide, define, ordain, determine,
adjudicate'; Lithuanian laminti, causative /5/77oy// "train, coach, guide'; in addition probably
also Lithuanian luomas " estate, caste ';

Old Bulgarian loml'Jg, /om/t/"break, rupture', -s^" struggle, come to grips with, put in a
great effort, go to a lot of trouble ', russ. /om "break', PI. /amy' rhumatic pains ' etc.; Old
Bulgarian pre/amat/^ break, rupture' etc.;

e-grade in Upper Serbian /em/c'break, rupture', probably also Church Slavic lemesb
"plough' (from an es-stem, as vu)A£|j£(;), Latvian lemesis^ plowshare '; with e-grade Serbo-
Croatian ITJemam, liJemati^bW!.

References: WP. II 433 f., WH. I 760, Loth RC 39, 67 f., Liden Mel. Vising 378.
Page(s): 674

Root / lemma: lehm-2{*lehum-)
Meaning: open jaws (?)

Material: Gr. ka\}oq "gullet", ka\^\a N. PI. " Erdschiunci ', Aapia " cannibal, human being that
eats human flesh ' (Latin loanword lamia^ a witch, sorceress, vampire ', /am/um'dead-
nettle' as "figwort, scrophularia, snapdragon '; also Bulgarian lamija, /5/77a "snake' from ngr.
Aapiia), Aaijup6(; " voracious, greedy ';

Latin lemures^ night spirits, ghosts; souls of the dead ';

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Latin /e/77^/'es 'ghosts' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, 'lAAupia , n, lllyria,
also 'lAAupi^ , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kp), the region or province of lllyria, UAupi^U)
, speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupla:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

cymr. //e/" voice', mcymr. //e/fe//7"cry', bret. /e/7K "clamor, lament';

Lithuanian lemotT pant for, long for, desire ', Latvian /a/77a/ "inveigh, scold, chide',
lamatas " mousetrap '.

References: WP. II 434, WH. I 755, 781 f., Trautmann 162.
Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lehrvS^-1 {* lehund^ > *lehunA^)

Meaning: liquid, spring

Note: only Celtic and Germanic; or as //-/7-df^-to lei-4?

Material: Old Irish //ncf{u-stem) n. " liquid, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to

quench one's thirst, draught, potion'. Gen. /enda, nir. //onn, Gen. /eanna'a\e', (common

Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. //y/?" drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench

one's thirst, draught, potion', therefrom different (5-stem) Old Irish lind. Gen. lindei. "water,

pond, pool, sea', cymr. //K/7"pond, pool', acorn, /e/7 "water', bret /e/7/7"pond, pool', abrit.

Aiv5ov PN, gall. L/ndo-magus S\n\ss river name ' Limmat ';

from Old Irish (?) derives Old Icelandic //nd{poet) "wellspring', but compare Old Saxon
L/ndaF\H. ' Lenne ', Old Frisian ///7o'"pond, pool'; ablaut. Middle High German /undet
{*{*lehunA^) > {*lehunA^)) "wave'.

Note

common Proto Germanic -u- > -u-, -y-, -/-.

References: WP. I 438; Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 182, 365.

Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lehn6'^-2{*lehunA'^)

Meaning: hip; kidney

Material: Latin lumbus, older only PI. lumbf loins' ( *lohun&^uo-)\ [common Latin -6^-> -b^-].

Note:

common Hittite Greek Latin zero grade lohsu- > lu-.

Old Church Slavic l§dvbj§ PI. f. " loins' ', russ. IJadveja^ hip, thigh ', Czech ledviu. " hip ',
/eo'i///7a 'kidney';

Old High German lentTi. 'kidney', PI. lentT(n)' kidneys, loins' {*lon6!"uTn-), Old English
lendenuH. PI. ' loins'. Old Icelandic lendi. ' hip ' (a Gothic *landjd\s assumed a Finnish
loanword lantid); zero grade Old Icelandic lund^ hip, sense, mind ', Old English lendenuH.
PI. ' loins', /und-/aga 'W\dney', lyndi. '(*nephritic -) fat'. Old High German /unda^taWow,
suet', luntu-ssa ' a little breast '.

Maybe taboo word alb. lenda ' matter', taboo word for loins lende ' seed of the oak tree,
acorn '.

References: WP. II 438, WH. I 832, Trautmann 157, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 86.
Page(s): 675

Root /lemma: lehnA^-3{*lehunA^)

Meaning: free land, heath, steppe

Material: Old Irish /andlree place' (Dat. /th-/a/nd ^ area' , with ///?' corn, grain '), gall.-rom.

*/anda' moor, heath, moorland ', mcymr. //5/7'area' (acymr. it-lann, ncymr. yd/an ^ area'),

corn, /an, bret. /a/7/7' moor, heath, moorland, steppe, dry and level land '; (common Celtic -

/7S-, -nt- > -nrh).

Swedish dial, linda^ fallow ' ( *lehn6'^Ja), Gothic Old Icelandic Old Saxon Old English
land. Old High German /5/7/'land'; in addition with zero grade Old Icelandic lundr^ grove ';

Old Prussian Akk. Sg. lindan ^vaWey'; russ. Ijada^ field covered with new wood; new
crack, clear land; low, wet and poor soil ', Czech lada, lado^ fallow '.

References: WP. II 438 f., Trautmann 157; after E. Lewy PBB. 32, 138 to lehnA'^-2.
Page(s): 675

Root / lemma: lehngh- {*lehungh-)

Meaning: to scold

Material: Gr. sAsyxw " scold, tadle, find guilty, convict ', zKzyxo(^ n. " reproach, accusation,

insult, shame'; to Hittite ///7/r- 'swear, vow'?

unclear, whether here Middle Irish /ang^the genitals, deceit, betrayal ';

Latvian /angaf 'aiiront, insult, offend, inveigh, attack with words '.

References: WP. II 436 f.

See also: compare under {/ek-) : /ok-.

Page(s): 676

Root / lemma: lehng- {*lehung-)
Meaning: to bend oneself; to sway
Material: Old Indie rahgati^ move to and fro ';

alb. /eV7^c»/''pliable';

Maybe alb. lengoj^ suffer '.

Maybe alb. geg langu, Tosc lengu^ liquid ' : Lithuanian lenge, lenket "immersion'. Old
Prussian Langodis^ marsh name '.

Lithuanian lenge, lenke\. 'immersion'; ablaut, linguotr swing, sway, nod ' (in addition
lingei. " pole to suspend the cradle ', lingei. " harrier, any of a number of short-winged
hawks '), Iang6ti6s.\ Latvian /Tguof swng, sing', Imper. ITg(u)d^ Jubelruf bei den
Johannisfeiern \JuodzJV^3NQX, swing'; Langai. " brook name '; Old Prussian Langodis^
marsh name ';

Slavic /i^^b "pliable' in slovz. /^^o "pliable' (Adverb), /^^ac"bend, crook', ablaut. Old
Church Slavic /p^b m. " oakthicket, coppice ', Serbo-Croatian lug^ grove, reeds, thicket of
cane ', Lower Serbian lug^ grassy swamp, marsh', therefrom Luzyca^ Lusatia ', etc.;
perhaps also russ. Ijagatb 5/5 "swing, waver'.

Maybe alb. lug^ grove, valley ', luge, luga^ spoon' : Polish fyzka^ spoon' Slavic loanwords.

References: WP. II 436, Trautmann 157 f., Berneker 739. Perhaps variant to /e/7/r-"bend'.
Page(s): 676

Root / lemma: lehnk- {*lehunk-)
Meaning: to bend

Material: Old English /0/7 "strap' (in msest-ldnP\., sceaft-lo, loh-sceaft) from *lariha-. Old
Icelandic lengjai. 'strap, stripe', Danish laenge^ rope, string', here also Old Icelandic lyng
n. 'heath'. Old Icelandic endi-langr M]. ' in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung ', Old Saxon Old
English and-lang. Old Frisian ond-ling. Modern High German entlang. Old English baec-
///7^ 'backwards'. Old High German hruck/-//ngun 'backwards, to the rear', chrumbe-lingun
' in curved direction ';

Lithuanian lenkiu, lenktrbow, bend'; lenke' immersion ', linkstu, linktr bend, crook,
stoop, turn for, tend, slope ', linkiu, linketT lean towards, feel inclined towards, wish ',
Latvian I'lkV bend ', ///^s 'crooked', Iterat. Lithuanian lankau, -yti' call on, visit, attend,
haunt ', lankiotr veer, swerve, turn about ', Latvian /i/oc/7'bend, bow, steer', luocfkia
'joint'; Lithuanian /a/7/r5 'valley, lowland, depression'; lankas' ring', /5/7/r^s 'pliable', Latvian
luoks' twisted piece of wood, rim of the wheel ', A/o/rs 'pliable'. Old Prussian perlankei
'belongs', perlanki' be fitting, deserve, be worthy of, have a right to'; reduced grade Old
Prussian lunkis' angle ', Latvian /i//7/r5/75 'pliable'. Old Prussian /0/7/r/" narrow bridge,
gangplank, footbridge'; Lithuanian lanktis' windlass, reel, thread reel, thread coil ', Latvian
luoks, /uok/6s. (also Lithuanian /enkt/ stands for ' wind up, reel up '; lenketas '
Haspelstock ' from leketas : gr. nAEKarri, nAaKarn ' spindle', Aeolic-Doric aAaKara);

Maybe Lithuanian lenkai ' Polish, Pole: the Poles ', lenkas ' Pole, Polack ', lenkii ' Polish ',
Lenkija ' Poland ', Lenkijos ' Polish ' meaning ' lowland, depression' .

Old Bulgarian -l§kg, -/g-sZ/'bend', l§cg, Igcati' put a trap (*noose), catch ', polgcb ' a
noose, halter, snare, trap ', russ. ^a/r>7 "crooked'. Old Bulgarian /p/rb ' bow ', /p/ra 'artifice,
deceit'. Church Slavic also 'gulf, bay, valley, meadow, swamp, marsh'. Old Bulgarian si-
Igki, ' a bending, curving ', Church Slavic Igcije' bulrushes ' ('bend, twist '), Old Bulgarian
IgcQ, -///'separate', sloven. /pc///'separate, segregate' and 'bend';

compare vorrom. (Celtic?) *lanka' sinking in, riverbed ' (from *lonka) in southern
France, West Switzerland and northern Italy, Swiss /ai/c/7 'trough'.

References: WP. II 435, Trautmann 159 f., J. Hubschmid Praeromanica 34 f.
Page(s): 676-677

Root / lemma: lehnto- {*lehunto-)

Meaning: flexible

Material: Old Indie lata' tendril, liana, kind of climbing plant ' {*lnta)\

Latin /e/7/^s "pliable, tough; slow';

gall. (?) lantana^ Schlinggewacns '; compare Bolelli Italian Dial. XVIII 182; cymr. "
smooth, gleaming' {*lnt-ro-), ablaut, bret. lintr {*lent-ro-) ds., corn. /e/'-/e/7//y" gleam', cymr.
Ilethrt 'slope' {*lent-ra). Middle Irish leittiri. ds. (brit. loanword); against it cymr. Ilithr^
glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ' from *slip-tro-\.o *(s)leib- above S.
663;

Old English ITde, Old Saxon //I?/ "mode rate, mild' {*lentlio-), engl. ////7e 'pliable, ductile ',
Old High German lind, lindi^ soii, tender, pliable, flexible ', Modern High German lind,
gelinde. Modern Norwegian ///7/7 "pliable, flexible, mild '; (under the influence of common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

East Lithuanian /e/7/as 'still, peaceful';

in addition probably the Germanic-Slavic name the Linde ( *lenta), because of her pliable
basts; Old Norse lindi. ' linden (also spear, shield of linden '), Old English lind(e)\. ds.,
Old High German linta, lintea, lindaAs., Modern High German Linde, wherefore as 'band,
strap of linden bast ' Old Norse lindivn. 'band, strap, belt, girdle'. Middle Low German lint
n. 'flat band, strap' (out of it Lithuanian iinta^ Zierbaud '), Old Norse iindiu. ' limewood,
linden ', Modern High German dial, iind, iintu. 'bast';

probably Lithuanian /e/7/a 'board' ('of limewood, linden?');

with ograde Slavic */p/b in russ. dial, iut, iutb 'linden bast ', kir. iut'en. 'linden bast;
willow branches ', /^//'horsewhip, skin';

perhaps as ' the bending, winding ' Old High German iind, lint{*lento-s). Old Norse linnr,
iinniru. 'snake', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), poet. ' tree,
celebration ', iinn-ormr' dragon' = Old High German iindwurm' lindworm, wingless dragon,
dragon '.

References: WP. II 437 f., WH. I 784 f.
Page(s): 677

Root / lemma: lep-1 {* lehup-)

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indie iapati^ chats, whispers, wails, talks', rapatids., pam. iowam, iewam^

speak, say', np. iaba, /an/a 'flattery, insincere compliments';

Maybe truncated alb. //S/O'chat, talk, speak'.

It seems that from Root / lemma: plab-\ (to babble, etc..) derived Root/ lemma: lep-1\

"chat, talk, speak'.

presumably as *lepagi-^ sayerof a magic spell ', Old Irish ^a/^ (disyllabic). Gen. lego
{*IT-ago) 'physician, medicine man' (keinesfalls to Gothic lekeis);

russ. lepetatb^ stammer, babble, chatter, babble ', Old Bulgarian lopotiv-b^ stammering,
stuttering ', russ. lopotatb " babble, rant, roister, gossip ', with somewhat other meaning
Serbo-Croatian /epe/a// "flutter'.

Maybe alb. llomotiC babble ' a Slavic loanword.

Perhaps based on the onomatopoeic words, but with a-vocalism, gr. Aani^w " swagger,
rodomontade ', AaTTiaTri(; " swaggerer, bragger ' and AaTAaip "whirlwind' (as " howling ').

References: WP. II 429.
Page(s): 677-678

Root / lemma: lep-2{*lehup-)

Meaning: to peel, flay

Material: Gr. Asnu) " exfoliate, remove in layers, peel off in thin sections', ktuoc, n., Kotxoc,

m. "bowl, bark, skin' (oAonru) "schale ab'), Kzmc,, Komc,i. " scale, husk, bowl, bark', Aoirag

!lat dish or plate, in which food was served, shell-fish ', Kzi^dc, "einschalige shell,
slapfschnecke', Asnupov n. "bowl, husk', £AAo4J epithet the Fische (actually "in Schuppen
being'), Asirpa " leprosy ' ("*sich schuppende skin'); Kzu^bc, "enthijlst (from Kornern); fine,
thin, dainty, weak', Asniuvoo "hulse from; make thin', Aanap6(; "fragile, flimsy, thin'
(*A£nap6(;); lengthened grade {d)\ Acbnri "wrapping, sleeve, garment, Ledermantel'
("*abgezogenes f ell, fur' or at m ost from "abgetrennten rag'), Aoon oq n. ds. , Aibijj xAaMUc

alb. Ijape^ peritoneum of animal for slaughter ', lepfj^ chisel, cut ', /a/e "small axe, hack,
mattock, hoe' ( *lapta);

Latin lepidus^ pleasant, agreeable, charming, fine, elegant, neat ' (compare above
KzT\i6<^), /e/Ods "fineness, pleasantness, agreeableness, bright witticism '; presumably also
lapit^ to turn into stone, make hard like stone, to petrify, harden ' {*leP-)\

Old English Isefer, leberi. " bulrush, reed ', engl. PI. levers. Old High German leber^
bulrush'. Old English /d/m. " headband, head fascia' (= Lithuanian lopas);

Lithuanian lopas^ patch, vamp, clout, rag', lopau, -ytr patch ', Latvian laps^ patch,
vamp, clout ', /a/?/7' patch ';

Lithuanian lepus^ mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle ', lepautrbe minxish, wanton',
lepintr spoil, pamper', Latvian /e'yO/75 "pride';

sloven. /epen'\eaV, Upper Serbian changing through ablaut fopjenon. "leaf; russ.
lepenb ( Veptnt) "shred, scrap, shred', /epest^ag; petal ' (further formations of es-stem
*/epes-= gr. to KzTToq), /epucha' leprosy ' (as gr. Asnpa); o-grade (as gr. Awnn) russ.
lapotb ( Vapttb) m. " Bastschuh ', lapitb " patch ', etc.

References: WP. II 429 ff., WH. I 785 f., Trautmann 149 f.
Page(s): 678

Root / lemma: lehp-3{*lehup^

Meaning: stone, rock

Material: Gr. Ktuac, n. (only N. Akk. Sg.) " bare rock, stone', Kzuaxoc, " rocky'; Latin lapis, -

/d/s'stone'; Umbrian vaperef\b\. Sg., vapersus No\. PI. "seat' (of stone?); Latin a\s

understood as a reduplication-vowel a

an other possibility would be a borrowing of gr. and Italian words not from Indo Germanic

but Mediterranean language. The relationship to lep-^ split off ' as " cleaved stone piece '

{saxum : seed) is possible.

References: WP. II 431, WH. I 761 f.

Page(s): 678

Root / lemma: lehrd- {*lehurd^
Meaning: to twist

Material: Armenian PI. lorc-k" convulsio partium in posteriora ';

gr. Aop56(; "with dem Oberkorper after vorwarts writhed, crooked, humped ', Aop5oOv, -
ouoGai "after vorwarts gebogen sein';

Gaelic lorcach, /urcach lame in the foot'; lurcxr\. " lame foot';

Old English be-lyrtan^ cheai, deceive'. Middle High German /urzen ds., Danish /j//te"
joke'. Middle High German /erzen' stammer'. Middle High German /urz, lerz^ left '
("crooked'); Old English /o/:^ "crooked?', in addition the PN Lorting= Modern High German
Lortzing.

References: WP. II 439, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb. 206, 209.
Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: lehrg- {*lehurgh^

Meaning: smooth, slippery

Material: Armenian oiork^ even, smooth, polished, slippery ' (o- probably of the

preposition *po-), lerk^ smooth, hairless ';

Middle Irish lerggt " slope, declivity, descent, decline, way, plain ', less-lergg^ willow ',
cymr. //y/y' path, track, spoor', corn, lergh, bret. /ere'/? "spoor, track '; ablaut. Old Irish lore.
Middle Irish lorggm. "line, troop, multitude, crowd, progeny ', cymr. Ilwry> //nrn/" spoor,
track ';

in addition Modern High German Lurch, ndd. lork {* lehurgh^l

References: WP. II 439. S. still Vo/yo- "stick".
Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: lehs- {*lehu^
Meaning: to gather, pick up

Material: Gothic lisans\.exx\ V. " compile, collect, reap'. Old Icelandic /es5 "gather, collect,
compile, work in ', later (through Modern High German influence) " read (a book)'. Old
English /esa/7 "gather, collect'. Old Saxon Old High German lesan^ pick up, select ' and
(after the double meaning from Latin legere) " read (a book)'; here also Old Icelandic lesa.
Middle High German (Modern High German dial.) lismen^ knit ', Old High German lesa.
Middle High German /ese" a kind of clothes material ', Old Icelandic lesnr a kind of head
stuff ';

Lithuanian lesu, lestl {* /ehusfl}' peck, pick ', Iter, ap-lasytr peck out, pick out, sort,
choose ';

whether here Old Irish lestar, loanword from cymr. Ilestr 'vesseV, acorn, lester, bret. lestr
"ship'? basic meaning would be " vessel for collecting of berries '.

References: WP. II 440, Trautmann 160.
Page(s): 680

Root /lemma: lehtoh- lehtih- lehtoh- ldhtoh-{*lehutoh-)
Meaning: heat

Material: Mcymr. aelet{*ad-leht-) "pain", Ilet-gynt6s., lengthened grade ////, tra-M'rage,
fury', ncymr. ///dm. ds., with gradation //an/o'" rutting, heat' = Middle Irish /at/im. ds.;
mcymr. ae/awt'6'\n, fuss, noise, pain' = Old Irish a/adn. 'wound' {*ad-/dhtoh-), cymr. tra-
//od'd'm, fuss, noise, pain';

kir. //?f. 'rutting, heat', ///j//j/' impregnate, fertilize '.

References: WP. II 428, Ifor Williams Et. Celt. 4, 391.
Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: lehtro- {*lehutro-)

Meaning: leather

Material: Old Irish /et/iar, cymr. //edr, bret. /ezr'leather' = Old High German /eder. Old

English /et^er{ev\Q\. /eat/iei). Old Icelandic /edru. 'leather'. Is the Germanic word old

borrowing from Celtic and latter as "pAe-Z/TO related to Latin pe///s etc. (see peh/-^sk\n')7 S.

Pedersen KG. II 45.

References: WP. II 428.

Page(s): 681

Root / lemma: /ehit'^-

Meaning: to care for, love

Material: Old Indie /ut/iyat/' feels violent desire ', /ob/iayati^ excites, arouses ' (formal =

Germanic 7a/7^i&ya/7, but denominative to */ahuba-. Old English /eafj, /obha-m. 'desire,

greed, lust' (= Old English /eafetc), /ubd/ia-^ greedy, licentious; enticed ' (= gr. Aunra);

gr. Aunra sraipa, nopvr) Hes.;

Note:

common Hittite Greek zero grade /ohsu- > /u-.

alb. /aps^ wish, lust, desire', probably also Tosc /ume, Geg A//?? 'lucky, blessed ', /umnJ
"fame, salvation, beatitude ' (participle *Aybf^-/7c»- actually ' what one has with pleasure,
praises ');

Latin //bet, older /ubet, -ere, -uit, -/turn est' it pleases, is pleasing, is agreeable ', /ubens,
//bens' willing, with readiness, with good will, with pleasure, glad ', /ubTdo, /ibTdo'
eagerness '; Oscan /ouf/r' choose, take your choice, or if you will, or as you prefer, or at

least, or what is the same thing, or else, or ' (compare Old Bulgarian lubo - lubo 'either -
or');

Gothic liufs. Old Icelandic liufr. Old High German Hob, Old English /eordear' (= Old
Bulgarian lubt); therefrom derived *liuben' be dear, like ' in Old English leofian. Old High
German Middle High German liuben; *liubjan\v\ Old English ge-lyfan. Old High German
(ga)liuben, originally " make dear'; Gothic ^5/5^/s " desirable, estimateable, valuable '; Old
English leaf permission ', Old High German urioub (and uriub) " vacation '; Gothic
Denom. ga-/aubjan^ beWeve', us-/aubjan ' aWow' , Old Icelandic /e>^(Denom.) 'allow;
praise, laud'; Old High German g/7ouben ^beWeve' , /r/ouben ^ aWoW , Old English /Tefan, a-
/fefan 'aWow', ge/Fefan ^beWeve'; Old Icelandic /ofn. ' laudation, permission ', Old English /of
n. ' laudation, praise ', Old High German /obn. ds. are Postverbalia to Old Icelandic /ofa^
praise, bear, permit ', Old High German /c»/7d/7 (Denom.) 'praise, laud, grant, promise ',
Modern High German loben, geloben, verloben, Gothic /uba/ns 'bope'; Old English /ufu,
Old High German /upat 'love', therefrom */ubdn\n Old English /uf/an, Old High German
/ubonlove', Old High German g/'/ub/da' profession, declaration ';

Lithuanian (due to an es-stem Vebdb'^es-) //aupse' glorification ', //aups/nt/' glorify ';

Old Bulgarian fubh'6ear' (russ. fubyjetc), whereof /£/M/'love', /uby'\ove' (etc.).

Maybe alb. {*/up) lyp, //p'beg, like, want', lypes^ beggar' (common alb. u > y, i).

References: WP. II 419, WH. I 793 f., Wissmann Postverbalia 37 ff., 80 f.
Page(s): 683-684

Root / lemma: lehuA^-1

Meaning: to grow up; people; free

Note:

Root/ lemma: Iehu6!^-1\ 'to grow up; people; free' : Root/ lemma: lehu-(S^-2\ 'drive, go'

derived from a zero grade of Root/ lemma: el-6, eleh-: lah-, el-ehu-(6y-) : 'to drive; to

move, go'.

Material: Old Indie rodhati, rohati^ rises, grows ', Avestan raodaiti {* aro5aitl) ' increases,

grows ', Old Indie roba-m. 'ascension, elevation, height', avarodba-m. ' aerial root,

sinking, subsidence, fall, drop, lowering, sag, decrease ', Avestan raoda- {* aroda) m.

'growth, prestige', npers. ro/lace';

gr. £A£u9£po(; 'free' from * /ebu6^ero-s = Latin //berlree'

Maybe lllyrian TN Z./Z?^/77/ [common Latin -6^-> -b-].

Latin liber > Italian libera, Spanish libre, French libre, Bolognese lebber, Furlan libar,
Albanian (*i-liure) i lire, lllyri (Albanian tribe), Catalan (*i-liure) lliure, Valencian (*i-liure)
lliure, Welsh {*c/^/yffefhai/) dilyffethair, gr. thzijBzpoq ' free'.

Note:

Common Greek e-, Avestan a- : Occidental Romance languages e-, a-, i- prefix = Albanian
pronoun a- prefix, feminine adjective e-, masculine adjective i- prefix.

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Welsh {*di-lyffethaif) dilyffethair, Greek sAsuGspoq " free' : {*iliuri-
) UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -
KH, the region or province of lllyria, 'lAAupi^io , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence
Adv. 'lAAupiaii. (common Greek - lllyrian -//- > -//-).

alb. i //relree' = lliuri " free people ';

Faliscan loferta " a freedwoman ';

Maybe Tocharian A /yutari'the upper (men), overseer?' (Duchesne-Guillemin BSL 41,
181).

alb. perhaps /enj" is born, comes into being ' {*/ehu6^-n-), //nd'g'we birth', {*po-/em)
polem^ people ' {/ehu6^-m-y, Also //ndje 'sunnse'. (common Slavic alb. pe-, po- prefix).

Note:

/enj" is born, comes into being ' seems wrong etymology since from Root / lemma: lehgh-:
to put down; to lie down, woman in childbed.

Alb. vela " brother ' ( *sueh-lohudya^ member of clan ') [common alb. sv- > v-, see alb.
vjeherr' father-in-law'].

Note:

alb. ve//a' brother' : Phrygian: vela-t "family, relatives' (?) : Estonian i/e//" brother'.
According tos alb. cognate derived from the Root/ lemma: sue-loh- suehlijoh(n)-\{*sue
his, her' + Root/ lemma: leuMy-1 {* lehugh-): to grow up; people; free].

]: (a kind of relation): {*svila-) i/e//a"brotlier' [common alb. initial sv-> v-^.

Etymological comments: Possibly, goes back to PIE *suel-, cf. Hes. deAioi oi aSsAcpac;
YuvcriKa(; £axnK6T£(;, aiAioi auvYCiMppoi "brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters' and
z\K\oyzc, at Pollux 3, 32 (oi 5e aSsAcpai; yHMCivtei; OMOYapppoi n auYYCiMPpoi n pdAAov
auYKr|5£aTai Koi napa tok; TTOir|Td'i(; z\K\oyzc^), which may represent metrical lengthening of
*eAiov£<; or *£Aiov£c;. Cf. also ON si///a/'"id.' and Gr. pAi^ (Dor. aAi^) "friend, associate',
Brixhe - Drew-Bear 1997: 90. Less probable is Orel's (Orel 1997: 108) rendering of ou£Aa(;
as "heat of the sun' (Gr. £TAr|).

Albanian vella: Phrygian: vela-: Estonian vend, i/e/// Finnish veil: Saami vielija: ON

svilar^ brother '.

Uralic etymology:

Proto: *welje

English meaning: brother, friend

Finnish: veli (gen. veljen) 'Bruder, Freund' ?

Estonian: veli (gen. vele, veija) 'brother' ?

Saam (Lapp): viel'lja'^ -llj- (N), viel'ja (L), vTlj (T Kid.), vielj (Not.), vil (A) ?

Hungarian: -vel 'with' (case suffix), vel-em 'with me', vel-ed 'with you', vel-e 'with him, with

her'

Alb. kelush^ youngling ';

Note:

This seems erroneous etymology because alb. ke/ush'cub, esp. young dog' derives from
Root/ lemma: ke/-6, k(e)le-, k(e)la-ox IQ-1 : "to call, cry', (see above)

Latin Z.Z&e/'" Italian god of growth, fertility, cultivation', Oscan Gen. Luvfrefs^ Liberi ',
Latin IFberT, -drum " free persons; hence, the children of a family, children', also "* offspring,
the young '; /Iberlree' see above; [common Latin -d^-> -b-].

Old Irish /ussm. "plant' {*/u6^-stu-), acorn, /esds., mcorn. /eys, PI. losow, cymr. Ilysiau,
bret. louzou (is.;

Gothic liudan. Old High German liotan. Old Saxon liodan. Old English /eodan' grow', Old
High German sumarlota^ summer scion ', Old Norse lodenn^ grow over, cover with
(vegetation), hairy, rough', loda\* have grown =) be stuck, stick '; Gothic laudii. "shape',
swa-, sama-lau^s' so big, \3xgo\ jugga-lau^s' youngling ', Middle High German lot
"obtain'; Gothic ludja^iace (with the eyes and mouth)' (compare np. rdi). Old Saxon lud^

the extreme, physical strength (? only Hel. 154), Old High German ant-luttriace (with the
eyes and mouth)'; (the young, offspring = bulk, mass, people :) Old High German Hut, Old
English /eoo'" people'. Middle High German //i/Ze "people'. Old English leaders., then also
of single people Old High German //^/"person'. Modern High German dial, das Leut
"person'. Low German lud, /J/"woman, girl', burgund. leudis' the commonly free, layman ';

Old Church Slavic Ijudbje {*leudeies) PI. "the people' (Sg. russ. Ijud, Czech lid), IjudiiTb^
the commonly free, man, village, layman ', Latvian laudisP\. "people, servants ', Lithuanian
//ai/o'/s "people'.

Maybe alb. lendine, lendina^ meandow' from Church Slavic: IJudini^^rmu, village, layman'.

Proto-Slavic form: Judint; Judina

See also: Judt; JOdbje

Page in Trubacev: XV 192

Church Slavic: Ijudin-b^vnan, village, layman' [m o]

Russian: /Jud/na {6\a\.) "man (pej.)' [fa]

Ukrainian: /Judyna^man' [fa]

Serbo-Croatian: /Jud/na 'strong man' [fa]

Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: lioudeies

References: WP. II 416 f., WH. I 791 ff., Trautmann 160 f.
Page(s): 684-685

Root / lemma: /ehu-6^-2

Meaning: drive, go

Note:

Root/ lemma: Iehu6!^-1\ "to grow up; people; free' : Root/ lemma: lehu-6'^-2\ "drive, go'

derived from a zero grade of Root/ lemma: el-6, eleh-: la-, el-ehu-(6y^ : "to drive; to

move, go'.

See also: see above under el-6S. 306 f.

Page(s): 685

Root / lemma: lehud-

Meaning: to bend (intr.); bent, small, etc..

Material: Cymr. //udded' tiredness ' {*/oudeta, compare Old High German /uzeda' a

weakening, invalidating ');

Old Saxon luttiT srwaW, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old High German luzil, luzzil, liuzil.
Middle High German /7/ze/ 'small, little, small'. Old English lytel, engl. little; Old Saxon /J/"
little ', Old English /j?/ "small'. Old Saxon luttic. Old High German A/zz/c 'small, little ' (see
above under 2. lei-)\ Old Icelandic /J/5 stem V. " bend forward, fall'. Old English /J/5/7 stem
-V. ds.. Old English lut/an^h\6e, conceal lie, lurk'. Old High German Iuzen6s.; Old High
German losken. Middle Low German luschen^be hidden, concealed, hide, conceal';
Gothic luton\n lutondans' cppevairaTai ', zero grade l/uts' false, two-faced ', llutaiP\.
"Gaukler', liuter deception ', /17/0/7 'cheat, deceive, tempt, entice ', Old English /o/n.
"deceit', lytlg^ crafty, cunning ', Old Icelandic ^io/^'ugly', lytiu. {*liutla-) ' disability ', /j?/a"
spoil, disgrace, rebuke';

Lithuanian llustu, llustr be sad ' ('gedriJckt sein'), liudnas^ sad ', Old Prussian laustlntr
humble, humiliate ' (from *lahustas' humiliate ');

r.-Church Slavic ludh^ crazy', post-verbal to Slavic *ludjg\v\ russ. Iuzu{*laudeid), ludftb
'cheat, deceive, exchange'.

References: WP. II 415 f., Trautmann 151.
Page(s): 684

Root / lemma: lehugh-1
Meaning: to lie

Material: Gothic liugan. Old Saxon Old High German llogan. Old English leoganl\e', Old
Icelandic IJuga'We, blunder, fail'; Old High German Old Saxon luglna. Old English lygen
'lie, falsity'. Middle High German lucxu. 'lie'. Old High German luggl, lucki. Old Saxon
luggl. Old English lycge^ fallacious ' (= Slavic Ihzb), Old Icelandic lygii.. Old High German
lugTi. 'lie, falsity'. Old English lygevn. 'lie, falsity' (: Slavic /bza'lie, falsity'); Old High
German louganm., lougnai. ' the denying ' = Old Icelandic launi. 'ds., concealment ',
Gothic analaugns'\r\\6e, conceal', laugnjan' deny ' etc.; probably also Old High German
lochon, /verb lucchen, geminated Old Icelandic lokka. Old English loccian, mnl. locken '
entice ', Old High German lockon^ entice '; in addition Middle High German Gelucke
'luck'?

Lithuanian lugotrb\6, beg, ask', Latvian lugtds.;

Maybe alb. {*lukt) lut, lus^pray, bid, beg, ask'.

Old Bulgarian Ibzg, IbgatrWe', IbZb' fallacious, liar', lbzal\e, falsity'.

References: WP. II 415, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.
Page(s): 686-687

Root / lemma: lehugh-2. lugh-

Meaning: oath

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish lu(i)geu., cymr. Ilwm., bret. /e'oath, vow, pledge' {*lughiom)\

Gothic liugan, -a/ic/a "marry', liuga^ matrimony ', (*oath). Old High German urliugi{*uz-
lihugja) "war, fight' ("*state without agreement '), zero grade Middle Low German orloge,
orloch. Old Saxon orlag, -logi. Old Frisian orloch6s. (therefrom is attributed also Middle
High German ur/agelate, destiny' etc. partly the meaning "war, fight', see below /egh-
"lie'); Old Frisian /o^/a "marry'.

Maybe alb. /ogu'Wsts (*fight)'

References: WP. 11415.
Page(s): 687

Root / lemma: lehug-1

Meaning: to bend

Note:

Root/ lemma: lehug-1 \ "to bend' : Root/ lemma: lehu-g-2. lu-g-. lu-g-\ "black; swamp'

derived from Root/ lemma: lehu-2{*lehugh^\ "to cut off, separate, free'.

Material: Gr. Auyi^u) "bend, coil, turn, twist, rotate ', AuYO(;f. "flexible twig, branch', Auyivoq

"twisted';

Latin luctai. " a wrestling, wrestling-match ', lucto, sek. luctor, -5/7"" wrestle, struggle',
luxus^ a dislocation ', luxare^ to put out of joint, to dislocate ', luxus, -us^ excess,
indulgence, luxury, debauchery ', luxuria; probably luma^ mint, mentha, plant of the genus
mentha, a thorn (?)' from *lug(s)ma;

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Latin luxuria^ to be rank, be luxuriant, abound to excess ' :
UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, 'lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi^ , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, lllyrian: -Kr),
the region or province of lllyria, UAupi^U) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupla:~hence
Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

Maybe Rumanian lupta^ struggle, fighting, battle, fight, strife, combat, action, efforts, affair,
striving, quarrel, encounter, stour, war, warfare, match, mix ' : alb. lufta^ struggle, fighting,
battle ' common Rumanian-lllyrian k"- > p-, f-.

Old Irish /b-/c»/7^- "endure, bear, carry' (from *-lung-)\

Lithuanian lugnas^ ductile, pliable';

Old High German loc. Modern High German Locke, Old English locc. Old Icelandic lokkr
ds.. Old Icelandic lykna^ bend the knees ';

with gradation besides perhaps Old High German louh. Modern High German Lauch,
Old Low German lok. Old English leac. Old Icelandic laukr^ leek '; from 'bend, bend
together ' seems to have originated the meaning 'close, shut' (?) in Gothic ga-IOkan '
enclose, surround ', us-lukan^ open, unlatch, unlock ', Old Icelandic /JAa'shut, open,
unlatch, unlock, finish, end'. Old English lOcan^shui, open'. Old High German luhhan
'shut', antluhhan 'open, unlatch, unlock '; Old Icelandic loku. ' end, lock, cover', lokai. '
lock, bar, bolt', /j/A/^'shut', Old English locu. ' lock, bar, bolt, jail ', Old High German lohu.
' lock, hideout, cave, hole', Gothic us-lukv\. 'aperture '; Old High German lucka {*lukkja) '
fracture', ndd. Luke.

References: WP. II 413 f., WH. I 826 f., 831.
Page(s): 685-686

Root / lemma: lehu-g-2. lu-g-. lu-g-

Meaning: black; swamp

Note:

Root/ lemma: lehug-1\ to bend' : Root/ lemma: lehu-g-2. lu-g-. lu-g-\ black; swamp'

derived from Root/ lemma: lehu-2{*lehugh^\ 'to cut off, separate, free'.

Material: Gr. AuyaToq 'dark, dim', wherefore (with prefix rj-, compare Old Indie a-nTIa-^

blackish, darkish ') nAuyn 'dark', £nr|Au^ '( whereas is darkness =) providing shadow ',

enriAuya^opai, -i^O|jai ' cloud, make dim, cover ';

Maybe alb. luge, luga'spoon, scoop', Geg /i/^ 'valley, ditch', Tosc lug/ne\a\\ey'

lllyrian lugasm. or lugat 'swamp, marsh' (Strabo 314: zkoq Aouysov KaAou[j£vov by
TspysaTs), whereof with Latin forms -a/St///? derived alb. /e^a/e 'puddle, pool, slop, swamp,
marsh';

Maybe nasalized alb. Geg lang, Tosc leng'dnnk, liquid, broth, juice';

Lithuanian liugas ^xworass', besides lugas, Latvian FIN Ludze {*lugiS)\ Indo Germanic
*lougia\x\\ russ. -Church Slavic A/za "swamp, marsh, puddle, slop', etc.;

perhaps here gall. AoOyo(; 'raven' in PN Lugu-dunon^LyoVi , etc.

Maybe alb. A/^a/ "monster, ghost' : gall. Kouyoc, "raven'

References: WP. II 414, Trautmann 163; to 1. leu-.
Page(s): 686

Root / lemma: lehug- {*lehugh^

Meaning: to break

Note: in Aryan with g, in Baltic with g Aryan ^probably through influence of leug- "bend'

Material: Old Indie rujati^ breaks, torments', rugna-' broke', -ruji. "pain, disease, malady',

ruja ds., roga-m. " disability, disease, malady', /oga-' clod, plaice, type of European

flatfish ';

Avestan uruxt/-' breakage, rupture ';

Armenian /ucanem' detach, open ', /o/ic "released, liberated, free';

gr. a-AuKT0-TT£5r| " non-tearing band, strap', A£uyaA£oc;, Auypo^ {*KzhuYaKtoq) "sad,
terrible';

alb. /unge' ulcer';

Latin /uged, -ere' grieve ' {*lohugejd), luctus, -Js "mourning, grief, /ugubris 'sad, pitiable
' (probably *lugos-ri-s);

Old Irish /uchtload, content, troop, multitude, crowd, people' (*part?), cymr. //wythload,
burden, tribe', gall. /ucMos'part' (?), Adj. luchtodos, LVXTIIRIOS, LucteriusUH;

Old English fo-/ucan ' destroy' , Old High German //ohhan 'tear, rend, pull, drag'. Middle
Low German /uken'puW, drag, pluck'. Old English lucan' weed ', Swedish luk. Old Norse
lokr\. "weed'; here GN Lokias " destroyer ';

" fracture, hole'. Modern High German Lucke, (Low German) Luke;

Lithuanian lauziu, lauzti, Latvian lauzu, lauzt, trans, "break, rupture', ablaut. Lithuanian
luztu, luzti, Latvian lustu, lust, intrans. "break, rupture'; in addition Lithuanian /aulas m.
"heap ruptured, broken branch ', luzisru. "break', Latvian lauzhi" broken tree '.

References: WP. II 412 f., WH. I 830 f., Trautmann 152 f.
Page(s): 686

Root / lemma: lehuk- {*lehugh-)

Meaning: bright, to shine; to see

Material: 1. Old Indie rocate^ s\\\ues, seems', Avestan /-aoca/?/- "luminous". Old Indie

ADcaya// "allows to shine, lights up ', Avestan raocayeiti^ illuminates, lights up ' (= Latin

luceo);

Old Indie /iocaA7a- "luminous', roka-v(\. "light' (= Armenian /0/5 "light', eymr. Ilu^, rocisxs.
"light' (= Old High German loug. Old English lieg. Old leelandie leygrm., Slavie lucb m.),
/oka-m. "free (bright) room, world' (= Latin /ucus, Lithuanian /a J/r55 "field'. Old High
German ete. /oh); /ioc5- "luminous' (: Lithuanian Adj. /aukas' outdoors, field, plot '), ruca-
"brighf (: gr. AuKocpux;, ajjcpi-AuKri, eymr. am-lwg. Old leelandie logu. "flame'), ruc/'-t "light,
radianee ' (= Old Prussian luckis), rukma-v\. "gold', m. " golden jewellery', rukmant-
"gleaming' (eompare Germanie Latin -men-s\.exx\)\ rocas-, rocfs-u., Avestan raocah-, ap.
raucah-n. "light, radianee, esp. of heaven ', Old Indie ruksa- "gleaming', Avestan raoxsna-
"gleaming' eommon Old Indie gh- > ks- : Old pers. gh- > xs- : npers. xs- > s-

(= Old High German liehsen) f. "light' (= Latin luna. Middle Irish luan. Old Prussian lauxnos.
Old Bulgarian luna, zero grade gr. Kdyyoo;, based on this -es-stem also Latin lustrare,
lucubrare. Old English lioxan. Old leelandie IJds, Lithuanian lukestis);

Armenian lois. Gen. A/so/ "light', /us/n ' moon' , lusn^ white spot in the eye ', lucanem^
ignite, burn', Aor. A/c/ (originally sArd-present);

gr. AsuKoq (*Ae/7UK6q) " light, gleaming, white' {Kz\)koc„ A£UKiaKO(; fish names), Aouaaov
"weifterseed in Tannenholz' (: Old Bulgarian /uca irom *loukia)\ Auaaa f. "fury' (after the
sparkling eyes); a|j(pi-AuKr| " twilight ', AuKO-cpwc; ds., |Jop|Jo-AuKr| " fright image '; AuKapC((; "
Neumondstag ', is unelear; (eompare Leumann, Hom. Worter2124; after Kretsehmer Gl.
22, 262 to AuKoq "wolf); Kuyyoc, " light ' ( *luk-s-nos, due to of Y'^y'^stem); unelear is Aouvov
Aa|jTTp6v Hes.;

Illyrian PN A£UKapo(;, in addition venet. (?) PN A£UKapiaTO(; (Silesia);

Maybe alb. A/s/? "berserk, earrion, lushe^bWch, berserk woman' : Auaaa f. "fury'

Latin lux, -cis " light, brightness ' (older /-stem) lOceo, -ere, lOxf to be light, be elear,
shine, beam, glow, glitter ', Old Latin also " let the light shine ' ( *loukeid= Old Indie

rocayati), poZ/JceAe originally "let shine (or see)', hence po//ucte 'prec\ous\ pollucibilis "
sumptuous, lovely, superb, pretty, splendid', polluctura " a sumptuous entertainment ';
luculentus^ full of light, bright, splendid ', lucerna^ a lamp, oil-lamp ' (compare Old Irish
locharn, see below); Jupp/ter Lucet/us perhaps ' light bringer' (Oscan; compare gall. Mars
Leucetius, Gothic liuhat^): lucus. Old Latin Akk. loucom^ a sacred grove, consecrated
wood, park surrounding a temple ', actually "(wood, forest-) clearing, light ' (compare
collucare^ in einem Wald eine Lichtung vornehmen ', interlucare^ prune trees, let the light
through '), Oscan luvkef^ in luco ' (see above Old Indie ldka-)\ perhaps also Umbrian
Vuvgis ' Lucius ';

Latin /J/r7e/7 "light' from * leuk-s-men; /una 'moon goddess ') {*lohuksna), praen. Losna{:
Old Prussian lauxnos, Avestan raoxsna. Middle Irish luan. Old Bulgarian luna); lustrum'
period of five years, a purificatory sacrifice, expiatory offering, lustration ' ( *lehuk-s-trom "
enlightenment '), lOstro, -are' to light up, illuminate, make bright ', also "clean', illustrare'
brighten, light up ', back formation illustris' lighted up, clear, bright, light, lustrous ',
lucubrum "dawn, twilight' ( *leukos-ro-), lOcubrare ' to work by lamp-light, work at night ';

cymr. Hug' shimmer, radiance ', Hug y dydd' daybreak' (= Old Indie roka-, Armenian lois)
Loth RC 39, 73; gall. Ve^^A-os "bright', *lehuka'\he white', s. Wartburg FEW. s. v. v.

Old Irish luchair' radiance ', /[75/c/7//ofe "gleaming', luach-te' white-hot, extremely hot ';
Old Irish locharn, luacharni. "shiner, lantern, lamp, light', cymr. Ilugorn {a\so llygornm., PI.
Ilygyrn), corn. Iugarn6s., bret. lugernm. ' radiance ';

gall. Leucetius, Loucetlus ' ep\t\r\et of Mars' (compare Latin-Oscan Lucetlus); Middle Irish
loch, A/ac/7 "gleaming'. Old Irish ldchet{v\. /7/-stem) "lightning', out of it borrowed cymr.
Iluched, acorn, luhet, bret. A/c77eo'-e/7/7 "lightning'; Middle Irish /Ja^? "light, moon', dJa lualn'
Monday ' {*lehuk-s-no-: Latin lun^; cymr. //ty^ "gleaming', llygo' einen Glanz werfen '
(compare with the meaning from gr. Asuaau) as "in view, visible, apparent, obvious' under
cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg"\n view, visible, apparent, obvious'); Middle Irish loch'b\ack'
{*luko-), cymr. Ilwg' black-yellow ', zero grade Hug 'b\ack' {*louko-) probably originally
"gleaming black';

Gothic lluhaP'Wgbt' (: Latin Lucetlus, gall. Leucetius), Old High German Old Saxon lloht
"bright' and n. "light'. Old English leohtds.; Gothic lauhatjan'g\ear(\, shine, flash'. Old High
German lougazzen and zero grade lohazzen 'b\aze, burn, be fiery'. Old English ITegetui.
"lightning'; Old High German loh' bewachsene Lichtung, niedriges Gebusch ', Middle Low
German loh, loch' spinney, bush', names as Water-loo, Old English leah' open land,
meadow'. Old Icelandic loin. ' clearing, glade ' (= Old Indie ldka-e\.c.); Old High German

lauc, loug, Old English ITeg, Old Icelandic leygr, mask, /-stem "flame, fire' (= Old Indie rocf-,
Slavic lucb). Old Icelandic logim. = Old Frisian /ogal\ame', Middle High German /ohe
"flame'; Old Icelandic Ijdmivn., Old Saxon Homo, Old English leoma^ radiance ' {*lehuk-
mon-), Gothic /a^/7/77^/7/"lightning, flame' {ahu, compare engl. /ei///? "lightning' from
* lahuhubni-);

Old Icelandic loni. {*lohuhnd) " still water', lognu. " calm ' (compare gr. Asukh vaAnvn) "
shining calm ');

Old Icelandic Ijorim. " Rauchloch ', Norwegian Ijora^ clear up ', Middle High German uz-
//e rends.]

due to of -e5-stem Old Icelandic /yrm. ( *lehuhiz) " Lub, Gadus pollichius ' (from the
bright color of the sides and the belly of the fish). Old Icelandic lysai. " Merluccius vulgans.
Whiting ', Norwegian lysingds., compare Swedish loja, loga^ Abramis alburnus ' from
*lahugidn. Modern High German Lauge^ Cyprinus alburnus and leuciscus '); Middle High
German //e^se/? "bright' {*lehuhsna-= Avestan raoxsna-). Old Icelandic Ijdsu. "light'
{*lehuhsa-), /j?s5 "gleam, shine, gleam, make bright, define, announce, declare ' = Old
English Ifexan, /ZVa/? "gleam, shine';

Lithuanian laukas^ outdoors, field, plot ', /a J/ras "field' ("clearing '), see above Old Indie
loka-, roca- etc.; Old Prussian A/c/r/s "wooden log' (= Old Indie rue/-), ablaut, with sloven.
/ucetc. " Lichtspan '; FIN Lithuanian Laukesa,

Old Bulgarian luca^raY {lohukia, compare gr. Aouaaov), Church Slavic also lucb m.
"ray, light' (= Old Indie rod-. Old High German loug), sloven, luci. "light', PI. " Lichtspane ',
russ. A/c"ray', luca^ chip of pinewood ', Czech louc^ pine '; Old Bulgarian /una'moon'
{*lohuk-s-na, as Latin /una etc.);

Tocharian A B /c//r- "gleam, shine, brighten '; A /ok, /ok/t, B /auk/to' strange ', /auke
"wide' (compare Lithuanian /auk, /aukan " outwards, out, outside ' from /aukas "field')
{*/a/iuke);

Hittite Iuk(k)-^<^\e3xx\, shine, ignite, set on fire' {*lo-h3Uukk-).
Note:
(common Hittite zero grade /ohau- > lu-)

2. with the meaning "black' (from "gleaming black' or " burnt '): see above S. 688;

but Latin lucius " a fish ' stands for ' tlie fluorescent '.

3. To /e/7^Ar- "gleam, shine' corresponds /ehuk-'see':

Old Indie /Skate, /ocate' beholds, notices ', lokayati, /ocaya// "contemplates', locanam
"eye';

gr. Asuaau) "see, observe' (*A£/7uaau));

cymr. am-lwg, cyf-lwg, eg-lwg^ in view, visible, apparent, obvious ', go-lwg^M\€\OK\, face'
(also cymr. etc. Ilygad^eye' from *lukato-)\

Lithuanian laukiu, laukti^ wait, await, expect, anticipate, look forward, hope, hold, tarry,
watch, bargain ', luketT await a little ', Latvian lukuoV look, try ', Old Prussian laukT seek
'; from " see, show' : " aim, hit, throw ' and "receive, attain, achieve ' : luciti s§^ meet,
happen by chance '; in russ.-Church Slavic luciti^ meet somebody ', etc.

4. A parallel root lehuR-\x\:

Old Indie rusant-^ light, bright, white'. Church Slavic i/bs-Zysb "naked, bald, bleak', russ.
/K5jy'"naked, bald, bleak'; in addition perhaps the name of lynx, wildcat (development from
the sparkling eyes or rather after his greyish white fur): Armenian lusanunk'P\., gr. Auy^,
Auyk6(; (whence the nasalization?). Old High German luhs. Old English lox, next to which
Old Swedish /dfrom * /{ajhuha- {compare perhaps German Fuchs' fox ' : Gothic fauho),
Lithuanian lusis, Latvian lusis. Old Prussian luysis. Old Bulgarian rysb (with /"instead of /
after rbvati^ escape, flee '?);

Maybe alb. mixed etymology " {ryks + buall) ' = " (cat bull) ': reqebull, riqebulF lynx, wildcat
' the same as Romanian name for lynx, wildcat.

Vasmer explains Slavic /"perhaps through Iran, borrowing; not definitely there stands the
meaning " lynx, wildcat ' for that furthermore on voiced-nonaspirated final sound Middle
Irish lug. Gen. loga, on the other hand explains Loth RC 36, 103 cymr. Iloer, bret. loar
"moon' from *lug-ra, so that one so that one could understand -g, -k, -kas extensions;
compare also above S. 688 gr. Aouvov.

References: WP. II 408 ff., WH. I 823 ff., 827 f., 832 ff., 839, Trautmann 151 f., 164;
different Kuiper Nasalpras. 107^.
Page(s): 687-690

Root / lemma: lehu-1, *lehua-. lu-
Meaning: dirt

Material: Gr. AOpia "smut, disgrace, sJiame', Aupiri, " vituperation ', AOpiaivopiai " scold;
maltreat; richte elendzugrunde '; AuGpov, -oc, " defilement, contamination';

alb. Tosc lum, /A//77 "slime, mud', Geg lum, lym, Tosc ler, /ere 6s. {lum-, respectively
lehu-d(h)r-), lllyrian PN Ludrum{: gr. AuGpov);

Maybe alb. lume' river'.

Latin polluo^ to soil, defile, stain, foul, pollute ', A/s/m/T? "puddle, slop, slough, bog,
haunt, den of beasts ', lutum^ filth, ordure, mud, mire ' =

Old Irish lotht "smut', gall. PN Luteva, in addition cymr. (with lengthened grade) lludedic
"muddy'; with other suffix Middle Irish con-luan^ dog's dirt, dog poop ', bret. louan^ the
open sea, high sea, main, deep ';

Lithuanian lutynas, -/7e"pool, loam pool '; here probably also Lithuanian //t7/7as "morass'.

References: WP. II 406.

See also: see also under lehug-2.

Page(s): 681

Root/ lemma: lehu-2{*lehugh^

Meaning: to cut off, separate, free

Note:

Root/ lemma: leu-2 {* leugh^: "to cut off, separate, free' : Root/ lemma: lehug- {* lehugh^:

"to break'

Note: also /ehua- and lehu-. l9hu-{\ lu-), partly lehu-s-

Material: Old Indie lunati, lunoti^ s\\ces, clips, cuts', luna-^ cropped, truncated, cut off (:

Middle Irish Ion), lavitra-n. "sickle', lavi-\. ds. (: gr. AaTov, Old Icelandic /eds.), lava-xw. "

the reaping, fleece, wool, hair, branch ', /ai/a- "incisive', lavaka-xn. " whittler, reaper,

harvester ';

gr. Auu) " release (from a debt or duty), set free; exterminate etc.', Aua f. " dissolving,
separation', Auai(;f. " lysis, dissolution, disintegration ', Aurpov n. ' ransom '; Pou-Aut6(; m.
"time of Ausspannens the steers, evening' (: so-lutus)\ AaTov " plowshare ' (Aa/7Fiov;
compare Old Icelandic le. Middle Low German le, /e/7e "sickle' from * lehwan- av\6 Old Indie
lavf-6s.)\ aAwn (*Aa/7Fajn), Attic aAux; (*Aa/7F(jog) f. "threshing floor';

alb. laj" wash away; pay the debt ' ( *l9hunjd, ablaut equally with gr. Aa/7(F)Tov);

Albanian aorist lava ( Vahunjo) " I washed ';

alb. {*per-laj) perlaj^rob', perhaps also /e/e"mane' {*lehu-t-) and (from the root form in -s)
lesh ( *lehus-) 'wool, hair' (compare the same meaning in Old Indie lava-); because after
Jokl L.-k. U. 127, 147 ff. {*pe-luer) fluer^ drawer, area of a chest ' ( Ve-Zo/'- from Indo
Germanic *lehu-r-), sh-lor^ slope of a scaffold ', pluar, plor{*pe-luai) ' plowshare '
(common Slavic alb. pe-, po prefix), lug, /t/p'^ "trough", fluge'board', luge'spoon';

Maybe alb. flues' ramrod of the gun', flug' flounce, pounce, inrush, rampage ', alb. Geg
^'ug' throw, thrash, beat out grain from husks '.

Latin luo, -ere' atone, pay, loose, free, pay off', in Glossen 'Auw', reluo' redeem again
', solve {*se-lud) solutus'io loosen, unbind, unfasten, unfetter, untie, release', lues
("*dissolving ', hence:) 'that which is not bound';

Middle Irish Ion' wether, castrated ram ' (: Old Indie luna-). Old Irish loei. 'wool, fleece '
( *ldhuia), /d ds. ( *ldhua);

Gothic lunAkk. Sg. ' ransom ', us-luneins' deliverance ', Old English a-lynnan 're\ease';
Old Icelandic lyja' hit, knock, weaken ', participle lulnn' fatigued', nisi. /J/' fatigue,
weariness '; Old Icelandic /em. 'sickle' (see above); *lahwa' removed bark as tanning
agent ' in Old High German Id, Gen. lowesu. Modern High German Lohe, Middle Low
German /dds.; Old Icelandic Igggi. ' sediment, sludge ' {*lahuud); Old High German ITh-
lawi{IThlda, IThIa), Middle Low German ITk-lawe'scaf (ibd.); Old Icelandic /JdA'trough' (low-
cut, excavated trunk); Old High German ludara' cradle '; ablaut. Swedish dial. Ijuder '
aged crack an a tree';

with the meaning ' sliced board' here russ. /ai/5 'board, bench, steep path ', Lithuanian
lova' bedstead ', Latvian lava' fool's wand, bedstead ', Danish older /o, Swedish lofve,
lege. Old Swedish loi, lo. Old Icelandic lofim. 'threshing floor, barn' (Old Icelandic lafi\s an
old Ablaut form *lewan-);

Tocharian A lo, B /5^' remote, distant, apart, separated'; A law-, B lyu- ' send away,
dismiss; send off '; A /o/'ditch, trench, channel, hole' {* la-h2U-ut-ti);

Hittite lu-uz-zi {luzzi) 'tax, encumbrance ' {*lo-h3U-ut-tl) (compare gr. Aurpov).

Note:

(common Hittite zero grade lohsu- > lu-)

5-extension: Gothic fra-liusan. Old High German far-liosan^ loose '; Gothic fralusnan^
get lost ', Old Icelandic losna^ loose, become lax ', /osa 'loosen', postverbal losu. " lysis,
dissolution, disintegration ', Old English losian^ get lost ', Denomin. to losu. 'loss'; lysu
"evil, bad, mad, wicked, evil' {Vahusiwa-), Gothic fralusts. Old High German for/ust '\oss';
Gothic /aus loose, empty, lacking'. Old Icelandic /auss'free, loose, scattered ', Old High
German /oslree, stolen; looted, loose ', Old English /eas' empty, bare, lacking, stolen;
looted, deceitful ', Old Icelandic lausungi. " Unzuverlassichkeit ', Old English /easung'We,
falsity', /eas/an'We'; Gothic lausjan. Old High German losian, loson ' draw lots for ';
perhaps Old Danish liuskem. " flank ' > Old Icelandic Ijdski, Middle Low German lesche.
Middle Dutch liesche. Modern Dutch lies. Old English leosca "flank', as well as Middle
Dutch liesche ^\.\\\v\ skin', Swiss losch^ lax '; with a meaning" hit, knock ' probably also Old
Icelandic IJosta^hW., prick, meet', IJdstr^ Gabel zum Fischstechen ', nisi. /^s//'"cudgel, club'
("*chopped branch piece' );

as old this application is proved, if Middle Irish /oss "tail, end', cymr. //cs/"spear, javelin',
llosten'taW, bret. /c»s/"tair are to be added;

here (Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 56) Latvian lauska'spWnter, shard', ablaut. Lithuanian
luskos'rag', luzgana'husk, scale, husk ', lusna'husW, bowl', russ. lusta ds., etc. Possibly
related is Ve/?:/- "stone', see there.

References: WP. II 407 f., WH. I 830, 834 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 84 ff.; from
vorrom. and proto Germanic *leiska, *leuska, *laska\n Modern High German Lische,
French laTcheeic. " a reed grass, sedge ' reconstructs J. Hubschmid ZcP 24, 81 ff. an Indo
Germanic elehi-, elehu-, e/a-"cut, clip'.
Page(s): 681-682

Root / lemma: /ehup- and lehub-, lehilo^-
Meaning: to peel, cut off, harm, etc..
Note: probably extensions from leu-2.
Material: With b:

Old Icelandic lauprrw., -leypiu., -leypai. " basket, woodwork ', Old English leapm.
"basket, trunk'. Middle Low German Idpxu. " wooden vessel', laepenu. "basket'; the Balto-
Slavic examples under can contain bas b^'just as well.

With bh/

Latin liber^basi, book' {*luber, *lLt!^-ro-s);

Alb. liber, libri: Furlan //M" book ' Latin loaword.

alb. labe^bark, cork' {VoiJci^-);

Old Irish luib, nir. luibht 'herb', Old Irish /ub-gorf' garden', acymr. PI. /u/rd' gardens ';

Gothic A/i&y5-/e/5 "poison-expert', Old Icelandic /yfi. ' medicinal herbs ', Old English /ybb
n. " poison, charm, spell', lyfesni. "charm, spell'. Old Saxon lubbi. Old High German luppi^
plant juice, poison, charm, spell'; Gothic laufsm., laufu. " foliage, leaf. Old English leaf.
Old High German loubu. ds., loubai. " shelter of bark'. Modern High German Laube;

Lithuanian /i//75 "board', Latvian luba^ shingle ', Old Prussian lubbo^. "board', ablaut.
Lithuanian luobasm. " bark, outer covering of a tree ' {*ldUb^os), Latvian luobsm. "bowl';
Lithuanian lubena' fruit bowl ';

russ. lub^ bark, bast', etc.. Church Slavic /b/ji. "cranium', serb. Iublna6s.;

With p:

Old Indie lumpatr breaks, damages, loots ', lopayatr injures ' (= Slavic lupitl,
Lithuanian laupyti), ldptra-v\. "swelling, blister';

gr. Aunri f. "injury', Aunsu) " sadden ', etc.;

Lithuanian lupu, luptF skin, peel ', Latvian lupVds., mug, rob', Lithuanian laupyti,
Latvian laupiC peel, exfoliate; rob', Lithuanian lupena^ fruit bowl ', A/yOS/7/s ^^eschalte
Tannenrinde ';

31

russ. luplju, lupftb " schalen, abschalen; aufpicken Eier; die Augen aufreiflen, glotzen'
schlagen, prugein ', lupa^ dandruff, flaky scales of skin ', Church Slavic lupezb " robbery '
(etc.);

unclear is the labial {b, b^ or p) in Middle Irish luchtar^boat' (from bark). Old High
German lofujff^bark, bast'. Old Icelandic loptr\. " ceiling, attic ' and "air' ("sky, heaven as
top cover '), Gothic luffust, ahd Old Saxon luftm. f., ags lyftm. f. n. Luft^a\r, sky, heaven',
Middle Low German lucbf upstairs, loft '; also unclear in Old Irish lomm, cymr. Ilwm "bare,
naked' {*lup-smo- or * lub{h)-smo-), (common Albanian Celtic abbreviation) Middle Irish
lommralm^ peel '; unclear is Middle Irish /i//77/775/7 "covering'.

References: WP. II 417 f., WH. I 790 f., Trautmann 150 f.
Page(s): 690-691

Root / lemma: lehb- lohb- lahb-, leb-

Meaning: to hang down loosely; lip

Note: partly with aniaut. s-, besides, but less frequent, often (see in addition /e/7-"peer at

the end) forms in -/?-; nasalized (s)lemb(h)-. Many expressive formations.

Material: Gr. Ko^oq, 'SchotenhiJIse, Samenkapsel; Ohrlappchen', sAAopoc;

'schotentragend', A£pr|pi<^ "Schlangenhaut, BohnenhiJIse' Hes., AspivGoi "Erbsen';

Latin only with a. labo, -are " to totter, be ready to fall, begin to sink, give way, be
loosened ', labor, -J, lapsus ' to glide, slide, move, slip, float, pass, flow '; labes, -Is ' to
totter, be ready to fall, begin to sink, give way, be loosened ' and " a spot, blot, stain,
blemish, defect, a falling, sinking in, subsidence '; perhaps labor, -orls^ labor, toil, exertion
', laborare^ to labor, take pains, endeavor, exert oneself, strive '; probably labium
{labeum), labrumu. (mostly PI. labia, labra) "lip, edge';

It evolved richly in Germanic:

1. isl. Norwegian lapa^ schlaff herabhangen ', isl. lapr ^^^^^^^I^^B ', Middle
High German erlaffen^ languish, tire, slacken ', Modern High German laff^s\ack, faint,
languid'; geminated: Old Icelandic lepprvn. {*lappja-) "rag, curl ', Old Saxon lappo^ corner,
tail, rag'. Middle Low German lappe'p'\ece, rag, dewlap ', Old English Iseppa, lappam. "
corner, tail, rag' (engl. /5/0"lap'), Old English ear-llprica. Modern High German (Low
German) Ohr-lappchen {\n\Vc\ yo Middle Low Qermauor-lepel 6s., Middle High German leffel
"ear of rabbit'. Modern High German die Loffet); ndd. laps, schlaps, lapp^ foolish person'.
Modern High German Laffe{*lapan-); besides in Indo Germanic -p. holl. laffaard^ braggart
' - at first from holl. /^rfaint, languid, slack, clownish ' - and with Germanic bb Middle High
German lappe- also lape- and Modern High German Lapp, lapplsch, finally lengthened
grade Middle High German luof fool ';

from the root form in Indo Germanic yofurther Old Icelandic lafa "dangle, hang ', Middle
High German participle erlaben^ grow tired ', Swiss /ait's "horse with hanging ears, ox with
down turned horns '; Swedish dial, labba^ attach with a hinge, hook ', ndd. Iabbe\
hanging) lip'. Old High German (from Ndd.) lappai.. Middle High German lappei. m.
"hanging piece of stuff, cloth ';

Maybe alb. /5/0e"hard piece of meat or skin, peritoneum, leaf, //a^e "tongue'.

2. with the meaning "lip' as "the hanging ' (as Latin labium): mnl. lippei., Modern High
German Lippe, Old Frisian Old English lippaxn. "lip", {*lepj-an-), Norwegian lepe{*lep-an-).
Old High German leffur. Old Saxon /epurds., Old High German /efs' lip (of an animal) '
r/ep-s);

3. with aniaut. 5-: Gothic slepan, saizlep. Old Saxon slapan. Old High German slafan.
Old English slsepan^ sleep ', Gothic s/epsetc. "sleep', Old Icelandic s/apr' sluggish
person ', Dutch s/aap, Old High German s/afm., Modern High German Schlafe^ temple,
flattened region on either side of the forehead '; Middle Low German Dutch s/a/? "slack'.
Old High German slaf{-ff-). Modern High German schlaff, isl. Norwegian slapa{= lapa) "
schlaffherabhangen '; geminated Old Icelandic s/app/^taW, deformed person', Swedish
slapp^ poor, needy, destitute, inactive';

with Indo Germanic -p- Old Icelandic slafask^ languish, tire, slacken ' and - from the
imagining pendulous slime - probably also isl. slafra^ drool, drivel, slaver ', Middle English
slaveren, engl. slaver6s., isl. slevjai. "slobber', Norwegian s/eiyie/? "slimy, faecal, mucky';
Norwegian slabbe, Swedish slabba^ pollute ', Middle Dutch slabben^ befoul, slurp ',
Modern High German schlappen {a\so " drool, drivel, slaver'). Middle English slabben^ roll
in the excrement ', Modern High German (ndd.) schlappern, schlabbern, Swedish dial.
slabb^ mud water ', engl. dial. slab^s\\vc\y, slippery ', Subst. "mud puddle';

Lithuanian slobstu, slobtT become weak ', Lithuanian zem. slabnas. East Lithuanian
s/obnas^ weak', Latvian s/abef crumple ' (of a swelling, lump, growth);

Old Church Slavic s/abb etc. "weak'.

Nasalized lehmb(h)-

Old Indie rambate, lambate^ hangs down, holds on ', lambana-^ droopy, sagging ', n. "
pendulous jewellery, phlegm ';

Latin limbus^ a border, hem, edge, selvage, fringe '; about gr. A£p(po(; see below;

Old English (ge)limpan^ proceed, go ahead, succeed ', Old High German limphan,
limfan. Middle High German limpfen^ be measured ', Old English gelimpu. " event,
chance, luck ', Middle High German g(e)limpr Angemessenheit, schonungsvolle
Nachricht; Benehmen ', changing through ablaut andd. gelumplTk^ fitting'. Middle High
German limpfen^ limp ', engl. to limp ^ limp ', iimp^ droopy ', ndd. iumpen^ limp ', also
Modern High German (ndd.) Lumpen^scrap, shred'; compare from a Germanic additional
root /e/77i6'- (would be Indo Germanic *iemb^-): Middle High German iampen {and siampen).

ndd. lempen^ welloTieaemangen ', Swiss lampe^ dewlap, pendulous cloth '; Old English
lemp(i)healC lame ';

Maybe alb. /aper'de\N\ap\

with aniaut. s-. Norwegian dial, s/ampa' go carelessly ', engl. dial. s/amp^6s., limp ',
Norwegian dial, s/amsa' hang loosely, dangle '; Norwegian (Middle Low German) s/ump'
chance, luck ', engl. slumps morass, wet place ', to stamp, slump^ plop, flop, bang, clap ',
Middle High German slampen^ schlaff herabhangen ', Modern High German dial.
schlampen^ schlaff herabhangen, nachlassig sein ', Schtumpe, Sctilampe^ untidy woman,
slut' (probably with ndd. p);

Old Icelandic sleppa, slapp^ fail, slide, slip ' {*slemp-), Kaus. steppa {*slampian) " let
drive ', engl. dial, slemp^ dodge, sneak away, fall down '; from a root form in Germanic b
(compare gr. Aspcpoq 'mucus, snot'); Middle Low German Middle High German slam{-mm-
), Modern High German Scfilamm {*stamba-). Late Middle High German stemmen least,
eat plentifully', Norwegian slembai. "slut', slemba^ bang, clap ', isl. 'dangle'; further
perhaps the group from Middle High German sltmp{-mb-), slim {-mm-) 'slant, skew,
slantwise ' ; perhaps to Latvian sZ/ps from *slimpas^ slantwise, steep', Lithuanian nu-
stimpa^ slip away, sneak '.

References: WP. II 431 ff., WH. I 738 ff., 802 f., Trautmann 270.
Page(s): 655-657

Root / lemma: lehg(h)-1 : l9hg(h)-

Meaning: twig

Material: Alb. lethT, laithT, lajthi{ *l9g-) ' hazel shrub '; (common Slavic alb. -/ consonant)

Lithuanian taz-d-a^sWck, hazel bush ', Latvian lazda^ hazel bush ', tagzda6s. {*taz-g-
da), secondary l§(g)zda (is.. Old Prussian laxdei. ds., /reA/aA-ofe 'spear shaft';

Slavic les-l<-at in serb. Iijesl<a^ hazel shrub ', poln. /as-/r-a 'stick';

doubtful whether here Old Church Slavic loza ' vine, sprout', serb. loza ds., etc. ( *l9g3);
s. also under Iohg-lo6, horsewhip'.

References: WP. II 378, 442, WH. I 766, Trautmann 153, Jokl L.-k. U. 203 ff., Machek
Recherches 25 ff.
Page(s): 660

Root / lemma: lehgh-2 : lahgh-

Meaning: to crawl on the ground; low

Material: Old Icelandic /agrlow' (out of it engl. /oi/i), Middle High German /segel\at', Low

German /age low';

Latvian /gzns l\at', lezet, lezaV skid ', Lithuanian /e/rs/as "flat', luozas^ bending down of
grain ', new loze6s.\ Old Prussian //se 'crawls';

Slavic (Old Bulgarian etc.) lezg, /est/" grovel, truckle, creep, march, step, stride, strut,
ascend ', to russ. /az/na' regret ', Serbo-Croatian /az' steep path ' etc.

Is /egh- a variant from /ehgh-l\e'7

References: WP. II 425 f., Trautmann 161.
Page(s): 660

Root/ lemma: {leihg-2), lijg-
Meaning: appearance; body; similar

Material: Gothic leiku. "body, flesh, corpse ', Old Icelandic IFk^ body, corpse ', Old English
lFc6s., Old Saxon Ilk, Old High German //77(Gen. Uhhi, fem.) " body figure, appearance,
body, corpse '; Gothic galeiks^ alike ', Old Icelandic gITkr, likr' alike, equally well ', Old
English gelTc, Old Saxon gilTk, Old High German gilJh, Modern High German gleich
("having the same figure'), Gothic fvileiks " of what sort, of what nature, what kind of a,
which ' etc.; Gothic leikan, galeikan^ like ', Old Icelandic ffka6s., Old English /lic/an {eng\.
like^ want; prefer'). Old Saxon /Ikon 6s., Old High German ffchen^ ds., be equal to, be
identical to, be measured ', Old Icelandic ITkr^ fitting', ITkna^ forgive ' (" be compared ');

Lithuanian lyg, lygus^ alike ', lygti^ resemble ', Latvian ITgt^ come to an agreement ',
IFdzis^ alike ', Old Prussian polTgu Mn. " alike ', IfginV direct, aim, point ' = Old Lithuanian
liginti' hold a hearing ', Lithuanian /y^//?//" com pa re, equalize '.

References: WP. II 398 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 508 f.
Page(s): 667

Root/ lemma: leih-1, lehk-

Meaning: " bend '

See also: see above S. 307 ff. under ehleih-.

Page(s): 661

Root / lemma: le(i)h-2

Meaning: to grant; possession; to acquire, possess

Note: originally " abandon, forsake ' and = le(i)-3^ let, allow '

Material: Old Indie rati- 'willing to give, willingly; f. bestowing, mercy', rati' lends, grants';

gr. Aarpov n. 'earnings, pay, guerdon, reward ', AaTp£U(;, AarpK; ' Lohnarbeiter', AaTpeuoj
'diene um Sold': I atin latrn\s, nr loanword:

Old Icelandic iad. Old English iaedu. ' estate ', Gothic uniet^s' arm' = Old English
unised(e)' woeful, wretched, miserable ', with gradation Old Icelandic iodi., n. 'yield of the
ground';

with 5-suffix here probably also Old High German -iari{e.g. in goz-lari' Goslar '), Old
High German ga-iaeswes ' Angrenzer ', Old English iaes, g. iaeswe^. ' grassland ' ( *iesua),
the Swedish-Danish place name ending -iosa, -i0se and (?) Old Bulgarian iesb 'wood,
forest';

Maybe alb. iis 'oak, oak forest' a Slavic loanword from Old Church Slavic: iesb "forest,
wood(s)', Russian: /es 'forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: //s 'forest, wood(s)'.

Old Bulgarian ietb, ieti/gjesth ' licet '; in Baltic only diphthong forms: Lithuanian iieta
'thing, affair', loanword from Latvian //'e/a 'thing, supplementary', and probably also
Lithuanian iaima'\uck', iaimi/s' bringing luck', iaimeti' gain '.

References: WP. II 394, WH. I 471, Trautmann 157.
Page(s): 665

Root / lemma: le(i)h-3
Meaning: to weaken; feeble
Note: (= ieCiJh-' grant', see there)

Material: a. Probably in gr. sAT-vu-u) 'be idle, lazy, halt, stop, pause '; Latin letum' death,
annihilation '; /e/7/5 'gentle, mild' (perhaps reshaped from *ienos=) Lithuanian ienas'
peaceful, tame, domesticated, slow'; Latvian i$ns6s.. Old Bulgarian /e/7b'idle'; with other
suffixes Latvian ie-iis' limp person'; /e/s 'light, cheap ', Lithuanian ietas' stupid, oafish '
(originally 'slack'); Latvian iaita' the decayed '.

b. root extension le[iJhd-\ lahd-.

gr. Ar|5£Tv "be idle, tired';

alb. loth, lodh "make tired ', lodhem " become tired ' ( *led-), Geg 1^, Tosc /e "I allow '
{*lad-nd), participle Geg lane, Tosc lene^ relaxed ' {*ladno-)\

Latin lassus' faint, languid, weary, tired, exhausted ' {*ladto-);

Gothic Ietan{lail6t), Old Icelandic lata. Old High German lazan. Old Saxon latan. Old
English laetan^ let, allow, abandon ', zero grade Gothic /a/5 "idle'. Old Icelandic Iatr6s., Old
High German /az" idle, faint, languid, late ' (Superl. lazzost, lezzist. Modern High German -
from Ndd. - letztei). Old Saxon /a/"idle, late' (Superl. letlsto, laztolast'. Old English Iset
(Superl. Isetost, engl. last} ds.; causative *latjan^ allow to do, restrain ' in Gothic latjan^ do
sluggishly, hinder, slow down ', Old High German lezzen ^hamper, hinder, damage, injure'.
Old English lettan. Modern English /o/e/" hinder'; Old Icelandic Igskr'soit, slack'. Middle
Low German lasch. West Frisian /as/r "light, thin' (Germanic *latskwa-);

/e/hcf-\n Lithuanian leldzlu, leldml, lelstr allow ', ablaut, palaldas^ loose ', palalda^
promiscuity, prostitution, harlotry ', lydetr guide ', laidotr bury '; Latvian /a/5/" let, allow ',
abbreviated Imper. lal, permissive particle (also Lithuanian dial, /a/7 Old Prussian -/a/in
boO-lar would be ').

References: WP. II 394 f., WH. I 767 f., 782 f., 787, Trautmann 154, Endzelin Latvian Gr.
p. 694.
Page(s): 666

Root / lemma: leih-4

Meaning: to pour

Note: perhaps identical with leih-3.

Material: Old Indie perhaps pra-lfna-' aufgelost, ermattet ', vl-llnatr melts, resolves '

("dissolves '?);

gr. aAsiGOv n. " cup, goblet ' ( *lel-tu-om);

dubious alb. lume, lyme^mer'. Use, lyse, luse^ bourn, burn, small stream, brook, rivulet

Latin ITtus, -orlsn. "beach, seaside, seashore, strand (the bank of a river, the coast of
the sea ' ("flood area ') from *leltos,

cymr. ///m. "flood, sea' {*ITIant-s= Old Irish lie 6s.), PI. ///a/?/ "floods, sea' {*lllantes); lllfm.
"flood, inundation ' {*lhmo), corn. Iyf6s., Middle Breton //Va/" inundation ', bret. linva
"flood'; cymr. Ilyr- m. "sea. Sea God ' (engl. PN Lear), Old Irish Ier6s. {*li-ro-); cymr. Illn,

corn, lyn, bret. ///7'pus' {*IT-no-); mcymr. dy-llyd^ pouring out ' {*-llio-), di-llyd^ pours out ';
Old Irish o'o-///? "streams' {*-li-nu-t}, tu(i)lev\. "flood' {*to-llio-), tolaeu. 6s.{*to-uks-///o-);
about //esee above;

Gothic /e/Pun. Akk. " fruit wine ', Old Icelandic /Idn. "beer', Old High German /Tth,
pisachs . //dm. n. " fruit wine ';

Lithuanian //eju, //e//"pour' (old /eju, Indo Germanic */e/d), [/jia /yt/'ra\n, stream', /ydau,
/yd/f/" allow to be raining, melt fat '; /yti/s m. "rain', /yt/'si. "form, shape' ("*mold '), at-lajis m.
" drain '; Latvian //e/"pour', //7"rain', lietusm. "rain'; //etas and Latvian //ets' shed, spill,
pour ', Old Prussian pra-//e/ton, pra-/e/ton av\6 pra-//ten 6s.\ /s-//uns ds.;

perhaps here Lithuanian L/etuva^ Lithuania ' ("KiJstenland'), Latvian LeTt/s^ Lithuanian ';

Old Church Slavic /ejQ //Jat/ av\6 //jg ////"pour'; ablaut. Slavic */oy"tallow, suet' (Lithuanian
at-/aj/s^ drain ') in Church Slavic /oyetc; slov. pre-//V poured over ', Czech ///y" poured,
shed '; Slavic present */bjg\s neologism.

References: WP. II 392, WH. 794 f., 815, Trautmann 156, J. Loth RC 46, 66 ff., 50, 143 ff.
Page(s): 664-665

Root / lemma: lehk-1 : lahk-

Meaning: trap

Note: word of the jargon spoken by hunters (Vendryes Arch. Ling. I 25)

Comments:

Root/ lemma: lehk-1 : l9hk-\ trap' : Root/ lemma: lehk-2: lahk-\ to tear, fell, fur, leather,

bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *na/<{u), /a/<{u) of Root / lemma: nohg"-,

nohg''ohd(h)oh- nohg^-noh- : naked'.

Material: Latin /ac/o, -ere "lure, seduce, decoy ', /acesso, -ere^ challenge, banter, stir,

tease, irritate', /acta, de-/ectd, de-//c/dlea6 astray, enrapture ', /ax' bait, loop, noose,

snare ' , /aqueus' a noose, halter, snare, trap ' (from one ^-stem */acusl)\

Maybe alb. /a/r"trap, snare, rope' a Latin loanword.

Old English /se/{a)'bN\g, branch, lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, mark from a
blow' ( 75/7//-)?

References: WP. II 421 f., WH. I 744 f.
See also: Perhaps to /ek-2.
Page(s): 673-674

Root / lemma: lek-2\ lak-

Meaning: to tear, fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod

Comments:

Root/ lemma: lehk-1: lahk-\ trap' : Root/ lemma: lehk-2. lahk-\ to tear, fell, fur, leather,

bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ' derived from *nak{u), laH^U) of Root / lemma: nohg"-,

nohg''ohd(h)oh- nohg^-noh- : naked'.

Material: Gr. AaKi(; 'scrap, shred', AaKO(; n. ds. (AoKri paKr|. Kpf|T£(; Hes.), AoKi^w "tear,

rend' ansAriKa ansppwYQ. Kunpioi Hes.;

alb. /a/r^/*" naked', lekure, //kureleW, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod ';

Maybe alb. /akur/'q' bat '

Notes:

' bat ' in Baltic Languages: Latvian "siksparnis" = "leather wing", Lithuanian "siksnosparnis"

= "leather wing", Celtic Languages: Breton "askell-groc'hen" = "skin wing", Irish (A)

"sciathan leathair" = "leather wing", Welsh "ystlum" = "a flitch of (bacon)", "slumyn" = "a

flitch of (bacon)"; "ystlumyn bacwn" = "a flitch of bacon".

Albanian /akuriq// nates' bat of the night [literally (the naked skin of the night)] ' derived

from Albanian lakura' skin, leather ', lakuriq' naked skin, stark naked ' which was a

translation of Celtic, Baltic names for bat. Suspended from the ceiling on hooks, skins are

reminiscent of the way that "bats" hang when roosting.

Latin lacer, -era, -erum' to tear to pieces, mangle, rend, mutilate, lacerate ', lacerna' a
cloak worn over the toga, hooded shawl, lacerna, travelling-cloak, military cloak ', laciniai.
" a lappet, flap, edge, hem '; lancino, -are "tear, rend, squander, dissipate ';

poln. iach, russ. /ochma'scrap, shred' (express, ch), etc.

Maybe alb. //okma'scrap, shred' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. II 419 f., WH. I 742 f.
Page(s): 674

Root / lemma: /ehp- lohp- lahp-

Meaning: flat

Material: Kurdish lapk' paw ';

Gothic /d/^rn., Old Icelandic ldfixr\. 'flat hand'; Middle Low German Middle English lof
Windseite ', actually " big rudder with which the ship was held to the wind '; changing
through ablaut geminated Old High German laffai.. Middle High German and dial. Modern
High German laffe^i\a\. hand, shoulder', Old High German lappom. 'flat hand, rudder
blade ' (also in Modern High German Barlapp^\)/co'^o6\\}vc\'), Norwegian Swedish /abbm.,
Danish /ab^ paw ', isl. /oppi. < Modern High German dial, /aff' dandelion '; with /7^forms
Norwegian dial. /0/77' paw ' {*/dbma-), band/dm ^ pa\m' , isl. /umma'b\g, giant hand';

Latvian /^pai. ' paw; Huflattig ', also " water lily, lotus plant ' (compare above Modern
High German /aff^ dandelion '); ablaut. East Latvian fuopa, through derailment of ablaut
Latvian /apa, Lithuanian /opa^ paw '; also Lithuanian /apasleaV, Latvian /apa6s.;

russ. etc. /apa' paw', poln. fapads., fap/n/ec' lycopodium, type of plant, clubmoss ';
Czech t/apa, Slovak, cf/aba'paw', poln. /aba= /apa;

Lithuanian /opeta 'shoveV, Latvian /40S/5 "shovel, spade, scapula'. Old Prussian /opto
"spade'; with other forms and ablaut 9:

Old Bulgarian /opata' throw shovel ', russ. /Oyoa/5 "shovel', /0/oa//ra "scapula', /opat/na'
rudder, helm ';

Maybe alb. /opa/e "shovel' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. II 428, Trautmann 149 f., 160.
Page(s): 679

Root / lemma: /ehs. lahs-

Meaning: weak, feeble

Note: extension to le(i)- " slacken '

Material: Gothic lasiws {*las-Tuos) "weak'. Middle High German er-leswen' become weak ';

Old Icelandic lasinn'\Neak, destructed', /as-meyrr' weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ',

Middle Low German lasich= lasch, /55 "slack, faint, languid', isl. laradr' tired ';

Maybe alb. /asbte'o\6, *weak'.

Slavic */osb in Bulgarian /os " evil, bad, ugly ', Serbo-Croatian /os " unlucky, evil, bad' ;
very doubtful is citation of Latin sub/estus' weak, small';

Alb //osh " fool ' a Slavic loanword.

here as " hanging scrap, shred ' perhaps Middle Low German /as" wedge-shaped rag',
Danish Norwegian las, /ase'rag', Middle Low German Middle High German /aschem.
"rag, scrap, shred'; Lithuanian /askana^rag, clout', russ. /oskut ^p'\ece, rag';

Tocharian A //ask- "flank', (common Slavic alb. -/ consonant)

References: WP. II 439 f., Trautmann 150 s. v. 75s/5-and *laskana-.
Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: lehto-, lahto-

Meaning: warm season; day, summer

Material: Old Irish la(i)thex\. "day', gall. lat... "days' in the calendar of Coligny;

altgutn. Ial=>igs^\v\ spring ', Swedish dial, lading, laing^ spring ', i ladigs^ in the last
spring ' ( *let-)\

Old Bulgarian /e/o" warm season, year', russ. /e/o "summer, year', dial, "south, southern
wind ', etc.

References: WP. II 427, Berneker 713 f.
Page(s): 680

Root / lemma: lehu-1

Meaning: to slacken

Note: compare also (s)leu-^ s\acV!

Material: Gothic lewu. "possibility, opportunity', lewjan^ relinquish, betray ' ("*abandon,

forsake '), Old English I^wan6s., Old High German gi-, fir-laen^ betray ';

Lithuanian liaujuos, lidviaus, //aut/s ' cease' , Latvian fauju, lawu, lauV admit, allow',
iautes' addict, to addict to ', Old Prussian aulauV^\e\ ablaut. Lithuanian lavonas^ corpse
'; probably as " unrestrained ', Lithuanian lianas^ loose, pliable, mad, wicked, evil', Latvian
launs^vnaA, wicked, evil';

kir. I'ivyty^ slacken, nachgeben', I'ivkyj^ lax, loose ', Czech leviti' relieve, weaken,
temper ', levny^ cheap '; russ. dial. /i//7a "death', lunutb " open fire, begin shooting, release,
let go, free, set free '; ablaut. Old Church Slavic v-blovbn-b " npsMoq ', Czech povlovny^
gentle, cautious '.

References: WP. II 405, Trautmann 161.
Page(s): 682-683

Root / lemma: lehu-2 : lahu-
Meaning: stone

Material: Gr. horn. Kacxc,, Gen. Kaoc, "stone' (Ausgleichung from originally *Ar|Fa(;;
AaFa[a]oq n.), Attic Kaac, and Aaq m., Gen. Aaou etc.; horn. Aaiy^, PI. AaiYY^^ f- small
stones ' (probably with suffix exchange for *Ac(iyK-, compare Celtic *ITuank-)\ KparaiAsux;
"hartfelsig' (*-Ar|Fo(;); Attic Asuoj "stone' (sAsuaGnv), Asuarrip "Steiniger' (from *Ar|ua-, Inc^
Germanic *leus-)\ ablaut. {*laus-) Aauarrip m. "Steinarbeiter' > "mijhselig, woefulj
wretched, miserable, with Steinen belegter Hausgang', Aauarpavov "wolf (*Reifler);
Schopfhaken'; besides dem -a(;-stem ein -ap-stem *AaFap as base from Attic Aaupa,
Ionian Aaupn "in rock gehauener way, alley', Aaupov peToAAov apyupou napa 'A0r|vaioi(;
Hes., mountain N Aaupsov;

alb. lere, -a " rock, rack fall, landslip' ( *layera), Jokl RE Balk. 1 , 46 ff.;

Old Irish lie, new ITa, Gen. //5C (disyllabic) " stone ' (Celtic *ITuank-, from Indo Germanic
*leuank- or -9nk-)\ bret. lia, liac'h^ stone ' is Irish loanword

References: WP. II 405 f.; Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 578.
Page(s): 683

Root / lemma: lehu-3ox lahu-

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

Note: (see also la-, le-), insufficiently certified

Material: A o'-extension in Latin laus, -disi. " laudation ', /audare 'pra'\se, laud'.

A /-extension in Old High German //odn., Old English /eof^n. " song ', Old Icelandic /Jod
n. " strophe ', PI. " songs ', Old High German liudon. Old English leot^ian. Old Icelandic
IJoda, Gothic //uf^on ^ s\ng' , aw/7/uddn' honor with a hymn of praise, praise ', awiliut^^ hymn
of praise, song of praise '.

References: WP. II 406, WH. I 776.
Page(s): 683

Root / lemma: lehut- : lut-

Meaning: wrathful

Note:

Root/ lemma: lehut-: lut-\ wrathful, derived from Root/ lemma: lehto-, lehti-, lehto-, lohto-

: heat

ncymr. Ilid^ anger', m. Ilawd^ estrus, heat, state of sexual activity; rut ' : Cymr. Hid {* luto-1)
" anger'.

Material: Cymr. Hid {* luto-1) " anger, wrath, rage, passion, indignation, a proneness to
anger, hasty temper, irascibility ', Old Bulgarian iutb " violent, brutal, cruel, savage,
terrible', lufeMv. " exaggeration or exacerbation, indignation, frowning, strong, stout, able,
powerful, robust, vigorous ', Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic i'utiti s§^ to be fierce, be
furious, rage, rave ' etc.; different about cymr. Hid above S. 680.
References: WP. 11415.
Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: le[i]-1 : lai-
Meaning: to wish

Material: Gr. (Doric) Af|v 'want, desire, will', el. Asoirav ' £0£AoiTr|v ', gort. Asioi, Asiovri etc.,
Ionian Arijja n. "volition', *Au)q "wish, choice ' (to Apv, as ^cbq to ^pv), therefrom Kompar.
Acbiov "better' (hom. only Acbiov, Aoji'Tepov), Superl. K6d\aioc„ KGiOioc;, Aai5p6(; " pert,
audacious', Aaipoq "wild, exuberant ', also ATp6(; " cheeky, lascivious '; doubtful Aiav, Ionian
Air|v "very, allzusehr', AT (Epicharm) ds., Apv AiavHes., Verstarkungspartikel Aai-(ano5ia(;),
Ai-(n6vr|po(;), Aa-(KaTapaTO(;; rhythm, lengthening for *Aa-), as well as Asux; (*Ar|Foi;),
onian Kz\udQ, Adv. "whole, complete '; whether "after wish, in gewijnschtem Ausmafle' -
very, to very'?

Perhaps here Old Irish air-iei. " consultation ' {*ari-iaja), iriitim " obedient, submissive ';

Germanic *ia-^d\. "invitation' in Old Icelandic /pd" the invitation ', Runic ia^u, Gothic
iat^aleH<dMy. "willing', denominative Gothic ial=>dn^ invite, appoint ', Old Icelandic lada
ds.. Old English ladian. Old High German iaddn^\oa6, appoint '; in addition ablaut. Middle
High German iuoder^ sugarplum, gluttony ' (out of it French ieurre). Modern High German
Luder.

References: WP. II 394 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. I 539, M. Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 7 f.
Page(s): 665

Root / lemma: le-
See also: s. ia-1.
Page(s): 655

Root / lemma: IF-no-
Meaning: flax

Material: Latin ITnum " flax';

Old Irish ^"nef, nir. //c»/7"flax, net', cymr. etc. ////?" flax' (from Latin); irregular cymr.
Iliain, corn. bret. lien^ linen ' (uncertain basic form; s. Pedersen KG. II 103, Pokorny KZ.
45, 361 f.);

alb. Tosc li-ri, Geg li-nirc\. "flax' : Latvian //n/l\ax' a Baltic loanword;

Gothic /e/n, Old Norse Old English Old High German //T? "flax' (from Latin).

With r. gr. Aivov "flax', Lithuanian ///75S "flax', PI. //narf\ax', Latvian liniP\., Old Prussian
//nnol\ax', Old Church Slavic */bnb " flax', /tnenb " linen '.

References: WP. II 440 f., WH. I 810 f., Trautmann 162.
Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: /ohg-

Meaning: rod, twig

Material: Gr. 6-A6yivov o^wSsq, aupTTe(puK6(; Hes., Kara-Aoyov T(r|v) puprov Hes. (probably

as " densis hastilibus horrida myrtus ' Verg. Aen. Ill 23, formation alike KaTa-KOMO(;; after

Schuize Qunder ep. 496 to:)

Old Church Slavic /oza' vine; sprout esp. of grapevine ', russ. /oza'rod, horsewhip; rod,
stem, willow ' (etc., s. Berneker 736).

References: WP. II 442.

See also: compare above under leg(h)-.

Page(s): 691

Root / lemma: lohrga-, lohrgi-

Meaning: stick, club

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish lorc{lorgg) f. "club, mace, joint, cudgel, club, penis'. Middle Irish lurgai.

"shinbone'. Gen. lurgan, mcymr. //c»/y"club, mace, joint', llorf^ foot of the harp ', acorn.

lorch "staff, bret. lorc'henn "shaft';

Old Icelandic lurkrxw. 'cudgel, club' Old Danish lyrkAs. {*lurki-), Swedish lurk^ fool ';
Modern High German Tirol lorg, lork^ mythical giant '; Old Icelandic lerka^ tie up, torment,
smite'; Old English lorg rw. f. " shaft, pole, spindle' is Celtic loanword

References: WP. II 443, Loth RC 40, 358.
Page(s): 691-692

Root / lemma: lohu- lohua-

Meaning: to wash

Material: Armenian loganam " bathe myself ( *lou-ana-)\

gr. A6u) 'wash' (Hom. = Latin lavere), Aouaw, sAouaa, AsAoupai, afterwards also new
present Aouw; Ao(F)£U) ds., Aosrpov (Hom.), Aourpov (Attic) "spa, bath' (: gall, lautro. Old
Icelandic laudi);

Latin lavo, -e/ieand -are, /ai/rwash, bathe' (out of it borrowed Old High German labon^
refresh ', etc.), ab-luo, -ere etc. (out of it a new Simplex /uo, -ere), participle lautus^
washed, made clean ' (with vulg. 6: lotus) and Adj. " clean, nice ', in-lutus^ unwashed ',
l(av)atrma^ a bath, a water-closet, privy, a brothel ', l(av)abrum^3i basin, tub, bathtub, vat',
diluvium, adiuvies, poiubrum^ washbasin ', deiubrum^a place of cleansing, temple, shrine,
sanctuary '; probably also Umbrian vutu {*lovetdd) 'to wash, bathe';

Maybe alb. /ay'wash'.

gall, lautro^ a bath ' (gall. -ou-\.o -at/- before a, basic form *loua-tro-). Old Irish loathar,
ldthar'pe\v'\s, a pipe, groove, channel, canal, passage for a fluid, conduit ', Middle Breton
lovazr, nbret. /ac»i/e/'"trough';

Irish io-cbasair' ra\n' {*louo-)\ Old Irish luaith, cymr. Iludw, corn, iusow, bret. ludu'asW
{*lou-fu-i-^ washing powder'); mc. glau, cymr. gwlaw'ra\n';

Old Icelandic laudrn. 'lye, lather, soapy foam, scum, froth, foam'. Old English leaPor'
lather, soapy foam ' ( *lou-tro-)\ Old High German iouga. Modern High German Lauge, Old
English leab ds., Old Icelandic laugf. ' Badewasser' (Vou-ka), ablaut. Old High German
luhhen "wash' (*lui<-);

Hittite la-hu-uz-zi {lauzi) " pours out '.

References: WP. II 441 , WH. 773 ff.; O. Szemerenyi KZ. 70, 57 f.
Page(s): 692

Root/ lemma: lus. Gen. luu-ohs

Meaning: louse

Note: often distorted taboo

Material: Abrit. *luua> loua> cymr. Ilau' louse' (Sg. Ileuen), corn, lowbret laou, Vannes
/ei/ds.;

Old English Middle Low German Old High German Old Icelandic lust "louse'; Old
Icelandic lyskii. ' louse disease';

with taboo distortion: Old Indie yu-ka, pali u-ka, prakrit ua, Lithuanian u-te, and (with
ablaut and reduplication) vfevesa, vievesai.; Church Slavic vi^sb, Serb, vas. Gen. i/es/and
us, etc. ( *usi-);

about Tocharian B /i/n/a "animal', PI. Iwasas. Pedersen Tocharian 72; compare Danish
o/k/" "animal' and "louse'; or to Old Church Slavic /okb above S. 655?

References: WP. II 443, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 44, Trautmann 336, Lohmann
ZceltPh. 19, 62ff.
Page(s): 692

Root / lemma: mahd-

Meaning: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating

Note:

Root/ lemma: mad-: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root/ lemma: meA^w. honey,

intoxicating.

Material: Old Indie madati, madate'boW, effervesce, be cheerful', madyati, mamatti,

mandati6s., mada-m. " Rauschtrank ' = Avestan mada-' Rauschtrank,

Rauschbegeisterung ', Old Indie matta-^ intoxicated, gleeful, excited, aroused ', Avestan

mad- {madaite, madayaijha) " become intoxicated, get amused '; Old Indie madgu-^ a

certain water bird, a fish '= np. may^a water bird ', Old Indie matsya- m., Avestan masya

"fish' (" the wet '; derivative from an -e5-stem *mades-)\ Old Indie medas-v\. "fat', medana-

n. " fattening ', medyati, medate^ becomes fat ', medya-la\! {meda-irom *mazda-, Indo

Germanic *mad-do-or *mad[e]z-do-= Old High German masV fattening '; the specific

meaning " fattening ' also in this formation previously Indo Germanic); mastu- n. "sour

skimmings' {*mad-stu-), npers. /77as/ra/7 'frische butter' {*mad-sk-7); Old Indie madya-,

madira- " intoxicating ';

skyth. Maroaq " Danube, river in Europe ', PN Ma5uri<;, VN MaTUKerai " Danube resident

Armenian mataF young, fresh, tender'; macun^sour, coagulated milk' {*mad/o- +
Armenian Suff. -un), macanim, macnum ' stick, adhere, cling to, coagulate '; additional

iran. words for Dickmilch , so npers. mast' sow milk', masTdan' curdle, coagulate, harden
', etc.;

gr. |ja5acb "zerfliefle, lose myself auf, verliere die hair'; |ja5ap6(; "humid, wet'; against it
Ma^6(; " nipple ' (= Old High German mast, *mad^-dos), \xaai6c, "breast' ( *mad-tds), \xaGQ6c,
ds. (reshuffling after aTr|9o(; "breast');

alb. manj {*madnid) "fatten', ma/m lat', maze' skimmings, cream, skin in milk' {*madja)\
madh' cornmeal mash ', changing through ablaut module, motu/e'pea', modhe' ryegrass

Latin madeo, -ere" to be wet, be moist, drip, flow ', mattus' drunk, intoxicated ' {*madi-
to-s);

Old Irish ma/d/m'break (intr.), break in pieces ' (actually " dissolve, melt ', formal = Latin
madeo); in-madae' in vain, without success ' (in addition probably c. /77ao'o'e^ "legislate,
pass, approve, forgive ', abret. in madau' to the ground, to the bottom '; Gaelic maistir
"urine ' {* mad-tri-)\ Middle Irish mati. "swine' {*madda' fattened pig ');

Old High German /775s/"food, fattening, acorn mast ', Modern High German Mast,
Mastung, Old English msest' beechnut'; Gothic mats'6\s\\, food'. Old Icelandic matrm.,
Old English metem., Old High German maz n. ds. (Modern High German still in Messer
from Old High German mezzi-rahs), as well as Gothic matjan'eat, devour ', Old Icelandic
met/a' slurp ', Old English mettanleed', Middle Low German mat{e) "buddy, friend, esp.
in the nautical slang ' (Maat), Old High German gamazzo' buddy, friend '; in addition also
Middle Low German met' pork ', nnd. mett' chopped flesh'. Old High German (actually
ndd.) Mettwurst {irom andd. *matja-)\ changing through ablaut Old English Old Saxon mos
"porridge, mash, dish, food'. Old High German muos' cooked, esp. mushy dish, food,
eating generally ', Modern High German Mus, Gemiise {*madso-).

References: WP. II 231 f., WH. II 6 f.; Kuiper Nasalpras. 140.
Page(s): 694-695

Root / lemma: mahghos, -a

Meaning: young, servant, servant of god

Material: Avestan mayava-' unwed, unmarried, single ';

alb. makth'young hare';

Celtic *magus'\n gall. PN Magu-rTx, Proto Irish (Ogam) Maguno-, Old Irish maug, mug
"slave'; corn, maw, bret. mao^ youngling, servant', cymr. meu-dwy' hermit, servant of God
'; Fem. corn, mowes 'g\r\', bret. maouez^\N\ie, woman'; Celtic -5/770- derivative in Old Irish
mam, maam(m)^ a yoke, the condition of a servant, slavery, serfdom, service, servitude ';
abstract noun Celtic */77a^c»/-a/r/a 'maidenhood, virginity, young femininity' (other
formations from *maghotis= Gothic magat^e, from which Celtic */77a/r"'/r"'c»/-a/r/a through
contamination with mak"'k"'o-^V\6, child') in Middle Irish ingen maccdacht^youuig adult girl'.
Old Irish ro-macdact q\. " fully mature ', mcymr. machteith, acorn, mahtheid^ a maid,
maiden, virgin ', mcorn. maghteth, maghtyth ds., bret. matez^ maidservant '; nickname
*magguos\n gall. Mapo-no-sGH, acymr. map, ncymr. malb'son'; double intensification in
Proto Irish maqqas. Old Irish mace, nir. mac^sou';

Gothic magus'knave, boy'. Old Icelandic mggr'son, young man, husband'. Old Saxon
magu'knave, boy'. Old English mago'son, man, husband, servant'; Fem. *ma{y)wr\n
Gothic ma\/v/^g\r\' (Gen. maujds). Old Icelandic mser{f\Vk. mey) "girl', Demin. Gothic
mawilo. Old Icelandic meyla. Old English meowie "small girl'; abstract noun *maghotis
"young femininity', from which specifically "girl', in Gothic magat^s^youuQ wife, woman'.
Old English maeget^ {ev\Q\. maid). Old Saxon magath. Old High German magad. Modern
High German Magd, Demin. Madchen;

Latvian /77ac(from mags) "small'.

References: WP. II 228, Feist 3339.
Page(s): 696

Root / lemma: mahgh- : mahgh-

Meaning: to be able; to help; power, sorcerer

Note:

Root/ lemma: mahgh-. mahgh-: to be able; to help; power, sorcerer : Root/ lemma:

mahghos, -a: young, servant, servant of god.

Material: Old Indie magha-'power, richness, gift', maghavan-, maghavat' strong', Iran.

magu-. Old pers. magus^ sorcerer, magician ' (out of it gr. \xcxsoc,, Latin magus);

Maybe alb. {*magh-) math'b'\g, powerful' [common alb. -g > -dh; -k > -//? shift]

Armenian marthankh^ aid ' ( *mag-thra-);

gr. Mnxo*^ ". (Doric (JaXC"^). Poet. pHXap ' a'd ', Mnxavr), Doric [jaxava (> Latin machinal) "
aid, tool, artifice';

Gothic Old English magan, Old Icelandic mega, maga, muga, Old Frisian muga, Middle
Low German mogen. Old High German magan, mugan^ possible, could be, might be, may
be '; 1. Sg. present Gothic Old Saxon Old High German mag. Old Icelandic ma. Old
English m^g. Old Frisian mer. Old Icelandic magn, meg(i)nv\. 'power, essence ', Old
English msegen. Old High German, Old Saxon magan, meg/n6s.; Gothic mahtsi. " power
', Old High German Old Saxon maht. Old English meaht, might. Old Icelandic mattr ds.;

Maybe truncated alb. Geg {*mugn) mun, Tosc /77^/7o'' might' [common alb. n > a?^' shift]

Maybe alb. mund^ defeat'

Lithuanian magulas^ numerous, much, a lot of;

Old Church Slavic mogg, mosti^ to be able, to be capable of ', po-mosti, Iterat. po-
magat/"\r\e\p' etc.. Old Church Slavic mostb, russ. mocb etc. "power, strength ' (= Gothic
mahts).

References: WP. II 227, Trautmann 164 f., H. GiJntert, Weltkonig 108 f.; whether E.
Fraenkel (Lexis 1, 169 f.) rightly gr. pr|xo<; with Lithuanian mokef/" to be able, understand,
comprehend ' goes back to a root makh-, the other words could go back also in megh-:
mogh-, compare Tocharian A /770/ra/s "mighty'.
Page(s): 695

Root / lemma: mahgh-

Meaning: to fight

Material: Gr. Apa^wv, loanword through Aeolic mediation from an Iran, people's name

*ha-mazan- 'wamor', compare apia^aKapav' (: Aryan kar-^make') ttoAeijeTv. flETaai Hes.

and aMa^av(ji)5£(; ai pn^sa' (of VN Hamazan-); gr. paxo|jai " fight ', paxn "fight, struggle,

battle', paxaipa "sword, knife' (fem. to *ijaxu)v "incisive'? Oder Semitic loanword, to hebr.

mekherah "sword'?).

References: WP. II 227, WH. II 3, 4.

Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: mahg-

Meaning: to press; to knead

Material: Gr. jjaynvai, psfjayfjEvri to paaau) (to present s. /77e/7a/r- "knead'), fjOY£U(; " the

kneading ', MC(Yi<; f. " kneaded mass', \xcxsz\poc, (actually |jaYTpo(;) " cook ', paySaAia "shred

bread zum Fettabwischen'; poKipa f. " kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch ';

Middle Irish maistrid^ makes butter' {*magis-tr-), bret. /77eza "knead', cymr. maeddu^
fight, pushing through the mix ' ( *maged-)\

Old Bulgarian mazg, mazat/' anoint, smear', russ. mazb " ointment ', Old Bulgarian
maslo ' butter, oil, ointment ' ( *mag-slo-), mastb " ointment, fat' ( *mag-sti-), Latvian iz-
/77^Qze/'circumvent, by-pass, outmaneuver, outsmart ';

with esp. use in the building of the family of Modern High German machen {irom "knead,
form, mould, form, join; shaped, suitable, fitting). Old Saxon (g/J-makon' make, erect,
build'. Old High German mahhon ds.. Modern High German machen. Old English macian
"make, cause'; Old Saxon gemaco^ comrade, the likes, one's equals ', Old High German
gimahho^ sharing, joining in, partaking, united, associated, kindred, allied, fellow, common
' {gimahha^ one who is united in marriage, a consort, spouse, wife, husband '), Old
English macads., gemsecca^ds., husband ' (Old Icelandic maki^ equal, like, even, on a
par ' is ndd. loanword). Old High German ga-mah, gi-mah' related, fitting, comfortable '
(p'//77a/7 "connection, domestic comfort, chamber '), un-gamah^ malus, minus idoneus ', Old
English ge-msec^ fitting, suitable, (Old Icelandic makr^ fitting, comfortable ' is ndd.
loanword); Old Frisian mekn. " marriage ', mekere^ matchmaker'. Middle High German
mechele^ matchmaking '; from Germanic */775/rd derives Latin mac(h)id^ one who works
on a scaffold, a mason, bricklayer, one who lays bricks, one who builds with stone '; out of
it rom. *matsid, whence again Old High German stein-mezzo^ stonecutter'.

References: WP. II 226 f., WH. II 3, Trautmann 173;
See also: compare mak-2 and menk-.
Page(s): 696-697

Root / lemma: maih-1

Meaning: to cut down, work with a sharp instrument

Note: probably actually mai- and s- loose form besides smei- : smei- : smT- " carve, work

with sharp tools '.

Material: 1. Old Irish maeF bald, dull, without horns ', acymr. mair maimed, mutilated ',

ncymr. moer bald, hairless, smooth ' {*mai-lo-s^ broken ');

2. fltextension: Gothic maitan^\\e\N, hit, cut, clip'. Old Icelandic meita. Old High German
me/zan'cut, clip'. Old Icelandic meitillm.. Old High German /77e/z//"chiser, Old High
German stein-meizo^ stonecutter'; in addition Old English mTte, Old High German mTza
"mite' (probably to gr. |ji5aq " maggot '), perhaps also Old English se-mette, engl. ant,
emmet. Old High German a-meiza' ant ' ("whittler ');

Maybe alb. mize, miza^ fly', mize mjaltr bee', mize dheu^ ant'.

whether also Old Bulgarian medb "ore', russ. medb " copper'?

3. ^extension: Old Indie methati^ injures ' (expressives //?), gr. |jiTuAo(; "mutilated,
without horns', (jigtuAAcjo "cut (flesh)'; Old Icelandic meida' injure physically, mutilate,
destroy ', Middle High German meidem^'(r\a\e horse' (actually "eunuch, castrated man '),
Gothic *gamaiP-s^ crippled ', wherefore (probably after the court jester) Old High German
gimeiV crazy, mad ', Middle High German transformed gemeiV full of life, pert, beautiful,
dear'. Old Saxon gimed. Old English gemad, mceded\emck\.', engl. mad6s.;

Old Lithuanian ap-maitinti^ wound, hurt ', Latvian /775//a/ "spoil, destroy', Lithuanian
maTtelis^ castrated, fed for slaughter boar'. Old Prussian nomaytis^ castrated boar',
ismaitinV lose, shed; suffer a loss, be defeated ' (as it. perdere); different MiJhlenbach-
Endzelin II 552.

References: WP. II 212, Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 193, 194.
Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: maih-2 {moih-1)

Meaning: to smudge, dirty

Material: Gr. jjiaivu) (Aor. spiav) "sully, besmirch', piaapa n. " maculation ', fjiap6(;

( *miuaros'7) "besudelf, piai-cpovoq "with murder befleckt';

Old English malu. " blot, stain, taint, blemish'. Old High German meilx^., meilai. ds.;
Lithuanian PI. mieles, Latvian m/'e/es 'yeast'; perhaps also Lithuanian maiva' marsh
meadow '?

References: WP. II 243.
Page(s): 697

Root / lemma: mahkh-o-s, -(s)lo-

Meaning: wild, unbridled, bold

Material: Old Indie /775/r/7a- "alert, awake, smart, funny, exuberant ', m. " sign of joy, display

of happiness, celebration ';

Maybe alb. makth'bogey, nightmare'.

gr. jJCiX^og "horny, lustful; uppig (from Weibern); in wilder lust tobend'.

References: WP. II 226.

Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mahk-

Meaning: leather pouch

Material: Cymr. meg/n 'beWows' {*makTna)\

Old High German mago' stomach ', Old English maga, engl. maw'craw, stomach', Old
Icelandic /775^/"stomach';

Lithuanian makas, mekeris^ pocket, purse '; Latvian maks, Demin. macins, makelis
"bag, pouch ', makstis^ a scabbard, sheath ', Lithuanian maksna^ sheath ', makstis^ a
scabbard, sheath (of sword or knife)'. Old Prussian dant/'-max' gums, gingiva '; Old Church
Slavic mosbna^bag ';

doubtful is affiliation of Old Irish men {from *makno- or *mekno-) 'mouth, bay', menaigte
" qui inhiant '.

References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mahRo- or mohR-o- {*mahgho-)

Meaning: a kind of fly

Note: (-/o- -ko-, diminutive formants)

Material: Old Indie masaka-m. "horsefly, biting housefly, mosquito ', Lithuanian masalas^

mosquito ', Latvian masalas' measles ', wherefore russ. mosolitb 'plague, torment, beg

obtrusively ' (of the form of obtrusive swarm of mosquitoes), and with other forms

( *mosbtbl) Upper Serbian moscic so, moscec so " to swarm (as a swarm of mosquitoes) ',

as well as probably also Lithuanian masoju, -//'beget a child ';

compare with velar the Aryan family of Old Indie maksa- m., maksat 'fly', Avestan
maxs/-l\y, mosquito ' etc., and Lithuanian makatas' blackfly '. common Old Indie gh- >
ks- : Old pers. gh- > xs- : npers. xs- > s-

References: WP. II 225, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 43 f., Trautmann 170.
Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mahnd-

Meaning: hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable

Note:

Root / lemma: rnand-: hurdle, plaited twigs, horse fence, stable, derived from Root/
lemma: mend- mond-{mQd-l)\ to suck (breast), to feed; breast.
Material: Old Indie mandura^ stable ', mandiramu. 'house, chamber'; gr. (Illyrian?)
pav5pa f. 'corral, pen, fold, stall, hurdle ', \\bNbaKoQ, 'bar, bolt'; thrak. [jav5aKr|<; '
Garbenband '; Illyrian PN Mandurium or Mandur/a {Ca\abnen); whether primary meaning '
stable, horse fence ', perhaps to mendo-' the young of an animal ', S. 729 (mend-).

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Old Indie mandura^ stable ' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia , n,
lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, Illyrian: -kx\, the region or province of lllyria,
'lAAupi^io , speak the Illyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.
References: WP. II 234, Krahe Festgabe Bulle 205 f.
Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mahnu-sor mohnu-s
Meaning: man

Material: Old Indie manu-, manus-' person, man, husband' (also ' male ancestor of the
people'), Avestan in PN Manus-ci&ra-, proto Germanic *manuaz\n PN A^5/7/7i/s (Tacitus),
ancestor of the Germans, Gothic manna {Ger\. mans), Old Icelandic madr, mannr. Old
English Old Frisian Old High German mann^rr\ar\, husband', Gothic mannisks. Old
Icelandic mennskr. Old English Old High German mennisc^ human, of human beings, of
people; humane'; Old High German mann/sko etc. 'person'; Old Church Slavic mozb, russ.
muz'mar\, husband' {*mang/a-, suffix similarly as in Lithuanian 27770-^-^5 'person').
Maybe the root word is related to the name of the moon in PIE; Mene/aus 'rr\oor\ god?';
also egypt. Menes?'\'\or\ of revenge' (the chariot of the moon was pulled by lions in Egypt).
Lion was the beast that fell from the moon.

References: WP. II 266, Trautmann 169; perhaps to 3. men- '\.h\r\k'.
Page(s): 700

In Sanskrit, the name Manu appropriately came to mean "man" or "mankind" (since Manu,
or Noah, was the father of all post-flood mankind). The word is related to the Germanic
Mannus, the founder of the West Germanic peoples. Mannus was mentioned by the
Roman historian Tacitus in his book Germania. Mannus is also the name of the Lithuanian
Noah. Another Sanskrit form, manusa is closely related to the Swedish manniska, both
words meaning "human being."

The same name may even be reflected in the Egyptian Menes (founder of the first dynasty
of Egypt) and Minos (founder and first king of Crete). Minos was also said in Greek
mythology to be the son of Zeus and ruler of the sea.

The English word "man" is thus also related to the Sanskrit manu, as well as its
equivalents in other Germanic languages. Gothic, the oldest known Germanic language,
used the form Manna, and also gaman ("fellow man").

The name Anu appears in Sumerian as the god of the firmament, and the rainbow was
called "the great bow of Anu," which seems a clear reference to Noah (note Genesis 9:13).
In Egyptian mythology Nu was the god of waters who sent an inundation to destroy
mankind. Nu and his consort Nut were deities of the firmament and the rain. Nu was
identified with the primeval watery mass of heaven, his name also meaning "sky."

Root / lemma: mahrtio-

Meaning: horse

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Irish marc, cymr. etc. /775/r/7 "horse', gall. papKOv Akk. Sg., MarcodurumPH;

Old High German marah. Old English mearh. Old Icelandic marr^horse' (Modern High
German in Mar-schall, -stall), fem. Old High German meriha. Old English mJere, Old
Icelandic merr. Modern High German Mahre.

References: WP. II 235.
Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: mahth-1ox mohth-

Meaning: a kind of harmful insect

Material: Armenian /77a///"louse'; Gothic mat^a, m. Old High German mado. Old English

mada^worm, maggot ', Old Icelandic maMr6s., Old Swedish matk, Finnish loanword

matlkka " little worm'.

References: WP. II 228, H. Petersson z. Kenntnis the Heterokl. 32 f.

Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: maht-2

Meaning: hack, flapper

Material: Old Indie matya- n. "harrow or stump ', matJkrta-^ harrowed or rolled '; Latin

mateola^ a kind of mallet '; Old High German (gl.) /t?©^^/^ "plough' (Lehmann Afneuere

Spr. 119, 188); from Vulgar Latin mattiuca:0\6 English mattoc, engl. mattock' hack,
mattock, hoe'. Old Bulgarian motyka'hack, mattock, hoe';
References: WP. II 229, WH. II 49.
Page(s): 700

Root / lemma: mahu-ro-

Meaning: weak; dark

Note: also m(a)ud-^s.

Material: Gr. (a)[jaup6(; "weak; dim, nebulous; blind', (a)|jaup6u) ' weaken, exhaust,

darken';

Old Norse meyrr' friable, brittle, crumbly; mellow, ripen ';

russ. (s)muryj' dark grey ', chmura'6ark cloud', Czech chmouriti, smouriti se' be dim,
look sour' ();

perhaps in addition gr. a|ju5p6(; 'dark, heavy to recognize, weak', apuSpow ' darken,
exhaust', apuSpoTn^ " nebulosity, faintness ', Old Church Slavic iz-m-bdeti, u-m-bdnqti'
become weak '.

References: WP. II 223.
Page(s): 701

Root / lemma: mazdo-s
Meaning: pole, mast

Material: Latin ma/us m. " an upright pole, beam, mast ' (with "sabin.' /= o'from *mados,
*mazdosox support in palus) = Old High German mast' shaft, pole, flagpole or spear pole,
esp. mast ', Old English mcest{irorc\ Middle Low German /77as/derives Norwegian mastr'
mast '); Middle Irish ma/de'sWck' (Old Irish *maite, i.e. *maidde, from *mazdios). Old Irish
matan'c\\}b, mace, joint'. Middle Irish ad-mat, nir. adhmad 't\mber'. As Germanic loanword
contemplates Schrader R|2168 Old Bulgarian mostb " wooden bridge ', russ. mostovaja'
material used to cover a road or path ', po-mostb ' floorboard '; rather is it is a collective
*mazd-to- " Stangenwerk '.
References: WP. II 935 f., WH. II 19.
Page(s): 701-702

Root / lemma: mahk(en)-
Meaning: poppy

Material: Gr. (jriKoov, Doric pciKoov " poppy'; Old High German Old Saxon maho, Middle
High German mahen, man and with gramm. variation Old High German mago. Middle
High German mage. Modern High German Bavarian magen^ poppy', ndd. man, Dutch
maan-kop. Old Swedish val-mughi, -moghT poppy' (in first part *walxa-' anesthetization
'); Middle Latin mahonus^ poppy' and Lithuanian magone- next to which dark aguona-
derives from Germanic, Old Prussian mokeiroxw Poln.; Church Slavic (etc.) makt^ poppy'.
References: WP. II 225, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mahk-1

Meaning: damp, to soak

Material: Armenian /770/'' ordure, slime, mud, swamp, marsh' {*mak-n-); alb. make^ glue,

skin on liquids ';

Lithuanian /77a/rc»/7e "puddle, slop', makenti, maknotT wade through ordure ', probably
also Latvian makuonis^ cloudiness, dark cloud', apmakties^be clouded ';

Old Bulgarian /77c>AAb "damp, humid, wet', mocg, -iti^ ppsxEiv', russ. moknutb^ become
damp ', mocitb, Iterat. macivatb " make damp, moisten ', moca^ urine ', /770C5^"damp,
marshy place'; compare Ligurian FIN Macra, span. FIN Magro;

lengthened grade Slavic *makajg, *makat/"\n Czech makati, maceti^ wet ', etc.

References: WP. II 224 f., Berneker II 8, 69 f., Trautmann 167.
Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mahk-2

Meaning: to knead, press

Material: Lett, macu, makt'urge, push, press, plague, torment, smite', Czech mack-am, -

atr press ' (diminutive formation, assuming a basic *makati);

here also Latin maceria, macen'est " a wall of soft clay, enclosure, wall '; in addition
macerare^ to make soft, make tender, soften, soak, steep, macerate'.

References: WP. II 224, WH. II 2 f., 5.

See also: compare the similar roots menk- and 7775^-.

Page(s): 698

Root / lemma: mahR- : mahR-

Meaning: long, slender

Material: Avestan mas-long', compounds masya' the great ', Sup. masista-, ap. madista-
" the highest ', Avestan masah-n. "length, greatness, bulk, extent' ( */775S- for */77/s- from
Indo Germanic /77a5- through influence of mazya' further, extra, in additional amounts,
more ': M£YC«;). Qf- V^OQbi, jjaaawv (*fjaKiu)v) besides paaaov (after aaaov ' nearer, closer
') "langer', pr|KiaTO(; ' the longest ', fjr|KO(;, Doric poKOt; n. "length', MaKsra ' highlands,
mountains ', MokeSovec; hence ' highlander', |jaK£5v6(; " slim ', nachhom. |jr|K£5av6c; ds.,
MaKp6(; "long' (= Latin macer, German mager^Mn'); perhaps iJOKap n. " blessedness,
happiness, felicity, good fortune ';

Latin macer, -era, -crum '\ean', maceo, -ere^ to be lean, meagre ', mac/est " leanness,
thinness, meagreness, atrophy ';

perhaps here Old Irish merm. 'finger' {*makro-);

Old High German magar. Old English maeger. Old Icelandic magr'\ean'; in addition with
Asuffix Hittite ma-ak-la-an-te-es {maklantes) Nom. PI. 'lean'.

References: WP. II 223 f., WH. II 2, Benveniste BSL. 33, 140 f.
Page(s): 699

Root / lemma: mah-1

Meaning: to beckon with the hand; to deceive

Note: (extended maih-1)

Material: Old Indie maya^ transformation, dream image, phantasm, ghost, deceit, illusion '

(or to 3. me-1);

gr. pnvuoj, Doric pavOw ' zeige an, verrate ' from *|ja-vu-|ji ' wave with the hand '; s-
extension paiopai 'touch, inspect'. Put. \\doao\\a\, tu\-\xaGioc, 'touched' = 'stained',
Ijaarrip, paarpoc; 'searcher, enquirer', fjaaTpoTT6(; 'coupler', paoTK;, \idai\% 'lash, scourge,
bullwhip, horsewhip; spur, whip, scourge';

^extension:

gr. pain ' offence ' ( *m9-ta), (jarnv, Doric -av ' futile ', paTaiO(; ' vain, worthless';

Lithuanian moju, mof/^wave with the hand, give a sign ', Latvian maju, matds., madft'
wave with the hand, beckon', mad/t/es' make trickery ', madzT dreamlike image,
phantasm, ghost ';

with s-extension:

Lithuanian masinti^ entice ', mosuot/'wave, swing', mostaguof/6s., mostereti, mosteleti
'wave, becl<on';

Slavic *majg, *majati {iroxw */77a// after the Balto-Slavic preterite stem *maja-) in Old
Bulgarian na-majg, -majati^\N\v\k at, blink one's eyes at, close one eye at; wave to ', po-
mavati, -mangtidiS., russ. na-maja ft ^ cheat, deceive, swindle' ,

with formants -mo-.

Serb. mamTm, mamiti^ entice ';

with formants -no-.

russ. mahu, man/'tb'\ure, tempt, deceive ' (of Slavic derive Lithuanian mdnaiP\. "sorcery',
Latvian man ft ^ cheat, deceive');

Maybe alb. mahniV surprise ' a Slavic loanword.

with formants -ra-.

russ.-Church Slavic mara^ emotion, strong feeling ', poln. mara^ deception ', etc.;

Maybe alb. {ke-mer) kmer, {te-merr) tmerr, mner, mer^ horror ' a Slavic loanword : Polish
koszmar^ horror ';

5-extension in:

Church Slavic machaju, machatT to toss in the air, fan, air ', etc.;

Maybe alb. {*maru) meru, miru^ handle' a Slavic loanword;

^■extension in:

aserb. matam, matat/lure, tempt', Czech matat/' haunt (of a ghost) ', etc.

References: WP. II 219 f., WH. II 33, Trautmann 166.
Page(s): 693

Root / lemma: mah-2
Meaning: good, timely

Material: With formants -no-0\d Latin manus' good ', /mman/'s 'temb\e\ adverbial mane,

manrear\Y, matutinal';

Latin mane : Italian mattino : Spanish mahana : French matin : Corsican mane ; matina :

Galician maha : Irish maidin : Portuguese manha : Sardinian Campidanesu mangianu ;

mengianu > alb. mengjes^ morning' (special relation Sardinian = Albanian).

here also Latin manesi. " the secluded souls ', later " underworld, death '; perhaps

Phrygian [jriv 'secluded soul', pavia " KoAr) '; or belongs Latin manes to gr. |jr|viq, Doric

Ijavig 'grudge'? compare S. 727.

With dormant: Latin Matuta' the goddess of the early morning, the morning brightness,
but also the maturity, the ripeness', matut/hus' matutinal ', maturus^ timely = mature, ripe,
mellow, seasoned ' (based on *ma-tu-, perhaps 'good, suitable time'), Oscan Maatufs
( *MatTs = ' dl Manes '); reduced grade perhaps Celtic *ma-ti- in Old Irish maith, cymr. mad,
corn, mas. Middle Breton mat, nbret. mad^ good ' and gall. PN Matidonnus, Teuto-matos,
also Old Irish maithid^ forgives '.

References: WP. II 220 f., WH. II 27 f., 53 f.
Page(s): 693

Root / lemma: mah-no-, mah-ni-

Meaning: wet, damp

Material: Latin mano, -are^ to flow, run, trickle, drop, drip ', hence ' rise'; bret. Vannes man

' moss, lichen', cymr. mawn^iurV from brit. *mdni-, from which borrowed Old Irish moini. '

moss, swamp, marsh, turf'; perhaps in addition ablaut, asachs. -mannia, -menn/a\n FIN

and PN, as Throtmennia^ Dortmund ', etc. (under the influence of common Celtic -a7s-, -nt-

> -nn-).

References: WP. II 224, WH. II 30 f., J. Loth RC 42, 91 f.

Page(s): 699-700

Root / lemma: mahter-

Meaning: mother

Note: based on a babble-word mah-, see there.

Material: Old Indie matar-^moihef, Avestan matar-, Armenian ma/r6s. (Gen. maur= gr.

|jr|Tp6(; etc.); Old Phrygian Nom. Akk. parap, paTspav, Gen. paTsps^; gr. Mnrrip, Doric

Ijairip (with postponed nominative accent as Guyarrip); in addition hom. Ar||jr|Tr|p,

Thessalian AappaTspi; alb. motre^ sister ' (originally ' the older sister representing

mother's place '); Latin mater, -//75 'mother, wet nurse', Oscan maatrefs, Umbrian matrer

'of a mother '; gall. (?) Marpspo ' mothers '; Old Irish /77a//7//'' mother' (cymr. modrydaf

'beehive' with bydarv\es\. of wild bees' as 2. part); Old High German muoter, Old English
modor. Old Icelandic /77od//'' mother'; Lithuanian /77d/e(Gen. Old Lithuanian motes,
Lithuanian moters) 'woman, wife' (/77d/K/7a 'mother', motera^ female, woman'), Latvian
/77a/e 'mother'. Old Prussian muti, /77c»//7e' mother' {pomatre' stepmother'); Old Church
Slavic mati{Qev\. matere) 'mother'; Tocharian A macar, B macer.

In derivatives (e.g. mahtruuii) compare:

Old Indie matrka-^ maternal ', m. 'mother's brother', /77a//'/r5 'mother, grandmother'; but
ncymr. modryb^ mother's sister', acymr. modrep-edP\., abret. motrep, nbret. moereb6s.
( *matrok"'a, to ok"'- 'see', as ' looking like a mother ');

gr. [jriTpa f. ' womb, uterus, marrow of the plant ', Latin matnx^ a mother in respect to
propagation, a breeding-animal, of plants, the parent-stem, womb, matrix, a source, origin,
cause ', Old High German muodar' belly of a serpent ', andd. moder. Old Frisian mother^
Brustbinde der Frauen ', Middle High German mueder. Modern High German Mieder,

Armenian mauru, Gen. maurur stepmother ' ( *matruuia =) gr. priTpuici ' stepmother ', to
/7-stem extended in Old English modrige. Old Frisian modire. Middle Low German modder
'mother's sister' {*mddruuidn-. Old High German/77^c»/e/'5ds. reshaped aiter muofe/^),
with lengthened grade forms *matrd[u]-. gr. (jnipajc;, -u)[F]oq, Doric jjarpux; ' uncle or
grandfather on the mother's side', pHTpwiOf; ' maternal ' (meaning changes after Mnrrip);

Latin matrona 'wife'; matertera 'mother's sister ' ( *matro-tera)\ materia, materies 'stuff,
matter, material, timber, substance'; gall. FIN Matrona'nyer in France; region in France ' =
cymr. GN Modroni.

Slavic *matero-\n russ. /77a/e/'£y "extraordinary, big, large, strong, tight, firm', serb. mator
'old, esp. of animals'. Old Bulgarian matertstvo^ rrpsapsTov ' (: Latin materies).

References: WP. II 229 f., WH. II 49 ff., Berneker II 25, Trautmann 170 f.
Page(s): 700-701

Root / lemma: mah 3

Meaning: mother (expr. root)

Note: redupl. mahma, mahmma, partly (dissimilation?) mahna, /77a/7/7a of dubious age

Material: Old Indie /77a 'mother';

Doric pa '|jr|T£p!' (in pa ya "o mother eartli', Aisch.), wliereof Ionian Attic paTa "motlier,
wet nurse, midwife ', Doric 'grandmother'; derived Middle Low German moje^ mother's
sister ', Old High German holz-muoja " witch ';

Old Indie mama-vocatWe m. "uncle' (from *mama^ mother's sister'); npers. mam,
mama, mamfmoihex';

Maybe vocative alb. mami^ mother', mamia' midwife '.

Armenian /775/77 "grandmother' (gr. loanword as papl); gr. papipa baby word vocative,
whereof Ionian Attic MOMMH mother', pappia "mother'; Latin 7775/77/775 nickname of affection
"mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother', also " brisket ', mamilla^ nipple '; alb. meme Geg
mame' mother'; Irish cymr. corn. bret. /775/77 "mother'. Old Irish mu/mmeloster mother'
{*mammia)\ Modern High German Alemannian /775/77/77e "mother', changing through ablaut
Old High German muoma' mother's sister'. Modern High German Muhme, Lithuanian
mama, moma, Latvian mama ds.; russ. (etc.) /775/77a"mama, ma, mommy, mom, mother';
Hittite divinity Mamma; compare Asia Minor Mr|vr|, ngr. pavva "mother'. Old Icelandic
/770/75 "mother', Middle Low German *mdne, mome^ mother's sister '.

References: WP. II 221 f., WH. II 21 f., Traulmann 168; ma\s (?) base from mater- {see

there).

Page(s): 694

Root / lemma: meM^i- meMNo-

Meaning: middle

Material: Old Indie madhya-, Avestan maidya-^ medial', Superl. Old Indie madhyama-,

Avestan madema-' medial' (= Gothic miduma);

Armenian mej^ center ';

gr. (ep.) \xtaaoc,, (Attic) \xtaoc, " medial';

Maybe alb. /77es "middle'.

Latin medius^ in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Oscan mefiaf^ in media ';
Oscan /77ess//77as presumably " medioxim|s ';

gall. Medio-lanum, -matrici. Old Irish mid-{*med'"u-) in compound " in the middle, in the
midst, mid, mean, middle ', Middle Irish mide^ center', Mide^ county in the Republic of
Ireland ' actually " middle province ', Old Irish i-mmedon^ in medio ', cymr. mewn, mcymr.

mywn"\v\' {*medugno-); mcymr. mei-iau^ middle - yoke ' {*m&iNo^\ gall. FIN Meduansr,
venet. FIN Meduanar,

with prolonging of -s- from a Superl. probably also Old Irish /77e5S5"bad', actually '
average, middle ' (or to 2. meit(h)-, Germanic m/ssa-7);

Gothic midjis. Old Icelandic midr. Old English midd. Old High German mitti^ in the
middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ', Superl. Gothic miduma^\he middle'. Old
Icelandic mjgdmi. "hip'. Old English m/dmesf't\r\e centermost'. Old English medeme. Old
High German metemo^ of middling size, medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ' (:
Ave Stan madama-) and Gothic *midjuma{= Old Indie madhyama-) in midjun-gards. Old
English middan-geard^ earth circle ', Old High German mittamo^ of middling size,
medium, middling, moderate, ordinary ', in mittamen^ amid, in the middle of; Old High
German mittar^ in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ';

Old Bulgarian mezda^road,' (originally " boundary strip ').

Maybe alb. mezhde, mezhda^ baulk, strip of land between fields ' a Bulgarian loanword.

russ. meza^ limit, boundary, slope ' (etc.). Old Bulgarian mezdu {Loc. Du.) " between '
Adv. preposition. Old Russian mezi{Lok. Sg.) ds.; here also probably as '* forest,
boundary strip ': Old Prussian median, Latvian /77ezs'wood, forest', Lithuanian medzias
"tree'; Lithuanian FIN Meduya.

References: WP. II 261, WH. II 57 f., Trautmann 173, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 133 f.
Page(s): 706-707

Root / lemma: meljd^u

Meaning: honey, intoxicating drink, mead

Grammatical information: n.

Note: actually nominalized adjective 'sweet'

Note:

Root/ lemma: mehli-t\ "honey' : Root/ lemma: meM^u: "honey' derived from a truncated

Root /lemma: mehl-1 {awch smehl-), mehlsh-' mle-, mehl-d-. ml-ed-, mehl-6'^-, ml-ei-:

mlh, mehlah-k-. mla-k-, mieu-. mlu-\ "to grind, hit; fine, ground'.

Note:

Root/ lemma: rnahd-: wet; glossy, fat, well-fed, intoxicating : Root/ lemma: meM'^u:

honey, intoxicating.

Material: Old Indie madhu-v\. "honey, mead ' (in addition macfhu-'s\Nee\.'; madh(u)v-ad-
" honey-eater': Old Church Slavic medv-edb 'bear'); Avestan madu- n. " berry wine ';

gr. |j£9u "wine ' (from the meaning "honey' has been abbreviated in pisAi = pisAi, -Toq "
honey '); psGuu) ' be intoxicated', msGuokw "make intoxicated ';

Old Irish m/'d {Gen. medd), cymr. medd, acorn. (Plur.?) medu, bret. mez 'mead ', Middle
Irish medb^ intoxicating ' {*me6!^uo^, cymr. meddw^ intoxicated, drunk ', bret. mezo6s.,
mezvT intoxicate ';

Old Icelandic mjgdr. Old English meodo. Old High German metum. " mead ';

Lithuanian medusm. "honey' {m/'dus^ mead ' from Gothic *midus), Latvian mgdus
"honey, mead ', Old Prussian meddo {*medu) "honey';

Old Bulgarian medb{Gen. meduand meda) "honey' (in addition among others serb. o-
med/t/ se'spoW, ruin e.g. of fat', actually " sweetish, become tasteless or ferment');
Tocharian B /77// "honey'.

Zur Konkurrenz with */77e///" honey' (not in any way " honey mead ') and about Finnish-
ugr. comparison (Finnish mete-, lapp. m/tt, Mordovian med' chin, /t?/^ "honey') s. Gauthiot
MSL. 16, 268 ff., Schrader RL. 85, 2139.

References: WP. II 261, Trautmann 173 f., Berneker II 31.
Page(s): 707

Root / lemma: mehd-1

Meaning: to measure; to give advice, healing

Material: A. Old Indie masti-i. " the measuring, weighing ';

Maybe alb. mas, /77a/"measure'.

whether also zero grade of Old Indie addha ( *md-6'^e) "certainly, yea, in truth ', Avestan
Old pers. azdads.. Old Indie addhat/- ^ smart man, sage' with the meaning from Latin
med/tar/etc.7 s. Pedersen Decl. Latin 72;

Note:

zero grade of Old Indie addha {*md-6^^ "certainly ' : Avestan Old pers. azda6s., Old Indie
addhatf- 'smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *mYa aya- "very' see Root /
lemma: mehg(h)- : meg(h)- : big

Armenian m/f{Gen. mti) "thought, notion, sense, mind' (: \ir\bzcx ete.);

gr. |j£5o|jai "bin whereupon bedaeht', pi£5(jov, pisSswv "Walter, ruler', p£5iMV0(; " bushel ';
lengthened grade pinSopai "ersinne, eateh einen Besehlufl', pnSea Nom. PI. "sorrows,
advice^ounser^jnoKop^A^^

Latin meditor, -arf to reflect, muse, consider, meditate, give attention ', modus^ a
measure, extent, quantity ', modestus^ keeping due measure, moderate, modest, gentle,
forbearing, temperate, sober, discreet ', moderare^ to set a measure, set bounds, put
restraint upon, moderate, mitigate, restrain, allay, temper, qualify ', modius' bushel ',
Umbrian mefs, mers^ right, privilege; law ' {*med-os-), mersto^ just, upright, righteous,
fixed by law, according to law, lawful, legal, legitimate ', Oscan med-diss^ a judge, decider,
umpire in any matter ' ( *medo-diR-s) etc.;

Old Irish midiur, Perf. ro-mTdar{: gr. [jriSopai, Gothic metum, Armenian mit} " to consider
thoroughly, ponder, weigh, reflect upon, think, to examine judicially, to judge, be a judge,
pass judgment, decide ', airmed^ measure ', mess' a judgment' {*med-tu-), med {*meda)
" scales ', cymr. meddwr the rational soul, the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart,
soul, a thinking, considering, deliberating, thought, reflection, meditation, imagination ',
mcymr. medu' be able, control ', cymr. /77e'ofa'^ " possess, control' (numerous Irish
compounds by Pedersen KGr. II 577 f., British formations by J. Loth RC. 35, 446; 38, 177,
296; 40, 347 ff., 350 f.; Ifor Williams RC. 40, 486; J. Lloyd-Jones RC. 43, 272); medd
"inquif etc.;

Gothic mitan. Old English metan. Old High German mezzan' measure ', Old Icelandic
meta' assess ', metu. " weight ', Old English ge-metv\. " the measuring ', Adj. " fitly,
reasonable'. Old High German mez' measure, drinking vessel'. Old English m/ttam. "grain
measure'. Old High German mezzo " small dry measure ', Modern High German Metze(n),
Gothic miton. Old High German mezzon' evaluate, estimate, consider'. Old Icelandic
mjgtudr'iaie, destiny'. Old Saxon metodvn. "knife, orderer, arranger, creator, god'. Old
English metodm. "fate, destiny', Gothic mitat^s' dry measure ';

©■grade (besides PI. preterit Gotliic metumeic.) Gotliic us-meV lifestyle ', Old Icelandic
matu. " the measuring ', Middle High German mazn. " measure, kind of way', Old High
German maza^ measure, fitness, suitability ', Old Icelandic maetr^ respectable, valuable ',
Old English gemsete^ suitable; fitting ', Old High German maz/6s.;

<7-grade: Gothic ga-mot'may, find space, have place, permission ', Old English motan^
can, to be able, have the occasion ' (engl. must^ must, have to ' from the preterit). Old
Saxon motan^ should, must find a place, have an occasion ', Old High German muoz,
muozan^ to be able, possible, could be, might be, may be, may, might, can ', Modern High
German mussen; Middle Low German motelree time, time, period ';

Old High German muoza'iree time, attention, opportunity to something'. Modern High
German Mulie, Old English se-metta, semta, from *a-mdtida\. ' leisure ', whereof 3em(e)tig
= engl. empty^ empty, bare, lacking'; Old Icelandic motn. ' image, sign, kind, way ';

Gothic mota^ customs duty ', Middle High German muoze^ Mahllohn ', Old English mot
" customs duty, tribute, tax'; probably from Gothic derive Old High German (Bavarian)
muta. Modern High German Maut, Middle Latin muta. Old Bulgarian myto.

B. An already Proto language application for ' wise counsellor = one skilled in medicine '
lies in: Avestan vT-mad-^ one skilled in medicine, physician, medicine man', vT-ma5ayanta^
sie sollen die Heilkunde ausuben ', gr. Mr|5o(;, Mri5r|, 'AyapriSn etc. ' Heilgottheiten '; Latin
medeor, -erf to heal, cure, remedy, be good for ', /77e'o'/ic^s 'physician, medicine man'
(with secondary formants -/ic^sof Subst. 'Vr7eo'' physician, medicine man' = derived
Avestan vT-mad).

Latin medicus : Calabrese medicu ; miericu : Catalan metge : Catanese mericu : Furlan
miedi : Sardinian Campidanesu meigu : Sicilian mericu : Valencian mege : alb.

(*meiku) mjeku " doctor.

Note:

Alb. belongs to Occidental Romance languages.

References: WP. II 259 f., WH. II 54 ff., 99 f.;

See also: mehd- is related to meh-3 {above S. 703 f.).

Page(s): 705-706

Root / lemma: mehd-2
Meaning: to swell

Material: Gr. pis^sa (Hesiod), [itbza (Archil.), [jriSsa (Horn.; lies psSsa?) " male genitals ';
\^zo^^q "full'; Middle Irish messm. {*med-tu-) " acorn, acorn mast, fruit harvest ', cymr.
corn. mesi. " acorn ', bret. mez6s.\ also Middle Irish mess^ foster child '?
References: WP. II 231 ; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 208.
Page(s): 706

Root / lemma: mehg(h)- : m^(h)-
Meaning: big

Note: (to Old Indie Aspiration s. Pedersen 5^ decl. Latin 48^, Hittite 36, 181 f.); to reduced
grade compare Pedersen Hittite 169 f.

Material: Old Indie mahant-, Avestan mazant-^b\Q, large'. Old Indie mah-, Avestan maz-
ds. (only out of Nom. Akk.), Old Indie mah/Hom. Sg. neutr. (-/= -a, then = gr. (jsya), as
front part Old Indie maha- (Avestan mqza- is a text mistake), mostly extended mahat- =
Avestan mazant-'b\g, large'; Kompar. Superl. Old Indie mahTyas-, mahistha-, Avestan
mazyah-, mazista-;

Old Indie mahayatr pleases, venerates', maha-rc\. " celebration, sacrifice, oblation',
mahJyate^ rejoices '; Avestan mimayzo^ you should try to glorify ', that is to say "hold
festivities';

Old Indie mahas-, Avestan mazah-n. "greatness, bulk, extent'. Old Indie majman-
"greatness, bulk, extent', Avestan /775Z5/7- "greatness, bulk, extent, grandeur'. Old Indie
mahV the great, the old people, the earth ' (: Latin Mala);

Adv. Gatha-Avestan /775s "very' ( *meghs), zero grade ( *rnghs) jav. as "very';

Armenian /77ec"big, large', Denomin. mecarem' uphold, preserve, honour; ' (: gr.
|j£Yaipoo);

gr. (jsyac;, (jsyaAri, psya {*meg-n) "big, large' (to (jsya is v^t^cxc,, -av neologism; psyaAo-
the case obi. and of Fem. contains *a/c»-" growth, stature ', as xQaijaAoq "low'); Kompar.
Ionian Doric Arcadian [je^wv from *fj£Yju)v (Attic [jei^wv after xsipwv), Superl. fj£YiaTO(;;
psyaipcjo (: Armenian mecarem) " schlage hoch an, bewundere; halte fur zu hoch,
miflgonne '; zero grade from *rnYa aya- "very' (aYa-vvi(po(; etc.), ayav "to very', aya^u)
"aegre fero', compare a^ov psyav, uijjeAov Hes. and jav. as- "very'; in addition probably gr.
dyaopiai " envy', ayafjai " adore, venerate', ayaAAu) " glorify ', ayanau) "love', ayauoc;
"admirable, venerable';

Note:

zero grade of Old Indie addha {*md-6^§) "certainly ' : Avestan Old pers. azda6s., Old Indie
addhatf- 'smart man, sage' similar to gr. zero grade of gr. *mYa aya- "very' see Root /
lemma: med-1\ to measure; to give adviee, healing.

alb. math, madh/"b\g, large', madhonj^ aggrandize, praise';

Maybe alb. zmadhof increase ' Slavic z- prefix.

Note:

Alb. math^b\g,: mcymr. ma/th'\ong, big' large' common alb. - mcymr. -k > -th.

Latin magnus'b\g, large' {*meg-nd-s), Kompar. mag-is^ more, in a higher degree, more
completely ', maior^ greater' {*meg-Jds), Superl. maximus {*meg-Semo-s)\ in addition
maiestas^ greatness, grandeur, dignity, majesty ' {*meg-Jes-tat-), compare alb. madheshtf
( *megis-t-iJS) ds. (about Oscan mais, maimas, Umbrian mestrusee below me- "big, large'),
Maia " Daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and the mother of Mercury by Jupiter '; deus Maius
"Juppiter' (Tusculum), whereof the month Maius {as Oscan Maesius^ May ' derives from
the missing God's name, s. Schuize Eigenn. 469 ff.), Oscan PN Ma/'/ufDat Sg. (compare
also Celtic magio-); Latin (Celtic, also alb.) -a- is Indo Germanic e, about Latin maialis^ a
gelded boar, a barrow hog ' s. WH. II 13;

Latin mactus' worshipped, honored ', /77ac/e" (sacrificial call) hail!', macto, -are^ to
magnify, extol, honor, glorify, elevate, to offer, sacrifice, immolate, devote, to kill, slaughter,
put to death, to overthrow, ruin, destroy, to afflict, trouble, punish '; magmentum' that
which magnifies ' can be a formation of magnus aiter augmentum.

Old Irish mochtae^b\g, large' (o!). Middle Irish maignech 6s. {*maginiakos, compare gall.
Maginus; compare the />formsfrom Latin magnus). Middle Irish mag-, ma/ge^b\g, large',
Pc»//77yC> A^5/ge"Pompeius Magnus', gall. Magio-rTx, Are-magios (formal = Latin Maius);
Middle Irish mai {*magios) " noble person, prince, lord', gall. Magio-s\n gods- and PN,
abrit. PN Mag/o-cune {cymr. Maei-gwn), Cuno-magius e\.c.\ gall. Maga/u Dat Sg. god's
name, MagaiosPH, Middle Irish mag-iorg ^c\ub, mace, joint' {*mago-iorga large cudgel,
club'), /77as5 "stately' ( */77a/r5C»5 compare Latin maximus), Kompar. Old Irish maissiu, cymr.
corn, meiiinlat', Middle Breton biii/n' fullness; abundance ' {*magesTno-)\ mcymr. maon
{*magones) " the big ', maitiilong, big, large' {*mag-tio-), probably also Old Irish do-for-
maig^ to increase, augment, enlarge, spread, extend ', -magar^ to increase, augment,
enlarge, spread, extend ', acymr. di-guor-mechis^ has increased ' (acymr. c/7from *-g-s-);
to divide from cymr. magu^ bring up ' ( *mak-)\

whether Old Irish magu. " plain, the open countryside', mcymr. /77a- "place', gall.
Arganto-magus {whereoi Irish /775^e/7 'place', cymr. maen, corn, men, bret. mean^ stone
'), cymr. maes {*magesto-) "field', to Old Indie mahT^eartW?

Gothic /77/Ms"big, large'. Old High German mihhil. Old Saxon mikil. Old English micel.
Old Icelandic m/ke// ds., Old English mycel, Proto German 'Vr7/Maz probably with -/o suffix
after /e////5. Old High German luzzi^. Old Icelandic mjgk^ye'cy' (engl. much) at first from
*/r7e/ri/- after /e/i/"much, a lot of;

Tocharian A mak, B /775/ra"big, large an number, much, a lot of; Hittite me-ik-ki-is
{mekki§) "big, large'.

References: WP. II 257 ff., WH. II 4 f., 10 ff., Szemerenyi Word 8, 48.
Page(s): 708-709

Root / lemma: meihgh-, also meihk-
Meaning: to glimmer, twinkle; mist
Material: 1 . meihgh-.

A. with the meaning "flicker, blink, move quickly to and fro, vibrate, quiver, shake,
tremble, beat, palpitate '.

Middle Low German m/cken' observe ', Old West Frisian m/tza^\r\ee6';

Lithuanian mingu, migti^ fall asleep ' (with uz-)\ Latvian miegu, m/gf6s. (with a/z-, ie-)\
Old Prussian enm/gguns ' 6ozed off, ismige^ passed away '; Latvian miegV close the
eyes ', Old Prussian maiggun kVk., Lithuanian miegas, Latvian m/egs's\eep', in addition
Lithuanian m/egu {o\d miegmi), miegotiaud Old Prussian /77e/ic/e "sleep';

Slavic *m/gb\n Bulgarian russ. /77/ig" instant, eye blink'; Slavic *mbgngt/"\n russ. -Church
Slavic megnut/" to move the eyelids up and down, to wink, blink ', serb. namagnut/^wave,
beckon', and m/gat/"b\\nk'; Iterat.-Kaus. Old Church Slavic sb-mez/t/^ close the eyes ',
with aor.-pass. meaning Slavic *mbzat/, sloven, mezati^ keep the eyes closed ', russ. mzat
" drowse '; serb. -Church Slavic miglivb " blinking ';

B. with the meaning " d iyilJS£^2j^£|P-^lJ yi§J^^ilirf|g|Q 1 ^ *^ ^ * ■ ^? iliii£ '■

Old Indie megha-m. "cloud', m/h^ fog, watery precipitation ', Avestan maeya- ^c\oud';
Armenian meg log'; gr. 6|jixAn (Attic opixAn) "cloud, fog', hom. aMixOaAosaaav "foggy,
epithet of Lemnos' (with vowel suggestion);

Dutch /77/g^e/e/7 "staubregnen'; Old Icelandic /77/5//'"trubes weather' etc. {*mixstu-);

Lithuanian migla^ioQ\ Latvian miglaAs. (= opiixAr)); Old Bulgarian mhg/a log', russ.
/77^/a "snow flurry, cold fog', Czech mhalog', russ. mz/l^ rain lightly, fog, cloud ' etc.

Note:

gr. Gr. apoppoi; "dark' derived from alb. mje(r)gule^ fog, darkness ' [common gr. p < gw, p
< kw\; alb. proves that from Root / lemma: mer-2, *extended mer-ek-\ "to shimmer, shine'
derived the truncated Root/ lemma: meigh-, also rneik-: "to glimmer, twinkle; mist'.

2. meihk-. Npers. miza, muza {Pa\r\\av\ *micak), ba\uc\ m/cac' eyelash ';

Latin m/co, -are' to move quickly to and fro, vibrate, quiver, shake, tremble, beat,
palpitate ' {*mikajd)\ dT-mico' to struggle, strive, contend, to be in conflict, be in peril, run a
risk, risk, hazard '; cymr. /r7yig/'"luminous', di-r-mygu' despise ' (as de-spicio); Old Irish de-
meccim{cc= g) " despise ' is brit. loanword; Old Bulgarian /77i>C6/b "vision, ghost, shimmer
'; Upper Serbian mikac'b\\v\k, glitter, flash', etc.

References: WP. II 246 f., WH. II 86, Trautmann 174, 184;
See also: s. also under meis-.
Page(s): 712-713

Root / lemma: meihgh-

Meaning: to urinate

Material: Old Indie mehati' urinates ', participle mTdha-{= Latin mictus), mTdha-v\. "ordure',

meha-xr\. "urine'; Avestan maezaitT urinates, dungs, manures ', maesman- 'unne';

Armenian mizem' urinate ', /77ez"urine';

gr. 6[j£ix£iv, Aor. wjjsi^a (= Latin mix?), new oplxsu) "urinate, to make water ', d\x\%a\
oupnaai Hes. (d-, 6- are probably vowel suggestion); compare [JOixoq m., MOixac;. -a5o(;f. "
adulterer, adulteress '??

Latin meid, -ere, mixi, mictum (secondary mingo, minxi, minctum) "urinate, to make
water ' ( *meigh-id)\

Old Icelandic mTga, Old English mTgan, Middle Low German /77/^e/7 "urinate, to make
water'. Old English m/cgam., m/cget m /goda ' unne' , Gothic mafhstus. Old Saxon Old
High German /77/s/"crap, muck'. Old English /77ec»A'" ordure, manure'. Modern Frisian

mjuks, Old English miexeni. ' dung heap ', Old Saxon mehsn. "urine', Middle Low
German mes, Old Frisian mese ds.; probably here transform the name the only through
the crap, muck, droppings of the bird Mister mistletoe ': Old High German mistil. Old
English mistel. Old Icelandic mistil-teinn^ sprig of mistletoe '; (with refreshed Tenuis of
formants:) Middle High German meisch^ mash ', Middle Low German meisch, mesch^
unfermented malt juice, mash ', Old English masc-, max-wyrt^ mash spice ', engl. mash^
mash, crush, squeeze hard, squash ';

Lithuanian /77^zi/ (neologism for *minzu), ni/sf/ ^unnate, to make water', Latvian mieznu
and mTzu, participle mizu. Inf. /77/z/ 'urinate, to make water ' (but Lithuanian meziu, mezti^
work on the fertilizer ' is rather meziu = Latvian mezu, meto, mezt, it lies a lengthened
grade root noun the basic *me[i]gh-)\

Serbo-Croatian miz-am, -5//"urinate, to make water' (zfrom the present *miz-jg)\
sloven. m9zf, mszeti' produce (liquids)', mezina' swampy land '; Slavic *mezga
( *mo/gzgha irom * moigh-ska) " tree juice ' in Serbo-Croatian mezga, Czech mfzha, mfza
etc.;

Tocharian B /77/so 'urine'.

References: WP. II 245 f., WH. II 60 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 159, Trautmann 185, Berneker II

54.

Page(s):713

Root / lemma: meih-g"-

Meaning: to exchange

Material: Gr. apsipw " change ', Med. ' reciprocate, repay, reward, retribute, shift, wander',

a|JOi(36(; ' changing ', apoipn "variation'; Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Latin migro, -are^ to remove, depart, flit, migrate, to go away, depart, pass over,
change, turn, to leave, abandon, transgress, violate ', Denom. of *mig"-ros.

References: WP. II 245, WH. II 86 f.

See also: extension from /77e/-"swap, vary, exchange'.

Page(s):713

Root/ lemma: me/h-R- {and meih-g-7)

Meaning: to mix, stir

Grammatical information: also mei- : mi-gR-, m/'-n-gR- Prasensstamme also with -so- -sRo-;

Material: Old Indie meksayati, mimikse^ stirs, mixes ', misra-^ mixes ', misrayatr mixes ';
Avestan minasti^ mixes ', misvan-^ containing the composite '; myasaite^ sie mischen
^1 '; common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- > -s- : Avestan -ks- > -s- -s-

gr. piYvu|ji (more properly psivvuiJi), psi^u), spsi^a, £m(£)ikto, spilYnv "mix, mingle', (jIgyu)
ds., (jiya, [^'\yba Adv. ' mixed ', [}\yaq, -a5oc; "mixture' (with unclear y); Miayu) "mix, mingle'
from *|jiy-aKU), or to mezg-\ common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : Gr. - lllyrian -gh- > -d-, -z-

Latin misceo, -ere^ mix, mingle, intermingle, blend ' (extension from mi[k]-skd)\

Old Irish mesc^ drunk, intoxicated ', Middle Irish also " baffle '; mesc(a)id^ mixes,
immerses in a liquid, baffles '; cymr. mysgu^rniy!;

Old High German miskan. Old English m/sc/an'm\x' (rather Latin loanword);

Lithuanian miesiu, miesti {*meikid) "mix', Iterat. maisau, maisyti, Latvian maisu, maisTt
ds.; also " plow for the second time '; compare Old Prussian maysotan' mixed ', i.e.
"varicolored'; Intransit. sum/su and sum/stu, -misti^ get tangled, make a mess, get
confused ', Latvian sam/sf6s.; Latvian /77/5e/"mix, make mad'; Lithuanian ma/sfasm. "
agitation' m/sras' mixed ', Latvian m/strs6s.;

Maybe alb. Geg meshoj^press, push', /77esoy "learn, teach (mix in one's mind?), *make
mad '

Old Bulgarian mesg, mes/t/etc. "mix', has lost its iterate meaning.

Here probably Old Indie a-mfksa "curd of milk', osset. misin " buttermilk ', Middle Irish
medg, cymr. maidd, ncorn. meith, abret. meid, gall. -Latin */77es^a (French megue) "wheys'
( *misga). Old Icelandic mysa "wheys' ( *mihswdn-). common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : lllyrian -
Celt, -gh- > -d-, -th-

References: WP. II 244 f., WH. II 95 f., Trautmann 175; Kuiper Nasalpras. 50, 123.
Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: meih-1

Meaning: to strengthen; pole

Material: Old Indie minotT fastens, founds, builds ', mitf-i. " erection, fundation ', mita-

"fastens', metar-^ der Aufrichter', mayukha-xx\. "peg, plug, ray', npers. /77ex"peg, plug,

nail' {*maixa-), sogd. myyk^s.. Old Indie sumeka-^ well founded, tight, firm';

Latin PI. moenia^ defensive walls, ramparts, bulwarks, city walls ', munid{ardc\.
moenio), -Tre^ to wall, defend with a wall, fortify, defend, protect, secure, strengthen ';
mums, old mo/ros'\Na\\';

alb. mur' wall ' a Latin loanword.

Old Irish -tuidmen {*to-dT-mi-na-t} "fastens', verbal noun tuidme;

Germanic */775//7/7a- "boundary post, frontier post ', Old English msere, gemsere'\\m\t,
boundary, region, area'. Old Icelandic /5/70''a-/77^/7" limit, boundary, border land ', etc.

meih-d(h)-\v\. Middle Irish me{/)derc\. " nape ' {*meih-d-io-)\ Latvian miet^ enclose with
posts ', maTdtV decorate, ornament, adorn '.

With /extended me[i]ht-. meiht-. m/t-\n:

Old Indie methf- m., methTi. (Prakrit medhf-, medhT, medhl) " pillar, jamb ', mft- f. "
column, jamb ' (perhaps also in Avestan barazi-mita-, if " high column '), Armenian moit'^
pillar'; Latin meta^ a cone, pyramid, a conical column at the end of the circus, turning-
post, goal, a goal, winning-post, mark, an end, period, extremity, boundary, limit '; Middle
Irish methas^ border land, frontier land ' ( *mitostu-)\ Old Icelandic me/dr'tree, balk, beam,
shaft, pole'; Lithuanian mietas, Latvian /77/e/5 "picket, pole'; zero grade Lithuanian mita^
Stecken zum Netzestricken '; probably also Old Bulgarian mesto, Serbo-Croatian mjesto,
Czech /77/s/o "place' from * moiPto-ox *me[i]Pto-.

References: WP. II 239 f., WH. II 30 f., Trautmann 165 f.;
See also: compare meih-4.
Page(s): 709

Root / lemma: meih-2

Meaning: to change, exchange

Material: Old Indie /77ay5/e "tauschf, n/-maya-m. "exchange'; Latvian m/ju, /r7/7 "exchange'.

With /^formant: Latin mun/s' ready to be of service ', mOnus, -en's {arch, moenus) " a
service, office, post, employment, function, duty, a service, favor, kindness, a present, gift,
a public show, spectacle, entertainment, exhibition, show of gladiators (given by
magistrates) ', munia, -/um {o\d moen/a)' duties, functions, official duties ', /mmun/s' not
bound, free from obligation, disengaged, unemployed ', communis {0\6 Latin comoinfem])
" common, general, universal, public ' (= Gothic etc. gamains), Oscan mufnikad^ common,

general, universal, public ', Umbrian muneklu^ a service, office, post, employment,
function, duty ';

Old Irish moin, main^ preciousness, treasure, tribute', cfag-md/n/'goo6 gifts, favors';
ablaut, cymr. mwyn^ value, worth ' {*meino-)\

Gothic gamains. Old English gemaene. Old High German gimein'r common, shared '; as
" exchanged = falsified, misrepresented, forged, counterfeit, distorted ' also Old High
German mein^ incorrect, deceitful' (Modern High German Meineid), Old English man 6s.,
Old Icelandic meinn ' harmful ', mein 'damage, pity, misfortune';

Lithuanian ma/has m., Latvian /77a//7s 'exchange', Lithuanian mainau, -yti, Latvian mamft
'swap, vary, exchange, barter'; Old Bulgarian mena^ variation, change ', izmeniti^
Siapsipsiv, 5iaAaTT£iv '. Here also Old Indie menf-i. ' revenge, vengeance ', Avestan
maeni- ' punishment ' (compare Old Bulgarian mbstb ' revenge ' from the extension root
form meit-).

Maybe alb. Geg meni, Tosc meri^ revenge, vengeance '.

extension root form see below mei-g"-, mei-R-, mei-t(h)-.

References: WP. II 240 f., WH. I 254 f., II 128, Berneker II 48 f., Trautmann 175 f.
Page(s):710

Root / lemma: meih-3

Meaning: to wander, go

Material: Latin meo, -are^ to go, pass' (perhaps previous a-verb =) poln. mijam, mijac,

Czech mfjfm, mfjeti^ pass, elapse, avoid '; on this basis could also be based *meia- na-

present *mi-nami : Old Bulgarian ming, -gti^ pass, elapse ' (also minujg, minovatT

TTpopaivsiv ') and mcymr. mynet^Qo"; Old Bulgarian mimo^ over, past, finished '; (compare

gr. M^MCx;" mummer, performer'?)

here also the river names gall. Moenus' Main, river in Germany ', Middle Irish A^o//7(in
Kerry, the county in Ireland), poln. Mien, Mianka, *meihn-\v\ poln. Minia, zero grade m/n-\n
Lithuanian Minija, poln. Mnina, hispan. M>7/^s(Galicia), Etruria Minio.

Note:

Around 1700 BC, a highly sophisticated culture grew up around palace centers on Crete:
the Minoans.

The relationship migrare: apsipsiv allows the old resemblance with meih-'s\Nap, vary,
exchange' as " local change ' seem possible.

References: WP. II 241, WH. II 73, Trautmann 176, Berneker II 59, Krahe BzfN 1, 256 f.
Page(s):710

Root / lemma: meih-4

Meaning: to bind

Material: Old Indie mitra-v\. (secondary m.) "friend' (originally " friendship' from

"*association '), Avestan mi^ra-rw. " friend; pact, covenant; name of a God (personification

of the covenant) ', Old pers. MiPra-^ God's name ';

gr. hom. Mirpri 'belt; head fascia, Mitra'; doubtful |jiTO(; " Einschlagfaden ';

Latvian miemuri, meimuri^ Femerstricke '.

References: WP. II 241 f., GiJntert Weltkonig 50 f.;

See also: compare mei-1.

Page(s):710

Root / lemma: meih-5 mi-neu-

Meaning: to lessen, small

Material: Old Indie minati, minoti^ diminishes, damages, hinders ', mTyate, mJyate'

diminishes ', participle Perf. mlta-\ manyu-mT-^ the diminishing, destructive rancor';

gr. pivuGco ' reduce, lessen ', Adj. *mivu-(; in |jivu-cbpiO(; " short-lived, transitory ', |jivuv6a
" ein kleines Weilchen, nur kurze Zeits ' (Akk. *|jivuv, extension after 5r|-6a); jjeIcjov, [jeTov '
less, fewer, inferior, smaller ', after irAEiajv for *[j£ivu)v that still in apisivwv 'better' = "* not
less ' has received ( *meih-no-),

Latin ni-mis^ beyond measure, too much, overmuch, excessively, too ' {*ne-mi-is),
nimiusM] ( *ne-mi-os) " beyond measure, excessive, too great, too much '; Latin minor, n.
and Adv. minus^ little, small, petty, puny, inconsiderable ', minimus^ least, smallest, very
small, minute, trifling, insignificant ' {*minu-mos), minister^ subordinate, servant, that
serves, ministering ' (after magister, Oscan minstrels " little, small, petty, puny,
inconsiderable '), minerrimus{ : minus af^er vet-errimus: -us), minuo' to make small,
lessen, diminish, divide into small pieces ', Oscan menvum' to make small, lessen,
diminish, divide into small pieces ' (probably with neglectful efor /);

corn, minow^ reduce, lessen ', Middle Breton mynhuigenn, nbret. minvik^ bread without
the crusts of bread ';

ndd. minn, /77//7/7e "small, little, lean' is from the comparative back formation; Kompar.
Gothic minniza. Old Icelandic minni. Old High German minniro^ fewer, less ', Superl.
Gothic minnistr. Old High German minnist. Old Icelandic minnstr^ the smallest, least ' {-nn-
from -nu-, Indo Germanic *m/nu- \N\t\r\ new real increase formation through -/zon-, -ista-).
Adv. Gothic mins{*minniz). Old Icelandic minnr. Old High German Old English min^ fewer,
less';

Old Bulgarian mbnfjb (f. mbhbsi) " smaller, less, fewer, younger ' {*mbnvjb-jb)\

here also Lithuanian maila^ sundries, little thing, small fish ', Latvian /77a/7e 'small fish',
Slavic */77e/b-/rb in altserb. miokT shallow, having little depth ', Czech /77e//ry" small,
shallow, having little depth ', melitT crumb, spall, crumble ', and Old Icelandic mjor, mjar,
maer^ narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin' from *maiwa-, *maiwi-\ Tocharian B /77a/We "small,
young '.

References: WP. II 242, WH. II 92 f., Trautmann 165, 184.
Page(s): 711

Root / lemma: meih-6, meihu-, min(u)-, mim(ei)-

Meaning: expr. root

Material: Old Indie mimati" bleats, roars, shouts ', mimayat, amJmeV roared, bleated ',

mayu-v(\. ' the bleating, roaring '; presumably maya-x^. 'steed', mayuram. "peacock'; m/n-

mina- " speaking indistinctly through the nose ';

gr. \x\\x\Zjoi " neigh ', |jipixM6(; " the neighing ', pi|ja^aaa xpsM^Tiaaaa (pwvriaaaa Hes.,
Mivup6(; 'whimpering', pivupO|jai, pivupi^u) ' whimper, whine '; from Latin minur(r)id' to
twitter, to chirp, to coo ' (gr. loanword?) reshaped mintrid, -Tre ' squeak '; Old Bulgarian
mbmati, mbmati^ stammer '.

Maybe alb. memec^ mute ' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. II 243, WH. II 93;
See also: s. also mu-.
Page(s): 711

Root / lemma: meih-no-

Meaning: wish, intention

Material: Old Irish mfanu. "wish, desire', cymr. mwyn {*meino-) "enjoyment', ermwyn^

unwillingness, reluctance '; Old High German meinai. "sense, mind, opinion, intention'.

Old Frisian mene. Old English mani. "opinion, mentioning, lament'; Old High German

me/nen 'mean, say'. Old English msenan6s., also " wail '; Slavic *mainid' mean ' in Old

Church Slavic menjg, meniti' mention, take for, think of something accidentally; think of,

consider', etc.

References: WP. II 302, Trautmann 165.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: meihs-

Meaning: twinkling, glimmering; mist

Material: Old Indie misati' opens the eyes ', ni-misi., ni-misa-m. " the blinking, closing of

the eyes '; m/sa-n. "deceit, deception '; m/ic/am' peaceful, tranquil, quiet, silent, low ' {*miz-

(^^-"verstohlen'?), mTlati' closes the eyes ';

ndd. mis' misty weather ', misein' fine rain', Dutch (Flemish) mijzelen, m/ze/en'6ust,
powder rain';

Old Church Slavic mtse/b " turpis quaestus ', russ. /775e/" profit, gain', ob-michnutbsa'
be mistaken '.

References: WP. II 248 f.;

See also: extension the also in meihgh-, meihk- present root.

Page(s): 714

Root / lemma: meiht(h)-1

Meaning: staying (place)

Material: Avestan maedanamn. "residence for people and gods, dwelling, house', midnaiti

" stays, dwells, remains ';

Lithuanian mintu, m/st/'be nourished ', mitas' livelihood ', maitinti" nourish ', maTstas
"nourishment, food', also Lithuanian maita, Latvian maita' carrion '; Old Prussian maita'
nourishes '; Latvian mitiaV provide abode, residence and nourishment, food ', m'ltu, misV
live, stay, have one's food '.

References: WP. II 247, Trautmann 185, Berneker2, 52.
Page(s): 715

Root / lemma: meih-t(h)-2

Meaning: to exchange

Material: Old Indie methati, mithati^ alternates, quarrels, joins to ', mitha-Mv. 'mutual,

alterant, changeable, together' = Avestan mi&oMy. " inverted, incorrect '; Old Indie

mfthus, mfthus, mithuya Mv. ds., Avestan mi&wa(na)-, mi&wara- M]. " paired, coupled';

gr. (sizil.) \xo\ioc, 'repayment, gratitude ' (loanword from Italic);

Latin muto, -are ( *moitaJd) ' Of motion, to move, move away, remove. Of alteration, to
alter, change, transform, vary, modify. Of style, to vary, change, diversify. Of substitution,
to change, replace, make a change in. To exchange, barter, sell ', mutuus^ borrowed, lent.
In return, in exchange, reciprocal, mutual ';

Old Irish negative prefix mf-, mis(s)-, the full form in m/s-cu/s'\r\ate'; compare under
Germanic missa-, here also Old Irish /77e5sa'bad'?

Gothic ma/djan' change, falsify', /n-ma/c/Jan' transform'; Gothic ma/Pms'g\h', Old
Icelandic PI. f. meidmar. Old English madum. Old Saxon medom^g\% preciousness,
jewel'; participle *miPto-^ confused, confounded, incorrect ' in Gothic /77/sso 'reciprocal,
each other, one another ', Old Icelandic (a)miss. Middle Low German to misse^ inverted,
unfavorable'. Old High German missi^ various', prefix Gothic missa-^ wrong, incorrect '
{missa-deds = Modern High German Missetat, missa-leiks 'different', compare Modern
High German miUfarben^ of different colors, varicolored, ', perhaps also Gothic missa-qiss
'battle of words'). Old Icelandic /77/5- (seldom missi-). Old Saxon Old English mis-. Old High
German missa-, missi-. Modern High German miss-,

somewhat different Old High German Old English missan^ miss, feel absence, miss,
fail'. Old Icelandic missa^ miss, lose ', Middle High German missei. 'lack'. Old English
missn. ' loss, defeat; casualty ', Old Icelandic missirm. missai. 'loss, damage', to Old
High German m/dan'avo\6, miss', refl. ' abstain '; intr. ' stay away, lack, hide ', Old Saxon
mTtiian, midan ds.. Old English miidan' hide; avoid';

Balto-Slavic *meitu-\n Latvian mietusm. 'exchange, variation', in addition mituot and
mietuot' exchange ', mitet^ change ', refl. 'cease'. Adv. pa-mtsu^ alternately ';

Old Church Slavic /77//e 'alterant, changeable', russ. -Church Slavic mitusbkdv. ds., etc.;
in addition Old Church Slavic mbstb etc. ' revenge, vengeance '.

References: WP. II 247 f., WH. II 137, 140, Trautmann 176 f.;
See also: see below mei-2.

Page(s): 715

Root / lemma: mehk-

Meaning: to bleat (expr. root)

Material: Old Indie makamakayate^b\ea\.s\ meka-m. ' he-goat; billy goat '; Armenian mak'/

'sheep'; gr. horn. priKoaGai 'grouse, bleat'; Latin miccio, -/?e 'grouse, bleat'; Middle High

German meckatzen, mechzen. Modern High German meckern. Middle High German

/77ec/re 'he-goat'; Lithuanian mekenu, -e/?// "grouse, bleat, stammer'; kir. /77e/r5/K 'grouse,

bleat, bleat', etc.

Maybe alb. /77e'goat bleat' meksh^ buffalo-calf (diminutive -sh suffix).

References: WP. II 256, WH. II 85 f., Trautmann 177;

See also: compare meih-6.

Page(s): 715-716

Root / lemma: meh-1

Meaning: Isg personal pronoun (oblique stem)

Grammatical information: Nom. Sg. eg(h)om^\' (see 291)

Material: Gen. accented *meh-meh^ from me, mine ' in Old Indie mama, dissimil. *meh-

ne/7\n Avestan mana. Old pers. mana, cymr. fy^, Bret, ma, Vannes me {as Possessiv);

Church Slavic mene, Lithuanian mane, different dissimil. *eme\v\ Armenian im, gr. hom.

spsTo, etc.;

Dat. accented meh-ghime' in Old Indie mahy-a(m), Latin mihi, Umbrian mehe,
Armenian //T/from * ehmehgh-, enclitic /77o/(also as Gen.) in Old Indie me, me, Avestan me,
Gatha-Avestan mo'r, gr. |joi; Old Irish infix and suffix Pron. -m-. Old Lithuanian mi. Old
Prussian maiy, Hittite -mi,

Akk. meh\x\ Old Indie Avestan /77a (enclitic), Armenian is{*eme-gel), Latin me(d), gr.
i^i, ps; Old Irish me-sse, me{'\'), infix and suffix Pron. -m- (cymr. m/'l' with /after //' you
'); meh-m\v\ Old Indie accented mam, Avestan m^m, alb. mua, mue. Old Prussian mien.
Old Church Slavic m§; with -^'eerweit. gr. £|j£-y£, Venetic mexo, Gothic mik^ me ', etc.,
Hittite am-mu-uk{amuk) ' me ' (above S. 291), enclitic -mu,

ablative meh-d'\n Old Indie mat, Avestan mat, Latin mefdj;

locative /no/in Old Indie me;

Possessiv /770/7-in Old Indie ma, Avestan mam. n., mat, Armenian im, gr. £p6(;, alb. im
(article /+ em);

Also alb. Geg erne' mine '.

-nio-io-\v\ Old Bulgarian moj. Old Prussian mais, f. maia, me-io-\v\ Latin meus, Hittite mi-is
(mes); secondary Gothic meins. Old High German etc. mm {*mei-no^\ Lithuanian manas,
Tocharian f\E fii{ *mani).

References: WP. II 236, WH. II 84 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 599 ff.
Page(s): 702

Root / lemma: meh-2

Meaning: in the middle of, by, around, with

Material: A. /77e/7-dh/(aiso basic form /77e/7-//possible) in Gothic mi/=>'\N\Vr\\ asach. midO),

Old English mid, Old Icelandic med(e). Old High German mi^i), etc.; compare under S.

706 f.

Maybe apocope alb. i^me-ti) me "with'.

B. meh-ta\r\ gr. [jstq (ending as in Kara, above S. 613), alb. mjet' between ', nder-mjef
between '.

Illyrian Met-aurus' mid river' (Brutt., Umbrian), Ligurian Os l\/1etapTnum {esiuavj, the
mouth of a river Rhone) " between the waters '; compare Illyrian locative Metu-barbis'
between marshes ' (in Save river valley, northern Bosnia); in Aetolian VN MsTanioi
(hellenist Msaaanioi) etc.. Old Icelandic /77e'd/y "with, between ', Gothic mi^. Old English
mid. Old High German mit(i).

C. meh-ghri-(s) \v\ Armenian merJ'bY (the final sound receive in merjenam' nearer,
closer myself ') = gr. [j£xpi(^) " bis '; contains the locative of words for "hand' (see above S.
447); zero grade Indo Gem\an\c *m-ghri-{s) in gr. axpi(<;) ds.

D. Unclear are gr. Arcadian [}ioiz, Cretan kyren. [ito^a " his', hom. pisacpa, Thessalian
|j£aTTo5i etc.

References: WP. II 236, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 629 f., 840; 2, 481 ff., 549 f.
Page(s): 702-703

Root / lemma: mehti^-1
Meaning: to pronounce ritual words

Material: Armenian mait'eml beg '; asachs. meidon' brag, boast, tell'. Old High German
meida' bragging, slander', meidon, -en' notify, brag, boast, betray'. Old English meid'

announcement '; Lithuanian meldziu, me7st/"b'\6, beg, ask, pray', maldai. "request; prayer',

Iterat. maldau, maldytr. Old Prussian maddla^reo^uesi, prayer'; due to dissimilation from

*mold-la\.o */77O0'/5 'request': Czech modla^ idol, temple' and poln. modiai. 'prayer'; with -

dl-\.o -/-.Old Church Slavic moljg, mo//t/"b\6, beg, ask', refl. 'pray', etc.; from ' consecrate

and slaughter ' then ' slaughter at certain time ' in russ. molftb, etc.;

Maybe alb. M' pray, bid, beg, ask ' : Old Church Slavic mo//t/"b'\d, beg, ask' a Slavic

loanword.

Hittite ma-al-ta-i, ma-al-di{mald-) ' prays '.

References: WP. II 289, 291, WH. II 20, Trautmann 177, Benveniste BSL. 33, 133 ff.,
Mudge Lg. 7, 252.
Page(s): 722

Root / lemma: mehti^-2

Meaning: lightning

Material: Cymr. PI. me//t, Sg. -e/7 'lightning', with secondary t,

Old Icelandic mjgllnir^ Thor's hammer ' {*meld[u]nliaz)\ in addition Old Icelandic poet.
my/nl\re'; Old Prussian mealde {*meldja) 'lightning', zero grade Latvian milna {*mildna) '
the hammer of thunders '; wruss. /775/ao'/75 'lightning' {*meldbha), zero grade Old Bulgarian
ml-bnbji, russ. m6lnija6s. {*mbldnbji).

References: WP. II 300, Trautmann 177.
Page(s): 722

Root / lemma: mehlgh-

Meaning: to swell

Material: Old Indie maiha- ' mit Zapfcner^r^e^vamm^vor^urujncraege) ', Armenian

mal-j. Gen. -/'gall' {*mjghi-, originally probably 'cholecyst, gallbladder');

Avestan mar^zana ^be\\y\

Lithuanian milzinas, Latvian mflzis^ giant ', Latvian melto, mflz^io swell, fester '.

References: WP. II 300; extension from 4. mel-?
Page(s): 723

Root / lemma: mehli-t

Meaning: honey

Grammatical information: n., Gen. mel-nes

Note:

Root/ lemma: mehli-t\ "honey' : Root/ lemma: meM^u: "honey' derived from a truncated

Root /lemma: mehl-1 {auch smehl-), mehlah-- mie-, mehl-d-. ml-ed-, mehl-6'^-, ml-ei-:

mlh, mehlah-k-\ mla-k-, rnleu-: mlu-\ "to grind, hit; fine, ground'.

Material:

Armenian /t?©//"" honey'. Gen. me/u{\t has changed to i/-stem probably after *me6^u),

mefu, Gen. mefu/^bee'; sl<yth. peAiriov rropa ti IkuGikov Hes.; gr. [jeAi, -to^ "honey',

[izMoaa, Attic -tto " a bee, one of the priestesses of Delphi, honey ' (*|j£AiTia or *p£Ai-Aix,ia '

honey- luscious '), pAiiTU) " cut out the comb of bees, take the honey ' ( *mlit-Jd)\ compare

peiAixoc;, Attic |jTAixiO(; " gentle, soothing, mild, gracious; propitiatory offerings, as referring

to honey mixed in the drink-offerings ';

alb. mjal, mjalte {*melitom) "honey'; common alb. -Celtic -kh > -ht, -/: gr. -kh > -ti.

Note:

Common alb. m > mb > it* in ( *melita, *mbleita) bletai. "bee' while alb. Arberesh uses mize
(fly, insect) bletje " (*honey insect) ' = "bee' : gr. pAiiTU) " cut out the comb of bees, take the
honey'.

Latin mel, mellis {*melnes) "honey', mulsus^ mixed with honey; sweet as honey, honey-
sweet; stirred or cooked with honey ' ( *melsos, old imitation from *saldtos, salsus); Old
Irish /77//"honey' {*me//tto *meli, whereupon Gen. mela), cymr. corn. bret. me/ds.; Irish
/77///S, cymr. me/ys ^ sweet' , gall. PN Meliddus, Melissus, also cymr. etc. /t?©///? "yellowish' is
probably "honey-colored' (see below mehl- color name); Gothic miliP {*melitom) "honey'.
Old English /77//o'e5M/ "nectar'. Old English milisc^ mellifluent ';

In -m- suffix:

Maybe alb. {*melitom) mjellme' swan (*white, honey-colored)' : cymr. etc. melyn
"yellowish', (common alb. -m- inanimate formant) {the same formation as German Honig "
honey 'see Root /lemma: kenako-: gold; honey, yellowish}.

Hittite /77/-//-/" honey'.

References: WP. II 296, WH. II 61 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 283, 518, 838.
Page(s): 723-724

Root / lemma: mehlk-1

Meaning: to rub (?)

Note: parallel root to meig-.

Material: Latin mulceo, -ere, mulsT, -sum ' to stroke, graze, touch lightly, fondle; rustle

through; to move; to soothe, soften, caress, flatter, delight; to relieve, alleviate ', mulcetra^

a plant, called also heliotropium ', mulcedo^ pleasantness, agreeableness ', Mu/c/t>er{\NH.

II 120); muled, -are^ to beat, cudgel; to maltreat, handle roughly, injure, damage '.

References: WP. II 297.

Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: mehlk-2, mehlg-
Meaning: wet

Material: Gr. peAKiov Kpnvri Hes.; Gothic milhmaxw. "cloud'; Middle High German milgen^
soak grain to feed cattle '; Slavic *melko-\v\ Old Bulgarian mieko, russ. molokoeic. "milk';
ablaut. Slavic *ma/ka-\n Old Russian /77c»/c»/r//5 probably "swamp, marsh, pool ', serb.
m/aka' watery bottom', /77/a/ri/a "puddle', poln. pa-m f oka log' , etc.; Czech m/k/y^\r\um\d,
wet', Lithuanian ma/kasm., malkai. " gulp of drinking ', Latvian malks, malkads.

melg-\v\ Slavic *molziti, russ. dial, molzftb, za-molazivatb " become cloudy ' (of weather).

References: WP. II 297, Trautmann 177.
Page(s): 724

Root /lemma: meh/-1 {a\so smehl-), mehlah-. mie-, mehl-d-. ml-ed-, mehl-d!^-, ml-ei-. mlF-
, mehlah-k- : mla-k-, mieu- : mlu-
Meaning: to grind, hit; fine, ground

Material: A. Old Indie mrnati, mrnatT crushes, grinds ', murna-^ wilted, limp' and " crushed
' (also merged partly with 3. mer-), mla-^ become soft, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered,
slack ', mlata-^ tanned softly ', Avestan mrata-6s., perhaps Old Indie ma/va-^crazy silly;
immature ' ("*weak' in intellectual sense); compare Gothic ga-malwjan. Old High German
molawen, Lithuanian malvintr, from the /-basis Old Indie mrityati' disintegrates, resolves ';

Armenian malem^ grind, crush ' {*me/-), m/-m/-em ' rub' , mefm'soit, slack', ma-mul
"presses';

gr. puAri f., late \\\}Koc, m. "mill',

Italian mulino : French moulin : Bresciano moli : Breton milin ; meilh : Catalan moli :
Croatian mlin : Czech mlyn : Galician muiho : Irish muileann : Leonese mulin : Albanian

Geg mullini, Tosc mulliri : Reggiano mullein : Romagnolo mulein : Valencian moll :
Venetian molin : Welsh melin "mill'.

gr. puAAw " mill, grind, pulverize, crunch ' (also as Latin molo^ grind ': sizil. puAA6(; '
pudendum muliebre '); \xaKz^6c, " crunching '; [jaAsupov " flour' is hybridization of aAsupov
and [JuAri; apaAoc; "weak, tender', a|jpAu(; "feeble, weak'; from the /-basis gr. pAirov " Melde
' (compare to meaning Modern High German ^/ofe under mel-6^-), (3AiT0-|ja|j|jaq "
blockhead ', pAirac; " worthless wife, woman';

alb. mjer flour' {*meluo-= Modern High German Mehl);

Alb. mieir flour'.

Note:

Albanian miell, mjel: Danish mel: Dutch meel: Icelandic mjol: Swedish mjdr flour'.

Maybe alb. mjellme^ swan, white ' : Gothic ma/mam. " white sand, dust, earth'.

Latin mo/o, -ere' grind ' (= Old Irish melid), mo//ha'm'\\\', mo/a' millstone '; Umbrian
kumaitu, kumuitu, comuitu' to grind thoroughly ', kumates, comatir' to grind thoroughly ',
maletu' the ground ' (Indo Germanic *melo)\ Latin mulier' a woman, female ' (from
*muljesi, Indo Germanic *mj-iesr the soft ', Kompar. to mollis' yielding, pliant, flexible,
supple, soft, tender, delicate, gentle, mild, pleasant ' [S. 718]); marcus' a large hammer ',
back-formation to marculus, martellus ( *mal-tl-os) " a small hammer, a hammer ' has -a- as
in Latin palma: gr. iraAaijri; Latin malleus' a hammer, maul ';

Italian mulino : French moulin : Breton milin : Galician muiho : Irish muileann : Leonese
mulin : Reggiano mullein : Romagnolo mullein : Alb. Geg mullini Tosk mulliri " mill '.

Old Irish mellm' grind ' (with com-' grind ', with /o- "consume, eat or drink'); cymr. malu
{*mel-), bret. malaf grind ', mell'mWY {*meli§)\ Old Irish mllthDai. "to grind, {*mj-t-), mol'
Muhlstange '; *mal9uo- ' soit' in bret. ^y/Va/o "(not tender =) raw, ugly', cymr. malwoden
"slime, mud'; from heavy basis gall. W^/o- (French bl^, mcymr. blawt, ncymr. blawd,
acorn, blot, bret. bleucl'rc\ea\, flour' {m7-td-= Lithuanian miltai) Old Irish mlalth. Middle Irish
it'/a///? "gentle, smooth ', Middle Breton it>/c»/"soft, tender' {*ml-tl-\ cymr. /77by/wg "rubbish'
{*molu-ko-)\ Celtic *molto-\n cymr. mollt, corn, mols, bret. maout. Middle Irish molt, gall.-
rom. multo, -d/7e "(castrated) ram';

Gothic Old High German malan, Old Icelandic mala' mill, grind' (Germanic a-present);
Old High German muljan' crunch ', Old Icelandic my//a6s., Old High German g/mu///"
GemiJII ' (but Old High German mu/r, -Tn, Old English myln. Old Icelandic mylna'mWX from
late Latin molTna); Gothic mulda. Old English molda. Old Icelandic mold. Old High German
mo/tat "dust, powder, earth' {*mj-ta)\ Gothic ma/mam. "sand'. Old Icelandic ma/mr'ore',
ablaut. Old English mealm-stan' sandstone ', Middle High German malmen' crunch ', Old
Saxon Old High German /77e//r7"dust, powder, sand' (: Lithuanian melmuo' calculus,
nephrolith, kidney stone '); Modern High German dial, mulm' decomposed earth, dust,
powder, rotted wood'; Old High German Old Saxon melo. Gen. -wes. Old English melu-.
Gen. -wes. Old Icelandic mjgr flour' {*meluo-= alb. miel);

Old High German mil(i)wa''(r\\{e' {*melwjd); Gothic malou.. Old Icelandic mglr{*molu-) "
moth '; Old Bulgarian molt ( *moli-) ds.,

Russian mojib (mol') : Czech mol : Polish mol : Romanian molie : Serbian moljac : Slovak
mol : Albanian mole : Swedish mal : Italian camola : Hungarian moly : Sicilian camula "
moth '.

Armenian dial, msymoy {irom * moimof) ' moth '; very doubtful is affiliation from Old Indie
maluka-m. "kind of worm', Armenian /77A//r/7 "bedbug', which reminds Old Saxon Middle
Low German mo/m.. Middle High German n. "lizard'. Old High German mo/, molm, molt
"lizard'. Modern High German Molch, Armenian /t?^/©^ "lizard'; rather to 6. mel-S. 721;

Gothic ga-malwjan' crunch, grind ', Old Icelandic /77j0'/i/5 "break in pieces ', Old High
German molawen' to melt away, waste, consume '; Old Icelandic mjg//l\ne snow', schw.
dial. mJa/{/)a' kind of fine sand earth ' {*melna); Gothic mulda. Old English molde. Old
High German /77c»//a"dust, powder, earth' (participle *mj-ta' the ground one ');

Lithuanian malu, /775/// (pronunciation of the heavy basis) " mill, grind', malunas. Old
Prussian ma/un/s'mWV, miltai, Latvian m/7t/l\our' (= cymr. blawd). Old Prussian meltan
"flour'; Lithuanian malinys, milinys, Latvian m'llna " whisk, utensil for stirring '; Lithuanian
malvinti, mu/v/nt/ "p\ague'; with formants -to-: Latvian ma/tft, /77////7"hit'; Lithuanian melmuo
see above;

Old Church Slavic meljg, mietb, russ. molotb, Serbo-Croatian m/Jet/ {heavy basis) " mill,
grind'; poln. mion' grasp the hand mill ' {*meln-b), russ. melen-b {*mel-eno), Serbo-Croatian
cak. mlan {*moln-b) ds.; Serbo-Croatian mievo, /77/yei/o "grist, corn, grain' (= Old High
German melo, alb. mjet besides serb. ml-?-vo, russ. /neA/'-i/o "grist'); kir. moiot'm. ' Treberj
Hijlsen von Malz ', sloven, mlatou., mlatai. ' Malztreber', Czech mlato6s.. Old Prussian

piva-maltan' Biermaiz ' (Germanic? s. mel-d-) etc.; probably also (light basis) Old Church
Slavic mlatb, russ. mo/otb etc. "hammer'; Church Slavic mlatiti {*moltiti) "hit'; lengthened
grade meliDk-b "small' and Old Church Slavic meli) " calc, lime, limestone ' etc.;

Tocharian A malywet^ you pressed, crushed ', B melye^ be crushed ';

Hittite ma-al-la-T ground, crunched ';

with ani. s-. Norwegian smola^ crunch '; Middle High German smoln^ remove tiny bits
of bread ', aschw. smola, smula, smule^ gobbet ' (besides Old Icelandic mo// 6s., mg/i. "
heap of stones '); Latvian sme//s, sme//s " water sand in the field ', Lithuanian sme/ys. Gen.
s/77e//c» "sand', sm//f/s6s.

B. basis m(e)hlei-. m/r-\n. cymr. b//n' tired ' {*m/T-no-), abr. PI. b//n/on^ the unskilful,
incompetent '; Latvian b/Tn/s^ tired person', bffneV infirm, ailing '; serb. m/Ttam, -ati^
become faul, amble' (compare with f. Old Indie mr/tyat/, gr. pAirov), russ. -Church Slavic
m/in-b^ cake', russ. b//n^ pancake ', serb. m/Tnac^ unleavened dough, matzah '; kir. m//ty^
die, wilt, wither ', Kaus. m/o/ty' stimulate nausea ';

doubtful serb. m/ec/an'\ean, thin, weak', dial. " tasteless, dull ' (in Slavonien m/idan), etc.

here probably gr. peAivri, Latin mi/ium {*meliio-), Lithuanian f. PI. /775//70S "millet,
sorghum'; originally inflection *mehl-i-, -n-es.

C. Von an ^Abasis (compare gr. aiJpAu(;, Old Indie ma/va-. Modern High German /\//eh/
etc.): Avestan mruta-^ faded, weak', mrura^ attritional, ruinous '.

/77e/7/-fl^- (perhaps first in o^present); m(e)hle-d-, rrildu-, m(e)hldui-soi\! .

Old Indie mardat/, mrdnatr crushes, rubs, chafes ', Avestan mared- {marda/te;
mor9nda-lirovc\ *mrnda-) "ruin, wreck, destroy', Kaus. Old Indie mardayat/^ crushes,
breaks, presses, afflicts' (these Aryan words can partly carry on also Indo Germanic mehr-
(/-same meaning); Old Indie mrdu-{= gr. pAa5u(;) "soft, tender', fem. mrdvT, Kompar.
mradTyan, Superl. mrad/stha-\ vi-mradat/' softens '; Old Indie mrt-{mrd-) "earth, loam,
clay', m/isna-m. n. "dust, powder ', mrtsnal'me earth, good loam, clay' (: nisi, my/sna
"dust, powder');

Armenian me//<^ mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, slack' {*me/du-/-)\

gr. d|jaA5uv(jo " exhaust, destroy, smash' (to *[d]paA5u-(; = Old Indie mrdu-)\ pAa5u(;,
(3Aa5ap6(; "slack' (*[jAa5-, *mJd-)\ |j£A5u) " melt ' (tr., med. intr. = Old English me/fan etc.);

with the vowel position and meaning from Old Indie vimradati, mradTyan a\so ^Ktwa f.,
pA£vvo(; n. 'mucus, snot', pAsvvoq 'langsam from reason, verdummt' {*mled-sno-, compare
Old Indie mrt-sna-);

Latin mollis' yielding, pliant, flexible, supple, soft, tender, delicate, gentle, mild, pleasant
' {*mjdu-is, compare Old Indie fem. mrdvl); blandus' of smooth tongue, flattering, fawning,
caressing ' from *ml9ndo-l\

cymr. it'/yo'o' 'gentle, tender', bret. it'/e-'weak' {*mJdo-), Old Irish /77e/c/ac/7 'pleasant' (can
also belong to mel-6'^-\ also:) Scots Gaelic mollm. 'chaff;

Middle Irish blind, blinn' saliva of a dead man ' (probably *mJd-sno-l)\ (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Old English meltan'rc\e\t, burn, digest ', Old Icelandic melta' dissolve, digest in the
stomach ', Norwegian molten' mellow, soft', Kaus. Old English mieltan ' {r\e\t, clean, digest
'; Gothic ga-malteinsi. ' dissolving ', Old Icelandic maltr' decayed, spoil'. Old High
German malz' melting, feeble'; Old High German malz. Old English mealt. Old Saxon Old
Icelandic malt' malt ' (Slavic *molto, Czech miatoeic. ds. borrowed from Germanic);

with Old Indie mrd-, mrtsna- compare nisi. /77y/s/7a'dust, powder'. Old English
formolsnian' become dust, powder ' (see above);

with ani. 5-/ Old High German smelzan ' deliquesce, melt', smalz' lively fat or butter ',
Old English smolt, s/77y//e 'quiet, of the sea'. Old Swedish smultna' become peaceful ';
here perhaps Old High German milzi. Old English miltei., miltm.. Old Icelandic milti'
spleen ' (can be easily struck out, as if melting);

Maybe alb. melgia 'the spleen (that of a domestic animal)' a Germanic loanword : Italian
milza, German MHz, Catalan melsa, Romagnolo melza' spleen '.

Old Bulgarian mladi), russ. molodbetc. ' young, tender' {*moldo-)\ Old Prussian maldai
Nom. PI. m. ' the young ', maldO-ni-n f\Vk. Sg. ' youth ', maldian loa\s'; Old Prussian
malden/k/s 'k\d, child'. Old Bulgarian mladenbCb, mladbnaca' youngling ' {*molden-,
*moldin-)\

/77e/7/-d'^- (perhaps first in d^-present *mehl-&^-6)\

Old Indie mardhati, mrdhati' decreases, neglects, forgets ' ('*becomes soft, floppy,
slack = faded ');

gr. |jaA9aK6(; 'soft, tender, mild' (after paAaK6(; extended from:) [jaAGn ' wax ', paAGcbaw
fjaAaKcbawHes., paAGwv ' weakling ', paAGaivu) " soften ';

here (or to mel-d-) cymr. blydde\.c.\

Gothic unmildjai Uoxr\. PI. " the unfriendly ', mildiPa^ mildness ', Old Icelandic mildr
"gracious, merciful ', Old English milde. Old High German milti^ mild, kind, gracious,
friendly';

Old High German melta. Old English melde. Old Swedish maeld, molda. Old High
German malta, multa ' Melde ' (compare gr. pAirov ' Melde '.

(s)mehl-k-

Old Icelandic melr^ sand-hill ' ( *melha-), Swedish dial, mjag {*melga-) ds.

Latvian smelknes^ Mehlabfall ', smalknes^ filings, file dust, saw filings ', 5/77a//r5 "fine',
smu/ksne' speck, dust particle, sundries ';

Lithuanian smu/kusl\ne', smu/kt/" become fine ', smulkme^ sundries ';

Lithuanian smiltis, Latvian smilts, sm/lkts ^ sand' .

mehlah-k-, m/ahk-'soit, weak, faint, languid, clownish '.

Gr. ijaAoKoq 'soft', pAci^, -k6(; 'slack, idle, mushy, softish, delicate, mollycoddle, crazy';
pAr|XPO<;, hom. apAnxpo^ 'weak, gentle' (*[jAaK-ap6(;); [jaAKri "das solidification vor
coldness, Erfrieren', MaAKiu^habevor Kalte steife Glieder';

Middle Irish ma/cad' decay '; presumably Middle Irish blen{0\6 Irish *mlen) 'the flanks '
from *m la knar.

Old Church Slavic mlbcati, russ. molcatb ' keep mum, keep quiet ' ( *m'lke-). Old Church
Slavic u-mlbciti^ rule, control ', u-mlbkn^ti^ fall silent ' (: Irish malcaim^ decay '); Bulgarian
Serb, mlak^ lukewarm ', etc. in addition Lithuanian mijlkis{*nTlkJos) ' blockhead '.

With -5/ro-.' Gothic un-tila-malsks^ heedless; impetuous ', Old Saxon /77a/sc 'stout,
proud'. Modern High German mu/sch 'soit', mu/schen d'\a\. 'sleep'.

References: WP. II 284 ff., WH. I 508, II 16, 103 ff., Trautmann 167 f., 177, 184, 188.
Page(s): 716-719

Root / lemma: mehl-2
Meaning: to fail; to deceive

Material: Avestan mairya-^ deceitful, knavish, villainous '; Armenian mei, PI. meik'^ sin ';
gr. p£A£0(; " futile, worthless, unlucky, woeful, wretched, miserable ' (seems to be based as
*M£A£[a]oc; on -e5-stem *meles-, this weak grade *mjs-, pAaa- perhaps in pAaa-cpniJOc; as "
wrong, inappropriate saying '); perhaps |JuAr| " wicked person; deformed person '? to
dfjpAiGKU), dijpAou) ' have a miscarriage '; Middle Irish /77e//'fault, error' {*mel-s-os, of es-
stem), mellaim^cheai, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool', ma/7e'e\/\\, harm';
cymr. /775// 'spoiled' {*mJso-)\ Lithuanian me/asl\e, falsity', Latvian PI. m^//6s., ma/dft'err,
wander, make a mistake ', muldet^ wander, fantasize, worry ', melsV confused talk '.
References: WP. 11291.
Page(s): 719-720

Root / lemma: mehl-3

Meaning: to hesitate

Material: Gr. heAAoj, Fut. pEAAnaw 'zogere, bin in Begriffe' (moAk; 'barely'?); \xtKz\ \xo\ 'es

liegt miram Herzen', pisAw, -opiai, -naw, pspinAa (Doric p£|jaAa), |j£|jpAeTai 'amHeEejyn

sense lie, besorgtsein', pEAsSri, peAsScbv, peAeSriMa ' care ', (jeAetpi ds., [jeAetoop '

FiJrsorger '; Latin prd-mellere{-lf- = -In-) ' litem promovere ', re-melTgo^ she that delays or

hinders, the (fem.) delayer, hinderer', re-mulcum^ a tow-rope ', pro-mulcum 6s.\ Old Irish

/775//(*mJ-so-) 'slow'.

References: WP. II 291 f., WH. II 370, 427 f.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mehl-4

Meaning: strong, big

Material: Gr. piaAa 'very', [jqAAov 'more' (for *pi£AAov = Latin melius eingetreten after

Gaaaov, Gottov : raxa), paAiOTa ' mostly, in most situations '; Latin /77e//c»/'' better'

(originally '*stronger'); mu/tus' much, a lot of (*mJto-); here mu/ta, older mo/ta'

punishment, penance, atonement', mu/to, -are' to punish ', dialect word, compare Oscan

moltam' multam ', moltaum' moltare ', multasikad' of fines, of a fine ', Umbrian motar' a

money penalty, fine, amercement, mulct ', mutu' a money penalty, fine, amercement,

mulct ' (*mjta ' reimbursement, replacement'; compare Germanic *i6'd/d 'penance,

atonement': *bata- 'better'); Latvian m/7ns\e(y much, a lot of.

References: WP. II 292, WH. II 63 f., 123 f.

See also: A through -g{h)- extension root form is perhaps mel^- 'to swell', see there.

Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mehl-5

Meaning: member; to join

Material: Old Indie marman- n. ' penis, open, unprotected body part ', Armenian marmin

'body, flesh' (from Iran.?), Lithuanian melmenys^ flesh in the kidneys ', Latvian melmenT

groin, loins'; different Muhlenbach-Endzelin II 596 (from *meldm- to S. 718);

gr. \\tKoQ, n. ' member' and 'gegliederte way, song, melody ', hence psAi^w ' celebrate in
song, sing the praises of; bret. mellm., corn, mel, PI. /77e'//oM/"ankle', cymr. cym-mar a
joint, knuckle, a joining, uniting; a juncture, seam, juncture, commissure ' (proto Celtic
* melso- : psAoc; = Lithuanian tamsia : Old Indie tamasn.); Tocharian AB ma/k- " piece
together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together '.

References: WP. II 292.
Page(s): 720

Root / lemma: mehl-6, mehlah-

Meaning: dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)

Material: Old Indie malina- "dirty, filthy, black', mla-na- "black, swart ', mala- m. n. "smut,

ordure, sin ';

gr. |j£Aa(;, -aiva, -av "black' (probably for *|j£Aavoc; after Fem. psAaiva = Old Indie
malinl), \\\k\oc, "red chalk', [joAuvw "besmirch' (maybe from *paAuv(ji)), puAAo(; " an edible
sea-fish, red barbel ' (ablaut as Latin mulleus, Lithuanian mulvas), with o-grade pcbAwip "
weals, marks from blows, bloodshot place';

alb. /77e/-e/7e (collective * mel-inio-) "elm' (from the color of the wood), mel-eze6s., mjere
" unlucky ' {*mel-ro- "black'), etc.;

Maybe alb. mellenje^ blackbird '.

vorrom. * melix, -/ice (French meleze) "larch';

Latin /77i///e^s "reddish, purple' {* nr^lnejos); compare Old High German mol S. 717;

Gothic melaHom. PI. " characters, letters or symbols ', meljan^ write ', Old High
German ana-malV stain, scar'. Middle High German /775/n. " stain ', Old High German
malon, -en " paint, draw, sign ', Old Norwegian maela^ paint ' (originally " paint with black
color');

Maybe alb. mjellma' swan, white dappled bird '.

Baltic * melna- (*mel9-no-) in Latvian /77^//7s "black', Old Prussian melne^ blue stain ',
Lithuanian melsvas ' bluish' (also Lithuanian meleta, -ata^ green woodpecker; hazel
grouse, grouse, wild chicken ', Old Prussian melato^ green woodpecker'?); Lithuanian
melas, me/ynas ^b\ue', me/yne' bruise, bilberry, huckleberry, whortleberry, blue, azure ',
Latvian mejs^ dark blue' {*me//as); Old Prussian mU/nan Akk. fern. ' stain '; Lithuanian
md//s, Latvian ma/s' loam, clay ';

with ^/-colored reduplication-grade: Lithuanian /r7i/7i/as 'reddish, yellowish', mulv-yti, -inti
"besmear', /77i/7i/e "slime, mud, swamp, marsh';

russ. malfna " raspberry, blackberry '.

Maybe Latin malum, i, n., = Greek pnAov (Doric paAov) = Albanian molle^ an apple, i. e.
any tree-fruit fleshy on the outside, and having a kernel within (opp. nux); hence, applied
also to quinces, pomegranates, peaches, oranges, lemons, etc. '

Maybe Hittite: mahla-s^ vine'.

Note:

Root / lemma: melo-, smelo-: small animal, derived from Root/ lemma: mel-6, mela- :

dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)

References: WP. II 293 f., WH. II 122 f., Trautmann 177 f., 188.

Page(s): 720-721

Root / lemma: mehl-7

Meaning: wool

Material: Gr. paAAoc; (*mj-n6-) " tuft of wool, flake, flock '; Lithuanian /r7//as "kerchief, cloth',

Latvian mil(n)a' coarse kerchief, cloth'. Old Prussian milanAs. (Serbo-Croatian malje.

Gen. malJaP\. f. " fluff, underfur, Milchhaar ' is loanword from ngr. paAAia PI.).

References: WP. II 294.

Page(s): 721

Root / lemma: mehl-8, mehlah- : mlo-

Meaning: to appear, come up, mountain

Material: Perhaps Old Indie mani- " pearl ', manika- m. "round water pot'; gr. poAsTv "go,
come' (Aor.), present pAcboKU), Perf. pEppAwKo; £pAu) ecpavri; auTO-jJoAoc; " traitor,
renegade ', "rrpo-poAn ' Auslauf eines Berges, Flusses ', poAsuu) " cut the plant scions ';

venet. FIN Mal-ont-Tna^ Maltein ' (Carinthia, region in soutliern Austria), South lllyrian
PN Malontum, etc. (Krahe, WiJrzburger Jahrb. 1, 214);

Maybe truncated Latin {* mal-ont-Tna) mons, -t/'s' a mountain', Meru 'mount in India'.

alb. /77a/" mountain' {*mol-no-)\ Tosc /775ye"cusp, peak, acme, apex, summit ' {*molia)\
alb. /77c»/"wood, forest' ('mountain forest ') from *melo-\ Geg moje' high-situated place '
{*mel-ia)\ vorrom. malga' alpine economy ' {*mal-ika)\

Maybe alb. /77a/es/"highland', lllyrian A^c»/c»55/7 lllyrian TN

Old Irish Akk. PI. mailgea {* mal-ik-). Middle Irish Nom. Sg. mala' eyelash '; /77e//"clump,
n. hill, raised area of land, hummock, knoll, mound ' {*mel-no-) = bret. me//'b\g ball ';
Middle Irish mu/'baW, clump' (*molu-), mul-lach' acme, apex, vertex '; abrit. island name
MaAaioc;, later Malea Insula (Adamnan), neugael. Muile' duff, layer of organic material
which covers the forest floor ';

Latvian ma/at "edge, bank, border, shore, region'; Lithuanian lyg-mala' height of the
boundary ';

Serb. iz-molTm, iz-mdlTti" heWoReigen ', slov. molfti" hold out, stretch forth, hang on,
endure; stall, put off ', moletT tower, rise higher, stand tall, be of great height, jut, project,
protrude, stick out ', etc.;

References: WP. II 294 f., Jokl L.-k-U. 162, Berneker II 74, J. Loth RC. 44, 293 ff.; 46, 161

f.

Page(s): 721-722

Root / lemma: mehl6hd!^-{mohlahd!^-, molehd!^-)

Meaning: elevation; head

Material: Old Indie murdhan-m. "head', Avestan ka-mereda-' head of a demon '; gr.

pAu)0p6(; {*mlcxii^-r6s or */77o/adf^/'dswith Indo Germanic-"^ "high aufschieftend, high

gewachsen', also pAaaT6(; "scion, shoot, stalk ' ( *m/d6'^-tos); pisAaGpov ' Stubendecke, roof

{*mel9&^rom)\ Old English mo/da 'the top of the head'. Old Frisian meldke {*muldi-kd)\

Tocharian A malto " first '.

References: WP. II 295.
Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mehls-

Meaning: to taste

Material: Old Irish mlas, nir. bias, cymr. bias, bret. blaz^iasie' {*mlasto-, probably from

*mJsto-); russ. molsatb ( *mblsati) "suck, gnaw ', Czech mIsatrWck, nibble ', poln. pomloski

■ tidbit '.

References: WP. II 300.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mehrrio^-

Meaning: to reproach

Material: Gr. psijcpoijai 'tadle', Mopcpn 'reprimand, reproach, accusation '; Gothic bl-

mampjan^ deride, mock '; has Old Irish mebur shame', nir. meabhaF betrayal ', cymr.

mefl, corn. meul6s., Celtic -it*/- from -mbl-??Vox Gothic p compare Specht Indo Germanic

Dekl. 261, Anm. 1.

References: WP. II 261 f.

Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: mehnA^-

Meaning: to pay attention to; vivacious, wisdom

Material: Old Indie medha^ wisdom, discernment, reason', Avestan mazda, mazdah-x\.

"Gedachtnis, remembrance ', mazdah-m. name of the highest God {*maz6,^a iroxr\ *mn6^-

ta);

gr. ijavGavu) (secondary present to) paOnoopai, paGsTv "learn', Doric-Aeolic fJCiQn. Ionian
IjaOog n., Ionic-Attic \xbBr\o\Q, " learning, lesson '; |jev9npr| "forehead; cppovTi(;'; perhaps
MoOaa (*[jov0ja) " Muse, any of nine goddesses who are associated with inspiration and
creativity for the arts (Greek Mythology)';

Maybe Albanian mesoj: Griko Salentino mattenno: Latvian macTties: Lithuanian mokytls^
learn'.

alb. mund^ can, win ';

Maybe alb. mundoj^ exhaust '.

Maybe {*mundi) MujT Heracles of Albanians ', mundje^ struggle, defeat '

cymr. mynnu'\Nant, desire, will', corn. mennar\ will', mynnes, mynnas'\Nant, desire,
will, volition', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. go- f/n{n) long, want, bid, beg, ask,
inquire ', corn, govyn ds.;

Gothic mundon^ look up ', mundreT purpose ', Old Icelandic munda^am, strive'. Old
High German muntar' keen, eager, joyful ', muntarf eagerness '; Old High German mendT
"pleasure, joy', menden. Old Saxon mendian^ be glad ';

Lithuanian mandras, mandri/s ^ a\ert, awake, smart, minxish, wanton'; Latvian muddrs
and muozsds. {*mandus), mudst/es '\Nake up'; Old Bulgarian mgdrh'\N\se'.

Maybe alb. Geg /77e/7(^o^-/e "brains', alb. /77e/7o'-//77 "thought', {*mentsur) mengur^ smart ' :
Lithuanian mandrus ' a\ert, smart'.

Indo Germanic /77e/7-dh- through compression from *men-6!^e-^ sense, mind ', compare
Old Indie man[*z]-dhatar-^Vc\e thinking, the pious ', Avestan mqz-da-^ commit to memory,
memorize ' (therefrom /77^zo''/'a- "sensible, smart, wise'). - From gr. Trpo-pnQnc; "
precautionary ' (Doric -a-) to be closed in Indo Germanic */775-dh- besides */77e/7-dh- (as g"a-
: g'^em-), seems possible.

References: WP. II 270 f., Trautmann 168 f.
Page(s): 730

Root / lemma: mehnd-, mohnd- [mQd-l)
Meaning: to suck (breast), to feed; breast

Material: Alb. merit, mend^ suckle, suck', mezej^ suckle '; mes, mez/m. " fullness ', mezat
"young bull, the young of an animal ', /77ezc»/'e "young cow' {*mondJo-), mez^ colt, foal';
lllyrian PN Mendai. "mare', ablaut. PN Mandeta; mandos ^srwaW horse', out of it dial.
/77a/7/7i/5.' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-) Latin mannus^ a small
Gallic horse, coach-horse, cob '; Messapic Juppiter Menzana {*mendJo-no-) " the God to
whom horses were sacrificed '; from lllyrian derives rom. mandius^ fertility, cattle'
(Rumanian minz^ fertility ', /77a/7za/ "young cow'. Modern High German Tirol Manz, Menz^
infertile cow', Rhineland Minzekalb, Basque mando' a mule ', etc.); Middle Irish menn
{*mendo-), mennan'young animal, calf, fertility ', secondary bennan' little calf, kid, little
deer', nir. binnseach, gael. m/nnseacb ^oung goat, kid', cymr. mynnan'k\6', corn, m/'n^ a
young goat, kid ', bret. /77e/7/7 "young animal', menn gavryoung goat, kid'; (common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), gall. PN Epo-manduo-durum, brit. PN Mandu-essedum {\\\yr\an
loanword?); probably also the Bavarian FIN Mindef, Old High German manzonm. PI. "teat,
udder'; lllyrian gall, mand- cou\d also contain Indo Germanic ablaut mpd-

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 29 f., MarstranderZceltPh. 7, 384 f., Krahe, WiJrzburg. Jb.
1, 189,202.
Page(s): 729

Root / lemma: mehnd^a, -om)

Meaning: defect, flaw, *nnental disability

Note:

Root/ lemma: mehnd^a, -om)\ defect, flaw, *nnental disability, derived from Root/ lemma:

menA'"-: to pay attention to; vivacious, wisdom. Probably taboo word.
Material: Old Indie minda^ body defect ' (for *manda afier /7/>7d/a 'reprimand');

Latin mendum, menda " a fault, error, blunder ', e-mendare " to free from faults, correct,
improve, amend ', whereoi mend/cus^ beggarly, needy, in want, indigent, poor, paltry,
sorry, pitiful, a beggar, mendicant ' and mendax, -acis' given to lying, false, mendacious ';

perhaps Old Irish mennar^ a spot, mark, stain ', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero
grade Old Irish m/nd'mark, token, sign, feature, characteristic mark or property' {*mndun.;
also in the meaning ' a royal headdress, diadem ' = " a mark, indication, proof, sign, token,
signal ' dass. word), cymr. mann'p\ace', mann geni^ birthmark '.

References: WP. II 270, WH. II 69, J. Loth RC. 44, 362 f.
Page(s): 729-730

Root / lemma: mehn(e)hgh-, mohn(e)hgh-, mijgh-

Meaning: abundant, excessive

Material: Old Indie magha-y\. 'gift, present', maghavan(t)-^ rich in gifts, generous '; m. '

donor, giver', marhhate^ gives, makes a donation ', maifihistha-^ im hochsten Made

freigebig, iJberaus reichlich ', mamhana' gladly, willingly';

Old Irish men/cc'o^en, rich, frequent', cymr. mynych' often, frequently ', corn.
menough ds. {*meneggi-, expressive); Gothic manags. Old High German Old Saxon
manag. Old English manig, menig^much, a lot of, many ', Old Icelandic mengiu. 'bulk,
mass'; mangr, margr^ many, much, a lot of, friendly '; Old Church Slavic m-tnog'b 'much, a
lot of {*monogo-), compare also Lithuanian /77//7/a'bulk, mass' {*menia).

References: WP. II 268 f., Trautmann 189.
Page(s): 730

Root / lemma: mehn(9)hk-

Meaning: to knead

Material: Old Indie macate, mancate^ crushes, betrugt, is minxish, wanton (?)' (Dhatup.;

with probably apposition also from:) Old Indie mariku-^weak, fluctuating ';

alb. mekem^ make humid, become unconscious, become frozen ', i mekan^ia\v\{,
languid, weak', meke^ blockhead \*mnk-)\

gr. Ionian paaau) {*mnk-id), Attic paiTU) 'push, press, knead, stroke, rub ' (paradigmatic
combined with Aor. Pass. paYHvai, to MaY£U(; etc., root mahg-, see there; in gutturals
ambiguous poKipa " kneading or dough trough; dough tray; hutch '), jjaKopia ppwpa £k
^ojpou Koi aAcpiTwv Hes.;

Old English mengan. Old Saxon mengian. Middle High German mengen. Modern High
German mengen (actually " knead randomly '), Old Saxon gi-mang. Old English (ge)-mang
n.. Middle High German ge-manc, -ges, Gemengem. " mixture, blend ';

Lithuanian minkau, -///"(dough) knead', m/'nkstas 'soh', ablaut, mankau, -yti{=
Germanic *mangjan), Latvian /77/b/7" tread', m?ksts^soi\!\

Old Church Slavic m§kh-kh 'soft', *m§kngtr become soft ', o-mg-citr soften ', russ.
mjakis^ the softness of bread ', ablaut. Old Church Slavic mgka^vc\ea\, flour' (Serbo-
Croatian muka, russ. muka6s.), mgka'agony' (Serbo-Croatian muka6s.) etc.;

References: WP. II 368, WH. I 508, II 3, 23 f., Trautmann 184 f.
See also: compare the similar roots mahk- and mahg-.
Page(s): 730-731

Root / lemma: mehng-
Meaning: pretty, beautiful; useful thing (?)
Note: only nominal

Material: Old Indie manju-, mahjula-^ beautiful, mellifluous', mahgala-u. "good omen,
luck'; osset. /77a/7^ "deceit'; gr. payyavov n. " magical cure, magic potion; philtre, war
machine ' etc. (out of it borrowed Latin manganum^ machine ', alb. mange^ hemp-bray '
etc.. Middle High German mange^ catapult'. Modern High German Mange(l)^ mangle,
machine for smoothing and ironing cloth '), gr*|jaYYU)v (out of it Latin mango^ a monger,
slavedealer '), (jayyavEuu) "cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool' etc.;
Middle Irish meng^ deception, artifice', mengach' treacherous '; from Modern High
German mange 6emes Old Prussian manga' whore ', Lithuanian manga' naughty
person'; Tocharian A mahk 'b\ar(\e, fault, error'.

References: WP. II 233, WH. II 28 f.
Page(s): 731

Root / lemma: mehn-1

Meaning: to tower

Material: Avestan framanyente {: Latin pro-minere) " they obtain projection ', mati- {*mnti-) "

protrusion of mountain range';

Latin e-mineo, -ere' to stand out, project, reach upward ', im-minere' to project over,
lean towards, hang down over, overhang, overarch ', pro-minere' to stand out, jut, be
prominent, overhang, project, extend '; from these compounds are probably -A consecutive
words to define: minae' projecting points, pinnacles ', minor, -arf to jut forth, project ',
minax' jutting out, projecting, overhanging '; mons, -tis' a mountain, mount, range of
mountains ' (hybridization from *montos and *mnti-)\ mentum' the chin ', with cymr. manV
jaw, mouth ' as */r7/7/c-equatable (out of it Middle Irish manf the place of an unusual
tooth, gums '); abret. -monid, redirected cymr. mynydd, corn, meneth, bret. menez
"mountain' {*monlio-), cymr. gor-fynydd' ascension, process of ascending ' (formal = Old
Irish /b/777/75 'shoulder'); s. also under mehnth-2.

Old Icelandic m0nir'n6ge of the roof (lengthened grade besides Celtic *mdniio-), m0na
" tower ';

related is probably *mohnoh-' nape, neck '.

References: WP. II 263, WH. II 73 f., 90, 108 f.
Page(s): 726

Root / lemma: mehn-2

Meaning: to step, tread over, press

Material: Old Indie carma-mnas Horn. PI. " skinner, tanner'; Aeolic piaiEiaai " kicking,

stepping, treading ' (*[jaTr||Ji), paTsTTraTsT Hes., Denom. from a /77/7-/d5 "getreten'; cymr.

mati7ru'w\t\r\ Fijften treten', bret. mantra 6s. {*mntr-), gall.-/775/7/5/c»/7(*gestampfter) "way' in

Petro-mantaion' fourfold road' (= Petru-), i\4anta/o-magus ' S\.raQ>enie\6' , Phrygian PN

Maviakoq; also Middle Irish meni. "meal, flour, dust, powder'; Lithuanian minu, minti

"tread, flax brechen, Felle gerben', Latvian minu, /77/?"tread, tan, convert hide into leather';

Old Bulgarian *mbng, mgti' to press together ', russ. mnu, mjatb "break, rupture (flax or

hemp), knead, tread (loam, clay), zerknittern, zerknijllen';

gr. ijviov " moss, Meergras ' ([jviapoq, [jviosk; " mossy '), M^oot;, mvoO(; (*mv6Fo(;) "soft
fluff, underfur ', [jvoTov piaAoKOv Hes., Lithuanian miniava^ Flachsseide, Filzgras '.

References: WP. II 263, Veudryes BSL 38, 113 f., Trautmann 185.
Page(s): 726

Root / lemma: mehn-3

Meaning: to think, mind; spiritual activity

Note: extended mehneh-. mnah-ar\6 mneh-, irienei-. mehi-

Material: Old Indie manyate^ thinks ', Avestan mainyeiteAs., ap. ma/nyahay {\n6o

Germanic *men-i-o-, = gr. |jaivo|jai " bucket, careen, fly, travel at a reckless speed ', Old

Irish -muiniur, Slavic mbnjg^ mean, indicate ', see below). Old Indie Perf. ma-mne, mene,

manay-ati^\s keen, eager', mana-yu-^keeu, eager, godly, pious', manJ-sa^ wisdom,

reason; devotion, prayer' {*menei-: irienT-); Old Indie manute^ thinks '; manati^ mentions '

(= Lithuanian menu, poln. -miong, Czech -menu); Old Indie manayati^ honors ', (:

Lithuanian /'s-mon/s' reason'), Avestan m^nayen'one could believe'; Supin. Old Indie

mantum, participle Perf. mata- " thought ' (= gr. auT6-|jaT0c;, Latin commentus, Lithuanian

mintas. Old Irish derm at);

from the J-basis (= gr. [jva-): Old Indie mnata-^ mentions '; mnayate' it is mentioned ';

Old Indie manas-, Avestan manah-n. "sense, mind' (= gr. ijevoO; Old Indie durmanas [=
bua\\zyr\(^; ap. Haxa-man/s ' Axoi\[Jit\/r\q " von Freundessinn beseelt '; Old Indie manman-
"sense, mind, thought, notion' (= Old Irish menme); mantar-^t\r\\nker' (= gr. Msviajp, Latin
commentor); mun/'-m. "the eager, seer (compare pavric;), ascetic'; mantra- m. " religious
formula ', Avestan m^^rd6s.;

Old Indie su-mna-n. " goodwill '; Old Indie mat/-, mat/-, Avestan -ma/'t/-^ sense, mind,
thought, notion, opinion' (= Lithuanian mintis. Old Bulgarian pa-mgtb, Gothic ga-munds,
Latin mens^ the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul '), next to which also Old
Indie /r?^/?//- "think' (= Gothic ana-mind^; mantu-6s.; abfii-mati-i. " pestering, temptation;
snare ' {*-mnt-i-);

Maybe alb. Geg menu, Tose mendosh^ to think '.

Armenian i-manam^ understand ' {*mena-mi, compare under Old High German manon);

gr. pejjova {\xt\xa\xzy; [jEfjacbc;, with metr. lengthening peijaux;) "gedenke, have lust,
demand ' (preterit-present as Latin meminf I remember, recollect, think of, am mindful of.

bear in mind ', unredupl. Gotliic man), Imper. Perf. \^z\^d^^xi (= Latin mementd); auT6-|jaT0(;
'from sich selber herausdenkend and handeind'; paivopai "bin verzucl<t, rase' (= manyate
etc.), Aor. epnvajjnv, £fjavr|v, Perf. fj£pr|va; compare pavia 'fury', pavTK; ' seer 'jjoivagj
jpSoq'die Verzucl<te', |jaiv6Ar|<;, -oK\<^ ' frenzied ';

from the basis auf a-. Perf. pspvriMai (Doric -a-) "bin eingedenk', present jjipvpoKU)
(Aeolic MipvaiaKOo) 'erinnere', Med. 'erinnere myself, Fut. pvnaw; ^jvaopai "erinnere
myself in hom.pvojopevoq, pvcbovTo; nvr|ai(;f. " remembrance ', pvnpojv 'eingedenk',
|jvf|pa, Doric pvapa "Erinnerungszeichen, grave, monument, tombstone '; psvot; n. (= Old
Indie manas-) ' courage, rage, fury'; psvoivaw "have in sense, mind, have vor', psvoivr)
"wish', due to eines Subst. *p£vu)(i) (compare den woman's name n Msvcoi, Msvcb and die
derivative Msvoirri";, Msvoiriot;); \xvyj\c,, Doric ijqvk; "grudge' (*|jvavi(;?); compare above S.

Maybe alb. Geg meni, Tosc merr grudge, revenge ' : Romanian manie^ anger ';

Maybe alb. ze-merim, zemer/m ' anger' , ze-mer, zemer'heart' similar to poln. msta (arch.),
ze/77s/a "vengeance, revenge' (common Slavic alb. ze- prefix) see Root/ lemma: mei-t(h)-2
: to exchange.
Also alb. Geg ze-mnuem, Tosc zemeruar: Romanian manios' angry ';

alb. mund, mend^ can, be able to; may ' ( *mn-6^-)\

Latin meminf I remember, recollect, think of, am mindful of, bear in mind ' (: gr. [jspova;
compare Oscan memnim^ that which brings to mind, a remembrancer, memorial,
monument, memory, remembrance '); from the basis in -/"(: -ei) minTscitur6s., comminTscor
" erinnere mich '; mens, -tis^ the mind, disposition, feeling, character, heart, soul ' (from
*mnti-, see above Old Indie mat/- etc.)

Maybe alb. Geg PI. men, Tosc mendja' mind ' a Latin loanword?

Latin ment/o' a calling to mind, making mention, mentioning, naming, mention ' (= air a/r-
mitiu), Denom. mentior, -TrV to invent, assert falsely, lie, cheat, deceive, pretend '
(compare Old Prussian mentimai^ we lie', compare z. meaning still commentum' an
invention, fabrication, pretence, fiction, falsehood ', to participle commentus^ devised,
invented, feigned, fictitious ', and Lithuanian pra-manytas^ fabricated, invented,
concocted, incorrect '); Kaus. moneo^ remind; warn ' (= Lithuanian is-manyti, lengthened
grade Old Indie manayati), monitorxw. " one who reminds, a monitor, suggester ',
monumentum^ that which brings to mind, a remembrancer, memorial, monument ',

monstrum' a divine omen, supernatural appearance, wonder, miracle, portent ' {*mone-
strom), mon-strare^ to point out, exhibit, make known, indicate, inform, advise, teach,
instruct, tell ', etc.;

Old Irish do-moiniur' believe, mean, indicate ' (= (jaivopai. Old Indie manyate, with -mo-
from -ma-) and many other compounds; Simplex in ro-menair^ he has considered ', dia-ru-
muinestar fir die er hestimmt hat ';

with ograde (compare moned) abret. guo-monim q\. " to hold forth, offer, promise '; Old
Irish cuman, cuimne{= mcymr. covein) " remembrance ', cymr. co-f{*kom-men) ds.; Old
Irish menme{= Old Indie manman-) "ghost, sense, mind'; Old Irish dermaV oblivion ' {*-
mnto-), airmitiu {*are-mentid) 'honor', etc.;

Gothic *man, munum{\ni. munan, preterit munda) "mean, believe' (preterit-present as
pspova, meminT, ^JspvriMCii), ga-munan " sich einer Sache erinnern ', Old Icelandic muna "
commemorate, remember', munu, /77C»/7C> "intend, mean, aim, become'. Old English mon,
man' commemorate ', Old Saxon /&/'-/77^/75/7 (preterit -munsta) " do not think, deny ';
Gothic schw. V. munan {"i. Sg munaiP, preterit munaida) " commemorate (to do), peAAsiv'
{muna/Pirom *menei-eti= Old Indie manay-ati, compare mene-\v\:) Old High German
firmonen' despise ' (and Slavic moneti, Lithuanian mineti, as well as gr. pavnvai);

ograde Old High German Old Saxon manon. Old English manian " urge, remind' (Old
High German manofi. Sg. = Lithuanian /775/70 "understands', compare reduced grade
Armenian i-manam' understand ' irorc\*menam/); Gothic munsm. "thought, notion,
opinion'. Old Icelandic munr'sense, mind, desire, lust'. Old English myne' remembrance,
desire, love'. Old Saxon muni-ITk' mellifluous' (= Old Indie muni-); Gothic ana-minds'
suspicion ' (= Old Indie mantf-), ga-minPiv\. " keepsake, souvenir, reminder'. Old Icelandic
minne " remembrance ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old High
German Old Saxon minn(e)a "love, courtly love ' ( *minPja, *mindja)\ Gothic ga-munds. Old
English ge-mynd. Old High German gi-munV keepsake, souvenir, reminder, memory ' (=
Old Indie matf-eic);

Lithuanian menu{= West Slavic *-meng. Old Indie manati), minti' commemorate ',
reduced-grade miniu, mineti{ : Old High German firmonet eic.) "ds., mention ', Latvian
minetds., ablaut. Lithuanian manyti' understand, comprehend '; lengthened grade is-
monis' reason'; Lithuanian /r7//7//5 "thought, notion' (= Old Indie mat/- etc.); menasm. " art,
skill, ability '; pra-mintas' named '; Old Prussian mentimai' we lie';

Old Church Slavic mbnjg{mbnisi), mbnet/'mean', po-mbnetr commemorate, remember
', pamgtb " memory, recollection '; Tocharian A mnu^ thought, reasoning ', B manu
"desire";

Hittite me-im-ma-i {memmal) " says ', whether from *memn-or *men-l compare
Benveniste BSL. 33, 140, Pedersen Hittite 116, Bonfante Lg. 17, 205 ff.

References: WP. II 264 ff., WH. II 65 ff., 68 ff., 107, 109 f., Trautmann 180 f.
Page(s): 726-728

Root / lemma: mehn-4

Meaning: small, to diminish

Note: partly with u-, uo-, partly with A'-formant

Material: u-, uo-siercw Armenian manr. Gen. manu ^smaW, thin, fine', manuk^V\6, child,

knave, boy, servant'; gr. pavu-^a iJOvoKScpaAov OKopoSov Hes., pavu piiKpov (Hs. niKpov)

'fKQa\xayzc, Hes., Mav6(;, Attic pav6(; (*pavF6(;) 'thin, lax, sparse ', diss, pavov (= pavov)

Aehtov Hes.;

in addition as " be isolated ' after Brugmann RhMus. 62, 634 f. (Lithuanian) pavausrai

TTapsAKETai Hes.; i.e. ' to draw aside, pervert ' and with Diss, possibly Attic pavauaoc; "(*

who keep away apart from others ' =) " der kleine Mann mit beschranktem Gesichtskreis ';

ograde Ionian pouvoq, Doric pajvoc;, Attic \x6yoc, (*|j6vFo(;) " alone, occasionally '; Old Irish

mm {* merih) ' smooth, gentle'; menb^smaW, old Menueh Gen., cymr. di-fanw^ insignificant

', di-fenwi {*mnu-) " reduce, vilify, scold'.

With Ar-formants: Old Indie manak^ a little, a bit '; Old High German mengen {*mangjan)
and mango/on '{r\\ss', Modern High German mangein. Middle High German manc{-g-)
'lack, disability '; Lithuanian /77e/7/r5S "small, insignificant ', menke^ codfish, cod-like
predatory fish ', etc.;

Tocharian B menkT small '; Hittite ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an-te-esHom. PI. "short'.

References: WP. II 266 f., WH. II 93.
Page(s): 728-729

Root / lemma: mehn-5

Meaning: to stay, stand still

Note: (= /77e/7/7- "think'?)

Material: Old Indie man- {parimamandhi, amaman) "hesitate, stand idle ', Avestan ap. man-

" abide, remain, wait, hold on', Avestan fra-man-' persist, stand firm '; Armenian mnam^

stay, expect ' ( *mena-); gr. |j£vco, (jifjvu) (|j£p£vr|Ka) " stay ', povn f. ' staying ', p6vipo(; "
persisting ', fj£|jvu)v " donkey ' ("persistent '); Latin maneo, -e/ie (compare fj£|j£vr|-Ka) " to
stay, remain, abide, tarry ' ( *meneid), Denomin. mantare " to stay, remain, wait '; Old Irish
ainmne, cymr. amynedd, mcymr. anmynedd^ patience ' {*an-menia)\

Tocharian A B mask- " be, exist '; Hittite mH'm-ma-/" reiuse'.

References: WP. II 267, WH. II 26, Pedersen Hittite 121.
Page(s): 729 aaypa

Root / lemma: mehnth-1, mehth-

Meaning: to mix up, stir

Material: Old Indie manthati, mathnati^ swirls, mixes, stirs, shakes ', mantha-m. " gyration,

mixing spoon ', Avestan mant- " bestir ';

gr. iJoGoq m. ' SchlachtgetiJmmel ', [JoGoupa (*|Jo9opFa) f. ' haft of Ruders', Doric
|j60u)v m. ' Metokenkind '; Attic Trechling', lak. [joGa^ ds.;

Latin (Oscan) mamphur, better manfur^ ein Stuck der Drehbank ';

Old Icelandic mgndullm. " Drehholz an der HandmiJhle ', Modern High German Mandel,
Mandelholz^ Rollholz, walzenformiges Holz ';

Lithuanian menturis, -i/zie (Latvian mieturis) 'verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves,
flowers, etc.) arranged in a circle, mashing stick, twirling stick ', menciu, /77^s//"stir
(meal, flour)', Lithuanian mente^ spatula ', mentei. " shoulder-blade, shoulder, chuck,
blade, palm, vane, fan, paddle, turner, trowel, float, shovel '; Old Bulgarian m§tg,
mgstr TapaTT£iv, to make an uproar, move confusedly, be in disorder'. Iter. mQtiti,
*sh-m eta na {russ. smetana etc.) "cream, milk cream, milk skimmings ', dissimil. from
* sh-m^fana;

Old Bulgarian motat/s^' to set in violent motion, drive onward, move, impel, urge ',
russ. motatb " wind up, roll up, shake; waste ', etc.

References: WP. II 269, WH. II 22 f., Specht KZ 64, 13; 66, 49, Trautmann 181 f.
Page(s): 732

Root / lemma: mehnth-2
Meaning: to chew, mouth
Material: Old Indie math-^ devour ':

gr. ijaQuiai yvaGoi Hes. (compare (januvri maked. "meat dish '), paaaopai " chew, bite'
(from *pa9ia-, Indo Germanic *mnth-ia), fjaara^u) " chew ', piaara^f. "mouth' and "
mouthful ', paaTixauj "knirsche with den Zahnen', [jooguveiv jjaaaaGai ppaSswc; Hes.
(probably with o from a before u, from *[jaa(a)uv£iv " assumed from Attic MaauvTia(;,
TTapaMaauvTr|<; m. " a female parasite ');

e-grade iJEGiaKa Tr|v peijaaniJevrivTpocpnv Hes. ( *menth-to-)\

Latin mando, -ere, -i, mansum " to chew, masticate ' ( *menthd)\

nir. meadarbeWy, intestines ' {*menth-la ox *mnth-la)\

Old High German mindil, gamindelu. " set of teeth in the bridle ', Old English mld/ds.,
Old Icelandic mel{*mint^I), Old Swedish /77/7ds.; Old Icelandic m/nna-sk' kiss'; (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), zero grade Gothic munt^s. Old Icelandic
mudr, munne. Old English mud. Old High German /77^/7o'" mouth'; or to cymr. mant, see
above mehn-1.

References: WP. II 270, WH. II 24; Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 253 f.
Page(s): 732-733

Root / lemma: mehrehgh-

Meaning: to soak, drizzle

Material: Gr. ppsxw ' wet, rain, flood ', ppoxn, Ppox£t6(; "rain'; Latvian /77e/ig^d/ 'gentle

rain', m^rga, marga^ soft rain'; Czech mrholiti^6uzz\e\ mrhu/kal\ne rain', russ. morgatb'

become cloudy ' ( *mbrgafb), moroch, morozga "fine rain' ( *morgh-s-), morositb " fine rain'.

References: WP. II 280, Trautmann 182.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: mehrehg-
Meaning: edge, border

Material: Npers. marz^ portion of land, region '; Latin margo, -/n/s' an edge, brink, border,
margin ' ( *merg-dn-, -en-); Old Irish mruig. Middle Irish bruig {*mrogi-) " portion of land,
region ', cymr. corn. bret. bro^ district, region, area ', brogaeQa\\\ agrum dicunt (Schol. to
Juvenal VIM 234), gall. PN Brogi-maros, VN Allobroges {= urnord. alJa-markiR^ foreigner ')
; Gothic markat "limit, boundary'. Old High German marcfbja '\\fr\\t, boundary, border land
', Old English mearcds.. Old Icelandic mgrkt " border land, wood, forest' (*morga). Old
Icelandic /anda-markn., Old English gemearcn. "limit, boundary, border line, abuttal,
border' {*morgom), probably also Old Norse marku. " token, sign, mark ', Middle High

German marc(h)v\. " brand, mark, sign ', Modern High German merken {a\so mark as
currency, actually probably ' Merkstrich am Gewicht ').
References: WP. II 283 f., WH. II 39 f.
Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: mehrsM^-, mraM^-

Meaning: to boil; to jolt, shake

Material: Gr. ppaaau), Attic ppaiToo (*pipa6-i(jo), Aor. sppaaa, Ionian sK-ppnaaoo 'simmer,

seethe, roar, flare up; foam, bubble, effervesce, winnow ', ^pao[}6(; " the boiling '; Latvian

murdef to bubble up ', murd/" mineral water ', Lithuanian murdau, -yti^ hineinstoflend

versenken '.

References: WP. II 280.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: mehrg-1

Meaning: to strip off, to wipe

Note: (partly also East Indo Germanic merg-)

Material: Old Indie mr-na-j-ani {\ . Sg. Konj.), mrnjatai^. PI.) "whisk, strip, wipe ' (compare

opopyvuiJi); s. also under melg-\ Armenian merzem^ banish, expel '; gr. aMspyoj ' strip,

wipe (leaves, fruit)', apopyoq ' ausdrijckend ', apopyn " the waste in pressing olives, dregs

of oil ' (out of it Latin amurca " the waste in pressing olives, dregs of oil '); opopyvupi "

wipe, clean; rub; clear, wash; squeeze ' (-op- probably from -er- under influence of

consecutive u); Latin mergae, -arum^ a two-pronged pitchfork ', merges, -itisi. " fascicle,

sheaf.

References: WP. II 283, WH. II 76.

Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: mehrg-2
See also: see below merk-1.
Page(s): 738

Root / lemma: mehrio-

Meaning: young man, woman

Material: 1. Old Indie marya-m. 'man, young man, lover, suitor', maryaka-m. ' young man

' (= Middle Persian merak), gr. psTpa^ m. f. 'knave, boy, girl', psipoKiov 'knave, boy' (the

vowel of the 2. syllable probably after naAAa^); alb. shemerei. 'concubine, mistress,

female rival' {*sm-men), compare merkosh^ young man, husband, couvade ',

perhaps also martoJ^\ wed ' ( *mer-etonJ), Jokl L.-k U. 5 ff.; (Latin loaword)

Latin maritare > Italian mahtare : French marier : Albanian martoj. Bresciano marida :

Romagnolo maride : Romanian a marita " marry ' ;

Albanian martesa . Bresciano maridos : Calo romandiho ; romandinipen " wedding ';

a fem. */77e/7 'young woman' can be in Latin man-tus^ of marriage, matrimonial,
conjugal, nuptial, marriage '.

2. With ^tformant: Lithuanian merga. Old Prussian /77e/'(gc»"girl, maidservant, bondmaid ';
presumably also with brit. -c/7-from -kk- (consonant- doubling in nickname of affection):
cymr. merch, bret. merc'h, corn, /t?//^/? 'daughter, woman'; with -^/7- behind formant /
Celtic *morigna, acorn, moroin^ a maid, maiden, virgin, a female child, girl, maiden, lass, a
maid-servant, handmaid ', cymr. mor-forwyn^ mermaid, siren ' (from Brit, derives Old Irish
muir- moru6s.).

3. Auf -ff. Lithuanian mart/"br\de, virgin, maiden ', Old Prussian martin f\Vk. Sg. "bride',
Latvian marsa' brother's wife ', Crimean Gothic marzus^ a marriage, wedding, nuptials '
(i.e. marl=>ud7 or from */77a/'/^05 sibilant), gr. probably (?) in BpiTopapiK;, the Cretan name
of Artemis.

References: WP. II 281, WH. II 40 f., Trautmann 170.
Page(s): 738-739

Root / lemma: mehrti-1, mehrg-, mehrak-, mehrag-
Meaning: to rot

Note: originally = [mehr-), mehrk-^ chafe ' (see 737).

Material: Latin marceo, -ere^ to be faint, droop, be feeble, be languid ', marcidus^
withered, wilted ', marcor^ a withering, decay, rottenness, faintness, languor, indolence ';
gall, bracis^ variety of grain for the malt preparation '; Middle Irish mraich, braich, cymr.
corn, brag^ malt ', gallorom. *bracu- {*mraku-) 'morass' (: Slavic *morky6s.), cymr. brag-
wellV marshy grass '; gall. mercasius^s^Nam'^, marsh'. Old French marchais, gall.
embrekton^ soaked morsel ' (out of it Latin imbractum); Middle Irish bren, cymr. braen
{*mrakno-) " rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, faul'; Middle High German mer(e)n.
Middle Low German meren "bread dunk into wine or water ' ( *merhen), Lithuanian merkiu,
merkt/^soak, sodden, steep, drizzle, wink ', ablaut, mirkstu, mFrktr soak, sodden ', markyti
" steep ', marka^ Flachsroste ', Latvian marks 6s., m4rka' dampness ', mercet^ dip,
immerse in a liquid '; kir. /77c»/'c»/ri/a 'morass' (reshuffling from *mork}/), wruss. mjareca6s.
( *merkia).

mehrg-\n same meaning (compare S. 736 mehr-, mehrg-^ chafe '):

Alb. mardhem^ shiver, shudder', marthxw. " strong frost' (= Slavic *morz-b)\ Old Irish
meirc{m. meirg) " rust ', mergach^ corrugated ' {*mergi-)\ nir. meirgeair scabrousness ',
cymr. /77e/yo'o'' humid, wet, idle'; merddwfr^ ckish water, briny water, salted water ', abret.
mergidhaam^ grow blunt, dull, dim, faint ' (bret. mergr rot, rust ' is Irish loanword); Middle
High German murc^ rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ',
nisi, morkinn^ rotten, brittle from decay ', Old Icelandic morkna^ become rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle '; Bulgarian mrbzer idleness ', Old Church Slavic mrbzitb ( *mirzTti) "
p5£AuTT£a9ai ', slov. mrziti^ disgust ' (basis *merag-)\

Maybe alb. merzif bother ' a Slavic loanword.

compare Old High German bruoh ' quagmire, swamp, marsh'. Middle Low German brok,
Dutch broek, with it is as " cold as a result of moisture ' or as ' goose bumps ' (compare
Old Irish /77e//r "wrinkle') identical Old Church Slavic po-mrbzngti^ freeze ', mraz-b, russ.
/77c»/'dz (likewise intonation the heavy basis) "frost'.

References: WP. II 281 f., WH. II 36 f., 129, Trautmann 182, 187.
Page(s): 739-740

Root / lemma: mehi1(-2, mohrk-

Meaning: sullen

Material: Corn, moreth^ anger, irritation, distress ', bret. morc'heV worry, mishap,

misfortune '; poln. markotb " growl, growl', markotny^ querulous, sullen ' (out of it

Lithuanian markatnus 'suWen' and wruss. markoc/c' make sullen ', markotny' boring ').

References: WP. II 282.

See also: relationship to {mer-), merk-^ chafe, consume' (see 737) probably.

Page(s): 740

Root / lemma: mehrR-

Meaning: to grab

Material: Old Indie mrsati^ touches, fingers ', gr. ppoKsTv auvisvai, SuappaKovoq " heavy to

behandeln' Hes., ppaKsrov nAr|9o(;, ppansiv nAr|6uv£iv papuvsiv Hes.:

Maybe alb. {*perk) prek^ touch, finger '.

besides through assimilation from *marktd:qr. papnTW, |jap4Jai " gripe ', [japniK; "
robber '; through metathesis: ppaijjai " gripe ', ppanrsiv soGisiv , Hes.;

doubtful is affiliation to Latin merx' goods, merchandise, ware ', merces, -ed/s' price,
hire, pay wages, salary, fee, reward ', mercarf trade ', Oscan amiricaduV massive trade ',
amirikum " trade, traffic, commerce '.

References: WP. II 283, WH. II 78 f.
Page(s): 739

Root / lemma: mehr-1

Meaning: to plait, bind; rope

Note: extended mehregh-, mehragh-

Material: Gr. m^PM^'^. -'\Qoc, f. " filament '; lengthened grade [jripuojjai "wickle together,
wickle auf, iJnpiv9o(; ' filament, cord' {a\xx\^\yQoc, Plato with secondary a-), is assumed,
IjapuETQi Theokrit 1, 29 Hyperdorismus; Old Swedish mert^i. Old Icelandic /77e/'d "fish-creel,
basket for holding fish after they have been caught '.

mehregh-, mehregh-. gr. ppoxoq (*|jp6xo(;) m. 'rope, loop, noose, snare, stitch ', Demin.
(3poxi<; f., MopoTTOv 'basket of bark' (from *p6paTT0v?); Middle Irish braige, braga 'capWve';
Latvian merga, ablaut. /775/ya 'handrail', perhaps Lithuanian marska^ linen, fishing net',
whether from *moragh-ska\ Old Church Slavic mreza^uei, loop, noose, snare ', russ.
mereza ' net bag ', Demin. merezka ' stitch in the net, fine pattern ' (out of it backformation
merega^ texture, netting, embroidery '), serb. mreza'neV.

References: WP. II 272 f., Trautmann 182.
Page(s): 733

Root / lemma: mehr-2

Meaning: to shimmer, shine

Material: Old Indie marfci-, marTcfbeaxxx of light, mirage ' {marT-:qx. paTpa, jjaplAri);

gr. pappiaipw, piapijapi^w 'shimmer', piapi:-Ar| ' Glutkohle ', MaTpa 'the funkelnde
Hundsstern'; apapuaau) ' sparkle ', apapuyn " radiance, sparkle ' (-u- through metrical
lengthening, compare:) piappapuyn ' radiance, quick movement ', [jappapuaau) {*-kid) '
sparkle ', probably from a basis rneru-; perhaps [Jopcpn f. 'shape, (*glimmering) outward
appearance ' {*mohr-b^a), di-[izp(ptq aiaxpov Hes., popcpvoc; ' swart ' (rhyme word to
opcpvoi; ds.);

Latin merus^ pure, unmixed, unadulterated ', probably originally 'clear, bright, bright';

Old English a-merian' purify; examine, try, test ', Old English maref., ablaut. Old
Icelandic murat " Silberkraut ';

russ. dial, marb' blazing heat (of the sun); sleep', marevo' the heat from which the air
is cloudily white; Hohenrauch, mirage ' {*mdreuom) ; with *mbr- kir. mryj^ misty, dusky,
dank, musty ', mrfju, /77/7?j/ "shimmer, dawn, become misty ';

doubtful Middle Irish brf trout ' as previous Fem. *mrRo Latin merus^ pure, unmixed,
unadulterated ', as well as gr. (a)papic; 'a certain small fish'.

guttural extensions:

mehr(a)hk-^ shimmer, the eyes shimmer; darken ', also of 'twilight'.

Old Irish mrecht-^ spotted ' (*/77/'/r/c»- 'varicolored'), nir. breachtach6s., ncymr. brith, f.
braith6s., corn, bruit^ variegated, party-colored, mottled ', bret. briz^ marked, stained ',
cymr. brithyir trout ', corn. breithiV mugil ', bret. brezer mackerel, edible North Atlantic
fish ' (MarstranderZceltPh. 7, 373 f. under apposition from :) isl. murta^smaW trout ',
Norwegian mort^ roach, cockroach ';

Gothic maurgins^ morning ', Old Icelandic myrginn, morg-inn, -unn. Old English
mergen, morgen. Old Saxon Old High German morgan^ morning '.

Lithuanian merk-iu, -tr close the eyes, blink ', mirks-iu, -etr perpetually blink ', ablaut.
uz-marka^ one who blinks ', markstau, -y// "blink';

Slavic *mbrknot/\n Old Church Slavic mrbknot/" darken ', Aor. po-mrbce, serb. mrknuti^
become dark ', Old Church Slavic nemrbcemyjb " impenetrable ', Old Czech mrkati' dawn
', Czech "blink, drowse, become dim '; in addition Slavic *mbrkb\x\ serb. /r?/-/^" black',
Slovak. /77/'/r "cloud', kIr. 5/775/"^ "dusk, twilight', ablaut. Slavic *nnorkb\x\ Old Church Slavic
mrakb^ darkness', russ. morok^ darkness, fog, clouds'; russ. merek^ imaginary
perceptions, apparition; wicked ghost', Bulgarian mrezgav^ cloudy, unfriendly (of
weather)', mrbzdb, mrbstb " become murky, dim', mrbzdolejb " twinkle, glimmer ' (voiced
root final sound through distant assimilation), Czech dial, mnzdeti se^ dawn ';

mehr(a)hg''-.

Gr. c(Mopp6(; "dark' (Aeolic op for ap); alb. mje(r)gule, mjeguir fog, darkness ' Note:
common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Note: alb. mje(r)gule^ fog, darkness ' : Saami mierka^ fog '.

Old Icelandic myrkr{*mirkwa-), ace. myrkvan^6arW, mjgrkvi, myrkvixu. " darkness ', Old
Saxon mirki. Old English /77/e/re"dark';

Lithuanian m'irgu, -e// "flicker', Latvian /77/ro'ze/ "flicker, blink, glitter, flash', mirgas^
sudden blinking ', Lithuanian /775/yas "varicolored', mafguoti' gleam brightly ', Latvian
marga^ shimmer ', murgi^ imaginary image, aurora borealis, northern lights, display of
colored lights in the sky '; russ. morgatb "blink, wave, beckon';

perhaps here the family of Old Indie mrga-^ gazelle ' etc. as " dappled animal' (whereof
mrgayati^huuis, scuds, chases')?

References: WP. II 273 ff., WH. II 78, Trautmann 182 f.
Page(s): 734

Root / lemma: {mer-3), mor-(u)-

Meaning: to blacken, dark spot

Material: Gr. |j6puxo(; "aK0T£iv6(;', M£|J0puxM£V0(; " (rauch)geschwarzt '; Lithuanian moral

PI. " mildew '; russ. maraju, -tb "smear, slander', maruska^ stain, taint ', Czech morous^

ash-colored striped cow ', moraty^ black striped ', poln. morus^ sloven, untidy or dirty

person '; /7-stem in poln. mor^g^\N\t\r\ colourful stripes ' ; here also gr. [jopvov dboq aeroO

Kai ^av96(; Hes. (" schmutziggelb '). mopt6(; \itKaq (pci\6q Hes., perhaps also with s-

extension Armenian mrayr darkness, fog, cloud; dim, dark' ( *muray/due to from *mor-so-

), /775/5A'^/ "thick vapor, darkness' (mrso-) and Lithuanian /77^/'s//7^ "besmirch', mur{kjs//nu'

bathe, wallow '.

References: WP. II 279 f., Trautmann 169, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119.

Page(s): 734

Root / lemma: mer-4, mera-

Meaning: to die

Note: (= mer-5^ become faded ')

Material: Old Indie marati, marate ^d'\es\ Armenian meranim^6\e\ gr. Efjoprsv " died ' Hes.

(compare Lithuanian men's m., mirei. "death', merdeti^be dying'); causative Old Indie

marayati' slays ', osset. /775/y/7"slay', Lithuanian marinti, serb. mdr/f/6s., etc.; zero grade

Old Indie mr/yate^6\es', Avestan miryeite{= me'rye'te) ds.. Old pers. a-mariyata^he died ',

Latin morior {*mr-idr) "I die, expire '; Balto-Slavic *m/re-\n Lithuanian mirstu, m/rt/^6\e',

Latvian mirstu, m/rtds. (in addition Lithuanian m/re'the dead ', Latvian m/rejsm. " dying,

death '); Old Church Slavic mtrg, mret/an6 -mbret/6s., Hittite me-ir-ta {mert) " died '.

participle mf-to-^ dead ' in Old Indie mrta-= Avestan msrsta-^ dead ', Armenian mard
"person' ("mortal, human being'), Latin Morta, "Death goddess', Balto-Slavic *mirta-^ dead
' in Lithuanian mirtoji diena^ anniversary of somebody's death ', Old Church Slavic u-
mrbtijeu. "death', etc.; ^-/77/-to- "immortal, living ' in Old Indie amrta-, Avestan amasa-, gr.
apppoToq (Aeolic po for pa), therefrom apppoaioc; " belonging to the immortal '; from
aM(3poTO(; abstracted ppoT6(; " perishable ' and pp6T0(; " blood that has run from a wound,
gore, coagulated blood ' (M. Leumann, Homer. Worter 126 ff.).

/77/-/'d-/77 "death' in Old Indie mrta-v\. "death'. Old High German mord. Old English Old
Icelandic mordu. "murder' (besides *mr-tro-m\v\ Gothic maurt^ru.. Old English mordoru.
"murder').

/T?/-/"/- "death' in Old Indie mrti-, Avestan msreti-, Latin mors, -tis, Lithuanian mirtis. Old
Church Slavic si>-mrbtb {irorc\ *-mrbtb), serb. smft, etc.

Maybe alb. /77c»/Y"funerar, /770/^e "death' a Latin loanword.

/77/-/it/ "death' in Armenian mah, older marfr, with -//■ contaminated: Old Indie mrtyu-,
Avestan msrs^yu- 6s.

mor-to-^ perishable ' in Old Indie marta-, Avestan /77as5- "person', with sound change
mareta-^ perishable, mortal, human being', gr. popT6(; "person, mortal, human being' Hes.
(for *p6pT0(;); derived *mor-t/o-\n Old Indie martya-, Avestan masya-. Old pers. martiya-^
perishable, mortal, human being'.

mf-u6-^ dead ' in Old Irish mart, cymr. etc. marw, gall. *marvos{U.-\-. 5387a); unclear
gall. (?) Mori-marusa^ mortuum mare '; through influence oi mr-tu- to *mr-tu-o-\n Latin
mortuus' dead ', Old Church Slavic mrbtvb {mrbtvb) ds.

/77d/"0-5 "death' in Old Indie /77a/'a- "death', Lithuanian maras^ plague ', Old Church Slavic
morb ds.

After Thieme Studien 55 here (?) gr. papTU(; (*-p<;), -po(;, hom. papTupo(; " witness,
testifier ' (" Schworender ') from * mrt-tur- {11) "the griping death ' (root /it/e/"- "catch').

References: WP. II 276, WH. 112 f., Trautmann 186 f., Thieme Studien 15 ff.
Page(s): 735

Root / lemma: mer-5, mera-
Meaning: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob

Note:

Root / lemma: mer-5, mera-\ to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, derived from extended Root/

lemma: mah-1 \ to becl<on with the hand; to deceive + with formants -ra-:

Material: Old Indie mrnati, mrnatT robs ', a-man-tar-^ robber ', amrnaV robbed ', malf-mlu-

" robber'; but mrnati^ crushes, smashes ', murna-^ crushed, damaged, faded ' belong

rather to mel-1, also maru-m. 'sand, desert, waste, wasteland, rock';

gr. [japaivu) " rub, wipe, consume, weaken'. Pass. " verzehre myself, verschwinde

i

allmahlich, ermatte ', |japaaM6(; ' Hinschwinden, Krafteverfall '; papva|jai ' fight ';
Mappapo(; ' stone, boulder ' (compare Latin rupes : rumpo), later (after papfjaipoj) "white
stone, marble ' (out of it Latin marmoi);

Latin morfar/um ' mortar' (due to from *mr-fds' pulverized, ground into fine particles;
crushed '); about moretum' a rustic dish made of garlic, rue, vinegar, oil ' s. WH. II 112;
morbus^ a sickness, disease, disorder, distemper, ailment, illness, malady ' {*mor-b^os);

Old Irish meirb^ inanimate, lifeless ', Middle Irish meirb, cymr. merw^s\ack, weak' {mer-
uh)\ Middle Irish meirlei. " robbery, theft ', meirlech^ robber '; Old Irish mrath^ betrayal ',
cymr. brad 6s. ( *mr9-to-) to Old Irish *marnaid' betrays ', subjunctive -mera;

Old Icelandic /Tre/ya (preterit marda) "hit, grind '; Old High German mam, maramar\6
mur(u)wi^ friable, tender, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', Old English mearo^ friable,
tender'. Old Icelandic morna^ wither', Norwegian moren, maren^ rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle '; nisi. morr\. "dust, powder'. Old Swedish mort^^ crumbly mass, offal';

Serb, mfva^ crumbs '; Old Bulgarian iz-m rhm brati ^ ro6er^\ Old Russian -moromradr
gnaw, crumble ';

Hittite marriattarT it is shattered '.

morat " goblin ': Old Irish mor-(r)Tgain^\arr\\a, mythological monster having a woman's
head and torso and a snake's body (Classical Mythology) ', actually " evil queen '
(/77d/'/7^5//7 supported in /77d/'"big, large'). Old Icelandic mara. Old High German mara. Old
English mare {Uo6err\ High German Mahr, Nachtmahr rw.) " the supernatural female being
which sits down on one's breast at night ', Serbo-Croatian-Church Slavic mora^ witch ', kir.
mora^ goblin, ghost' etc.

Maybe alb. {ke-mer) kmer, {te-merr) tmerr, mner, mer^ horror ' a Slavic loanword : Polish
koszmar^ horror ' < russ. -Church Slavic mara^ emotion, strong feeling ', poln. mara^

deception ', etc.; See Root / lemma: mah-1\ to beckon with tlie liand; to deceive + with
formants -ra-

mer-g-:

Middle Low German morken^ crush'. Old English murc(n)ian^ grieve ', murc^
oppressive, gnawing (of hunger) '; s. further under {merk-), merg-^ rotten, decayed ' etc.,

mer-d-:

Old Indie mrdnati {mrdmta-, mrdita-), mardati, mardayati^ grinds, crushes, rubs ',
Avestan 3. Sg. morandal {= mrnd-) " destroys ' (these Aryan words also are carried in Indo
Germanic meld-, s. mel-1. Old Indie /77/o'/7a// perhaps instead of *mrnatti {*mr-n-ed-ti)
through influence of mrnat/{see above S. 735);

Armenian /77a/'/ 'fight, struggle';

gr. pap5r|v to pia^soGai yvvaiKaq ApinpaKiaJrai Hes. {*mrd-); apspSu) "rob' and " blind,
darken', pspSsi kojAuei pAanrei Hes.; to Aor. ajJEpaai neologism aijeipoj;

East Frisian murt^ crumbly mass, dust, powder'. Low German murten^ decompose ',
Middle High German /t?^/^ 'stump', Swiss murz, morz^sxwaW shred';

Latvian merdeV let starve ' (latter meaning closer to Lithuanian merdeti, present
merdmi, merdziu "die', that based on do- or d^opresent to *mer- "die', as also mer-d- "rub'
would go back to o'opresent; is placed Latvian merdet Wkemse to mer-^d'\e'7);

Latin mordeo, -ere, momordV to bite, bite into ' (= Old Indie mardayati, mamrde), also
from feelings and sensations of taste;

compare the 5-forms:

gr. apspSvoc;, ap£p5aA£0(; "terrible, dreadful' ("*attritional '), Old High German smerzan
"ache', 5/775/^0 "pain'. Middle Low German smerten. Low German Dutch smarten. Old
English smeorfan ^ ache' , engl. 5/77a/Y "biting, sharp, witty ' and " nice, dainty'; compare also
5/77er{/- "stink'.

mer-k-

Old Indie marcayat/" endangers, injures, hurts, disables, damages ', mrkta- "\n\ures,
hurts, disables', marka-m. " dying, death' = Avestan /77a/7/'/ra- "death', conservative stem

Old Indie Instr. Sg. mrc-a, Avestan maraxs^r\i\'c\, destruction ', Avestan maranca/t/ "\n\ures,
hurts, disables, destructs '; Armenian more' young, tender' {*morkio-)\

perhaps alb. /770/7-' louse' ( *mdrko-' the scratching '? compare cpGsip ds.: cpGsipoj);

Maybe alb. {*bddr) momlouse' : gr. cp9£ip ds.: cpGsipw : modern Greek ijjsipa : Basque
(*9£ipu)) zorn" louse '.

Note:

It seems that from Root / lemma: g^hder- : to run, flow, derived Root / lemma: mer-5,
rnera-: to rub, wipe; to pack, rob, common lllyrian g'^h- > b.

Latin /77i//ri/5 "mutilated' (out of it sizil. pupKoc; " dumb ') and murc/dus"\d\e, slack'; Middle
High German /77c»/ye/7 'slack'.

With ani. 5- Lithuanian smerkt/" condemn, censure, blame, reprobate, reprehend,
declaim, deplore, sit in judgement ', 5/77a/'/r^s "cruel, savage', pa-smerkt/^spoW, Modern
High German dial, schmorgen' starve, suffer'.

Here (as " chaff ') Old English mearg^ sausage ' = Old Icelandic mgrr'6s., intestinal fat '
( *marhu-), redupl. gr. pipapKui; " blood sausage '; Hittite mar-kan-zi^ cut up '.

see also /77e/ifr-i' "sullen' and 1. mei1(- " rotten, blight etc.'.

mer-s-

Old Indie masam, masfm kar-^ pulverize ', masi-, masV powder ';

Old High German morsar/^ mortar' (reshaped from Latin mortarium, s. S. 736), Middle
High German zermursen ' crush, squeeze hard, squash ', md. zermorschen ds., Swiss
morsen, mursen' crunch, shove ', Middle High German Low German mursch, murs.
Modern High German morsch, Dutch morzelen^ grind '.

References: WP. II 276 ff., WH. 42, 110 ff.;
See also: identical with mer-4.
Page(s): 735-737

Root / lemma: mer-6, mer-s-
Meaning: to bother, anger, etc..

Material: Old Indie mrsyate' forgets, neglects, forgives ', marsa-xw. " patience ', mrsa
"free, wrong ', Kaus. marsayatT suffers, forgives '; Armenian moranam ^iorqei' (Meillet,
Esquisse2 40); Gothic marzjan ^ anger' , Old English mierran. Old Saxon merrian. Old
Frisian meria. Old High German marren, /77e/7'e/7 'hinder, disturb, bother'; Old English a-
m/erran'spoW, Old Frisian mere'ban6, strap, manacle'; Lithuanian marsas^ oblivion ', in
addition marsus^ forgetful ', Latvian aiz-marsai. 'forgetfulness'; Lithuanian mirstu, mifsti
(only with uz-, pa-) and Latvian aiz-mirstu, a/z-m/rst lorgotten' , Lithuanian Kaus. mars/nt/"
make forget '.

References: WP. II 279, Trautmann 187.
Page(s): 737-738

Root / lemma: met-

See also: see above S. 703 f. under me-2 and me-3.

Page(s): 741

Root / lemma: meug-1

Meaning: to take by surprise, wily

Material: Latin muger^ der Falschspieler beim WiJrfelspiel ' {*mug-ro-s^ lurking ');

Old High German muhhari, muhh(e)o^ highwayman, mugger, footpad, thief, muhhon^
lurk secretly, attack ', Middle High German vermuchen^ heimlich auf die Seite schaffen ',
late-Old High German muhhilari {{o *muchildn). Modern High German Meuchler, Middle
High German miucher secret ', Old High German muh-heimo^ cricket, leaping insect
which is related to the grasshopper ', ablaut. Middle High German mocken^ lie hidden,
concealed ', Middle English /77/c/7e/''thief, engl. dial, /o/t?/^/? 'hidden, concealed sein,
steal'.

Maybe alb. mih' dig, hoe '.

References: WP. II 255, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 137; probably to Folgendem.
Page(s): 743-744

Root / lemma: meug-2, meuk-

Meaning: to slide, slip

Note: also with aniaut. 5-

Material: A. Latin /77Jci/s 'mucus', mucor^ mildew ', e-mungo, -ere^ to wipe the nose, blow

the nose, to cheat, swindle '; mugilvn. ' mullet ';

Maybe alb. myku^ fungus ' a Latin loanword.

gr. aiTo-iJuaaoo " blowing one's nose, clear one's nasal passages by forcible exhalation;
cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool', ano-pu^ic; ' the blowing one's nose '
(: Latin e-m undid), puKirip 'nose, nostril '.

Maybe Greek (s)MUKTrip "nose, nostril ' > Basque {*smuktor) sudur^ nose' : Albanian
{*smukta) hunde, hunda^ nose', hundor^ nasal'.

gr. \x\}%a 'mucus, nose' (based on *fjuK-a-6(; 'slimy', as also:) mu^O(;, jju^Tvoc;, jju^ojv '
mullet ' (also apu^wv with ani. 5- as by Hes. also apuaasTai, apuKirip), \x\}gkoc, piaaija
Hes. (*[JUK-a-KOc;), a|Juoxp6(;, ajjuxvoc; ' unsoiled; untainted, pure, holy'; |JUKr|<;, -Htoc; '
fungus ';

cymr. mign {*mukino-) 'swamp, marsh';

with anI. s- gael. smuc, smug'snot' (expressive); Middle Irish mocht'soit', cymr. mwyth
ds. ( *muk-to-)\

Old Icelandic myg/at ' mildew ', muggal\ne rain'. Middle English mugen^ become
foggy ', Modern High German dial, mauge/loggy, cloudy, dim, hazy'. Old English for-
mogod' decayed '; with Indo Germanic g:0\6 Icelandic mykrand myk/i. ( *mukl} '
manure'. Middle High German muchein, mucheln^ moldy smell'. Old Icelandic mjukr{o\A
of it engl. meek) 'soft', changing through ablaut Gothic muka-mode'r gentleness, softness,
kindness ', mnl. muik^soii'. Modern High German dial, maukig^ decayed ', Swiss mauch^
rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle, faint, languid, hungry' (as Swiss mucMla\nt,
languid, hungry'); Middle High German muche' quitter, infection of the hoof, Gothic
*maukd in prov. mauca ' intestines ';

Latvian mukis, muklams^ fenny, boggy, marshy ', muku {*munku), mukV sink into a
marsh ';

Serbo-Croatian /77£/A^/V' humid, wet'.

B. Old Indie *munakti, muncati, mucatr releases, allows to loose', mukti-^ lysis,
dissolution, disintegration, release, abandonment '; Avestan fra-muxti-^ loosening ';
compare Old Indie munthate ' flees ', Old pers. amu(n)&a ' he fled ' from * mu-n-eth-m'r,

Lithuanian munku, muktT escape; to get away ' = Latvian muku, mukV get free, flee'
(and ' sink into a marsh ' see above); Lithuanian (s)mauktr wander stealthily ', Latvian
maukV strip, wipe ', Lithuanian (s)munku, (s)mukti^ sink sliding, slip ';

Slavic *(s)m-bkngtr slip, slide' in Czech smeknoutF withdraw from, take away ', Old
Church Slavic Refl. smycg, smykati sg^ grovel, truckle, creep ' (modern Slavic also " slip,
stumble, glide, slide, strip, wipe '), russ. -Church Slavic nrbknuti sja^ go over, go across,
cross over, pass over, pass by, pass ', Old Church Slavic mhcati {nrbke-) " throw, cast,
hurl ', etc.

A root form meukh-W\Vc\ the specific meaning ' slip into ' probably in Armenian mxem
{*muxam) " stick in, stick into, put in, dive, bathe ', /77i/A' "dyeing', mxim^ enrare, insinuarsi,
ingolfarsi ', at first to gr. |jux6(; m. " internal angle ' (perhaps "*hiding place, nook, bolt-
hole'), Muxioc; " innermost, inmost, located farthest within '.

Auf (sjmeugh- based on the Germanic family:

Old Icelandic smjuga' creep into or crawl through ', Old English smugan' slip, slide;
stumble, grovel, truckle, creep ', Middle High German smiegen^ crouch ', Modern High
German schmiegen, Kaus. Old Icelandic smeygia^ nestle, cuddle, snuggle, lure, tempt ',
Middle High German sich smougen' crouch ', Old English 5/77ea^ 'smart, sharp witted,
shrewd', s/77e5^5/7 "think, seek ', smeagorv\arro\N, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Old Icelandic
smugat " loop hole; hiding place ', further Swedish i mjugg, Norwegian i mugg^ furtive '.

with 5- Danish Norwegian i smug, Dutch ter smuig {ter smuik) ds., Danish Norwegian
smughander illicit trade ', ndd. smuggein. Modern High German (out of it) schmuggein
(with A/Dutch smokkelen 6s.)\ probably also Modern High German mogein. Low German
mogelen, muggelen^ heimliches, betrijgerisches Spiel treiben '; with Germanic k{k):
Norwegian dial, smokia, smuk/alurk, creep forward ', Swiss schmauchen^ steal secretly,
nibble '; in the meaning ' nestle, cuddle, snuggle' Middle High German smuck^ nestlling
up, jewellery', smucken. Middle Low German smucken^ nestle, snuggle, apparel, adorn'.
Old High German smocco; Old English s/77c»c/r "shirt'. Old Icelandic smokkrm. "
Frauenbrustlatz ', Middle Low German smuk{-ck-) ' sleek, smart, neat ', Middle High
German gesmuckef slim ';

-g-o\ -gh-\w Latvian smaugs^ slim ', Lithuanian smaugiT throttle, strangle ', Latvian
smudzi, smudzT mosquito, small fly ', poln. smug, s/77^^5 (besides smuk) ' defile, narrow
passage between mountains, bottleneck, narrow stripe '.

References: WP. II 253 ff., WH. I 402 f., Trautmann 189 f., 271, Kuiper Nasalpras. 124 f.,

129.

Page(s): 744-745

Root / lemma: meuR-

Meaning: to scratch, tear

Material: Gr. apuKaAai ai qkiSec; twv peAwv, rrapa to ajjuaosiv Hes., ajjuoou), Attic apuTTU)

" split, scratch ', a'puxn 'crack, scratch ', etc.; Latin mucro^ a sharp point, edge, sword's

point '; perhaps to Old English ^e-/77ysc5A7 "plague, deform' {*muhskjan) and Lithuanian

/77^5//"hit'; perhaps also Old Indie mustfi., Avestan must/-l\st'7

References: WP. II 255, WH. II 117 f.

Page(s): 745

Root/ lemma: meu-1, meue-. mu-

Meaning: wet; dirt; to wash, etc..

Material: A. Old Indie mutra-n. "urine', Avestan mu^ra-n. " filth, smut' (: Middle Low

German modder e\.c.);

Maybe alb. mut, mutra{p\) 'excrement, dirt'

Armenian -/77oy/7 "wash in the pot' {*mou-no-)\

gr. Cypriot [juAaaaaGai "be washed', Hes. {*mu-dlo-)\

Middle Irish munm. "urine'; mur'sWme, mud';

perhaps (?) Dutch moo/, mnl. moy, Low German /77c»//'e'y' "beautiful' {*mou-/o-' washed,
made clean ');

Latvian maut^ submerge, swim, swig ', Old Prussian aumusnan^ wash, cleansing ',
causative (Iterat.) Lithuanian maudyti, Latvian maudaV bathe somebody ', Lithuanian
maustyti 6s.\ Latvian mudet' soit, become moldy ';

Old Bulgarian myjg, myt/' wash, rinse ', /77y/c» (proto Slavic. Czech etc. mydio-) " soap ';

Maybe alb. Geg myt, Tosc mt>yt' drown, strangle ' a Slavic loanword?

with. ani. 5- Latvian smau//s' ein schmutzig gewordener', smu/et' befoul ', smu//s'a
sloven ';

poln. kir. /77^/ "slime, mud', russ. dial. mu//tb {vodu) "(water) go cloudy ' {mou-lo-); forms
with A-suffix, respectively ^-extension see below;

from *mu-n-d-os{-d-\.o root extension meu-d-) in tlie meaning " washed, made clean '
also Latin mundus^ clean, cleanly, nice, neat, elegant, toilet ornament, decoration, dress
(of women), the world, earth, inhabitants of the earth, mankind ' (after gr. K6apo(;);

B. extensions:

1. meu-d-; mud-ro-3\er\, awake, smart' (compare "humid, wet-cheerful').

Old Indie mudira-m. "cloud', lex. also "frog'; in addition Old Indie m6date^\s funny',
moda-m., modana-n. "lust, cheerfulness ', Avestan maodano-karana-^ causing lust ', Old
Indie /77^o''//a "blithe, glad', Avestan a-h§musta- {*a-sam-musta-) " disgusting, unsavory,
distasteful'. Old Indie mud-, mudalust, pleasure, joy', mudra-' funny ';

gr. |ju^w {*mudjd) "suck', [juSoc; m. " damp, decay ', puSau) "be humid, wet, decayed ',
Mu5aA£0(; "humid, wet' (hom. u: through metr. lengthening, whereupon newer puSaivoj "
irrigate ');

Latin mundus {see above meu-)\

Middle Irish muad {*moudo-) "pure, stout, proud';

Middle Low German muten^ wash the face ', Old High German muzzan^c\eav\\
Swedish dial, muta^ fine rain', Dutch /77c»/"fine rain';

with ani. 5-engl. smut^ smirch, stain, splotch ', Middle High German smuz. Modern High
German Schmutz, Middle English smotten, smoteren " befoul ';

Lithuanian mudrus, Latvian mudrs^a\ert, awake, smart' (: Old Indie mudra-), Lithuanian
mudrinti, Latvian mudfV set in motion '.

From in -es-stem m(e)udes-\\3Ne derived:

Latin mustus {*muds-to-s) " young, new, fresh ' (originally "damp, humid, wet'); gr. puao(;
(*|ju5ao(;) n. " maculation, blemish'; [juaap6(; " dishonorable '; Old Irish /77c»ss5c/7 "impure,
unclean' {*mud-s-ako-), cymr. mws, bret. mous ds.; ndd. muss/g'd\(iy, filthy'; russ. muslitb
" drool, drivel, slaver ', musljaki, " dribbler, unclean person'.

Maybe alb. /77i/s/7/"must, new wine' a Latin loanword.

2. meug-, meuk-^ slippery ' see below esp. headword.

3. meu-r(o)-e\.c.:

Armenian /770/''smut, swamp, marsh' {*m9u-ri-l), mrur^ deposit ' {*murui)\ gr. pupco
(*[jupju)), pupofjai " let flow, weep, cry', aAi-|Jupn£ic; ' flowing to the sea '; whether here
Mupio(; " eternal, infinite, endless ', [jupioi '10.000'? Latin muria' brine, pickle '? Lithuanian
murstu, murtr become soppy ', m. PI. mauraf duckweed, stemless water plant ', Latvian
maursm. 'lawn', Lithuanian /77a^/'as 'slime, mud', ablaut, murasxu. 'smut', Latvian murfV
befoul '; russ. murvn. muravat ' oat-grass, false oat, tall oatgrass ', dial. ' mildew ', muryj'
dark grey ', etc.; compare S. 741 Middle Irish mur^sWme, mud'.

4. meus-, musos, from which mus, musos, root nouns ' moss, mildew '.

Old High German Old English mosn. ' moss, swamp, marsh'. Old Icelandic mos/m. ds.,
zero grade Old High German m/os, Old English meos' moss, swamp ', Old Icelandic myr-r
f. ( *meuz-T-) 'moor, fen, swamp, marsh'; Lithuanian mOsaTm. PI. ' mould on sour milk ',
ablaut, musosi. PI.; Old Bulgarian m-bch-b^ moss ' {*musos), Modern Bulgarian muchb/'
mildew '; in addition presumably Armenian mamur' red or purple dye; red or purple color;
rouge; in gen., paint, dye of any color; bee-glue, alga, muscus, layer ' ( *memus-ro-).

5. With formant guttural: Latin muscus m. ' moss '; Norwegian dial. /77^s/r'dust, powder,
fine rain, darkness', Danish dial, musk^ mildew ', Middle Dutch mosch, mosse ds.; Old
Church Slavic; muzga{*mouz-ga) ' brine, pond ', russ. mzgnutb ^ spoW , mozgnutb' peak,
become thin ', Old Bulgarian mbzditi^ dull, exhaust, weaken ', russ. mozgb^ rainy weather
', mozsitb ' steep '.

Maybe alb. /77iyz^i/ 'darkness, dusk' from Russian: muzga (dial.) 'grey, dank weather,
mould' [f a]; mozg (dial.) 'grey, cloudy weather' [m o] not from Latin /77^sc^s 'marsh' [m];
Nw. (dial.) /77^s/r'dust, drizzle, darkness' [m] '.

6. meut-.

Armenian /77^/"dark; darkness, fog', /r?/ "a/" 'dark'; Middle Irish mottiar^ thicket, dichte
mass', nir. 'swamp, marsh' {*mutr6-=)

Middle Low German /77c»otofe/'' slime, mud' = md. moder^ decaying stuff, swamp, marsh'
(Modern High German Moder^ mould, dank decay ', genuine Modern High German Essig-,
Weinmuttei), engl. motheryeast' {*mutro-)\ engl. /77^o''slime, mud'. Middle Low German
mudde^\.\\\ck slime, mud' (holl. modde), md. mot {-ft-) ' peat-containing earth, morass '
(Swiss /77c»//'turf'), East Frisian /77^o'ofe/7 'smudge', muddig'6\rtY, filthy', Swedish modd'
snowy dirt ', dial. muddig^d\rty, filthy';

with ani. s- Middle Low German Old Frisian s/77^ofafe/7 "smudge', ndd. smudden' fine
rain', West Flemish smodder^ morass' , Middle English 5/7700' 'smut', smudderen, Dutch
smodderen " get dirty ', old Dutch also "to feast' (originally " eat and drink uncleanly '; so
also East Frisian smus. Modern High German Schmaus, old Dutch smu/sferen ' to ieast'
and "besmear'. Low German Dutch smullen "to feast' and " pollute, smudge' probably from
*smud-l6n\ Lithuanian smutnas'sa6' derives from poln. smutny ds. (Vasmer in writing).

Maybe abbreviated alb. Geg {*smutn}/) s(e)mun, alb. semur'sad, ill, sick', alb. Geg
5/77^/70^0 "illness, sadness'.

References: WP. Il249ff., WH. II 126 f., 130, 134, 136, Trautmann 172, 188, 190 ff.,
Specht Indog. Dekl. 65, 257 f.
Page(s): 741-743

Root / lemma: meu-s-
Meaning: " steal '
See also: s. S. 753 {mus-).
Page(s): 745

Root / lemma: meu-2, meua-

Meaning: to move

Note: (Aryan partly also mjeua- : mTu-)

Material: Old Indie /77/Va// "shoves, throngs, moves' = Avestan ava-mivamahi^ we remove,

take away ', Avestan a-muyamno' unbeweglich, woven nicht abzubringen ', Old Indie

kama-muta-^ moved by love ', mura- " pushing, hurrying';

gr. apEuaaaOai " advance, excel, surpass ', gortyn. a|j£Fuaaa0ai "trade drive, push',
aijuvw " ward off, drive back, Med. " verteidige mich ', aiJuvTOjp "Abwehrer, avenger',
MuvaaOai " plead, allege ', puvri " alleged reason, avoidance, excuse, escaping, fleeing ';
compare Old Irish /77J/7-" direct, guide ' (E. Lewy);

Latin moved, -o/io" to move, stir, set in motion, shake, disturb, remove ', participle motus
( *movi-to-s) = Umbrian comohota f\b\. Sg. f. " a moving, motion ';

Lithuanian mauju, mautT aufstreifen, anstreifen (e.g. a ring to a finger)', uzmova^ gN
was aufgestreift wird ', rankiq uzmova " muff '; Middle Low German mouwei. " muff '
Modern High German hemds-mauen " shirt sleeve '.

A s-extension seems *meu-s-\n Old Indie musnati, /77dsa//"stiehlt', mosa-^ robber,
thief, Franconian (Lex salica) chreo-mosido^ corpse spoliation '; see below S. 753 under
mus.

References: WP. II 252 f., WH. II 116, Trautmann 172.
Page(s): 743

Root / lemma: mezg-1
Meaning: to plunge

Material: Old Indie majjati^ disappears, goes down ' (particle Perf. Pass, magna- from
*mazgna-), Kaus. majjayati^ sinks '; Latin mergo, -ere^ to dip, dip in, immerse, plunge,
sink, bury ', therefrom mergusm. " a diver (a water-fowl) ': Baltic iterative *mazgaid' dive
several times, wash' in Lithuanian mazgoti, Latvian mazgat^\Nas\\\ compare Estonian
moskma, Mordovian musloms, Samojed /77as^ Hungarian mosn/^ wash', etc.; doubtful,
whether here gr. (jIgyu) 'mix, mingle' from *mi-mzgd\ different above S. 714.
References: WP. II 100 f., WH. II 76 f., Trautmann 173, H. GiJntert Kalypso 51.
Page(s): 745-746

Root / lemma: mezg-2

Meaning: to bind, attach

Material: Old High German Old Saxon masca. Old English max, maescr' stitch ', Old

Icelandic mQskvi^s:,

Lithuanian mezgu, megsti^ tie, bind, knot, knit ', mazgas, Latvian mazgs^Vx\o{\
Lithuanian mazgytiWer. " knit ', makstyt/l\ax, wattle, braid', Latvian mezget, mizgef
dislocate, luxate, crick ', mezgJV grow around, entwine itself around ' (russ. mazgart "
spider'? s. Berneker II 28).

References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 172.
Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: megh-

Meaning: well-disposed, friendly

Material: Gr. n£pi-r||J£KT£U) 'be unwilling ' (from *a-|j£KTOc; " unwilling '?); Gothic megs,

Swedish mag^ son in law, husband of the daughter ' (compare French belle-mere). Old

Icelandic /77ag/'" kinsman, relative through marriage'. Old English m^g. Old Saxon Old

High German /77ag "kinsman, relative', etc.; Lithuanian megstu and megml, megtr like, be

fond of ', megintr assay, try ', Latvian megV be good for, be suitable for '.

References: WP. II 256, WH. II 5; Hj. Frisk Eranos 50, 1 1 f.
Page(s): 707

Root / lemma: mei-7: moi-. mT-

Meaning: mild, soft

Note: often with A, /?-, r-, /-extended

Material: Old Indie mayas-u. " relief, pleasure, joy, lust', in addition *m(ilies(i!^(e)\u Old

Indie miyedha-m. " saerifieial food ', Avestan myazda-m. "saerifieial meal'; as *mei-6'"o-

Old Indie medha-rc\. " Fettbrijhe ', medhas-v\. 'saerifiee, oblation';

with A: eymr. /t?^/" blushful', df-fu/'bo\6' {*mdi-lo-)\ Old Prussian miJIs, Lithuanian mfelas
and /77y/5s"dear, pleasant', meilet 'love', /77e//^5"affeetionate, loving', myliu, my/ef/"\ove\
pa-milstu, pa-m/'/t/" gro\N\ng fond of; Latvian m[/s {o\der ^-stem) and m/7s {irom *mielas)
"dear', mHeflove', mieluot^ host '; Old Chureh Slavie /77//b "pitiful', russ. m/7yj^6ear', ete.;

Alb. m/re^ dear, niee, kind ' a Slavie loanword (eommon alb. -I- > -r-)

with n-. eymr. /77i^y/7 "friendly', aeorn. mu/n, /770//7 "dainty', bret. moan'th\n, tiny' {*mei-
no-)\ Old Irish mm^ smooth, gentle' {*mT-no-)\

with r-. alb. m/re^goo6, beautiful'; Old Chureh Slavie m/rh^peace'; ablaut, aserb. m/jer
{*mo/ro-), apoln. m/er^peace' (Old Lithuanian mieras, Latvian m/ers6s. are Slavie
loanword);

with t-. Latin /77/?/s"mild, soft' {*meit-)\ Old Irish moith, moeth {*mdit-) ds., also (?) PI.
/77e(/)//7"fat, fertile'; eymr. mwydo {*meit-) " soften ', mwydion^ soft parts, external genitalia
'; Latvian at-misV beeome soft ', at-mieteC soften '.

References: WP. II 244, WH. II 96 f., Trautmann 174, 175.
Page(s): 711-712

Root / lemma: me-1

Meaning: prohibitive partiele

Grammatical information: prohibitiv

Material: Old Indie Avestan Old pers. ma, gr. pn, Armenian m/'ds., alb. mosds. (from *mo

= Indo Germanie *me+ s, that perhaps goes baek to Indo Germanie /("'e).

From PIE the prohibitive partiele passed to Altaie:

Protoform: *ma

Meaning: a negative particle

Turkic protofomn: *-ma-

Tungus protoform: *-me

Korean protofomn: *nno-t

Japanese protofomn: *-ma-

Note: 0CH51 2, 57. A monosyllabic root, but, unlike the 1st p. pron. or the accusative

particle, it did not undergo denasalization in PA. This may be explained by the fact that it

was in most cases already incorporated into the verbal form as a suffix. It is interesting to

note Mong. *bui, *bu'neg. particle' - which may be originally the same morpheme, but

functioning as a separate word and thus subject to the rule *mV > *bV.

References: WP. II 236 f.
Page(s): 703

Root / lemma: me-2, m-e-t- {hame-)

l\^eaning: to reap

Note:

Root/ lemma: me-2, m-e-t- {hame-): to reap derived from Hittite hamesh{a)-, hameshant-^

spring, season between winter and summer '.

Material:

Hittite hamesh{a)-, hameshant-^ spring, season between winter and summer'.

gr. aijaw 'mow, cut, bite', ameto-s m. "harvest', ametu-s f. "id.', ameter m. "reaper', ameta-

s m. "sickle'

Maybe Tokharian: B matre 'sharp' (Adams 448)

Indo Germanic */77e/- stands besides *me-{or *ame-) in Old High German maen^mow',
Old English mawands.; Old High German mato-screch^ Wiesenhijpfer, locust,
grasshopper'. Modern High German A^a//e "meadow which is mowed ', Old English meed
f. "meadow, willow ' ( *msedwu), engl. meadow. Old Swedish maf^6s.

Latin meto, -ere, messum' to reap, mow, crop, gather, collect, harvest ' (/77e'55c»/'"reaper,
mower'); cymr. med/'ds., acorn, m/d/7' a reaper ', Old Irish me/th/eora/" reapers ', Middle
Irish me/fhe/'a party of reapers', acymr. medelds., anter-metelic' half-pruned ', Middle
Irish o'e-/r7es5 "scissors' ("double knife '); Old High German /77ao'" reaping, harvesting,
mowing, hay harvest'. Old English maed^ the mowing, the mowed hay ' (= gr. apHTO^ " the
reaping ', originally *a|JC(TO(;).
References: WP. II 259, WH. II 82 f.
Page(s): 703

Root / lemma: meig- (or melag-1) {*melagh-)

Meaning: to pluck; to milk

Grammatical information: present melg-mi, PI. mjg-mes, participle Perf. Pass, rrilg-to-

Material: Old Indie marsti, marjati, mrjati^ wipes, rubs down, polishes, purifies, cleans',

participle Perf. mrsta-, 5-present mrksatT glides, rubs, curries ', mrksayati, mraksayatT

coats ';

common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > xs- > s- : gh- > z-, z-

Avestan marazaiti, msrszaitT berijhrt streifend ', zasta-marsta-^ durch Handschlag (d. i.

BeriJhrung der Hande) geschlossen (Vertrag) '; a^present Old Indie mrdati, mrc/ayat/"\s

gracious, verzeiht, verschont', Avestan merezda-^ forgive ' {msrezdika-, marzdika-^ taking

pity ', n. " mercifulness '); these Aryan words can also contain *merg-\ Old Indie nir-marga-

/7 shows lacking palatal guttural) ' Verwischung; Abgestreiftes, Abfall ', ni-mrgra-^ nestlling

up ', vi-mrgvani. "clean, neat, tidy', apamargah-^ Achyranthesaspera ' (J. Schmidt KZ. 25,

114);

gr. aiJEAyu) " milk ', hom. ev vukto^ apoAyco "in instant, eye blink of nachtlichen Melkens';
innr|MoAY6(;, (3ouijoAy6(; " steed-, Kuhmelker ', aiJoAy£U(;, apsAKirip " a milking-pail, milkpail

Latin mulgeo, -ere, mulsi, mulctus{= Old Indie mrsta-^ abgewischt ') "milk' (from
*molgeid: Lithuanian malzau, malzyti), also pro-mulgare legem' to bring forward publicly,
propose openly, publish, promulgate '; mulctra' a milking-pail, milkpail ';

Middle Irish bligim'\ milk ' (from *mligim), Perf. do-om-malg' mulxi ', miegun' the
milking ', melgu. (es-stem) "milk'. Gen. bo-milge' the cow's milk ', mlicht, Mc'/7/"milk'
( *mjg-tu-s)\ besides bo-m/acht {irom *bd-mlicht' cow's milk '): Old Irish *to-in-uss-mlig- " to
bring forward publicly, propose openly, publish, promulgate '; causative Middle Irish bluigid
"milks, blackmails, mulcts '; cymr. blithm. "milk; producing milk ' {*mJg-ti-)\ gallorom.
*Mig/ica/'e"milk';

alb. miel, miT milk ' ( *melg-)\

Old High German milchu, melchan. Old English melcan'rcviWC (stem V.; against it Old
English meolcian. Old Icelandic /77/c»//ra Denominative from *meluk-''(r\\\V! see below). Old
High German chumelktra' a milking-pail, milkpail ' (perhaps replicated Latin mulctra). Old
Norse mjaltr' producing milk ' {*melkta-)\ with zero grade Old English molcen. Middle High
German molchen, molken' thick milk'. Modern High German Molken, and Old Icelandic
schw. V. molka'vnWV!, mylkja' suckle ';

because of second of the vowel controversial is the original affiliation from Gothic
miluks. Old High German miluh. Old English meolc, mioluc. Old Icelandic mjglk^ rr\\\V!\ /■
extension in Old English milcav\6 Modern High German Hessian melx {*mili-k-)\ after
Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 126) must be assumed is generally a dissyllabic root; from
West Germanic probably Latin melcat " sour milk ';

Lithuanian melzu, milzti, participle milztas{= Old Indie mrsta-, Latin mulctus) "milk';
Iterat. malzytr, russ. -Church Slavic m-blzu, mlesti^mWV!, Slavic *me/z/vo'\n Slovak, miezivo,
russ. molozivo (etc.) " beestings ';

with o-grade: serb. m/azm. ' Milchstrahl ' by milking (the glottal stop from serb. musti =
*mlz-ti\s wrapped from the old lengthened grade of Inf. mlesti= Lithuanian melzti);

Tocharian A malklune " the milking '; A maike, B malk-wer^ vnWV! .

References: WP. II 298 f., WH. I 741 f., II 62 f., 121 f., Trautmann 178, Specht Indo

Germanic Dekl. 147 f.;

See also: compare also /77e/Ar-and merg-.

Page(s): 722-723

Root / lemma: melo-, smelo-

Meaning: small animal

Note:

Root/ lemma: melo-, smelo-: small animal, derived from Root/ lemma: mel-6, mele- :

dark colour (black, dirty, etc..)

Material: Gr. pnAov n. "small cattle, sheep'; Old Irish /77/7n. "(small) animal', cymr. mil,
acorn, bret. /77//"animar; Germanic in /77a/5(Lex Salica), Dutch /77aa/"young cow'. Old
Germanic Mr|Ai-pOKOv opoc; "the resin'; changing through ablaut Armenian /77a/"sheep,
aries, ram'.

There "small cattle' could be an old nominalization of an Adj. meaning "small', one
compares further Old Bulgarian malt ( *mdlo-) "small, little' (whereof kir. mal'i. collective
"young sheep', etc.), Latin malus'evW, bad' (as small'), Oscan mallom, mallud^ malum '
(with expressive //?);

with ani. 5- Gothic smals{*sm9-lo-). Old High German Old Saxon smal. Old English smael
"small, little, narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Old Icelandic smaleu. "small animal'. Old
High German smala-noz, smaiaz fihu. Middle High German smal-noz, smal-vihe^6s.,
young animal ', Middle High German s/77a/-/7//'/e "herdsman, shepherd for small cattle'.

References: WP. II 296, WH. II 20.
Page(s): 724

Root / lemma: me-3, m-e-t-

Meaning: to measure

Material: Old Indie mati, m/mat/"r(\\Q>t', m/fa-' measured, calculated ', matrai., mafra-n. "

measure ', mana-n. 'the measuring, measure ' (: Czech men), mati-i. " measure, right

cognition ' (= gr. mhtk;. Old English meed), upa-mati-' allocation ', mit'h ' measure, weight,

cognition ', prakr. mettamAs. (= Old Indie *mitram)\ about mayas. 1. ma-\

Avestan ap. ma-^ measure ', participle -mlta-, -mata-, ap. fra-mafar-'\or6, master',
Avestan m/f/- ' measure, weight, value, worth ';

alb. mat, mas{*matid) " measure ', mate^ measure ', mdt{*meto-) "year, weather',
matem^ raise the hand to strike, throw, cast' ('gauge = aim');

Maybe alb. moshe^ age '.

Irish to-math-{e.g. 3. Sg. do-math/) "threaten';

gr. iJETpov " measure ' (after Brugmann Grundr. I|2 1, 342 as Old Indie d-a-tra-m "gift' to
*dd-); mhtk; "plan, artifice', |jr|Tiau) " decide ', pr|TiC(0|jai " think up, dream up; invent ';

Latin metior, -Tn, mensus sum (rhyme meaning to pensus) " measure, gauge ', whereof
probably /77e/75a "table, a table, meal, course, a money-changer's counter, a sacrificial
table, alter ' = Umbrian mefe^ measure ', mefa' a cake, pancake (flour, made up with milk
or oil, and baked) ' as subst. Fem. of participle Perf. Pass.;

mcymr. medru^ ein Ziel treffen, to be able ', to medr^ dexterity ' (: gr. [jsipov?); gall.
matar/s^ spear, lance'; perhaps here acymr. maut. Middle Breton meut{*md-ta), ncymr.
bawd' thumb ' (as measure?);

Old English maedi. " measure '; Gothic me/am. " bushel '; Old Icelandic msef/rm. 6s.,
Old English maele, mele' paten '; Old Icelandic maela' measure '; Gothic melu. "time'. Old
Icelandic mar measure, moment, time, repast, meal'. Old English mse/6s.. Old High
German ma/' moment, repast, meal'. Modern High German ma/'meaV;

Lithuanian metas'year, time, measure ', Old Prussian mettan'year', Latvian m^ts
"stretch of time' (vocal as gr. iJEipov to beurteilen); in addition (*gauge > *aim > throw)

Lithuanian metu, mesti, Latvian metu, mest'Vnrow', Iterat. Litliuanian metyt, Latvian metat
" throw to and fro '; Old Prussian metis= Lithuanian metis vn. " throw, shot'; mastasm. "
measure ', matasm. 6s., mafuof/" measure ', pamafas' foundation ' etc.;

Old Church Slavic mefg, /77e5//" throw', slov. motati^ wind up, roll up ', russ. -Church
Slavic Iterat. vbmetat/^ throw', slov. met^ throw, shot', etc.; Old Church Slavic mera'
measure ', meriti^ measure '; Czech old men^ measure ' (: Old Indie mana-), russ. metitb
"aim; strive ', etc.;

Tocharian A me-, B mai- " measure '.

References: WP. II 237 f., WH. II 70 f., 81 f., Trautmann 179, 183; related with 1. med-.
Page(s): 703-704

Root / lemma: me-4, mo-
Meaning: big, important

Material: Positive me-ro-s, mo-ro-s. gr. -pu)pO(; in £YX£cri-p(jopo(; 'big, large (?) in
Speerwerfen ' , Old Irish mdr{dirom the comparative), mar^b\Q, large', cymr. mawr^b\i^,
large', bret. meur6s., gall. -maros\n proper name as Nerto-maros {'b\g, large in power');
with eOld High German -mar\n names as Vo/k-maretc, further the denominative
Germanic *merjan'* depict, portray, praise as great ', from which ' proclaim, announce ':
Gothic merjan. Old Saxon marian. Old High German maren. Old Norse maera^ announce,
declare ', wherefore Modern High German Mar, Marchen , as well as the post-verbal Adj.
Old High German Old Saxon /775/7" illustrious, gleaming'. Old English maere. Old Norse
mgerr6s., Gothic waila-mereis^ von gutem Ruf ';

Slavic -merb in names as Vladi-merh;

md-/o-\n cymr. mawr laudation ', /770//" praise, laud' (out of it Old Irish /77c»/^/''praise'),
bret. meuliffAs:,

comparative *me-jes, -is, respectively (with the zero grade of superlative suffix) m9-jes,
me-fs: 0\d Irish mau, out of it mou, mo (from * mo-ids); cymr. mwy, corn, moy, bret. mui
"more' from *meis, an abstract formation in proto Celtic -antT{ *mantT\xoxr\ ma-anti) in Old
Irish /77e//"greatness, bulk, extent', acymr. pamint<g\. " in what manner, to what degree,
how greatly, how, how much ', ncymr. /77a/>7/ "greatness, bulk, extent', corn, myns. Middle
Breton nbret. ment, perhaps Oscan mais {*m9-is-) Adv. "more', maimas^ maximae '
(probably from *mais[e]mo-), GN Maesius^ Maius ', Umbrian mestrui. " maior ' (from
*maistera); Gothic /77a/s"magis', maiza^ maior', maists^ maximus ', Old Icelandic meir{i)

'more', Old English ma, mara, msest, Old Saxon mer, mero, mest, Old High German mer,
mem, meist. Old Prussian muisieson My. "more' {mu/s irom* ma- /s-); Tocharian A msnt
"as', B manfs'so' (= Old Irish me/'f?).

References: WP. II 238, 292, WH. II 14.
Page(s): 704

Root / lemma: memso- me(m)s-ro-

Meaning: flesh

Grammatical information: n. conservative stem mesn. (from *mems)

Material: Old Indie mamsa-n. "flesh', mams-pacana- ' cooking meat '; masn. "flesh';

gr. MHViY^ "skin, meat skin, meninx ' {*mesno- or * memsno); pir|p6(; " SchenkelstiJck ',
unpoi " einzelne SchenkelstiJcke ', Mnpa. MnP'c "die ausgeschnittenen Schenkelknochen'
(unpoc = Old Irish mTr, Indo Germanic *me{m)s-ro-);

Latin membrum'Wmb, member' {*mems-ro- " the meaty '), membrana 'th\n, soft skin';

Old Prussian mensal\es\r\', Latvian m/'esa ds.; Lithuanian zem. meisa, Lithuanian mesa
ds. (Slav loanword?);

Old Bulgarian m§so "flesh'; Slavic *m§zdra in russ. -Church Slavic m^zdrica "skin of
Eies', russ. mjazdra {*memzA^r§) " Fleischseite des Fells ' etc.; probably also kir. rhaznuty^
become fat ', rhaz^ muscle; corpulence, fatness, mass' etc.;

Tocharian B m/san. PI. "flesh' = Armenian m/s, Gen. /r7sc»y "flesh' = alb. /77/S/7 "flesh' (at
first from *miensa) = {*mis) Old Irish /77/?"morsel, mouthful' ("*piece of meat, slice of meat ';
= Mipoc;) = Gothic mimzu. "flesh'; -/-< lllyrian -/i^-grade.

References: WP. II 262, WH. II 64 f., Trautmann 178 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 50.
Page(s): 725

Root / lemma: me-5, mo-, ma-

Meaning: to have a strong will; to be intent on smth.

Material: Gr. fjaiofjai (Aeolic paopai) "strive, endeavor ', wherefore the names Eupaioc;,

Oiv6pao(;, Maiojv {*m9-io-); with Intensive reduplication paifjaw " demand violently' (-[jaw

with reduplication-grade the root as 5ai-5aAAu) etc.), Infin. poJaOai "strive', participle

MU)p£V0(;; (jwrai (Epich.) Zs\'^z\, TExva^srai Hes. (and other Glossen),

from ograde Perf. grown; Mouaa " Muse, any of nine goddesses who are associated witli
inspiration and creativity for the arts (Greel< Mythology) ' here or to men6'^-7

auf a participle *|jaT6(; based on piaTEuw "search, seek, suche auf; strive '; participle
*[^aa^6q, where after also (jaoTsuu) = paTsuu); [iaizi ^htsT Hes.;

Latin mos, /77d/7s'custom| habit; mood| manner| fashion; character (pl.)| behavior]
morals

', morosus 'stubborn ';

Gothic mdl=>s{-d-) " courage, rage, fury' {modags' angry, irate'). Old High German
Middle High German muot^ power of senses; ghost, courage, rage, fury, lust, resolution,
decision ', Modern High German Mut, Gemut, Old English mod 6s., Old Icelandic modr
'rage, fury';

Balto-Slavic 'Vr75/d 'perceive, feel, sense ' in Latvian matu, masf perceive, feel ',
originally iterative Lithuanian matau, matyti^see\ Latvian matu, mafftleeV, Lithuanian
matrus^ careful '; based on a Subst. */77c»//'c»- Church Slavic mostrjg, motriti' observe]
watch| look at| see; test; consider ', etc.; in addition probably Old Bulgarian si^-mejo, -meti
'venture, risk'.

References: WP. II 238 f., WH. II 114 f., Trautmann 171; probably to mo-, mo-lo-.
Page(s): 704-705

Root / lemma: menot. Gen. meneses, from which menes-, mens- mes-, men-
Meaning: month; crescent
Grammatical information: m.

Note: probably as personified ' time measurement ' to me-^ measure '.
Material: Old Indie mas, masa-m., Avestan ma. Gen. marjhd, npers. /77a/7'moon, month ';
Armenian amis. Gen. amsoy^ month ' {*mensos); gr. Attic neologism ppv, to Gen. \xv\y6c,
(Lesbian pnvvoc;), Nom. Ionian \iz\c,, Doric \xr\(;, m. ' month ' {*mens), \xryjx\ (*|jr|vaa) 'moon';
alb. muai^ month ' ( */77d/7- from Indo Germanic *men-); lat mens/sm. ' month '
(conservative Gen. PI. mens-um), menstruus^ monthly ' (GN Mena\s gr. loanword),
seme(n)stris^ 6-month, half-years of age, six-month-old ', Umbrian menzne^ mense '; Old
Irish mT{*mens), Gen. mTs{*mensos), cymr. acorn, mis, bret. /77/z' month '; Gothic mena.
Old Icelandic man!. Old English mona. Old Saxon Old High German /77a/7c»'moon' {-en-
stem); Gothic menot^s. Old Icelandic manadr. Old English monad. Old Saxon manuth. Old

High German manot, Modern High German month {*mendt-), Lithuanian menuo{*mendt),
menes/sm. 'moon, month ', Latvian menes{/)s^ moon, month ' (dial. Lithuanian menas
from a neutr. *menos). Old Prussian men/'ns' moon'; Old Bulgarian mes^cbm. 'moon,
month ' ( *mes-n-ko-)\

Tocharian A man^ month ', man nkat'moon' (= ' month god '), B mene' month ', mem
'moon'.

References: WP. II 271 f.. WH. II 71 f., Trautmann 179 f., Brandenstein Studien 11 f.
Page(s): 731-732

Root / lemma: meuA^-, mauA^-, mud'^-
Meaning: to complain or care about smth.

Material: Npers. moja^ lament' (-/from -cf-, compare:) must' lament ' (-s/-from -d'^sf); gr.
|j09o(; m. ' discourse ', nuGsopai ' speak, think; consider'; Gothic maudjan, ga-maudjan'
remind sb'; Lithuanian maudziu, mausti' long, want strongly ', apmaudas' displeasure,
care '; Old Bulgarian mysib 'thought, notion' ( *mud-slio-)\ perhaps nir. smuainidh' thinks '.
References: WP. II 255 f., Trautmann 171 f.
Page(s): 743

Root/ lemma: ma-r. Gen. ma-n-es, mQtos

Meaning: hand

Grammatical information: heteroklitischer r/n-siem

Material: On the r- nominative are based: gr. piapn f. 'hand', supapnt; ' manageable ',

Ijapic;, -£U)c; m. ' liquid measure, measurement of fluid quantities '; alb. /77a/r'take, receive,

hold, catch' ( *marnd, />present as denominative formation from *mar- ' to get one's hands

on somebody ').

On *ma-n-Vne case oblique is based: Latin manus, -usi. 'hand, used for an oath ' (the
^-stem), Umbrian manuv-e' in manu ', Abl. mani, Oscan Akk. manim, consonant-stem still
in Umbrian manfkVk. PI.; Latin /77a/7c^5 'mutilated' (originally 'in the hand'); here Latin
mando, -are 'entrust, order', Oscan aama-naffed' to put in hand, deliver over, commit,
consign, intrust, confide ', manafum' to put in hand, deliver over, commit, consign, intrust,
confide '? from manus and -dere {root d^e-), wortl. 'to put in hand, deliver over, commit,
consign, intrust, confide '; Middle Irish montar, mu/nterlawM wife';

Maybe Latin man/ca, Italian manica, French manche, Bresciano manega, Breton manch,
Catalan manega, Galician manga, Irish muinchille, Modenese Orientale mandga, manga.

Romagnolo mandga, Sardinian Campidanesu maniga, Valencian manega, Venetian
zanega, Zeneize manega, Spanish - Portuguese - Reggiano - manga, alb. manga^
sleeve '.

From there Albanian {* manga) mengjer, e /77ay/e (common Slavic alb. -a- > -aj-, alb. -er
inanimate suffix) : Bolognese man stanca: Catanese manu manca : Romagnolo
manstanca : Romanian stanga : Venetian sanca " left ';

with a similar meaning as Latin manipulus^ maniple] company of soldiers] one third of a
cohort; handful] bundle ' {*mani-plos^ a handful, bundle ') also Celtic *manatlo-\v\ corn.
manar fascicle, sheaf. Middle Breton ma/azn {ior *manazl), nbret. ma/an ds.;

perhaps Gothic /77a/7M/i/5 "willing, ready' ("to hand '?), manwjan^ make willing, ready,
prepare, make ready ';

Hittite maniiahh-^ submit, hand in, present, administer'.

based on mn-t-0\d Icelandic mundi. "hand', mundrvn. " purchase price of the bride and
the guardianship acquired by the purchase of this ', Gothic PN Mundila, Old English mund
f. "hand, protection, paternalism ', Old High German munti. ds. Modern High German
Vormund .

References: WP. II 272, WH. II 24 f., 34 f., Vendryes RC. 43, 210.
Page(s): 740-741

Root / lemma: mizS^o-
Meaning: fee

Material: Old Indie mTdha-v\. " price of the battle, cut-throat price, contest ', Avestan mlzda-

n., osset. mizd, /77yzo' "earnings', np. /77i/zo'"earnings'; gr. nia06(; " pay, guerdon, reward ';

Gothic /77/zo'o "earnings'. Old English meordds. and Old English med. Old Saxon meda.

Old High German meta, m/ata ds.. Modern High German M/ete, Old Church Slavic mtzda,

/77bzo(3 "earnings'.

References: WP. II 301, Trautmann 188.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: mod'^ro-or mafS^ro-
Meaning: blue; a kind of plant

Material: Old Icelandic madra^ Our Lady's Bedstraw, Yellow Bedstraw, Maid's Hair, Petty
Mugget, Cheese Renning ', isl. hvTt-, kross-madra eic. 'Galium boreale, smooth green red
', Old High German matara^ madder, type of plant ', Old English maedere, maeddrei. ds..
Middle Low German mede. Old Frisian m/de6s.; S\ay\c*modrb (e.g. Czech modrf} 'blue'.
References: WP. II 305.
Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: moiso-s or maiso-s

Meaning: sheep; hide, leatherwork

Material: Old Indie mesa-m. 'aries, ram', mesh' fleece ', Avestan maesa-^anes, ram,

sheep';

Old Icelandic me/ssm. 'basket'. Old High German me/sfsja' baggage ', Middle Low
German /77e5e 'barrel'.

Old Bulgarian mechb^hose', russ. mechleW, fur, hose; sack, bag' (etc.); Lithuanian
maisas, /r75/se'Heunetz ', Latvian maiss, ma/kss'sack, bag'. Old Prussian moasis
'bellows';

References: WP. II 303, Trautmann 165, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 52 f.
Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: moRs, Aryan *moRsu

Meaning: soon

Material: Old Indie Adv. /77a/rsJ'rash, hasty, bald, early, matutinal', maksumaksu^ right

away '; Instr. PI. maksubhih, Superl. maksutama-, with nasal: Old Indie marjksu^ soon';

Avestan mosu^ immediately, right away'; common Old Indie gh- > ks-

Latin mox^ soon ' = meymr. moch^ soon ' (out of it Middle Irish moch6s.), Old Irish mo
soon ', as proverb mos-, mus- : mos-riccub- sa ' I will come soon ', mus-creitfeV they will
believe soon'.

References: WP. II 303 f., WH. II 117.
Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: molko-

Meaning: leather pouch

Material: Old High German malaha. Middle High German malhe^ leather bag'. Old

Icelandic ma/r'sack, bag', gr. tarent. (joAyoc; 'sack, bag from cowhide '; the inconsistency

in gutturals is expounded probably through borrowing from |joAY6(;from an other language
(Thrak. ?) and use from gr. ^for which belongs to k.
References: WP. II 308; Vendryes BSL. 41. 134 ff.
Page(s): 747

Root / lemma: mono-
Meaning: neck

Note: in derivatives (esp. with formants -T, -io-) also ' necklace, Halsschmuck'
Material: Old Indie manyai. " nape '; Avestan minu-^ Halsgeschmeide ' (/from Avestan a)
and with lengthened grade manao&rf neck, nape ' {*mon-eu-tro-)\ paon. pov-anoq, -wnog
" bison ' ("mahnenartig'); gall.-gr. [javiaKr|<;, fjavvo(;, pavvaKiov "collar, neckband Celtic
Volker' (povvoc; Doric?); Latin /77c»/7/7e "collar, neckband as jewellery' (from *monT-as Old
Bulgarian moni-sto); Old Irish muin-^ neck ' in muin-torc^ necklace ', muiner neck
\*moniklo-), cymr. mwn, mwnwgr neck '; Old Irish /b/7r7/75e "shoulder' {*for-monio-)\ Old
Irish muince' collar| neckband; chain for neck ', loanword from acymr. minci^ necklace]
collar; collar (for horses and other animals) ' (from mwng^ mane ' + ci, see above S. 518);
from *moniio-^ neck ': cymr. /77>77yo'o'" mountain', corn, meneth, abr. -monid, bret. menez
ds.; Old Icelandic men. Old English mene. Old High German menni {*manjan) "
Halsgeschmeide ', Old Icelandic mgn. Old English manu. Old High German mana
(Germanic *mand) " mane '; Old Church Slavic mon/sto 'coWar, neckband', polab.
m/me/st/a' coral '; with formant ff. Middle Irish mong' mane, hair', cymr. mwng^ mane ',
Old Icelandic makke " oberer Teil des Pferdehalses ', Danish manke " mane '; perhaps
here lllyrian (paeon.) jjovanoq, -wnoq " bison ' ("mahnenartig');
References: WP. II 305, WH. II 108, Trautmann 169, J. Loth RC 45, 196 ff.
See also: compare above S. 726 men- " tower '.
Page(s): 747-748

Root / lemma: mori, mori
Meaning: sea

Material: Latin mare, -/sn. (/-stem; Gen. PI. /775/'^/r7 secondary; with unclear a); Old Irish

mu/rGen. moran., cymr. corn. bret. mor'sea', gall. Mor-/m, Aremori-aVN "

f

IVIeeranwohner ', mori-marusa^ mare mortum '; PN Mori-dunum'moo'c '; Gothic mareii.

"sea'. Old Saxon men. Old High German man, mends. (-/77-stem); Gothic man'-saiwsxw.

"sea'. Old Icelandic marr. Gen. mararm. " sea'. Old High German man, meri{Gen. meres)

m. n. "sea'. Old English merem. "sea, pond, pool'. Old Saxon merim. "ditch, trench,

channel, pond, pool';

with -sAr-Suff. Old English mensem, "swamp, marsh' (compare Middle Latin mar/scads.,
Germanic loanword), Old Saxon mersc, mndd. mersch, marsch, " walk, march '; with -g-
Suff. Old English merecem.. Old Icelandic merkr, lengthened grade Old English morru..
Old Saxon moru.. Old High German muoru. 'moor, fen, sea'. Old Icelandic m0rri.
"marshland'. Old High German sa/z-muorra 'sa\t swamp' {*mdrid)\ Old Prussian mary
"lagoon' {*mare)\ Lithuanian mare, mostly f. PI. mares, marios^sea, Baltic Sea, Curonian
lagoon'; Old Church Slavic morje^sea'; Balto-Slavic *pa-marlia-v\. " Meeresgegend ' in
Lithuanian pa-marysm., pa-maret "seashore'. Old Church S\a\/\c po-mor/je '
Meeresgebiet ', Modern High German Pommern.

References: WP. II 234 f., WH. II 33 f., Trautmann 169 f.; after Specht Indo Germanic
Dekl. 119to/77e/--5
Page(s): 748

Root / lemma: mormor-, murmur-
Meaning: to murmur

Material: Old Indie marmara-^ soughing ' m. "the rustling', murmura-vc\. " sizzling fire',
murmura ^ name of a river'; Armenian mrmram, mrmrim {*murmur-am, -im) "grumble,
murmie, bellow'; gr. popijupu) (*[Joppupju)) "murmie, rustle'; Latin m u rm u ro ^ murm\e' ,
murmuru. "murmur, Gemurr '; Old High German murmuron, murmulon. Modern High
German murmein, short form Old Norse murra. Middle High German Modern High German
murren; further formations Old English murc(n)ian^ wail, murmur'; changing through ablaut
Norwegian dial, marma^roar (of sea)'; Lithuanian murmlenti, murment/" mumb\e, murmur',
murmeti, marmet/" murmur, drone, grumble'; ablaut. marma/arb\g, giant horsefly ' (a short
form with Dissim. m - mto m- v seems marva, /77e'n/a "gadfly, brake'); Old Church Slavic
*/77/^/77/'a// "mumble, murmur'.
Maybe alb. mermer'f murmur' a Latin loanword.

Unredupl. with />suffix Irish muirn {*murni-) f. " L^men^ausen '.

References: WP. II 307 f., WH. II 130 f., Trautmann 190;
See also: to consecutive {mormo(ro)-)'7
Page(s): 748-749

Root / lemma: mormo(ro)-

Meaning: fear, terror

Material: Gr. [jopijcb, (JopMwvf. "bugbear, spectre, bogeyman', p6pMopo(; "fear', |jop|Jo-

AuKsTov " fright image ', iJopfJO-AuTTopai, pioppiuvw "put in fear', \xu^\xoc, (p6pO(; Hes.,

Mupfji56v£q actually "das people the Schreckgespenster';

Latin formido' rope strung with feathers used by hunters to scare game '; form- 6\ss.
from *morm- (as by formica : jjuppn^).

References: WP. II 308, WH. I 532.
Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: moro-
Meaning: blackberry
Material: Armenian mor, mori, moreni^ blackberry ';

gr. popov ([joopov Hes.) " mulberry; blackberry '; however, cymr. merwydden' mulberry
', is explicable with eas an umlaut from oalso as a further formation of a Celtic moro-\
Latin morum " mulberry, blackberry ' gr. loanword, Latin das replacement of closed gr. o-
good from borrowing; is also perhaps a *mdrum^ blackberry ' through the borrowed
morumhas been absorbed from popov phonetically? from to mer-3S. 734?

Maybe truncated alb. (*M6pov) man^ mulberry ', mana-ferre^ dewberry, blackberry ' {man
' mulberry ' + ferre^ shrub ') a Greek loanword;

From Latin derive Old High German mur-, morbere. Middle High German mulber^
mulberry ' and Lithuanian moras 6s.

References: W P. II 306, WH. II 114, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 119.
Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: moruT-

Meaning: ant

Root / lemma: moruT- : ant, derived from Root / lemma: mai-1 : to cut down, work with a

sharp instrument, ant.

Note: distorted taboo uormo-, mormo-, mouro- [Qermauxc also meuro^

Material: attributable to mo/yT-are. Avestan /77ac»/>'^ (secondary m. maurvay-), sogd. 'm'wrc

f., npers. mor^ ant ';

Maybe expressive -/r-in alb. morr' louse '.

Old Irish moirb, PI. cymr. myrion, bret. merien, corn, muryon. Old Bulgarian mravi{o\}\. of
it reshaped russ. muravej, slov. mrav, Bulgarian mravija).

In /770/777-; Latin formica {compare to phonetically above Latin formTdd:qx. (jopijcb); gr.
|jup|Jog (Lycophr.), |jup|jr|^, Doric Muppa^ (/r-extension to a-stem, as opplKag Latin formica.

Old Indie valmT-ka-io astern, and Old Indie vamra-kaio ostem); unclear Armenian mrjiun
{*murjimno-). Gen. mrjman.

Maybe Italian formica : Spanish hormiga : French fourmi : Asturian formiga : Bergamasco
fijrmiga : Bolognese furmTga : Bresciano : furmiga : Welsh morgrugyn; myrionyn;
myrionen; myr : Breton merienenn : Albanian {* merienenn) milingone : Calabrese
furmicula : Catalan formiga : Dzoratai fremi; froumi : Furlan furmie : Galician formiga :
Greek Muppn^ '■ Greek puppnyKi : ( > alb. merimanga, miremanga, milimanga, merimajka^
spider') = Griko Salentino mermico : Latin formica : Leonese formiga : Lombardo
Occidentale formiga : Napulitano furmfcula : Portuguese formiga : Reggiano : furmiga;
furmia : Romagnolo furmiga : Romanian furnica : Romansh furmicia : Sardinian
Campidanesu fromiga : Sicilian fummicula : Valencian formiga : Venetian formiga;
formigola : Viestano furmich' : Wallon furmi : Zeneize formigoa ' ant'.

In uorm-, gr. puppa^, popija^ Hes. (p- Schriftbehelf for F, compare also 6piJiKa(; MUPMH^
Hes.); Old Indie valmTka- m. ' ant heap '; besides with totally single sound result vamra-vn.,
vamni. ' ant '.

Auf mouro-: 0\d Icelandic maurr, besides *meur-\n Danish myre, Swedish myra
{*meuridn-). Middle Dutch PI. mure {once covered) miere. Modern Dutch mier. Middle Low
German m/re {to /~s. van Wijk), Middle English m/'re, /t?//*© (Scandinavian loanword), Old
English myre, engl. m/'re, nowadays only still p/s-m/re {vom Ausspritzen ihrer Saure),
Crimean Gothic miera.

References: WP. II 306 f., WH. I 531 f., Trautmann 170, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 45.
Page(s): 749

Root / lemma: mo[u]-lo- : mu-lo-

Meaning: root, plant

Note: as "mouth of the plant' to mu-S. 751.

Material: Old Indie mula-n. 'root', mula-karman-n. "sorcery with roots';

gr. iJwAu "ein fabelhaftes Wunderkraut (Hom.); gelbbluhende Knoblauchart (Theophr.
Dioscor.)', iJcbAu^a ' Knoblauchart '.

References: WP. II 303, 310, Wackernagel Sitz.-Ber. Pr. Akad. 1918, 410 f.
Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: moz-g-o-, moz-g-en-, mos-k-o-

Meaning: brain

Material: Old Indie majjan, majja, majjas-^ marrow ', mastfska-^ brain ', mastaka-^heaA,

cranium'; Avestan mazga- " marrow, brain '; Old High German mar(a)g, mar(a)k. Old

Saxon marg. Old English mearg. Old Icelandic mergr{Gen. mergjar) ' marrow ', Old

Swedish misergher. Church Slavic mozg-b " brain ', mozdan-b ( *mozgeni>), Akk. PI.

mozdeni' marrow ', Old Prussian musgeno' marrow ', wherefore (with metathesis from

* mazgenes) Lithuanian f. PI. smagenes, Latvian smadenes^ brain '; Tocharian A massunt

" marrow '.

References: WP. II 309, Trautmann 172 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 78 f.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mozgho-s

Meaning: young bull

Note: only Armenian and gr.

Material: Armenian /770z/"young rother, cattle, calf = gr. poaxiov, Demin. to mocjxo(; m.

"young bull, calf, f. 'young cow, girl'; probably identical with M6axo(; ' Pflanzentrieb , sprout

References: WP. II 309.
Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mod- : mad-ox mad- : mad-

Meaning: to meet, approach

Material: Armenian matcim " approach, come near to, draw near ', Aor. mateay,

matucanem ' make accessible ' {maut^ near ' after Pedersen with Armenian u-

Epenthese);

Old Icelandic motn. " encounter, gathering, assembly, meeting, convention, public
congregation, meeting'. Old English (ge)mdt. Old Saxon mot. Middle High German muoz
ds., Gothic ga-motjan. Old Icelandic m0ta. Old Saxon motian. Old English metan, engl.
/77ee/"meet'; on Indo Germanic */77e/fl7-//c»-/77 based Gothic mat^r forum, place of
assembly, market ', Old English mseder council, assembly, discourse ' and (as *madla-)
Old English maer discourse, fighf , Middle Low German /77^/"congregation, meeting'. Old
Saxon Old High German mahalu. " Gerichtsstatte, court, pact, covenant' (Modern High
German Mahlstatt}, Old Icelandic maT Sprechvermogen, discourse, negotiation, legal
matter'. Middle Latin (Germanic) mallum, mallus^ Gerichtsstatte, judicial appointment ',
whereof Gothic maNJan, Old English madelian, m^d/an and maelan. Old High German
mahelen. Old Icelandic msela^iaWC and (from the public promise) Old High German gi-

mahalo' husband, consort, partner, bridegroom ', gi-mahala^ wife, bride'. Modern Higli
German vermahlen.

References: WP. II 304 f., Feist3 349 f.
Page(s): 746-747

Root / lemma: md[u]-ro- : mu-ro-

Meaning: stupid, crazy

Material: Old Indie mura-^ mindless, dull, stupid'; gr. Mwp6(;, Attic pu)po(; 'stupid, crazy'

(out of it Latin /770/z/s "foolish, loony, clownish ').

References: WP. II 303, WH. 11114.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mo-, mo-lo-

Meaning: to strain oneself

Material: Gr. [j(I)Ao(; " exertion, toil', pooAsu), Cretan iJCjoAioo " litigate ', pwAut; " exhausted ',

perhaps poAiq "barely' (o for u) after iJoyiq); a-jJOToq " fatigueless '; Latin molesi. " mass

(huge); bulk; monster; massive structure; difficulty] trouble] danger', Denom. molior, -TrV

struggle! labor] labor at; construct] build; undertake] set in motion] plan ', molestus^

annoying; troublesome; tiresome ' (analogy to modestus); Gothic af-mauiPs^ fatigued'. Old

High German muoan. Middle High German muen, muejen' frighten, grouch', Dutch

/77c>eye/7 "bother, annoy, make an effort, try hard, exert oneself; Old High German muodi.

Old Saxon modi^ tired ', Old English mede^ tired, grieving ', Old Icelandic modr^ tired ';

Lithuanian yO/7-s/-/77^c»/e//" labor'; russ. maj-u, -5/i. "exhaust, plague', maja, majeta 'p\ague,

hard exertion ', etc.

References: WP. II 301 f., WH. II 101 f., Trautmann 188;

See also: probably to me-5.

Page(s): 746

Root / lemma: mregh-m(n)o-

Meaning: brain

Material: Gr. pp£x|j6(;, ppsxMQ n. (and ppsYpa) "Vorderkopf, Oberschadel', Old English

bregen, brsegenu. " brain ' (engl. brain). Old Frisian brein. Middle Low German bragen,

bregen. Modern High German Bragen xw. ds.

References: WP. II 314.

Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mreghu- m/ghu-
Meaning: short

Material: Prakr. muhu-, Avestan marazu-jTti-, -jva-^ (3paxupiO(; ', sogd. murzak^shox{'\
Maybe alb. murr/z'haw, hawthorn, thorn-apple, brier, whitethorn, short shrub' : sogd.
murzak' short'.

gr. ppaxu(; 'short', ppaxsa " shallow place '; in addition ppaxiwv ' upper arm ',
comparative besides ppaaawv;

Latin brevis (at first from Fem. *bre(x)uf) 'short', bruma ' the winter solstice, winter,
coldness' ( *brevi-ma, *breu-ma "time of short days');

Maybe alb. i6'/y/r7a'hoar, rime, frost, hoarfrost' a Latin loanword.

Goth\c gamaurgjan ^ shorten'. Old High German murgf/)' short', murgfar/lraW,
breakable'. Old English /t?//^© 'pleasant', engl. merry.

References: WP. II 314, WH. 1115.
Page(s): 750-751

Root / lemma: mrk-
Meaning: edible root, carrot

Material: Gr. ppoKova "wild vegetables ' Hes.; Old High German morCaJha 'Daucus carota',
Modern High German Mohr-rube, Mohre, Old English more, moru6s.. Late Old High
German Demin. morh/7a' morel' (mushroom similar to carrots); against it seems russ.
morkovb, morkva ' carrot', serb. mrkva has been borrowed from Germanic.
References: WP. II 313.
Page(s): 750

Root / lemma: mut-o-s

Meaning: circumcised

Material: Latin mutilus, /77i///o'i/s "mutilated', *muticus^ truncated, chopped down, cut down,

cut off, circumcised ', muto, mutfd'pen\s', GN Mutunus, rom. mutt-^ dull '; Irish mut, gael.

mutacb' short' (with expressive //); perhaps also Irish /770//7 "penis' as " stub'.

References: WP. II 312, WH. II 136 f.; after E. Lewy rather to Latin mutusS. 751 , compare
" dumb ': " mutilate '.
Page(s): 753

Root / lemma: muk-
Meaning: heap, etc..

Material: Gr. jjukoov awpoq GniJcbv Hes.; proto gall. *mukina ' cairn, pile of stones set up as
a memorial or mark of some kind ' (Jokl V. Rom. 8, 193); Old Icelandic mugi, mugr^heap,
bulk, mass'. Old English mugam. "(corn, grain-) heap', muha ds. (also muwa), compare
further Swedish dial, moa^ pile up, collect, accumulate' {*mOhdn), Old High German mO-
werf^ mole ', with -k(k)-. Middle Low German muke, Dutch muik Middle High German
mOche, Modern High German (half Low German) Maukei., Bavarian (genuine High
German) Mauche^ Auswuchs, Fuftgeschwulst der Pferde ', Swiss mauchm. ' Auswuchs
an Rebholz, unordentlicher Haufe ' and with if. Norwegian dial, mukka^heap, bulk, mass'.
Middle High German mockem. 'clump, gobbet ' (with it identical is Middle High German
mocke^ Zuchtsau '); Old Icelandic /770s//' 'big, giant bulk, mass' {*muh-stra-)\ unique
lengthened grade form in Old English meagor {*\\}'(r\py , massive ' =) 'tight, firm, strong'.
References: WP. 11311; after Hubschmid ZnPh. 66, 33 f. not Indo Germanic
Page(s): 752

Root / lemma: mu-1

Meaning: to murmur, moo (expr.)

Material: 1 . Gr. |ju, pu ' cry of pain ', Latin mu facere, mutmut facere 'stir, move, budge '.

2. Old Indie muka-^ dumb ', Armenian munj^ dumb ', gr. jjOko^, jjutk;, [jutt6(;, puSoq,
|juvap6(;, Hes. fjuv56(; ' dumb ', Latin mutus^ dumb '; compare also Old Danish mue,
Norwegian mua^ keep mum, keep quiet, remain silent, do not mutter, mumble '; Old High
German mawen^cry', Latvian maunu, mawu, maut'roar, bellow', Czech myjat/" moo'; here
also Modern High German Mowe, Old English m^w, mew, Old Icelandic mar{P\. mavai).
Old Saxon meu6s.

3. [Old Indie mukha-n. 'mouth' derives from Dravidian]; gr. puAAov 'lip'; puAAaivu)
'verzieheden mouth, cut, bite Gesichter' (fjuara^ ' upper lip, whisker, moustache', s.
Boisacq m. Lithuanian), Old High German mu/at, Middle High German mu/n. 'muzzle'.
Middle Low German /t?^/©' muzzle, snout'. Old Icelandic /77J// "muzzle, esp. upper lip of an
animal, bulging crag ', Gothic faurmuljan ' das Maul zubinden ' (whether with ani. s- in
addition Norwegian smaul, Latvian s/77a^/e 'muzzle'??); s. also under mou-lo-S. 750.

4. With dental formant:

Latin muttio, -ire^ mutter, mumble ', muttum nullum^ keinen Muckser' (compare above
mutmut); Old High German /77i////d/7 'mumble, murmur, trickle ', musse^ spring ', Old

Icelandic mud/a 'mumb\e, murmur', besides with Germanic t. Norwegian dial, mutra,
Middle English muteren, engl. mutterds.; Lithuanian /77i//e "muzzle'.

5. guttural extensions (compare above 2.):

With A:;gr. pOKaopai " bellow', puxOi^w "snort, spotte'. Middle High German muhen,
mugen, muwen'roar, bellow'. Old Bulgarian mykh' bellowing, braying, roar', russ. mycatb
"roar, bellow', Serbo-Croatian slov. Czech mukat/^roar, bellow'.

With g:0\6 Indie munjati, moJat/^gWes einen Ton from sich' (Dhatup.); mucchana'
growing sound, tone'; gr. |ju^u) "bringe with closed Lippen einen sound hervor, stohne' (out
of it Latin mussare^ mutter/whisper (discontently); hum (bee); keep quiet (about);
hem/haw; hesitate '), |Juymo<; "sigh';

Latin mugio, -Ire 'roar, bellow', conmugento' convocanto ', mugmor' loiter] dally ' (also "
nugarlet quasi tarde conari '), Umbrian /77^/e/o"muttTtum ', mugatu' muttlto ', Latin
mugilareoi Naturlaut of Esels; Old High German muckazzen' talk quietly, mutter, mumble
', Modern High German Middle Low German mucken' talk with half-open mouth ' {kk\s
expressive). East Frisian muk'V\ss\

6. s-extension: gr. pOu) "sich shut, from den Lippen and den Augen' (hence ^juojijj "die
Augen zusammenkneifend, shortsighted '; puaco "bite die Lippen together'; from *jjuaT6$

verschwiegen': puaTr|<; "in die Mysterien Eingeweihter', puaTiK6(; "die Mysterien
betreffend', puarripiov " mystery, secret Zeremonie', compare also pusTv "in die Mysterien
einweihen'; Norwegian mysa'to screw up one's eyes'; from Germanic here also Middle
Low German mummelen, engl. /77^/77i6'/e "mumble, murmur', mump, Norwegian mumpaAs.;
Middle High German mupf, muff' Verziehung des Mundes ', mupfen, muffen. Middle Low
German mopen, engl. mope'ga\Nk', engl. /770/? "grimace'; perhaps Modern High German
Bavarian /t?^^©/? "ruminate' ;

Latvian mus/nat'\Nh\sper, mumble, murmur'; Hittite mu-u-ga-a-mi {mugami) " spreche
Klagegebete '.

References: WP. Il309ff., WH. II 117, 119 f., 135, 139 f., Trautmann 188.
Page(s): 751-752

Root / lemma: mu-2, mus-
Meaning: fly n.

Material: Armenian mun, Gen. mnoy^a mosquito, gnat ' {*mus- or *mu-no-); alb. mu-ze,
/77/-ze(ze diminutive suffix) ' mosquito '; gr. puTa (*[juaja) "fly'; Latin musca; Old Icelandic
/77j/n. ( *muja-) " mosquito '; Swedish mygg, mygga. Old English mycg. Old Saxon muggia.
Old High German mucka " mosquito ' ( *mukja)\

with -5-gotland. mausa{*musa), Flemish meuzie{*musT}\ Lithuanian muse. Old Prussian
muso, Latvian musa, musal\Y'; Old Bulgarian muchal\y' {*mousa), m-bsica^ mosquito '.
References: WP. II 311, WH. II 133, Trautmann 191, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 43.
Page(s): 752

Root / lemma: mus

Meaning: mouse

Note: (older *mus, musosirovn *meus, musos)

Material: Old Indie mus-m. ' mouse, rat', np. mus^ mouse ';

Armenian mu-kn^ mouse, muscle '; gr. \x\ic, {\x\ibc,, puv after ho,, Clxioc,, uv) " mouse ',
also " muscle '; alb. ml miu' mouse ' {*miusTn)

Alb. Geg mini, min/{P\) " the mouse '

Latin mOsm. " mouse ' {munnus: Middle High German miusTn'ofthe mouse'); Old High
German Middle High German Old Saxon Middle Low German Old Icelandic Old English
mOs' mouse, muscle ' (consonant-stem); Old Bulgarian mysbt ' mouse '.

Often applied on body parts: Armenian mukn' muscle ', gr. \^0q " muscle ', jjucbv
'muskelreiche region of Leibes' (from which also " voluptuous woman' in gr. (juojvia), pua^,
-aKO(; m. " mussel, spoon': Latin mOrex' Mediterranean sea snail, snail emitting purple dye
'; Latin muscuius6s., " muscle ', Old High German etc. mOs^ muscle, esp. of the upper
arm'. Middle Low German mOs esp. 'the spherical flesh of thumbs'. Modern High German
Maus, i\/1ausciien. Old Bulgarian mystca ' (3paxiwv '; on the other hand Old Indie muska-
m. 'testicle, vulva', npers. musk^ castor, beaver' (from Pers. derives gr. [joaxoc;. Modern
High German A^c»sc/7^s 'musk'); gr. [juaxov ' genitals ';

Maybe alb. Geg /77i/s/ri//'muscle', /77i/5M 'shoulder', musi7keni'\ungs'.

probably to Old Indie musnati' steals, robs ' etc., see below meu-2'push away '.

References: WP. II 312 f., WH. II 132 f., Trautmann 191, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 40 f.
Page(s): 752-753

Root / lemma: meni-

Meaning: a kind offish

Material: Gr. paivn (out of it Latin maena), \ia\v'\Q, "a small sea fish', Slavic *m-bnb, russ.

menb etc. 'toad '; but Old Indie mma- m. "fish' (whereof mainika-, mainala- " fisherman ') is

of dravid. origin; perhaps here Old High German muniwa. Old English myne, engl. minnow

'minnow, small freshwater fish, a fish', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -

nn-).

References: WP. II 267 f.;

See also: belongs probably to men-4.

Page(s): 731

Root / lemma: nak-
Meaning: fur

Material: Gr. vcxkoc, n., voKri f. "woolen fell, fur, fleece', apvaKi(; f. (for *apvo-vaKi(;) " fleece
', vaKu(5)piov 5£ppa Hes.; Old English naesc^saW. leather as e.g. buckskin ' {*nak-s-ko-, -
ka\ compare the -e5-stem vqkoc;); Old Prussian nognan {irom *noknan) n. "leather' {*nak-
no-)\ in addition after E. Lewy Old Indie naka-^ vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies

References: WP. II 316.
Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nana, nena etc.

Meaning: mother, etc.. (child word)

Material: Old Indie /7a/7a "mother, old woman ', */7a/75/7a reshaped (after svasa: svasr-) to

nanandar^oia husband's sister', np. /75/75 "mother';

Alb. Geg nona, nana " mother '

gr. vavva, vivvr) " aunt ', vsvvoc;, vavvaq "uncle'; alb. /75/7e "mother, wet nurse '; Latin

nonnusm., nonnaf. late " word used by young monks when addressing elders, a nun ',

also " nurserymaid '; cymr. nain{*nanJ) "grandmother'; russ. njanja^ children keeper,

nurse, caretaker of a baby or young children, nanny ' (dial, also "older sister '), Bulgarian

/7e/7/" older person, elder', Serbo-Croatian nena, /7a/7a "mother', Serbian /7a/7 "father';

compare also Modern High German Nenne, Kinderwort for "milk'.

References: WP. II 317, WH. II 175.

Page(s): 754

Root/ lemma: nant- {* he-nant-)
Meaning: to dare, risk

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish ne/'tm. 'fight, struggle' {*nanth)\ Gothic ana-nanf^Jan' venture, risk', Old
Icelandic nenna " give one's heart ', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-
), Old High German preterit ginand' have courage ', ginenden. Old Saxon nathian. Old
English /7eA'5/7 "venture, risk'. Old Icelandic nenninn^ active, keen ', Middle High German
genende(c)^keev\, eager'. Old High German nand {a\so in names as Ferdinand), Old
English nodi. " courage '.
References: WP. II 317.
Page(s): 755

Root / lemma: /7a5- nasalized {*neu-s)

Meaning: nose

Note: (/755-from the lengthened grade case this conservative stem, originally Nom. Sg.),

originally probably " nostril '

Note:

Root/ lemma: nas-: nose' derived from Root/ lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s-\ "to sniff, smell'

which derived from zero grade of Root/ lemma: an(a)-3\ "to breathe' : Root/ lemma:

ansu-, QSU-\ "ghost, demon': Old Indie asu-, Avestan arjhu-^ breath of life, world '.

Material:

Maybe through metathesis alb. Geg {*u-nah) huna, Tosc hundat " nose' from alb. hundof

insult, make sad ' (common Baltic Slavic Albanian prefix u-).

Old Indie nas-a, -f, -6h\v\s\x. Lok. Sg., Gen. Du.; nasaHom. Du. "nose' (originally " nostril

'), secondary nasai. "nose', nas-tah Mn . "of the nose', nasya-^ located at the nose ', etc.,

nasika^ nostril, nose'; Avestan nah-, narjhan-^ v\ose\ ap. naham kVk. Sg. (= Latin narem)

"nose'; Latin nan's, mostly. PI. -es, -ium^ nostril ' (/-stem has changed to; Akk. Sg. PI. still

conservative form); nasumn. (Old Latin) and nasfsjusm. "nose' (expressives ss);

[common Latin Germanic -s- > -/"-].

Old English noset " foreland, promontory ', Old Swedish Norwegian /7ds "snout'. Old

Frisian nds/6s. {*nas-); ablaut. Old High German nasa^nose'. Old Norse ngsi. " nostril,

nose, projecting cliff'. Old English nasu^nose' (presumably Dual " both nostrils '); nces-\n

compound. Old Norse nesn.. Gen. PI. nesja^ foreland, promontory, tongue of land ',

Middle Low German nes{-ss-) m. ds.. Old English nsessm. ds. (Germanic *nasja-); Old

Prussian nozy, Lithuanian nos/st "nose', nasraTxw. PI. " jaw ' (old /7as/'5S "mouth'). Old

Church Slavic /7c»z£y/7"nostrir (from -sr-), nost "nose' (russ. "foreland, promontory').

References: WP. II 318, WH. II 143 ff., Trautmann 193 f., Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.,

Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 75.

Page(s): 755

Root / lemma: nag^h- {* he-nag''h-)

Meaning: sober

Note: Only Armenian and gr.

Material: Armenian naut'/" sober'; gr. vncpoj, Doric vdcpw "be sober'.

References: WP. II 317.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: na-1{*he- na-1)

Meaning: to help, be of use

Material: Old Indie na-tha-u. 'help', m. 'guarder', na-tha-te^ begs '; gr. 6-vi-vr|-Mi, -va-jjsv "

use, take advantage of ', Fut. o-vn-ou), Med. 6-vi-va-|jai, Aor. u)vri|jr|v 'have benefit',

ovsiap n., more properly 6vr|ap, -aioc, "benefit' {*o-na-uj), etc.

References: WP. II 315.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: na-2 {* he-na-2)

Meaning: to be afraid, ashamed

Material: Old Irish nar^b\us\\M' {*na-sro-), na(i)re^Vc\e genitals' {*na-srlia)\ Hittite nah(h)-

'fear, dread, be afraid', nahsania-^be afraid'.

References: H. Pedersen Hittitisch 187.

Page(s): 754

Root / lemma: nau-2: nau- : nu- {*he- nau-2)

Meaning: death; corpse

Material: A. Gothic naus^ corpse ' {ga-namstron' bury'), Old Icelandic nar ds., Old English

ne(o)vc\. ds.; Old Russian navb 'corpse ', acech. nav, -/m. ' hereafter, life after death,

future life, world to come, world of the dead, hell', Latvian nawe^dea\.b\ therefrom nawet

'slay', nawfties^ strive oneself, kill oneself; Old Prussian /70i4vs 'trunk'.

B. Old Irish /7j/7e (older naunae) f., cymr. newynvn. ' famine' {*nauenio-), bret. naoun
{*n9Ueno-) ds.; mcymr. /7e^eo''longing, yearning, need' {*nau-ita)\ Latvian nawWes {see
above), Lithuanian /70i/y// "torment, smite, slay', /s-/7di/y// "destroy'; causative Old Church
Slavic Czech ^/7ai////" exhaust', Postverbal Czech unava^ fatigue ', russ. dial, onava'
tiredness ', zero grade Old Church Slavic unyt/"be slack, languish, tire, slacken ', Czech
nyt/' dahinschmachten ', russ. nytb " become elegiac '.

nau-f/-\n Gothic nau/=>st 'need, compulsion ', Old Icelandic naud, naudri. " compulsion,
tribulation, Notwendigkeit', Old Saxon nod, Old High German not' crowdedness,
tribulation, need'. Old English nead-, nTedt "need, obligation, tribulation'; Old Prussian
nautin {*nauti-) (Akk.) 'need'; in Slavic forms with ^and g, /and o'(see Meillet, Slave
commun2 61 f.): Old Church Slavic ngzda' compulsion, force, might, necessity', poln.
ngdza'nee6', Old Bulgarian /7po'///"notigen', but also Old Church Slavic nuzda'
compulsion, need', nud/t/ 'n6t\gen', poln. nuda' boredom, weariness '; with /poln. ngt'
temptation ', Bulgarian nut 'compulsion ', poln. nuc/c{^6. Jhdt.) 'constrain, oblige'; the -d-
stands as Indo Germanic extension besides -/-, das phas originated through secondary
nasalization.

References: WP. II 316, Trautmann 201 f.; Loth RC 45, 199 ff.
Page(s): 756

Root / lemma: naus-1 {* he-nahus-1)

Meaning: boat

Grammatical information: f. Akk. naurp

Material: Old Indie nau-{Hor(\. nauh) 'ship, boat' {navya-^ navigable'); ap. nav/yal\ee\.' (:

gr. vriiO(; ' belonging to the ship '); navaja-m. ' skipper, captain of a ship; sailor', Avestan

navaza-6s (: gr. vau-r|Y6(; ds., compare also Latin navig-are, -ium); Avestan navaya-'

navigable' (about Old Indie ati-nus. Brugrnann 111 137 Anm. 2); Armenian /7aK'ship' (from

Pers.?); gr. hom. vr|uq, vr|6q (*vaF6q), Attic vauq, vscbc; 'ship'; Latin navisdiS. (originally

conservative stem, compare Akk. navem= Old Indie navam, gr. vpa; Old Irish nau {Gen.

noe, Dat. PI. noib) 'ship'; cymr. /7c»e 'flat vessel, kneading or dough trough; dough tray;

hutch ', bret. neo6s. {*nauia)\ here gall, (vorrom.) nava' Talschlucht ', also FIN; gall.

nausum 'sh\p'; Old Icelandic norm, 'ship', nau-st' Schiffsschuppen ', nda-tun{nda= gr.

vnwv) ' Schiffsburg ', Old English nowend' skipper, captain of a ship; sailor', (but Middle

High German nawe, nsewe'smaW ship'. Modern High German dial. Naueiroxw Latin);

Norwegian no' trough from a hollow trunk ', n0la ( *ndwildn-) 'large trough, big boat' Old

High German nuosc. Middle High German nuoschm. 'trough, gully'. Old Frisian nost

'trough'. Middle Low German noste' Viehtrog , Wassertroq '; here the Lithuanian FIN

Nova, polonis. Nawa.

Maybe through metathesis alb. *naviya, a/7ya'ship' maybe Arabic origin.

References: WP. II 315, WH. II 148 f., J. Hubschmid R. int d'Onom. 4, 3 ff.

Page(s): 755-756

Root/ lemma: ne2, ne{*he-ne-2)

Meaning: Enclitic particles

See also: see above S. 320 f. {eno-).

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: ndo'^-l {*he- ndo^-f)

Meaning: to burst

Material: Old Indie nabhate^ cracks'; Old Icelandic nsefr^ the outer birch bark ' as

cracking, loose-peeling '.

References: WP. II 330.

Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: ndo'^-2{*he- ndo^-2)
See also: see above S. 315 f. {endo!^-).
Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: ned-1 : ned- {*he- noud-1)

Meaning: to roll up; to attach, bind

Material: 1 . Latin nddus^Vx\o\! (Indo Germanic *nddos)\

Maybe abbreviated alb. nuje, nyJe^Vx\o{' a Latin loanword.

Latin presumably nassa ( *nad-s-a) "basket for catching fish; a trap| snare '; necto, -ere,

nexT, nectum^ tie, bind, knot, bind' is neologism after yC>/ec/d"plait| twine '; with the meaning

' near ' from 'narrowly joined': Oscan nessimas Horn. PI. f. ' proximae ', Umbrian nesimei

"near| nearly; close by; almost ';

Old Irish Kompar. nessa. Sup. nessam' propior, neighbor; nearest one ', cymr. nes,
nessa f, coru. nes. Middle Breton nes, nessaffds.; Old Irish nasc/m^b'\n6, verpflichte' {*ned-
sko), amenas'\ will bind' (etc.), na/dm^6as Binden, pact, covenant', for-na/dm^ band,
strap', nasc^nng' (compare to -s/r-formation Old High German nusca, that also
corresponds \v\ u= e, further Avestan /7as/r5- 'anthology (of texts), text collection ',
probably actually 'bundle'); bret. naska 'band, join together ';

Gothic nati. Old High German nezzi. Old Saxon net, netti. Old English Old Icelandic net
'net', lengthened grade (as Latin nodus). Old Icelandic noti. 'big net';

with formant -s-k-, -s-t-: Old High German nuska. Middle High German nusche^ coat
buckle ', Old Saxon n usk{i) a ^c\as'^, hairpin ' (see above); Old Icelandic nist, n/st/n. '
braces in the dress ', /7/5/a 'stitch together'; nesta' fasten with needle or thread, nail ',
Middle High German nesten (neste/n) ' fasten, lace, tie ', Old High German nestilo, nestila

'loop, strap, bandage'. Modern High German Nestel, Old Saxon /7es///a "bandage,
hairband ', agutn. nasi, nestlr, reduced grade Old English nos(t)le^b3iU6, strap';

Maybe alb. nuske^ magic wrappings ' : alb. nuse^ bride'.

there nec/-\s an extension from (s)ne-^ zusammenarBnen ', besides through the
meaning also through the s-anlaut. forms Old Irish snaidm^Vx\o{' (compare above naidm)
and Modern High German Hessian Schnatz^ das geflochtene und um die Haarnadel
qevyickelte Haar der Frauen, Kopfputz der Braute ' ( *snatta-W\Vc\ Germanic -//-) probably.

2. Here presumably the names of the nettle:

Gr. dSiKPi ( *nd-ika)\ Old High German nazza. Old Icelandic ngtr. Old High German
/7ezz//a (Germanic *natildn). Old English netele; besides with Indo Germanic -/- (also *n9-t-
, no-t- as /-extension to the supposed root {s)ne-) Old Prussian noatis, Lithuanian notere,
/yo/Ae "nettle', /7o//y/7e "dead-nettle', Latvian natre, natra^v\e\.\.\e\ Slavic *natb^ herbal
leaves ' in slov. /75/(Gen. nat?}, poln. nacds. and at most (as redupl. proto Ce\Wc*ni-nati-l)
Middle Irish nenaid, nir. /7e5/7/d^ "nettle', dissimil. bret. linadAs.

References: WP. II 328 f., WH. II 144 f., 155 f., 172 f., Trautmann 194, H. Jacobsohn Arier
under Ugrofinnen 90 f.;
See also: see below (s)ne-.
Page(s): 758-759

Root / lemma: ned-2{*he- ned-2)

Meaning: to sound, roar, etc..

Note:

Root/ lemma: ned-2\ "to sound, roar, etc...' : Root/ lemma: neid-2: nid-\ "to flow, stream'

derived from Root/ lemma: neig"-: "to wash'.

Material: Old Indie nadati^ sounds, bellow, roar, soughs', nada- m. " roarer, bull, river',

nadf-t "river, flood', nadT-na-m., nadT-sa-m. "sea', etc.; Avestan nad- "vilify, scold'; gr.

(Illyrian) FIN NsSa (Arcadian), NsSwv (measure.); thrak. FIN Nsgtoc;; lllyrian FIN Negto^

(Dalm.) from * ned-to-.

Maybe MoHG Nette N of a river; MoHG Netze Name of a river

Note:

Again lllyrian displays satem characteristics the same as alb.

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*ndet}) det/'sea' : Old Indie nadf-sa-m. "sea'.

References: A. Mayer Mel. Boisacq II 132 f., Krahe IF. 58, 209 ff.

Page(s): 759

Root / lemma: nedo- {*he- nedo-)

Meaning: reed

Material: Old Indie nada- m. presumably " reed ', npers. nai, dial. /7ao'"reed'; Armenian net

'arrow'; Lithuanian nendre {and lendre) " reed ' (with nasal after /e/7/r//"bend'?); Latvian

nasj/^ree6' from *nads//s7

References: WP. II 329; compare Kuiper, Proto-Munda 82.

Page(s): 759

Root / lemma: negh- {*he- negh^
Meaning: to pierce, stick

Material: Middle Irish /7ess "wound' {*negh-s-)\ reduced grade Old Church Slavic vb-ntzQ^
stick in, sticl< into, put in ', Infin. vi,-nbzngti, Kaus. russ. -Church Slavic v^-nozitT
hineinstechen '; Old Church Slavic nozb "knife'; whether here Old Indie aksu-^ shaft, pole'
( *ngh-su-)l common Old Indie gh- > ks- : Avestan gh- > xs- > s- : Slavic gh- > z-, z-
References: WP. II 326 f., Trautmann 200.
Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: neid-1{*he- neid-f)

Meaning: to scold, put to shame

Material: Old Indie nfndati. Pass. nidya-te^vMy, scold, rebuke, reproach, despise ',

anedya-^ not to blaspheme, vilify, scold', nid-, nida, nida, ninda^ abuse, reprimand,

disdain, contempt'; Avestan naed- {naisml) "vilify, scold'; Armenian anicanem, Aor. 3. Sg.

a nec^ curse' ( *oneid-s-et)\

gr. 6v£i5oc; " reproach, accusation, disgrace, shame', 6v£i5i^u) " abuse, revile ' (o-prefix "
scold, reprimand, rebul<e ', as also Armenian anicanem); Gothic ga-naitJan^vMy, scold',
naiteins^ blasphemy, sacrilege ', Old High German /7e/zze/7 "torment, smite, plague'. Old
English nsetands.; Lithuanian nfedeti, Latvian /7/5/" despise ', nafds, nafdus^hate, enmity'.

References: WP. II 322 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 130, Trautmann 193;
See also: probably to nei- S. 312 f.
Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: neid-2: nid- {*he- neid-2)

Meaning: to flow, stream

Note:

Root / lemma: ned-2\ "to sound, roar, etc...' : Root/ lemma: neid-2. nid-\ "to flow, stream'

derived from Root/ lemma: neig"-: "to wash'.

Material: Old Indie nedatT flows, streams'; gall. FIN Nida^ Nidda ' and " Nied ', brit. FIN

Nida, cymr. Nedd^ N?.§th '; full grade poln. FIN Nida, Lithuanian FIN Nieda, Old Prussian

FIN Nyda " Neide '.

References: J. Lowenthal ZONF. 6, 81, Krahe BzNF. 1, 248 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: neig"- {^hoing"^

Meaning: to wash

Grammatical information: Pass, participle nig^-to-

Material: Old Indie nenekti^ washes, purifies, cleans', Aor. anaiksTt, Pass, nijyate, participle

nikta-, ninikta Imper. " wash ', Kaus. nejayatr, Aor. naen/za/f/ \ntens. " washes off, washes

up, washes away '; gr. vi^w ( *nig"id= Irish nigim) "wash', Fut. viijju), Aor. svmja, vinrpov "

washing water ', x£p-vi4J ds., a-vinTO(; " unwashed ' (= Old Indie nikta-, Irish necht)\ gr.

dviypoq " Ka9apT0(; '; Latin noegeum ( *noig"-io-) " Schweif^tuch '; common Old Indie gh- >

ks- : gh- > z-: gr. gh- > z-.

Old Irish nigid^ washes ' {*nig"ieti, loss of the liberalization before^/), Fut. -ninus= Old
Indie (Gramm.) niniksatr, necht'pure'; meymr. enne/nt'spa, bath' {*an-nig-antio-, ^from
present figurative);

Germanic *nikwes, -i/s-in Old Icelandic /7y/r/'(Gen. nyk^ " merman, water spirit,
iiippopotamus ', Old English nicor^ water monster, crocodile ', Old High German nihhus,
nichus^ Flufluntier, Wassergeist', Modern High German Nix, Old High German nichussa^
female water spirit, mermaid ', Middle Dutch nicker. Middle Low German necker^ merman, water
spirit '.

References: WP. II 322, Thurneysen Gr. 115; different Vendryes RC. 47, 442 ff.
Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: neik- {*hoink-)

Meaning: to winnow grain

Material: Gr. AiKpau) " handhabe die Getreidesehwinge ', AiKpr|Tiip "the das corn schwingt',

AiK|j6g, AIkvov "Getreidesehwinge', diss, from *viKp6(;, *viKVOv, compare vsTkAov, vIkAov,

viKg AiKpg Hes., as also iKpav AiKpav Hes. (or haplology behind ava aviKpibpsGa); Middle

Irish cruth-nechf XQ^ wheat', cymr. nithio, bret. /7/z5 "winnow, fan' (also probably cymr.

gwenith, bret. gwiniz, corn, gwaneth ^ wheat');

Note: (common Celtic Armenian h^'e- > gwe-)

Lithuanian niekoti, Latvian niekat 'Getreide durch Schwingen reinigen '; besides

Lithuanian liekuoti6s., Latvian //e/rsa "winnowing shovel'; the Baltic /-allows is not defined

through dissimilation.

Note: (common Baltic Hittite n- > /-)

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 195 f.; J. Loth RC. 40, 352 f.; 41, 193 ff.

Page(s): 761

Root / lemma: nei-1, neie-. nT-{*hoin^

Meaning: to lead

Material: Old Indie /7ay5// (participle mta-), Avestan /75ye/// "leads'. Middle Persian mtan

"guide, lead, drive, push'. Old Indie mthai. " direction, way', mtho, /7e/a "guide, leader',

netar-, netar-m. 6s., netra-n. " direction, eye'; Middle Irish ne, /7/a "warrior, hero ' {*neit-s).

Gen. Sg. Proto Irish netas. Old Irish math {*nei-t-os, s. also nei-2)\ Hittite /75/- "steer, guide,

lead'.

References: WP. II 321, Pedersen Hittite p. 77 f., 81, Frisk Suffixales -th- 5 f.

Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: nei-2, neie- : m- {*hoin-)
Meaning: to move vividly, be excited; to shine

Material: Latin nited, -ere^ shine| glitter| look bright; be sleek/in good condition; bloom|
thrive ', nitidus^ shining! bright ', nitor^ press/lean upon; struggle; ADVance; depend on
(with abl.); strive] labor, radiance ' (from a participle *ni-t6-); perhaps re-mdeo^ shine
(back)l gleam; smile back (at) ' (with present formation -d(h)-)\ *nei-b^o-\x\ Middle Irish
mab^ vitality ', cymr. nwyf6s.\ noi-b^o-\v\ Old pers. naiba-, npers. /7eM/ "beautiful, good',
Old Irish /7c»Z&"holy'; *ne/-ma\n Middle Irish n/am 'radiance, beauty'; *ne/-ko-\n Middle
Irish nlacbm. " hero ', n/achusm. " braveness'; *ne/-to-\n cymr. /7tvyo'"ferventness, passion',
hispan. war god Neto; Old Irish PN Ma// {Gen. Ne///) from *ne/t-s-/o-s, placed perhaps also
in Old Irish /7/a" hero ' (see ne/-1)\ Germanic *n/Pa-\n Gothic ne/f^n. " envy ', Old English
nTdm. "fight, struggle, hate, enmity'. Old Saxon Old Frisian /7/?/7" eagerness, hate, envy ',
Old Icelandic nfd' derision, ridicule, disgrace, shame'; could also belong to Old Irish mtbn.
(Indo Germanic *n/lu-) "fight, struggle'; dubious Old Indie /7/7a- "bluish black', nayana-n. f.
"eye', netra-n. ds.

References: WP. II 321, 336, WH. II 168, 171, Vendryes RC. 46, 265 ff.
Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: ne/-3, ni- {*houn-)

See also: see above S. 312 f. {en-).
Page(s): 760

Root / lemma: neR- {*hounR-)

Meaning: death, dying; dead person

Material: Old Indie nasyati, nasati^ gets lost, disappears, passes away ', nasayat/" makes

disappear, ruin' (lengthened grade compared with Latin noceo^ harm'), Avestan nasye/t/'

disappears ', participle Old Indie nasta-' lost ', Avestan nasta- ds. (= Latin e-nectus),

nasista- " most perishable ', nas- f. 'need, misfortune' (= Latin nex, gr. vsK-rap, veke^; Old

Indie -nasM].), nasu- 'corpse, carrion ' (= gr. v£ku(;, Latin nequ-alia; compare *nRu-\v\ Old

Irish ecetc), lengthened grade Old Indie nasa-m. ' das Zuniehtewerden '; gr. v£K£(; vcKpoi

Hes. (therefrom vekqc; ' heap of corpses ', example bzmc,), vekO^, v£Kp6(; 'corpse', vwKap

n. ' sluggishness, Todesschlaf '; about vsvrap 'drinkof the gods ' s. Kretschmer Anz. Osterr.

Akad. 1947, Nr. 4 (to Tocharian B /75/r/'god'?) and Thieme Studien 5 ff. (' uber den Tod

hinwegrettend '?); Latin nex, nec/st 'death, murder', therefrom denicales feriae^ de nece

purgantes ', need, -are^ kill/murder; put to death; suppress! destroy; kill (plant); quench/drown (fire) ',

e-/7ec/^5 'exhausted', whereof enectare' kill, torment, smite'; pernicies^ ruin; disaster; pest|

bane; curse; destruction! calamity; mischief, internecies, -nec/um ds.; noceo^Uarvnl hurt; injure

■
(with DAT) ', s-Konj. nox/t, noxai. 'hurt! injury; crime; punishment! harm '; nequalia^ detrlmenta '

(due to stem neRu-)\ Old Irish ec, bret. ankou, corn, ancow, cymr. 5/7^e^ 'death' {*nRu-)\

bret. (Vannes) nege/n^s\ay', Old Icelandic Nagl-far^ Totenschiff '; Tocharian A nak-^ die,

wilt, wither ', B 'destroy', IVIed. ' die, wilt, wither '; about Latin necesse^ necessary! essential;

unavoidable! compulsory! inevitable; a natural law; true ' see below sed-.

References: WP. II 326, WH. I 153 ff.;

See also: s. also ank-1 above S. 45.

Page(s): 762

Root / lemma: nelc-fl-), nolc-t-s {* hounk'*-(t-})

Meaning: night

Grammatical information: stem nok'i-i. (originally neutr.??), nok'ii-, nok'iu-i., nok'i(e)ru.

Note: about ablaut forms see below

Root/ lemma: nek^-ft-), nok^-t-si* hounk''-(t-))\ night' derived from zero grade of Root/

lemma: ong^-Ao anoint, dark ointment' : Old Indie akta- [f] 'night' (RV 01 .062.08) {2}; aktu-

[m] 'flowing; ointment; (light or dark) color; (final part of the) night' (RV+) {3}.

Material: Old Indie nak{*nakt) Nom. 'night' {nagjihTte), naktai. Du., naktam My. solidified

Akk. ' at night ', Instr. PI. naktabhih 6s. (imitation from ahabhih), Akk. PI. naktJh^ nights ';

gr. vu^, vukt6(; f. "night', in compound vukti-, vukto-, vuktojp Adv. " at night, by night '
(*Akk. shaped as u5u)p), vuKT£p6(;, vuKT£piv6(; " nocturnal ' (: Latin nocturnus); unclear are
vuxa vuKTOjp Hes., horn. £ivavux£<; " nine nights through ', £vvuxo(; " nocturnal ', navvuxiO(; "
lasting the whole night ', auTOvuxi "in the same night';

alb. nate, /7e/e PI. "night';

Maybe alb. per-nate^ every night' : mcymr. peu-noeth^e^ch night'.

Latin nox, /70c//5 "night' (Gen. PI. noct/um /-stem, but distinct conservative stem in Adv.
nox' at night, by night ' from Gen. *nokt-es, -os)\ nocturnus " nocturnal ' (: vuKT£piv6(;,
vuKTOjp); of stem *noktu-. Latin noctu^by night', noctua^ a night-owl, an owl ';

Old Irish i-nnochV hac nocte ', mcymr. peu-noeth' each night ', trannoeth^ during the
following day ', acymr. henoid, cymr. he-no^ hac nocte ', corn, haneth. Middle Breton
henoz6s.\ cymr. corn, nos, bret. /7c»z "night', probably from *nokf-s u- cymr. neithiwyr,
neithwyr{cov\{a\v\s /7tyj//' "evening') "last night', corn. /7e/7^es Middle Breton neyzor, nbr.
neizeur(is.\

Gothic naMs {Dat. PI. nahtam after dagam). Old Icelandic nott, natt. Old High German
Old Saxon naht. Old English neaht, /7//7/"night' (conservative stem). Old English nihterne^
nocturnal ';

Lithuanian /7a/r//s (conservative Gen. PI. naktu), Latvian nakts. Old Prussian nakt/'n {Akk.
Sg.) "night', nakftjv-yne ^n\ghthosie\', nakftjvot/ ^\odge, stay ovevnight' , nakv/nas' accommodate
for the night'. Old Bulgarian /7c»s/i. "night', russ. netopyr Nachtschmetterling, bat';

Hittite neku-' dawn'; Gen. ne-ku-uz {nekuz) "night'; Tocharian A n[a]ktim^ nocturnal ', B
nekciye " the evening, during the early nighttime hours ';

zero grade: Old Indie 5/r/a"night' (perhaps /7-stem), aktu-m. " darkness, night, light, ray'
(actually "dawn, twilight'), compare in latter meaning Gothic uhtwd{: Latin noctu etc.), Old
Icelandic ofta. Old High German Ohta{uohta), Middle High German uhte{uohte). Old
Saxon uthai.. Old English uth(a)xr\. " early morning time ', Gothic uhteigs' early ';

another ablaut grade *onk"t- seems Lithuanian anksti " early, matutinal ', is anksto " from
early on ', ankstus M]. "early, matutinal'. Old Prussian angstainai, angsteina Mn . " early in
the morning '.

References: WP. II 337 ff., WH. II 181 ff., Trautmann 9, 193, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl.

11.

Page(s): 762-763

Root / lemma: ne1, ne, nei{*houn)

Meaning: negative particle

Note: (/7e become single-linguistically also word negation)

Material: ne. Old Indie /75"not', ned{naicf) ds., Avestan ap. /7a- 'not', Avestan ndit{= Old

Indie ned). Old Indie na-va = Avestan na-va'or not' (compare Latin ne-ve, and accurate

Old Irish no see below); Old Indie naca^av\6 not' (= Latin nequeetc); = alb. nuk^ not'

about ne-\n Armenian {nuaF languishing' from *ne-val-, etc.) s. Dumezil BSL. 40, 48 f.;

gr. v£- only (as a substitute from n-) before verbs, then also other Adj. with the aniaut a,
e, 6, with which it is contracted, e.g. vriK£aTO(;, vr|A£n(;, vcbvuM(v)o(; (thereafter secondary
vr|- in vnTTOivo(; " unavenged ', Doric vqttoivoc;, etc.);

Latin ne-\v\ ne-fas, ne-scid {ne-sciens, ne-scius), ne-cesse, ne-uter, n'unquam,
nusquam, nOllus, non {*n'oin[om], compare Old High German Modern High German nein),
ne-que^ not; and not, nor; rarely not even ' (= Oscan nep, Gothic nih. Old Irish na[ch]^v\o{\
Old Indie na-ca), osk ne^ non, ne '; compare also Latin negfare, -otium] above S. 418;
Latin neu, ne-ve, old neive, nTve 'or not';

Old Irish ne-ch^ some, any ', cymr. /7eyO'any/somebody| any| some| any/something ' (=
Old Indie nakis^ nobody, no person, no one ', but with Abstreifung of negativen mode in
sentences repeatedly, but not mutually revoking negation; the same process in Lithuanian
nekas ' somewhat any, whatever, anyone, anybody ', nekuris ' a certain, a kind of, as one might
say ', etc.; similarly extended ne-ue or not' for positive meaning 'or' in:) Old Irish no, nu,
cymr. neu, abret. nou^of, also verbal supporting particles (for pronoun infix and the
relative -/?-) Old Irish no-, nu-, mcymr. /7ei/- prefixed as originally formulaic form 'or not?':
proclitic */7e produced *na{as e.g. Irish ass- 'ex') in pretone in the connection Old Irish
na[ch], mcymr. nac{e\.c.) 'not' from ne-k^emih proto Celtic apocope (?) of auslaut -e;

Gothic ni. Old High German Old Saxon ni, ne. Old English /7e'not'; Old Icelandic ne\v\
the only poet, meaning ' not', during ne\v\ the meaning ' nor; and not| not| neither ' = Gothic
/7//7 (meaning has changed equally with ni) from *ne-k"'e= Old High German nih-ein. Old
Saxon (with gramm. variation) n/g-en'not' (but Old Saxon nec^an6 not' = Latin neg-, see
above S. 418); Old High German conjunction noh 'yet' from * neh {*ne-k"e) or from ne +
Old High German o^c/7'also'; Old High German nein. Old Saxon nen ^no' from *ne +

o/nom ' not one' (see above Latin non, nullus); Old English /7^ "never, not at any time, not, no',
engl. /7o"no' (also Old Icelandic ne/"no' from *n/+ aiw= Old Saxon Old High German nio
'never, not at any time');

Maybe aphesis alb. (n)io, Jo " no' (common alb. Slavic -J- = Church Slavic ne-J§-verb '
incredulous ').

Old Prussian ni, Lithuanian /7e"not', nekas, nekuris {see above); Old Church Slavic ne
■not';

maybe alb. *{*ne-k"e), nuk'noV = Latin ne-que^not; and not, nor; rarely not even' a

compound of Root / lemma: nel, ne, ne/: negative particle + Root/ lemma: Ar"©! : and

(end.)

Note: Germanic and Baltic cognates could be of proto lllyrian origin.

Hittite natta^ not', nawi^ not yet, not at this time, not just now, not to this point in time '.

ne. Old Indie (ved.) /7a 'not'; Latin /7e'not' in ne-quidem, nequaquam, nequTquam,
nequam, shortened probably in neut/quam {but ne-uter\N\t\\ old *ne, see above), /7eKonj. "
not; (intro clause of purpose with subj verb); [ne....quidem => not even] ', Oscan /7/"ne' {ni-p " neve
'), Marrucinian /7/" not '; Old Irish n7, mcymr. ny, ncymr. ni, corn, ny, bret. ne^uot' (partly
with secondary abridgement); Old Irish /7/""is not' is the common /7/"with plentiful copula;

Gothic /7e"no'.

/7e/accentuated 'not': Avestan nae-c/s 'no, not at all, not', adv. /7aec/s intensified
negation; Latin m. Old Latin ne/Adv. and Konj. 1. older 'not', 2. ' si non ', quid-nr, Oscan
/7e/"not' {nei-p' nor; and not| not| neither '); Gothic nei{ajT. Asy.) "not'. Old Icelandic nfno'.
Old High German /7/"emphatic 'not'; Lithuanian nie-kas' nobody, no person, no one ', neJ
"also not, not even, not once, never '; Old Church Slavic /?/ " nor; and not| not| neither ', ni-ktio "
nobody, no person, no one '; the Germanic forms perhaps but = Old Indie /7eo'' absolutely
not, not at all ', Avestan noit, ap. nayirom Indo Germanic *ne id' not this '; perhaps it
indicates Indo Germanic /7e/from *ne+ /"(compare ouToa-i:).

^-Negation particle as first part: Old Indie Avestan ap. a-, before vowels {a\soJ, u) an-,
gr.a-, before vowel av-; Latin in-, oldest en- {the pre consonant form); Oscan Umbrian an-;
Old Irish //?- (before Med.), e- (before Tenuis), a/7- (before vowel), cymr. corn. bret. an-;
Gothic Old High German Old Saxon un-. Old Icelandic 6-, 0-; in Balto Slavic replaced
absolutely through ne-; about Church Slavic ne-j^-verb ' incredulous ', ne-j^-sytb " insatiable =
Pelikan' s. Berneker 429; Tocharian AB a(n)-, am-, e(n)-, em-, on-; through several

languages are going through equally e.g.: Old Indie amrta-, a\i^po^oc„ immortalis, Old Indie
ajnata-, avvajToq, Armenian ancanaut', ignotus. Old Irish ingnad, Gothic unkunt^s. Old
Indie anudra-, avu5po(;, etc.

References: WP. II 319 f., WH. II 150 f., 152, 165 f., Trautmann 194 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,
431 f.,2, 590ff.
Page(s): 756-758

Root / lemma: ne-3, no-, Plur. nes-, nds-{*hounks-)

Meaning: we

Note: (originally out of the nominative case; Nom. see below *ue)

Material: 1. Old Indie Du. Akk. Dat. Gen. nau, Gatha-Avestan Gen. na. Old Church Slavic

na, gr. vcb, hom. vwi from *vu)-Fi (whose 2. part of the nominative stem is *ue-, *ui-)\ Old

Irish naffhaJrGen., Gothic ugk/s, Old Saxon unc, Old Norse okkr' we both ' {unc= *n-ge,

compare mikirom *me-ge).

2. In Plural: Old Indie /7a/7 enclitic, Avestan n§, na, no, Latin nos, alb. Geg naUorw.
{*nds), neGen. Dat. Akk. {*nds); Irish n/etc. (seems *s-nes). Gen. arn-{*ns-rd-m), cymr.
corn. bret. ni, ny' we ' ( *nes), Gothic Old High German uns. Old Saxon us. Old Norse oss
"we' ( *ns). Old Church Slavic nasb Gen. ( *nds-sdm). Old Prussian /70^sc»/7(also);

based on */7s/r7e (probably ns+ particle *sm-, related to the -5/77- the Pron.-Dekl., e.g.
Old Indie ta-sm-at) Avestan ahma{0\6 Indie asman, ap. Gen. amaxam) = Aeolie app-,
Doric a\^-, Ionic-Attic np-; Poss. Lesbian aiJiJO(;, Doric Ofjoq = Avestan ahma-, Ionic-Attic
np£T£po(;) etc.; Hittite Dat. Akk. anzas, enkl. nas^we'.

References: WP. II 320 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 600 f.
Page(s): 758

Root / lemma: nem-1 {*he- nem-f)

Meaning: to take; to put in order, count, curse, bad name

Note:

Root/ lemma: nem-1 {* he- nem-1)\ to take; to put in order, count, curse, bad name,

derived from a zero grade of Root/ lemma: en(o)mQ-, (o)nomQ, nomij'. name.

Material: Avestan nsmah-u. "loan";

Maybe alb. Geg nem, Tosc nem^ give' imperative.

gr. v£|j(jL) divide from, allow weiden ; later control, rule, Med. telle mirto, devour, weide ,
Herod. ava-vspsaOai 'allot, aufrechnen', vopn "distribution; meadowland ', vopat;, -ixboo,

weioena^ne^mo^wanaenn^^oiJeu^TerasmE^

Wohnsitz', v6no(; " alignment, order', vopi^w 'see, observe as geltend an', vopiapa '
custom, custom, Einrichtung, gebrauchliche Geldwahrung'; lengthened grade vajpaw
'divide to'; vt[izo\q "Unwille, gottliche revenge, vengeance ' (*v£tJ£Ti(;, actually "das
Zurechnen'), v£|j£a(a)au), -aopai, -i^opai 'be angry with, rebuke, reproach', v£fj£TCL)p "
avenger'; alb. name, neme'curse, oath, malediction, imprecation', formal = v6|J0(;; nemes
" cursor, blasphemer, one who blasphemes '; here also Old Irish namae. Gen. nama/tl\end'7

That \/t[ioq n. " meadowland ' here belongs, is not totally certain; see below nem-2,

Latin /7i//77e/Y/s 'number' {*nomes-o-), nummus^ currency, coin' (from gr. v6piiJ0(; '
allowed, legitimate, lawful, ordinary ');

Old Irish nemt, Middle Irish ne/'m' give ' (compare Modern High German G/ff: geben
■give');

Gothic Old Saxon Old English niman. Old High German neman. Old Icelandic nema
'take';

lengthened grade Gothic anda-nemr\. "reception'. Old High German nama^ forcible
receiving, robbery '; Old English namt ' the griping ' from Old Icelandic namm. 'the
receiving, learning '; Gothic 5/7o'a-/7e/77s' pleasant'. Old High German /7a/77/ "suitable,
appropriate, acceptable '; Latvian >r7e/77/ (contaminated from nemt av\6 jemt) " take '; Lithuanian
namas, mostly PI. /7a/775r dwelling, house', Latvian namsm. 'house'; ablaut. Lithuanian
dial, numaf dwelling, house ' {*nom-)\ Lithuanian nuoma, Latvian nudma, 'interest, rental '
(vowel gradation as gr. vwijaw).

References: WP. II 330 f., WH. II 158 f., Trautmann 193, 201, E. Laroche, La racine v£m-;
E. Benveniste BSL. 32, 79 ff.
Page(s): 763-764

Root / lemma: nem-2 {* he- nem-2)

Meaning: to bend

Material: Old Indie namas- v\. = Avestan nemah-n. ' bowing, bending = worship,

veneration, grace'. Old Indie namat/' bows, leans, bends' (Kaus. namayati), Avestan namaiti^

bends ' {namaiti, Kaus. namayeiti), with apa-, /^5- 'escape, flee'; participle Old Indie nata-^

bent, curved ';

gr. vt[ioq n. " meadowland ' = Latin nemus, -oris' grove ', etc.; gall. v£pr|Tov ' sacred
grove ', PN Nemeto-briga, VN Nemetes, Old Irish nemed' shrine ', then "privilege, privileged
person'; asachs. nimidas' sacra silvarum '; Lithuanian FIN Nemunas' Neman, Niemen, a river
of western Belarus ' (= ' marshy stream'), nemuoge' blueberry '; gall. nanfo\a\\ey', tr/nanto'
three valleys ', VN Nantuates, cymr. nant'vaWey, stream, brook' {*nm-tu-, compare
participle Old Indie nata-irom nmto-); savoy. /7a 'stream, brook'; perhaps here Old Irish
nem'sky, heaven'; different above S. 315.

References: WP. II 331 f., WH. II 158 f., E. Frankel REIE. 1, 405 ff.
Page(s): 764

Root / lemma: nepot- {*he- nemot^
Meaning: uncle; nephew, *descendant
Grammatical information: fem. nepff-

Material: Old Indie /74o^/ (secondary naptr-) " grandson, descendant ', Avestan napat-,
naptar-, ap. napat- (is.. Old Indie apam napat, Avestan apqm napa-u. name of a divinity ("
primeval offspring of the waters '); hom. vsnoSsq (5r|or|) " young ones, children ' from a N.
Sg. *V£TTU)T(;; perhaps here lemnisch-tyrsenisch vacpoG "offspring, descendant, son'
(Kretschmer, Glotta 28, 266); alb. nip' grandson, nephew '; Latin nepos, -tis^ grandchild,
grandson ', later also ' nephew '; Old Lithuanian nepotis, /7e/0^c//s "grandchild, grandson';
Old High German nevo' nephew, kinsman, relative'. Old English /7e/& 'grandchild,
grandson, nephew ', Old Icelandic nefe' nephew, kinsman, relative' {*nepdts); Middle Irish
n'i'ae. Gen. n'lath' sister's son ' (for the form in the end Pokorny ZfceltPh. 10, 405 f.), cymr.
nei, nai6s., corn. /7c»/"grandchild, grandson'. Middle Breton /7/" nephew '.

Fem. Old Indie /7a,c^- "granddaughter, female descendant ', Avestan naptT-
"granddaughter';

Latin nept/s {ior -///Sy) after the Astem) 'granddaughter', later 'niece'; Old Irish necht,
cymr. abret. n/th. Middle Breton n/z, corn. /70///7 'niece'; (common alb. Celtic -f-, -ph- > -ch-,

Old High German n/ft'r\ept\s, privigna'. Modern High German (actually Low German)
Nichte, Old Norse nipt' sister's daughter, niece'; Old Lithuanian /7e'yO/e 'granddaughter';
russ. -Church Slavic nestera 'n\ece' {*nept-tera). (common Slavic -pt- > -st-)

further formations 'i^e/T/irb-/ Avestan naptya-' offspring, descendant '; alb. {^harness!)
mbese 'n\ece' from *nepdtia;

\\b. Geg mesa, Tosc mt>esa'n\ece (sister's daughter)' derived from Hittite Luwial
a descendant); Luwian /7A7sa "grandson' : Hittite hamsa- hassa{a grandson) : Latvian
nasas-me/ta^ niece (sister's daugliter)' = Latvian /77asa"sistei^^l^^7o£g^7o^^^sisten
i me/ta 'daughter'; alb, has lost the AnatQiian old larygeaj

gr. a-v£4Ji6(; " brother's or sister's son ' ( *sm-nept//os)] russ. -Church Slavic net/jb ' nephew
'. (Greek Occidental Romance vowel prefix)

Probably as " the under-age, dependent ' to ne- and pot/s.

References: WP. II 329 f., WH. II 161 f., Trautmann 196.
Page(s): 764

Root / lemma: ner-1(t)-, aner- {aner-1) {*he- ner-1(t)-)

Meaning: vital energy; man

Material:

Maybe Hittite: innarawatar 'life power', innarawant= 'strong', Luvian annar-ummi- 'strong'

(Tischler 358ff) (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-)\

Armenian air. Gen. a/77'man, person' (z. Lautlichen s. Meillet Esquisse^ 83), ar^ "virile',
whereof arvest, arhesV art '; New Phrygian avap "man'; Luvian annar6s. (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-);

gr. vwpsT EvspysT Hes. (: Lithuanian noras, see below), avrip, -spa, av5p6c; "man',
nvopsp) " manfulness ' (Hom.; p- metr. lengthening), avbpeioq " manly, gamy', £u-r|vu)p "rich
an vitality ', ay-nvajp "gamy', Sp-cbijj av9pu)no(; (*vp-(ji)i|j ' Mannesantlitz habend '); about
av9pu)no(; "person' (*av5p-u)no(; with secondary Aspiration [?]) s. Kretschmer Gl. 28, 246,
Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 426^;

Old Indie nar-{na) "man, person', Avestan nar-{na) ds. (Old Indie nara-h, Avestan nara-
after Akk. naram, /75/'a/77 neologism); Old Indie nan, Avestan nairfmie, woman' (previously
Aryan feminine formation); Old Indie narya-, Avestan nairya-^ manly, virile ': probably also
Old Indie sunara-^\\y\\ of vitality, juvenile ', Avestan hunara-vn. " miracle power'. Old Indie
nrtu-m. ' hero ', sOnrta 'vitality ' (5^- offers also Celtic: Old Irish so-nirt, cymr. hy-nerth
"valiant, strong'); osset.-kaukas VN Nart- (\ran. *nar-^ra-);

alb. /7/e/'"man, person'; (common alb. Serbian -e- > -Je-).

Note:

Probably alb. njeriu^rmvi derived from sabin. Afe/7^s because of solidified alb. PI. njerez
'men, people', /T/eAez//?? "humanity' where -os, -^sending has been solidified.

^^^nWar^rnuilive^inaur

Latin neriosus ' resistens, fortis ', Nerio, -ienis " eine mit Mars in Kultverbindung
stehende Gottin ' ('*the strong '), Nero, Sabine = ' fortis ac strenuus ' (Schuize Eigenn.
315, 363, 485; sabin. Nerius ai^rees with Old Indie narya-), Oscan Gen. PI. nerum^ man;
husband, great man| nobleman, hero ', Umbrian nerfAkk. PI. ' proceres, principes ';

cymr. ner' hero ', Old Irish ner'boar' (also PN), gall. GN Nerios, Old Irish nert{*ner-to-),
cymr. corn, nerth^ manfulness, army ', bret. nerz^ power ', gall. Nerto-briga, Esu-nertus
etc.. Old Irish nertaim^\ strengthen', cymr. nerthu^ strengthen, support ', bret. nerza^
strengthen '; Old Irish nar{ *ndro-) "noble, bighearted ', gall. GN Nariai.; about Old Irish nar
"blushful' s. S. 754;

Old Germanic Nerthus^a goddess'. Old Icelandic Njgrdrvn. god's name; Lithuanian
norasm. " volition ', nor/u, noref/'want, desire, will'. Old Prussian PN Nor-mans, ablaut.
Ner-man\ Lithuanian nerteti, ablaut, nart/nt/'be angry with', /-n/rtgs^ becomes angry ',
nartsasm. {*nar-sa-s) "boldness, rage, fury', /75/'Si>s "fierce, grim'; Old Prussian nertien
Akk. "rage, fury', er-nertimai^ we enrage '; Slavic *non/b m. in Old Church Slavic nravb
"custom', etc.;

gr. hom. vwponj xciAk6(; after Kretschmer Gl. 32, 3 ff. "ore from Noricum', also not here;
after Kuiper "full of vitality '.

Proto-Altaic: *hjari

Meaning: man, young man

Turkic: *jerne

Mongolian: *3er-me-

Tungus-Manchu: *h(i)ari

Korean: *nar-na-

Japanese: *mi(n)tu

Comments: AnnnJlJl 291.

Uralic: hore

Kartvelian: (Georg. nar- 'male camel' < Iran.)

References: WP. II 332 f., WH. II 164 f., Trautmann 197 f., Kuiper Meded. Koninkl. Nederl.
Akad. van Wetensch., Nieuwe Reeks, Deel 14, No. 5.
Page(s): 765

Root / lemma: ner-2{*he- ner-2)
Meaning: under

Material: Gr. vsprspoq ' unterer, tieferer, unterirdischer ' (through hybridization with svspoi
"the subterraneous, underground', s. S. 312 *en^\x\\ also £V£pT£po(;); V£p9£(v) (and again
£V£p9£(v), Doric Aeolic £V£p9a) "from under'; V£ip6(; "the Unterste' ( *nerio-)\ Oscan nertrak
" left hand ', Umbrian nertru^ left ' (= v£pT£po(;); zero grade Old Icelandic nordru. "north'. Old
English norderra'more northern'. Old High German /70/r//'d/7/" northern' (The north is to the
direction of the prayer to the east = on the left);

possible kinship from n-er-wWh *n-ei- "low, base' (see 312).

Maybe alb. Geg ner, alb. /7o'e/'" under' [common alb. n >/7o' shift]

References: WP. II 333 f.
Page(s): 765-766

Root / lemma: ner-3{*he- ner-3)

Meaning: to conceal, cover, hiding place, hollow

Material: established only for the Balto-Slavic: Lithuanian neriu, nert/" immerse, swim through,

flee, einschlijpfen ', nerisxw. "beaver', narasm. ' Taucherente ', nan/a' cell of the queen bee

', Latvian n/'rt, n/rdaf submerge '; Old Church Slavic ntrg, n ret/" penetrate' , sloven, po-

ndreti" submerge ', kir. po-nerty'6'we', Old Church Slavic nora^ (pu)kzd(;, a hiding-place,

lurking-hole, covert, den ', russ. nora'\r\o\e, cave, pit, pothole'. Old Russian po-norovb^

earth worm ', serb. norac^ aquanaut '; auf a zero grade *n-br- ( *nor-to Indo Germanic *nor-

) based on Slavic nyr-, nur- in russ. -Old Church Slavic nyrjati, " dip, immerse ', nura^ door|

entrance ' (etc.); here probably FIN Old Prussian Narus, Lithuanian Nar-upe, lllyrian Napwv

' Narenta ' = Scots Gaelic Abhainn Narunn^ Nairn '; Lithuanian Neris, Nerys, Nereta, Old

Prussian Neria " spit, tongue of land ', russ. Neretva (to Bug).

References: WP. II 334, Trautmann 196 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 3 f., 45;

See also: perhaps to ner-2.

Page(s): 766

Root / lemma: nes- {*he- nes-)

Meaning: to join with; to conceal oneself

Material: Old Indie nasate^ unites, joins ', redupl. unthematic nimsate'^. PI. " sie berijhren

lahe mit dem Korper, kiss ' {*ni-ns-ate), participle n/ms-ana- {o\6 Deponentien); GN

Nasatyauxw. Dual. ' both helpers in need ', Proto Indie Nasattia, Avestan Narjhai&ya-,

compare H. GiJntert, Weltkonig 259;

zero grade Old Indie asta-, Avestan asta-v\. 'homeland, domicile'; gr. vsopai, Ionian
VEupai " come happily, return iiome, journey bacl< home ', Negtcjop actually ' the always
returning ', voaroq m. " iiome coming, returning iiome ', redupl. ep. viao|jai " go, come with' (*vi-
vG-opai with preservation of -a- after unthematic forms as 2. 3. Sg. *vi-va-aai, -tqi);
reduced grade vaiw, Fut. vaaaopai 'stay, dwell, inhiabit ', vaiEiau) "stay, dwell, inhiabit; be
inhabited '; *vaa-F6(;: Doric Thessalian yabc,, lak. vc(Fo(;, Lesbian vauoc, (i.e. vaFFo(;), Ionian
vr|6c;, Attic vsux; m. "( god's abode =) temple, shrine '; zero grade ao\xzyoc, ' gerettetj
geborgen ';

alb. knelem^ recover, be living again ' (prefix k-+ *nes-lo-)\ Gothic ^a-/7/sa/7"gerettet
become, recover, recuperate ', Old High German Old Saxon g/-nesan ds., Old English ge-
nesan' are saved, escape, survive ', Gothic ga-nists. Old High German Old Saxon gi-nist
"recovery, salvation'; Kaus. Gothic nas/anl\t, make healthy'. Old High German nerian,
nerren^ rescue, heal, cure', /75/7/'e/7 "nourish'. Old Saxon nerian. Old English nerian
"rescue, shield ' (besides with e, dOld Icelandic /7^/'aand nora^ animate, refresh,
nourish ', Swedish dial. /7c>/'5 "start a fire'); Old Icelandic aidr-narim. "( life preserver =) fire',
Old Saxon iTf-narai. "nourishment, food'. Old English nerui. "salvation, nourishment, food'.
Old High German nerf, narai. "salvation, nourishment, food'; latter meaning also in Old
High German wega-nest, -nistu. " travel food ', Old English nestn. "nourishment, food',
Old Icelandic nestn. " provision for a journeyl traveling allowance; money saved by soldiers,
nourishment, food'; Tocharian A nas-, B nes-'be'; A /7a5i/- "friend'.

References: WP. II 334 f., M. Leumann Homer. Worter, 191 ff.
Page(s): 766-767

Root / lemma: neu-6^- {*he- neu-dy-)

Meaning: to yearn for smth.

Material: Old High German niot^ eagerness ', Middle High German niet/iche'\N\t\r\ desire,

with eagerness ', Modern High German niediicfi. Old Saxon niudm. "desire, yearning'. Old

English med, neodi. "wish, longing, yearning, eagerness '; Gothic PN Neudis {*Niudeis);
Lithuanian pa-nustu, -nudau, -nustT have craving, long for'.
References: WP. II 326.
Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-d- {*he- neu-d-)
Meaning: to acquire, to make use of smth.

Material: Gothic /7/Z//a/7'TuxeTv, reach', ga-niutan^ gripe, catch', nuta'seizor, snarer, trapper,
fisherman ', Old Icelandic njota' utilize, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old High German niozan
" etwas an sich nehmen, utilize, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old Saxon niotan. Old English
neotan6s.; Gothic un-nuts' useless'. Old High German nuzz/, Old Saxon nutt/, Old
English /7y// "wherefore use, take advantage of ' (zero grade Old Icelandic nytr); Old
English nyft/an^nee6, lack, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', Old High German nuzzen, nuzzon.
Modern High German nutzen, nutzen. Old Icelandic nyti. "profit, gain, milk' {nytJa^rcvWC), Old
English nyttt. Middle Low German nutte, /7i//"profit, gain ', Old High German nuz, -zzesrw.
"profit, gain ', Old English notut "yield'; Old Icelandic nautn. " Stuck Vieh ', nautrm. "
valuable possession ', Old English neafn. " Stuck Rindvieh, animal'. Old High German noz
m. " Nutz Vieh ', Old Saxon notilu. "small cattle' (Church Slavic /7i//a "cattle' from
Germanic); Old High German ganoz, -o "comrade'. Old Saxon genot. Old English geneat.
Old Icelandic nautrds.;

Lithuanian nauda ^beneT\t, profit, gain, property', naudyt/"\ust, crave', Latvian nauda'
currency';

perhaps Old Irish Nuado, Gen. NuadatGH, cymr. NuddGH, abrit.-Latin Dat. Nodonti,
NodentiQH (participle *neudont-s, -os), actually " angler, fisherman ' after Vend ryes RC.
39, 384.

References: WP. II 325 f., Trautmann 194, Feist 3379;
See also: to consecutive {neu-6'^-)
Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-ks-, neu-s- {*he- neu-ks-)

Meaning: to sniff, smell

Note:

Root/ lemma: nas-: nose' : Root/ lemma: neu-ks- neu-s-: "to sniff, smell' derived from

zero grade of Root/ lemma: an(a)-3\ "to breathe'.

Material: Gothic bi-niuhsian " find out; track down; ferret out; spy out ', niuhseins " visitation,
affliction or punisiiment by god ', perhaps to Old Icelandic nysa "scent, snuffle, sniff, peer ',
njdsnt " tidings, searcii ', Old High German niusen^ try, assay, test ' (to alteration from -hs-
to -s-s. Sverdrup IF. 35, 149), etc.;

neus-\v\. Old English neosian, nTosan, Old Saxon niusian, niuson^ examine, trail, follow ';
in addition Old English nosu, engl. nose, Dutch /7e^s'nose', Norwegian /70sa 'scent', nus
"smell, odor, scent, sense of smell ', nuska^ seek ', Modern High German nuschen^ dig with
the snout ', engl. nuzzle, Dutch /7e'^ze/e'/7 "snuffle, sniff. Middle Low German noster(en),
nuster(en)^ nostril '; russ. nJuchatb^suuiWe, sniff, smell', serb. /T/i/s/// "snuffle, sniff'.

Maybe alb. {*njuchatb) nuhat, /7^/7a5 "snuffle, sniff, smell', through metathesis derived alb.
Geg {*nuhas) huna, Tosc hunda' nose' [common alb. n > nd\

References: WP. II 325, Holthausen KZ. 69, 166 f.; probably to 2. sneu-, see there.
Page(s): 768-769

Root / lemma: neuk- {*he- neuk-)

Meaning: dark, indistinct

Material: Latin nusc/Wsus 'c\u\ propter oculorum vitium parum videret', next to which with /-

(after /ux, lucere?) luscus^ blinking; blodsichtig; one-eyed', luscTnus^ dazzled, blinded;

amazed, impressed ', luscidsus, luscTtiosus^ purblind! dim-sighted '; Lithuanian n/uksot/^ grow

dark', niukiu, niukti^ roar, sound vaguely ', apsi-niaukti' get cloudy ', Latvian apijaukties

ds.

References: WP. II 324 f., WH. I 838 f.

Page(s): 768

Root / lemma: neu-1{*he- neu-f)

Meaning: to call, to praise

Material: Old Indie navate, nauti^ sounds, rejoices, praises ', Old Irish nuall{*neu-slo-) n.

"scream, din, fuss, noise, proclamation '; perhaps Latin nuntium^ message! announcement;

news; notice of divorce/annulment of betrothal ' ( *nouention).

References: WP. II 323, WH. II 188 f.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: neu-2{*he- neu-2)
Meaning: to make a push; to nod

Material: Old Indie navate, nauti' turns, moves ', navayatT turns, sweeps ', as o^present
probably nudati^ shoves, pushes '; gr. vsuu) " nod, beckon ' (*v£uau)), vsupa " beckoning
gesture ', vEuara^u) " nod '; Latin nud, -ere' nod, wave, beckon, bow, lean ', nuto, -are' sich
hin und her neigen, waver, wobble, give way', nutus, -us' nod; commandl will, beckoning gesture,
order', numen " beckoning gesture, volition, divine will| divinity; god ' ( *neu-men, or as *neu-smen
= gr. VEuija from *v£ua-Ma with here certainly root-like a); Old Irish noi'd ' makes known',
*ate-no- "entrust', verbal noun aithne " deposit! trust; money placed on deposit/safe keeping;
contract on trust money ' = cymr. adnau6s.;

with formant. -r(o)-'cuss. (etc.) ponuryj {*neu-ro-) " lowered (of the head), low-spirited (of
the eyes) '; with the meaning ' stupfen ' presumably gr. vupsT vuoasi, vupajv vuoaojv, ^uwv
Hes., and (?) Lithuanian n/urkyt/" press, squeeze';

with 5^ further formations: gr. vuoau), Attic vuttoj " prick, prickle ', vuyu) Hes., Pass. Perf.
VEvuyijai, participle present vuyzlq; with intensive strengthening vuKxa^u) vuaau) Hes.,
Middle Low German nuck{e) "sudden push, malice, spite; danger, peril, perniciousness; vagary, odd
or unexpected action or idea, fickleness ', md. nucken " fall asleep, doze off, nod off ', Middle High
German ent-nucken6s., perhaps also Old Church Slavic n(j)ukatr encourage, stimulate'.

Maybe alb nduk' pull, pinch '

References: WP. II 323 f., WH. 186, 189 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 7174.
Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: neuos, -ios i*he- neuos, -/os)
Meaning: new

Material: Old Indie nava-, Avestan nava-'ueW, Kompar. navatara-{\ gr. v£(ji)T£po(;), gr.
v£(F)oc;, Latin novus, Oscan Nuvlanuis' NolanTs ' (from *Nuvela= Latin Nola), Old
Lithuanian navas. Old Prussian /7e'i/M/e'/7e/7 certain Nom. Sg. n. {*nawanjan\ Old Prussian
/7ai//7s probably aiterjauns' young '), Old Bulgarian novb "new'; -/o-iorm Old Indie navya-,
Ionian v£To(;, gall. Nevio-, Novio-dunum {' new castle '), Old Irish nue, cymr. newydd, abret.
nouuid, neuued, bret. neuez, Gothic niujis. Old Icelandic nyr. Old High German Old Saxon
niuwi. Old English nTwe, neowe, Lithuanian nau/as'ne\N'; Tocharian A nu, B nune6s.,
Hittite neua-6s.; with -/■o-forms gr. v£(F)ap6(;, Armenian nor'new' {*nouero-), Latin nover-
ca " stepmother ';

Maybe alb. njerka' stepmother ' a Latin loanword.
Maybe aphesis alb. {*nouero-) re{iev(\.), /-/(masc.) "new'.

gr. veaoo = Latin novare' make new| renovate; renew| refresh] change ' (therefrom novalis^ fallow-
land; enclosed land| field, a field which is plowed for the first time or after one-year-old rest';
forms as in aequalis' equal| similar; uniform] level| flat; of the same age/generation/duration ', also "
being of young age '); v£6Tr|<; = Latin novitas' restored state (as new); being new
appointed/promoted; surprise; modern times '; Feminina with A- besides J-suffix (see Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl.323 f.) lie consecutive formations the basic: Latin novTcius^ new| fresh; esp.
of persons new to slavery '; russ. novikh " beginner; novice, neophyte; inexperienced person; trainee,
recruit '; gr. vsa^ "young scoundrel '; Church Slavic novakt ' beginner; novice, neophyte;
inexperienced person; trainee, recruit '; but vsaviac; " youngling ' from vsFo-av- "young
Atmender' ; v£OXMO<; "new' see above S. 414.

References: WP. II 324, WH. II 181, Trautmann 194.

See also: Changing through ablaut nu' now' see there; s. also *e-neuen^ nine '.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: neik- : nlk- : nik- {*he- neik-)

Meaning: to attack; to fight, rail

Material: Gr. veTkoc; n. "quarrel, fight', veiksoj " quarrel, dispute, argue, fight, scold ', perhaps

also viKP), Doric vTkq f. "victory', vIkqw " win'; Celtic (?) FIN Nicros^ Neckar '; Old English

^e-/7^s/5/7 "quarrel' {*naihstian?)\ Balto Slavic *ninkd^ begin violently ' in Lithuanian -

ninku, -nikti6s., Latvian n/kns'angry, irate', ablaut. /75/'i^s "violent', Lithuanian dial, neikom

"very'. Old Prussian neikauf stroll ', Slavic *nikng, *nikngti\v\ Old Church Slavic vhz-nikngti

" come round, recover consciousness, become conscious again, return to consciousness ', russ. -Church

Slavic niknuti^ hervorwachsen ', etc.

References: WP. II 321, Trautmann 199, Kuiper Nasalpras. 186 f., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb.

213.

Page(s): 761

Root /lemma: ne-tr..., na-tr... {*he-ne-tr.)

Meaning: snake

Comments:

Root/ lemma: ne-tr-, ne-tr-: snake, derived from Root/ lemma: (s)ne-3x\(^ (s)nei-\ to sew

together, to web, spin I formants: -p-\ snep-, -u- : sneu-, sneu-, -r- (s)ner-, also -tr-\ netr-
"adder, viper'.

Material: Latin matrix, -/asm. f. " water-snake; whip; a plant, penis' = Old Irish nath/'r, Gen.
nathrach' water-snake; serpent! snake '; cymr. ne/dr'snake' {*natri), PI., nadroedd, corn.
nader, mbr. azr, br. aer6s., abret. natrol-ion " reptile (snake, lizard, or dragon) which is able to kill

with by its lool<or breatii (Classical Mythology); basilisk; bibl. Cockatrice '; Gothic nadreQe'C\. PI., Old

Icelandic nadrm., nadrai. "adder, viper'; with eOld English naeddre. Old Saxon nadra. Old

High German natara, natrai. "adder, viper' {*ne-tra).

Maybe folk etymology Latin natrix^ snake ' + pertica " perch ' = alb. compound neperka

"adder, viper '.

References: WP. II 327 f., WH. II 147;

See also: probably as "the winding, turning ', to root (s)ne-.

Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: /?/-, nei- i*he- nei-)
See also: see above S. 312 f. {en-).
Page(s): 767

Root / lemma: niz-do- {*he- niz-do-)
Meaning: nest'
See also: see below sed-.
Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nog^o- or nag^o- {*he- nag^o-)

Meaning: tree

Material: Old Indie naga-m. "tree, mountain'; Old Icelandic ngkku/m., Old High German

nahho. Old Saxon naco. Old English naca^ bark, type of sailboat, dugout canoe'.

References: WP. II 340.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nog"-, nog''od(h)o- nog^-no- {*he- neg^o^

Meaning: naked

Note: often distorted taboo

Material: Old Norse nokkva " make naked '; lengthened grade Lithuanian nuogas, Latvian

dial, nuogs. Old Church Slavic nagi^ "naked';

with dental formants: Latin /7/7o'^s "naked' from * nog"ed(h)os or *nog"od(h)os= Gothic
naqat^s{-d-). Old Norse n0kkuidr{a\so ngkti), next to which Old Swedish nakut^er. Old
English nacod. Old High German nackut, nachut. Modern High German nackt. Old Irish
nocht, cymr. etc. /7c»e//7" naked' {*nog"-to-s)\ (common alb. Celtic -kt > -th, -gt > -dh)

with formants -no-:0\6 Indie nagna-^ naked', Avestan mayna-6s. (/77- through
dissimilation, the initial grade of westosset. baynay); Armenian merk^nake6'; hieher also

gr. YUMv6(;, by Hes. Aupv6(; (for *vu|jv6(;) and anoAuY|JaTO(; anoYUiJvwaK;. Kunpioi; Old
Icelandic nakinn. Old Frisian /75/re/7 "naked' (/rinstead of nord. /r^ point to metathesis from
*nak{u)-na- after the participle in -inn); Hittite neku-manza ^ naked' .

Comments:

Root/ lemma: nog''-, nog''od(h)o-, nog^-no-. naked > Root/ lemma: lek-2. lak-\ to tear,

fell, fur, leather, bark, outer covering of a tree, pod

Maybe alb. {*naku-n-os) lakun'q^ naked', lekure^ skin, naked skin', lakun'q^ bat, hanging

skin ' : Greek Aupvoi; (for *vumv6i;) (common Baltic Hittite n- > l-= alb. Greek n- > /-) See

Lithuanian //ekuot/ds., Latvian //ie Asa "winnowing shovel' Root/ lemma: nei'k-: "to winnow

grain'.

References: WP. II 339 f., WH. II 185, Trautmann 201, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 251.

Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nok^-(t)- {*he- nek^-Ct)-)
See also: s. nek"-(t)-.
Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: no- {*he- no-)
Meaning: pronominal stem
See also: see above S. 320, eno-.
Page(s): 769

Root / lemma: nomp {*he- nomp)
See also: s. enomn.
Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: not- not- {*he- not-)

Meaning: back, behind

Material: Gr. vGiioq, vwtov "back', changing through ablaut with Latin nat/st, mostly PI.

/7a/es "buttock, backside'?

References: WP. II 340, WH. II 146.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: nu- {*he- nu-)
Meaning: now

Material: Old Indie nu, nu, Avestan nu'novj', Old Indie nutana-' present, current, young, new',
nunam "now, yet, present ' (as Lithuanian nunal Old Church Slavic /7y/7e probably adv.
solidified case of the Adj. *A7t7-/7c»- "present, current'), Avestan nuram, nurqm, ap. nuram6s.
(shaped after aparem " from here on, hereafter '?); gr. vu, vuv, vuv "now, yet' (latter probably
from *nu-m =) Latin num " nun noch, noch jetzt ', then base for questions, etiamnum " even
now| stilll yet', nunc' now| todayl at present' {*num-ce) = Hittite k/'-nun ds., nu-per' recently! not
long ago; in recent years/our own time; (SUPER) latest in series ', next to which nu- still in nu-dius
tertius^* now is the third day ' (about Old Irish nu-, no-, mcymr. /7e^ Verbal-particle, see
below /7e"not'); Gothic nu{nLn), Old Icelandic Old High German Old English /7j"now, yet,
at present ', Middle High German Modern High German nu, previously from Late Middle
High German time also nun; Lithuanian nu, Latvian nu' now'. Old Prussian in tei-nu' now,
since; henceforth, from now on, from this time on ', Lithuanian nunaPnow' (see above); Old
Bulgarian nb " yet ', nyne' now' (see above); Tocharian A nuB no enk\. " yet, because';
Hittite /7i/ (sentence-prefatory particle); k/-nun 'now, yet', nu-wa 'stWV, nu-kwit' numquid ';
Gothic nauh'sWW, Old Frisian noch. Old Saxon Old High German noh Adverb "still, also
now, yet' from *nu-k"e; about the conjunction " neither ... nor ' see above S. 757 under ne1.

Indo Germanic nu\s probably zero grade to neuo- "new', compare Old Indie nutane-
"present, current' and "new', gr. vsov ti " just, recently ', Old High German niwes {ady. Gen.),
Lithuanian naujafiresh, recently '.

Maybe alb. ta-ni'now' [ta- {a-te) "this, that' + */7/"now'] : Old Prussian in tei-nu: Skt. nu

"now, just, but' [adv]; Go. nu'now' [adv]

References: WP. II 340, WH. II 186 ff., Trautmann 201.

Page(s): 770

Root / lemma: od'^os, pd^eri{*he- pd^os)

Meaning: under

Material: Old Indie adhah ' under' (as preposition m. Akk. and Gen.), Avestan ado'under',

Armenian dnd{rr\. Instr.) "under'. Old Icelandic undds., Tocharian A ahc'under, downwards,

in a downward direction, down ' (?);

Avestan ada/ri'under, below', Gothic undaretc. Old High German unfarand untah
"under', neologism after Indo Germanic *upeh{0\d Indie uparieio. "above');

Old Indie adhara-, Avestan a5ara-'Vne lower, those below (pl.)| the dead ', Latin Tnferus ds.
{*enferos, Indo Germanic *nd!^eros), Tnfernus' lower| under; underground! of the lower regions!
infernal; of hell ' ds. (after supernus), infra'be\ow, underneath ' {*inferad) with Aniaut treatment

of -d^-; gr. aGspo- placed perhaps in aGspi^u) " despise ' (compare Old Indie adhanna- '
despises'); Gothic i//7o'5/'o preposition "under' (Abl. auf-do) = Old Indie Adv. adharat
"under';

Old Indie adhama-^ the lowest ' = Latin /hf/musds.

References: WP. I 323, WH. I 698, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 2591.
Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: psi-s {*he- psi-s)

Meaning: sword

Note: only Aryan and Italic

Material: Old Indie asi-m. " sword, butcher's knife '; Avestan arjhO-t ds.; Latin ensis

"sword'.

References: WP. I 324, WH. II 406, Specht KZ. 66, 34 f.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: psi- {*he- psi-)

Meaning: dirt, black

Material: Old Indie asi-ta-, fem. asi-knf swart, black'; gr. aa\c, "slime, mud (of a river)',

aoioc; "muddy'.

References: WP. I 324, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 1 16 f.

Page(s): 771

Root / lemma: do^el- {*heb^e/-)

Meaning: to sweep; to multiply

Note: only Armenian and gr.

Material: Armenian ave/um'\ sweep' {ar-ave/uml breed, multiply, procreate ': ai/e//" poly, many,

several; multiple, numerous '), gr. ocpsAAoj "sweep' and " increase, breed, multiply, procreate,

reproduce, propagate ', OcpEApa " broom, tool used for sweeping ' and " profit ', OcpsAipov " broom, tool

used for sweeping ' Hes., ocpsATpsuu) " sweep, wash away, rinse, clean with a broom '; 6(pzKoq " profit

', cbcpsAsu) " profit, gain '.

References: WP. I 178, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 57, Leumann Hom. Worter 120 ff.

Page(s): 772

Root /lemma: do^/-{*hdo*^e/-)
See also: see above S. 287 (eb^/-).
Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: od-1

Meaning: to smell

Material: Armenian hot^ fragrance, smell, odor' (sek. o-stem), hotim^ smell ', hototim^ nose,

smell, scent, sniff';

Maybe nasalized attribute noun alb. f. {*hounta) hunda ' nose '.

Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h30-> /?(> Armenian.

gr. (*/7j6^(jo) o^oj " smell, give off an odor ' (*65j-u), with Latin o/eAe under an extension basis
*c»o'e/- compatible), 65(ji)5a, hom. etc. 65|jn, Doric 65^6:, Attic oapn " fragrance, smell,
odor' (*o5-[ja), 5u^-, £U-(jb5r|<^ " malodorous, bad smelling, stinky, smelly, giving off a foul odor,
odorous, fragrant, releasing a good smell, sweet-smelling ', 6a-(ppaivo|jai " nose, smell, scent, sniff ' with
*o5a- (: Latin odoi) as first part; haplology alb. ame^ unpleasant smell, odor' ( *odma =
65pn); Latin odor^smeW, odor', odefacio, ol(e)facid^ nose, smell, scent, sniff, oleo, -ere
"smell, stink' ("sabin' /= o' perhaps tight, firm has changed through support in oleum);
Swedish os "smell, odor, suffocating gas ', haplology Norwegian Danish os{*dd-s-o-)
"haze, mist, suffocating vapor'. Old Icelandic span-osa "newly made, made anew ' (of ship
etc.), actually: " smelling after shavings ';

Lithuanian uodziu, ^c»5//"smeir {*ddjd), Latvian uozu, uost^sxweW, Lithuanian uostyti^
smell around, snuffle, sniff = Latvian udstft{an6 uokstftds.; with the same parasitic k
Lithuanian uoksaut/" lurk continually ' );

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Lithuanian gw- > u-.

Old Czech Jadati^ research, examine ' ("*nose around '). Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; /?->
J-, y-Old Indie Tocharian.

References: WP. I 174, WH. II 203, Trautmann 202.

See also: see also od-2^ repulsion'; about gall, odocoss. S. 289.

Page(s): 772-773

Root / lemma: od-2{*had-)

Meaning: disgust, hate

Note:

Root/ lemma: od-2{*had^\ "disgust, hate' derived from Root/ lemma: od-1 {* had^\ "to

smell, *have repulsive smell'

Material: Armenian ateam'\ hate ', ateir detested, hostile ';

gr. 65uc;- (as *o5-u5- containing the participle Perf.) in ouSustqi spi^STai Hes. (ou- metr.
lengthening for 6-), oScbSuarai, cbSuaapnv, 65uaaaa9ai, 65ua9r|vai "be angry with,
grumble, rumble '; Latin odf hate| dislike; be disinclined/reluctant/ adverse to ', odium " haterd
(manifestion by/towards group); object of iiate '; Old English atol. Old Icelandic atair fearful| cruel|
awfull iiorribie; fierce, savage| bloody; heinous| severe; terrible] frighteningi dreadful '; Hittite hatukis
"terrible, dreadful';

as " aversion as a result of smell ' perhaps to oo'-/ "smell'.

References: WP. I 174 f., WH. II 202 f.
Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: oid- {*heid-os)

Meaning: to swell; strong, *fast, swelling, lump, water

Material:

Armenian a//(/-stem) "cheek', aitnum^\ swell' {*oid-nu-mi), a/tumn's\Ne\\\ng, lump,
growth';

gr. oi5au), oiSsw "swell', oi5o(; n. "swelling, lump, growth', oi5a^ " unripe fig ', oTSpa "
swelling, tumescence, flood of the sea ', Oi5i-nou(; " Schwellfuft ';

Old High German e/z, Modern High German dial. E/s^ abscess, boil, ulcer', and as a name
of their toxic contents Old High German e/tar, Old English at(t)or. Old Icelandic ©///""pus'
(Old Icelandic also figurative "fury, rage, bitter sense'. East Frisian eiter auigvj , irate,
frenzied '); Old Icelandic eitillm. " inclusion in a stone ', Norwegian e/fe/"gland, knag in a
tree, knot, bud' (= Middle High German e/ze/"small pustulating ulcer'); Old Icelandic eista
"testicle' ( *oid-s-to(n)-, from the zero grade of es-stem: gr. oi5o(;); perhaps also Old English
ate, engl. oa/" oat '; Latvian idra^ihe the decayed marrow of a tree'; with Slavic *e-, *ja-
from o/- probably Old Bulgarian -edro, Jadro {e\.c.) " bowl for serving wine; sail', poln.
Kashubian also "net' (basic meaning "swelling');

Old Church Slavic yao'b " poison ' {*oidos), slov.yaoV//" anger', serb. ijediti^ enrage ';
Lithuanian aidinti^sWr, tease, irritate' and Old Church Slavic isto, PI. /s/esa "testicle, kidney'
from zero grade *id-s-to-, next to which *oid-s-to- (: Old Icelandic e/5/5) perhaps in Old
Russian yies/esen. Du. "testicles', if with it *estese\ nasalized *ind-ro\.o *§d-{j§d-) in Slavic
*j§dro, J^drb: 0\d Church Slavic yl^o'/'o "quick, fast' (from "*strong' = "*swollen'), serb. Jedar

'full, fresh, strong' and russ. -Church Slavic yao'/'o" kernel; nut; central part; hard round
mass/nodule, testicle ', russ. jadrovityj'kexr\\(^, sirong' , Jadr/ca ' barley porridge, groats ', poln.
J^dro^ seed; PI. testicles', y^^y/TT/'kernig, strong, lively'; Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian;
h- >J-, y- Old Indie Tocharian.

Maybe alb. 5/e/7o'/-a'(*testicle), lump, tumor, swelling, gland' : Church S\aV\c Jadro
'nucleus, testiculus'. (common alb. j- > gj-)

in addition Baltic FIN Indus, Indura, Indra, IndraJaauA Indrica, also Innerste, NFI the
washing or laundry line (Hildesheim), old /ndrista {probab\y Venetic-lllyrian).

Old Indie />7o'/'a- 'strong', also GN 'Indra-, Proto Indie (mitanni) Indar- Avestan GN Indra-,
Old Indie indriyamu. ' power, fortune'; perhaps also fndu-m. 'drip' (originally 'Sehwellung,
ball');

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Baltic FIN Indus, Indura: UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia , n,

lllyria, also'lAAupi? , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kx\, the region or province of lllyria,

'lAAupi^cu , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. lAAupiaTi.

References: WP. I 166 f., Petersson Heteroklisie 83, 248, GiJntert Weltkonig 13 f., Machek

KZ. 64, 261 f., Pokorny Urillyrier 114, 127, Trautmann 2f., 108.

Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: oi-no-, oi-uo- {*hei-uo-)
See also: see above S. 286 (e-).
Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: oiua {*he/-ua-)
See also: see above S. 297 {e/-).
Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: ok-

Meaning: to think over, *understand, see

Note:

Root/ lemma: ok-: 'to think over, *understand, see' derived from a reduced Root/ lemma:

ok''-: 'to see; eye'.

Material: Gr. 6kvo(; ' dubiousness, hesitating ', okveoj ' hesitate ', OKvripoq ' dilatorily ';

Gothic aha'sense, mind, understanding ', 5/775/7 "believe, mean', ahmam. "gliost';
ahaks'6ove' (as spirit bird); Old High German 5/7/5" observance, paying attention '
(Modern High German achtgeben). Old English eahti. " calculation, consultation, estimate
', Old High German Old Saxon ahton. Old English ©5/7/75/7 "consider, observe, appraise ',
Modern High German achten, beachten. Old Icelandic aetla {*ahtildii) "mean, think, intend,
mean, aim'.

References: WP. I 169; after Specht KZ 62, 21 1 to ok""-.
Page(s): 774

Root / lemma: oRtd(u)

Meaning: eight

Note:

Root/ lemma: oRtd(u)\ eight derived from the extended Root/ lemma: ok-\ "to think over,

*understand, see, count' + -/is attribute formant modelled after lllyrian attribute nouns,

adjectives. Hence PIE numbers derived from previously ordinal numbers.

Material: Old Indie asta, astau {besides asTtf-i. " eighty '), Avestan astaio Avestan asti- "

width of four fingers ' (to Sg. *asta-), Henning TrPhSoc. 1948, 69; Armenian ^/'(probably

from *optdW\Vc\ p assumed from seven p)\ gr. oktw; alb. tete {*oktd-t-)\

Note:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian 5//5/5 "eight' : alb. /e/5 "eight';

Lycian nuntata'n\ne' : alb. nanda 'n\ne'. Therefore alb. 5/7/5/5 "seven' derived from a

truncated *sa{pjtata^ seven' later Old Indie saptathah, Avestan hapta&a-. Old Saxon

sivotho. Old English seofoda, Lithuanian septintas, also Old Indie saptatf-, Avestan

haptaiti-lQ\ in alb. -ta, -teare attribute formants that were solidified in Anatolian and Indie

cognates. The attribute -/5 formant (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb.-

Anatolian languages alone.

Therefore alb. tefa "eight' is a zero grade of Lycian a/tata {*oktd(u)ta) "eight'. It was initially

an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octuag/nta^ 80'].

A better explanation is the fact that Anatolian languages used the Akkadian script which

did not permit 2 subsequent consonants, therefore a vowel was introduced between the

double consonants found in:

Northern

Runic

a:tta

Old Norse

atta

Norwegian

atte
Danish

otte
Swedisli

atta

Dalecarlian

atta

Faroese

atta

Old Icelandic

atta

Icelandic

atta

compare maked. Otto-lobus^ 8 hill '; Latin odd; Old Irish oc/?//?- (nasalization after secht
n- and noi n-)\ cymr. wyth, ncorn. eath, bret. eiz{*ochtT, older -Jfrom -o); Gothic ahtau. Old
Icelandic atta. Old High German Old Saxon ahto. Old English eahta; Lithuanian astuo-nr.
Old Church Slavic osmb (reshaped after the ordinals osmb); Tocharian B okt, A okat

ordinals: Latin octavus (compare also Oscan Uhtavis ' Oktavius ') probably from
*octduos. Old Phrygian otuFoi Fetei "in 8. years' {*oRtduoi uetesi); gr. Ionian Attic
6y5o(F)o(; (6 after £p5o|JO(;), obstructed in oySoriKOVTa (hom. to oyScbKOvra reshaped after
OKTib), compare Latin octuaginta^QO\ the former model from septuag/nta and arisen anew
in very late time after the latter again;

after the ordinals to septm {and deRm) have been directed Old Indie astama-, Avestan
astama-, gall, oxtumetos. Old Irish ochtmad, cymr. wythfed, Lithuanian asmas. Old
Prussian asman (Akk.), Old Church Slavic osmb {oRtmo-)\ compare Tocharian A oRtant, B
oRtante^Vne eighth', alb. f. e teta^ the eighth ', m. i teti^ the eigth '

Other congruities are to name ved. astadasa- 1 8, Avestan astadase- 'the 1 8.', gr.
6KTCji)(Kai)5£Ka, Latin octodecim. Old High German aMozehan^8^, gr. OKTOKoaioi, Latin
oct/ngentr 800'.

References: WP. I 172 f., WH. II 199 f., Trautmann 15 f.
Page(s): 775

Root / lemma: ok"- , {*{*hek'^h- )

Meaning: to see; eye

Note: besides ok-, see there

Note:

Root / lemma: ok"- : to see; eye derived from Root / lemma: deik- : to show' : Root /

lemma: dek-1\ "to take, *offer a sacrifice, observe a custom' [common lllyrian-Baltic d- >

zero]. The drop of initial d- in proto Aryan languages Irft the bare laryngeal /?-.

One of the oldest cognates is Gr. 5ok£uu) ' to see, discern, perceive, observe; to think,

suppose, imagine, expect ', then Marathi dola {*dokula) 'eye'.

Material: Aryan out of the compounds only forms of stem *ok"t^- (whereupon partly the /■

and /7-stem is layered):

Old Indie aksiu. 'eye' (this /-stem ved. only Nom. Akk. Sg. and in compounds, aksi-pat
'a little, a bit', after ved. also in b^^-case and in Lok. PI.), Gen. Sg. aks-n-ahe\.c., Nom. Du.
aksT= Avestan as/' (both) eyes '

Common Old Indie -g"h- > -ks- : Avestan -g"h- > -xs-, -s-.

(compare *ok"'/'6s. in Lithuanian ak/, Old Bulgarian oc/ and as base from Armenian ac-k'
and gr. oooz), formation of conservative stem *aks-, this stem aks- a\so in ved. an-ak
'blind'; Avestan as/ior *axs/'aiter us/bears', compare Avestan aiwy-axsayeinti^ they
supervise ', a/WyaA's/a/'- 'supervisor, custodian, keeper'; redupl. Old Indie Tksate^ sees '
(Indo Germanic '^"'-from *i-ok"-)\ aksa- m. 'dice, cube', i.e. ' provide with eyes '^ksana-m.
n. 'instant, eye blink' (seems grown from a Lok. *[a]ksan)\ is not overgrown the A«-stem in
the darkened compounds Old \v\6\c pratTka-^ turned, opposite ', n. 'face (with the eyes and
mouth)' (: npoa-wnov), anJka-n. ' the turned, front ', Avestan aimka-m. 'face (with the
eyes and mouth)' ( *proti, *eni+ ok"-\ compare Slavic nicb under *ni- 'low, mean'), ghrtacTt
' greasy (looking); sacrificial spoon ', svitTcfi. 'gleaming';

Armenian (with expressive gemination) akn. Gen. akan^eye, aperture, hole' (/7-stem),
Nom. PI. ac-^'pluralized from dem Nom. Du. *ok"r,

gr. {*oks/) oooz Nom. Du. 'Augen'

common Old Indie -g"'/!- > ks- : gr. -g"h- > -ss-

( *ok"ie^o'c *ok'%, Attic *6TTe, whereof TpioTTi(; ' necklace with three glass eyes '; 6aao|jai
'see, observe (spiritually), foresee, predict', Attic OTieuoijai 'foresee, predict, dread';

common Old Indie -g'^h- > ks- : gr. -g"h- > -ss-: -tt-

onjopai " I will see ', common Old Indie -g^h- > ks- : gr. -g"'h- > -k"'h- > -phs-

OTTOJTTa 'have seen'; onlTTEuu) " gawk at, look after ', napGsvoniTTri^ " overseer of girls ' with
redupliz. root on (i + on >Tn-); 6|j|ja "eye' (*6n-[j/7),

common

Old Indie

-g^h-

> ks-:

gr.

-g'^h-

> -k". >

-p-

6(p9-aA-fj6(; "eye' (

*ok'"t3h- with

expressive Aspirata?);

common

Old Indie

-g^h-

> ks-:

gr.

-g^h-

> -k"'- >

-ph-,

-f-

without Aspirata Boeotian 6KTaAAo(;; with (after 6n6(; etc.) analogical tt;

common Old Indie -g"h- > ks- : Anatolian - Tocharian - Greek -g"h- > -kt- see Root /
lemma: ghdem-, ghdom-. Gen.- ablative gh(d)m-es\ earth'

lak. onriAot;, epidaur. 6nTiAAo(;; similarly behaves okkov 6(p9aA|j6v to Lesbian onnara
"oMpara' (probably with expressive gemination); 6nr| " opening, aperture ' (svonai f. PI. "
earrings ' , noAu-(ji)n6(; " nets with a lot of openings or meshes ');

common Old Indie -g"h- > ks- : gr. -g"h- > -k"- > -p-

lengthened grade wiy "face'; "irpoaajTrov "face (with the eyes and mouth)', petwttov
"forehead', KuKA-ooitJ, po-(I)ni(; ; pu-u)i|j " shortsighted '; besides al9-oitJ with abbreviation
(comparable Latin atr-ox, fer-d)^\ common Old Indie -g"h- > ks- : gr. -g'^h- > -k"h- > -phs-

perhaps gr. ohk; " the vengeance or visitation, awestruck fear; punishment, retribution ',
actually " investigation, inquiry '?; common Old Indie -g"h- > ks- : gr. -g'^h- > -k"- > -p-

iitjao "you have reprimanded, have punished, pressed hard, oppressed ', common Old
Indie -g^^h- > ks- : gr. -g"'h- > -k^'h- > -phs-

£v-inri " rebuking, reproving appellation ', common Old Indie -g"h- > ks- : gr. -g"h- > -k"- > -
P-

eviaau) (changed £\7inTU)), Aor. pvinanov and evevThov "rebuke, reproach, reprove, punish,
avenge, scold ' (Indo Germanic '^"'-from redupl. *i-ok", compare Old Indie Tksate);
common Old Indie -g"h- > ks- : gr. -g"h- > -k"- > -p-

alb. SL/'eye';

Note:

Wrong etymology; [conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic
trait)], hence alb. geg suni 'eye' : Old Irish {*su//-) suir eye ' : Root / lemma: sauel- sauol-
, suuel-, suel- sul-\ sun'.
Finally zero grade alb. geg suni 'eye' : Old Irish {*su//-) suiT eye '.

Latin ocu/us'eye' {dk"elo-s)\ atr-ox^ grisly' (to ater, above S. 69), fer-dx^\NM (to Latin
ferus, above S. 493), etc. (: gr. |ju-ooi|j ' shortsighted ', etc.);

Old Irish enech, mcymr. eneplace, face (with the eyes and mouth)'. Middle Breton
enep6s. and preposition 'against', and cymr. wyneb lace (with the eyes and mouth)',
acymr. let-einepp ' half a side ' are unclear; common Old Indie -g"h- > ks- : Celtic -g" > -b :
-k'">-p.

in Germanic we find beside the stem *asw- ( *6k"-. Old High German ac-siuml. ' species
', auc-siuno^ evidenter') : *awi- {*ok"f-) in Old High German awi-zorahV seemingly ', Old
English eaw/s{*ea\/i^w/s) 'apparent, manifest, obvious', eawan^ show, reveal ', Old Frisian
aw/a, auwiaAs. {*awjan). Middle High German z-ounen. Middle Dutch t-onen' show' (with
abbreviated prefix);

besides Germanic *aun- {*ok"-en-); through balance and influence of *ausd'ear' originated
a stem *aujan-. Crimean Gothic PI. oeghene{oe= o), then Gothic augo. Old Icelandic
auga. Old High German ouga. Old English eageu. 'eye'; stem *augja-\n Gothic and-augi
n. 'face (with the eyes and mouth)'. Old English and-eages, amd. and-ouge' in view of.
Old Icelandic -eygr. Old High German -ougi. Old English -eaged^- eyed ones ';

Lithuanian akis^eye\ ak/{= Old Bulgarian oc/) 'die beiden Augen', Latvian acs'eye',
Old Prussian ack/s Horn. PI. ' eyes ', Old Bulgarian oko {russ. okd). Gen. ocese, Du. oci
'eye'; Lithuanian akylas^ attentive ', poln. Oit'aczj/c (lengthened grade) 'see, pay attention,
perceive, see ', from which through suffix misunderstanding {ob : d): baczyclook out, pay
attention, perceive, see'; of /7-stem serb. -Church Slavic o/r/70 'window'; compare engl. (Old
Icelandic loanword) m'nd-owds., actually ' wind-eye';

Affiliation from Lithuanian akas^ Wuhne, hole in the ice ', Latvian aka' of dug wells ',
russ. river name O/ra (different above S. 23), Lithuanian ekete {akete, akyte) ' in das Eis
gehauenes Loch zum Wasserschopfen, Wuhne ', Latvian akate^ pit in the morass full of
water ' probably: ' water eye ', compare ' sea eyes ' as a name of the Tatra Mountain
lakes;

Tocharian A ak, Du. asam, B ek, Du. esanev\. "eye'; A ak-ma/lace' ("eye + nose');
compare W.SchuIze Kl. Schr. 248.

Maybe Sumerian igH^i: noun, eye(s); face; front.

verb, to see

prep., before, in front of

References: WP. I 169 ff., WH. II 200 ff., Benveniste Origines 1 , 48, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 ,

299, Petersson Heterokl. 121.

Page(s): 775-777

Root / lemma: o/-{e)- {*houl-(e)-)

Meaning: to destroy

Material: Gr. 6AAu|ji (*6A-vu:-[ji), Fut. oAsau) "spoil', 6A£Tr|(; " Exterminator', oAeku)

"destroy', oKooc, (*6AoF6(;) " catastrophically ';

Latin Sit'-o/eo "destroy'; perhaps with sek. /7-Umbrian hondu, holtu^ prosternito ';

Hittite hullai-, hulliya- "fight, struggle', etc.

References: WH. I 4 f. (the arrangement bestreitet), Couvreur H 143.
Page(s): 777

Root / lemma: om(e)so-s {* houm(e)so-^

Meaning: shoulder

Material: Old Indie amsa-m. "shoulder'; Armenian us. Gen. usoy ds.; lengthened grade gr.

u)p6(; ds. from *dmsos, compare £TT-ofjfja5iO(; by Theokr.; Latin umerusirom *omesos ds.,

Umbrian uze, onse' in umero '; Gothic ams ds. (Germanic *amsa-). Old Icelandic ass"

ridge '; Tocharian A es "shoulder' ( *omso-), B antse ( *omeso-).

References: WP. I 178, Pedersen Tocharian 250; W. Schuize KZ. 63, 28, WH. II 815.

Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: oma- {*houm9-)

Meaning: to proceed with energy; to make firm; to suffer

Material: Old Indie a/77/7/" presses, insures urgently, swears', themat. sam-amante^ they

promise ' (: auv-opoaai), abhy-amJti^ torments, damages ', a/77/Va "tribulation, affliction,

disease, malady' (: gr. avin), with themat. Creation of the 2. syllable amate' pressed ',

amatra- "tight, firm', amavan- " boisterous, strong' =

= Avestan amavant-' strong, mighty, vast, grand'. Old Indie ama-vn. "rush, impetuousness,
hastiness ' = Avestan ama-^ power, strength, male power, attack strength ', Adj. "strong'.
Old Indie amayati^ damages; it is damaged, ill ', amaya-rr\. "disease, malady'; Avestan
amayava 'aii\\ct\on, hardship ';

gr. ofjvufji, 6|jvuu) " swear ' (6|j6aai, 6[Jcb[J0Ka; Fut. opETiai neologism), auvopoaai (: Old
Indie sam-amant^, hom. 6|JoiiO(; " tormenting, grievously ' (probably metr. lengthening
from 6|JoFiO(;, to *6fJ0-Fa); avia, Ionian a\7ir| " distress ' (dissimil. from *aiJiFa, Sehwyzer
Gr. Gr. 1,259,309);

Old leelandie a/775 "plague, bother, annoy', amask^ take offenee, feel displeasure,
struggle with ', nisi. a/77/"plague', amstr^ indefatigable work, strain, exertion ', amin. "
uneeasing, esp. fruitless oeeupation with a thing', Norwegian a/77/5" struggle, work, esp.
without sueeess ', Old leelandie PN Qmlungr,

Amali\he name of East Gothie royal family, the Amalunge, Amulingeoi German and Old
English heroie legend. Old High German Amal-olf\ Old High German e/77/z" continuously,
perpetually ', emizzTg, emazzTg^ continuously, pertinaciously'. Modern High German emsig
" eager'.

Toeharian A. amiskanne " discontent ', B omaskem "evil, bad'.

References: WP. 11 78 f.
Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: om- {*houm-)

Meaning: raw, bitter, *sweet

Note: reduced grade oin-

Root/ lemma: om-{*hamef}\ "raw, bitter, *sweet' : Root/ lemma: sem-1\ "to pour' : Root/

lemma: sem-3\ "summer'. Old Indie amia-, ambla-^sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ' : gall.

samor{ios] "summer months', samolus^ sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella '.

Material: Old Indie amIa-, ambia- "sour, sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ' (= maked. appo-,

Germanic *ampra-), zero grade amra-m. " Mango tree ', ama- "raw, unripe ' (= gr. u)|j6(;),

amad- " eating raw flesh '; skyth. VN ApaSoKOi from Iran. *amad-aka- " raw meat eater ';

Note:

Phonetically the closest cognate to Old Indie amIa-, ambIa- "sour' is alb. Geg amIa, Tose

emb(e)la "sweet' common alb. shift m > mb. Clearly the cognate of Old Indie amIa- "sour'

derived from alb. Geg a/77a "mother', t'amle^ sour milk (of the mother), breast milk '.

Armenian zero grade /7^/77Yaw, cruel, savage';

maked. appo- " astringent ', apapu opiyavov Hes.;

gr. u)|j6c; 'raw, cruel, savage', u)[jr|aTn(; " eating raw meat ' etc. (= Old Indie amad-Wxih
already Indo Germanic contraction from dmo-an6 ed-'eat');

alb. tam/e'{sour) milk', ambele, emb/e' sweet', temb/e' bile ' (article /-);

Latin amarus' bitter'; Old Irish 0/77 >aw', cymr. of 6s., in addition Old Irish umfaje'
copper, ore' = cymr. efydd^ copper, bronze ' ( *omiJo^\

Germanic *a/77/7/'a- (from *ambra-< *am-ro-) in Dutch a/TT/Oe/"' sharp, bitter, unripe ', Old
Icelandic apr{*ampraR) 'sharp', Subst. Old English ampre. Old High German ampfaro\
(Sauer)ampfer '; doubtful Old English d/77m. " rust ', omei. ' Rotlauf ', Old Icelandic amai.,
amu-sotti. " Rose ' (disease, malady), amr^ reddish brown ', Modern High German Ahm,
Ohm ' Rotlauf ';

Latvian amuols " sorrel, Oxalis acetosella '.

References: WP. I 179, WH. I 35, Frisk nominal formation 14.
Page(s): 777-778

Root / lemma: ond- pd- {* hound-)
Meaning: stone

Material: Old Indie adri-^ stone, esp. used to hit the Soma; cliff, mountain; rock ', Old pers.
Ark-adhs {!); Middle Irish ond, onn. Gen. uinde {stem *ondes-) n. ' stone, rock', (common
Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Maybe lllyrian TN. {*Adhei) Ardiei
References: WP. 11 81.
Page(s): 778

Root / lemma: oner- {*houner-)

Meaning: dream

Grammatical information: older r/n-stevn

Material: Armenian anurj^6xeaxx\' {*ondr-io-, compare gr. t£K|J(jop : TSKpap "mark, token,

sign'); gr. ovap Nom. Akk. n. 'dream' and Adv. 'in dream'; 6v£ipo(;, -ov, Aeolic 6voipo(;,

Cretan avaipo(; (probably through influence of the preposition av-) 'dream'. Gen. Attic

Ionian ovsiparot; (originally *6vaT0(;); alb. gegh. aderre, Tosc enderre' dream' (onr/'o-)

[common alb. n- > nd-].

References: WP. I 180, Meillet Esquisse de l'Arm.2 150.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: ong- {better ang-) {*houng-)

Meaning: coal

Note:

Root/ lemma: egnis. ognis: fire' derived from Root/ lemma: ong- [better ang-) {*heng-)\

coal < Root/ lemma: ok"-: "to see; eye'

Material: Old Indie ahgara-xx\. "coal', npers. ang/stds.; gael. nir. a/ngea/l'\gbt, fire';

Baltic-Slavic. *angli-. Old Prussian anglis, Lithuanian anglis, Latvian uog/e'coaV
(Latvian uogle\s neologism); Old Church Slavic ggib m. ds., but russ. ugolb, Serbo-
Croatian ugalj, poln. wggields. etc. (./io-stem).

Maybe alb. thengjiir {*coa\) ash' similar to alb. thua^ nail', thundra, thunder^ hoof
(common alb. Slavic u > e).

References: WP. I 181, Macbain Etym. Gael. Diet. 8 f., Trautmann 8, H. Wagner, Lexis 3,

134.

Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: ong"- {*ong''h^

Meaning: to anoint, dark ointment

Material: Old Indie anj-, anaktii^. PI. anjanti) " anoints, coats, decorates ', participle Perf.

akta-. Pass, ajyate; anjanam^ the ointments, ointment ', anjas- n. " ointment ', anjf-^

anointing '; m. n. " ointment, jewellery', ajyamn. " sacrificial lard ' {a+ aJya-< *ng"io-)\

Armenian aucanem^ anoint, smear, rub' (compare Meillet Esquisse de I'Arm.^ 37);

Latin unguo, unctus, Umbrian umtu^ unguito '; Old Prussian anctan, ancte^ butter'.

Maybe alb. ngjyej^ smear, rub, paint ', ngj'yre ' co\or' Latin loanwords.

ong^en-' ointment, smudge '.

Latin unguen, unguen-tum lat, ointment ', Umbrian amends., Old High German ancho,
ancom.. Middle High German anke^ butter', Alemannian-siJdschwab. Anke {rw., seldom f.)
" butter'.

Qg'^-en-. Irish imb{Qev\. imbe) ' butter', acorn, amen-en, bret. amann, aman-enn, cymr.
ym en-yn {irom *emen-yn)\ compare above Old Indie ajyam.

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*ng"h-en) ngjyenfXo wet, moisten; to dye, color, imbue'.

References: WP. I 181, Kuiper Nasalpras. 122.
Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: onogh-{. ongh-, nogh-, Ce\^\c Qgh^, ongh-li-{* huen(e)gh-)

Meaning: fingernail, claw

Note: partly with formants -:/- (extended -ut-) and -lo-

Material: Old Indie {* h2ahghli-) anghn-\. "foot' (presumably with rfrom /, *orjgh-li-)\ with

Aryan A/? Old Indie nakham., n., nakhara-m. n., "nail, claw, talon ', np. naxun ds. (Aryan

kh- an innovation); perhaps Armenian eiungnds. {*e-nungn):

gr. (*/7j6vu^) ovu^, -uxo(; "nail, claw, talon ' (from *6vxu-?);

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Latin gw- > u-.

Latin ungu-is^Vr\e nail an Fingern and Zehen', ungula^ claw, nail, hoof, later also "nail'
{*ongh-(em;

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*huengla) thua " nail ', thundia, thundra^ hoof ' : Italian unghia :
Spanish una : Calabrese ugna : Catalan ungia : Furlan ongule : Galician unlla; una : Ladin
aundia : Portuguese unha : Romanian unghie : Romansh ungIa : Sardinian Campidanesu
unga: Sardinian Logudoresu ungra: Sicilian ugnu: Valencian ungIa: Wallon ongue^ nail

i

Ladin aundia^ nail ' = alb. thundia, thundra^ hoof, thembra^ heel ' reflects common alb. -
ng- > -nd-, -mb-.

Also alb. ke-the-ter, kthetec "nail, claw, talon '.

Note: alb. thoi, thua, pi. thonj^ nail ' : alb. thengjiir {*co3\) ash'; Root/ lemma: onogh-{:
ongh-, nogh-, Celtic Qgh^, ongh-li-{* huen(e)gh-)\ "fingernail, claw' : Root/ lemma: ong-
(better ang^ {*heng-)\ "coal'; alb. has preserved the old laryngeal.

Old Irish ingent Dat. PI. ingnib, Nom. PI. ingnea, acymr. eguin, ncymr. em'nf., corn.
euu/n, bret. /v/n{m. has changed) "nail' {*nghu-Tna);

Old High German nagal, Old English n^gerv\a\\\ Old Icelandic nag/6s. (conservative
stem has changed, PI. neg/); neg/ perhaps originally reinterpreted Sg. /-stem, compare Old
Indie atighri-, and to PI., whereof are attached the additional conservative Dekl.), Gothic
ga-nagljan^ nail ';

Lithuanian nagas m. " nail in fingers and toes; claw of birds of prey ', Latvian nags ds.;
Lithuanian naga'hooT, Old Prussian nageloot', Old Bulgarian noga, russ. nogaloot'
(collective a-formation); Lithuanian nagutis. Old Prussian nagutis^ fingernail ', Old
Bulgarian nog-btb, russ. nogotb "nail, claw, talon ';

after Specht to gr. oyKoq (above S. 46), also root on-.

References: WP. I 180 f., Trautmann 192, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 253^.
Page(s): 780

Root / lemma: o/70-and one-, also (o)no-d-

Meaning: to scold

Material: Gr. ovopai ' scolds, reproves ', ovoto^ ' reproved, reproachable ', ovotq^w "

scolds, reproves '; with -a- the second syllable of hom. wvaro and ovarai aripia^STai.

IjepcpETai Hes.;

Middle Irish 0/7' shame'; perhaps with reduplication-stem also the first syllable of Middle

Irish anim {i-siero) 'blemish, fault, error', acymr. anamou^ mendae ', ncymr. anaf. Middle

Breton a/7a^'blemish, fault, error'.

extension (o)no-d-\v\: Avestan nadento^ blaspheming, slandering ones ', gr.
ovoaaaaGai "rebuke, reproach' etc., ovogtoc; " reproachable '.

References: WP. I 180.
Page(s): 779

Root / lemma: opi
See also: see below epi.
Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: op-1 {* hue-p-)

Meaning: to work, perform

Material: Old Indie apas-u. "work' (= Latin opus), Avestan hv-apah-'goo6 work

(verrichtend)'; apas-n. "work, religious action'; apnas-n. "yield, property, possession ',

Avestan afnah-vant- " richly in possession ';

gr. {* h3^\^T^\/^\) 6|jnvr| f. "nourishment, food, BromicnT ', opTTVioq " nourishing ';

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gw- > g- ; Albanian gw- > v-.

Maybe in e-grade alb. {*hueper) veper' work' : Latin opus, -e/75"work'.

Latin opus, -er/s'work, occupation, action, work', opus est ^ it is necessary ', whereof
opero, -a/ie'work', Oscan upsannam^ operandam ', (under the influence of common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-), upsatuh senti^ fact! sunt '), Perf. upsed^ fecit ', uupsens ' fecerunt ',
(lengthened grades Perf. as in Latin odl), Umbrian osatu^ facito ', Paelignian upsaseter^
fieret '; Latin ops, O/O/s "fortune, richness, power; help, assistance ', by Ennius also "
endeavor, service ', officium ' obligation ' < *opi-ficium ' working performance ', Ops "
(Latin: "Plenty") was a fertility deity and earth-goddess in Roman mythology of Sabine
origin ', inops, cdpia{*co-opia), opulentus^ incredibly rich in property, mighty ', probably
also opt/mus't\r\e best' (actually "the wealthiest') ; perhaps the name the Oscl, OpscT,
'OniKoi as ' admirers of the Ops' and Latin omnis 'all, whole, each, every ' ( *op-ni-s);
perhaps Old Irish somme^ncW, domme^ poor' {su-, dus-op-smjo-);

Old English efnan. Old Icelandic efna^ work, do'; lengthened grade Old High German
uobo^ land farmer', uoben^ place at the work, exercise, revere, worship ', Modern High
German ijben. Old High German uobam. PI. " celebration ', Middle High German uop^
practice, agriculture ', Old Saxon dbian^\\o\6 festivities'. Old Icelandic 0fa^ train, practice ',
j0/^"vast, grand, violent'. Old Icelandic efna^ commit ', efni^ material, stuff for something ';
about Old Icelandic afr power ' etc. see above S. 52; Hittite happinahh- ' make rich '.

References: WP. I 175 f., WH. II 209, 217 f.
Page(s): 780

Root / lemma: op-2

Meaning: to choose; to suggest

Material: Gr. snioijjoijai to sni-on- " choose, pick out, sort '; Latin *opere\s covered by

*praed-op/ont {Festus p. 205 praedotiont) ' praeoptant '; derived *opid(n)^ expectation,

opinion', wherefore Denominativum opTnor, -ari^ assume, imagine, mean' OyO/77/b "opinion,

expectation '; Frequentativum to *opid, -ere\s Latin opto, -a/'e'wish', wherefore option.

"free choice ', m. ' assistant ';

Umbrian upetu^ optato ', opeterGen. ' lectT ', Oscan ufteis^ optatT ';

Old Church Slavic za-(j)apTD " supposition ', ne-vhz-apbnh ' unexpectedly ' (compare
Latin in-, nec-opTnus^ unexpectedly ', which are back-formations from inopTnatus);

Tocharian A opyac, B epyac 'reason' (Iran, loanword?).

References: WP. 1176 f., WH. II 212 f.
Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: o/b^o-

Meaning: orphan; servant; work

Note:

' becomes an orphan, orphan '; out of it (Armenian gr. with -ano-, Celtic Germanic \n\Vc\Jo-

derivative) ' orphan's property = heir', whereof 'the heir'; 'orphan' = 'small kid, child, small,

weak, helpless ' (Old Indie, Slavic); ' orphan, defenseless kid, child, slave fordoing

charitable support all low work ' (Slavic, Armenian), whereof ' farm-hand's work '

Material: Old Indie a/'i6'/75- 'small, weak; kid, child'; Armenian orb, -oy^ orphan '; arbaneak

'servant, helper, assistant '?;

Maybe Arban ' Albanian ' = Greek Albanoi ' low caste in lllyrian society '

gr. (*/7j6p(po-) opcpo-poTQi EiriTpoTToi opcpavwv Hes., wpcpwaev ibpcpaviasv Hes.,
6p(pav6(; ' orphan, without parents, fatherless, bereaved or bereft of, poor ' (compare
Armenian arbaneaK), Latin orbus^a looted, stolen thing; become an orphan ';

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Albanian *h3UO- > vo-.

Maybe alb. Geg {* hauorphan) vorfen, Tosc varfer^ poor '.

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Albanian *hue- > ve-.

Maybe alb. {*huerban) verber^ blind ' : Latin orbus -a -um> Fr. /77^/'c»/t'e 'blind wall'.

Old Irish orb(b)e, orpem. n. 'the heir' (lo/b'^/io-), comarbe^ coheir', gall. Orb/usMH (in
addition the verb of Old Irish no-m-erpimm ' committo me ', ro-eirpsef they handed over '
etc., maybe from *air-orb-)\

Gothic arbm. 'the heir'. Old High German arbi, erbm. ds.. Old English ierfe, yrfen. 6s.
(Old Icelandic arfrm. 'the heir' is to arf/, arfa'the heir, the heiress ' neologism). Old

Icelandic erf/{Run'\c arbija) n. " LeicnenmanT '; Gothic arbja, Old Icelandic arfi{i. arfa), Old
High German arpeo, erbo^\he heir', Old English ierfeu. "the heir'; the Germanic words
barely derive from Celtic;

from intr. verb *arbe-id^ an orphan child put into service to hard work? ' one leads back
to Gothic arbaiPsi. " hardship, work'. Old Icelandic erfidiu. ds.. Old Saxon arabedi.,
arbediu.. Old English earfot^i., earfet^eu. "toil, work'. Old High German arabeit^\NoxV!
(Old Icelandic erfidr. Old English earfet^e^ beschwerlich '), basic form *arbeiidiz, very
doubtful is formation from *arb-ma-ior Gothic arms^ woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old
Icelandic a/777/'" woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Old High German Old Saxon
ar(a)m. Old English earm'poor'; basic meaning would be perhaps " poor orphan's child ';

Old Bulgarian rabb' farmhand', rabofa' servitus ', Czech rob's\ave', robe'smaW kid,
child', russ. rebjata^ children ', /'(9/?e/7c»/r"kid, child'; the russ. forms go back to rob-, proto
Slavic. *c»/'ifc»-(Vasmer in writing);

Maybe alb. rob^ s\aye of war, captive' a Slavic loanword.

perhaps Hittite arpa-^ Ungunst, Mifterfolg '.

References: WP. I 183 f., WH. II 219 f., Trautmann 12.
Page(s): 781-782

Root / lemma: oreu-, ereu-

Meaning: entrails, intestine, bowel, gut, *skin

Material: Gr. opua " intestine ' (can also stand for *apua, compare :) Latin arvTna^ grease;

lubricating oil, fat ' (would be " mesentery fat belonging to the entrails '); appivvr) Kpeaq.

IiKsAoi Hes. (could be of Latin origin).

References: WP. I 182 f., WH. I 71.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: org-

Meaning: " kill; kill off; zap; deaden ' (?)

See also: see below perg-.

Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: orghi-, j-ghi- {*horghi-a)
Meaning: testicle
Grammatical information: m.

Material: Avestan ardz/'-m. " to scrotum', Du. a/pz/'testicles';

Armenian orJi-k'P\. "testicles', o/y/'not castrated' {*orghi-ios), mi-orjT povopxi^';

gr. (*/7j6pxi<;) 6pxi<; m. "testicle';

-e- grade in alb.

alb. herdhei. 'testicle' {*orghi-a)\ common alb. -gh- > -dh-, -d-.

The origin of labialized Old laryngeals:

common Armenian *hiue- > gw- > g- ; Celtic gw- > u-\ Albanian * hiue- > he-.

Middle Irish uirgget 'testicle' {*orghia), nir. uirgheW\Vc\ secondary^/?; Lithuanian arzus^
lascivious ', e/z/Zas 'stallion', Latvian erze//s6s.

Maybe Root / lemma: ergh-\ ' to shake, tremble, *evil, lustful ' derived Root/ lemma:
orghi-, fghi-\ 'testicle' (hence a taboo word).
References: WP. I 182 f., Trautmann 71.
Page(s): 782

Root / lemma: ort- {*horghi-a)

Meaning: vine, *grape

Material: Armenian {*h3orghi-a) ort 'vine'; alb. {*h2arghi-a) hardi, hardhia ' grapevine '.

Note:

alb. hardhry\'r\e, *grape, round fruit' : /7e/'o'/7e 'testicle'.

Root/ lemma: ort- {* horghi-a)\ vine, *grape < Root/ lemma: orghi-, fghi- {* horghi-a)\

testicle. Common alb. -gh- > -dh-, also alb. has preserved the old laryngeal in alb. herdhe

f. 'testicle', hardhi^y\v\e, *grape, round fruit', consequently Armenian cognates derived

from alb.

References: WP. I 183, Pedersen KZ. 36, 99, BB. 20, 231.

Page(s): 782

Root /lemma: ost(h)-\ ost(h)i, ost(h)r(g), obi. ost(h)-(e)n-

Meaning: bone

Material:

Old laryngeal in -a- grade:

Hittite hastai-^ bone, Widerstandskraft '.

Old Indie asthin., Gen. asth-n-ahleg, bone',

alb. asht, ashte'bone';
Avestan ast-, asti- n. 'bone', Gen. PI. ast^m, Instr. PI. azdbTs, asti-aojah-^ osseous
strength ', astsn-taV vitality '; pali atthitaco^ Cancer, 4th sign of the zodiac' ( *asthi-tvacas^
knochenhautig ', compare to meaning gr. oaraKoq " sea cancer ');

gr. OGTEOv 'bone' (probably *oaT£i-ov '*Beinernes ' = Latin osseumds.), Latin ossu, ossua
probably as innovation after genu, genua; oaraKoq (hellenist. to aaraKoc; assimil.) ' sea
cancer ' from *6aT-TFaK0- ' dessen Haut Knochen sind ', next to which of A-stem oarpaKov
"hard bowl, shard', oarpEov " oyster ' (probably also 6aTpu(;, oarpua, oai^xi'io, " tree with
hard, white wood ' through dissimilation from *6aTpo-5pu(;), aarpayaAoq 'ankle' (assimil.
from *6aTpaYaAoc;; places a Nom. *ost{h)rg ahead); wenat. ostuakon^ ossuanum';

Latin os, more properly oss. Gen. oss/'sn. "leg, bone' (ossfrom *ost); Old Latin also
ossum; (common lllyrian Latin -st- > -ss- phonetic shift)

unclear is the a- in Old Irish as//"limb, member' (acorn, ese/, bret. eze/ds.), Middle Irish
asnavn. "rib ' {*aston/o-7), mcymr. ass-en, PI. eis{*astf), asseu^ rib, slat, pole ', cymr.
asgwrn{see below), wherefore probably Latin asser^\a'i\\, shaft, stake, pole'; perhaps here
Old Irish odbm. "knot, hunch, outgrowth ', cymr. oddfds. from *ozbhc»-, older *ost-b^o-,
perhaps to gr. 6a(pu(; "hip, haunch' (different S. 773);

A Aio-derivative *ost-ko-\\es the basic in: Avestan asc5-"shinbone, calf, Armenian oskr
"bone'; cymr. asgwrn^bov\e\ PI. esgyrn, corn, ascorn, bret. askournds. (Celtic forms -rno-
)■

References: WP. I 185 f., WH. II 225 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 518, Benveniste Origines 1, 6
f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 74; Meillet BSL 33, 259.
Page(s): 783

Root / lemma: oug- ou-1

Meaning: cold

Material: Armenian oic^ co\d' ( *oug-);

gall, month Ogron...; Middle Irish uar^co\d' = cymr. oerds. {*ougro-); Old Irish ocht,
uacMm. "coldness' {*ougtu-);

Latvian auksts'co\d'; Lithuanian aust/"co\d become' {*aug-ske-tR); causative Latvian
ausTt, Lithuanian ausyti^ temper '; after Pedersen KGr. I 103 would be Lithuanian austi

from *au-s-t/ to define and to Old Indie 0-/77^/7- "coldness', Avestan aota-'co\d\ ao-dar-
"coldness", also to place to a root au- {ou-) 'cold'.

References: WP. I 222, WH. I 88, Trautmann 20, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin 1, 222 f.
Page(s): 783

Root / lemma: oui-s

Meaning: sheep

Grammatical information: m. f. Gen. Sg. ouios, f. ouikads.

Material: Old Indie av/'-m. f. 'sheep', av/ka-rc\. ds., avika^ female sheep (= Old Bulgarian
ovbca), 5i/y5- 'of sheep', compare gr. oia; Armenian hov-iw{*oui-pa-) ' shepherd '; gr. die,,
6\c, (argiv. Akk. PI. 6Fiv(;) 'sheep', dizoc, 'of sheep', oia, 6a ' fleece ', lengthened grade coa
fleece, hem' (as Old Indie avika-v\.)\ Latin ovis, Umbrian oui, uveffWk. PI. 'oves' {au-
bubulcus^ pastor bovum ', also 5i///A/s'lamb', see below ag"'hnos)\ Old Irish d/'sheep';
cymr. ewig, acorn, euhic^ cerva ' {*ouTka)\ Old Icelandic aer. Old English eowu, eowe. Old
Saxon ewi. Old High German ouwi, o^ 'sheep {*awT, Gen. *awjdz), Gothic awistr^
sheepfold ', Old English eowestreds., Old High German aw/st, emst{\N\t\r\ to s/a- 'stand'
belonging to the 2. part -sto-, -stfejtro-), Gothic awet^i. Old English eowde. Old High
German ewit^ herd of sheep '; Lithuanian avis, Latvian avst 'sheep'; Lithuanian avinas,
Latvian avins, auns. Old Prussian awins^anes, ram' = Old Bulgarian ovb-n-b6s.\ Old
Bulgarian 01/6-ca 'sheep'.

References: WP. I 167, WH. II 229, Trautmann 20 f.
Page(s): 784

Root / lemma: o 1

Meaning: to, with'

Note: in addition thrak. VN '0-5puaai ' Forest local resident '.

See also: s. S. 280 f. (e- o-)

Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: ozdo-s

Meaning: branch

Note:

Root/ lemma: ozdo-s: branch' derived from Root/ lemma: ozgho-'. bud, sprout, branch'

common lllyrian - gr. Doric gh->z-.

Material: Armenian os/'twig, branch, bough', gr. bZjac, ds., Gothic asts. Old High German

as/'bough'; with Vriddhi *dzdos\v\ Old English ost. Middle Low German os/'knot in wood.

knag' (=" the place where a branch has gone out from the trunk '); probably (?) -ozdo-s'
sitting in the trunk ', s. prefix e-, d-and sed-^s\\!.
References: WP. I 186, W. Schuize KZ 63, 28.
Page(s): 785-786

Root / lemma: ozgho-

Meaning: bud, sprout, branch

Material: Pahlavi az^ "bough", npers. azay^W\q, branch, bud': gr. baxoq,, oaxn. waxn

"twig, branch, sprout';

the gr. words possibly also in Indo Germanic *o-zc/os ' 6C,oq' parallel composition o-
zgho-{: £xu), oxsTv) " holding itself on the trunk '?

References: WP. I 185, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491.
Page(s): 786

Root / lemma: od(e)go-ox dd(e)g''o-

Meaning: stalk

Material: Old Indie adga- m. " tubing staff, stalk'; Lithuanian uodega^ s\.a\V., handle; tail',

Latvian uodega " tail '.

Maybe zero grade in alb. dega^ branch '

References: WP. I 175;

See also: whether here Old Irish odb'kv\o\:, under S. 783 {ost(h)-)l

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: 6g- ag-

Meaning: to grow; fruit, berries

Material: Lithuanian uoga^berry, cherry', Latvian uoga' berry; blister, bubble, Pocke '; Old

Church Slavic agoda, Jagoda ^ Kapiroq, fruit', russ. jagoda^beny', Church Slavic vin-jaga,

slov. vin-jaga'\NM vine ';

reduced grade: Gothic akranu. "fruit, partly of trees, partly of corn, grain ', Old Icelandic
akarn. Old English decern. Middle High German ackeran, eckern "wild tree fruit, esp.
acorn, beechnut'. Modern High German Ecker, wherefore Celto-rom. *agranid, Irish airne
{*agnnja) " sloe, wild plum ', cymr. aeron^ tree fruits ', e/>7/7-e/7"plum' (umlaut). Middle
Breton irin, nbret. hirin^ sloe, wild plum '; perhaps here Armenian acem 'grow' {*agid);
here also Old Irish am "kidney' (sek. from *arann< *agrTna), cymr. areni. "kidney, testicle'
(new formation to PI. eirin "testicles, plums').

Maybe Tokharian: A, B o/ro 'fruit' (Adams 109)

References: WP. I 174, Trautmann 202, Pokorny KZ. 50, 46 ff.

Page(s): 773

Root / lemma: oRu-s

Meaning: quick

Grammatical information: Kompar. oRios, Super!. oRisto-

Material: Old Indie as'^- "quick, fast', Kompar. asTyan, Superl. asistha-, Avestan asu-

"quick, fast', Kompar. asya, Superl. asista, gr. u)ku(;, wkigtoc;, poet. cbKUTaroq, Latin ocior^

faster', Superl. dc/ss//77^s (lacks Positive), acymr. di-auc, ncymr. di-og, corn, di-oc, bret. di-

ec'idle', actually " unquick ';

perhaps in ablaut to aR-, o^- "sharp' (above S. 18 f.); then Latin ac^-/oec//^s 'swift-footed'
and accipiter^ hawk, falcon' (above S. 19) could also belong here;

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*ccipiter) sk/ptar'eag\e man', shq/pe ^eag\e', sk/fter^ hawk, flying
fast'.

A cognate *d^-/'c»- (compare to forms "a^-Ao- besides *aR-u-) is perhaps the base from
Church S\ay\c Jastrgbb ' hawk'.

References: WP. I 172, WH. II 198.
Page(s): 775

Root / lemma: or-, ar-
Meaning: to speak; to call
Material:

In a- grade:

Hittite aruua/-' adore ' (also ania-^ ask the oracle a question '?).

Hittite: arija- (I) ' ascertain through the oracle ' (Tischler 56); aruwai-, arwai- (I) ' adore, pay
honor to, pay respect to ' (Tischler 73-74)
Old Indie aryati^ praises' (?);

gr. Attic apa: (*apaFa), hom. apn "prayer' (*apFa, compare Arcadian KarapFoq " curses
'), whereof apao|jai 'pray, curse'; apusi avTiAsysi, pog; apuouoai Asyouoai, KEAsuouaai;
apuaaoOai sniKaAsaaaOai Hes.,

In o- grade:

Latin oro, -are^ speak a ritual formula, negotiate in court, speak, pray'; Oscan urust'
oraverit ';

Maybe alb. urq/"\N\sh, pray', urte' sage', urate' blessing, priest ' Latin loanword.

russ. oru, oratb'cry', serb. or/t/se' resound ' (perhaps also Latvian urdet' set in motion,
scold, chide'?);

References: WP. I 182, WH. II 224.
Page(s): 781

Root / lemma: 6us-1 : aus-

Meaning: mouth

Material: Auf Indo Germanic *dusgo back: Old Indie a-hn. "mouth' (compare as-an-sA.,

asyamn. 'mouth, aperture '), Avestan ah-, a/jhan-6s.; Latin os, o/7s "mouth, face (with the

eyes and mouth), edge, bank, border, shore'; but Middle Irish a Gen. Sg. "mouth' from

*dsos,

in addition ^derivative: ved. asaya Irom mouth to mouth' (Instr.); Latin dra'e6ge, hem,
limit, boundary, esp. seashore ', in addition coram Adv. (under preposition) " in view of, at
present, before ', imitation from pa/am, c/am irom *co-dro-' situated before the face ';
aureae (oreae) " set of teeth in the bridle, rein', therefrom aurTga{driga) " charioteer ' {-iga
to ago); dscu/um'k\ss' is Demin. from os.

Old Icelandic ossm. " embouchure, estuary ' (Germanic *dsaz), moreover Old English
oru., dram, "edge, beginning '; from Old English dr\s borrowed Middle Irish or' ora,
margo, linea ', acymr. dr6s..

The reduced grade Indo Germanic *aus-proves: alb. ane's'\de, hem, bank, border,
shore, edging ' {*ausna); possibly also Hittite a/s. Gen. /ssasn. "mouth' {*a/es, *a/sos)7 s.
Pedersen Hittite 47 f.

f derivatives are Old Indie ostha-m. n. "lip', Avestan aosta-, aostra-6s. {*dus-), Latin
ostium " entrance, embouchure, estuary ' (= Slavic *ustbje); Old Church Slavic usta PI.
"mouth'; Slavic *ustbjev\. " estuary ' is must be assumed after Bulgarian ustije, russ. ustbje
etc.; compare Old Church Slavic ustbna, slov. ^5//7a"lip';

Old Church Slavic ustiti {naustiti) "move, stimulate, persuade '; probably Old Church Slavic
uzda etc. "bridle, rein'; Latvian ap-aus/ {*-aust/-) " halter'; Old Prussian austo'moutW
(Nom. Plur.?; Akk. Sg. austin), Lithuanian auscioti" babble, chatter, rumor, gossip ',

Latvian ausaV babble, chatter'; changing through ablaut Lithuanian uostai., uostasm. "
embouchure, estuary, mouth of a river, lagoon ', Latvian uostsm., uostai. " harbor'.

References: WP. I 168 f., WH. II 224 f., Trautmann 19 f.
Page(s): 784-785

Root / lemma: 6us2\ aus-. us-

Meaning: ear

Note: extended with -/{sus/'-s), -es{ausos-n.) and -en

Note:

Root / lemma: dus2. aus- : us- : ear', derived from zero grade of Root / lemma: ghous- :

'to sound; hear'.

Only Indo Iranian: Old Indie ghosati^ sounds, announces aloud, hears ', Avestan gaos-

'hear'. Old pers. gausa-, Avestan gaosa-m. 'ear', npers. ^ds'ear'

Material:

Zero -a- grade:

Avestan {*ausi) ^s/Nom. Du. ' both ears, understanding, mind, sense', Instr. Du. usi-bya,

npers. hos{\mu. *aus-) 'ear';

Zero -e- grade:

grade alb. Nom. {*heus/) veshi, Dat. vesh/'ear' similar to Old Church Slavic Gen. usese'oi
the ear'.

common Slavic heu- > ve- phonetic mutation see below.

Armenian unkn 'ear' ( *us-on-ko-m)\ kn after akn 'eye';

gr. Doric (!)(; {*dus) 'ear'; dU3\so in wFara ' auricular, ears ' Alkm., aijcp-wsq Theokr. "
with two handles ', Doric s^-wpaSia ' earrings ', unsp-cbin ' palate ', Attic Aay-clx;, hom. Aay-
u)6q n. ' hare ' {*s/ag-dusos) 'with loose ears'; aus-\r\ gr. lak. auc; 'ear', PI. aavGa (*aua-
avGa) Alkm., tarent. ara (*auaaTa); Ionian nap-rjiov, Attic nap-sia, Lesbian nap-aua '
temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' (: Old Irish arae); gr. ous-
(hybridization of nominative ous- with aus-) in Attic ou(; {*ouooq) "ear', hom. Gen. ouaroc;
(*ouonTO(;), u)Ki5£(; ' earrings ' Hes. {*ous-n-ko-)\ about qkouu) see above S. 18, 587;
about Attic OKpoaaGai (*aKp-ou(;-)s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 348;

alb. veshi, PI. veshtem. 'ear' {*dus-, os-);

Maybe truncated alb. vathe^ earrings ' : gr. wkiSsc; " earrings ' Hes. {*ous-n-ko-) :
Armenian unkn'ear' {*us-on-ko-m)\ alb. vath^ pen , shed ' (common alb. -k> -th).

Note:

Alb. cognate proves that lllyrian used a prothetic i/- before bare initial vowels, while gr.
preserved the old laryngeal H-.

Baluchi gosh, Tadzik gus, Afghan gvaz, Albanian veshi, Greek Cretan hous, Byelorussian
vuchi, vuxa, Lusatian L hucho, Lusatian U wucho, Ukrainian vucho, vuxo, Macedonian
uvo, us/'ear' common Slavic hou- > vuho- phonetic mutation.

Latin aurisi. "ear' ( *ausi-s)\ aus-culto " to hear with attention, listen to, give ear to ' see
above S. 552;

Old Irish au, on. "ear' {*ausos-)\ Old Irish araem. " temple, flattened region on either
side of the forehead ' {*par-ausios), Plur. in PN Arar, gall. FN Arausio^ Orange '
(Thurneysen KZ. 59, 12); PN Su-ausiai. "with nice, beautiful ears';

Gothic auson. "ear' (Germanic *ausan-)\ with gramm. variation {*auzan-): Old Icelandic
eyra. Old English eare. Old Frisian are. Old Saxon Old High German orau. "ear';
therefrom Old High German on. Middle High German sere^ eye ';

Lithuanian aus/'si. (older also m.). Gen. PI. a^s^(konson. stem), Latvian ausst; Old
Prussian Akk. PI. aus/ns'the ears', besides aus/nsVok. m.;

Old Church Slavic ucho. Gen. i/sese (s-stem).

Maybe Saami bealiji: Basque belarrT ear'.

References: WP. I 18, WH. I 85 f., Trautmann 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 348, 520.
Page(s): 785

Root / lemma: 6(uli-om

Meaning: egg

Grammatical information: reduced form giom

Material: Avestan ap-avaya- ^ entmannt' (?), whether from apa-avaya-' without testicle',

compare Old pers. xaya'egg';

Note:

Reduplicated labialized laryngeal h2"ah2"a- > avaya- Avestan

gr. Attic cbiov ( *duio-m), Aeolic wiov ( *dulio-m), Doric u)£OV ( *dueio-m) "egg';
Note:
Reduplicated labialized laryngeal hs^oha^o- > Proto Greek 0oyo- > oio- Greek

cymr. wy, acorn, ^y'egg' (* 5^/0/7 from *duiom)\

without u, which has probably been reduced in long diphthong *duiorrr.

Armenian yi/, Gen. yVoy" egg' {*idJo-, through assimilation from *oio-)\ Latin di/i//77 'egg'
after Szemerenyi KZ. 70, 64 f. from Latin *oom, Indo Germanic *qiom.

Maybe Albanian Geg ( *due-) voe " egg ', Tosc veja, veza " egg ' (common alb. -Slavic hou-
> VO-, heu- > ve- phonetic mutation).

Old Church Slavic ajbce, s\ov.jajce. Old Czech vajce, Czech vejce{*dja-u.) 'egg';

difficult are Crimean Gothic ada{QoVc\\c *addja)\ Old Icelandic egg. Old High German ei.
Old English ^^'egg' (Germanic *ajjaz-\ Old High German PI. eigir. Old English aegru
prove -e5-stem); perhaps after Specht from *9i6m, not abbreviated from proto Germanic
*aliam, Indo Germanic *qiom.

References: WP. I 21 f., WH. II 230, Trautmann 202, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 29;
Specht expounded Latin ai//s'bird' from the final-stressed Indo Germanic Nom. Sg. auefs,
compare above S. 86, where one still could have mentioned gr. oioovoq 'bird of prey' (from
*aiajv6(;, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 662).
Page(s): 783-784

Root / lemma: 62

Meaning: vocative particle

Material: Old Indie a (partly also from Indo Germanic a, s. d.).

Gr. (I), u) exclamation esp. of astonishment, vocative particle (therefrom w^siv 'oh; call,
shout, cry', cJbn ' heda !', compare also won, on ' encouraging shout of the oarsman'! after
Kretschmer KZ. 38, 135 also in gr. cb-puopai 'howl, roar, bellow').

Latin d Exclamation of the most different mood.

Maybe alb. d 'vocative particle'.

Irish a, a= cymr. corn. bret. a Vocative particle.

Gothic o (three times "(I)', once = "oua, fie!'), Middle High German oesp. in vocative,
and (nowadays inscribed oh) exclamation of amazement, emotion, lament (see also
Weigand-Hirt; Germanic d might be partly also phonetically development from Indo
Germanic a, s. d.).

Lithuanian o" Exclamation of the reprimand, the surprise, vocative particle '; Latvian a"
vocative particle '.

Old Church Slavic o"(L' (neologism).

References: WP. I 165, WH. II 192.
See also: s. also eS. 281.
Page(s): 772

Root / lemma: pando-s

Meaning: crooked

Material: Latin pandus^ writhed, crooked, humped, bent, curved, embowedly ' {pando, -are

"bend, crook') = Old Icelandic fattr{*fanta-) " leaned back, crooked behind '.

Maybe a truncated alb. pjer{* pando, -are) 'bend, incline' a Latin loanword.

References: WP. II 6;

See also: see below pet-1.

Page(s): 788

Root / lemma: pank-, pang-

Meaning: to swell

Note: bedeutungs- and ursprungsverwandt with ba'^mb-, pa'^mp-, bu-, pu-eic. (above S. 94

f.) 'inflate, bloat, swell '

Material: Latin panus ( *pank-no-) ' inflammatory growth, bundle of the millet ', rom. pana;

therefrom panTcum 'plant with a tussock '; panceps ' 'zKkoc, kthvou^ eni rpaxn^iou ' Gloss.

(from *pano-caps), pantex^^awuch, intestines (due to a participle */oa/7c-/c»-s 'swollen,

conceitedly ');

Old Church Slavic pociti sq^ inflari ', pgcina^ mare ', poln. p^/r'bud', p^/r' bundle', russ.
yOi//r' bundle, tussock, bunch ', puca^ flatulence ' etc.; with voiced-nonaspirated Old Church
Slavic pggy^ corymbus ', pggvica ' globules '.

References: WP. II 6, WH. II 248.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pap(p)a
Meaning: Daddy; meal
Material:

Alb. {*papa) baba " Daddy ' a Greek loanword.

Gr. nanna Vok., -ou Gen. ' Daddy ', nanaq naTp6(; unoKopiaija, nannoq "grandfather'

(out of it Latin pappus), nannic((; " Daddies ', nanna^siv " say daddy '; skyth. Zzijc,

narraToc;; Latin papa, pappa Ch\\d babble word for 'dish, food; father', pappo -are'eaV;

Modern High German pappen'eat' (with faltering consonant shift going alongside

neologism).

References: WP. II 4, WH. II 249, 250;

See also: compare appa above S. 52.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: parika

Meaning: concubine

Note: only Iran, and Irish

Material: Avestan pairika^ damonische Buhlerin ', mp. parJk, np. yOa/7'Peri' (Iran. *panka);

Middle Irish a{i)rech^ concubine '.

References: Thurneysen IF. 42, 146 f., WP. II 7.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pasto-

Meaning: solid

Material: Old \v\6\c pastya-m^ residences'; Armenian /75s/(/-stem) "tight, firm'; Old

Icelandic fastr. Old English faest. Old Saxon fast. Old High German festi. Modern High

German fest.

References: W P. II 7 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: paus-
Meaning: to let go

Material: Gr. nauu) "make cease', Med. " stop, give up ', TiauAa " tranquility ', TTauowAn
"rest';

Old Prussian pausto'\NM, Old Church Slavic p^s/b " deserted, abandoned, forsaken,
waste, desolate '; pustiti, russ. pustftb, puskatb " let go ', sloven. delo-pusV end of work '
etc.

maybe alb. pushtoj^hwq, not let go', alb. Geg p(e)shtoj, alb. shpetoj" escape, save, rescue'
Slavic loanwords.

References: WP. II 1, Trautmann 208 f.
Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: paR- and pag-

Meaning: to repair, strengthen

Grammatical information: present *pag-mi, paR-si, paR-ti

Material: Old Indie pas- (Instr. PI. padbhfh) " loop, noose, snare, rope', pasa-m. ds., pajra-

" thickset, strong';

Avestan pas- " join each other, fasten, bind, piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together ',
fsabis^ in chains ' (about pourupaxsta-^ a lot, richly folded ' s. Benveniste BSL. 29, 106 f.);

gr. naaaaAoq, Attic naTTaAo(; m. 'peg, plug, nail' (-ki-), nnaau), Attic nnTTw ' Trnyvupi ';
TTnyvOpi (Doric -5-) ' fasten by hitting; allow to solidify, congeal ' (snaynv, nEnnya,
nriKT6(;), nnypa n. "plant, rack ', nr|y6(; "tight, firm, strong', nnyavov n. " Raute ', vau-nnyo(;
' shipbuilding master ', nr|yuAi(; Adj. f. " reifig, icy ', nayo(; m. "ice, hoarfrost ' (also Dat. PI.
naysGi "frost'), hom. " crag cliff; naxvr) (*na^va) " hoarfrost, frost', nayn " loop, noose,
snare, dragnet ', naKTOw "make tight, firm, close, block ', a-ira^ "simple, just'; na^ Adv.
"enough!'; here nriyn, Doric naya " ueuNe ';

Latin pacTsco {sek. -or) " einen Vertrag oder Vergleich festmachen, abschlieflen ', Old

Latin pacio^ pactio ', pacunV paciscuntur ', pax, -c/'sf. "peace; friendly disposition '

(Umbrian pase tua^ pace tua ' in the address of divinities), yoa/i/s "picket, pole' (from *pak-

slos, compare Demin. paxillus); pango {pepigr, renamed peg/ afier freg/, and panx/) "

r

befestigen, einschlagen; aneinanderfijgen, schriftlich verfassen, festsetzen ' (to the

nasalization of present compare Germanic *fa/jxan), compages^ ]o\x\\. ', pag/na{*\he

papyrus stripes added to the sheet) " sheet of paper, side, column ', pagus^ rural

community, village, construction ', propago, propages^ Setzlinge ', propagare^ einen

Setzling in der Erde festmachen, daher fortpflanzen '; Umbrian pase {see above), paca

Adv. " causa ', Oscan prupukid^ ex antepacto ?', Umbrian Paelignian Marrucinian pacri- "

propitius, placatus '; Middle Irish age^\\mb, member, pillar' {*pagio-), ^//"pleasant' {*pagli-\

or as *pokli- to Old Icelandic faegiligr^s., s. *peR-1l); cymr. ae/c»o'"limb, member'
{*paglatu-)\

Germanic Nasalpras. *farjxan (: Latin pangd) in Gothic fahan. Old Icelandic fa. Old
English fon. Old High German fahan. Old Saxon fahan an6 fangan' capture ', Gothic
gafahn.. Old Icelandic fengr. Old English fengm.. Old High German fangm. " catch, booty
'; Old High German fuoga' joint ', gafuogi^ fitting', hJ-fuoge^ matchmaker ', Old High
German fuogen. Old Saxon fogian^ add ', Old English gefegan^ fit, connect ', Middle High
German vagen^ add '; from *pag-:Q\^ Saxon fac^ encirclement, Umzaunung ', Middle
Low German i/a/rm. ds. "dividing off, partitioning off. Old High German fah^ moenia ',
Modern High German Fach, einfach; from temporal department Old English /fee 'stretch of
time'. Middle Low German vaken, vake. Late Middle High German ^ei/ac/?' often'. Middle
High German drier vacher' thrice, three times ';

Slavic *yC»aza-m. in sloven, paz ' \o\nt ', paz' wooden wall '.

References: WP. II 2 f., WH. II 232 f., 235 f., 245 f., Trautmann 209.
Page(s): 787-788

Root / lemma: pan-
Meaning: fabric

Material: Gr. nfjvoc; n., nnvri f. " texture ' Hes., nr|viov " rolled up thread, fabric, garment ',
nnvi^opiai ' weave ' (Doric naviaSsTai Theokr.); ablaut. Latin pannus' a piece of cloth,
garment of cloth ' (expressive nn);

Maybe alb. Geg pen/, Tosc per/^ thread ', alb. geg gjyi-pana, Tosc gjilpere^ needle '.
Gothic fanam. 'rag, sweat cloth'. Old High German /^/70 'stuff, kerchief, cloth'. Modern
High German Fahne, Old English fanam. 'banner, ensign, flag, kerchief, cloth; Iris', fane,
fanui. 'banner, ensign, flag. Iris '; unclear. Middle Irish an-art^ leinernes Tuch '; one might
understand gr. and Latin a as expressive (compare above S. 211 to gall, drappus), could
be accepted in relationship to (s)pen-^ be tight, spin '.
References: WP. II 5, WH. II 247 f.
Page(s): 788

Root / lemma: par-
Meaning: to show; be visible

Material: Gr. nsnapsTv ' show ', nenap£uai|Jov sucppaoTov, aa(p£(; Hes.; Latin pared, -ere^
erscheinen, sichtbar sein, sich zeigen; Folge leisten, gehorchen ', appared, compared^
appears ' {parret, after Festus for paret, as baca : bacca etc.).

References: WP. II 6, WH. II 252 f.
Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: paso-s

Meaning: a relation

Material: Gr. nr|6(;, Doric naoq ' Verschwagerter ', nawrai auYY£V£T(; Hes.; Latin pari-cTda

( *paso-kaida) newer parri-cTda 'murderer of a close relative '; after Wackernagel Gnomon

6, 458 from * parso-cidaio Indie purusa- 'person' from Old Indie *pursa-.

References: WP. II 7, WH. II 253 f.

Page(s): 789

Root / lemma: pauson- : puson-

Meaning: name of a deity

Material: Old Indie Pusan- m. ' Vedie God, guardian and defender of the herds and the

human possession generally ', gr. flav, Areadian flaajv (*naua(jov); lllyrian (Messapie) PN

Pauso, -onos, gall, (venet.) PN Pusam.; doubtful, whether to Old Indie pusyati, pusnati,

posati^ prospers, becomes overgrown, makes prosper, nourished ', p6sa-xx\. ' prospering;

flourishing, growth ';

References: WP. II 2; compare Charpentier Indo Germanic Jb. 19, 90.

See also: see below pu-1.

Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: pa- : pa- and pa-t- : pa-t-

Meaning: to feed, graze

Material: Armenian hauran^ herd' {*pa-tro-), /701//1/ 'herdsman, shepherd' {*oui-pa-)\ gr.

Doric TTavia rrAnapovn, navia TanArjaiJia; Latin pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum 'allow to graze,

fijttere', Dep. ' devour, graze' {*pas-scd), yoas/o/'' herdsman, shepherd'.

Maybe Alb. {* pastor!) i6>5/'/' herdsman, shepherd'.

Note

Alb. i6>a/''grass, fodder', bares^ walk, stroll ' derived from alb. {*barma) it'SAna 'medicine,

herb, grass' from lat. pharmacum < gr. pharmakon from Egyptian Coptic pahre, fahn" cure'.

Lat. pabu/um load' {*pa-d^/om), pan/s'bread' (because oi past/7/us' pellet, globule from
meal, flour' from *pa-st-nis)\ Messapie iravoc, 'bread' is Latin loanword; Old Irish ain-chess
' bread basket';

perhaps as Venetic-lllyrian element in Celtic *pa-ro-^ willow ' in cymr. pawr' willow ', PI.
porion, therefrom Verbalnom. pori. Middle Breton peuriff, bret. yOe^/7" graze'; with -//to- suffix
Old Icelandic fodru.. Old English fodoru.. Old High German fuotarlood'; Old Church
Slavic pasg, past/'graze' ( *pasRd)\ Tocharian A pas-, B pask- 'beware, guard'; Hittite
pahs- {pahhas-) " shield '.
Maybe alb. Geg me pa, aor. pashe'to watch, protect'.

With -^further formations: gr. naiEopai 'eat and drink '; aTraaToq ' without meal and
drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'; doubtful
Old Irish as{a)/d' it grows' (" increases '), Middle Irish 55' Wachsen ' {*pat-to-)\ Gothic
fodjan^ nourish ', Old Icelandic f0da. Old English fedan. Old Saxon fodian. Old High
German fuotenAs., Old English foda, engl. /boo^'nourishment, food'. Old English fostor
ds.. Old Icelandic fostr^ upbringing, sustenance, livelihood' {*pat-tro-)\ ablaut. Old High
German kauatoV pasta ' (Old High German Gl. 2, 333, 65), /^/^/7^a 'nourishment, food'.
Middle Low German vedemei. ' acorn mast '.

References: WP. II 72 f., WH. II 246 f., 260, Trautmann 207 f.;
See also: compare also pen-lleed'.
Page(s): 787

Root / lemma: {peg- :) pog- : pog- pok-s- {*pegh-)

Meaning: shoulder, hip, side

Material: Old \x\(X\c paksa-vn. 'shoulder, wing' and ' side posts ', paksas-n. 'side'; common

Old Indie -gh- > -ks-

Latin pec/^s 'breast'; common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : lat -gh- > -ct-

Latvian paksis ' house corner ';

Tocharian A passam, B pascane ' both breasts '; common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : Tocharian

-gh- > -ss-

long vocal Old \nd'\c pajasya-n. ' belly area, groin ', russ. (etc.) pach^ groin ', pacha

'armpit', pachva 'armpit, groin '; besides the yiostem *p6gio- in Czech paze ' arm '

Note:

Root/ lemma: {peg-.) pog-. pog- pdk-s-\ 'shoulder, hip, side' is a reduced root of Baltic

Lithuanian pa-zaste, pa-zast/st 'place under the arm, armpit'.

A common satem Root/ lemma: dous-\ 'arm' (see above) derived from an archaic root

* gheus^haud, arm' (see below). But she shifty/?- >o'-is a unique Old pers., Baltic, celt.,

Illyrian-alb..

Two other roots, respectively Root/ lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr-: hand' and Root/ lemma:

ghesto-2'. 'hand, arm' derived from an extended archaic root gheus+ reduced form of the

common PIE suffix variants -tar, -ter, -tra, -tre. : Old Indie hasta-hxw. "hand', Avestan
zasta-. Old pers. dasta- ds.;

The key link between Root / lemma: c/ous- {* gheus-): 'arm' derived from an archaic root
*gheus'hand, arm' and Root /lemma: ghesor-1, ghesr- {* gheus-): hand' and Root/
lemma: ghesto-2 {* gheus-): "hand, arm' are Baltic : Latvian pa-duse {zero grade) " armpit '
: Lithuanian pa-zaste, pa-zastlst " place under the arm, armpit '.
References: WP. II 3 f., WH. II 270, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 237 f.
Page(s): 792

Root / lemma: peig-1 and peik-

Meaning: coloured, speckled

Material: A. Old Indie pirjkte {uube\.) " painted ', pings-, p/'/jga/a-' reddish, brown', pinjara-

"reddish, golden '; gr. niYYCiAo(; (Hes.) 'lizard', niyYCiv ' Kucken ' Hes.; Latin pingo, -ere,

pinxT, pictum " paint; with the needle prick ', pictor^ painter '; Old Bulgarian pegi^

"varicolored'; Tocharian A pik-, pek- " write, paint ' {pekant- ' painter '), B pink-, pai(y)k- "

write '.

Maybe alb. pike^doi, stain'.

B. Old Indie /0//77S5//"lashes out from (esp. flesh), cuts, cuts rightly, forms, decorates ',
pesaii-u., pesa-m. "shape, form, paint, color', pesaia-^ decorates; mellifluous; skilful'
(compare noiKiAo(;); pisarjga-^ reddish, reddish brown ', pisa-xr\. ' Dammhirsch ' etc.;
perhaps 5///0a- "varicolored', whether from *yC>/s/5-(Tedesco, Lang. 23, 383 ff.);

Maybe alb. p/is "dirty, stained', i piste ^ dirty ' = Lithuanian /7/esa"smut'.

Avestan paes-^ make colorful, adorn, decorate ', paesa-m. paesati-u. "jewellery,
decoration ', Old pers. /7^5^B" written down ', Avestan fra-pixsta-^ decorated ';

gr. TTOiKiAo(; "varicolored'; TTiKp6(; "sharp (of arrow), bitter, shrilly, screaming, hostilely '
(formal = Old Bulgarian ptstrt "varicolored'); Latin pignus, -oris^ pledge ' (if " the pinned

'?);

Maybe alb. peng^ pledge ' a Latin loanword.

Gothic filu-faitis^ sehr mannigfaltig ' (compare Old \r\d'\c puru-pesa-' mannigfaltig '), Old
High German Old Saxon /e/7 "varicolored'. Old English fail, /^^"varicolored', whereof Old
Icelandic fa{*failidn) " paint, adorn', fa runar^ scratch Runes ' (originally "red paint '), fainn
" brightly speckled ', Old English fagian. Old High German feiien^ adorn';

Lithuanian piesti^ paint, write ', paTsas, piesas " RudflecK ', piesa "smut", paTsinas,
puisinas, pulsus^ sooty, dirty, filthy', ispaisau^ adumbro '; Old Prussian peisai^ they write
'; Old Church Slavic pisg ptsati 'write ', ptstrb (= niKp6(;) "varicolored', ptstrgg-b " trout '
(also pbsi} "dog' called from the color).

References: WP. II 9 f., WH. II 301 f., 305 f., Trautmann 210 f.
Page(s): 794-795

Root / lemma: pe/g-1 and peiR-

Meaning: hostile

Note: (Baltic peik- probably with West Indo Germanic guttural)

Material: A. Latin piget^ it irritates me, excites, causes aversion ', piger, -gra, -grum^

querulous, slow, decayed '; Old Icelandic feiknu. "ruin'. Old English facen. Old Saxon

fecanu. " betrayal, malice, deceit' (Old English fgecne^ deceitful, mad, wicked, evil'). Old

High German feihhanu. " guilefulness, deceit'. Old English ^e/^ic "deceit', ficor cunning,

changeable '.

B. Old \x\6\c pfsuna-^ bosgesinm, treacherous, venaumoenscn ', p/saca- "demon'; here
the gall. (Venetic-lllyrian) VN Pictones, Pictavi{: Lithuanian piktas) " Poitou ';

Note:

The name P/cfonesM\/as given to lllyrians by centum speaking tribes.

West Germanic *fa/h/Pd\n Old High German feh/da'\r\ate, fight'. Modern High German
Fehde, Old English fgeht^(u) f. "enmity, feud '; Old High German fehan^ zelare ' and "hate',
Old Saxon a-fehjan^ treat hostilely ', of Adj. Old High German gifeh^ hostile ', Old English
fah, fag^ outlawed, ostracizes ' (engl. foe^ enemy '); in addition also Old High German
feigi^ dem Tode verfallen ', Modern High German /fe/ige "timorous' (dial, also " dem Tode
verfallen ', "fast mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', or " decayed '), Old Saxon /e^/ "of death'.
Old English faege' is worried near the death ' (engl. fe)^. Old Icelandic feigr^ dem Tode
verfallen ' {*poikJ6s, compare Lithuanian palkas "stupid');

Lithuanian pa/Tras "stupid', peikiu, pe/kt/" rebuke, reproach, vilify, scold'; p/ktas^mad,
wicked, evil, angry, irate', pykstu, pyktrxa<^e against, be mad, wicked, evil '; Latvian
peiksts^ changeable person'; Old Prussian paikemmai \ . PI. Konj., aupaickTf c\\ea\.,
deceive', pickuls^6ey\\\ Lithuanian pikulas^6ey\\\ Latvian -pikis, p/ku/s'devW.

References: WP. II 10 f., WH. II 300 f., Trautmann 203 f.

Page(s): 795

Root / lemma: pei-m(i)-

Meaning: quick, perky

Note: Only Celtic and german.

Material: Old Irish eim {* peimi-) 'rash, hasty, agile'; Old Icelandic f/mrds., ord-fimii. "

adroitness in words'; but Norwegian fimra^ fumble ', Middle Low German fimmelen,

fimmerends., engl. dial, fimbleds.; Swedish famla, fumla, ndd. fummein, engl. fumble^

fumble ' are distinct imitative sound.

References: WP. 1111, Sommer IF. 51 , 247.

Page(s): 795

Root / lemma: peisk-, pisk-

Meaning: fish

Material: Latin p/sc/sm. 'fish', p/sana T'\sc}r\te\cW , piscor, -arF fish, catch fish '; Gothic

fisksm.. Old Icelandic fiskr. Old High German Old English /^s/r 'fish' {*p/skos), Gothic

fiskon. Modern High German fischen (: Latin piscarr, compare Middle High German vischJn

: Latin pis-cTna)\ full grade Old Irish Tasc{*peiskos), Gen. e/5c'fish', collective 'fish'; poln.

piskorz^ Peiflker ', russ. piskart 'Grundling '; based on the concordance with Middle Irish

esc 'water', Scots Gaelic FIN Es/r (Celtic *isk§): acymr. FIN Uisc, ncymr. H^ks^ (Celtic

*eska\xoxx\ * eiska or *eidska) by chance? s. also above S. 794.

Note:

From PIE the cognate for fish passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *pusa ( ~ -Jo-)

Meaning: a k. of fish

Mongolian protoform: *basir]ga

Tungus protoform: *puse-

Japanese protoform: *pansai

References: WP. II 11, WH. II 310, Max Forster Themse 840 f.

Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: {peis-'H) : pis-

Meaning: to grind

Material: Old Indie pinasti^ grinds, crushes ' (3. PI. pisanti= Latin pinsunt), pista- ' ground

', n. 'meal, flour', pestar-^ Zerreiber ' (: Latin pistoi), Avestan pisant-^ crushing '; gr.

TTTiaau) ' stamp, grind coarsely ' (probably expressives qq), nriapa, nTiaavr) ' shelled

barley ', nrioK;, nTia[j6(; ' stamping ', nspiniapaTa ' squeezed bunches of grapes ' (diss.

from *TT£pnTTia|jaTa); Latin pTnso, -ere, pinsid, pi(n)sd, -are^ crush, grind ' {pTs-mVc\ nasal
reduction from pins-), *pTstum, pTnsum, pinsitum; pistor^ baker ', p/sd "mortar", pTla6s.,
pTIum " mortar club ' (and 'spear, lance'), pistillum " Stampfer '; Umbrian pistu ' pistum ';
Middle Low German iz/se/" mortar'. Middle High German /^se/' penis'; Lithuanian Iterat.
paisyti^ (Gerste) abklopfen, den Gerstenkornern die Grannen abschlagen ', primarily yO/s//"
coire cum femina '; Old Church Slavic pbsgau6 pbchajg, pbchat/^bump, poke', *pbseno
"meal, flour', russ. psenou. " shelled millet ', Czech Iterat. yOec/701/5//" stomp'.
Maybe alb. bishti^ tail ' a Baltic loanword.

References: WP. 111, WH. II 267, 307 f., Trautmann 220 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 692.
Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: peis-2, speis-

Meaning: to blow

Material: With s-/ Latin spTro, -are'b\o\N, breathe, breathe' {*speis-), spTritus, -Js "breath,

breeze, breath, soul, ghost'; spiraculum^ air hole ';

without 5-.'0ld \v\6\c picchora^ whistle, flute'; Middle High German vTsen, vfsten^ einen
Wind streichen lassen ', K7s/"breaking wind, fart'. Old English ffsting6s., ndd. ffster^ podex
', Dutch veest{*faist) "breaking wind, fart'. Old Icelandic ffsa^ fart ', Norwegian ffsa^s. and
"blow'. Modern High German fispern, fispe/n'h\ss'; Balto-Slavic *pTsketi^ cheeps, whistles '
in Lithuanian pysketi^ bang ', Slavic *piscg, *piscati\x\ russ. piscu, piscatb " cheep,
screech, shriek, scream, squawk, cackle, croak, yell ', Church Slavic pistalbi. " whistle ',
Old Church Slavic p/sAa// "whistle' etc.;

maybe alb. piskaV\o srceam', piscame^ scream' Slavic loanwords.

with /^formants: cymr. ffun {*spoi-na) "breath'.

References: WP. 1111, WH. II 575 f., Trautmann 221 .
Page(s): 796

Root / lemma: pej(9)-, pi-

Meaning: fat; milk

Material: Old Indie payate^ swells, is full, makes swell, are full ', pipyusf plentiful, rich in

milk ', Avestan (a)-pipyusT-^ having no milk in the breast, not nursing ' (: Lithuanian pa-

pijusl). Old Indie pTna- "fat, obese, thick', pyayate' swells, is full ', yC>//7i/5//" makes swell ',

Avestan fra-p/nao/t/" makes prosper';

Old \nd'\c payas-n. "juice, sap, water, milk', Avestan payah-n. "milk', Avestan paeman-n. "
mother's milk ' (: Old English f^mne); np. plhu 'sour milk, fresh cheese' (: Lithuanian
pfenas "milk'). Old Indie peru-, peru- " swelling, making tumescent ' (probably with Indo
Germanic /, so that to Norwegian fel)\

Norwegian fer skimmings, thick-made milk'; Old English /^/77/7e "virgin, young wife,
woman'. Old Saxon /^/77ea"schwangere wife, woman'. Old Icelandic /e//77a"girr (: Avestan
paeman-' Mother's milk ');

Lithuanian papijusi karve " the cow which does not hold back the milk during milking ',
pydau, -dyti' zum Milchen reizen ', pyti' give milk ', pfenas' rnWk';

prmo-slat' in gr. nlpsAn "fat', Latin op/mus lat, wohlgenahrt; fertile; rich' (probably
p/hgu/s lat': hybridization from *p/'mos and *finguis, see above S. 128).

^/-formations:

Attic noa, ep. -Ionian noir), Doric noia "grass, Rasenplatz ', from *noiFa = Lithuanian
pfeva "meadow' ( *poiu§)\

pFuo-s-and pTu-er/-en-'\a^\ Old Indie yO/Vas-n., Avestan pTvah-n. "fat, bacon'; Old Indie
pTvan-, f. yC>7i/5/7 "tumescent, plentiful, obese, fat', pTvara- ds., newer formation of Fem. From
the likewise not old gr. ni£p6(;, TTTap6(; = gr. Tfiwv, f. rfisipa "fat, fertile, rich', nTap (only
Nom. Akk. Sg. *pT-ui) "fat'; Old Irish Triu, Gen. Trenn {*pT-uer-jd) "ground, earth; face of the
earth, earth's surface, land', if actually " ttjeic

/£/-stem pei-tu-, pT-tu-lat, juice, sap, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to
quench one's thirst, draught, potion, nourishment, food': e/in Lithuanian p/etus' Midday
meals '; compare Old \n6\c petv-a-m. " he-goat; billy goat, wether, castrated ram ' (actually
"fat, obese'), Avestan po/^walat, obese';

pT-tu-' drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion,
dish, food': Old \n6\c p/tu-m., Avestan p/tu-sm. "juice, sap, drink, beverage, liquid which is
swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion, nourishment, food, dish, food', Avestan
arsmpi^wa, ra-pi&wa\. " midday ', actually " the time fitting for the meal '; Old Irish ith
"(*nourishment, food), corn, grain', acymr. //, ncymr. yd{*pitu-) etc. "ds.'; Latin pTtuTta'uch
humidity, a cold, catarrh'; Middle Irish /?/? "tallow, suet' {*pTtu-)\ wherefore as denominative
Old Church Slavic piteti, newer pitatT feed, nourish, gather '; here from the meaning
"resin' from: Old Indie pTtu-daru' a spruce kind ', actually " resinous tree ', and as short
forms of such a compounds pamird. yO//"fir, spruce', gr. tt'wuc, ds.; full grade Middle Irish

Tath'c\. ("rich meadow, land' {*pei-tu-); the meaning "resin' also in the A'-derivative *pi-k-:<^'c.
niaaa Attic niiTa f. "tar', niTTOKiov n. " little writing board, plaster ', Latin pix, picisi. "tar'
(out of it Old High German peh etc.), perhaps Middle Low German v^g), i//77e "swamp,
marsh, break'; (Lithuanian p/'k/s'tar' is Germanic loanword). Old Church S\av\c ptch/h,
russ. -Church Slavic ptkb/b "tar'; but Latin pTnus, -Jsand -/""fir, spruce, pine, pine tree'
because of alb. p/shel'\r, spruce, pinewood torch' ( *pit-s-ia) probably from *pit-s-nu-s.

The following cognates prove that Albanian cognate is an abbreviated Latin loanword.

English

pine ;

fir ; pine tree

Albanian

pishe

Bergamasco

paghera

Bresciano

pi ; pigna

Catalan

pi

Greek

TTSUKO

Griko Salentino

pigno

Ladin

pinch

Latin

pinus

; taeda

Lombardo Occidentale pescia

Mokshan

pichae

Occitan

pin

Piemontese

pin

Reggiano

pin

Romagnolo

pin

Romanian

pin

Valencian

pi

Venetian pin

Zeneize pin

extension poi-d-, pT-d-: gr. nT5ri£i(; " rich in springs ', nT5a^ 'wellspring', nT5uu) "allow
trickle through, gushes forth ', Norn. PI. n. rfiasa ' damp places, meadows ' ( *pT-d-s-es-)\
Old Icelandic fitai. 'fat', Germanic *faitian^ fatten, overfeed ' (Old High German feizen. Old
English fgetan. Old Icelandic feit^, "/^//a- "fat'(Old High German feiz. Old Icelandic feiti),
participle Germanic *faitida-: Q\^ High German feizzit. Middle High German veiz(e)t.
Modern High German feist. Old English faeted, engl. fat. Middle Low German i/e/"fat'; Old
Icelandic /^/'meadow'. East Frisian "puddle, slop'; Latvian pisa, /O/se 'morass, bush wood ';
about Middle Irish esc "water' (see above S. 45 about Middle Irish esc-ung^ eel, snakelike
fish '), wherefore Middle Irish escaf. "swamp, marsh', see below pe/s/r- "fish'; or escirom
*pid-ska?

References: WP. II 73 ff., WH. 211 f., 306, 308, 311, 312, Trautmann 207 f., 210, 217.
Page(s): 793-794

Root / lemma: peR-1, peR-, poR-
Meaning: to make pretty; to be joyful

Material: Old High German gifehan. Old English gefeon " are glad '; Old Saxon Old High
German /fe/7d/7 "consume'. Old High German gi-fehdn6s. = Old English ge-feon. Old High
German gi-fehan^ take pleasure '; Kaus. Gothic fulla-fahjan^ perform satisfaction, give
satisfaction, serve ', Old High German fagon^ stand '; Gothic /^/7eA's "pleasure, joy'. Old
Icelandic feginn. Old English /fe^e/7 "blithe, glad', Gothic Old High German faginon. Old
English faegenian^ are glad ', Old Icelandic fagna6s., Gothic ga-fefiaba' fitting,
respectable ', Old Icelandic /^^///^/""pleasanf; Gothic fagrs^ suitable ', Old Icelandic fagr.
Old English /^^©/""beautifuT etc.; Gothic ^3-/^/7/7^/7" prepare, concoct'; in materieller
meaning Middle High German i/e^e/7 "clean, scour, rub, clean, sweep, wash away ', Old
Icelandic /^^a "adorn, clean', /^5/a "gleaming make, clean' and Lithuanian puosiu
{*pdReid), yOi/os// "adorn', Latvian yOi/os/" clean, adorn', refl. "be clean'; perhaps here Middle
Irish ^//"pleasant' as *pdkli- (yet s. also under paR- " moor ').
References: WP. II 16, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 14, 91, Trautmann 229.
Page(s): 796-797

Root / lemma: peR-2
Meaning: to fleece; cattle

Material: Old Indie pasu-, pasu- n., Gen. pasvah, pasu- m. "cattle'; Avestan pasu- m.
"cattle' (mostly still "small cattle'), in compound fsu-, -fsu-, wherewith Old Indie ksu-man-
"rich in food', puru-ksu 6s. (twice also basic ksu) as Diss. -forms for ps^- identical; = Latin
pecO, -usn. "a head of cattle, beast, brute, animal, one of a herd', next to which pecus, -
orisu. (formal = gr. to hekoc;), pecus, -udisi. ds.; derivatives pecun/a^ property, riches,
wealth', pecu//um^ property'; Umbrian pequoP\. n. " pecua '; = Gothic fafhu^ possession,
fortune'. Old Icelandic fe. Old English feoh. Old Saxon fehu. Old High German fihu^catt\e'\
= Lithuanian pekus. Old Prussian pec/ri/ "cattle' (West Indo Germanic guttural); Gothic bi-,
ga-fafhon^ ijbervorteilen ' are after W. Wissmann (The oldest Postverbalia 79 ff.)
Denominativa from fafhu, and t>/-fa/h ^ 6ece\t' is noun post-verbal;

Armenian asr, Gen. asu^ sheep's wool, fleece ', asi/e/ "fleecy' {*poku+ r, with a from o
in open initial sound syllable); gr. TreKoo (= Lithuanian pesu), hektu) (= Latin pecto. Old High
German fehtan), hekteu) "comb, shear ', nsKoq n. " fleece, wool', n6K0(; m.; " fleece ', k-\z\c„
KTSvoq "comb' (from zero grade *nKT£v-; Latin pecten);

alb. pile^ Werkzeug zum Flachskammen, -hechein ' {*pekla)\ Latin pecto, -ere, pexT
"comb', pecten, -//7/s"comb', Umbrian petenata^ pectinatam '; Old High German Old
Saxon fehtan. Old English feohtan^ fence '; Old High German Old Saxon fahs. Old English
feax^ hair ', Old Icelandic /&A'"mane' ( *-pok-s-o-, compare the es-stem nsKOi;), Old
Icelandic faer. Old Swedish /^/""sheep' ( *fahaz= noKoc;), Old Swedish fset{ *fahti-) "wool,
fleece ', Old English feht^ fleece ', Dutch vacMt "wool, fleece ', Old English f/h/' a piece
of cloth, garment of cloth '; Lithuanian pesu, pesti^ rupfen, an den Haaren zausen ', Iter.
pasyti, susipesti^ to tear, rend'.

Here probably Old \r\6\c paks-man-r\. "eyelashes, hair', paks-mala-^W\t\\ strong
eyelashes, thick-hairy ', Avestan pasna-r\. "eyelid', compare in not so specified meaning
np. pasm "wool', common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh- > -xs-, -s-

References: WP. II 16 f., WH. 1 1 269 f., 270 ff., Trautmann 217, Specht KZ 68, 205 ff.
Page(s): 797

Root / lemma: pe/T'- {*k"'ek"'hd)

Meaning: to cook

Grammatical information: participle pek''-to-^cooke6, boiled'

Material: Old Indie pacati, Avestan pacaiti^ cooks, bakes, roasts ' (= Latin coquo, cymr.

pobi, alb. pjek. Old Bulgarian pekg, compare also Lithuanian kepu); Put. paksyat/: gr.

nsijju)); common Old Indie -g"'h- > -ks- : Gr. -g^'h- > -k^'h- : -k^'h- > -ps-

Supin. paktum= Latin coctum, Old Church Slavic pestb; participle pakta-{= gr. tt£ttt6(;,

Latin coctus, cymr. poeth).

Common Celtic Albanian -k > -th phonetic mutation.

Old \x\(i\c pacyate^ matures, ripens ', yoa/ri/a- 'cooked, boiled, mature, ripe, mellow,

seasoned ', paktf-i. " das Kochen, gekochtes Gericht ' (= gr. nsijji^, Latin cocti-o. Old

Bulgarian pestb. Old Prussian pectis), paktar-^ the cooking ' (= Latin coctor, fem. gr.

nsnipia) paka-m. ' the cooking, baking, Reifen ', Avestan nasu-paka-^ cooking, burning

corpse parts '; Armenian probably /75c 'bread' as *pok"-ti-, gr. nsaaaj, Attic nmu) 'cook,

digest ' ( *pek'^id), /opresent nsnTU); nsijjic; f. ' cook '; nsnajv, -ovoc; ' mature, ripe, mellow,

seasoned ' (f. nsnsipa after niwv : nisipa), nonavov ' pastry, cake'; *k"'opos in apro-Konog

(besides apro-nono^) ' bread baker '; alb. pjek^\ bake';

Common alb. Slavic -/ie-dipthong;

Latin coquo, -ere ^ cook' (Italian Celtic Assim. from *pek"d\.o *k"ek"d), coquus^ cook ' (:

dpTO-Konoq), coquTna^ kitchen ', as Oscan-Umbrian loanword popTna; cymr. pobiioirom

e), corn, pobas, bret. pibi^ bake ', bret. pobeV baked ', cymr. poeth {*k"'ek"-tos) 'hot', bret.

yOoaz 'cooked, boiled', mcymr. poburies^ Backerin ', corn, peber, bret. pober^ baker ';

common celt.-lllyrian k"- > p-

Old Irish cuchtar^ kitchen 'from Latin coctura ds.; Old English a-/^ige/7 'roasted'; Lithuanian

(reconverted with metathesis) kepu, kept/, Latvian cepu, cept' bake, fry', cep/zs 'oven';

Maybe Lithuanian kepu, Latvian cepu Iry' : cep//s^ oven' > alb. {*cepu/-ka) kepurdhai. "

mushroom ' : Romanian cuptor'oven', ciuperca ' mushroom ' similar to Slavic formation

Bulgarian pecburka ' a small stove, mushroom ' : Polish p/eczara ' cave' : Old Church

Slavic yoes/e/'a 'cave, oven' > Polish p/eczarka' mushroom '.

without metathesis Old Prussian pectis ' stove shovel ' = Old Church Slavic pestb 'oven,

jHohle '; Lithuanian pe/r/as 'roasted'. Old Church Slavic *pekg, *pestr bake ' in serb.

pecem, pec/ds., etc.; Old Church Slavic pekb'heaV, potb 'Schweift' ( *pokto-), pestb

'oven', pestera^cave, oven' etc.;

Tocharian AB pak- 'zum Reifen bringen, cook', participle Pass. B pepaksu, A pukal, B

pikuryear' (= ' ripeness'), common Old Indie -g"h- > -ks- : Tocharian -g'^b- > -ks-

References: WP. II 17 f., WH. I 270 f., Trautmann 21 1 f.

Page(s): 798

Root / lemma: pe/a- pla-

Meaning: wide and flat

Material: Armenian /70/ 'earth, dust, powder, bottom, land'; Latin palam^ open, publicly ',

Akk. as clam, from a *pela-ox pola-, alb. sh-pal, shpair reveal, proclaim '; Old Irish latharv\.

'plan, place, position ' {*pla-tro-), to cymr. Ilawdr' britches ', acorn, loder^ canga ', bret.
loer^ bas, chaussure ' (originally "base'); Latvian ploti^ breitschlagen ', Latvian plat^ thinly
spread '; russ. polyj^ openly, freely, uncovered, stamped out (of the water) ', Old Church
Slavic polje "field' ("stretched out surface, plain, area', hence the land of Polen Poland);
Old Swedish-New Swedish falai. " plain, moor, heath, moorland '; Hittite palhi- " broad ';

as d^-present probably here gr. nAaaaw (*nAa9i(jo, phonetically adapted to the present
from guttural stems), Aor. STiAaaa, snAaaGnv "shape from soft mass form ', Kara-, z\^-
nAaaaw " spread ', nAaa|ja n. " thing ', nAaaTr|<; m. "molder', spnAaarpov n. > Latin
emplastrum> Modern High German Pflaster^ plaster '; in addition nAa9avo(; m., nAa9avr|
f. " cake board ', nr|Ao-TTAa9oc; "clay formend, a worker in clay, potter '; nominales d^ in
naAaGri "flat Fruchtkuchen';

with formants -/70-; Latin y0/5/7^5"platt, even, flat' (Indo Germanic *pla-no-s) = gall.
Med/o-/anum actuaWy "mitten in the Ebene?', Lithuanian p/dnas't\r\\n', Latvian p/ansl\at,
even, thin', yO/a'/75 "threshing floor'. Old Prussian p/on/s{0\6 Lithuanian planas) "threshing
floor':

Slavic *pol-no-\x\ Upper Serbian pioh^ plain ', kir. pc»/c»/7y/7a"Hochebene', Czech plauy^
infertile, field-, wood, forest-', plan^ plain, Prarie', sloven, plan, f. p/analree from
Baumwuchs', p/anja 'oiiene, free surface, plain, area', Serbo-Croatian planfna^ mountain
forest ' etc.;

here - perhaps of ziellosen sich Ausbreiten weidender Herden - gr. ttAqvoc; "irrend,
wandering ', nAavo(; m., nAavr) f. "irrender run, flow', nAavav "of rechten way abfiJhren', -
aoGai " wander', TTAavr|<;, -r|TOc;f. " wandering ', Old Icelandic /7a/7a"umherfahren', French
(from dem Germanic) flaner^sich auf the road umhertreiben';

with />formants: gr. -nzKavoc, "flat Opferkuchen, flat coin';

with /77-or />forms, meaning esp. "flat hand': *pjama{pjm§). gr. naAapn f- fat hand';

maybe alb. ( *pel9ma) pe//emt>a ^ pa\fr\' [common alb. m- > mt)-].

Latin pa/mal\at hand; also Gansefuft, Geweihschaufel of Damhirsches, shovel of Ruders,
Palme', pa/mus'd\e Hand as measurement of length, span', palmes, -///s"RebenschoR)',
Old Irish lam, acorn, lof, cymr. //aM/"hand' (if in addition Old Irish fo-laumur^\NaQe'l); Old
High German /b//77a"hand'. Old English /b//77"flat hand'; other ablaut in Old \v\6\c panf-vn.
"hand' (Middle Indie from * parni-), Avestan p9r9na^\\o\\\Q hand';

with Aformants: Old Icelandic florrxw. " floorboard of Viehstalles; cattle shed', Old
English flor^ floorboard ', Middle Low German vlor^ floorboard, meadow'. Middle High
German i/A/o/"" bottom, meadow, sown field ', Modern High German Flur, Old Irish lar,
cymr. etc. Ilawr {*pla-ro-) "solum, pavimentum';

with dentalem forms *pel-tosv\., *pel-tu-src\., *yO/-/a "surface, plain, area': Old High
German Old Saxon feldu. "field, bottom, plain ', Old English feld {u-sierw) ds.; Old
Icelandic foldi. "earth, land', also "Fjord' and FIN, Old English folde. Old Saxon folda
"earth' (Old \v\6\c prthivl). Old High German FIN Fu/d-aha'Fu\6a'; Finnish yOe//c» "farmland'
from dem Germanic; above examples belong actually to extension p/et-

Maybe alb. {*fulsa) fusha " field '.

References: WP. II 61 ff., WH. II 237, 240 f., Trautmann 204, 222;
See also: extensions under plak-, plet-
Page(s): 805-807

Root / lemma: peli-s- pel-s-

Meaning: rock

Material: Old \x\A\c pasana-m., pasya-n. " stone ', (from *pars- = Indo Germanic *pels-)\

gr. nsAAa K\Qoc, Hes. (*n£Aaa); Pashto pa/'sa Middle Irish allu. {*plso-) "cliff (s-inflection

after s//5i6' "mountain'); Germanic *falisa- ins Gallorom. as *fa/Is/a borrowed (Old French

fa//se, faleise); Old High German felis rw., felisai.. Middle Low German vels{* fall's-).

Modern High German Fels, Old Icelandic fjall, fellr\. {*pelso-) "rock'; vorrom. (Illyrian)

*pella: *palla6s.

References: WP. II 66 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 24, 156; Hubschmid Zn P. 66, 70 f.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: peIR- : polR-

Meaning: to turn, wind

Material: Old High German Old Saxon felga. Old English fielg^ rim of the wheel ',

Germanic *felgam, " turn ' in Old High German ungifolgan^M\exus'\ ablaut, gall, olca^ arid

land'. Old English fealg. Bavarian falg6s., russ. po/osa "dividing off, partitioning off eines

Feldes, Streif.

addendum to S. 807:

Gall, olca^ arable field ' (French ouche^ good arable land ') = Old English fealg^ fallow '
(Germanic *falgd), engl. fallow. East Frisian falge. Bavarian falg6s.. Middle High German

falgen, /e/ge/7"umackern', Modern High German Fe/ge"gepflugtes arid land'; ablaut.
Germanic *felgd^ rim of the wheel ' in Old English fieig, engl. felly. Old High German felga
"Felge, harrow'; besides Germanic *falgiz\v\ mnl. felghe. Old English felg(e), engl. felloe
ds.; Germanic felgan^ turn ' in Old High German ^/7-^//fc»/ga/7'ungewendet';

russ. polosaeic. 'stripe, Ackerfurche';

perhaps here peig-, polg-\n Slavic *p-blzo, *pelzti, russ. -Church Slavic plezetb "crawls'
etc. and Slavic po/zi. in russ. poloz^ Sledge skid ', slov. p/az'Pflugsohle, stripe'.

WP. 1516, Trautmann218f., Vasmer2, 396, 397, Kluge-Gotze 197 f.

References: W P. I 516.
Page(s): 807, 850

Root / lemma: pel-1, pela-, ple-

Meaning: full, to fill; to pour; town (?)

Note:

Root/ lemma: pel-1, pels-, ple-\ full, to fill; to pour; town (?), derived from a prefixed pe- +

Root/ lemma: laku-\ water basin (ditch, lake, sea).

Material: A. Armenian helum^\ pour from' {*pel-nu-mi), zelum ( *z-helum) " allow to

stream'. Pass. 'fliefteiJber';

cymr. Ilanwxw. 'flood', Verbalnom. Ilanw, llenwr plenitude, Flieften', Middle Breton lano,
/a/71/ 'flood', corn. /5/7M/es 'fullness, wealth' {*plen-uo-);

Lithuanian trans, pilu, p/lt/'pour, schijtten, aufschijtten, fijllen', intrans. 'flow', Latvian
p/let'6np, trickle', p/le'6np', yO///'drip, trickle', pair inundation ', Lithuanian ampalas {*ant-
palas) 'Aufwasser auf dem Else'; russ. vodo-pol-b(je), pol(n)o-vodbje^Hoc\\\N3iSsef , Old
Church Slavic po/b ' a small bowl with handles '.

B. /7e/'castle' in Old \u6\c pur. Gen. puras^ casWe, town, city', pura-u., newer purl-, purl
ds., compare 5//7^a/0^/''Lowenstadt', gr. (Aeolic) ttoAk; 'castle, town, city, Staat' {*pell-s),
hom. Cypriot htoAk; ds., Lithuanian pills, Latvian p/Ze 'castle, Schloft' (see Schwyzer, Gr.
Gr. 1 , 325, 344, Specht KZ 59, 65f., 1 1 f., Trautmann 217).

C. words for 'swamp, marsh' {pel-, pel-eu^, as osset. farwe, farer^ alder ', Old High
German fel(a)wa. Modern High German F(9/fc'e/''Weidenbaum' (as 'Sumpfbaum'), and
Latin palus, -udlsi. 'stehendes water, swamp, marsh, puddle, slop' {*pel-ou-d-), probably
to Old Indie palvala- n. 'pond, pool' and palvalya- 'sumpfig'; in addition still peiek- : plak- in

gr. TTakKoq TTr\K6q Hes., naAaaau) (*naAaKiu)) "besphtze', Lithuanian /7e//re'Moorbrucli',
Old Prussian pe/ky ds., Latvian pe7ce'pudd\e, slop': yO/ac/s 'morass'; after W. Schuize Kl.
Schr. 112 alle originally color name, also to pe/-8.

Maybe alb. {*pe-lagu) pe//gu^poo\' see Root / lemma: /aku-: water basin (ditch, lake, sea),
(common Slavic alb. pe- prefix).

D. "fijllen, fullness, wealth': Old \nd\c p/part/: p/prma/r, prnati {prnati) 'fijllt, sattigt,
nourishes, spendetreichlich, beschenkt', also prnoti ds., puryate, puryafe luWt sich', Aor.
aprat{\ nAnro), Imp. purdhf, Perf. paprau{\ Latin plevl), participle prata-{= Latin -pletus,
alb. plot, compare also pratf- : Latin com-pleti-d), purta-luW, prana-luW (= Latin plenus,
Avestan /?'5/75-Tullung', Old lrish//77-a//77"fulle'), purna-^iuW (= Gothic fulls, litt. pilnas. Old
Bulgarian pl-bni,. Old Irish Ian, from "pe"/- whereas Avestan pa/'a/7a-"gefullt'); pannahu.
"fullness, wealth' (: Avestan pardnah-vant-'ncW), pan-man- luWness, wealth, Spende'
( *peld-); Avestan par- "fiJIIen';

Armenian //; Gen. llogluW (from *ple-lo-s= gr. nAsux;? or from *ple-to-s= Old Indie
prata-1), Inum luWe' {*llnum, neologism), Aor. ell-cl fiJIIte'; ///"(/-stem) "fullness, wealth';
presumably holom, holonem^hauie auf, sammie an';

gr. nipnAriMi "fiJIle' (originally ninAr||Ji, the nasal from niprrpriiJi), Fut. nAnau), Aor. nAr|TO
"fiJIIte sich', nAriGu) "bin voll, fiJIle myself ', nAr|9oc; n., Ionian nAr|0U(; "bulk, mass', nAr|0uu)
"bin or werde voll, swell an' (: Latin plebes), nAnapr) "flood', nAnapovr) "AnfiJIIung, satiation
', TTAna[jiO(; "light fijllend, satiating', nAnpa "FiJIIung' Hes. (: Latin plemlnare^W); hom.
nA£To(;, Attic nAsux;, Ionian -nktoc, "full' (*nAr|-Li]o-(;; = Armenian //?), nAnpr|<; "full', nAripooj
"make voir (from *nAr|po-^ = Latin plerus, compare Armenian ///""fullness, wealth', /-stem);
TTAr|-tJupa, -Mupi<; f. "flood', to pupu) S. 742;

alb. p/c»/"fuir ( *ple-t-os); also yoye/" beget, gebare'? intrans. "full = pregnant sein'?? with
formants -^o-here plok, plogu ^heap' {*ple-go-? compare Old High German folc'heap,
Kriegshaufe, people'. Old English /o/c "troop, multitude, crowd, army, people'. Old
Icelandic folk'troop, multitude, crowd, people' as *pl-go- or *pel9-go-);

Latin pled, -e/'e mostly corn-pled, Im -pled luWe' , participle Pass, (com)pletus, plenus
"full', Umbrian yC>/e'/7e/'"plenis'; plerus, -a, -um'zum groftten parts', plerusque, plerTque^e\r\e
big, giant number, very much, a lot of, am moisten'; plebes, -e/and -/" plebs, -is
"Volksmenge; die mass of people in contrast to den Adeligen' {*pled^ues), manipulus'e\r\e
handful; bundle; Hantein the Turner; Soldatenabteilung' {*manl-plo-s); plemlnare^W to
*plemen= gr. nAnpa;

Old Irish ITn(a)im^\ fijlle' (from an Adj. 7/7?= *pleno-s), //77"numerus, pars'; Old Irish Ian,
acymr. laun, ncymr. Ilawn, corn, luen, leun, len, bret. leun^iuW (= Old \v\6\c purna-eXc),
Old Irish comalnur^\ fiJIle' (Denom. from comlan^iuW); ^^^/e 'whole', PI. "alle' {*polio-)\

Gothic fulls, Old Icelandic fullr. Old English Old Saxon full. Old High German fol{-ll-)
"full' (= Old Indie /OJ/77a- etc., see above); = Lithuanian pilnas. Old Bulgarian pl-bp-b, Serbo-
Croatian pun^iuW; about Old English folcetc. see above; Middle High German vlsejen'
rinse ' to nAn-pOpa above S. 799.

peA/'bulk, mass', single-linguistically also adjektivisch gewordenes neuter 'much, a lot
of; besides Indo Germanic pe/u-M\. "much, a lot of; Kompar. ple-jos, -is-, Superl. pla-is-
/'d-"more, mostly':

Old Indie puru-, Avestan pouru-, ap. paru^xx\uc\\, a lot of (= gr. noAuc;, if these from
*naAuc;, Lithuanian pllus), Kompar. Old \v\6\c prayas- My . "moistens, usually ', Avestan
frayah-, Superl. fraesta-^\hQ meiste'; here Iran. *pelu-, *polu-\v\ Plejadennamen npers.
parv, Avestan paolryaelnT{*parullainT-), ablaut, gr. flAsiaSsi;, hom. nAr|ia5£(; {*pleull-),
originally "Sternhaufen';

gr. noAuq "much, a lot of (assimil. from *naAu(; = Old Indie puru-), iJbrige case of stem
TT0AA6-, noAAa-, wohlausgegangen off. *noAFia Old \v\6\c purvf, Kompar. Superl. originally
*nAr|[i]u)v > nAswv ( *plelsdn) : nAaTaroc; ( *plalsto-), das through influence of *nA£Tc; "more'
{*plels= Old Irish I/a) and of Kompar. to nAsToTOc; wurde; from a Indo Germanic *pleu-es-
"UberfluR), big, giant bulk, mass' wurde secondary the gr. Kompar. n. nAsov, wherefore the
achaische Nom. PI. nAssc; neologism wurde; also wurde Old Latin pious, Latin plus to
Kompar., and with p/zs- (older Kompar. *ple-les-\n Old Latin pleores, and *plels-\v\
Super\.pl/slma) to "yO/o/s- contaminated, from which Latin plurlmus ^{r\ost\y' (old ploirume,
plouruma, pluslma); compare Benveniste Origines 1, 54 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 537 f., E.-
M.2 783;

Old Irish //"much, a lot of (= Gothic fllu), //5"plus, plures' ( *ple-ls); acymr. liaus, ncymr.
///atys "multitude' {ple-los-fu-s or -to-);

Gothic fllua6v. neuter m. Gen. (previous Subst.) as replacement from gr. noAu(;, also
"very; um vieles (beim compounds)', similarly in den other Germanic Sprachen: Old High
German Old Saxon fllu, fllo. Old English fela, feala, feola^xwuch, a lot of, very'. Old
Icelandic figl- "much, a lot of, n. "bulk, mass'; compounds Sup. Old Icelandic flelrl, flelstr
"more, most' {*pla-ls-, -Isto-, Avestan fraesta-);

Lithuanian /7//^s "in Uberfluft'.

E. pel-ed-\x\ gr. -nkdboc, n. " dampness, decay ', nAa5ap6(; "liumid, wet', nAaSaw, -av
"damp sein'; Old High German flediron. Modern High German flattern. Old High German
fledar-mOs^ba\!\ Latvian pe/det^swm', pe/def/es^ bathe', pe/d/nat^ bathe, schwemmen':
pildinat {*pld-) ds.; pledinat^\N\tb den Flijgeln hit', pledins^ butterfly'; compare E. Fraenkel
Mel. Boisacq 1, 357 ff.

F. words for " butterfly': reduplicated Latin papilio, -onis m. ( *pa-pil-); Germanic *fffaldrdn-
in Old Icelandic fffrildiu.. Old English fffealde. Old High German fffaltra. Middle High
German fffalter. Modern High German Falter, Lithuanian peteliskeAs., Latvian peteltgs
"flatterhaff ( *pel-tel-);

from the same root the Balto-Slavic words ( *paipala-) for " quail ': Lithuanian pfepalat,
Latvian pafpala. Old Prussian penpalo (in addition Old Prussian pepelis, PI. pippalins
"bird'); Czech prepel, krepel, slov. prepelfca {a\so " butterfly') etc.

G. words for "swing, shake, tremble, hin- and herbewegen' etc.: gr. TraAAco ( *pj-id), Aor.
£TTr|Aa "swing, brandish, shake', Med. "spring, wriggle ', naAioq "geschwungen', naA|j6(;
"Zucken, Vibrieren', -ndkoc, m. "lot, fate', naAaaao|jai " loose '; redupl. nainaAAoj Hes.
"shake'; Old Icelandic /^/a "frighten'. Old English ea/-/^/c»"furchterlich'. Middle High
German i/a/a/?/ "devil'; perhaps to Old Church Slavic plach-b "trembling, anxious ' ( *polso-
?), yO/55/// "frighten' etc.;

the extension pelem-\x\ gr. TTsAeiji^u) "swing, brandish, shatter'. Pass, "erbebe', n6A£|jO(;,
nT6A£|jO(; "battle, war, fight' (PN N£0-nT6A£tJ0(;, nToA£|jaTo(;), Gothic i/s-/^//775"erschrocken',
Old Icelandic felms-fullr6s., fe/mta'bange sein' {*falmatjan). Old High German Bavarian
felm "fright';

da Old Icelandic falma likewise "iJberrascht become', as "tap, feel ' stands for, could
here Latin palpor, -ari {a\so palpd) "streichle', palpito^ twitch ', palpebrae^ eyelids ', alb.
y05/^/7 "fluttering, trembling' and " maple '.

Maybe alb. {*palun) panje^ maple ' : Romanian paltin^ maple '.

as well as West Germanic *fd//an{0\6 High German fuolen. Middle High German fuelen.
Old English fselan etc.) " feel ' belong, also Middle Low German vlader' maple ', vladarn
"flutter'.

References: WP. II 63 ff., WH. 320 f., 322 f., 327 f., Trautmann 218;

See also: die words under G. could also to pe/-2be\ong; here also p/eu- "flow".
Page(s): 798-801

Root / lemma: pel-2a, pelQ- : pla-
Meaning: to cause to move, drive

Material: Latin /7e//o (probably from *pel-nd), -ere, pepuli, *pultus^ to beat, strike, knock,
push, drive, hurl, impel, propel ' (assumed from pultare^ to beat, strike, knock '), pulsus
{after percu/sus : percelld) " a pushing, beating, striking, stamping, push, blow, impulse,
stroke ', pulsus, -us^ to beat, strike, knock, push, drive, hurl, impel, propel ', Umbrian ar-
peltu^ to drive to, move up, bring along, force towards, to move to, move towards, bring
up, bring near, carry, conduct, drive ', Latin opilio {*oui-pilJd) ' shepherd ', Pales^ an Italian
goddess of shepherds and pastures '; appello, -are " to drive to, move up, bring along,
force towards, address, speak to';

Old Irish ad-ella {*pel-na-t} " visits ' (= Latin appellat), di-ella^ deviate '; the Futur. to agid
"drives' : eblaid {*pi-plaseti) and brit. subjunctive with e/- (above S. 307); Old Irish /ae'day'
( *plaJom), originally *" turn, change of direction or position; change in condition '; about Old
Church Slavic popelt "ash' see below pel-2tr,

probably based on o'-present *pel-d-d: Old High German anafalzxu.. Old English anfilte
n. "anvil, incus'. Old English felt, m.. Old High German filzvn. " Filz ' (*"stomped woolen
mass '), Old High German falzan ^aniugen, aniegen'. Modern High German falzen^ fold,
plait, fold up, merge ';

eine specific gr. meaning- development "anstoften' = "sich nahern, near' probably in
-nzKac, "near', nsAa^w (Aeolic irAa^u)), n£Aaaaai "sich nahern'; trans, "naherbringen,
heranbringen' (nsAaas xQovi "warf to bottom'), nsAaTnc; "neighbor, day labourer'; niAva|jai
" nearer, closer myself ', nAnaiov, Doric nAariov "near, by', Ionian a-nAr|TO(;, Doric a-
nAoToq "dem man nicht nahen kann, entsetzlich', nAaiK; "wife' (Aryan Ach. 132), £pnAr|v "
totally near ', nApv, Doric nAav preposition "besides'.

References: WP. II 57 f., WH. II 276 f.;

See also: hieher probably also /oe/-J"meal, flour'.

Page(s): 801-802

Root / lemma: pel-2b, pel-en-, pel-t-, pel-u-
Meaning: powder, flour

Material: Old \nd'\c pa/a/a- n. "ground, pulverized seeds, porridge, mash, smut'; gr. iraAri
"dust, powder', nai-TiaAri, noi-anaAr| " fine flour'; naAuvw "bestreue'; Latin pa/eat "chaff,
straw, grain husk ';
Maybe in -/77-formant alb. i*pa/-) pja/m ' poWen' .

with Mormants: TToKioq "porridge, mash from meal, flour', Demin. TToAiiov, noAiapiov;
Latin pu/s, -tis " thick mash of spelt flour ' {* polios); Middle Irish littiu (Gen. litten), nir. lite,
cymr. Illth (/instead of y after llith "bait') " flour soup, any thing eaten with bread, a sauce,
condiment, relish (fruit, vegetables, salt, etc.), food ' {*plt-\ with expressive Gemination);

with i/-formants: Latin pulvis, -e/7s"dust, powder' {*polui-\ inflection after cinis); gall,
(rom.) *ulvos(^s.\

Maybe truncated alb. Geg {*pluvlni) pluhunl'dust, powder' < Sardinian Campidanesu
pruini: Sicilian pruvulazzu < Latin pulvis, -e/75"dust, powder'.

here (Indo Germanic *pel6us, pelu-6s) Old Indie m. PI. pa/ai/as "chaff', Balto-Slavic
*pelu-av\6 *pelua-\. "chaff in Lithuanian pelusi. PI., Latvian pelus, pelavasi. PI. ds.. Old
Prussian pelwoi. and Latvian pelvast PI. ds.; Old Church Slavic yO/eK/f. PI. "axupov', kir.
polova ds. etc.;

with /^formants: Latin pollen, -//7/s"very fine flour, dust powder ' (//from n. equalization
in inflection *polen, *poines)\ polientai. "Gerstengraupen'; here also Old Prussian pelanne
f. "ash', Lithuanian pelenaTrw. PI., Latvian p^lni ds., wherefore Old Prussian pelannoi.
"stove, hearth', Lithuanian peiene^stove, hearth'; Old Prussian plieynis^ ash powder ',
Lithuanian plenysi. PI. " Flockasche ', Latvian plene'\i\/\r\\te ash on coal '; s. S. 805;

without /^forms, but with Redupl. russ. pepel. Old Church Slavic etc. popelh "ash', am
ehesten as "crushed, ground, broken into fine particles' to pel-2a^ pellens, pultare '.

References: WP. II 60, WH. II 331, 388, Trautmann 212 f., 225;
See also: probably to pe/-i'"bump, poke'.
Page(s): 802

Root / lemma: pel-3a

Meaning: to fold

Material: a. pio-as 2. composition part in Adj. as gr. a-irAoq "simple, just', 5i-ttA6(;, SirrAa^ "

twofold ' (compare Armenian /7a/ "Mai'), Latin simplus, duplus, duplex, triplus, triplex ^eiu-,

two-, dreifach', Umbrian dupla^ double, twice as large, twice as much ', tuplakkVk. Sg. n.

'duplicem', //7p/e/'"triplis'; Middle Irish c/fabu/' doub\e' {*duei-plo-); Gothic twei-fis '6o\ib\.\
Old High German zi//7^/"dubious', m. "doubt', probably also Avestan bifra-v\. " comparison,
Ahnlichkeit ', in Gr. besides die Umbildungen of type anAooc; (to nAouq) and Ionian
5inAriaiO(;; further with older /-Ableitg. (see below) 5inAaaiO(;, Doric SinAarioq etc. "double,
double so groft' ( *pJtio-, SinaAioc; " twofold ' from *5inAaT0(;).

p. alb. pale {*pol-nS) " crease, row, yoke, pair'; gr. n£:nAo(; m. "Frauengewand'; Old
Icelandic feli. {*falja-) "furrow, stripe, crease ', Norwegian felai. "Faltenmagen'.

y. -to-nouns and verbs: Old Indie /Oi//5//"umhullt with', puta-m. n. " crease, TiJte, pouch '
( *pulta-). Middle Irish a//"junctura, artus' {a Redukt. from Indo Germanic o, as perhaps also
Old \v\6\c puta-), redupl. strong. V. Gothic fa/f^anlaW, Old Icelandic fa/da' den Kopf cover
', Old English fealdan, Old High German faltan^io\6\ weak. V Old Icelandic falda'io\6\ Old
English fealdian. Old High German faltdn6s.. Old Icelandic faldrm. " crease, corner, tail,
Kopfputz the Frau', feldrxw. {*faldi-) "mantle'. Middle High German valte^ crease,
convolution, angle '; Gothic ain-falt^s. Old High German einfald, -/, Old Icelandic einfaldr.
Old English 5/7/fea/c/" simple, just'

References: WP. II 55 f., WH. I 383 f.;

See also: perhaps identical with pel-3b and pel-4.

Page(s): 802-803

Root / lemma: pel-3b, pela- ple-
Meaning: to cover, wrap; skin, hide; cloth

Material: Gr. nsAaq "skin', £puai-TT£Aa(; "HautentziJndung', a-i^zKoc, "nicht verheilte wound';
TTeA|ja n. "Sohle am foot or shoe ', naApn " light shield' (*of skin), Latin paleai. "Lappchen
am Hahnenschnabel', palearu. "Wampe, dewlap '; Old Frisian f/7mene 'sk\n', Old English
/7//77e/7"Hautchen'; here with A'-Erweit. Germanic *fe/h- "save, store' in Gothic filhaneic.
"conceal, bury'. Old Icelandic /fe/5 "conceal, hand over'. Old English feolan^ attach with a
hinge, hook, eintreten' with gramm. variation Gothic fu/g/ns^\r\\6e, conceal'. Old Icelandic
fo/genn ds.; Germanic b/'-fe/han ' entrust, save, store' in Old English be-feolan. Old High
German b/-fe/{a)ban, Middle High German bevelhan. Modern High German befehlen.

With /^formant: gr. jrtKKac, f\Vk. PI. "Haute', nsAAo-pacpot; "pellarius', Latin pe///sle\\,
fur'. Old High German fe/, -lies. Old English fell Old Icelandic fjalln. "skin', Gothic t^ruts-fill
" leprosy '; (Latin pell/hus Irom fell, fur' = Old High German flll/h. Old English fellen
"ledern'); with other Wurzelstufen Old Church S\av\c pelena, russ. pelena' diaper,
kerchief, cloth, sleeve, wrapping' (compare without /7-forms russ. peltkads.) and russ.

plena {^ox plensl), sloven, plena, Czech plena, plina6s., Lithuanian plene, plenis
"Hautchen', Old Prussian pleynis^ meninx ';

Latin palla'\ong Obergewand the Frauen, curtain', pallium' bedspread, esp. ein further
Uberwurf the Griechen', maybe from *par{u)la{7), loanword from gr. (papo(; 'mantle'?

With Mormants: Old \n6'\c pata-m. "piece Zeug, linen, garment ', patalan. "sleeve,
wrapping, cover, Schleier, Membrane', gr. TreATn " light shield'; Old Church S\av\c plattno
"canvas, fabric'.

With ^/-formant: gr. £ni-nAo[F]oc; "die Netzhaut um die intestines '; Lithuanian plevei.
"feine thin skin', sloven. pleva'eyeM; perhaps Old Icelandic fgl fglvai. "thin
Schneeschicht' {*falwcR), as Norwegian folga6s. to Gothic fllhan etc. "conceal'.

References: WP. II 58 f., WH. II 238 f., 275 f., Trautmann 226;
See also: perhaps to pel-4 "fold'.
Page(s): 803-804

Root / lemma: pe/~4
Meaning: a kind of vessel, dish

Material: Old Indie /05/ai//"a kind of Geschirr'; yC>5/7""Melkeimer', pala-m. "Almosentopf, ein
certain measure of capacity ', pallka " saucepan, cooking pot ' probably also pala- n. "a
certain measure of capacity ' palya- n. "ein sack, bag for corn, grain '; Latin peluls "bowl,
platter', {*peloui-s)\ gr. nriAri^, -Hkoc; "helmet' (from *nr|AF-) and nsAAa "Melkeimer' (from
TT£A(F)ia or *pella, compare Old Indie pa/T"" Melkeimer'); from nsAAa is AA for A figurative auf
n£AAi(;, -i5oc; " platter, bowl', compare TTsAiKr), tteAi^, Demin. nsAixvp (ending nachKuAi^, -
ixvn) "goblet', die likewise *pelu-h sein can (or *pell-)\

Old Icelandic Old English Old Saxon /^//"goblet' {*pl-no-m).

References: WP. II 56 f., WH. II 278;

See also: perhaps to pel-4an6 pel-Sas originally " container from skin'.

Page(s): 804

Root / lemma: pel-5

Meaning: to sell; to make money

Material: Gr. nwAsTv " sell ', Doric nwAa:, Attic (Gramm.) nu)Ar| f. "sale'; Old High German

/^//"verkauflich, fell' {*pello-). Old Icelandic fair 6s. {*polo-)\ Old High German felli. Middle

Low German velle. Old Frisian /e/"feir are not related;

Lithuanian pelnas^ earnings, pay', pelnau, -ytr earn ', pe/c/et/" spare' , Latvian pe'lns,
pel'na^ earnings, Gewinst', pe'lnTV earn, gain, verschulden'. Old Church Slavic /0/e/7b,
russ. yOo/o/7 'booty'.

References: WP. II 51, Trautmann 213.
Page(s): 804

Root / lemma: pel-6

Meaning: grey; pale

Material: Old Indie pa///a-, fern. paliknT{irom *-tn/} ' aged-gray, greis' (: nzKnyoq), parusa-'

marked, stained ' = Avestan pourusa-, paourusa-^qray, old'; pers. pur^qray' {*parya-)\

Armenian alik'^6\e (weiften) waves, billows; white Bart, weiftes hair' {*pllio-)\

gr. Tr£AiTv6(; "gray' (for *tt£Ait6(; = Old Indie pa//ta-h after dem Fem. *Tr£AiTvia = Old Indie
paliknl); Ionian n£Ai5v6q out of it after |jaK£5v6c; etc. reshaped; n£Ai6q ( *peli-uo-) "farblos,
pallid, grauschwarz, bluish black' (here the PN DeAoijj), irzKKbc, ds. (*n£Aj6(;? *n£Av6(;?),
noAioc; "gray, greis' ( *poli-uo-), niAvov cpaiov Kurrpioi Hes.; n£A£ia, n£A£iaq "wild dove'
(named after the color, compare n£A£iai, n£A£ia5£(;, actually die graukopfigen, old, as
appellation of the Priesterinnen in Dodona as well as tt£A£ioc; "age' Hes.; also Latin
palumbes. Old Prussian poa//s'6ove'), TTzkap\/6q "swan' ("the schwarzweifte'); from
*n£AaF(o)- + apyo^; maked. n£AAr|c; "T£(ppu)5r|<;' Hes.; probably here also nr|A6c;, Doric
TTakoq {*-naKa6q) " loam, clay, slime, mud, ordure, morass';

Latin palled, -ere "pale, wan sein', yC>5//c»/'"paleness', pallidas 'pa\e, wan' (at first from
*paluos, older *poluos= Germanic falwa-, Lithuanian palvas. Old Church Slavic yO/ai/b);
pullus 'sch\Narzgrau' (^/fromyinfolge of aniaut. p-; forms -no-); palumbes or -/5"wood-,
dove, wood pigeon' ( *pelon-b^o-7 rather parallel formation to columbus, -a, see above S.
547);

Note:

Alb. {*palumb) pellumb^ diOve' shares the same root with Latin palumbes -is, m. and f. "a
wood pigeon, ring dove'. It is not a Latin loanword otherwise the ending -es, -/Jswould have
been solidified in alb. like Latin radius> alb. rreze^ra\f\ actually Latin could have borrowed
this cognate from lllyrian since the shift m > mb\s a typical alb. not Latin.

alb. plak^ graybeard, Altester';

Middle Irish Hath, cymr. (etc.) //wyd'gray' (from *pleito-, compare Old Indie /7a///a- gr.
nsAiTvoc;);

Germanic *falwa- in Old Icelandic fglr. Old English fealo. Old Saxon falu. Old High
German falo, fa/awer^sa\\o\i\/, paled, dun-colored, light grayish brown ' (in addition as
"graue ash' Old Icelandic fg/sk/m., Old High German fa/aw/ska 'ash, Aschenstaubchen');
*falha-{: Lithuanian palsas) in aleman.- Rhein Franconian falch' dun-colored, light grayish
brown, esp. from hellbraunem cattle'; *fela- or *felwa-\v\ westfal. f^r dun-colored, light
grayish brown ', fgle 'fahles roe deer, fahles horse'; with dem Germanic /r-forms as in other
bird name here presumably Old High German (etc.) /^/co 'falcon' (late Latin falco^rom
dem Germanic);

Lithuanian yoa/i/as'blaftgelb' (= Germanic *falwa, Latin palli-dus) = Old Bulgarian p/avb
"white', Serb. p/uv'b\on6, blue'; Lithuanian pe/e' mouse ', Latvian pe/eds.. Old Prussian
pelesP\. ' mouse (= Armmuskel)', Old Prussian pe/e "consecration'; as derivative from
pele' mouse ' also Lithuanian pelekas, Latvian pe/e/rs "mausfarbig, sallow, paled, gray';
Lithuanian peleda, Latvian pgleda'o\N\ ' ("Mausefresserin'); from a *pele' mildew ' derives
U\h\}av\\av\pele-ju, -ti" mildew ', pelesiaiP\. " mildew ' and in ab\a\}\. plek-stu, -ti" mildew,
modern'; in ablaut Lithuanian pilkas'^raY, /Oe//re"Moorbruch', a\so palsas, Latvian paiss
"sallow, paled' ( *polRos) as well as Old Prussian poa//s'doye' {*pdlis); Slavic *plesnb in
russ.-Church Slavic plesnt. Old Czech plesen' mildew ' and Church Slavic /0e/e5"pullus',
russ. pe/esjy" mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored'; das forms Indo Germanic -so- or -ko-

References: WP. II 53 f., WH. II 239 f., 242, 386, Trautmann 205, 212;
See also: see above S. 799 C {pel-1).
Page(s): 804-805

Root / lemma: {pel-9), pol- pie- plo-

Meaning: to burn, be warm

Note: also with -£/o- extended; perhaps = (s)p(h)el-'q\eavc\, shimmer'

Material: Old Icelandic flor {*fld-wa-) "lukewarm, warm'; Dutch f/ouwla\nt, languid,

lukewarm'. Modern High German flau {*ple-uo-); Old Church Slavic yoo^ip, /7C»/e//"burn' intr.,

causative pa//t/"burn' tr., vbs-p/anetb sg "KaTacpAsynasTai', plamy, plamenb m. "flame'

( *polmen-); whether here Lithuanian plenys above S. 802?

in addition probably cymr. ^c»-/ei/ "light', bret. gou-louds. {*plo-uo-); different Lewis-
Pedersen 29 (to GN Lugus), compare above S. 690.

References: WP. II 59 f., Trautmann 212 f., J. Loth RC. 36, 157.
Page(s): 805

Root / lemma: pelpo- or polpo-

Meaning: woodwork

Material: Old Indie parpa- (Lex.) ' bench orWagelchen for cripple and Fuftlahme', parpa-m

(Lex.) "house' ("Bretterbude'), Latin yC>^/yO//^/r7"Brettergerust as stage or Tribune'.

References: WP. II 66.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: penk^e
Meaning: five

Material: A. Old Indie panca, Avestan panda; Armenian hing, gr. ttsvte, Aeolic -nt\mz\
nspna^siv "an den 5 Fingern zahlen' (: bret. pempat'd'\e Garben [to 5] fold, plait, fold up,
merge '); alb. pese, Geg p§se {*perjk"tia)\ LaWnquFnque {Faiter quTn(c)tus), Oscan-Umbrian
*yOO/r7yC>e (compare Oscan pumperias, Umbrian pumpenas 'quincuriae); Old Irish coic,
acymr. pimp, mcymr. nc. pump, corn, pymp, bret. pemp, gall. nspnsSouAa "nsvracpuAAov';
Gothic fimf. Old Icelandic fimm. Old High German fimf, finf. Old Saxon Old English fff
(schwab. fuchze 15 after sechze; das ^ these forms as well as Old High German funf,
funfzich and of Ord. Old High German funfto point at not auf Indo Germanic n); Lithuanian
pe/7/r/ (inflectional); Old Church Slavic yO^/i. 5 (/from /r/ after dem ordinals; originally
collective = Old Indie /Oa/7/r//-"Funfzahr, Old Icelandic fimti. "number from fijnf; also
Umbrian puntes if "quiniones'); Tocharian A pen, B pis, here.-Hittite pa"ta.

B. 15: Old \n6\c parJca-dasaf, Avestan pancadasa, Armenian hnge-tasan, gr.
n£VT£(Kai)5£Ka, Gothic fimftaihun. Old High German finfzeiian.

C. 50: paHcasat, Avestan pancasat, Armenian yisun (from *iiingisun), gr. nsviriKOVTa,
Latin quinquaginta {aiter quadraginta). Old Irish coTco {\n\Vc\ diphthong).

D. ordinals penk'ios:0\6 Indie paktiia-, Avestan pux5a- (after *kturtiia " the fourth ',
compare pai7/a/7Ka-"Funfter); gr. n£pnTO(;, Latin quTntus, Oscan *yC>c»/7/c»5 (compare above
Puntiis, V\o\xu\zc„ Paelignian Ponties 'Quinctius'= Latin Quinctius, also Oscan pomptis
"quinquies'; -/77- after dem Kardinale, as also das /7from Quinctius and quinctus); Old High
German fimfto, finfto. Old Saxon fffto. Old Icelandic fim{m)ti, Gothic (in compound) fimfta-,
Lithuanian penktas. Old Bulgarian p§tb, Tocharian A pant, B pinkce; *penk''etos:0\6 Indie
pancattia- {qe^'6\\y\\\c\\ex pancama- aiiex saptama-), alb. ipesete, ipeste, gall, pinpetos.
Old Irish coiced, acymr. pimpiiet eic; with A-forms Armenian iiinger-ord^\he fijnfte';

compare perhaps Old Irish co/cer' number from fijnf and Gothic f/ggrs, Old Icelandic f/ngr,
Old English f/nger, Old High German Old Saxon f/'ngar l\r\ger' {*f/nj"'raz, Indo Germanic
*penk"'rds).

References: WP. II 25 f., WH. II 407 f., Trautmann 213 f.
Page(s): 808

Root / lemma: pen-1

Meaning: to feed

Material: Latin penus, -orisn. and penus, -usm. "Mundvorraf, also "the interior of Hauses'

(where die Lebensmittel aufbewahrt become); /Oe/7es (solidified Lok.) preposition with Akk.

"by'; penitus^ {irom) inside, deep, grijndlich' {*pene-to-)\ in addition (after intus: intro)

penetro, -^/"e "penetrate'; Penates "die Gotter in the interior of Hauses'; perhaps Gothic

fenea {*finja) "Gerstenspeise'; Lithuanian penu, penef/lee6, fatten, overfeed ', Latvian

yOe/7e/"verwohnen', Lithuanian penasloo6'.

References: WP. II 25, WH. II 280 ff., 283, E.-M.2 753 f., Trautmann 214;

See also: perhaps to pa- "feed'.

Page(s): 807

Root / lemma: pen-2, pen-ko-

Meaning: swamp; water, wet

Material: Middle Irish en{*peno-?) "water', e'/75c/7 "swamp, marsh', en-g/as '\Nasser'\ge

milk', cymr. en-wyn' buttermilk'. Middle Irish c»/7-c/7j"Fischotter' ("Wasserhund'), FIN On,

PN 0/7ac/7 ("swamp, marsh'), Celtic FIN "Evoc;, newer *En/os '\r\r\', gall. FIN *Ona'r'\yer',

also as suffix (^e'i6'/'c»A7/75"Biberbach' etc.); zero grade Middle Irish ani. " water, urine ',

gall, anom^ paludem ';

Gothic fanir\. "slime, mud'. Old Icelandic fenr\. "swamp, marsh'. Old High German
fenna, fenmi.. Middle High German venner\., Old Saxon fen/n. 6s., Middle Low German
vennei. "moorige willow ', Old English fennm. n. "swamp, marsh, moor, fen', wherefore
changing through ablaut Old English fyne^ dampness ', fynig^ moldy '
Maybe alb. finje^ soapwater, soap suds'.

mnl. vunsc. Middle Dutch K^/7s"muffig'; Old Prussian pannean^Uoorbruch' (= Germanic
*fanja-), Lithuanian paniabude^H\eger\'^\\z\ Latvian panei. "Jauche'; also lllyrian
Pannonia. (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

With Ao-formants: Old Indie y05/7/r5-m. n. "slime, mud, ordure, swamp, marsh'; Middle
Irish e/ic/7e "salmon' {*penk-TnJo-); zero grade -/^/^oderivative *furjxW)3-'\r\ Old High
German fuht, fuhti. Old English /&/?/ "humid, wet'.

References: WP. II 5 f., Trautmann 205, Pokorny BzNF 2, 37 f.
Page(s): 807-808

Root / lemma: pent-

Meaning: to go, walk; way

Note: (in Aryan with //?)

Material: Old Indie panthah (= Avestan panti), Akk. Sg. pantham (= pantqm), and

panthanam {= Avestan pantansm), Instr. Sg. patha{= pa^a); /-stem in Instr. PI. pathibhih

(Avestan padsbTS), Old pers. Akk. Sg. pa^/'m; Avesian panta a\so 'room, place', as in

ablaut. Old Indie /?a//7as-n. "plaee, homeland';

Armenian hun, Gen. /7/7/"ford, way' {*pont)\

Maybe alb. {*hu-) hynf enter '

gr. novTOc; m. "Meerespfad, sea', zero grade naroq m. " path, traek, step, tread; kiek,
strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, traek ', naTSw 'trete'; anarau) ' deeeive '
(*aTTo-TTaTaoo 'bringe vom Wege ab'), anarn " deception, deceit';

Lithuanian pons, -//s'PriJgelweg through SiJmpfe, bridge'; yOO/T/z/feA-'Oberpriester',
originally "BriJckenmacher';

Germanic *pal=>a-\v\ Old English psed^ path, track, way' (engl. path). Old High German
Modern High German pfad 6er\yes probably from an Iran. Mundart, compare Avestan pa&-

Gothic f/nf^anl'md, learn'. Old Icelandic f/nnads., (under the influence of common Celtic
-ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old English findan. Old Saxon fTthan and findan. Old High German
findan, f/ntan stem V. 'find, learn, erfinden'; Old Saxon fath/n. "the going' {*fant^io-)\ Old
High German fend(e)o^Vu^i^av\i^er\ Middle High German Ke/7o'e'Fuftganger, young lad,
young boy'. Old English fedam. "troop, multitude, crowd, Fuftvolk' {*fant^jan-)\ Old High
German fanddn= Old English fandian^ examine '; Middle High German vanden
"besuchen'. Modern High German fahnden. Old Saxon fundon ' s\c\r\ aufmachen after,
strive, go, hurry' = Old English fund/an ds., Old High German funden ds.. Old Icelandic
fuss^ willing, inclined, willing'. Old Saxon Old English /Js "quick, fast, keen, eager, willing',
Old High German /^/75 "willing, ready, willing' {*fund-sa-), Norwegian fJ55 "quick, fast run';

maybe alb. fus, M'insert, thrust in, plant, put in'.

Old Church Slavic pgtb etc. m. "way' ( *pontis), zero grade Old Prussian pintisds.

References: WP. II 26 f., WH. II 336 f., Trautmann 205 f.; Wackernagel KZ 55, 104 ff., Old
Indie Gr. 3, 1,306f.
Page(s): 808-809

Root / lemma: perd-
Meaning: to fart

Material: Old \r\d'\c pare/ate lurzt' (Gramm.), Avestan parada/t/ lurzi'; gr. nspSu), nspSopai
(mostly Med. as in Old Indie) ds., sirapSov, nsnopSa; nop5n 'breaking wind, fart'; perhaps
here TT£p5i^ m. f. ' partridge, game bird ' (of schwirrenden Fluge); alb. pjerth^pedo' (Aor.
pordha), pordhe^breaK\v\Q wind, fart' {*perda)\ Old High German ferzan. Old English
feortan. Old Icelandic freta^ fart ', Old High German firz, furz. Old Icelandic /^e/A" breaking
wind, fart'; Lithuanian perdzu, persti, Latvian pirdu, pirstAs., Lithuanian pifdis{= Modern
High German 'breaking wind, fart'); sloven, prdeti, russ. perdetb " fart '; cymr. rhech
"breaking wind, fart' ( *rikkairorr\ *prd-ka)\ for onomatopoeic origin of the root sprache
Swedish dial, prutta^ fart (esp. from horses)'.

References: WP. II 49, Trautmann 219 f.;
See also: compare pezd-.
Page(s):819

Root / lemma: perg-1

Meaning: pole; trunk

Note: (originally " felled trunk?')

Root/ lemma: perg-1 \ "pole; trunk' derived from lllyrian : Baltic : Slavic prefix pre- + ga

"road' of Root / lemma: g^a-, g^em- : "to go, come' : Lithuanian gaita " way , road ', proga "

opportunity, term (*end of the road) ' (Prafix *prd+ gst)\ gr. pa9p6(; m. " step, threshold,

footstep '.

Material: Old Icelandic forkrm. " shaft, pole, stick'; (Old English feorcol. Old Saxon fercal

"bar, bolt, lock ' from Latin veruculum);

Lithuanian pergas " fishing canoe ' (*dugout canoe);

Old Church Slavic prag-b " threshold', pordgt ds., poln. prog^ threshold, house,
dwelling', progiP\. " floorboards, Banke';

maybe alb. yora^ "threshold, doorstep'.

perhaps here Latin pergula^ protrusion, Vorbau an a Hause; vestibule, Weinlaube' as
Demin. eines *perga^Qeba\V!.

Maybe alb. pjergu// 'pergo\a'.

References: WP. II 48, WH. II 288; compare above S. 819 Mitte {per-3, per-g-).
Page(s): 819-820

Root / lemma: perg-2

Meaning: fear, to fear

Material: Gothic faufhrtei. Old English fyrhtut "fear'; Gothic faurhts. Old High German Old

Saxon for(a)ht. Old English /oa/?/ "timorous'; Old High German Old Saxon forhtalear';

Gothic faurhtjan. Old High German furhten, forfaJMenlear, dread'; perhaps to Tocharian

A B parsk-, A prask-, B prask- "fear, dread', A praski, B prosko, proskye "fear' {-sk- from -k-

sk-).

References: WP. II 48, Holthausen Altengl. etym. Wb. 112.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perk-1, prek-

Meaning: to fill

Note: ? Only indisch and Irish.

Comments:

Root/ lemma: perk-1, prek-\ to fill, derived from Root/ lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erag-,

(s)p(h)reg- {y\asa\\ze(ii spreng^ : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Material: Old \x\6\c prnakti {prncati, piparkti) "fijllt, gives rich; mengt, mischt', participle

prkta-^ mixed, erfijllt, voll from', Aor. aprak, upala-praksin-^ 6\e quern drehend', common

Old Indie -g"h- > -ks- sam-prc^\n BeriJhrung stehend'; pracura-' much, a lot of, rich';

Middle Irish erca/m luWe' .

References: WP. II 47, Kuiper Nasalpras. 81.
Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: {perk-2). pfk-

Meaning: glowing ashes, coals

Comments:

Root/ lemma: {perti-2). pfk-\ glowing ashes, coals, derived from Root/ lemma:

*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erag-, (s)p(h)reg-{s\asa\\2.Q<d. spreng^ : to rush, hurry; to scatter,

sprinkle.

Material: Lithuanian pirksnysi. PI. "asli witli glulienden Funken', Latvian pirkstis, pirkstes
PI. ds.; Old Irish richesi. 'glowing coal', bret. Ae^ez'Kohlenglut' {*prki-sta, compare das
Latvian forms); unclear cymr. rhys-yn, PI. a/t/s-oo' 'glowing ash', with other forms acorn.
regihten, collective regyth6s.\ whether as 'sprijhend' to *sp{h)er-^ strew, distribute, spray
'? compare Latvian sp/zys// "glowing coals under the ash' under sp(h)er(e)g-^ twitch,
spray'.

References: WP. II 47, MiJhlenbach-Endzelin III 223.
Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: pertt-1

Meaning: rib; breast

Material: Old Indie /05/'5i/-f. " rib, gebogenes knife', parsva-, -/77'Rippengegend, side',

Avestan par9su-i. " rib ', par9su-xx\. ' rib, side', osset. /sAs'side, line, region'; Old Church

Slavic /0/T>s/"Bruste', f. PI. probably from "Rippengegend'; compare Lithuanian zem. pirsys

f. PI. 'Brustofthe horse'.

Maybe alb. parzme^ chest'.

References: WP. II 44 f., Trautmann 220.

Page(s): 820

Root / lemma: perti-2, preR-
Meaning: spotted

Material: With /^formant: Old Indie ;C!,/5/7/- "mottled, speckled, *tabby, varicolored', gr.
nspKvoc;, originally "ttoikiAo^', then, dunkelfleckig, dark, blauschwarz', nspKoivsi "wird
dark'; npOKvov psAava Hes.; flpoKvri 'die swallow'; without -/?- Middle Irish e/r 'mottled,
speckled, *tabby, oxblood, indigo ', also 'salmon, trout, cow, lizard', cymr. e/r/7 'mottled,
speckled, *tabby' (= n£pKO(;); Old High German forhana. Middle High German forhe(n),
forher trout ', Old Saxon furnia. Old English forn(e)6s. {*prk-na), ablaut. Swedish farna^
dace ' ( *perk-na)\

with -ua Old High German faro. Middle High German vare, flekt. varwer 'iarb\g',
substantivized Old High German farawa ^ pa\nt, color' {*pork-u6-); Latin-Germanic fario
'Lachsforelle' (Germanic *farhjdn-, older *farhwjdn-);

other formations: gr. n£pKO(; m. 'Sperber' (Aristot.), nspKO-nrspoq 'weiftkofige Geierart',
nspKQ^si 'wird dark, black'; np6^, -K6c,i. and npoKOc;, -aboo, 'Hirschkalb', npcb^, -Koq
'Tautropfen'; nspKr) (Latin pe/ra loanword) ' perch ', Latin porous 'e\n fish with
Stachelflossen', Ligurian FIN Poroo-bera{' trout iu\r\ren6'); Middle Irish c»/r(and ero, see

above) "salmon'; Old Icelandic fjgrsungr'trach'mus draco' {*perks-nk6-); redupl. perhaps
nanpa^ ein thrak. sea fish ('trout?');

perhaps here through Diss, eines *perk-ro-s\o *pelcro-, *po/cro-: Latin pulc(h)er. Old
Latin yOC»/c/7e/''beautifur (= "varicolored').

References: WP. II 45 f., WH. II 384;
See also: extension from per-1.
Page(s): 820-821

Root / lemma: perR-3, pfR-

Meaning: to tear out, dig out; furrow

Material: Old \nd'\c parsana-rc\. 'cleft, gap, abyss, sinking in ';

Latin po/ra "furrow in farmland', "Wasserabzugsrinne in farmland' {porcu-/etum ' a field
divided into beds' mars. Umbrian ^ porcu/eta'); cymr. rhych 'furrow' (with expressive -kk)
perhaps = bret. rec'h^ distress ', against it with /rabret. rec, gl. 'suico', ro-ricse[n]ti
"sulcavissenf; gall, /vica "furrow', French As/e 'stripe'; Old High German furuh. Old English
furht "furrow'. Old Icelandic fori. " drainage ditch, canal' {*prk-)\ zero grade Norwegian
ferexu. "a field divided into beds'; after F. R. Schroder, Festgabe K. Helm 25 ff. here Old
Icelandic Fjgrgyni. as "goddess the Ackerfurche';

Lithuanian pra-persis^E\av\ke in ice', pra-parsas^ 6\\.c\\, trench, channel', persetT
burning ache' (from Wunden);

in addition */7c»/';^d5 "swine' ("WiJhler').

References: WP. II 46, 47, WH. II 340 f.
Page(s): 821

Root / lemma: perti-4, preR-, pfR-
Meaning: to ask, ask for

Material: 1. 5/^o-present *prk-skd, worfrom *prskd:0\6 Indie /C>/rc/75//"fragt', Avestan
parasa/t/ Iragt, longs for' (participle parsta-), ap. aparsam^\ frug'; Armenian e-harc^he
has gefragt' (: Old Indie a-prcchat), therefrom das present harcanem, Latin posed "ford ere,
demand, beg '; Irish arco^\ beg ', cymr. archaf, corn, arghafds., Middle Breton archas'W
commanda' (Old Irish //77/77-c/7c»/77-a/r"gegenseitiges Fragen, Begrijften' etc.) with ariromr
before dem 5 the basic form *prskd {irom *prk-skd)\ Lithuanian persu, yO/?s//"forjemanden
freien' (yO/As/ys "F re i we rber'), if with analogical present-ablaut e instead of r, in addition Old

Indie /C!/rc/7a "question, Erkundigung' = Armenian hare 6s:, Old High German forsca
"Forschung, question' is post-verbal to forscon^ inquire, research'; Latin postu/dlor6ere'
(diminutive of participle */0C»5c/c»s to yOC»5cd);in Oscan-Umbrian is *porscd\.o *persc6
reshaped: Umbrian persnimu\'(r\'^e'c. Med. 'precator', in addition with (forms -(e)lo-)
Umbrian persklu, pes/r/i/ "supplicatione', further mars, pesco'sacrificum', and of participle
*pes[c]to-ixor(\\ Oscan pestlum, peeslum ' an open place for observation, place marked off
by the augur's staff ', from which Messapic hevokAev "Bethaus'.

2. Old \v\6\c pra's- "(gerichtliche) Befragung', Avestan frasai. 'question'. Old \v\6\c prstha-
(= Avestan parsta-) 'Gerichtsfrage', prasna-, Avestan frasna-m. 'Befragung, question' (=
Old High German fragan' woodpecker ' KZ 62, 31, 2), Armenian harsn 'bnde, newlywed,
daughter-in-law ' (compare Gothic frafhnan); Latin procus ' suitor ', prexi. 'request',
precor, -a/7"bid, beg, ask', Umbrian pepurkurenfi. PI. Fut. 'poposcerint'; Gothic frafhnan^
inquire ', Old Icelandic fregna. Old English /^/g/7a/7(and„/b-present fricnan) ds.. Old Saxon
preterit fragn. Old English friccea^ herald '; Germanic *frehti-\v\ Old Icelandic fretti.
'question, Erforschung', Old English frehtt 'Wahrsagung'; Old High German fraga
"question' {*frag-dn, -en, frahen^ inquire '), Old Icelandic frsegr. Old English ge-fraege. Old
Saxon ^/-/^a^/' illustrious'; ablaut. Old High German /e/p'd/7'bid, beg, ask'; Old Icelandic
prositi^b\(i, beg, ask';

Maybe alb. poros/t' order, demand' a Slavic loanword.

Lithuanian Iterat. prasau, -y// "arrogate, bid, beg, ask'; Tocharian k prak-, B prek-' inquire '

References: WP. II 44, WH. II 346 f.
Page(s): 821-822

Root / lemma: pericu-s
Meaning: oak

Note:

Because of the common Latin, gr., Illyrian, celt, k"- > p-, g"- > b-s, Latin quercusi. 'oak' is

the oldest IE cognate, hence Root/ lemma: pertcu-s'. oak derived from an earlier Root

Material: Old Indie pa/'/ra//-' sacred Feigenbaum', New Indie yoa/iga/'Steineiche'; Venetic
VN Oi/a/ic7i/e/7/"Eichen manner' (Latin Relikt?); Nymphis Percernibus'Qerha'QS Ligurian
(Vaucluse); Latin quercusi. 'oak'; Italian-trent. yoo/ra'pine' (rat. *porca); Celtic Hercynia
s/7va'6as deutsche Mittelgebirge' (from *Perkunia, older *Perk"unia), cymr. perthi. 'bush,
hedge ' {*k"erk"-t-l\, Celtic VN Querquerni {'Q0\6e\.) in Hispania Tarrac; from *Perkunia

probably borrowed Germanic *fergunid, Old High German Fe/p'i//7/7a"Erzgebirge', (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Middle High German Virgunti.
"Waldgebirge westlich Bohmens', Gothic fafrguniu. "mountain range', Old English firgen
"Waldhohe'; Old High German fereheih, langob. fereha 'Speiseeiche', Old Icelandic fjgrr
m. 'tree, man'; ablaut. Old High German /b/'/75'pine tree'. Old English furh; Old Icelandic
furat 'pine', fyriu. 'Fohrenwald'; from Old High German "TbA^-zis 'Fohrenwald': Modern
High German Forst, from Old High German kien-forha {kien-io Old English ce/7'pinewood
torch', ablaut, to Old English cTnan, above S. 355) wird Modern High German Kiefer,
doubtful whether after Vendryes RC 44, 313 ff. here also Gothic fa/r/vus ^wor\d\ Old
English feorh, Old High German ferahl\ie', West Gem\an\c A/aferhu/ae {= *Alaferhwids),
to Old Icelandic ffrar{*firhw-JdR), Old English ffrasP\. 'Manner' etc.; Old Lithuanian
yOe/'/r^/7a5 Thunder God, UVc\\}av\\av\ perkunas^\huv\6er\ perkunijai. 'Gewitter', Latvian
/0^/'/r^d/7s 'thunder. Thunder God ', Old Prussian yOe/r^/7/5 'thunder';
Maybe alb. perkund' shake' : Latvian yO^/'/ri/d/7s 'thunder. Thunder God '
Old Russian Perunb ' Thunder God ', russ. perun 'thunderbolt, lightning' are transformed
folk etymology after Slavic * pero^hW'; unclear is Old Indie Parjanya-^ thunderstorm God '
(see above under /7e/"-5, perg-).

References: WP. II 42 f., 47 f., WH. II 402 f., Specht KZ. 64, 10 f., 68, 193 ff., Thieme,
Untersuchungen zur Wortkunde of Rigveda 71 .
Page(s): 822-823

Root / lemma: per-1, pera- : pre-, preu-

Meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle, jet

Note: identical as speA-'spruhen etc'

Comments:

Root / lemma: per-1, pere- : pre-, preu- : to drizzle, sprinkle, jet, derived from Root /

lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erag-, (s)p(h)reg- {'C\asay\ze6 spreng^ : to rush, hurry; to

scatter, sprinkle.

Material: A. pere-. pre. gr. nifj-TTpr|-|Ji, *npri9u) ("rrpnau), snpnaa) '(fache an =) zijnde an,

verbrenne; blow; spritze from', npr|5u)v, -ovoc;f. 'entzijndliche tumefaction ', npniJaivu)

'blow violent', npniJOvau) 'tobe', npnarrip ' lightning, whirlwind, impetuous stream'; Slavic

*preieti\v\ poln. yOAzec'sicherhitzen, braise', russ. prejet, pretb 'schwitzen, simmer, seethe,

boil'. Old Church Slavic para^ smoke, vapor', (Old Prussian pore'vapor' from poln. para);

H\tt\te para/-' aniachen, blow';

with Morms Old Swedish fradha' scum, froth, foam, slobber'. Middle Low German
vradem, vratem'haze, mist, breath, breeze'; with 5-forms Old Icelandic fraesi. 'das blast.

Zischen', reduced grade Norwegian frasa' rustle '; c>grade(?) Norwegian fr0sa
"effervesce, pant, sniff, snort, fauchen' (perhaps contaminated from frysaav\6 fn0sa).

Maybe alb. /^j^ "swell, blow', fryma'breatW

B. pr-eu-: unerweitert perhaps in Old Indie vi-pru- "after all Seiten hin spray' (but
compare yO/'5i/a/e"springt auf, actually "auseinanderspringen');

preus-. Old Indie /?/'i/s/7d//"spritzt from', Intrans. /0/'i/sy5//"spritzt', Old Icelandic frysa
"prusten, pant, sniff, snort', Swedish frusta 6s., frusa'spray'; lautmalend Middle Low
German Old High German prusten, Balto-Slavic *prausid^ spuize' in Lithuanian prausti
"das Gesicht wash', Latvian praus/at'\e'\se laugh', prusjuot^ prusten', Lithuanian prusnos,
Latvian yC>/'i/s/75s"Lippen, mouth'. Old Prussian Akk. Sg. prusnanlace'; Old Church Slavic
prysngti, russ. pryskatb "spray'; from Balto-Slavic *prOsa-{: Swedish frusa) Slavic *prychati
in Church Slavic prychanije n. "fremitus' etc.; in addition perhaps as Venetic-lllyrian
element in Gallischen die PN Pruso, Prusoniusan^ the VN Prausi{\eQ. *Prousi);

preu-t(h)- Old Indie pro/^aZ/^prustet, schnaubt (of Rosse)', Avestan frad^at-aspa-^W\Vc\
schnaubenden Rossen', Old Indie a/oa-/0/io//7a//"schnaubt weg, blast weg', pra-prothati
"aufpusten, inflate, bloat'; Old Icelandic fraudu., frodai. "scum, froth, foam'. Old English a-
freodan^ foam ';

here einige Germanic words for "frog', as "the Geiferige': Old Icelandic fraudr {compare
fraud ^s\obber'). Middle English frude' toad '.

C. consonant extensions from per- s. still under per/(-, preR- " dappled ', pers- "spray,
spray, dappled '.

References: WP. II 27 f., Trautmann 230 f.
Page(s): 809-810

Root / lemma: per-2

Meaning: to go over; over, through, very, exceedingly

Material:

A. Dient as preposition, proverb and Adverb: a. per, pe/7(locative of root noun)
"vorwarts, in Hinausgehen, HiniJbergehen about, in Durchdringen, in Ubermaft', from
which "about - out, through - toward ';

Old \nd'\c pan, Avestan pa/n, Old pers. par/y, gr. TTspi, irsp, alb. per {partiy also = Indo
Germanic *pro), pej, pe, besides per {*per/) with wiederhergestelltem r, Latin per{*peror
*per/y, Oscan-Umbrian per- and pert {*per-tl)\ gall, eri-. Old Irish ir-, e/"- (analogical *ero-)\
cymr. corn. bret. er, Gothic fafr-. Old English fyr-. Old High German fir- 'ver-', Old High
German Old Saxon firi- ds.; Old Prussian per, Lithuanian per, per-; Slavic per-\v\ Old
Church Slavic pre- etc.; from "vorwarts' entwickelte sich already Indo Germanic die
meaning "very' (Old Indie pari-prT-'very dear', gr. nspi-KaAAnq "very beautiful', Latin per-
magnus "very groft'; Lithuanian per-didis "to big, large'. Old Church Slavic pre-blagt "very
good'), then die the Uberlegenheit (Old \u6\c pari- as-, pari- biiu-^ excel, surpass ', gr.
nspi-sTvai ds.), of Ubermaftes or hohen Grades (Old \v\d\c pari-vid-, gr. n£pi-oi5a, Latin
per-videre "genau know, have knowledge of '); esp. Old Indie and gr. is die meaning
"ringsum, umherum' (Old Indie /Oa/7/-"umhergehen', gr. nspi-isvai; gr. nspi-^cbwufji =
Lithuanian yOe/'-yc'i/s//"umgurten');

derivatives are:

Gothic fairra NdN. "afar', as preposition "fern from'. Old Icelandic fjar{ri) Adv. "afar'
(therefrom Kompar. firr, Superl. first). Old English feor(r), engl. far. Old Saxon ferr. Old
High German ferrofKdv. "afar, very', Kompar. ferror {*fer-ro- iroru *fer-ero-); Old Church
Slavic pred-b "before; voran; das Vordere' (as na-di^, prezh "about - toward '; -/roAdj.:
prel^t "quer', Czech pi'fc(l<a)^ transom ' = Umbrian pe/ra/77 "virgam', Oscan perl<[ais]
"perticis';

in zeitlicher Verwendung: Old \v\d\c par-ut, gr. nspuai etc. (see below uet-'year') and die
derivatives Lithuanian pernai"\n vorigen years', Latvian perns Ad], "the previous year, firn'.
Middle High German verne'the previous year', vern^\n vorigen years', Gothic only in af
fairninjera'oiWor]a\r\re', Old Saxon fernun gere, fernun iara^\n Vorjahre', therefrom with
„/b-forms Gothic fafrneis^-naKa\6(^ , Old Icelandic fyrndt "age'. Old High German firni^o\d;
wise'. Modern High German F//77"old snow'; also to zero grade Gothic faur: Old Icelandic
forn'o\d', besides the /-stem Old Saxon an furndagun. Old English fyrn, firn ^o\d'; compare
Old Indie purana- "vormalig' to pura, ap. paranam " previously, in the past ' to para, Latin
perendie^ the day after tomorrow ' from *peren-diel

Maybe in -e- grade Latin Greek Albanian: Latin perendie {* peren-dies) " on the day after
tomorrow ' : Albanian {* peren-diem) perendim m. " sunset, end of the day ', perendimi'
west ', {* peren-destia) perendestia^ upper goddess ' {*peren-dea) perendia^ divinity '.
Albanian {-dea, -desha^ goddess ' : Latin dea: Italian dea: Spanish diosa: French
deesse : Portuguese deusa " goddess '.

auf per- \n other Verwendung point at *per-u-r/n-\n horn. irsTpap (Pind. n£Tpa(;),
n£ipaTO(;, Attic n£pa(;, -aTO(; 'ending, end', horn, direipajv ' eternal, infinite ' = (Attic)
dnspova nspac; fjr| exovtq Hes., horn, nsipaivu), Attic TTspaivu) ' vollende '; - besides in Old
Indie eine gleichlautende family the meaning 'knot': Old Indie pan/a- Nom. Akk. PI. n.
"knot, joint ' (instead of *pan/j), paru-m. 'knot, joint, limb, member (ocean, sky, heaven)',
parus-n. 'knot, joint, limb, member'; gr. nsTpap 'knot' is doubtful (G. Bjorck Mel. Boisacq 1,
143 ff.).

b. Adj. pero-s lurther': Old Indie p^^a-/? 'further, jenseitig, fiend; prior; later', Superl.
parama-h lernster, last, best', Avestan ap. para- 'ulterior, the other, spatere, kijnftige',
para-tara-l\en6'; Old Indie pa/'a/? (Nom. Sg. m. with adv. End stress) preposition m. Akk.
'about - out', with Abl. 'fern from', with Instr. 'beyond from', seldom adverbal = Avestan
paAd preposition m. Akk. 'besides - apart from'; Old \n6\c para, Avestan para {\nstr. Sg.)
adverbal 'fort, weg, zurSeite'; Old \n6\c pare {Lok. Sg.) 'darauf, fernerhin'; Old Indie yoa/'a/r?
(Nom. Akk. Sg. n. = Osean perum) 'out about, beyond, after', preposition with Abl.;

Armenian /7e/7"remote, distant, afar';

gr. n£pc((v), Ionian nspnv (Akk. Sg. f.) 'daruber out, beyond'. Adv., preposition m. Abl.
(Gen.); Latin per-peram^ inverted ', per-perus^ ineorreet ', from which gr. TT£pTT£po(;
'Geek'; gr. TTspd 'daruber out, beyond' (Instr. Sg. f. of stem *pero-= Old Indie yoara' away,
in another plaee, fort') ; therefrom n£paTo(; 'jenseitig' (TTspaiTspoq), nspaGsv 'from beyond
her', Tfi nsparn (yfi) 'gegen Westen';

from a sehwundstufigen additional form from nspa through -/ro- extended is delph.
npaKO(; 'with e. Geldstrafe covered', Ionian npnaaw Attic npaTToo 'durchfahre, vollstrecke,
vollfiJhre, verriehte, do';

Osean perum (= Old Indie param) 'sine';

Old Irish l^e 'further, langer' {*perio-, das /"after s/?'long');

Hittite para{= gr. nspd) 'vorwarts, further, further', postposition 'from - heraus'; periia(n)
'daruber out', postposition 'about - out', parranda 6s. (*= gr. nspav + 5£).

e. prai, per5/(Riehtungsdativ of stem pei), also prei, pri, peri.

Old Indie pare 'daraufhin' (Lok. Sg.);

gr. Trapai "irapa', out of horn. (Ionian Attic) only in compounds, as kyren. napai-para;
npiv (horn, also rrplv) "vorher; before'; probably reshaped from *npTc; ( *pri-is, to Latin prior,
prTscus) compare Cretan npsiv from *np£i(;;

alb. p5 "before', if from *pari-(\v\ vowel reshaped after pa/ie "first'?);

Latin praepreT\x "voran, ahead, exceedingly ', preposition "before, because of, Oscan
pra/, prae-, Umbrian pre'prae', prefix and preposition, yC>/'e'-/Oa"priusquam', Kompar. Latin
praeter' vorbe'\ an = besides, ausgenommen' {*prai-tero-), Umbrian yO/-e//-a"priores';

Old Latin prT{ *prei) " before, in front ' {prehendo^ gripe, seize' from * praehendd),
Kompar. *prHds, *pr/-/s {irom which prfs-) in pr/or^ former, previous, prior, first ', prTmus
(from *prTs-mos), Paelignian prisma^ the first, first ', presumably also prfdem " long ago,
long since, a long time ago '; prTs-cus' of former times, of old, olden, ancient, primitive,
antique ' {*preis-ko-, compare Armenian erec. Gen. ericu^ the oldest, the priest ', *preis-
ku)\ prTstinus^ former, early, original, primitive, pristine ', Paelignian pri-trom-e^ right
onward, forward, farther on, onward ', p/7s/5/^/5C/>7A'"*praestibulatrTx '; here probably also
Latin prTvus {*prei-uos) " each, every individual, one each, one's own, private, peculiar,
particular ', prTvo, -are " to bereave, deprive, rob, strip ', prJvatus " apart from the State,
peculiar, personal, individual, private ', Umbrian prever^ one to each, separate, single ',
preve " one by one, one at a time, alone, single, solitary, singular ', Oscan preiuatud Nc\. "
apart from the State, peculiar, personal, individual, private, reo ';

p^i-- Celtic [/0]a/> in gall, are- {Are-morica, Are-brigium, abrit. Are-cluta eic.) "by,
before, esp. ostlich from' (compare Irish an-a/rlrom east ');

Old High German Old Saxon /^/'/"before, for, vorbei'. Old Icelandic fyr{and with
Komparativendung fyr//) "before, for'; Kompar. Old High German furiro^\he frijhere,
vordere', Superl. furist. Middle High German kJas/ "first, vornehmster'. Old Saxon furist.
Old English fyr(e)st, engl. first. Old Icelandic fyrra6v. " prior, vorher', /j//r/"the friJhere',
fyrstr^the first'. Old English fyrsfa. Old Saxon Old High German fur/sfo 'pnnce, lord';
Gothic fri-sahts 'BM, example, riddle ' contains zero grades *pr/-, as also Old High
German fr/-//ezbes\6es fir-, far-, fra-liez.

prei-\r\ Lithuanian pr/e, zem. pry^by, an', Nominalpraf. pr/e-, pr/'e-, pr/'e-, pry- (also pre/-
ka/asvn. " anvil '), proverb prt-; preposition yO/ves "against', yO/ves "before'; Latvian prie(k)sa
'das Vordere' {*preitia); Latvian p/'eAe "forehead, Vorderseite' iSprierel); Old Prussian prei
"to, by', as prefix "also, before, an', preisiksm. "fiend'; Old Church Slavic /O/vpreposition
and prefix "by, an, to';

from Latin pr/fsjmus s'wnWar *pnsemi-, -e/Old Irish rem- prefix (lenierend) "before, voran'
{nam\or ihm', rem/\oryou '), rem/- as proverb, preposition re (nasalized).

d. Peres, peTOS {and as 1 . composition part pres- 'before', Gen.-Abl. of stem per-):

Old Indie /Ji/za/? Adv. and prefix "voran, vorn', preposition "before', Avestan paroMN.
"vorn, before', preposition "before', gr. napoc; Adv. " prior; voran, vorn', preposition "before';
pres-\n gr. np£a-pu(;, -yu(; "old' ("*in Alter vorangehend', compare Old Xnfi^z puro-gava-
"guide, leader' (*Leitstier), see below ^"^^-"rother, cattle'; to Cretan np£TaYO(; see above);
Old High German fristm. n.. Old Saxon fristu.. Old English f/rstm. " time, period ' from
*pres-sti-. Old Icelandic frestu. ds. from *pres-sto-, compare Old \n6\c purah-sfh/ta-
"bevorstehend'; from *peros-stat/-s"\n Alter voran seiend' probably Old Irish arsaid, arsid
"vetus' (Old Indie /O^ras/a/" before, voran, vorn, vorher' is certainly yO^/'a/7+ Abl. -tat).

e. /7/'-"hervor', perhaps Nom. Sg. n. of stem per-: gr. Trap in proper name as flap-
|j£viaKO(;, in el. irap-paivu) , nap tov vojjov ; Latin por-tendo (: Gothic faural=>anjan), -rigo,
pol-liceor arwoui^ others, Umbrian pur- dou/tu ^ pomato' , Faliscan pc»/'-o'eo'"brachte dar,
widmete'; Gothic faur, Old Saxon for, f^Apreposition "before, for'. Old English fords., Old
Icelandic for- "before', with steigender meaning Old Icelandic for-//dtr\ery ugly'. Old
English for-man/g^ gar v\e\e, allzu viele';

Germanic derivatives: Old Icelandic /b/r"hasty, voreilig' ( *furfia-, compare from *pro:g'c.
npoKQ under S. 815); Old Saxon Old Frisian forth, ford. Old English fordlori, vorwarts';
Middle High German i/o/f "vorwarts, further, fort, Norwegian /c»/"/"quick, fast, bald'. Old
Icelandic forda. Old English ^e-/fc»/'A'/5/7"fortbringen'; Kompar. *furt^era-\v\ Old Saxon
further, furdorfKdv., Old English furdorfKdv. "further', furdrafKd]. " greater, higher'. Old High
German furdir, -arf\dy. Adj. "vorder, vorzijglicher, prior, vormalig'.

compounds with forms from sta- "stand' in Old Indie prsti-i. ' rib ', pr-stha-m
"hervorstehender back, acme, apex ', Avestan par-sta-m. "back', par-sti-i. (Du.) "back'.
Middle Low German vorst-i. "ridge of the roof from *for-std. Old English fyrstds. from *fur-
sti-, besides with lengthened grade prefix Old High German first m.. Old English f/erstf.
"First' from *f/r-st/-, probably also Latin post/'s ' jamb, doorpost ' ( *por-sti-s
"hervorstehendes'); gr. naarac; (besides napaaTa(;) " jamb, pillar, TiJrpfeiler', TTapTa5£(;
a|jn£Aoi Hes. (*nap-aTa(;), Lithuanian pifstas. Old Church Slavic pn>sth "finger'
("hervorstehend');

Maybe alb. pr/sh'6ei\o\/\/er, finger, destroy, waste'

f. pera\ns\.r. Sg. of stem *per, Old Indie /j^/a Adv. " previously, in the past, prior; ehe,
before ', preposition "(to Schutze) before, without, besides', Avestan para, ap. para Adv.
"zuvor', preposition 'before', therefrom Old Indie /Oi//'a/75-'vormalig, prior, old', ap. paranam
Adv. ' previously, in the past '; gr. napa, napa verbal prefix 'before - toward, dar-',
preposition 'an etwas hin, along, besides; during'; 'by, from the Nahe weg, from seiten';
Gothic faura, Old High German Old Saxon foraAdv. 'vorn, vorher', verbal prefix 'vorher,
ahead, before', preposition 'before'. Old English /bAe" preposition 'before'.

g. pro, yOAo'vorwarts, vorn, voran', formation as *apo, *upo; pro with Auslautsdehnung.

Old Indie yO/a- prefix 'before, vorwarts, fort' (before Subst. and verbs), 'very' (before
Adj.), Avestan fra, fra-, ap. fra- prefix 'vorwarts, voran; fort, away, in another plaee '; gr.
npo proverb 'before', preposition 'before', npaj-nspuai (rhythm, lengthening) 'in
vorvorigen year'; Latin pro-, prd-'\r\ compounds, yO/io preposition 'before, for'; pronus
'vorwarts willing, inclined' (from *prdne, compare yOd/?© 'behind' from *post-ne); about
prodests. WH. II 365; Oscan-Umbrian proverb, pro-, pru-,

air- ro-, cymr. ry-, abret. ro-, ru-. Middle Breton nbret. ra-, proverb and intensive prefix,
e.g. Old Irish ro-mar'to big, large', gall. GN f. Ro-smerta;

Gothic fra-. Old High German fir-. Modern High German ver- proverb (latter partly also =
Gothic fafr-, see above A.);

Old Prussian pra, /Oao 'through', as proverb 'ver-', Lithuanian pra, prd\orbe'\', as
proverb 'vorbei-, through -, ver-', compare pra-garas' wolverine ' = Latvian pra-garisds.;
Latvian pruo-Jam ' away, in another place, fort'; Old Church Slavic proverb pro-^ through -,
ver-', preposition russ. Czech p/r* 'because of, ablaut, russ. pra-ded, sorb, pra-djed^ great
grandfather';

doubled: Old \r\d'\c prapra, gr. TrpoTrpo ' always vorwarts'.

pru- {Re\m auf *pu, s. *apo7) lies the basic in gr. 5ia-npu-ai6(; 'durchgehend', npu|jv6(;
'das aufierste end from perhaps forming' (npupvp) 'Hinterschiff etc.).

p/u- 'early, matutinal, morgens' in Old Indie /0/'5-/5/''early, matutinal, morgens', gr. npojT
(Attic npco) 'early, matutinal, morgens', npu)iO(; ' matutinal ', Doric npcbav, npav (*npu)av),
Attic npconv (*npu)Fic(v soil, npspav) 'kijrzlich, the day before yesterday, two days ago'.
Old High German fruo"\n the FriJhe', fruo/. Middle High German vrueje{= npwioc;) Adj.
'early, matutinal' (Indo Germanic *prd}; Lithuanian p^o'vorbei', S\ay\c pra- see above.

derivatives from pro-:

pro-tero-\v\ Old \n6'\c prafaram, -am My. "further, prospectively ', Avestan frafara-'t\r\e
vordere, frijhere', gr. nporspoc; 'the vordere, vorige'; Oscan pruter pan ^pnusquam' is
single-linguistically to *prd-s\r\ape6, also Old \n6\c prafar^ear\Y, matutinal, morgens' see
above;

in addition with superlative suffix -femo-:0\6 \n6\c prafamam \orzugs\Ne\se' , Avestan
fratama-, ap. frafama-'the vorderste, vornehmste, first' (besides Old \n6\c prafhama-'
previous ' and einzelne Iran, forms with //?); gr. *np6-aT0c; (from npoTOTOc;?) perhaps in
Doric nparoc; ' previous '; but gr. npwTOc; ds. from *yqA--/c»- (reshaped from * pr-mo- ds.); in
addition npr|Tr|v m. ' one-year-old lamb' (see above S. 314);

pro-mo-, gr. rrpopoc; "Vorderster, Vorkampfer, guide, leader', Umbrian promomMN.
"prlmum', Gothic framMy. 'further', preposition 'from - her'. Old Icelandic fram Mn.
'vorwarts', fra{*fram) preposition 'away from'. Old High German framMy. 'vorwarts, fort,
further, immediately, right away', preposition 'fort from, from - her'. Old English from My.
'fort', preposition 'away from'; Old Icelandic /^5/77/''voranstehend, vorwartsstrebend,
distinguished ', Old English ;^a/77 'tiJchtig pert';

pre-mo-\r\ gr. ^Tpa[^oq 'guide, leader' (rather korrupt for npoijoc; ds.?), Gothic fruma'
previous ' (Sup. frumists). Middle High German frum, uro/r? 'proficient, brav' (Modern High
German fromm. Old High German Old Saxon frumai. 'benefit'. Modern High German
Frommen); similarly Latin probus^good, proficient, brav', Umbrian p/'o/fe 'probe' from *pro-
b^uo-s : Old Indie pra-bhu- 'salient, superb an power and FiJIle', as well as in Old Bulgarian
yC>/-c»-5/b'rechtschaffen, simple, just, unsophisticated ', and (from *pJ--mo-) Old Saxon
formo. Old English forma^ previous ' (Superl. fyrmest), Lithuanian plrmas0\6 Prussian
pirmas 'first', probably Latin yC>/'a/70''/^/77 'FriJhmahlzeit' from * pram-edjom ( *prm-).

pr6-ko-yorav\ seiend': gr. npoKO (Nom. Akk. PI. n.) Adv. 'sofort', Latin reci-procus
actually 'backwards and vorwarts gerichtet'. Old Latin procumQeu. PI., 'procerum', after
pauperes reshaped to proceres, -um 'die Vornehmsten; die from the wall herausragenden
Balkenkopfe'; procu/^aiar' (compare simul);

Latin prope^ near by', Superl. proximus, actually *pro-k"e^av\6 vorwarts (an etwas
heran)', with Assimil. p- k" \.o p- p,\x\ addition propter^bes\(ies' ( *propitei) and propinquus
'benachbart, related' (compare Old Indie yO/'5/K-a/7(>'zugewandt'); compare above S. 813
Germanic *furha;

Old Church Slavic p/io/rb" residual, remaining', proceMv. "Aoinov, igitur' {*prokJom)\

auf ein *prd-ko- Qoes back bret. a-Aao/r'vorwarts, voran, prior ', cymr. (y)rhawg^au\
lange', with ProklisenkiJrzung: bret. rak, corn, rag, cymr. A^a^ 'before'.

pro-uo-. in Old Indie /0/'ai/5/7a-"(vorwarts) willing, inclined, abschijssig', n. "slope, heap,
mound '; about Latin pronussee above; gr. npavrjc;, hom. npnvnq "vorwarts willing,
inclined' after Leumann Homer. Worter 77 f. from *TTpo-avr|^ 'face ahead'; with other
meaning Old High German fro, Old Saxon frao. Old English frea^ master, mister' {*frawan-
), Gothic frauja^masier, mister' (Old Icelandic FreyrQH to o-stem has changed). Old
Saxon frd/o6s.. Old Icelandic /^ej^5 'mistress; name the goddess'. Old High German
frouwa'\N\ie, woman'; besides Old Saxon frua. Middle Low German fruwe^\N\ie, woman'
from *frdwdn, Indo Germanic *prd-uo-, das also in Attic irpcopa (Latin loanword prora)
'Schiffsvorderteil' (npwFaipa-, -apja Indo Germanic *prdu-ria); perhaps Latin provincia, if
auf a *prduidn ^rwasiex, mister, power, rule' being based on; Old Bulgarian pravt 'right,
right' ('*gradaus');

with the same forms, but as Lithuanian p/'r-masl\rst' from "pe/'a- 'shaped', Indo
Germanic pera-£/o- in: Old \nd'\c purva-, Avestan paurva-, pourva-, ap. paruva-^ihe
vordere, fruhere' (Old Indie purvya-, Avestan paouruya- paoirya-, ap. /OamK/Ka 'prior', then
'primus'), alb. yoare 'first', para^yof; Old Church Slavic yO/Tji/byO/ibi/b 'the first'; probably
also die base from Old English forwost, forwest^ihe first'.

Note:

Phonetically alb pare^ first ' : Tocharian A y05/wa/ 'first' (with -/after the other ordinal
numbers) and Tocharian B parwe (^ parwe) 'earlier, first'

h. preti, proZ/'compared with, entgegen, against', partly in sense of remuneration; preti-
os^ equal in '.

Old \n6\c prat/ {\n Iran, through yOa/Z/verdrangt) prefix 'against, back etc' preposition
'against' etc.; gr. hom. irpoTi (Cretan nopri reconverted with metathesis), Ionian Attic
Lesbian npoq (compare TTp6a(a)aj 'vorwarts' from *protid, np6a9£(v) 'from vorn'),
pamphyl. rrepTi (reconverted with metathesis from *np£Ti), Aeolic npsq. Adv. 'yet in
addition, moreover', prefix, preposition 'against - toward, to, against', 'an', 'after a Bereich
hin; by (in SchwiJren)', 'from - her, from'; Latin pretium ' value, worth, price of a thing'
(Neutr. eines Adj. *pretios), compare Old Indie /JAa/z-as-'gleichkommen', aprata {siem
*pratay-) ' without Entgelt, free', Avestan paraska {*prt-ska) 'price or value, worth ', Old

Church Slavic protiVb, protivg "entgegen', Kashubian procinr, wruss. preci, poln. przeciw
"against' (also in sense of exchange relation); Latvian preteic.

i. pors6(d}. Armenian a/'by, an, besides', verbal prefix and preposition; in addition araj
"Vorderseite, beginning ', arajin 'first'; gr. noppu), nopau) (Pind.) 'vorwarts' = Latin porro
"vorwarts, fiJrder'; through ihren o-vocalism auffallige formation.

References: WP. II 29 ff., EM.2 754 f., 801 , 808 ff., 811 f., WH. II 283 ff., 351 , 364 ff.,
Trautmann 214 f., 220, 229 f., 230 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 491 ff., 499 ff., 505 ff., 508 ff.,
541 f.,543ff.,654ff.
Page(s): 810-816

Root / lemma: per-2. B. per-, pera-

Meaning: to carry over, bring; to go over, travel

Note: not certainly from per 2: C. to separate

Material: Old Indie /0/p5/"//"fuhrt hinijber, geleitet, furthers, ijbertrifft', causative parayati^

places about' (= y05/aya//"schutzt'), Avestan par-{\N\Vc\ Prafixen) "hindurch-, hiniJbergehen',

Kaus. -parayeite. Old Indie yoara-'hinuberbringend, iJbersetzend', m. n. "jenseitiges bank,

border, shore, purpose, aufterste limit, boundary' (in addition parya- 'wirksam'), Avestan

para-vn. 'bank, border, shore; limit, boundary, end';

Armenian /7c»/(0'"begangen, betreten', hordan^ leave, depart ', hordantam^ allow to
leave, depart ', and /7e'/7^/7'Pfrieme'; thrak. n6po(;, -napa in place names = gr. n6po(;
■ford';

gr. nspau) 'dringe through ', nsipw (TTsnappsvoc;) "durchdringe, durchbohre' (= Church
Slavic na-perjg), 5iaiJ-n£pr|(; 'durchbohrend', nspovr) 'cusp, peak, sting, prick, clasp,
hairpin '; TT6po(; ' passage, Zugang, junction, ford; Ausweg; PI. incomings ', hom. nopeTv '
obtain ', Aor. snopov; nsnpwTai 'is, war of Schicksal bestimmt' ( *pf-), nopsuoj 'lead, guide,
obtain ', Med. ' travel, journey', nopi^w 'grant, bestow passage; obtain ', TTopGpoc;
'Uberfahrt, Meerenge';

alb. pruva, prura 'brachte, fijhrte', 5/7-yOo/ioy 'durchbohre, durchsteche' {d/s-+ *pera-id),
sh-poj, tsh-poj, sh-puay^6s., durchbreche eine wall, breche ein' {dis-+ *pereid), sh-pie
'lead, guide hin' {*sem-+ *perd)\ pirr(e)i. 'thorn' {*per-na) etc.;

Maybe nasalized {*pera-idnd) alb. perend/m ^ sunsei, west', perendi, perendia ' goddess'
[common alb. n- > nd-] : Middle Persian: xwarofran, (Man.) xwrwpr'n^s\}v\se\., west' :
Avestan: paratu-{vc\] 'crossing, bridge'; OAv. (fra)fra{\sq.sub].aox.3iCt] 'to cross' ( Y

46.10); LAv. fra-para/7a/jhe [2sg.caus.sub\.ac\..] "to bring over' ( Yt 71.16); ni-paraiieinti
[3pl.caus.act.] "to lead to'

Latin porta, -are'bear, carry, guide, lead, drive, bringen, offer', Umbrian portatu
"portato', yOO/:^i/5/"portaverit' ( *poritd, to an iterative *poreJd)\

Gothic faran, for^ wander, pull, drag', farjan^6uye, schiffen', stem V. Old High German
Old English faran. Old Icelandic /^as "drive', schw. V. Old Saxon ferian. Old High German
ferien, ferren. Old Icelandic /fe/ya "drive, schiffen'(/&/75/7 = *poreid)\ Old Icelandic fQr\.
'journey, Fahrt', Old English faru\. "Fahrt, journey, pull'. Middle High German var\. 'Fahrt,
way, kind of, way' (fem. to gr. n6po(;); Old Icelandic farmr. Old English fearmm. "shipload',
Old High German farm " bark, type of sailboat' (= russ. porom); lengthened grade Kaus.
Old Saxon forian. Old High German fuoren. Modern High German fuhren. Old Icelandic
f0ra6s.. Old English (as Iter.) feran^qehu, pull, drag' (= Avestan parayati. Old Church
S\av\c par/f/); Old High German fuoraTuhre, Fahrt etc.'. Old English fori. "Fahrt, cart ';
Old Icelandic f0rr lahrbar, suitable ', Old High German gi-fuori^ fitting, comfortable, useful
'; Verbalabstr. Old Icelandic ferd. Old English fierd. Old High German Middle High German
fartTabr^ {*por-ti-);

russ. -Church Slavic na-perjg{= Treipw), -yOeA/Z/'durchbohren'; perg, p-brati^i\y'\ Iter, pariti
"fly, schweben' (= Old Indie parayati, Germanic Jorjan); pero^ feather '; russ. porom,
Serbo-Croatian pram^ ferry ' (= Old Icelandic farmr); presumably here also Old Church
S\ay\c porjg, yO/a//" carve, slit'; about Modern High German Farne\.c. s. addendum S. 850.

per-tu-, por-tu-, Gen. pf-teus^ passage, ford': Avestan porotu-sxxx. f. (Proto Aryan *prtu-
s) and pasu-src\. (Proto Aryan *prtu-s) " passage, ford, bridge' {hu-para^wa-' good to
overstep ' = "Euphrat'); Latin portus, -Js"Hausture' (XII tab.); " harbor', angi-portus
"narrow Passage, Nebengaftchen'; besides a-stem porta ^Siadiior, gate' = Oscan [pjurtam;
lllyrian PN Nau-portus, gall, ritu- "ford' in Ritumagus, Augustoritum, acymr. n't, ncymr. rhyd,
corn. A/rford'; Old High German furt. Old English ford^iord' (zero grade Old Icelandic fjgrdr
"narrow gulf, bay' from *per-tu-s); besides f. /-stem in Modern High German PN Furth
{*furti-).

Maybe alb. porte'door' derived from Latin porta'gate', port 'harbor' derived from Latin
yOC»/:^^s 'harbor'.

addendum toS. 817:

To Church Slavic pero " feather ' belong *por-no- " feather ' in Old Indie parna-v\. "
feather, leaf, Avestan parana-v\. " feather, wing'. Old Saxon Old High German farn
"Farnkrauf (*Federkraut), Old English fearnm. 6s., Lithuanian sparnas, Latvian sparnsm.
"wing' (das s-from the root spher-);

*prati-s\n gall, ratis. Middle Irish raithi. 'Farnkrauf, bret. /'ao'-e/?/? collective ds.;

*po-port-io-\y\ Lithuanian papartis, papartys Tamkraui', Latvian paparde, paparske (is.;
with lengthened grade Slavic *paparti-\. in russ. paporotb e\.c. ds.

WP. II 21, Trautmann 206, Vasmer2, 313.

References: WP. II 39 f., WH. II 344, Trautmann 206, 215 f.
Page(s): 816-817

Root / lemma: per-2: C. per-, pera-
Meaning: to sell

Material: a. Gr. nspvriMi (present and Impf.), nEpaw, -u) (formal = nspaw "dringe through '),
£n£paa(o)a, and nirrpaaKU), nspaou) (Attic nspoj), Enspaoa, nsnpaKa 'verkaufe', (gr.
stem *pera-), nopvp 'meretrix'; Old Irish ren{a)/d ^s/erkauit' {*pr-n9-: gr. nspva-), Konj. 3.
Sg. -/7a-(*/7a-after Indik. *[p]ri-na-ior "/b/e/'a-eingetreten), Perf. 3. Sg. -rir {*ri-r-e); verbal
noun reicc{Da\..) 'Verkaufen' (in final sound after /cc "healing, payment ' directed);
compare with an old guttural-extension Lithuanian perku pFrkti' buy '.

p. Avestan pairyante^sxe become compared', a/p/'-par-' {se'\r\e blame) begleichen,
penance, atonement make', a-psrst/'-s' atonement ', pdrs^a-n. " equalization of (blame),
atonement, punishment ', para- m. "blame' (in addition probably also par- "verurteilen');
Latin p5/'(lengthened grade), yC>a/7s"gleichkommend, alike, pair', therefrom paro, -are
"gleichschatzen', comparare^ Q,oxr\^ax€ (Umbrian pa/'ses/'paresf has das sfrom mers
est).

y. Old Indie purta-u., purtf- f. "earnings' = Latin pars, -tis "parf ( *pereti-), port/o^part,
allotment ' (Post Classical; Classical only pro port/one, assim. from * pro part/one); Old Irish
rann, cymr. rhan, mcorn. ran, abret. PI. rannou^parV ( *per9-sna); (common Celtic -ns-, -nt-
> -nn-). Old Irish ern(a)id^ grav\{s\ Konj. r-a-aera^ex moge esgewahren', preterit ro-fr^ev
has gewahrf ( *per-e), Fut. *ebraid{ *pi-pra-s-e-tf); ro-rath^\s gewahrt worden' ( *pra-to-l\,
Hittite Paz's- "break, rupture, grind, split up, cut up, divide'.

References: WP. II 40 f., WH. II 250 f., 256 f., 257 ff.

Page(s):817

Root / lemma: per-2. D. per-

Meaning: to bear (child)

Note: (as fera 'gebare' in einstiger reiationsliip to per-2: C "allot')

Material: a. Latin pario, -ere, peperT, partum, pariturus " to give birth to children ', reperio, -

Tre, repperJ, repertum'\N\edefi\nden, find, learn', partus, -us' to give birth to children, birth;

foetus', Parca {*par/ca) originally 'Geburtsgottin', Propert/us actuaWy "the FriJhgeborene' =

Umbrian Propart/e 'ProperiW, pare, -are'bere'\\.e, acquire, buy', comparo' buy' ("sich

etwas besorgen, obtain '); //77/?e/'5/'e 'anschaffen = order';

Lithuanian per/u, peret/ "brute', peraTHom. PI. "Bienenlarven'.

(3. Old Indie prthuka-m. 'rother, cattle, calf, the young of an animal ', Armenian ort', -u
"calf of Rindes or Hirsches' (with formants -thu-)\ gr. nopiq, nopra^, nopiK; "calf, young
cow'; cymr. e/'//7j//"abortus'; Old High German far, farro. Modern High German Farre, Old
English fearr. Old Icelandic farri {*farz-) "bull', with gramm. variation Middle High German
verse. Modern High German Farse "young cow' (Germanic *farsT, Gen. *farsjds), to Old
English heah-fore, engl. heifer, originally from jungen animals, compare engl. farrow^uoi
pregnant'. West Frisian fear^qeW!; lengthened grade Old English for. Middle Low German
KO/'"Schweinchen'; Old Church Slavic za-/0/^/b/rb "wind-Ei', Czech s-pratek Iruh
geborenes calf, kir. Kj/-pc»/:^c»/r"Fruhgeburt'.

References: WP. II 41 f., WH. II 255 f., Trautmann 215.
Page(s):818

Root / lemma: per-2. E. per-
Meaning: to try, dare, risk; danger
Note: (= /Oe/'-"hinuberfuhren, durchdringen')

Material: Armenian yC>"c»/7"Versuch' (express, p"-); gr. nsTpa f. "Erfahrung, Versuch', Aeolic
nsppa (*n£pja), nsipau), -a^u) "versuche', £|jTT£ipo(; " skillful, smart, adroit'; Latin experior, -
/?/""versuche, prijfe', expeffmentum "Versuch, examination ', comperid, -/?e"erfahre genau',
opperior, -Iff, -Itus {and -tus) s^/r? "warte, expect ', perJtus" skillful ', perTculum^M ersuch.
Probe; danger; Prozeft; accusation '; das /"from perT-tus, -culum derives from den
compounds with -perior. Old Irish a(/)/'e"Wachen, attention', nir. faire, because of gallo-brit.
areanTP\. "Kundschafter' from * psreja, Germanic '7^/7/73- "das Auftergewohnliche' in Gothic
fairina\. "blame'. Old High German firina" crime ' etc.; Germanic Yera- "danger' in Old
Icelandic farn. "danger, misfortune'. Old English /^/"m.. Old High German far(a)"

pestering, temptation; snare, danger', to GotJiic ferjaxr\. "Aufpasser', Old Higli German

/^/'e/7"auflauern' etc.; perhaps in addition with Abtonunggr. TaAai-nwpoq " afflicted ' as

"Gefahren erduldend'.

References: WP. II 28 f., WH. II 288 f.

Page(s):818

Root / lemma: per-3, per-g-

Meaning: to hit

Material: Aryan only with /-formants: Old Indie prt-, prtana l\g\r\t, struggle, fight', Avestan

peret-, pasa/7a 'fight, struggle, battle', paratamna^6\e miteinander Kampfenden', paiti-

paratata ^bekampit']

Armenian har/'\ schlug' (Aor. to present harkanem, see below), harac^yu\v\us'\ orot
"thunder', c»/'c»/5/77'donnere';

alb. yO/ies'haue ab, low, base; cut, bite', Aor. preva, me pret^es kijmmert myself, is mir
angelegen', pr/tem'\Ner6e geschnitten; scratch myself; kijmmere myself um etwas';

Latin premo, -ere, pressi, pressum "push, press', prelum 'Presse, Kelter' ( *pres-lom);
root pr-em- {\N\Vr\ durativem -em-) and pr-es- as gr. rpsfju) 'tremble: rpeu)' {*tresd) ds.;

Lithuanian per/u, pe/Y/'with dem Badequast hit, jemanden bathe; hit', Latvian peru, pert
ds.; Lithuanian yO//Y/5, Latvian yO/r/s'Badestube';

Old Church Slavic perg, pbrat/'\r\\t, esp. with dem Blauel hit, wash', Serbo-Croatian
perem, prat/^\NasW; ablaut. Old Church S\a\/'\c ptrjg, *pbret/" contendere' , sg-pbrja, sb-
porb fight', Czech pru, pr/t/ se ' quarreV and Old Church Slavic *pbrg, *pert/"\n russ. pru,
pratb, peretb 'press, urge, press, push', naporb ' shove ' etc.. Old Russian pbrtb
'Badestube';

pe/g'-; Armenian harkanem {prg-) 'hit, zerhaue (wood), falle (tree), slay, fight '; Old Irish
orcaid. Middle Irish o/zy^/ic/'erschlagt, slays, verwiJstet'; Middle Irish cymr. 0/77'Morden,
Zersioren' { *fPprg-no- od. -na)\ abret. treorgam 'perforo', org/at 'caesar' (= caesor), gall,
o/ye 'occide', PN Orgeto-rTx, different about Celtic org-s. Lewis-Pedersen 387 (to Hittite
harganu-' destroy'; compare das Old Irish verbal noun orcunirom *orgena)\ perhaps here
Old Indie Parjanya- rain- and Gewittergott; see be\o\N perk"u-s.

References: WP. II 42 f., WH. II 288, Trautmann 215;
See also: further to perg-1.

Page(s): 818-819

Root / lemma: persna, -snT-, -sno-

Meaning: heel

Material: Old Indie parsni-i., Avestan pasna-u. "calcaneus '; gr. nTspvri f.; Latin pernai.

{*persna) "Hinterkeule, Schweineschinken, thigh, leg', /Oe/77/s 'quick, fast' (with the

calcaneus); Gothic fafrsna. Old Saxon fersna. Old High German /fe/'sa/75 "calcaneus '

{* persna). Old English fiersini. ds. {*persni-)\ Hittite pars/na{\eg. parsna) "thigh, hip ', pars-

(a)nai-^ crouch ' (auf den Oberschenkein).

References: WP. II 50 f., WH. II 289 f., Pedersen Hittite 258.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: pers-

Meaning: to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes

Note:

Root/ lemma: pers-\ to drizzle, sprinkle; dust, ashes, derived from Root/ lemma: per-1,

pera-. pre- preu-: to drizzle, sprinkle, jet < Root/ lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erag-,

(s)p(h)reg- {nasaXxzedi spreng^ : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Material: Old \x\6\c prsat, prsata-mu. "drip'; prsant-, f. prsatf dappled, dotted, spotted,

varicolored', yq/'S5//'"scheckige cow, gefleckte antelope '; Avestan parsuya- ^oi water', n.,

perhaps "Schneewasser'; Old Icelandic fors, fossm. "waterfall';

Lithuanian purs/as, y0^7's/a"Schaumspeicher, purksf/'as eine Katze prusten,
schnarchen'; Latvian pars/aT\ocke' (of snow, ash, wool) ablaut. p^rs/a6s.; (compare
Latvian sp^/'s/a/ "prusten'); Slavic *parsa- m. "dust, powder' > *porchb in Old Church Slavic
prachb ds.; Slavic ptrstb in Old Church Slavic prtstb "xou(;', ( *Pers-), besides sloven, prh
m. "dust, powder, ash' (= Old Icelandic fors), pfhaf/" strew, distribute, whisk ', Czech prseti
ds. etc.; Tocharian A B pars- "sprinkle'; participle Akt. papars, Hittite pappars-^ s^r\tzer\,
sprinkle '.

References: WP. II 50; Trautmann 206 f..
See also: extension from per-/ "spray'.
Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: perth- {*pe-horghi-a)

Meaning: pole; sprout

Note:

Root / lemma: perth-{*pe-horghi-a)\ pole; sprout, derived from a prefixed pe- of Root/

lemma: oii- {* horghi-a)\ vine, *grape < Root/ lemma: orghi-, j'ghi-{*horghi-a)\ testicle. The

prefix pe-, po is common of Hittite, Slavic languages.

Material: Armenian ort' {o-siexn) " grapevine, Rebe';

Maybe alb. hardi, hardh/a ^grapey\ne' (see above).

gr. nT6p9o(; m. 'sprout' (compare nToAsfJoq : noAstJoq etc.); perhaps Latin pertica^ shaft,

pole', whether not from per-ti-caio Oscan pert^\i\s to' from *per-ti, also originally " transom

'; compare Czech pfiska^s., S. 810.

References: WP. II 49, WH. II 292 f.

Page(s): 823

Root / lemma: pes-3, pesos

Meaning: membrum virile

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indie pasas- n. = gr. n£0(; n. 'penis', gr. nooGn f. ds., Latin penis ( *pesnis)\

Old High German fasel. Old English/fes/, Old High German /^se//" penis'. Middle High

German vaselrinV breeding bull ', Modern High German Faselschwein^ breeding pig ',

ablaut. Middle High German i/es// "fertile', i//5e/"penis'.

References: WP. II 68, WH. II 281.

Page(s): 824

Root / lemma: pet-1, pet-, peta-

Meaning: to open wide (the arms)

Material: Avestan pa^ana-^W\6e, breit' (das z? after yoa/-az?^-ds.);

gr. Aor. nsTaaaai, nsTaaai, thereafter n£Tavvu|ji 'breite from, offne', previous present
niwriMi, nirvw (from *Pet-), nsraapa n. 'curtain', -nt^aaoc, m. 'breitkrempiger hat', n£TaAo(;
"ausgebreitef, nsraAovn. 'Platte, leaf, naravn f. ' platter ' (from *n£Tavc(; out of it Latin
patina (is.);

Latin pated, -ere'sich erstrecken, be open '; in addition pando, -ere 'offne, breite from'
(the variation /: o^ expounded sich through old athemat. inflection after Kuiper, Nasalpras.
163), passusm. ' footstep, fathom'; pateral\at bowl' (from yC>a//>75 through influence of
crater?); whether here petrius'th\n and fragile, flimsy '??; Oscan patpWJ 'patet', patensfns
'panderent', Volscan Imper. an-patitu '*adpanditd\

Scots Gaelic aitheamii {*eitheamH) ' filament ' (as measure), = acymr. etem, ncymr.
edau ds. ( *petima);

Old Icelandic fadmr^ hugging, embrace, fathom, filament ', FIN Fgd, Gen. Fadar, Old
English /fed/77 mf. ds. " filament, fathom', engl. fathom. Old High German fadam, fadum^
filament '; here also Old English foder, engl. father. Modern High German Fuder?, Old
High German fuodar. Old Saxon father. Old English /&dc»/'"Wagenlast', Modern High
German Fuder, from Germanic *fddra-^6as Umfassende'; Gothic fat^a. Middle High
German vadei. 'fence' (as ' encirclement '); Old High German /feo'e/-^c»/o''Blattgold' (:gr.
nsTQAov), doubtful Old English ^c»/o'-/fe//"Goldplatte', Middle High German golt-veF gold
plating ';

Lithuanian yoe/ys "shoulder'. Old Prussian pettei. ds.; pettisxn. "shovel, scapula';

Hittite pattar, Dat. paddanriab\e\.\. (?)'.

References: WP. II 18, WH. II 244 f., 262, Trautmann 217.
Page(s): 824-825

Root / lemma: pet-2, peta- : pte- pto- (gr. pta^
Meaning: to fall; to fly

Material: Old Indie patat/lWes, wirft sich, fallt' (= TTETOMai, Latin peto, acymr. hedarit), Aor.
apaptat, peta-\x\ Put. patisyati, Supin. patitum, participle patita-); patayat/lWes' (= gr.
noT£0|jai), yoa/aya// "allows fliegen, hurl, sling, fling, allows fall' (lengthened grade as pata-
m. "Plug, fall, Sturz', gr. nwraoijai "flattre'), pra-pat-'\r\\ne\\en, fall', patman-n. "Plug, path,
track, pathway' (: n6T|jO(;, noTa|j6(;); Avestan pata/t/lWes, hurries ', ap. ud-apatata ' erhob
sich', Avestan pataye/t/ IWes', acapastd/s\ni. "hinabzufallen', paitipasti-i. "Entgegengehen,
-treten' (compare Old Indie at/-patt/- ^Ze\tab\auV), from an u-present parapa^want-
"fortfliegend (of arrow)'; Avestan tata-{*ptata-), "fallend (of rain': gr. htcjotoc; ds.);

Armenian t'fc/m'\ fliege' {*pter-i-skd).

gr. hom. TTeTO|jai "fliege' (snroijriv); otherwise also nsTapai, eiTTaTO "entflog', nTC((;,
enrnv, Doric enrav. Put. nrnaopai; cbKunEiri^ "quick, fastfliegend', n£T£r|v6q, (*n£T£aav6(;),
n£T£iv6(; (*n£T£av6(;) "geflijgelt, flugge', norn "Plug', noTav6(;, -r|v6(; "zum Pliegen befahigt,
beflijgelt, fliegend', rroTaofjai (and noiEopai, see above) "flattre', nwTaopai ds., nrnaiq, by
Suidas nrnpia "Plug', nrnvoq, Doric -niONOC, "fliegend';

stem TTSTa-, nra- "fly', but nsTS-, nrr)-, htcjo- with the meaning "fall': ni:-nTU) (for *nT-nTaj
after pinru)) "fall'; Perf. nsnTajKa, participle nEnrncbc;, Attic nsnTcbc; from *n£nTau)(;;
anTU)(;(Pind.), anTn(; (Doric inschr.) "not fallend, nicht dem Palle ausgesetzt'; nirvu) "fall'.

eu-"rT£Tr|(; " comfortable, gijnstig', TTpo-TT£Tn(; "vorwarts fallend, willing, inclined' (: Old Indie
pra-pat-), -ntaoo, n.(Gen. n£a£0(;from *tt£T£0(;) "cadaver", tt6tpo(; "lot, fate, fate, destiny,
esp. trauriges', noTa|j6(; "river", actually "Wassersturz"; nTwpa, nrwaK; "fall' (: n£nTU)Ka);
nrcoToq "fallend";

with the meaning-farbung of Latin petere:<^x. niTuAo(; " intense movement' (: Latin
petulans, compare also £|jn£a£Tv "impetum facere');

finally has TTia- : nru)- : nra- also die probably from "niederstijrzen' development
meaning "sich niederducken' and "verzagt, in fear sein': Kara-nTriTriv "(the horse)
scheuten', n£nTr|U)<; "geduckf, nroia " fear, shyness, fright' (*nT(ji)Fic(, compare Ar|TU)
riTcba, AnoAAwv FItcooc;), nTo(i)£Tv "frighten, in BestiJrzung versetzen'. Pass, "from
Schrecken ergriffen become'; with guttural extension nrriaau) (*nTC(K-j(ji)) "ducke myself
(Aor. £nTr|^a, Doric EnraKa also trans, "frighten'; Kara-nTaKcbv), nrojOKa^u) "ducke myself
timorous, flee', nrcbaou) (*nT(ji)KaKi(jL)) ds.; nrcb^, -koc, "shy, fleeting ' (m. "hare'), ablaut.
TTTQ^ m. f. " wimp ', Gen. nraKOc;; htcjoxo^ " beggar'; to letzteren, as it seems, also
Armenian t'ak'cim, t'ak'eay^sich conceal';

Latin peto, -ere, -TvT, Ttum "auf etwas losgehen, to attain seek, long, want' {petT-tor, -tio,
also probably yoe//^o" mange; scabies ' as "Befall'); petu/ans ^ aggress'w , pert, bratty,
exuberant ', pe/^/c^s "pushing, thrusting ' (from *petulus, compare to Aforms gr. niTuAo(;),
//77yoe'/i/s "assault, attack', praepes'm Fluge vorauseilend; quick, fast';

acymr. hec/anf'\/o\ant', ncymr. eh-ec/eg'6as Fliegen'; eh-edyddm. " lark ';

Latvian yoe//'/ "desire have, nachforschen'.

A-and /^formations: 1. with dem ^^forms Old Indie /05/5/77^a-"fliegend, bird', pataga-
"bird' {*petn-go-s, from den Indern as "in Fluge going' reinterpreted); Avestan fraptarejat- {-
jant-) "bird'; gr. tttepu^, -uyo(; "wing' (compare Old Indie pa/am-); das Denom. nTspuoaoMai
"hit with den Flijgeln' after aiGuaou) "shake'; Old High German fed(e)rah^\N\v\g\ anfrk.
/e/^eAscco "alarum' (-a-c- through influence of Old High German fedara-, anfrk. fethera);

2. Old Indie pattra-, pata-tra-v\. "wing, feather ', patara-, pa/a/z/-"fliegend', Avestan
yoa/a/p/a- "fliegend'; Armenian ///""Flug', t'itern^ butterfly' (redupl.), /'e/f'"leaf, foliage'
( *pter-)\ gr. nrspov " feather, wing'; nrspK; "Farn';

Latin acci-piter, -pitris^ hawk, falcon' (to 1. part see below *d/r^- "quick, fast'); penna^
feather, wing' ( *petna)\ (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Latin

pesna from *pets-na; p/nna'\s probably dial, form ior penna; pro(p)tervus' boisterous
vordringend, cheeky ' {*pro-pteru-o-)\

Maybe alb. {*penna) pende leather' a Latin loanword.

Maybe zero grade alb. sk/fter' hawk, falcon ', shq/ptar' eagle man ' are Latin loanwords.
From there derived alb. shqipe, shkabe, shqiponje, zhgabonje, gabonje^ eagle' (common
k- >^-guttutals in Celtic Baltic, also common alb. p- > b-). Also alb. shqiptoj^ speak,
pronounce ', shqip^ Albanian language '. The name shqiptar' eagle man ' evolved after
the Turkish invasion of Arberia (former Albania). Settlers who escaped to southern Italy
before the invasion still call themselves Arberesh. The alb. name shqip\s unintelligible to
Arberesh in Italy, the alb. name of the eagle derived from the banner of Albanians before
the Turkish occupation, the double headed imperial eagle.

acymr. e/e/7/7"bird', PI. atar, ncymr. aderyn, adar6s. (5 secondary from e); Old Irish en
"bird' {*petno-), cymr. edn, acorn, hethen ds., abret. etn-coilhaam^\\o\6 Vogelschau',
Middle Breton ezn, nbret. evn, e//7"bird', acymr. atari {*peteno-), ncymr. ada/n'\N\r\g, arm '
{*peten-), bret. (h)adan^ nightingale ', with secondary a, as cymr. adar\N\r\g, hand'
{*petema)\ abret. a//a/7c»c"volitans'; Middle Irish ette, nir. e/fe' wing ' (from *pet-entia).
Middle Irish etha/t'b\r6' = Old Indie /Oa/5/7//"fliegend' {*pet-ontl)\ Middle Irish eithrer\. "tail'
( *peterio-);

Note:

Common Armenian ph- > h-, zero, spread in Sanskrit and Celtic

ANATOLIAN

Hittite pa/a- 'foot'

WEST EUROPEAN

Latin pe:s, pedis 'foot, of foot'

Old Irish water'

Tocharian A pats 'foot'

SOUTH EUROPEAN

Greek pous, podos 'foot, of foot'

Armenian otn, otk"ioo{, feet'

Sanskrit a:ts 'foot', pa.dam (accusative case)

Avestan pad- 'foot'

Old High German fedara, anfrk. fethera. Old English feder, Old Icelandic fjgdri. " feather
' {*petra)\ Old High German fettah. Middle High German vittich. Middle Low German
vit(te)k. Modern High German Fittich;

Hittite pattaru.. Gen. PI. paddanas^ muo^'.

*ptei-, pti-i^r. irTaiw "stofte an etwas (intr.), strauchle, irre, have whereas misfortune'
(nraiaw, Enraiapai, sniaiaGriv), rare tr. "bump, poke, umstijrzen', nraTaija "damage, loss,
misfortune, beating ', iGunfiwv "geradaus fliegend' (probably actually "geradaus treffend =
pushing, thrusting, aufschlagend'), nriAov " feather, Flaumfeder'.

References: WP. 1119 ff., WH. II 282 f., 297 f.
Page(s): 825-826

Root / lemma: peuR- and peug-

Meaning: to stick; to punch

Material: 1. peuR- gr. *n£UKOc; n. "cusp, peak, sting, prick' in gr. nspi-nsuKsc;, hom. ex£-

n£UK£(; "with a cusp, peak versehen'; n£UK£5av6(; " pricking, wounding', later "bitter',

n£UKaAi|jO(; "sharp, eindringend';

here as "die stechende' das root nouns peuR-. puR-i\r, spruce' in gr. TT£UKr| f. ds., thrak.
PN n£UKr|, lllyrian VN Peucetii, Middle Irish ochtachi. {*puRtaka) "fir, spruce, spear,
javelin'; Old High German fiuhta, asachs. fiuhtia ( *fiuhtjdn) "fir, spruce'. Old Prussian peuse
f. "pine tree' (Baltic *piause), zero grade Lithuanian pus/si., Gen. PI. pusi], East Lithuanian
Nom. PI. p^ses (conservative stem).

2. peug-. gr. ttu^ Adv. "with the fist', nuypn f. "fist, Faustkampf, nuyfjaTo(; "eine Faust
high, dwarf', nuycbv, -6vo(; m. "ulna, ell', nuy-paxo(;, nuKTr|<; "Faustkampfer'; Latin pugil
ds., pugnusvn. "fist', pugno, -a/ie "fight', pungo, -ere, pupugl punctum^ prick ', pugioxn.
"dagger'.

References: WP. II 15, WH. II 383 f., Trautmann 232, Specht Indog. Dekl. 57 f.
Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: peu-1, peuQ- : pu-
Meaning: to clean, sift

Material: Old Indie Trans, punati, Med. yoai/a/e "purifies, cleans, lautert (sich)', pavitum;
pavltar-, p6tar-rc\. "Reiniger, Lauterer', yC>5i//?/'5/r7"Lauterungsmittel, Seihe, sieve '; pavana-
"reinigend', pavaka-(d\so pavaka-) ' pure, candid ' = Middle Persian pavag, np. pak^
candid, pure'; Old Indie pJ/a- "pure", puti-i. " cleaning, purification '; Avestan puitika-^-Lux
Lauterung dienend';

Latin purus'pure' (formation as cla-ru-s), purgo, o\der pur/go, -are^c\ear\'; putus^pure',
nepus'non purus' {*neput-s)\ putare'c\ear\, clean'; Middle Irish J/-"new, fresh, noble',
cymr. /A'fresh, green'; Old High German fowen. Middle High German voewen^ sieve, corn,
grain clean' {*fawjan= Old Indie /Oai/5ya//"purifies, cleans, lautert');

doubtful gr. nruov, ttteov " throw shovel ' (: Old High German fowerR).

References: WP. II 13, WH. II 390 f.
Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu-2

Meaning: to research, to understand

Material: Gr. vn-niO(; (*vr|-nF-iO(;) and vr|-nu-TiO(; ' injudicious, kindisch', nivuT6(; 'smart',

nivupisvnv auv£Tr|v Hes. (due to eines present *ni-vO-[ji from *nu-vO|ji); Latin puto -are

{putare) "to cleanse, clear; of trees, to lop. Transf. to clear up, settle, esp. of accounts;

hence, to weigh up, ponder, reckon, estimate; to consider, believe, think'; Old Church

Slavic is-py-th "perscrutatio', pytajg, -a//'scrutari, quaerere'.

maybe alb. {*peus) pyes'ask questions', pye^e 'question' : gr. iruaTK;, nsOoK^f. "question'.

Proto-Slavic form: pytati: Old Church Slavic: py/a// examine, scrutinize' [verb], Russian:
yoy/^/'' torture, torment, try for' [verb], Slovak: pytat'^asV! [verb], Polish: pytac^asV! [verb],
Serbo-Croatian: pftati^diSV! [verb], Slovene: pftati^asV! [verb]. Other cognates: Latin putare
"cut off branches, estimate, consider, think' [verb].

Note:

From Root/ lemma: b'^eudh-, nasal. b'^u-n-6'^-\ "to be awake, aware' derived Root/
lemma: peu-1, peua-. pu-\ "to clean, sift' , Root/ lemma: peu-2\ "to research, to
understand' (see above).

References: WP. II 13 f.; different Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 6962.
Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peu-3
Meaning: " foam '
See also: see below pu-1, S. 847.
Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: peua-
See also: s. pu-2.
Page(s): 828

Root/ lemma: peuor, pur, Gen. pu-n-es, Lok. puuen/{Nom. -r-, Gen. -n- inanimate

formant)

Meaning: fire

Note: with multiple equalization of the r-and /74orms and of vocalism

Material: Armenian hur{Gen. hroy} "fire' {*pur-), hn-oc'oven' {*pun-)\ gr. nup, nup6(; "fire",

wherefore nupa 'Feuerstatte, stove, hearth, pyre, stake', nupsTOc; m. "fever", nupa6(; m.

"Brandfacker, korinth. flupFoq 'Pferdename' (*" feueirot '), nuppoq, poet, nupaoq "

feuerrot ' fnupoFoc;);

Maybe lllyrian TN Pirustae (Pipustae)

Umbrian p/rl\re' ( *pu/), Akk. purom-e^\ns fire' ( *pur-), Oscan aasaf purasiaf^ in

f . . . ,
araigniana ;

Old Icelandic furrvn. "fire' {*pur-) and fyrr, fyr'r. Old High German Old Saxon Old Frisian
fiur{*peurJ)\ Old High German older /^^//'(disyllabic, compare Musp. vugii). Old English fyr
(from Lok. *puueri)\

Gothic /5/7"fire' {*pudn). Gen. Dat. funins, /Z//7//7 (latter from * puneni, a hybridization from
*puueni: *pun-es). Old Icelandic funim. "fire'; Old High German funko. Middle English
/b/7/re "spark'; with ablaut ( *puon-) Middle Low German Ka/7/re "spark';

Maybe lllyrian TN Perestae (Penestae)

Old Prussian pannolke', panu-stac/an TeuerstrahV {*puon-u), loanword Finnish panu
"fire';

Slavic *pur/a-m. 'glowing ash' in Czech pyrm. and pyr/n. 6s.; in addition Old Czech
pynna' favilla ', Czech pyre f/" g\o\N' , serb. ^p/>7//"anfachen' etc.;

Hittite pahhur, pahhuwar, Dat. pahhu(e)ni^\\x€\ Tocharian A por, B puwar, pwards.

Note: Hittite used reduplicated -Z?/?- for voiced laryngeals!!

References: WP. II 14 f., WH. II 391, Trautmann 206, 232, Benveniste Origines 1,10;
Pedersen Hittite 187f.
Page(s): 828

Root / lemma: pezd-

Meaning: to break wind

Note: (compare 'joe/'o'- 'loudly fart ')

Material: Gr. p5£U) "leise einen streichen lassen' from *pz5£U) (reconverted with metathesis

from *pezdd}, wherefore p56-Ao(; " fetidness ' with new formationer ograde, and *p5£-Au-(;

"pedens, scornful, ridiculing' in BSeAu-kAewv 'Cleontloppedens', as well as as base from

(35£Aup6(; "disgusting", ^bzK\}aao\xa\ "verabscheue, empfinde disgust, repulsion, loathing ',

(35uAAiJL) 'verabscheue, dread', but also "p5£U)'; Latin pedo, -ere ' fart ' ( *pezdd), podex'Vne

Hintere' {*pozd-ek-s), ped/'s louse' (because of Demin. ped/cu/us o\der *pede^]

kir. pezd/ty and zero grade (proto Slavic *bbzd-) bzdfty, russ. bzdetb 'leise einen
streichen lassen', sloven, pezdeti, Lithuanian bezdu, bezdeti, Latvian bezdetleise einen
streichen lassen', Lithuanian b /zdas ^ podex' , b /zdz/us ' Stanker'; Baltic *bezdet/based on
auf 'yozo'e// besides *pezdetr, perhaps handelt es sich also um contamination with the root
bhes-'blow', above S. 146.

References: WP. II 68 f., WH. II 272 ff., Trautmann 221 ;
See also: compare above pes-1.
Page(s): 829

Root / lemma: ped-1, pod-
Meaning: container, vessel

Material: Old Indie perhaps pa/Za-m. 'Kornbehalter', pa///" grain measure' (whether -//-from
-dl-)\ Old High German fazzon. Middle High German vazzen^\v\ ein vessel tun, catch,
riJsten, sich bekleiden'. Old High German fezzil. Middle High German i/ezze/'band, strap,
manacle'. Old English fetel(s)'(r\. 'belt, girdle'. Old Icelandic fetillm. 'Schulterband'
(Germanic *fatila-). Old High German vazz^ container, Kasten', Old Saxon fatu. 'vessel'.
Old English fsetu. 'vessel, barrel, vat, cask'. Old Icelandic fatu. 'vessel, fur'; Old English
/^/e/5 'vessel'. Old High German ^/i/azz/'Bagage', Middle High German gevaezze.
Modern High German 'vessel'; Gothic fetjan. Old English faetan ^adoxv\\ Old Icelandic faeta

'es with jemandem to tun have ("adorn' from "beautiful tunmit?'); Lithuanian pedas
"Getreidegarbe', Latvian peda^ bundle, armful, armload ', ablaut. Lithuanian puodas,
Latvian puddsm. "pot, pan'.
References: WP. II 22, Trautmann 227.
Page(s): 790

Root / lemma: ped-2, pod-

Meaning: foot, *genitalia

Grammatical information: m. Nom. Sg. pots. Gen. ped-es/-6s, Nom. PI. ped-es

Material: 1 . Old Indie pad- "foot' {pat, padam, padah), Avestan pad-ds.; Old pers.

pada/b/ya'\N\t\r\ den Fijften';

Armenian ot-k'^TTobzq', ot-n^TTOuq, n65a'; gr. nux;, Attic nouq. Gen. no56(; "foot'

(£KaT6|jn£5o(; "100 feet long'); Latin pes, pedis ds., Umbrian pen, pers/'pede' {dupursus

"bipedibus', -^- probably from -6-); Old Irish /5 "below' (whereof /se"low') m. dative, from

dem Lok. PI. *ped-su^\.o Fijften' deutbar = alb. posh'xu perposh ' under' , posh-te 'herab,

subterraneous, underground; under, downwards '; Gothic fotus. Old Icelandic fotr. Old

English fdt{Novn. PI. Old Icelandic f0tr. Old English fetirom *fdt-iz) Old High German fuoz

"foot'; Hittite Luvian pata-, Hieroglyphic-Hittite patds.; Tocharian A pe, B pai. Dual A pern,

B paine;

Note:

Maybe alb. ( *po-s) poshte^ below, under ' from the same root as Slavic languages Slavic

po-d-b " below, under ' from zero grade of Root / lemma: apo- {p6, ap-u, pU)\ (from, out, of)

not from Root/ lemma: ped-2, p6d-\ (foot, *genitalia).

Maybe Tadzik PUST, TAXTAPUST, Lahnda PICCHE, Nepali PITH, Kashmiri PYUTHU,

Singhalese PASSA, Baluchi PHUSHT, Gujarati PITH, Panjabi ST PITTH, Hindi PITH,

Bengali PIT, Marathi PATH, Persian POSHT " spine '.

to ped- "foot' belongs gr. dial. n£5a "hetq', originally "(jemandem) auf dem Fufte',
compare Latin pedisequus, -a "servant, -in' actually "auf dem Fufte folgend' and under die
Armenian from het^ footprint ' refined prepositions;

with -i-6s, -/-/-"going' are shaped: gr. ns^oc; "pedestris', Latin ped-es, -/-/-/5"FuR)ganger,
Fuftsoldat'; from Latin pes denves pedare^W\Vc\ a Fuft versehen, prop, support', and
therefrom again yOec/i//77 "shepherd's crook; crosier, pad';

pedio-\n Old \u6\c padya-^deu Fuft betreffend', /05oya"Fufttritt, hoof, Avestan paidya
"foot', gr. ns^a f. "foot, untereredge, border, hem, small fishing net', Latin acu-pedius
"swift-footed'. Old High German /feza "Gewinde, thread, string' (= gr. ns^a). Modern High

German Titze', (wherefore Germanic *fetTi. in Old Icelandic /^/'Schwimmhaut, edge', Old
English fitt^break, section, poem', Norwegian dial. fior-fit^\\z&r6\ 'Tsrpans^oc;'), Lithuanian
lengva-pedis^\e\seiu{!i\0)'\ pedf-\x\ gr. nsSTAov n. 'sandal' and Germanic *fetf, podio-m.
Middle Irish u{/)c/en. 'journey'.

2. Verbal: Old Indie yoaoya/e" 'goes, fallt' (a-pa///- 'Unfair; padat/-, pat-tf-m. 'Fuftknecht'),
Avestan pa/6ye/f/ ^bewegt sich after downwards, legt sich nieder'; Old Church Slavic padg,
past/laW also po-past/ ^catcW actually 'auf jemanden fall, spring on, attack ' (or to pecf-

/?); napastb 'casus'; Lithuanian pedinu, -//7//'slowly go, leise tread', peduoti^Vu{i>\x\\.\.e
make', gr. nr|5au) 'spring, hijpfe'; compare zur e-grade still Lithuanian peda^ footprint ',
pesetas 'to foot' from *ped-tios, Latvian yoyo's 'Fuftsohle, Fuftstapfe, foot as measure ', pec
(from pedis, Instr. PI. from p^ds^ footprint ', compare Lithuanian pedas6s.) 'after, because
of, gemaR.', Old Church Slavic pesb 'to foot', gr. nr|56v ' rudder blade ', nr|5aAiov ' rudder,
helm '; auf the verbalen meaning 'more abfallend or to Fallen, Verkommen willing, inclined'
based on letzten Endes also the Kompar. Latin pe/or^bad' {*ped-ids), Superl. pessimus
'the schlechteste' {*ped-Semos)\ pessum^to bottom, zugrunde' {*ped-tu-m) = Infin. Old
\n6\c paftum; Old Icelandic fefa stem V. (also with /e/P, veg, heim) 'den way find' Old
English ge-fetansiexw V. 'fall'. Old High German /ezz5/7'labare', g/-fezzan^ex\re,
excidere'. Old Icelandic fafa^se\nen wayfinden'. Old English fatian{wTf} 'uxorem ducere'.
Old High German s/h uazzon^scan6ere', Old English fef/an, engl. fetch^get, fetch' (Old
English fat/an an6 fef/an cou\6 also to ped-f be\ong, as generally die beiden the families
not sharp to separate are).

3. pedo-metc. Old \r\d'\c pada-n. ' footstep, step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by
the foot; footprint, track, Fuftstapfe', Avestan pada-n. 'spoor' (and 'foot as measure '), ap.
paf/'-padam ^ an seine Stelle zurijckkehrend';

Armenian hef, Gen. hefoy' footprint ', preposition y-ef{*/-het"\n the footprint ') 'after', z-
het, zetoy^ behind after'; Middle Irish ined{ *eni-pedo-) 'spoor (the Fijfte); place'. Old Irish
edn. 'stretch of time', gall, candetum^ s'^aWum, centum pedum' probably for cant-fpjedunr,
compare Latin yoeo'a 'vestigium humanum'. Old Icelandic fetn. ' footstep; foot as measure
'; Lithuanian peda^ footprint ', Latvian yoyo's 'Fuftsohle' etc. (see above); gr. nsSov
'ground, bottom', nsSiov ' plain, field' (£p-n£5o(; 'tight, firm stehend'; about SansSov see
above S. 198); Latin oppido^voWxg, totally and gar' {ob+ *pedom^aui\he place '); Umbrian
pefum, persom-e^TTzbov 'solum'; Hittite pedann., place';

ograde: Lithuanian pac/asTuQ>so}r\\e, Stiefeisoliie' = Old Cliurch Slavic *pocfh' bottom,
Untergrund, Unterlage' (preposition podb "below, under'), Lithuanian padziaiP\.
"Untergestell a barrel'. Old Church Slavic pozdb 'fundamentum, locus subterraneus';

schwundstufige forms: Old Indie upa-bda-m. "Getrampel', Avestan /^5-Ma 'forefoot'
(from ped- "foot'), a-bda- "where man nicht hintreten, nicht fixed Fuft fassen kann'; gr. sni-
pSai "day after dem Feste'.

4. Meaning group "(Fuft)fessel, hindrance for die Fijfte': Avestan b'hbda- " double
manacle'; gr. nsSn "manacle', TisSau), TioSi^u) " tie ', av5pa-no5ov n. "slave', £k-tto5u)v
"from dem Wege', £iJ-no5u)v "in Wege, obstructive'; Latin yoeoVica "manacle, loop, noose,
snare ' (wherewith e.g. ein Tier an a foot angebunden wird); Latin peccare " blunder,
commit a sin' to *peccos < *ped-cos "einen flaw am foot habend', wherefore also Umbrian
yoe'se/c/77"peccatum', cc»/77yC>e5"FuR)Schelle, Fuftblock', impedio, -/?e "hinder',
Gegensatzbildung expedTre^Aas Hindernis wegnehmen' (probably to *pedis\. "Fuftfessel'
shaped); in addition oppidum^6\e Schranken of Zirkus (also "quod pedibus obest');
Landstadt' (originally with Hindernissen verrammelte refuge); at most Umbrian tribrigu,
tr/bris/ne ^tern\o' as *//7-peo''//r/o"Dreikoppelung'; Old Icelandic fjgturrm. "manacle, band,
strap'. Old English feter, feotori.. Old Saxon fetur. Old High German fezzerAs.

maybe alb. penge< Latin pedica -ae, f. "a fetter; a trap, snare (for animal's feet)'; alb.
peAT^oy (nasalized *pgdica) "hinder' = Latin * pedica, impedio, -Tre;

References: WP. II 23 ff., WH. I 428 f., II 214 f., 269, 272 f., 293 ff., Trautmann 209 f.
Page(s): 790-792

Root / lemma: pe(i)- pT-

Meaning: to harm, scold, put to shame

Material: Old Indie yO/Ka//"schmaht, hohnt', pTyu-, ^//^/^/-"hohnend, schmahend';

gr. nnija "ruin, affliction', anrnjwv "unbeschadigt; unschadlich ', rrriMaivu) "stifte mischief,
ruin' (Indo Germanic *pe-mn), nnaaaOai [JEpujaaOai Hes., rj-navia "lack, Entbehrung';
TTPipoq, Doric napoc; "mutilated, blind', a-nr|poc; "unverstummelf; Latin paene{pene)
"beinahe, fast; totally and gar' (originally neuter eines Adj. *pe-ni-s' damages,
mangelhaft'), paeniteVos reut, tut leid', penuria ^\3iCV!\ from a participle *pa-t6-s
"geschadigf derives patior, -I passus sum "dulde, bear, endure, suffer';

Indo Germanic pe/- in Gotliic fa/an'rebuke, reproacli', pf-'m Gotliic f/jan, Old Icelandic
^a, Old English feon, Old High German fwn'hate', participle present in Gothic fijands. Old
High German ffanteic. 'fiend';

with fractured reduplication Old Indie papa- " bad, mad, wicked, evil'; papman- m. "
mischief, damage, affliction ' previously after dem perhaps lallwortartigen papa- for
*paman- e\ngetreten; Old Indie y05/77a/7- stands for "eine Hautkrankheit, scabies ', pamana-,
pamara-^ scabby ', as Avestan paman- ' scabies, surface, plain, area, dryness ',
wherefore presumably Latin paeminosus, peminosus^ brittle, rissig'; Old \n6\c papa- =
Armenian h/vand-' sick ' (Ernst Lewy).

References: WP. II 8 f., WH. II 234 f., 264, 283.
Page(s): 792-793

Root / lemma: pes-1

Meaning: to blow

Note: (see also pes-2^dus\., powder, sand')

Material: Old Icelandic fgnnt ' snowdrift, Schneehaufe' {*faznd), -fenniu. ds.; as "in

Winde wehender Faden': Old High German fasom., fasat 'fibre, filament, fringe, hem'.

Old English fges(n)v\. 'fringe', engl. feaze' fibers '; Old Icelandic fgaullm. 'band, strap'.

Middle Low German vese(n)^ chaff, fibre, filament, fringe', Dutch vezer filament ', Old

High German /fesa 'chaff, Speize', Modern High German Fehse, Danish fjaeser, older f(j)0s

" fibers ', Old High German fason^ examine ' (*rub, wear out);

Old Church Slavic pechyrt ' a round swelling; in water, a bubble, bubble', pachati
"ventilare, agitare', russ. pachnutb 'blow', pachnutb ' smell', zapachh 'smell, odor,
fragrance ' etc.; russ. yOa5/77c» 'Garnstranne', Latvian yOi/os/77/';^s 'dividing off, partitioning off
between zwei Endpunkten', 'as much man with zwei Fingern from the Kunkel Flachs zieht';
Czech-poln. pochva^idW ('wedeind'). Old Church Slavic o-pasb ds.; nasalized poln.
/7^c/7/7^c"anblasen, anwehen', p^ch, pgch ' scent, sense of smell (of Hundes') etc.;
perhaps Bulgarian pasmina ^Rasse' (compare Old Indie tantu-^ filament, fibre,
Geschlechtsfaden, row the Nachkommen, progeny ').

References: WP. II 67, Trautmann 229, Vasmer2, 320.
Page(s): 823-824

Root / lemma: pes-2, nasalized pens-
Meaning: dust, sand

Material: Old \nd'\c pamsu-, pamsuka-' dust, powder, sand', Avestan p^snu-sds.; Church
Slavic pestk-b "sand';

presumably as "the wehende, gewehte' named and to pes-/ "blow'.

References: WP. II 68, Trautmann 216 f.
Page(s): 824

Root / lemma: peu- : psu- : pu-
Meaning: to hit; sharp

Material: LaWn pav/o, -/?e"hit, stomp', depuvere 'caedere', pavFrnentum ' gesc}r\\ager\er
Boden, Estrich'; from a participle *putos der'wes puto, -are'cut, clip', amputare ^r'\r\gs
beschneiden, abscise ', (?) puteus'd'\tdr\, trench, channel, pit, pothole, stream, brook'
("ausgestochene pit, pothole'); auf a cf- present "niedergeschlagen make, n. sein' based on
probab\Y pudet, -ere' be ashamed', propud/um 'Schandtat, monster', perhaps repudium
"Verstoftung', //7/7i/o'/^/77"dreischrittiger dance ', Umbrian ahatr/pursatu 'abstnpodato'; here
also Latin paved, -ere's\ch angstigen' {pavor' a trembling, quaking, shaking, terror,
anxiety, fear, dread, alarm ', psK/ic/i/s "timorous') as "niedergeschlagen sein'; Low German
fuen'\N\Vc\ dem Fuebusch hit' (Fastnachtsgebrauch), Old High German urfur'the castrator',
arfurian. Old English a-/pra/7 "cutting, castrating';

Lithuanian pjauju, pjauti{ *peuid) "cut, clip, reap, slaughter ', ablaut, pjuklas m. "saw',
pjutisi. "harvest time, August', Latvian plaut'xwow, reap', plavai. "meadow' (= Lithuanian
piova ds.). Old Prussian piuclanu. "sickle';

daR) nachhom. Tiaiu) "hit' = Latin pavidsei, is after all possible; then mijftte the Aor.
ETTQiaa etc. (instead of *£nauaa) new neologism zum present sein; to naiw anyhow Doric
naiav, Ionian nairjajv, Attic rraicbv as "the die Krankheiten through Zauberschlag heilende
(Apollo)', then with den words in nainajv anfangender hymn of praise, song of praise.

References: WP. II 12, 76 f., WH. II 266, 267, 381 f., 393 f., Trautmann 217.
Page(s): 827

Root / lemma: p9te(r) Gen. patr-es, -6s {*ph9te(r})

Meaning: father

Note:

It derived from a prefixed p/7e- of Root / lemma: hatos, hatta : father, mother.

Material: Old \r\d'\c p/tar-, Avestan p/Za/'- besides Nom. pta, /a etc.; Armenian hair{*patei).

Gen. haur{*patros)\ gr. narrip, naTp6(;, in compound £u-naTU)p "ein good father'; Latin

pater, -//75 "father'; /ja/Aes'Vorfahren, Patrizier'; Oscan paZ/^'father', Umbrian lu-pater
"Juppiter", Dat. Sg. Oscan pateref, mars. -Latin patre; Old Irish athir{*patei). Gen. athar
( *patros) 'father'; about gall, gutu-atersee above S. 413; Gothic fadar. Old Icelandic fadir.
Old English fgeder. Old High German faferlather'; Tocharian Apacar, B pacer6s.; about
Old Indie Dyaus pita eic. see above S. 413.

Ableitnngen: Old Indie p///ya- gr. naTpiO(;, Latin yOa/A/^s'vaterlich', Middle Irish aithrei.
"vaterliche family'; Old Indie pftrvya-, Avestan tuirya- ( *ptarvya-), Latin patruus. Old High
German fetiro, fatirro, fatureo {Gerfr\an\c*faduru/a-) "Vaterb ruder', Modern High German "
cousin ', Old English f^dera ^Vatersbruder' (compare gr. naTpu)(;from*yC>a//(9i/sds., with
verschobener meaning naTpu)iO(; "vaterlich'); Old pers. hama-pitar-= gr. opo-narajp,
compare Old Icelandic sam-fedra^irom the same Vater' {*-fadrjans)\ compare gr. naTpui6(;
"Stiefvater' (after priTpuia " stepmother '), Armenian yaurayds.; only single-linguistically are
gr. narpn, Attic narpa 'Vaterland', naTpi(;, -i5o(;f. ds., Latin patriads., patronus
'Schutzherr', patro, -are "vollbringe, vollziehe'; proprius 'e\gen, eigentijmlich, bestandig'
from * prop(a)trios "from den nponaTop£(;, den Altvorderen as ererbter Besitz uberkommen'
(?), s. WH. II 374 f.; mcymr. e^y/yd'dwelling'could originally as 'vaterlicher possession '
with Middle Irish a///?/-© identical sein; Old Icelandic fedgarP\. "father and son' (compare gr.
narpiKoq 'vaterlich'); fedginP\. "parents' {*fedr-gin).

References: WP. II 4, WH. II 263 ff.; of babble-word pa-derive ? KretschmerWZKM. 51,
315 f; or to pd(i)- shield, watch?
Page(s): 829

Root / lemma: phel-
See also: s. (s)p(ti)el-.
Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: pher-
See also: s. (s)p(h)er-.
Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: phol-

Meaning: to fall

Material: Armenian yO'i/Z'Einsturz' ( *pfidlo-), p'lanim^\ falle ein'; Old High German Old

Saxon fallan. Old Icelandic falla^iaW {*phol-n-), causative Old High German fellan. Old

Icelandic fella 'fallen' etc.; Lithuanian puolu, puiti, Latvian puolu, pultlaW ( *phdld}\ Old

Prussian au-pallari\n6s' (*verfallt whereupon).

References: WP. 1 11 03, Trautmann 229.
Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: phu-

See also: see above pu-1.

Page(s): 851

Root / lemma: pid-

Meaning: to bear (child)

Note: only Germanic and Celtic

Material: Gothic fitan^ to give birth to children ', perhaps to Old English /^// "fight', engl. fit^

attack of a disease, malady'. Modern West Frisian /^fe'bissig'; Middle Irish idu. Gen. idan,

Nom. PI. /ic/a/>7 "throes of childbirth, pain'; die Middle Irish inflection goes auf Old Irish a-

inflection back, as e.g. Middle Irish pe/'s^ "person' auf Old Irish persan, the Old Irish Nom.

Sg. muft consequently *idan{*pidun^ gelautet have.

References: WP. II 70; compare Feist 155 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pik(h)o-

Meaning: lump, knot

Material: Avestan yO/A'5- "knot' in nava-pixem "neunknotigen'; Latvian piks, pika^E.x6- and

Lehmklumpen', sniega-pika "Schneeballen'.

References: WP. II 70.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-lo-

Meaning: hair, felt

Note:

Root / lemma: pi-lo- : hair, felt, : Root / lemma: pu-lo- : "hair, felt ' derived from Root /

lemma: pel-2a, pela- : pla- : to cause to move, drive, felt.

Material: Latin pilus m. "hair', whereof as collective "Haarknauel' also pilai. " ball, bale,

Strohpuppe'; auf an 5-stem based on 'yO/T-s-os "verfilzf, in gr. mkoc, m. " felt ', ttTAsoj "filze',

Latin pilleus, -ei//77 "Filzkappe, FilzmiJtze' ( *pilseio-)\ Old Church Slavic pl-bstb " felt '.

References: WP. II 71, WH. II 302 f., 304 f.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pi-n-

Meaning: a piece of wood

Material: Old Indie /0/>75/r5-/77 'staff, stick, club, mace, joint'; gr. iTiva^, -qkoc; 'Sparre, balk,

beam, board, Schreibtafel, Gemalde'; Old High German witu-f?na\.. Middle Low German

K/>7e"Holzhaufen'; Old Church Slavic ptnt m., serb. panjeic. "tree truck, -strunk'.

References: WP. II 71; Vasmer2, 335;

See also: probably to spei- "sharp, pointed bit of wood'.

Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pTp(p)-

Meaning: to squeak

Note: also unredupl. pA-with variant derivatives, onomatopoeic word

Material: Old Indie pippaka "ein certain bird', pippTka- "ein bird'? gr. nTno(; f. or ninTTO(; m.

"young bird', nlncb, nirrpa f. "a kind of Baumhacker', nin(n)i^u) "piepe'; Latin pTpilo, -are,

pTpio, -Tre, pTpo, -^/'e"piepen', pip(p)itare^oi Naturlaut the Mause', pTpulum^ ^qs Wimmern',

Oscan yC>//75//c» "clamor plorantis'. Modern High German (Low German) piepen {\n\Vc\

verhinderter consonant shift); Lithuanian yOyyO//"whistle' (loanword?); Czech pipteti

"piepsen', sloven, pfpa^ chicken; duct, tube, pipe', serb. pipa, eine disease, malady of the

chicken ' (Modern High German Pips) etc.;

Czech yC>//ra//"piepen', ; Bulgarian pile, Serbo-Croatian /7//e"Kuchlein' ; similarly alb. bibe
"young water bird ', Armenian i6'/Z?e/77"pigolare', gr. nicpiy^, ni(paAAi(; "a bird'.

References: WP. II 70, WH. II 309; Vasmer2, 363 f.
Page(s): 830

Root / lemma: pTzda-

Meaning: vulva

Grammatical information: f.

Material: Alb. pith {pidiii) m. "vulva'; cak. pizda, russ. pizda, poln. pizda^s., out of it

borrowed (?) Lithuanian pyzda, Latvian pTzdai. ds., and Old Prussian peisda ' Arsch' .

References: WP. II 69, Trautmann 21 1 ;

See also: compare also pezd-S. 829.

Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: p/ab-
Meaning: to babble, etc..

Material: Old Irish labar' talkative, loquacious, wordy, chatterer, one who speaks a lot ',
cymr. //5/&/'"language, sound', acorn, lauar^ continued speech, talk, conversation,
discourse ', bret. /avar^word', Irish am/abar' dumb ', cymr. aflafar, acorn. aflauar^\v\iav\s\
Old Irish labraid, rel. /abratbar^ speaks' , cymr. //afaru'ta\k, speak', corn, /auarafl speak ';
Celtic FIN Labara' Labor ' (Bavaria); [common Armenian Celtic p/- >/-as in Armenian /u
( *p/us-) " flea' see Root / lemma: b/ou-{b^/ou-7), p/ou-: flea ]. perhaps to ndd. Middle
English f/appen^W\{, gossip, babble, chatter', engl. f/ap'WA';

Maybe lllyrian TN Labeatae (LabeafesJ 'ta\katWe people, babblers '? : Celtic FIN Labara'
Labor ' [lllyrians called new invaders as babblers similarly Slavs called Germans N/emcy'
mute, dumb', Greeks called foreigners barbars " babblers'].

in the kind of the onomatopoeic wore Jsound imitation anyhow different is Latin plorare

"clamare (Old Latin); loud weep, cry'.

Maybe truncated alb. *lapati, //ap'chat, talk, speak' [see above Root/ lemma: /ep-1: (expr.
Root)]

Albanian //af word', //afe^ empty words ' derived from Turkish /af talk, word, say, spiel,
words, empty words '.

References: WP. II 93.
Page(s): 831

Root / lemma: pla-k-1. pla-k-, ple-k- : plo-k-, p/e/'-k- and pe/a-g- : p/a-g- : p/a-g-

Meaning: wide and flat

Note: extension from pe/a-S. 805

Material: Gr. nAa^, -Koq 'surface, plain, area (of Meeres, eines Bergplateaus), Platte' (=

Old Icelandic fl^rP\. from *flahiz), nAoKOEic; "platf, nAoKOuc;, -ouvToq m. 'flat cake' (out of it

Latin placenta) ;

Latin placed, -eAg-'gefallen, compliant sein', placlc/usl\at, even, smooth, peaceful',
ablaut, placare ^ebnen, besanftigen', nasalized perhaps /0/5/7c^s"Plattfuft';

Old Icelandic fla, PI. flser{ *flah-iz= TTAaK-£(;) and flar{ *flahd) f. ' lerrace^encn^iep an
einer Felswand', Norwegian flaa ds.\ Norwegian flagu. 'offene sea'. Old Icelandic flaga
"thin Erdschicht', Middle Low German i//a^e'Erdschicht'; zero grade Old Icelandic fid
{*fldhd) f. ' layer, position ', Old English floh {stanes) f. "Steinfliese', Old High German
fluoh. Middle High German i/A/o "Felswand, abrupt abstijrzender rock'. Modern High

German Fluhe, Swiss Fluh, F/cih Te\s\Nand, Felsplatte'; perhaps Germanic ofrom Indo
Germanic d because of Latvian p/uoc/m. PI. ' position, layer ';

Lithuanian p/akanas l\at', p /okas 'EstncW, p/ake'\he lead, Bressem';

Latvian p/ace "scapula", placenis "flat cake'; pluoku ( *planku) p/aktl\a\. become', p/aka
"Kuhfladen', p/akansl\at';

doubtful is die formale Beurteilung from Lithuanian p/oksc/as l\at, platt', p/astakal\at
hand' (at first through Dissim. from *plasktios), Latvian plaskams " smooth, flat and breit
zugleich'. Old Church Slavicp/os/rb "flat' ( *plak-sko-)\

Tocharian AB yC>/a/r-"einverstanden sein', k plakam^ permission ', B plaki
"Einverstandnis', am-plakatte^ without um permission to bid, beg, ask';

auf a light root form *plek-base6 on probably Lithuanian yC>/e/rs/7e"breite beet, turnip ',
Latvian p/'^/ra (besides yO/a/ra "Kuhfladen'), yC>/ece"Plattfische, Button', p/^cs "shoulder',
further:

zero grades *plkai., Celtic *(p)lika\v\ gall, /^/le/zica (Gardasee), actually "eastern from the
Felsplatte from Sirmione', fass. //5 "bottom of Backofens' (Hubschmid Zh. Pr. 66, 62 f.),
expressives -kk-\v\ Middle Irish /ecc "flagstone ', cymr. Ilech, bret. Iec'h6s.

A /-root plei-k-\v\ Lithuanian pleikiu, p/e/kf/"bre\t make', p/a/ksfyf/'6'\e Oberkleider about
Brust and Schultern, lijften', actually "sich breit aufmachen'; to Middle High German v/Hen,
i///^e'/7"schichtweise lay, place, fijgen, sort, order, arrange, prepare, make ready, adorn',
md. vlT(h)en6s.

root form auf -g.'Q'c. nsAayoc; "offene sea' ("aequor'), wherefore die vorgriech. Bewohner
the thessalischen Ebene, die DsAaayoi "Flachlandbewohner' (*n£AaY-aKoi); herald. nAaYO(;
n. "side', to nAayia "die Seiten, Flanken', nAayioc; "(*die Seite zuwendend =) quer, slant,
skew'; Latin plaga^ suxiace, plain, area, net, coating, layer; region, landscape ', plagula
"Blatt a Toga, leaf Papier', plagella^ raO)'\

nisi, flokirw.. Old English flocm. "Flunder', engl. /7c»c»/r-/fc»c»/eo'"plattfuR)ig'; Old High
German flah{-hh-), Dutch flak, flach^ smooth ', Old Saxon flakai. "Fuftsohle', Norwegian
flaku. " disc, floe, floating mass of ice'. Old Icelandic flaki, flekixw. "Bretterverschlag', Tirol-
karnt. f/ecken 'board, plank, balk'.

References: WP. II 90 f., WH. II 314 ff., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer 2, 365 f., 367.

Page(s): 831-832

Root / lemma: plak-2, plag- , also p/ek-, pleg-
Meaning: to hit

Material: Gr. nAnaau) {*plakid), nAnvvufji 'hit', nAnYH- Doric TTAava "blow, knock', TTAf|KTpov
'beetle, hammer etc.'; nasalized TrAa^oj (*nAaYYJw) 'hit, verschlage' (nAay^u), snAaYxQnv);
Latin p/aga'b\o\N, knock, wound', plango, -ere^hW: die Hand auf die Brust hit, loud grieve ';
Middle Irish len. Gen. /eo//7 'affliction, wound' {*plakno-), /essa//?? 'schlage violent' {*plang-
sd)\ Gothic faiflokun ^ZKOJ^-ioy-io, betrauerten'. Old English f/dcan^Be\ia\\ klatschen'. Old
Saxon flocan 'verwijnschen, curse ' (at first from 'loud die Brust hit'). Old High German
fluohhon6s., fluoh^ curse'. Old Icelandic /7o/r/ "gestampfter Filz'; from dem Germanic here
probably also words for 'Anprall, gust of wind' and 'with den Flijgeln hit, flutter, flicker': Old
Icelandic /75^5 'sudden attack ', Middle Low German Middle High German vlage^ shove,
attack, storm', engl. /7ai4^ 'gust of wind, crack'; Old Icelandic flggra^i\\}\.\.er\ Old High
German /7a^a/io/7'umherfliegen'; with Germanic /r.Old Icelandic figkra {flakuron)
'umherschweifen'. Middle High German vlackern, Dutch iz/a/r/re/'e/? 'flicker'. Old English
/7ac"o/''fliegend', /7/ico/7a/7 'flicker'. Old Icelandic figkta {*flakutdn) 'umherstreifen, flutter',
expressive Old Icelandic flakka 'flutter, umherschweifen', old Dutch vlacken ' twitch ';
nasalized Middle Low German v/unke{' \N\ng'); Old Icelandic f/engja ^thrasW (engl. f//ng
'throw' from dem Old Icelandic), wherefore (?) Latin /ancea^d\e originally spanische lance '
(Celtic word);

Lithuanian plaku, plakti^hW, chastise, castigate', plokisxw. 'Rutenstreich'; Old Church
Slavic placg, plakati sg 'sich an die Brust hit, weep, cry, wail ';

besides plak/g- siauds p/ek/g-:La\.\r\ plecto, -e/ie 'punish, curse, chastise, castigate',
Lithuanian pifek-iu, -//'hit, thrash, chastise, castigate', dial, p/e^a 'cudgel, ZiJchtigung'.

References: WP. II 91 ff., WH. II 315 f., 321 f., Trautmann 222 f.; Vasmer2, 364 f.;
See also: probably to pels-: pla-S. 805, also originally 'breit hit'.
Page(s): 832-833

Root / lemma: plat-{plad^, plet- plot-, plat-

Meaning: wide, flat

Note: extension to pels- : p/a-ds., see there; to Vokalverhaltnis compare p/ak- : p/ek-ds.

and p/ak- : p/ek- : p/ek- 'hit'

Material: Aryan *p/et/i-:0\d Indie /O/a/^aZ/'breitet from', -/e'dehnt sich from, verbreitet

sich', prtfia- m. 'flat hand', prat/ias-v\. = Avestan fra^a/i-n. ' Breite', Old \nd\c prt/iu-,

Avestan p9rd^u-'\N'\de, breit, capacious ', fern. Old Indie prthvT, Avestan p9r9^wT{a\so as
Subst. " surface '), besides from *pjt(h)9u- : prthivTi. "earth' ('Erdoberflache') = gr. nAaraia,
gall. GN LitavTi., gall. -Latin Letavia, leg. *Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw^6\e Bretagne', Middle Irish
LethadiS.;

Armenian /a//7 'breit' {*pleta-no-).

gr. nAoTuq 'platt, breit' (= Old Indie prth'u-), nAaroq n. 'Breite' (reshuffling from *nA£Toq =
Old Indie /Ora/^as- after nAaTU(;), nAarn "Ruderschaufel', cbpo-nAaTri f. 'scapula', irAaTavoc;
'sycamore' ('breitastig'); nAaraiJcbv ' each flat body' (: Old \n6\c prath/man-m. 'Breite,
Ausdehnung'); nAarayn 'das Klatschen'; formal nicht right clear, bright are naAaarn 'flat
hand', TTAaoTiy^ 'flat bowl';

Latin p/anfat 'Fuftsohle' {*pla-n-ta)\ p/anfa ^ Setzre'\s' is back-formation to *p/antare'6en
Boden ebnen';

cymr. //ed, corn, /es, bret. /et, ledxw. 'Breite' (from dem n. *pletos= Old Indie /7/'a//755-),
cymr. Iledu, bret. ledaff' outspread ', Old Irish lethaim^Aehue from, erweitere' (probably
also Old Irish lethu. 'side, flank ' etc.), Kompar. cymr. //ed'\N\de, further' {*plet-is). Old Irish
/etha'wde', Positive */0//e/7c»- in Old Irish lethan, cymr. Ilydan, bret. corn. ledan^breW!, gall.
Litana {silva), Litano-briga; Middle Irish /e///7e 'shoulder' {*pletia). Middle Irish lethech^
flounder, flatfish '; Old Irish less, cymr. //ys 'castle' {*pJt-to-l)\

Maybe alb. {*pletia) flete' (wide) wing, side, flank, (flat) leaf, /7e-' lie, sleep' : Old Irish
/e//7n. 'side, flank ', Middle Irish /e///7e 'shoulder'; also alb. leth, ledh^muA, alluvium; wall,
flat earth, mound, river mouth, balk' : Old Irish less, cymr. Ilys 'castle' ( *pJt-to-l) : gall. -Latin
Letavia, \Q^.*Litavia, ncymr. Llydaw, Middle Irish Letha .

in Germanic with ablaut, a: 6: Middle High German i/A/oofe/'' Plunder', nasalized Middle
High German Low German flunder^s.. Middle Low German vlundereAs., Dutch vionder
'thin board'. Old Icelandic flydrai. ' deadwood ', Swedish flundra6s., Norwegian also
'small platter stone '; Germanic *flat^dn\v\ Old High German /750'c' 'Opferkuchen', Middle
High German vlade'\N\6e, thin cake'. Modern High German Fladen, Kuh-fladen,
Norwegian fladerw. 'small plain, flat field'; Middle Low German vladder^Vc\\v\ Torfschicht';

Lithuanian plotytl 'outspread ', p/d/as 'Platte', p/o//s 'Breite', Latvian platft, plest, thin
aufstreichen'; Old Church Slavic *plast-b 'tortum', russ. plasf layer ' (root form * plat-);
Lithuanian spleclu, splestr bre\ten, breitlegen' (doubtful because of ani. s-, das in our
family otherwise nirgends), plati/s^breW {a= o, different from nAarug, prthu-), plantu, plasti

'wide become', Old Pruss\anp/asmenoi. "Vorderhalfte the Fuftsohle'; from the root form
p/et-: Lithuanian p/etot/" s\c\r\ ausbreiten', Old Church Slavic yO/es/7a"FuR)Sohle' {*plet-s-na,
to e5-stem Old Indie prathas-); but Slavic *pl§sati^ dance ' because of Lithuanian p/^st/not
here {*plenR-);

Old Church Slavic yO/es/e "shoulder", russ. piece 6s. (russ. belo-plekij^\Ne\{i>sc\\u\\x\o^' ,
neologism Xo plece= Old Bulgarian pleste, compare above Middle Irish leithe).

With final sound voiced-nonaspirated: Old Icelandic flatr. Old High German flaz^ even,
flat'. Old Saxon /75/"flat, untief (full grade Middle Low German iz/d/ds.). Old Icelandic-Old
English flettu.. Old Saxon flet, fleW floor in Haus', Old High German flazzi, flezzi
"geebneter bottom, threshing floor, Hausflur, Vorhalle' (Modern High German F/o/z'ebene
Bergschicht'); Old High German /7azza "palm'; Latvian plandn^breW. make'.

References: WP. II 99 f., WH. II 316 ff., 319 f., Trautmann 222 f., 225 f.
Page(s): 833-834

Root / lemma: pleR-
Meaning: to plait, weave

Note: presumably further formations from pel- "falten'

Material: Old Indie /0/'as/75-m. 'netting, lurban' {a\so plasl-\x\. " intestines, entrails ');
Avestan arszato frasnem 'with silbernem Panzerhemd'; gr. ttAeku) 'flechte' (= Latin piled),
participle nA£KT6(;; nAsKin 'rope, band, net', nAsviJa n., hAeko^ n., nAoKavov 'netting,
wickerwork ', nAoKri 'netting; Ranke', nAoKoq, nAoKajJoq, nAoxMoq (*nAoK-a-[JO(;, compare
den es-stem to hAekoc;) ' braid, plait, curl ', alb. presumably yO/a/'bunte, wollene cover'
{*ploR-s-ko-), pleh u re ^Qrobe canvas, fabric'; Latin piled, -aAe'zusammenwickeln,
zusammenfalten', with /after den compounds expllcare, Impllcare, applicare; /-present
plecto, -ere, -xl, -xuml\ax, wattle, braid, ineinanderflechten' = Old High German flehtan.
Old English fleohtan(\v\ addition flu stria n 6s.), Old Icelandic flettal\ax, wattle, braid'; Old
Icelandic flettai. 'lichen'. Old English fleohtaxw. ' hurdle ', Gothic flahta^ hair lock '; Old
High German flahs. Old English fleaxu. 'flax' (about Dutch i//ye/7 'flax, wattle, braid' s.
Franck van Wijk 749); Old Church Slavic pletg, plesfri\ax, wattle, braid' (if with West Indo
Germanic guttural from *plek-td), ablaut. Old Church Slavic plot-b 'fence';
References: WP. II 97 f., WH. II 321, 323, Trautmann 224, Lommel KZ. 53, 309 ff.
See also: zur /-extension see above S. 797 \xx\6ex peR-.
Page(s): 834-835

Root / lemma: pleuk-

Meaning: flake, feather, hair

Material: Old High German (expressive) f/occho lanugo', Modern High German Flocke,

Middle Low German viocke 'Woll-, snowflake ';

Maybe alb. floke^ flake, hair '

Norwegian dial, flugsa, flygsa^ snowflake '; Lithuanian plaukas^eiu hair', p/aukar\r\a\r',

Latvian p/5^/r/"Schneeflocken; Abfall beim weaving; dust, powder; Mutterkorn', plaukas

'Abfall beim spinning, Flocken, fibers; HiJIsen'; Latvian plucu, plukt^'^\\}cK tear, rend,

pluck, schleiften', Lithuanian pluksna, plunksna " feather '.

References: WP. II 97.

Page(s): 837

Root / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-tio-

Meaning: lung

Note:

Root / lemma: pl(e)u-mon-, pleu-tio- : lung, derived from Slavic alb. prefix pe- + Root /

lemma: leg^h-: light (adj.), lung.

Material: Old Indie kl6man-xr\. n. 'die right lung ' (Dissim. from p- m\.o k- m) = gr.

nA£U[JU)v " lungs ' (through support in nvsw also nv£U|JU)v); Latin pulmo, mostly PI. ' lungs '

(from *pelmdnesor *plum6nes)\

Balto-Slavic *pleutia- and *plautia- n. PI. in Lithuanian p/auc/a/ an6 Latvian plausi,
plausas m. PI., Old Prussian p/aut/ {secondary f.) ' lungs '; Old Church Slavic p/usta and
*pljustan. PI. (Old Russian pljuca^ lungs '), serb. pljucai. 'liver'.

The Lunge schwimmt auf dem Wasser, also as "Schwimmer' to pleu- (pel-) "ttAeoj'.

References: WP. II 95 f., WH. II 386 f., Trautmann 226.
Page(s): 837-838

Root / lemma: pleus-

Meaning: to pluck; plucked hair, feathers, fell

Material: Latin /7/J/77aTlaumfeder, fluff, underfur' {*plusma)\ Middle Low German vlus,

vlusch^ fleece, fleece', nnd. vlOs(e), vlusch' tussock hair, BiJschel Wolle', Middle High

German vlius {*flusi-) "fleece'. Modern High German Flaus, Flauscfr, Middle High German

vlies. Modern High German Vlies,

Old English fleos, fITesn. ds., with gramm. variation Norwegian flura ^zoiWges hair'; Old
Icelandic /7c»sa "splinter, offal', Norwegian dial, flos, flus(k), flustrds. and " dandruff, scale

auf dem Kopfe', as Latvian p/auskas and plaukstes' dandruff, Latvian plusnr\n Winde
flatternde birch bark ', Lithuanian pliusinti^xub, wear out', yO/Jsa'Bastfasern' (in addition
p//use'ree6') etc.;

Lithuanian pluskosP\. "Haarzotten, hair', Latvian p/uskas ^Zotten, rag', ablaut, plauskas
f. PI. "Schelfer'; Lithuanian yC>/5i/zo'//7/s"(Feder)bett, Deckbett', Old Prussian (with g-
insertion) plauxdine "feather-bed'.

References: WP. II 96 f., Trautmann 227.
Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pleu-

Meaning: to run, flow; to swim

Note: probably extension from pel- "flow, swim', and originally ds. as pel(eu)- "fijllen voir

("Uberfluft, iJberflieftend')

Material: Old Indie /0/ai/a/e"schwimmt, hovers, flies' (= gr. ttAeu), Latin perplovere. Old

Church Slavic plovg), yO/'5i/a/e "springt auf, hurries ' (here and in Avestan ava nifravayenta

"sie lassen in Fluge heimkehren', usfravanfe'{6\e Wolken) steigen auf kann also ein Indo

Germanic yOAe^- "spring' vorliegen); Kaus. p/avayat/" aWows swim, iJberschwemmt' (= serb.

ploviti. Old High German flouwen, flewen);

lengthened grade Old Indie /0/5i/aya//"allows swim', Avestan usfravayd/t'6aQ> er
wegschwemmen could' (= Old Church S\av\c p/av/Jg, plaviti 'swim let, schwemmen');

yO/aKa-"schwimmend; m. boat, bark, type of sailboat' (= russ. plo\/)\ pluta-
"ijberschwemmt' (= gr. ttAut6(; " washed, made clean '), pluti- f. "Uberflieflen, flood' (= gr.
ttAuok; "the washing'), uda-pru-t- "in Wasser schwimmend';

arm luanam, Aor. /uap/'wasW ( *plu(")a-);

gr. nA£(F)u) (snAsuaa, nAsuaopai) "schiffe, schwimme' (Inf. Ionian hAeeiv, nAoJaai
"schiffen', but nAcbsiv, nAoJaai "swim'); Ionian -nkooc,, Attic nAou(; m. "Schiffahrf, (=klr.
plo]/}, nAoTov "vessel' (= Old Icelandic /fey "ship'); nAuvw "wash' (*ttAu-v-iu); Put. nAuvu),
Aor. Pass. snAuGnv), nAuvoq m. "Waschgrube', nAupa n. "Spulichf, nAuT6(;, hAugk; (see
above); ttAouto^ m. "Fulle, richness '; from the lengthened grade p/ofuj- besides ttAu)£iv,
nAwaai (see above), EnsnAwv "beschiffte', hAcjotoc; "schwimmend, fahrbar', hom.
5aKpunAu)£iv "in Tranen swim' (from *5aKpunAcbq);

lllyrian FIN P/ai//s.' Lithuanian sea N. Plavos,

Latin perp/overe (Fest) "durchsickern let, leek sein', p/ovebat (Petron.), pluit, -eAe'rain';
pluvius, p/uor'ra\r\';

Old Irish /oun' trip food ', /oan, /oon'a6eps' {*ploUeno-, see below Middle Low German
flome); Old Irish A/- 'move', Abstr. luud^ actuation ', /uud'anes = Mauerbrecher'; also cet-
/i/o'" coitus'; e5S-cc»/77-A/-'proficisci', ess-/u-' leave, depart, entkommen', fo-/u-l\y', luamain
"das Fliegen', A/a//? 'quick, fast', luas^ quickness '; Old Irish lu(a)ei. ' rudder, helm,
calcaneus, tail', {*pluuia), cymr. //yw\u\er, tax, tail', acorn, /oe 'ruler'. Middle Irish /uam
'Steuermann', cymr. llong-lywydd6s., bret. Ievier6s.\

Old High German causative flouwen, flewen^ rinse, wash' (= Old \v\6\c plavayati). Old
Icelandic /7ai//77/''current', Old High German /7c>^/r7'colluvies; fat (obenschwimmend)'.
Middle Low German flomei. ' raw Bauch- and Nierenfett', Modern High German Flom,
Flaumru. ds.. Old Icelandic fley{= ttAoTov, *plouiom) n. 'ship'; Old Icelandic fludi. 'blinde
cliff (i.e. 'iJberflutete'; 0: d[u]: eu)\ ple-\v\ Middle High German vleejen^ rinse '; pld[u]-\v\
Old Icelandic floa. Old English flowan^ overflow ', Gothic flddus{: nAwTOc;), Old Icelandic
flodi. n.. Old High German /7^c»/ 'flood'. Old Icelandic floim. 'swamp, marsh';

Lithuanian causative plauju, ploviau, p/aut/^wash, rinse ', Put. plausiu ( *pldusid)\ plutis
"offene place in Else'; yO/ei/es^oZ/'flutter';

Old Church S\ay\c plovg, pluti^i\o\N, schiffe', yO/^ip'schwimme', Kaus.-lter. serb. ploviti
'schwemmen, swim', russ. /O/oi/'boat', kir. p/oi/'natatio', lengthened grade Old Church
S\ay\c plaviti 'swim let', -5^'navigare', plavati 'swim'; serb. plutai., plutou. 'cork'; *plu-\v\
Inf. russ. plytb, serb. pITtr,

Tocharian A B p/u-l\y, schweben', B p/ewe'sh\p'.

extensions:

p/eu-d-:0\6 Irish /m-/uad/ 'exag\tat', /m/uad' ag\tat\o', for-/uad/" schwenkV , /ua/d-' move,
mention, auftern'; in addition Middle Irish /oscannlrog' ('jumper '); Old Icelandic f/Jota, Old
English fleotan. Old Saxon fliotan. Old High German fliozan 'flow'; Old English flotian
'swim', flota 'ship', floterian 'to flutter'. Old Modern High German flutteren ' to fly to and fro,
fly around, flit about, flutter ';

Maybe alb. /yiy/^r' butterfly' : Rumanian /y^/^re' butterfly', alb. fluturonj^i\Y : Rumanian
flutura 'wave, flutter, flaunt, fly'.

dubious is tlie apposition from GotJiic ;7a^/s"pralileriscli', flautjan^sich groftmaclien', Old
High German /yozza/? ' superb ire'; Lithuanian plaudziu plausti wash, clean', Latvian plaust
ds., Lithuanian plustu, pludau, p/ust/" stream, fluten, overflow ', plude^ Schwimmholz ',
plOdimas^Aas Stromen, Uberflieften', Latvian p/uduof 'obenaui swim', p/ud/, pludihi
"Schwimmholzer', pludiP\. " inundation, flood', yO/t/o'/'/'ergieften, stream; bewassern';
Lithuanian pluostas ' ferry ' ( *pldud-ta), plaustas6s. ( *ploud-ta).

p/eu-k-: Swedish Norwegian /Tj/'moor, fen, puddle, slop' {*fluhja-)\ Old Icelandic fijuga.
Old English fleogan. Old High German fliogan^i\Y (die Beseitigung of gramm. Wechsels
probably through Differenzierung against fliehen= Gothic Niuhan); in addition Old English
fleoge. Old Icelandic fluga. Old High German flioga "fly'; dissimil. from Germanic *flug-la-
(compare Old English f/ugo/ lugax') probably die words for 'bird': Old Icelandic fug/, fog/,
Gothic fug/s, m.. Old English fugo/. Old Saxon fuga/. Old High German foga/m.; Lithuanian
yO/aJM'swim'; p/un/<snai. " feather ', o\der p/u/(sna.

References: WP. II 94 f., WH. II 326 f., Trautmann 223 f.
Page(s): 835-837

Root / lemma: p/ei- p/ai- plf-

Meaning: naked, bare, bald

Material: Norwegian dial. /7e//7 "naked, bald, bleak, naked', Subst. "kahler stain ', f/e/na

"entbloftt, baldheaded become' and "die Zahne show, grin '; Lithuanian p/ynas^ even,

bare, baldheaded ', Lithuanian p/yne, yO/e/77e"kahleEbene'; p/i/<as^ baldheaded ', p/i/<e^

bald head, nackte Ebene', p/eT/<e^ baldness ', p//n/<u, p/'i/<t/' baldheaded become'

Maybe alb. p/a/r'old man'

Latvian p/i/<s, p/e//<s "entbloftt, naked, bald, bleak'; r.-Church Slavic p/esb "Kahlheif, p/esivb

"naked, bald, bleak', Czech p/esi. " baldness ' etc., compare also Norwegian /7/sa" grin,

laugh, giggle ', /7e/s "face' (actually "grinsendes face, Grimasse'), f//re^ giggle, laugh'. Old

Icelandic f//m^ derision ';

here also the northern Italy (raet.) PN P//nius.

References: WP. II 93, Trautmann 226 f.; Vasmer 2, 371 f.;
See also: compare under under p/eR- etc.
Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: pleR-, p/aR-and pleiR-, ptiR-
Meaning: to tear, peel off

Material: 1. Old Icelandic fla{*flahan), Old English f/ean'd'\e Haut abziehen', Old Icelandic
fletta [Jlahatjan) "(den bag, die dress) abziehen', Norwegian /7a^a"abgeschalt become
(from the bark)'. Old Icelandic flagna^s\ch peel'; nasalized Old Icelandic f/engja^t\r\ro\N',
Norwegian ds., "losreiften'; with Germanic -k- (= Indo Germanic g), Old Icelandic flakna
= f/agna{sk/p-f/ak'Sch\ff swrack'), f/aka'auik\affen, sich unpick, yawn ';

Lithuanian ples-iu, -ti^ rend ' (trans.), nup/est/ ^abre\Q>en (e.g. dress), die Haut
abschinden', p/esz/nys Iresh aufgerissener farmland'; Latvian pluosTt Iter. " rend, pull';

perhaps alb. /0/as"berste, break', plase^ cleft = col, gap, crack; Schieftscharte', pelsas,
Aor. yO/asa'berste, spring,

2. ei-, Aforms: Lithuanian pleisu, -etT rend, burst (from the Haut)', plais-inti^break, crack
make', plys-ti^ rend, Intr.', plysys, p/yse^crack, col, gap'; Latvian Intrans. p/fst^ rend ',
p/afsa, plai'sums "crack', p/a/saf 'R\sse achieve '; diese alien /-forms bear also die citation
of Norwegian dial, f/fkfe) "gahnende wound' (actually "crack, col, gap'). Old Icelandic f//k,
Pl.Mrand f/Ikart "scrap, shred, rag'. Old English (kent.) flaec {*flaiki) "flesh' (/rprobably
from kk), /7/cce "Speckseite', Old Icelandic flikki6s.. Middle Low German vlicke6s., "Flicke,
abgetrenntes piece'; Old High German flee, fleccko. Middle High German vlec, viecke
(proto Germanic *fllkka) "piece Zeug, piece Haut, piece of land, place, andersfarbige
place, macula'; Old Icelandic flekkr^ stain, piece of land' (Middle Low German vlacke'
stain ' is neuerAblaut);

because of Old English ;7^c "flesh' is also kinship from Old English flabsc. Old Saxon
flesk. Old High German /fe/s/r "flesh'. Old Icelandic flesc {*flelsk) "bacon, ham' to consider,
yet barely under a basic form *flalk-sk-, da Middle Low German Middle Dutch vies, viees
"flesh'. Old Icelandic flls^ sliced piece, splinter', Swedish fITs, flTsa^s., Norwegian Dialectal
fITs ds., kj0t-flis " thin piece of meat ' eine cognate, Germanic root form auf -s instead of
guttural show, in Swedish ;7/5/e/'"Schinnen' and Lithuanian yO/e/s/r5/7c»5"Schinnen in Haar',
Latvian pliska "zerlumpter person' wiederkehrt.

References: WP. II 98f.,

See also: derived from pie-, pie-, above S. 834.

Page(s): 835

Root / lemma: pie-, pla-
Meaning: to split, cut off
Note: with -5- extended

Material: Old Icelandic flasai. "thin disc, splinter', flesi. 'flat cliff, isl.. Old Swedish flas^

dandruff, scale ', Norwegian /7a5a"absplittern, abspalten', isl. /75s/r5 "gespalten become';

Lithuanian plaskanosP\. 'Schinnen in Haar'.

Maybe alb. plase^ crack '

References: WP. II 93;

See also: compare under p/e^- etc.

Page(s): 834

Root / lemma: plai-, plau-

Meaning: to expand; to boast

Material: 1 . yo/a/-/- (compare pleik- under 1 . plak- "breit') in gr. nAaiaiov n. 'langliches

Viereck', Lithuanian plaitytis ^s\ch breit make, brag, boast'; with aniaut. s-. Lithuanian

splintu, splitau, splisti^bxeW become'.

2. pl9u-d-, pl9u-t-\n Latin plaudo, -ere, -sT, -si//77'klatsche, hit, klatsche Beifall', plausus,
-t7s"Beifair (compare ap/uda^ chaff, bran 'from * ab-p/auda ^ d'\e abgeschlagene') ; Latin
p/autus 'bre\t, platt, plattfijftig', PN Plautus, pran. -Latin Plautios, Paelignian Plauties, with
Umbrian d.Pldtus, Umbrian Imper. pre-plotatu^'^rosieruWd'; Latvian p/aukstal\at hand'
(different MiJhlenbach-Endzelin III 325).

References: WP. II 100, WH. II 319, 320;

See also: extensions the root pe/a- 'flat, even ', above S. 805.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: plouto- pluto-

Meaning: a kind of wooden stockade

Material: Latin pluteus, -^/77'Schirmdach, Wandbrett, Zwischenwand', changing through

ablaut with Lithuanian p/autas ' narrow bridge, gangplank, footbridge am beehive', Latvian

yO/a^/s "Wandbrett', p/autar6\e Banke an the wall the Badestube' and Old Icelandic f/eydr

f. "rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof ', Norwegian expressive flautaf.

"crossbar, crossbeam an einem sled '.

References: WP. II 90.

Page(s): 838

Root / lemma: pneu-

Meaning: to breathe

Material: Gr. nvsu) (nvsuaai) "blow, pant, gasp, breathe, smell', ttveOmq "das Wehen,

breath, breeze, breath etc.', nvorj "das Wehen, snort'; in addition perhaps also noinvuu)

'sich rijhren, astir sein', trans, "sich eager wherewith beschaftigen', Perf. TTsnvuaGai "
spiritually astir, sensible, wise sein', nvuT6(; spcppajv, auxppojv Hes., apnvuaGai "again
zum Bewufttsein come', if "sich riJhren, astir, esp. spiritually astir' from "beim Laufe
keuchen' and "breathe = agile, lively sein' has evolved;

Old Icelandic fnysa'pant, sniff, snort'. Old English fneosan^ sneeze' {fnora^6as
Niesen'), Middle High German pfnusen^pant, sniff, snort, sneeze' {pf- schallverstarkend
for /), pfnustm. "unterdrijcktes laughter', Norwegian fnysa' giggle '; besides Germanic
*fnes-, *fnds-, *fnas-:0\6 English fnesan ^ an\r\e\are' , fnsestxr\. "breath, breath, breeze',
/^^5e//a/7"schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort'. Middle High German pfnasen ^ pant, sniff, snort',
pfnastm. "das snort'. Old High German /^as/ed/7 "anhelare'; Old Icelandic fn0sa'pant,
sniff, snort'; Old Icelandic fnasa'pant, sniff, snort'; Old High German fnaskazzen,
fneskezzen. Middle High German phneschen pant, sniff, snort, pant, gasp';

Germanic fneh-:0\6 High German fnehan. Middle High German pfnehen breathe, pant,
sniff, snort, pant, gasp'. Old High German /^a/7/e/7/e "schnaubend' (Middle High German
pfnuhtxw. "snort' braucht nicht die zero grade from Indo Germanic /7/7e:/-widerzuspiegeln).

References: WP. II 85, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 18 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 696.
Page(s): 838-839

Root / lemma: ppksti-

Meaning: fist

Material: Old High German fust. Old English fyst= Old Bulgarian p^stb {*pinstb) "fist'.

Note: Obviously Root/ lemma: ppksti-i\s\! derived from penk^eixve (fingers)'

References: WP. II 84, Trautmann 218 f.;

See also: to Germanic farjxan {pak- and pag-, S. 788) or to penk^e^\\ynf .

Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: polo- : polo-
Meaning: swollen, fat, big

Material: Latin polled, -ere^^\n strong, vermoge', Denomin. eines *pollos\xoxx\ *pol-no-, in
addition pollex, -ids m. " thumb, big, giant toe'; proto Slavic palb in russ. bez-palblj
"fingerlos'; Old Russian-Church Slavic yOa/bCb " thumb ' {*poliko-), etc. ; perhaps in addition
as "with the thumb touch ' npers. palldan^ seek, feel', Bulgarian palam' search, seek'. Old
High German fuolen. Modern High German fuhlen. Old English faelan, engl. feel, ( *fdljan).
Old Icelandic felma 'tap, grope ', ablaut, falmads.
References: WP. II 7, 102, WH II 332 f., Vasmer 2, 305.

Page(s): 840-841

Root / lemma: porRo-s
Meaning: pig

Note:

From an extended zero grade of Root/ lemma: eghi-\ " hedgehog ' derived Root/ lemma:

ghers-, gher-\ "rigid, *pig' > Root/ lemma: porRo-s\ "pig' : lllyrian-italic-celtic g'^h- > p-.

Material: Sakisch pasa{*parsa), Kurdish purs, borrowed Finnish porsas, Mordovian purts

"swine';

Latin porcus^ihe tanned swine', Umbrian porca, purca^ porcas '; Middle Irish orcm.
"piglet, young animal', abrit. Orcades {W\Vc\ gr. ending) = Middle Irish /nns/ Ore' Orkney-
islands';

Note:

Latin porous 'the tamed swine' < {*ghdr-n-k) > alb. o'e/'/r "piglet, sow'.

Old High German farfajhn., Old English fearhm. n. "swine', (Danish /^^e "piglet throw');
Lithuanian parsas'a castrated boar'. Old Prussian /?/-a5//5/7 "piglet' {*parsistian)\ Old
Bulgarian y0/'55^, -^/e "swine, piglet' (deminut. /7/-Suff.); to Latin porolhus'oi s\N\ne'
compare Lithuanian yOa/'5/e/7a"Ferkelfleisch', to Latin yOC»/ri//i/s "Schweinchen' das
Lithuanian parse/zs "piglet'. Old High German farheli. Middle High German varohelTn,
Modern High German Ferkel.

References: WP. II 78, WH. II 341, Trautmann 207, Benveniste BSL. 45, 74 ff.; after
Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 34 to perR- "tear open' (see 821 ).
Page(s): 841

Root / lemma: pos

Meaning: by, about, around, beside

Note: probably *p+ os, Gen.-Abl. to Y^Jp-^ above S. 53 f.

Material: Gr. in Arcadian-Cypriot and auf gr. Inschriften Phrygiens TToq, vor vowel also no-,

geltungsgleich with rrpoc; (see *per'out - about', Nr. 8) and Doric rroTi; Lithuanian pas

preposition "an, by'; probably also Old Church Slavic yoo in the meaning " behind, after';

compare das erhaltene 5- in Old Church Slavic poz-dbA6']. "late', poz-de Mn. "late',

pozderije {paz-derije) "KaAapin, arunsTov'. To Lithuanian pas a\so pastaras'\he letzte,

hinterste'.

derivatives: 1. witli -//probably Armenian as/'after', Adverbal and preposition "after =
secundum, gemaft'; in addition stor'the untere part'?; Latin post, Old Latin poste'aiter,
behind ', ortlich and zeitlich, Adverbal and preposition m. Akk., Oscan pust, post, Umbrian
post, pus'post' ortlich and zeitlich, preposition m. Abl., therefrom Latin posterns, Oscan
pustrer\x\ postero', Umbrian postra, Latin postumus, Oscan pustmafsj 'postremae';
Umbrian postne, Latin poneirom *posti-ne, Oscan pustin, Umbrian pustin {irom *posti en)
"je after' preposition m. Akk.; Umbrian pust-na/af' post\cas', purnaes ^post\c\s'; Latin
/7c»s//c^s"hinten situated'.

2. -ko-0\6 Indie /75sca(lnstr.) Adv. "behind, westlich, later' = Avestan pasca preposition
" behind, after', ortlich and zeitlich. Old Indie pasca/ (Abl.) preposition " behind, after,
westlich', Avestan paskatAdv. "vonhinten her, hinterdrein' spacial and zeitlich; Lithuanian
paskul pasku/ (Dat) Adv. "afterwards, nachher', preposition "after'.

3. In ending still controversial is ap. pasa ^aiter', preposition ortlich and zeitlich; alb. pas,
Geg /77i6'as preposition " behind, after' (Indo Germanic *pos+ Demonstr. s/).

References: WP. II 78 f., WH. II 347 ff., Trautmann 207, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508.
Page(s): 841-842

Root / lemma: pot/s

Meaning: owner, host, master, husband

Material: Old \nd'\c pat/-, Avestan pa///- "master, mister, lord, master, consort, partner'; Old

Indie /Oa//7/"" mistress, wife', Avestan paz?/?/- 'mistress'; Old \nd\c patyate^\r\errsc\nt, is

teilhaftig' (: Latin potior);

Avestan x'ae-pati- "er selbst';

gr. hogk; ' husband ', nowia "mistress (of Hauses), wife'; 5£a-noiva 'mistress of
Hauses' (*5£a-novia, from *5£a-noTvia), 5£a-n6Tr|<;, -ou "master, mister of Hauses' (see
above S. 198); alb. pata^had', y05s/7e"gehabt' {*pot-to-) (to a present as Latin potior. Old
Indie yoa/ya/e);

Latin potis {potior, potissimus) "wealthy, mighty', possum. Old Latin also potis sum
"kann', potui, potensirom an e-denominative as Oscan putiad ^possW, putians 'poss\nt',
Latin potestas^ power', potior, -TrT{potrtur and potTtui) "sich bemaehtigen'; com-pos
"teilhaftig' (*"Mitherr'), tiospes, -itis' guest's friend ', pael. iiospus {*gtiosti-pots^ Qasihexx');
ein unflektiertes *poti 'selbst' placed in utpote^as natijrlich, da namlich, namely', actually

*ut *pote{esf) "as es possible is = naturiicli', furtlierwitli syncope in m/hr-, meo-, suapte
etc.;

Gotliic bru^-fa^s^ bridegroom ', /7£//70'a-/&A'5"Befelilsliaber about 100 Mann'; engl. fad
"strong, valiant, big, large';

Lithuanian pa/s "husband' and "selbsf (old patis), Latvian pats^ householder ' and
"selbsf, Lithuanian K/espa/s "master, mister' (old viespatis). Old Prussian pattiniskun f\Vk. f.
" matrimony '; f. Old Lithuanian viespatnr, *patn/'under influence of *yOa//- transfigured to
*patr\n Old Prussian waispattin f\Vk. "wife, woman', Lithuanian pat/^\N\ie', Latvian pat/
"Wirtin'; indekl. particle Lithuanian pat, Latvian yC>a/"selbst, even, straight'; about Old
Church Slavic gospodb "master, mister', see above S. 453;

Hittite -yC»s/"eben(so), also, rather'; Tocharian A pa/s "husband'.

References: WP. II 77 f., WH. I 660 f., II 350 f., 379 f., Trautmann 208, Benveniste
Origines 1, 63 f., Pedersen Hittite 77 f., Endzelin Latvian Gr. 396 f.
Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: po-ti

Meaning: against

Note: through das Adv.-forms -//(compare *proti- : *pro above S. 815 f.) from *po (see

below *apo' ab') extended

Material: Avestan pa/'t/, ap. /05//y proverb, and preposition "against, entgegen, to, auf, by';

"an; for, um'; "from - from'; "in - toward, in'; hom., Boeotian, lak. etc. nori "np6(;' proverb.

and preposition "against - toward, against, compared with; an, to', "in - toward, from-'.

References: WP. II 77, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 508 f.

Page(s): 842

Root / lemma: pougo- or pougho-

Meaning: clear, sound

Note: only Celtic and Slavic

Material: Old Irish o^"jungfraulich', oge"Jungfraulichkeit'; Czech pouhy^ pure, bare,

simple, just'.

References: WP. II 77.

Page(s): 843

Root / lemma: p6(i)-1 : (pa/-?:) pT-

Meaning: to graze

Material: Old Indie pati, Avestan /7a///"hutet, bewacht, schijtzt', Old Indie go-pa- m.
"herdsman, shepherd', Avestan /'a/75-/0a'Beinschutz, -schiene'. Old Indie /Oayi/-"Huter'
(compare noju), pala- m. "Wachter, herdsman, shepherd', -/0ai/5/7"schutzend', ap. xsa^''a-
/7ai/aA7"Landvogt, Satrap'; Old \v\6\c nr-pT-ti-i. 'Mannerschutz'; nr-p-a-m. 'MannerschiJtzer
=king'; patra- n. ' container ' (= Gothic fodr);

gr. nu)u 'herd' (n. to Old Indie payu-), noipnv 'herdsman, shepherd' (: Lithuanian
piemud), noi|jr|v 'herd', noipaivw 'treibe auf die Weide, hijte; ziehe auf; -nG)\xa {po-mn)
'cover';

Gothic fodru. (= Old Indie patra-, yet agrees in addition in pronunciation of only Old
English fodoi) 'BriKri, vagina'. Old English fodor, fodor' sheath, vagina'; Late Old Icelandic
fodrv^. 'food (of clothing)' from Middle Low German voder^s.; Old High German
(fedar)fdtar^ cav\v\a\ Late Old High German fuoter^Vc\eca\ Modern High German Futter{oi
clothing), Futterat,

Lithuanian yO/e/77^0' herdsman, shepherd', Akk. pfemeni{ *pdimen-).

References: WP. II 72, Trautmann 204, 207 f.
Page(s): 839

Root / lemma: pd(i)-2: pA-and (from pd-from) pa-
Meaning: to drink

Grammatical information: Aoristwurzel, wherefore secondary present pi-po-mi, pi-bo-mi,
themat. pi-bo

Material: Old Indie paZ/'trinkt', Aor. apat, pay-ayati, payate 'trankt' (: Old Church Slavic
pq/'g, pojiti), panamu. 'Trunk' (: gr. Eunojvoq 'pleasant to drink' Hes., Middle Irish ant
'vessel'). Inf. patave^io drink' (= Old Prussian poOtweiAs.), patar-, patar-rw. 'Trinker' (=
Latin potords.), -pay/a-, -payya-'io water, soak. Trunk' (= Old Prussian pou/sm. 'das
Trinken'), patra- n. 'drinking vessel' {*pd-t/o-m= Latin pocu/um ^ gob\et'); participle Pass,
ablaut. yO/?^-'getrunken (habend)', p/t/-t 'das Trinken, Trunk', Avestan vispo-pitay-
'alltrankend'; Old Indie Inf. patum, patave. Gerund. pTtva- (: Latin potusm. ' drink,
beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion'); redupl.
athematic present 3. PI. pi-p-ate, participle pf-p-ana-, Aor. a-pipT-ta-, thematic /0/Z?a//"trinkt'
(= Old Irish ibid);

Armenian ampem^ drink ' (formation unclear);

gr. nivu), Lesbian ircbvoo (of Nominal stem *pd-no-, compare above suttojvoix;) " drinl< ',
Fut. (Konj.) niopai, Aor. sniov, Imper. nTGi, Perf. nsnajKa, Med. TT£no|jai " drink ', TTaJ|ja,
TTOija n. Trinken, drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst,
draught, potion', -noioq, m., hogk;, -\oc, and -sux; f. ds., norrip m., norripiov n. " drinking cup
', ttTvov n. "Gerstentrank', niniGKU) (Fut. mau)) 'give to drink';

alb. yO/" 'drink' etc.;

Latin bibo, -ere' drink ' (assimil. from * pibd\ Faliscan pipafo'\ werde drink'; Latin poto, -
are' drink strong', potus' drunk, intoxicated, getrunken' (= Lithuanian puotai.
'Zechgelage'), potus, -usxx\. ' drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's
thirst, draught, potion' (= Old Indie /Oa/i//77 Inf.), potidi. 'Trinken, drink, beverage, liquid
which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught, potion' (: gr. aiJ-nwTK; f. 'Ebbe', Old
Prussian poJ/'drink' from *pdti-), pocu/um 'gob\et' {*pd-tlo-m), potorvn. 'Trinker' (= Old
\v\6\c patar-); Umbrian puni, poni'xwWV! (: Old \v\6\c panam' beverage, drink '); Old Irish ibid
{*pibeti) 'trinkt', Verbalnom. Dat. Sg.c»^/(disyllabic) 'Trinken' {*poJa-lo-)\ acymr. iben
'bibimus', corn, ei/a/'bibo'. Middle Breton euaff6s.\ Middle Irish ani. 'drinking vessel' (:
Old Indie y05/75/r7 'Trunk');

Balto-Slavic */Oo/oand *plid' drink ' in Old Prussian yoo/e///' trinkt', poOism. 'das Trinken',
Old Church Slavic pi/'g, pifi' drink '; pirb m. 'Bankett', pivon. ' beverage, drink ', Czech etc.
'beer'; Kaus. Old Church S\av'\c pq/'g, pq/it/ 'iranke'; Balto-Slavic *pdta- and *pTta-
'getrunken' in Lithuanian puotai. 'Trinkgelage' and Old Church Slavic pitijb 'trinkbar';
Balto-Slavic *p^tiu\^6 *pTti\. 'das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf. poOt{*pdti-) and slov. p?tt '
beverage, drink ' (Infin. *pitij\ Balto-Slavic * potu- m. 'das Trinken' in Old Prussian Inf.
puton, poutonan6 poutwe/'dnnk', ablaut, passive russ. -Church Slavic yO/fe.

References: WP. II 71 f., WH. I 103 f., Trautmann 228 f.
Page(s): 839-840

Root / lemma: pou- : pau- : pu-

Meaning: small, little; young (of animals)

Material: 1. With -o-suffix; Gothic fawaiP\. 'wenige'. Old Icelandic far' little, wortkarg', fa-

t0/cr' arm' (as Latin pauper). Old High German fao, fo' little ', Dat. PI. fouuem. Old Saxon

fa. Old English fea, PI. feawe, engl. /fen/ 'wenige'.

2. With formants -Aro-/ Latin paucus' little ', pauper' arxx\' {*pauco-paros ox pau-paros?'
little erwerbend, little sich constituting, originating '); Old High German fob' little ';

Maybe alb. {*pauc-) pak' little' a Latin loanword.

With suffix -/o-; Latin paul(l)us "small, little ' ( *pauks-lo-), pauxillus " totally little ' ( *pauk-
s-lo-lo-).

3. With formants -ro-zgr. iraOpot; "small, little', Latin with metathesis parvus^ smaW,
parum ( *parvom) "to little '.

4. " youngling, the young of an animal ':

gr. iraOq (Attic Vasen), Gen. iraFot; (Cypriot, in addition ein new Nom. iraq), iraTt;, Gen.
TTai56(; m. f., hom. JTd\c„ naFi5- "kid, child'; Latin puer^V\6, child, knave, boy, girl' ( *puuero-
), puella "girl';

Gothic fula. Old Icelandic folixw., fylu. {*fulja-), under fyljai.. Old English fola. Old High
German folo, fulT(n)^ plenitude, foals'; besides *pd[u]los\n Armenian i//"goat', am-ur
infertile ' ( *n-pdlo-), yHi. "pregnanffZ-yOd/a/ya); gr. n(I)Ao(; "foals', also "young man, young
girl', nwAiov "small foals, youngling ', alb. pele, pe/e'mare' (Fem. to *pdlos)\ perhaps med.
Arbu-pales, if es " white foals possessing' stands for.

5. With Mormant: putra-rw., Avestan ap. pu^-ra-m. (latter from putlo-= Oscan puklo-)
"son, kid, child';

maybe alb. putra^'pa^ (of a young animal', puta^ so\e'

gr. names as nu)-TaAo(;; Latin putus, put/7/us 'knave, boy', next to which *put-so-\n
pus{s)us, -a "knave, boy, girl', but pus/7/us 'very small' is Demin. from pullus {*putslo-lo-s)\
Oscan puklo-'V\6, child' (= Old \v\6\c putra-), Paelignian puc/o/sDat PI. "pueris', mars.
puc/es, Latin pu//us " young, the young of an animal ' ( *put-s-lo-)\

maybe alb. {*putillus) pu//sht' donkey's colt'

Balto-Slavic *pufa'b\r6' in russ. -Church Slavic yOb/a "bird', yObZ/s/i. "small bird' ("bird'
actually "young bird'), Lithuanian putyt/s'young animal, young bird' (Zartlichkeitsausdruck),
Baltic *put-n-a-\n Latvian putns'b\r6'\ with other, demin. Formansverbindung Lithuanian
yOaJ-/rs//s "bird'.

maybe alb. pa/a "goose' Slavic loanword from russ. -Church Slavic yOb/a "bird' : Serbo-
Croatian: pa'//ra"duck' [f].

References: WP. II 75 f., WH. II 259, 265 f., 382 f., 385 f., 394, Trautmann 233.
Page(s): 842-843

Root / lemma: prai- prai-, prT- (pri-)
Meaning: to like, feel well-disposed, friendly

Material: Old Indie pnnat/" pleases ', Med. "is cheerful about etwas', pnyateds., ' loves ',
yO/'/?a- "cheerful, befriedigt; geliebt', prltf-i. 'pleasure, joy, satisfaction', pr/yayate 'behandeW.
liebevoll, befreundet sich' (: Gothic fr/jon, Old Church Slavic prija-jg), priya- 'dear,
desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, liked, beloved, fancied ', m. ' lover, husband ',
f. 'Geliebte, wife' (= Avestan frya-. Old Icelandic Friggeic, and Gothic freis, c. rhydd
'free'), pr/yatva-m ^ das Liebsein or -have' (: Gothic frijat^wai. 'love'), priyata ds. (= Old
English freodlos/e'); with *pr9/-: prayahn. 'pleasure, enjoyment', preman-m. n. 'love,
favour', yO/ie/a/'- 'Wohltater, Liebhaber, Pfleger', Superl. prai'stha-{ved.), prestha- 'Webst,
teuerst', whereupon Kompar. preyas- 'lieber' for older *prayas-\ Avestan fray- ' satisfy ',
e.g. /^>v75/775/7/ participle frita-, fnna-, /^/z?a- 'blithe, glad; befriedigt; geliebt', friti-t 'prayer',
frya-^ dear, worth '; perhaps the hispan. (Venetic-lllyrian ?) VN Praesta-marci {: Old
English fnd-hengest)\
Note:

alb. Geg prende, Tosc Premte]^ preman- d/es] 'Friday' was created on the same basis as
Latin L Veneris dies day of the planet Venus (whence Fr. vendredi), based on Gk
Aphrodites tiemera day of Aphrodite, Germanic Freitag'day of Freya = goddess of love'
similar to gr. napaoKEun 'Friday' from gr. TTpauc; ' soft, mild '

gr. TTpauq 'gentle, mild' from *TTpc(ju- with jijngerer oinflection irpgoc;, beweist Indo
Germanic ai, whereas, belongs Old Irish rfari. 'volition, wish' to erei-, S. 330;

cymr. riiydd'free' = Gothic freis (akk. frijana). Old High German Old Saxon frf. Old
English free, frflree, loose, free from'. Old Icelandic in frjaisirom * frifiais {d\e meaning
'free' originally 'to den Lieben belonging'); Old Icelandic Frigg, Old High German Fri/'a 'wife
Wotans', Old English freoi., Old Saxon frfn. 'woman from noble lineage ' ('die love');
Gothic fri/onlove', Old Icelandic frjads., Old English frfoganlove, set free, release ', mdn.
vriien, Old Saxon frioiian' woo, court, marry, werben', participle Gothic fri/onds Inend' , Old
Icelandic frsendi, PI. freendr^iueud, kinsman, relative'. Old English frfond. Old Saxon friund
"friend, lover, kinsman, relative'. Old High German /^/i//?/ 'friend, lover'; Old Icelandic frfdr
'beautiful'. Old English /^/b'-/7e'/7^e's/'stattliches horse'; from *frTda-\v\ the meaning
"geschonf derives Gothic freidjan 'spare, look after'. Old High German i//7?e/7'hegen'
(M^o/'eingefriedigter courtyard ', Modern High German Freitfiof av\d popular etymology
Fried fiof)\ with /Old Icelandic fridiii^ lover, lover ', f. fridia, friiia. Old High German fridei, f.
/^/ioV/a 'Geliebte(r)', next to which from participle Jrijoda-iroru: Old Saxon friutfiil. Old High
German friudiids.; Old High German friduxr\. 'peace, protection, certainty, Einfriedigung',

Old Saxon frithuxw. "peace', Old English frioduxw. "peace, protection, certainty'. Old
Icelandic fridrvn. "love, peace', Gothic ^5-/^/^0/7 "spare, look after'. Old Icelandic frida
"Frieden make, versohnen'. Old English fridian^ shield ', Old High German gifridon
"beschijtzen';

Old Church Slavic prejg^ be favorable to, take care of ', prija-jQ, -//ds., prijatelb "friend,
lover '; probably also Latvian prieks "pleasure, joy'.

maybe alb. yO/"e/r "touch, make love' : Latvian p/ye/rs "pleasure, joy', alb. Geg me phte\o
host, protect, expect, wait.

References: WP. II 86 f., Trautmann 231 .
Page(s): 844

Root / lemma: pra-

Meaning: to bend

Note: ?; only Latin and Celtic

Material: Latin pravus^ inverted; slant, skew; evil, bad'; in addition pratum meadow' (as "

incurvation of Bodens', compare e.g. Lithuanian lanka^ sinking in, meadow': /e'/7/r//"bend')

and (as "Aufbiegung, bulge, hill'); Middle Irish rath, raithxu. f. " earthwall, fortress', mcymr.

bed-rawt, ncymr. bedd-rodxr\. "burial mound, grave', bret. bez-reti. "Begrabnisplatz,

graveyard ', gall, ratin f\Vk. Sg. "castle(hugel)', PN Argento-rate.

References: WP. II 86, WH. II 358 f.

Page(s): 843-844

Root / lemma: preg-

Meaning: willing, covetous, active

Material: Gothic (faihu-)friks\qe\(i-) greedy ', Old Icelandic frekr^ greedy, strong, hard,

agile, lively'. Old English frecc^ greedy, audacious' {*frakja-). Old High German freh^

greedy ', Modern High German frech(i\a\. also "agile, lively, fresh'; Old English fraec^

eager, avid, audacious'. Middle Low German vrak, Norwegian Swedish dial, frak, Danish

^■5^ "quick, fast, gamy'; Norwegian fraecAs. {*frakJa-)\ Old Icelandic fr0kn, fr0kinn^Qaxr\y\

Old English /^ec/7e "audacious, wild'. Old Saxon frokn/'wM, cheeky, foolhardy ', Old High

German Frohn, Fruochan-\v\ PN; /^d/7/7/"iactura'; poln. pragnqc^ greedy long, want',

Czech prabnouf/ lust, crave' etc.; here Old Icelandic frakkr^ gamy' and the VN Franken.

References: WP. II 88;

See also: belongs to gr. anapyau) "bin horny, lustful', see below sp(h)er(e)g-.

Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: prep-

Meaning: to come in sight

Material: Armenian erev/m'\Ner6e visible, ersclieine', erevak' shape, Bild, mark, token,

sign', eres{*prep-s-), mostly PI. eresk'^iace, Miene, sight, Vorderseite', eresem 'ze'\ge

myself, erscheine'; also orova/n^beWy' etc. {*prop-n-/o-)7

gr. npsnu) "falle in die Augen, erscheine, steche hervor, zeichne myself from', npsnsi
"es ziemt sich', dpi-, 5ia-, £k-, £u-, [}Zici--npzTTr\q 'hervorstechend, sich auszeichnend'; Gso-
np6no(; ' seer ' ("the sich from god from vernehmlich Machende'); perhaps npauiq "
phren'; different above S. 620.

Old Irish ricMlorm, shape', cymr. aM/? 'species' {*prp-tu-)\

Old High German furben^c\eav\, clean, sweep, wash away ' ("in die Augen fallend make,
ein Ansehen give'). Middle High German vurbe^ cleaning, purification; Sternschnuppe',
Old Low German wel gifurvicl^cas\.a\

References: WP. II 89.
Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: pret- prvt-
Meaning: to understand

Material: Middle Irish /'a//7a/^/o'"bemerkt'; Gothic fraNu. "sense, mind, reason', fral=>jan,
fro^^ understand, comprehend ', /h?A's "smart, sensible, wise'. Old Icelandic frodr. Old
Saxon Old English frod. Old High German fruot6s.. Middle High German vruotec, vruetec
"quick, fast determined, alert, awake, smart, valiant'. Modern High German Swiss fruetig
"blithe, glad, fresh, valiant, quick, fast', also Old High German /^5o'"strenuus efficax',
fradah-ITh^ procax'; perhaps Old High German a/7/-/^/s/"interpretatio' {*pret-sti-)\ Lithuanian
prantu, prasti^ habitual, customary become', su-prasti^ understand, comprehend ', protas
"reason', LaWxaupruotu, prast^ understand, comprehend, conceive, mark, perceive, hear',
yOA^/s "reason, sense, mind, volition, opinion, Gemut', Old PrussianyC>/'5//>7Akk. "Rat', iss-
prestun^ understand, comprehend ', is-presnan f\Vk. "reason', issprettmgi My . "namely';

Tocharian A pratim, B pratim " resolution, decision '.

References: WP. II 86, WH. I 711, Trautmann 230.
Page(s): 845

Root / lemma: preus-

Meaning: to fry; to burn

Material: A. Old \x\6\c prusvai. "drip, hoarfrost, gefrorenes water'; Latin pruTna^ hoarfrost,

frost' {*prusuTna)\ Gothic /^/^s 'frost, coldness'. Old Icelandic fr0r, freru. Trostwetter', Old

Icelandic frjosa. Old English freosan. Old High German friosan^ freeze ', Old High German

froren^ congeal, freeze make'. Old High German Old Saxon frost {*frus-taz)\ Old English

forstm. Old Icelandic frostn. "frost';

B. Old Indie p/osa//'singes, burns', p/usta- 's'mges, burns, verbrannt'; alb. prush
"burning coals, blaze, glow'; Latin yO/t7/7a 'glowing coals' {*prusna), prurTre^\\.c\\\

References: WP. II 88, WH. II 378 f.
Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: preu-
Meaning: to jump

Material: Old Indie p/'ai/a/e'springtauf, hijpft, hurries ', p/'ai/a- "fluttering, schwebend,
fliegend', i/y05-p/i/-/'heranschwebend, heranwallend' (amalgamation with den
Abkommlingen from *pleu- 'rinnen', see there), plava- m. "frog', actually " jumper ',
manduka-pluti-m. "Froschsprung = Uberspringung mehrerer Sutra', plava-ga-, plavq-
gama-m. "frog, ape' (that is to say "in Sprunge going'); Old Icelandic frar^c\u\ck, fast,
agile', Proto Norse Frawa- {actuaWy " jumping ' = Old \n6\c prava-), Old Saxon fra'bWthe,
glad'. Old High German frao, fro, frawer^ strenuus, alacer (Gl.); b//the, glad', whereof Old
High German frouwen, frewen^s\c\\ freuen', frewT, /^ety/ic/a "pleasure, joy'; russ. prytbi.
"schneller run, flow', yO/y//ry "nimble, hasty'.

Maybe Rumanian {*breuska) broasca' toad, frog' : alb. {*breustka) bretkosa 'toad, frog'; gr
parpaxoi; "frog'; also Rumanian broasca-testoasa 'torto'\se, water animal ' : alb. {*breuska)
breshke 'tuxt\e, tortoise '.

guttural extension in Old Icelandic frauki. Old English frogga'\xo<^; from *prug-skd
"hijpfe' Germanic *fruska-\v\ Old Icelandic froskr. Old English frosc, forsc. Modern High
German Froscfr, russ. prygnutb "a spring, einen Satz make', prygatb " jump, spring', pryg
"spring, Satz'.

References: WP. II 87f.
Page(s): 845-846

Root / lemma: pns-

Meaning: to granulate

Note: only gr. and alban.

Material: Gr. rrpiu) (£npia0r|v, TTp\oi6(;) "durchsage, knirsche with den Zahnen', rrpiajv, -

ovoq 'saw', npTatja 'das Gesagte, scrapings; dreiseitige column ';

alb. yO/75/7 'spoil, rupture, destroy, smash'.

References: WP. II 89.
Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: proRto- : praRto-

Meaning: buttocks

Note: only gr. and armen.

Material: Armenian erastank'P\. 'sSpai' (from *erast= praRto-) kann die Redukt.-stem

besides gr. ttpu)kt6(; 'rump. After' sein.

References: WP. II 89, Meillet Esquisse2 142.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: pro-
See also: s. per-2S. 813 f.
Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: pfso- (?)

Meaning: onion

Note: is mediterranes loanword

Material: Gr. Trpaaov ' leek ': Latin porrum, porrus ' leek '.

In e-grade:

Maybe alb. presh, pras ' leek ' : Rom. praz^ leek ' .

References: WP. II 84, WH. II 343, Szemerenyi Gl. 33, 261 f.

Page(s): 846

Root / lemma: pster-, pstereu-

Meaning: to sneeze

Material: Armenian p'rngam, p'mcem^r\'\ese'; gr. nrapvuijai, nraipu) 'niese', nTapp6(; m.,

nT6po(; m. 'das Niesen' (with Inlautbehandlung the Aniautgruppe pst- : anocpGapa^aoGai

'schnarchen' Hes.); Latin sternuo, -ere 'sneeze'; Old Irish sreod^6as Niesen', cymr.

ystrew, trew6s., ystrewi, trem'6s., Middle Breton streuyaff, nbret. stref/a' sneeze' {*striw-).

Maybe alb. (*psheterij) psheret/j" sIgW, tesht/j" sneeze'.

References: WP. 11101, WH. II 591.
Page(s): 846-847

Root / lemma: ptel(e)ia

Meaning: a kind of tree

Material: Gr. nrsAsa, epidaur. nsAsa 'elm, RiJster' (latter with probably older

Aniautsvereinfachung; unclear are TiAiai ' black poplar' Hes. and because of Aniauts

ansAAov aiY£ipo(; Hes.); Latin ////a'Linde' (Middle Irish /e/fe derives from dem Engl.);

Venetic FIN Tiliaventus?

Armenian /'eZ/'elm' is loanword from nTsAsa;

perhaps *ptel-eia^6\e Breitblattrige' or at most 'weit die Aste Breitende'.

References: WP. II 84 f., WH. II 681 f., Pokorny KZ. 54, 307 f.
Page(s): 847

Root / lemma: puR-2

Meaning: to enclose, put together

Note:

Root/ lemma: puR-2\ "to enclose, put together' derived from Root/ lemma: ku-, kus-

{*k'^uk'^h-) : "to kiss' common Celtic - Greek - lllyrian k"'->p-.

Material: Avestan pusa-i. " headband '; gr. a|j-nu^ m. " headband ', Adverb. nuKa "tight,

firm, dense, sensible, wise, painstaking ', in compound nuKi- (nuKi-[jri5r|<; "sensible, wise'),

out of it nuKi-voc; newer nuKvoc; "dense, tight, firm, proficient', nuKO^u) "make tight, firm,

wrap dense'; alb. puth^kusse', actually "umarme'.

References: WP. II 82, J. B. Hofmann, Gr. etym. Wb. 290.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pu-lo-

Meaning: hair

Note:

Root / lemma: pi-lo- : hair' : Root / lemma: pu-lo- : hair' derived from Root / lemma: pleuk-

: "flake, feather, hair' common consonant + cosnonant > consonant + vowel recorded in

centum languages first, mainly Latin.

Material: Old Indie pu/a-, pulaka- m. "das Strauben the Harchen am body', pulastf- m.

"schlichtes hair of the head bearing, carrying'; Substantiv " hair of the head ', Patronymikon

Paulastya-; gr. Plur. ttuAiyY£<^ "hair am Hintern, curls ' Hes.; Middle Irish i//"beard' {*pulu-),
u/ach' bearded', ulchai. "beard', U/a/c/'d'\e Leute from Ulster' {*U/ut/}.
References: WP. II 84, G. Liebert Nominalsuffix -f/- 191.
Page(s): 850

Root / lemma: puk-1, peuk-
Meaning: thick-haired, *fox

Material: Old \x\d\c puccha-, -/77"tail, member, rod' (kann *pufkJ-sko- se'in); after dem
buschigen Schwanz named, seems Gothic fauho. Old Icelandic foa. Old High German
foha^ vixen ' (Germanic -on), besides with masc. -s-: Old English fox. Old High German
fuhslox' etc.; Lithuanian paustis " animal hair '; russ.-poln. puch ( *peukso-, poukso-)
"Flaumfedern, Daunen, fine woolen Haar an animals' (out of it Lithuanian pukas
Tlaumfeder'), russ. pus/styj l\eecY, dense, buschig', pusnoj tovar'Pe\z\Nerk', Czech-
Lower Serbian o-pus{*puchb), opys'iaW, russ. opuska, opus/na'edge (of Waldes), hem,
Verbramung'.
Note:

Alb. suggests that Root/ lemma: puk-1, peuk-: (thick-haired, *fox) is a reduced root of
older Latin volpes 'fox', gr. alopex a fox. Root / lemma: alp-, lup- : [a kind of carnivore (fox,
wolf)].

References: WP. II 82f.
Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pu-1, peu- pou- a\so phu-
Meaning: to blow, blow up

Material: Old Indie /0/7^p'/0/7i//ra/'a/ra-"keuchend' (Lex.), pupphula-^E\a\\uuq' (Lex.),
phuphusa-, -/77' lung ', pupphusa-^ lung, Samenkapsel the Wasserrose' (Lex.), phut-karoti
"blows, pustet, shouts, howls from vollem neck'; Armenian (/7)c»^/" breath, breeze, breath,
soul' {*pouio-), hevarshoxi or heavy breathe' {*peua-), /7oy//r"congregation, meeting,
troop'; Middle Irish uan^scuxw, froth, foam' = cymr. ewyn, bret. eon ds. {*pou-ino-), PI. eien
"Ouellen' (compare Lithuanian pi/Za'Schaumblase'); abret. e^o/70c"schaumend'; Latvian
pu/Zs^heap, herd, nest, Strichregen', pCi/udt' fester ', pJ/'/'Regenwolken', russ. pu/Ja, kir.
pu/'a'baW;

Lithuanian pure' tassel ', Latvian paurs, yOa^Ae'Hinterhaupt, cranium; acme, apex '
("bulge '), Lithuanian puras ' measure of capacity ', Latvian purs ' measure of capacity for
corn, grain, Aussteuerkasten', puns, pune, punis' hunch, outgrowth am tree, hunch ',

pauns, pauna 'cran'\um, Stirnknochen', also probably Old Prussian poun/an 'buWocW,
Lithuanian pune, Latvian pauna'Ranze\, bundle'.

pu-g-. gr. TTUYn "the Hintere'; Old Icelandic ^i/^'Schneesturm', ^'uka ' qu\ck, fast through
die air drive, whisk ', /b/r'snow flurry', Middle High German fochen 'b\o\N'; Latvian puga
"gust of wind', pauga' cushion, head'.

p(h)u-k-. Armenian yo'^/r' "breath, breeze, wind, breaking wind, fart', PI. "bellows', p'cem
"hauche', yO'/r '5/77 "blase myself auf; npers. /OJ/r"das blast (um fire anzufachen), bellows',
afgh. pu, puk^a puff, a blast, the act of blowing';

Lithuanian yOi//r/7e "blister, bubble', yOiz/rs/e "swelling, blister', puksciu, pukst/^pant, gasp,
wheeze', pukys, pukis "chub' (*"Dickkopf'); Latvian pukuls " tassel ' (actually " thick tassel

yo:/-/?- (probably broken Redupl.): alb. pupe'curd, grape, hill', pupeze'bud, poppy',
pupu/e^ back'; Latin pupus 'smaW kid, child, knave, boy, BiJbchen', *yC>J/?5" small girl' and
(late) " pupil of the eye ' (the small reflection of Beschauers in Auge of Angesprochenen')" '

Maybe Italian pupilla : Spanish pupila : French pupille : Romagnolo bamben : Venetian
balota dei oci Albanian bebe " pupil of the eye '.

Vulgar Latin *puppa {Frencb poupe, Italian poppa) " nipple '; Old Irish ^c/?/" breast' {*puptu-
); Latvian p^ps "Weiberbrusf, paupVio swell', pupuol'i pupuolT^e\6euka\z.cbeu' (with
voiced-nonaspirated yO^it'^/zs "bubble auf beer, knot in thread, string'), Lithuanian pupele,
pupela, pupuole^bu6\ probably also Lithuanian pupa, Latvian pupa'bean'.

p(h)u-s- Old Indie pusyati, pusnati, yOOS5//"gedeiht, makes thrive, wachst to, ernahrt',
yC»^s/^-"wohlgenahrt, rich', pusti-, pustf-i. " prospering; flourishing, growth, fullness,
wealth', p6sa-(is., puspa-ml\o\Ner, blossom, bloom, blossom', puskala-^ncb, prachtig, in
full vitality '; gr. cpOaa "blast, bellows, bubble' (*(puaaa or *phut-ia), cpuaaw "blow, blase
auf, cpOoiau) "snort', cpuoiy^f. " garlic, onion, bulb', (puaaA(A)i(; f. "bubble', cpuoKa f. "bubble,
weal, callus', cpuoKn f. " intestine, sausage ', cpuaKOJv "Dickbauch', noi-cpuaaoj "blow, snort';
Latin pussula, pustu/a 'bubb\e, vesicle, blister, bubble'; Mor\Neg\ar\f0ysa {*faus/an) "swell
up, aufgahren', f(j)usa^ buzz, whirr, with Gewalt ausstromen'; Lithuanian yOJs/e "bubble',
Latvian pus//s6s., Lithuanian pusnis, yC>^s/7y/75S "zusammengewehter Schneehaufe', puse
(puse) "blister, bubble', p^'s/ras "Hitzblaschen auf the Haut', Latvian pusk/'s' bouquet,
Banderstrauft, tussock ' ; Old Church Slavic *puchat/^b\o\N\ *opuchngti^\.o bloat, bulge,
swell', puchl-b "cavus (turgid, swollen)', xuss. pychatb "pant, gasp, Gluthitze from sich give'.

pychatb "aufgeblasen, haughty sein', pysnyj^ luscious, aufgeblasen, haughty ' etc., Old
Church Slavic napystiti sq "sich aufblasen', russ. pyscitb ds. ( *pyskitr, probably also Czech-
poln. etc. yoys/r "snout, muzzle with thick Lippen'); compare above S. 790 pauson-1

pu-t-. Old \nd'\c pupputa-^ intumescence of the palate and gums'; gr. nuvvo(; 'rump'
Hes. ( *put-snos)\ Latin praeputium 'Vorhaut' (from a *putos "penis', compare wruss. potka
ds.); perhaps Irish i///7 'udder' {*putus)\ Baltic *putid^b\oW in Lithuanian puciu, pusti^b\oW,
reflex, 'to swell', puntu, pust/^io swell, sich aufblasen', pOslei. 'bubble, bladder', putlus
'sich blahend, aufgeblasen, stout, proud', p^/a'Schaumblase', putmenosi. PI. 'swelling,
lump, growth', yC>a/7-yC>J/e//s'aufgeblasener person', papautas'\Nea\, callus', also pautas
'egg, testicle', pusu, yOi/s/'blow, breathe, breathe', pusma^ breath ', pute bubble, blister,
bubble', probably also Lithuanian putra^ cereal, grain ', Latvian putra^ cereal, grain,
porridge, mash'; auf voiced-nonaspirated: Latvian pudurs, puduris^ tussock, heap', pudra
'heap'; wruss. potka {*p'btbka) 'male limb, member'.

References: WP. II 79 ff., WH. II 389 f., 392, Trautmann 233 f.;
See also: compare above b(e)u-2.
Page(s): 847-848

Root / lemma: pu-2 : peua-
Meaning: to rot, stink
Note: presumably from a pu^ixeV evolved

Material: Old Indie puyat/'mrd faul, stinkt' = Avestan puye/t/^\N\r6 faul'. Old Indie puya-, -m
"pus', puti- 'faul, stinkend; Jauche, pus' = Avestan pJ/ay-'Fauligwerden, Verwesung';
pashto yOJ/'TriJbung of Auges', westosset amt>udlau\'; Old \r\d'\c putau {: Old Icelandic
fud) 'buttocks'; with -s/co- Middle Persian pusinTtan^ decayed ', Old Icelandic fauskr^
rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle wood'; Armenian /7i/'eitriges blood'; gr. ttuGco
"manche decayed ', nu9o|jai "faule', nuov {*pu'^om), nuoq, -£0c; n. "pus'; perhaps also
nu6(; m., nuap, nuaTO(;, nusria " beestings '; Latin pus, pun's ^ pus' ( *puuos), puted, -ere "
decayed ', put/dus'iau\' (from a participle *pu-to-s), puter, -tris, -//"©"faul, rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle ' with u-, as Middle Irish othrach^ dunghill ', probably also ofhar'e\n
sicker' {*putro-), othar-//ge ^Krankenbett, Begrabnisplatz'; Old Icelandic fu/nn^ decayed,
rott', /&/" decay ', funa^ decayed ', feyja' decay let, verrotten let', Gothic fu/s, Old Icelandic
fu//, Old English Old High German fu/lauV;

Old Icelandic fudt "pudenda'. Middle High German i/i//" pudenda', Alemannian vi/de//
Kinderwort "Popo', geminated Middle High Germanvotze; Lithuanian pi^vu, puti^ decayed
', causative pudau, -yt/" decayed make', Latvian put^ decayed ', causative pudeV

decayed make', Lithuanian piaulas {*peu-lo-s) m. 'verfau Iter tree', Latvian prauls
"verfaultes wood' {*plauls), Lithuanian puliaim. PI. "pus', puves(i)aim. PI. 'verfaulte
Sachen', Latvian puves/m. PI. "pus', puzn/m. PI. ds., papuvet ' fallow '.

with ^;Old Icelandic fuk/^ Stank', nisi, fuk/ a\so 'verfaultes seaweed, kelp ', as Latvian
punis^ decaying, pustulating', yOJ/7es PI. 'Modererde';

with s; Norwegian f0yr{*fauza-) " rotten, decayed, decomposed; brittle ', Dutch voos
"schwammig', Swiss ^efdse/7"morschgeworden'; about Old Icelandic fauskrsee above;

References: WP. II 82, WH. II 391 f., Trautmann 234; G. Liebert Nominalsuff. -//- 151.
Page(s): 848-849

Root / lemma: pu-3

See also: see below peu- and pou-.

Page(s): 849

Root / lemma: pu-ro-

Meaning: corn

Material: Gr. nOpoc;, Doric airOpoq "Weizenkorn, wheat', nOpnv " seed from allerlei Obst

and other Fruchten', 5i6(;-nupo(;, -ov 'eine the Weichselkirsche similar fruit'; Lithuanian

yOi7/'5/"Winterweizen', Latvian pup wheat'. Old Prussian puret Trespe, Bromus

secalinus'. Old Church Slavic pyro' spelt ', Czech pyr'Quecke', slov. pfrrn., pfrai. " spelt '

etc.; Old English /j/rs 'Ouecke, Ackerunkraut', engl. furze.

References: WP. II 83, Trautmann 232; compare georg. yOi//?" bread'.

Page(s): 850

Root / lemma: /ab^-or rdo^- : Aebh-

Meaning: to rage, be furious

Material: Latin rab/eslury, Tollheit', rab/'o, -ere 'toll sein, rage ' berijhrt sich in the meaning

very near with Old Indie rabhas-n. ' impetuousness, hastiness, force, might', rabhasa-

"wild, boisterous, vast, grand', sam-rabdha-^ furious ', das above S. 652 wrongly to

rabbate ' erf a(i>t, halt sich fest' = labhate, /ambbate ' erf aQ>t, ergreift', placed wurde; compare

Middle Irish /lec/?/" sudden attack, fury', das also to Latin rap/o, root *rep- belong could; Old

English rabb/an^6asW from Vulgar Latin rab/are6s.; Tocharian A /'ayO^/77e "ferventness,

passion'.

References: WP. II 341, WH. II 413.

Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rap- rep-

Meaning: turnip

Note: Wanderwort unbekannter origin

Material: Gr. panu(;, pacpuq f. " beet, turnip ', pacpavoc;, pacpavr) "Rettig", Attic " cabbage ',

pacpavit;, -\boc, 'Rettig'; Latin rapum, rapa^ beet, turnip ', rapistrum^WM turnip ', rapTna

"Rubenfeld' (as Lithuanian ropiena) and 'Ruben'; Old High German ruoba, ruoppa {*rdbjd)

' turnip ', besides/ loose additional form in Old Icelandic Ad/^'the knochige part of

Pferdeschwanzes', Norwegian rova "tail', in addition in ablaut Old High German raba.

Middle High German rabe, rape, rappe6s., Swiss ra b (e) Ba\/ar\an raben {a\so is Old High

German reba as Jd{n)-stem must be assumed); die Germanic forms can nicht from Latin

derive; certainly Latin loanword is only Dutch raap, engl. rope,

Lithuanian rope^ turnip ', /'O/O/e/75 "Rubenfeld'; r.-Church Slavic repa' turnip '; alb. repe^
turnip ' from Latin or Slavic; unclear is cymr. erf/n "Ruben' (Plur.), bret. /rv/n 6s. ( *arbTno-)\

References: WP. II 341, WH. II 418, Trautmann 237, Wissmann by Marzell,
Pflanzennamen 1, 659.
Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: ras-

Meaning: to sound, cry

Material: Old Indie rasati, rasate 'beWow, roar, neighs, heult, shouts, howls, ertont'; Old

Indie ras/fa-n. " shrilling, bellowing, braying, roar, thunder'; Gothic razda\o\ce\ Old High

German rartat "modulatio'. Old Icelandic rgddi. "voice'; with ablaut Old English reordi.

"voice, sound, language';

whether here Danish ralle, Swedish dial, rallaeic. "chortle, chuckle, babble, chatter'
( *razldn)l

References: WP. II 342.
Page(s): 852

Root / lemma: rdo^-1

Meaning: to move, hurry

Material: Npers. raftan^qo', mparth. raf- " assail, fight', osset. raVa^ "quick, fast';

Middle Irish reb^qaxwe, TiJcke' {*reba), /'ei6'/'ao'"Kinderspier, rebaigim^\ play ';

Germanic *reb-"\n heftiger Bewegung sein', Middle Higli German rebensiem Vb. "sicli
bewegen, rijhren', Modern High German Bavarian reb/sch ' a\ert, awake, smart', Swiss
rabe/n'rant, roister'. Middle High German /'(9i6'e/7"traumen, baffle sein'. Middle Low
German reven^ nonsensical talk, speak, think', Norwegian dial, rava 'h\n and hertaumein'
etc.

References: WP. II 370, Szemerenyi ZDMG. 101, 207 ff.;
See also: extended from er-.
Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rdd^-2

Meaning: to roof

Material: Gr. epscpu), spsniu) "ijberdache' (*uberwolbe), uitJ-npecpnc; 'with hoher

Bedachung', 6po(po(; 'das reed, wherewith man die Hauserdeckt, roof, ceiling', opocpn

"Bedachung'; Old High German /7//77//'ei6'a 'cranium' (*'brain -bedachung'); Old High

German rippa, rippi. Old Saxon nbbi. Old English nbb. Old Icelandic rifv\. ' rib ' ( *r^'^Jo-\

die Rippen cover die Brusthohle, as das Dach das Haus); russ. -Church Slavic rebro^ rib ';

engl. reef reef is Danish loanword

References: WP. II 371, Trautmann 241.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: red- rod-
Meaning: flow'

See also: see above S. 334 {ered-).
Page(s): 853

Root/ lemma: re5'-/(and sreg-7)

Meaning: to paint

Material: Old Indie rajyat/larbt sich, rotet sich', newer rajyate, Kaus. rajayati^iarb\!,

secondary ranjayatr, ragam. 'das Farben, rote paint, color';

gr. ps^u), Aor. ps^ai ' paint ', psYMO 'gefarbter Stoff', paysuc; (also poy£U(;) Tarber',
Xpuao-pay£(; xPuaopa(p£(; Hes.; daft ps^u) keinen vowel suggestion experienced has, is
auffallig; compareSchwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 310 and Boisacq 838.

References: WP. II 366.
Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: reg-2

Meaning: to see

Note: only albanesisch and Baltic

Material: Alb. may'sehe an, look, see'; Lithuanian regiu, reget/'see', ragana^ witch '

(compare ' wicked look'), /'e^//77a5 'visible, apparent, manifest, obvious', Latvian redzet

"see'.

References: WP. II 366, Jokl Stud. 75.

Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: reg-1

Meaning: right, just, to make right; king

Grammatical information: forms Indo Germanic neither root present nor perfect tense;

participle Perf. Pass, reg-to-^ law '

Note:

Alb. shq/pe ' eag\e' seems related to Old \n6\c rj7-pya ' darting along ' epithet of the bird
syena- ("eagle, falcon'), [Rumanian soim "falcon'], Avestan arazi-fya- (cf. gr. ap^icpo(; asTOi;
irapa FlEpaaK; H., aivinoijj), Armenian arcui{< *arci-wl) "eagle' which is evidently a form of
the same word; that it is Macedonian confirms its reality.

Alb., gr., Avestan, and Old Indie prove that from Root/ lemma: er-1, or- : "eagle' derived
extended Root/ lemma: ar(e)-g-{arg-?), fgi-\ "glittering, white, fast' and its subsequent
zero grade Root/ lemma: reg-1 \ "right, just, to make right; king'.

Material: Old Indie „^ya//; nasalized //t/s//" stretches itself, it hurries (from horses)'; probably
also irajyati {W\Vc\ unclear /■) " arranges, orders, enacts, decrees '; rjLi-, Avestan srezu-^
just, right ' (in addition arszus^ finger'. Gen. srezvo), Kompar. Superl. Old Indie rajlyas-,
rjTyas- " straight ', rajistha-, Avestan razista- " the justest, justest ';

Old Indie ^/yra- from horses = rju-gamin, rjrasva-, Avestan arazraspa- EN actually "
whose steeds haste straight on; with fast horses ', next to which compound form *rji- in rji-
pya-{2. part unclear) " soaring straight ahead ' (epithet of syena- " eagle, falcon '), Avestan
arazi-fya- m. " eagle, name of a mountain or mountains ', by Hes. ap^icpoc; (i.e. ap^icpo(;)
a£T6(;napa FIspaaK;, Armenian arciv{*arcivi) " eagle ' (beside it *rju-pya-, ap. *ardufya-\x\
npers. aluh "eagle', compare gr. aiYuni6(;, if transfigured by folk etymology after ai^ from
*apYuni6(;); rji-svan- EN actually " with fast dogs ', compare in gr. dp^oq, (from *apY-pO(;
diss.) " fast, quick ', above S. 64;

Maybe zero grade in alb. (*p^i(po(;), ^icpo-, shqiponje^ea<^\e', alb. Geg Shqipni, alb. Tosc
Shq/per/land of the eagles'.

Old Indie raj/-'s\ch aufrichtend, straight', rajf- RV perhaps "line, row' (= Middle Low
German reke under S. 856); rajas- (Avestan razah-) n. 'Raum';

Avestan raz- {razayeiti, participle rasta-, gr. opsKToq, Latin rectus, Gothic rafhts, Avestan
rast9m"\n gerader direction') " direct, aim, point, gerade richten, sort, order, arrange',
razan-'order, statute ', rasnu-' justified, legitimate ' (compare gr. 6p£Yvu-|ji), probably also
razura-n., razurat 'wood, forest', razare, razan- " command, alignment '; rasman-m. n.
"Schlachtreihe' (: gr. opsypa, Latin regimen);

Old Indie raj- (Nom. Sg. rat) "king' (= Latin rex. Old Irish rf, s. also Gothic reiks), rajan-
ds., rajnro^ueeu, FiJrstin', rasp, rajati"\s king, herrscht, glares, gleams' (denominative),
rajya-^ royal ' (= Latin regius, compare also Old High German rJhhl), rajya-, rajya-v\.
"power, rule' (= Middle Irish rTge, compare also Gothic reiki), /'5s//7'"Herrscherin', rastra-n.
"power, rule, empire', Avestan rastar- 'Lenker, ladder';

Maybe alb. adj. ri' young man', re' young female', a//?/" youth'.

Armenian arcvisee above; doubtful thrak. PN DPnao^;

gr. opsyu) (opsyvuiJi only in hom. participle 6p£Yvu(;) " to reach, stretch, stretch out; to
reach out, hold out, hand, give; to stretch oneself out, stretch forth one's hand; to reach at
or to a thing, grasp at; metaph. to reach after, grasp at, yearn for a thing; to help oneself to
' (6p£kt6(; = Avestan rasta- eic), opiyvaopai "strecke myself, long, reiche' (6- is prefix),
opyuia or opyuia, Ionian ep. opyuin " fathom', opoyuia ds. (probably from *6p£Yuia ass.); in
compound cbpuy-, e.g. 5£KU)puY0(;; 6p£Ypa (= Avestan rasman-) "das Reckon the hands,
the Fijfte (footstep); Darreichen'; about apnyu) see below beim Germanic; about apY6(;
see above;

venet. /?e/]f/5"Geburtsgottin (compare gr. OpGia), die die Kinder in die right Lage bringt'
or "goddess the Erektion?';

Latin rego, -ere, rexT, rectum {e secondary lengthening) "gerade richten, steer, rule,
reign' (= optyio, 6p£kt6c;), e/'/gc»"richte auf (= Irish eirgim ' surge') etc.; aboui pergo,
porrigo, surge. Adv. cargo, ergo, ergas. WH. s. vv.), Ae^/io "direction, line; line, region',
/'e^i//5"Richtholz, line; Richtschnur, lath' etc., regiiius'\N\t\r\ senkrechten Kettenfaden
gewebt'; Oscan Regaturei 'Rectdr\'7 (from a verb *regare); Latin rogo, -are'{d\e Hand
ausstrecken =) ersuchen, bid, beg, ask, inquire '; rogus'pyre, stake' (gr. sizil. poyog

'Getreidescheune' is Latin loanword) probably actually "aufgerichteter shove ' (= Germanic
*raka^\ rex, /-eg/s'king' (= Old Indie raj- etc.), reg/ha ' queen' (marr. regenfa/J Dal), regius
" royal ' (= Old Indie rajya-);

Latin riged, -ere^ to be stiff, be numb, stiffen; to be stiff, be rigid, stand on end, bristle,
stand erect; stand out, to stand stiff, stand upright, rise ', rigidus^ stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid
', rigor^ stiffness, inflexibility, rigidity, numbness, hardness, firmness, rigor, esp. for
coldness; the coldness' (this specific meaning perhaps preferred through frTgus); whether
for *regere&^e'c erigerel;

Old Irish reg-, A/g-'austrecken, e.g. die hand', Perf. reraig {*re-rog-e) "direxif; *eks-reg-
(: Latin erigd) e.g. in aZ-zie/ig" uplifts sich', e//ige"surrectio'; ablaut. Old Irish rog(a)id
"strecktaus', mcymr. /'^o'gift', rhorgWe'; mcymr. oy-re'steht auf, dy-re/n^s\c\r\ erheben',
rhein^ stiff, gereckt' (: Middle Irish r/'g/n ds.), acymr. ar-c/b-renou ^ sepu\t\' , mcymr. ar-gyu-
/'e'//7'Begraben' {*are-com-reg(i)-no) etc.; Middle Irish re/? 'span' {*reg-no); Old Irish recht
(/i/-stem), cymr. rhaith^ law ', bret. /le/z'order, law, right';

Maybe alb. mbret{mbe-ret) 'king'

gall. Rectu-genus, Old Irish rh. Gen. /7^'king' (= Old Indie raj-, Latin /^a), cymr. /■/?/ "prince,
lord', gall. Catu-rTx, PI. -/v^es actually "people of C, R/go-magus actuaWy "Konigsfeld'
(acorn, ruy Middle Breton roe, nbret. roue'k\ng' probably French), Old Irish r/iga/n^ queen'
{*regenT=) cymr. rh/a/n'queen. Dame'; Middle Irish rJgen. "Konigreich' {*regiom); Old Irish
rfchedn. "Konigreich' {* regi-sedom);

Gothic rafhts. Old Icelandic rettr. Old English riht. Old Saxon Old High German reht
"right, straight' (= Avestan rasta- etc.), Gothic ga-rafhtjan. Old High German rihteneic. "
direct, aim, point '; Old Icelandic rettr. Gen. rettar^das right, law, court' (= Celtic * rektu-;
wgrm. through das n. of participle Old High German etc. /■e/7/"right' replaced); Gothic
/'a/7/d/7"darreichen'; Kaus. Gothic uf-rakjan^\n die Hohe reckon, ausstrecken'. Old High
German /'ecc/?©/? "ausstrecken, raise, uplift, reichen, cause, say, define'. Modern High
German recken. Old Saxon rekkian^ieW, define'. Old English reccan {reahte) "ausstrecken,
lead, define, reckon'. Old Icelandic rekja ^s\xecken, outspread, define, announce, declare '
(partly iterative VaA/a/? under Verdrangung from *regd, partly denominative); Old Icelandic
/'aA77s"ausgestreckt become, zur Besinnung come';

Old English racui. " riverbed, run, flow', engl. /a/re "pathway, way, Geleise', Old English
racian "run, lead, steer'. Old Icelandic rekja spor'd'\e spoor pursue ', Middle Low German
rekei. {*raki) "row, order', raken^xnee\., reach'; Old English racui. " narration, account'. Old

Saxon raka, Old High German /'a/7/75"Rechenschaft, thing', Old Icelandic rgkHoxw. PI. "
origin, source, beginning; an ancestor, Ursache, ground'; Old Icelandic rakr, Frisian Middle
Low German Aa/r'straight, right' (= Latin rogus); e-grade: Middle High German gerech
"wohlgeordnef. Old Saxon rekon^ direct, aim, point, sort, order, arrange'. Middle Low
German /le/re/? 'right, unhindered, often'. Old High German rehhanon^ sort, order, arrange,
reckon, Rechenschaft ablegen'. Old English ge-recen/an ^ 6ei\ne' , engl. reckon^ therefore
halten'; Old English recen^qu\ck, fast, willing, ready'; Old Icelandic /and-rek/^ king', Old
High German anet-rehho " drake, male duck '; whether with the outlook the zum
Zusammenscharren ausgereckten Hand die family of Gothic /7/ra/7 'anhaufen'. Middle High
German /lec/?©/? 'zusammenscharren, anhaufen, gather, collect'. Old Icelandic raka. Middle
Low German raken {*raken) '(together)scratch'. Old Icelandic reka. Old High German
rehho^ rake, rake ', Old Saxon rekai. ' rake ', Old Saxon raka. Old English racu, Swedish
rakai. ds., ©-grade: Norwegian dial, raaki. 'spoor, track, Streif, furrow, row', isl. raki.
'Streif (compare Old Indie raji-, rajfsin^e, row') here belongs, is dubious; through
borrowing from dem Celtic vor the Mediaverschiebung: Gothic Aez/rs 'ruler, vornehm,
mighty' (Celtic rfg-s). Old Icelandic /'/^/''mighty'; Old High German rfhhi. Old Saxon rfki. Old
English /Tce (Celtic *rTgio-) 'mighty, vornehm, rich'. Modern High German reich; Gothic
reiki. Old High German z???/?/ "empire' (Celtic *rTgion);

d-grade, with from 'uplift, set up, help' entwickelter meaning: Old Icelandic r0kja. Old
English reccan {ior *recan aiter reccan ^ ausstrecken'; but preterit roiite). Old Saxon rokian.
Old High German geruohhen^ care bear, carry, RiJcksicht nehmen'. Old High German
ruoh, mo^^a'Achthaben, endeavor, Sorgfalt', Middle Low German rokexn. ds.. Middle
High German ruochios. Old English /lece/eas (Modern High German ruchios, engl.
reckiess) 'unbekijmmert, unworried ', Old Icelandic /i^Ar'sorgsam', die with gr. apnyu) '
help, stand by ', apnycbv, -ovoc;, apwyoc; ' helper ', apwyri 'help' sich engstens combine,
merge;

nasalized (compare das Lithuanian, also Old \v\6\c rnjati): Old English /'a/7c 'straight,
stout, proud, bold'. Middle Low German rank^ slim, thin, weak' (*gereckt). Old Icelandic
rakkr^ slim, erect, bold'; Old Saxon Old English rinc. Old Icelandic rekkr^xwavi;

Lithuanian nasalized zem. rgzious, /i^z//s'sich reckon', ablaut, r^zaus, r^zytis{\'6. Jh.
ranszies), r^zai. 'Reckon', Latvian rudzities's\c\r\ reckon'; russ. su-razina ^ goo6 order';

Tocharian A rak-, rak- 'hinbreiten, cover', B rak-6s., A rkai'cover'.

References: WP. II 362 ff., WH. II 426 f., 432 f., 434 f., Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 106,
Trautmann 244.

Page(s): 854-857

Root / lemma: reg-2, reR- {rek-7)

Meaning: damp; rain

Material: 1. reg-\ Latin /'/g^/'e'bewassern' (with /from e), alb. rrjeth, Aor. rroc/hal\o\N,

quelle, tropfe'; Norwegian dial, rakem. " dampness, damp ', Old Icelandic rak/ ds., nisi.

/•aAr" humid, wet';

2. rek- {rek-7) in: Gothic rignn. 'rain' {*rek-nd-), Crimean Gothic reghen. Old Icelandic
regnu.. Old Saxon regan, reginrw.. Old Frisian rein. Old English reg(e)n, renm., Old High
German regan, regin, regen. Middle High German regenm.; Old Icelandic r/gna'ra\n', Old
High German reganon ds. etc.; Lithuanian (with West Indo Germanic A?) rok/a, rokt/" fine
rain', roke " dust rain '.

References: WP. II 365 f., WH. II 435.
Page(s): 857

Root / lemma: rehg^'os- {* ohrehg''ohs-)

Meaning: darkness

Note

Root/ lemma: rehg^os-i^ ohrehg^ohs^'. darkness derived from an extended Root/ lemma:

mehr-2\ to shimmer, shine {*mehr-\c^a > *mehr-b^a) (common Aryan Greek m- > zero)

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indie rajanf- 'n'\ghV; gr. £p£pO(; " darkness of the underworld ' (s-suggestion);

Armenian erek and erekoy 'even\ng'; also Adverb erek' yesterday ';

Maybe alb. erret' dark ', erresire^ darkness ', erresoj^ darken '

Gothic riqis, -izisu. " darkness', nisi. r0kkr, -rs^ darkness, dawn, twilight'; here perhaps gr.

6pcpv6(; "dark' ( *org"'sno-) and Tocharian A orkam ( *org"mo-) " darkness '; different above

S. 334.

References: WP. II 367, Benveniste Hirt-Festschrift 2, 236, Burrow BSOAS 12, 645 f.

Page(s): 857

Root / lemma: reb"^-

Meaning: expr. root

Material: Old Indie rebhat/" creak, rustle, mumble, murmur; cry'; Latvian ribet{a\so ribet)

"din, drone, rumble, bawl, blaster'.

References: WP. II 349;

See also: probably to rei-3.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: reid!^-

Meaning: to ride, go

Note:

Root/ lemma: reki!^-: "to ride, go' derived from zero grade of an extended Root/ lemma:

er-3: or-. r-\ "to move' in -e/d^-formant.

Material: Middle irisli r/ad{a)/m ^traveV {*re/d'^-); cymr. rhwydd-hau 'beeWen, erieichtern';

Old Icelandic r/da"\n schwankender Bewegung sein, ride'; Old English rfdanWde'; Old

Frisian r/da, Middle Low German r/den, Old High German ntan, Middle High German r/ten,

Modern High German reiterr,

Latvian raidTt^e\\\Q senden, hetzen', raidities^ wriggle ';

Germanic *ridjan- placed in Old English ridda. Old High German ritto " equestrian ',
extended in Old Frisian ridder. Middle Low German ridder{o\A of it Old Icelandic riddari).
Middle High German ritter,

gall. /'eo''a"vierradriger Reisewagen'; Irish o'e-/7ao'"Zweigespann' (Indo Germanic
*reiA^a)\ Old Icelandic reidi. "Reiten, Reiterschar, cart ', Old Low German brande-reda
"Brandbock'; Old English rad\. "Reiten, pull, journey; Musik'; engl. road^yNay'; Old High
German reita. Middle High German reite^ cart, campaign, kriegerischer attack ' (Germanic
*raidd, Indo Germanic *roi6'"a)\ (compare Old High German reisa^ departure, wagon, war
train, trip ' in Root/ lemma: er-3. or-. r-\ "to move' in -e/s-formant.

compare moreover gall. /'(9o'5/7i/s"Lenker a reda'; PN Epo-redia, PN Epo-redo-rTx, cymr.
ebrwydd^c\u\ck, fast' ( *epo-redi-)\

Germanic *(ga)-raidia-\v\ Gothic ^a-/'a/^s"angeordnet, bestimmt'. Old Icelandic ^/'e/id'/'
"light to bewerkstelligen, simple, just, clear, bright'; Old Frisian rede. Old English geraede,
/'^o'e'"fertig, light, clear, bright, simple, just' (engl. read}/); Middle Low German gerede,
/•eofe "willing, ready, fertig'; Middle High German gereit, gere/te lert\g, willing, ready, zur
Hand'; as Substantiv in Old Icelandic re/d/'n. and m. "AusriJstung', Norwegian gre/den.
"Pferdegeschirr'; Old English gerede n. "Geschirr, armament, armor'; Middle Low German
gerede ' appWance, dowry '; Old High German g/re/t/n. "wagon, cart'; Middle High German
gere/ten. " cart, Geschirr, tool'; Old Icelandic re/dr 'durchreitbar, willing, ready';

Gothic ^a-Aa/iq^a/? "dispose, festsetzen'; Old Icelandic ^/"e/icfa "sort, order, arrange, pay,
help'; Old English (ge)rgedan^sox\., order, arrange, help'; Middle High German (ge)reiten^
prepare, make ready, sort, order, arrange, reckon, pay'.

Aeid^Ain Irish /'e/o'"planus, facilis'; acymr. ruid, ncymr. rhwydd^\\Q\\{, free'; abret. roed\v\
den PN Roed-lon, Roidoc, Roet-anau, nbret. rouez^xaxe, clair-seme'; Latvian /"a/ic/s "willing,
ready'.

reid!"o-\v\ Irish /'/ao'"Fahren, Reiten'; cymr. ^o/wyofa'" horse'; Middle Latin-gall, ve-redus,
para-ve-redus {irom *vo-redos) "Beipferd'; compare Old High German ga-r?tv\. "equitatus';
Middle High German Tn-ritm. "Einritf; Middle Low German ritu. "Ritf;

to /"eyd^^-also das Abstraktsuffix cymr. -rwyddm.: Old Irish Kollektivsuffix -rad\v\ Old Irish
ech-radi. " horse' ( *eRuo-rei6!^a);

gr. £pT9o(; "servant' with prothet. £- reiht sich an die Dienernamen with a primary
meaning of Laufens an, whether here belonging.

References: WP. II 348 f., WH. II 425.
Page(s): 861

Root / lemma: reid-

Meaning: to lean on, support

Material: Gr. spsiSu) "lehne an, unterstijtze, drange, strenge myself an' (hom. spnpsSaTai

for-pi5-), speiGija "pad', avT-r|pi<; -npi^oc; "Strebepfeiler, pad'; Latin r/d/ca'e'\r\ through

fissures grofterer Pflocke gewonnener Weinpfahl'?

References: WP. II 348, WH. II 434;

See also: probably to re/-5.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: reig- or reig-

Meaning: to bind

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Irish ao'-/7i/^"alligo', cc»/7-/7i/^"colligo', do-r/ug ' nudo' , fo-riug ^s\s\.6'] *r/go- p\aced

in Middle Irish arach ' r(\anac\e' (bret. ere) from *ad-r/go-, cenn-rach' halter' (= cymr. pen-

rhe' headband '); *re/go-\n cymr. modrwyi. "ring', rhwym {*reig-smn) m. "manacle' (PI.

acymr. ruimmein), aerwy {* ad-reigo) " halter'. Old Irish bOarach, cymr. burwy^K\}\\iesse\\

cyfrwy ^sadd\e' {*kom-reigo-)\ Middle Breton /i//77"bande, troupeau' goes auf *roig-smn

back;

Irish cuimrechv\. "manacle, Fessein' (bret. /rei/Ae'lien') corresponds, da die basic
form *kom-rig-om is, besides the suffix of Latin corrigia, corrigium 'Schuhriemen, strap';

Middle High German /vie Gen. rickesm. "band, strap, manacle, Verstrickung, knot' and
ricken "band, join together '.

References: WP. II 347, Loth RC. 41, 220, WH. I 278 f.;

See also: probably extension from rei-1\ meaning development as (see 858) rei-p-

"wickeln, bind'.

Page(s): 861-862

Root / lemma: {reig-), reig-

Meaning: to stretch, stretch out (the hand)

Note: bedeutungsverwandt with reg-1.

Material: Old High German reichen^ reach, (er)langen, darreichen, sich erstrecken'. Middle

Low German recken. Old English /'^C(^e'y)a/7"ausstrecken, reichen, darbieten' (engl. reach).

Old Icelandic reiki. "Scheitel in Haar'; Lithuanian reiz-iuos, -//is "sich briJsten', raiz-from, -

ytis "sich wiederholt reckon'; as "Tortur through Strecken the Glieder' seems also related

Old Irish /'/^p' "Tortur', /7/7^/o'"foltert, torments'; Middle Irish reimm^ buffoon ' {*reig-smi-),

mcymr. dir-rwyn {*reig-no-) "Tortur, affliction'; cyf-rwyn-ein 6s.

References: WP. II 347 f., Trautmann 242, Loth RC. 42, 373.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: reik-

Meaning: to shake; pole (?)

Material: Norwegian rjaam. " shaft, pole zum Trocknen of corn ' {*rThan-), Swedish dial, n't

"picket, pole, shaft, rod'; Middle Low German rick, recku. {*rikk6-) " long thin shaft, pole'.

Middle High German ric, -ckesm. "waagrechtes rack, shaft, pole'. Modern High German

Reck; Old High German rigiim.. Middle Low German regeim. 'bar, bolt. Reeling', nnd.

also riiciiei, old Dutch ri/geinow, yet riciiei^bar, bolt'; isl. rigrm. "stiffness' (also name of

Heimdallr); Middle Low German recii^ stiff. Old Icelandic reigjask^6en body uplift, set up,

sich anspannen'. Old English /"^^e-/'(90se"Muskeln am backbone, spine'; Old

Icelandicr/ga, -ada"(hin and her) move, zum Wanken bringen', Swiss rigeien 'waver';

Norwegian dial, rigga'upset'; Norwegian rikke'move, stir'. East Frisian rikke{ijn'h\n and

herbewegen, wobble, sway'; Latvian riku (rikstu), rikt' curdle, coagulate, harden, fest

become'.

References: WP. II 346 f.;

See also: probably as reik-io reig-, s. also rei-5.

Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rei-1
Meaning: to tear, cut

Material: Latin nma " cleft ' ( *rei-ma)\ Middle Irish reo 'stripe' ( *ri-uo-)\ Old English raw,
raewt 'row' {*roi-ua)\ Lithuanian rieva^ cliff gap, rock, hill' (compare Latin rumpo: rOpes),
AS/Ve 'stripe', Latvian riewa^ cleft, crease, furrow'; in addition probably as ' border line ' or
'Hijgelreihe': Middle Irish rden^\Na)/, Bergkette' (therefrom rdenaid^*ba\\v\\. sich einen way'
> 'besiegt', /"de/? beating '), bret. run^hWy; Old Icelandic reini. ' border line ', Old High
German rein. Modern High German /?a//7 'slope ' ds. (Celto-Germanic *roi-no-).

extensions:

reib-:0\6 English npan, r/opan^eap' (engl. reap), r/'fter' s\ck\e', rTpn. 'harvest',
Norwegian r/pa^r\tzen', r/pa 'abre\Q>en, strip, wipe ', Middle English ripelen, nengl. ripple
'flax break, rupture'. Middle Low Qermaurepen, repeien6s.. Old High German rifiia, riffila
'saw, jagged mountain ridge'; Old Saxon rfpi. Old English rfpe. Old High German/vT^;
Modern High German reif(zuvc\ Ernten reif).

re/g-see below different headword.

reik(h)-. Old Indie rikhati, likhati^ scarifies ', rekha, lekha^crack, line, line'; gr. spsiKU)
'rupture, tear, rend', npiKS 'barst', ipzmc,, ipmq,, Aboc, 'geschrotete barley' (-1- spelling for -
£1-); perhaps Latin /VA-a 'tatlicher quarrel, fight'; cymr. rhwygo^ieaf, rhwygvn. 'break, col,
gap'. Middle Breton roegaff^iear, rend', nbret. reuga, ablaut, mcymr. go-rugaw^ tear';
Middle High German riiiel\ne'. Modern High German Reifie, Old High German rlfian'aui
einen Faden pull', with ablaut and gramm. Wechsel Old High German riga'Wne', Middle
High German r/ge'Wne, row, kijnstlicher Wassergraben', Modern High German Riege;
Norwegian reigm. 'row, Zeile';

Lithuanian riekiu, /7e'/r//"(bread)cut, clip, zum erstenmal pflijgen', /ye/re'Brotschnitte',
raikau, -yZ/'bread mehrfach in Schnitten cut';

similarly reik-\v\ Old Indie risati, iisati'rupit, reiftt ab, weidet ab' (npers. /75/a/7'spinnen',
Baluchi resag, /"esa^^'spinnen, flax, wattle, braid').

reip-: gr. eptmbd 'stiirze um (tr.), sturze low, base' (intr.), epEima n. PI. 'ruinae', spirrvri f.
'falling, tumbling, dropping, slope'; Latin Ai^a'steiler edge, bank, border, shore'; Old
Swedish riva. Old Icelandic rifa^tear (tr.)', A/i'^a'zerspringen, jump ', rifai. 'crack, col, gap',

Middle Low German nven'rub', Old Frisian nva' rend ', Low German r/t)t)en'p\ucW, flax
pluck'; Old Icelandic nfr' desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted ' (compare 'sich um
etwas reiften'). Old English /#"vast, grand, violent'. Middle Low German nve' wasteful ';
ablaut. Old Icelandic re/fr'b\\t\r\e, glad, aufgeraumt', /le/y^'fordern, beschenken'; East
Frisian r/ffe/lurrow', Old English ge-riflian^ furrow '; with p through consonant stretch: Old
Icelandic /■//?' Oberkante eines Bootes', East Frisian rip(e)^e6i^e, bank, border, shore'.
Middle High German /vT'bank, border, shore';

besides eine Germanic family with "scrap, shred, stripe' as basic meaning, so that here
anreihbar, and 'wickein, bind' as abgeleitete meaning: Old Icelandic rifu. "Reff, Middle
Low German r/'ftds., Old Icelandic rift{ript) f. 'piece Zeuges', rifrm. {*ribi-) " pulley,
Weberbaum', rifa^ sew ', Old English rifti. 'dress, Schleier, curtain'. Old High German
bein-refta^ britches '; Old Icelandic reifarP\. f. 'Wickel', /le/y^ 'wickein', Old English a-rafian
'loswickein' (similarly Dutch dial. /■yVe'/e/? 'wear out');

with consonant stretch -/7^^-;Gothic s/raiyo'a-/'a//7"Schuhriemen', Old Icelandic reip. Old
English AayC'rope, band'. Old High German Ae/rstrap, Faftreif, ring';

with Germanic -5p-(from -ps-1): Old Icelandic /75/Oa 'tear open' and f. r/spa^e\n light
Kratzer', Old Swedish /7S/05 'discord'. Low German /vS/Oe'Flachsraufe', r/spen^6en Flachs
through die Raufe pull' (Modern High German /?/S/Oe 'Samenbuschel' but probably with
originally hr-), Old High German rispeln^ snatch ', Bavarian5i6'-/'e/SyOe/7'abzupfen,
abbrechen'. Middle High German t>e-r/spe/n' rebuke, reproach, bestrafen'.

re/s-:0\6 Indie risyati, resat/^\N\r6 injures, hurts, disables, receives damage; damages ',
/75/a- 'injures, hurts, disables', resayat/'sc\r\a6\gt, straff, /75a/7ya// "geht fehl', r/sanyu-'
changeable '; Avestan raes-, //75- 'injure, wound, hurt; damage suffer, bear, endure'
(present raesye/t/ir., irisyeitiir., intr., Kaus. raesayeiti), participle irista- ' damages ', raesa-
m., raesah-n. ' damage, harm ', probably also /aesa- 'cleft, fissure in the earth';

Maybe alb. rrah' beat, strike '

Old Icelandic nsta{reist} and r/'sta scbw. V. 'cut, clip, ritzen, aufritzen', /75/a'Ritz, slit'. Old
Swedish nsta'{Runen) ritzen'. Middle Low German r/sfen' carve ', Old Icelandic /7s////m.
"Pflugeisen', Middle High German r/stm. n. ' plowshare, plough handle, plough stilt ';
Latvian risums, r/s/ens^crack, slit'. Old Church Slavic res/// "loosen'.

References: WP. II 343 ff., WH. II 435 f., 436, 438, Trautmann 241 .
Page(s): 857-859

Root / lemma: rei-2, roi-

Meaning: variegated, speckled

Material: Lithuanian raT-nas^^ray, buntgestreift'; /'a/^/77as "varicolored'; Old Irish nabach^

dappled ', Lithuanian raT-bas^ dappled, graubunt' (/-5A&//"flicker'), Latvian raibs

"varicolored, marked, stained ', esp. from animals. Old Prussian roaban^s\x\'Qe6 ', russ. kir.

/7Z?>7' "varicolored'; *roi-Ro- seems die base from Old High German rehn., rehom., Old

English ra, rabam. "roe deer'. Old Icelandic rai., Old English rgege{*raigjdn-). Old High

German reia, /"e/a (unclear) and Modern High German Ricke, Dutch rekke ^R\cke\

(expressive) wherefore probably Old Indie risya-rw. " male antelope '.

References: WP. II 346, Trautmann 235 f., Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 115.

Page(s): 859

Root / lemma: rei-3, re(i)-

Meaning: to cry, bellow, etc.. onomatopoeic words

Note: s. also reu-, reu-, ru-

Material: Old Indie rayati^ barks '; Lithuanian /■/ey^/7e//"losschreien, scold, chide', refl.

"sich quarrel, squabble'; Latvian reju, reju, /7e/"bark, bay'; ablaut raju, /"a/ "scold, chide',

Lithuanian rojdju, /ryo//"unordentlich crow, cackle' (of rooster, cock)?. Church Slavic rarb "

clangor' (Czech rarohm. "WiJrgfalke'), russ. rajatb' clink, sound'; Old Icelandic ramr

"hoarse' {*rema-)\ derived from a noun *rama\s remja^roar, bellow'; possible here also

rdmr\o\ce, sound, pronunciation'; compare further Old English rarian'b\oken, roar,

bellow'. Old High German reren ds. etc.;

Old Icelandic ya/777a "bleat', wherefore Armenian orna/'\r\eu\e' belongs, weis perhaps auf
eine full root era-, re- there.

extensions:

/•eZ7-"rulpsen':

Norwegian dial, raspa^den Mund run let' {*repjan), rapa^m\^sex\'\ Old Icelandic repta
{*rapatjan) "riilpsen'; Danish rsebe ds., jut. also "quack' s. Falk-Torp 928; compare reub-
under reu-1.

rek-\oar, bellow, cry':

Latin raccare, rancare^oar, bellow' (of Tiger); rana {*racsna) "frog'; cymr. rhegeni.
{*rakina) " quail '; Middle High German ruohen^roar, bellow, grunt' (besides rohenio reu-k-

), Old Middle High German ruohelen, Middle High German ruehelen' neigh, roar, bellow,
groan ' (besides ruhein, ruchelnio *reu-k-)\ Lithuanian rekiu, rekt/' roar, bellow', Latvian
rekfds.; Old Church Slavic rekg^say'; with g:Lat\n ragere^roar, bellow'.

ret-^ roar, bellow, rant, roister':

Middle High German rueden'rant, roister'. Bavarian rueden^roar, bellow, rant, roister, in
the rutting, heat sein'; Old High German ruod^ bellowing, braying, roar ', ir-ruota
"rugiebam'. Old English rede, "cruel, savage, terrible'.

References: WP. II 342 f., WH. II 414, 416, 421 f., Trautmann 242 f.
Page(s): 859-860

Root / lemma: rei-4 : rei-

Meaning: thing; possession

Note: after Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) would be efrom e/Yvoryoriginated?

Material: Old Indie rai- m. f. ' possession, richness ' in rah, /-aya/? (originally /-stem); das a

from Aa/? after dem Akk. Sg. ram, the likewise analogical a has {aiter gam, above S. 482);

ray/- "gift, possession, jewel' (Avestan Akk. PI. raes, leg. ray/s), rayi-vant-, mostly re-vant-

"rich'; Avestan Instr. Sg. raya{\eQ. raya) = Old Indie raya {to rah), Avestan raevant'rlcW;

Old Indie Avestan ra-'gWe' (extended Old Indie rasate' g'wes'). Old Indie rati- 'gift, giver';

Old Indie rata-, Avestan Aa/d "bestowed';

Latin res, rerthing, possession ' (das eafterdem Akk. remkom *reHiml), Umbrian re-
per^pro re', Dat. Abl. rr, in addition Latin re^s'Prozesspartei, the (die) Angeklagte' {*re/-
os); unclear meymr. re/' richness '.

References: WP. II 343, WH. II 430 f., 432, Waekernagel-Debrunner III 214 ff.; O.
Szemerenyi takes (in writing) with Burrow (Sanscrit 178, 245) and Kurylowiez (Etudes 36
f.) eine basic form *reHi-ior das noun and *reH-ior das verb an (?).
Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rei-5

Meaning: " crop, trim, prune '

See also: see below reid-, reik- and rem-.

Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rei-r(ei)-
Meaning: to tremble (expr.)

Material: Old Indie lelayati, lelTyatr sways, swings, trembles ', lelaya \v\s\x . " fluctuating, in
unruhiger Bewegung';

Gothic reiran {scVwN . V.) "tremble, quiver', re/AD'Zittern, Erdbeben'.

References: WP. II 349.
Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: reia-, n-
Meaning: " move, flow '
See also: see above S. 330 f. {er-3)
Page(s): 862

Root / lemma: rek-1
Meaning: to tower; pole
Note: as reik-, see there.

Material: Old Icelandic rai. ( *rahd) ' shaft, pole in a scaffold, trestle zum Trocknen,
Schiffsrahe', Middle Low German ra. Middle High German rahei. " shaft, pole, Rahe';
Norwegian dial, raaga {* regon-) "thin shaft, pole'. Low German rack^ rack, Wandregal',
Middle High German reck(e)' long thin shaft, pole, esp. zum Uberhangen from Kleidern';
Middle High German rach, -hesand rac, -ges, lengthened grade rsehe^ stiff'; Middle High
German regensXem V. "sich erheben, stare, tower'. Causative. regensdcwN. V., "uplift, set
up, erregen, move, waken, arouse, revive' {*ragjan). Modern High German regen;
Norwegian dial, ^a^a "waver'; very doubtful, whether as reduced grade here Middle High
German /'c»^e/"not fest, fluctuating ', sich rugelen^ s\ch rijhren'. Modern High German dial.
roge/n'\Nobb\e, sway'. Old Icelandic rug/a"\n Unordnung bringen, disturb, bother';
geminated rugga'smng, move'; rykk/a' move, hurry'. Old English rocc/an ^s\N\ng' (engl.
rock), Old High German rucken. Modern High German ri/cken ' move' , Old Icelandic rykkr,
Old High German rucm. "jerk' {*rukki-)\

Lithuanian /le/r/es "StangengeriJst zum Trocknen, Rauchern'.

References: WP. II 361 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 176.
Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: reRt^h-
Meaning: to harm

Material: Old Indie raksas-u. 'agony, Qualgeist, fiend, demon', Avestan rasah-^ damage,

harm, damage, esp. the in other Leben', /-asaye///'schadigt'; gr. £p£x6u) 'zerre and beutle

hin and her' (the storm of the ship); 'Ep£x6£U(; 'the ErderschiJtterer'. common Old Indie -

gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh- > -xs-, -s-

References: WP. II 362;

See also: in addition rkl=>os 'bear' as ' damager '.

Page(s): 864

Root / lemma: reR- reg-

Meaning: to bind

Material: Old Indie rasanai. 'rope, strap, belt, girdle', rasmi-m. 'rope, strap, rein'; Old

Swedish hurraka {hur6-) 'Heek-band, strap'. Old leelandie rakkim. 'Stropp zum Festhalten

the Rahe', Old English raccam. ds.. Old leelandie rekendiu., rekendri. PI. ' ehain,

manaele'; Old English racente, racetet, Old High German rahhinzai. d.

References: WP. II 362.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: remb-, romb-, roinb-

Meaning: to haek, noteh

Note:

Root / lemma: remb-, romb-, romb- : 'to haek, noteh' derived from a zero grade of Root /

lemma: ereb- orob-, rob-: 'to drill, make holes'

Material: Middle High German rumph. Modern High German Rumpf, isl. rumpr^rurc\'^\ md.

Middle Low German /y/ztT/O 'trunk' (*'broken pieee'); whether to Lithuanian rumbas ^ scar' ,

rumbuot/" hem ' {*rombo-), ablaut. rembetT Narben bekommen ', Latvian ruobs^ incisure '

{*rombo), Slavic *rgb'b'(r\. in serb. rub^hem', slov. /pi6''edge, hem', slov. /pM/'hack, hem,

fold and sew down the edge of a piece of cloth ', Czech roub/t/6s. etc.?

Maybe alb. /7'eV77,6'ey "kidnap'

References: WP. II 373, Trautmann 236, Vasmer 2, 541 f.

Page(s): 864-865

Root/ lemma: rem-, rema- {* era-mo-)

Meaning: to rest; to support

Note: relationship to era-, /-e-'rest' (see 338 f.) is doubtful

Note:

Root / lemma: rem-, rema- : 'to rest; to support' derived from a zero grade of an extended

Root/ lemma: era-2, re-\ 'to be still' in -m- formant {* era-mo-)

Material: Old Indie ramate' stands still, rests, finds pleasure, pflegt the love', ramati,
ramnati, ramayaf/ ^bnngt zum stille stand, makes tight, firm, ergotzt'; Avestan ramyal'er
soil rest', /'5/77d/iJM/a/77'ihr mogetstehen bleiben', ramaye/f/^re\\eve6', osset. uromun,
uromyn^ restrain, hamper, calm, appease '; Old Indie rama-m. "lust, pleasure, joy', rama-
"erfreuend, mellifluous, charming', Avestan raman-n. " tranquility, peace', npers. ram^
tranquility; cheerful, cheerful'; Old Indie rant/1. ' refreshment, Ergotzung', ramsu My.
"joyful, gratifying'; rata- "stand geblieben, sich genijgen lassend, sich ergotzend', rata-n.
"Liebeslusf, rat/'-i. "rest, tranquility, lust';

with unclear n: gr. nP^MCi. -ac; " peaceful, gentle, leise', npspaToc; " peaceful', npspsarspoc;
Kompar. (compare den es-stem Gothic r/m/s);

Old Irish fo-r/m- 'p\ace, lay, place' (originally *"stutzen'; /> =/-); perhaps Middle Irish
/■/Me "vessel';

Old High German /'a/775 "pad, rack, Webe- or Stickrahmen', Middle Low German rame{=
Middle Low German Middle High German reme), ramen6s.; Gothic r/m/s n. " tranquility ';
Old Icelandic rgndi. "edge, hem, shield'. Old English randm. "Schildrand, shield'. Old High
German rantm. "edge, Einfassung, shield', Norwegian randean6 ablaut. /7/7ofe"Erdrucken,
bench ', Crimean Gothic/7/7/sc/7"mons', span. (*Gothic) randa ^Le\ste'; Norwegian randi.
"crossbar, crossbeam, Sims', Modern High German Bavarian ranten^ shaft, pole' (:
Lithuanian ramt/s, ramst/s^pa6, handrail'); Old High German ramft^edge, Einfassung'
kann *rom-t/-se\n, but at most also auf the extension Ae/n-b^- based on, compare Old Indie
rambfia-m. "staff, pad', Norwegian r/mb, /7/77/77e"Erdrucken', Lithuanian rambus^\6\e',
rembet/lrage sein; nicht right wachsen wollen';

Old Icelandic r/mi. "long, thin board', engl. dial, r/m^ rung, horizontal step on a ladder ',
East Frisian r/m "rafter, sloped beam that forms the framework of a roof '; Old English r/ma
"edge, limit, boundary, KiJste' (engl. r/m). Old Icelandic r/m/m. "LandriJcken'; perhaps
through hybridization with a root re/-, deren extensions in re/d-av\6 /e/Zr-vorliegen
(Wissmann);

Lithuanian rem/Ci, /e/77//"stutzen', Inchoativ rimst/, rimt/^ peaceful become', causative
ram/nt/ and ramdau, -yt/^ calm, appease ', ramt/s ^pa6', ramas^ tranquility ', ramus'
peaceful', romus' peaceful, gentle ', Latvian ramslaxne, domesticated, still, godly, pious';

Tocharian A B ram-, B ram- "sich neigen, bend, bow'.

References: WP. II 371 f., Trautmann 243 f.

Page(s): 864

Root / lemma: rend^-

Meaning: to tear

Material: Old Indie rancfhram^ aperture, cleft, fissure, Hohle'; Old English rencfan 'tear',

Middle Low German /'e/7o'e"Zerbrochenes'; Old High German r/nda, rinta. Modern High

German Rinde, Old English rind(e)\. 'bark, crust', ablaut, mnl. Hessian rundei.

"Wundschorf'.

References: WP. II 372, 374.

Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rent-

Meaning: thing

Material: Under this root could combined become:

Old Indie ratnam' property, possession, blessing' {*rntn6-) and Irish Ae/'thing' {*rntu- or
*rentu-); also Latvian ruot/gs'\N\t\r\ all versehen' (whether from *ront-).

References: WP. II 374.
Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rep-

Meaning: to grab, rip out

Material: Old Indie presumably rapas-r\. ' disability, korperlicher damage, injury ', raphita-'

woeful, wretched, miserable (damages)'; gr. EpEnrofjai "rupfe, reifte ab, devour', apnuia

(Asper after dem unverwandten apnr), apna^u), whereat s. *ser-, serp- 'sickle'), apsnuia

"Harpye', hom. apnuiai av-r|p£4JavT0 (Hs. avr|p£ii|JavTo); alb. rjep^TXehe from, ab, rob';

Maybe alb. /reyO-/e 'strict, tough, inexorable, tough, unkind, hard'

Latin rapid, -ere' pile, an sich reiften, hastig gripe, rob' {a= ©); Middle Irish recht'rage,

fury, fury' {*reptu-), s. also rabh-; Germanic "Aa/^sya/? originally "korperlich punish, curse'

(denominative eines -es-stem as Old Indie rapas-); Old Icelandic refsa. Old High German

/•e/se/? "chastise, castigate, punish, curse'. Old Saxon resp/an ds.. Old English refsan,

repsan, respan' rebuke, reproach', next to which *rafjan\r\ Middle High German reffen =

refsen, compare with lengthened grade Old English gergefr\. (?) = geresp' accusation,

reprimand';

Old Icelandic rafr'str\pe Heilbuttenfleisch', refiirstr\pe, piece eines texture ' ("ragged '),
Dutch rafer fibre, filament, ausgezupfter filament ', rafe/en 'wear out';

Lithuanian ap-rept/" catch, gripe, conceive ', Litliuanian rep/es {0\d Prussian raples) f.
PI. 'pliers'.

References: WP. II 369 f., WH. II 417, Trautmann 244.
Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: ret(h)-

Meaning: to run, to roll

Material: Old Indie ratha-xw. " cart ', rathff-^ charioteer ', rathya-'zum cart belonging',

rathar-yati^\xaye\s in cart '; rathes fha- ^wamor' = Avestan ra^aesfa 6s.; Avestan ra&a-^

cart', /"a/z^yaTahrstrafte'; Latin /"o/a "wheel', Z^z/D/i/s 'zweiradrig' (: Lithuanian dviratis),

rotundus 'scheibenrund';

Maybe alb. /lO/a "wheel'.

Irish rothm. 'wheel'; cymr. rhodi. 'wheel'; gall. PN Roto-magus (Rouen); Celtic *-reto-

'run, flow', neutr. Abstraktsuffix in cymr. i6'/7//7-/'eo' 'perplexity' = Middle Irish brecht-rad

'Mannigfaltigkeit', Kollektivsuffix in Middle Irish aig-red^\ce'; lengthened grade Vd/o-in

mcymr. rhawd^xuu, flow, Laufbahn, Schaar', ^aea/-/'aM/o''Winterszeit' = Middle \us\\gem-

radds., mcymr. bed-rawd, cymr. bedd-rod, bret. bez-ret ^Graber' (cymr. bedd'grave'), in

addition Middle Irish ra(i)the^ season, quarter of the year' {*rdtio-);

Old Irish reth/m'\auie' with compounds, Kaus. /10///7//77 'treibe an';

Maybe alb. /re//? 'hoop, rim (of wheel); circle', rretb/m 's\ege';

Old Irish verbal noun riuthvn. 'run, flow' {*rtu-);

Maybe alb. rrjethe, rrjedhei. 'run, flow' {*rtu-);

to Old Irish do-riuth^acc\xxxQ> belongs cymr. tyred {*to-rete) 'come!'; Old Irish fo-riuth, cymr.
guo-redar succurro', acymr. Perf. gua-raut= Irish fo-raith {*upo-rdt-e);

Old Icelandic rgdullm. 'Strahlenkranz, sun' and Old Saxon radur. Old English rador,
rodorm. 'sky, heaven'; Gothic VaA's 'light', (Kompar. n. rat^izd) Old English A^o^'quick,
fast, nimble, agile; graceful; sharp, keen ', Old High German rado, rata adv. 'quick, fast';
Old Low German rath, afr. reth, Old High German rad^wheeV, rade/dt'\N\t\r\ Raderchen
versehen'; Lithuanian ratasm. 'wheel, circle ' (Plur. rafa/^ carriage, cart '), Latvian rats
'wheel' (Plur. rat/^ cart '), Lithuanian ratelism. 'Radchen' (compare Old High German
rade/otand Latin rotu/at 'Radchen'), o'l/z/a/zs (mostly PI. dviraciai) 'zweiradriger cart ';

maybe alb. Geg me rotullue^io circulate', lllyrian GN Redon, Rodon

Lithuanian ritu, n'st/'roW {*rt-); but gall, petor-ritum Werradnger cart ' kann Latin
development from *petor-roto- sein.

References: WP. II 368, WH. II 443 f., Trautmann 238.
Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: reu-b-ax\6 reu-g-

Meaning: to vomit, retch

Material: 1. /■ea&-;Old Icelandic rjupai. "Schneehuhn", Norwegian rjupa, /ype (compare

Latvian /'i/i6'e/7/s'Birkhuhn'?); ablaut. Old Icelandic AO/Oa 'aufstoften', /yp/a'sich erbrechen',

Old High German roffezzen^auisio^evi {*rupatjan). Middle High German rofzen. Modern

High German reshaped to rulzen, rulpsen.

2. reug-:H^ers. a-roy^dias Rulpsen'; Armenian o/ra/77'erbreche myself, burp' (from
*orucam, o-\s suggestion vowel); gr. spsuYOMai 'speie from, erbreche myself, spuyyavcjo '
burp', spuyn "Aufstoften'; Latin erugo, -e/ie'ausrijlpsen', ructo, -a/ie "rulpsen, ausspeien';
Old English /"oce/Za/? "rulpsen', eo''/'c»c"das Wiederkauen', Old High German it-ruchen.
Middle High German /fe/i/c/re/? "ruminate', iterochei. "gullet from ruminants', v\\s\. Jortru.
"das Wiederkauen' (about ^urtrirom * id-ruhtr-)\ Old Icelandic yo/Y/'a"wiederkauen';

Lithuanian rjaugmi{riaugeju), raugiu, rugiu^ burp, have saures Aufstoften', Old Church
Slavic rygajQ SQ^ burp', Lithuanian rugstu, rugti^ sour become, ferment, seethe', isrugos
"wheys', /•Jgys"sauertopfischer person', rugztas ' sour' , A^i/^as "sourdough', Latvian
atraugast PI. "Aufstoften', atraugt/es ^ auistoQ>en' , raudzet 'sauern', m/r/s "bitter, herb', Old
Prussian ructan dadan "sour milk', raugus^reuuei';

as "re^-s/T?©/? "Wiederkauen; gullet ' (see 873) auf the Lautgebarde *reu-be\v\g based
on;

under a Mittelbed. " burst out, break out ', or "exhalare' reiht man (yet very doubtful) an:
Old Icelandic //iy/ra "smoke, whisk, hurry'. Old English reocan^ smoke, steam, stink'. Middle
Low German reken, /77/re/7 "smell'. Old High German rouhhan^ smoke, steam, smell'. Old
High German rouh. Old Saxon rok. Old English rec. Old Icelandic reykrm. "smoke'. Middle
High German ruch. Middle Low German rokevn. "smell, odor', isl. Norwegian roku.
"Scatter, sprinkle, drive, impel, drift, propel, push, thrust, storm';

Maybe Rumanian ror cloud '

if alb. /"e "cloud' from */'c»^^/- originated is, as Modern High German Rauch, is ein
previously proto Indo Germanic Ve^^- "cloud, smoke' voraussetzbar.

References: WP. II 357, Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 128 f., Trautmann 244.
Page(s): 871-872

Root / lemma: reuA^-{*uereuA'^^ (zero grade of *hieleuRh-)

Meaning: red

Note:

Root/ lemma: reu6!^-\ "red' derived from a zero grade of Root/ lemma: el-1, ol-, J-\ "red,

brown (in names of trees and animals)' extended in formant Rh-\

Material:

in e- grade:

gr. £p£u9u) " to make red, stain red. Pass, to be or become red' (= Old Icelandic rjoda),
epeuGoq n. " redness, flush; of dye' (compare Latin rubor); spuGpoq "red' (= Latin ruber. Old
Church Slavic *rbdrb etc.); spuolpn " rust, in corn; title of Demeter in Lydia, mildew,
metallic oxide, rust ' (ambiguous ending), zpuoi-TTzkaq "German measles. Rubella'
(*£puaai-, *ru6^-s-);

In zero grade:

Old Indie r6hita- = Avestan raoi5ita-^re6, reddish', rohft- "rote mare, Weibchen a gazelle ',
rohi- m., rohTi. " gazelle '; Old Indie /d/?^- "reddish', m. n. "reddish metal, copper, iron'
(formal = Latin rOfus, Old Irish ruad, Gothic raut^s, Lithuanian raudas. Old Church Slavic
rudii), rodhra-, lodhra-m. "symplocosracemosa, ein tree, from dessen Rinde ein rotes
Pulver bereitet wird', /osta-n. " iron rust ' ( *reu6'^-s-fo-); ru6'^/ra-'re6, bloody', n. "blood'
{*ru6'^-f-ro-, contaminated from *ru6'^-ro- and *ru6'^-/-); khotansak. rrusta-'red' {*reu6^-s-fo-

);

Maybe alb. (nde-rusk) ndryshk^ rust ' [Albanian prefix dz(a)-, de-, z-is of Macedonian
Slavic origin (as in Mac. *dz-astra, dzastra " the day after tomorrow, tomorrow'), from
Slavic za" behind; for, after, because of, during, at, in, on' see Root /lemma: gh6\ behind,
towards].

Latin rubidus^ oxblood, indigo ' (with -o'o- further formations = Old Indie loha-);

with dial. f. rufus^ light-red, rufous, reddish', Umbrian rofu^ red ';

Maybe alb. rruva, rrufa^y\v\e without grapes' : rrufane, rrefane, /reT^/?^^/ (diminutive)
"handle (*twig?)' Latin loaword.

with dial, ofrom *ou Latin robus, robeus, rdb/us\ed', robrgo^Hosi; mildew, smut, blight ',
also probably robus, robur' Hart\r\o\z, heartwood '; ruber, rubra, -um'red' (Umbrian rufru^
rubros '), Latin rubor' redness ', rubed, -ere'be red' (: Old High German roten, Old Church
Slavic rbdeti), russus ' fleischrot ' ( *ru&^-so-)\ auf *ruA^ro-QO back to auson. loanword
Ai/Z/Zi/s 'reddish', VN Rutuli {\n\Vc\ Dissim.); compare Ligurian fundus Roudelius, lllyrian
CampT Raudii, apul. PN /?^o'/5e (Szemerenyi Arch. Ling. 4, 112 f.); about Latin raudussee
below;

Old Irish ruad, cymr. etc. rbudd're6', Old Irish ruccfaje' shame' {*rud-kja), nasal, fo-
/'O//70'' blushes, turns red'; gall. PN Roudus, Ande-roudus, GN Rudiobos( red Schlager '?),
Rudianos, Celtic roudo-'reA' and 'strong';

Old Icelandic rjddr. Old English reod'xeA', Old Icelandic rjoda' make bloody ', Old
English reodan're6 paint ', Gothic (about ' shamefaced blush') ga-riut^s' respectable ',
P'a-/7^ofe/"Schamhaftigkeit'; ablaut, raut^s. Old Icelandic raudr. Old English read. Old High
German /io/'red'. Old Icelandic raudim. "rotes Eisenerz', rodrai. "blood', rodim. " redness
', /ydn. and rydrvn. "Rosf, roda' be or become red ', Old High German /lo/e/? "blush'.
Middle High German /'o/"red'. Old High German rotamo, rosamo {*ru&^-s-men-) " redness '
(moreover Old Icelandic /'c»s/77i/-^ip//"rotliche Berge'), Old English rudu' redness ', rudig
"reddish'; a-ryderian' b\us\\'\ Old English rust. Old High German Old Saxon /'os/"Rost'
[*ru6'^-s-to);

Lithuanian raudas, raudonas'xQ^ , rauda'rote paint, color'; rudas' puce ' (Latvian ruds
"reddish'), mo'^o "autumn', rudet/ 'rosten', rudisi. "Rosf, rudynas, rudyna, rudyne 's\Namp,
marsh with rotlichem, eisenhaltigem water, morass, puddle, slop', rausvas {*rou6^-s-uo-)
"reddish', Latvian rusa {*ru6^-s-a) "Rosf, Lithuanian rusvas' reddish brown ' {*ru&^-s-uo-),
ms//s "Bratrosf, mse//" gleam, burn', Latvian rusla'V\v\6 of rotbrauner paint, color',
Lithuanian rustas' brownish, purple, mauve' {*ru6^-s-to-), Latvian A^5/a"braune paint,
color', rustet' red paint ';

Old Church Slavic rudh 'red', ruda'ore, metal ', rusb{*roud'^-s-o-) "reddish, blond';
*rbdrb "red' in r. -Church Slavic rodrb; rbdeti s^' turn red ', rbzda' RosX , russ. rysyj
"reddish blond' {*rij^^-s-o-, compare Latvian rusa);

Tocharian A ratr-arkyant' xo\%\ara.e'(\d\ rtar, B ratre'xed' {*rutre-7).

Old Indie rav/-m. "sun', Armenian arevds. kann only very doubtful as "the Rote'
gedeutet become; Latin raudus, rodus, rudus'e\n formloses ErzstiJck as coin' is perhaps

with Old Indie loha- "rotes metal, copper, iron' and Old Icelandic raudrroies Eisenerz', Old
Church Slavic ruda'ore, metal ' to connect and gall, or lllyrian loanword;

also Old High German aruzzi, erizzi, aruz. Old Saxon arut' ore, Erzstiick', Old Icelandic
ortog ( *arutia-taugo) 'Drittel eines ore' are because of Schwankens the forms as borrowed
to betrachten; hence besteht Hommels derivation from sum. urud^ copper' letztlich to right,
different Kretschmer Gl. 32, 6 ff.

References: WP. II 358 f., WH. II 420 f., 444 f., 455, 456, Trautmann 239.
Page(s): 872-873

Root / lemma: reugh-m(e)n-

Meaning: cream

Material: Avestan raoyna-^ butter'. Middle Persian npers. /'(9ya/7"(ausgelassene) butter';

Old Icelandic rjumirw. " skimmings', changing through ablaut Old English ream. Middle

Low German rome. Old High German /"Oi//?? "cream', and Middle Low German rame {for

*rdme), from which Modern High German Rahm, with J Swiss rum 6s.

References: WP. II 357 f.; s. also above S. 868.

Page(s): 873

Root/ lemma: reu-1, reu- ru-

Meaning: to roar, murmur, etc.. (expr.), onomatopoeic words

Material: Old Indie rau-ti, ruvati, /'51/5// "bellow, roar, larmt, drohnt', rava-, ravatha- rr\. "

bellowing, braying, roar '; gr. u)puo|jai "heule, bellow, stofte einen scream from', cbpuSov

Adv. "with bellowing, braying, roar' (prefix Indo Germanic o); Latin /x7/77c»/'"noise, shout,

call, rumor'; ravus 'hoarse', rav/st " hoarseness ', raucus 'hoarse', ravid-Tre 's\c\\ hoarse

talk, speak';

Old English /'ec»/7"Wehklagen', Middle High German rienen {*reundn) " wail, lament'; Old
Icelandic rymja'roar, bellow, drone, grumble', rymrm. "grobe voice';

Church Slavic revg, rjut/ and Old Church Slavic rovg, rut/'roar, bellow', Czech ruje{o\6),
rfjei. "clamor of Hirsches, rutting ', poln. rujai. "rutting, heat(zeit)' (out of it Lithuanian ruja,
Latvian ruojai.); Slavic Voi/p besides *rjutiirorr\ *reud, *reuti, thereafter *rjovg> *rjevg;

with the meaning of dumpfen, but heimlichen Murmelns: Old Irish run' mystery ', cymr.
rh/n6s.; Gothic runai. " mystery ', Old Saxon runa. Middle Low German rune' furtive
whispering, h. Beratschlagen, Runenzeichen', Old English run 6s., Middle High German
rune' whispering, furtive Beratschlagen', Old Icelandic /y/7a"vertraulich together talk.

speak', Old English runian^ whisper, sich verschworen'. Old High German runen^
whisper, raunen', changing through ablaut Old English reonian^ whisper' (as above reon.
Middle High German rienen), Norwegian dial. /7C»/75 'babble'.

extensions:

a. reud- Old Indie rudati, roditi^heuW., weint, jammert', Avestan raod-'\Neep, cry'. Old
Indie roda-m. 'Klageton, Winsein, Weinen' (= Old High German rozm., compare
Lithuanian rauda); gr. pu^w? (see above); Latin rudo, -ere, -/V/'cry; roar, bellow'; Old High
German r/ozan^\Neep, cry', /"dz'das Weinen, Winsein', Old English reotan^ wail, weep,
cry', ablaut. Old Icelandic raufa^roar, bellow'; Bavarian rofzen^weep, cry'; Lithuanian
raudm/1 lament', raudoju, raud6ti6s., Latvian raudaf'\Neep, cry, lament', Lithuanian aps/-
rustu, preterit su-rudau^ma6, wicked, evil, sad become', rustas^ grumpy, surly, sullen,
fierce, grim'; slov. rydat/^\Neep, cry'. Old Czech rud/t/ ^affWct, sadden'.

b. reug- gr. spuyovra ' the bellowing ', spuypn^oc; ' bellowing (of bull)', opuyjjaSsc;
Gopupoi Hes. (also 6puijaY56(; 'great din, fuss, noise' is from *6puYpa5oc; reconverted with
metathesis), cbpuyn, wpuyfja, cbpuyfjoc; ' bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' (to cJb- see
above); pu^siv ' growl, bark, bay' Hes.; Latin rug/'o, -Fre^roar, bellow (of Lowen)' (after
mugicR); Middle Irish ruchV bellowing, braying, roar, Geheul' {*rug-tu-)\ Old English reoc
'wild', wherefore probably Gothic /n-rauMJan ^ ergnmmen'; (but Old Icelandic rauknn. '
draft animal ' for rgkn = vrgkn); Slavic *ruzietr neighs ' in Old Church Slavic rbzet-b, rbzati,
Serb, rze, fzatieic. (Lithuanian rugoti^eyW nehmen' is loanword from russ. rugatb 'vilify,
scold' = Old Church Slavic rggati sg^ mock ').

c. reuk- Old English ryn^roar, bellow' {*ruhjan). Middle Low German rujan6s.. Old High
German ruhin^ bellowing, braying, roar', besides ruhen {ixom *ruhjan). Old High German
/'c»/7d/7'rugTre' (Wissmann Nom. postv. 87 f.); Latvian rucu, m/r/'roar, roar, bellow',
Lithuanian rukf/^roar, bellow'; Old Church Slavic rykajg, /y/ra//' rug ire', russ. rykafb'roar,
bellow'; besides Old Church Slavic r/kajg^ bellow' (from *rjukajg), ablaut, slov. rukm.
'rutting, heat the Hirsche', rukaf/^roar, bellow' etc.

d. ein cognate reus-seeks man in:

Modern High German rosten (after dem knisternden Ton?), Old High German rest
'Rostpfanne, pyre, stake'. Old High German rose. Middle High German rosch, rosch
'knisternd, brittle, resch'. Old English ge-rosc/an^bem fire dry'?; in addition probably
Lithuanian ruzg/u^roar, foam, schnurre, grumble'.

References: WP. II 349 ff., WH. II 421, 447, 449, 450 f., Trautmann 241, 247, 248.
Page(s): 867-868

Root / lemma: reu-2, reus- : ru-

Meaning: to tear out, dig out, open, acquire, etc..

Grammatical information: participle Perf. Pass, ru-to-

Note: to part, as it seems, still volleres ereu-{see below)

Material: Old Indie rav-, ru-' shatter, shatter' {ravat, rudhf, ravisam, roruvat, meaning

probably from "her and in StiJcke reiften'), participle ruta-^ shatter, zerschmettert' (= Latin

dh, e-, ob-rutus)\ roman-, /oman'\r\a\r' (compare under n. Irish rua/mneach an6 Old

Icelandic rggg long hair'); gr. spuai-xSojv "die Erde aufwijhlend';

Latin mo in the meaning "tear open, dig, scratch', e-, dh, ob-ruo, -rutus{see above), ruta
caesa "all, was auf a small area of land ausgegraben and gefallt is', rutrum "spade, hack,
mattock, hoe, Kelle', rute//um 'smaW shovel', rutabu/um^s\r\ove\, Scharre';

Middle Irish ruam'spade, Grabscheit', ruamar^ eiioss\o'; nir. rua/mneach long hair';

Old Icelandic ryja^6en Schafen die Wolle ausreiften' (Norwegian rui. "Winterwolle'), Old
Saxon ruw/t "rauhesfell, fur';

Old Icelandic rgggi., rgggrm. "long hair, long wool' {*rawwa-), Swedish m^^ "zottiges
hair' ( *ruwwa-)\ out of it engl. rug,

Gothic /7i//'5 "verganglich' {r/urjan 'spoW'), Old Icelandic /y/r"small, arm';

presumably Old Saxon Old High German /7C»/77C» "strap, leathery band, strap, belt, girdle'
(*"abgerissener Hautstreifen'), Old English reoma, reama6s., also "thin Haut' (compare S.
873 *reugh-m(e)n-^ skimmings'); Middle Low German Middle Dutch run, rune, schwab.
raun^\Na\\ac\\, Gaul', because of East Frisian /7a/7-m/7e"Hahnrei' (actually " castrated
rooster, cock') originally "equus castratus', mnl. runen, ruynen'cut, clip, castrate '; (Modern
High German runken); borrowed Latvian rumt^ castrate ', also Finnish /■i/^/7a "Wallach',
ruunata " castrate ';

Lithuanian rauju, rauti^ ausrei^en, ausjaten', ravetT weed ' (/'ai/a5"Straftengraben', Old
Prussian rawys^^\\.o\\, trench, channel' loanword from poln. /'dM/"ditch, trench, channel');
Latvian Aa^/r/zs "Raufeisen'; Old Church Slavic ryjg, /y//"dig', /7>i/(?"reiR>e from, jate from',
/y/b, /y/o "Grabscheit, spade, hack, mattock, hoe', AOKb "ditch, trench, channel, pit,
pothole', runo^ fleece ';

s. also above S. 338 about ereu-2, wherefore perhaps also Lithuanian urvasxw., also
urvai. "cave'.

extensions:

a. reub-. "reissen' in Latin /z/i6>^s"Brombeerstaude, blackberry ' C*shrub, bush, whereof
man sich reiftt'), rub/cfus {par\'\s i. e. "parum coctus') 'raw, rauhrissig'; perhaps also rubeta'
toad '; Middle Irish /'Oit'it' "animal'?; Germanic *raup-, *rupp- {\N\t\r\ intensification) in Gothic
raupjan ^ p\uck' , Old English /yeyoa/? 'auspliJndern', Old High German roufen. Middle High
German roufen, reufen, raufen ^p\uck'; Middle English ryppen, engl. rip^ rend ', Middle
High German rupfen, ropfen ^ p\uck' , Old Icelandic ruppa, A^p/a"losreiften', ruplu. 'booty,
robbery '.

b. ref/f/- 'zerreissen'; rud-16-m^, wild'.

Latin rudus, -er/sn. "zerbrockeltes rock, detritus, rubble '; also rud/'s' uncultivated, raw',
Ai/Z/i/s 'coarse, baurisch' {*rud-lo-)\ Middle Irish ruad^R\}\v\e\ cymr. PI. rhudd/on 'offa\, bran
' {*roud)\ Old Norse reyta ( *rautjan) 'abreiften, tear, to pick to pieces, pluck', also Middle
Dutch ruten, holl. ruiten^ rend, pliJndern, rob'. Middle Low German ruter, holl. ruiter
(Modern High German Reutei) 'Plunderer, robber' (influence of Middle Latin ru(p)tarius)\ a
related word for 'junk' places Middle High German riuze, alt-riuze^\Ner mitGeriimpel
handelt or es ausbessert' ahead; auf das through Wassern and Faulenlassen of Flachses
vorbereitete Ausziehen the Flachsfaserweisen Old Icelandic rot/nnlau\, decayed ' (but u-
rot/nn st\\\ 'wer die hair nicht lost '), rotn. ' decay; Ohnmacht', Old Saxon rotonlrom Rost
verzehrt become'. Old English rot/an^ decayed, wither, wilt'; Middle Low German rofen
"flax rosten'. Old High German rozzen^ decayed ', Middle High German rdzzenav\6 rsezen
' decayed let'. Modern High German Bavarian rossen ^V\acY\s faulen let' (reshaped to
rostenuach rdsten^a\A6erc\ Rost braten'). Middle High German /loz' friable ';

here Old Indie Rudra-QH {*rud-lo-), pali /udda-^crue\, savage' after W. WiJst Rudra-.

c. re^d^-'reuten, roden'.

Avestan raoidya-^ arab\e to make';

Old Icelandic /yioda'reuten, raumen'. Middle High German rietensiem V. 'ausrotten,
destroy'; Old Icelandic rjddrv\. 'offene place in Walde', Old High German /'ec»o''gerodetes
land ', Modern High German dial. Ried^ reed ' ds.. Old High German riut/ds., riuten
{*riutjan) 'reuten', ablaut. Old Icelandic rudu. 'gerodete place in wood, forest'. Middle Low
German /lo/'das Roden', Old Icelandic rydja ^ro6ev\\ aufraumen, ausrotten'. Old English a-

ryddan {ev\Q\. rid) "mug, rob, plundern'; Middle High German roten. Modern Higli German
rotten. Middle Low German roden, out of it Modern High German roden. Old Frisian to-
/"o/^a'ausrotten'.

d. /(e^/Ar- (partly probably also reug-, reugh-T) 'pluck'.

Old Indie /uncat/'rauh, rupft, enthijlst', /uncana-n. "das Ausrupfen, Ausraufen', ruksa-
see below;

gr. opuoaoj, Attic -ttoj "ditch, grub, scharre', opuxn, opuyn "das ditch, trench, channel',
opuypa n. "ditch, trench, channel', KaTU)puxn<; "in the Erde vergraben'; common Old Indie -
gh- > ks- : Gr. -gh- > -ss-, -tt-

Latin runco, -are^ weed, ausjaten', runco, -d/7/s"Reuthacke, Jathacke'; gr. puKovn " plane '
(the vowel suggestion getilgt perhaps after puaia^u) "reifte weg' to *uer-s-, -u-77), from
which Latin runc/nads. (-/?- through distant assimilation, unterstijtzt through runcare); Irish
rucM's\N\ne' ("WiJhler' *ruktu-)\ mcymr. rhwgn ^Reibeu, Kerben' {*runk-no-l s. Loth RC.
42, 138 f.);

with dem concept the (ausgerauften) Wollzotten and the with it verbundenen roughness
(as S. 868 Old Icelandic rqg^: Old Indie ruksa- "rough', common Old Indie -gh- > ks- : Gr. -
gh- > -SS-, -tt-

Old High German ruh. Old English /x?/? "rough, behaart; ungebildet'; Old Saxon rugi, ruwii.
"rauhes fell, fur, grobe cover'. Middle High German riuhe, ruhe 'Pe\zwerk', Modern High
German Rauchwerk, Old English ryhe, ruwa, /'eon^e "grobe Wolldeeke', Old Icelandic ry\.
ds.;

as "crack, furrow' perhaps here Lithuanian raukai., raukasm. "wrinkle', raukiu, raukti^\v\
Falten pull, furrow ', runku, m/r// "wrinkly become' and with ff. Latin m^a "wrinkle, crease '.

Maybe alb. {*ruga) rrudha'\Nr'\nk\e' common alb. -g- > -dh- {not a Latin loanword.

e. reup- ^ausre'\Q>en, tear, break, rupture'; roupa-^ho\e, aperture ', rupeis-xocV! .

Old Indie ropayati^ causes rupture, shatters, cracks ', rupyati^has Reiften in Leibe',
*rdpa-y\. "hole, cave' (= Lithuanian raupaT, compare Old Icelandic raufi., serb. rupa);

Latin rumpo, -ere, rupT, ruptum'breaW, rupture', rupes' steep Felswand, cliff, cliff gap,
abrupt abyss' (compare under Lithuanian rup/s^rock', wherefore lllyrian PN DPunsq,
Achaia, and in similar meaning Modern High German /?/e/Oe "Schuttreuse' and die Tirol

place names roups, roufa, inscribed Roppen, Rofen), rupex, -/ic/5"ruppiger uncoutin,
clumsy person, Rupel' (compare Lithuanian rupus^rouqh, coarse');

Maybe from [thracian-illyrian word.] gr. popcpaia , n, A. large, broad sword, used by the
Thracians, opQac, p. papuai5npouc; ano twv Ss^icjov wpoov siriasiovTEi; Plu.Aem.18 , cf.
Phylarch. Fr.57 J., Arr.Fr.103J.: generally, sword, LXX Ge.3.24, al., Ev.Luc.2.35, Apoc.6.8,
Jul.Ep.89b; of the sword of Goliath, LXX 1 Ki. 17.51, J.AJ6.12.4. derived Latin rhomphaia
'a spear', later 'a sword' (Plut. Aem. Paul. 18; Eust. ad II. VI 166; Hesych.). Other forms of
the word are rump/a {L\\/., Gell., Ascon. ad Mil.), romphea {\s\6. Etym.), romphaea vel
romfea {CGL 7, 212). later Bulgarian rofeja, rufja^ a thunderbolt ' and the Alb. rrufeja^ a
thunderbolt ', reja "cloud ' as derivatives of that word.

Old Icelandic riOfa, Old English reo/^/? 'break, rupture, tear' (Old High German a-riub
"atrox, dirus', actually "ungebrochen'); Old Icelandic rauft "col, gap, hole'. Old English reaf
n. ' robbery, booty, dress, armament, armor' {*roupa= Slavic *rupa^\\o\e'). Old High
German roubm. ds., to Gothic bi-raubon. Old High German roubon. Old Saxon robon
"rob'. Old Icelandic /'5i//^"durchbrechen, rob' and /'©^/^"durchbohren, tear'. Old English
be-nefan^ rwuQ, rob'; Old Icelandic /"©//^'"gerupfte wool, rauhesfell, fur'. Middle Dutch roof
"abgezogenes fell, fur'; geminated East Frisian m/?/?e/7 "scratch, scrape, rub, pluck'. Low
German rubbelig, rubberig' uneven, rough'. Modern High German At/pyO/ig "unkempt,
shaggy', engl. rubble, rubbish^ rubble, offal'; Old Icelandic /7y/^/7/7 "bristly, unkempt, shaggy,
rauhhaarig'; Modern High German ruffe/n^ scour, rub, clean, hart zusetzen';

Lithuanian rupet/'s\c\r\ kijmmern', mp^s "worries' (to russ. rupa^ care, ruefulness'),
raupyt/ and (Indo Germanic ablaut ou\ ou) rudpt/"d'\g, hollow out', myoas "rough, bumpy ',
A^y0^5 "rough, coarse', rup/s'rocW, East Lithuanian raupaTP\. " measles, pox' ('Rauhigkeit
in the Haut'), raupsaf leprosy '; also Lithuanian rupuze, raupeze^ toad ' (from the
roughness the Haut), compare also Latvian raupa^ goose bumps ' ("shudder, shiver ');
Serb. /x/pa"hole, pit, pothole' {*roupa), poln. rupic si§^s\c\\ kiJmmern', ablaut, rypac
"scindere, friare'.

f. reus- Old Icelandic reyrrxu. " cairn, pile of stones set up as a memorial or mark of
some kind ', rustt "Trummer, decomposed wall' (see above S. 686 about Old Indie losta-
m. n.); Old High German riostar' plough handle, plough stilt ', Old English reosVoxn Teil of
Pfluges', Modern High German dial, riester^ raig zum Schuhflicken'; Danish /"os" schnitzel,
offal', Norwegian dial, ros, rys^ fish scale ', /i/5"thin bowl', /'c»5a"ritzen, die Haut
aufscheuern, sich losen', isl. rosmn. "offal', rus/n. "offal'. Old Saxon rus/osm. PI.
"Speckseite', Old English ryse/m. "bacon, fat, ; Dutch ru/' lax and dry, e.g. of sand, rough'

{*ruzla-)\ Old Icelandic ryskj'a' rend, pluck', Norwegian /i/s/r" offal, dust, powder' (also
Middle Low German rusch^ intestines, entrails ', Bavarian gerausch? sKxW insecure Middle
High German roesche. Modern High German dial. /r>sc/7'hard and light frail, breakable ');
with Germanic root variation Old Icelandic raska^\v\ Unordnung bringen'; with -/?- probably
Old High German gi-ruspit <^\. to inhorruit{aper), and (as 'in neck scratch, scrape') Modern
High German rauspern. Middle High German riuspern, riuspein, rOspern, compare Latin
ruspor, -ari^ seek ', actually "aufreiftend, durchwijhlend, whereupon forschend', as Italian
/Y/Syoare' "scratch (from the hen)', mspo "rough, neugemijnzt', rospo^ toad ' show;

Lithuanian rausiu, /"s^s//" scratch, dig', rusys, /z/sas "pit, pothole for die Winterkartoffein',
pelen-rusis, -AJsa "Aschenbrodel', rusinti^ poke, stoke, stir coals ', Latvian rausf stoke,
stir coals, dig', /'ai/s//?"pull, rend ', rusa^ stacked rubble '; about Old Church Slavic rusiti^
overturn, knock over ', *mc/7b "movement', see above S. 332.

References: WP. II 351 ff., WH. II 445 f., 447 f., 451 ff., Trautmann 240, 241, 247,
Wissmann Nom. Postverb. 10, 130, 176f.
Page(s): 868-871

Root / lemma: reu-3, reu-s-

Meaning: " hurry, rush '

See also: see above S. 331 f. {er-3), wherefore still Middle Irish /'Ja//77/77 "onrush', bret.

rumm^ crowd, throng, mass, horde, swarm ' {reu-smen).

Page(s): 871

Root / lemma: reu-4
Meaning: " explore, inquire '
See also: see above S. 337 {ereu-).
Page(s): 871

Root / lemma: reu-smen-

Meaning: chewing; throat

Material: Old Indie rdmantha-rc\. "Wiederkauen'; wakhi ramot {*raum^&a-) ds.; kati zemetr

{* mm antra-) ds.;

Latin rumen, -//7/s "throat, pharynx, gullet', ruma, rumis, -is 6s. (can /77from mnhave,
as:) /7y/77a/'e besides rum/nare 'rum\nate'; kymr. rhumen^ paunch, udder'; compare above
S. 872.

References: WP. II 360 f., Loth RC. 43, 146; Frisk Suffixales-//?- 14 f.
Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reus-
Meaning: elm

Material: Irish rua/mm ^be\.u\a ainus, ainus glutinosa' {*reus-men);

to Old High German rust. Middle High German Modern High German RusteH

References: WP. II 361.
Page(s): 873

Root / lemma: reuto-, routo- rut-

Meaning: stomach, intestines (of an animal)

Material: Middle Persian rot^ intestines, entrails of Rindes', npers. ruda, PI. rudag-anf

intestines, intestines, entrails ' {*reuto-ko-)\ jav. uru&wara, -wan-n. {*rut-uar-, -uan-) "

intestines, entrails, belly';

Old English /■eao'a Tiermagen', engl. Aeao^'Labmagen' {* routo). Old Dutch roode^
psalterium '; Swedish dial, ruddai. "Labmagen' {*rudddn-).

References: Liden KZ. 61, 14 f.
Page(s): 873-874

Root / lemma: reua- : ru-

Meaning: to open; wide

Material: Avestan ravah-n. "Raum, Weite', ravas-carat- '\Nas sich in Freien bewegt';

Latin rus, rur/sland (in contrast to town, city), estate' {*reuos); Middle Irish roe, ro/t
"ebenes field' (because of Eigennamens Cu Roi, welcher older Cu /?ai// lautet, from
*rduia);

Germanic ru-ma-\n Gothic rums' capacious, wide', rumn. 'Raum', Old Icelandic rumr'
capacious ', rumn. 'Raum, place'. Old Saxon rumm. 'Raum', Old Frisian Old English rum
' capacious ', m. 'Raum, stretch of time, possibility, opportunity'. Old High German Middle
High German rumm. 'Raum, aperture, free Raumlichkeit', Middle High German rum'
capacious '; Old High German rum/. Middle High German rOme' capacious, wide, afar';
abgel. verb Germanic *rumian .Old Icelandic ryma' capacious make' etc.;

Old Church Slavic ravbnbirom *orvbnb' even '; russ. /ci/es-ZTK/r'Altersgenosse'; Old
Prussian arm's'true, certainly ';

Tocharian AB riz-'open'.

References: WP. II 356 f., WH. II 454, Trautmann 14.
Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rezg-

Meaning: to plait, wind

Material: Old Indie rajju-i. 'rope, band'; Latin rest/'s ds. {*rezgtis) = Old Lithuanian rekstis

"basket'; Old English resc(e), risc(e). Middle Low German risch^ bulrush'; Norwegian rusk

m. ryskjeu. 'Schmiele', Old English rysc, ryscei. ' bulrush'; Middle Low German rusch

"reed, bulrush'. Middle High German rusch(e)i. " bulrush'; Lithuanian rezgu, rekst/l\ax,

wattle, braid, knit, bind, lace, tie ', Latvian rezgetl\ax, wattle, braid', rezg/s' wickerwork ';

Old Bulgarian rozga'ro6, twig, branch', through secondary Beeinflussung of prefixes raz-:

russ. -Church Slavic razga.

References: WP. II 374, WH. II 431, Trautmann 245.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: red-1

Meaning: to excite; joyful

Note: only Germanic and balto-slavisch

Material: Old English roV gleeful, blithe, glad, good', a-/'e/5/7'aufmuntern'; Old Icelandic

/p/a5/r"heiter become', /77a/-/i0///7/7"redeliebend'; Lithuanian rods^ gladly, willing'; Old

Church Slavic /'5o'b"libens', Serbo-Croatian rad, Czech rad6s.

References: WP. II 369, Trautmann 235.

Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: red-2 : rod- : rad-
Meaning: to shuffle, scrape, scratch

Material: Latin rodo^ gnaw, benage' and /'5o'lo"scharre, scrape, scratch' (from *rad^d(h)ds.
cymr. rhathu), wherefore rasfrum 'hack, mattock, hoe, Karst', radula' rasper', rallum'
plowshare ', ramentum 'Abgang, chip, splinter, splinter' and /'(9s//'^/r7"(Nagewerkzeug) bill,
beak, neb, snout, proboscis, prow, bow of a ship'; cymr. /-/7a//7i/"raspeln, smooth, ebnen',
rhatheir Ras'^eX, rhath' plain, surface, plain, area', bret. raza'rasef; brit. rath- and Latin
rado are under *razdd {irom *rad^d(h)d, d(h)-^xesex\\) compatible;

Old High German raz/'sharp from taste, wild', Middle High German raze rseze ds. prove
die e-grade *red-; in addition Germanic *rattd'rat' (=nibbler): Old Saxon ratta, Old English
rsettm., Middle High German ratze, ratzetc; in Modern High German Dialekten comes
Ratz\n the meaning "marten, polecat, caterpillar, inchworm' vor; Old High German rata,
radda, ratta.

References: WP. II 369, WH. II 415, 439 f.
Page(s): 854

Root / lemma: rei-1 : n-
Meaning: " count, order '
Note: extended rei-^^-.
See also: see above S. 60 (a/"-).
Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: rei-2, roi-
Meaning: ' nut '

References: (see Trautmann 241 f.)
See also: see above S. 61 {ar-3).
Page(s): 860

Root / lemma: reito- reiti-

Meaning: scapula; shoulder (of animals)

Material: Armenian eri. Gen. eAi/o/'Bug, shoulder from animals'; Lithuanian rfetasm.

"thigh, hip ', Latvian rietai. "leg'; Church Slavic ritb, Czech /7?"podex'.

References: Trautmann 242, Liden Mel. Pedersen 88 f.

Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: rek-2
Meaning: to arrange, prepare

Material: Old Indie /-ac5ya//"verfertigt, bildet', racana-u. "Ordnen, Betreiben'; Gothic
rahnjan^ reckovi; raginu. "Rat, decision'. Old Icelandic regin, PI. rggn^6\e ratschlagenden
Machte, gods'. Old Saxon ragino giscapu^Besc\\\usse the gottlichen Machte', Old High
German regin- in proper name; Old Church Slavic rok-b m. " certain time, purpose ', rekg,
rest/'say', rakngti, rac/t/'want, desire, will' etc.; Tocharian A rake, B rek/, PI. rekauna
"word';

with e/Gothic ga-rehsnsi. " decision, ruling, determination '; Old Church Slavic recbi. "
a formal complaint, indictment, accusation, prosecution ';

quite doubtful sameness with Old Icelandic rann. " robbery ' {*rahna-), r^na' rob'
{*rahnjan). Old High German bi-rahanen' capture, entrap '; primary meaning would be '
robbing - assassination '?

References: WP. II 362, Trautmann 243.
Page(s): 863

Root / lemma: re-1, as- extended re-d^-etc.
Meaning: " calculate, count ', ' make ready, consider '
See also: see above S. 59 f. (ar-).
Page(s): 853

Root/ lemma: /©-^extended re-d!^-
Meaning: " disjoint, separate '
See also: see above S. 332 f. (e/--).
Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: re-3
Meaning: ' oar, row, paddle '
See also: see above S. 338 {era^.
Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: re-4
Meaning: ' lie, rest, repose '
See also: see above S. 338 f. (e/p-)
Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: re-5

Meaning: dark

Material: Old Indie rama-^ swart, black'; n. " darkness, night'; ramTi. 'night'; Middle High

German ram, romm. "smut, smut'; nisi. rama-/egr'6\(iY, filthy'; Old High German ramac.

Middle High German ramec, ramig^6\r{y, filthy, sooty ', Old English romig^ sooty ', Modern

English room "scurf on the head, dandruff';

Old Indie /"a//"/"" night' better to Latin /ateoetc, above S. 651 nachzutragen.

With -£/{?-formants: Latin ravus'gray, gray-yellow '.
Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: re-6
Meaning: to cry
Meaning: ' cry, shout, holler
See also: s. re/-3.
Page(s): 853

Root / lemma: rep-1 {rep-?)

Meaning: to crawl, sneak

Material: Latin repo, -ere' grovel, truckle, creep, slink'; Old High German rebo, reba, repa.

Middle High German /■©it'e'Schlingschoftling'; ablaut. Middle Low German wTn-rave' vine ';

Lithuanian replioti' grovel, truckle, creep ', ablaut, roplotif^s., Latvian rapat, rapt6s.. Old
Prussian rTpaitHo\Qe\!\ barely in addition wruss. rapuxa, poln. ropucha' toad '.

References: WP. II 370, WH. II 430, Trautmann 246, Kluge-Goetzeie 604.
Page(s): 865

Root / lemma: rep-2, rap-
Meaning: pole; beam

Material: Old High German /-a i/o 'rafter'. Old Icelandic rafr, raefrm., rafu. 'Sparrendach';
Old Icelandic raptrm. 'stick, rafter' (vandal. PN Raptus), Old English r3efter6s.. Middle
Low German rafter, racMer'smaW balk, beam, lath'; Lithuanian re/?///?// "uplift, set up,
hinstellen'; Old Church Slavic repbjb, repijb "picket, pole', reptje' TpipoAo(; '.
References: WP. II 370.
Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: res-, ros-

Meaning: " flow '

See also: see above S. 336 f. {ere-s-2).

Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: ret- rot- ret-
Meaning: pole; trunk

Material: Old High German ruota, Old Icelandic roda 'rod, shaft, pole', Old Saxon roda
"(picket, pole)kreuz'. Old English rdd6s. and Church Slavic ratiste, ratoviste
"Lanzenschaff; perhaps in addition Latin retae'irom dem bank, border, shore of river
protruding tree ', retare'6ev\ river from solchen clean' and AaZ/sTloft'.
References: WP. II 368, WH. II 420, 431.
Page(s): 866

Root / lemma: roi-no-
Meaning: " way, slope, hill '
See also: see below rei-.
Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: rughio-

Meaning: " rye, variety of cereal grass cultivated for grain '

See also: see below urughjo-.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: ruk(k)-, rouk(k)-

Meaning: a kind of cloth

Note: only Celtic and Germanic

Material: Old Irish rucht{*ruktu-) "tunica'; mcymr. rhuch{enj'rc\ant\e' {*roukka)\ Gothic

*ru kka {\ta\'\an rocca). Old High German rocko' distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in

spinning) '; Old Icelandic rokkr'RocV! derives from Old English Old Saxon rocc'RocV!.

References: WP. II 374, Loth RC. 42, 62 f.

Page(s): 874

Root / lemma: fksa

Meaning: tether

Material: Old \v\6\c rksala, rccharai. "manacle' perhaps to Lithuanian resa "Kotengelenk of

the horse'; different about Old Indie //rsa/a above S. 673. common Old Indie -gh- > -ks-

References: WP. II 322.

Page(s): 875

Root / lemma: /kfyo-s

Meaning: bear

Note: (or /i^-5-o-5 besides /i^-to-s?)

Material: Old Indie //rsa-m. "bear' (in addition a newfem.//^s/~"Barin') = jav. arsa-,

common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : jav. -gh- > -xs-, -s-

osset. ars, Armenian a/y' (influenced from a/7/7 "dark brown'), alb. an, gr. apKTOc;, newer

apKO(;, in addition (?) the VN 'Apmbzq,

Note:

Alb. /75/'i7s/7a "she-bear' : aquitan. PN Harsus: Old Indie //rsa-m. "bear' proves the cognate

for she-bear was older than cognate for bear since ending -a is feminine; alb has saved

the matriarchal aspect of the huntress godess.

Alb. a/7//7/(diminutive)"standing like a bear' {*ar(h)i) ar/'bear' (The stem final -^-has been

dropped for reasons of popular etymology, in order to avoid semantic confusion with the

hypochoristic-diminutive formations in -//?.) : Armenian arj^bear', cymr. arth^bear'

[common alb. - cymr. - /< > -th].

Middle Irish art, cymr. arth'bear', gall. Deae Art/on/ 'Bareng6tt\n', Latin ursus'bear',

perhaps Hittite harfagga- name eines Raubtiers; aquitan. PN Harsus, Basque hartz^bear'

are Celtic loanword; npers. x/'rs "bear' soil auf Iran. *rsa- = Indo Germanic //^o weisen,

whereupon also osset. ars go back could.

References: WP. II 322, WH. II 842, Specht KZ 66, 26 f., Indo Germanic Dekl. 239 f.,

interprets the bear as " destroyer, damager ', to Old Indie raksas- n. " destruction ',

Avestan ras- "damage' (see 864); compare also Frisk Gr. et. Wb. 141 f.

Page(s): 875

Root / lemma: saip-

Meaning: stall, fence

Material: Gr. aipoq (Aisch.) " thicket ' ( *saip-mo-l), aipaaia "fence, wall' ( *saip-mntiaf?);

Latin saepes, -/s' fence, paddock ', saepio, -/?e'"umzaunen', praesaepes, prae-saepia^
crib, manger, stall', saepe "often' (neuter eines Adj. *s5e/0/s "gedrangt').

References: WP. II 445 f., WH. II 461 f.
Page(s): 878

Root / lemma: sak-

Meaning: to sanctify; to make a treaty

Material: Latin s5ce'/'"consecrated, holy' (besides sacris); Faliscan sacru(m), Oscan

GOKopo "sacra' or "sacrum', sakr/'m (Akk.), sakr/d{Ab\.), sakarater^ sacratur', sacrasias

"*sacrariae', sakaraklum ^saceWum', sakafrajh/ter^ sanaatur', Umbrian sakra ^sacras'.

Adverb sakre; Paelignian sacarac/r/x '*sacratr\x, sacerdos'; further Oscan sakrv/st' sacra

est'; previous compound is Latin sacerdos, -o'c»//s "priest'(also f.) from *sacro-6^d-t-s\.o root
dhe-;

moreover Sancus, -/"and -us, name an Umbrian-sabin. divinity; of i/-stem derived
istSa/7(7^a//s'zum Sancus belonging'; Umbrian Sa/7s/"Sancium', dat. Sansie; from *sanko-
is sancio, -Tre^ through religious Weihe unverletzlich machen, sanctify; ein law bestatigen'
derived, further 5a/7c/^s 'geheiligt', Umbrian sahta, 55/75/5 "sanctam', Oscan saahtum
"sanctum', Paelignian sa/o "sanctum'; Latin sagmen'the heiligende, auf the Burg
gepfliJckte Grasbuschel';

Hittite saklai-^ custom, Ritus'.

References: WP. II 448, WH. II 459 f., 464, 474.
Page(s): 878

Root / lemma: sal-2

Meaning: dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow

Note: also (after the paint, color) zur appellation of Salzes (see sal-1), the Grauweide and

of Speichels

Note:

Root/ lemma: sal-2\ dirty grey; salt, saliva, willow, derived from Root/ lemma: sal-\ salt;

salty water.

Material: A. Old Indie lengthened grade sara-, sala-^qxay' = Old English 5d/"dirty, filthy,

dark', ndd. sau/ds.; air s5/and sa(i)lei. "smut', sa/ac/? 'dirty, filthy' = abret. haloc, cymr.

halogds.; cymr. sa/"armlich, sick ' is French loanword;

B. sal-uo-\v\ Old Icelandic 5p//'"dirty, filthy' sglu. "a kind of Alge'; Old High German salo
"cloudy, dirty grey ', Old English sa/u6s., Dutch z5/i/M/"dunkelgelb'; Middle High German
sa/, Gen. sa/n/es "smut'; cymr. s5/M/"armlich, low' (das 5- from sa/, see above), acorn.
/75/c»^"stercora'; russ. -Church Slavic s/ai/c»-c»cye"Blauaugigkeit', russ. solovoj
"isabellenfarben'.

C. Latin sa/Tvat "saliva', out of it Old Irish sa/7e, cymr. haliw6s.

D. Latin salix^ a willow-tree, willow, sallow' = Middle Irish sail. Gen. sa(i)lech, cymr. etc.
helyg-en 6s.; abrit. FN Salico-dunon, gall. PN Salicilla, Old High German sal(a)ha. Middle
High German saihe. Modern High German Salweide; Old English sealhm.. Old Icelandic
seija " a willow-tree, willow, sallow' ( *salhjdn).

Maybe alb. {*sa//cus) she/gu'\N'\\\o\N' not from lat sa//x.

References: WP. II 453 f., WH. II 468 f., Trautmann 249; Thieme, as above.
Page(s): 879

Root / lemma: sa/-

Meaning: salt; salty water

Grammatical information: Norn, sa/, sal-d-, sal-i, sal-u. Gen. sal-n-es

Note:

Root / lemma: sal- : salt; salty water derived from Root / lemma: su-ro-, sou-ro- : salty,

bitter; cheese

Material: Old Indie sa/-/7a-n. ' sea, Meeresflut ' ('*das Salzige'), sal-ila-^ salty '; Armenian
a/"salt' (/-stem), a//(/-stem) 'Salzlager, salt', a//" salty ' (out of it is the river name "AAuq
grazisiert);

gr. aAc;, Gen. aAoc; m. 'salt', f. 'Salzflut, sea', Dat. PI. aAaai; PI. aKzc, also "Witz', as Latin
sales, aAioc; "marinus', ahziio, " seaman, fisherman '; qAukoc; "fresh', qAikoc; " salty '; stem
aAi- stets in compound aAi-n6p(pupo(;, aAi-pupnsK; (aAo(;-u5vr| contains den Gen. aA6(;);
aApn ' sea waters, salinity, sharpness' (therefrom aA|jup6(; 'salty, bitter, sharp'); alb.
ngjelbete, ngjelmete^ sa\\.y\ njelm^be salty' {-mo- as in gr. aK\\y\);

Maybe alb. njome^iresh, young, wet'; gjelle {* ghala) "food', gjalle^aXwe, fresh meat',
gja//ese ' creature to be eaten', alb. Geg 5/a "thing, creature' [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- :
\\\}c\. gh- > dz-\.

Note:

Root/ lemma: solo-, sol(e)uo-\ "whole, integrate' derived from Root/ lemma: sal-\ "salt;

salty water'.

Maybe alb. /7e//77 'poison, bitter' preservation of the old laryngeal

lllyrian PN Salapia {k^\x\\a) to FIN *Sal-apa, Latin sal, sails m.. Old Latin also Nom. sale
n. "salt'; Umbrian s5/i/"salem', perhaps also Latin Insula as "n £v aAi ouaa' (compare gr.
e\/akoq "in Meere situated');

maybe alb. {* Insula) /s/?^//" island'

Old Irish salann, cymr. halen, acorn, haloln, bret. c'hoalenn, holen {*salel-no-) "salt'; auf
*55//~-/77c»- leads probably cymr. heirsea'; Celtic FIN Sala'Saa\e', compare Saalach, Nfl.
the Salzach; Latvian sals {*salls); Old Prussian sa/is poln. loanword; Lithuanian saltr

become sweet, become sour', sa/ia 'SuQ>'\gke'\\.'; Latvian salTms, Lithuanian zem. solymas
m. ' brine, pickle ' (= cymr. heli); Old Church Slavic solbi. "salt' ( *sali-)\ Slavic *soln-b in Old
Church Slavic s/a/7b ' salty '; Old Prussian saltans, "bacon', Slavic *so/tbt in russ. so/otb
"swamp, marsh'. Old Church Slavic slatina^ aApn ', serb. s/a//Va"Salzquelle', Czech
s/at/na'moor, fen' etc.; Tocharian A sa/e, B sa/y/ye ^ saW .

with dem t/-of Indo Germanic Nom. Sg. n. *5a/-«/-;lllyrian PN Sa/o'5e'(Pannonien),
thrak. PN Salsovia {*sal-d-t-ou-)\ Gothic Old Icelandic Old Saxon salt. Old English sealt.
Old High German sak "salt'; adj. Old Icelandic saltr. Old English sealt. Middle High
German salzec. Modern High German salzig, with zero grade Old Saxon sultla. Old High
German sulza {*sultja) "Salwasser, SiJIzwurst', Modern High German Suize; Norwegian
sy//f. "iJberschwemmter Meeresstrand' (but Middle High German sol, sul. Modern High
German Sc»/e"salzhaltiges Wasser' are Slavic Lwe.); Old English sealtan. Old High
German sa/za/7 "salzen' (otherwise weak V. Old English sleltan. Old Icelandic salta); Latin
sallo, -ere^s3i\zeu', participle salsus {*sald-to-) perhaps with pras.-o^suffix; also Balto
Slavic *saldu-^suss' ("*gesalzen, *wohlschmeckend') could after a verb shaped sein:
Lithuanian saldus, Latvian salds, Slavic *soldbk\n Old Church Slavic sladbkb, poln.
slodkr, without -o'-.' Lithuanian s^lu, saltrsuss become'. East Lithuanian Jsalas, Latvian
iesals m. " malt '; the ^stem sal-u- exgibi sich besides from Balto Slavic *saldu- a\so from
gr. aAuKoq " salty '.

Maybe Se/e///a/7/lllyrian TN, also alb. {*shile) sh/je'taste, salty taste', s///e "dinner'.

References: WP. II 452 f., WH. II 465 f., Trautmann 249, Thieme, The Heimat the Indo
Germanic Gemeinsprache 20, 27f.;
See also: belongs to sal-2.
Page(s): 878-879

Root / lemma: sap- sab-
Meaning: to taste, to perceive
Material: 1 . sap-:

Avestan visapa ( *vls-sapa) "dessen Safte poison are'; Armenian ham ( *sapmo-) "juice,
sap, taste';

Latin sapid, -ere^ taste, Geschmack have; after etwas smell; wise sein, sensible sein';
sapai. "juice, sap', sapor^ iasie, treat, delight', nesaplus, nesapus ^'xquoraus'; Oscan sipus
"scions' {*sepuds), Volscan sepu^sc\ex\\.e' are neologisms after capio: cepi, Oscan
innovation seems Latin s/bus's\y, cunning'; Middle High German be-seben stem V. "

perceive ', Old Icelandic sef/'sense, mind', Old Saxon sedo, Old English sefa dss.; to Latin
sapa "juice, sap' stellt sich Germanic *sa fan- "\u'\ce, sap (the Baume)': Old Icelandic saf/^
tree juice ', Norwegian sevjads., sabba"\n Schlamm wade'. Middle Low German sabben'
drool, drivel, slaver ', sabbelen " pollute '.

2. sab-:

maybe alb. {*sap-), shap'a\um'.

Illyrian saba/um' beer', Sab-\n many FIN Italiens, 55i6'5//s(Campanien), Vada Sabatia
(Ligurien) etc.; Celtic (Venetic?) FIN 5ai6'/s (Belgien);

Old English ssepu. "juice, sap, broth'. Middle Low German sap(p). Old High German
saf, sapf. Modern High German Saft.

Related to Sabath in Jewish tradition? And to number septa 'seven' as the day of Sabath?
Sabine 'Phoenicians in Italy?

References: WP. II 450 f., WH. II 476 f., Pokorny Urillyr. 79, 97, 117.
Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sasjo-

Meaning: a kind of cereal

Material: Old Indie sasya-r\. "Feldfruchf; jav. hahya-^ corn, grain '; gall. Akk. (s)asiam

"Roggen' ("secale Taurini sub Alpibus as/am s/ocant' Plin. H. N.); cymr. /75/io'o'"hordeum',

bret. he/z^orge'; compare also ved. sasa- "nourishment, food, dish, food, herb, grass,

sown field '.

References: WP. II 454, WH. I 72.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: saus- sus-
Meaning: dry

Note:

The real root was *sa-, su-'dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -

dor, -term PIE. It seems that the Root/ lemma: saus- sus-: (dry) derived from Root/

lemma: sauel- sauol- suuel- suel- sul-\ (sun).

Material: Old Indie susyati^ dries, wilts ', thereafter sosa-m. (assimil. from *sosa-) "the

drying up', also Adj. " made dry '; Avestan haos-^ dry up, become dry ', arjhao-samna-^uoX

drying '; Old Indie suska- {iroru *suska-), Avestan huska-^dry';

gr. auo(; (Horn.), auoq (Attic) "arid, dry', avoiaktoq " scrubby, dirty, fiitliy', auaTr|p6(; "
harsh, austere '; Denomin. auaivw, auaivu) 'make dry, desiccate ', auw 'trockne, desiccate
'; doubtful gr. auxM6(; m. " aridity, dryness, smut', whether from *sau-k-smo- irom a root
variant *s5^-/r- besides *sau-s-, to Old Indie suksma-l\v\e, thin, narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin '? common Old Indie -gh- > -ks-

alb. thanj{ *sausnid) ' dry ';

Note:

Common alb. s > th

Latin sudus^dry, cheerful' {*suz-do-), sudum^ cloudless, bright, clear, serene '; different
M. Mayrhofer KZ. 73, 117;

Note:

This is erroneous etymology. The real root [an onomatopoeic word] must have been sau-,
su-'dry' which was suffixed either with common -ska or -tra, -dra, -dor, -ter\x\ PIE. Latin
preserved the rudeiment of the -o'o/' suffix, otherwise Latin cognate evolved according to
lllyrian-alb. ( *sausnid > saunus) sudus "dry' [common alb. n > /7o'phonetic shift]

Old English sear. Middle Low German sdr^6ry\ Norwegian S0yr6s., Old High German
soren ' wilt ';

Lithuanian sausas'dry', sausf/^dry become', saus/nt/" make dry ', susf/^ become
scabby ', susk/'s' leprosy, scabies ' (: Old Indie suska-); Latvian sust^ become dry '; Old
Church Slavic sucht "dry', susiti^ make dry ', stchngti^ become dry '.

References: WP. II 447, WH. II 624, Trautmann 250 f.. Frisk 188 f., 192 f.
Page(s): 880-881

Root / lemma: sag-

Meaning: to track, trail; to feel, smell

Grammatical information: (: *s9g-) bildet athemat. present root

Note: previous Jagerwort

Material: Gr. nysopai, Doric aysoijai "gehe voran, lead, guide', nachhom. " believe, mean,

indicate ', nyspcbv, nynTajp ' leader ';

Latin sagio, -/?e 'acute sentire, feel, foresee, predict ', sag^s'walirsagend, prophetiscli,
zauberisch', sa^a'Wahrsagerin' (but sagana 'Zaubenn' from gr. *aaYavr|); sagax, -acis
"sliarp, witternd;sliarp witted, shrewd';

Old Irish sa/g/m^go a thing after, search, seek' (zur3. PI. segaits. Pedersen KG. II 606
ff.), cymr. haeddu^ earn ', cy-r-haedd 'reacW and likewise; here probably die Irish
Denominativa auf -a/g/m {cymr. -haafj\ Old Irish sarxw. "harm, iniuria ' {*sag-ro-), verbal
noun sarugud {*sagro-sagitus): mcymr. sayrhaedi., ncymr. 5a/'/7ao' "insult' (Irish loanword);

Gothic sdkjan{= Latin sagid) " seek, disputieren'. Old Icelandic sSkja^ seek, assail ', Old
English saecanAs., Old High German suohhen' seek ', Gothic 5d/r/75"Untersuchung,
Streitfrage', Old English sdcn\. "Untersuchung, attack, Gerichtsbarkeit'; ablaut. Gothic
sakan, so/r "sich quarrel, quarrel, squabble', ^as5/ra/7 "threaten, punish, curse, iJberfuhren',
Old High German (etc.) 55/7/75/7 "rebuke, reproach, scold, chide, vor Gericht streiten'. Old
Icelandicsp/r" legal matter, lament, thing, Ursache', Old English sacui. "Rechtshandel,
pursuit, fight'. Old High German 55/7/75 "fight, Gerichtshandel, thing' etc.;

Old Icelandic saka^ wail, harm', satt, ssetti., {*sahti-) " comparison, peace', (> Old
English sehf6s.), sattr {*sahta-R) "versohnf; Gothic in-sahtsi. "declaration'. Old English
in-sihti. ds. {*in-sak-ti)\

Hittite sak(k)-, sek(k)- "aware, skillful '.

It seems that through alb. intermediary from Root / lemma: sag-', (to track, trail; to feel,
smell) derived Root/ lemma: g''hen-2(a)-\ (to hit)

References: WP. II 449, WH. II 464 f., Wissmann nouns postverb. 75 f., 84, Loth RC. 41,

222 ff.

Page(s): 876-877

Root / lemma: sai-

Meaning: pain, illness, injure, hurt, damage, disable

Material: With formants -mo- gr. *aip(ji)56(; (umgebidet from *aip-(jj5(ji)v) in ai|j(jo5ia "a kind

of Zahnweh';

with formants -/70- perhaps hom. awbc, "terrible' with Ionic- Epic reduction (different
above S. 10);

with formants -ro-:0\6 High German Old Saxon Old Frisian ser, Old English sar
"schmerzerregend', Old Icelandic s5/r "verwundet, schmerzerregend', (Finnish sa/ras' sick
' from dem Germanic), Subst. n. Gothic sa/r'pa\n', Old High German Old Saxon Old
Frisian ser'pa\n', Old English sa^'wound, pain', Old Norse sarn. 'wound'. Adv. Modern
High German sehr, Old English sare^ painful, exceedingly ', Modern High German
versehren,

Mormations: Old Irish sae//? "affliction, disease, malady' {*sai-tu-s), sae/^a/"' affliction,
toil, work' {*sai-turo-m); cymr. /7c»eo'" affliction';

with formants -£/o-;gr. aiavri(;, Ionian air|vn(; ' frightful, dismal ', actually *aaiF-c(vr|(; 'with
grausigem face (with the eyes and mouth)' (to *avoq n. 'face' = Old Indie *anas-n. 6s.,
compare anana-n. 'mouth, face'), through influence of aisi also ' eternal '; '(doubtful
Gothic sa/wsm. 'sea' {*sai-ui-). Old Icelandic saer, sidr. Old English sae. Old Saxon Old
High German sec 'sea'); Latin saevus' furious, terrible, stern' (Old Latin also 'big, large');
Latvian s/evs, s/Vs 'sharp, biting, harsh', also 'Jauche, Gerberlohe' and 'beim Hanfstoften
geprefttes 01', Lithuanian syva/'m. PI. 'juice, sap beim Pressen'; Lithuanian s5/z^s 'rough,
sharp' ( *saizus).

Maybe alb. {*ker) ther'hurt, slice, cut, injure' common alb. k- > //?- mutation; preservation
of the old laryngyeal.

References: WP. II 445, WH. II 462 f., Trautmann 261.
Page(s): 877

Root / lemma: salo-

Meaning: to wave, *sea

Material: lllyrian FIN Salon, Latin sa/um{an6 s5/i/s Ennius) ' restless sea swell, river

current, the open sea, high sea, main, deep '; Middle Irish sa/under saf/J/em. 'sea'; gall.

FIN Sa//a^ Seille ' = Old Irish Sa^^/e (Schottland) = abrit. *Sa//a> *Halia> Middle English

Hail= hispan. Sa//a etc.; *Sa/ant/a ^Sa\ence' (Switzerland): Old Prussian sa/us'

Regenbach ', Lithuanian FIN Salantas.

References: WP. II 454, WH. II 471, Krahe BzNf. 3, 242.

Page(s): 879-880

Root / lemma: sano-s
Meaning: healthy

Material: Latin sanuslW., healthy, heil', sand, -are'hea\, cure'; Umbrian sanes Ab\. "sound,

whole, healthy, well', is doubtfully positioned to the root *sa-' give satisfaction, gratify,

satiates, satiate '.

Maybe alb. {*sanare) sheronj^cure' [rhotacism n/r\, shencfet'\r\ea\t\r\' : Latin san/tas'

soundness of body, health'.

References: WP. II 445, 452, WH. II 476, Krahe IF. 59, 166 ff., different Lejeune RPh. 25,

218 f.

Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sa-ti-
See also: s. sa-
Page(s): 880

Root / lemma: sauel- sauol- suuel-, sue/-, sul- , {*hauhuel-)
Meaning: sun

Note: next to which suen-, sun-, thus of old ///7-stem; suel-^ smolder, burn ' is probably

identical with it

Material:

Note:

1. Old Indie ved. {*suuef} suvarn. = (zero grade) Avestan hvard'sun, light, sky'. Gen.
{*suuela) surah = \ay. {*suuelio) huro. Old Indie surya- {* suluo-) m. (compare gr. nAio^,
sura-m. "sun'; therefrom Old Indie sJ/Ya- "light, bright'. Old Indie svarnara-m. " bright
space, ether', Avestan x'aranah-, ap. -farnah-' shining fame, magnificence ';
Other forms in Indo-Aryan: {* suue/-a) *suuar- [\n names] "sun(god)' (Near-Eastern lA);
Avestan: OAv. huuar9[n] (< *huuaf) "sun' (gen.sg. x^§ng< *huuanh); LAv. huuar9{gev\.sq.
hu< *huuanh, next to hurd= Ved. suras), Sogd. (Man.) xwr^suv\\ Middle Persian xwr
"sun', New Persian xwr^suv\\ Oss. xur/xor^suu'

Maybe Afghan Imar, Waziri Imer, /77ye/'"sun' from Old Indie svarnara-m. " bright space,
ether '; Armenian arew, aregak, arev, Singhalese ira "sun'.

Maybe the oldest cognate is Luvian: {<hu-wa-ya-al-li) <huwayalla/i-' Epithet of the Sun-
god'.

gr. hom. n£AiO(;, Attic x\K\oc„ Doric bzk\oc„ aK\oq, Cretan ap£AiO(; Hes. (i.e. aFeAioq) "sun',
further formations of n. *saue/to m. -/o-stem (compare Old Indie surya-); Latin so/, -/ism.
"sun' (from neutr. *sa^e'/about *sauol, *saol); cymr. haul, acorn, heuul, mcorn. heul, houl,
bret. heorsuu' {*sauel-);

in addition Old Irish suili. "eye' from *suli-, ablaut equally with Old Indie surah, and alb.

hull, uir star' {*sulo- or *suli-);

Proto-Celtic: *sawol- / *suli- 'sun' [Noun]

Old Irish: s^//[if] 'eye'

Middle Welsh: haul

Middle Breton: heuul, heul

Cornish: heuulq\. sol, heol

Proto-Indo-European: *seh2w6l 'sun'

IE cognates: Skt. surya-, Latin sol, Go. saull

Notes: The change of meaning in Olr. is understandable from the mythological context.

'Sun' is viewed as 'the eye of the Sky'. It appears that there was still an ablauting paradigm

in PCelt., Nom. s. *sawol, Gen. *sul-os, from which Olr. sullwas abstracted

Note:

[conservative definitive forms versus indefinite forms (alb. phonetic trait)], hence alb. geg
suni, Tosc syri{*sulni) "eye' : Old Irish {*sayel-) suir eye '
Erroneous etymology, the Celtic name for eye derived from Romance languages
contaminated by Satem languages the shift k-, g- > -s-

German

Auge

Italian occhio

Spanish

ojo

French

ceil

Aragones

gijello

Asturian

gijeyu

Breton

lagad

Calabrese

occhiu ; uacchiu

Calo

aqui

Catalan

ull ; t uyl

Valencian

ull

Danish

0je

Dutch

oog

Faeroese

eyga

Flemish

oog

Frisian

each

Furlan

voli

Galician

olio

Portuguese

olho

Occitan

uelh

Icelandic

auga

^■^f

suil

^^1

1

Albanian

^sJ

Ladin

edi

Latin

ocu

lus

Latvian

acs

Leonese

gijeyu

Limburgian

oug

Lithuanian

akis

Lombardo Occidentale

oeucc

Napulitano

uocchio

Norwegian

0ye

Piemontese

oji

Pugliese

uacchje

Quechua

hawi

Romanian

ochi

Romansh

egl

Sardinian (Li

mba Sarda Unificada)

ogru

Sardinian Campidanesu

ogu

Sardinian Logudoresu

ocru ; ogru

; oggiu ; oyu

Sicilian

occhiu

Swedish

oga

Triestino

ocio

Venetian

ocio

Viestano

ucchj

Welsh

llygad

Zeneize

euggio

Also Estonian 5/7/77 "eye' : Finnish silma'eye'

Other alb. cognates (Gjakova dial.) {*huueln) uvill, [Buzuku] {*uviln) yiir star ', [Sirmie] PI.
^///7/" stars'.

Yet the shift of initial ( *sue- > de-) is a common alb. phonetic shift. See Root / lemma:
suergh-. to take care of; to be ill. Hence alb. dergjem ( *suerghid) "be bedridden, be sick'.
Therefore alb. {*suel) dieir sun ' probably derived from a root *suel.
A better explanation is the common alb. Celtic Genitive Case:

English Su

nday

Albanian

e di-el

Breton

di-sul ; Sul

Catalan

diu-menge

Cornish

de-Sul

Latin

Soils dies

Welsh

dydd Sul ; Sul

Hence alb. dier

Sunday

' > dieir sun '.

Gothic sauilw. {*sdwila-). Old Icelandic sd/f. {*sdwula) "sun', Old Icelandic and-s0lis,
aschw. and-sylis "the sun zugewendet'; doubtful the rune names Gothic sugil. Old English
sygei s/ge/from proto Germanic *sugila-, ablaut, with Old Saxon sty/ig//" bright, radiating'
from *swegila-. Old English sweg(e)lv\. "sky, heaven, sun', stve^/e "bright, radiating' from
*swagila-\

Baltic *sauelia\. in Lithuanian Latvian saule^ sun ';

Slavic *sulnika-v\. in Old Church Slavic slbn-bce^ sun ' (-/?/- from * 0^/7/ "fire');

2. In -e/^stem:

Avestan x'sng^ShQ sun' (Indo Germanic *suen-s), Gen. from hvarsr, Gothic sunnd{Da\..
sunnin, neutr. after sauil). Old English sunna. Old High German sunno, sunna'sun', (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), wherefore as "sonnseitig = siJdlich' Old
Icelandic Si/dA" south'. Adv. " southward ', Old English suderra. Old Saxon suthar-liudi
("southern people'). Old High German sundar ^ so\}\h\ Adv. " southward ', Middle High
German si//?^ "south' etc. (Modern High German Sudirovn Low German).
Gujarati surdj" sun'

Perhaps Tocharian A swance, swanco, Tocharian B swancai- "ray [of light], (sun) beam'
reflect Proto Tocharian * swancai- which is possibly (with Hilmarsson, 1986a:263-95, in
nuceP\sav\\, 1942-43a:29) related to Proto-Germanic *sun&a- *"sunny' > "south' and
*sunnd'sun' (cf. P:881-2; MA:556). The two Germanic words would reflect PIE *sufianto-
(a derivative of *sehawel-lsuhan- "sun') and, with "particularizing" -/?-, *suhantdn-l suhaiiten-
Isufiantn-. The attested paradigm of Germanic * sunno reflects a conflation of the o-grade
and the zero-grade stems {*suhantn- > *sun&n- > *sunn-). For Hilmarsson, the Tocharian
forms represent a generalization of *sufianten-, further derived by the addition of -ai-.

Note:

The root *suhanten- is an attribute noun created in tlie same way as adj. and ordinal
numbers:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitata {* oRtd(u)ta) "eight' : alb.
te/a "eight'; Lycian nuntata ' n\ne' : alb. nanda'n\ne'. Therefore alb. 5/7/a/a "seven' derived
from a truncated *sa{p)tata' seven' later Old Indie saptathah, Avestan hapta&a-. Old
Saxon sivotho. Old English seofoda, Lithuanian septintas, also Old Indie saptatf-, Avestan
haptaiti-10\ in alb. -ta, -teare attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indie
cognates. The attribute /a (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language
alone.

Therefore alb. /e/a "eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitata {* oRtd(u)ta) "eight'. It was initially
an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octuag/nta' 80'].

That means Slavic *su/n/ka-n. in Old Church Slavic s/bnbce^ sun ' (-a?/- from * 0^/7/ "fire') is
phonetically equal to Tocharian A swance, swanco, Tocharian B swancai- "ray [of light],
(sun) beam', hence Slavic forms were created according to attribute nouns ans are late
creations.

Maybe gr. 'AnoAAojv, -ojvoc;; various dialectic forms: 'AheAAwv (Doric), 'AnsiAwv (Cypriot),
A"ttAouv (Thessalian). - Seit J. Schmidt KZ 32, 327ff. all are linked to Cretan apsAioq Hes.
(i.e. dFsAioi;) " sun '. It seems that the sun god 'AttoAAojv derived from Cretan apsAioi; Hes.
(i.e. aPzhoc^) " sun '. The common in gr. Ai > AA has taken place. Both 'AheAAwv (Doric),
'AnsiAojv (Cypriot), A'nAouv (Thessalian) and Cretan apsAiot; Hes. (i.e. aFsAiot;) " sun '
derived from the same root *sahue/' sun' where the common gr. hw > p, gw > b has taken
place.

Note:

Khaskura gham (also Indie borrowing surj) " sun ', Gypsy Gk kham " sun ' : gr. aFeAioq

reflect gr. -b- > -mb- > -m-.

Maybe Etruscan aviT year ' a borrowing from gr. qFeAio^.

References: WP. II 446 f., WH. II 553 f., Trautmann 251, A. Scherer Gestirnnamen 45 ff.

Page(s): 881-882

Root / lemma: sa-, sa-

Meaning: satiated

Material: Old Indie a-si-n-va-, asinvan^ insatiable ' (places ein Praes. *s9-neu-mi, *s9-nu-6

ahead);

Armenian a/-c»/r" "full, ausgewachsen'; had, /7aJoy"zufrieden' {*sadio-);

gr. thematic present asrai "sattigt sich' (Hesiod; *S9-iS), athematic Wurzelaor. apsvai
(Horn.) ' be satiated '; Aor. Inf. aaai " satiate ' and " satiated become', ewjjev (*riofj£v, Konj.
Aor.), Fut. aasiv, etc.; a-aroc; ( *n-sa-tos) " insatiable ', a5r|v = Boeotian a5av 'bis zur
satiation, sufficient ' (Akk. from 550 " satiation '); a5r|-cpaY0(; " voracious ', a5iv6(; "dense,
rich', a5p6(; "dense, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ';Aeolic aoa, Ionian aar|
"Ubersattigung, Uberdruft, distress ' ( *sa-S5 with preservation of a after 5Tn-aa, 56K-aa),
whereof Ionian aoaojjai "bin satiated, ekie myself, aoaw "iJbersattige', aoapoc;, aor|p6(; "
contemptible; disgust, repulsion, loathing erregend';

Latin sat/s' sufficient ' (originally Subst. " satiation '), Kompar. sat/us; sat/etas, syllabisch
dissimilated satias^ satiation, hinreichende Menge, Uberdruft'; satur^ satiated ' {ro-
extension einesi/-stem);

Old Irish saith{*sati-) " satiety '; saithech^ satiated ';

Gothic Dat. Sg. sdt^a{Horc\. *sdf^n. or *sdf^sm.) " satiation ', post-verbal to gasot^jan^
satiate ' = Old English gesedan 6s.\

Maybe truncated alb. {* gasdl=>jan) ngos, ng/j" sate'.

Gothic saf^s, Old Icelandic sadr, Old Saxon sad, Old High German sat' satiated ', Old
English s^d' satiated, iJberdrussig', eng. sad' grieving, ernst'; derived Old Icelandic
sedja, Middle High German seten, se//e/7 "sattigen' and Old English sadian' satiated
become'. Old High German saton' satiate ';

Lithuanian sot/si. " satiation ', sotus' satiated ', post-verbal to sotinti" satiate '; Old
Church Slavic syth " satiated ' (with unclear;^.

References: WP. II 444 f., 452; WH. II 481 f., Trautmann 250; Wissmann, The altesten

Postverbalia 67 f.;

See also: s. also sano-s.

Page(s): 876

Root / lemma: sed-

Meaning: to sit

Grammatical information: originally only aoristisch, punctual "sich place' (Old Indie), later

as duratives stative verb with e-suffix "sit' (Latin Germanic Balto-Slavic)

Material: 1 . Old Indie sad-{satsi, asadat, Pf. sasada, sedima, sedivas-, compare Avestan
hazdya-t 0^t)\

Avestan ap. had- (with Praverbien) 'sich place' {n/safjhast/ ior *nisasti)\ Kaus.
(lengthened grade) Old Indie sadayati^ places ', Avestan ni-sadayeiti ^ aWows niedersitzen,
places low, base', ap. n/yasadayaml setzte';

Armenian nst/m's\t, put myself (perhaps„/b-Praes. *ni-zdjd)\ hecanim^s\\. auf, reite' {c
from d+ aor. -s);

gr. E^opai 'sit, put myself (Aor. elaa Hom., saoai Pind.); Kaus. oSsTv, 65c(v ' sell ',
actually 'place' (Specht KZ. 62, 51);

Latin sedeo, -ere, sed/^sW (present due to of originally aufterpras. stem sede-; Perf.
from *se-zd-ai), Umbrian sers/tu ^ se6etd' , ze/e/'sedens', a/7o'e/"sesi/s/'intersiderit', Latin
sedo, -are' calm, appease ' (perhaps = Middle Low German saten' calm, appease ',
Wissmann Nom. postv. 112, 1); Old Irish sa(i)did {*se(i)did), 'sitzt', Fut. seiss{*sed-s-ti),
adsu/d/'sc\r\\ebt auf, verzogert, halt auf (Kaus. *sodeJet, otherwise through Denom.
suidigud 'place' verdrangt); cymr. seddu'sW;

Maybe alb. Geg me sh/te'to sell in a place'

Old Icelandic s/t, Inf. s/f/a, Old Saxon s/ff/u, Old High German s/zzu 's\t' (= s^opai, ni-
£^u); Gothic sitan\s probably reshuffling from *sitjan\ Praet. sat, setum), Kaus. Gothic
satjan. Old Icelandic setia. Old High German sezzen 'place' {*sodeJd);

Maybe alb. shet/t'\Na\k slowly over a place'

Lithuanian *sedm/and sedziu, sedime{*sed-). Inf. sedet/'s'\t', participle Perf. sed^s {as
Old Prussian 5/(yo/7s'sitzend', Old Church Slavic sedb). Old Church Slavic sezdg, sedeti
'sit'; besides ein Old Czech sedeti {: Latin sedere); Lithuanian sedu, sesti, Latvian sest
{*sestei) 'sich place'. Old Church Slavic sesti 6s. (present s§dg, see below), Kaus. saditi
{*sddejd) 'place, pflanzen', Lithuanian sodinu sodinti'p\ace, pflanzen';

Maybe alb. sodit 'observe, watch from a place'

Old Prussian with {*d) saddinna 'p\aces'; Old Church Slavic sgdg'put myself (Inf. sesti)
based on auf secondary nasalization of *sedg{= Lithuanian sedu); also Old Prussian
syndens, sinda (nj ts ' s\tzend' shows nasalization; s. Kuiper Nasalpras. 192 f., where Old
Indie asandl"seat' to as/e 'sitzt' (above S. 342 f.) placed wird;

2. forms with /-reduplication:

Old Indie 5/0(3// "sitzf (for *sTdati\xov(\ redupl. *si-zd-ati, with replacement from p'through
o' after sad-)\ Avestan h/6a/t/' s\tzt'; gr. T^u) 'put' = Latin s/dd'put myself ( *si-zdd), Umbrian
s/s/i/ 'consTdito', 5/7ofe/'5/5/^'*intersTdito' {*si-zd-etdd)\

3. nominal formation:

*sed-to-\'r\ Old Indie sa//a- "gesessen', Avestan pasus-hasta-m. " hurdle (*settlement)
for small cattle', Latin ob-sessus etc., Old Icelandic Old English sessm. "seat', compare
also Lithuanian participle sestas and Lithuanian sostasm. "seat'. Old Prussian sostoi. "
bench '; *sed-t/"\n Old Indie satt/-'6as Sitzen', n/-satt/-'6as Sitzen, seat', Avestan ni-sasti-
"Begattung', Latin sess/o"Sitzung', from *sessis. Old Indie sattar-m. the "Sitzer', Latin ad-,
ob-, possessor,

maybe alb. {*sess), shesh'p\a\r\, flatness, square'.

Old Indie sadas-n. "seat, place, abode, residence', gr. zboq n. "seat'; Avestan Old pers.
/7ao''/5-"Wohnsitz, palace' (Indo Germanic -as or -/is); lengthened grade Old Icelandic ssefr
{*satiz) n. "seat, Sommersitz, Aim'; Old Irish s/o'"peace', originally n. es-stem, identical with
sTdu. es-stem "dwelling gottlicher creature ' (compare engl. settlement);

o-grade: Old Irish suideu. {*sod/om) "seat, sit' = Latin sc»//^/77 "throne';

noun actionis sed-'\n: Old Indie Akk. sadam, Dat. sade, with ©-extension in Latin sedes
f. "seat' {sedibus= Lithuanian Inf. sede-ti-A PI. sedi-me), Umbrian sersi^\v\ sede'; noun
agentis as 2. compound part: Old Indie apsu-sad-^\he in den Wassern dwells ', Avestan
mai5ydi-sa5am (Akk.) "the in the middle dwells '; Latin prae-ses "Vorsitzender', de-ses
"idle' = Old Irish de/dds. (/-inflection secondary), to deess^ sluggishness ' {*de-sed-ta);
with Latin 5i//?s/(:y/i//77"Unterstutzung' compare Old Irish fothaem. n. "base' from *upo-
sodjom, to Old Irish suide;

Old Icelandic se/n. " enlarged bottom', PI. syl?/ "dwelling'. Old English se/n. "seat, lair,
stall, sundown, sunset, descent of the sun ', Old High German sezu. "seat, seat, buttocks,
Belagerung';

cymr. seddi. "seat' {*seda); heddm. "peace' {*sedos); Middle Breton hezafr cease' ,
mcorn. hathyds.; gor-sedd' throne, hill'; eistedd^S\\2.ev\\ abret. estid^ that may be sat on,
a seat, bench, stool, chair ' ( *eks-dT-sedo-), gall, essedum, -a " 2-wheeled war chariot '

(with *en-, compare gr. £v-£5pov, £v-£5pa " ambush, lurking place, hideout ', Old Irish in-
dess/'d' to sit in, settle on '; skyth. VN 'Eaar|56v£c;);

Albanian karrige : Bolognese canga : Bresciano cadrega : Paduan carega : Piemontese
cadrega: Portuguese cadeira: Provengal cadiero: Sardinian (Limba Sarda Unificada)
cadrea : Sardinian Campidanesu cadira : Sardinian Logudoresu cadrea ; catrea : Scots
Gaelic cathair: Irish cathaoir: Welsh cadair: Breton kador: Triestino carega: Valencian
cadira : Venetian carega : Zeneize carega : Catalan cadira : Corsican carrega ; carrea :
Furlan (^^oV'ee (common Slavic alb. -e- > -Je-, -a- > -Ja-, ) : Galician cadeira : Modern
Greek Kap£KAa : Latin cathedra : Lombardo Occidentale cadrega : Occitan carrea : Greek
£5pa; Ka9£5pa ' chair'.

gr. £5pa " sitting-place, seat, abode, freq. in pi., etc.; esp. of the gods, sanctuary,
temple, in pi., quarters of the sky in which omens appear, sitting, session of a council, etc.,
when he rose from the sitting, seat, breech, fundament, Hp. Aph.5.22, etc.; of birds and
animals, rump ' Old Icelandic setru. 'seat ':

lok. eAAq KoGsSpa Hes. = Latin selia {*sed-ia) 'stool, seat', gall, sedion 'seat', Gothic
sitis, Old English setin.; Old High German sezzaim. ' seat' {*sed-io-y, Lower Serbian
sedio'seat'; but Old Church Slavic seoVo 'saddle' is *sedbio, compare Old Church Slavic
o-sedbiafi 'satte\n', Armenian e// 'place' (in addition auch/e//"place');

Old Saxon sethalxw. 'Sitzen, seat', Dat. sedie'{to) sundown, sunset, descent of the sun
', Old High German setiial, sedaiu. m. 'seat, Wohnsitz, site' (Indo Germanic *5e//c»- from
*sedtlo)\ therefrom Old High German s/ic/z/o 'agricola'. Middle High German sidilen
'siedein'; Germanic *sadula-\v\: Old Icelandic sgduil. Old English sadoi. Old High German
satui, s5/5/'saddle' is East Indo Germanic loanword (?); compare above Slavic *sedhlo
from *sedu-io-n.; besides (in Aryan geneuertes = renamed, has changed???) *sed-tiom\n
Avestan iiasfra-n. 'congregation, meeting' = Old Indie sattra-n. ' celebration, festival'.

Maybe alb. s/o/'throne' : Latin soiium' throne'.

lengthened gradee formations: Old Indie sada- m. ' das Sitzen ', sao'//7-'(aufsitzend =)
reitend, equestrian ' (compare also russ. vsadnik' equestrian '), Old Icelandic satt
'Hinterhalt', Old English 5^/ds., Old High German -saza{\n place names) 'Wohnsitz',
Middle High German sazei. 'seat, domicile, Hinterhalt', yioAdj. Old Icelandic s^tr'
suitable to seat ', see above whereof 5^//under 'seat, hay heap ' = Old High German
gisazi'seat, buttocks '; Proto Baltic *sdsta-'seat' {*sdd-to-) in Lithuanian sostasm. 'seat'.

Old Prussian sostoi. " bench ', compare Old Icelandic sessn. "seat' above S. 885; Old
Church Slavic pre-seda^ a snare, trap ';

with d/cymr. /75M/ofa'' light' = corn, hueth^ peaceful ' (Loth RC 36, 162);

cymr. san/oto'" depth, Absinken';

Old Icelandic Old English so/'smut' ("Angesetztes');

Lithuanian suodziaiP\., Latvian suddrej/" smut', Bulgarian sazdat, Czech saze {*sddJo-)
unclear Old Irish sOidei., cymr. huddygl, bret. huzeF srwui'; Old Church Slavic sadh
"Pflanzung' {*sddu-)\

4. More or less verdunkelte compositions:

Old Indie nedJyas-^ nearer, closer', nedistha-^ uachsV = Avestan nazdyoadv. '(spacial)
nearer, closer an-', nazd/sta-'t\r\e nachste', Avestan asna-M]. " near' {*6-zd-na-,
participle Perf. Pass., compare full grade Old Indie asanna-^ near '). (under the influence
of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

ni-zd-os, -o/77'nest' (prefix /?/■ "low, base', or 'ein-' as "place zum Nieder- or Einsitzen'):
Old Indie n/da-m. n. 'Ruheplatz, lair', Armenian n/st^ position, seat, Residenz', Latin
nldus'nest', Middle Irish net^nest', cymr. nyth^nest, dwelling', corn, ne/d, bret. nez, neiz
ds.. Old High German Old English nestn. "nest';

Maybe zero grade of alb. Geg ( *ne/d) me ndejt'to sit' : corn, ne/d'nest'.

with popular etymology Umgestaltungen Lithuanian lizdas, Latvian ligzda. Old Church
Slavic ^/7ezo'c»"nest'; identical prefix in Old Indie nisTdati^ places sich', Avestan nishidaiti,
ap. niyasadayam, Armenian nstim, see above;

o-zato5"(ansitzender) twig, branch, bough', see there {ozcfo-s), also gr. o^oc; " fellow,
servant' from *o-zdos "*Beisitzer'; or rather to B. *sed-7

pi-s(ejd- ^darauis\\.zen = press': Old \nd'\c pFdayat/ {*p/-zd-e/d) "presses, oppressed,
afflicts' (Perf. pipTde, pTda^Dxuck, pain'), gr. nis^u) "push, press' (*ni-a£5ju)).

B. *sed-\v\ the meaning "go', from connection with Prafixen originated.

Old Indie ^-sao'- "hintreten, hingehen, reach ', ^/-55o'-"sich zurSeite begeben,
disappear', Avestan ^^^(^^/^///"verscheucht (makes go away, pass over'), Avestan apa-

had-'s\c\\ wegsetzen, dodge ', asnaoiti{ *d-zd-neu-tl) "geht heran' (see 886 asna-); gr.
oSoq 'way', 65iTr|<; 'Wanderer', 65£uu) 'wandere'; Old Church Slavic chodt ' gait ', choditi
'go'; ablaut, sbdb^ gone, departed, left; dead; lost '; Slavic ch-irovc\ Indo Germanic s-
probably at first behind pri- and u- originated.

Maybe alb. {*ouda) alb. i/o'/7e"way, journey', udhetof travel ', udhetar^ wanderer, traveller

Here perhaps as compound with one to Pron. Ro-, Rio- {above S. 609) respective Adv.
*Rje-: Avestan syazo'- 'zuriJcktreten vor, abandon ', sTzdyamna^ zuriJckweichende ', sizdyo
'aufgebend', sTzdra-^ shy' and Latin cedo {*Re-zd-d) 'schreite einher; retreat, give after', as
well as /7ecesse'notwendig', whether (?) from *ne-Rezd-t/-s'es is kein Ausweichen'.

Root / lemma: sed-: (to sit) derived from Root/ lemma: es-: (to sit).

References: WP. II 483 ff., WH. II 507 ff., 511, EM2 917 ff., Trautmann 248, 258 ff., 273.
Page(s): 884-887

Root / lemma: seg-1

Meaning: to sow

Note: only Latin and Celtic

Material: Latin seges, -etisi. ' seed ', Se/a 'goddess of Saens' {*segia)\ acymr. segeticion

'prolis', mcymr. se, /?©' seed, sperm ', he-u, ncymr. /75^'saen', hauar\ sow '.

References: WP. II 480, WH. II 509 f.; compare se(i)-2^saev\\

Page(s): 887

Root/ lemma: seg-2, nasalized seng-

Meaning: to attach; to touch

Material: Old Indie sajati^ attach with a hinge, hook ' (with a-'anheften', compare Perf.

sasanja), causative sa/yayaZ/'anheften', participle sa/r/5- 'anhaftend, angeheftet', saRti-t

'das Zusammenhangen', sa/jga- ds., Old pers. fra-hajaml Ness hang ' (Aryan *sanjanti =

Slavic s^zetiDj, Avestan vohuna-zga- {spa) 'the sich ans blood heftende Bluthund';

Middle Irish sen {*segno-) 'Fangnetz', cymr. hoenyn{*sogno-), umgelautet hwynynds.;
gallo-Latin sagum {*sogom or *Segom) 'Soldatenmantel'; Middle Low German Middle High
German se/7/re/ 'strap'. Modern High German 'Schnursenkel, Schuhriemen'; Lithuanian
se^//'heften'. Iter, sagyti, ablaut, sagas 'loop zum Befestigen', sagai. ' agrafe, hook,
clasp, buckle '; Latvian se^/ 'cover'. Old Prussian sagis^ buckle, Hufnagel'; Old Church
Slavic s^gngtr gripe ', s^ztnt^ fathom', pri-s^sti ^iouch' and 'swear, vow', pri-s§ga^oaVrC;

ohne Nasal: Iter. sagat/ya[ie\\/\ po-sagati, po-sagngt/" nubere' (auf den Hochzeitsbrauch
attributed).

References: WP. II 448 f., 480 f., 482 f., WH. II 464, Trautmann 252, Kuiper Nasalpras.

195.

Page(s): 887-888

Root / lemma: segh-, seghi-, seghu-

Meaning: to hold, possess; to overcome smbd.; victory

Material: Old Indie sahate^ mastered, is able, endures ', sahas-n. 'force, might, victory' =

Avestan hazah- n. ' act of violence, robbery ', common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh-

> -z-

Old Indie saksa-, saksana-^ sub6uer, victor', sahu-r/'-'vasi, grand, victorious ' (: gr. exupoc;,

6xup6(; 'strong, secure, of arguments, etc., strong', compare also Germanic *sigus-),

Avestan /7az-'sich bemachtigen, acquire' (present *zgh-d, e.g. 1. pi. Opt. zaema= gr.

GXoTpsv, redupl. *se-zgh-o-, assimilated Avestan zaza-, e.g. 3. PI. zazantT, particle Perf.

Akt. za-z-vaHov(\. Sg., za-z-us-u Lok. PI.; lengthened grade besides Perf. akt. Old Indie

sasaha a\so Med. sasahe, participle sahvas-, present sahati. Imp. saksva^be victorious ';

Gr. £xu) (sixov, SGxov, saxnKa, £^u) and axnaw) 'hold, possess, have'; hom. "Ektwp,
Lesbian ektojp 'ZuriJckhalter', z^\q 'Verhalten, Befinden', ektiko^ ' habitual, customary,
leidend', £xup6(;, changing through ablaut 6xup6(; 'haltbar, certainly, fastens' (: Old Indie
sahuri-, das originally c>-stem war), exstApi ' plough handle, plough stilt ' (= cymr. haeddeli.
ds. < *segheA^I§), a^nXH"^ (*ci-5ia-£xn'^) without Einhalt etwas making'; of -es-stem £u-
£^oc; Eucpunc; Hes., sus^ia 'Wohlbefinden', £^r|(; 'the row after' (Gen. eines Adj. *£^6q), £^£in<^
ds.;

ograde: £^-oxoi; 'salient, superb'. Adv. £^oxov, £^oxa 'weitaus', thereafter hom. oxa
'weitaus', 6xo(; ' holder, Bewahrer', 6x£U) 'hold, stijtze; hold from, (er)trage', 6x£U(; 'strap,
the den helmet festhalt, clasp, hairpin, bar, bolt';

with a'£uu)X£w 'tische auf, bewirte rich' (lengthening after dem example the
compounds); av-, 5i-, kqt-, auv-OKCoxH (in connection in Perf. -formations, as OTTwrrn
produktiv gewordene lengthening);

zero grade: laxw {*si-zgh-d) 'hold an, have', iaxac;f. 'anchor', ax£Tv (see above), ax£6-
££iv, -£Tv, -t\xzy 'hold, stop', a-axzioc, 'unaufhaltsam; unertraglich (affliction)', axto\Q,i.
'Haltung, state, status', ay^t^hoc, ' fatigueless, hartnackig' ('*withstanding '), aKzQ^bc,
'concise, genau' ('*narrowly aniiegend'), ax£56v ' near, beinahe' ('*sich eng whereof

holding '), axspot; 'ununterbrochen', sniaxspw Adv. ds., axnMa 'Haltung, shape, form',
GXoAn "Einhalten, tranquility, leisure; (wissenschaftliche) occupation in Muftestunden' (ein
with it the changing by ablaut *aGxaAo(; 'wer sich nicht halten kann' assumes man as base
from aaxaAau), aaxaAAu) "bin unwilling, ungehalten, angry, irate'); iaxOq, -uo(; " strength
'(*Fi-axu-(;) to Old Indie v/-sah-^\n the Gewalt have';

Celtic PN Segisu(*-d), Sego-maros, GN Segomd(n), f. Segeta, PN Sego-dunon, Sego-
briga, Segontion, Middle Irish segvn. " strength ', cymr. /7y'bold'; cymr. haeddel. Middle
Breton haezi, nbret. hea/t, '

plough handle, plough stilt ' (= exstAh "plough-handle', see above; a from e, also (?) in :)
cymr. haer' entete, pressant ', Haer' woman's name ', haeru^ insure, affirm '; cymr.
Middle Breton /75e/'cordial, genereux '; cymr. /7c»e/"clavus' {*soghla)\

lllyrian PN Segesta'm Pannonia, Liguria, Sicily;

Gothic s/g/'sn. "victory'. Old High German s/g/'m. ds., german. PN Sigi-merus, Segi-
mundus e\.c. (Indo Germanic neutr.-/5-or -es-stem). Old High German s/g/'ron'mn,
triumph'; Old High German s/gum., Old English s/gorWctory', Old High German PN Sigur-
mar{\v\6o Germanic neutr. -^s^stem).

References: WP. II 481 f.
Page(s): 888-889

Root / lemma: seik"-

Meaning: to spill, pour, draft

Material: Old Indie secate, sincati {asicat) "giefttfrom, begieftt', seka-m. " downpour,

Erguft, Besprengung', praseka-m. "Erguft, Ausguft'; Avestan haek-, hincaiti {hicaiti) "gieftt

from', fra-saekam kbso\uWy "beimVergieften', hixra-v\. "fliJssiges Exkrement';

gr. T^ai 5ir|0ncfC(i Hes., Ionian iKpag " dampness ', iKpaA£0(; "humid, wet', iKpaivw " wet ',
Tpuyoino(; "Mostsieb';

Latin 5/5/"oup£T'; siare\s probably from *s/(75/'e after /77e5/'e"mingere' reshaped; siccus
"dry';

gall, (goidel. orVenetic-lllyrian) FIN Sequana ^Se\ne', GN Sinquatis, FIN *S/par/s^Se\/re'
= Irish FIN Sechair,

Old High German sJhan 'strain ', Old English seon ds., intr. "ausflieften'; Old High
German Old Saxon Old English 5/^a/7 "tropfeind fall, sink, flow'. Old Icelandic s/galow,
base or vorwarts glide, slide' (Modern High German vers/egen ior o\der verse/gen aiter
dem Ptc. Middle High German versigen). Old High German ^/s/ig'palus, stagnum',
Norwegian-Swedish sil {*sThila-) "side' (5//a" strain ', wherewith Norwegian sila
"unaufhorlich rain' probably identical is). East Frisian 5/7'Schleuse', Middle Low German
s/7"Schleuse, Ablaufkanal', s/7e/7"dranieren'; Old English seohtrei. {*sihtrdn-). Middle Low
German sichter, sechter' drainage ditch '; Old Icelandic 5/5'Seihe' (schw. Verb s/5" strain
'), Old English seohhei.. Old High German 5/77a"Seihe' {*s7h-udn-)\

Middle Low German se^e'triefend, blear eyed, bleareyed ', Middle Low German Middle
High German se/ger" slowly or tenacious tropfeind, faint, languid, schal'. Old Icelandic
se/g'/'"tough';

in Germanic also forms with Germanic k. Old High German Middle High German seich
"urine' (Old High German seihhen. Middle High German seichen. Low German seken
"urinate, to make water'). Old English 5/ice/75/7 "einsickern'. Low German sTkern, Modern
High German sickern, Norwegian sikia, Swedish sikkla^ drool, drivel, slaver; trickle ' = Low
German sikkelen, Norwegian dial. 5//r/5 "small stream, brook', sTka^ strain ', Old Icelandic
sTku. "stehendes water'. Old English 5/c" watercourse ' etc.;

nasallos serb. osye/ra "Ebbe' {*seka)\ Church Slavic sbcg, 5i.ca//" urinate, to make water
', Iter. slov. s//ra// "hervorspritzen';

besides eine root seik"-^ dvj' , die probably about "abrinnen, versiegen = austrocken'
mitse/Zr"'- "diffuse' to unite is: Avestan haecaye/t/wWh ^s "trocknet from' (trans.), haecah-u.
" dryness, aridity ', hiku-^dxy';

because of seip- lies probably *sei- "drip, trickle, rinnen' the basic.

References: WP. II 466 f., WH. II 531, Trautmann 260.
Page(s): 893-894

Root / lemma: seip-, seib-

Meaning: to pour, rain, sift, *sieve, stream, trickle, dribble

Material: Old High German sib, Dutch zeef. Middle Low German seven.. Old English sife

n. " sieve ', in addition Old English siftan. Middle Low German siften, sichten. Modern High

German (from dem Low German) sichten, and Old Icelandic se/n. "juncus' (because of

porous stalks); Middle Low German Old Frisian sever xr\. "mucus, slobber'. Old High

German seivar, Middle High German se/ferm. ds. (Middle High German seifelxr\. "saliva'
perhaps with Germanic p, see below); md. 5/Te "marshy Bodenstelle'; serb. sfpiti^ trickle,
fine rain';

in Germanic also forms with Germanic p (die den end auf Indo Germanic b
rechtfertigen): Old English sTpian, Middle Low German s/77e/7"drip, trickle', Middle High
German s/Te/? (stem V.) ds., Swedish dial. 5/pa "slow flow, seep, drip'. Middle Low German
s/p'Bachlein', here also the Germanic name the 5e/ife.' Germanic *saip(i)d: F\v\v\\s\\
saip(p)io. Old High German sei(p)fa^ soap '; also "resin'. Middle Low German sepe^ soap
', Old English sapei. (out of it nord. sapa) " soap ', Latin s^oo (Germanic loanword);
maybe beside Germanic *sa/p(/)dn- a\so *sepon- ^taWow, suet (also to Haarfarbemittein
verwendet)', das with Latin sebum "tallow, suet' (probably genuine Latin) was obtainable
from Indo Germanic *se[i]bo- "dripping fat' (Latin /? would be then the origin of a root form
in Indo Germanic b)\ Tocharian A sip-, sep- "anoint', sepaF ointment '.

Maybe alb. ( *sepon-) sapun "soap', but older cognate zero grade alb. {*seifen) finje
"soapsuds, lye' [the common drop of initial se- sounds in alb. as in alb. {*svasura-) vjeherr
"father-in-law']

References: WP. II 467 f., WH. II 478, 504;
See also: s. S. 889 under sei-
Page(s): 894

Root / lemma: sei-, soi-

Meaning: to be damp, to drip

Material: With /-formants: FIN: venet. Siiis, Siiarus, Ligurian Siiarus, lllyrian Silarus

(Lukanien), hispan. Sit, Middle Irish s/M" drips, flows, allows to flow ', contaminated

partially by 5e/-"to move, stir' (see below suel^. Old English sioiof^^sea'; Lithuanian seiie

"saliva, slobber';

with /7^formants: cymr. bufen' skimmings' {*soimeno-)\ Old High German Modern High
German seim^ honey ', Old Icelandic seimr^ honeycomb ', ablaut, simixw. "sea', Danish
sima av^ dribble from ', westfal. sismern' seep, drip' (Old Saxon *simardn).

References: WP. II 464 f.;

See also: perhaps the base from se/fr^-and se//?- "diffuse'.

Page(s): 889

Root / lemma: sek-1

Meaning: to flow out, dry out (of water)

Note:

Similar Root / lemma: sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) : Root / lemma: seng"- : to fall,

sink

Material: Old Indie a-sak-ra-, redupl. a-sa-sc-at^ not versiegend', v/sakta'e'\ne nicht milk

gebende (versiegte) cow'; gr. hom. egketo cpojvn 'stockte, versiegte'; (*£aK£TO, *se-sk-eto,

redupl. Aor.), secondary nasalized Lithuanian senku, sekti^iaW (of Wasserstand)', nusekti

"abflieften, dry become', seklus^ shallow, having little depth ', sekle, sekis^ shallow place,

sandbank', Latvian sek/s' shallow, having little depth ', sTku {* sinku, afterwards:) sikt

"versiegen', in addition with Baltic unirorw o/7das Kaus. Lithuanian sunk-iu, sunkti

"absickern let', Latvian sucu, si//r/ "durchseihe'. Iter, sukat. East Lithuanian si//7/ra "juice,

sap'; Old Church Slavic /-s^/r/7(?// "versiegen (of water)', pre-s^kngti^ abate '.

Redupl. s/-sk-us dry (= versiegt)' in Avestan hisku- "dry' (also hiskva-), fem. hiskvT,
Middle Irish sesc, cymr. hysb 'dry, infertile ', bret. hesp'dry' {*s/skuo-), Old Irish sescenn
"swamp, marsh, moor, fen' ("infertile '; compare Old Icelandic saurr'rwoor, fen': Old
English sear'dry'), besides bret. hesk'dry, infertile ', hesken ds., "from a cow without calf
and milk', heska 'tar\r', bret. /7es^^e/>7 (besides hespein) ds., corn, beuch heskyz'a dry
cow', bret. hahvesk/Kd]., from a cow, die in dem years not calf gehabt has = Middle Irish
sama/scyour\g cow, zweijahrige Parse' {*samo-siskur d\e Sommertrockne'), die auf dem
fem. *siskuT, Gen. *siskuias based on and vor demy den case obi. ^eingebijftt have;
unclear is gr. iaxv6(; "arid, verschrumpft, fragile, flimsy '.

Note:

Nostratic etymology:

Meaning: shallow

Indo-European: *sek-, *sisk-

Uralic: *coka

English meaning: shallow; to become shallow, dry

Saam (Lapp): coakke -g- (N) 'low water (in river or sea)', tsahke (L) ' shallowly (from a

sea)', ci0kke (T), cu0ikk (Kid.) ' shallow, low (from the water)', coakko- -g- (N) 'fall (e.g.

level of water), sink, decrease', tsahko- (L) ' get lower water level, sink, fall ', coakka- (K) '

fall (from the water)' ( > Finnish dial, sokku- ' drop, fall ') ?

Selkup: ceka-, te'^ka- (Ta.), cakka- (Ke.), caga- (N) ' parch, dry ', tekkj- (Tur.) ' become dry '

K. Reshetnikov's notes: Still compare Hun. sekely ' shallow ' (despite its rejection in UEW
61).

Yukaghir parallels: coyu ' shallow ', cogunn'e- 'be shallow (of a river)'

Albanian cek^ touch', ceketB6\. " shallow ', cak^ border, line'.

References: WP. II 473 f., Trautmann 256 f., Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpras. 185 f.
Page(s): 894-895

Root / lemma: selc-1

Meaning: to follow

Grammatical information: mostly medial

Note: as Terminus the jargon spoken by hunters originally eins with sek''-2, s. Wissmann

in: Das Institutf. deutsche language under Literatur 1954, 142.

Material: Old Indie sacate^beq\e\\.e\, folgt', sacati, sfsakti, 3. PI. sascati{\ £on6|jr|v Aor.)

ds., Avestan hacaite, hacaiti^s.. Old Indie sakman-, Avestan haxman-n. ' escort,

companionship'; Old Indie sakam{m. Instr.) "in Gemeinschaft with, nebst'; Avestan hakal

Adv. 'to same time' (solidified Nom. Sg. n. of participle, *sek"nt)\ Old Indie sac/A6v.

"zugleich' (: Latvian secf?); Old Indie saca{m. Lok.) 'together with, by, angesiehts from',

Avestan haca, ap. hacalort from, from - from' (Instr. eines *sek"o-s 'folgend'); zero grade

Old Indie askra- ( *a-sk-ra-) ' combined ', as Avestan ask/t/t, ' association ' (full grade

haciti- ' accompaniment ');

because of Aryan A/? dubious: Old Indie sakha {sakhi-) ' fellow, comrade, friend',
Avestan haxay- {hasi-) ds., ap. Haxamanis-^ 'Axai|j£vr|^';

gr. £TTO|jai ' follow ', Aor. £an6|jr|v (redupl., compare Old Indie sascati) and an£a9ai,
a-n6\xzyoc„ £TTi-onou; due to eines *sok'^io-s (= Latin socius. Old Icelandic seggi): aoaoEw
'help, stand by ' {*sm-sokzieid), aooor|Tnp 'Gehilfe'; participle *£nT6(; as base from aouv-
£TTTC(-o9ai ouvaKoAouGnaai Hes.;

maybe alb. {*sok'^ shokum. shoqe\. 'friend'

ablaut, onaojv ' fellow ', ona^u) ' allow to follow ', 6na56c;, Ionian 6nr|56q ' Begleiter '
(*so(7"'a' das Folgen, Gefolgsehaft ');

Latin sequor, -/"nachfolgen, begleiten, pursue ', participle secutus {afier solutus,
volutus, for older *sectos= gr. *£nT6(;, Lithuanian 5/-5e/r/55 'aufgespiJrt, aufgefunden'); Tn-
sequor' pursue' (: Old Indie a/7^-S5C-'nachgehen'); compare sector, -arf eager begleiten',

sectaf. "Richtlinie, party, philosophische Schule'; 5ec^/7o'^s (participle Praes.) "tlie
following, second '\sequester, -tra, -trum, newer -tris, -//'e'(*mitfolgend =) vermitteind,
Mittelsperson' (from a n. es^stem -se/ri/cs derive ); secus{\N\Vc\ Akk.) "dense after,
nebenbei, gemaft', solidified Norn. Sg. m. eines "se/r^f-s 'folgend' (compare o. Old Indie
saca); to sec^s 'after, less good' (from 'folgend, zurijckstehend') trat ein jijngerer
compounds sequius, soc/^s "teilnehmend, Gesellschafter, Teilnehmer, Bundesgenosse';

maybe alb. {*sek"'o-) shkoj^ go, follow', shko-ze^ beech, (*walking tree)' [-zealb.
diminutive suffix] similar to alb. bredh^ fir-tree, spruce', bredh^ wander, (walking tree)',
{*sok'^ shoku "friend, follower'.

Old Irish sechithir{= Latin sequitui) "folgf, sechem'6as Folgen', sec/? (with Akk.) "vorbei
an, about - out, namely', cymr. bret. /7e/0 'without' (compare Old Indie saca, Avestan haca,
Latin secus);

Old High German /?e'/>7se'^^5"pedisequa'. Old Saxon segg. Old English sec^. Old
Icelandic se^^^'Gefolgsmann, journeyman, man' {*sok"ios)\

Lithuanian seku, sekti, Latvian seku, se/r/"follow; feel, scent', Lithuanian at-sektas {see
above), sekmei. "Erfolg', Latvian (veraltet) secen, sec{xr\. Akk.) "vorbei, langshin',
(perhaps from *sekenq, *seki= Old Indie saci).

References: WP. II 476 f., WH. II 506, 518, 519 f., Trautmann 254 f.
Page(s): 896-897

Root / lemma: sek''-2

Meaning: to see, show; to speak

Note: identical with sek^-L

Material: Gr. svsnoj, svvsnw (-vv- verbalized the metr. lengthening) 'sage an, erzahle'

(Imp. £vv£n£, Impf. svvsns. Put. svi-annau) {*sk"'-e-), Aor. svi-ansTv, Imp. £vi-an£(;, svi-

an£(;, 2. PI. sansTsfrom *£v-an£T£), aan£TO(; 'unsaglich; unsagbar groft, eternal, infinite ',

np6a-£iiJiq npoaaY6p£uai(; Hes. (: Latin insectio), 9£an£aioq ' wonderful, divine' (originally

"from the divinity geoffenbart'), from *-aTT£-TiO(;; Geghk;, Qza-n\oc, ' seer, Weissager'

probably VerkiJrzung from Gsansaioc;; Gsani^u) "weissage'; aana^opai "greet' (a- from n

"in'); aanaaiO(; " welcome, desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, pleases ' (*/>ana-

GioO;

Latin Ihseque^sag an' (= gr. swehe), also Tnsece, cverschlepptfrom forms as:
//75ec//o/7es"narrationes', //7sex//"dixerit'; inquam, inquis, -//"sage I, sagst du, he says '

(//7^i/a/77 Konjunktivform *en-sk"'am ' mocht' I say'; //7^i///originally themat. Aorist *en-sk"'e-t
as £vi-an£Tv);

Umbrian /7/'i/s//ri//'e/7/"pronuntiaverint', sukatu^6ec\a'CdXb, pronuntiato'; A" instead of p
after forms with labialization of *k"'vor s, t,

acymr. hepp, mcymr. heby{r), cymr. eb(e), ebr^ saqie' , mcymr. ^e-it*^ "speak", go-hebu
"antworten', cymr. "entsprechen', mcymr. gwrtheb^ reaction ', cymr. " objection ', corn.
^OAde/y'antworten'; mcymr. dihaereb^ proverb, saying ' {*de-ad-pro-sk"o-). Old Irish
arose 6s. {*ad-pro-sk"'o-)\ Middle Irish /'osc'dithyrambische poem ' {*pro-sk"'o-)\ Old Irish
in-coissig{*ind-com-sech-\xov(\ *sek"-) " identified ', /asc 'announcement' {*to-ad-sk"o-),
ecosc "apparition' {*en-kom-sk"o-)\ mcymr. atteb, ncymr. 5/e/? "Antwort' {*at/-sek"'-), Old
Irish a/fbescn. 'Antwort' {*ati-sku-om), con-secha ^ zuc\\Wg\! , cose' punishment ' = cymr.
coS/Ods. {*kom-sk"o-m). Old Irish d/uscb/ 'weckt' {*di-uss-sechi). Old Irish insce' discourse
' {*eni-sku-Ja), also Old Irish sce/n. ' narration ' {*sk"etlo-n, from which borrowed cymr.
cbwed/ etc.); Middle Irish scotbt 'word';

Old High German sagen 'say' {*sok"e-), besides Germanic *sagid< *sajmd\n Old
Saxon seggian, mnl. segghen. Old English secgan {ex\q\. say), Old Icelandic segja ds.,
abstract noun Old Icelandic Old High German S5^5 'declaration, narration ' (Modern High
German Sage), Old English sagui. ds.;

Lithuanian seku, sekt/ "narrare' (= (£v)£n(jo, inseque), sek/mas'6as Erzahlen', sekmet '
narration. Sage', sakau, sakyti'say', pasaka' Waxcheu' etc.;

Old Church Slavic socitr indicate ', so/rb 'Anzeiger, Anklager', poln. osoka' accusation,
slander' etc.;

older meaning selc-see' and 'show' (see previously above Irish in-coissig, tasc,
auch con-secha, cose as Latin animadvertere a\so ' reprove ') in: Old Irish rosem. 'eye,
look' {*pro-sk"'o-)\

Gothic sa/h>an ' see' , Old Icelandic ^afrom sea, Old English seen. Old Saxon Old High
German sehan. Modern High German sehen; Gothic s/unslace, eyesight'. Old Icelandic
syn, sjont 'vision, sight, apparition'. Old English s/en. Old Saxon s/Z//? 'sight, vision, eye'
from *se(g)wnr. Adj. Gothic anasiuns. Old English gesTene, Old Icelandic sj?/?/? 'visible,
obvious, clear', sj?/7as/'shine, appear, seem' (= ' appear'); Old High German (gijsihV^e
looking, face, sight'. Old English gesiht6s.;

Maybe alb. syu, syn/' eye '

besides from lengthened grade *se(g)wni-: 0\6 High German selt-sani, Middle High
German se//-5^/7e "seldom' se//sa/77 'strange ' (but Old English seldsTene^ rare ' from -
*sa(g)wni-)\

Hittite sakuua-n. PI. "eyes', sakuua/'-'see'; Tocharian A sotre, B sotri'mark, token, sign'
{*sek"'-tr-).

From PIE this root passed to Altaic languages:
protoform: *siga ( ~ z-;
Meaning: to look, search
Mongolian protoform: *sigiYaJ
Tungus protoform: *sig-
Korean protoform: *chac-
^apanese protofomn: *sank-
ote: TMC 2, 78J^artir^36J^artir^996^^<oi^^cha^^r^s^^

^

sa(n)kas-

References: WP. II 477 ff., WH. I 702 f., Trautmann 255, Pedersen Tocharian 69.
Page(s): 897-898

Root / lemma: se/g-

Meaning: to throw away, pour out, send away, free

Material: Old Indie srjat/, sarjat/ ^er\t\aQ>\., schieftt, gieftt', participle srsta-, visarjana-m

"Ausgieftung' (s5/ya-"das Entlassen, Schieften, Gieften' with ^through derailment);

Avestan harazaiti, hsrdza/t/" ent\a(i>t, sendetfrom, schickt from', participle harsta-,

harazana-v\. "das Lassen, leave ; Durchlassen, Filtrieren';

Old Irish selgt " hunt' (of Loslassen the Hunde, Old Indie s/jati sunah), s/egt "spear,
javelin' {*slga)\ acymr. /n-he/cha \enan6o' , he/gha-t/" hunt, chase!', mcymr. he/y, ncymr.
he/, he/a^\r\unt, chase', he//wr'Jager', acorn. helhwr6s., mcorn. helhys, ^e/Zys "gejagf,
corn, he/f/a ' Jagen' , bret. hem-olc'h^ hunt', o''/-e/c775/"atemlos sein';

Middle High German se//reA7stem V. "tropfend niederfallen, sich senken (from Wolken)',
Old English be-sylcan' make feeble ', *a-seo/can ^trage sein or become', only in participle
a-solcen, solcen^\6\e, faul', engl. sulky.

References: WP. II 508.
Page(s): 900-901

Root / lemma: selk-

Meaning: to drag; plough

Note: perhaps with ue/k-io eines originally root sye/k- to unite, s. lastly Specht KZ 66, 25 f.

Material: Armenian /7e/g'slow, idle' (compare to meaning zogern: Ziehen, ducere

tempus); gr. eAkw "ziehe', oAkh f., oAko^ m. 'pull; das Geschleppte etc' = Latin sulcus

"furrow', sulco, -a/ie'pflugen', zero grade Old English su/hlumw, plough', alb. he/q, heq

"pull, pull down' {*solkeJd)\

Old High German selah. Old English seolh. Old Norse selr^ seal, Robbe' as 'sich
mijhsam towing '?

Tocharian B 5a7/r-"herausziehen, vorfijhren'.

References: WP. II 507 f., WH. II 627, Frisk 77.
Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sel-1

Meaning: dwelling

Material: Old High German sa/m. 'dwelling, hall ', langob. sala^ courtyard, house, edifice,

building'. Old Saxon se/fm. 'dwelling, hall, temple'. Old English sselu., saloru., 'hall,

palace', selem. 'house, dwelling, hall'. Old Icelandic sa/rm. 'hall, room, house', PI.

'dwelling, courtyard ', se/{*sa/Ja-) 'chalet'; Gothic 53^5/7 'einkehren, abide, remain ',

sa//Pwds P\. 'stop, hospice ', Old High German salida. Old Saxon selitha. Old English seld

'dwelling'; Old Bulgarian se/o'farm, village', se/z/i/a 'dwelling' (similar formation to Gothic

saliPwos); Lithuanian salai. 'village'.

References: WP. II 502 f., Trautmann 248.

Page(s): 898

Root / lemma: sel-2, suel-

Meaning: beam, board

Material: Old English selma, sealma. Old Saxon se/mo'bed', actually 'das wooden

bedstead '; Lithuanian suo/as' bench ', Lithuanian 5//e 'trough, Schweinetrog', Latvian s/7e

' crib, manger, trough'; alb. 5/c»/e "Platte, auf die man Viehsalz legt' {*sela).

With aniaut su-\ gr. asApa, -aioc, (by Hes. also EApara) 'balk, beam, Gebalk, scaffold,
trestle, esp. deck of the ship, thwart ', hom. i\JaazK\ioc, 'with guten Ruderbanken
versehen', azhQ,, -\boc, 'plank, thwart '; also Old High German swelli. Middle High German
SM/e//e'balk, beam, Grundbalken, threshold'. Old Icelandic svalari. PI., Old Swedish svali

'Galerie', nisi, svoir block of wood ', e-grade Old Icelandic swilli. "Grundbalken,
threshold', zero grade Old English syll. Old Icelandic sy//ds., Middle Low German sul,
sulle, s/7/e ds.

References: WP. II 503 f.
Page(s): 898-899

Root / lemma: se/-3
Meaning: to take, grab

Material: Gr. sAsTv " to take with the hand, grasp; take, obtain the power ', sAoop n., sAwpiov
" booty, spoil, prey, of unburied corpses, Horn, booty, robbery, capture '; doubtful Latin
consilium^ deliberation, consultation, a considering together, counsel, council meeting,
decision '; consulere senatum " gather the senate ', then " debrief ', root nouns consul, " a
consul, one of the two highest magistrates of the Roman state, chosen annually, after the
expulsion of the kings ';
Maybe alb. sur attack '

in addition as -i/oderivative Old Irish selbi., cymr. helwxr\. " possession ', gall. {Julia)
Luguselva woman's name ('*property of Lugus'), wherefore Old Irish ad-selb- lender ', to-
ad-selb- 'allocate, present ', to-selb " keep, retain possession of '; perhaps also due to a
basis *5/e/-; Irish slf-\v\ fuil(l)em^ interest ' {*fo-slT-mo-), adroilliu^eaxu ' {ad-ro-sIT-), -tuillim
ds. {to-slf-)\ cymr. dyrllyddu, bret. deleza^eaxu ' {*to-ro-slT-i-)\

maybe alb. {^sellen, shet) shes " sell ' aor. shita " sold '

as causative ' make obtain ' here Gothic saljan " offer, sacrifice'. Old Icelandic sella. Old
Saxon giselllan. Old High German sellen. Old English sellan " hand over, sell '; the nouns
Old Icelandic salu. " payment ', salat. Old English salu 'sa\e'. Old High German sala'
Dbergabe eines Gutes ', salm. " blessing which is to be handed over according to the
testament ' must be post-verbal; here Old Church Slavic Sbib " summoner ', sb/5//"send'.

Maybe alb. sjel, syeZ/'bring'.

References: WP. II 504 f., Trautmann 292.
Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: se/~4

Meaning: to spring

Material: Old Indie ucchalatr schneWi empor' (Middle Indie from * ud-salati);

gr. aAAopai "spring, hijpfe' ( *Selid), ep. Aor. qAto, verbal noun aApa "spring", qAok; "das
Springen';

Latin salio, -Tre, -uT{-n), -/i//77 "spring, jump ', 5a//i/5 "spring", salax^homy, lustful', saltare
" dance ', sa/e'i6'/'5"holprige place of Weges' (shaped after latebra); wherefore insultare.

Middle Irish sa/tra/d 'zertntt', verbal noun cymr. sa th ru 'Zedreten' , Middle Breton saotra
"Beschmutzen', Vannes saufre/n ^Zertreten, Beschmutzen';

Lithuanian a/s5/a"Wasserlache', 5a///"flow', Old Prussian 5aA/5 "Regenbach'; about
Lithuanian sa/a, Latvian sa/a "island' s. MiJhlenbach-Endzelin III 664;

eine /^extension in Lithuanian salpasm. "bay, bosom' = Slavic *so/pb\n slov. s/ap
"waterfall, surge '; Slavic *selpjg, *56//0a// "spring' in Old Church Slavic vi>-slepljg6s., Infin.
Church Slavic sltpati.

References: WP. II 505, WH. II 468, Trautmann 256.
Page(s): 899

Root / lemma: sel-5

Meaning: to sneak, creep

Material: Old Indie /saAa// "slinks, slinks heran, beschleicht' with prefix \^d-, tsarum.

"schleichendes animal', Avestan srvant-, 5/'5i/5/7/-"schleichend, anschleichend' (particle

from Aryan *tsr-au-, ^-extension respectively ^/-present); so perhaps also Armenian solim,

Aor. solecay^ ser^o, repo, delabor, trahor', so/c//7"humi serpens, repens' ( */-sc»/- with

alteration from /s-to s-?)\ gr. £iAino5a(; pou(; (Akk.) "schleppfijftig' (actually "schleichfijftig',

compare:) siAiTEvnc; epithet of the couch-grass, "die sich schleichweise ausdehnende'

(metr. Dehnungen forsAi-);

Maybe illyr TN Seleiitani

alb. s/7//ge "snake, adder, viper'; Old Irish selige. Middle Irish seilche {*selekio-) "turtle,

tortoise, snail'; Old Irish *5e//ic/"slinks, crawls', verbal noun sleith {*sleth iroxw *slta) "das

Beschleichen a schlafenden Frau', intledi. "Fallstrick' {*ind-sleth)\ nir. se///io'e "snail' (Old

Irish *se///from *sel-ntT}\ Lithuanian selu, 5e/e//"slink, leise auftreten'.

References: WP. II 505 f., Trautmann 255, M. O'Brien Et. celt. 3, 370 f.; E. Schneider

WuS. 21, 166ff.

Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: sel-6, sets- : sla-
Meaning: lucky, luck

Material: Latin solor, -arr comfort, relieve, bescliwiclitigen'; Old Irish slan'heW; fit,
healthy";

Germanic *sel- in Gothic se/s "good, suitable ', 5e/e/"Gute', Old Icelandic 5^//"lucky',
Old English saelrw. f. "luck, possibility, opportunity, time', ges^//g lucky'. Old High German
Old Saxon sa//g "lucky, blessed, gesegnet'. Old High German sa//da 'Gute, luck, salvation'
= Old Saxon sa/da, Old English sse/d, Old Norse saeldi. "luck'; *sc»/- in Old English seira
{*sdliza) "better'. Adv. 5e/"better';

Auf a heavy basis *s(e)la- : sla- based on the gr. family of ""lAriMi (*oi-oAr|-Mi) "bin
gijnstig, gracious'. Imp. hom. TAr|6i, theokr. TAaGi (*ai-oAa-9i), next to which as Perf.-lmp.
Aeolic eAAqGi (*0£-aAa9i); unredupl. present TAapai, after demonstrative redupl.lAa-
colored from *£Aapiai (s- still in DEAaspa = iAasipa by Steph. Byz.) as also iAap6(; "cheerful,
blithe, glad' from *£Aap6(;;1AaoK0[jai (*ai-aAa-OK0|jai) "make mir jemanden giJnstig
gesinnt, versohne'; due to of present1'Ar|-,lAa- on the one hand lakon. TAr|Fo(;, Cretan
"iKzoc,, AtticlAsux;, lonianTAewq, on the other hand hom. TAa(F)o(;, ArcadianlAa(F)oq,
Lesbian iKKaoc, 'giJnstig, gracious'.

References: WP. II 506 f., WH. II 556.
Page(s): 900

Root / lemma: selos-

Meaning: swamp, sea

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indie saras-u. "wash basin, pond, pool, sea', SarasvatTi. FIN and GN (to

saras-vant- "abundant in water') = Avestan Harax'aitT, Old pers. Hara(h)uvatr Arachos™

'; Old Indie sarasya- M]. "pond, pool-, sea-'; gr. tkoo, n. " marshy lowland, marsh-meadow,

depression, backwater ', 'iKz\oc, " of the marsh or meadow, growing or dwelling in the

marsh '.

References: WP. II 507.

Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: selp- {*ghelp-)
Meaning: fat n.

Material: Old Indie sarpfs-u. " melted butter, melting-butter, lard, fat', srpra-^ greasy,
smooth, sleek, oiled, blank'; gr. zknoc, (n.) sAaiov, OTsap Hes. and (with cp after aAsicpa :
Ainoc;?) sAcpo^ pouTupov. Kuupioi Hes., 6Anr|, oAnic;, -i5oqf. " oil-bottle '; alb. {*ghelp-)
gjalp " butter '; [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : Nth. gh- > dz-].

Old High German salba, Old Saxon salba, Old English seair ointment ', Gothic Old High
German salbon. Old Saxon salbon. Old English sealfian "anoint';

Tocharian A salyp, B salype "fat, butter, 01'.

References: WP. II 508.
Page(s): 901

Root / lemma: sem-1

Meaning: to pour

Material: Gr. apaoMai " collect ', a\xx\ f. " bucket; pail ' (out of it Latin a/775 "Feuereimer', from

which Middle High German ame, ome. Modern High German O/7/77" liquid measure,

measurement of fluid quantities '), a\}\(;, f. "Nachttopf, apiviov n. "Opferschale', aijaAAa f. "

fascicle, sheaf '(ajjiAAa), but qvtAoc;, -ov "heap, Schiffsraum, Kielwasser' after Benveniste

BSL. 50, 39 to Hittite han- " pour, let flow, make flow, spill, cast, mold, shed ';

lllyrian FIN Se/77/7i/5(Lucanien);

Latin se/7//77a "Kielwasser, Schiffsjauche', se/7//77d"schopfe das Wasserfrom, habe
meine Not';

Old Irish sem- "diffuse' in fo-eks-sem-6s., to-uks-sem- 'zeugen, produce ', verbal noun
te/s//i/"AusgieR)en', tu/st/u' procreation, creation ' {*to-uks-sem-tid) etc.; compare due to a
abstufenden inflection -tid(n)-: -ffn-es above Latin se/7//775 (originally Adj., soil, aqua); with -
cf- weitergebildet send- in abret. do-uo-h/nnom g\. " austum ', cymr. gwe-hynnu^ scoop,
ausleeren'; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Lithuanian semiu, semtT scoop ', samtis^ dipper ', with -el- further formations Latvian
smeju, smelt ^ scoop '.

References: WP. II 487 f., WH. II 514 f., Trautmann 256, Ifor Williams RC 40, 487, Frisk 88

f.

Page(s): 901-902

Root / lemma: sem-2
Meaning: one

Material: 1 . With vor dominant Zahlwortbedeutung "eins':

Armenian /77/"eins' {*sm-//os); gr. dq, £v, pia {*sems, *sem, *sm-ia). Gen. ivoc, (for*£p6(;
or Qfjoc; after *£vg, ev) "ein'; pojvu^ " soliped, animal which does not have cloven hoofs '

(*aM-(I)vu^), Cretan qijokk;, tarent. afjaiK; "once", compounds Doric aT£po(; (Attic STspot;)
"the eine, the other from zweien' (= cymr. hanner, corn. bret. hanter'haW);

Latin sem-per^\n a fort, always' {*sem = gr. £v, compare under Germanic s/n-); simTtu
"zugleich', Ablat. from *simTtus< *sem-e/tus'6as Zusammengehen', compare Old Irish
e/77///7"tanquam, quasi', cymr. hefyd' a\so' from *semiti-, to Old Indie sam-iti-\ mTlle^AQQQ'
from * smF ghes/r e\ne Tausendheit' (wrongly S. 446), compare das in *sm-gheslom
zerlegte Old Indie sahasra-m, Avestan hazarjra-^a thousand '; Old Irish c^/77/77e "similarly'
from * kom-smiio- " totally the eine, the same '; Germanic *sin (i.e. Indo Germanic *sem in
adv. solidification) "*in einem' = "together' or "perpetual' or "absolutely, very' in Old Saxon
Old High German sin-hTun, Old English 5//7-/7/l4/a/7"conjuges, husband', Gothic sin-teins
"daily'. Old Saxon sin-nahti. Old English s/n-n/M^emge night'. Middle High German s/'n-
gruene. Old English sin-grene. Old Icelandic s/'-^/i0'/7/7"immergrun'. Old English sin-here
"big army ', Old High German s/n-f/uot'b\g, giant flood'. Old Icelandic Shvair, Old English
sine-wealt. Old Low German sinu-wer totally round ' etc.;

Tocharian A sas m. (komponiert S5-), B se (older ses in ses-ka " alone ') from *sem-s, A
55/77 f. from *sem\ compound form A soma- ( *semo-), B soma- ( *somo-)\ Van Windekens
Lexique 121.

sr^-as 1. composition part: Old Indie sakrt, Avestan ha-kereV ok\q,€ (about Old Indie sa-
hasramsee above), gr. a-na^ "once', d-ixKooo, "simple, just', Latin sim-plus, -yO/eA- "simple,
just', gr. E-KOTOv "a-hundred' from *a-KaT6v after z\c, or a *£v-KaTOv. compare under *sm "in
eins together, with'.

With Gutturalsuffixen: gr. lyyia z\c,. flacpioi (*£v-Yia); Latin 5//7^i///"einzelne' (against it
s//7c//7/iy/77 "Einzelgesang' not from * singo-caniom, but popular etymology metathesis from
s/c/nn/um irom gr. qIkivvic; " dance of Satyrn');

with ^^ presumably Armenian ez" someone ' {* sem-gho-1 with it /7ez"mild,
rechtschaffen' as "einfach from Sitten' alike? Pedersen KZ. 39, 414); with ^Old Indie
5asi/a/7/- "sich gleichmaftig erneuernd, eine ununterbrochene Reihe bildend, each, every,
air (from *sa-svant-, with formants -uent-ixom Indo Germanic *s/77-/^c»- perhaps "in a Zuge,
in a row'); perhaps alb. gjith "all, whole' ( *sem-ko "from einerund the same kind of?).

Note:

Alb. {*ghim- ko) gJithe^aW, together ' : Tocharian A sasrc\., B se [common alb. gh- > gl- >
gj- : Nth. gh- > dz-\ also alb. -s > -ths].

With Asuffixes: gr. 6[iaK6(; ' alike, even, smootli ' ("*in a l<ind of verlaufend') ablaut. Latin
5//77///S 'similarly' {* seme//s Irom ein and the same kind of), s/mu/, older semol, semul
"zugleich' apokopiert from *semeli, next to which after bis, *tris {ter) widened *semlis "once'
in semel, Umbrian s^/77e/ 'zugleich' (with the same oas b\\aKbc,'7 or latter previously after
6|j6(;from *afjaA6(; colored?); with reduplication-stem Old Irish sama/7'B'\\6, Gleichnis'
(proklit. ama/^as'), cymr. etc. /7a/&/' similarly, alike ', Old Irish 55/77//]f/7"simur, cosmail
"consimilis'; Gothic s/m/e ^{*once =) once ', Old English sim(b)le, simles, simblon^ always'.
Old High German simble{s), s/mb/um6s., auf a n. *sem/o-m ' e\ne time' being based on.

2. Se/no-' someone ' = " anyone, someone; anybody; somebody; anything; something;
everything ' (unbetont):

Old Indie 5a/77a-'irgendein', Avestan ap. hama- ' whoever it be, whatever, each, each
one, every, everybody, every one, everything, omnis';

Maybe alb. Geg urith, Tosc {*ham-uridhe) hamuridhe " mole '.

Armenian amen, amen-a/n'aWe, omnis';

gr. apo- "irgend ein' in a|jr|, Attic apir) "rgendwie', a|j66£v, Attic apoGsv "irgendwoher',
d|ja)(;, Attic apux; ' anyhow, somehow ', ouS-apoq 'nicht einer, no, not at all, not', ouSafJux;
" by no means, not at all, in no way '; Gothic s^/77s "irgend ein, ein certain ', PI. "einige,
manche'. Old Icelandic sumr^ a certain, a kind of, as one might say, nonnullus ', Old
Saxon Old English Old High German sum ds.

3. '*in eins = together, with';

srp-:0\6 Indie sa-ba, sadba'common, together' = Avestan bada, ap. /7ao''a 'together'.
Old Indie sa/^a 'together, totally and gar' = Avestan ^az^/a 'together, zugleich, vereint with'.
Old Indie sadam, sada^aWzeW., stets always' = Avestan bada^ always'. Old Indie sa-dhrT
Adv. 'together' (: root *dhe/'- 'hold, stop', as also:) gr. a-9p6oi, Attic a-9p6oi 'in association,
gesamt', a-Aoxo(; 'censors tori', a-5£A(p6(; 'couterinus', q-koAouGoc; 'Weggefahrte' (from a-
through Aspiratendiss). - Old Indie s/77a/ 'together with', Avestan mal^ds.; always,
immerdar'; gr. apa, Doric apa 'in einem, zugleich', apoGi 'together'.

som-: Old Indie sam- 'together, zugleich with', Avestan ap. ha{m)- 'with' (in connection
with verbs and in Zs. with nouns; Armenian ham- 'with' probably from Iran.);

Lithuanian sam-, s^-{e.g. sa/TT-o'y// "employ, engage', sa/7-o'c»/'a'Eintracht', s^-zine
'Gewissen, conscientia'). Old Prussian san-, sen- {san-insle^beW., girdle'), sen{*sem)

preposition "witli' (Indo Germanic *sem); Old Church Slavic sg- "with' (sp-seo'b "neighbor',
compare Old Indie sa/77-s5o'- "congregation, meeting'), sg-logt " censors tori ', compare a-
Koxoc, etc.;

with Old Church Slavic sp- changing through ablaut is *Sb/7-, std {*Som) e.g. in stn-itT
convenire ', st-vgzati^ tie together ' as well as 5b preposition "with'; whether Lithuanian su
"with' belong, could es together with Old Church Slavic st and gr. ^uv, auv "with' auf Indo
Germanic */r5i/ respectively */rs^/7zuruckgefuhrt become; compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2,
4877.

Von SO/77- derives somo-s:0\6 Indie sama- " even, alike, the same', samam Mn . and
preposition "together', samaya, in same way, mitten hindurch', *samayat/ ^ebnet, brings in
order', Avestan ap. hama- " alike, the same', Armenian 0/77/7 "whoever' (Meillet Esquisse^
90); about Old Indie s//77a- "selbsf s. Waekernagel-Debrunner 3, 578;

Maybe alb. (^ sam-urithe) hamuridhe, urith^ mole' ("the same as a mole '), 5/" like'.

gr. b\^6c, "common; similarly, alike, even, smooth ', 6|Jou Adv. and preposition "together',
6|j6-9£v "from the same Ort', opo-ae "an denselben place', ojjojq "gleiehwohl' (6poTo(;, New
Attic 6|J0i0(; "similarly'); here 6|jr|po(; (above S. 56), OfjapTSU) "begleite' (to *6MapT0(; from
*som-r-to-s), after Szemerenyi Gl. 33, 265 to *er-, above S. 327 f.; Old Irish -so/77 "ipse'.
Old Irish sund^here', cymr. hwnn "this' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nrh), (from Indo Germanic *som(i!"e, welches to sondo- reshaped wurde); Gothic sa sama
"the same'. Old Icelandic samr, inn sami^ihe same', samtMv. "ununterbrocben'. Old High
German dersamo'the same', compare also Zs. as Gothic sama-kuns. Old Norse
samkynjalrom same gender, sex', gr. ojjoyvioc; ds.. Old Indie s5/775-y5//]/5"gleichartig'. Old
Norse samfedra, ofJonaTajp, ap. hamapitar- "from the same Vater', Old Icelandic
samm0dri, opopnipioc; "from the same mother ';

ein hVerc\. *so/77/; *s/77/""Beisammensein, association, partly also kampfendes
Aneinandergeraten' in Old Indie saml-ka- n. "fight, struggle, battle'; but gr. 6ni-Ao(; "heap,
congregation, meeting, Sehlachtgedrange', opiAia "Umgang, Verkehr', oDpTAsu) "verkehre'
remain far off because of Aeolic 6|jiAAo(;, also Latin mTles, compare Szemerenyi Arch.
Ling. 6, 41; gr. aiJiAAa "fight, fight, struggle, contention ' {*Sem-il-ia), aiJiAAaoGai
"wettkampfen';

in addition with the concept of friedlichen Beisammenseins, also of Zusammenstimmens
Old Icelandic sa/775"passen, sich schicken'; Gothic 55/77/5/7 "gefallen, to gefallen seek ',
Old Icelandic semja{= Old Indie samayati) "zusammenstellen, unite, einig become um.

sort, order, arrange, zustandebringen'; in addition probably Germanic *saml=>ia- in Old High
German semfti{My. samfto) " comfortable, gemachlich, friendly'. Modern High German
sanft. Old Saxon saftoMv. "light'. Middle Low German sachteM]. Adv. "gentle, mild'. Old
English seffe{Adv. softe) " peaceful, mild', compare in addition esp. Old Indie santva- n.
"good beschwichtigende words', saman-m. n. "ds., mildness, freundliches
Entgegenkommen';

Germanic *samt^ia-\s viell. from a tu-siem *saml=>u- reshaped, the with Old Indie santva-
auf Indo Germanic could go back \.o*sdm-tu-\

against it is Old English smede, smod. Old Saxon smodi^ smooth, even, gentle, milde'
because of westfal. smgi9irovc\ *s/r75/7jfc'/originated; Gothic 5a/775jfc' "together'. Old Saxon
samad. Old English samod. Old High German samit {samant\N\\h /? after saman-). Modern
High German samt, eine o'-derivative in Old Indie samad-t "fight, fight, struggle', gr.
6pa5o(; " scuffle, swarms of people, crowd ';

lengthened grade Old Indie saman-, samana-^ peaceful ', 55/775-^//"- "freundliehe words
redend', santva- {see above), Avestan hama- " alike, the same', np. hamun^ plain ', Old
Irish sa/77" tranquility ' (from "*trauliches Beisammensein'), saim^ peaceful, mild'. Old
Icelandic soma {*sdmen) "passen, geziemen', som/m. "honour, award', S0mr'proper,
fitting'. Old Saxon sdm/6s., Old English 50/77 f. "Einigkeit, congregation, meeting', ge-som
"einmijtig, friendly'. Middle High German s^o/77e "pleasant, mellifluous'; abgel. Old
Icelandic 50/775 "sich finden in, RiJcksicht nehmen auf, honour'. Old English seman
"versohnen'; engl. see/77 "befit, shine, appear, seem' is nord. loanword;

Old Church Slavic sa/77b "ipse, alone, single, sole, one; only one; one and the same ';

with />formants: Old Indie saman-, samana-see above; with d-gra6e probably Old Indie
samana-n. " gathering, assembly, meeting, convention, Festversammlung', samanaMv.
"together, concomitant, ebenmaftig'; Gothic sa/77a/7a"beisammen'. Old Icelandic saman
"together'. Old High German saman, zi samane. Modern High German zusammen;
therefrom derived Old Icelandic samna. Old High German samanon. Middle High German
S5/77e/7e/7 "gather, collect', dissim. samelen. Modern High German sammein; with
reduplication-stem Irish sama/n'the festival of 1. Nov.' (actually " gathering, assembly,
meeting, convention '), bech-samain ^s^axm of bees';

eine lengthened grade *se/77 perhaps in gall, ao-aiv " this ' and in n. of Old Irish article
(s)a", preceding from *s//7" this ' from *5e/77 about *sTn\ die iJbrigen forms are through
transference the Endflexion auf eine Adv.-form *sinde (from *sem-^^e\ es allows sich after

Old Indie sa-cfha\ndo Germanic *d'^e, odernach Irish su/defrom Indo Germanic *so-de{jo-
inflection) = gr. 6-5£ also Indo Germanic "o'eansetzen) originated; Demonstr. Irish sin,
cymr. hynn (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), go auf den stem *sindo- back and place die
enclitice form dar.

References: WP. II 488 ff., WH. II 511 f., 513, 533 ff., Trautmann 249 f.; J. Gonda,
Reflections on the Numerals.
Page(s): 902-905

Root / lemma: sem-3
Meaning: summer

Grammatical information: (Gen. Sefn-os)
Note:

Root/ lemma: sem-3: "summer' has certainly derived from Root/ lemma: ghei-2. ghi-,
ghei-men-, *gheimn-\ "winter; snow' [common satem IE ghe- > se-]. It seems that the
Hittite-lllyrian name for winter became the Sanskrit name for summer. This discovery
seems crucial to determine the homeland of Indo Europeans.

Material: Old Indie samai. "Halbjahr, season, year' (= Armenian am), a/-sa-mah'\h'\s year'
(probably from a Lok. *5/- 55/775/ reshaped, see above S. 286); Avestan ham- "summer';
Armenian a/77 "year' (= Old Indie sama), a/77a/77 "summer' {*Semerom); Old Irish sam
{*semo-) and samrad {*Semo-rdto-, above S. 866), cymr. corn, haf, bret. /7a/7K" summer';
cymr. /7a/oo'"Sommerhaus', bret. havreg^ fallow ', Middle Irish samadm. "Ampfer'; gall.
samor{ios] "Sommermonaf, samolus' sorrel, Oxalis acetosella ', 5a/775/'a"Ulmensamen';
remain far off the ibero-rom. a kind offish s5/77ai/C5(Hubschmid. Rom. Phil. 8, 12 f.); Old
High German sumar. Old English sumorm.. Old Icelandic sumarn. "summer'; as " one-
year-old animal' Old Icelandic s/mu//'{ one-year-old) ox', s/m/, s/m/rds., Norwegian s/m/a
"Renntierkuh' (Indo Germanic sem-), Swedish 50/775/ " Ren ntierkalb'.
References: WP. II 492 f.
Page(s): 905

Root /lemma: send'^ro-, -a

Meaning: clot, melted metal, etc..

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old Icelandic sindru. "Metallschlacke' and "Hammerschlag' (in addition sindra^

spark, produce sparks '), Old English sinderds.. Old High German sinterds.. Modern High

German Sinter, Kalksinter (\v\ addition s//7/e/'/7"durchsickern, curdle, coagulate, harden ');

vermutlichverwandt is Norwegian dial, s/nk/a ^ s\c\r\ with an Ice crust beziehen' as *sind-kla;

Serb. -Church Slavic sedry krbvbnyje, russ. -Church Slavic sjadry krovnyja ^ coagulated
Blutmassen', Serbo-Croatian seo'/'a'Ka Iks inter', Czech sao'/'a'Gips' (from *sen6'^ra).
References: WP. II 497, Trautmann 256.
Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: seng^h-

Meaning: to sing

Material: Prakr. samghai^say, instruct'; gr. opcpn "voice, Prophezeiung' {*song'^ha),

navo|j(paTo(; "epithet of Zeus'; mcymr. defhjong/' dei\ne'; Note: common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

Gothic 5/ig^M/5/7"sing, vorlesen, rezitieren'. Old Icelandic syngua. Old English Old High
German Old Saxon singan, singen, Gothic saggws^ song, Musik, Vorlesung', Old
Icelandic sgngr'{ religious) song'. Old English sang, song, Old High German Old Saxon
sang. Sang " chant, song '.

References: WP. II 496, Bloch BSL 31 , 62, Vendryes RC 48, 476; after W. WiJst (briefl.)
belongs prakr. samgha/to Rens-, above S. 566.
Page(s): 906-907

Root / lemma: seng"-

Meaning: to fall, sink

Note:

From Root / lemma: sek-1 : to flow out, dry out (of water) derived Root / lemma: seng"- : to

fall, sink

Material: Armenian ankan/mlaW, retreat, take ab'; gr. eacpOri "sank' {aamq);

Germanic *sinkwan\v\: Gothic sigqan. Old Icelandic S0kkva, Old English sincan. Old
Saxon Old High German sinkan sinken, Intens. Danish-Norwegian sakka, Dutch zakken.
Modern High German sacken^ sink '; Adj. *sinhti- in Old English s/77/e "sumpfig'. Middle
High German sTht(e), Modern High German seichV shallow, having little depth ',
Alemannian sTcht^vevj humid, wet' (from Wiesen).

References: WP. II 495 f.
Page(s): 906

Root /lemma: seni-, senu- {Sgni-), sp-ter-
Meaning: for oneself; separate

Material: Old Indie sanu-tar' abseWs from, welt weg', sanutara- (?), sanutya-^ furtive,
unvermerkt' ("*beiseite'), Avestan /7a/7a/'a"abseits, without'; gr. arep (Ionian) 'abseits,
without' ( *snter)\

Old Saxon 5^/70'//' "without' (= arsp). Old High German suntar^ separate ' and "but,
against it'. Modern High German sondern {d'\ese meaning from 'besides, without'). Old
English 5^/7o''c»/''for sich, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular,
peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ', Old Norse sundr^ divided ', Gothic sundrolor sich,
abseits, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately,
extra, notably ', Adj. Middle High German sunder, besunder. Modern High German
besonder,

Latin 5//7e 'without' (probably neutr. *seni, standing next to Irish sa/afrom *Seni-)\

Old Irish sain M]. 'different, particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular,
peculiarly, separately, extra, notably ' ( *Seni-s), cymr. o-han-, a-han- 'from', gwa-han
'apart, separated, different', acymr. /75/7'alium'; cymr. hanes' narration ' = Middle Irish
sanas^ mystery, Lispein' ( *sani-sta)\ corn, hanys' secret '; Tocharian A sne, B sna/
{*sana/) 'without';

The meaning ' separate, for sich' allows connection with dem Reflexivstamm *se-,
*s(e)ue-\.o, compare with aniaut su-: Old Church Slavic 5i/e/7e 'besides, without' and Latin
sed, se preposition 'sine, without', prefix 'without, beiseite'.

References: WP. II 494 f., WH. II 542 f., H. Lewis EC. 1, 322.
Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: senk-

Meaning: to burn, dry

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Material: Old English sengan. Middle Low German Middle High German se/7^e/7 'singe'

{*sangjan^ burn make'); Low German sangeren^\v\ the Haut prickein' (actually 'burn'), old

Dutch se/7^e/ 'spark'. Middle High German senge^ dryness, aridity ', sinc{-g-) 'das

Sengen', sungen, s^/7/re/7'anbrennen', sungein, sunkeln^ rustle ', Norwegian dial, sengra,

se/7^/5'brenzlich smell', Swedish dial, sjang/a ^ s\nge' , isl. sang{u)r, n. sangt^s\nges,

burns, angebrannt';

Old Church S\av\c pre-sgc/t/, /spc///"dry', 5(?c//o 'oven', russ. /zsjak/yj^ dry'.

References: WP. II 495.
Page(s): 907

Root / lemma: sen(o)- {*heno)

Meaning: old, *old moon

Material: Old Indie sana-, Avestan hana- 'old', Old Indie s5/7a/r^-"ehemalig, old' (: Latin

senex, Franeonian Sinigus, gall. Seneca), 55/75/7 "vor alters', sana, sanat, sanata Irom

alters her, from jeher, stets', sanatana-^ eternal, immortal, perennial '; Armenian hanapaz^

always ', h/n'o\d'; gr. £vo(; "old, of previous years', 5i-£vo(; " biennial ', £vr| Koi vsa ' the day

before the new moon and the first one of the beginning month ';

again gr. £vo(; 'old' in eontrast to "anew', only in standing phrases of fruit and employees of

the last year, also from the last day of the last month or moon eireulation whieh initiates at

the same time the new eireulation (sinee Hes.); in the last-named formation usually £vr| Kai

v£a (se. a£Ar|vr|; Attie sinee Solon).

Maybe alb. hana'{*o\6) moon' : gr. £voi; "old moon' : otkaq n. " brillianee', a£Ar|vr|, Aeolie

a£Aavva "moon' (*a£Aaava), oeKa\/z\y " shine '; henee a£A-rivr| " the full-moon ' see Root/

lemma: suel-2\ "to smoulder, burn'.

Latin senex. Gen. senis, Kompar. sen/or^o\d, aged'; seneo, -ere'o\6, weak sein',
senesco, -ere "a Item, dwindle away, deerease ', senium^ senility, zehrende
GemiJtsstimmung', senatus, -us {Oscau Gen. senateis) "Senaf, senectus ' age' , senecio
ds.; Old Irish se/7"old', aeymr. eorn. bret. hen^o\6 man, aged', eompounds Old Irish s/n/'u,
eymr. hyn; Irish sen-math{a)ir{= Lithuanian sen-mote) "grandmother'; gall. Seno-gnatus ,
Seneca, Gothie sineigs^ an old man ', S//7/5/5 "oldest'. Old Franeonian sini-skalkus^\he
oldest Hausdiener', Old leelandie S//75" grass of the previous year'; Lithuanian 5^/755 "old',
sen/'s' graybeard ', sen/aF in the distant past, many years ago, yore, a long time ago',
se'/7ey^"beeome old' (= Latin seneo).

References: WP. II 494, WH. II 513 f., Trautmann 256.
Page(s): 907-908

Root / lemma: sent-

Meaning: to take a direetion, go; to feel

Material: A. in geistigen sense: Latin sentio, -Tre, -si, -sum' feel, pereeive ', sensus, -us'

emotion, sense, mind, Gesinnung; opinion', sententia {*sentientia) "opinion ete.'; Old High

German sin, -nnes'sense, mind' {*sent-no-), sinnan' strive, lust, erave'. Modern High

German sinnen; (under the influenee of eommon Celtie -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Lithuanian sinteti

"think'; Old Chureh Slavie s^stb "smart'.

Maybe zero grade alb. {*sentid, entio) ndjej'ieey [typical alb. mutation se- > e-]

B. in eigentlichen sense: Avestan hant- (present hT-sasaX Fut. ni-sqsyS) " reach, reach
let'; Armenian a/7/5c'way, gait ', ant'anam^QO, travel, journey, hurry ';

Old Irish set'\Nay', cymr. hyntds., Middle Breton nbret. hent6s. (= Germanic *s/nPa-),
abret. Gl. c/o-guo-h/nt/7/at ^\nceduus', acorn. cam-h/ns/cG\. 'iniustus' (ca/77- "crooked'), eun-
hinsic(j\. 'Justus' {eun- " justified, legitimate '); therefrom Old Irish set/g'\N\ie, woman'
("Weggenossin', ^Fem. eines Adj. *setach)\ cymr. carrynt {to carr' cart ') 'way, journey',
epynt{to eb-, *eRuo-) " horse-way', dyffrynt^vaWeY (to o'm//^ 'water'); from *se/7//c»-.'mcymr.
hennydd^ fellow ', bret. /75/7/ez'Nachbar', corn, hynsads.;

Gothic s/nf^sm. 'Mai', Old Icelandic s/nnn. 'Mai', s/'nn/n. ' gait, journey' (and as
descendant of *gas/nf^ja- a\so ' cortege, UnterstiJtzung'), Old English s/dm. 'Fahrt,
journey, way, Mai', Old Saxon 5/15'way, direction'. Old High German s/nd' gait, way,
journey, Fahrt'; Goth\c ga-s/nPa ' travelling companion ', Old Icelandic s/nn/6s., (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old English gesTt^, Old Saxon gisTd, Old High
German gisind^ fellow ', wherefore n. Old English gesTd^ accompaniment ', Old Saxon
gesTthi, Middle Low German (ge)sinde^ servants ', Old High German ^/5//7o'/"Reisegefolge,
kriegerisches cortege ', Modern High German (Ses//7o'e 'servants'. Old Icelandic sinniu. '
cortege '; Old High German s/nnan{see above) also 'go, reisen, wander, come'; Kaus.
Gothic sandjan. Old Icelandic senda. Old English sendan. Old High German senten
'senden' (Old Icelandic senda a\so 'sacrifice'); *sent^dn Deuorw. from *sent^a- {see above)
in Old Icelandic s/>7/7a 'reisen, sich worum kijmmern, heed'. Old Saxon s/don^go, pull,
drag, wander'. Old English s/d/an6s., Old High German s/nddn6s.;

Lithuanian s/unc/u {*sunf/u ass. to *siuntiu), siijsti, Latvian sutu, s^//7 'senden, send'
(Baltic i//7 reduplication-stem 0/7 besides the full grade from Gothic sandjan).

References: WP. II 496 f., Trautmann 292.
Page(s): 908

Root / lemma: sen-, sene- sen(e)u-, sena-

Meaning: to prepare, work on, succeed

Material: Old Indie asanaml gewann', sanema^ we mogen gewinnen'; s5/7o//"gewinnt',

5a/7^/ra-'beutegierig', sanitar-^ gainer, victor', participle sata- 'gewonnen', satf-i.

'Gewinnung, acquisition '; gr. *avupi, themat. avuaj, Attic avuu) and hom. avu) (*avF(ji))

'vollende'; gr. avuru) ds.; dayto, ou T£A£a9r|a6|j£vov Hes., iv avaroK; £v anopiai(; Hes. (av-

aTO(; 'unvollendet'); hom. £vv£ai-£pYO(; 'Epya avuwv'; svapa 'die armament, armor of

erschlagenen Gegners' ("*Kannpfesbeute'); therefrom svaipu), Aor. nvapov "in Kampfe
slay', Evapi^u) 'dem getoteten Feinde die RiJstung disrobe; in Kampfe slay'; lak.
£vapocp6po(; 'to svapa cpspajv'; evteq (Sg. evtoc;) 'armament, armor'; next to which *£vtuc;
"ZuriJstung, consummation ' assumed from svtucjo, evtuvcjo 'make fertig, riJste to, bereite';
besides to svto^ stands ouv-evrn^ auv£pY6(; Hes. and au9£VTr|<; '*with eigener Hand
vollbringend: murderer; master, mister';

Old Irish con-suFseeks to erwerben, makes streitig', cymr. cynyddu ^ erobern, to
gewinnen seek ' etc.;

Hittite sanh-' seek, strive, arrogate'; also " sweep, wash away ' ("*durchsuchen').

References: WP. II 493, Pedersen Hittite 185.
Page(s): 906

Root / lemma: septrp {*seR''m-)

Meaning: seven

Note:

Root/ lemma: septrp {* seR"!!-) : seven derived from a mutated Root/ lemma: sueRs, seRs,

kseRs, RsueRs, ueRs{. uRs) : six; common gr.-celt. k"'>p, g"'> b.

Material: Old Indie sapta, Avestan hapta, Armenian evt'n, gr. snra, Latin septem. Old Irish

secht n-, cymr. etc. saith, Gothic Old High German sibun. Old English seofon. Old Norse

s/a^(-/7 preserved after one besides *s/5i//7 stehenden sibunr, /-loss in ordinals sep[t]m-tos

dissimilatory erfolgt; whether septunihe Lex. sal. still gesprochenes seftunox Latinisierung

eines echten *sifun is, stands dahin), Lithuanian septyni. Old Church Slavic sedmb (after

dem ordinals), alb. shtate {* ^e]ptm-ti-\ abstract number formation as Old Indie saptatf-,

Avestan haptaiti-10. Old Icelandic s/ai//7o'" number from 7'); Tocharian A spat, B suk{t);

Hittite s/pfa.

Note:

Gr. ep5opa5iK6^ "belonging to the week' : alb. yai/e "week' common alb. -b- > -v-.

Alb. shtata "seven' from {*£{e]ptm-tf-) is not possible. Anatolian languages show a pattern

similar to alb. So Lycian aitata {* oRtd(u)ta) "eight' : alb. /e/a "eight'; Lycian nuntata'n\ne' :

alb. nanda'n\ne'. Therefore alb. sMata ' seven' derived from a truncated *sa{pjtata' seven'

later Old Indie saptathah, Avestan hapta&a-. Old Saxon sivotho. Old English seofoda,

Lithuanian septintas, also Old Indie saptatf-, Avestan haptaiti-lQ; in alb. -ta, -teare

attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indie cognates. The attribute suffix -

ta'\s used in the alb. genitive and adjectives.

ordinals: sept(e)mos\n Old Indie saptama-, npers. haftum, gr. £p5opo(;, dial. £p5£M0(; (die
extension derives from a form spSpoq, compare Old Church Slavic sedmb), Latin
Septimus, gall, sextametos. Old Irish sechtm-ad, cymr. seithfed {*septem-etos). Old
Lithuanian sekmas. Old Prussian sep(t)mas. Old Church Slavic sedmv, *septm-to-s\v\ Old
Indie saptathah, Avestan hapta&a-. Old Saxon sivotho. Old English seofoda (also
akzentuell = saptatah; besides Old High German sibunto. Old Saxon sivondo. Old Norse
siunde, siaunde), Lithuanian septintas.

It seems that number seven spread from PIE to Semitic numeric system:

Semitic

East: Akkadian+ sebe, Central: Arabic sab'ah, Saudi sab' a, Yemeni sab' ah, Syrian sab' a,
Lebanese sab' a, Cypriot saba' , Iraqisab'a, Egyptian sab' a, E Libyan 'sab' a, N African
(Darja) seb' a, i\/ioroccan seb' a, Sudanese sab' a, Nigerian saba, Zanzibari saba' a,
Maltese sebgh=a, Phoenecian+ sh-b-", Ugaritic+ s-b-'-t, Moabite+ sh-b-"-t, Classical
Hebrew+ sheba", Modern Hebrew sheva', Classical Aramaic+ shi:Bs"a:h, Modern Aramaic
shub'a:, Classical Syriac+ shab'a:, Syriac shaw'a, Van sbava, Soutli: Old S. Arabian+ s-
b-', South Arabian (Harsusi) bo:ba, (Sheri) sbo:' , Socotra 'ybob^J^ N Ethiopia : Geez+
seb'atu, Tigre sabu", Beni Amir saba' , Tigrinya shob'atte, S Ethiopic: Amiiaric sabat,
Argobba sa'int, Harari sa:tti, E Gurage sabt, Gafat+ sabatta, Soddo sabatt, Goggot sabatt,
Muher sabat, Masqan sabat, CW Gurage sabat, Ennemor saB?at.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *sibum. Western: Old English+ seofon. Middle English+ seven,
Englisli seven, Scots seiven. Old Frisian+ sigun, W.Frisian san, Frisian (Saterland) sogen,
Dutcli zeven, W/S Fiemishze:yv\e, Brabantsze.ve, Low Saxon soven, Emsiand zabm,
i\4ennonite Piautdietsch sawen, Afrilcaans sewe, German sieben, Centrai Bavarian s'wnme,
Swabian sWbe, Aisatianseve, Cimbrian s\ban, Rimeiias\r\]bne, Rbeinfranicisch s'me,
Pennsyivania s'wNwe, Luxembourgeois siwen, Swiss German siebe, Yiddish zibn. Middle
High German+ siben. Old High German+ sibun. Northern: Runic+ siu:. Old Norse+ sjau,
Norwegian sju, Danisli syv, Swedisli sju, Faroese sjey. Old lcelandic+ siau, Icelandic sjo.
Eastern: Gothic+ sibun, Crimean+ sevene, Italic: Oscan+ *seften, Umbrian+ , Faliscan+
*zepten, Latin+ septem, Romance: Mozarabic+ xebte, Portuguese sete, Gaiicianseie,
Spanish siete, Ladinos\e\.\, Asturians\e\.e, Aragonese s\et, Catalan set, Vaiencian set. Old
French+ set, French sept, Waiioon set, Jerriais sept, Poitevin set, Oid Picard+ s\et, Picard

siet, Occitan (Provengal) set, Lengadocian sei, Gascon sei, Auvergnatse, L/mos/nse,
Franco-Provengal (Vaudois) sat, Rumantsch Gr/schun set, Sursilvan s\a\., Valladerset,
Friulian syet, Ladin set, Dalmatian+ sapto, Italian sette, Piedmontesesei, Milanese seVi,
Genovese sette, Venetian se\.e, Parmesan sdi, Corsican sette, Umbn'an sette, Neapoiitan
sette, Siciiian sett\, Romanian s,apte, Arumanian s,apte, Meglenite s,apti, Istriot s,apte,
Sardinian sette, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ septn, Gaulish+ sextan, Brytlionic (P-Ceitic)\ Welsh
saith, Cardiganshire soc\\, Breton seizh, Vannetaisse\\\, Unified Cornish+ seyth. Common
seytli, Moderns\V(\, Devonian+ seith, Goidelic (Q-Celtic) : Old lrish+ secht, Irish seacht,
Scots Gaelic seachd, Manx shiaght, Hellenic: Classical Greek+ hepta, Greek efta, Cypriot
efta, Tsakonian efta, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ late, Tocharian B+ sukt, Albanian: Albanian
shtate, Gtieg (Qosaj) shtat, 7"o5/r ^A^a/7o'/7/say)shtate, Armenian: +Classical Armenian
evt^n, Armenian yot^, Baltic West: Old Prussian+ *septi:njai. East: Lithuanian septyni,
Latvian septini, Latgaiian septer\'\, Slavic East: Russian semh, sem', Belarussian sem,
sem, Ukrainian s--m., sim. West: Polish siedem, Kashubian setme, Polabian+ sidem,
Czech sedm, Slovak sedem, Westsedem, Eas/shedzem, Upper Serbian sydom. Lower
Serbian sedym, Souttr. Old Church Slavonic+ sedmi, Bulgarian sedem, Macedonian
sedum, Serbo-Croat sedam, Slovene sedem, Anatolian: Hittite+ shipta-, Indo-lranian:
Proto-lndo-lranian+ *sapta, Iranian Eastern: Ossetian iron avd, Digor avd, Avestan+ hapta,
Khwarezmian+ 'bhd, Sogdian+ 'Bt

Yaghnobi avd, Bactrian+ Saka+ hauda, Pashto ow^, Wakhi yb, Munji avde, Yidgha avdo,
Ishkashmi uvd, Sanglechi haft, Shughn wu:vd, Rusiiani wu.yd, Yazgulami uvd, Sarikoli
(Tashkorghani) uvd, Parachi ho:t, Ormuri ho:, Westem Nortfiwest: Parthian+ hft, Yazdi
haf, Nayini Natanzi haft, Khunsari haft, Gazi haf, Sivandi haf, Vafsi haf, Semnani haf,
Sangisari haft, Gilaki haf, Mazanderani haft, Talysh haft, Harzani Zaza hewt, Gorani hawt,
Baluchi h^pt, Tur/cmenistan apt, E Hiiihapt, Ral<tisfiani (Western) {hYpt, Kermanji (S)
Kurdish hawt, Zaza (N) Kurdish haft, Bajalani\\a:it, Kermanshahi haft, Soutiiwest: Old
Persian+ Pahlavi+ haft, Farsi haft, isfaiianihai, Tajik h=aft, Tati haeft, Ciiaiihait, Pars haft,
Lari 'aft, Luri haf, Kumzari hafta, Nuristani: Ashkun su:t, Wasi-weri sete, Kati sut, Kalasha-
ala so:t. Indie: Sanskrit+ sapta, Prakrit+ satta, Ardhamagadhi+ satta, Pali+ satta, Romany
(Gypsy) : Spanish ester, Welsh tnn t'a: shtar, Kalderash yeita, Syrian \r\.o:t, Armenian \r\ait,
Iranian eida:, Sinhalese-Maldivian: Sinhalese hata, Vedda pahamay dekamay, Maldivian
hate. Northern India: Dardic: Kashmiri sat, Shina sat, ^/-o/rs/ra/ sa:t^Phalura sa:t,
Bashkarik sat, Tirahi sat, Torwali sat, Wotapuri sat, Maiya sa:t, Kalasha sat, Khowar sot,
Dameli sat, Gawar-bati s^t, Pashai sa:ta, Shumashti sa, Nangalami sat, Dumaki sot.
Western: Marathi sat, Konkani sat, Sindhi sata, Khatrisat, Lahnda satt. Central: Hindi/
Urdu sa:t, Parya sat, Punjabi s^t, Siraikisat, Gujarati sat, Rajasthani (Marwari) sa:t, Banjari
(Lamani) saat, Malvi sa:t, Bhili Aa:t, Dogri sat, Kumauni sa:t, Garhwali sa:t, W Pahari sa:t,

Khandeshi sa:t, East Central: Nepali sa:t, Maithili sa:t, Magahi sat, Bhojpuri sa:t, Awadhi
(Kosali) sa:t, Chattisgarhi sa:t, Eastern: Oriya saat, Bengali sat, Assamese xat, Mayang
ha:d.

Dravidian

Northwest: Brahui haft. Northeast: Kurukh satte:, Malto sa:te. Central: Kolami sa.t,
Telugu eedu, Gondi e:ru:ng, Koya e:du, Konda e:ru, Pengo sat, Kui odgi, Kuvi sa:ta. South
: Tulu e:l, Koraga eli, Kannada eeLu, Badaga iyyu, Kodagu ye:|u, Kurumba -o.lu, Tcxla ow,
Kota ye:ye, Tamil aezhu, Malayalam e:lu, Irula elu

Nahali

Nahali sato

Basque

Basque zazpi

Etruscan

Etruscan+ semph

Human

Hurrian+ shindia
References: WP. II 487.
Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: sep-

Meaning: to care of smth.; to honour

Material: Old Indie s4o5//"liebkost, umwirbt, pflegt, betreibt', Avestan hap- (2. 3. Sg. hafsT,

haptl) "(in the Hand)halten, stijtzen'; gr. -snoj (with apcpi-, 5i-, £cp-, [jeG-, nspi-), Aor. sir-e-

GTTOv, -ansTv " provide, supply, bereite, bearbeite'; ottAov n. "tool, appliance, weapon',

ottAeoo "harness', onAopai "bereite mirto' etc.;

in addition Indo Germanic *sepeljd\x\ Old Indie saparyat/ \enera\.ur', Latin sepe//d -Ire,
sepu/tum^ bury' i.e. "venerari sepulcro'.

References: WP. II 487, WH. II 517, Benveniste Origines 1, 47.
Page(s): 909

Root / lemma: serk-

Meaning: hedge, to fence

Material: Gr. I^koq, n. " paddock, corral, pen, fold, fence. Wall; loop, noose, snare,

Fangnetz', opKavr) 'Umzaunung', opKoq m., opKiov 'oath';

Latin sarcio, -Tre' patch, mend, wiederherstellen', sarctus tectusiroxw a house "twisted
and gedeckt, i.e. complete ', 5a/r//7a "bundle. Pack, tragbares baggage ', sartor
"Flickschneider', Umbrian sars/fe "*sarcTte'; Hittite sar-n/n-k- 'ersetzen, compensate '.

References: WP. II 502, WH. 478 f.
Page(s):912

Root / lemma: ser-1 ( *ker- < *kel-)
Meaning: to flow

Material: Old Indie sfsarti, sarati^ flows, hurries, jagt wornach, verfolgt'; fut. sarisyati,
subjunctive s/sFrsat/irom a heavy basis *sera-, compare hom. pcbopai "budge me quick,
fast, strong, stijrme an, hurry ' from *srd-/d; ein root nouns *srd, in addition Old Indie *sTr,
*sfrah, is die base of a-stem Old Indie siraav\6 sTra^ Rinnsal, stream'; Old Indie sarfti.
"stream, brook, river', sarana-' running ', sa-5/'-^-"stromend', sa-sr-'h " running, hurrying ';
sarayu; sarayu-m. "name eines river', ap. Haraiva-, Avestan (Akk.) Haroyum, np. Hare^
river and region from Ugml ';

Old Indie sarma-m. " das Flieften ', gr. oppn "Aniauf, attack, Drang after etwas', whereof
oppau) "treibe an, rege an', intr. "stiJrme hence, worauf los'; in addition oppsvov " Salbei '
as "die Anreizende', s. Stromberg, Gr. Pflanzennamen 93; aipsoj " gripe, seize' instead of
*aTpu) ( *Ser/d) through influence of aypsu) ds.;

Old Indie sara- "fluid', sara "river, stream, brook', gr. 6p6(;, Latin serum^ the wasserige
Teil the geronnenen milk, whey '; perhaps alb. gjize {*ser-dja) "gelabte milk, cheese';

thrak. PN Germ/sera "\Narmwasser', FIN litp[i\oq; French la Sermane{*Sermanna),
northern Italy Sermenza ( *Sermentia), (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nrh), Venetic PN Sirmid{*Sermid), Pannonian PN Sirmium, poln. (Venetic) PN Srem
{*Sermo-)\ lllyrian FIN Sa/77^s (Kampanien); gall. (Venetic-lllyrian) FIN Sara{*Sera),
Saravus'd\e Saar'; Sar-b\\6et many FIN in the Lombardei, Switzerland and Frankreich,
also appellative (Mantua sa/7ic>7" stream, brook' etc.); cymr. FIN Sdr{*Sora)\ sor- a\so in den
FIN Old Prussian Sar-ape, Lithuanian-poln. Szar-upa, Latvian Sarija;

Middle Irish sirid {* serTtI) "durchwandert, sucht heim, loots, verlangt', verbal noun siriud,
cymr. herw {*ser-uo-) 'Landstreicherei', Middle Irish serb^ theft ';

Lithuanian a/7S//Y/"unnzingeln', Latvian sirt^ umherschwarmen, Raubziige make ', sira
(compare Old Indie sira) "Umherstreifer, beggar'.

References: WP. II 497 f., WH. II 525, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 727^; in addition sreu-'i\o\N\
after E. Fraenkel Gl. 32, 33 here gr. psGsa 'nostril, nose', p60O(; "Wogenschwall', as well
as pi(;, pTv6(; "nose' as "die Triefende'.
Page(s): 909-910

Root / lemma: ser-2

Meaning: to guard, watch over, support

Material: Avestan hara/t/"\r\as acht, schijtzt'; haurva/t/ds., /75^n/5-"beschutzend, hijtend' in

pasus-haurvo spa ' 6\e Schafe beschijtzender Hund, Schaferhund' (as Latin sen/d from an

^/-extension); haratar-^ Hijter, Wachter', /75/'az?/'a- "nourishment, care, cultivation,

Wartung'; hara- "achthabend, hiJtend', redupl. h/sara- ds.;

gr. "Hpa "* Schutzerin ' from * "HpFa, npux;, -u)0(; (stem npojF-, see above) "* HiJter '

I
(ripu)£(; " Landesschutzgeister '), "bulging, mighty man'; servo, -are^{den Wachter machen)

erretten, receive, Linversehrt bewahren ', Oscan 5e/'eK/r/b'"auspicio, iussu'; Umbrian seritu

"servato', anser/ato Sup\n. "observatum' compare oose/r/0/77 perhaps "*observaculum'

from *ser-tlomr,

unclear are Old Church Slavic chranjg, chran/t/look after, watch over, keep, preserve,
protect', chrana'd\s\r\, food, nourishment, food' etc. (see Berneker397 f.); compare
MachekSlavia 16, 191 f.;

as guttural extension here Lithuanian serg-mi, -u, -iu^ behijte, guard ', sargas^ ^|yjj||
', ss/y^s "watchful, wakeful'. Old Prussian but-sargs^ Haushalter ', absergTsnan f\Vk. "
protection'.

References: WP. II 498 f., WH. II 525 f., Trautmann 257 f.
Page(s):910

Root / lemma: ser-3, sor-
Meaning: red

Material: Old Indie perhaps in sara- m. n. " marrow of a tree (compare Latin robur^
heartwood '), Festigkeit, power '; with formants -to- Lithuanian 5a?^55 "fuchsig (from

horses'), Latvian sarts'red in face'; witli formants-bho- Latin sorbum'6\e rote berry of
Sperber-, Vogelbeerbaumes', sorbus^Ms tree'; Swedish sarf^ roach, cockroach '; russ.
sorobalina^ rosehip, dog rose, blackberry ', Lithuanian serbenta, serbentas^ black currant
' (ass. from * sarbental); with formants -g(h)o-x\}ss. soroga^ roach, cockroach, Plotze';

with -k- Latvian saA/rs "reddish';

with -/77- Lithuanian sarmoties^ be ashamed';

with -p- Lithuanian serpes PI. 'ein gelbes Farberkraut, Serratula tinctoria', sirpstu,
sirpau, sFrptT mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned become' (only from Beeren and
SteinfriJchten, also actually "yellow or reddish become').

References: WP. II 499, WH. II 562, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 267.
Page(s): 910-911

Root / lemma: ser-4

Meaning: to put together, bind together

Material: Old Indie sarat-, sarit- ' filament ' (uncovered), perhaps sa/a "lichen, mane,

bristle';

gr. dpci) {*serid) "reihe aneinander' (hom. only participle Perf. ££p|j£vo(;, 3. Sg. Plusqpf.
sepTo), £V£ipu) "knijpfe an, reihe an' (: Latin in-sero^iuqe ein'), EvspoK; "das Hineinfijgen,
Hineinstecken' (: Latin insertid; //-stem also in praesertim^\v\ previous Reihe,
vorzugsweise'), sppa n. "Ohrgehange', oppoc; m. " necklace ', oppia f. "fishing line',
oppaGoq m. "row, chain ', presumably also sipspov "in Gefangenschaft';

Latin sero, -ere, -/i//77 "fugen, put in a line, tie, bind, knot ', ser/ies "order, chain, row',
se/77/a "Seile', soas "lot, fate' (probably of Aufreihen the Lose); sera^ as bar, bolt vorgelegter
crossbar, crossbeam' (?); Oscan asem/77"asserere'; Old Irish serna/d^reM an, ordnet an',
subjunctive seraid, verbal noun sreth{*srta) "Ausbreiten, row' etc. kann also *s/e/'-and
*5pe/'- contain; Gothic sarwau. PI. "armament, armor, weapons ' (probably "geknoteter,
geknijpfter Harnisch', compare Latin sertae loricae). Old Icelandic S0rviv\. "kostbares,
collar, neckband'. Old High German Old Saxon saro "armament, armor'. Old English seam
"armament, armor'; also "skillfulness, artifice', as s/e/'M/5/7"insidiari, planen';

Old Lithuanian seris^ filament, Pechdraht'; Hittite sa/ra- "break, rupture, divide' (?).

Ein with unserem ser- ursprungsgleiches ser- for "geschlechtlichen Verkehr; wife,
woman' seeks man in Old Icelandic serda siem V. " lubricity drive, push', sordenn av\6

strodenn 'vnuWebna passus' (Old English seordan\s nord. loanword), Old High German
se/Ya/7 "geschlechtlichen Umgang have', cymr. se/Y^'obscenus', serthedd ^obscena
locutio'; if Irish se/r'love', bret. se/r77'Kebsweib' anzureihen is, is a West Indo Germanic
ser- 'geschlechtlich verkehren' anzuerkennen; about unsicheres Indo Germanic *sor-
"wife, woman' s. M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein, Studien 32 ff.

References: WP. II 499 f., WH. II 52 f., Pedersen Hittite 118.
Page(s): 91 1

Root / lemma: ser-5, extended serp-

Meaning: sickle

Material: Old Indie srnTi. "sickle', 5/77/5- 'sichelformig', srn/'-m. 'hookzum Antreiben of

Elefanten'; Latin sand, -/re'6\e Saat behacken, weed ' {*Serid), sarcu/um ' Jatbacke' {*sar-

tlom).

Maybe alb. harr'to weed' similar to Latin sarr/o (sario) -ire -ui and -ivi\o hoe, weed'.

[common alb. s >/? shift]; alb. seems to have preserved the old laryngeal.

With yo-extension:

Gr. apnri "sickle' and "a bird of prey', apTra^w "raffe, raube, despoil ', apiTayn f.
"Plijnderung', apnayn f. ' rake ', apna^, -aYO(; 'rauberisch, greedy ';

Latin 55/50/0 and sarpo, -ere, -si, -/^/77"beschneiteln, abschneitein', sarmen {*sarp-men),
55/777^/7/^/77 "abgeschneiteltes rod, deadwood'; Old High German sarf. Middle High
German 55/50/7 'sharp, rough, from herbem, zusammenziehendem Geschmacke, cruel,
savage, wild'; Old Church Slavic srhpt, russ. 5e/X7b "sickle', Latvian 5//x?/5 "sickle'.

References: WP. II 500 ff., WH. II 470 f., Trautmann 261 f.; J. Gonda Mnemosyne 6, 153

ff.

Page(s): 911-912

Root / lemma: serp-

Meaning: to crawl, *snake

Note:

From a zero grade of Root/ lemma: ang''(h)i-\ "snake, worm' derived lllyrian *nsaia'ee\'

[later alb. {* enciieieae > *ensaia) ngJaie^eeV], then from the intermediary lllyrian root

*nsaia "eel' derived Root / lemma: sa/- : "salt; salty water' and Root / lemma: sa/-2: "dirty

grey; salt, saliva, willow'.

Also from lllyrian PN Salapia (Apulia) to FIN *Sal-apa "salty water' \sala 'salt' + *apa

"water'] derived an intermediary root *salpa-^se3i snake' then Root / lemma: serp-\ "to

crawl, snake'.

Material: Old Indie 5a/'y05//"slinks, crawls, goes' (= spnu), Latin serpd), sarpa- m. "snake';

gr. spnu) "slink, go', spnu^u) "slink, crawl, creep', eprrsTOv "crawling animal', ablaut.

Lesbian opnsTOv "animal' {*srp-), £pnr|<;, -Toq "lichen an the skin', spnuAAov " thyme '

(Latinized serpullum); alb. gjarpen^suake' {*serpeno-), shterpfnj^aW Kriechende'; Latin

seAyOo "crawl, creep, slink', serpens ^sx\ake\

Note:

alb. gjarpen^ snake' = Saami gearpmas "snake'.

Maybe alb. Geg {*serpeno-) gjyipane, Tosc gjilpere^ needle '.

References: WP. II 502, WH. II 524.

Page(s):912

Root / lemma: seug-

Meaning: sad, grievous; ill

Material: Armenian h/ucan/m ' s\ec\r\e hin'; Middle Irish sochtru. {*sug-to-) "Schweigen,

Depression';

Gothic siuks^ sick ', Old Icelandic sjukr^ sick, grieving ', Old English seoc{ev\Q\. sick).
Old Saxon 5/b/rds., Old High German siuh, sioh. Middle High German siech' sick,
freudlos'; Gothic 5/^/r5/7"siechen, be sick '; abstract noun Gothic siukei. Old High German
siuhhT, Middle High German siuche' epidemic '; Middle High German sochen {* suken)
"siechen, pain, feel ill ', Old Icelandic sokna^ sick become'; Gothic sai//7/5"Sucht, disease,
malady, Kranklichkeit' {*sug-ti-). Old Icelandic 5d// "disease, malady'. Old High German
5^/7/"disease, malady'. Modern High German (Schwind)sucht, Sucht{here meaning-
influence of suchen' seek '); Old English sys/n. f. {*suh-sla-) " sorrow ', seoslig {* seuh-sla-
) "gepeinigf. Old Icelandic sysl, sysla^ occupation, Amt, Amtsbezirk (from the through
Pflichtarbeit ausgelosten Unlust)', sj?s/Adj. " eager bemijht, sorgsam' {*sOsli-R).

References: WP. II 472 f.
Page(s):915

Root /lemma: seu-1, se"&-: su-

Meaning: juice; liquid, *rain

Material: 1 . Gr. usi " it is raining ', uw " allows to rain ' ( *su-id), u£t6(; "heavy rain' ( *suu-

etos, as vT(P£t6(;); alb. s/7/"rain' {*su-)\ Tocharian B swese^ra\v\\ su-, sn/as- "rain'; to U£i

perhaps uQKoq {uaQKoq, uaKoq Gramm.) m. "empty gossip' (as though " letting drip

monotonously ');

Note:

The old laryngeal became a sibilant in satem languages : *heu- > seu-.

Illyrian Savus {*Souos) displays satem characteristics : alb. s/7/^'rain'.

2. Old Indie sunotT squeezes, presses ' = Avestan hunaoiti6s.\ Old Indie savana-m,
sava- m. ' Kelterung des Soma ', suta- " pressed ', soma- = Avestan hauma- m. ' Soma ';
Old High German sou. Old English seaw^\u\ce, sap', isl. 5C>g^/'"humid, wet' {*sawwia-)\
Old Irish s^//7 "juice, sap, milk' {*su-tu-s)\ here probably also FIN gall. Save, Savara, -ia
and (Illyrian) Savus {*Souos).

Note:

Old Indie savana-m, sava-m. " Kelterung des Soma ' : Illyrian Savus prove the satem
nature of lllyrian-alb. Proto Illyrian was probbaly the bridge between satem and centum
languages.

3. seu-d- in Old English i?e-5J//5/7 'smudge', westfal. 50/" filth '; Old Icelandic sut'care,
sorrow', syta ' grieve '.

4. Guttural extension: seuk-, suk- and seug-, sug-:

Latin sugo, -ere^sucV!; Latin sJci/s "juice, sap', cymr. sugno. Middle Breton sunaff,
nbret. suna6s., s^/7 'juice, sap', cymr. sugnedydd^ pump' {*seuk-n-, cymr. ^from Latin
loanword s^^'juice, sap'), acymr. dissuncgnetic^ exhaust, suffer through, endure '
(morphologically difficult group); Old English sucan, Dutch zuiken^ sucV!; Old English
socian {*sukdn) ' steep, absorb, suck', gesocu. 'the sucking'. Old Icelandic suga{sjuga)
"suck', sogu. ' the sucking ', Old English Old Saxon Old High German sugan^suck', Kaus.
Norwegian dial, soygja. Middle High German sougen^ suckle ', Middle High German sue,
soc, g. 5c»^es and souc, -^es 'juice, sap'. Old English sogedam. 'gulp'; Latvian sukt' suck';
Old Prussian suget 'rain'.

Maybe alb. shushunje leech, bloodsucker' : Latin sanguisuga [sangu/^b\ood + suga
'sucker'] : Italian sanguisuga : Spanish sanguijuela; sanguja; sanguisuela : French
sangsue : Calabrese sancisuca : Portuguese sanguessuga : Sardinian Campidanesu
sangunera : Valencian sangonera : Venetian sangueta : Zeneize sanguetta ' leech '.

5. Aformant: gr. uAr| "ordure, slime, mud', uAi^u) "filter, clean'; Old Indie sura-m.
"intoxicating potion'; s^as "alcohol', Avestan hura'Kumys' (wogul. sara, syrj. s^^from

Iranian) = Lithuanian Latvian sula^ abfiielsenaer tree juice ' (with t7 Latvian sOlat^ siepen '),
Old Prussian sulo^ coagulated milk'; Old English solu. "slime, mud, puddle, slop'. Old
High German Middle Low German sol 6s., Old English 5y//a/7 "smudge'. Old Saxon
sulwian. Old High German sullen 6s., Modern High German suhlen, suhlen^ sjch im Kot
walzen '; Gothic bl-sauljan' blemish ', Norwegian S0yla6s.

6. seup-, seub-:0\d Indie supa-m. "broth, soup'; Old Icelandic supa. Old English supan.
Old High German sufan^ slurp, drink, swig ', suFbroih, soup'. Middle High German suf,
so/" soup'. Old English sypexx\. " soaking up ', Old IcelandicsO/O/m., Old English sopa
"gulp', full grade Old High German so^rsoup'. Old Icelandic saupu. " buttermilk '; Old
English soppi. " sop ', Middle Low German (out of it Middle High German) soppe, suppe
"sop'. Old High German sopha, soffa^ broth, also with soaked slices; settlings '; Gothic
supon^ spice ' = Old High German soffon ds. (actually " dunk into broth '); Middle High
German sOftxw., Middle Low German s^c/7/"sigh'. Old High German suft(e)dn. Middle High
German sluften, s/ufzen's\g\r\'; Old Icelandic Old English sufln. " Zukost ', Old Saxon
suval. Old High German suvll(l), -a" sorbiuncula '; Middle Low German suvel, Dutch zuivel
" der Buttergehalt der Milch ';

Maybe turk. {*su-) su 'water, aqua, juice'

Old Church Slavic shs-g, -atl. Iter. sysa//"suck' probably from *sup-s-.

alb. s/se, th/the 'teat', thith{*sis-) "suck' [common alb. s->th-]

References: WP. II 468 f., WH. II 622 f., Trautmann 257, 291 f.
Page(s): 912-913

Root / lemma: seu-2, (seya-), su-
Meaning: to bear child; son

Material: Old Indie sute{sautl), suyate{suyati), savatr gebxert, zeugt', sJ/? "progenitor',
sutu-m. "Schwangerschaff (: *sufu-s\n Old Irish sutii), suta- m. "son'; sJ//- "birth, progeny
', susutl-i. "leichtes parturition'; Avestan hav- {hunami) " to give birth to children. Kinder zur
Welt bringen', hazarjrd-huna' e\v\e, die 1000 Kinder zur Welt bringt'; Old Irish suth {*sutu-s)
"birth, fruit'; cymr. hog-en "girl' ( *suka), in addition hog-yn "lad, young boy'; due to the
present *sunami {zoxxv^axe Avestan hunami) and *5^/i7(compare Old Indie suyate): Indo
Germanic *sunu-s and *5t(/i/-5 originally "*the parturition, birth', then " foetus, son';

Old Indie sunu-m.; Avestan hunu-s, Gothic sunus. Old Icelandic sunr. Old High German
Old English sunu, Lithuanian sunus. Old Church Slavic synt "son';

gr. uiu(; (Gen. horn, ultoq) and (secondary) uioq "son' (in addition liom. ui(jov6(;
"grandchild, grandson' from *sujd[u]-n6-s), as proto Indo Germanic formation verified
through tochar. B soya {A se) "son' and that reshaped after o'i/s//'" daughter' Armenian ustr
"son'; also Old English 5^/7/e/ya "grandchild, grandson, nephew ' kann eine corresponding
reshuffling after Tochter "daughter' sein.

In Italian-Celtic Gehiete fehlen diese words for 'son'.

Maybe alb. {*tsun) gun'son'.

References: WP. II 469 f., Trautmann 292.
Page(s): 913-914

Root / lemma: seu-3 : su- : seya- : su-

Meaning: to bend, turn

Material: Old Indie suvati^ sets in motion, excites, arouses, animates ', suta- "veranlaftt,

angetrieben', pra-suta-"\n Bewegung gebracht, angetrieben, entsendet', nr-suta-lrom

Mannern angetrieben', pra-suti-^ motion; agitation ', sava- " actuation, incitation,

command, order, Belebung; the Anreger, Befehlende', savTmaniLok. "in actuation, in

behest ', savitar- " hastener, impeller, motivator, exciter; the god Savitar ';

Avestan hav- " set in motion ', /7^/7a///"verschafft, seeks to obtain ', hv^nmahi{ *su-en-) "
we seek to obtain '. apavanvainti {* su-en-u-) "sie lenken ab', ma/nyu-sufa- ' oi Ge\st
getrieben', hvd/sta-'t\r\e hochste, beste; oldest';

Old Irish sd{a)/c/'6reht, kehrt' {*sdu-eie-ti), ess-/'c»-5C»-"miftlingen' (*hinwegdrehen);
sua(i)nemvc\. "rope, cord' {*seu-n-Ja-md)\ Lithuanian siauras{*seu-ro-) " narrow, tight, slim,
slender, thin, narrow';

Hittite 5i/i/a/-"bump, poke, urge, press, push'.

seu-k-: osset. xurx' whey ' (Aryan *si//r/'a-.' Lithuanian sukrus^*was sich leicht dreht');
Lithuanian sunkalaiP\. "wheys', pa-sukos 6s.; Lithuanian suku, s^M'turn', sukrus
"movable, nimble, agile', apsukalas^JuxauqeX, Latvian sukt^ escape; to get away ', sukata
"Drehkrankheif, Slavic *S'bkg, *sb/ra// (preterit-stem *suka-) in russ. sku, s/ra/b "zwirnen,
zusammendrehen, wind up, roll up ', ablaut. Church Slavic 5^/ra//"turn' (reshaped from
*soukeJe-, compare russ. sucftb "zwirnen');

References: WP. II 470, Trautmann 291, Liden KZ 61, 7 f., Pedersen Hittite 134.
See also: s. also seuio- " left ' and suei- "bend'.

Page(s):914

Root / lemma: seu-4, seu-t-

Meaning: to boil, move vividly

Material: Avestan havayqn^sxe schmoren', /7ai/aye///"erschmort' (3. Sg. Opt. huyaras-

Old Indie *suyur\.o a present 7750/// after the Wurzelklasse);

in addition Germanic *sau^- in Old Icelandic sjoda 'simmer, seethe, boil, cook'. Old
English seoda/? (engl. seethe) ds.. Old High German siodan. Middle High German Modern
High German sieden. Old Icelandic seyd'brausendes water', seyd/r'Kochfeuer'; Gothic
saut^s^ sacrificial animal ', Old Icelandic sai/d^'sheep, also anderes small cattle'; Old
Swedish 5a^A'/7"Sprudelquelle'; Germanic *sut=>a- in sodn. TIeischsuppe, broth';

Lithuanian siauciu siausti\ corn, grain) winnow, fan, die chaff of corn, grain segregate;
play; dash, rage ', siuntu, siusti^XoW become'; besides also the meaning "hit' in zem. s/ut/s'
shove ', Latvian sai/s/ 'geiftein'; compare also Lithuanian saubt/^age, clamor, dash',
saJM'umhertoben', Old Lithuanian s/autit/" prank pull '; Latvian sau/fsm. 'gate';

maybe alb. (*5/-) 5/7^' "thresh, winnow'.

russ. sucu, sutftb "spaften, joke', s^/(Gen. sut^ m. " merrymaker, buffoon ', slov. sutec
■fool'.

References: WP. II 471 f., Trautmann 260.
Page(s): 914-915

Root / lemma: seua- su-

Meaning: to let, leave (?)

Material: Gr. saw ' allow ' (*£Fa(ji)), spaaov saaov. lupaKouaioi, sua = la Hes., Put. saau),

Aor. siaaa (to *£Ta); zero grade Old High German vir-sOmen, Modern High German

saumen, ver-saumen {\nou\6 be denominative eines *sO-md-s' slackening, saumend').

References: WP. II 472, SchwyzerGr. Gr. 1, 682, 752.

Page(s):915

Root / lemma: seuio-

Meaning: left

Material: Old Indie savya-, Avestan haoya-^ left ', Old Church Slavic sujb, f. suja ds.

References: WP. II 472, Trautmann 260;

See also: perhaps as " writhed, crooked, humped ' to se^-J (compare Latin laevus above

S. 652).

Page(s):915

Root / lemma: se-

Meaning: reflexive pronoun

Note: and (after analogy from *t(e)ue) s(e)ue-

Material: 5e-and s^^e^J^e- Reflexivpronomen for alle Personen, Geschlechter uud Numeri;

Gen. seue, Dat. seb^e/) enclitic Gen.-Dat. s(u)of, adjektivisches Possessiv s(e)uo-\ se-: se-

ue- inflectional as te-: te-ue 'du'.

/. se-;gr. acpg, acpiv etc., poss. acp6(;, derive from *a-(p£i, a-cpi(v), die as acp-£i, acp-i(v)
aufgefafitwurden;

Latin sibT, se, Paelignian sefei, Oscan s/7e/"sibi' {*s^^ei), s/om'se' (Umbrian seso'sibi'
from se/-psd ^s\b\ ipsT?'), Gothic s/'k, Old High German s/h, Old Norse s//r "sich' {*se-ghe),
Gothic sis. Old Icelandic se^Dat., Poss. Gothic seins. Old High German s/h etc. "sein' (auf
dem Lok. *5e/beruhendes *sei-no-s); compare Messapici/e/>75/7"suam' from * suei-na-m;
Old Prussian sebbeiDai.. s/enAkk., Old Church Slavic sebe Dat, s^Akk. "sibi, se'.

2. seue-, *sue-:0\d Indie Poss. sva- 'suus', Avestan hva-, x'a-, ap. huva-'e\gen, suus'
and zero grade Avestan hava-6s.; Avestan Dat. Abl. hvavdya'\.e. Iran. *buabya's\b\, se', x
"^/'sibi';

Armenian in-k'n. Gen. in-k'ean, "selbsf (/r'from su), perhaps /ic/r'sui, sibi', {*seuero-
ox*seuoro-);

gr. £ (pamph. Fhs) "sich' from *sue, hom. ££ from *seue. Gen. hom. £0, do, £U, £U, Attic
ou ( *suesjo), Dat. ol, oi, Lesbian Vo\{*suol) besides hom. £oT ( *seuoi), Poss. 6c„ Doric Voc,
"sein' ( *suos) besides hom. £6c; ( *seuos), wherefore v\k\% ( *sua-li-k-) " of the same age,
coeval, fellow ';

alb. ve-te {* sue-th) "selbsf, u-Prou. refl. {*sue-), vaje'g'\r\' {*var/ato *suo-ro-' relative '),
ve/a " brother ' (see above S. 685);

Maybe Phrygian: ve/a-i. "family, relatives' (?) : alb. i/e//a "brother'

Note:

Wrong etymology of alb. vaje^gkV

Maybe alb. Geg {*vargha) varza, tosk vaje "girl, virgin' : Latin virga^ thin branch, rod '
(from *uiz-ga), virgo^ girl, virgin ';

Root / lemma: uer-3. E. uer-gh- {* suerg^h^: "to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin
Germanic -s- > -r-\ of Root / lemma: ueis-2\ "to turn, bend'.

Old Latin sovos, from which in schwachtoniger position suos, Latin suus, Oscan suvefs
"sui' (Gen.), suvad^sudi', Paelignian s^o/s "suis', marr. 5^5/77 "suam', next to which zero
grade Umbrian sue-soLok. Sg. ^ sud; Latin sed, sepreposition "without', prefix "beiseite'
basic meaning "forsich, without' (Abl. *s(u)ed), conjunction "but, however'; in addition gr.
i5iO(; "privat, eigen', argiv. *Fh£5iogirovc\ Indo Germanic *sued-ios,

Gothic si4/e5 "eigen', n. "property'. Old High German Old Saxon swas. Old English
swses. Old Icelandic 5Kas5"dear, traut' (as *sue6'^-so-ox -to- root *sue6'^-, see below;
Middle Dutch 5i4/ase///7c "father-in-law, son-in-law, brother-in-law'; to Old High German gi-
swTo{see below) the VN S^/c»/7es by Tacitus, Old Icelandic SvTarxu. PI. "Schweden', svhdai
"from selbst dead (not killed)', lengthened grade sve-vTss "stubborn ', Gothic swi-kunt^s
"apparent, manifest, obvious';

Lithuanian sav$s, sei/^5"sui' (Gen.) etc., Ross, savas, zero grade Old Prussian swais =
Old Church Slavic svojb "suus, eigen'; out of it swojak-b "affinis', etc.

3. s(u)e-b^(o)-, st/o-b^o- "from eigener kind of: Old Indie sait'/?^ "congregation, meeting,
Gemeindehaus' (less good above S. 105); Gothic sibja. Old High German sipp(e)ae\c.
"family, Gesamtheit the particular Leute' {*sebjd}\ Germanic *sednd- and *sednan- lamWy'
in Old Icelandic sjafn/m. "love', GN sjgfni., VN *Sednan-ez>Semnones^S\ppegenossen;
in addition the VN Latin SabTnTas "die Sippenangehorigen', Sabelli {*safnolo-), Samnium =
Oscan Safinim; Latin SamnTtes, perhaps ein from den in Italien wohnhaften lllyriern
bezogener name with a from Indo Germanic o, compare Slavic sob-; in addition
lengthened grade die Germanic Suebi, Old High German 5M/ai6'^"Schwaben' (Germanic
*sweba-, Indo Germanic *sudo^o- "free, zum particular Volk belonging'); russ. (etc.) o-soba
"person', 5C»i6'6"Eigenart, character'. Old Church Slavic sc»/?i.s/i/o"Eigenart, entity', and with
su- Old Church Slavic 5KC»i6'c»o'a"Freiheit' (originally "state, status the Sippenangehorigen');
zero grade seems Old Prussian si/it's "selbsf; quite doubtful with e Slavic *sebrb in russ.
pa-serbt "Stiefsohn' and (?) dem names the Serben and Sorberr, with still
klarungsbediJrftiger nasalization *s§brb\n aserb. sebrtlree Baner', russ. syai6'/'"Nachbar,
friend'; compare Vasmer2, 599, 611 f., 3, 61 f.

4. sued^-:0\6 Indie si/ao'/7a"Eigenart, consuetude, custom, Heimstatte', (Avestan x
'adata-' about sich selbst bestimmend, immortal ' is neuere composition); gr. £9o(; n. "

consuetude, custom' (thematic psaov sGot; Hes., lakonisch), participle hom. sGwv "
liabituai, customary ', Perf. £iu)9a, Lesbian £uu)0a "bin habitual, customary ' {*sesud6'^a),
£0i^u) "gewohne', lengthened grade nGoq n. "custom, Gebrauch, Herkommen', PI.
"domicile' (: Germanic *swesa-, if from *sue(i!^-s-o-, see above), nGsToq "trauf, sGvoq "bulk,
mass, Volkerschaft' as "family'?;

Latin sodalis{*sue6'^alis) "buddy, friend, Gespiele, fellow, Tischgenosse'; sc»/ed"bin
habitual, customary ', with /for *6!^\ suesco^werde accustomed ' {*sue6'^-skd);

but Gothic s/dus "custom'. Old High German s/'tu, Old English s/du, seodu. Old Icelandic
sidr, Akk. PI. sidum. "custom' (previously Modern High German fem.) not here, da sie /in
the root syllable have (Wissmann, MiJnchner Studien 6, 129, Anm. 28).

5. t- derivatives: Avestan A'''ae-/^-"angehorig', A'''ae-/a/-"Angehorigkeit, affiliation' (due to
eines Lok. *sue/-, suo/-); Old Church Slavic svatb "kinsman, relative, relative, Brautwerber',
{*sud-to-s, compare serb. si/a/r" sister's husband ', Old Church Slavic svojak-b "affinis');
Lithuanian svecias, si/eZ/s "guest' (actually "foreigner, stranger'; because of svetimas^
strange ', Latvian svess' strange; guest', from *sue-t/oslor sich, alone stehend, hence
out of stehend'; compare Latvian sevisks " separate, alone ' and gr. ZKac, (Hes. p£Ka(;),
actually *F/7£-Kac; "for sich', compare av5pa-Kac; "man for man' and Old Indie dvisas "to
zweien'; gr. £KaaTO(; (*£Kaa-aTO(; "for sich stehend') "ein jeder', thereafter £KaT£pO(;, delph.
F£KaT£po(; "jeder from zweien'; hom. £Tr|<; (F£Tr|<;) "kinsman, relative, friend', el. Faac;
"Privatmann'.

With aniaut *se-(not *sud): Old Church Slavic *set-b "guest', pc»5e////"besuchen'; gr.
ETopoq " fellow ', fem. *£Taipa, Eiaipa, wherefore as new m. sraipoq.

6. other Zugehorigkeits- and Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen (compare under particular
Schlagworten *suelio[n]-, suesor-, suekuro-s, suekru-) are:

Wavb^l^r^^yg^^g^rbrothei^*brotl^^

Old Icelandic sve/nn'\a6, young boy, herdsman, shepherd'. Old Saxon swen^ a swine-
herd ' (Bedeutungsanschluft an sty/T? "swine'). Old English swan' a swine-herd, herdsman,
shepherd', poet, "man, warrior'; Lithuanian svainis {* suoinjos) "of Weibes sister's husband
', svaine'6\e sister the wife, woman', Latvian 51/5//7/5 "brother the wife, woman'; Old High
German (ge)swTo'broVc\er-\v\-\a\N, sister's husband ', Middle High German geswTevn. f.
"brother-in-law, Schwagerin', Old Icelandic sveiti. "Kriegerschar';

7. Auf a connection from *se-with dem Pron. Y<^y'/'C»-beruhendes *5e-/c»- seems (?) die
base from Germanic *se/6'a-"selbst' (-b^^o-as above in *s(u)do'^o-), Gotliic silba. Old Norse
sjalfr. Old English self. Old High German selb. Modern High German selb, -er, -s/in
addition Venetic sselboi sselboi^s\b\ ipsi' (= Old High German selb selbo); compare also
Germanic "se/o^a- "seldom', Gothic sllda-lelks 'wundersam' ("from rare, seltsamer Gestalt'),
Old High German selt-sanr strange ', adv. se//a/7 "seldom' etc. ("seldom' from "for sich,
alleinstehend, einzig'); daft Latin solus' alone, einzig, bare' a similar Indo Germanic
connection *sd-/c»- entstammt, is possible; after Szemerenyi (Word 8, 50) from *sue-alo-.

8. Vom reflexive in the meaning to divide is the stem 5£/e-in particles for "so' from which
"as' and "if:

Hom. coq (Fux;) postpositive "so' from *5^o-with suffixalem -5; but 6t(t)i, Attic otk; "was
also always' {*Jod-k"id), hom. ottttoix;, Attic onux; "as' belong to */c»- above S. 283
(Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 617); Oscan svai, svae, Umbrian sve, sue'W, Old Latin suad
(Festus) "sic'; Gothic swe'as' (relative), swa-swe'as'; Gothic swa, Old Norse sva, Old
English swa, swse'so', Old Saxon Old High German nnd. so; in addition Gothic swa-leiks.
Old Icelandic sITkr, Old English sweic, swilceic. Old High German solTh, sul/h etc. "solch';

Umbrian sc»-yO//'"siquis', Oscan svaepis, Volscan sep/s'siquis', surur, surer, surent,
sururent "\tem' {*sud-sud)\ Old Latin sd-c'so' (could have evolved from *sud), Latin 5/~"if'
(originally "so', sTdTs placet), sf-c'so'.

References: WP. II 455 ff., WH. II 457 f., 506 f., 530 f., 552 f., 557, 626 f.; Trautmann 251
f., 291 , 294 f., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 226, 600 f., 606 f.; 2, 577; Mezger Word 4, 98 ff.,
Benveniste BSL 50, 36 ff.;
See also: s. also sen/- and su-.
Page(s): 882-884

Root / lemma: seik-, sik-
Meaning: to reach for, grab

Material: Gr. Tku) ( *sTkd), Doric sTkoj ( *seikd) "come, gelange, erreiche', Ionian Attic Inf. Aor.
iKEoOai {*s/k-), Praes. iKvsopai, hom. Ikovu) (*iKavFu)) ds., iKOvoc; "hinreichend, genijgend',
iK£Tr|<;, Tktcjop, Ikthp "Schutzflehender' ("schutzsuchend after jmdm. langend'); npo'i'aao|jai
"bettle', npo'i'KTric; " beggar', rrpoi^, rrpoiKOc; f. "gift, present', Attic Akk. npoka "as gift, free',
iK|j£vo(;oupo(; "ein gijnstiger wind' (with dem man das Ziel erreicht), aiKTO(; " impenetrable ';
from Indo Germanic *s^/]k-: r|KU) "bin angekommen, bin da';

contamination from eIk- and svsyK- is ep. Ionian hv-eikq "nvsyKa';

Old Icelandic sa^'large bowl, basin ' = Old English sa' bucket, pail ' {*saihaz), Old
Icelandic sa/dds. {*sa/had/a-); Lithuanian s/ekt/"6\e Hand ausstrecken', seikiu, seiketi
"with measure of capacity measure ', Iter, saikau, -ytr, salkas, sfekas ' measure of capacity
'; sfeksnis " fathom (as measure)';

References: WP. II 465 f., Trautmann 252.
Page(s): 893

Root / lemma: se(i)-1 {* ke(i)-kla, ske(i)-kla \y\ centum languages)
Meaning: to sift

Material: Gr. nGu), nGsw "siebe", nGpoc; m. " cheesecloth, light cotton gauze used in cheese
making, sieve '; changing through ablaut (probably h) ipiaAia to snipisrpov TwvaAsupajv
Hes., ifjaAi(;, -iboc, "Schutzgottin the MiJhlen' ; (about Latin 5//77//a "feinstes Weizenmehl' s.
but WH. II 538); Middle Irish sTthlad^6as Sieben' (//7from sTthar bucket, pail '); cymr. hidi,
Middle Breton sizi, nbret. siT sieve ' from *se-tlo-= Old Icelandic sa/dn. ' sieve ' = Gothic
*seM, assumed through karel. siekia, Finnish seula^ sieve '; Lithuanian sietas' sieve ' =
Old Church Slavic s//ods. {*sei-to-), Lithuanian sijdju, -ti^ sieve '; Slavic *sejg, *seti
{*sejati) in Old Church Slavic yOAo-seaZ/'aiviaaar serb. sTjati^ sieve ', (present-stem *seia-,
preterit-stem *s//a-); alb. shosh^s\ebe\*sia-s)\

Maybe truncated alb. {*sethmos) shoshe' sieve ' : gr. n6p6(; m. ' sieve ', shoshit^ sieve '
(common Celtic alb. abbreviation).

*sei- " sieve ' is probably as " through ein Geflecht fall let' eine Sonderanwendung from
*sei- "entsenden, throw, saen, fall let'.

References: WP. II 459, Trautmann 254.
Page(s): 889

Root / lemma: se(i)-2 : S9i- : sT- : se- : S9- and sei- : si-
Meaning: to throw, send, let fall, sow; semenA +at£;
Material: A. 'entsenden, throw, saen':

a. Old Indie sayaka-, "zum Schleudern bestimmt', m. n. " missile, arrow', m. 'sword',
s^y//ra "dagger', sena^ missile, spear, lance; Schlachtreihe, army ', prasita-
"dahinschieftend (from birds)', prasiti-t "Aniauf, onrush, throw, shot, projectile';

b. "saen': Old Indie sTra-u. "Saatpflug', s/?a "furrow' (*die Besate); Latin serd{*si-s-d), -
ere, sevT, satus^saen, bepflanzen, bring forth, zeugen', sat/o'das Saen', sator'Saer';
Gothic saian {safso). Old High German saen. Old Saxon saian. Old English sawan. Old

Icelandic s^'saen' from proto Germanic *sejan= Lithuanianse/^(se//) ds., Old Church
Slavic sejg{sejati) ds.; Latin semen^ seed, sperm ' (Se/r7d/7es"Saatgotter'), Old High
German Old Saxon samo6s. (m. has changed), Lithuanian PI. semens, -ysTlachssaat',
Old Prussian se/77e/7 'Samen', Old Church Slavicse/77^'Samen'; Old High German etc. sat
"das Saen, seed ', Gothic /775/75-seA's"(Menschensaat) Menschheit, world'; zero grade
cymr. bret. had' seed, sperm ', corn, has' seed, sperm ', further probably Old Irish
sa(i)the ( *satio-) " swarm, birth from jungen animals, brood', cymr. haidt " swarm, troop,
multitude, crowd', bret. hedm. " swarm, swarm of bees' (also "* seed, sperm = generation,
progeny ', as Gothic manasel=>s);

-//o-formation: Lithuanian sekla^ seed ': with reduplication-grade *sa/-.' Latin saeculum
"gender, sex, Menschenalter, Jahrhundert'; cymr. /7oeoy"Lebensdauer', abret. hoetl.
Middle Breton hoaz/6s., gall. Deae Setloceniae,

Old Irish s/7" seed, sperm ', cymr. /?//" seed, sperm, progeny ' (Indo Germanic *se-lo-),
Lithuanian pase/j/s "Aussaat, Beisaat'; zero grade in compound: probably Gothic frasts
"kid, child' from * pro-s[a]-tis, perhaps Middle Irish rossv\. "(flax)samen';

controversial is die affiliation from gr. TriMi "throw, cast, send', see above S. 502.

B. "die Hand wornach ausstrecken; Anspannung, power', presumably from the outlook
the forceful zum Wurfe gereckten Hand:

Old Icelandic seilask {*sailjah) "sich strecken, make an effort, try hard, exert oneself ';
Lithuanian s/e/a" eagerness ', Old Prussian seilin f\Vk. ds., PI. se/7/ns ^ sense' , noseilis
"ghost'; serb. sTIa, Czech sfla^ power' {*seila)\ Old Irish sTnim^recke, strecke from';
Lithuanian ne-sehnyt/^ not reach'; Middle Irish 5e//7a/'"strong' {*s/-tro), cymr. hydr, abret.
h/fr, hedr, nbret. hezr^bo\6'.

C. "kraftlos die Hand sinken lassen, slacken, release, let go, free, set free; saumen; late,
slow, sich lang hinziehend; Abspannung, tranquility; herabsinkend';

Old Indie ava-syati, Aor. 5-sa/"hort auf, schlieftt; makes halt, verweilt', ava-s/ta-^\i\/er
sich niedergelassen has, wohnhaft', avasana-n. "place of Absteigens, Einkehr, abode,
residence; end, death'; saya-n. "Einkehr, evening', sati- f. "decision, end' (Lex.) = Avestan
hath "piece, break, section' ("*das Absetzen am end eines Abschnittes'); Avestan ha&ra-n.
"certain stretch of time, time, period '(*"terrace, bench, step, ein way- and Zeitmaft');

gr. presumably nauxot; " peaceful ' (ending as |j£iAi-xo(;, from a *se-tu-^ tranquility ';
similar /- derivatives see below);

Latin sino, -ere, s/-K/"let, befall let', desinere^ cease ', desivare^ cease ', pdnd{*po-
sJno, compare participle positus); 'place, place ' (*"low, base-place, ab-place'), s//^5 "stand
gelassen; beigesetzt'; sileo, -ere'resi, cease (e.g. of Winde), keep mum, keep quiet ' =
Gothic anas/7an ^ {oi \N\n6e:) cease, fall silent ' due to eines Aparticiple *s/-/o-, compare Old
English s^/-/7e5'Schweigen' {*sai-lo-)\

Latin se//^s 'later, less, less good'; se/z/s'late' (= Old Irish s/7);

Old Irish sTr{= Latin serus) 'langdauernd, eternal ', cymr. corn. bret. ^/^'long', Kompar.
Old Irish sTa= cymr. hwy{irorc\ *se-is), Superl. Old Irish sTam, cymr. hwyaf. Middle Irish
sith- 'lang, andauernd' (Intensivpartikel), compounds s/fh/th/r 'a\so long', cymr. hyd^ long,
Fortdauer, while; usque ad', acymr. M, corn, hes, bret. hed, hetm. 'length' {*s/-tu-, -//■);
viell. cymr. hoed {*sai-to-) m. 'longing, yearning';

Gothic se/Pus'\ate', Pana-se/Ps 'further, still' (Kompar.-Adv. *s/P-/z, as:) Old Icelandic
sTdrMy. 'less', s/z'nachdem' (< sTdes), Old English s/(? da/77 'seitdem'. Old Saxon sTth,
Old High German sTddiS., Modern High German seit' from '; Old Icelandic sTdMy. 'late',
Superl. sTzt, with the meaning 'schlaff herabfallend' : sTdr' droopy, sagging, long'. Old
Frisian s/de'\o\N', Old English s/dlong, wide, breit'. Old High German s/ToAdv. 'laxe'; eine
nominalization therefrom is Old Icelandic s/dat 'side (of Korpers)', Old English s/de, Old
Saxon s/da, Old High German 5/7a'side' (from dem concept the Ausdehnung after under
grown); Gothic 5a//7ya/7'saumen, hesitate'. Old Icelandic se//7/7 'slow, late'. Old English
saene. Middle High German se//?© 'slow, idle'. Old English 5-sa/7/^/7 'slack, weak become';
changing through ablaut Middle High German senen{*si-nen). Modern High German sich
sehnen and Swedish dial. 5/77a 'cease milk to give' {nbare present formant, as in Latin
s/nd); Norwegian se//77e/7'saumselig, slow'. Old High German /ancse/m/"s\o\N'; changing
through ablaut Old English siomian{*simian) 'hesitate, hang, sich senken'. Old High
German gi-semon 'barren';

Lithuanian a/5a//7i/s "careless, neglectful', presumably also sietuva, Latvian siet(u)s,
s/etawa'deep place in river' (perhaps 'deep hinabsinkend');

References: WP. II 459 ff., WH. II 512, 522, 526 f., 545 f., Trautmann 253 f., Thieme, The
Heimat the Indo Germanic Gemeinsprache 25;
See also: compare above S. 887: seg-1.
Page(s): 889-891

Root / lemma: se(i)-3, -sai-. sT- and sei-. si- {* heiki-\x\ centum languages)
Meaning: to bind; strap

Material:

Hittite ishiia-, ishai, Luvian h/sh//a-'b'\n6' (Pedersen Hittite 114 Anm.).

With /7^formant:

gr. {*hismas) ijjaq, -avTOc; "strap' (to *i|ja), {*hismao) ipau) 'pull an einem rope, band in
die Hohe', {*hismonia) ifjovid "Brunnenseil', {*hismaios) '\\\d\oc, "das Wasserschopfen
betreffend', {*hismasso) iijaaaw (Aor. {* hismassal) ipaaaai, i|jaaai) ' lash, flog ';

Irish s/zr?' chain '; Old Icelandic s/m/m. "rope, band, cord'. Old English sfma, Old Saxon
s/777c»"band, strap, rope, manacle'. Old Icelandic seimr^ filament ';

Old Indie sTman-m., s/imat "Scheitel, limit, boundary', sTmanta-vn. ds.;

Old Indie syati, sinati, 5//7o//"binds, binds los' (Perf. sisaya, Aor. asat, participle sita-),
sayatva-n. "connection, fortification ', setar-m. "Feftler; fesseind', pras/t/-' loop, noose,
snare, net, dragnet ' (lex.); Avestan ha{y)-^b\r\d, fessein' (present hayeiti, participle hita-),
hita-m. " yoke, pair of harnessed oxen ';

Latvian s/e/"bind', Lithuanian s/e//ds., sya"Bruckenbalken', a/saya "Strange of the
horse';

with -b^-formants: Old Irish soTb^ deceitful, verlogen' (*sc»/-bhc>-), wortl. "zauberisch',
ablaut. sTabair^ phantom, ghost', slabra/d \erzaubert, verwandelt' {*se/-b^-), PN Find-abair
f. = cymr. (SM/e/7-/7i^y/^/'"Ginevra' ("weiR.es ghost'); s. Vendryes RC 46, 263 ff.;

With /^formant: Avestan hinu-xr\. "band, strap, manacle'. Old English sinu. Old High
German senawa. Old Icelandic sint "sinew' (proto Germanic *sinwa, das after the
alteration from nu\.o nniroxu sinu- reshaped is). Middle Irish sTr?" chain, collar, neckband';
Latvian pa-sa/n/s^ cord', a/f-sa/n/s ^bund\e', Lithuanian s/ena'\\rr\\t, boundary, wall', Latvian
s/ena "wall';

With Aformant: Old Icelandic se//f.. Old English sa/m. f.. Old High German se/7n. "rope,
band, rope, manacle', Gothic />7-s5/^a/7"anseilen', ablauteud Old High German s/'/om.
"rope, band, strap'. Old Icelandic s/7/, se//m. "Seile'; Lithuanian atsailei.
"Verbindungsstange between Bracke and Achse', atse/7/s'das vom Schwengel an die
Achse gehende iron'; Slavic *s/d/on. {*sitlo-) in Old Church Slavic s//c» "rope, band', poln.
sidio " loop, noose, snare ';

With Mormant still: Old Indie 5e/^-"bindend, fesseind', m. "band, strap, manacle, bridge,
dam, Grenzzeichen', Avestan haetu- " dam '; Latin saeta " strong hair, esp. the animal,
bristle'; cymr. bret. ^^o^'charm, spell', acorn. hudoF magician 'from *soi-to-= Germanic
*sa/^a- "charm, spell', GN Dat. PI. Saitchamimifs], to *SaiPhamjdz^6\e through Zauber
ihre Gestalt change to be able ', Old Icelandic seidrm. "band, strap, rope, band', seidi.
"charm, spell'; in addition s/iJa "conjure, perform magic'. Old English -sident "charm, spell';
Old English sadam. "rope'. Old High German se/tom., seitai. "rope, Fallstrick, string ';
Lithuanian saTtas, sietas, Latvian 5a/?e"band, strap, manacle, cord'. Old Prussian saytann.
"strap'; Old Church Slavic setbt "net', s/tbce'rope'.

References: WP. II 463 f., WH. II 462, Trautmann 253, W. WiJst Ural-alt. Jb. 26, 135 ff.
Page(s): 891-892

Root / lemma: sek-2

Meaning: to cut

Grammatical information: umhemaT present root

Material: Alb. shate^ hoe, spud ' {*sekti-)\

Latin seed, -are^ to cut, cut off, cut up, reap, carve ', segmen, segmentum 'break,
section', secespita " a long iron sacrificial knife ' (ending unexplained), secTvum " libum est,
quod secespita secatur ' (: Old Church Slavic sec/Vc»"axe'); secur/s'axe' (: Old Church
Slavic sekyra'axe'), secu/a 's\ck\e' (kampanisch); with ablaut Latin a: saxum' a large
stone, rough stone, broken rock, bowlder, rock ' (compare to meaning rupes " a rock, cliff ':
rumpo' to break, burst, tear '), Modern High German Schere' scissors, shears ': scheren,
to form Old High German S5/7S "knife'. Old Church Slavic socha; Latin 5 seems
reduplication-grade o besides oin Old High German sahs), perhaps sacena, scena'd'\e
hoe the Pontifices' ( *sakes-na); asignae " Kpea jjspi^ojjsva ' ( *an-sek-nS), marr. asignas N.
PI. f. " normmsecte^cames^ ';

Latin sTgnumu. " a mark, token, sign, indication, proof, if originally " incised mark ' (?);
Umbrian prusekatu' prosecato ', prosesetir' to cut off, cut away ', asegeta' non secta ',
prusegia " prosicias ';

Middle Irish fesca/d'cuts, slices, bites ' {*to-eks-sk-). Middle Irish eiscid' hew, cut off,
cut down ' ( *in-sek-); Middle Irish arasc{*ari-sko-) "abgehauener neck -stump', airsce ( *ari-
skio-) ds.; Old Irish se(i)che\. "skin, fell, fur' (: Old Icelandic siggu. "hard skin' from *se^ia-
); but Irish sec/ "kerchief, cloth, sail', cymr. hwyrsaW from *seglo-{: Old Icelandic Old
English se^/"sair from *sekl6-m) are probably Germanic loanword;

cymr. hesg, Sg. hesgen^ a reed grass, sedge ' (from the incisive sliarp leaves), acorn.
heschen^ a reed, cane ', bret. hesk{*sek-ska) "reed with piercing leaves'. Middle Irish
se/'sci. " bulrush';

Old High German sega, saga, Old English sagu, sage, Old Icelandic sgg^sa\N', Old High
German segisna, segansa. Modern High German Sense; Old Icelandic segi, s/g/m. " torn
FleischstiJck, Fleischfaser'; Old Icelandic sigdrxu., s/gdi.. Old English s/gde m.. Middle
Low German segede, sichtei. "sickle' {*seket6-); Old English secgt "sword' and "sedge'.
Middle Low German se^^e "sedge'; Old High German sahar. Modern High German
Bavarian Sac(h)er6s:, Old Icelandic Old English segl. Old High German segarsa\\\ Old
Saxon segal, se^e/5 "curtain' (*"Tuchstuck'; see above to Irish seol); Old Icelandic s/ggn.
"hard skin' (see above to Irish seiche); Old Icelandic saxv\. "knife, sword', PI. sgx
"scissors'. Old English seaxu. "knife, short sword'. Old High German sa/75 "knife' (also in
mezzi-ra(h)s. Old English mete-seax^kuMe'); Old Icelandic S0gr^ torn piece, stripe'; Old
High German suoha^ harrow, furrow' (Demin. suohili, suo//n.);

Lithuanian /-sekt/" dig in ', /ssekt/" to carve, cut, grave, chisel, form, fashion '; Old
Church Slavic sekg, sesf/^cut, clip', sec/vo'axe' (: Latin secTvum), sekyra^axe' (next to
which *sekyra\r\ serb. sye/r//'5 transfigured after sekg);

unclear, whether here Latin s/C5 "dagger', sTcJlis^a cutting instrument';

Maybe alb. //7//ra "knife' a Latin loanword.

Maybe alb. {*suk) thuk^ mortar'

Lithuanian sj7/r/s"Hieb, Mai', kir. syc\r\. "the after dem Abbrechen of Astes hinterbleibende
Teil of stems'. Old English sagol{*S9ikolo-), m. "stick, club, mace, joint' = Middle High
German seiger rung, horizontal step on a ladder, grade'. Middle High German dial, saich
"reed'.

References: WP. II 474 f., WH. II 459, 484, 504 f., 534 f., Trautmann 255;
See also: s. also (s)k(h)ed-, skei-, sken-, skeu-6.
Page(s): 895-896

Root / lemma: sek-3

Meaning: quiet, lazy

Material: Gr. hom. hko "still, leise, sacht, weak, slow', nKiaTO(; "langsamster', Attic fiKiara

"am wenigsten, gar nicht', hom. naawv, Attic httcjov "schwacher, geringer'; reduced grade

hom.aKsojv " closemouthed ' = Adverb, qkhv, later as object, Doric am (Instr.) " peaceful,
stillschweigend', OKaAa-ppooc;, aKaAa-pp£iTr|<; 'gentle flowing ', perhaps QKaoKa, aKaoKg
"sachf;

Latin segnis{*seknis) 'slow, sleepy, idle'.

extension from 2. *se(i)-^ slacken '.

References: WP. II 474, WH. II 510; M. Leumann, Homer. Worter 166 f.. Frisk 52.
Page(s): 896

Root / lemma: semi- {*ghemi-)

Meaning: half

Material: Old Indie samf- "half {a-sami- Adj. "not half, complete '); gr. x\\\\- "half (nM'Cfuq

"half from originally nM'TU<; m. "*half , compare Cretan h^jitu-ektou, epid. npiirsia; npiva

"half); Latin semi- {semus \ate Adjektivierung); se/77/sindekl. "half probably after b/s, Old

High German sam/-, Old Saxon sam-; compare Latin semi-vivus, gr. n[ji-(3iO(;, Old High

German sami-queck. Old Saxon s5/77-(7i//ic/r"halbtot'.

Maybe alb. Geg {*simus) gjymse, Tosc gjysme^haW [common alb. gh- > gl- > gj-: Nth. gh-

> dz-] : Rumanian y^/77a/a/e "half : gr. r|piau(; "half preservation of the old laryngeal.

References: WP. II 493, WH. II 512 f.

Page(s): 905-906

Root/ lemma: se[i]6y-. slby-ax\6 : ss6!^-
Meaning: to strive for a goal

Material: Old Indie s^o/7a//"kommtzum Ziel, bringtzum Ziel, in order', causative sadhayati,
5^077^/- "straight, proficient', -sadh-{2. composition part) = jav. -had- "steering', hadroya-i.
"desire nachErreichung of Zieles' (from *hadra- rw., Indo Germanic *sedh-/-c»-"Erreichung of
Zieles'); zero grade Old Indie s/icy^Aa- "erfolgreich', s/o'/7y5//"kommtzum Ziel', participle
siddha-, Perf. s/sSdha- etc.; Avestan as/75 "erfolgreich' {*a-z6'^-na-y, ablaut neologism is
sadh-\x\ Old Indie sadh-not/ and sadh/'s- ^p\ace, purpose ';

gr.ieu(; ( *sJci^us) "straight (auf ein Ziel gerichtet). Adv. geradeaus', i0u(;, -uo(; "attack,
undertaking', iOuu) "dringe vor',10uv(jo "make straight'; siOap "immediately, right away',
£U0uq (from *£i0U(;) "straight'.

References: WP. II 450, SchwyzerGr. Gr. 1, 350.
Page(s): 892

Root / lemma: sie[u]-ro- : sJ9-urQo)-

Meaning: brother-in-law

Note:

From an extended Root / lemma: se- : reflexive pronoun

Material: Old Indie syala- " brother of the wife, woman'; serb. -Church Slavic surt, serb.

sura. Old Russian russ. surin (PI. surtja, compare bratbja).

Maybe alb. ( *huela) vella 'brother'

References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 261, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 91; against it

Bruckner ZslPh. 4, 217;

See also: whether to sei-3S. 891?

Page(s):915

Root/ lemma: siu-{*kf-u\n centum languages)

Meaning: to sew

Note:

Root / lemma: s/u- : to sew, derived from Root / lemma: se(i)-3, -sai- : 5/- and sei- : si- : to

bind; strap.

Grammatical information: (for consonant and in present siuud), s/I/-(in present sTuid)

Note: besides 5J-(dissimilated from sju-id), probably to sei-3, S. 891

Material:

Old Indie 57i/ya//"naht' (= Gothic siujan), syOta- "genahf (= Lithuanian siutas, russ. s/tyj6s.,
Old Icelandic sjod/), syuman-u. "band, strap, rein, suture' (compare Old Prussian
schumeno, and with Jgr. uppv), sTvana-m^ the stitching, sewing, the seam, stitch used to
close a wound ', sOtra-m^ filament '; gr. u|jnv m. 'thin skin, sinew'; Latin sud, -ere, suT,
sutum^ sew, stitch up, sew together', sutor^ Schusief, subula^ pricker, awl' {*su-6^/a)]
Gothic siujan. Old Icelandic syja. Old English si(o)wian, seowian. Old High German siuwan
(preterit siwita) " sew '; Old High German s/utm. " suture'. Old Icelandic sjodrm.. Old
English seod^bag ' {iuirom Indo Germanicy'J); Middle High German sufe' suture'. Old
Icelandic sudt 'Plankenverband, board'; Old High German s/uia. Modern High German
Sauie' pricker, awl' {*siL/-d^ia, compare Old Church Slavic s//c» and Latin subula);
(common Latin d^- > b-)

Old High German soum. Old English seam. Old Icelandic saumrm. 'hem, suture'
(compare Old Indie syuman-); Lithuanian siuvu, siutr sew ', Latvian suvu{suju, sunu), sut
ds.; Lithuanian s/i//a5 'genahf, Latvian suts6s.; Old Prussian 5c/7i//77e/7c» 'Schusterdraht' (:
Old Indie syuman-); Old Church Slavic sijg{*sjujd), sifi{= Lithuanian siufi) ' sew ', russ.
s//>7 "genahf. Old Church Slavic 56 i/e/7b "genahf {*siuueno-), si/o= Czech sid/on. "

pricker, awl'; further by Trautmann 261 f.; Hittite sum(m)anza(n)^ filament ', also (?) suel,

su/7 ds.

References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 631 f., Carruthers Lg. 6, 161 f.

Page(s): 915-916

Root / lemma: sArab^- skarrt^-
Meaning: to support

Material: Old Indie skabhnati, skabhnotr propped ', Perf. caskambha, skabhayatF
fastened, ligated, strengthened, reinforced, made fast; fortified '; skambha-rc\.,
skambhana-m^ prop, pillar', Avestan i/y055/r5/77i6'a/77 'under fastening, strengthening ',
fraskamba-, frascimbana- " girders, pillars '; npers. paskam " a covered walk between
columns, colonnade, piazza, arcade, gallery, porch, portico ', sogd. sk'np- {*skamb) " base
of the universe ';

Maybe alb. Geg shkamb, Tosc sbkemb'seat, bench, rock, stone, *pillar' related to Latin
scamnum {*sksb'"nom).

Latin scamnum {* skdb^nom) " bench, footstool ', Demin. scabillum, scabe/fum ' n\e6r\ges
Bankchen, footstool ';

die Aryan within nasalization, as well as the e-vocalism from Avestan frascimbana-
(compared with Old Indie skambhana-m) reshuffling through Aryan from skabh- after
*stent)^- (see steb-' jamb, upright section of a doorframe or window frame; stanchion,
roof support ') in Old Indie stabhnat/" plinth, base, base of a pedestal t', stambha- ' posts,
pillars, columns ' etc.

References: WP. II 539, WH. II 487 f.
Page(s):916

Root /lemma: (sjkamb- and (s)kemb-

Meaning: to curve, bend

Note:

Root/ lemma: {sjkamb- and (s)kemb-\ "to curve, bend' derived from Root/ lemma: kam-p-

: "to bend'.

Material: Gr. aKapp6(; "crooked, bowlegged'; Old Irish ca/77,6' "crooked', cymr. corn, cam,
bret. kamm ds., gall, in Camb/o-dunum 'Kempten', bret. camhetan rot' rim of the wheel '
{*cambita); zero grades *kmb-'\.\}'cn = swap, vary, exchange ' and "zusammendrehen.

fessein' in gall.-Latin cambiare^s\Na'Q, vary, exchange ' and Middle Irish cimb^ tribute,
silver'. Old Irish c/'mb/d 'captwe', c/mbe' captivity, imprisonment, confinement';
Maybe alb. /re/r7/?ey 'exchange' a Latin loanword.

With e-vocalism: gr. Koppoc; m. "band, strap, loop', K0|jp6u) " bind, knot '; Norwegian
hempa 'Kleiderstrippe, loop, noose, snare, handle, part of an object designed to be
gripped by the hand ' (also ' stuff of hemp ', in which meaning certainly influenced by hamp
" hemp ');

from a basic meaning " go crookedly ' from reiht man an: gr. *OK£|jpu) " limp '
erschlossen from dem names lK6iJpO(;, Swedish skumpa " limp ', skimpa " jump, dance ',
Old High German scimpfan^ joke drive, push, play, deride ', Modern High German
schimpfen, Schimpf, Modern High German (Low German) humpen, humpeln^ hobble, limp
'(or to keub-? above S. 590 f.);

*(s)kamb- rexrnuAs an kam-, kamp- 'bend' (above S. 525); sein relationship to (s)kemb-
is still unclear; also das zur nasalized root for 'bend' (?) or 'haken' (compare Lithuanian
kimbCi, kibti^ hang bleiben'): kabli, -eti^ hang ', kabinti^ hang ', kablysm. 'hook', kabei. '
Heftel, hook ' (but also e-forms as kebeklis 'hook'); Old Church Slavic skobai. ' fibula ',
russ. skoba^ agrafe, hook, clasp ', wherefore Old Icelandic hopu. 'small bay'. Old English
/7o/?'ring'; against it Old Icelandic hespa^ iron staples ' = Old English haepse, haesp.
Middle High German haspe, hespe. Modern High German Haspe, Haspe, holl. hespe
'Hijftgelenk', Middle Dutch also 'hack, mattock, hoe' to kap-, above S. 527 f.

References: WP. 1346, 350 f., ll539f.,WH. I 148f., Trautmann 112, 116.

Page(s):918

Root / lemma: (s)kand- (s)kend-

Meaning: shine

See also: see above S. 526 {ka-).

Page(s):918

Root / lemma: (s)kai- (d-), (t-)

Meaning: shining, bright

Material: Old Indie ket'u- m. 'Lichterscheinung, brightness, Bild' (= Gothic haidus), keta- m.

'mark, token, sign', kefana-m' body, mark ', c/tra- 'augenia\\\g, lovely, superb, pretty,

splendid, bright', n. 'apparition' = Avestan c/^ra- ' augenia\\\g, clear, bright' (ablaut, with Old

High German heitar);

Latin probably caes/us'\/KauK6q, from den Augen' (from *ka/t-or *kaid-to- iroxw,
compare Lithuanian skaistas) and caelum^sky, heaven' {*kaid-lo-or*kaid-, *kait-slo-,
compare with -/'-forms German heiter' bright, clear ', Lithuanian skaid-rus, skaidrus);

Gothic haidus^V\v\6 of way' (originally *'lichte apparition'), Old Icelandic heidrxw.
"honour, earnings'. Old English had, haed. Old High German /7e//'Stand, rank, kind of
(Modern High German suffix -heit}\ Old Icelandic heidu. "clear, bright sky, heaven' (: Old
Indie keta-vn.), heid-rM]. "cheerful, uncloudy'; Old High German /7e//a/'"cheerful,
gleaming (originally from the cloudless sky, heaven)'. Old Saxon /7eo''5/'"cheerfur, Old
English hador6s., n. "cheeriness of sky';

Lithuanian skaidrus, s/ra/io'/'i/s "bright, clear, bright'; Latvian skafdrs6s., "clean';
Lithuanian skaistas, 5/r5/s/i>5 "bright'; different (to s/re/ic/- under S. 921) Trautmann 263.

Maybe alb. s/ray"edge, end'

References: WP. II 537 f., WH. I 130f., 133;

See also: compare kai-3{above S. 519) and 5^^/- (under).

Page(s): 916-917

Root / lemma: (s)kek-, skeg-{* nasaWzeA *(skenk-, *skek-no-)

Meaning: to spring, move quickly

Material:

In e-grade: Alb. geg /7e^e "agony ', heq "suffer' : Old Irish sce/7 "fright' [common alb. sk- >

h- , Slavic sk- > ch\

Gr. KEKHvaq Aaywouq. Kpnisq Hes. ("hare' as " jumper ');

Old Irish 5ce/7 "fright' {*skek-no-)\ scochid, newer scuciiid {* skoketij "weicht, gehtfort,
gehtto end' (Konj.-stem scess-, Perf. scaich^ walked fort, war voriJber'); di-ro-uss-scoch-^
excel, surpass ' (*"hervorspringen'), cymr. ysgogi^io stir', bret. diskogeiia^ shake';

Old High German sceiian stem V. "hurry, quick, fast leave, depart ', Middle High
German Modern High German geschehen. Old English scec»/7schw. V. " befall, hurry'.
Middle High German sciieiien sdcm . V. "quick, fast einherfahren, hurry'. Old High German
skihtTg^shY (Gothic skohsiu. " wicked ghost, fiend, demon' as "einherfahrend' or " shaking
' here?); Causative Middle High German schicken ( a\\o\N to proceed, go ahead ') "
prepare, make ready, sort, order, arrange, senden'. Modern High German sciiicken; Old
High German gescihV event'. Modern High German Geschichte^ occurrence ', Middle
High German schihV alignment, layer (by Bergleuten, and otherwise)'; with gramm.

variation: Old Icelandic 5/ra^a "hervorspringen, project, protrude', skagixw. ' tongue of land;
promontory ', lengthened grades/ro^/'m. 'wood, forest'; Old English toscecgan ^s\cV\
divide', sceagam. 'shrubbery, bush' (from 'wood, forest'); also Old Icelandic skeggn.
'beard' {*skaggja-), Old English sceagga^ hair of the head ', Old Icelandic skeggjai. '
battle axe ' (compare Modern High German Barters.);

Maybe alb. {*skuonta) hunda ' (*tongue of land; promontory) nose ' [common alb. sk- > h- ,
Slavic sk- > ch-].

Church Slavic skokt m. 'Sprung', Perfektiv Old Church Slavic skociti, Imperf. skakati
'spring'; with alternation sAr.' As Lithuanian sdM'spring', Latvian sa/r/'begin', Lithuanian
sankinti^ make jump '.

Maybe nazalized alb. {*skankac) kercej" spring ' : Lithuanian sank/'nt/' make jump ', alb.
{* skankalec) karkalec^ grasshopper (jumping insect)' similar to Bulgarian skakalec '
grasshopper', kercenof threaten (*jump, dance in a threatening manner)' [common alb.
n- > r- rhotacism].

Auslautvariante auf -g-. sAreg^- 'hurry, spring, shake' (= 'spring make') in: Old Indie
khajati^ stirs, mixes ' (Dhatup.), khaja-m. ' scuffle ', khaja-, khajaka-xr\., (lex.) khajai. '
mashing stick, twirling stick, butter pestle '; Old Icelandic skakasiem V. ' swing, schnittein
', Old English sceacan^ shake (engl. shake); hurry, go away, pass over, flee'; Old Saxon
skakan siexw V. 'go away, pass over, escape, flee' (Low German schacken^ shake, move
'), Old High German unt-scachdndes^i\\}cWyaQ\'\ Old High German scahhom. ' foreland,
promontory ', Middle High German schachexu. ' StiJckeinzelstehenden Waldes ', Modern
High German Bavarian Swiss Schachen ds., Old Icelandic s/reA/// 'Landzunge'.

doubtful is affiliation from Old Frisian skakm. 'booty, robbery ', Old High German scach
m. ' burglary, theft, robbery ', Old English sceacere. Old High German scahhah^ robber'.
Modern High German Schacher^ haggler, bargainer, wrangler, peddler, merchant '
(actually, ' wander, or run with the booty '?).

References: WP. II 556 f., Trautmann 262.
Page(s): 922-923

Root / lemma: (s)kel-1

Meaning: to cut

Note: not reliable from kel- 'hit' and kel- 'prick' (above S. 545 f.) to separate.

Material: Old Indie /ra/a 'small part' (: serb. pro-kola^leW eines gespaltenen Ganzen', das
at first to Old Church Slavic koljg " prick ' and "split', above S. 546);

Armenian de//r'e/77 "split, zerschlage'; probably also k'eir rudder, helm ' (meaning as in
Old English helma, see below); auf ani. sk- (with otherwise nirgends wiederkehrendem
palatal) wiese ceA//77 "split';

gr. GKaAAu) "scharre, hacke, ditch, grub', aKaAi(; "hack, mattock, hoe, Karst'; axaAi(; "
wooden fork als StiJtze aufgerichteter Jagdnetze' (under influence of axa^w " split, schlitze
auf, Gxaapa " incision '); GKaAfj6(; "peg, plug, oarlock' (compare thrak. OKaApr), Old High
German scalm. Old English helma. Upper Serbian colm, Lithuanian kelmas); okuKKlo "flay,
tear, rend, plage' {*skolid), KO-aKuA-paria "Lederschnitzel, Abfall from leather', okwAoc;
"Spitzpfahr (compare Lithuanian /r^o/as "picket, pole'; with a Old Church Slavic /ro/b "peg,
plug' above S. 546); perhaps is also kwAuu) " hamper, hindre' from a *k(I)Aoc; "peg, plug'
derived ("anpflocken'), the ending -uw after dem begriffl. contrast Auw?; OKoAuGpov "
footstool ', QKoAuTTTEiv " mutilate, beschneiden' Hes., anooKoAunTU) "kastriere'; auf eine
meaning "from the skin sich abspaltende scale, husk ' goes back KsAscpoq " leper, outcast,
one who is rejected by society' (compare Middle English scalle " crust, scab, eschar ',
nengl. 5C5//(nord. loanword), Swedish s/r5/"skin rash am mouth');

thrak. amK\^'^\ "sword, knife' {*skolma)\

alb. /75/e" scale, husk, fishbone, splinter, beard the Ahren ' {*skolia= Gothic skaija);
/7c»/e"thin, fine, tender'; f. "Zartheif {*skel-)\ /7e/"Pfrieme, pricker, awl', /7e/e"Bratspieft, spit,
pike, lance ' (= aKU)Ao(;); perhaps shtel "offne, make gleaming, sharp, stecke fire an,
entzijnde' (Lithuanian s/r//// likewise "fire anschlagen');

Latin 5///i7i/a"Hulsenfruchtschote' (whereof s/Z/ic/a "foenum graecum, Bockshorn'), diss,
from *sciliqua, older *sce//qua: 0\6 Church Slavic 5/rc»/6/ra "ostreum'; Latin s/7ex, -/c/s'
pebble ' diss, from *sc/7ec-o\6er scelic-, compare Middle Irish sce{/)//ec' rock' (ending after
Old Irish carra/c' rocks');

without anI. 5- perhaps here: Latin cu/ter, -//7 "knife' {*kel-tro-s, *kol-tro-s or* M-tros); celtis
f. "chisel' existiert not, s. Niedermann, Mus. Helv. 2, 123 f.;

cymr. chwalu^scaVier', corn, scullye, sculye, bret. sku/a ds.;

Middle Irish sco/7t, sca/7t'co\, gap', scoiltim "I split', brit. with metathesis of sk- to ks- {fiw-
): cymr. /7c»///"col, gap', corn, /fe/ja (umlaut) "split', bret. faoutads.; Middle Irish scei77ec
"rock' (see above); perhaps Middle Irish sce77an^ seed, sperm ';

Old Irish co/a/nn l\esh' , cymr. celain' corpse ' {*kolanJ); cymr. caill, PI. ceilliau
"testicle(n)', bret. ke//6s.; gall. ca///o-marcus ' coltsfoot, herb (Tussilago Farfara), whose
leaves and root are employed in medicine to treat coughs ' from older *ca///o marcf
testiculus equi '; compare gall, ebulcalium {ixoxx\ * epalo-callion) besides epo-calium {*epo-
callion) 'ungula caballina';

Gothic 5/r/^a "Fleischer'; Old Icelandic s/r/^a 'separate, distinguish, discern, (ent)divide',
skilu. (/after skiija) 'difference, verdict, information, message ', 5/r//a '(ent)divide'; Dutch
\/ersch/7/encf^6\iierent' {*skiljand)\ Middle Low German sc/7e/e/7 'separate, distinguish,
discern' (sc/7e/e 'difference, lack, limit, boundary') = Old English sc/e//an^6W\6e, entfernen'
( *skeldn)\

Gothic s/r/Zc/^s "shield'. Old Icelandic skjgldrm. (out of it Middle Irish scell). Old English
scield. Old Saxon scild. Old High German sc/7t6s. {-tu-stem besides Lithuanian sk/'/t/s
"abgeschnittene disc '); in addition Gothic skillings. Old High German etc. scilling ^smaW
coin. Schilling' from skildu -lings,

Gothic s/ra^a 'Ziegel', Old Icelandic skeli. 'bowl'. Old English scielli. 'husk,
Muschelschale', Middle Low German schellet 'bowl, fish scale '; Old High German scala
"husk, shell ', Middle High German schale a\so 'flagstone ', Old English scealu^husk,
bowl'; Old High German fuaz-ska/'\NOo6en peg, plug as lock for den foot'. Modern High
German Sche//e 'rc\an\ca, compes, numella'. Hand-, Fu(ischell&,

Maybe alb. (*skala) hala^ fish scale' common alb. sk-> h-.

Old Icelandic skjallu. 'Hautchen', Old English sceallanvn. PI. 'testicles'. Old Frisian skall
ds. (: cymr. caill); Old Icelandic skallim. ' bald head ', as 'abgeschnittene cranium'; also
Norwegian Swedish skaiie; ablaut. Swedish skulle 'skull, cranium', older Swedish skolla
"thin Platte', Old High German scollom., scollai. "plaice';

with lengthened grade *skel- (compare alb. Iioie): Old Icelandic skalai. "drinking bowl,
Wagschale', Old High German Old Saxon scaia^bowY;

Old Saxon skola. Old English 5cc»/i/ "dividing off, partitioning off, troop, multitude, crowd';

without aniaut. s-: Gothic liaiiusxu. "rock' {*koi-nu-). Old Icelandic iiaiirm. " stone, rock',
tieiiai. ds., Finnish loanword kaiiioAs., {*haiij[dn]). Old Icelandic /7e////'"Berghohle', Swiss
A/e// "flagstone ' etc.; see above S. 544;

Old Icelandic holdv\. "flesh', Old English holdv\. "corpse', Old English ho/d/an lacerate' ,
hy/dan'6\e skin abziehen'. Old Icelandic hy/da '\acerate' (based on auf a participle *k/-td-
m)\

Old High German scultirra. Old English sci/Zc/o/'" shoulder' (*5/r/-df^/'^ "scapula as shovel,
as Grabwerkzeug');

with formants -/770-and den meaning " cutting tool; geschnittenes wood; ausgehohlter
dugout canoe, barge': Old Icelandic skglmi. " tine a fork, pod ', PI. "scissors'. Low German
ostfries Dutch SC/75//77 "thin board'. Old Icelandic ska/ma-tre ' c\oven tree'. Old High German
sca/m "navis'; also probably Old High German scalmo " pestilence, epidemic disease,
plague, corpse'; Middle High German schalm(e)6s.\ in addition 5/re//77c> "TodeswiJrdiger'
{*skalmian-). Middle High German Middle Low German schelm(e)^ villain '; compare alb.
/7e//77 "mourning, grief, poison '; without aniaut. s-.OId English helma, engl. /7e//77 "handle,
grasp of Steuerruders, tax'. Middle High German halm(e), he/m ' AxtstieV , Old High
German helmo, /7a//77c»"Ruderpinne', Dutch helmstock6s.. Middle Low German holm
"crossbar, crossbeam, Jochtrager', Old Icelandic hjglmi. "tax', /7/5//77-K(?//'"Ruderpinne';

"s/roZ-d^a "(abgeschnittene) shaft, pole' is probably die base from Old High German
sca//5"Stoftstange, Bootshaken', sea/tan '\N\t\r\ a shaft, pole push ', Modern High German
schalten a\so "einschalten (= dazwischen hineinstoften)' and ijbertr. "walten', dial, also
"split'. Old Saxon ska/dan'e\n vessel vorwarts push ', Middle High German schalte. Old
Icelandic skalda' ferry'. Middle High German schalter, sche/fer'bar, bolt'. Modern High
German 5c/7a//e/'"Schiebfenster, shaft, pole, Bootshaken';

with formants -^^o-; Middle Low German sc/7a//r"Sparrenstutze' East Frisian schalk
"Holzklotzchen as Unterlage', Bavarian sc/7a//re/7"zerspalten'; Swedish 5/r^//r "abgesagter
stump';

Lithuanian skeliu, s/re/// "split' (the pronunciation after skfltR), skilu, sk/7t/"s\c\r\ split'; "fire
hit' (intonation of the heavy basis, as kelnes); s/ra/a "chip of wood, Lichtspan', Iterat.
skeldetr burst, break, crack'; Latvian sA-e?/ "split', skelet6s., skele^ sliced piece', etc.;
about Lithuanian kelmassee above S. 546;

Old Church Slavic ska/a'rock, stone ' (the meaning "bowl' through borrowing from Old
High German sca/a6s.), sloven, s/ra/a "assula tenuis; Lichtspan', russ. s/r5///7a"abgeloste
birch bark'; s/rc»/6/r5 "Muschelschale' (see above Latin siliqua), russ. sce/b'co\, gap',
sloven, sca^^ "splinter', poln. s/ra//ic5/i?"sichspalten, break, crack';

Hittite /ska//a/- 'zerre'\sser\, aufschlitzen'.

root extension skel(e)-p-:

perhaps in Old Indie kalpate^W\r6 geordnet, wird zuteil', kalpayati^or6v\e\. an', kjpta
"fertig, geriJstet' = Avestan ^^-Zra/P/O/a-'schongeformt', das though also to /ra/7/77- 'shape'
(above S. 620) belong could;

gr. OKaAoip " mole ' (as "Graber'); OKoAoiy m. "Spitzpfahl';

Latin scalpo, -e/"© "scratch, scrape, ritzen, scratch, with spitzem tool cut, chisel, cut '
{scalprum, scalper^ scharies tool zum Schneiden, Meiftein'), sculpo, -e/ie (originally in
compounds from scalpo) ds.;

Old High German scelifa. Middle High German Modern High German dial, schelfe
"hautige bowl'. Middle Low German sc^e/i/eA'abgeblattertes piece', schulvern^ exfoliate ';
Old Icelandic skJglF bench ', Old English sc/e//feTlur, Stockwerk, Bretterverschlag', scielf
m. ' crag ', Middle Low German sc/?©//' B re ttge rust, shelf;

without s: Gothic halts. Old Icelandic halfr. Old English healf. Old Saxon half. Old High
German Modern High German ^a/t* (actually 'divided'); Old English /7/e//fe 'handle, grasp,
shaft' (engl. helve). Old High German Middle High German /75/fc>'hold, grasp'. Modern High
German dial, halb, helb^SWe^; Old High German halftra ^bn6\e, rein'. Old English hselftre^
halter', (from *'Handhabe (hold, grasp)');

Lithuanian kalpa^ transom am sled ', /r/ZyOa'Steigbugel, loop, noose, snare ', kilplnis
'Armbrust', Old Prussian /ra/p^s 'Rungenstock';

Lithuanian sklemplu, sklemptr smooth behauen, polish'.

root extension skel(e)-b-:

Old Icelandic skalpr^s\\\^\ Danish dial. 5/ra//0 'Samenschote, husk'. Middle Low German
schuipe, scholpe^ shell, scale, husk ', Danish skulp, skulpe^ pod, Fruchtbalg', Norwegian
skolp^ pod, husk', engl. skalp{v\or6. loanword) 'cranium, skull'. Old Icelandic skelpai.
'Grimasse', skolpr^ chisel '; Old Church Slavic sklablfl sg ^ 6en Mund aufmachen, smile ',
Czech skleb 'Zahnefletschen';

/■extension: sk/e/-, sklei-d-, sklei-k-, sklei-p-:

Old Icelandic s/Tta'tear, destroy, verbringen' {s//tna \ntr. "rump!'), Old English s/ftan
"tear', Old Saxon s//?a/7"schleiR)en, split'. Old High German s//z5/7 "split, rend,
aufbrauchen'. Modern High German versch/e/73en, schleilien. Old Icelandic s///"slit, crack,
AbniJtzung', Old English ges//t'6as Bersten', Old High German s//z, Modern High German
Schlitz, Middle High German sleize. Modern High German Sc/7/e/Z?e"Leuchtspan'; Old
Icelandic sITdrari. PI., slTdrc\. PI. "sword- or Messerscheide' as *s(k)lei-tro-, -tra-irom the
unerweit. root form sk/e/-,

Lithuanian skleidziu, skleTsti, Latvian sk//esf' outspread, umblattern', Lithuanian
sklaidau, -y//"hin and her blattern', refl. "sich scatter', /s-sk/a/dyt/" scatter, vertreiben', skl/st/
"auseinanderflieften'; Lithuanian s/r/a/io'^5 "zerstreuf, Latvian sk/a/d/s ^ e\r\ Herumtreiber,
good for nothing, useless person'; without aniaut. s-: klaMt^s\c\\ herumtreiben', kli'stu,
klfdu, k/fst'err', Lithuanian klystu, klydau, klysti^s\ch verirren' (without d. Lithuanian klajdju,
-otr wander', Latvian klaijat, -udt6s. eineoriginally versch. family?); Old Prussian sc/a/f,
schlait, schk/a/t' but; without', schklaitsMv. "sonderlich, particularly, specially, especially,
particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably; otherwise ', Adj.
"unsophisticated, simple, just';

Old English 5//7&/7"spleiR)en', engl. slive. Old English /c-s/^/&/7 "split'. Middle Low
German slef, Norwegian 5/e/V "large spoon'.

References: WP. II 590 f., WH. I 165, II 536 f., Trautmann 264.
Page(s): 923-927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-2

Meaning: to be guilty, to owe

Note: only Germanic and balto-Slavic

Material: Gothic skulan. Old Icelandic skulu. Old English sculan. Old High German scolan

"schuldig sein, miJssen, sollen', newer also solan. Modern High German sollen. Old

English scy/di. "blame'. Old High German Old Icelandic sku/dds.; Gothic sku/am.

"Schuldner';

Old Lithuanian ske/u ar\d Lithuanian skeliu, -e//"schuldig sein', skylu, {*sk/7u), s/r////"in
Schulden geraten', s/ro/a "blame'; Old Prussian 5/re//5/7/s "culpable', ablaut. skallTsnant
Akk. " obligation ', poskuITt {paskollet} "ermahnen';

without 5-.' Lithuanian /ra/Ze "blame', /ra/Zas "culpable'.

References: WP. II 596, Trautmann 264 f.;

See also: compare (s)kel-47
Page(s): 927

Root / lemma: (s)kel-3
Meaning: to dry out

Material: Gr. gksAAu) 'trockne from, desiccate ' (trans., Fut. gksAu), Aor. soKnAa; intr. Aor.
eoKAnv, Perf. EOKAriKa), aKzKz^bo, 'ausgetrocknet', m. "Skeletf, n. 'Mumie', OKAripoq "dry,
hard, rough, unbeugsam', aK£Ai(pp6(; 'ausgetrocknet, abgemagert', aKAr|cpp6(; 'small and
agile', a-aKsAnc; 1. 'ohneWiderstandskraft' (without OKAripOTric;); 2. 'unablassig, of rage,
fury, of Weinen' (actually 'unversieglich'); nEpi-OKEAng 'very dry, brittle, hartnackig', nspi-
qkeAeiq f. ' stubbornness ';
Maybe alb. (sko/-) ho//e'\ean, thin' common alb. sk- > h-.

Swedish ska/flean, thin, fade, sauerlich'. Low German sc/75/'dry, arid'. Middle Low
German Middle High German schar schalirom taste; triJb, unclear', scha/n'trub become'.
Middle English scha/owe'sc\r\a\, faint, languid, shallow, having little depth ', engl. shallow
(also probably Old English sceald^ shallow, having little depth, not deep'. Low German
schoir shallow water');

without aniaut. s-: Old Icelandic /7a//-^/7"Miftjahr', Old English /7a//-/7ec»/'/'erschrocken';
Middle High German hel{-ll-) 'weak', hellec^ tired ', Modern High German helllg la\nt,
languid, exhausted from thirst ', Middle High German hellegen ^ exhaust, behelllgeii. Low
German har^vj, lean '; lengthened grade (?) Low German hal, Dutch haar6ry\ Middle
Dutch /7ae/' ausgetrocknet, arid, schal'; Danish dial. hgelm^sW\\\ Danish helme ^ cease'
('*languish', originally vor Hitze or thirst);

Latvian kaiss' lean ', kalstu, Aa/s/'vertrocknen, wilt', kaltet^Ary'.

References: WP. II 597.
Page(s): 927

Root /lemma: ^s^AreM (extended kla-, kid-)

Meaning: to bend; crooked

Note: (compare also S. 61 1 f. /ro/a-'spinnen')

Material: Gr. gksAoc; m. ' thigh ', gkzKxq,, -i5oc; 'Hinterfufl, hip, haunch' (Attic ax£Ai(;),

aKzKKbc, ' bowlegged', OKohbc, 'crooked; improbus', aKakr\y6c, 'tubercular, slant, skew,

crooked', OKcbAri^, -'(V^oc, m. 'worm', GKOjAunTEaGai 'crook, hin and her winden', keAAov

GTpEpAov, TTAayiov Hes., redukt.-grade kuKKoc, ' writhed, crooked, humped, lamed ', kuAAo-

no5i(jov Beiw. of Hephaistos (*k£A-, *kuA-v6(;), KuAiv5u), -su) "rolle, waize' (Ionian Attic
kqAivSeu)), KuAivSpoc; "Waize, puiiey, Zyiinder'; kwAov "iimb, member', kwAeq, Attic KU)Ar|
"Huftl<nochen, ham', KwAnv, -nvoq, kwAeoc; ds., KcbArmJ f. " popiiteus, anl<ie' (to 1. -ap-
above S. 50 f.); KU)Au)Tr|<;, -ou m. "iizard' ("witli Giiedem versehen'); okAq^cjo 'hocl<e iow,
base' (Frisl< iF. 49, 99 f.); about kAovk; " coccyx, smaii triangular bone at the base of the
spinal column ' see above S. 608;

alb. /5/7a/e"lame' {*skelno-)\

Maybe alb. shale^ thigh ' : gkeAo^ m. " thigh '.

Note:

common k- > sk- > s- kentum > satem.

Latin scelus, -e/75 "malice, Verruchtheit, crime ' (formal = OKsAog); coluber, -brfsuake'
("sich windend', *kelo-6!"ro-, *kolo-6'^ro-)\ calx {see be\ow);

Old High German (with formants -ko-) scelah {*skelha-) "slant, skew, crooked'. Modern
High German scheel{Dev\orr\. Middle High German schilhen. Modern High German
schlelen). Old English sceolhds., Old Icelandic (m. gramm. variation) skjalgr {*skelk6-)
"slant, skew, scheelaugig'; isl. 5/r^// "schiefer mouth'. Old Icelandic skaela s//r "den Mund
verziehen'; with labiales extension: Old Icelandic sA/a//^ "tremble, quiver' = Old English
sclelfan6s., engl. /o 5/7e/Ke "abschiJssigsein', Old Icelandic skjalfr, s/re//^"trembling'?;

without aniaut. s-: Balto Slavic *ka!id {*kolJd) "lehne an' in Lithuanian at-si-kaltr s\dc\
aniehnen', a/-/r5/as "angelehnf; to Balto Slavic *klana-'(r\. {*kl9-no-) "leaning, tendency' in
Lithuanian /r/a/7as "puddle, slop', ablaut, klonism. "valley' {*kla-ni-), /r/c»/7e "lowland,
depression'; with Indo Germanic a Lithuanian kluonas, Latvian kluons m. "Dreschtenne'; in
addition further above S. 509 *kla- "hinlegen';

with Balto Slavic -ul-= Latin -al- (Indie -ol[9-]) with /^-suffix: Lithuanian kulse, /r^/s/s "hip,
haunch' (with /r-insertion: kulksis, kulksn/s ^ank\e, Sprunggelenk'), Old Prussian culczr\r\\p,
haunch'; with -/r-suffix: Lithuanian kulnasm., kuln/st "hack, mattock, hoe, calcaneus '
{*kulk-n-), proto Slavic. *kulkai. "hip, haunch' in spatChurch Slavic A/b/ra"poples', bg.
/rb7/ra"hip, haunch, thigh' (/5-/rb/cb"verrenke'); Serbo-Croatian kuk6s. etc.;

Latin ca/v "calcaneus ' {calco, -SAe "tread, stomp', calcltrare^y\o\ev\\. ausschlagen', calcar
" spur', calceus^ shoe ', tarent. kqAtIov ds. from Oscan *calc-tlo-)\ after Trautmann 145
Indo Germanic root nouns *Aro/fr- besides koIR-.

References: WP. II 597 ff., WH. 1144 f., 248, II 492, Trautmann 114, 135 f., 145.
Page(s): 928

Root / lemma: skend^-

Meaning: to plunge

Note: only gr. and Baltic

Material: Gr. okivGoc; "untertauchend'; Lithuanian sk^stu, 5/r#5//"untersinken, drown ',

causative skandinu, -dinti^ drown '; Old Prussian auskiendlai^er qo under'.

Maybe alb. {^skendh-) /7eo'/7 'plunge, throw' [common alb. sk- > h-].

References: WP. II 565, Trautmann 265.
Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)ken-(d-)

Meaning: to rift; to flay

Note: probably extension from seAr-'cut, clip'; only Celtic under german.

Material: A. Bret, s/ra/?/ collective "Schuppen' {*sknto-), abret. anscantocionP\.

"insquamosos', cymr. ys^y/^/i/'Schnitzen' {* sken-tr-)\

Old Icelandic skinnu. "skin, fell, fur' {*sken-to-, proto Germanic *skinl=>a-, compare lapp.
loanword sk/dde and runisch ski[n]t^a-leubaR, Old English scinn, (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), engl. sk/n6s. is loanword from Nord., also Middle Low
German schin^a kind of russisches Ledergeld'), Middle High German schinti. " fruit bowl ',
Modern High German Schind-mahre, -aas, Dutch dial. sch/nde'sk\n, fell, fur; bast, bark',
abgel. verb Old Saxon b/sc/nd/an ^abnnden, peel ', Old High German scinten. Middle High
German Middle Low Germansc/7/>7o'e/7"enthauten, auspliJndern, maltreat' (Modern High
German sch/nden stem V.); Old Icelandic skant " bark ', nisi, also 'Hautchen', Middle Low
German sc/7//7 'dandruff in Haar' (out of it Modern High German Schinn, Schinne), (under
the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Middle Dutch sc/7e/7e"thin skin, bast';

B. besides Indo Germanic (s)kend-\n.

Old Irish ceinn' scale, husk, bowl', cymr. cenn{*kend-n-), acorn, cenn-en Hautchen,
skin', ys^e/7/7'Schinnen', Middle Breton quenn^sV\v\\ bret. kennm. "Schinnen', -/re/7 "skin'
in /?^-^e/7"Rindshaut' etc.; bret. (Vannes) sk/gnanlrog' {*skenniano-); Old Icelandic hinna
f. "thin skin. Membrane' {*skend-n-); (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-

)■

compare with a-vocalism: Middle Irish sca/ndr/m 'zerspa\\.e\ scandrad, scaindred
"dispersion", scainder^Qeiec\\\!.

References: WP. II 563 f.; Loth RC. 41, 405 f.
Page(s): 929-930

Root / lemma: (s)keng-

Meaning: lame; slant

Material: Old Indie sakthi- n. (= Avestan haxti-) " thigh ' ( *skak-thi-, Indo Germanic *skng-ti-

; das -th'h after Old Indie asth'h "bone', above S. 783); /r/75/ya//"hinkt' (Middle Indie for

*skanj-), /r/75/^5-"hinkend', khanjana^m. " wagtail ';

gr. OKa^oj (only present and Imp.) " limp ' {*skng^id)\ Middle Irish 5C//7^//77 "spring' is
probably reshuffling from Old Irish sce/7o'- "spring' (see be\o\N ghengh-^ march, step,
stride, strut');

Old Icelandic s/r5AAr"hinkend, slant, skew', Swedish dial, sk/nka' limp '; without ani. s-:
Old High German hinkan^ limp ', Denomin. Middle High German hanken6s.\

Germanic *skanka-\n Norwegian skonk, skanki. " thigh, shinbone'. Old English scanca
f. " shank, leg, shin bone ', Middle Low German schenke^ thigh ' (Demin. Middle High
German Modern High German SchenkeF thigh '), ablaut. Old High German scinker thigh
', scinchorw., scincai. "Beinrohre, thigh ', Modern High German Schinken, on the other
hand Old Frisian skunka. Modern High German Dialectal schunke {* skng-) ds.; without s-
Middle High German hanke' thigh, hip, haunch', Tirol HenkeF thigh '; also Late Middle
High German schankm. " rack, cupboard for Trinkgerate' and Old Saxon skenkjan
"einschenken' (from "das vessel schief halten'). Old High German scenkan6s., Middle
High German schenken6s., also "give' Modern High German schenken, in addition
postverbal Middle High German schanc\esse\ from = Geschenkt wird' and "gift';

a Germanic root skeh- in Old Icelandic s/radr "slant, skew'. Middle High German scheehe
" squinting' etc.

References: WP. II 564 f., F. Sommer Festschr. Debrunner425 ff.
Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)kep-1

Meaning: to cover

Note: only gr. and Balto-Slavic

Material: Gr. oKsnaq, -aoq n. 'cover, sleeve, wrapping, shelter', Ionian Attic aKsirn f.
"cover, protection, shelter', OKsna^u), GKETrau), OKsnu) "bedecke, verhijlle, schijtze';
Lithuanian kepure^U\j{ze\ Latvian cepure ^Mutze, hat; Bedeckung the Kornhaufen auf
dem Felde', russ. cepec' bonnet' etc.
References: WP. II 559.
Page(s): 930

Root / lemma: (s)kert)(h)-, (s)kreb(h)-, nasalized (s)kremb-

Meaning: to turn, curve

Note: extension to (s)ker-\uxn' (see also sker-^ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness,

wrinkle up ')

Material: Gr. Kap(po(; n. "dry deadwood, chaff' ( *kfd^-), Kopcpn f. " dry wood, hay', Kopcpu) "

allow to shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up, desiccate ', KapcpaAsoq "dry,

hoarse', KopcpuvsaGai ^npa'vsoGai. cpGEipsaGai () Hes.; Kpappoq "eingeschrumpft, arid,

dry', KpaiJpn f. " cabbage ', KpaMpaA£0(; "dry, roasted', Kpoppow "roast, roast' (assim. from

*Kpaij(36u));

Latin perhaps corbis^ basket! (*"twisted'); Middle Irish corb^ cart ', probably originally
"Wagenkorb';

Old Icelandic s/ro/'/O//?/? "eingeschrumpft', skorpna^ shrink ' (about skarpr
"eingeschrumpft, lean etc.'. Old English scearp. Old High German scarpf sbar'^" s. also S.
943 under sker- "cut, clip'); nasalized Middle High German schrimpf scratch ', Middle
High German scbr/mp fen ^ rumpten, shrivel up, shrink' = Old Icelandic skreppa^ shrink up,
slide ', Danish skrumpe= Modern High German schrumpfen, Norwegian s/ra/r?/?" mage res
creature', skrumpa ' magere cow', engl. 5/7/7/77^ "toddler' (besides with Germanic -/77/77-: Old
English scr/mman' shrink up, shrink ');

(about Modern High German Scharpe, Bavarian scharpfen 'be\t, girdle', Dutch sjerp,
engl. scarf 6s., Late Old High German scberbe' pouch ', Low German scbrap' pouch ',
Old Icelandic s/r/'e/O/Oa" Rucksack' s. Meyer-Lubke^ 7723, Kluge-Goetze''6 653, Holthausen
Awn. Wb. 257: all from Latin sc/rpea ^B\nsentasc\r\e');

nisi. herpa-st's\c\r\ zusammenkrampfen', barpa'n\p, pinch'. Old Icelandic munn-berpa'
witch ', Swedish dial, harpa i hop pull together', Norwegian hurpe^ old woman'; Modern
High German Swiss barpf magere cow, boses woman'; here Old Icelandic harpa. Old
English hearpe. Old High German harfp) fa ^barp' (from the hakigen curvature);

Old High German {h)rimfan, rimp fan 'rugare, contrahere', Modern High German
rumpfen. Middle Low German rimpen^ furrow, crook', Old English *hrimpan, ge-hrumpen
"wrinkly', hrymperyNUV\V\e' , Middle Low German /'5/77yC> 'cramp'. Middle High German rampf
"cramp'. Old Icelandic /7/'(9/0/0/'"Distrikt', Norwegian /'5/77yC>"magerer person', engl. dial, rump
"magere cow'; (but Norwegian rump^ dull mountain top; buttocks ', Middle Low German
rumpm. "trunk, bauchiges vessel'. Modern High German Rumpfrather as "abgehauenes
piece' to Old Church Slavic rgbb "rag', ohen S. 864 f.); besides with Germanic -m{m)-:
Middle Low German ram, ramme ^ cramp' , Old English hrammam. "cramp'. Old Icelandic
hrammr^pa^" (actually "verschrumpft'); Gothic hramjan^cruc\iy ', Old English hremman
"hinder, bother, annoy', Dutch remmen^ hamper, bremsen';

with the the vowel Stellung kreb-:0\6 Icelandic hrap/, Norwegian Danish rape
"Zwergbirke' ("*crippled '); to Middle Irish cru/bhe^e\n Baumname' {*krobJo-); then (with the
imagining of the gekrijmmten Finger) Norwegian /"S/Ose "zusammenscharren'. Low German
/'5/0se/7"hastig gripe ', Old English ge-hrespan^ rend ', Old High German raspon^ snatch ',
hrespan^p\\^cK pile ' (spfrom ps); without -s: Norwegian rapa^ snatch ', Middle Low
QiQxmav^rapen, Middle High German Modern High German raffen^ pile ', Norwegian
Swedish rappa^au sich reiften, snatch ' = Low German rappen6s.;

Old Icelandic hreppa^ rece\ye\ Old English hreppenlee\; touch on'. Middle Low
German reppen ds.;

Lithuanian s/t^aM "verkijmmern, grieve ', Latvian skurt>/naf^\n die Runde drehen bis
zum Schwindligwerden', skurbt^ dizzy become', skufbties ^s\c\\ drehen'; nasalized
Lithuanian skramblys^ smaW dickleibiger person, dwarf'. Old Prussian (with p) sen-
skrempusnani. Akk. "wrinkle'; with the vowel Stellung *skreb-: Lithuanian skrembu, skrebti
"dry sein or become', s/r/'ei6>e//" rustle (vontrockenem straw)', old skreblys ^F\\z\ Latvian
sAreMs "einfaltiger person, hartgewordener (verfilzter) Pelz';

without s-\ Lithuanian kremb/ys ' e\ne Pilzart' (probably "wrinkly' or "faltig'); with p-:
Latvian krumpa^ crease ', krurfipeV shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ',
Lithuanian krumplys^ knuckle ' (also krumslys, Latvian krumslis, skrums//s6s., also
"gristle, knag'). Old Prussian krums/us^Kn6c\r\e\ am Finger';

russ. skorblyj^ wizened ', skorbnutb "sich crooked '; korobitb "crook', refl. " crook
oneself, pull together, shrivel up, shrink', nasal. Old Church Slavic krgpb "small
(contractus)', krgpe-jg, -ti^ shrink up ';

about Lithuanian karbas 'basket', russ. korob, wruss. kor6ba6s., Old Prussian carbioi.
"MiJhienkasten', Lithuanian kafbija' basket!. Old Church Slavic krabbjT arcula ' s.
Trautmann 117 f.

References: WP. II 588 ff.
Page(s): 948-949

Root / lemma: (sJker-6^-, (sJkor-6'^-

Meaning: small, miserable

Material: Old Indie krdhu-' abbreviated, mutilated, small, mangelhaft' (comparative

kradhJyarhs-, superlative kradhistha-), a-skrdbdyu-' not abbreviated, not karglich'; gr.

aKup9aAiO(; vzavloKoq Hes., OKupGa^ MsTpa^, £cpr|pO(; Hes., lakon. (with a = 9) Kupaavioc;

"young person', compare Kupaiov psipaKiov Hes.; Lithuanian skurstu, skurdau, skursti

"verkijmmern, in Wachstum zuriJckbleiben', nus-kurd§s'\v\ Wachstum verkijmmert'.

Maybe alb. kerthT young baby ', kerthize' umbilical cord of the child '.

References: WP. II 590;

See also: to (s)ker- "cut, clip' as " truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off.

Page(s): 949

Root / lemma: sker-(d)-

Meaning: to defecate

Material: Avestan sairya-' manure, crap, muck, droppings'. Middle Persian sargon, np.

sargTn^s.;

gr. oKwp, GKaro^ "ordure', whereof OKoopia "Schlacke';

Latin muscerda 'UausekoV; sucerda'Scb\Ne\v\eko\! , bu-, ovi-cerda have cerda^or
* scerda through false Zerlegung from mu[s]scerda. Old Church Slavic skar^dt "disgusting'
entscheidet dafiJr certainly nicht, compare Old Indie chrnatti, chardayat/ 'erbncbt, speit
from'. Middle Irish sce/rd/m ' spe\e from', as o'-extension unseressker-;

Old Icelandic skarn. Old English scearn, afries skern. Low German scharn'crap, muck,
droppings';

Latvian sar/j/P\. "Schlacken, Menstrua, Excremente', Lithuanian sa/'n/a/" Menstrua';
proto Slavic. *serg{*serid), * stra t/'cacare' (e.g. Serb, serem, srati), russ. sd/'"crap, muck,
droppings', etc.

Hittite sakkaru.. Gen. s5/r/75S "ordure, excrement', saknu-uant 'mpure, unclean'.

References: WP. II 587 f., WH. II 133 f., Trautmann 303, Frisk Indogerm. 25 f.
Page(s): 947-948

Root / lemma: (s)ker-1

Meaning: to shrink, wrinkle; dry, thin

Note: probably to sker-3.

Material: A. Unerweitert in Norwegian Swedish skare "hart gefrorene Kruste auf dem

Schnee'? russ. skoraetc. "skin, Tierhaut';

B. with Guttural-extension: Norwegian dial, skarkalrozen crust', skjerkna' through
Kalte hard become'; Norwegian dial, s/r/ie/r///?^ "weakling', skrakar fragile, easily broken;
unstable, dilapidated, kranklich'. Low German sc/7/'a/re/"verkruppeltes creature ', Middle
High German waltschrechel, -schrecke/ la\ry demon, ghost. Faun'; Norwegian skrana
{*skrahnan) "verschrumpfen', skraen^Avj', Middle Low German schra {* skreha-) "arid, lean
', Modern High German sc/7/'a/7 (Nord- Fran ken) ds., schrahe//n {Oberpia\z) "zauberisches
creature, Wichtlein', Old Icelandic skreeling(j)ar{*skrehila-) PI. "Eskimos', Norwegian
skrselen^ pitiful ', isl. skraelna^ shrink ' East Frisian verschralen6s.\ Old Icelandic skrai.
{skraho) "piece dijrren Leders etc.';

C. with Dental-extension: Norwegian dial, skranta^ lean become' (etc.); Middle High
German schraz, with Germanic d Old High German sera to larvae, lares mali, pilosus',
Modern High German wood, iorest- schratt, with Germanic ft. Old Icelandic skratti
"monstrum, magician ', Swedish skrattela\ry demon, ghost, ghost'. Old High German
scraz, screz. Middle High German schraz, schrezla\rY demon, ghost'. Modern High
German Bavarian schratz"\n Wachstum zuriJckgebliebener Mensch'; Norwegian skrinn

( *skrent^a-) "arid, lean, infertile '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
sA/'eo''a "weakling'. Middle Low German sc/7/'5o'e"thin, lean, kijmmerlich';
LithuaniansAre/?/^, skr§sti^s\c\\ with a trockenen Kruste beziehen';

D. eine bare in Germanic available ^-basis seems Old Icelandic skrgggrlox\
Norwegian skrogg^woW, isl. skroggur^ graybeard ', Swedish dial. skragge^6ey\\\ Middle
High German schrouwel 6s. (Germanic *skrawwa-). Old Icelandic skriupr' fragile, easily
broken; unstable, dilapidated, friable ';

Dental extension: Old Icelandic hrudrm. "scurf, scab'. Old Saxon hruthom.. Old High
German ruda, riudfRauAe, mange; scabies ', Old Icelandic 5/r/yofa''5"geschrumpfte skin';
Old Lithuanian skraudus^ brittle, rough', skraudu, skraust/" rough become';

whether here Lithuanian krenku, krektr curdle, coagulate, harden ', Latvian krecetds., -
//ies "lumpy, klunkerig become', krgcumi^ remnant, leftover item, spawn of frogs ' as "
shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up '?

References: WP. II 565 f.
Page(s): 933

Root / lemma: (s)ker-2, skera- : skre-

Meaning: to spring, to turn

Note: not to separate from (s)ker-^\.um'

Material: Old Indie kirati {karisyati, kTryate, kTrna-) "streutfrom, vergieftt, wirft, hurl, sling,

fling'; vi-kira, K/'-s/r/ra 'Scharrer, ein bird from dem HiJhnergeschlecht'; osset. /r'^///7'schutte

from';

gr. GKaipu) {*skrid) 'spring, hijpfe, dances', GKopoq n., aKcx^Q\x6c, 'Sprung'.

Maybe alb. hardhuce^ lizard ' (common alb. sk- >/?-).

gr. Kap9|Joi Kivnasic; Hes., OKapoq m. 'ein Meerfisch', actually ' jumper '; qyxi^xc, f.
'Springwurm' Hes.; ablaut. aKipiau) 'spring'; with ani. a- (blofter suggestion?) aoKapi^u)
'spring, wriggle ', wherefore aaKapi(;, -iboc, 'small Eingeweidewurm, larva a
WassermiJcke';

Maybe alb. kercej^ jump, dance', kercenoj^ threaten ', from ' threatening dance'.

Old High German sce/'(9/7'b ratty sein'. Middle High German scher{ejn^\r\urry', Modern
High German s/ch scheren's\c\r\ packen'. Middle Low German scheren^ mock, scoff and
'run, hurry'. Old Low German scernn. ' illusio, subsannatio ', Old High German scernm. '
joke, Mutwille' {scirno^ histrio '), Old Icelandic skar/'m. 'young seagull', sk/rjat 'young
cow'. Middle Low German scherke'k\n6 of small seagull' (of unsteten Plug);

s/r/ie- perhaps in Middle High German schraejen, schr^n'spray, whisk ', schrai. 'hail,
hoarfrost, snow', schrat rw. 'Wasserstaubchen, drip' and Old Icelandic skr^-ma-skl\ee\
Swedish 5/r/'a/77/77a 'frighten' tr. ('jump make');

Old English secge-scere ^ c\cada locusta (^^H)'. compare Lithuanian skerys, skerelis^
locust, grasshopper' (: gr. OKapxc,, aaKapi(;); bait. FIN *Skerija> wruss. Scara; apr. Skarra
{*Skara)\ Old Church Slavic skorb 'quick, fast'; very doubtful Old Church Slavic asterb,
russ.yasce/7ica 'lizard' (anI. a- the Indo Germanic preposition *cRl)\

an extension skreg- in Old Higli German screcc/70/7"auffahren, jump', hewi-screcko'
locust, grasshopper', Kaus. screcken^ jump make, bange make'. Modern High German
schrecken e\.c.\ Wissmann Nom. postverb. 190.

o^extension (sjkre-d- and (s)ker-d-:

Old Indie /rJ/io''a//"springt, hijpft' is not Indo Germanic; gr. Kpa5r| f. "Schwinge, treetop ',
Kpa5au) 'swing, brandish, schwanke', Kpa5aivu) ds.; KopSa^ 'lustiger dance in the
Komodie', (a)K0p5ivr|Ma ' dizziness, giddiness; swindle ', OKopSivaaGai "sich gahnend
reckon, agitated sein' (probably also Kop5uAr| "club, mace, joint, bulge; bead; lip; torus;
wreath; roll; bulb, Kopfputz'); alb. hardh-ele, -eje, -itse, hardhuce^XxLard' {*skord-)\ Latin
ca/Tc/o'Turangel; Wendepunkt' ("Drehpunkf; from the un extension root also Old English
heorr{a). Old Icelandic /T/a/r/Turangel' and with Indo Germanic t. Old High German scerdo
"fishing rod');

Middle Irish ceird^\he march, stride, strut'. Old Irish fo-cerdaim^Vc\ro\N, cast', cymr.
cerddar\Nan6\e' (with other the vowel Stellung abret. credam "vado'), next to which
without o'das causative cuirithir{ *kor-eJe-trai) "wirft, legt, places '; with cymr. go-gerddi.
"Burleske' compare Modern High German Scherz,

Old Icelandic hrata^iaW, waver, hurry'. Old English hrat/an6s. (besides also hrat^ian,
hradian\N\Vc\ Indo Germanic t. Old High German hardilla^ wagtail ' = "*Wipperin'); Middle
High German razzen^rai^e, clamor' (and - probably secondary - "rattle, clash', as Middle
Low German As/e/e/? "clatter'. Old English /7/'a/e/e"Klapperschote'); Middle High German
sc/7e/2'e/7"frohlich spring, sich delight ', Middle High German sc^e/z "pleasure, game'.
Modern High German scherzen, Scherz, Middle High Germanscharz, schurzm. "spring';
Old Icelandic skartn. "kostbare clothing', Norwegian skertasf 'spaden', skarta
"leichtfertiges bird '; perhaps Old High German hrosO\6 English hors etc. "steed', see
above S. 583 f.;

Lithuanian-zem. pakirsti, preterit yoa/r/zic/o "from dem sleep auffahren';

Note:

common Hittie Albanian Slavic prefix pa-, po-.

eine i&-extension in: Old Icelandic /7/'5p5"hinabsturzen', intr. "hurry'. Middle Low German
rapp^xasY^, hasty, violent', sik reppen^hurvj'; Middle Irish crip, cr/t){\N\Vr\ bb) "quick, fast';

eine 5-extension in: Latin scurra' merrymal<er, Witzbold; Stutzer' (: Old Higli German
scern, basic form skysa); presumably in Old Icelandic skjarr'shy, timorous'
("*aufspringend' or '*trembling'), sAz/ya "frighten'; Tocharian B karss-'sc\r\\eQ>en'.

References: WP. II 566 ff., WH. I 167 f., Trautmann 263, Loth RC. 43, 416 f.
Page(s): 933-935

Root / lemma: (s)ker-3

Meaning: to turn, bend

Note: (see also 1. (s)ker-^ shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ' and 2. (s)ker-

'spring')

Material: A. Avestan skarana- ' round ', skarayal-ra&a- EN., actually "the den chariot

kreisen allows';

alb. perhaps kerrus, kumis^beuge, bend';

gr. KupT6(; "crooked' (old u- coloring, compare russ. kortocki, as well as Church Slavic
sz>-AAbc///"pull together' etc.); Kopwvoc; " writhed, crooked, humped '; Kopcbvn "allerlei
GekriJmmtes, Gebogenes etc' (Latin loanword corona), perhaps as *kord[u]-no-s zw u-
basis *{s)kereu-\

Latin ci/Ai/i/s "crooked, writhed, crooked, humped, arched' (forms -uo-)\ cort/ha'round
vessel, kettle; the Dreifuft Apollos with dem kettle darauf; Himmelswolbung'; from a
participle *kr-to-' twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ' derived;

Middle Irish cor, Akk. PI. curu'Kre\se', cymr. cor-wynt, bret. cor- i/e/?/" turbo';

russ. k6rtockiP\. f. "crouching, cowering position ', kir. kortaty sa^sich durchhelfen,
rackern' (if "* crook oneself '? compare gr. Kuprot;).

a) guttural extensions:

ker-k-, besides A/ir-Ar- (from redupl. *ki-kro-) and {s)krek-:

Doubtful Old Indie krkafa-n. " neck joint ', krka-m. (uncovered) "larynx';

Maybe alb. gryke " throat ' (common alb. k- >p'- common gutturals Celtic Baltic).

gr. KipKoq m. "ring' (KipKow ' tie with a ring'), usually (from Homer) KpiKoq (in addition
K\po6q, Kp\oo6q, Doric Kpi^oq m. Poll. Hes. "Krampfader' as "vortretende Aderringe'); Latin
c/rcus "Zirkellinie, circle in the Astronomie; esp. the (round) racecourse ', preposition

c//r^/77 "rihgsumner etc', circa (after supra, extra); the Umbrian name of a month kurglasiu
as " circulario '?;

(s)krek-\K\ Low German schrege, schrage. Middle High German schrsege^ slantwise ',
Middle Low German Middle High German schrage^ kreuzweisestehende Holzfufle '; kir.
korkusm. " nape ', korkosiP\. " underarms, armpits ', Czech krk^ neck ' etc. (compare
above Old Indie krka-)\ Church Slavic sb-A/Tbd///"pull together', russ. korcu, -itb ds., " face
cut ', korca, /ro/r "cramp', o/ro/ra "crooked part of sledge', Czech dial. Ar/ros/ra "knag in
wood', Ar/ri/a "wrinkle, crease ' etc.; also wruss. /ro/r/7 "fist' etc. from *khrk-so-l\

nasalized ^5y>Are/7Ar-; presumably russ. krjakatb " take another turn ', krjac^ wood toggle ',
krjacitb " fasten '; Church Slavic krucina ( *krgcina) "xoAepa, epilepsia', sloven, u-kroknem, -
nitr crook oneself, u-krociti6s., Czech krucina ^brooxr\\ poln. krgcz {* krgcb) " turn one's
head, rotate one's head; confuse, whirl one's head around, dizziness, giddiness; swindle;
(old) tetanus ';

with -g-\ (s)ker-g-.

Norwegian hork{0\6 Icelandic *hgrkt) " Weidenband ', dial, also " wrinkled woman',
fierkja^We together', /7^/'^/"bumpiness, knag', harkal^ gnarled '; russ. korga^ crippled tree
', /rc»/'zai/jy'"verschrumpft, withered, hard' (etc.);

nasalized (s)kreng-:0\6 Icelandic hr0kkva {hrgkk) "sich krausein, crook, shrivel up,
shrink' ( *firenkwan), Kaus. fir0kkva^b\v\6, wrap, frill, friz ' ( *krankwjan), Danish rynke "
furrow ', Old Icelandic firukka. Middle High German /'i//7/re "wrinkle'; m. aniaut sk-0\6
Icelandic skrukka^ wrinkled woman', Norwegian s/rm/r/r "wrinkle', Swedish skrynka^ furrow
', Old English scrincan^ shrink up, verschrumpfen, wither'. Middle Low German schrinken^
shrink up '; Gaelic s^/iea/?^ "wrinkle' is perhaps Old English loanword;

as "verquerte, kreuzweis gestellte Latten': Middle Low German Middle High German
schrank(e)^ Qi\i\.QX , fence, lock ', Modern High German Schrank, Sciiranke, Middle Low
German Middle High German sc/7/'e/7/re/7"verschranken, beschranken, hinder'; Old High
German 5C/'5/7c "deceit', screnchan'to collapse bringen'. Old English screncan'e\n leg
place, cheat, deceive';

(sjkregh-, nasalized: {s)krengh-\

Umbrian cringatro, krenkatrum, krikatru^ a girding ';urg em. *firengaz\v\ Finnish rengas.
Old Icelandic firingr. Old English Old Saxon Old High German iiring'nng', Old Icelandic
iir/ngJa'smaW round vessel' and "clasp, hairpin ' = Old High German r/nka, Old English

hr/nge'c\asp, hairpin ', Old Higli German Old Saxon hr/ngon'nnge\n, einen circle build '; in
addition probably as "Rundstab', Gothic hrugga'staW, Old English hrungi. " rung,
horizontal step on a ladder, Speiche', engl. rung^ rung, horizontal step on a ladder'.
Middle Low German Middle High German /ic//7^e''Wagenrunge'; Old Church Slavic krggi, "
circle ', Church Slavic kruglh, okruglh ' round ' etc.;

(3) Dental extension Ae/f-'turn', see above S. 584 f.

Y) Labial extensions (s)kereb(h)-, (s)kremb-\.uxx\' see below esp. headword.

B. Abasis (s)krei-:

Latin 5g/y/7/^/77' rollenformige Kapsel , shrine' (*round container);

Lithuanian skrieju{ior *skreju), skr/ef/^\n Kreise bewegen, fly in circle ', Latvian skrienu
{skreju), skriet'run, fly'. Old Lithuanian skre//s' wing ', Old Church Slavic krilo {* kn-dio) n.
"wing'; Lithuanian Are/Vas "winded, slant, skew'. East Lithuanian Ara/Vas "slant, skew', apy-
kraivis^ writhed, crooked, humped ', ablaut. /r/vV/s "schief gewachsener Mensch'; Old
Prussian greiwa-kaulin kVk. " rib ' ("krummer bone'; dissim. from kreiwa-kaulin), russ. (etc.)
Ar/V "crooked'. Old Church Slavic razkriviti^ crooW; Latvian krails^ bent, curved, writhed,
crooked, humped '; Latvian /r/'e/7/s"Linkhand', A-eZr/s (dissim. from *kreiris) ds., Lithuanian
kairys6s. (dissim. from *krairys)\ Old Church Slavic krin/ca \esse\, crock, pitcher', okr/nb "
paten ', russ. kr/n/ca'Kuie, stream, brook, wellspring';

a) With Dentalen:

{sjkre/-t-: Latin cnso, -are "with den Schenkein wackein (beim Beischlaf; from the wife,
woman)', *creitsdor *cntsd\ Middle Irish cr/th'Z\ttern, fever', cymr. cryd^ cradle, fever',
with 5-: ysgryd, bret. sA/'>ya"vor fear tremble'; Old Icelandic hndi. " attack, storm;
Zwischenzeit, period (of time) ', Old English hnt^i. "storm'. Old High German {h)nddn
"tremble', ablaut, (hjr/fffjo lever' , Old English hr/d lever', Old Icelandic hreidrr\. "nest'
("*wickerwork'); from dem concept the bogenformigen Bewegung is verstandlich Old
Icelandic sknda^sich langsam vorwarts bewegen, grovel, truckle, creep ' (from WiJrmern),
Old English scrTt^an, Old Saxon scnthan ar\d skrTdan, Old High German scntan^ march,
step, stride, strut'. Old High German scrit^ footstep ', Old Icelandic skridrl\}r\, flow,
Vorwartsschreiten', Old English scnPe, scridem. "run, flow', skridr\. " cart '; Latvian kraitat
"lurch'; Lithuanian skrieciu, skr/est/ lurr\, slue in circle ', skryt/s' rim of the wheel ', Old
Prussian scr/tay/e6s., Lithuanian apskritus^ round ', skritulys^ circle, kneecap ', Latvian
skritu//s'\Nhee\', Lithuanian skr/t/nys 'baW, Globus'.

(s)kreid-:

Lithuanian skrindu, skr/st/l\y, l<reisen', skr/d/net/" kre'\sen (from birds)', skrydaut/"\n
Kreise gehn', skriedziu, skriesti^i\)/\ skraidau, -y//"hin and her in circle fly', s/r/'s/io'i/s "quick,
fast'; Latvian sAra/iofe/e/'umherlaufen', sknedinaV set in motion '.

p) With Labialen: (s)kreip-:

Old Icelandic hreifem. "wrist', hre/fa's\N\ng'; Lithuanian kreipiu, kreiptr turn ', kraipali, -
yti. Iter, krypstu, /r/yp//"sich drehen'; Old Church Slavic sAre/T/a'suTpairsAia, scurrilitas'
{*skroipnia)\ Slavic *kre(p)s'b {*kroip-so-) in Old Church Slavic vi^z-kresg, -///"auferstehen
let (from den Toten)', Church Slavic kresi) m. "rponn, temporum mutatio', serb. kr'ijes^
bohannisfeuer '; ablaut. Old Church Slavic i/b5-/r/'65/7p//"auferstehen'.

(s)kreib-: 0\6 Icelandic hripu. " wooden vessel'. Middle English /vp 'creel'. Old High
German href pannier '(originally ' the twisted '); Latvian kribasP\. 'netting in sled '.

s-extension (s)krei-s-, esp. from 'vibrierender Bewegung, (oneself) shake'.

Middle Irish cressaim^ shake, swing, brandish' {*kristd)\

Gothic af-, us-hrisjan^ab-, ausschijtteln'. Old English Old Saxon hrissan^io shake,
tremble'; Old Icelandic hnsu. ' shrubbery, rod'. Old English hnsu. 'twig, branch, rod'. Old
High German /7/7s'rod, rod, deadwood, shrubbery, bush'; Norwegian /7s/a'bush, twig,
branch, treetop eines Baumes; ear', Swedish /'e5S/7a'(Hopfen)ranke', ressn^Docke
gehechelten Flachses' etc.; Latin c/w/s'hair, esp. hair of the head ' {*crisnis, compare:)
c/7s-/s'the comb am Kopfe the animal'. Old Icelandic /7/75/a 'shake'. Middle Low German
risten 'flax, wattle, braid'; Old High German nsta. Modern High German Reiste
'zusammengedrehter tussock, bundle generally '; with f. Low German riste, r/sse6s.,
Dutch riste {an6 rijste) also 'Traubenkamm, Rispe, row'; Old Prussian craysi^ stem ', crays
■hay';

here as >c?-derivative also: Latin crispus^ frizzy, sich krauseind, vibrierend', crispo, -are^
frill, friz, swing', intr. 'tremble', gall. PN. Crixos, cymr. crych' frizzy ', bret. crech6s.\ Middle
High German rispen' frill, friz ', rispeln^s., rispe ^Qez\Ne\Q, shrubbery ', Old High German
/7/7S/Oa/7/"virgultum', Modern High German R/spe' deadwood, Buschwerk, bundle,
biJschliger BliJtenstand', in the Weberei 'eine gewisse Lage the Faden', engl. dial, risp'
stalk from Schlingflanzen, tendril '.

C. ^/-basis (s)kreu-:

compare above S. 935 to gr. Kopoovoq; acymr. crunn, mcymr. crwnn, fern, cronn,
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), abret. cron^ round ', Middle Irish cruind^ round ', zur
basic form *krundi, compare gr. KOKpuv-5aKoi KuAAoi;

sloven, krulitr mutilate, rings behacken', serb. /rm^5i/"lame, crippled ', poln. krolic {^or
km lid} " furrow ';

compare also Old Indie karu-kara-m. "whirl of Halses and RiJckgrates';

Ar-extension (s)kreu-k-: 0\6 Indie /rm/7C5//(Dhatup.) 'krijmmt sich'; Latin CAWA-'Marterholz'
(originally "round picket, pole'); Irish cruachi. "heap, barn, haystack, hill', gall. *krouka^
acme, apex ', worfrom *krdkka, kruk(k)a^s. (v. Wartburg FEW. 2, 1367), cymr. crugvn.
"cippus, tumulus', corn, abret. cruc^\\\\\\ nbret. crug, abrit.-Latin Penno-cruciumPH.; Old
Icelandic /7/y(g^/'"backbone, spine'. Old English hrycg. Old Saxon hruggi. Old High German
(h)rukki 'back\ Old Icelandic hrugat "heap', hraukr' heap', Old English /7/'eac"Kornhaufe',
Dutch rook6s., changing through ablaut Old English cornhryccei. "Korndieme', engl. rick
ds.; Lithuanian/r/7a^A/e"Meerschnecke', kriaukias^ rib '; Latvian krukneV writhed, crooked,
humped sit';

A ^extension seems /r/'J/-"Korperwolbung' above S. 624.

References: WP. II 568 ff., WH. I 220 f., 233 f., 279 f., 317 f., 293, 296 f., Trautmann 140
f.,267f.. Loth RC. 43, 416 f.
Page(s): 935-938

Root / lemma: (s)ker-4, (s)kera-, (s)kre-
Meaning: to cut

Material: I. A. Old Indie ava-, apa-skara-^ excrement (Ausscheidung)'; krnati, krnoti^
injures, slays ' (lex.), ^/A/?/7a-'ausgeschnitten, eingeritzt', s5/77i//A/?/75-"durchbohrt'; Old
Indie carman-, Avestan caraman-^ieW, fur, skin'; presumably Old Indie /ri//- (unbel.) "ein
Webergerat' (: russ. dial. cen/B "sickle', Lithuanian A/?i//s"axe' (?);

Armenian k'orem^\ scratch', /r'e/ie/T? "scratch, scrape ';

gr. Ksipu) (Kspoj, £Kapr|v, KSKoppai, Kaproq) " abscise; shave, shear; abfressen', Ksppa n.
" schnitzel, small coin', Kop|j6(; m. "(abgeschnittener) clot, chunk, trunk', Koppa^w
"zerstiJckle'; kopk; m. "bedbug' (= russ. korbi. " moth ': "incisive, biting, zerbeiftend'); Gen.
Kap6(; "Nichts' in riu) 5s \x\v £v Kap6(; dan, compare also Kapipioipou(; loiic, £v tjr|5£MiC(
Ijoipg... Hes., further OKopi n. "mite', QKopng, QKopiaTog "tiny', Hes.; "incisive' seems die

basic meaning from mpyoq and Kap "louse' Hes.; to latter perhaps Kapov, mpoq 'Kummel'
(from the Ahnlichkeit of KiJmmelkornes with a louse); with gr. KU)puKO(; 'leather sack'
compare Irish curach ^Hautboot', cymr. corwg, cwrwg ds. from *kdrukos, compare further
Old Icelandic ^p/^'Leinenkleid', Old High German harra^sack, bag'; with a meaning
"schneidender derision, ridicule' here KspTOfjoc; "hohnend', KspTopsu) "hohne, lastere' (*K£p-
aTopo(; "ein Lastermaul habend'? in 1. part ein root noun [s]ker-, orein -[e]5-stem *ker-s-)\
QKspacpoc;, Kspacpoc; "reprimand' Hes., OKsp-poAoc; AoiSopoc;, gkepPoAeT anarg Hes.,
GKsppoAAu) ' abuse, revile ';

alb. hirret " whey ' ( *sker-na; the h after harr); Liden KZ. 61 , 9 f.;

alb. sh-k/er're\\Se apart', harr{*skor-n-) "cut, bite from, jate', /5/7a/r "spoil, verwiJsten,
sich separate', /s^a/Ves "Scharfrichter', lengthened grade korr, kuarr{*ker-n-d) " schneide
ab, harvest ';

Latin corium^ thick skin, bag, leather'; card, carn/st "flesh', originally " slice of meat ' as
PI. carries, Umbrian /r5/Y/"part', Dat. karne, Abl. PI. /r5/77^s"carnibus', Oscan carneis
"partis'; Umbrian /ra/t£/"distribuito'; Latin curtus^ abbreviated, mutilated' {*kr-t6-);

Old Irish scar(a)im {*skera-mi) "I slit, separate', cymr. ys^5/'"Trennen', gwa-sgar
"scatter'; Kaus. -iterative Old Irish sc^^/^/7>77"spanne die Pferde ab', scor^ paddock for
abgespannte Zugtiere'; auf a /oparticiple in addition based on Middle Irish aurscartad
{*air-uss-scart-) "Fegen, Reinigen', diuscart(a)im {*dT-uss-scart-) "entferne'; cymr. ysgarthu,
dyscarthu ' c\ean' , ys^a/Y/? "rubbish, SpiJIicht', ca/'//7e/7"purgatoria' ; Middle Irish sca/rt'net
um die intestines, phren'; Irish cert'smaW; nicht certainly covered is Middle Irish co/re
"sword' (see below Gothic hafrus); Irish curach, cymr. corwg, CM//w^"Hautboot' to gr.
KcbpuKOt;? see above;

Old Icelandic skera^cui, clip, prick, abmachen'. Old High German sce^a/? "shave, shear,
abscise ', Old English scierands.. Old Saxon sker-sahs^ shearing knife '; Old High
German scero^ mole ', Modern High German Schermaus, Norwegian vatn-skjer
"Spitzmaus' (compare under Old English sc/e/fe-/77t75 "Spitzmaus'); Kaus. -Iter. Old High
German scerian. Old Saxon skerjan. Old English scierian ^aWoi, decide, define, ordain,
determine'; Old Icelandic skgri. "hair; edge; end'. Old English scearut "das
Haarschneiden; allotment ', Old High German sca/'a"Heeresabteilung, troop, multitude,
crowd etc.'. Middle Low German scharei. ds. (out of it Old Icelandics/rp/'f., skar/m. "troop,
multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'); with not clear meaning-development Old High German
haram-skara. Old Saxon harm-skara. Old English hearm-scearu^ punishment, plague';

Old High German scar, scaroxw., scarai. " plowshare ', Old English scearvn. n. ds.,
Norwegian skere ( *skarjan-) ds.; Old Icelandic skern. ( *skarja-) 'cliff (out of it Middle Low
German scherei. Telszacke, cliff, Modern High German Schare); ablaut. Old English
scc»/'e"(felsiges) seashore, KiJste', 5^0/75/7 'overhang, from Klippen ', Middle Low German
schore, schare^Kuste, bank, border, shore', next to which with -rr-: Old High German
scorra 'schroffer rock', scorren ' jut, project, protrude, stick out, from rocks or bone';

Old Icelandic skardr^ damages, verstummelt, verringert'. Old Saxon s/ra/icy'zerhauen,
verwundet'. Old High German scart. Middle High German sc/75/Y'zerhauen, schartig'. Old
English scearc/6s., Old Icelandic skardn. 'notch, hole, lack, damage, pity'. Middle High
German Modern High German scharte. Old English sceardu. 'piece, fragment', ablaut.
Old Icelandic skordai. 'cloven staff, 'am oberen end cloven pad' (compare in similar
meaning Middle Low German schore, sc^a/ie'Strebepfahl, pad' = engl. shore);

Old Icelandic skori. ' incision, incisure, crack'. Middle Low German schore m. ds., nnd.
schor, scharlraW, breakable, brittle ';

Old Icelandic skyrn. {*skurja-) ' coagulated milk' (: skera-sk's\c\r\ divide = curdle,
coagulate, harden '); skurdrm. 'das Schneiden'; Old High German skerm, sA/a/t? 'shield
('*of skin'), protection, Bedeckung', Middle High German scherm, schirm. Old High
German skirmen {* skirmjan). Old Saxon i6>/sA//777/5/7'beschirmen';

5-loose perhaps Old Icelandic hgrundu. 'flesh'; Middle High German hare, harwer^ herti
('incisive of taste'; proto Germanic *har-wa\x\ Finnish /ra/'i/5s'herb'); Gothic hafrus. Old
Icelandic hjgrr. Old English heoru. Old Saxon herum. 'sword' (see above Middle Irish
co/re);

lengthened grade Old High German scar, scara, PI. sc5/7 "scissors'. Old Saxon skarai.
ds.. Old English scea^'Pflugscher', PI. scerero. Old Icelandic skseriu. PI. 'scissors', hrse-
sk3err^\v\ Leichen hackend (eagle)'; Middle High German schuori. ' fleece ', Old Icelandic
sk0ra 'fight, struggle';

Lithuanian skiriu, skirti, Latvian sAy?/ 'separate, divide', Lithuanian karnai. 'linden bast',
Latvian a/zkarflee\; touch on'; Lithuanian kgra, kero, kert/"s\c\r\ loslosen'; skara^scrap,
shred, rag'; Old Prussian kermens^body' (see below); Lithuanian k/rv/s, Latvian c/rv/s
'axe'; presumably of concept the abgespaltenen dandruff, flaky scales of skin from:
Lithuanian kara/'P\. 'Steinpocken' (Slavic loanword?), prakarus ^maseng, of wood';

russ. korbi. " measles ' and " moth ' ("*Schererin'); Old Russian /ro/^'bark', russ. etc.
kora^bark, crust'; whereof among others Church Slavic koric§P\. "Zimf, russ. korfca6s.,
kdrka'bo\N\, bark, crust', /ro/ie/i. 'hard become', Bulgarian korav' stiff, hard', serb. okdreti
se' stiff, hard become' etc. (Old Church Slavic korbCb 'a measure of capacity ', russ.
/ro/iec'Muhlkasten; scoop etc.', slov. /ro/'ec'Korbchen '; perhaps to Old Indie caru-' kettle '
etc., s. k"'er-y,

Maybe alb. kore'bo\N\, bark, crust' a Slavic loanword.

russ. dial, cervb "sickle' (= Lithuanian k/rv/s, Old Indie krvh, see above); Balto Slavic
*kermen- and kerua- n. "belly, body' in Old Prussian kermensrw. "body'; Slavic *cervov\. in
Old Church Slavic oiei/o "lower abdomen, belly', russ. cerevoAs. etc. (originally
"ausgeschnittene Tiereingeweide'); doubtful Old Church Slavic crevbjb "sandal', russ. old
cerevbjiP\. "Schuhe' etc. (*"skin, leather'?);

Church Slavic /r/^/7b "mutilated', c»/r/^/7///"amputieren', russ. dial. /rd/77>y"from kleinem
growth, short', kornatb "stutzen', (etc. = Old Indie -kTrna-); presumably (as "abgeschnittene
shaft, pole') Old Church Slavic krbma^ rudder, helm, Hinterende of Schiffes', r. korma
"Schiffshinterteir etc.; perhaps r.-Church Slavic cre/7b"Handgriff', russ. ceren^ haft, Stiel,
handle, grasp eines Messers; Pfropfen'.

B. Dental extensions:

a) (s)ker-d-.

Illyrian Scordus {vnous), iKopSov (opoc;) : Lithuanian skardus 'sieep' see below (Jokl,
Eberts Reallex. 6, 37); Old Irish scerd/d 'kratzt ab';

Maybe alb. {*skord-) kodre'h\\\'

after the divided Wurzelknollen: gr. aK6p(o)5ov n. " garlic ', alb. hurdhe, hudhre6s.
( *skord-)\

Maybe alb. hurdhe^ ivy', hurdhe^ pond, pool' (from " steep shore?)'.

Old High German scherze, scherzer sliced piece'; Old High German sc^az "short'
(Middle High German schurzen 'kurzen', 5^/7^/2- "gekijrztes garment'. Modern High
German Schurz, Schurze), Old English sco/:^ "short', scc»/Y/5/7"kurzer become, blunder,
lack' {scyrtei. "Schurz, shirt'; engl. s/70/f "short', 5/7/>f "shirt'). Old Icelandic skorta^ blunder,
lack', skortn., skortrm. "lack';

with other the vowel Stellung (influence of Germanic *skraut-, *skrut-l) Middle Low
German schratelen 'carve, slit';

maybe alb. {*scyrtej shkurt' short'

Note:

lllyrian TN Scord/sc/ meant. " men with shirts, kilts (like women)' hence alb. {*skodra) kodra
'hill' actually meant: '(*short) low mountain, low hill' [common drop of initial s- in alb. sk > k^

Lithuanian skerdziu, skerstr{ swine) slaughter', Latvian sk^rzu, s^e/s/'split, lacerate',
Lithuanian skerdziu, skerdet/ ^R\sse bekommen', ablaut. 5/r5/io'y//"schroten'; skardus
"steep', skafdisvn. " steep bank, border, shore' (see above lllyrian Scordus), skurdus
"painful', /7^-s/r^7i3'e's"zerlumpt', East Lithuanian skurstu, skurst/"\ack suffer, bear, endure';
Latvian skardft^spWt up, cut up, divide', Lithuanian s^5A//io'^5/c»5/rdyc»s"aufgesprungene
Fijfte', Old Prussian 5C^/io''/s"Bicke, MiJhleisen', Old Church Slavic o-skrbdbm. "tool zum
Behauen the stone ', russ. oskdrd'b\g hatchet', skoroda^ harrow', Czech c»s/r/io'"Muhleisen,
pointed hammer '; nasalized Lithuanian skrandas " aged Pelz', skrahdis "Viehmagen',
Latvian skrandasP\. "rag, clout'. Old Prussian scrundosP\. "scissors'.

About sker-di'^-see below esp. headword.

p) (s)ker-t-, (s)kre-t-:

Old Indie krntati r\ewer kartaf/'cuts, slices' = Avestan karantaiti {bes\6es karanaoiti=
Old Indie krnoti, above S. 938) "cuts, slices; schindet'; participle Perf. Pass, /r/f /a- (Avestan
-karasta-); Old Indie kartanam'das Schneiden', krtf-rr\. orf. "knife', Avestan karati-^Vx\\ie',
npers. kard ds.; Old Indie karta- rr\. "separation, Unterscheidung', karfa- rr\. "pit, pothole,
hole' (/ra/a "depth, ground' out of it Middle Indie development), perhaps Avestan -kasa-
"bay'; es can partizipiale /oformations zur the abbreviated root form sker- vorliegen; Old
Indie /r////-f. "fell, fur', /7/-/r/Y//-"Niedermetzlung'; Old \nd\c krfvah '...Male', -krte.g.sa-krt,
Avestan ha-karal^ once', originally "with a Hieb', as in Old Indie sakrd-ach/nna- ' auf
einmalabgetrennt', Avestan hakaraf-Jan- ^ aui e\n{r\a\ totend' (compare Old Church Slavic
kratb 'maV, Lithuanian kartasds.);

Old Indie katu- (mi. from *kart-u-) "(*incisive) sharp, biting' (: Lithuanian /ra/Y^fS "bitter');

Armenian /r'e/Y'e/77"pull die skin ab, schale ab';

alb. kjeth " shear ' ( *kertd);

Maybe alb. kjeth, qeth' shear' derived from Polish czesac' comb'.

Latin corfex'bark, scab ', scortumleW, fur, Tierhaut, whore ', cena'meaV = Oscan
kersnu 'cena', kerssna/s 'cen'\s' {*kert-sna' share'); Umbrian ses/75'cenam', gersnatur
"cenati';

Old High German ^e/ic/o'vellus', Old English heorda rr\. "fell, fur'. Modern High German
Swiss herde, harde'sheep- or goatskin '; Old English herdanP\. "testicles' ("*Hautsack';
from *harut^Jan) with other the vowel Stellung Old Icelandic hredJarP\. "Hodensack';

Maybe alb. herdhe " testicles '.

perhaps here also Gothic hairt^ra. Old High German herdarr\.. Old English hrederru. "
intestines, entrails '; lengthened grade the 2. syllable in Middle Low German schrat{-d-)
"ein in the Lange abgeschnittenes piece', schraden^ abscise ', schrat{-d-) " slantwise
(eine other Linieschneidend)'; at most /oparticiple to basis skre-\

nasalized (Germanic *skrent^, compare Old Indie krntati): Old High German skrindan, -
/a/7 "break, crack, Risse bekommen', Norwegian skrinda^ incisure '; zero grade Old High
German scrunda, -ta "col, gap, crack'. Modern High German Schrund(e), Norwegian
skrunda^huich'; with gradation Middle High German schranz{e) "crack, slit, geschlitztes
garment ' (Old High German * scrantussa, compare scruntussa^ crack'); west Frisian
schrander' sharp' (from reason), etc.; without s-: Middle Low German uprinden
"aufbersten' (from Wunden);

Lithuanian kertu kirsti^haue sharp, schlage violent', A/?s/a5 "beaten', Latvian CQrtu, cirst
"hew, hit, hack'; Lithuanian /r/?//s "Hieb', Old Prussian k/'rt/s ds., Lithuanian kefslas
"Aderlafteisen' {*kert-s-lo-), besides /re?5/as "Lanzette'; Old Prussian kers/e'hoe, axe' (=
russ. ceres/o etc.); Lithuanian karsa^ cave' {*kartsa), Lithuanian kartus. Old Prussian Nom.
PI. /ra/Ya/" bitter'; Old Prussian sco/ic/o (consigns stordd) "Schwarte' i.e. "menschliche
Kopfhaut' (Baltic *skarta); Lithuanian kertukas ^SpWzruaus' (: kir. ce/fec"groR.e dormouse ',
compare of simple *sker- Old High German scero^ mole ' etc.); Lithuanian kartas ^rr\a\',
vfens kart vfens "einmal eins', Latvian vienkarss "simple, just' (see above to Old Indie
krtvas, -krt}, Lithuanian karta' position, layer', Latvian karta' order, layer, position ';
Lithuanian kirtas " lair (of an animal) ';

as " sliced piece of wood ' Lithuanian kartis^ shaft, pole', Latvian kartsds.. Old Prussian
karfanoi. ds.; Baltic *karta- ^trough' (out of it Finnish karttads.) in Old Prussian pra-cartis
m. ds., Lithuanian pra-kartas ds.; besides proto Slavic. *karuta- n. "trough, trough' in

Church Slavic /ro/y/o " a Ive us', russ. /ro/y/o "trough, trough' etc.; with through das nasal
present bedingter other the vowel Stellung Lithuanian krintu, kritau, kristi^ fall down, of
leaves, of fruits ' (compare Old Indie krntatram^c\ei\, gap, col, gap, Zerklijftung ');

Old Church Slavic na-crhtati^ urroYpanjai ', russ. -Church Slavic crbtu, cresti^c\A, clip',
russ. old o-cerest/" e\ne limit, boundary decide, define, ordain, determine' (etc.);

Maybe alb. kr/s' crack, break', kr/sme' shot, strike ' a Slavic loanword.

kir. certec^b\g, giant dormouse ' (compare above to Lithuanian kertukas); kir. cereslo,
poln. //-zos/o'Pflugmesser, Sech', sloven, creslo, Czech //ts/o 'Gerberlohe'; perhaps russ.
old ceresca. Middle Bulgarian (ablaut.) o-crbsta, o-crhsta' tent' (if "from Fellen or bark',
*k(e)rst-i-a, compare Old Indie krt-ti-)\ perhaps russ. (etc.) ceret^ reed ' (from den piercing
leaves); Church Slavic kratb-kb (= Old Indie katu-, Lithuanian kartus), russ. korotkij^ short'
(etc.); Old Church Slavic st-krastg, -kratiti^ shorten; sich short fassen, endigen'; Old
Church Slavic kratt in tri kraty^ thrice, three times ' etc., poln. trzy-kroc6s. (etc., see
above to Lithuanian kartas'maV);

Hittite kartai- " abscise, beseitigen'.

About perhaps cognate words for "quer' see below *s/re/Y-5- "quer'.

C. guttural extension:

*krok-no-'\n cymr. croen'skin', PI. crwyn, acorn, cro/n ds.; cro/noc' rubeta' > corn.
cronek 'crapaud' besides *krok-/na\n gall. -Latin croc/na ^mastruca', Old Church Slavic
kruzno, russ. korzno ds.; out of it borrowed Old High German krusina, kurs/nna {\N\r\ereiore
Modern High German Kurschne/), Old Frisian kersna. Late Old English crus{e)ne' fur skirt
', Middle Latin crusina; *krokkeno-\v\ Middle Irish crocann, nir. croiceann^sV\v\\ bret.
kroc'hen, mcorn. croghen ds.

D. Labial extensions:

a) (s)kerb/h/-, (s)kreb(h)-:

Middle Irish ce/t* "sharp, incisive', cer{b)aim^ cut, bite';

Old English sceorpan^ scratch, scrape, gnaw ' (probably also "*cut, clip', compare
sceo/x? "dress'); Old Icelandic 5/ra/'y0/'"eingeschrumpft, lean, strong, sharp'. Old English
scearp. Old Saxon s/ra/T? "sharp, rough, bitter'. Old High German scarf, scarph. Middle
High German scharf, -/?/" rough, incisive'; Old High German skurfen, scurphen. Middle

High German schcirCp) fen lacerate, disembowel, (fire) anscliiagen', Modern Higli German
schurfen,

Balto Slavic *skirba\. " cleft ' {*skei^'^S) in Latvian skirbat " cleft, col, gap', ablaut.
skert>a/aan6 skarbat "splinter' and skarbs{= Modern High German 'scharf) 'sharp,
rough'; in addition Lithuanian skirbti^ sour become', Latvian skerbs^herb, sour'; Slavic
*scbrbbrc\., *scbrbaf. in poln. szczerbm. 'notch, incisure ', slov. sdrZ? 'schartig', scfba^
notch' etc.; russ. scerbai. 'crack, notch, scar';

Maybe alb shkarpe, pi. shkarpa^ piece of wood'.

Balto Slavic *skurba {*skoib^a) in Lithuanian zem. skurbt/'be in woefulness ', skurbei.
'ruefulness', Latvian skurbstu, skurbf senseless, unconscious become'; Slavic *skbrbai.
in slov. *skfba' notch, dental gap ', also Slavic skbrbbi. in Old Church Slavic skrbbb,
russ.-Church Slavic skbrbb, serb. skrb, russ. s/roAi&i. 'ruefulness, care ', skdrbnufb^\N\t\r\er,
wilt, mortify', slov. skrbet/'care for, worry';

Latin scrob/sm. f. 'pit, pothole'; Old English screpan' scratch, scrape'. Middle High
German schreffen stem V. ' rend, ritzen, scratch, scrape'; Old Icelandic skrapa {*skrapdn)
'scratch, scratch, scrape, scrape'. Middle Low German schrapen^s.. Middle High German
schraffen^6\e skin ritzen, schropfen', schrapfe {*skrapp6) 'tool zum Kratzen', whereof
schrapfen^ curry ', Middle Low German schrappen ^ scra'^e, scratch, scrape'; Middle High
German schrepfen {*skrapjan). Modern High German ^ schropferf;

Lithuanian s/r/'ei6'e//"rustle, sough, rustle', Latvian 5/r/'5i6>/ 'hollow out, scratch, scrape,
scrape', s/r/'ai6'/>7a/'benagen', skribinatAs. (neologism from *skrebinat); Lithuanian
atskrabaim. PI. 'offal'; russ.-Church Slavico-s/r/ieit'b ' worn out habend', russ. skrebu,
skrestf {skrestb, also skrebatb) 'scrape, scratch, scrape', Iterat. Czech skrabati^ scratch,
scrape';

with reduced grade: cymr. crafu^ scratch, scrape, rub, ausbeuten'; Latvian kribinat
'abnagen';

lengthened grade: skr§o^-, skrdD'^-, with r-suffix the name the hornbeam (after the
sawed leaf): alb. shko-ze {*skrdo^-r-). Old Prussian scober-wis {*skrdo^er-), Lithuanian
skruoblas ( *skrdo^-ro-), newer skroblus, but Latvian (with secondary a) skabardis,
skabarde {*skrdo!^ar-) ' red beech ', s. Jokl WuS. 12, 71 ff., and compare Lithuanian
skifpstas under S. 945;

zero grade gr. OKapcpaaGai aK£5avvuaGai Hes.;

compare also ge/b^-, above S. 386, and cymr. cramenS. 945.

p) (s)kerp-, (s)krep-:

Old Indie krpana-rc\. 'sword', krpanTi. "scissors, dagger'; karpara-v\. "shard' m. "bowl,
cranium' (: Old Prussian /re/'yOeZ/s "cranium'. Old Church Slavic drepb "shard'. Old High
German sc/zt*/ "shard');

alb. karpe, karme {*korp-n-) "rock, cliff' (compare Latin saxum: seed; insecure krep,
shkrep^rock, slope'); in addition thrak. KapnaTr|<; 6po(; "Carpathians';

gr. Kapn6(; "fruit' (" sliced, picked '), Kapni^ojjai, Kapnoopai " harvest '; Kpcbniov "sickle'
(Indo Germanic *krdp-)\ with s- probably aKopnio(; " scorpion, a thorny sea fish ';

Latin carpo, -ere^ pluck, pick ', originally " detach ', gloss. scarpo\.e. excarpo^ eligo ',
scarpinaV scripithaen ' (Old English "die hen scharrt'); carpinus^ hornbeam ' etc. (after the
sawed blade); compare Hittite karpina-^a tree';

Middle Irish co/r^/7 "sickle', cirrim^ chop, mutilate ' (-/y-from -rp-) perhaps Irish corr,
cymr. cc»/'"cusp, peak' (: aKopnio(;);

Old High German herbist. Old English /7^//es/"autumn' ("time of the picking, harvest';
probably a superlative *karpistos " suitable best of all for the picking '); Old Icelandic harfr
m. herfiu. "harrow';

with s-\ Old English sceorfan siem V. " bite, erode ', gesceorfan^Xeax, scrape'; scyrfV
the cutting, the edges ', Old High German scirbi. Middle High German schirbe, later
sc/7e/t'e' "shard (*sharp - edged, incisive); head, skull ' (see above to Old Indie karpara-).
Middle Low German scherve 'bowV; Old High German scerf, Middle Low German scherf^
half a pfennig, smallest scabbard coin ', Modern High German Scherflein; Old English
scearfian {*skarbdn) "scrape, tear' = Middle Low German sc/75/'i/e/7 (besides scherven irom
*skarbjan) " cut into small pieces ', Old High German scarbdn6s., Middle Low German
5c/75/f "shard'. Old Icelandic skarfr' sloping end piece ', Norwegian s/ra/v" cliff;

maybe alb. sbkrep'cWff, rock', sbkr/Tsoiten'?

with other vocal result: Old High German screvon' carve ', Middle Low German schreve
m. "line ("* Ritzung '), line', Swedish skreva^ cliff gap ', Old Icelandic skrefu. " footstep '
("*cleft, gap'); Old English scrgefcdN^, Middle High German schraf, schrave' cleft rocky
cliff', Middle Low German 5c/7/-ai/e/ "spiky, brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep ';

Middle High German scrove, schrofferw. " pointed (*piercing) stone, cliff', back formation
Modern High German Adj. schroff^ brusk, curt, rude; abrupt, sudden, steep '

mmpnmivppiiiiimmiiiiiimmpni^

[wedish skorf, Old English skurf, sceorfm. 'scurf, scab, crust, eschar ' (to sceorfan]_
bove), Old High German scorf(\s. (beside s ISIaryyeg ian skorpa ^cxusV, Middle Higl
German besides scho/f also sc/7c»/'/?/'frora^geminated|

Lithuanian kerpu, k/rpt/^mth the Schere cut', Iterat. karpyti, atkarpaT, atkarpos'
schnitzel'; AraiCS/K//" scratch, stochern' (onomatopoeic word?); Latvian c$rpu, c/rpf shave,
shear', c/rpei. "sickle'; Iterat. karpft' scratch, die Erde aufwerfen' (compare Old Norse
harfr, herfi); Old Prussian /re/'/OeZ/is "cranium' (compare Old Indie karpara-);

with 5-: Latvian skerpet'\a\Nn cut', sMryO/s "Pflugmesser', skerpe/e'\Noo6en splinter',
skirpta^ notch'; with zero grade / Lithuanian skirpstas ^Rusief, Old Prussian skerptus ds.
(after den gesagten leaves), Lithuanian sA/]7?s/^5"Rotbuche';

Old Church Slavic crepb "shard' (in den neueren Slavic Sprachen partly also "cranium');
presumably also proto Slavic *cbrpg, cer{p)t/"\r\ Old Church Slavic crbpg, cret/" scoop '
("with a shard Wasser scoop '); russ. dial, cerp "sickle' probably contaminated from cerv
and serpm. ds.;

compare also kerap-'rag' above S. 581.

E. (s)kre-m-, (s)kra-m-.

cymr. crameni. "scurf, scab' (with -mm-), bret. crammen, cremmends. {6as-mm-
expressive or from *-b-m-); Middle Irish scremi. " surface, skin' (with -mm-);

Old Franconian *scramasaks \n "cultris validis quos vulgo scramasaxos vocant' (Gregor
V. Tours), compare also 5c/'5/77/s (besides scut/'s, spatis, lanceis, sagittis) in the Lex
Visigothorum; Middle High German schramt^ scratch, Schwertwunde', m. " cliff crack,
hole', schramen 'tear open'; besides with mm: Middle Low German schram{-mm-) m. "
cleft, incisure ', schrammet " cleft, scratch ' (out of it Modern High German Schramme);
ablaut. Old Icelandic skrama 'wound, scratch; axe';

Lithuanian kramas, Latvian krama' crust, scab, eschar'; Lithuanian krimsti" gnaw,
plague', Latvian knmsV gnaw, pick out, pick up, collect; pinch';

Church Slavic /OC»/r/'c»/77ij"margo panni', russ. /r/io/775'Brotschnitte, edge', Church Slavic
ukromb Mn . 'singulatim'("*abgetrennt'), Old Church Slavic krome Mn. 'auR>en, outside ';
ablaut, russ. dial, krembi. 'break, section of Waldos';

presumably Old Church Slavic kremy, /r/'(9/77e/75 Teuerstein'; Latvian krems6s., ablaut.
krams.

F. (s)ker-s-:

Horn. c(K£pa£K6pr|<^ with ungeschorenen Haaren'; Attic Koupci 'das Abscheren the hair';
Koupic;, -iSoc; f. 'razor', Koupi^oc; 'geschoren', Koupsuc; 'barber' etc., Koupi^ 'by den Haaren
fassend', Kopaov Koppov Hes., Kopaooj ' shear ', Kopau)T6(; 'geschoren' etc.;

Attic inschr. Koupov 'lignum sectum'; aipoKOupiai 'Blutopfer', Koupsiov 'a sacrificial
animal ';

Middle Irish cymr. etc. co/r'verkijmmert, dwarfish ' {*korso-)\

Tocharian A karst-, B karst-^ abscise, destroy'; Hittite kars-, karsiia-^ abscise, mutilate '
etc.

II. /-basis sken-, skrei-, sA/f- 'cut, clip, divide' also particularly ' through Sieben Grobes
and Feines divide'; see above gr. Ksipw, Kappvai, Lithuanian skiriu.

a) Gr. Kplvu) (*KpTv-ju), compare Fut. KpTvw, and Lesbian Kpivvoj) 'scheide,
unterscheide, entscheide', participle kpit6(;; Kpipvov ' coarse meal, flour' ('das Gesiebte'),
KpT|ja, Kpipa n. ' verdict, judgement', Kpirnc; m. 'judge', Kpiaic;f. ' verdict ', 5iaKpi56v '
separate '; Kpnaspa ' fine sieve ' (derivative from *K^\\a\c„ *kref//-t/s ^creWo, Sieben');

Latin cerno, -e/ie'sichten, divide; distinctly perceive (distinguish, discern), recognize '
{*cn-nd)\ certus{= KpiTOc;) 'geschieden, entschieden, certainly, surely', Perf. cre-vT-
(whereupon previously cretum), ex-cre-mentum^ kusscheiAuuo^', screa {*skreia) ' sputum,
spit, saliva ', screare^s\c\\ rauspern'; o''/sc/7777e/7'trennender Abstand, Zwischenraum;
Unterscheidung; entscheidender, kritischer instant, eye blink', crJbrum^ sieve,
Durchschlag' {*krei-(iyrom)\

Old Irish criathar{*krei-tro-) ' sieve ', acymr. cruitr6s. (ncymr. crwydr^AdiS Hin- and
hergehen, Wandern'), corn, croider. Middle Breton croezrubrei. krouer^ sieve '; cymr. go-
grynu^ sieve ' ( *upo-kri-nd), bret. gourner^ sieve ', cymr. gwa-gr, gogr6s.; gall.-rom.

cr/nare 'spWV, northern Italy crena'c\ei\., fissure', etc.; about Irish c/tc/? "limit, boundary,
region, area', cymr. cr/'p, crib, corn. bret. krib^ comb', see above S. 619;

Old English hrJdder, hnddeF sieve ', Old High German ntera. Modern High German
Reiter^ coarse sieve ' {*krei-ox *krT-6^rom); Gothic brains {*kroini-). Old Icelandic breinn.
Old Saxon breri{i). Old High German breini^'puxe'. Modern High German rein, dial. " fine-
ground, sieved ';

Balto Slavic *kreid^s\\\., separate, scheide' in Latvian kriJat^i\a)/\ krijai. " bark, outer
covering of a tree ', Lithuanian krijas m. "Siebreifen', PI. krijos^basi, bark', skrijos
"Siebreifen';

Maybe alb. krasit'cut', alb. kreb {*kre-skd) "comb, dress the hair', [common alb. -sk- > -/?-].

proto Slavic. *krojg, *krq/iti {prev\ous causative) in Church Slavic krq/iti'TTzpnt[}vzw, -
GXi^siv, dissecare', russ. kroju, krojitb "cut, clip, carve, slit; corn, grain sieve ';

proto Slavic. *krajb (Balto Slavic *krdja- m.) in Old Church Slavic krajb "edge, bank,
border, shore', russ. Ar5y"edge, region; end', /^/^^"au ft erst'; with ablaut Old Church
Slavic iskrb " near '; proto Slavic. *krida in Upper Serbian ki'ida. Lower Serbian ksidat "
sieve '.

P) (o'-present?) (s)kreid-\x\\

Middle Irish scrissid' cuts, slices' {*skrid-t-);

Gothic o''/s-s/r/'e//5/7 "tear trans.', dis-skritnan 'tear \ntr.'. Modern High German Swiss
scbrTssen, scbreiden. Bavarian scbritzen^ rend, schlitzen', scbrifz' crack'; Old Saxon britan
or brftian' rend, ritzen, write ', Old Swedish Runic brita 'r\tzer\, carve '.

y) (s)krei-t-: 0\6 English mid-bridrer\. " phren'; Old Frisian mid-britb(ere) 6s.

5) Labial extensions:

(s)kerfi'^-\r\ gr. OKapTcpaoMai and OKapTcpEuu) "scratch, ritze auf, einen Umrift', OKapTcpoc;
m. "stylus, Umrift, Skizze'; Latin scrTbo, -ere'W\tb a stylus graben, einzeichnen, write ',
Oscan scriftasHom. PI. "scriptae', Umbrian scre'//7/c»/'"scripti'; Latin Lwe. are Old High
German scrTban, Old Saxon skrlban. Old Frisian skrTfa " write ' and die originally religious
words Old English scrTfan'a punishment, esp. eine religious penance, atonement
auferlegen'. Old Icelandic skripV confession, admission, punishment '; unclear is das /?(=
btS) in Middle Irish scrTp(a)id 'Vxatzt';

with Indo Germanic -p-:0\d Icelandic /7/77& 'scratch, scrape, scratch'; hnfai. ' rake ', Old
Frisian hnvia, Dutch rijven^ rake, rake ', Old English gehnfn/an 'abre\(i>en'; lett skrTpat
"scratch, scrape, scribble; einschreiben', s/r/vps/s 'krummes Schnitzmesser', skrTpa
"eingeritzter stripe'.

III. ^/-basis (s)keru-, (s)kreu-, compare perhaps Lithuanian k/rv/s'axe', russ. cervb
"sickle' etc.; Old English screawam. 'Spitzmaus', scierfe-mus6s:.

(s)kreut-:qr. kpouteTtqi "kerntfrom' Hes.;

Latin sc/t7///A/s "venter suillus condita farte expletus', dial. 5C/'(9/i//77"Hodensack',
hyperurbanisiert scrautum^ quiver' {scrOta^\uv\W from gr. yPuth "junk', as scrofairom
Ypofj(pa(;); scrutor, -arf examine, durchstobern';

mcymr. ys^mo'"Skelett' {*skrou-to-), Loth RC. 43, 166 f.;

Old High German scrdtan^\r\e\i\/, hit, cut, clip, schroten\ also "dress zuschneiden' (hence
Schroder, Schroter), sc/io/"cut' (Middle High German schro//e 'c\od of earth' from *skrud-
la-ll). Old English screadian^ peel, abscise ', *scread(e)i. "piece Zeug', skrudu. "dress' =
Old Icelandic skrudu. "kostbares Zeug, dress'; (without 5-.' Old Icelandic /7/7(9da"leeren,
vertreiben, verheeren', hrjodr^ Exterminator '); Old High German scruton, scrodon,
sc/Y////o/7"erforschen, durchforschen', 5C/'c»o'"scrutatio', and Gothic and-hruskan
"nachforschen' {*krut-skd)\ here probably with Nasalized and auslaut voiced-nonaspirated
Old Prussian scrundosi. PI. "scissors'.

(s)keru-p-, (s)kreu-p-:

Latin scmyOi/s "sch arf er, pointed stone ', scrupulus^ s^WiXqes small stone ' {scrTpulus
nac\r\scr/ptus) and (as scrupulum) "kleinster Teil eines Gewichtes or Maftes; angstliche
Genauigkeit (as "auf spitzen Steinen going'), Skrupel', scrupeus^ stony ';

perhaps as "grating, scraping, coarse ' = Swedish skroflig^ uneven, rough, hoarse' etc.;

poln. skorupaeic. "shard'.

References: WP. I 422, II 573 ff., WH. I 170 f., 172 f., 198, 205 f., 274, 316 f., II 498 ff.,
Trautmann 117, 119, 128 ff., 141, 265 ff.;
See also: compare also kreup- above S. 623.
Page(s): 938-947

Root / lemma: (s)ker-5
Meaning: onomatopoetic word
See also: see above S. 567 ff. {ker-).
Page(s): 947

Root / lemma: (s)kert-s-

Meaning: across

Note: ('in Querschnitt'; to fsjker-t-' cut, clip')

Material: Armenian -A-e/'aufsassig, widerspenstig' (wijrde also Indo Germanic -rs-

voraussetzen);

gr. £Y-KapaiO(;, tm-Kdpo\oq 'slant, skew, in die Quere', Kopaiov ttAqyiov Hes.;

Balto Slavic *{s)kersa- in apr. kirscha, kirschan {zero grade), kerscha, kerschan 'abouV;
Lithuanian skersas M]. "quer, zwerch', Latvian skers. Adv., skersu ^ o^uef, russ. -Church
Slavic cresi3 (and after other preposition aui zb : crezb), russ. cerez^ through, about - out';
also Old Church Slavic cresia Nom. PI. " loins' as ' phren, Quere of Korpers'?

References: WP. II 590, Trautmann 129 f.
Page(s): 949-950

Root /lemma: skeub- skeit'^- skeug-
Meaning: to move; throw, shoot

Material: Gothic a/-s/r/^/?a/7'wegschieben, verstoften'. Old English sceofa n 3iX\(i scufan^
push ', Old High German scioban^ push ' (has Modern High German also die meaning
"eilig go'). Old Icelandic skOfaav\6 skyfa^ push, fortstoften', intensive with gemin. Tenuis
Middle High German Modern High German schupfen, Norwegian skuppa6s.. Old High
German scupha, 5CO/0/7a'Schaukelbrett'; with gemin. voiced-nonaspirated: Norwegian
skubba ^rub, scour, rub, clean'. Middle High German schoppen' stuff and with long
spirant engl. scoffs derision, ridicule'; Old High German scuf(a)la 'Schaufel= shovel'
scub/a ds., Old English scof/ds., Middle Low German schuppe, Dutch schopi. ds. {-pp-)\
Middle High German sc/7j/?'Galopp';

auf skeub- W\rd zurijckgefuhrt Old Icelandic skopa^ruu, spring'. Old Icelandic skaupaud
skopu. " derision ', Old English scO/O'bard' (imitation after Latin mimus). Old High German
scof, scophm. 'bard', n. ' poem, derision ';

Lithuanian skubt/" hurry', skub/nt/'bee\\er\', skubus, skubrus'agWe, hasty'; Old Church
Slavic skubg, skubat/" p\uck, rend ';

skeug-\v\ Middle English mnl. schokken ^burw'Q, poke', Middle Low German schocken
"tremble', Low German schocken, sckucken' shake, swing'. Middle High German
schocken 's\N\ng, dance ';

maybe from skeu-k-\r\ere as "gehetzf: Germanic *skeuhwa-^ shy' in Old English sceoh,
engl. shy. Middle High German schiech; out of it Old English scyhhan. Old High German
sciuhen. Modern High German scheuchen; with ablaut and gramm. variation Germanic
*skugwa-^s\\Y in Middle Low German schu(we), Swedish skugg. Old Church Slavic scuti
'hetzen' {*skou-);

References: WP. I 377, II 556, Trautmann 263, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 128, 177 f. and
SkopBSB. 1954,2.
Page(s): 955

Root / lemma: skeud-1

Meaning: to protest, grumble

Material: Gr. OKuSpaivu), OKu^opai "rage against, grolle', aKu9p6(; (diss, from *aKu5-9p6c;) "

grumpy, surly, sullen, unwilling, sad', aKu9pu)n6(; ds., OKuGpa^w "bin unwilling ';

Lithuanian pra-skundu, -skudau, -skusti\o ache, to exhaust begin ', skunda^
accusation ', praskunda^'^a\v\\ nuoskunda^'^W.Y, skundziu, skijsti's\c\\ bemoan '; Latvian
skund-u, -e/"miftgunstig, envious sein, be angry with'; Lithuanian skaudus^ painful, sullen,
violent', skausta {skaudeti) "es schmerzt', Latvian skauzu, skaust^ envious sein, injure,
hurt', skaudetds.; Lithuanian skaudu/ys ^ u\cer' .

References: WP. II 554;

See also: compare also keuod- above S. 595 f.

Page(s): 955

Root / lemma: (s)keud-2

Meaning: to throw, shoot

Material: Old Indie codati, codayat/^treM an, throngs', np. c^s/"agile, active, fitting'. Old

Indie skundate' hurries ' (Dhatup.);

gr. Ku5ia(; "Zahnkeim', Hes. (?); alb. heth^ throw, cast, winnow ' (for 77edhf|-onn
*skoude/ff?);

This assumption seems uncertain; maybe from Root/ lemma: se(i)-2 . sai-. sT-. se- sa-
and sei- si- (to throw, send, let fall, sow): derived alb. {*seth), hedh 'throw'.

Old Icelandic skjdta. Old English sceotan'toss, fling, bump, poke, schieften'. Old High
German sciozan 'schielien, throw, shooting up bewegen'; Old High German scoz
"projectile, sprout', scuz^ shot, throw, quickness ', Old Icelandic skjotr. Old English sceot
"quick, fast', Gothic skautlap, hem'. Old Icelandic skautu. " corner, tail, point, edge, lap,
protrusion'. Old High German scoz^ corner, tail, Kleiderschoft, Rockschoft', Middle Low
German schott{-tt-) "(vorgeschobener) bar, bolt, lock ', whereof sc/7^//e/7"abdammen,
hinder, shield ', Middle High German Modern High German schutzen,

without aniaut. 5-/ Middle High German hossen, /7c»/ze/7 "quick, fast run'. Modern High
German dial, hutzen^ set in motion, hetzen' (as Old Indie codati), also "bump, poke';

Lithuanian skudrus, skaudrus'agWe'; Latvian skaudrs6s., skudra' ant'; Old Church
Slavic /5-Ayo(3//"herauswerfen', russ. k/dafb't\r\ro\N', k/dk/j" rash, hasty, willing, ready,
greedy '.

References: WP. II 554 f.;

See also: s. also under skeu-5 and skeub-.

Page(s): 955-956

Root / lemma: (s)keu-1

Meaning: to perform, commit

Material: Gr. aK£uo(; n. (mostly PI.) "appliance, armament, armor', OKEun "armament,

armor, clothing, Tracht', OKSua^u) "bereite, richte an; putze from; bewaffne; stifte an';

Old Icelandic heyja. Old English hfegan^ commit ';

Old Church Slavic /0/'e-/ri/////"adorn, embellish, adorn', russ. kutitb^ carouse, sich with
Klatsch befassen, rage, clamor'. Church Slavic /r^////"machinari', Czech kutiti, kutat/'dme,
push, philander, flirt ', also (refl.) " gnaw, dig, schijren'; the Slavic words based on a *kou-
ta perhaps " front '.

References: WP. II 546, Vasmer 1, 706 (,unclear').
Page(s): 950-951

Root / lemma: (s)keu-2, (s)keu9 : (s)ku-

Meaning: to cover, wrap

Material: Old Indie skunati, skunoti, skauti^bedecVX; doubtful ku-kula-^Hu\sev\, armament,

armor', y05/77s^-/rJ/a-"Lumpenkleid the buddhist. Monche';

Armenian c/n/'roof, cover' {*skeuo-); with an!. A/?-/ Armenian xuc^Siube' {*khu-sRho-, at
most zur 5-extension), fraglicher A-ai/aA'dark' {*khouo-, forms Armenian -ar), xu-p "cover',
xul, A///r "cottage', xlay{*khulati-) " female Kopfverliuiiung, Scliieier; dress';

gr. OKuvia PI. " brows ', sniOKuviov "skin oberhalb the Augenbrauen' (compare Old Indie
skunati); okuKoc, n. " kip, animal skin, bowl', gkuAov "abgezogene kip, animal skin ', gkuAov
ds. " arms stripped off a slain enemy, spoils '; doubtful Kwaq, PI. Kwea " fleece ';

Latin obscurus^*be6ecVX = "dark'; cu/us't\r\e Hintere';

Maybe Italian scuro : Reggiano : scur : Bergamasco sciJr : Venetian scuro : Zeneize scuo :
Catalan obscur : Spanish oscuro : Galician escuro : Portuguese escuro : alb. {escui) err-
te, erret: /erret^dark' < Latin obscurus'6ark'.

Old Irish cu/m. "back, rump', cymr. c//"back'; Old Irish cul{*ku-la-) f. " angle, hideout ' =
cymr. etc. cil, ysgiT hideout '; Irish cuaran, cymr. curan^ shoe '; perhaps Celtic-Latin
cucullus " cowl ' (compare above Old Indie ku-kula-l);

Old Icelandic skjai. "barn' {*skeua), probably also Old Icelandic hai. "skin' in hross-ha
{*skoua), s/ra//" cottage, room' (Germanic * skawalan-); skyu. {*skeuio-) "cloud,
Verdunklung', Old English scTo, Old Saxon sc/b "cloud'; Old English scu(w)arc\. "shadow,
darkness, protection'. Old High German scuwo, scum, "shadow', scO-c(h)arv\. "mirror',
actually "Schattengefaft', Old Icelandic skuggiru. "shadow, reflection, ghost', skugg-sjai.
"mirror', Gothic skuggwam. "mirror'; Old High German skugin(a). Middle High German
schiune. Modern High German Sc/7e^/7e ("hideout'), Norwegian dial, skyggnem. "cottage,
hiding place, nook, bolt-hole'; Old Icelandic skaunt (or skaunnxu.) "shield'; Norwegian
5/rJ/r7e "dark'. Old Icelandic skumivn. "dawn, twilight'. Middle Low German schummer
"dawn, twilight' (: Latvian skumt); Old Icelandic hOmu. " twilight ', PN. /yK/77/>'"Verdunkler';
perhaps Old High German scum "scum, froth, foam' (if "deckendes');

maybe alb. {*scum) shkume'ioam'

Old Icelandic sk/'o/n. " hideout, Zuflucht, protection, barn', sA/io/a "Butte, bowl, basin ',
("Verwahrungsraum'), changing through ablaut Old Icelandic sky//, Middle Low German
sc/iu/en. " hideout ', Old Frisian s/r^/e "cottage'; Old Icelandic 5/rj?/a"beschutzen', Middle
High German sc/iu/en' bent sein, lurk, lugen';

Old High German scurm. "Wetterdach, protection' (: Latin obscurus). Middle High
German sc/7j/'"hideout, shelter'. Old Icelandic skOri. "skin the Mandel', Old High German
skura, sciura, ( *skurja) " barn'; with formants -/ro-and lengthened grade ^u\ probably

Gothic skohs, Old Icelandic skor, PI. skuar, Old High German scuoh' shoe ' (actually
"deckendes Oberlederof Schuhes', compare above Irish cOaran^ shoe ' and Middle Dutch
sc/7oe 'sword scabbard, sheath ');

Lithuanian /rei/a/as'Eierschale', Latvian cau/a'bo\N\, husk'; Latvian /r^a "vulva'; Latvian
skaut^ hug, embrace, hold tight ', skumstu, skumf become sad ' (' obscurari '); but
Lithuanian skura 'leather, bark, outer covering of a tree ', Latvian skura 'husk' from
weiftruss. skyra.

A. Dental extensions (respectively formations with dental formants):

(s)keu-t-:

Gr. GKUTOi; n. 'skin, leather', syKUTi, £yKUTi(; ' besides the skin', kuto(; n. 'sleeve,
wrapping, skin' and 'vessel, Urne, cavity', kutI^ 'small Kasten, BiJchse', Kuaoq n nuyn; n
yuvaiKsTov ai5oTov Hes.; (*kut-io(; or *ku9-i6(;), KUT(T)apo(; 'cavity, bulge, Bienenzelle,
Eichelnapf, Kuaaapoc; ' anus ' (*KUTFapoc;); about Latin cuturnium ' vas, quo in sacrificiis
vinum fundebatur ' s. WH. I 320;

Latin c^//s'skin'; c£//7/7£/s 'pudendum muliebre' {*kut-nos)\ (under the influence of
common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

cymr. CM/o''Hodensack'; mcymr. esk/'t, esgit, ncymr. esgid, corn, eskit, esg/s' shoe '
{*ped-skuti-)\ (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation)

Old Icelandic hud. Old English hyd. Old High German hut{*hOdi-) 'Haut' (Swiss hut
'husk, Fruchtschale');

Old High German hodo. Old Frisian /7c»//7a 'testicle'; Old English hodmam. ' darkness ',
Old High German hufta 'cottage' ( *kuf/a or *ku6^ja: out of it Old Saxon hufta, huttia);

Old Lithuanian /ri//j7s'bag, Geldkatze'; Baltic *keuta^sV\v\\ Old Prussian keuto,
Lithuanian k/autas^bo\N\, husk', dial, kevetasm. ds.; k/ava/asm. 'Eierschale' {*keuo/o-),
Latvian cau/ai. 'bowl', caumalat 'hard bowl' (Trautmann 132);

nasalized * kunt/'o ^ preserve' perhaps in Old Church Slavic sbkgtat/" calm, appease,
stillen', russ. kutatb ' veil, cover ' etc.. Old Prussian -/rJ/7//"pflegt', Inf. pokunst, pakunst
'preserve, protect' and with intonation change Slavic *kgtai. in Old Church Slavic kgsta^
tjKrivri ', kir. kuca^ pigpen' (Trautmann 145).

Maybe alb. {*po-skura) pasqyra^ mirror ' (common Slavic po- alb. pa- prefix).

(s)keuA

h_-

Old Indie kuhara-v\. "cave', kuhaka-xw. "Schelm, Gaukler, cheater', kuhayate^be\xu<^\! ,
kuhu-t "Neumond' ("the hidden, concealed moon'); pamirdial. skTd' high MiJtze from
fleece ';

gr. K£u0u) "hide', keuGo^ n., keuGjjwv "verborgene depth', k£u0|j6c; "verborgener place,
cavity, Saulache';

Middle Irish coda/^sk\n';

Old English /7j/o'a/7 "conceal'; here or to *5/rei//- Gothic skauda-(raip) /\Vk. Sg. " shoe
(riemen)'. Old Icelandic skaudi. "vagina', PI. "Vorhaut; Elender, monster', skjodai. "bag,
sack, bag'. Middle Low German schodeu. "vagina' (beim horse), f. " pod, pea'. Middle High
German schote^ pod, Samengehause';

unclear is Latin cudo, -d/7/s "helmet from fell, fur' (loanword?); in the meaning near
stands Avestan xad5a-rr\., ap. xauda- "hat, Kappe; helmet'.

B. guttural extension (s)keu-R-:

Old Indie /rosa-m. " container, Schatzkammer etc' (late also kosa-, das perhaps Indie
development from k6sa-\s)\ doubtful kosaka-m. n. "egg, testicle, Gehause', kusapa-m.
(uncovered) "Trinkgeschirr', kusaya-m. (uncovered) " cistern '; kuks/- m. "belly, womb,
cavity'; common Old Indie -gh- > -/rs-npers. /r^5 "vulva'; Avestan kusra-^s\dc\ wolbend,
hollow', vJkusra-, hankusra- "sich auseinander-, zusammenwolbend';

Lithuanian /rJsys (Plur. kusys), Latvian kusis, /rt/sa "vulvahaare' {*kuki-ox *kuksi-)\
Lithuanian /r/ai/se "skull, cranium', k/aus/s ^egg, testicle', Prussian-Latvian kaus/s 'egg';
Lithuanian /ra^55S "large dipper', Latvian kauss' platter, Kochloffel'.

C. 5-extension (s)keu-s-:

Perhaps Old Indie kostha-rc\. n. " container, lower abdomen, storeroom' , kustha-m.
"Lendenhohle' (?), kusthika' content of the intestines ', npers. kust' groin ' (Armenian
loanword /r^s/" belly, groin, body');

gr. kugtk;, -sux;, -iboq, " bladder, bag ', Kua9o(; "vulva';

doubtful Latin ci/s/ds "Wachter', compare WH. I 319;

cymr. cwfhr'Aiter, Mastdarm' {*kuz(i^ro-);

Old Icelandic haussm. 'cranium'; ablaut. Norwegian dial, husem. "Fischkopf, Old High
German /7j5C»'Hausen', after dem with Schildplatten gepanzerten head;

Modern High German dial. /7c»se/7"husk, pod ', Old English hosam. "Strumpf, husk', Old
Icelandic Old High German /7c»S5"trouser';

presumably here Gothic Old Icelandic Old English Old Saxon Old High German hus
'house', compare Low German /7Js/re'Kerngehause, sheath, TiJte' ;

Gothic huzd, Old Icelandic hoddl (?), Old English Old Saxon hard, Old High German
/70/f "treasure, tribute, Hort'{*kuz-6^o-= gr. KuoGoq); Swedish /7j/o'c/5 'cottage', dial, hodda,
hudda 'Schu^^eu, Gefangnisraum', aschw. /7/0'c/a 'conceal'.

References: WP. II 546 ff., WH. I 298 f., 301, 309, 319, 320, II 196, 503, Trautmann 132,

145.

Page(s): 951-953

Root / lemma: (s)keu-4

Meaning: ' worauf achten '

See also: see above S. 587 f. {(s)keu-4).

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: (s)keup- skeub(h)-

Meaning: bundle, flock, etc..

Material: Old Icelandic skauf bundle, tassel ', Old English sceaf. Old High German scoub

'bundle, bundle of straw, fascicle, sheaf. Modern High German dial. Sc/75^i6' 'bundle,

bundle of straw'. Old Icelandic skufr' tassel, fringe, bundle '; Old High German scubiT

bundle of hair or straw or like that, heap, pile ';

Old English scyfel(e)i. ' women's bonnet, tuft of feathers' (with p. Old Icelandic skypill,
skup/a ds.);

Maybe alb. scype, shqiponje {6\xx\\x\w'i\ye) 'eagle, bird (*tuft of feathers?)'

Old High German scobar'haysiack, barn, heap, part, from grain or hay'. Middle High
German schoberhar' bundle, hair';

Gothic skufta{Dat Sg.) " hair of the head ', Old Icelandic skoptds.; Middle High German
schopfm. " tuft, crest, tuft of feathers; shock of hair ', schopfen an6 (Low German)
schoppen " stuff (originally with bundles of hay, hair etc.), be swollen '; with precisely such
Germanic yO/O: Norwegian hupp^ tassel ', Old High German hopfo 'hop, vine, plant which
creeps or climbs as it grows ';

perhaps as " roof covered with straw bundles ' here Low German schupp^ protective
roof (Modern High German Schuppen^ hanger, shed '), Old High German scopfru. "
building without front wall, barn'. Modern High German Bavarian Swiss schopfm. ds.. Old
English scypeni. 'stall', engl. shippen. Old English scoppam. ' shed, stall ' (engl. shop^
junk shop, knick-knack shop ');

Serb, cupa ' shock of hair ', russ. cup-b, cubt, Czech cup, cub " tuft, crest, tuft of
feathers; shock of hair ';

perhaps Slavic *kyta ( *kup-ta) in russ. kfta ' Stengel und Blatter lang stieliger Pflanzen ',
kftka ' catkin in trees ' etc., and russ. kistb ( *kOp-sti-) ' tassel, paintbrush, bunch of grapes,
hand ', Bulgarian kfska {irom kystbka) ' bunch, bundle, cluster, bouquet, bunch of flowers
', Serbo-Croatian kdsc/ca^k\n6 of paintbrush', old also k/st, poln. k/sc^ tassel, broom,
bush, bundle '.

References: WP. II 555 f.
Page(s): 956

Root / lemma: (s)keut- (sjkeud^-

Meaning: to shrink

Note: only Germanic and Baltic

Material: Germanic partly -//-, partly -dd-\ Swedish dial, hott, hoddm. 'small,

eingeschrumpfter person', Dutch hotten^ curdle, coagulate, harden ', ndd. hotten^ shrivel,

shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle up ', Dutch hot. Middle Low German hotte^

coagulated milk'. Modern High German dial, hutzein, verhutzein ' shrivel, shrink due to

excess dryness, wrinkle up ', Ke/'/7^/ze//'verschrumpft, vertrocknet';

Lithuanian a/O-A/aJsZ/'verkummern'; kustu, kudau, kustT peak, become thin ', sukud^s^
wizened '.

References: WP. II 553.
Page(s): 956-957

Root / lemma: skei-b""-, -p- nasalized sk/'-m-b'^-

Meaning: slant; to limp

Material: Old Icelandic ske/fr's\ar\t, skew' {*sko/po-), Old English scaf, scab ds. (in scaf-fot

"schieffijftig'), Middle Low German schefds. (Modern High German dial, scheii), next to

which ( *skeipo-) Middle High German (md. Low German) schief, and (as Germanic

*skibba-) Hessian-Franconian schepp 'slant, skew', as well as (as Germanic *skippa-)

Middle High German schipfes My . "quer';

Lithuanian paskybe/" quer' , s/rj/i6'55"keilformiges piece of land'; Latvian sA-Z&s 'slant,
skew', skieb-u, -/"schief neigen, kippen'; compare gr. aKii^jai OKAaaai. Axaioi Hes.;

nasalized gr. oKippoc; "lame', OKippa^siv " limp '.

Indo Germanic skei-p-, -b^- extended from skei-, compare *skai-uo-s {*skai-uo-s) "slant,
skew, left '; besides Middle High German 5c/7/is'-/'stands schsehe and schie-c, to
unadjusted root perhaps Norwegian skina, sA/e/7a"biesen', Old Swedish skena
"durchgehen' (of horse), ablaut. Norwegian skeina "schief zur Seite fliegen'.

References: WP. II 546, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 151.
Page(s): 922

Root / lemma: skei-

Meaning: to cut, separate

Note: extension from sek-, initial sound partly also sk-, skh-, skh-, as in the continuing

formation

Material: I. Old Indie chyati^ clips ', participle chata-, chita-^ cut, cropps, truncates, cuts off

', Kaus. chayayati {m\.\\ sk-, like:)

Avestan fra-sanam " destruction ', sa-, sya- " to fight ';

gr. Gxau) {*skh9id, Impf. saxwv. Inf. Kara-axav), oxa^u) (neologism, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,
716) " scratches, slits ' and " drop, hang down flaccidly, restrains, stays open ', axaoK; " the
scratches, bleeding; release, to let sb/sth go ', axaapa n., axaap6(; m. " incision ',
axaarripiov " fleam, latch, bolt ', axaarripia " the rope (serving for the separation of the
spectators) before the racetrack ';

Maybe alb. {*scid) s/7^iya/7y"distinguish', {*scie) shqyenj'tear, split'.

Latin sad, scire " to know, understand; with infin. to know how to do ' (" part, make a
distinction '), descTsco, -ere^ to breakaway, revolt, withdraw, diverge, apostatize.

renounce ', seised, -ere^ to investigate, inquire; polit. to vote, ordain, resolve ' and " try to
find out ', plebTscTtum^ a decree of the people ', satus' knowing, shrewd, clever, judicious;
pretty, fine; adv. scite, skillfully ' (like Middle High German geschTde, Modern High German
gescheitio *skei-t-) in the meaning ' eliminate ' (compare Old Icelandic 5/r/?a under S. 921)
Middle Irish sce'i'd^ vomits ' {*skei-ie-ti, Indo Germanic *skei-), verbal n. sceithi. (from
*sceth, Indo Germanic *ski-ta, therefrom:) cymr. chwydu, bret. c'houeda, mcorn. hweza^
vomit '; from Irish scethach^ to the travelling rupture ' places Old Icelandic skjadaku. "
ryegrass, darnel (the herbs medicine recommends such orders against gout and
rheumatism and dizziness) ';

Middle Irish sc/'ant " knife ', ( *sk//ena) out of it cymr. ysg/'en' knife, sword '; Middle Irish
scaJlid^ lets go, unhands, relinquishes, disperses ' {*skai-l-). Old Irish erscaJliud^ breakup,
dissection, dissipation, fragmentation ';

Old Icelandic skeina^ wound lightly '; as ' * split off piece of wood, ': Middle High
German schTevn. f. " fencing post, pale ', Old English scTam. " shinbone ', next to which
(compare Old High German bTa: bini^ bee ')

Germanic *ski-nd{n) in Old English scinui., seine-ban v\. 'shinbone'. Old High German
5c//7a "shinbone', also 'needle', Norwegian s/r/77a 'small disc, wheel, pulley, slice of bread ';
Old Frisian sA/iofe/' bones of the arm' {-d la iorms); West Flemish schier^b\ock of wood'
{*skT-ro-)\ from '*distinguish, discern' from: Old High German s/re/7'sharp, sharp witted,
shrewd' {*skeiro-)\ Middle High German sc/?/©/"' quick, fast'. Adv. Old High German skero,
s/r/b/10 'quick, fast'. Middle High German schier(e)6s., 'fast';

Latvian sk'ieva ' fissure in wood ' and Lithuanian skivytas 'scrap, shred' have probably v
from dv, so that to o'-extension Lithuanian skfedziu, Latvian skiezLf,

Maybe alb. Geg shku-, shkcieva aor., Tosc shqyenj, shqevaaox. 'tear, rind'

Old Church Slavic cevn/ca^K\j pa' (actually 'shepherd's pipe'), russ. ceiye 'handle, hold,
grasp' and 'shinbone', cevka'coW, spool, duct, tube, pipe; shinbone of horses', etc.;
besides with palatal: Lithuanian se/va, saiva, Latvian saiva ' weaver's reel ' (Balto Slavic
*kdi-ua, *{s)kei-ua, *{s)kdiua).

II. Dental extensions skei-d-, -t- {d, /partly present formant, partly the nominal forms-/o-
):

A. forms on -d-\ in Aryan and Armenian with sk-, in Baltic with sk-:

Old Indie chinatti, themat. ch/nc/at/" cWps, cuts, splits', Kaus. chedayati; cheda- m. "cut,
break, section', ch/tt/-'t\r\e fissures' (: Latin scissio), ch/'dra- ^breaks, splits', n. "cleft, fissure,
hole', chidira- m. (lex.) "axe, sword' (: Avestan sidara-, gr. aKi5ap6(;, Old High German
scetar, Latvian s/r'/io'/'s "leaking'; full grade Lithuanian skied-ra)\ Avestan saed- "split',
avahisidyal^ he may split ', s/dara-{\eg. sidra-) n. "hole, aperture, crack', a-sista- " not split
', balucTs//7o'5g "split, break, rupture';

Armenian ctim " ritze myself, zerkratze mir with den Nagein die Haut ';

gr. Qxi^w "split, slit, separate', ay^oioo, (= Avestan a-sista-, Latin scissus) "divided, apart,
separated; divisible', axi5a^ "splinter, shingle', o)(\^a f. " piece of wood ', axiv5aAp6(;, Koine
GKivSaAfjoc; "wooden splinter', avaaxivSuAsuu) " to spear to'; makedon. gkoTSoc; "authority;
administrator, governor, esp. treasurer, chief financial official in Egypt, Astrol., controller, of
the Seven Planets';

Latin scindo, -ere, scicidT, scissum " to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate '; sc/ss/o"the
fissures';

Middle Breton squeigaff, nbret. s/reya "cut, clip' (-z-from -dj-, *skidjd)\ cymr. ysgwydd
{*skeid-), corn, scuid, bret. scoaz "scapula';

Old Irish sc/a//7 "scapula, wing' (A* instead of dafter sc/a//7 "shield');

without aniaut. s- perhaps cymr. cwysi. "furrow' {*keid-ta-)\

Old High German scTzan, Old English scTtan, Old Icelandic skTta "excrete feces,
defecate' (*"eliminate '), Middle High German schTzei., Old Icelandic skTtrm. 'diarrhea';
Old High German scetar^ Vc\\v\, incomplete, fragmentary'. Middle High German schiter{e)
ds.. Modern High German (obd., schles.) schitter {*skidro- = Old Indie ch/dra- etc.);

maybe alb. {*skTta) s/r/M "diarrhea'

without aniaut. 5- perhaps Old Icelandic hTti. ' a furry sack ';

Lithuanian skfedziu, sk/est/" separate, divide'. Iter. skaidyti{: Gothic skaidan. Old Indie
chedayati), sk/edaan6 skiedra, sk/edara 'ch\p, splinter', skfemenysP\. " der Raum, durch
welche das Weberschifflein geworfen wird ', ap-skJdQS " zerfranst ', paskysti^ scatter ';
without aniaut. s- (through diss, loss?) probably sukidgs^ tattered, ragged, fray ';

Latvian skiedu, sk/est' scatter, waste, spread', skiemehiP\. " die uberden Weberheftein
sich kreuzenden Faden = the weaver's little boat or SHUTTLE = this might be the heftein

(small booklet) or weaving PATTERN used by weavers ', skistu, sk/st'break up', sk/drs
"leaking, thin', skafc/a'ch\p, splinter'; about Latvian sk/eva'co\, gap', see above S. 920;

with it identical Lithuanian skfedziu, s/r/'es//" dilute', sAys/as'thin fluid', Latvian skaidTV
dilute potables ', s^/5/s 'thin fluid' (and "clean, clear, bright, chaste '), skTstTV clean ',
skTdinat^Vc\\v\, make fluid', sAyc/z's'thin fluid'; Old Prussian skTstan f\Vk. "clean', skTstai
"chaste';

Old Church Slavic c/s/b "clean', c/st/f/ ^c\ean', cestg, cest/f/ ^c\ean', Church Slavic ceditr
strain '; russ. sd/r;^' "veritable, genuine'; compare also above S. 917;

B. forms in -t-\

Old Irish scTathm. "shield', cymr. ysgwyd, abret. scoit, nbret. skoedds. = Old Church
Slavic st/tb "shield', (originally "board'), next to which with gradation Old Prussian staytan
(lies scaytan) "shield' and Latin scutum 6s.;

alb. {*scutum) s/7c7y/"shield'

Old Icelandic skTdu. "piece of wood, snowshoe' ("ski'). Old English sc/o'"piece of wood';
Old High German sc/7"bit of wood, piece of wood' {*skTto-), Middle High German schTten
"split', sc/7/o'e/7 "separate, divide', ^esc/7/(ye "brainy, sly, cunning'. Old Icelandic skTdTn.
"vagina'; changing through ablaut Middle High German sc/7e'/fe"chip of wood' and zero
grade Old High German sciddn^6\y\6e\ sc/dunga' separation', Middle High German sch/t,
-ofm. "separation, differentiation ';

Gothic ska/dan ^6\\/\6e', Old English sceadan'6\\/\6e, scatter, shed' (so also mnl.
sche/den' shed blood '); Old High German see/dan {part\c\p\e ki-sceitan) "divide'; Old
Icelandic skeidu. " part of space or time, career'. Old Saxon skethxw. "difference'. Middle
High German sche/ti. "separation, watershed'; Old English sceada, mnl. schede. Old
Saxon skedlo^ vertices, vertex ', Middle Low German schedelvn., schedelei. ds.. Old High
German sceitilo6s.\

Old Icelandic skeidt " weaver's comb ', PI. " sword scabbard ' ("actually die beiden
Holzscheiben in this = wooden discs '), Old English sksed, scead. Old High German sceida
"sword scabbard', also "separation, limit, boundary'. Old Saxon sked/a ds., Old English
sceader weaver's comb ';

Middle High German sc/7eo'e/" cranium, also dry measure ', mnl. schedercover, lid,
eyelid' (Dutch schee/' cover'). Middle Low German schede/, schidele^box, case, bag' from

*skil=>la-, Indo Germanic *ski-tlo-, actually "( truncated) brainpan, skullcap '; in /c>-participle
of skeit- or skei-d- (compare Latin sc/ssus) based on Old High German scesso "cliff, rock';

III. Labial extensions:

skei-p-: gr. oKoTiToq m. " the basic beams on which the bricks rest; wall-plate of a
building '; OKinwv ' staff, stick, a staff or stick to lean upon, a walking-stick, crutch '
(actually '* cleaved, divided = split off branch ');

Maybe alb. shqeponj^yNa\k with a limp; to lean upon a walking-stick' : shqiponja,
shkabonja, gabonJa^eag\e, military standart on a stick; bird with sharp talons ', shqip
'clear, fluent, sharp (language, Albanian language)' also shq/ptonj^ enounce, pronounce,
enunciate, say, utter, mouth (clearly)', 5/7(7/^/5/" "Albanian (who speaks clearly)'; tshkep'
unstitch' (see Root/ lemma: dud(u)\ "two') : qep^ stitch'.

gr. aK\\xuo\)c, " kind of a day bed, or a sofa to rest on during the day rather than get tucked
in for the night ' (*aKi[jnonou(;), OKipnu), OKipnTU) " insert '; Latin scTpiovn. "staff'; s. also S.
543 under keipo- "picket, pole' and S. 930 f. skep-\ gr. OKoiijj ijjcbpa Hes. (the itch, scurvy,
scab, mange = of skin flaking off);

Old High German scivaro^ wood splinter or spall'. Modern High German Schiefer,
Middle Low German schever. Middle English scifra, nengLs/?/!/©/" "splinter, shred'. Middle
High German schebei. " dross from flax rolling, flax breaking ', Modern High German
Schabe, engl. shive "slice, cut', further (as " cut-off piece of a trunk '), Old Icelandic skTfa,
Old Saxon sklba. Old High German scJba " disc, roll, roller, wheel, pulley, slice of bread ',
Modern High German Scheibe, wherefore Old Icelandic skTfa^ split, divide into sheaves ',
Middle Low German schTven, Middle High German schTben^ roll a cone, divide into
sheaves ' (cone schieben''^ws\\' through distortion). Old Frisian sA/V/^ "divide'.

"1

skei-b- Gothic Old Icelandic Old English skipn. "ship, boat' ("* ausgeschnittener,
gehohlter dugout canoe '), Old High German scif, 5ce/'"ship, archaic navigation instrument
measuring altitude ' also " vessel ', sciphin. " drinking vessel, bowl, saucer ', Middle High
German schipfe " shovel, piece of kindling wood (it might be used for digging) '; in addition
(as " divide = distribute ') Old Icelandic skipa^ allot, decide, define, ordain, determine, sort,
order, arrange ', Middle Low German schippen 6s.\ Old Icelandic 5/r/p/a "divide, decide,
determine, swap, vary, exchange'. Old English sciftan. Middle Low German schiften,
schichten "divide, sort, order, arrange';

Lithuanian s/r/e'M"unpick', Latvian sk/bft'\r\e\N, hit, cut, clip, branching out '.

Maybe alb. 5/7/rep "unpick' : Lithuanian sA/ieM" unpick'

Note:

The root Root / lemma: skei-\ (to cut, separate) is detrimental for alb. language because
alb. people chose it to design clear speech: alb. {*skei-b-), shq/p' c\ear speech, separated
words', {*skipta) shq/pto^speak clearly', {*skipta) shq/ptar' peop\e who speak clearly'. Alb.
people employed these cognates during Turkish long occupation to preserve their
language. Hence people who didn't speak clearly were ostracized by the majority of alb. so
important became the clear Indo European language to alb. that they finally switched from
the name Arban (Alban) to {*skipta) shq/ptar' peop\e who speak clearly'. Other alb.
derivatives: {*Schabe) shkabe'eag\e (with sharp talons)', alb. Geg {*scipioni) Shq/pn/'\and
of eagles'. Obviously alb. association of {*skipta) shq/ptar' peop\e who speak clearly' and
{*skipion) shqiponje^eaq\e' was distorted by lllyrian soldiers serving in the Roman army.
Illyrians who didn't speak Latin translated the Roman military ensign with the eagle as:
scipio -onis, m. "a staff, wand' = alb. {*scipion}) shqiponje^ihe eagle (itself)', also alb.
{*scipioni) Shq/pn/land of eagles'. When Gergj Kastrioti "king of Epirus' presented his
heraldic emblem of the eagle (the double headed imperial eagle) he inadvertently changed
the name of his people, lllyrian emperors had introduced the double headed eagle of their
Hittite heritage.

References: WP. II 541 ff., WH. II 493 f., 495 f., 503, Trautmann 263 f.
Page(s): 919-922

Root /lemma: (s)kep-2, (sjkop- and (s)kap- (s)keb(h)-, skob(h)- and skab(h)-
Meaning: to work with a sharp instrument

Material: A. Forms in -k (there are listed here only the definite Germanic forms; Latin and
Balto Slavic with bsee by the root form in b^); skab- " form carving '.

Gothic gaskapjan siem V. "make'. Old Icelandic skepja. Old English scieppan. Old High
German scepfen. Middle High German schepfen, from which Modern High German
schopfen; to preterit Middle High German schuof, participle " geschaffen = created ' would
create a new present ^schaffen= make, create', as Swedish skapa, Danish scabe;
deverbative o-verbs are Old Icelandic aschw. skapa^ make, furnish, found, install ', Old
High German scaffon^ build, effectuate ' (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73); Old English ge-
sceapu. "shape, creature'. Old Saxon gi-scapuP\. n. "fate, destiny'; Old Icelandic skapu. "
shape, mood ' etc.; -skapre.g. in vin-skapr^ friendship'; Old High German scafm. " shape,
structure ', -scaf av\d -scafti.. Modern High German -schaft. West Germanic *skapv\.
"(engraved) vessel' in: Old Saxon skapu. " Schaff, ship'. Old High German s/ra/" vessel.

JchaTT', whereof scepfen^ draw up, draw out, draw; remove, take out, take away; drain
dry, empty out ' (after scepfen^ bring forth, produce, make, create, beget, give origin to '
early with strong inflection); diminutive Old Saxon skepil. Old High German skeffiT bushel
'; ablaut. Middle Low German schope^ scoop ', Middle High German schuofei. " a small
bowl with handles '.

B. forms auf -b^: (including Latin and Balto Slavic forms with zweideutigem -b-).

Latin scabo, -ere, scabF scrape, scratch, rub', scabiesi. ' scab, mange, itch; roughness;
itching desire; mange ', scaber^rouQh, scabby '; with o: scobisi. " filings, chips, shavings,
sawdust ', scobTna' file, rasp '; Middle Irish (s)cTp(^\\h bb) "hand' (expressive gemination);
Gothic ska ban^ scrape, shave, shear'. Old Icelandic skafa^ scrape, scratch, scrape'. Old
English scafan6s. (Old Icelandic Old English preterit skof, as Latin scab/}; Old Low
German scaban^ scrape, scratch, cut (hair), clip'. Old High German scaba' plane ', Old
Icelandic skafa^ rasper'; Old Icelandic skabb. Old English sceabb^ scabies ', Middle High
German schebTc^ scabby, measly ', older Modern High German Schabe^ scabies ', Old
Low German scavatho^ mange; scabies '; isl. skofiri. PI. " scrape, singed crust ', Middle
Low German schdve{ar\6 schope) f. " scale, husk ', Old High German schuoppa 6s.;

Latvian skabrs{= Latin scaber) "splitterig, sharp', skabrums^ sharpness, scabrousness
', Lithuanian skabus^ sharp, incisive', skabu, -e//"cut, clip, hew, hit ', s/rdM'hollow out',
nuskobti^ pick ', skobas, Latvian skabs^souf (*"sharp, incisive'); Old Church Slavic skobib
" rasper', russ. skobelb " plane '; after Machek Slavia 16, 208 f. here Old Church Slavic
chabb'evW, bad', chabiti^spoW.

C. forms auf -p:

Npers. kafad, kavad^ burrows, digs, splits ', kafcXeM, fissure', sikaftan^sp\\'C;

alb. kep ' hew stones, cut out ' (Indo Germanic *kopd or *kapd), wherefore kmese,
kernes, kamesi. "hack, mattock, hoe, scythe, pruning knife' {*kapnetia), sqep^ angle, bill,
beak, neb';

Maybe alb. ( *kapontia) gabonja, shqiponja, shkaba " eagle ' : sqep " beak of the eagle ',
shqipta, shqip^ clear, sharp (language) ', shqiptonj^ speak clearly, divide words ', shqep^
(*split), rip, tear; unpick ' : qep'sevj'

gr. GKETTapvoc;, -ov "hatchet zum Behauen of Holzes', gkotteAoc; m. " lookoutplace:
hence peak, headland, promontory; cliff, rock' (venet. *skopelo-); kohtu) "hit, haue;
belastige, ermiJde', Konoc; m. "blow, knock', Kona^u) "ermiJde', kottk; "(ermiJdender)

babbler ', KOTTi(;, -i5o(;f. " butcher's knife ', Kon£U(; m. "chisel', Korravov "hatchet,
Morserstoftel', KOTTa(;, -aSoc; "beschnitten', Koppa n. " incision, break, section'; with a-
vocalismiGKanTU) "ditch, grub, hacke', GKaTravri "hack, mattock, hoe, Grabscheit',
(a)Kan£TO(; "ditch, trench, channel, grave, pit, pothole'; durchEntgleisung after GanTw :
TQcpoq also forms with cp: eaKacpnv, OKacpoc; "das ditch, trench, channel, grave', OKacpn,
aKa(pi(;f., OKacpiov n. " bath, trough', OKacpoc; "Schiffsbauch';

venet. (Illyrian?) FIN *S/rOy0e'/5/7//5"Schefflenz' (Baden): gr. aK6n£Ao(; (Krahe PBB. 69,
486 ff.);

Latin capo, capus^ capon ' ("castrated ', compare Old Bulgarian skopbcb), because of
the roman. Abkommlinge (Italian cappone eic.) more properly (with expressive pp): cappa,
cappu/are ^ zerhauen' , conc/p/7are "\n kleine Stucke zerhauen'; Latin a places eine a-root
skap- ahead; also Latin scapu/ae 'scapu\a, shoulder', Umbrian scapla^ scapulam ' (from
the Verwendung as Grabscheit or shovel);

Maybe alb. gabonje, zhgabonje, shqiponje, shkaba^ eagle '.

gall.-rom. capanna "cottage' (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), (:
Serb, /royoa "barn, haystack'), probably Venetic-lllyrian element in Gallischen;

Germanic */7©dyo besides * habbdW\\h expressive gemination, also *habja Old High
German habba, happa, heppa. Middle Latin hapia. Middle High German happe, heppe
"scythe, pruning knife, Sichelmesser';

Balto-Slavic skepa- m. "etwas Abgespaltenes' in:

Latvian s/rg/os "spear, javelin, spit, pike', skepelei. " sliced piece of wood '; ablaut.
Lithuanian skapsnei. "piece Stoff; Old Church Slavic staph {*skepos), sloven. scap'sWcW,
russ. scap' Ar\W\eb (eines Baumes'), russ. scepa'ch\p of wood', scepatb, scep/tb 'spWi',
Old Church Slavic skopbCb^the castrator' (Modern High German loanword Schops^
wether, castrated ram '), 5/rO/0///"cutting, castrating'; Lithuanian s/r5p//5 "Hohlaxf, skaptas
"krummes Schnitzmesser', skopiu, skdpti^m\h dem knife aushohlen', skoptuvas
"Hohlmesser';

maybe alb. {*skop) shkop "stick'

Lithuanian kapoti, Latvian kapat^hack, hew, hit', Lithuanian kapone, Latvian kapans^
chopping knife, mincer', Lithuanian kaplys^hack, mattock, hoe, Eisaxt', Latvian kaplis

'hack, mattock, hoe', Lithuanian kapas, Latvian /ra/05"grave(hugel)'. Old Prussian enkopts
"bury";

Old Church Slavic kopajg, kopat/"d\g\ vbkopat/" bury', serb. kopa'bam, haystack,
heap', Bulgarian kopa ds., etc.;

Old Church Slavic kopt/e' lance '; probably Slavic *ce/Ob "*abgeschnittener bough', in
russ. dial, copb^tmg, branch of grapevine, vine', bg. cep "bough', Serbo-Croatian cepur^
stalk, stem of a plant ' ; perhaps belongs to the family */rap- 'piece of land' and *kap-ut
'head' (above S. 529 f.), here, further probably die consecutive words for 'stick, staff:

gr. OKfinTpov 'staff, Doric OKCcrrTov ds. = Ionian *aKr|nTOV in aKr|TTTOuxo(;
'zeptertragend', OKanoc; kAqSoc; Hes., aKr|TTavr| 'staff, Szepter', hom. OKPinaviov ds. =
Doric OKanaviov Hes.; OKrinTU) 'stijtze, swing, brandish with power ', intr. and med. 'sich
stijtzen; sich with Kraft auf etwas throw', aKr|nT6(; 'sudden niederfahrender whirlwind,
Wetterstrahl, misfortune'; Latin scapus^ shaft, Stiel, stalk, stem', scopai. 'thin twig,
branch, rod', PI. 'Reisigbesen', scopio, -on/sm. 'the Stiel, an dem die Beeren the grape
hangen; stem of Spargels', scopusds.;

Old High German skaft^ shaft, spear, javelin'. Old Saxon skaft'spear, javelin', Dutch
schacht' quill, Lanzenschaft', Old English sceaffm., Old Icelandic skaptn. ' shaft, shaft,
pole, spear, javelin'.

References: WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.
Page(s): 930-933

Root / lemma: sketh-, sketh-

Meaning: to scold

Material: Gr. aaKr|6n(; (proto gr. n) " unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged,

wohlbehalten' (from *aKr|9o^ n.); dubious Armenian xat'arem ^des\xoy, smash, destroy';

Middle Irish scTth^ tired ', escid' fatigueless ' (cymr. es^i/^/'agile, astir' etc. with still
unclear Vok.), next to which with 5/-suffix Middle Irish scTs^ fatigue ';

stem V. Gothic ska^jan, skot^. Old English scedda/? 'injure, hurt', denominativ Old
Icelandic skada. Old English skadian. Old High German scadon, scaden^harm'; Gothic
skaf^/sn. 'damage'. Old Icelandic 5/rad/ "damage, loss, death'. Old English scada. Old
High German 5caofc» 'damage', noun agentis Old English sceada^ damager, devil'. Old

Saxon scatho, Old High German scado^ damager, fiend'; witli gradation oas in imperfect
Old Icelandic skod^ harmful thing, weapon', skodr^ harmful '.

References: WP. II 557 f., Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73 f.
Page(s): 950

Root / lemma: sket- : skQt-

Meaning: to spring

Material: Latin seated, -ere, arch, scato, -ere "spring up, bubble', scatebrai. ' mineral

water ', sca/^/r/io'sprudlehervor'; compare gr. saKaTapi^sv soKapi^sv Hes.;

westfal. schgC spawn, spat, spawn of oyster'. New Franconian schaiden{ai= wgrm. a)
"laichen', perhaps westfal. schaden ' Ertrag give, of wheat';

Old English sceaddm. 'Maifisch', Modern High German Schac^e) ds., Norwegian dial.
skadd ^smaW Schnapel', wherefore (loanword) cymr. ys^ao''a/7"Haring', Middle Irish scatan,
nir. scadan ds.]

Old Lithuanian skastu, skatau, s/ra5//"spring, jump ', su-skantu, -skaciau, -skasti
"aufhijpfen';

an Indo Germanic additional form auf -{/perhaps in: Norwegian s/ra/'Wipfel eines
Baumes', skata^'xu eine cusp, peak auslaufen'. Old Icelandic skatai. " magpie,
Glattrochen'.

References: WP. II 538 f., WH. II 491.
Page(s): 950

Root / lemma: skeu-3, kseu-

Meaning: to sneeze

Material: Old Indie /rsa^//" niest', ksuta-^6as Niesen'; common Old Indie -gh- > -ks-0\6

Lithuanian skiaudziu, sk/audef/^ sneeze' (similarly ciaudziu, -deti), Latvian skauju, skavu,

skaut, Iterat. skaudet' sneeze' (viel strong irregular Slavic kbchngt/, kychat/an6 Cbchati,

compare Old Indie c/7/Ma "Niesen');

Maybe alb. {*skauda) hunda^ nose '.

through hybridization with pneu- (above S. 838 f.): *ksneu-s- ( *kneus-, *sneus-) in npers.
isnosa, asnosa^ H\esen'\ Old Icelandic hnjdsa. Middle English nesen. Old High German
/7/c»sa/7 (participle ginoran); Old Icelandic hn^rim.. Old English /7/7c»/'5 "Niesen', Old Saxon

hn/oxwrt'H'\eQ>\Nurz'; besides Middle English snesen, engl. sneeze; compare Low German
snusen, Danish 5/7^5e"schnoben, scent' ; similarly also Lithuanian 5/7/aJ/r//"schnupfen'.

References: WP. II 85, 551, Trautmann 266.
Page(s): 953

Root / lemma: skeu-5

See also: besides sReu-{see below) 'throw, schieften, hetzen'; s. die extensions skeub-,

skeUti^-, skeud-, skeug-, skeuk-.

Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: skeu-6(t-)

Meaning: to cut, separate, scratch

Note: extension from 5e/r-"cut, clip'

Material: Old Indie skau-ti, skunati, skunot/ ^stori, stobert, stochert', with a- 'zerkleinert

through Stochern; makes Einschnitte (in die ears from animals)', ava-skava-m. 'ein worm',

/7/-s/rai/a/77 'zerfetzend', co-s ku -ya te ^ scharrt together';

with r-formants: gr. aKOpo(; (aKupo(;) m. 'spall, Abfall beim Behauen the stone ',
GKOpajTa 656^ 'gepflasterter way';

Lithuanian s/r/ai/zie'durchlocherter Kahn as Fischbehalter';

without aniaut. 5-/ Lithuanian /r/ai//'5s"durchlochert, divided ', originally "hollow' {*keuro-
); /r/a^/'a/'preposition 'hindurch', Latvian caJrs'was ein hole has, hollow is', caur
preposition " through, hindurch'; Lithuanian A/i//'s/^'locherig become', pra-kiurgs
'durchlochert';

Old Swedish 5/r0/'(from *sk0yri) " fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated ', Swedish
Norwegian skyr6s.\ Gothic s/ra^/'d 'shovel' (in wint^i-skaurd^\N\v\v\o\N\v\Q shovel'). Old High
German scora. Middle High German sc^oA'shovel, hoe', sc/70/77'zusammenscharren,
kehren, fortstoften', schurn^e\nen Anstoft give, stir, tease, irritate, das fire anfachen,
schciren] Old Icelandic skora^cut, clip, count'. Old English scor/an'chop, cut, reject'
(actually "wegstoften'); with rj> rg:0\6 High German skurgan. Middle High German
schurgen^ push, drive, push, bump, poke'; compare Middle High German md. schiuren,
schuren 'scour, rub, clean, clean, sweep, wash away ' = Danish skure, Swedish skura6s.;

with formants -/o-. Middle High German schiel {*skeulo-) "splinter, abgesprungenes or
ragged piece';

Latvian skurinat lausen, ruffle; tousle ', refl. "sich kratzen, krauen';

with ^extension: Middle Irish scofha/d 'cWps, cuts' {*skutati), scofht "cutting edge, cusp,
peak', also " hair lock '; Middle High German hudele rag'; Lithuanian skutu, skust/" scrape,
peel ', skutas ^scrap, shred, rag', skutenos' scrapings ', Old Lithuanian skutna^ bald head,
worn out place'; Latvian skuot/t/es ' s\c\r\ schuppen', skaute^ sharp edge'; Lithuanian
sk/aut/s ^p'\ece Zeug', skiautere^ cockscomb, crest on head of cock, rooster's comb ';
perhaps Latin scutilus^iWiu' and gr. OKUTaAn "club, mace, joint, stick', qkutqAov ds.,
aKUTaAi(; "staff, cudgel, club, Waize' (*"cleaved Aststiick' or likewise); here OKUTri KscpaAr)
Hes., GKUTQ Tov TpaxH^ov. IiKsAoi Hes.;

about East Lithuanian s/ri/e'/5s"rag' compare Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 56; thereafter
probably skvernas 6s. from *skernas.

References: WP. II 552 f.
Page(s): 954

Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ai-, (s)k(h)ai-d-, (s)k(h)ai-t-

Meaning: to hit, kick

Material: Latin caedo, -ere {occTdo eic.) "hew, hit, strike, slay', cae'o'es"Schlachten,

Morden', caementum {*caid-smento-) "Bruchstein', caeA//?? "chisel' {*caid-slo-), caia

{*caidja) f. "cudgel ', caid, -are'hew, hit, strike', ancaesa\asa caelata', ana/en. "small

shield' ( *ambi-caid-sli-)\

alb. qieirsky, heaven' from Italian cielo "sky' < Latin caelum (1) -/n. "the burin or
engraving tool', caelum (2) -/n. "the heavens, sky, air, climate. Esp. heaven as the home
of the gods; fig., heaven as the height of joy, renown, etc..'.

k(h)ai-\v\ mnl. /7e/e"Rammblock', Middle High German Modern High German heie
"beetle, hammer, wooden hammer, Ramme', mnl. heien^hW, bump, poke, rammen'.
Modern High German Swiss Z?©/©/? "stomp, hemp break, rupture';

khai-t-\v\ Armenian xaif "prick, prick, sting', xait'em^ prick ', xlt'am'be anxious ', xlt"
grieving heit, heftiger pain'; against it xlrt's\.u\z\g, anxious, argwohnisch' from *khid-ro-\

References: WP. II 538, WH. I 44, 45, 129, 130, 131; about Old Indie khidatrre\U,
presses' [a), secondary khedai. "Druck, load' s. J. Wackernagel Stud. A. Grierson, 826-
28.
Page(s):917

Root / lemma: (s)k(h)ed-, (s)k(h)e-n-d-

Meaning: to crush, scatter

Note: (extension from sek- "cut, clip')

Material: Old Indie s/r^ao'a/e (uncovered) 'splits' {*skhnd-l)\ Avestan scandayeiti^ breaks,

destroys ', sk9nda-rr\. ' destruction ' etc.; Middle Persian s/ras/a/7 'break, rupture, grind';

Armenian seA/'chip, splinter, wooden log' {* skhedri-);

gr. GKESavvupi (Aor. also without s-: £K£5aaaa, £K£5aa6£v) 'zersplittere, zersprenge,
zerstreue', ablaut. aKi5vr||Ji ds., OKiSvapiai, KiSvapai 'sich scatter (from
Menschenmengen)'; OKiSapov apaiovHes.;

alb. tshanj, /s/75y'split, tear, rend, plow' {*sked-nid)\ Latin scindula, scandula\. 'shingle';

Middle English sea/ere/? 'scatter', engl. scatter 6s., shatter^break, rupture, grind'. Middle
Low German schateren^\N\Vc\ Gekrach apart reiften, loud laugh';

maybe alb. {*scater-) shkateronj" destroy, break'

Lithuanian 5/reofen/a "splinter', Latvian s/reo'e/7s 'small, cleaved bit of wood'; Lithuanian
kedet/^break, crack', /reo'e/?//' pluck, wool krampein';

Old Church Slavic skgdb^arm, small'; russ. scedryj^ generous ' ('*vergeudend, sein Gut
zersplitternd'), sloven, scedljiv^ economical ' ('*bigoted, narrow minded, stingy =
abzwackend').

References: WP. II 558 f., WH. II 488 f.
Page(s): 918-919

Root / lemma: skhel-

Meaning: to stumble

Note: (?) only Old Indie and armen.

Material: Old Indie s/r/7a/5/e'stolpert, sways, gehtfehl', sA/75///5-'taumelnd fehlgegangen;

whereof etwas fehit, to little '; Armenian sxalem, SA'5///77'strauchle, irre, sijndige, verfehle;

werde verfehit, vermiftt, frail; tue eine Fehlgeburt', sxa^^a\^\\., error, mistake, lack;

fehlerhaft, lacking, to little ', SA-a/a/r 'taumeind (in intoxication)'.

References: WP. II 599;

See also: whether expressive formation to (s)kel-41

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: sk(h)uoJ-, sk(h)uiQ)-

Meaning: needle, thorn

Material: Old Irish see. Gen. PI. sc/ao'' hawthorn' {*skuij-at-s)\ cymr. ysbyddad (is., corn.

spethes iBrombeerstrauch, Dorngestrijpp', bret. spezao^'Stachelbeeren'; Lithuanian skuja

"Tannennadel and -zapfen', Latvian skujas' pine deadwood '; russ. chvojai., chvojm.

"Nadein and branch the Nadelholzer' (etc.; Berneker408 considers affiliation also from

russ. c/7^y"penis' as *(s)khouios).

Alb. {*sku-) huni, hunjP\. "needle, thorn, stake', [common alb. sk- > h- , Slavic sk- > ch-].

References: WP. II 602, Trautmann 268.

Page(s): 958

Root /lemma: sko/^i'^o- -a-

Meaning: vessel; potsherd

Material: Old High German scart-Tsarn, Middle High German schartm. n., schartet

"eiserne Pfanne';

Old Church Slavic skrada^T\eQe\, Pfanne, stove, hearth' (also skvrada, skovrada, poln.

skowroda, russ. skovoroda; i/kann from Slavic 5/ri/e/'-"melt', Old Church Slavic raskvbrg

etc., iJbernommen sein); Latvian skards, s/ra/'o'e'Blech, Weiftblech' has, if related, its

meaning maybe evolved from "shard (sharp and thin)'.

Maybe truncated alb. {^skor&o^ shkrinJ^vneW;

References: WP. II 601.

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: skot-

Meaning: shadow, darkness

Material: Gr. okoto^ 'darkness' (m., later n.); Old Irish (lengthened grade) scathu.

"shadow, protection, mirror';

mcymr. isgaud, cy-sgawd, cymr. cy-sgod, acorn, scod, neucorn. skez, bret. skeud

"shadow'; Gothic skadusm., Old English sceadut, sceadn., Old High German scato, -

aw^es "shadow', Norwegian skodda, skaddaloo^'.

maybe alb. s/ray "edge, remote border, end' related to eng. skyuE. [ON sAy cloud, rel. to
OE sceo, OS 5C/band (more remotely) OE scuwa, OHG scuwo, ON skugg/ shade,
shadow, Goth. skuggwam\mr.]
maybe alb. /7/e "shadow', /7/"ash, gray' [common alb. 5/r- >/?- shift].

References: WP. II 600.
Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: skuerb(h)-

Meaning: to stick, pierce (thorns)

Note: Only Celtic and Baltic

Material: Corn. bret. S/oe/r? "spinae' (-/77-from -rbn^\

Lithuanian skverbiu, skverbti^\N\Vc\ a spitzen tool bohrend prick', Iter, skvarbau, skvarbyti
ds., skvirbinu, -//7//" prick, bore, prickein'.

References: WP. II 602.
Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)kut-

Meaning: to shake

Material: Lithuanian kutu, /r^/e//"aufrutteln', kustu and kuntu, kutali, kusti^s\ch aufruttein,

sich erholen', /r^//Y/s 'nimble', kuta^ tassel, fringe';

besides with aniaut. s-:

Old Saxon scudd/an'\N\t\r\ a Schwunge ausgieften'. Old High German scutten. Old
Frisian skedda "shake, upset'. Modern High German schutten. Middle Dutch Middle
English schuderen, engl. s/7i/o'o'e/'"shudder, tremble' (*"to shake'). Modern High German
schaudern {Rheiu Franconian word with Low German d). Old High German scutilon.
Modern High German schutteln; Old English scJo'a/?, scyndan. Old Icelandic skynda^duve,
push' and skunda^ hasten; hurry'. Old Saxon farskundian^ incite, aufhetzen'. Old High
German scunten^ set in motion, stir, tease, irritate'; Old Church Slavic sAy/5//s^"vagari'.

Maybe alb. sbkund' shake' from alb. probably derived Latin scindo scindere scidi scissum
'to cut, rend, split; to divide, separate'.

References: WP. II 601 f.;

See also: s. also above S. 632 under kuet-

Page(s): 957-958

Root / lemma: sRai-, sRai- : sRT-

Meaning: to glimmer (of wet things); sliadow

Note:

Root / lemma: sRai-, sRai-. sRT-\ to glimmer (of wet things); shadow, derived from

truncated Root /lemma: aisk- {* avisk-): bright, shining.

Material: Old Indie chaya^ radiance, shimmer, shadow', Avestan a-saya- "wer keinen

shadow wirft', np. saya 'shadow, protection';

gr. GKia f. {sRn-a) "shadow', GKispoq, hom. gkiosic; 'shady, dark', OKipov "sunshade '
(formal = alb. hir, with length Gothic skeirs); with the grade sR^i\-: OKrivn, Doric OKava
"tent, stage, scene ', GYS\yoc„ Doric OKavoq, n. "tent; body (as wrapping of the soul)'; gkhv "
butterfly, moth ' Hes.; OKivap n. "body';

Note:

From gr. OKia "shadow' + gr. oupa "tail' derived gr. OKioupoi;, Latin sciurus -i, pi. sciuridae
m. "squirrel', alb. from a reshuffled Latin cognate derived alb. {*sciuridae) ceter, keter
"squirrel' from alb. derived Bulgarian katerica "squirrel'. Typical of alb. is the drop of initial
S-: sc- > c- also the shift c > k

alb. he, /7/e "shadow' {*sk//a), /?/>■" grace ' (= gr. oKipov), (hjona ^ shadow' {*skei-n-?),
Geg /7i/y"god';

Typical alb. s/r->/7- initials.

Old Icelandic skTu. " hypocrisy ' (: gr. OKid), Gothic s/re/>75/7 "shine, appear, seem,
gleam, shine, gleam'. Old Icelandic sklha ds., Old High German Old English sc/han ds.,
Modern High German sche/nen {n-present, compare Old Church Slavic s/'ngtr, if also in
Latin scintilla "spark' a formation from a similar originator from is present, is doubtful
(derivative eines *s/^/-/7/c»- "gleaming'?);

Maybe Venetian sciantizo : Napulitano scentella : Portuguese centeiha : Romanian
scanteie> alb. shkendija: "spark'.

Old Icelandic skihn., Old Saxon skin, Old High German scTnxw. "shine, radiance '; Old
English Old Saxon scima. Middle High German sc/7e/77e "shadow'. Modern High German
Schemen^ shadowy shape'. Old Icelandic skim/m. " radiance ', Modern High German
schimmern, Schimmel eic; Gothic 5/re//775 "shiner, torch'. Old High German Old Saxon
scTmo, Old English sdmam. "light, radiance '; Middle High German scheim ds.; without s-
probably Norwegian hTm, hJma, as s/r/777"thin cover, Hautchen' (as "durchscheinend',
compare:) Old Icelandic skjarm. " transparent skin, sash '; Gothic s/re/AS "clear, bright'. Old

Icelandic skTrr, Old English sc/?"durchsichtig, bright, clean', Middle High German (md.)
schTr^ pure, candid ', Modern High German schier. Old Icelandic 5/r^/r"clean, clear,
bright' ( *skairi-i). Old Frisian skeria "clean';

Latvian seja{*keia) "shadow, reflection, face';

Old Church Slavic sijati, singti^ become gleam, illuminated ', 5e/76 "shadow' (besides
stenbior *scenb)\ Czech ciry^ pure, candid ', russ. 5C//3y' "veritable, genuine' (Gothic
loanword?). Church Slavic *s//i>" open open ', Adv. s//y etc.;

Tocharian B skiyo "shadow' (= gr. gkiq).

References: WP. II 535 f., WH. I 131, Jokl L.-U. 60 ff., Trautmann 304.
Page(s): 917-918

Root / lemma: sRed-

Meaning: to cover

Material: Old Indie chadati {uncovered), chadayat/" bedeck, verbirgt', chattra-m' shelter',

chad/s-n. "cover, roof; Avestan sadayantf-^a garment' (skyth. trouser?), afghan. pso/s/'to

put on, wear' {*pati-u pa-sad-); Old High German hazrw.. Middle High German haezen.

"Rock, clothing'. Old English hseteru Hom. PI. n. "dress'.

Note:

common lllyrian-alb. sk- > h-.

References: WP. II 558, Holthausen Altengl. Wb. 146.

Page(s):919

Root / lemma: (s)Rel-

Meaning: to spring

Material: Old Indie salabha-xx\. " locust, grasshopper', sa/una-m. "a certain insect', salura-

m. "frog';

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Old Indie sa/ura-m. "frog' : UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, UAupia , n,
lllyria, alsoUAupi? , n. Adj. UAupiKO? , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kpi, the region or province of lllyria,
'lAAupi^U) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupia:--hence Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

Middle High German scher jumping, auffahrend, angry, furious ', schellec^ jumping,
angry, irate, wild', Old High German sce/o "Schellhengsf ("Bespringer'), Modern High

German schalen^ spring, jump ', Middle Higli German sc/7e/c/7"Bockhirscli'; Old Icelandic
ske/krlear' as '*erschreckt auffahrend'; for Gothic etc. skalks 'servant' one assumes a
basic meaning " jumper, Laufbursche' and dissimilation from * skal-[s]kas-\

Lithuanian si/o/ys'Galopp', Latvian su6//s' footstep '.

Maybe alb. (ske/-) *shke/'to step'.

References: WP. II 600.
Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: (s)Rem-

Meaning: disabled

Material: Old Indie sama/a-n. 'fault, error, damage, pity'; Old Icelandic PN. Hamall, Old

English hamola. Old High German /75/775/'mutilated' (Modern High German Hammel '

wether, castrated ram '); Old Icelandic hamla. Old High German hamalon e\.c. ' mutilate ';

with expressive -mm-:0\6 Icelandic skammr. Old English Old High German sca/77/77 'short';

Old High German hamm, hammer^ rc\\}W\a\.e6\

Note:

common lllyrian-alb. sk- > h-.

References: WP. II 560, Holthausen Awn. Wb. 105;

See also: in addition also kern- above S. 556.

Page(s): 929

Root / lemma: s/ceu-

Meaning: to throw, shoot, push

Note: only Balto-Slavic

Material: Lithuanian sauju, sa^Z/'schieften (with a Feuerwaffe'), suv/'s' shot '; saudyti

'mehrfach schiefien, herumschieflen, fly around, kick around, wander about aimlessly';

Latvian saut{*skjauti) 'schieften, rasch zufahren', saudrs^\\as\)/, stormy, hot tempered';
Old Church Slavic sujg, soi/aZ/'bump, poke, push '; Old Church Slavic sulica, Czech
suc///ce' spear, lance'.

References: WP. II 553, Trautmann 300;
See also: s. also under skeu-5.
Page(s): 954-955

Root / lemma: sRIek-, sRIak-

Meaning: wet; to sprinkle

Material: Old Icelandic slagn. " damp (from rain)', s/e^//7/7"benetzt', Norwegian slagen

"humid, wet', Swedish s/a^a "swamp, marsh'; Middle Low German s/5^^e"schlackiges,

rainy weather ', Swedish slagga-vader6s.\ Modern High German 6\a\. slack

"Schneequatsch'; Low German s/5c/r"big, giant and heavy drip', s/ac/re/r? "verschijtten,

pollute ', i6'es/ec/re/r7"beklecken'; ablaut. Old English 5/0/7 "morass'. Middle Low German

sldch6s.\

Lithuanian 5/aAas "drip, stain, Kleck' (in the meaning "Schlacke' German loanword),
slakstau, -y//"mehrfach spritzen, sprinkle ', slaku, -e//"drip, trickle', slekili, s/ekt/" spray' ,
Latvian 5/a/ra "Anfeuchtung', 5/ac/7"naftmachen, sprinkle, fine rain'.

References: WP. II 602 f., 705;

See also: compare also sresk- "drip'?

Page(s): 957

Root / lemma: (sj/ca/o-s

Meaning: a large fish

Note: or rather /cra/o-s?

Material: Latin squalus^e'xu grofterer Meerfisch'; das 5- could but previously secondary

from squatus ds., squama^ scale, husk ' attributed sein;

Old Icelandic hvalrm. (besides -hveliu.) "whale' (/-stem). Old English hwael, engl.
whale. Old Saxon Old High German hwalds., besides Old High German hwelira
(Germanic *hvali-s-dn-). Modern High German Waller, i/Velleran6 Middle High German
'H/e/s'(Germanic *hvali-s), wherefore also Old Prussian /ra/zis "Wels'; the mythische fish
Avestan kora- is die Iran. Wiedergabe eines urmordwin. */ro/5 "fish', later kal, to tscherem.
kol, lapp. guole, Finnish kalaetc; die ganze family also probably finno-ugr. origin.

References: WP. II 541, WH. II 581 f.. Hoops, Engl. Stud. 28, 1 ff., Jacobsohn, Arierand
Ugrofinnen 241 f.
Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)k''el-5, (s)kel-
Meaning: " sound, shout '
See also: see above S. 550 {kel-).
Page(s): 928

Root / lemma: (s)k''er-

Meaning: ' make '

See also: see above S. 641 f. {k^er-).

Page(s): 947

Root / lemma: slak-

Meaning: to hit, hammer

Note: only Irish and Germanic

Material: Middle Irish s/5cc 'sword', nir. s/acaz/ie'Schlager' (with expressive -kk-)\ Middle

Irish 5/5c/7/a 'beaten', nir. slachtrw. 'good apparition, from gutem blow, knock', Gaelic

s/acMa/zT? 'hit with dem hammer', s/acMan^c\ub, mace, joint';

Gothic slahan. Old Icelandic sla. Old English slean. Old Saxon Old High German slahan
{sluoc, sluogen, gestagen) 'hit'; Old High German slagon. Old Frisian s/ag/a ds.; Old
Icelandic s/at ' shaft, pole, bar, bolt'. Old English s/ahe, 5/ea 'Weberkamm', Middle High
German s/a, s/a^e'Schlagwerkzeug', Middle Low German s/an/e'Hufbeschlag', Middle
High German s/ouwe'spoor, track, Fahrte' {*slagwd)\ lengthened grade Old Icelandic sl0gr
' crafty, cunning ' ('*board up; strand; take away; bring; mishit; wallop; thrash '); Gothic
s/auMst 'Schlachtung' {*slk-ti-)\ Old Icelandic slattri. 'reaping, harvesting, mowing, hay
harvest', slatri. 'Schlachtfleisch', Old High German s/a/y/a 'killing, Schlachtung'; with a
meaning as Modern High Qermau jemandem nachschlagen, blow, knock^V\v\6 of: Old
High German g/s/aht'nob\e geartet', g/s/aht/n. 'stem, quality ', Modern High German
Geschlecht.

References: WP. II 706 f., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 74.
Page(s): 959

Root / lemma: (s)lag''-
Meaning: to grab

Material: Gr. (ep. Ionian) Aa^ofjai (present and Impf.) "take, catch, gripe, seize (*Aay("),iaj);
after aivupai is Ionian Attic Aa^upai, Boeotian Aa55oua9r| reshaped; Aor. sAAaps (hom.),
sAapov, aegin. A/Topcbv, Attic inschr. A/x3p£T0(; or-r|TO(;, Perf. Attic £iAr|cpa (*a£aAa(pa), Fut.
Annjoijai, Ionian Aaijjoijai, present Ionian Attic Aa|jpavu) (to AapsTv neologism); Aappo(;
'violent, boisterous; voracious, greedy ', Aappa^ m. 'Meerwolf (fish), hom. Aapp£uo|jai
"babble cheeky, vorlaut', Aapp-aY6pr|<; ' cheeky redend', AappouoGai 'sich whereupon fall';
Note: common lllyrian g"- > b-.

Old English /^cca/7 'catch, gripe ' (= Aa^opai from *slag"id), engl. latch.

References: WP. II 707, SchwyzerGr. Gr. 1, 649, 698, 699.
Page(s): 958

Root / lemma: (s)leb- (s)lob- (s)lep- (s)lop-

See also: see above S. 655 ff., wherefore perhaps Middle Irish lelap, lenap{p= b), lenab

{b= v\/} "small kid, child'.

Page(s): 959

Root / lemma: (s)leib-

See also: ' slippery, glide, slide' see above S. 663; in addition perhaps (after Morris-Jones
WGr. 125) cymr. Ilithrm. " glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ' {slib-tro-).
Page(s): 960

Root / lemma: (sj/eii^-

Meaning: slippery, to slide

Note: extension from /ei-3, s/e/- above S. 662 f.

Material: Old Indie srecfhat/"g\e'\\.e\. ab, geht fehl, errs '; gr. oAiaOavw, Aor. wAiaOov 'gleite',

oAiaOripoc; ' slippery ', oMoBoq m. "Glatte, Schlijpfrigkeit' ( *li6^-to-s) based on -d^cj- or -to-

present; aniaut as in oAippog from the related root (s)leib-, above S. 663;

Middle Irish 5/oe/"Floss', nir. 5/500' 'gleitende mass', with unclear dd.

Old English sITdan, Middle High German s^/e/7 "glide, slide, skid ', Old English slidevn. "
slide, fair, Old High German slito. Old Icelandic s/ed/" sled ' (compare Latvian slidas
"Schlittschuhe'), Old English slidor^ slippery, smooth ', slidrian^ slide ', Low German
slidderen. Modern High German schlittern;

Lithuanian slystu, slydau, 5/Ks//"glide, slide', Latvian slist, s/Istds., s/fdet' skid, glide,
slide', Lithuanian s//dus' smooth, slippery', Latvian s//ds6s., slidasP\. "Schlittschuhe',
s/a/io's "abschiJssig, smooth ', sliede^ track, Geleise (of cart)'; Old Prussian slidenikis
"Leithund';

Old Church Slavic sled-b "spoor, track ', russ. s/edds., slezy, sledftb "spure, follow ' etc.

in addition probably /7-present s//-/7-d^'(7in Lithuanian lendu, linda'u, ITsti, Latvian lienu,
lidu, //st' grovel, truckle, creep, slip into ', and through ablaut derailment Germanic *slind-,
sland; s/und-\n Gothic /^a-s///7o''5/7 "intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf,
consume' (actually "glide, slide let'). Old High German slintands.. Middle High German

slint, slunt 'gullet', Old Dutch sllnderen 'gWde, slide, grovel, truckle, creep ', Middle High
German lendern ' amb\e' , Dutch lunderen' hesitate ';

compare with other extension sli-n-do, Germanic *sllnt- in Old Icelandic sletta slatV
sink, glide, slide, hang ' {*sllntan), sletta'hW., throw, spray' {*slantjan), Swedish s///7/a "fall,
glide, slide', Swedish dial. slantra= Low German slentern, Dutch slenteren. Modern High
German schlenzen ' a{r\b\e' , ablaut. Norwegian Danish s/i//7//'e''unordentlich sein'. Low
German sluntern ds., Modern High German schlunzen 'care\ess, neglectful go';

whether Latin lumbrTcusm. 'worm' auf 7c»/7dh/--/7rc-zuruckginge, could above /7-forms
also auf eine root (s)lend(h)- 'glide, slide' zurijckgefuhrt become.

References: WP. II 707 f., 715, Trautmann 269, Vasmer2, 658 f., Johannesson 922 f., 931

f.

Page(s): 960-961

Root / lemma: (s)leig-

Meaning: to hit, hack

Material: Latin llgo, -onlsm. 'hack, mattock, hoe'. Old Irish slluchtm. 'spoor, track, break,

section, progeny ', Old English sl/ccn. {*slikja-) 'Schlager, hammer'. Old Frisian Old Saxon

slec {*slalkl-) 'blow, knock'.

References: WP. II 707, WH. I 800.

Page(s): 961

Root / lemma: slenk-, sleng-
Meaning: to wind, turn; to creep

Material: 1. auf -Ar/cymr. llyngyrP\. "Wiirmer', Middle Breton lencquernenn, nbret.
/e'/7/re'/77e'/7/7'Eingeweidewurm' {*sllnkurh). Middle Breton /e/7c/''schleichend'; Old High
German slingan. Old English sl/ngan stem V. 'swing, coil, flax, wattle, braid', refl. 'sich
schlangein, grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Icelandic slyngva {signg) 'throw, toss, fling,
zwirnen' ( k present formant), Kaus. sl0ngva 'throw, toss, fling'. Old High German slango
'snake'. Old Icelandic 5/0/7^1/3 'Schleuder', Old High German sllnga 'loop, noose, snare '
slengira 'Schleuder';

Lithuanian slenku, sM/r// "slink' (from the snake), slinka, s/5/7/ra'Faulenzer', slankiusxw.
'Bergrutsch'; Latvian s///r/'sich senken, in Wasser untergehen', sliecei. ' Sledge skid '
{*slenke-);\n addition (because of Ganges) Balto Slavic *slankat 'Schnepfe', in Lithuanian

slanka, Latvian s/^o/ra (sekundarere-stem Old Prussian slanke, Litliuanian slanke), proto
Slavic. *slgka in russ. sluka "Schnepfe'.

2. auf -p: Old English s//ncan stem V. " grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Swedish s//nka'
grovel, truckle, creep, sich schmiegen'. Middle Low German Dutch 5///7/re/7 'shrivel up,
shrink'; Middle High German s/anc 'slim, lean ' (actually "pliable'). Middle Low German
s/a/7/r" pliable', Norwegian dial, s/a/r/r" fragile, flimsy, slim '.

References: WP. II 714 f., WH. I 831 f., Trautmann 268, 269, Vasmer 2, 666.
Page(s): 961-962

Root / lemma: sler-

See also: see below S. 965 f. ( *slrg-).

Page(s): 962

Root / lemma: sleub(h)-

Meaning: to slide, slip

Note: only Latin and Germanic; compare also sleug-.

Material: Latin lubricus " slippery, smooth ';

Gothic s//i//75/7 "slink'. Old High German sliofan. Modern High German schliefen. Old
English s/J/75/7 "glide, slide, slip, stumble ', Middle Low German slupen' slip, slide;
stumble, slink', Gothic afslaupjan' strip, wipe ', Old English sITepan'au- or disrobe ', Old
High German Middle High German sloufen' slip, slide; stumble let, an- or disrobe ', Middle
High German sA//? (actually "Schlupf), Modern High German Schlucht, Middle High
German slupfer(ic). Modern High German schlupfrig {ro^oxvns as in lubricus). Old English
s/KyOyOe "dough, mucus'. Old High German Middle High German slour6as Schlijpfen, duct,
tube, pipe'. Middle High German sloufe ' duct, tube, pipe, diaper, Erbsschote', Modern High
German Schleife, older Schlaufe, dial. Schlaufe, etc.;

in Germanic also *slub-{\u6o Germanic *sleup- or * sleu b'^ -): Old English sITefan
"(dress) lure, tempt', sITefet "Armel' (engl. sleeve), nl. s/oo/'"Schurze', Modern High
German dial. Scblaube ds.

References: WP. II 710 f.; WH. I 822 f.
Page(s): 963-964

Root / lemma: (s)leug-, (s)leuk-
Meaning: to swallow

Grammatical information: partly nasal present (s)lu-n-g6, (s)lu-n-kd

l\^aterial: Gr. Auy^, -YYO<;f-, Auy|j6(; (probably *Auyy|j6c;) m. 'the Schlucken', Au^oo "have
den Schlucken', fAuyyjw), Auyyavoijai Hes. "schluchze"; *(s)leuk-\x\ AuyKoivu) ds.,
AauKaviri (v. I. AEUKaviri) "throat, gullet'; Auy5r|v "schluchzend';

Old Irish slucim, nir. s/o/ig//77"schlucke' {*slunk-d), cymr. Ilyncu, bret. lonka^ gulp, sip,
swallow ', abret. ro/uncas^ has verschlungen'; *(s)lung-\v\ Old Irish -lungu'\ eat, drink ',
cymr. llewa^Qai, drink' {*lugama)\

Norwegian s/J/ra stem V. "intertwine, entwine; devour, swallow up, engulf, consume'.
Middle Low German slOken s\.exr\ V. "hinunterschlucken'. Middle High German schlOchen
sch. V. "schlingen, gulp, sip, swallow ', Late Old High German s/uchm. "gullet'. Middle
High German s/Jc/7 "gullet, abyss'; with if. Old Icelandic s/okn. "trough, Wasserrinne',
Middle Low German s/o/re "gullet, gulp', with /r/r/ Middle High German sAyc/re "aperture ',
s/^c/re/7 "schlingen, gulp, sip, swallow, sob ', Middle Low German slucken, Dutch slokken
"schlingen'; with ai/ Norwegian 5/0KA/5"rinnenartige immersion ';

Lithuanian pa-laukis " dewlap of Rindes'; kir. iykaty, wruss. ikac^ gulp, sip, swallow '.

References: WP. II 717 f., Berneker 749.
Page(s): 964

Root / lemma: (s)leug-, (s)leuR-
Meaning: to slide, slip

Note: only Germanic and Balto-Slavic; compare also sleub-.
Material: Dutch s/i/z/re/? "slink, schmuggein', Swiss sluche^qo sluggishly', sluchi
"langsamer, schleichender, heimtiJckischer person'; Middle High German sluch
"Schlangenhaut, hose' (actually "worein geschlijpft wird'). Modern High German Schlauch,
Old Low German 5/J/r "squamas'; besides Germanic sluh-, slug- (Indo Germanic *sleuk-) in
Swedish dial. slu{]/} ( *sluhwd) "die husk um den empfindlichsten Toil in Horn or Hufe',
Norwegians/c»"the fleischige Kern in Horn or Hufe', Middle Low German s/J"Fruchthulse,
Fruchtbalg, bowl', nnd. also slOwe, North German dial. Schlaube, Middle English slughe,
s/ouh {eng\. slough) "abgestreifte Schlangenhaut'; Low German slu. Modern High German
schlau. South German dial, schlauch 6s. {*slOha-, actually "schleichend');

Lithuanian slluzesP\. "Schlittschuhe', sliauztr grovel, truckle, creep ' (sAfrom 5/-),
Latvian s/oza/ "slither'; russ. /Kza"snowshoe; Schlittenbalken', kIr. /yzi/5 "Skier', russ. dial.
/Kz^a/6 "auf dem Else gleiten, slither', lyznutb, /Kz^c»/7i//i> 'davonrennen', Bulgarian lizgav^
smooth ', /bz^5/77 se"laufeSchlittschuh, gleite'.

References: WP. 11711, Vasmer 2, 74 f.
Page(s): 964

Root / lemma: (s)leup- (s)leub(h)-
Meaning: to hang loose
Note: only german. and Baltic

Material: Old English /yf/'weak' = Middle Dutch luft, luchf left ', East Frisian /i/Z'slack,
tired ', Old Icelandic /J/^'dichtes Haar' (probably '*dense and long niederhangendes'),
Middle Low German lobbe^ hanging lip, Manschette', Dutch /c»/?i6'/ig"schlotterig, slack', isl.
lubbat 'large codfish'; Low German sluf, Dutch s/o/'faint, languid, slack', sluffen^QO
sluggishly', engl. s/oi/e/7'nachlassiger, unreinlicher person'; Dutch slobbe^s\\rc\e, mud',
engl. slobber, slubber^ drool, drivel, slaver, befoul ', Low German slubberen^ slurp ', nisi.
slupra^ slurp ' (imagining of Herabhangenlassens beim food, eating, of hangenden
Schleimes and Schlammigen);

Lithuanian lupa\. "lip' (: mndd. lobbe) and s/^i6>/755 "slack, faint, languid'.

References: WP. II 710.
Page(s): 964-965

Root / lemma: (s)leu-

Meaning: loosely hanging, loose, feeble

Note: esp. with extensions; out of Germanic only barely provable, in this but very reich

entfaltet

Material: Unerweitert perhaps in: Gothic slawan^ keep mum, keep quiet ' {*slawen^*i3\y\\,

languid sein' from an Adj. *slawa-l)\

with /7^suffix: Norwegian s/i//77 "slack, thin (from Grashalmen)', 5/^/77a"schlaff and go
sluggishly', Danish older sA/zr?" slumber'. Old English s/umam. " slumber', late Middle
High German (md.) slumen, slummern, schlummern = drowse'; Norwegian sl0yma^qu\ck,
fast to langem, weichen Stroh wachsen';

with /^suffix: Alemannian schlune^ drowse ', Middle High German s/J/7"Faulenzer';

with /■-suffix: Norwegian s/JAe "sluggish person', s/J/ie/? "faint, languid, sleepy', slora,
slura^ loose hang, drag'. Middle High German slurm. "Umherschlendern; Faulpelz',
Middle Low German s/^re/? "shiver, swerve, trage sein'; Dutch (abl.) s/euren6s., sloor
"liederliche person'; Middle High German slier {*sleura-) m. n. "slime, mud, loam, clay '

(Modern High German dial. ScMerds., ScMere'sWrny mass', Tirol sch//eren'g\\de, slide,
slip, stumble '), engl. s/ear, s/eer^ smear', s/ur^sWme, mud'. Verb, 'smear, glide, slide'.

(sj/eug-:

Low German s/uk's\ack', Dutch s/u/k' lean, hager, smooth ', engl. slouch^ den Kopf
hangen, idle and careless, neglectful go '; Old Icelandic 5/c»/r//7/7 'erioschen', slokna^ be
extinguished, die'; slekkva^ extinguish, put out, slay'; Norwegian s/okalau\ sein'. Low
German s/okeren ^ s\ack sein, shiver', with kk. slukkern 6s. (Modern High German
Schlucker), s/ukk^sa6', s/o/r/r 'slack, weak', Norwegian slauk^ limp person', slauka^s\c\\
schleppen'. Old English s/eac 'slack'; without 5-; Old Icelandic /oAa 'schlaff herabhangen
lassen', Norwegian lukr, lugr^ loose, schlotternd'; besides with expressive voiced-
nonaspirated gemination Norwegian Swedish slugga^ be clumsy ' (engl. slug, slug-gish^
sleepy, idle' is Scandinavian loanword). Middle Low German A/^^/ic/7ds.;presumably
Lithuanian slugstu, slugau, slugtT abate, small become'.

(s)leut-:

Middle Irish lott{ldf7) ' whore ' seems Germanic loanword; compare under Old Icelandic
lodda, in addition /Ko'o'^'faules woman';

Old English //eo'/'e'nichtsnutzig, evil, bad, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Middle High
German liederlich^\\Q\\{ and dainty, slight, leichtfertig'. Modern High German liederlich
{*liut^ri-); Old High German lotar. Middle High German loter, latter^ lax, leichtfertig'
(Modern High German Lotterbube), also 'idle' (Modern High German Lotterbank), Old
English loddere^ beggar'. Old Swedish lyddarei. 'untaugliche person'. Old Icelandic lodda
f. 'wife, woman'; here with the meaning ' loose hangendes Tuch, scrap, shred' perhaps
Old High German luthara, ludara^ diaper, cradle ', Old Saxon /J/^a/'a'Kinderwinder; with u
Old High German lodera6s.. Old Saxon lodara^scrap, shred' and Old High German ludo,
lodo^ coarse Wollenzeug, Uberwurf out of it'. Modern High German Loden, Old Saxon
lotho. Old English loPam. 'mantle'. Old Icelandic /od/'Lodenmantel' (in the meaning from
lodenn, above S. 685, influenced);

Serb, lutam, lufatr amb\e' , ablaut, russ. Iyfafb's'\c\r\ herumtreiben, umherschlenzen';
presumably also acech. lutovy^ frail, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated; vain',
Latvian lutet, lutlnaV spoil, pamper ';

With 5-: Gothic af-slau^jan^\x\ BestiJrzung versetzen' (if '*slack, feeble make', from an
Adj. *slaut^a-), af-slaut^nan^\v\ BestiJrzung geraten'; Old Icelandic slodra^sich vorwarts

schleppen', slydra^ fibre, filament', Middle High German slot(t)ern, s/o/e/7 "wobble, sway,
tremble'. Modern High German schlottern, DxAchslodderen 6s., s/oo'o'e/''liederliche
person'; Middle High German slOdern^ swerve, toss, fling', s/Jo'e/''Schleuder', sluderer
"wer ijbereilt and liederlich arbeitet', s/J/^ofey'/'-a^e'Muftigganger' {Schlaraffe), Bavarian
schlaudern a\so " loose hin and her drive';

isl. s/ydda 'sno\N and rain durcheinander', s/udda ^ c\ur(\p saliva or nasal mucus ', engl.
dial. s/ud^sWme, mud'. South German sch/udern'to snow and rain zugleich'. Middle High
German 5/5/e 'slime, mud, thaw'. Modern High German dial, schlott, sch/utt6s.; ablaut.
Middle High German s/d/e "slime, mud, loam, clay ';

with Germanic f-: Old Frisian s/at, Middle Low German s/otm. "Wassergraben, puddle,
slop, swamp, marsh', engl. s/eet{0\6 English *slTete), "Schloften, graupel ', Low German
sldten^Y\a\\\ Middle High German sloz, sloze. Modern High German Schlolie, Norwegian
slutr rain and Schnee durcheinander'. Old Icelandic 5/0/a'herabhangen', Swedish dial,
'faul sein', with lengthened zero grade Old Icelandic s/J/a'herabhangen, hang, lassig
sein'. Modern High German dial, sch/ossen ^ s\ack become, thaw' {sch/otzen'\N\t\r\ smut to
tun have, careless, neglectful sein' with -//-).

References: WP. II 708 ff., Wissmann Nomina postverb. 84, Vasmer 2, 76.
Page(s): 962-963

Root / lemma: (s)leg-. (sj/ag- and (s)leg-
Meaning: weak, feeble

Note: nasalized (s)leng-{= /e/7^- 'swing, waver'?)

Material: Old Indie laiiga- "lame'; gr. Anyw 'lasse ab, hear auf (*ermatte); trans, "make
withdraw' {*slegd}, aAAriKTOc; (*aA-) 'unaufhorlich', Aayaaaai acpsTvai Hes., Aayapoc; "slack,
fragile, flimsy, thin', hom. Aaywoq, Ionian ka\/6q, Attic Aayclx;, -cb "hare' {*(s)lag-dusos^yN\Vc\
schlaffen ears'), Aaycbv, -ovoq usually PI. "the groin, DiJnnen' (formal = Old Icelandic laki
"Faltmagen'), Aayavov "thin wide cake' (formal = Old Saxon /akan etc. "kerchief, cloth'),
Awyaviov " dewlap ' (compare Swedish s/o/ra "schlaff herabhangen'), nasalized
presumably here Aayya^u) " hesitate ', Aayycbv "Zaudern', Aayysuai cpsuyai Hes. (*"faint,
languid sein, schlaff and unschliJssig sein'); with the meaning " lustful ': ka\/\/oq "horny,
lustful', AayvEusiv " lustful sein', Aayvsia "lust, desire, sensuality, voluptuousness', Awyaq
nopvri Hes. (besides with e-Vok. Asyai 5s YuvaiKzq = aKoAaaroi Archil., sAsyaivEiv
"aasAyaivsiv' EM.;

Latin /axus's\ack, wide, capacious ', nasaNzea langueo, -ere "faint, languid, slacl<,
abgespannt sein';

Old Irish /ace (with expressive gg) "slack, weak'; mcymr. Ilacc, ncymr. //ac "slack' derives
because of seines cc instead of c/7from engl. slack.

Middle Low German /5/r"slack, loose ', Dutch lak. Modern High German Dialectal lack
ds.. Middle Dutch laka\so " lustful ', Old Icelandic lakrav\6 (full grade) lakr^evW, bad,
small'; with gradation d Swedish dial. /oAa "schlaff herabhangen'. Old Icelandic lokr^
blockhead, Faulpelz'; Germanic 7a/ra/7a-"baumelnder rag, corner, tail' in Old Saxon lakan
"kerchief, cloth'. Old High German lahhanAs. (Modern High German Lakenirovn dem Low
German, formal compare gr. Aayavov), Old Icelandic laklm. " tadpole, frog or toad larva ';
the manyplies of the ruminant, Faltmagen' (= Aayoov), lack, fault, error';

with S-: Old Icelandic slakr^s\acV! (poet.), slakna^ languish, tire, slacken ', Old Saxon
Middle Low German s/ac"slack, weak', participle Old Saxon ^/5/e/r//"stumpf gemacht'.
Middle Low German 5/a/r-s/o'e'"Bauchseite' (as Aaycbv and Modern High German
Welchen), Old English 5/^c "slack, idle, slow'. Old High German slah- "slack, idle'. Old
English sleccan ( *slekjan) " exhaust, weaken ';

with gradation 6: Old Icelandic slokr^a limp boy', Norwegian 5/o/re/7 "slack', Swedish
s/o/ra "schlaffherabhangen lassen', dial, "trage sein', 5/0/rand (with e) s/a/r "leichtsinniges
woman'. Old Swedish sloklfnP, -M/5"Kebsweib';

nasalized probably Swedish 5///7/ra"nicht fest ansitzen, shiver, limp ', Old High German
sllnc, Dutch sllnk^ left ', Middle High German link. Modern High German link. Old High
German lenka'6\e Linke', Swedish llnka and lanka ' somewhat limp ', /i//7/ra "slowly go',
Danish slunken ^s\ack, schlotterig' (*"schlaff dahergehen'); perhaps Swedish dial, slank.
South German schlank' scrap, shred, thin';

Latvian leg^ns ^ s\ack, soft';

doubtful russ. pere-slega lau\t, error in texture ' (*"Auslassen of Fadens'??), sloven.
/7/'es/e^as/"fadenscheinig, naked, bald, bleak';

whether also Tocharian A slakkar'sa6'7

References: WP. II 712 ff., WH. I 758 f.
Page(s): 959-960

Root / lemma: sleg"-

Meaning: to press, oppress, mishandle

Material: Gr. Acbpn f. "schimpfliche Behandlung, disgrace, shame, maltreatment, damage,

ruin', Aojpaoijai "behandle schimpflich, mishandle, mutilate, frevie , hurt ';

Lithuanian s/o^a "plague, Landplage', with secondary ablaut.: Latvian 5/aga "damage,
complaint'; Lithuanians/c»^Z/s"beschwerlich', s/og/nf/" p\ague' , s/uogaF H6\zer zum
Beschweren eingeweichten Flachses'; with ua Lithuanian sluogas, Latvian sluogs "clot,
chunk, stone, load', sluodzfV grouch, niederpressen, thrash', sluogat, sluogudt6s.\ with e:
Lithuanian sleg-iu, -ti' distress, press', Latvian s/eg/"shut' (*"zudrucken'), Lithuanian
slegtis, s/egte ^Presse, Kelter', Latvian at-s/ega ' Sc}r\\oQ>' , s/egs "burden'.

References: WP. II 714.
Page(s): 960

Root /lemma: (sjff-i: slai-or sloi-), slf-uo-

Meaning: blueish

Material: Latin [fved, -©/'©"bleifarbig, be bluish ', fivor^ bluish paint, color', ITvidus^ bluish'

(based on auf an Adj. *slT-uosor *IT-uo-s)\

Old Irish //""paint, color, radiance ', cymr. Iliw, acorn, liu, ncorn. Iyw6s., abret. nbret. liou
"paint, color' ("paint, color' from "blue' verallgemeinert), abret. //c»^"naevum', da-//u {Wes du-
liu) "fuscus'; gall. PN LTvo; but Latin LTvius perhaps etrusk.

russ. -Church Slavic sAVa"plum' etc., from which Lithuanian slyva. Old Prussian
sliwaytos 6s. borrowed; slov. s//V" bluish' is back-formation from dem Pflaumennamen;

with formants -ko-:0\6 High German sleha, slewa {*sloi-k"o-). Old English s/a/7(engl.
sloe). Modern High German Schlehe' sloe, wild plum ', Swedish sla^ri) ds.; compare
Martinet Word 12,4.

References: WP. II 715 f., WH. I 816, Trautmann 269 f., Vasmer2, 660.
Page(s): 965

Root /lemma: slougo- -a-i.

Meaning: help, service

Note: only Celtic and balto-slavisch

Material: Old Irish slog, sluagm. " army, Schaar', teg-lach {*tego-slougo-)

"Hausgenossenschaft, family ', cymr. Ilu^ army ', acymr. telu, mcymr. teilu, newer teulu^

cortege ', ncymr. " household, family ', acorn, luu, mcorn. A/ "bulk, mass, Schaar, army ';
gall. VN Catu-s/ug/{\eg. -slogi) 'Kampfesscharen'; Lithuanian zemait. slaugau, slaugyti^
support, help', slauga^63iS Dienen', pa-slauga^\\e\^, Hilfeleistung'; Old Church Slavic
slugaxw. "servant'; in addition Old Church Slavic sluzg, sluziti^ serve ', etc.
References: WP. II 716, Trautmann 268 f., Vasmer 2, 664 f.
Page(s): 965

Root / lemma: {sj//g- and sler-

Meaning: expr. root, onomatopoeic words

Material: Gr. Aapuy^, -uyyoq m. "gullet' (perhaps after cpapuy^ reshaped);

Latin lurco(r), -are, -5/7 "feast, eat plentifully, devour', if auf *lurgicosbe\x\q based on;
lured, -on/sm. " gormandizer, gourmand, voracious eater';

Middle High German s/urc' guWet', slurken 'gulp, sip, swallow ', Norwegian Swedish
s/^A/r "gulp, mouthful ', Norwegian Swedish s/urka"\n groften Zijgen slurp '; Modern High
German schlurchen "careless, neglectful go';

an onomatopoeic root sler-W\\h variant extensions in Latvian s/arpafa^o\6 rag', slarpatat
"lumpig einhergehen': Swedish s/a/f i/a "scrap, shred, rag'; Latvian slarkset {bes\6es
slarpset) "go sluggishly': Modern High German sc/7/5/'/re/7"schleifend go' {schlarfen6s.).

References: WP. II 716, WH. I 837.
Page(s): 965-966

Root / lemma: smeg(h)-

Meaning: to taste

Note: only Germanic and Baltic

Material: Middle High German s/77ac/7 "taste, smell, odor'. Middle Low German smak(e)

"das Schmecken, taste, smell, odor', smaken. Old Frisian smakia. Middle English smakin^

taste ';

with -kk-0\6 High German smac {-ekes) 'taste', smecken trans, and intrans. " taste ', Old

English sm^ccm. "taste, smell, odor', isl. smekkr6s.; with -g- (Indo Germanic variant

*smegh-): Old High German g/smagmo^ taste', gismag, ^/s/77a/7'schmackhaft';

Lithuanian smaguriaf tidbit ', smaguriauti^ nibble ', smaguris^ forefinger' (actually
'Naschfinger, Nascher'); perhaps is smeg(h)-as 5-form with Lithuanian megti
"wohlgefallen' etc. identical.

References: WP. II 689.

See also: s. megh- 'wohlgesinnt' above S. 707.

Page(s): 967

Root / lemma: (s)mei-1, smeu-

Meaning: to laugh, surprise

Material: Old Indie smayate, -a//"lachelt', Kaus. smapayatr, smita- "lachelnd", vi-smita-

"erstaunf, smaya-n. ' astonishment ', smera- 'lachelnd' (= Latin mTrus);

gr. (with o'-extension) |j£T5o(; "itkuic, Hes., (piAo|j|j£i5n(; " gladly lachelnd', p£i5r|aa,
M£i5iau) 'laugh';

Latin mJrus^ wonderful ' (formation as clarus, = Old Indie smera-); Latin comis, old
cosmis 'compliant, friendly', as 'with smile ', from a root nouns smi-\

Old Irish mTadu. 'fame, pride', ablaut. /77c»/o''/ic/'ruhmt sich';

Alemannian s/77/a 'astonish'; Middle English smJlin, engl. smile, Danish smile, Norwegian
smila^ smile '; Old English gal-sm^re^zum Lachen willing, inclined';

Latvian smeju, s/77/e/'verlachen', sma/c/a^the smile ' (in -o'- probably with dem Gr. to
compare); smaidit' smile, flatter, mock ';

Old Church Slavic smejg{*smei-jd), smi/atisg laugW, smechb^6as laughter';

Tocharian A smi- ' smile '.

Besides smeu-\x\.

Middle High German smieren, smielen, old Dutch s/77^y/e/7'lacheln', probably also
Middle High German smollen^irom Unwillen schweigen, schmollen; smile '; russ.
uchmylatbsa ' smile, schmunzein', dial, chmylftb ' smile ', probably also poln. dial, chmlic
s/i?'sich verfinstern, ein verdrieftliches face machen'.

References: WP. II 686 f., WH. II 94 f., Trautrnann 270 f., Pedersen ZcP. 17, 31 .
Page(s): 967-968

Root / lemma: smeit-, smit-
Meaning: to throw

Material: Avestan /75/77/s/a-"niedergeworfen, oppressed' {* ham-[h]mista-, with in Simplex
erfoigtem Aniautswandel from sm- to {h]m-)\ hamaestar- 'wer niederwirft, oppressed';
/775ez?- "throw', with Ablat., *emittere ex'= "mug, rob' {moi&at), with a- "(an sich) come
lassen' {ami&naiti), with pait'h "*zuruckschicken' = "den Laufpaft give, absagen', with ham-
"mug, rob' {hemi&yat); with ham+ aibf admit, allow, den Zutritt gestatten';

Latin mitto, -ere, mTsi, m/ssum 'go let, run let; send, senden', with expressive
intensification from *smTtd{*smeitd), compare cosm/ttere Pau\. Fest.

References: WP. II 687 f., WH II 97 ff.
Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smek-

Meaning: chin, beard

Note: in Old Indie with R

Material: Old Indie smasru-u. "beard, whisker, moustache' (assim. from *sma'sru-)\

(through metathesis) Armenian mauruk', moruk' 'beard';

alb. mjekre, mjekera, mjekra'dc\\v\, beard' {*smekra)\

Note:

Common alb. shift sm > m, drop of initial s- in alb.

perhaps Latin mala' mandible, maxilla ', Demin. maxilla {*smek-sla, dessen vowel with

Armenian avergleichbar would be); Irish 5/77ec/7 "chin' {*smeka), presumably Old English

sm^rasm. PI. "Lippen' {*smahrla-), in addition as "LippenbliJtler' nisi, smserai., smarlm.,

Norwegian Danish smeerem., Swedish dial, smarem. " clover', after other to smel- " smile

'; Lithuanian smakrasm., smakrai. "chin', Latvian 5/r75/r/'s"chin, palate';

Hittite zama{n)kur'beard' {*smokuror *smokru-).

References: WP. II 689, WH. II 15, Trautmann 270.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smel-1

Meaning: to burn for a long time, smoulder

Material: Middle Irish smal, smol, smuali. "fire, blaze, glow, ash'; mnl. smolen, Dutch

smeulen'g\ea'(r\, smolder'. Low German smelen, smolen ds.,

o-grade Flemish 5/77c»e/"muggy'; Middle English smolder' smoke', nengl. smoulder, also

(compare rauchen' exhale, smoke ': riechen' smell '), Middle English smel, smul{-ll-)

"smell, odor', engl. smell.

Upper Serbian s/77a//ic "singe, burn iiglitiy ', Lower Serbian s/77a//s "singe, blacken, make
black', kir. prysmafyty 'anbrennen'.

With A:-extension: Lithuanian smilkstu, sm/Ikt/" e\nen weak Dunst or Rauch from sich
give', smilkyti^ fume ', smelkiu, smelkti^ choke; suppress, crush';

besides in Germanic with r-Old English smor/an' choke; suppress, crush (tr.)'. Middle
Low German s/r7c/'(9/7"dampfen, choke; suppress, crush (tr.and intr.), schmoreii, Flemish
5/770/15/7 "smoke, misty sein'. Middle Low German smurten ' choke; suppress, crush'. Middle
English smorther, engl. smother\apor'.

References: WP. II 691 f.; Vasmer 3, 670, 675.
Page(s): 969

Root / lemma: smel-2

Meaning: gray

Material: Gr. \xzK\r\ "ash tree; spear, javelin from Eschenholz' (£U|j|j£Air|<; "with a guten

Eschenspeer bewaffnet'), |j£Aivo(;, fj£iAivo(; "eschen' (*[a]fj£AF-ia, -ivoc;), perhaps from the

grauen Farbe of Holzesund to Old Lithuanian smelus^ ash-colored, dun-colored, light

grayish brown ', Lithuanian pasme/t/" c\ou6y, dark become'.

References: WP. II 692;

See also: compare me/-6 above S. 720 f.

Page(s): 969

Root / lemma: smerd-, smord-
Meaning: to stink

Material: Gr. O|j6p5(jov£(; PI. "Stanker' Hes.; a|jop5o0v auvouaia^£iv; Lithuanian smirdziu,
sm/rdet/ ^st\nk', Latvian sm/rdef6s., Lithuanian 5/77//'o'e/e "dwarf elder', s/775/'o'//7//"stinkend
make', Latvian s/77e/io'e//s "Stanker', smards' fetidness ', Lithuanian smar[d]ve. Old
Lithuanian smarstas' fetidness ' (also smarste, smarstvas, s/77a/'S55"schlechteres fat',
actually " bad-smelling fat'). Old Prussian smorde^ alder buckthorn, alder dogwood '; Old
Church Slavic smrbdeti, russ. smerdetb "stink', russ. smorod' fetidness ', smorodina'
black currant ', poln. smrod, Czech smrad' fetidness '; in addition probably Latin merda
"ordure, ordure of Leibes'.

5/77e/'o'- "stink' is eine probably already Indo Germanic verselbstandigte use from
{s)merd- in Modern High German schmerzen, Latin mordere, s. mer-, merd " chafe '
(above S. 736 f), originally also "beiftender smell, odor'.

References: WP. II 691, WH. II 74 f., Trautmann 271, Vasmer2, 676, Specht KZ 62, 215.
Page(s): 970

Root / lemma: smeru-

Meaning: grease, fat

Material: Gr. probably apupi(; "Schmirgel zum Abreiben and Polieren', (a)|jupi^u) 'poliere

through Reiben, anoint, smear, rub', [jupov n. "wohlriechendes Salbol, plant juice ',

perhaps also (o)nupo(; "a kind of eel, Murane' as "fettig sich anfijhlend';

Latin perhaps in medullae PI. " marrow of bones and plants ', through influence of
medius^ in the middle, in the midst, mid, mean, middle ' from */r7e/'i///5 transfigured; Old
Irish sm{u)rr(\.. Gen. smera^ marrow ', cymr. mer^ marrow '; Old Icelandic smigru.. Old
English smeoru. Old High German 5/775/10 (Gen. smerwes) "Schmer, fat', whereof Old
Icelandic smyria, s/77y/'Ka'bestreichen, anoint'. Old English s/77/e/'tya/7 'anoint'. Old High
German s/77//we/7 "anoint, smear'. Modern High German Schmer, schmieren, Schmirgef,
with other stem formation Gothic smafrt^ru. 'fat', 5/775/7705 'ordure, crap, muck, droppings'
(meaning as Modern High German schmierig, Dutch smer/'g laeca\, mucky, dirty, filthy').

References: WP. II 690 f., WH. II 58 f.
Page(s): 970-971

Root / lemma: (s)mer-

Meaning: to remember; to care for

Material: 1. Old Indie smarati^ reminds sich, gedenkt', smarana-n., smrt/-' memory,

recollection, Gedachtnis', Avestan maraiti, h/smara/t/ ' {be)merkt' , m/mara- ^e'\ngedenk';

Armenian /77c»/777c»/r"Bedauern, Miftvergnijgen, distress, affliction'(with formants -o/r'from

a *mor-m[or]o-W\Vc\ fractured reduplication); gr. \xt^\xz^oc, 'was viel Sinnen, Sorgen

required '; jJEppaipu), pspunP'^w 'care, sinne, hesitate '; [jsppripa f. ' care, Sinnen',

Mspipvau) 'care, bin bedacht, grijble', post-verbal pspipiva f. ' care, anxiety '; also paprut;, -

poq, hom. fjapTupoc;, Cretan paiTup- ' witness, testifier '? different above S. 735;

Latin /77e/77c»/''eingedenk' (compare Avestan mimara-6s.. Old English ge-mimor6s.),
/77e/77c>/7a 'Gedachtnis'; A^o/fa'eine Parze';

Old Irish airm(m)ert\. 'forbid', cymr. ar/77e/f/7 'Vorbereitung' {*smert-). Middle Irish
/77e/'/5/io''richtet ein', bret. merzout^ become aware', Vannes 5/777e/'/7e//7'einrichten'; gall.
PN Smerius, Smertullus, GN Smertrios, Ro-smerta'6\e Voraussehende'; abrit. VN
Ipsprai.

Old Icelandic MTmir'a giant '; Old English mimorian ^s\c\\ remind', ge-m/mor' kno\Nn' ,
mamr/an 'uberetwas sinnen', Dutch m/jmeren'deep nachsinnen'; Gothic maurnan. Old
English murnan. Old High German mornen'care for, worry, anxiously worry about';

Old Lithuanian meref/^care for, worry', lengthened grade serb. mar/f/^s\c\r\ kijmmern
um', etc. {*mdr-)\

2. as "sinnen, sinnend dastehen' = 'hesitate' probably die group Latin morat "Verzug,
delay'. Old Irish mar{a)/m' stay '; corn. bret. mar'6oubt';

3. here as "jemanden wherewith consider, versorgen; Zugedachtes' also gr. pEipopai
{*o[iZQ\o[ia\) 'erhalte allotment ', poTpa ' allotment, fate, destiny' {*sm-, compare hom. Kara
MpoTpav), Perf. hom. eppops "hatAnteil', ei'papTai (*o£-apapTai) "es is durchs lot, fate
zugeteilt', sipapiJEvr) "fate, destiny', [^tpoq n., [j£pi(;f. " allotment, part', pspi^u) "divide',
M6po(; m. "lot, fate, fate, destiny, person's lot in life', Kaapopo(; 5uaTr|vo(; Hes.
{*Kaio[}opoq; Koppopo^Od. is newer formation), hom. appopoc; "unteilhaftig', nijopic;
za^zpr\[^tvr\ Hes., lak. popa "dividing off, partitioning off of spartanischen Heeres', [jopiov
"part'; probably also afjapravu) "verfehle' due to eines *a-/7ijapT0(; "unteilhaftig'; Latin
mereo, -ereav\6 mereor, -erf earn, acquire ' (i.e. "erhalte allotment ', "erwerbe mir meinen
allotment '), merenda "Vesperbrot, Mahlzeit the animal' ("*wherewith person and animal to
consider is').

References: WP. II 689 f., WH. II 67 f., 110, W. Oehl IF. 57, 2 ff.; Vendryes Et. Celt 2, 133
f., DuvalEt Celt 6,219 ff.
Page(s): 969-970

Root / lemma: (s)meukh-, (s)meug- (s)meugh-

Meaning: to smoke, smoke n.

Material: Armenian mux. Gen. /77A'c>y "smoke'; gr. apuxw (x = kh or gfr, sopuynv from the g-

form) "allow verschwelen; in langsamem fire consume'; Irish /77i7c/7 "smoke', cymr. mwg

(with alternation 0: u), corn. mok6s., bret. moug, mogl\re', moged'smoke' {-kh- or -k-);

with -g. gr. opuynvai; Armenian murk. Gen. /77/'/roy"sengend' {*smugro-);

Old English smeocan ^ smoke' , mnl. sm/eken and smu/ken 'smoke'; Kaus. Old English
sm/iecan' smoke, fume ', Middle Low German s/77d/re/7"schmauchen, fume, through Rauch
choke'; Old English smTecm. "smoke'. Middle High German s/77cȣ/c/7 "smoke, haze, mist';
Old English smocam. 'smoke', s/77c»c/a/7 "smoke, fume ';

Lithuanian smaugiu, smaugtr choke; suppress, crush (originally through smoke),
strangulate '; perhaps russ. smuglyj, kir. smuhfyj^ brownish black ' ("smoke-color '); Balto
Slavic words at most with gh, whereupon also Armenian /77oy^ 'brown, dark' as *smougho-
in comparison kame; unclear das relationship to russ. -Church Slavic smaglh^Aaxk, brown',
russ. smaga l\ar(\e; smut', Czech smahnout/^ dehydrate, desiccate, languish '.

References: WP. II 688 f., Vasmer 2, 669 f., 677.
Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: smeu-

See also: see below smei-1.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: sme, sma

Meaning: really, particle of emphasis

Material: Old Indie 5/773 emphasizing particle, gr. pa in Schwuren Beteuerungspartikel,

Thessalian pa "but, 5£'; *|ja (= Old Indie smS) extended to pav, Ionic-Attic ppv "indeed,

yet', Ionian (infolge Funktionsschwachung) shortened to |j£v, emphasizing particle; Latin

nam lor', originally Versicherungspartikel, maybe from */77^/7 transfigured; Hittite -/77a "but',

s. Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, A. Hahn Lg. 29, 242 f.

References: WP. II 685, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 569, M. Leurnann Mus. Helv. 6, 85 ff.

Page(s): 966

Root /lemma: smei-2. smai-. sm7-

Meaning: to carve; to work with a sharp instrument

Material: Gr. a\x\Kr\ "Schnitzmesser', apTvuri, o\x\y\}c, "hack, mattock, hoe';

Gothic aiza-smiPa^ smith ', Old Icelandic 5/77/id'/' "worker in wood (these das
geschichtlich altere) and metal ', Old English smid^ smith, Radmacher', Old High German
s/77/0'" smith '; Old High German smTda^ metal, Metallschmuck', ^/s/77/"o''/"Metallschmuck,
Geschmeide', Old Icelandic sm/dt " skilful work'; Old High German smeidar
"MetallkiJnstler'; an s- loose root form is probably mai-{mai-) "hew, hit, cavitate ', see
there;

doubtful Latvian smicens "black Spitzmaus' ("*nibbler '?? or to smidzis, above S. 966?),
Lithuanian s/77a//^s "sharp, snacking ', s/77///^s"Nascher, forefinger'.

References: WP. II 686.

Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: smei-3, smeid- smeig- smeik-
See also: see above S. 966 f. (sme-).
Page(s): 968

Root / lemma: sme- smeT-, sm-ei-

Meaning: to smear, rub

Material: Gr. Infin. apriv, Aor. apnaai 'smear, abwischen, abrade', 3. Sg. Pass. apnTai,

aijarai; a|jnxw, G\x\\%a\ ds., a|JU)X£iv " grind ', apripa f. " ointment ', a|ju)5i^, -iyYC"^ f-

"blutunterlaufener stripe, Strieme', apibvri (Gramm.) 'gust of wind'; Latin macula^ stain,

blemish; stitch in Stickereien' probably from sme-tia,

sme/-{\r\ addition 2. ma/-, above 697), 5/77e/- extended (or o^-present) in:

5/77e/i/-; Armenian m/c' smut' {*smidio-)\ Gothic b/-sme/tan 'besmear, bestreichen', ga-
smeitan 'smear, stroke'. Old High German smTzan 'stroke, smear, hit'. Modern High
German schmeiden. Old High German i6'/s/77/za/7 'besmear'. Old English besmTtan6s.;
Norwegian dial, smita, abl. s/77/?a'thin aufschmieren'; Old English smittian' blemish,
anstecken'. Middle High German 5c/7/77//ze/7'anstreichen, geiftein, hit'. Modern High
German verschmitzt. Old English smittei. ' stain ', Middle High German smitzei. ' stain,
smut';

Old Church Slavic smedt 'fuscus', also in russ. FIN., perhaps as '*schmierig' here
('doubtful', Vasmer 2,670 f.).

sme[i]k-\ smJk- 'zerriebenes, winziges tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch ':

gr. a|jTKp6(;, (a)MiKp6(; 'small, kleinlich, short', Doric Ionian [jikk6(; 'small' (Kurzbildung as
lippus, yuvvK;); Latin mlca'e\n tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a pinch, biftchen',
m/ic/dus 't\ny'; Old High German s/77a/7/ "small, little, low'. Old Icelandic smar {* smaha-)
"small'. Old English smea//cl\ne, painstaking ', Old High German s/77a/7e/7 "small make,
verringern'. Modern High German schmahen, Schmach, Old High German gismahteon'
dwindle ', Modern High German schmachten' languish ', ver-schmachten; 0\6 Frisian
/b/'s/77a/^"verschmahen', Middle Low German smaginge' abuse '.

In similar turn in " the little one, dainty, elegant ':

sme[i]g-. snffg-, poln. smagfy^ slim, fragile, flimsy '; smigfy6s., s/77/ga"thin rod' (a
borrowing from German schmiegen^ nestle, cuddle, snuggle ' is certainly nicht to think);
Lithuanian smaTgas^ shaft, pole'; Latvian s/77/o'z/5"mite, Wasserfloh';

with g: Lithuanian s^s/77/z^s "small, crippled '; nisi, smeikr' smooth, shy'; Old English
5/77/C'/'(9 "beautiful, dainty'. Old High German smechar, smehhar. Middle High German
smecker^ slim, schmachtig', Norwegian smikru. " fine piece of work ' (besides without s-
and with other Gutturalstufe migru. "allzu feine Arbeit', /77/g/'e/7 "fragile, flimsy ');

a clear meaning "smear, stroke' in Norwegian s/77//ra "stroke, smooth', smeikja^ caress,
flatter'. Modern High German schmeichein. Old English smac/ands., Middle High German
5/77/ic/re "the vorderste Teil a lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur; Schmift, wound'.
Middle High German smicke, sminke^ makeup '.

A ^/-variant (s)meu-\ (s)m9u-\ (sjmu- seems vorzuliegen in Old Icelandic ma{*mawen)
"wear out, scrape ', Norwegian muggm. n. ( *muwwa-) "Sagemehl'; Old Icelandic moa-sk
{*mdwdn) "verdaut become'; Modern High German Bavarian schmaudeln^ flatter'.

References: WP. II 685 f., WH. II 5 f., 85.
Page(s): 966-967

Root / lemma: smog-

Meaning: to weigh heavily

Material: Gr. \i6^oc, "toil, exertion ', poyspoc; (apoyEpov Hes.) "mijhselig', jjoyeu) "strenge

myself an', [joyK^Adv. "barely' (originally Nom. Sg. "sich mijhend' = "nurwith toil'); p6x6o(;

(*[j6^toc;) m. " exertion, toil', jjoxSeTv "sich abmijhen', jjoxOnpo^ "miJhselig'; |J0xA6(;

(*|jo^A6(;) "Hebebaum, lever', |joxA-£U), -£uu) "budge away, move away'; Lithuanian (zem.)

smagus^ heavy to bear, carry or to pull, drag', Latvian smags, smagrs 'schwerirom

Gewicht, lastend'.

References: WP. II 692.

Page(s): 971

Root / lemma: (sjnad^-

Meaning: to cut, slice

Note: only Celtic and West Germanic

Material: Irish snad- "carve, cut, clip', snassm. "cut, Hieb', cymr. nac/c/u'to chip, to cut',

acymr. nedim, ncymr. /7eotoyrKrummaxt', Middle Breton ezeff^ QuerayX , nbret. eze, neze

ds.;

Old High German snatta, Middle High German s/7a//e"Strieme, Wundmal', Alemannian
schnattwa, schnattwe^ incision ' {*snadwd), Swiss schnatzen^ q,2x\iq\ Low German snat
"limit, boundary', Modern High German Sc/7/7a/e 'Wundmal, limit, boundary'; without s. Old
Icelandic naddrm. "sting, prick, arrow'.

References: WP. II 694, Kluge-Goetze 685.
Page(s): 972-973

Root / lemma: sna-, sn9-(t-), snau- sn-eu- sn-et-

Meaning: to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters

Material: 1. Old Indie snati, snayate ^badei (sich)', participle snata-, Avestan snaye/te'

washes, purifies, cleans through SpiJIen', participle snata-; o(/7)-present -snadayarr, Old

Indie snapayat/ ^schwemmt', snapana- "zum Baden dienend (of water)'; in addition Latin

Neptunus above S. 316;

gr. vrixw, -opai "schwimme' (formation as apinxw, i|Jnxw under likewise; Indo Germanic
ghor kh)\ yv\aoc„ Doric yaaoc, 'island' as "Schwimmer';

Latin no, nare {* sna-Jo) 'swim', Umbrian snata, snatuAkk. PI. n. "Gmecta'; Old Irish
s/7a/77 "dasSchwimmen', cymr. nawf6s., bret. neunv/'swm'; Middle Irish s/75/io'"schwimmt,
crawls, flows ';

2. auf *sn9-t-base6 on Latin nato, -are "swim, flows '; Venetic FIN Nati-sd(n), *Natusis
Modern High German Netze; cymr. naidi. "spring' {*snatia), bret. n{e)ijari\y\ corn, nyge
"fly, swim', mcymr. dienad {* dhronata) "Tosen of Meeres', and Armenian nay'damp, fluid';

3. auf sn-et-, *sn-ot-base6 on probably gr. votoc; " southern wind ' ("Regenwind'),
v6tio(;, voT£p6(; "damp', voTi(; f. " damp '; thrak. FIN N£aTO(;, S. 759?

4. Beside sna-\\es snau- audi sneu-\

Old Indie snauti, participle s/7^/5-"triefen, a liquid of Korpers, particularly, specially,
especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably Mother's milk,
entlassen' (present Indo Germanic *snau-tiox lengthened gradees *sneu-ti)\ gr. vaw,
Imperf. vaTov, Aeolic vauw "flow' (*avaFju)); Zziio, yaF\oc, (Dodona) as stromend thought,
whereof vc(ia(;, Ionian vr|ia(;, -aboc,, also yaio,, Ionian vr|i'(;, -iboc, "stream, brook-,
Quellnymphe', Nripsuc;, Nr|pr|i5£<; (*ovaF-£po-, substantivized probably in vripov to
Tansivov Hes., das as "Meerestiefe' to understand, comprehend sein wird; but vr|pi5a(;
TogKoiAag nsTpag Hes. perhaps to ner- "penetrate'), reduced grade vapog (*va£p6g)

'rinnend, flowing ', vaETwp pscov, TToAuppoo(; Hes., Attic Vok. varop m. "stream', vapa
(*vaF£fja) " liquid, wellspring', vaa[}6q fvaFsaiJoq) " watercourse, wellspring, stream,
brook'; Middle Irish snau, sno ' stream' {*snaua)\

5. from *sneu-i'co'(r\: v£U) (Fut. vsuaopai) "schwimme', lak. voa nnvn. s-vvuGsv ekexuvto
Hes. Latin nutrio, -Tre 'suckle, nourish ', derivative from a *sneu-trTierc\. 'milk flow lassend';

as o^extension from sneu- one understands Middle Irish 5/7i7ao'(also FIN) 'river';
'caesaries' ('*herabflieftend'). Middle High German s/7^z 'catarrh', Norwegian snott. Old
English gesnottu. 'Katarrh', Old Icelandic snyta. Old High German snuzen. Modern High
German schneuzen, Norwegian snutm. 'snout'. Modern High German Schnauze' snout ';

with yo; Middle High German snupfe. Old Icelandic 5/70/0/7© 'catarrh'. Middle High
German snu fen ^wheeze', snuben^pant, sniff, snort' ; after Wissmann, Nom. postverb. 178
f. are Germanic snub-, snup-, snud-, snut-, snug-, snuk- lautmalend (as also snab-, snap-,
snad-, snat-, snak-, ebda. 187 f.), after Johannesson 223 f. belong sie to snu- 'pant, sniff,
snort, pusten', also to the above *sneu-\

with Indo Germanic t Middle High German snudel, snuder, s/7Jo'e 'catarrh'. Old High
German snuden 'pant, sniff, snort, schnarchen'. Old Icelandic 5/7/4'^ 'snuffle, sniff, scent
(of dog)', snudra, snodra ds.;

whether here thrak. vuaa ' nymph '?

References: WP. I 397, II 692 ff., WH. II 146 f., 172, 190 f., Loth RC. 46, 154 f.
Page(s): 971-972

Root / lemma: sneig-
Meaning: ' crawl, creep '
See also: see below sneg-ds.
Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: sneig^h-

Meaning: to snow; snow, *rain

Note:

Root/ lemma: sneig^h-: 'to snow; snow' derived from a zero grade {*suu-etos, *suerid) :

Old Indie sunSti^ squeezed, pressed ' = Avestan hunaoitioi Root/ lemma: seu-1, se^a-.

SU-: 'juice; liquid, rain'.

Material: Prakrit. sineha-{= Old Indie sneha-) "snow'; Avestan snaeza-'to snow', pamir.
sugni zdn/j'snow', {*snaiga-)\ gr. vicpa Akk. "snow', horn. aYavvi(po(; " much snowed on,
snow-capt ', vsicpsi (vicpsi) " it is snowing ', vi(pa(; " snowflake ' (vicpsTOc; " snowstorm,
snowfall '), Latin nix, /7/V/s "snow', nivit^ it is snowing ' (probably /); nasal-pras. ninguit
{ninxit} ds.;

Irish snigid^ it drips, is raining ', snigeu. "drip, flux ', snechtfaje ' snow' (to /-forms
compare vicpsToq); cymr. nyrsnow', nyf/o^to snow';

Old High German Old English snTwan^io snow' (stem V., participle gi-snigan, compare
still Modern High German Bavarian participle geschniwen; otherwise Modern High German
schw. v.). Old Icelandic snyr^ it is snowing ' (participle snifinn " snowy '); Gothic snaiws
"snow' = Old English snaw. Old High German s/7eo(Gen. snewes);

Lithuanian sniegas, Latvian sn/'egs {vo\Ne\ from the undertaken verb) "snow', sna/ga/a'
snowflake ', sniega^ it is snowing ', Inf. snigti. Old Prussian snayg/s^ snow', Old Church
Slavic snegb "snow'.

• Sumerian ^^^4, "frost; cold shudder, chills', seg8/9: "snow; ice' (cf., s^gga)-
References: WP. II 695, WH. II 169 f., Trautmann 272 f., Vasmer2, 680, R. L. Turner
BSOAS 18, 449 f.; compare Old Indie sn/hyat/' become damp, sticky ', sneha- m. "
stickiness, oil, fat '.
Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: sneit-
Meaning: to cut

Material: Gothic sne/Pan, Old Icelandic snfda'cut, clip, reap'. Old English snTdan^cxA, clip,
hew, hit'. Old Saxon snllhan. Old High German snTdan^cui, clip'; Old Icelandic sneid^
sliced piece'. Middle High German sneite^ through den wood, forest gelegter Durchhau' ;
Old High German s/7//"the cut'. Middle High German s/7/o'e "cutting edge', intensive.
*snittdn\n Middle High German snitzen^0QX\ie'; Old Icelandic s/7e/s "small
(abgeschnittener) twig, branch'. Old English snaes, s/755"spit, pike. Speller', Middle High
German sneise "row, cord, whereupon etwas gereiht wird' ( *snoid-ta);

kir. 5/7/rclot, chunk', Czech s/7e/"bough' {*snoito-s); compare perhaps Middle Irish
s/7e/o' "small, short', whether from Old Irish *sneithl

References: WP. II 695 f.
Page(s): 974

Root / lemma: (s)nerb-
Meaning: to cut

Material: Gr. voppsT svTapisTrai, voppa KaArj Hes. (as Modern High German 'schneidig'?);

also Gothic at-snarpjan 'aniassen'7; Old Icelandic snarpr^ sharp, hart, uneven', snerpa'

sharpen ', Dutch snerpen'b\te (from Wunden), ache', westfal. sn/rpsch ^ sharp (of wind)';

Old High German s/7eAi'&/7 'together pull, drag'; without s-: nisi, norpa' freeze '.

References: WP. II 701;

See also: whether to the above sner-b- {sner-2)7

Page(s): 977

Root /lemma: (s)ner-l, (s)nur-
Meaning: to murmur, grumble

Material: Gr. evupsv Eipiasv; svupnaeK; 9pr|vr|a£iq; ovupi^EOi 65up£Tai Hes.; Middle High
German snarren^ burr, babble, chatter', snerren^ babble, chatter', s/7^/re/7 'sough, rustle,
buzz, whirr', snurraere, snurrinc^ merrymaker, fool'. Modern High German schnarren,
schnurren, Schnurre, engl. snarr growl ', Middle English snorin, nengl. snore
'schnarchen'. Middle English sneren, nengl. sneer^ contemptibly laugh'; Middle English
/7^/77e/7'hersagen', Swedish dial, noma, /7y/77a 'zuflij stern'. Old Icelandic norn
'Schicksalsgottin', Middle High German narren, nerren^ growl ', Old High German narro
'fool\

Lithuanian niurniu, n/urnef/" dror\e, grumble, growl '; Latvian nura'e'\r\ weinerlicher
person', nurat'dror\e, grumble, spinnen as eine cat '.

Auf -{//Middle English s/7i//Y//7 'schnarchen'. Middle High German 5/75/2- 'Schnarre,
Wachtelkonig'; Latvian /7i/?D'e/ 'murmur, drone, grumble, growl '.

Auf-p: Norwegian Swedish s/7e/'/ra'prusten, schnarchen', Swedish snurka' groan ',
Middle Low German snorken, s/75/'/re/7 'schnarchen, pant, sniff, snort'. Middle High
German snarchends.. Modern High German schnarchen, Norwegian nurka^creak, growl ',
Dutch nurken 'dror\e, grumble, norgein'; Lithuanian snarglys^ nasal mucus ', Latvian
snurgalasds. ('*rattling, clashing, groaning '); snirguoV sob; fauchen as die Ganse';
Latvian nrrgu6ties^\\b\\r\\sc\\ laugh', hu?gt'd\e Zahne show'; also probably Lithuanian
/757y/K// "somewhat slowly tun' (meaning similarly as in Swiss norggen ' o\r\r\e Erfolg
arbeiten').

Auf -A:" Old Icelandic sngrgia {*snarguldn) " groan ', Modern High German norgeln,
nergeln^ inarticulate sprechen, with verdrieftlichem naselnden Tone tadein'; Lithuanian
niurksau, -oti^ dismal or brijtend dasitzen', Latvian hurk'et, hurkstet, nurkset^ drone,
grumble, murmur, growl ', ngrka'e\n weinerlicher person', /7aA/rse/"weinerlich sein, creak',
n/rksfet' gnash, ein Gerausch make, as if etwas bricht', snirkt^ gnash '.

Auf -p:0\6 Icelandic snarfla^ groan ', Norwegian Swedish snarva^ growl, die Zahne
fletschen'.

References: WP. II 698 f.
Page(s): 975

Root / lemma: (s)ner-2

Meaning: to turn, wind, etc..

Note: perhaps extension to sne- ds.

Material: Old Indie nrtyat/ ^tanzt', nrtf-i. " dance, game', /7/f^- "tanzend', narma-n., narma-

m. " joke ', narfstai. ds., etc.; miran. nar- 'catch'(Persson Beitr. 816a 1);

gr. vapva^ kiPu)t6(; Hes. (and inschriftlich), from which dissim. Aapva^ 'Kasten, hutch,
vessel'; through Weitergreifen this dissim. Wandels also *vapKOc; (from the /r-extension,
see below), still receive in vapKiov aoKoc, Hes., to AapKO(; "basket';

Old Saxon nam. Old English nearu, engl. /75/7'ow" narrow' {*nar-wa- actuaWy
"zusammengeschnijrt'). Old Icelandic in Ngrva-sund ^G\bra\tar' (besides Mgrva-suncf and
Modern High German Nehrung^ spit, tongue of land, schmale promontory ' from *ner-wa-).
Old High German narwat, narwom. "scar' (i.e. "zusammengezogene Wundrander'), also
"ansa, fibulatura'. Modern High German Narbe d\a\. also " agrafe, hook, clasp, Krampen an
TiJren' as Norwegian norve' agrafe, hook, clasp, cramp' (and Latvian nars, nare' agrafe,
hook, clasp ');

Modern High German Bavarian der-narren' rigid become, particularly, specially,
especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably vor frost' ("*shrink
up, -krampfen'), /75/7'"miftratene verschrumpfte fruit', narr{S\N\ss) krampfartige Spannung',
narrennage/ ^uni6rm\g ausgewachsener Nagel'; zero grade (with s-) Modern High German
schnurren, ein-schnurren, -schnorren ^s\\uye\ up, shrink', isl. snurda^knoi an a Faden,
bildlich of NasenriJmpfen';

lengthened grade Old Icelandic nari^ groin ' ("Einschnurung of Leibes'), Middle High
German naerlich ^conc\se, genau, young ' and with gradation Old Icelandic Nori

'Zwergname', norv\. "narrow bay, Sund', Danish Swedish /7c»/'"toddler, whole small kid,
child";

probably Old High German snuor'cord, band, strap, rope, cable', Danish-Swedish snor
6s., Gothic 5/70/70 "geflochtener basket'. Old English sner {* snorio) " string of a harp'. Old
Icelandic sn0rix\. 'gedrehtes rope, band';

Lithuanian neriu, nerti^ submerge, einschlijpfen, einfadein', nyrli, preterit nirau, nirti
"sich schlangein, ranken', /sn/rt/^s\c\r\ dislocate, luxate, crick ', naras' aquanaut ', narys'
loop, noose, snare; joint, limb, member'; Latvian nars, nare^ agrafe, hook, clasp ';

russ. neret, neret6^V\v\6 offish snaring net';

here belongs ner-3, above S. 766.

extensions:

5/7er-i&- with Germanic p. Norwegian dial. 5/70/775 stem V. ' shrivel, shrink due to excess
dryness, wrinkle up, shrink up ', Old High German {bi-, fir-) snerfan^den Mund
zusammenziehen, die Miene verfinstern'. Bavarian schnurfen's\c\r\ einziehen, shrink ' =
Norwegian snurpa la\te\n, loose stitch up, sew together', Norwegian snerp'sk\n auf the
milk'.

sner-g-:0\6 English 5/70C»/r5/7 stem V. " shrivel, shrink due to excess dryness, wrinkle
up ', Norwegian snerka, snyrkjads., snerk(e)xx\. "thin skin auf the milk'. Old Icelandic
snerkja ( *snarkian) "pull together, furrow '.

^5^/7e/"-Ar-; Armenian /70/'(goi/" tenuis, gracilis' ("*zusammengeschnurt or eingeschrumpft');

gr. vapKH "das solidification, cramp, Lahmung; Krampfrochen', vapKav " solidify, congeal
' (see also above about vapKiov, AapKO(;); Old High German sner(a)han (stem V.)
"schlingen, tie, bind, knot, bind'. Middle High German snerhen^ tie, bind, knot, bind, pull
together'. Old High German snar{a)ha^ loop, noose, snare ', Old Icelandic snara
{*snarhdn) "schlingen, tie, bind, knot, coil ', snarai. " loop, noose, snare ' (Scandinavian
loanword is Old English snearei. " loop, noose, snare '), snarr^rash, hasty, sharp'. Middle
Low German snarllken Mn . "quick, fast, bald'. Old English snierian^hurrY from *snarhian
("quick, fast' from "was sich dreht, quick, fast wendet').

References: WP. II 699 ff., WH. II 165, Trautmann 197, Vasmer2, 213 f.
Page(s): 975-977

Root / lemma: sneu b^- {*sneu- b^-)

Meaning: to woo, marry, nymph

Note:

Root/ lemma: snusos {* snousos): daughter-in-law : Root/ lemma: sneit'^-{*sneu-b'"-): to

woo, marry, nymph, derived from a suffixed in -b^-format of Root/ lemma: sna- sna-(t-J,
snau-, sn-eu-, sn-et-: to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters.

Material: Latin nubo, -ere, -psi, -ptum^ marry, from the wife, woman', pronuba' married
woman who conducted the bride to the bridal chamber ', conubium {*co-snubiom) "
marriage/wedlock; right to marry; act/ceremony of marriage (usu. pi.) ';

russ. -Church Slavic snubiti^ couple ', Czech snoubiti^ woo, court, marry, betroth '
(Kaus. *snoub^eid); with secondary nasalization proto Slavic, dial. *sngb-;

nasalized gr. vuijcpn "bride, virgin, nymph ', vuiJ(piO(; ' bridegroom ', vupcpsuw " betroth ';

probably as *snusos^rorr\ the connection through marriage and extension to sneu-'
Faden zusammendrehen. tie, bind, knot '.

References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f., Trautmann 273, Vasmer2, 683.
Page(s): 977-978

Root / lemma: sneud(h)-1

Meaning: drowsy, to drowse

Note: perhaps to sneu6^-2.

Material: Gr. vugto^u) 'sleep; bin sleepy, careless, neglectful', vOoiaKoq, -Ktoq ' sleepy ';

Lithuanian snaudziu, snausti, Latvian snauzu' drowse ', Lithuanian snaudalius' drowsy

person', snaudulys " slumber ', Latvian snaudule 'Schlafratze', Lithuanian snustu, snudau,

s/7i/5//"einschlummern', snuda, snudis^Sdc^s^er, Traumer'.

References: WP. II 697.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: sneu6y-2

Meaning: mist

Material: Avestan snaoSa-^ clouds', siJdbaluci /7oo'"leichtes clouds, fog, Regenwoike'; gr.

vuGov acpwvov. gkotsivov, y\jQ(bbzc, aK0T£ivaJ5£(; Hes.; Latin /7JMs "cloud', in addition

obnubo, -ere^ veil, cover ' (durchs Perf. obnubTa\so formal from nubo, nupsFmarry' sharp

geschieden), under between probably as denominatives verb: "(sich) bewolken' = "(sich)

cover', at first of sky, heaven, then generally; cymr. nucfcflog' (to GN Nuddsee above S.
768);

possibly originally as " dampness ' = *sneu6!^-Vr\e extension from sneu- besides snau-
and sna- (see there) 'flow'; as 'benebelt, dim, dusky, cloudy = sleepy ' perhaps to
sneud(h)- 1.

References: WP. II 697, WH. II 183 f.
Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: sneu-

See also: see above under sna-.

Page(s): 977

Root /lemma: (sjneb'^-ri-, (sjnob'^-n'-

Meaning: narrow

Note: only armen. and german.

Material: Armenian nurti' narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ' {*sndo^-ri-, = Old Icelandic

*sn0f/);

Old Icelandic sn^fr{Gen. -rs) 'narrow; quick, fast', aschw. snsever^ tight, slim, slender,
thin, narrow'. Old Icelandic sn^fugr^rash, hasty, agile', with gradation Old Icelandic sn0fr
'quick, fast, agile', reduced grade sngfurligr^rash, hasty'; s- loose Nebenformen aschw.
neeverav\6 nover. Old Icelandic n0fr{neutr. n0frt) 'rash, hasty, agile' (in addition also
Middle High German, Modern High German Alemannian nuofer'a\ed, awake, smart, fresh,
sober'. Modern High German Bavarian nuober).

References: WP. II 698.
Page(s): 973-974

Root/ lemma: {snep-), snop- snap-
Meaning: to gather in sheafs, sheaf, bundle

Material: Latin (etrusk.?) napurae ^StrohseWe'; Old High German snuaba WWa' , snuobili^
small chain '; Old Church Slavic snopt 'Ssapn. fasciculus, £ni5£a|J0(;, ligatura', russ.
snop-b etc. ' fascicle, sheaf ';

References: WP. II 698, WH. II 142, Trautmann 272, Vasmer2, 682.
See also: probably extension to (s)ne- 'zusammendrehen'.
Page(s): 974-975

Root / lemma: sneu-. 5/7 J- and sneu-

Meaning: to turn, to bind, attach; band; sinew

Material: Old Indie snavan- (n.) and snavan- 'band, strap, sinew'; reshuffling eines r/n-

neuter: a-snavira- 'ohne Sehnen' {snuta- 'from the sinew'), Avestan snavara^s\v\e\N'

[snauya- 'from an Tiersehne gefertigt'); Armenian nearcf's\ne\i\/, filament. Fiber' ( *sneurt);

gr. vsupov 'sinew', vsupa 'sinew, bowstring '; Latin nervus^s\ne\N, tendon; muscle, Nerv';

alb. /7i/5'Bindfaden, cord' {*snu-tio-)\

Old Icelandic snua {snera, snuinn) ' coil, zwirnen, turn ' {*sndwan), snudr. Gen. -arm. '
loop, noose, snare ' and ' quickness ', Old English snudvn. 'haste, hurry'. Old Icelandic
snud/gr^s\c\r\ herumdrehend (of millstone), quick, fast', Gothic sniwan. Old English
s/7eoM/5/7 'hurry'. Old Icelandic sn0ggr^ o^uick, fast' {*snawwu-), Norwegian snaa
'hurry'(*s/7ai4/e/7); *s/7e^-/77/c»- 'hurrying' in Gothic sniumjan^\\uny\ sn/umundo^ hasty', Old
High German sniumiM]. 'rash, hasty, hasty, sly, cunning'. Old English sneome Mv .
'rash, hasty, immediately ' (besides stands ein unerklartes Old lcelandics/7e/77/775, snimma
' early, bald');

Latvian snaujis 'loop, noose, snare '; Old Church Slavic snovgar\6 snujg, snuti
'anzettein, ordlrT, Iter, osnyvati, russ. snovatb 'anzettein' and 'quick, fast hin and her go'.

Tocharian B snaura^Sehueu, Nerven'.

cognitional with {s)ne- and presumably out of it um originally formant -u- extended.

References: WP. II 696, WH. II 165, Trautmann 272, Vasmer2, 682.
Page(s): 977

Root /lemma: (s)ne-ax\6 (s)nei-

Meaning: to sew together, to web, spin

Note: (maybe from the present sne-Jd\ or backwards s/7e-from snei-l); compare the

related roots snep-, sneu-, sneu-, (s)ner-, also netr-a66er, viper'; s. also 1. ned-S. 758 f.

Material: Old Indie (unbel.) s/7ay5//'umwindet, dressed ', snayu, snayu-i., n. 'band, strap,

sinew' (in addition probably nTvf-, /?/>/- 'umgebundenes kerchief, cloth, Schurz');

gr. vfi 'spinnt' (*avr\i£i; £vvr| 'nebat', £uvvr|TO(; 'good gesponnen' prove AnI. sn-). Put.
vnaw; vnGu) 'spin', vf|pa 'Gespinst, filament ' (= Latin nemen), vf|aig 'the spinning ' (: Old

High German nat' suture'), vnipov " distaff (= staff for liolding flax, wool, etc., in spinning)
'; vu)p£vo(;, vajvia Gramm. probably from *vr|-6|j£vo(;, *vriovTa;

Latin neo, nere {* sne-Jo) 'spinnen', /7e/77e/7'Gespinst, texture ', netus6s.;

Middle Irish s/7/7o''dreht; binds, afflicts, mijht sich ab'; cymr. nyddu'nere', corn, nethe.
Middle Breton nezaff6s. {*sn(i}id)\ Middle Irish snTmm. "the spinning, Drehen; distress ';
gradation snd-\v\ Old Irish snath(e)^ filament ', bret. neud6s.; (but cymr. ysnodenlace,
band', corn. s/7c»o''vitta' from engl. 5/7000' 'hairb and '); Old Irish snathat' need\e', cymr.
nodwydd ^acus, acicula', acorn, notuid. Middle Breton /750'boz' needle';

Old High German /75^'nahe' (= Latin neo, gr. vp. Old Indie snayati, yet without s-), nat '
suture\ Gothic net^la. Old Icelandic nal. Old High German nadala. Old English naedli.
"needle' (Old Icelandic snaelda^ Handspindel ', probably reconverted with metathesis from
* snged[i]la)\ *snd-\v\ agutn. snot^. New Swedish snoc^d) "cord'. Old English snodi. "head
fascia' (: Old \ns\r\s nafh, Latvian snate);

Latvian snaju, snaf lax zusammendrehen, spinnen', snate, snane, snatfejnet "leinene
cover';

5-loose: natns "leinen, zwirnen', nat(e)ne = snat(e)ne\ *nT- as zero grade to *nei- (see
above Old Indie nTvi-) in Lithuanian /7y//5"Hevelte or Weberkamm', Latvian /7/?s"part of
Webstuhls', Old Church Slavic *nitb " filament, rope', russ. nitb " filament ', Serbo-Croatian
/7/?/" Webertrumm '.

References: WP. II 694 f., WH. II 159 f., Trautmann 199, 272, Vasmer 2, 221.
Page(s): 973

Root / lemma: snusos {*snous6^

Meaning: daughter-in-law

Grammatical information: f. o-stem

Note:

Root/ lemma: snusos {* snousos): daughter-in-law : Root/ lemma: sneit'"-{*sneu-b'"-): to

woo, marry, nymph, derived from a suffixed Root/ lemma: sna- sna-(t-), snau-, sn-eu- sn-

et-\ to flow, swim; damp, nymph of waters.

Material: Old Indie snusads. (reshaped after the Fem. in a-); Armenian nu, Gen. nuoyds.,

gr. vu6(; ds.; Latin nurus, -us ds. (reshaped after socrus); Old High German snur, snora.

Old English snoru. Old Icelandic snor, sn0r. Modern High German Schnur^ daughter-in-

law ' (after the a-stem), Crimean Gothic schnos {Hs. schuos); s. -Church Slavic snhcha ds.;

perhaps also alb. nuse, nusja'bnde' {*snus/e).

Note:

Amazingly gr. vuo^, Armenian nu, nurus, alb. nuse obey the same phonetic laws of alb. sn-

> n- or the drop of initial s-

References: WP. II 701 f., WH. II 190, Trautmann 273, Vasmer2, 682 f.; after Specht Indo

Germanic Dekl. 90 f. to Old Indie sanotT acquires, wins ', above S. 906; s. though above

sneUci^-.

Page(s): 978

Root / lemma: soi-to-
Meaning: sorcery'
See also: see above S. 891 {se-).
Page(s): 979

Root / lemma: solo-, sol(e)uo-

Meaning: whole, integrate

Note:

Root/ lemma: solo-, sol(e)uo-\ "whole, integrate' derived from Root/ lemma: sal-\ "salt;

salty water'.

Material: Old Indie sarva-^ unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged, whole, all, each,

every ', Avestan haurva-, ap. haruva- " unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged,

whole' (= gr. oKoc,, ouKoq, alb. gja/e, compare also Latin salvus). Old Indie sarvatat(i)-^

intactness, completeness, entireness, wholeness, welfare, salvation', Avestan haurvatat-

"Ganzheit, Vollkommenheit, welfare ' (= gr. 6A6Tr|<;); Armenian olj{*solio-) "fit, healthy,

whole, complete '; gr. Attic oKoc,, Ionian ouAo(; (*6AFo(;) " complete, whole', Vok. ouAs (:

Latin sa/i/efrom *salve) through reinterpretation to an Imperativ);

besides with vollerer Formansstufe oKobc, (from *6A£F6(;), oAosTtqi uyiaivsi Hes.; alb.
gjale, ^/Me "strong, fat, alert, awake, smart', ngjal, ngjairbe\ebe, heal, fatten' {*soluo-);
zero grade: Latin salvus^beW, fit, healthy, gerettet', salve {see above), Umbrian sal(u)uom
"salvum', Oscan sa/ai/s "salvus', Paelignian SalauaturPH "Salvator' from * salvo- {*saluuo-
or *salouo-= gr. oKobc^, Latin salus, -//s"Unverletztheit, haleness, healthiness,
Wohlergehen', salu-bris "the haleness, healthiness zutraglich', Sallustius (with lengthened
-/A); besides *solos\x\ soli-dus, soldus ^ dense = gediegen, massiv' and "tight, firm,
complete, whole', so/dv "dense, filzig', solidare^ to make firm or solid ', Paelignian solois
"omnibus';

Italian *sollos {*sol-no-) in Old Latin sollus '\.o\\is et solidus', Latin sellers, sollemnlsetc,
Oscan sullus 'omnes'; but cymr. bret. holl, oil, corn. oZ/'whole, all', belong to Old Irish oil
(above S. 24); Tocharian A salu' complete ', B 5C»/-/77e 'whole'.

References: WP. II 510 ff., WH. II 471 ff., 555 ff.;

See also: perhaps in ablaut to sel-, above sel-6S. 900.

Page(s): 979-980

Root / lemma: so{sJ, sa

Meaning: demonstrative stem; he, she

Grammatical information: originally only Nom. Sg. m. f., die other case of stem to-, fem.

also sT

Material: Old Indie saand sah{*sos), f. sa, Avestan ha and ho, f. /7a (also in Old Indie e-

sa, Avestan ae-sa'this'; with particle -^Old Indie a-sau, Avestan hau, ap. hauvm. f. 'this,

diese', compare gr. ou[ioc;]);

gr. 6, n (Doric a:) article (Attic etc. also PI. oi, ai compared with alterem Doric Toi, rai);
substantivisch 6q (Kai 6c;, r\b'6q) from *sos (or slos), wherefore sich n. 6, Akk. 6v, pv etc.
gesellte; further das with den ro-forms as the relative gebrauchte 6c; by Herodotus; *so-u-,
sa-u'\r\ ou[to(;], au[Tr|]; 6-5£ 'this';

alb. *so, *sa\n k-u'th\s', /reyid 'diese' {*ke-o) and a-u' that, that yonder, that one;
emphatically, that well-known; in contrast with hie, the former, (sometimes the latter)', a-Jo
'ilia'; Old Latin sa-psa "\psa' , sum, sam, sos, sas'eum, eam, eos, eas'; *so-in Oscan exo-
'hic' (e.g. Abl. f. exac) from *e-ke-so- (to front part s. ko- 'this');

gall, so-sin, so-sloAkk. Sg. n.. Old Irish {s)a n- Neutr. of article, and Relativpronomen, s
prefixedes Pron. the 3. Sg. f. and 3. PI. (//77yC>i/'circum eos' lmb+ si/from *sdns) etc.; Old
Irish demonstrative -so{*sos) 'this, -e, -es'; bret. /70/7'unser', ho-z' your ';

Gothic sa, so. Old Icelandic sa, sCr, Old English sem.;

Tocharian A m. sa-m, f. sa-m, n. ta-m; Tocharian B m. se ( *so), f. sa, n. te;

to anaphorischen 50 belongs also Gatha-Avestan hoi, jav. he, se, ap. saly, gr. oi 'ihm';

besides ein erweit stem sOJio-, sO'lia- Old Indie syah and (after sa) syam. syai., ap.
hya^xr\., hyai.; perhaps Old Irish se'this' from *slod, and -se, -saparticula augens the 1.
Sg.; very doubtful is ZuriJekfuhrung from Old Icelandic s/a'this' on previous *slo.

Fern. *5/ gr. "sie' (Soph.), Old Irish 5/~"sie', Gothic s/, Old High German s/~ s/"sie'; in
addition after Rosenfeld, Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 176 schwachtonig 5/in Proto Norse
s/-a/naR 'that', sa-s/'th\s', su-s/'6\ese', f^at-s/" this '; genus-indifferent are Akk. Old Indie
s/777, Avestan h/m, ap. s/m.

References: WP. II 509, Wackernagel-Debrunner III 536 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 610 f.,
Pedersen Tocharian 1 1 1 3 f.
Page(s): 978-979

Root / lemma: sofujra : sora

Meaning: calf (of leg)

Material: Gr. aojpoi tt65£(; (m 89) 'Beine ohne Waden'?; Ionian (bpr\ Teil eines Opfertieres,

calf?;

Latin sura "calf, if with -ur- from -or, or -u- in ablaut to -du-7

References: WP. II 510, WH. II 634, Frisk 205.
Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: spako-

Meaning: drop, point

Material: Gr. ijjaKa(; (late i|j£Ka(;) "Regentropfen, tiny bit, a slight amount, a little, a bit, a

pinch ', HJOKa^u) 'tropfle', HJOKaAov n. 'neugeborenes animal'; Lithuanian spa/ras 'drip,

Pijnktchen'.

References: WP. II 652, J. B. Hofmann Gr. Wb. 425.

Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: speg-

Meaning: to be attentive, sharp-sighted

Note: (or spog-)

Material: Old Icelandic S/oaAr 'smart, peaceful, gentle', spekii. 'reason, wisdom ', spekt

{*spakiPd) f. ' wisdom ', speA/^'weismachen, besanftigen';

Old Church S\ay\c pazg, paz/t/ ^achten auf, with 5^'sich hijten'.

References: WP. II 660;

See also: compare spek-^ peer ' and Old English specan etc. under (s)p(h)er(e)g-.

Page(s): 981

Root / lemma: speR-

Meaning: to watch

Material: Old Indie sp5sa//(Dhatup.), pasyati^ sees ', participle spasta- (= Avestan spasta-

, Latin spectus), 5/0a/"Spaher' (= Avestan spas, Latin au-, haru-spe)^, spasa- ds. (: gr.

aK0TT6(;), Avestan spasye/t/" spahi' (= Latin specio, gr. aKeiTTOMai), spas'Spaher', spastar-

ds. (= Latin -spector, umb. spetur-e), spasa/?- "hinspahend auf (= Old High German speho

"Spaher'); Armenian spasem^\ expect ' is Iran, loanword;

gr. aKSTTTopai "look, see' (oKsn- reconverted with metathesis from *spek-)\ aKoi^bc,
"Spaher; purpose ', OKonsTv "observe, aim, examine ', aKOirri, OKonia: "Warte', oksi^jk;
"Betrachtung"; alb. pashel sah' {*[s]poR-s-l)\

Latin specio, -ere, -xT, -ctum'see' {con-spicioeic), specto, -a/'e "watch, look ', species
"sight, prestige, appearance, apparition', au-, haru-spex, specus, -Os'cave', speculum
"mirror", specular, -art peer'; Umbrian SyC»e/^/'e"spect5rr, SyC»e'/^/7e"spect5riae';

Old High German spehon^ peer', in addition spehai. "aufmerksames Betrachten,
Untersuchung, Auskundschaftung, Aufpassen'; Old Icelandic spa "Wahrsagung' {*spahd:
gr. GKonn? yet point at spa- auf root stress and is post-verbal origin dubious, s. Wissmann
Nom. postv. 1, 41); spa^ forecast, soothsay ' {*spahdn, s. Wissmann a. a. O. 1, 110), spar
"wahrsagend, prophetisch' {*spaha-s); Old Saxon Old High German spa/?/ "smart, skilful'.

References: WP. II 659 f., WH. II 570 f.;
See also: compare S/oe^-"hinsehen'.
Page(s): 984

Root / lemma: (s)pel-

Meaning: to speak aloud; to tell

Material: Armenian ara-spel^ Sage, proverb, saying, riddle ';

Gothic spilln. " narration. Sage, fable'. Old Icelandic spjalln. " narration, discourse ', Old
English spelln. " narration, discourse, Predigt' (engl. gospel= Old English god-spell)
"Evangelium'; Old High German spel -lesn. " narration, discourse, Marchen', Old High
German Middle High German bf-sperbe\e\r\rende narration, fable, Gleichnis', Modern High
German Beispiet,

therefrom Gothic spilldn " promulgate, tell'. Old Icelandic spialla "talk, mention ', Old
English spelllan ^ta\k, tell' (engl. spell). Old High German got-spellon 'evangeWzare', Middle
High German spellen'teW, talk, babble, chatter ';

with it are as s- loose forms compatible gr. ansiAri " threat; prahlerische Versprechung'
(c(TT£iA£U) "drohe; gelobe, verheifte; rijhme myself, boast, brag'), whether from *an£Avia,
wherein a- am ehesten die preposition *n 'in'; (also Germanic -/A probably from -//?-)
Latvian pe"?/" vilify, scold, blaspheme, slander', pa/'as {P\ur.) 'reprimand, abuse ', iz-pal'uot
'proficient ausschmahen', as well as Tocharian pal-, pal- ' praise '.

References: WP. II 676 f., WH. I 59, Frisk 119 f.
Page(s): 985

Root / lemma: spend-

Meaning: to offer libation

Material: Gr. onEvSw 'verspreche (Gortyn); bringe ein Trankopfer dar, spende', Med.

'schliefte einen pact, covenant'; anov5n 'Spende, libation, drink offering made to the

gods; PI. Vertrage';

Latin spondeo, -©/"©(Kaus.-lter.) 'feierlich promise, sich verburgen'; sponsa'6\e
Verlobte'; respondere'e\ne Gegenleistung promise; antworten'; despondere an/mum^ den
courage sinken let'; Hittite 5/p5/7o'-'spenden, sacrifice'.

References: WP. II 662, 665, WH. II 578 f., Pedersen Hittite 166.
Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: (s)pen-l(d-)

Meaning: to pull; to spin

Note: (s)pen- : spe(i)-^7\e\\eu' = pen-leed'\ pa-^ graze the cattle, feed' = b^a- : b'^en-

'speak'; compare das different vokalisierte pan-^ texture ', above S. 788.

Material: 1 . forms without -5-:

Armenian hanum, Aor. hanayav\d henum, Aor. henrio weave, stitch up, sew together';
s. above Meillet Esquisse2 55, 105, 111 f.;

gr. TT£vo[jai 'strenge myself an, miihe myself ab, have Mangel', ttovo^ 'muhsame work,
hardship, distress ', novsoj 'mijhe myself ab, etc.', novr|p6(; 'in schlechtem Zustande,
defective, faulty, lewd, lasterhaft', nsvnc; 'arm, poor', nsvia 'lack, poverty', nsivnv 'starve',
from which probably retrograd nsivr) 'hunger' and Trarot; svSupa Tf|(; "Hpat; Hes. as *pn-
tos, diese or eine similar /-formation lies also dem Old Irishe/- ' apparel ' the basic;

Lithuanian pinli, p/nt/l\ax, wattle, braid', pant/sm. f.. Old Prussian pantoi. 'manacle',
Latvian pinu, /O/7'flax, wattle, braid', yC>//7e/r/s 'manacle';

Old Church Slavic pbng, yO^Z/'spannen', ablaut. opona\. "curtain', ponjava'limhang,
dress', /op/c»"manacle'(serb. puto), wherefore among others russ. prepjatb "hinder',
raspjatb "crucify ', pjatb, pnutb "with dem Fuftestoften' and Old Church Slavic p§ta
"calcaneus ' (serb. petasati^W\Vc\ den Fijften ausschlagen'), russ. pjata, serb. peta,
Lithuanian pent/sm. "ds.; back the axe, the scythe'. Old Prussian yoe/7//s "calcaneus ';

perhaps alb. pende, pende^pa\r Ochsen; yoke (piece of wood as field measure)' from a
*penta'* yoke, pair of harnessed oxen '; also yOe'/7/r"Kopper;

2. forms with aniaut. s-:

Latin spontelrom eigenem actuation, from freiem Willen';

Gothic Old High German Old English spinnan. Old Icelandic spinna "spinnen' {*spenud,
compare spannanS. 982 from *spa-nud). Old High German spinna^ spider' (under the
influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-); with plain rr. Old Icelandic spun/m.
"Gespinsf, Old English spinel. Old High German sp/na/a {and spinnila) " spindle'.

3. extension (s)pen-d-:

Lithuanian spendziu, sp^sf/^e'\nen Fallstrick lay, place (spannen)'. Old Lithuanian
spandau, -y// "spannen', Lithuanian spanskus^ narrow, driJckend', sp^stas' dragnet',
Latvian sp/est'press, constrain, oblige', iterative spaidft, sp^ds/s' Fallstrick, dragnet ',
Latvian spendele^ feather an a Schlosse', 5/oa/7o''a"Strickwerk am Pflug', as also pam.
s/?^/7c//'"plough', gr. aniv5£Tpa aporpov Hes. (i.e. aniv5r|pa);

Old Church Slavic /0^/7o'6 "span', pgd/t/^urge, press, push, drive, push' (originally
perhaps "ein Vieh an gespanntem Strick vorwartsziehen'); presumably also as "gespannt
hangen', Latin pendeo, -ere^ hang, herabhangen', pendo, -ere'\Nagen, assess, pay' (to
weighing hang), Umbrian a/77yC>e/7/^"impendit6'; whether also Old English fintam. "tail,
Folge'?

References: WP. II 660 ff., WH. II 579 f., Trautmann 214, 219, Vasmer 2, 272, 379 f.
Page(s): 988

Root / lemma: speno- steno- p(a)steno-

Meaning: teat; breast

Material: 1 . aniaut sp. Old Irish sine m. "teat': bo tri-phne = bo tnsine "cow with drei

Zitzen', Middle Irish sineSeain ^uvu\a';

Maybe alb. Geg {*sinl) g/'/n/'breasi, teat' [common alb. s- > gj-] probably homonym with
alb. gjVbay, harbor' : contaminated by Latin s/nus'a bent surface, hollow, coil, curve, fold,
winding; of dress, a fold, pocket, lap; in a coastline, a bay, gulf. Transf. heart, secret
feelings'.

Old Icelandic spen/m. 'teat, nipple ' (Old Swedish sp/n/a\so "Zapfchen in neck'). Middle
Low German speneds.; ograde Old English spane, spanui. ' nipple ', spanan
"entwohnen'; Middle High German spent 'breast. Mother's milk ' (probably *spanr,
compare Modern High German Span-ferkel); reduced grade Middle Low German sponet.
Old High German spunni, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Middle
High German spcinneand spune^ nipple '; Lithuanian s/?e/7j7s 'teat, Zapfchen in neck,
Ohrlappchen', Old Prussian spen/'s 'teat'.

2. Middle Persian np. p/'stan' female breast' {*pastana-), Avestan fstana-\x\. Du. 'ds.,
nipple, knot' {*pstana), araavafsnya'the hochbusigen'. Old Indie 5/a/7a-' breast, esp.
female '; Armenian st/n' female breast' {*steno-. Gen. Sg. stean); gr. arnviov a-iv\Qoc, Hes.
(daft aTr|9o(; related sei, is heavy credible; has besides Gnviov, TiGnvri once a *9r|-6o(;, *if\-
QoQ, bestanden, das besides arnviov eine parallel formation arriGoc; ins Leben treten
lieft??).

The association the Aniaute under yO(o»y)5/e'/7- seems possible.

References: WP. II 663, Trautmann 275, Specht, Indo Germanic Dekl. 86.
Page(s): 990

Root / lemma: spergh-, spregh-, nasalized sprengh-

Meaning: to hurry, to spring

Note: Erweit. from sper-' twitch, schnellen'.

Material: Old Indie sprhayati' longs for, empfindet envy ', Avestan a-sparazata'^ax

bestrebt';

gr. anspxopai ' storm along, hurry (an£px6|j£vo(; 'hasty, hasty, rash, hasty'), boisterous,
be angry, furious ', ottspxcjo 'drange, drive', an£pxv6(; 'quick, fast, hasty', aan£px£<; Adv.
'violent, ardent '; here cymr. ffraeth{see 996);

Old Icelandic S/O/7/7^5 'spring, burst out, break out ', Old English Old Saxon Old High
German springands.; Kaus. Old High German sp/'e/T^e/? 'spring make (ein horse),
(zer)sprengen' and 'strew, distribute, spray, sprenkein'. Old Icelandic sprengja' sprinkle ',
Old English sprengan' outspread, break, crack; burst, saen'; Middle High German sprinc

{-g-) "spring, wellspring', Old English SyO/7>7^'Wasserqueir, engl. spr/ng'ds., Sprungfeder,
Knospenspringen, spring '; old Ablautform *sprdgh-\n Old Icelandic S/O/'o^a "spring, run'.

References: WP. II 675, Trautmann 278 f.
Page(s): 998

Root / lemma: (s)per-l
Meaning: rafter; pole, spear
Note: originally denominativ

Material: Latin spams, sparum'Wurzer spear, javelin of Landvolkes as Jagd- and diirftige
Kriegswaffe' {*spero-)\ in addition a kind offish spams, gr. arrapoc;; alb. shparr, shperdhe
"oak' (as "timber'; /■/■from m); Germanic *speru- in Old Icelandic S/cyipA" spear, javelin'. Old
English spereu.. Old Frisian spin, spere, sper. Old Saxon Old High German sper. Middle
High German sperm, n.. Modern High German Speerxw., Old High German spereboum
"aesculus'; Old Icelandic spari, sparrim. "Speller, rafter, balk, beam', sperrai. {*sparridn)
"roof beam'. Old High German Syoa/ro" balk, beam, roof beam, shaft, pole'. Modern High
German Sparren^ rafter'; therefrom Old Icelandic sperra'\N\t\r\ Sparren versehen; die
Beine spreizen, aussperren, verhindern'; Old Icelandic sperra. Old English be-, ge-
spa/77a/7"verrammeln'. Old High German Middle High German sperren^ through
einenSperrbalken verschlieften, sperren; ausspreizen';

other formations Old High German spirdren^u'W^ (/-Verb as muntren, s. Schatz,
Germanica for Siewers 367);

without ani. 5-.' Latin par/es'waW (originally "die SeitenstiJtzen eines Zeltes '); Slavic
*pbrg, *pert/^prop, support', with yOC»o'b-"fulcire', with za- "claudere', e.g. Old Church Slavic
podhptrg, pret/^prop, support', zapret/" shui', russ. u-peretb "stemmen, an or against
etwas prop, support; refl. sich whereof lean, sich wogegen sperren, strauben', zaperetb
"versperren, verschlieften', poln. p/'zec "spreizen, lock ', Old Church Slavic podbporb, -
yOOAa "fulcrum, baculum', russ. upor^padi, Strebepfeiler' etc.

References: WP. II 665 f., WH. II 254, 568, Trautmann 275 f., Vasmer 2, 341 .
Page(s): 990-991

Root / lemma: sper-2(g-)

Meaning: a kind of bird (sparrow?)

Material: Gothic sparwa. Old English spearwa. Old High German spare ^ sparrow' (*proto

Germanic *sparwan-); Middle High German sper//nc Moderr\ High Qerrr\ar\Sperling,

diminutive; Old Icelandic spgrrds. from *sparwa-z, compare also Modern High German
Sperber, Old High German sparwari{i\v\a\ ending after Old High German aro^ eagle '
transfigured?);

gr. anapaaiov opvsov i\x(^z^ZQ, arpouGco Hes. (*anapF/7-//c»/77); the formant ^also (??) in
gr. ijjap, Ionian ep. i^jrip (hom. Akk. PI. ii;r|pa(;), Gen. ijjap6(; 'Star' (originally *ijjapF-(;,
Gen. *itjapF6(;?), newer i^jcipoq, i|japO(;, 4JC(po(; m. ds., iijap6(; "stargrau'; in addition
probably Old Saxon spra, Dutch spreeuw. North Frisian SyO/7a/7, Middle Low German spren.
Low German (Modern High German) sprehe^ Star';

corn, frau, bret. frao^crow' {*sprawa)\ daft Latin parra'e\n bird, dessen Geschrei
UngliJckbedeutete', Umbrian parfam, parfa 'parram' {*parsa) an s- loose kinsman, relative
sei, is quite dubious;

Tocharian A sparan'e\n bird';

forms auf p: gr. PN iTTopyiAoq "sparrow', (a)TT£pyouAo(; 6pvi9apiov aypiov Hes.; Old
High German sperk, sperch, SyO//r/7 'sparrow'. Old Prussian spergla-wana^is] 'Sperber'
(actually 'Sperlingsgeier'), ablaut, spurglisvn. 'sparrow'.

References: WP. II 666 f., WH. II 257, Trautmann 275.
Page(s): 991

Root / lemma: sper-3

Meaning: to turn, wind

Material: Gr. ansTpa f. ' convolution, Spirale, all Geflochtene (e.g. of net, rope, hawser)',

GTTeipau) 'coil, wickle', onEipapa ' convolution, diaper '; o-napioo, m. 'ein shrub, bush, from

dessen Ruten man Bander or Stricke flocht', anaprov, anaprri 'gedrehtes or geflochtenes

rope, band'; anupi(; (Ionian a(pupi(;) 'geflochtener basket' (from dem Akk. anupiSa derives

through etrusk. mediation Latin spo/Ya 'geflochtener basket');

Old Lithuanian spartas^bav\6, strap'; probably here Armenian p'arem, p'arim
'umschliefte, umarme'.

^-extension spereg- nasalized spreng- ' coil, umwickein, dadurch eng tie up ':

Gr. anapyu) 'wickle ein', anapyavov ' diaper ';

Lithuanian springstu, sprihgti' strangle, throttle, choke (Intr., beim Schlucken)',
sprengetiAs., sprangus 'wurgend', Latvian sp/'a/7^^/'einschnuren'.

References: WP. II 667 f., Trautmann 279.
Page(s): 991-992

Root / lemma: sp(h)ei. sp(h)iav\6 sp(h)e. sp(h)a-2
Meaning: to pull, drag

Material: Gr. anaw, and) ( *spa-sd) 'pull, zerre, verrenke, falle with Zuckungen, Krampfen
an, pull ein, suck ein'; a(paK£Ao(; m. 'Zuckung, cramp'; anaapoq m. "Ziehen, Zuckung,
cramp', anaa|ja n. ds. "rag, scrap, shred'; arra-S- e.g. in napaauaq, -OT\a,boc,i.
"Pflanzenabsenker', arraSi^ "abgerissenerZweig', anaScbv m. " twitch, cramp, ana5u)v "the
castrator', Ionian anaSi^w "pull ab, reifte ab (5£ppa)', argiv. ana5iov "araSiov' ("in die
Lange gezogen'); das sonstige araSiov " racecourse ', probably through support in aTa5iO(;
"stehend'; arraTOc; n. "skin' ("*Abgezogenes');

partly auf a present *spa-n63iX\6 spa-nuo based on probably die Germanic family Old
High German spanan^ entice, stir, tease, irritate' ("*lure, tempt '), Old Saxon spanan^
entice, veranlassen, set in motion ', Old English spanands., Old High German spennen
{*spanjan) "allure, entice, incite ' = Old Icelandic spenja^ aWum, entice, iJberreden',
Norwegian spana {* spanon) "spannen, strecken', span rr\. "Spannung', Old High German
spansV actuation, allurement, temptation '; ^/■5pa/7s/" enticement, deception ', Middle High
German (^e)-S/0e/7s/"enticement, devilish delusion, Gespenst', Modern High German
abspenstig machen, widerspenstig. Middle High German S/05/7 "discord, fight, contentio'
{*spe-n-), widerspan 6s., widersp3ene^W\6ers^eus^\0)'\ Old High German spannan
{*sp9nud) "spannen, anspannen'; intr. "sich dehnen, gespannt inerwartungsvoller
Spannung sein'. Middle High German spannen 6s.; Old English 5yOa/7/75/7 "spannen, fasten,
anfijgen'. Middle High German span, -/7/7es "Spannung, ZerwiJrfnis, discord'. Old High
German spanna. Old English spanni.. Old Icelandic spgnni. "span', Kaus. Old Icelandic
SyOe/7/7a"umspannen, umschlieften, urge, press, push'. Middle High German spennen
"spannen, dehnen'; eine Germanic Gutturalableitung in addition in Modern High German
Spange; Old High German spanga. Old English spang6s.. Old Icelandic spp/7^"thinPlatte,
floe, floating mass of ice'; spanst\N\x6 Germanic formation from spananirom sein.

Auf a /oparticiple *spa-/ds with the meaning from Latin tenuis "thin, also watery, from
liquids' based on probably Old Swedish sp3edher^ix3i^\\e, flimsy, tender, young ', schw.
spad, Danish sp^o' "tender'. Old Icelandic spad^Mu soup';

the same meaning "tenuis' with /-vocalism in:

gr. aTTi-v6(; " lean '; Old Irish seim{*speimh) " exilis, macer ', se//77e "Dunne';

with guttural extension: gr. aniKovov arraviov Hes., airiYvov piKpov, ppaxu Hes.; Old
Icelandic spikim. "Meise'; Swedish dial. sp/k/7n'th\n, fragile, flimsy, lean ', Swedish dial.
S/0//7/r"schmachtiger person', Norwegian sp/ken'and, lean, gerauchert' (Old Icelandic
S/O/i^Z-ZaA- 'gedorrter salmon'), isl. spe/A/a 'dehydrate, desiccate', Swedish 5/0//7/r "splinter'.
Middle Low German sp/k'dry' (Modern High German Sp/ck-aa/ etc.).

References: WP. II 655 f.;

See also: in addition sp(h)ei-3, (s)pen-1(d-)a'c\6 (s)p(h)eu-d-.

Page(s): 982

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)elg-

Meaning: to split, splinter

Note: (further formations from (s)p(h)el- 6s.)

Material: Armenian p'elk^\ox\q piece of wood or Stoff; Old Icelandic spjalkirP\. 'Speller',

Old English speic, S/0//c; 'chip, splinter, Holzschiene', East Frisian S/Oa//re 'splinter', spalken

'break, crack, split'. Old Icelandic spelkja. Old English 5/0//ca/7'schienen'; compare cymr.

ff loch en 'wooden splinter' ( *splokitna)\

gr. cpEAyuvEi aauvsTsT, AppsT Hes.; Lithuanian pasp/7g^s 'th\n in straw (of corn, grain), in
Wachstum zuriJckgeblieben', become better to a particular family the meaning
'verkijmmern, kijmmerlich' zusammengeschlossen.

References: WP. II 680.
Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: sp(h)elgh(en, -a), splengh-, splegh-

Meaning: spleen

Note: taboo deformed

Material: Old \r\d'\c p/Ihan-, Avestan sparazan-m., Armenian p'aicain, gr. airAnv (*aTTAr|YX,

compare onAayxva Nom. PI. ' intestines, entrails '), Latin lien. Old Irish selgi.. Middle

Breton felc'h. Old Church Slavic slezena.

Maybe from Avestan spardzan 6en\/e6 alb. {*spelatan) shpretna ' sp\een' .
References: WP. II 680, WH. I 789, Trautmann 256, Vasmer 2, 605, Turner BSOAS 18,
451; different Specht, Die old Sprachen 5, 120.
Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-1

Meaning: to split, cut off, tear off; board

Material: Old Indie sphafaf/ {Dhatup.) 'reiftt, springt auf, S/0/75///5-"gesprungen, zerfetzt',
sp/7a///r5-'Bergkristair ('sich blattrig abspaltend'), *sphafayaf/ ^spWts', covered das
participle sphatita-, sphutat/ ^spWts sich, springt auf, platzt, reiftt' (sek. sphotati); besides
diesen /- present (: Old High German spaltan) das /c»-participle S/0/7^/5-'aufgebluht, open '
(: Gothic spilda); Old Indie /05/5//"splits sich, cracks', patayati^ sp\\\.s, breaks, rips' (: patu-
"sharp', gr. nAaruc; ' salty '? s. under *pltu-s)\

yO/75/5//" cracks, springt divided ', phalakam ^ {*c\oyev\ wood) board, lath, leaf, shield,
Holzbank', phala-xx\. ' plowshare ' ('zugespitztes AststiJck'?); Old pers. Glosse anapa-
papai oi Ysppocpopoi Hes. 'schildtragend', npers. ispar, s/psA'shield' (Old Indie /0/7a/'a/77,
spharam^s\\\e\6\ uncovered, probably from dem Iran, and in aniaut afteryC>/7a/a/r5/77
directed);

gr. ocpaAaaasiv tsijvsiv, ksvtsTv Hes., ocpaAa^ 'Stechdorn', oanaAaGoc; m. ds. ("*whereof
man sich reiftt, scarifies '), ocpaAa^, aacpaAa^, anaAa^, aanaAa^ ' mole ' ('die Erde
aufreiftend'), anaAuaasTai anapaaasTai, TapaaasTai Hes., aanaAov gkutoc; Hes.,
onaAauGpov "SchiJreisen'; anoAia ra napariAAotJSva spiSia ano tu)v oksAwv tu)v
npopQTCjov Hes. (: Latin spolium), Attic anoAac; 'abgezogenes fell, fur' and "Uberwurf from
Leder, breastplate, mantle', Aeolic anaAic;, Attic HJaAic; 'scissors'; to acpaAaaasiv also
GcpaAoc; TuftblockforGefangene; Wurfscheibe' and ocpaAAu) 'throw (originally with
'Prijgeln'), toss, fling, bump, poke' and '(at first beim Ringen) ein leg place, in fight,
struggle hinder', from which 'bring to collapse, injure, hurt, deceive, cheat, deceive', Med.
'waver, fall, sich irren', aa(paAr|(; 'unerschijtterlich, ohne sich fortstoften to let' - ' peaceful,
certainly', ocpaAspoc; ' slippery ', ocpaAjja 'falscher footstep '; acpsAac; 'wooden log, club,
cudgel; ausgehohlter block, bench ';

from Alb. perhaps yoa/e'side, party ' ( *polna, compare Old Church Slavic pol-b 'side,
bank, border, shore, gender, sex, half); yOOyoe/e'FelsstiJck, plaice', plis {*pli-tio-) 'clod of
earth', plish^ reed ' {*pli-sio-)\

Latin spc»//^/77 'abgezogene orabgelegte Tierhaut; dem Feinde abgenommene RiJstung,
booty';

with /-Erweit.: Old High German spaltan. Middle Low German spalden 'split', Gothic
spilda {* spelta) 'Schreibtafel', Old Icelandic spjald {*speltos) 'board'. Old English speld
'splint; bit of wood'. Middle High German spelte' cleaved bit of wood, Handgerat the
Weberei'; Old Icelandic spjall, speZ/'damage' {*spell=>a-, -/■), Old English splld, splld'
annihilation. Ruin', whereof Old Icelandic spllla, spella'spoW, slay' {* spell=>jan, *spell=>dn).

Old Saxon spildian, Old English spMan' destroy', Old High German spildan, spilden
"waste, spread', Old Saxon spildT generous '; Germanic /in Middle Low German spelte^
cloven piece'. East Frisian spa/terds., Germanic *spe/td {out of it Latin spelta) in Old High
German spe/za Vulgar Latin spe/ta {irom which:) " spelt '; engl. spe/fer'Z\nk' {* spaldiz-);
Old English Syoa/o'^/'' Balsam' {*spalduz- " effluence from cloven plant '); />present Old
EnglishSyC»///a/7, Middle High German SyO///e/7 'split' {*spelljan), wherefore without s- Swedish
^a7/"Schinnen in Haar'; Old Icelandic spglr^t\\\v\ flache shaft, pole'. Middle English spale
ds.. Middle High German spale^ rung, horizontal step on a ladder'; probably (as "thin, flat
bit of wood') Old High German spuolom., isl. 5/0o/e"Weberschiffchen', Norwegian spole
"coil, spool' (Germanic *spdlan-)\ Old High German S/O^o/5 (Germanic *spdldn-) 'coil,
spool', "duct, tube, pipe, quill '; without ani. s-\ Old Icelandic ^ip/"board' {*pela);

with /-Erweit., but without s- probably Irish alta(i)n, cymr. ellyn, acymr. elinn' shearing
knife ', abret. altln<^\. ' ferula ', Middle Breton autenn, nbret. aotenn' shearing knife '
{*paltlnS); mcymr. allaw'shave' {*alta-mu-); J. Loth RC. 45, 173.

Lithuanian spalls, PI. spallal, Latvian 5pa//"Flachsschaben'; Latvian S/05/s "handle, hold,
grasp'; Old Prussian 5pe/a/7A'//5 "splinter';

Old Church Slavic ras-platltr spWt' {*poltltl, compare Modern High German spalten. Old
Indie sphatati), platb'^dKoc,, scrap, shred', poleno'p'\ece of wood wood', /OC»//ic5 "board',
palica. Old Russian paltka'stScV!, russ. ras-polotb "entzweischneiden', polotb, poltb
"(abgeschnittene) Speckseite', poltlna'haW, Old Church Slavic po/b. Gen. -^"half, side,
bank, border, shore, gender, sex'; Old Bulgarian plevg, pletl {russ. polotb) " weed ', plevelb
"weed'; *o-pelnb\r\ Czech opien, c»/0///7"Gipfstock, Rungenstock', sloven, opien
"Wagengipfenholz' etc.;

with dem i/from plevg {* peluo) is zusammenzuhalten: Latvian spalva' feather,
Gefieder, hair', 5/0/7i/5"husk, Samenwolle, Wollgras', SyO//i/^/7s'Bettkissen' etc.;

Tocharian A spaltk-, B spalk-^s\cV\ anstrengen';

References: WP. II 677 ff., WH. II 571 f., 577 f., Trautmann 204, Vasmer 2, 398, Flasdieck

Zink under Zinn, 1 57 ff.

See also: with {s)p{h)el- "split' hang possibly together: pel-'sk\r\, fell, fur', S/oe/g- "split',

sp/e/- "split', yo/e/- "naked, bald, bleak', piek- plelk- ' rend ', pleu{s-, -k-) "ausrupfen', plas-

"abspalten'.

Page(s): 985-987

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)el-2

Meaning: to shine, shimmer

Material: Old Indie sphulirjga-m. 'spark' (Erweiter. eines *sphuli= Armenian p'ail, Indo

Germanic *spheli-), vi-sphulirjga-^s., vi-spulirjgaka-^ sparking, producing sparks';

Armenian p'ail. Gen. p'ailic' radiance, shimmer ', yC>'5//e/77 "gleam, shimmer'; p'alp'aHm,

p 'oip 'oiim 'gleams'.

fltextension sp(h)el-g-, nasalized (s)p(h)leng-:

Latvian spulguof <^\q2xx\, sparkle, glitter', spulgis'\he Funkelnde = the morning star',
spulgans, spilgans' shimmering, gleaming'; nasalized Germanic *flinka-' shimmering,
also from rascher Bewegung' in Low German (Modern High German) /7//7/r'rash, hasty,
quick, fast', flinkern' <^\QdX(\, shimmer'. Middle High German kupfervlinke'Kw^iererz',
changing through ablaut (perhaps secondary) Modern High German /7i//7/re/77 'flicker;
einem etwas vormachen', and perhaps Latvian planga, plunga, p/e/T^a 'blister'.

o^extension, nasalized (s)plend-, (s)pland-:

Gr. anAr|56q m. (anAr|5u) f. Hes.) 'ash'; Latin splendeo, -e/"© 'gleam, shimmer'. Old
Lithuanian splendziu, sp/endet/ "g\ear(\, shine'; perhaps also Old Irish /ess {* /anssu- kom
*pland-tu-) 'light'; Middle Irish /a//7/7ec/7 'gleaming' {*plandjakd). (common Celtic -/7S-, -nt- >
-nn-).

References: WP. II 679 f., WH. II 576 f.
Page(s): 987

Root / lemma: sp(h)e(n)d-
Meaning: to shiver, to shake

Material: Old Indie spandate' shrugs, jerks, hits, knocks from', spanda- m. ' twitch,
movement', snayu-spanda- 'P\}\ssc\\\ag\ spandana-m. 'twitching'; gr. acpsvSovri
'Schleuder', acpaSa^w ' twitch, wriggle, bewege myself violent'(*a(p/75-); a(p6v5uAo(;,
GTTOvSuAo^ m. 'whirl an the spindle, etc.'; unnasalized acpsSavoc;, acpoSpoq 'violent, keen,
eager'; older Dutch spat 'cramp'. Modern High German Spa1{h), Middle High German spat.
East Frisian spat{t), spad[de) ' tumefaction am Pferdefuft' (Germanic d, dd besides t, tt
kann new Variation sein), Low German Dutch spatten' twitch, wriggle ';

here Lithuanian spjstu, 5/q/s//" erg lanzen', spindziu, sp/ndet/"g\earc\', Latvian atspfst
'wiedererglanzen', sp?det'g\earc\, gleam, shine', ablaut, sp^dzs 'gleaming, bright,
luminous' {*spandus), spuodrs' g\eav(\\x\g, durchsichtig, clean' {*spondros).

References: WP. II 664, Trautmann 275;
See also: compare *sp(h)eng- 'g\eam'.
Page(s): 989

Root / lemma: sp(h)eng-

Meaning: to shine

Note: (and *speg-l)

Note:

Root/ lemma: sp(h)eng-\ to shine derived from Root/ lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erag-,

(sjpfhjreg- (nasaWzed spreng-) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Material: Lithuanian sp/ngu, sp/nget/^g\earc\\ sp/ng/s ^Durchbau in Walde';

Latvian sp/gana'e'\ne Lufterscheinung, dragon, witch ', sp/gans6s., sp/gan/s IrrWcht' ,
sp/^i///5'Johanneswurmchen', S/O/^^/^o/ 'shimmer'; spuoga' reflection ', spuogalasi. PI. "
radiance ', spuogat^ q\eav(\'\

Old Prussian soanxt/{\eg. spanxti) 'spark';

to this group as '* blinking ' also Lithuanian spangas^ inarticulate seeing ', apspang^s
'verblendet', 5/Oa/7^j7s'Halbblinder, Schielender'; also Old English spincan^ spark,
produce sparks', engl. sp^/7/r 'spark, Feuerschwamm, tinder' as '*phosphoreszierend';

da helle light- and PWfflBWpWICTfiW^BBWBempfindungen frequent, often with the
same words identified become, possibly also Lithuanian spengti^ clink ', Latvian sp/egt'as
eine mouse pfeifen' angereiht become;

perhaps Indo Germanic spheng-, also to gr. (p£YYO(; n. 'light, shine', cpEyvu) ' shine,
erhelle';

da *S/Oe/7o'- 'gleam' eine Zerlegung in *sp{h)en-g-, -d- zur Erwagung places, kann
speng^ot zuversichtlich as nasal form eines:

(sjpeg- ge\ten, das erschlossen wird from Modern High German Spukirom Middle Low
German S/Od/r 'spook, ghost' (Germanic *S/Oo/r-); if in addition also the group from Middle
Low German spakeren ' spray' (etc.)?.

References: WP. II 663 f.
Page(s): 989-990

Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)-

Meaning: to rush; to spring; running

Note: o'/TTZ-extension to 1 . and 2. sp(h)er-.

Comments:

Root / lemma: sp(h)erd(h)-, (s)p(h)red(h)-, nasalized sp(h)rend(h)-\ to rush; to spring;

running, derived from Root /lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erag-, (s)p(h)reg-(s\^sdX\LQ^

spreng^ : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Material: Old Indie spardhate, spurdhati{Pexi. pasprdhe. Inf. spurdhas§) "wetteifern, fight',

sprdh- f. "Wetteifer, fight, struggle' (: Gothic spaurds), Avestan sparad-i. ' eagerness '; gr.

in spartan, names In£p0ir|<;; Gothic spaurds t ' racecourse ', Old English spyrdm. "

racecourse, Wettlauf, Old High German spurt' racecourse '.

In weiterem Bedeutungsumfange:

Gr. anupGi^Eiv " jump, wriggle, violent bewegt sein'; Old Icelandic spradka' wriggle ',
Norwegian spradla^s. {*spradla), westfal. spraddeln^s.. Old High German spratalon^s..
Old High German sprata'Wnea, regula, norma'. Middle High German spretzen' spray'; Old
Icelandic spordrm. "tail; aufterstes end from etwas'. Middle High German sporte'taW, Old
Icelandic *sperdill, PI. *5/0e/tc|]/a/' assumed from Norwegian dial, speril, sped, S/0«/'kurzen
tail';

with Germanic t. Swedish sprata'\N\th den Fijflen umherstoften, strampein', Norwegian
sprat/a' wriggle ', Old High German sprazzalon' wriggle ', Middle High German spretzen
{*sprattian) 'ausspritzen'. Modern High German Bavarian spratzein 'spxay, spray'. Middle
Low German spartelen, spertelen, sportelen ' wriggle ';

nasal. Old Icelandic spretta {*sprintan) "auffahren, jump, sprossen, spray, aufgehen
(from the sun)', Kaus. spretta {*sprantian; partly also sprattiarR) "losreiften, separate'.
Middle High German sprenzen schw. V. " sprinkle, spray, sprenkein = bunt schmiJcken,
clean' and "sich spreizen, einherstolzieren'; Middle High German s/7/7/7z'das Aufspringen
the Blumen, Farbenschmelz', Modern High German Bavarian sp/7/7z"aufgeschossener
junger person'. Old High German spranz' crack', Middle High German spranz'6as
Aufspringen the Blumen; das Sich-spreizen', Middle English sprenten 'spnng, run',
nordengl. sprent'spnng, burst', sprent' smirch, stain, splotch ';

Lithuanian sprandas' nape ', Latvian spranda6s., Lithuanian spr/ndys ' span' , Latvian
sprfd/s ds.]

with Germanic d

Old English spr/nd'agWe, lively, strong', Old Icelandic sprundi. " gap, cleft, fissure; wife,
woman';

Old Church Slavic predajg, -a//"spring; tremble', russ. prjadatb, prjanutb " jump, spring',
ablaut, poln. pA^^/'Stromschnelle', slov. prddek^a\ex\, awake, smart' etc.

References: WP. II 675 f., Trautmann 277 f., Vasmer 2, 450.
Page(s): 995-996

Root / lemma: sp(h)er-1, sp(h)era-

Meaning: to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush, etc..

Grammatical information: spijo, spf-na-mi6s:.

Note: compare /OeA-f sprijhen, spray', further: sper- "sparrow', sper- 'rafter', sp(h)er-

"Mistkijgelchen', sp(h)ereg-^ twitch ', spergh-^s\ch hastig bewegen', sp(h)ered(h)-^ twitch

', sp(h)reig-^ s\xo\.z.eVi

Comments:

Root/ lemma: sp(h)er-1, sp(h)era-\ to make a rash movement, to push away, to rush,

etc., derived from Root /lemma: *(s)p(h)ereg-, (s)p(h)erag-, (s)p(h)reg-{r\asay\ze6 spreng-

) : to rush, hurry; to scatter, sprinkle.

Material: Old Indie sphurat/^ s\.6Q>\. with dem Fufte weg, tritt, schnellt, shrugs, jerks,

trembles, zappelt', apaspharlh /\or . Inj. "schnelle weg, entzieh dich rasch' (: Latin

aspernarfj, apa-sphura-^\NegstoQ>er\6' (: Latin asper-), sphura- "blinking', sphurana-

"blinking, gleaming, scintillant, flickering, sparkling', n. " twitch, sparkle, Erscheinen',

vispharita-m^6as Schnellen'; sphurt/-'t\r\e burst out, break out, Offenbarwerden' {*sphr-t/-,

compare Lithuanian spirti), pharpharayate 'bewegt sich heftig hin and her'; spr-

"losmachen', sprnot/ ^wehrtab', sprnati^ slays ';

Avestan spar{aiti) "tritt, stoftt', with /^5 "rushes, hastes', with i//"auseinandertreten, -
stomp', sparman- n. perhaps " step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot;
footprint, track, shove ', np. s/pardan^ tread';

Armenian sparna/ ^bedmhen' (Indo Germanic sp-);

gr. anaipu), aanaipu) (a- vowel suggestion) " twitch, wriggle ' (= Lithuanian spiriu),
anaipsi aAAsrai, QKiprg, nr|5c( Hes. (aspiriert ocpaTpa "Ball zum Spielen'?), aspiriert acpupov
"ankle, calcaneus ', wovonocpupa "hammer, beetle, hammer' (to ocpupov compare Old High
German sp^/7-/7a/z"hinkend', actually "knochel-lame');

Latin sperno, -ere, spre-vT, -turn 'back-, fortstoften, verschmahen, despise ', aspernor, -
a/y'trom sich weisen', asper'rouqh, harsh, abstoftend' (: Old Indie apa-sphura-);

Old Irish se/A'calcaneus ' {*speret-s), Akk. Du. di pherid, cymr. ffer, ffern'

Inkle bone; the heel, knuckles, a little hammer; a kind of fire-dart '; Middle Breton /ferds.;
cymr. uffarn'2x\V\€ from * opi-sper-no-.

Old Icelandic sperna'wlth den Fijften ausschlagen, wegstoften' (: Latin spernd). Old
English speornan^s.. Old High German firspirniV sMb^'i an, trittfehl'; Old Icelandic sporna
{-ada) 'with dem Fufte ausschlagen'. Old English spurnan, spornan'6s., also
"zuriJckstoften, despise ', Old Saxon Old High German spurnan 'tread, with dem Fufte
bump, poke'; Old High German sporndn'\N\t\r\ the calcaneus ausschlagen, dem Fufte
bump, poke', spurnen {spurnta) ds., 'zuriJckstoften' {spurn/da 'Ar\s\.o(}>'), Old Icelandic
spyrna "with dem Fufte bump, poke; (den foot) entgegenstemmen'; without
prasensbildendes n:0\6 Icelandic spora'W\\h Fijften treten'. Old English sporettan'\N\t\r\
dem Fufte bump, poke'; Old IcelandicS/OO/y; Old English spora, spura. Old High German
sporo' spur'; Old Icelandic Old English Old High German sporn. " footprint ', Middle High
German spur, spciri. n. "spoor, track ', Old High German spur/- ha/z lame, hinkend, from
horses' (see above to acpupov). Old High German (etc.) spurjan, spurren "the spoor
nachgehen, erforschen, skillful '; Old English spearwa rw. "calf. Middle High German spar-
golze\. "ein Teil the Beinbekleidung' (perhaps "Wadenstutzen'); with erweiterndem ^.Old
Icelandic sparka'W\Vc\ dem Fufte bump, poke', in addition postverbal 5p5/'/r"Getramper;

Lithuanian spiriu, sp/rt/"\N\\h dem Fufte bump, poke, urge, press, push, constrain, oblige'
(from the heavy basis), ablaut, atsparas "\N\derstand' , spardau, -///"continual with den
Fijften bump, poke'; Latvian S/Oe?/ "ausschlagen (of horse), with dem Fufte bump, poke';
spars' energy, Schwung, force '; Lithuanian S/Oa/f^s "ausgiebig; rash, hasty, agile, lively'.
Old Prussian S/Oa/Ys "mighty', S/Oe/r/a/? "Zehballen'; but Lithuanian spurzdeti" s\c\\ with den
Flijgeln jiggle or flutter', suspursti iroxr\ birds "in eine schnurrende Bewegung geraten', then
generally "in heftigen rage, fury geraten, violent become' are probably onomatopoeic
words (compare Modern High German bri\).

References: WP. II 668 ff., WH. I 73, WH. II 572 f., Trautmann 275 f.
Page(s): 992-993

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er-2, sprei- spreu-

Meaning: to sprinkle, scatter

Note: probably with sp(h)er-V twitch ' identical, also with per-1, above S. 809 f.

Comments:

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er-2, sprei-, spreu-: to sprinkle, scatter, derived from Root/ lemma:

*(s)p(h)ereg- (s)p(h)erag-, (s)p(h)reg- {riasay\ze6 spreng^ : to rush, hurry; to scatter,

sprinl<le.

Material: A. Armenian p a/'5/'zerstreut' ( *pher-), p 'aratem "zerstreue, entferne, tal<e away '

(compare gr. anopa(;, -a5o(;); perhaps also SyO'/e/r? 'zerstreue', S/0//''zerstreut, verstreut,

vast, spacious' (would be *sphero-)\

gr. ansipoo "streue, sow, sprenge, spritze, sprijhe' (anspu), sanapKa, sanapnv), airspija
n. " seed, sperm ', anopa, an6po(; m. 'das Saen, the seed ', anopa(;, -aboo, 'verstreut',
Adv. anopa5r|v, anapv6(; 'diJnngesat, sparse ';

Middle Irish s/'eit' "stream' {* spre-b'^a); srait* "stream, torrent, Schaar' {*sprd-b'^u-)\

Old High German sprat'6as Spritzen, Spruhen', Middle Low German spre-wedel
"Sprengwedel'; with dem by Germanic roots auf langen vowel appearing n/proto Germanic
*sprewen\v\ Norwegian spraa, a. Danish spraaes^ brittle, brittle become', Danish dial.
spraae^gei split, from buds; break, crack', Swedish dial, spra, spras' sprout, get open,
break, crack', Norwegian sprairom *sprac/a {and sprasirom *sprewjan) "spray, sprinkle ';
derived Old Icelandic 5p/'^/7a "spray, trans, and intr.'; *sprewjan\v\ Middle High German
sprsejen, sprsewen, mnl. spraeien^ whisk '; *sprdwjan\v\ Modern High German spruhen, nl.
sproeien 6s.\ Norwegian 5/0/'(95"Strebepfeiler, pad' {*sprdwdn, to meaning see below); d-
present nl. sproeten^ spray', sproete/en 'bubb\e out'. Middle Low German sprote'i splash,
dash =) stain, freckle '.

B. /-basis sprei-d-, -t-:

Old High German sprTzan, spreiz"\x\ StiJcke splittern, spray'. Old Icelandic sp/7/a 'apart
lock ' (after fisherman. The loanword of Awn. 40 from Middle High German sprften
borrowed); Norwegian sprita^ spray'; Middle High German spnten and (with
grammatischem variation) spr/den ' s\c\r\ ausbreiten, sich scatter, zersplittern', Kaus. Old
Swedish spreda ^scaiier, outspread ', Norwegian spreida. Old English spraedands.. Old
High German spreitan. Middle High German Modern High German spreiten;

Old Lithuanian sprainas^ stiff, rigid, iJbersichtig, of eye' (probably *spraid-na-s, actually
'die Augen weit aufspreizend'), Latvian spriest^ spannen, urge, press, push, ausmessen'
("*spreizen'), spraids^ place, where Leute zusammengedrangt stand', debes-spraislis^
vault of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies '; in addition presumably Lithuanian sprendziu
"spanne with the hand'.

C. extension spreu-:0\6 High German spriu, Gen. spr/uwes 'chaW; Old English
spreawlian ^s\c\\ krampfhaft bewegen'; Modern High German sprdde= Middle English
spre/=>eds. {*sprau/=>/a- actuaWy "light zerspringend');

cymr. ;^5^"(Hervorsprudeln), stream', /^e^o'hervorspritzen' {*sprou-), ffraw^agWe,
lively' {*sprduo-), cy/^o'erregen', o'e/^o 'awake, animate' (Loth RC. 42, 347; 44, 270 f.);
Old Irish sruth{*spru-tu-) m. 'river' = cymr. etc. ffrwd6s.\ gall. FIN ct)pou5iO(; Gen. (leg.
OpouTuoc;), Modern High German FIN F/'^/z(Vorarlberg), northern Italy fruda^ torrent,
stream '; bret. Vannes /h/'SpriJhregen' {*spreus-)\ also Modern High German Sprudel
'mineral water'?

Latvian spraujuos, sprauties^ produce, emporkommen'; Lithuanian spriaunas^ funny,
fresh, alert, awake, smart, exuberant '.

spAe^-(y-(o'-extension, perhaps originally from a o'-present) 'spray, quick, fast
hervorkommen, sprout' etc.):

cymr. ffrwst'C(\. 'Hast' {*sprud-to-or -stu-)\

Gothic sprautoMv. 'quick, fast, bald'; Middle High German spriezen^ sprout'. Old Low
German utsprutan ' sprout ', Old Frisian spruta 'germinate, sprout', engl. sprout. Old
English spryttan^ sprout'. Low German spruffen^ spray', Middle High German sprutzen'
sprout, spray'; Old Icelandic sprotixx\. 'young sprout in a tree, Stecken', Old High German
sp/iozzo 'sprout, scion, shoot'; Middle Low German sprote(le)\* splash, dash =) stain,
freckle ', Modern High German Sommersprosse ^ freckle '; Middle Low German sprute, md.
spruze6s.; Old English spreot^ shaft, pole', Dutch spr/ef {out of it Modern High German
Spriet); Norwegian spraut, sp/'5^/5'Stellholz in the dragnet ', spmy/a'Fenstersprosse,
Spannstock in a loom'; Old High German spriuzen 'spreizen, prop, support, stemmen',
spriuza 'Spreize, pad, Strebe';

Lithuanian 5/0/75^s//"hineinzwangen, clamp '; ablaut, sprusti^irorw a clamp infolge of
Druckes herauskommen'; Latvian S/0/'5^5/'hineinstecken', ablaut. sp/77-s/'eingeklemmt
become'.

spreu-g-, -k- in identical Bedeutungsumfang:

Modern High German Low German spriegel, sprugel, sprugel, sp/'o^e/'Schnellbogen;
gespannter circle to a Uberdeckung; speckle beim Vogelfang', luxemb. S/0/7e^e/'Sperrholz
zum Auseinanderspannen';

Latvian spruga, sprunga 'c\amp\ sprung/s '\.ogg\e';

Lithuanian sprugst/" rise, escape; to get away ', Latvian sprauga' fracture'; probably
also (as 'zerprengen, zerstieben make'), Latvian spraugt^ coarse\y grind, schroten'; with /c.
Latvian sprukt' escape; to get away, slip '; spruksts 'ein Leichtfijftiger, jumper ', spraukt
"durchzwangen, escape, flee'.

Maybe alb. {*spreu-k-) shperthenj" b\oom, blow' [common alb. -k- > -th-].

(s)preus-see above S. 809 f. {(s)preus-)

References: WP. II 670 ff., Trautmann 277, 278, Vendryes RC. 46, 255 ff.
Page(s): 993-995

Root / lemma: sp(h)er-3

Meaning: cattle excrements

Material: Gr. acpupac; (Attic), anupa(;, anupaOoc; (also iTupaGoq) "Mistkijgelchen from

Ziegen and Schafen', a(pupa(;, anupa(; also ' pellet, globule, Pille generally '; Lithuanian

S/O/Aos "Schafmistkijgelchen', Latvian sp/Zas "Mistkijgelchen the sheep, Ziegen, rabbit;

grofte graue Erbsen', yO/res 'Schafmist';

with d^-extension: gr. anopOuyyia rpipoAa to 5iaxu)pn[jaTa twv aiyajv, a rivsg anupaSaq
KaAouGiv Hes.; nisi, spardu. "Schafmisf, speAd/Z/'Ziegenmist'.

References: WP. II 672.
Page(s): 995

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)er-4, (s)p(h)erag-

Meaning: to tear; rag, snippet

Material: Armenian p'ert'^ ragged piece' {*sperk-to-)\ Old Icelandic spigrri. "scrap, shred,

abgerissener Streifen Tuch' (proto Germanic *sperrd)\

gr. anapaaau), Attic -aiTU) "tear, rend, zerre' (probably analogical for -a^w), anapaypa "
ragged piece', arrapaYMoq "das Zerren, Reiften; cramp';

nasalized perhaps Old Bulgarian prgziti, prgzat/ '\acerare'.

References: WP. II 668.
Page(s): 992

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)eu-d-

Meaning: to press, hurry

Material: Npers. poy'haste, hurry' (iran. *pauda-), parth. pwc/'run, flow';

gr. an£u5u) 'spute myself, hurry; be eager, strive, strenge myself an'; trans. Ireibe an,
beschleunige' (originally "drange, push, press', as in anou5a^ "Morserkeule', i.e.
"Zerdrucker' Hes.); anou5r| f. 'haste, hurry, eagerness, aspiration ', anou5aTo(; 'hasty,
keen, eager, fleiftig', aiTouSa^u) 'spute myself, betreibe with eagerness ';

perhaps alb. pune'work, business ' {*pudna)\

whether o'-extension a root speu- : speu-\ spu-, possibly to Old Indie spha-vayati
'mastet, verstarkt'. Old English spdwan^\hx\\i€ (different above under 2. speh)\ compare
also gr. £a(pu5(ji)iJ£vo(; 'vollgestopft with food, eating', acpuSwv iaxup6(;, aKAr|p6(; Hes.,
5iaacpu5ajaai au^naai Hes.; doubtful gr.acpu^u) (Put. acpu^u)) ' twitch, bewege myself
violent, fiebere, strive eager', ocpuypoc; m., a(pu^ic;f. 'Zuckung, Puis', aacpuKTSU) 'bin ohne
Pulsschlag' ( *sphug-);

Old High German S/O/bz'KampfspieR)', Modern High German Spied, asachs. spiot. Old
Icelandic S/Oyid/'spit, pike', spy/a 'peg, plug'; whether here without s-\ Norwegian foysa^ set
in motion ', nisi. /&^5/"hitzige person, fool' {*poud-to-)'7

Lithuanian spaust/" press', Iter, spaudytr, spauda ^Presse'; ablaut, spud/nt/" hurry, flee',
spudef/^s\c\r\ abmijhen'.

References: WP. II 659, Trautmann 273 f., Szemerenyi ZDMG 101, 205 f.
Page(s): 998-999

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)ei-1 : (s)p(h}i-

Meaning: sharp, sharp stick

Note: extended with -d, -g, -k, -I, -n, -r, -t

Material: 1 . Old Indie sphya- m. 'chip of wood, staff, Spiere, rudder ';

2. Old High German Middle High German sp/z'BratspieR)' (different from S/j/e/S 'spear,
javelin' from Old High German spioz). Old English sp/tuds.; Norwegian sp/'tat 'peg, plug';
spitm. 'cusp, peak, thin Wasserstrahl'; Swedish speta^peg, plug'; Old High German sp/zz/
' pointed'; ograde Middle Low German speis{s)e^\or\g spit, pike' {*spoid-ta); perhaps
here Latin cuspis, -idisi. 'cusp, peak, spit, pike', whether from *curi-spis^a cutting
instrument' (Holthausen IF 20, 319 f.);

3. Latin spTca, spTcus, -um^ ear', spiculum'a cutting instrument', Vulgar Latin spicarium
"Speicher'; Dutch sp/e'peg, plug, bolt ' {*spTxdn)\ Armenian p'k'/n' arrow' {* phTkTno);

Old High German speihha. Old Saxon specai.. Old English spacam. "Speiche, ray';
md. spTcher, Modern High German Speichernagel, Middle Low German nnd. sp/ker^\ron
nail', engl. sp/ke, Old English sp/c/ngds., Old Icelandic sp/krm. 'nail', splki. "wooden
splinter', Norwegian s/?/7r 'Speiche', Old English spfc' pointed LandstiJck', Bavarian spickel
"wedge';

Lithuanian 5/0e/ig//^rStacheln';

4. gr. aniAo(;f., aniAa(;, -aboc,i. " reef; Middle High German spTlru. "cusp, peak of
javelin ', Modern High German dial. Spe//"chip, splinter, splinter, wedge'. Middle Low
German nnd. 5/0/76" "Bratspieft'; Old English spilui. "peg, cusp, peak'. Old Icelandic spilai.
"thin, schmales piece wood', etc.; (the long vocal Germanic *SyO/7d could also *spTdldse\v\,
in gramm. variation with Middle High German spidel, spedel. Modern High German dial.
S/Oe/ic/e/" splinter'); Czech SyO/7e "Stecknadel', Latvian spTle^ wooden nail';

5. Latin 5/0/77a "backbone, spine, thorn' (in addition Umbrian spinia, S/0//7a"columnam'?),
spTna cr/775//5"Haarnader, 5/0/77i/5 "briar'; Old Saxon Old High German spinela, spenula
"Haarnadel, buckle ', Middle High German S/0e/7e/"Stecknadel, Spennadel'; Latvian spina
"horsewhip, rod', alt. poln. 5/0//75 "backbone, spine', russ. spina^bacV!; 5-loose at most
Germanic *finnd, *f/ndn\n Old English f/nn, Modern High German F//7/7e"Floflfeder,
Spitzflosse', Swedish f/na 'F\osse', Norwegian f/nn^ grass bristles ', Middle High German
i///7/7e"nail; Finne in the skin', next to which Swedish f/'me, Flemish i///77/r7e"Flosse, Achel';

maybe alb. shp/na'sp\ne' a Latin loanword.

Tocharian A sp/n- "Hacken, peg, plug';

6. Old English sp/ir' stem, sprout', engl. sp/Ae "sprout; Turmspitze', Middle Low German
5/0/?"germ, sprout-, Grasspitze, ear, Turmspitze, very small person'. Old Icelandic sp/ra
"Stiel, young scion, shoot, Rohrstab ';

7. Lithuanian sp/fu/ys ^star auf the Tierstirn', spitele, sp/tu/e'6\e needle, the thorn in the
buckle ', sp/tnads.; perhaps is in Latin secesp/ta' a long iron sacrificial knife ' ein cognate
* sp/ta conta'm;

References: WP. II 653 f., WH. II 574, Vasmer2, 708.
Page(s): 981-982

Root / lemma: sp(h)e(i)-3, 5/7A-and sphe-. spha-
Meaning: to succeed, prosper; to fatten, etc..

Material: Old Indie sphayate^mrd fat, obese, takes to', participle S/0/7/7a- "swollen,
wohlhabend, dense, full', 5/7/73/5- 'big, large, strong', sphllf-i. 'the prospering; flourishing ',
sphatf-t ' fattening, prospering; flourishing ', Kaus. sphavayati^masiei, verstarkt', sphara-
'vast, spacious, wide, big, large', sph/ra-lai, obese' (Indo Germanic *spha-rd-= Old
Church Slavic sport. Old High German spar); with formants -ko-{as Latvian speks): pTva-
sphaka- 'from Fett strotzend';

Old Indie vi-spitam is strittiger meaning;

from the aspir. form 5/0/7e-.'£pi-a(pr|Aov 'spiaGsvn', aacpnAoi daQzvzxc;, ocpnAov yap to
iaxupov Hes.; without 5- Armenian p'a/f a/77 'rich';

Latin spat/um^Raum, time, Weite, stretch, duration'; spes, -el PI. speresi. '
expectation, hope', spero, -aAe'hoffe'; originally 'from Hoffnung geschwellt'; prosperus
'gijnstig, lucky' {*pro-spa-ro-)\

maybe alb. {*spatium) shpat^ prec\p'\ce, mountain, forest', {*speres) shpresonj^ I hope'.

mcymr. ffysgiaw, corn, /fes/ry 'Eilen' {*spid-sk-)\

Gothic S/oeo&a 'later', spedum/sts 'spatester', Old High German spat/, Adv. spato'/ate'
(actually '*sich hinziehend');

Old English 5/0dM/5/7 'thrive, succeed ', Old High German sp^o/7 'succeed', Germanic
*spddf- in Old High German spuot. Old Saxon spod. Old English sped^ prospering;
flourishing, Beschleunigung, haste, hurry'. Modern High German sich sputen^ hasten'; Old
High German etc. sparsee below;

Lithuanian spet/' have the time or leisure, be quick enough, be able ', sperus' quick ',
spetasm. ' leisure ', spemei. 'haste, hurry'; spekasau6 speka^ power';

Maybe alb. {*spet-) shpejf quick '

Latvian speV to be capable of, to be able ', speks^ force, strength, power' (probably
also Latvian spTte^ contrariness ', S/O/7/^s 'defiant'); ;

maybe alb. {*spet-) shpet/m 'saWage', {-/'mm. noun suffix) shpetoj'saye, preserve, keep' (-
£7 verb suffix).

Old Church Slavic spejQ, spe//"Erfolg have'; specht m. " a busying one's self about or
application to a thing; assiduity, zeal, eagerness, fondness, inclination, desire, exertion,
endeavor, study ', spes///' hurry';

maybe alb. shpesh^oiien, frequent', shpe/tlasV

Old Church Slavic sporh (= Old Indie sphira- etc.) "rich', in neueren Slavic Sprachen
also (and probably das ursprijnglichere) ' long lasting, lang ausreichend', so russ. sporyj,
Serb. 5/00/"" lang lasting ', hence on the other hand also " long ausreichend, economical ',
Czech spory' productive, ausgiebig' and " economical, sparse ', spont/^ spare' (German
influence?). Old High German spar^ economical, concise'. Old English sp^r, Old Icelandic
sparr^ economical, penurious ' (: sporb);

Hittite ispar\{ii\. sicf^att', 3. PI. ispijanzi.

Von spJ- (: speJ^ from:

with the meaning "fat, thick' and ^^formants: Old Indie sphij- (Nom. Sg. sphik, Du.
sphijau, 5/0/7/ica^ through derailment after d. Nom. Sg.?), SyO/7/^/~"Arschbacke, hip, haunch';
Old Icelandic spiku.. Old English sp/cn., Old High German spec, -ekes 'bacon';

With dental formants: gr. airiSvoq "vast, spacious, wide, even ', amSoEK;, am5v6q (Hes.)
ds., aTTi569£v "from weitem', tkeo-[o]mq, -omboq 'Sumpfflache', aani5n(; (*av-ani5n(; with
preposition av) " capacious ', aomq, Aboq "shield', ("*dem body entlang gebreitete surface,
plain, area'?), ani^u) "ekteIvw';

Latin spissus {*spid-to-) "dense, thick, slow, zogernd';

with d^: ani0a|jr| "span (the hand)', aniGiai aaviSsg vecbg Hes.;

with t Lithuanian speiciu, spe/st/ 'enc\rc\e', sp/est/ 'schwarmen', spintu, sp/st/"\n
Schwarmenausbrechen, from bees', Latvian 5y0/e/s "swarm of bees' (participle Lithuanian
sp/s/5S "gedrangf, Latin sp/ssi/s); compare also Latvian spaile, spa/7/sl'\r\e, Schwaden of
Mahers' (-A maybe from -d/-), Lithuanian sp/e/dt/"\n den Nahrahmen einspannen', Latvian
spailes' cloven Stecken zum Einklemmen', spTle, spT//s'e\ne Zwicke, Zwickeisen;
Holznagel; need, Verlegenheit' (Middle High German loanword?), spTlis a\so "zeltartig
ausgespannte Leinwand', spTleC clamp - pinch, tweak, nip, spannen'.

With ^tformant:

gr. acpiyycjo "schnijre ein, klemme ein', ocpiyKirip "cord, band, strap; muscle ';

Latvian spaiglis, s/75/ig/e"Krebsgaber; Germanic with the meaning "ausspannen =
spreizen': Modern High German dial, spaichen 'ausschreiten', ausspaichen "with Schritten
or ausgespannten Fingern ausmessen', Norwegian speika^\N\Vc\ steifen (gespannten)
Beinen go', spTka 'widerspenstig sein'.

References: WP. II 656 ff., WH. II 568 f., 576, Trautmann 274 f., Vendryes RC. 50, 92,

Vasmer2, 707, 710;

See also: in addition spei-2ar\d spen-1.

Page(s): 983-984

Root / lemma: sp(h)e-, sp(h)a-(<S^-)

Meaning: long flat piece of wood

Material: Gr. acppv, -bc^ m. "wedge"; maybe from *a(pava-, Indo Germanic *sphanes-\

Germanic *spe-nu-s\v\: Old High German Middle Low German spa/7 "chip of wood'. Old
English spends, (engl. spoon 'spoon'), Old Frisian span, sponl\at pectoral, chest
decoration ', Old Icelandic spann, sponn "chip, splinter, shingle, Holzscheibe, Platte';
borrowed Finnish paana' shingle, chip, splinter';

maybe alb. {*spon) shponj 'p\erce, prick'

with d^-formants: gr. OTTaOn "breites flat wood the weaver; rudder blade, scapula, long
breites sword'; compare Hittite /spafar'sp\t, pike', A. Kammenhuber Festschr. Sommer,
105;

Germanic *spadan: Old Saxon spado. Old English spac/am., -e, -u\. "spade'; Modern
High German Spaten,

maybe alb. 5/7/oa/a "sword', sfajpata'axe" Latin loanword.

with 5^formants: Norwegian spaek'cWip, splinter', nisi. Norwegian spraekja; changing
through ablaut spake' shaft, pole'. Old English spsecu. "twig, branch'. Old High German
spahha, -c»"dry brushwood ', Modern High German dial. Spach, Spachen' c\\\p, splinter,
wooden log', Spache' Spe\c\\e'c' and (as "arid, as ein Stecken') Middle Low German spak.
Middle High German spach'and', etc.;

with Morms probably Germanic *spet^a-, speda- in Middle High German sp5/"blattrig
brechendes rock. Spat, Modern High German dial, also spaad, Dutch spaath.

References: WP. II 652 f.;

See also: to sp(h)ei-2, sp(h)e-.
Page(s): 980

Root / lemma: (s)p(h)ieu- : (s)pju-, (s)pTu- {*ps(hlieu- < -g"'hieu -)
Meaning: to spit

Note: the /losen forms at least partly through dissimilation inyopresent *sp[i]u-id.
Material: Old Indie sthfvat/ 'sp\t, speitfrom' (originally only, later vorwiegend in compound
with ni{h)-, dahers- from 5-; 5/-i/dissimil. from sp-v, so that = Gothic speiwan), sthyOta-
"gespuckt, gespien'; Avestan spama-^ saWva, mucus'; gr. nruu) "spucke', nruaAov, htueAov
"saliva', nuri^u) (dissimil. from *nTUTi^u)) 'spucke, spritze' (nru:- from *pJu-\ compare with
Inlautbehandlung the group snicpGuaSu) Theokr. 'despuo'; ijjuttei htuei Hes. with (pl=>-from
cpG-); Latin spud, -ere, sputum ' spW., spucken', despuo 'spucke from, verschmahe'; Gothic
speiwan. Old Icelandic spyja. Old English Old Saxon Old High German spTwan'sp\{\ Old
Icelandic spyta'spW!, (in addition Old Icelandic schw. spotta, Danish spotte. Old Frisian
spottia. Middle Low German spotten. Old High German spotton' mock '), East Frisian
S/OJ/e/? 'spucken, sprijhen'. Middle Dutch holl. 5/Oi/i4/e/7 'spucken, spit'; Lithuanian spiauju,
sp/aut/ 'spW, Old Church S\av'\c p/jujg, pljbvati 6s.\

Maybe alb. Geg pshtyj, Tosc peshtyj "sp'\\.\ shpetonj" escape, drip' : Old Indie /rs/Va//'spit' :
gr. i|JUTT£i; common Old Indie -g"'h- > ks- : gr.- Illyrian - alb. -g"h- > -k"h- > -ps-.

Armenian /'i//r"saliva', /'/r '5/75/77 'spucke, speie from' (/ kann, although from pt-
deducible not dem gr. nr < ni gleiehgesetzt become), osset. t'u, npers. tuf, /^/7 'saliva'
from an Old Indie (Lexikogr.) thutkara-, thuthOas Wiedergabe of Spucklautes
vergleichbaren Lautgebarde;

again etwas different Old Indie /rs/V5//(Dhatup.) 'spit, speitfrom', common Old Indie -gh-
> -/r5- gr. oiaAov, Ionian aisAov 'saliva, slobber', Cypriot oTai (Cod. aiai < *aiFai, Bechtel
Gr. Dial. I 412, or*aTaai?) nruaai (Cod. nrnaai). flacpioi Hes.

References: WP. II 683, WH. II 580 f., Trautmann 276, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 325, 752, 4.
Page(s): 999-1000

Root / lemma: sp(h)reig-

Meaning: to abound

Note: compare (s)p(h)ereg-

Material: Gr. acppiyau) ' to be full of, to abound with, to be bursting with, to be bristling,

swell, bin in full vitality, bin eager, avid, lascivious', acppiYO(; n. 'strotzende fullness, wealth';

Norwegian spr/kja ' ausspannen, spreizen', intr. "entspannt sein, strotzen, to swell',
Swedish dial, spr/ka ' ausspannen' .
References: WP. II 683 f.
Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: (s)pingo-

Meaning: sparrow, finch

Material: Gr. anivYO"; (Hes.), airi^a (*aTTiYYJC() 'finch' (similarly gituyyck;, airivGibv, a-n'woc,

"finch'), ani^iac; m. "Sperber' (meaning "Sperlingstofter' as in Modern High German

Sperber: 0\d High German sparo' sparrow'), ani^u) 'piepe'; Swedish sp/nk, sp/kke'smaW

bird, sparrow under a.', engl. (from dem Nord.) sp/nkl\r\c\r\'; Old lndiC/0/7//7^a/ra-m. 'ein

best, bird, the gabelschwanzige WiJrger' (meaning as in ani^iac;, see above);

besides without aniaut. s- Old High German fincho. Old English fine, engl. finch 'finch',
therefrom independent H^^^^^^^W^^^Wbezeichnung in French pinson, Italian
pincione, span, pinzon, as probably also in Swedish pink ^sparrow', engl. dial, pink, pincti
■finch'.

References: WP. II 682.
Page(s): 999

Root / lemma: (s)plko-

Meaning: woodpecker, etc..

Material: Old Indie pika- m. "the Indian cuckoo'; Latin pJca " magpie ', pTcus " woodpecker ';

Umbrian peico^ picum ' (e/for /), Italian VN PTcentes, with aniaut. s. Old High German

speii, spetit. Old Icelandic spaetr, Norwegian spett^a), Swedish spett, Danish spaette '

woodpecker '; Old Prussian yC>/ic/e''Krammetsvoger.

Maybe alb. quka-piku {cioc -a picus) ' woodpecker ' a compound of Romanian cioc^ beak,

pecker ' + Latin pTcus ' woodpecker ' : Romanian ciocanitoare " pecker, woodpecker '.

References: WP. II 681, WH. II 580, H. Rix Bz.Nf. 2, 237 ff.

Page(s): 999

Root / lemma: (s)pleigh-

Meaning: to spread the legs

Material: Old Indie *piei7ate' goes, bewegt sich'; gr. nAiaaopai "schreite from', SKnAiaaopai

' gape apart (from Wunden)', ttMxck; f. "die Spreize, Stelle between den Schenkein', aroija

5ian£TTAix6c; "offenstehender mouth'; with ani. s- probably Old Irish sliassaiti. " thigh '

{*spleigh-s-ontfj\ about Old Irish ///7^/ic/"springt', preterit leblang- {*ple-plong-'7) s.

Thurneysen Gr. p. 687.

References: WP. II 684., Pisani Mel. Boisacq II, 181 ff.

Page(s): 1 000

Root / lemma: (s)plei-

Meaning: to split, cut

Note: compare S. 985 under {s)p{h)e/-1 and p/e/- "naked, bald, bleak, bare' (see 834), if

actually 'entrindet, flayed '.

Material: Latvian p/rtes ' src\a\\ crumbs ', /0//V/][7a "abgeloste flatternde bark, outer covering of

a tree, Schelfer'; very doubtful Old Icelandic f/e/nn 'abstehender hook an a Gerate', Old

English f/ani. m., f/ai. 'arrow, spear, lance';

o'-present (or o^-extensions): Middle High German splTzen, Old Frisian 5/7//?a"spleiften,
split; intr. sich split'. Low German nl. sp//tten's\c\r\ split'. Middle High German splitter
(Germanic *splitra-) "splinter', Swedish splittra. Middle Low German SyO////e/'e/7"zersplittern';

nasalized Norwegian sp//nt'\Noo6en nail, wedge', engl. sp//nt, sp/ent' cloven piece of
wood, splinter, chip, splinter', engl. Low German nl. S/0///7/e/'" splinter, chip, splinter'; without
S-: Norwegian f//nter^ shred', nl. f/enter' scrap, shred'; Old Icelandic fletta {* flinton) in fletta-
^/7o/"Feuerstein', Swedish flintads.; Norwegian/?//?/ "spall'. Old English /7//7/"Feuerstein,
rock'. Middle Low German i////7/-s/e/7 (besides Old High German flins. Middle High German
Middle Low German vlins " pebble, barter stone ', probably as *flint-sa-, descendant eines -
e5-stem); Middle Low German Low German i///se'(out of it Modern High German Fliese)
"Steinplattchen', Old Icelandic /7/5 "splinter' {*plTd-to-);

besides with Germanic d Norwegian f//ndra't\r\\r\ disc or splinter', engl. f//nders 'Stocke,
StiJmpfe' and Norwegian sp//ndra large flat wooden splinter'. Old Danish splind, splinder
"splinter', SyO///7c/e"splittern';

Old Irish sliss^ schnitzel, splinter, chip, splinter', s//ss/u' schnitzel, lath' {*sp//d-tf-, -tio);
abers//nd'Z\ege\, flat stone ' to bret. sA/e/7/"Schiefer' and probably metathesis from Latin
scindula: *scindla- *sklinda.

References: WP. II 684.
Page(s): 1 000

Root / lemma: (s)poimno-, -a
Meaning: foam

Material: Old \nd'\c phena-m. "scum, froth, foam, Feim'; osset. f/nk, f/nk'a ds.; Latin spuma
f. "scum, froth, foam', pumexm. "Bimsstein' (from seiner schaumartig porosen
Beschaffenheit);

Old High German feim. Old English fam^Veim, scum, froth, foam'; Lithuanian spaine
"Schaumstreifen auf bewegter sea'. Old Prussian spoayno "scum, froth, foam' ( *spaina).
Old Church Slavic pena (russ. pena, Serbo-Croatian pjena) "scum, froth, foam'.

References: WP. II 681 , WH. II 388 f., 580, Trautmann 227 f., Vasmer 2, 334.
Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: sprei- spreu-

See also: see above S. 994 f. {spher-).

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: srak^-to-, -ti-

Meaning: sharp-edged

Material: Old Indie sraktf-i. "prong, spike, point, edge', Avestan sraxti-, z^raA-//-" point, edge,

side'; gr. poKToi cpapavYSc; Hes. besides secondary panrai ds.

References: WP. II 702, SchwyzerGr. Gr. 1, 299.

Page(s): 1001

Root /lemma: sreb^-, s/b^-and sefb^-{*ghreb-)

Meaning: to sip, swallow

Material: Armenian arbi{*sfo^-) "I trank', a/t* "Zechgelage'; gr. pocpEW (Ionian pucpsw)

"schlijrfe' (also pocpsiv EM.), ponroq "geschlurff, pocpHMCi (Ionian pucpniJa) n., pocpoq m.

"broth, thick drink, beverage, liquid which is swallowed to quench one's thirst, draught,

potion'; alb. gjerp{*seib'^d) "I sip, swallow', gjerbe'drop, drip';

Wrong etymology; rather alb. {*gherb-) gjerb^\ sip, swallow' [common alb. gh- > gl-> gj-:

Nth. gh- > dz-\.

Latin sorbed, -ere" slurp '; Middle Irish s/i/i? "snout' {*srobu-)\ Lithuanian srebiu, srebtT

slurp ' (also sriobiu, sriaubiu, perhaps due toeines *srubiu), ablaut, surbiu, surbt/" suck,

slurp ', Latvian surbju, surbV slurp ' (-^/--reduced grade to srdd^-ox softi^-1; compare also

poln. sarbad), Latvian strebju, strebf slurp, ausloffein', sZ/i^it'a "somewhat to SchliJrfendes;

ein Betrunkener'; proto Slavic. *serbjg, *sbrbati^ slurp ', with variant Ausgleichungen in

sloven, srebati, Czech strebati eic; perhaps also Middle High German surpfein, surfeln^

slurp ', isl. sarpr^cra\N of the bird ', Old Icelandic as Spitzname ("*gullet'), with Germanic p

from gemin. pp, also Dutch slorpen, slurpen, Modern High German schlurfen\N\Vc\ /after

sch/ucken 'gu\p, sip, swallow '.

References: WP. II 704, 716, WH. II 561 f., Trautmann 294, Vasmer2, 612; W. Schuize

setzte *s{u)e/b^-, *srub^- an.

Page(s): 1001

Root / lemma: sr-ed^-, sr-et-
Meaning: to whirl, wave, boil
Note: extension from 1 . ser-

Material: Gr. ^oQoc, m. "das Wogenrauschen', aAi-ppoeo(; 'meerumrauscht', raxu-ppoOoi
Aoyoi "schnelldahinrauschende words', £nippo0O(; (and snirappoOoc;) "herbeisausend; also
from Gottern: zurhelp', poOioc; ' roaring ', assimil. pa0aYO(; Tapaxo(; Hes.; perhaps also
later pcbOwv, mostly PI. ^udQudyzc, 'nostril, nose' as Trivialausdruck "*Schnarcher, Rassler';
in addition psOsa PI. "nostril, nose'; compare piq, pTvoc; f. "nose' as "the flowing ' zur root
form *srei- : sn-\

acorn. stretg\. "latex', mcorn. sZ/iey//? "river'; Middle Irish sr/th/tt "ray from milk or blood'
{*srt-nt])\ Old High German stredan, strad. Middle High German sfreden'roar, strudein,
cook', stredunga, str/dunga ^ surge' , Middle High German s//'ao'e/77 "whirlpool', late Middle
High German and Modern High German Strudel.

References: WP. II 704; Fraenkel Gl. 32, 31 f.; Leumann Hom. Worter220.
Page(s): 1001-1002

Root / lemma: (s)reigh-
Meaning: to climb, creep
Note: (also (s)reikh-l)

Material: Old Indie /7>7^5//(voiced-nonaspirated in connection with the nasalization) and
rfhkhati^be\Neg\. sich mijhsam, crawls' (from children);

gr. ava-ppixaopai, appixaopai "mijhselig with Handen and Fijften emporklettern'.

References: WP. II 702, Frisk Gr. Wb. 103.
Page(s): 1 002

Root / lemma: srenk-
Meaning: to snore

Material: Gr. psyKU), psyxw "schnarche; snort'; ptyKoq n., psy^K^f. 'Schnarchen', poyKoq,
P0ym6(; ds.; Old Irish sre/?/?//?? "schnarche' {*srenk-na-mi)\ Middle Irish sreimmu.
"Schnarchen' {*srenk-smn), also sreimmihrouQh influence of srennim.
Maybe alb. renkof sigh'.

a similar pnomatopoeic word^ sound imitation entspringt probably gr. puyxo(;
"SchweinsriJssel, snout, bill, beak, neb'; whether Armenian *rungn, PI. rngun-k', mngun-k
"nostril, nose' out of it borrowed or under Indo Germanic *srungh-\N\Vc\ it common origin
sei, is doubtful.

References: WP. II 705.
Page(s): 1 002

Root / lemma: sresk-
Meaning: to drizzle

Material: Avestan srask- {srasca-) "triefen, abtriefen from; triefregnen', sraska-m. (np.
sirisk) "tears, Weinen', mp. s/va-/ "dropped', Armenian srskel {* sresk- or srosk-) "sprinkle';
borrowing of Armenian words from dem Aryan would be die Vorbedingung for die
connection from Avestan srask-, Armenian srskel as *k/ek-skd- \N'\t\r\ Lithuanian slakas
"drip', s/aket/^dnp, trickle', s/eM "spray' (see above S. 607 k/eu-^ rinse ').
References: WP. II 602 f., 705.
Page(s): 1 002

Root / lemma: sreup-

Meaning: scabby, dirt

Material: Gr. purroc; m. "smut, Unreinlichkeit', purrou), punaivw "sully', punapoq "dirty,

filthy', punau) "bin dirty, filthy', puno(; n. "wheys', punraj "clean', Med. "wash myself,

schneuze myself; proto Slavic. *strup-b (from *sreupos or *sroupos) "wound' (Old Church

Slavic; actually "*scurf, scab auf the wound'), " poison, pus' (slov.), "scurf, scab' (New

Bulgarian russ.), "skin rash by children' (Serbo-Croatian), " crust, scab, eschar ' (poln.

Czech); ablaut. Church Slavic strbp-bth "roughness, hardness '.

References: WP. II 703, Vasmer 3, 32.

Page(s): 1 004

Root / lemma: sreu-

Meaning: to flow

Material: Old Indie sravati^ flows ' (= gr. psw), srava-m. "das Flieften' (= gr. pooc;. Old

Church Slavic o-sfrovb), g/r/srava ^Bergstrom' (= gr. por), Lithuanian srava), sm/^- flowing,

geflossen' (= gr. puT6(; = fern. Lithuanian srutsr, zero grade Latvian strauts), srutf-i. "way,
das Flieften' (= gr. puai(;, perhaps Armenianan/), sravat- f. 'river' (= gr. -pEFsT-nO. O'd
Indie srotahu.. Old pers. rautah-v\., npers. rdd^nvef; causative s/'si/aya//" makes flow',
srava-vn. " effluence ';

Avestan (ravan-), Gen. PI. raon^m'the FliJsse', urvant- {sru-vant-) " flowing '; from
einemo(/7)-present from (: gr. pu9-pi6(;?): Avestan raodaiti^ flows ', rao5ah-v\. "river', urud\.
" river flow, bed' (Old Indie visruh-i. "stream' or likewise?);

Armenian aroganem, oroganem^ wet ' {*srou-), compare Old Lithuanian srav/nu^make
bluten'), probably also an/ "canal' {*srut/s or *sruios)\

gr. p£U) "flow' (Put. p£uoo|jai, Aor. Epidaur. s^sppua, Kalymna £[Y]-pug Konj. from
*sruua-\ compare Lithuanian pasruvo "floft' from -at, usually *sreue- in sppunv, Lithuanian
sravetr, to this beiden heavy base Old Indie Inf. sravitav§)\ p6o(; (Cypriot p6Fo(;), Attic pou(;
m. "current, flood', nspi-ppooc; "rings umflossen' (also aijjo-pooq for expressed aijjoppoc;),
pon (korkyr. Dat. PI. p/7oFaTaiv) "das Stromen, stream' (= Lithuanian srava), puT6(; "
flowing, stromend', nspippuTOc; "rings umflossen' (= Old \r\d'\c par/sruta-), puaic;f. "das
Stromen', pua(;, -a5o(; "rinnend', pu5r|v, hom. pu56vAdv. "in Uberfluft'; psupa n. "Stromen,
river; surge '; aKaAa-ppEirri^ "gentle flowing ', pa9u-pp£iTr|c; "deep flowing ', Eu-ppeirri^ "rich
flowing ', (*-pp£F£Tr|c;, compare Old Indie sravat-), as Ionian pssGpov, Attic psTGpov n. "
river flow, riverbed ' from themat. *sreue- derive ; pu0fj6(;, Ionian pua|j6(; ("the wash of the
waves of Meeres compared) regelmaftige Bewegung, rhythm '; thrak. iTpuiJOov river name,
iTpupn town name;

Old Irish sruaimmu. "river', abret. strum^ copia (lactis) ' (= gr. psuija, if not ablaut
equally with Germanic *strauma-)\ but Old Irish sruth "river', cymr. ffrwde\.c., from *spru-tu-
; compare Pokorny Celtica 3, 308 f.;

Old High German stroum. Old English stream. Old Icelandic s//'5^/r7/'"stream' (: Latvian
straume, poln. strumien);

Lithuanian sraviu, sravet/{o\6 sravu) " mild flow, seep, drip', sraujas ^rasch flowing ',
srava^6as Flieften, Menstruieren', srove, Latvian strave, straume 'stream', strauts
"Regenbach, Stromschnelle', Lithuanian sruta 'Jauche'; Old Church Slavic struja 'currer\t',
ostrovb "\s\ar\6' ("das Umflossene'), poln. 5/At//77/e/7 "stream, brook';

Indo Germanic sreu- is extension from ser- "flow'.

References: WP. II 702 f., Trautmann 279 f.; Vasmer 2, 287; 3, 32.

Page(s): 1 003

Root / lemma: sreno- -a

Meaning: body part (hip?)

Material: Avestan rana- m. "the outer Teil of Oberschenkels, thigh', mp. np. ran^ thigh ';

Lithuanian strenos^6\e loins, the cross'.

References: WP. II 705.

Page(s): 1 002

Root / lemma: sng-, sngos-

Meaning: cold, frost

Material: Gr. pTyoc; n. "frost', pTvEU), Perf. m. present-meaning sppTva " freeze, shudder,

erschauern'; plYcbcjo "friere';

Latin fngus, -or/'sn. (= gr. pTyoc;) "coldness, frost', fnged, -ere'co\d sein, freeze, gefroren
sein', fng/dus ^co\d'.

References: WP. II 705 f.; after WH. I 547, II 434, zero grade from *{s)re/g-, to Latin riged'
rigid', r/gor^ solidification (vor coldness)', Lithuanian re/zt/s ' s\c\r\ strecken' (different above
S. 855, 862.)
Page(s): 1 004

Root / lemma: sromo-

Meaning: lame

Note: only altindisch and slavisch

Material: Old Indie 5/'a/77a-"lame', srama-m. "Lahmheif; Old Church Slavic (etc.) chromb

"lame'.

References: WP. II 706; Machek Slavia 16, 191, IF. 53, 94; Vasmer3, 272 f.

Page(s): 1 004

Root / lemma: stag-
Meaning: to drop, drizzle

Material: Gr. ara^u), aTa^w GTaynvai "drip, trickle, eintraufein tr., drip, trickle let; drip, trickle
intr., rinnen', araKToq "tropfeind, tropfend', araycbv, -6vo(;f. "drip', omyzq PI. ds.;

Latin stagnum^]e6es ausgetretene Gewasser, sea, pond, pool, pond, pool or langsam
running Gewasser';

Latin (Celtic loanword?) stagnum'Z\nn' ("das Getropfte, light Schmelzbare'), Old Irish
Stan 'Z\nn'; cymr. ystaen, ncorn. stean, bret. stean {irovc\ Latin?);

abret. staer, nbret. s/e^'river, stream, brook' {*stagra), cymr. /ae/7"conspersio,
adspersio' {*stagna).

References: WP. II 612, WH. II 585, Flasdieck Zinn under Zink 14 ff.
Page(s): 1010

Root / lemma: (s)tai-
Meaning: to conceal; to steal

Material: Old Indie stayat^ clanoestine, hide, conceal', stay'u-, tay'u- "thief (= Old Church
Slavic /ay Adv. 'secret ', if from *tajLr, gr. Tr|u-aiO(;); steya-m^ theft ', stena- 'thief; Avestan
tayu- 'thief, taya- ' theft '; gr. rriuairi 656c; 'ein way, the einen um die MiJhe the intention
betrugt' (*tc(u-tio(;, from *tc(ju-tc(), Tniri arropia, £v5£ia, GTspnaK; Hes., rriTau) 'bringe um
etwas, rob', Med. 'darbe'; Old Irish /a/io''thief (= Old Bulgarian tatb, das -o'analogical); Old
Church Slavic /ay" secret ', tajQ, tajiti^ hide ', tatb 'thief; Hittite tajezzi, /ayazz/'stiehit'.
References: WP. II 610, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 69.
Page(s): 1010

Root / lemma: stai-, sff- sti-a-

Meaning: to condense, press together

Note: in addition steib(h)-, steip-^ shaft, pole etc'

Material: Old Indie s/yaya/e'gerinnt, wird hart', participle styana-; (Gramm.) prastJma-

'gedrangt, gehauft', s//777a-'idle' (actually ' jammed, packed, stuck '), vistTmfn- Bez. of

pudenda, stfyai. 'trages, stehendes water', stimita- ' clumsy, idle, unbeweglich, damp';

Avestan sta{}/)- 'heap, mass';

gr. GTsap, oitaioQ, 'stehendes fat, tallow, suet' {*stajj)\ hom. ayxi-aiTvoq ' near
aneinandergedrangt' (compare Old Indie stya-na-); afia f., gtTov n. ' small stone '; oY\kr\
'drip' (compare Latin stfr/'a, stTlla);

Latin s//?/a 'frozen drip, icicle', Demin. s//7/a'drip' {*stTr[e]la);

nisi. 5//?^/" 'stiffness in the eyes', Norwegian stTra, Old Icelandic stira, Danish Swedish
stirra^Qaze, stare'. East Frisian s//?' stiff, rigid'. Modern High German stier, stieren,
Lithuanian styrstu, styrti' solidify, congeal ', styrau, -oti^ stiff and lijmmelhaft dastehen';

Old Icelandic stfmn. " restlessness, din, fuss, noise', Norwegian 5//777Tischschwarnn',
Middle High German st/m, ste/m ^bunte bulk, mass, Getummel';

Gothic stains. Old Icelandic steinn. Old English stan. Old High German stein ' stone ';

Old Church Slavic stena'\Na\\', stentnh " stony ';

perhaps also Old Icelandic s//"n. "stall', stTa' make a hedge, fence ', Old English stig, stT
" pigpen; hall'. Middle Low German s/ege "corral, pen, fold'. Old High German stTga, Middle
High German stTge, 5/ye "stall or Lattenverschlag for small cattle';

Lithuanian stlngtr curdle, coagulate, harden ', Latvian stingt^ compact become', stingrs
"stramm, rigid, zusammenhaltend, gespannt, stiff;

about Latin ///77ed "dread myself, etc. s. WH. II 682.

References: WP. II 610 f., WH. II 595;
See also: s. also steya-S. 1035.
Page(s): 1010-1011

Root / lemma: stak-, stek-

Meaning: to stand; to put

Note: extension from 5/5- "stand'

Material: Old Indie s/5/ra// "widerstehf, Avestan staxta- "tight, firm, strong', staxra- "strong,

tight, firm; esp. of Winterfrost: stern'; Umbrian s/a/raz "statutus';

Old High German stafialu. m. Old Icelandic stalu. (derived Old High German stefili. Old
English stieien.) "Stahl' (from dem Germanic derives Old Prussian stac/an 'StahV),
Germanic *5/a/7/a- probably = Avestan staxra-, Indo Germanic *stdicio-. Old Icelandic stagi
n. "wheel, das zur Hinrichtung dient', Norwegian s/a^/e "picket, pole', staga' stiff go'. Old
Icelandic stagn.. Old English staegu. "rope, hawser' ('*das steif gespannte');

with other meaning change ("stehenbleiben = stocken, to short become') Old Icelandic
stakicai. " stub', stal<kadr, stgkuttr^ short', Danish stak-aandet^kurzatmg'; Lithuanian stoka
"lack', stokstu, stokti^ to lack begin'.

References: WP. II 611, WH. II 585.
Page(s):1011

Root / lemma: sta- : sta-

Meaning: to stand

Note: reduplicated s/'-sta- extended stai-. sff-, stau-. s/itz-and st-eu-

Material: A. Old Indie tisthati, Avestan histaiti, ap. 3. Sg. Impf. a-/5/a/a"stehn' (: Latin sisto,

Irish -sissiur, athematic still gr. TaTr||Ji, during late Old High German ses/d/7'disponere'

from dem roman. Italian assestare^ bring in order' borrowed is), Aor. Old Indie a-stha-m

(= gr. EGTriv), Perf. tasthau, tasthima, tasthivas-, gr. TaTr||Ji (Doric ToTapi) "stelle', Aor. eotpiv,

Perf. EorriKa, 'iaia\xzy, saraux; (sni-OTapai ' understand ' probably neologism after Aor.

eTTi-aTai|jr|v, £ni-aTap£vo(;); iaroq " mast, the senkrechte Weberbaum, texture ';

Avestan ap. staya-' place; Med. sich stellen';

Latin 5/5/0 "stelle', Umbrian sestu ' s'\st6' , Volscan 5/5//^//e/75"statuerunt';

Old Irish ta/r-{s)/ss/ur' stay, stand', 5/'-5/55eo'a/''insistitur, innititur', /b-5/55eo'5/' " tritt ein
for' (5e'55a/77'das Stehen', sessedds. etc.);

Latin sto {stare, stetl) = Umbrian sfahu' stand ', *sfa-/d; Old Latin probably also trans. '
place '; Oscan staft{*stajeieti) 'stat' PI. stahfnt, eestfnt {*estajejent} 'extant'; Old Irish ad-
tau, -/o'l befinde myself, bin' {*sta-jd), 3. Sg. (ad)-ta= cymr. /an/'daft es is' from *sta-t,
unpersonl. Passiv tathar'man is (mad, wicked, evil)'from *sta-fo-ro{7), mcymr.
Impersonale ny-m-dawr'es kijmmert myself nicht', corn, ny-m-deur {*ta-ro-) "I will not'; Old
Irish ness- {*ni-sta-) 'niedertreten' in com-ness-6s., 'verurteilen', dhness^ despise ', to-
ness- "betreten', ar-ossa " expect t' {*are-uks-sta-)\ assae "light to tun' from *ad-sta-io-
"adponendus';

Note:

Maybe alb. 5/a/7 'winter station for animals' from med.L stantiat L stant-pres. ppl stem of
stare to stand.

Old Saxon Old High German 5/5/7, 5/e/7 "stand'; Reimwortbildungen to gen, ^5/7 "go'
(see 419); with /-extension: preterit Gothic sfof^. Old Icelandic stod. Old Saxon sfod. Old
High German 5/^c»/(mostly 5/^0/7/ after dem present) "I stand', wherefore with present
nasalization Gothic Old Saxon standan. Old Icelandic standa. Old English stondan. Old
High German 5/5/7/3/7 "stand'; in addition Old High German stanta^ bowl, basin, Kufe' and
with neuem ablaut Old Icelandic 5/^/70' "time(punkt), while, hour, length'. Old English stund
f. " certain time, hour, Mai', Old Saxon 5/^/70^5 "time(punkt)'. Old High German sfunfads..
Late Middle High German also "hour';

Lithuanian st6Ju{* staid), stot/' tread', Old Cliurcli Slavic *stajg, stat/"s\ch stellen', stq/'g
stojati {* stajeti) 'stand'; Tocharian B 5/e"is', 3. PI. stare.

B. Indo Germanic /7-present *std-na-\n Avestan fra-stanvantr s\e come voran',
Armenian 5/5/75/77 'erstehe, acquire ', gr. Cretan aravucjo 'stelle' (neologism gr. iaravu));
Latin prae-st/nare^ den price vorherfeststellen, buy', o'es///75/'e'festmachen, festsetzen,
fest beschlieften' {dest/na' pad'), obst/nare ^ aui etwas bestehen'; alb. s/7/c»/7/"vermehre'
("*stelle, staple auf); Old Church Slavic stang{\ni. stati) "werde myself stellen, tread'; Old
Prussian postanimai^ we become', /Oos/5/" become', s/5/7//7/e/"stehend'; Tocharian B
stam- "stand'; compare also die nouns with /7-formant.

C. root-nouns as 2. composition parts:

Old Indie /7/-s//7a-"hervorstehend, -ragend', yOa//-s//7a-"(*herumstehend =) hindering ', f. '
hindrance ', prthivi-stha- {and -stha-) "auf dem Boden stehend, fest auftretend', rathe-stha-
"auf dem cart stehend, kampfend' = Avestan ra&ae-sta- ^\Narr\or'; gr. Bspiq, -gto^ "right, law
' (originally god's name 'die fest and unverbrijchlich Stehende', *9£|ji-aTa), gr. p£TavaaTr|<;
"wer seinen ursprijnglichen Wohnsitz through Aufstehen, Wegzug verandert has'; Old Irish
hiress^iaWh, belief {p'cei\x*[p]eri + sta).

D. -st-o- Old Indie e.g. prati-stha- standing firm' {-sthai. "Stillestehen, Beharren'), duh-
stha-= gr. 5ua[a]T0(; "5uaTr|vo(;', ba/a-stha-"\n voller Kraft stehend' ; Subst. pra-stha-m.
"Bergebene' ('hervorstehend') = Old Irish ross' foreland, promontory, wood, forest'. Middle
Breton ross'hWV, cymr. rhos^moor, fen';

Maybe alb. {rs/) /r/'stand' (common Italic alb. rs- > rr-).

Old Church Slavic Adj. 'straight, unsophisticated, simple, just'; Old \'r\d\c pr-stha- n. "back'
etc. (see 813); gr. naaroq 'Bettvorhang' (compare with o<-suffix gr. napaaTa(;, TiaaTac; etc.
in the same place); Old Indie ^ds//75-m. n. " cowshed ', bhaya-stha-m. n. 'gefahrvolle
position ', Old High German ewi-strc\. " sheepfold, SchafhiJrde', Old Icelandic nau-stn. "
shed for Schiffe, Schiffshaus'; alb. breshte, breshti. Tannenwald' (: brel\'c') ; Old lllyrian
Tergeste, AaSsara, -gtov etc.; Old Indie tri-stba-'aui drei Unterlagen stehend', Oscan
trstus^ testes ' (//75/a5/77e/7/^o'"testamento'), Latin (to. /-stem has changed) testis {*tri-sto-)
"wer as dritter, as Zeuge by zwei Streitenden stands'. Old Irish tress- 'dritter'; Latin
caelestis ^\ncae\o stationem habens' (originally ostem, compare ana^ Asy. Veneris
caeiestae), agrestis^\av\d\\dc\'; Lithuanian atstus'aiar' (: a/5/d//"sich entfernen'; of Adverb
atstu= Instr. auf -o derive ), Latvian nub-stf\dy. " away, in another place, hinweg, fort';

Latin praesto ^gegen\Nar\.\g, da, zur Hand, to Diensten';/7/'aes/d/5/'rbereitstehen' probably
from * praestodarf,

as Indo Germanic *st[9]ti-sm\h in tlie Komposition reduced a are wliereas aufzufassen:

Old Indie pz-s/z-f. "back' etc. (see 813 Mitte) and prat'hsthi- "Widerstand'; gr. llp.o'wc,
"from dem texture vorstehender Faden' (*£^-av-aTi(;), kqt' avTriariv "compared with'
(*avTr|v-aTi-); Lithuanian dim-stis' courtyard, courtyard, blessing'.

E. nouns with Dental-suffixes:

1. Latin super-stes, anti-stes {*sta-t-)\

2. participle Old Indie sthita- "stehend' (Avestan stati- "stehend' with geneuerter =
renamed, has changed?? lengthened grade), gr. ma^bo, " placed, stehend', Latin (Oscan-
Volscan) status^ placed '; Old Irish /ossao' "tight, firm', cymr. ^n/as/ao' "planus, constans,
aequus' {* upostatos); Old Icelandic 5/ad/'"zum Stehen willing, inclined, statig' (esp. from
horses) derivative Middle High German stetec ds.; Old High German statai. " comfortable
er Ort or moment, help'. Modern High German zustatten; Old High German gistaton "gute
possibility, opportunity give, bear, permit ', Old Icelandic stedja^ place, bestatigen, bear,
permit ', Middle Low German stedends.. Old English stsef^f^an ^zum Stehen bringen';
Lithuanian statau, -ytT place ';

3. alb. meshtet, pshtet^ stijtze, lehne an', fstetem' stay ' (to Verbaladj. *st9-to-)\

4. Old Indie sthiti-\. "das Stehen, Stand, Bestand', Avestan stath "Stehen, Aufstellung';
gr. GTaoK;, -sux; " position. Stand; Aufstand' (araTiKog, Q^b,Q\^o<^\

Latin s/a///77 "during of Stehens, stehend'; Maybe abbreviated and prefixed alb. mbe-
S/7///77 "standing'.

Classical "auf the Stelle', station Oscan 5/a//7" Standort', Gothic states m. (/-stem). Old
Icelandic stadrm., Old High German statt "place, site, Stadt, Old English stede, stydei.
"das Stehen, Stehenbleiben, site' (compare also Old Norse e/7-stem sfed/m., Gen. sfedja'
anvil ' from *stal=>Jan-, actually "Stander'); zero grade Avestan staiti- Stehen, Stand,
Aufstellung', Old Church S\ay\c postatb^ determination ', Inf. Lithuanian stoti, Latvian stat.
Old Prussian stat. Old Church Slavic 5/a//"sich stellen, tread';

Latin status, -Js"das Stehen, position. Stand', statud, -ere^\\\v\-, aufstellen', Umbrian
s/a///a"statuta'; bret. steut, cymr. j/s/aM/o'"Garben' {*sta-ta), bret. steudenn^ spigot, nail'

{*sta-t-), Loth RC. 43, 154 f.; Lithuanian s/5/^s "stehend, steep', Gothic sta/=>aDal, Old
Saxon stathxr\.. Old High Germans/50', sfadom. 'Landungsort, bank, border, shore,
seashore'; Old Icelandic sfgdi. 'Landungsort, position ', sfgdva^zum Stehen bringen'
{*stat^wd(n), compare Latin statu-s, -ere); s/5d/"Heustapel in the barn' (= Middle Low
Germans/aofe 'place, where die Ernte aufgehauft wird').

5. with d^-suffix: cymr. an-sawdd^6as Festmachen', Old Irish sadud {*sta6'"-T-tu-) ds.;
Old Icelandic stodu. 'Standort, herd from mare with one or mehreren Hengsten', Old
English sfodn. ' herd of horses ', Middle Low German stdt{-d-) f. 'Einzaunung for horse,
herd from Zuchtpferden', Old High German stuoti. 'herd from Zuchtpferden', also 'mare'.
Modern High German Stute; Old Icelandic (e.g. hug-) s/^d/"' standing firm, tight, firm'
(rather Indo Germanic /because of Gothic ungasfoPa/^ohne firm Stand'; /or d^ with
analog, ablaut e: Old High German s/a//"tight, firm, dauerhaft, stet'. Middle Low German
s/eo'e 'tight, firm, bestandig'); Kaus. Gothic ana-, du-stodjan ^beg'\r\\ Old Icelandics/^da
'zum Stehen bringen'; with Germanic *sfdP/a- \autet ab Lithuanian s/5C/5s'stehend';
Lithuanian sfaf/ne^b\g, giant Holzwanne';

6. Old Indie s fha far- 'Lenker', sfhafrn. 'das Stehende', Latin sfafor, gr. aTarrip, -r|po(;
'ein Gewicht and eine coin'; *sffdJ-fer\N\t\r\ reduction of a in compound, perhaps in Old Indie
savya(e)-sthar-^Vc\e links stehende Wagenkampfer', Avestan ra^ae-s far- ^wamor,
Kriegsheld' (as ra^ae-sta-, see above; perhaps but reshuffling from -S//75 after den nouns
agentis aui-tai);

1. Latin obstaculum^ hindrance ' n.; cymr. cys/507'equivalent', d/s fad/ ^\Nert\os' {*sta-tlo-
); Old Icelandic stgdullm. 'Melkplatz, Sonne' = Old English stat^orbase, position, place'.
Old Saxon stathar position ', Middle Low German sfade/'barn', Old High German stadal
'Stand, Kornscheuer', Modern High German (South German) Stadel, Old Danish stedel
'ground, Hofstatte'; Lithuanian staklesP\. 'loom'; Lithuanian 5/5/r/e 'picket, pole', Latvian
stak//s^6s. prong, spike, pinnacle, fork ', Old Prussian stak/e^pad' (with A/from t/).

8. with formants -d^/o-: Latin 5/5i6>^A//77 'Standort, abode, residence; lair of wild animal,
stair {prost/bu/um ^D\ng zum offentlich Ausstehen, Dime', /75^s//Z?^A//77 'Schiffstandort,
vessel in Schiffsform'), s/aM/s 'standing firm, steadfast', Umbrian staf/arem ^ stabu\are{r\' ,
Oscan 5/5/75/55-5e/'statutae sunt', Paelignian yC>/7-5/5/^/5c//7A''*praestibulatrix, antistita';

vereinzeltere Dentalableitungen: -d'^- in gr. araGpoc;, mostly PI. araGpa 'Stand, Standort,
weight ', aTa9£p6(; 'stehend, unbeweglich, tight, firm'; -d- in aTa5iO(; 'stehend,
unbeweglich, stiff, zugewogen', araSriv 'stehend', ano-araSov 'fern abstehend'.

9. with /-formant:

cymr. cystar just as well ' ( *kom-sta-lo-)\ Gothic stols "throne', Old High German stuol.
Old English stol. Old Norse s/o/Z'stool', Lithuanian pastolai^ rack for Bienenkorbe', zero
grade Old Church Slavic s/o/b 'throne, seat', in den neuern Slavic Spr. "stool' or 'table,
desk'.

Alb. stor stool' a Slavic loanword.

10. with /7^fornnant:

Old Indie sthaman-v\. "Standort, power'; gr. aTri|ju)v m., arripsvai "stand', Latin stamen
n. "Aufzug am aufrecht stehenden loom, etc.', Umbrian Dat. 5/a/7/77e/"stationi'; stahmito
"statutum'; Old Irish sessam'das Stehen' {*si-sta-mu-), foessam^ protection' {*upo-si-sta-
mu-) = mcymr. ^M/5ess5M/"Garantie'; Gothic stoma ^UTTdoiao\q, foundation, Stoff';
Lithuanian stomud, -ens^ stature '; russ. s/a/77//^"Stutzbalken';

gr. GTapvoc; "crock, pitcher', arapTv-sq PI. "Stander, Seitenbalken'; cymr. cyse/^/7 "first'
{*kentu-stamTno-)\ Middle Irish s5/775/^//77"stelle', cymr. sefyll, corn, sei/e// "stand', bret.
sevell{ *stamilio-) "erect, to build' (besides with Celtic /Old Irish tamun^tree truck'; Old
High German stam, stammes 'stem'etc. seems Verquikkung eines related *stamna- \N\t\r\ a
stabna-, s. *steb- " jamb '); Tocharian A stam, B stam "tree'; but Old High German
ungistuomi' boisterous ' to stem- "hamper', see there.

1 1 . with /^formant (compare die Prasensbildungen with n):

Old Indie sthana-v\., Avestan ap. stana-n. "Standort, place', npers. s/tan, gr. 5ua-
[a]Tr|vo(;, Doric buomvoq "(in schlechtem Zustande) unlucky ', aaTr|vo(; ds., Lithuanian
s/d/7as "Stand', Old Church Slavic 5/5/7b "Stand, lair', alb. sMuare ' ste\r\en6' , shtoraze
"erect' ( *sta-no-dio-, compare to o'-suffix gr. anoaraSov etc.), shtaze, shteze ' catt\e' ( *stan-
ze).

Maybe alb. s/a/7 'animal stall', {* status), s/7/5/ 'standing body', s/7/j7''push (pushing
animal)', s^/ze 'kill (an animal)'. Alb. suggests that Root / lemma: sta-. sta-\ (to stand)
derived from Root / lemma: sed- : (to sit).

12. with /•-formants: Old Indie sth/ra-'t\g\r\t, firm, unbeweglich'; Lithuanian s/d^as "thick,
umfangreich' (actually "stammig'). Old Church Slavic starh "old' ("*stammig' in contrast zur
zarteren youth). Old Norse stdrr'b'\g, large'. Old Saxon 5/d/7"big, large, illustrious'. Old
English stor's/ast, grand';

13. with demy'from *s/a;/o other formations: Old \v\6\c Jala-sthaya-xw. " water container,
water carrier ', s//7a>7/7-'stille stehend, verweilend, stetig' , sfheman-m. Testigkeit,
tranquility, duration' {*sf hay/man-).

F. st(h)au- st(h)u-. Lithuanian stoviu, -e7/'stand' (Memel staunu), s/01/5 'place', stovis
"state, status', s/oi/Z/s 'stehend (of water)', Latvian stavu, s/5i/e/'stand', s/ai/^s 'stehend,
erect';s/5i/s 'steep', s/51/s 'shape', stavi, s/ai/e'loom'; Old Church Slavic staviti^ place ',
s/51/b 'Stand, structure, composition '; Old English stow. Old Frisian std\. 'place'. Old
Icelandic e/cZ-s/d'Feuerstatte'; Gothic stojan^ direct, aim, point ' (perhaps *stdwjan: Old
Church Slavic staviti), stauai. 'court' {*stdwd), sfauam. 'judge'. Old English stow/an'
restrain ', engl. stow^stauen', Old High German Middle High German stouwen {*stawjan)
'(au) wail; (scheltend) gebieten; Refl. sich stauen'. Modern High German stauen, with Cr.
Old High German s/Ja/5^c»'Gerichtstag', s/J5/7'anklagen, scold, chide, hamper'. Middle
Low German stOwen{= stouwen, stowen) ' dam ', etc.;

with gradation stou- gr. *aTU)F-6c; ' column ' in Attic gtoiq, qtoq (*aTU)Fja), Aeolic GTwia
'Saulenhalle', araji'Siov Demin., gtojikoc; 'zur Schule the Stoa belonging', arcbpi^ SokIc;
^uAivri Hes.;

zero grade: Old Indie sthuna^ column ' (Middle Indie /7from n), Avestan stuna, stuna^
column '; gr. gtuu) 'steife, richte empor', Med. 'bin steil aufgerichtet', GTupa n. 'erectio
penis', (3i\}\xoc, gtsAsxoc;, Kopp6(;; gtuAoc; m. ' column, stylus', GTupa^ 'das untere end the
lance '; Old Icelandic stumi^a giant '; Middle High German s/J/7e/7o'e'widersetzlich',
Modern High German staunenas ' look stiff, be amazed, marvel '; keine evidence for
diese ablaut grade are whereas die ^-stem Old Indie su-sthu My. 'good, beautiful', anu-
sthu, 5/7^-s//7^y5 'immediately, right away';

with /-forms in addition: Old Icelandic stod{P\. stodir, st0dr, stedi) f. 'pad, jamb,
UnterstiJtzung', Old English studu, studui. 'pad, jamb ', Middle High German studt ds..
Old Icelandic s/^d///m.ds.. Middle High German studer jamb, Turpfosten';

Old Icelandic s/y^'^'prop, support'. Old High German studen^ belay, statuere'. Old
Icelandic stoda^ support, help'; with intens. consonant stretch: Middle Low German stutten
'(under-)prop, support'. Old High German {undei)stutzen. Modern High German
(under)stutzen\ also Old High German s/Jo'a 'bunch'; Latvian stute, stuta^ro6, rod';

reduced grade st9U-:gr. aiavpoq 'picket, pole' = Old Icelandic s/5^/r' picket, pole'
(ablaut. Norwegian 6\a\.sfyr, sfyrJa'\ong shaft, pole, steife person'); Latin in: instaurare

"instand place' (originally from Stangen, Standern beim Bau), restaurare
"wiederinstandsetzen'.

G. st-eu-, s/-e£/0-"massiv, tight, firm, thick, breit' (Germanic st/urasee below) as
"standsicher, standing firm' in Old Indie sfhavara-'t\r\'\ck, standing firm, bestandig' (latter
meaning and die Vokallange perhaps through support in stha- 'stand'), sfhav/ra- ^bre\t,
thick, strong, dense, old', (or after dem compounds Sup. erfolgter replacement for:) Old
Indie sthura-, s//7 J/5- "thick' = Avestan stura- 'umfangreich, strong' (composition form stui-,
stvi-, i.e. *sfuvf-), Kompar. Superl. Old Indie sthavTyas-, Avestan s/aoya 'the
Umfangreichere, Starkere, Groftere', Old Indie stha-vistha-, Avestan stavista-^Vr\e
Starkste, Derbste, Grobste', Old Indie sfhav/man-n. 'Breite', Avestan sfavah-n. 'thickness,
fatness, Starke'; Armenian 5/1/5/" 'thick' {*stuuar-)\

aschw. s/JA'big, large' (besides stor, see above), s/j?/'5s'brag'. Middle Low German stur
'big, large, strong, heavy; storrisch, coarse, unfriendly' (compare Old Indie ni-sthura-
'rough, hard, coarse', /7/-S//7 J/7/7- 'coarse, raw'). Old Icelandic s/J/'a'DiJsterheit', Vb. '
grieving sein' (nschw. stura ' rigid hinsehen' in the meaning after the family of Modern High
German s//e/'e/7umgeandert), zero grade Old High German s//^/7 "strong, stately, stout,
proud';

with other meaning: Old High German stiura. Middle High German st/ure'pa6, rudder,
helm, UnterstiJtzung, tax'. Modern High German Steueri. and (from dem Low German) n..
Old English steori. ' rudder, helm ', Old Icelandic styriu. ' rudder, helm ', Middle Low
German stur(e)v\. ' rudder, helm ', f. n. 'Regierung; help, Gegenwehr', f. 'UnterstiJtzung',
Gothic ^s-sZ/^/ie/'Zugellosigkeit', Middle Low German unsfure6s., Gothic stiurjan
'feststellen, affirm ', Modern High German zur Steuer der Wahrheit, Old Icelandic s/y/'a'ein
ship steuern; regieren'. Old English stTeran6s., Old High German sf/urren^ prop, support,
steuern, steer'; probably originally 'picket, pole, rudder, helm (secondary: with it prop,
support, steer)', with Old Icelandic staurr, gr. araupoc; (see above) under *steu-ro- : *stau-
/c- compatible, das from *st(h)au-x\o\ quite apart, separated become could;

to Old Indie sthura- etc. stellt sich probably Indo Germanic steu-ro- ^buW (and anderes
cattle)':

Avestan staora-^caW.\e\ Middle Persian stor^ draft animal, steed', Gothic sf/urm. ' bull
calf, bull' (after W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 483 = Old Indie sthavira-); Old High German stior, Old
English steor. Old Icelandic sZ/o/r (besides t^jori) 'bull'.

References: WP. II 603 ff., WH. I 343 f., 705 f., Trautmann 280 ff., Vasmer 3, 2 ff.

Page(s): 1004-1010

Root / lemma: steb(hj- and steb(h)-. stdo"^-, nasalized stemb(h)-, step- {a\so step-?),
nasalized stemp-, nominal stdo'^o-s, stemb(h)ro-s, stomb(h)o-s
Meaning: post, pillar, stump; to support, etc..
Note: relationship to *5/^- "stand' is possible.
Material: root form with -b.

Old Indie stabaka-m. n. " tussock ', stamba-m. "bush, tussock ' (= Lithuanian stambas
"Kohlstrunk');

gr. OTEppu) " stamp, mishandle, abuse, revile ', OTEppa^siv Aoi5op£Tv, Hes. oio^oc, m.
"Schelten, boastfulness ', OTOpsu), aropa^u) " abuse, revile ';

Old Saxon preterit s/op "trat fest auf. Old English staeppan {steppan), stop'fest treten,
march, step, stride, strut'. Old High German s/e/Ofe/7 and s/5/0/&/7"fest auftreten, fest
auftretend schreiten', in addition Kaus. Old English s/^y05/7"einweihen'. Old High German
(Hildebrandslied) stoptun tosamane l\essen zusammenstapfen'; Middle Low German
stappe, Old High German stapf, stapfo {staffo) "Stapfe, footprint ' (Germanic *stapp-)\ Old
Icelandic stgpullm. " jamb, pillar, tower'. Old Frisian s/5/0^/"Richtblock; Krone eines
Zahnes', Old English stapolxw. "stem, jamb, column ', Middle Low Germans/S/Oe/m. "
column, Unterlage, stacked heap, Stapelplatz' (out of it Modern High German Staper pile,
stack '), Old High German stapfal, staffar foundation, footstep, grade'. Modern High
German Staffer rung, horizontal step on a ladder, Treppenabsatz'; Old Saxon sfopom. "
step, tread; kick, strike or blow delivered by the foot; footprint, track, footprint ', Old English
stdpe/6s., Old High German stuoffa, stuofa. Modern High German grade. Middle High
German s/^e/fe "tight, firm, strong'; Old English staepe, stepe, PI. stapas^ footstep, grade'.
Old Frisian stepe 6s., Old Icelandic stapim. "hoher and steiler rocks'; Old Frisian stepa
"beisteuern' (denominative from:) Old Frisian ield-stdpe^Eeisieuer, Wergeld', Old High
German stuopfa6s. (Old Church Slavic stapiD "Steigbugel' from dem Germanic);

nasalized Old Low German stamp. Old High German stampfxw. "tool zum Stolen', (Old
Church Slavic s/O/Oa "mortar' from dem Germanic), therefrom Old Icelandic stappa^bwcw^,
poke, stomp, crunch ', Old English stempan"\n mortar grind ' (engl. stamp a\so " stamp '),
Middle High German stempfenan6 Old High German stampfon. Middle High German
stampfen' stomp, hit, stamp ' and further Middle Low German stempel. Old High German
5/e/77yO///"Stampfel, pestle'; Middle Low German stump m. " stump; adj. "dull, stupid'. Old
High German stumpfm. " stub, stump '; Adj. 'stumpf mutilated, abbreviated ';

problematisch Middle Irish sibara walking, marching' {*stebulo-).

root form with -b'^-:

Old Indie stabhnati, stabhnoti, stambhate, -//"prop, support, hamper', Med. " stiff
become, solidify, congeal ', stabhita-^ qesiiJXz'C , stabdha-^ stiff, rigid; haughty', Kaus.
stambhayati, -/e 'fastens, makes stiff, lahmt, halt an, oppressed', stambha-m. " jamb,
column; hindrance, Lahmung; Aufgeblasenheit', (compare np. s/tamba' violent, brutal,
streitsiJchtig'), stambhanam^ fortification, Festhalten, hindrance ' = Avestan stembana-
"pad', Avestan stawra- "tight, firm', np. sitabr, /stabr^ strong, vast, grand'; ved. stabhuyan,
stabhuyamana-^ sich nichtfrom the Stelle ruhrend, unbeweglich ', ap. sta^bava' resist!
rebel!' (indoiran. *sta'^'^au-)\

gr. aoTEpcpnt; "unerschijtterlich' (actually 'wer nicht gepreflt become kann'), GTspicpuAa n.
PI. 'ausgepreftte Oliven orTrauben', aracpuAri " grape, grapevine; uvula in mouth',
GTacpuAr) "plummet';

Middle Irish sabt ' shaft, pillar, stick' {*st9b[h]a)\ semmor^ clover' {*stemb[h]ro-)\

Old Icelandic stefja {*stabjan) "hinder', stefna^ dam ' (*make stiff, stiffen, make rigid,
halt, stop, cause to stop, block '), Old High German staben^ rigid, stiff sein'. East Frisian
star stiff, lame'; Gothic *s/a/fe(Nom. PI. stabeis) aroixsTa "Buchstaben' (lesson through
Runenstabchen), Old Icelandic s/5/^"staff, pad, alphabetic letter'. Old English s/^/'staff,
alphabetic letter'. Old High German Middle High German stap{-b-) " stick, pad, rod ';
Swedish Danish staver^ fence post ' (compare Old Church Slavic stoborb, Lithuanian
stabaras); Old Frisian s/e/'staff;

Maybe alb. stap^ stick, pad, rod ' a Germanic loanword.

Old Icelandic stefu. {*stabja-), stefnai. {*stabanjdn-) " certain, feste time etc.', Old
English stefn, sfemmm. "time, Mai, Periode'; Old Icelandic stafnn. 'Steven, Hausgiebel',
Old Saxon stamnm. 'Steven', Old English stefn, stemnm. 'stem, root, Steven', Old High
German sfam {-mm-) ' tree truck, Geschlechtsstamm ', Modern High German stem
(Verquikkung eines *stad-na- \N\t\r\ a *stam-na-: Old Irish tamun ^tree truck');

nasalized Old High German stumba/' cut-off piece, stump ', stumb/7dn' mutilate ', Old
Frisian stemb//nge' mutilation '.

Lithuanian stembtr stalk ansetzen', stembras, stembrys^ stalk' (= Middle Irish
semmor), stimbras^ tail stub, tail stump ', zem. stambris^ stalk', Lithuanian stambus

'coarse, coarsely granulated ', 5/a/77i6'55'Kohlstrunk', Latvian stuobrs^ stem, reed';
Lithuanian stebulei. 'hub of a wheel', Latvian stebe^ mast ', russ. stebatb, kir. stebnuty'
lash, flog; steppen, sew '; stabyti, stabdyti^ halt, stop, cause to stop, block ', stabas' jamb,
Schlagfluft', Old Lithuanian sfabas' idol ' (gottlich verehrter Pflock), Latvian stabs' pillar,
column ', Old Prussian stab/sm. ' stone ', stabn/t '( stony) oven', Lithuanian stabaras'6ry
bough'. Old Church Slavic stoborb ' column '; with the meaning ' be amazed, marvel ':
Lithuanian stebetis;

root form in -/?-:

Old Indie in Kaus. sthapayami' place, found, ground ';

Old Church Slavic stopa' footprint ', stepent 'grade'. Old Lithuanian s/S/OyZ/s 'stand
bleiben', Lithuanian s/epas 'Schlagfluft', stapinti' penem erig6re ';

Old Church Slavic stgpiti, stgpat/'trea6'.

References: WP. II 623 ff., Trautmann 280, 284, Kniper Nasalpras. 195 ff., Vasmer 3, 16,

19,35.

Page(s): 1011-1013

Root / lemma: stegh-, nasal, stengh-
Meaning: to stick; pole, stalk, etc..

Material: Gr. aT6xo(; 'das assigned purpose, Vermutung' (aroxa^oijai 'ziele, investigate
from, errate'); Swedish s/a^^ (Germanic *stagga-) 'stiff and stechendes Gras', dial. 'Achel,
Stichling (fish)', wherefore *staggian- 'with *sting, prick = penis versehen' in Old Icelandic
stegg/m. 'Stecher', nisi, also 'tomcat, male-cat' (late Old English staggam., engl. stag 'the
adult male deer', engl. dial, also 'male', from dem Nord.); Prussian-Lithuanian stege, stegis
'Stichling', Latvian staga{/)s'a prickly fish', stage' A\ant' (also stag/"e\n herb, das as
cabbage gegessen wird'?);

nasalized: gr. gtovu^, -uxoc; (geformt after ovux- ' sharp cusp, peak'), gtovu^i Kspaai
Hes.; omx(J<^, -^oq (also aoraxuc;) m. ' ear ' (a = rf);

Old Icelandic st/'nga, stakk. Old English st/ngan 'st\ck'; Gothic usstagg "z^zkz, stich
from!'; Old High German stanga. Old Icelandic stgng'sWck, picket, pole, shaft, pole'. Old
English steng {* stangi-) ds., nl. steng {*stangid[n]-) ds.. Old High German stengil 'stalk;
ablaut. Old High German stungen 'pnck';

Church Slavic ostegi), serb. -Church Slavic ostezb "dress, mantle'; russ. stegatb,
stegnutb 'steppen, sew, lash, flog ', stezka^ suture' (ein geschlossener syllable from b
and aufs/e^a& figurative); Czech steh, poln. scieg, sc/g" prick, sting';

here as "sich versteifen', with the intonation of a heavy basis: Lithuanian steng-iu, -ti
"sich anstrengen', Refl. "sich widersetzen', stangus "widerspenstig'?

References: WP. II 622 f., Vasmer 3, 9, Trautmann 285.
Page(s): 1014-1015

Root / lemma: (s)teg-1

Meaning: to cover

Material: Old Indie 5//7a^a//(umbelegt), sthagayati^verhuWi, verbirgt'; gr. GTsyu) "cover,

schijtze etc.', Qit^OQ,, rsyoc; n. (= Old Irish tech), OTEyn, Tsyn f. "roof, house', aiz-^avoc,

"deckend, sheltering; bedeckt, hidden, concealed', aT£yv6(; "bedeckend, schutzend;

bedeckt, verschlossen; compact, tight, firm, dense' (see because of this meaning also

*tegu- "thick'), aT£KTiK6(; "bedeckend, schutzend';

Latin tego, -ere^ cover ', tectum 'rooV (= aT£KT6(;), tegu/um' cover, roof, wrapping ',
teges, -et/'s "cover, mat ', tegula " a roof tile ', toga " the white woolen upper garment worn
by Roman citizens '; Umbrian tehtenm " a covering, plaster used for covering';

Maybe alb. {* tegula) tjegulla^X\\e, brick', truncated {* tegula) tulla'tWe, brick', tehu{*tegu)
"blade, sharp edge' Latin loanwords [common alb., italic -g- > -/?-]

Old Irish /ec/7 (neutraler -es-stem = gr. t£YO(;), acymr. tig, ncymr. ty, acorn, //"house',
abret. bou-tig^ cowshed ' (with unclear brit. /); PI. acymr. te, ncymr. tal, also in Old Irish
teg-lach^ Hausgenossenschaft ', cymr. teulu, acorn, tellu' family ' {*tego-slougo-). Old
Irish -tulglur^\ cover' = Old High German decchlu, /^/ge "stramen' {*togla), Imthuge
"Bedeckung, Bekleidung', cymr. 5/77-o'c»"amiculum, involucrum'. Old Irish e/5c/7 "dress',
cymr. corn. /c»"roof', cymr. /o/"tegere';

Old Icelandic t^ekja "cover'. Old English t^eccan "cover'. Old High German decchen
"cover' (iterative *togeJd= Old Irish tulglur, under Verdrangung from Indo Germanic *tegd);
Old Icelandic t^ak. Old English dsec. Old High German dahu. "roof; Old Icelandic t^ekja
"roof. Old High German decchr cover, roof; Old English t^ecen. Old Saxon theclna6s., in
addition Old Icelandic staka, stakkai. "fell, fur'; (without s Norwegian dial, taka
"Schweinshaut');

lengthened grade Lithuanian stfegiu stfegtr e\'c\ Dach eindecken', Old Prussian steege
"barn', Lithuanian s//e^/oyas "Dachdecker', ablaut. st6gas= Old Prussian stog/s'rooV;
perhaps russ. -Church Slavic stogbm. 'barn, haystack, heap'.

References: WP. II 621 f., WH. II 654 f., Trautmann 288.
Page(s): 1013-1014

Root / lemma: (s)teg-2

Meaning: pole, stick, beam

Note: s. also under ste/^r- 'prick'

Material: Armenian t'akn. Gen. /'a/ra/? 'cudgel, club, beetle, hammer, club, mace, joint',

Vakaiak, f 'aka fa^capAeWo, architrave';

Latin tTgnum ( *tegnom) 'timber, balk, beam';

Old Icelandic s^a/r/' picket, pole, shaft, pole' = Old High German s/e/?/?*? 'cudgel, club,
picket, pole, Stecken, peg, plug'; (with expressive Gemination stekko): Old Swedish staki^
shaft, pole, spit, pike'. Old English staca6s.. Middle Low German stake ds., Old High
German sfach 'Spiefthirsch';

Danish s/a/r'Achel, awn'; denominative Old Icelandic stjaka'bump, poke', 5/a/ra 'bump,
poke, fair. Middle Low German staken'bump, poke'; Gothic h/e/Pra-stake/ns 'E\nstecken
from Zelten';

of form the shaft, pole genommen is Norwegian dial, staka, stjaka' stiff go, stumble',
Low German stakernds.;

Old Icelandic s/a/rA/''barn, haystack'. Middle Low German s/a/r 'schrager dam from
Pfahlen and deadwood' (: Old Church Slavic stogt 'barn, haystack');

Lithuanian stagaras, stegerys ' dijrrer langer stalk', Latvian stegaf., stegsm. 'long shaft,
pole, long stick, spit, pike'; stegai. 'penis';

Old Church Slavic s tezerb ' cardo' , russ. stozar^ shaft, pole', sloven. st$zja, stgzje
'Schoberstock', serb. s/ozer'tree auf the Dreschtenne', Upper Serbian scezor' mast '; Old
Church Slavic stogi3 'haystack'; stegiD 'banner, ensign, flag'; about Old Church Slavic
stbgno see below (sjteig"-.

References: WP. II 613, 622, Trautmann 285, Vasmer 3, 16 f.
Page(s): 1014

Root / lemma: steigh-

Meaning: to march, ascend

Material: Old Indie stighndti^s\.e\q\! (Dhatup.), ved. pra-stighnuyatO^i. present "er moge

emporkommen', ati-stigham\n\. 'iJberstelgen, bemeistern';

gr. aTsixw 'schreite, go', *aTi^, Gen. OTixoq, PI. arixs";, -ac, "row, Zeile', Attic o^'xxoc, 'row,
Zeile, line', OTixaaGai "in dichter Reihe besides- or hintereinander go or come', gtoTxoc;
"row, line';

alb. shtek, shteg-u^ passage, entrance, way, Haarscheitel' (= aToTxo(;);

Old Irish t/agu'\ schreite, go', techti. "the going, the summoner', cymr. /a///? "journey' =
bret. //z"haste, hurry' {*[s]tikta), cymr. mor-dwy^Seeiahri' {*[s]teigho-) etc.;

Gothic steigan. Old Icelandic stTga, Old English Old High German stTgan " ascend ' (= gr.
GTsixu)); Old High German stTg^ steep path, path, track, grade'. Old Icelandic stTgr
"Fuftsteig'; Gothic staiga^ steep path, way'. Old High German s/e/iga "steiler way';

Old High German stegm. "narrow bridge, gangplank, footbridge, small bridge'; Old
Icelandic st/g/'m. 'Stiege, ladder', st/'gn. " footstep, grade'. Old English st/ge'das Hinauf-
or Herabsteigen', Old High German stega^grade, stairs, ladder' (Old High German stiega.
Modern High German Stiege W\Vc\ e^, also probably from *steigha)\ Old English staegeri.
"Treppe' (engl. staii). Middle Low German ste/ger' steep', nid. "Ladeplatz, scaffold, trestle'.
Old Icelandic ste/gur-//gr' steep, erect'; Old Icelandic stetti. " footprint, Trittstein, way.
Stand, rank', steftrm. ds. (: cymr. fa/th). Old Icelandic stetta^ support, help'. Old English
stihtan, st/ht/an {'*aui e\ne basis place =) einrichten, sort, order, arrange', anfrk. stihtan{=
Old High German stiftanl) etc.;

Lithuanian staigaMy. "sudden', s/5/g^5 "violent, quick, fast aufbrausend', staigaus, -ytis
and steigiuos, ste/gt/s's\c\r\ beeilen, sich bemuhen'; Latvian steidzu(ds), steigi{ies) "sich
beeilen', s/a/^^/ "change', stiga^ path, track '; Old Church Slavic st/gngl come', stbdza,
s/i.za"Fuftsteig, road', sttgna ' road' .

References: WP. II 614 f., Trautmann 285 f.
Page(s): 1017-1018

Root / lemma: (s)teig-
Meaning: to stick; sharp

Note: extension from stei- ds.

Material: Old Indie tejate^'xs sharp, scharft', tejayat/ 'scharft, stachelt', t/kta- "sharp, bitter',
t/'gma- 'spiky, sharp', tejas-u. ' sharpness, cutting edge, radiance ', tejana-m^6as
Scharfen, AnziJnden; cusp, peak, arrowhead, Rohrstab, arrow shaft ', wherefore as
collective tejaiifi. 'netting or bundle from reed, straw ';

Avestan taeya-, taeza- 'sharp; m. sharpness', tiyra-, ap. tigra- 'sharp'; afghan. tera
'sharp, spiky' {*taigra-)\ Avestan tizi- ds., tiyri-^anoW etc., np. /e^^'cusp, peak, sword'
(Armenian loanword teg^ lance '), /ez'sharp', /^ "arrow';

without aniaut. s-also Germanic *^7y^s///5- 'thistle' (compare den s-stem Old Indie tejas-)
in Old Icelandic Nstill, Old English distel. Old High German cf/sf/7an6 Norwegian t/sfe/,
East Frisian oVsse/ 'thistle' and perhaps acymr. //go/77 'naevi' ('*dot, speck, Tupf from
'prick, sting'? compare gr. GTiypia);

gr. GTi^u) ' prick, tatowiere', ariypa 'prick, sting, dot, speck ', otiktoc; 'varicolored'
('embroidered ');

Latin TnstTgo, -5/'e'anspornen, sting, goad, incite, aufreizen';

nasalized /hsf/nguo ^re\ze an', /ntersf/ngud ^besetze (bestecke) hin and again with
etwas', distingud\ prick, stochere apart) unterscheide' (-^d after unguoetc), Umbrian
a/7s//>7/^'distinguito'; Latin stinguo, -ere^ extinguish, annihilate, erase ' (of
Auseinanderstochern the brennenden Scheite);

Middle Irish tiug- {*tigu-) 'last', acymr. guotig, cymr. wed/baiter' ('*behind dem end'). Old
Irish t/gernae^ master, mister', gall. Tigernum castrum, cymr. /ey/77 'ruler' (often influenced
from */e^c»5 'house'); bret. stec'h^ fascicle, sheaf {*stikka)\ bret. s//c»^e/7 'Tintenschnecke'
to *s//b^from *s//^5/r5 (compare Loth RC. 43, 156);

Gothic s///rs 'prick, sting, dot, speck ', Old High German stih. Old Saxon stiki. Middle
Low German steke. Old English sticerw. 'ds.'; s//C'/5/7 'prick'; Intr. 'steckenbleiben, fest
bleiben'. Middle Low German s//C'/re/7 'prick, prickle, kindle, inflame, choke; suppress,
crush'. Old High German s//ic/re/7 'prick, prickle ', /r-st/cken ' choke; suppress, crush'. Old
High German s/ec/re/7 'festsitzen'. Modern High German stecken^ stick \*stikken as
though 'angenagelt sein'); Old Icelandic steikJa^irY (actually 'an den spit, pike stick'; in
addition steikr^ Erater\\ sf/kna ^ roasted become'); with ablaut derailment: Old Saxon stekan
' fasten with needle or thread, festhaften'. Old High German stehhan. Modern High
German stechen, Kaus. *stakjan\r\ Old High German stecken\ through Stiche) fasten,

clip, bind, einstecl<en'. Modern Higli German steckenVc., Gotliic s/a/rs "Wundmal', Old High
German stahhu/a ^st\ng, prick'. Old Icelandic s/^/r/" "stinkend, sharp'; diese structure in die
e-Reihe war preferred through die Germanic Ablegerfrom *steg- ' shaft, pole' (e.g. Old
Icelandic stjakim. " jamb '), with denen sich die group Gothic stiks. Modern High German
stechenio a neuen Einheit zusammenschloft; so based on formal auf *stig-, but with the
meaning from *steg-: Old Icelandic stika. Old High German 5/^/7/70 'Stecken' (latter but
zugleich also = Old Icelandics^a/r/), Old Icelandic stiku. 'picket, pole'; with kk. Old
Icelandic 5//Ma"Stecken, shaft, pole'. Old English sticcaxw. "Stecken, spoon'. Old Saxon
5/e/r/ro "Stecken, picket, pole'. Old High German s/ec/ro "Stecken';

to *stig- stellen sich still: Old Icelandic st/k/7/'cusp, peak'. Old English stice{s) m. "sting,
prick'. Middle Low German stekel. Old High German st/hh/7 'st\ng, prick'. Modern High
German Stichel; Gothic stikis. Old High German s/e/7/7a/" goblet' as "zum Einstecken in die
Erde under zugespitzt verlaufendes vessel'; Old Saxon s/e/ra/" rough, stony ', Middle Low
German 5/e/re/ "devexus'. Old English 5//C0/ "steep, high'. Old High German stehhal.
Middle High German stechel, stichel, sf/cke/' steep' as "die Fuftsohlen pricking, voll
pointed stone ';

Latvian st/gt' sink in ', Lithuanian stingu stigau, st/'gt/an6 stygau, -ot/"an a Orte ruhig
verbleiben (steckenbleiben'); whether to {sJte/g'ii-7

References: WP. II 612 ff., Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 86 f., 191, VasmerS, 8;
See also: see below (s)teg-2.
Page(s): 1016-1017

Root / lemma: (s)teig''-

Meaning: shoulder, arm, hip

Material: Armenian f ekn. Gen. ///ra/? "shoulder, Achsel; arm ', PI. /■//i//7/r""Schultern; back;

rump, side eines Gebaudes etc' {*toig'^-no-)\

Celtic *toibos iroxw * to/g"'-os- \n Old Irish foeb, to/bn., cymr. corn. bret. fu's\6e';

Old Church Slavic sttgno lemur', slov. sfegno't\r\\g\r\', russ. sfegnd'\r\\p, haunch, hip;
thigh'.

References: WP. II 614; different Vasmer 3, 8 (to steg-2).
Page(s):1018

Root / lemma: (s)teig''h-

Meaning: to await patiently

Material: Old Indie /////rsa/e 'halt from, duldet', ////fea'geduldiges Ertragen, endurance,

patience '; common Old Indie -gh- > -/rs- Gothic stiwiti^ patience '; here Latvian stigt,

above S. 1017.

References: W P. II 615.

Page(s):1018

Root / lemma: (s)tei-
Meaning: sharp, spike

Material: Avestan staera- 'mountaintop, mountain peak, summit ' ana^ Asy., taera-
"mountaintop, mountain peak, summit, acme, apex ' (probably *stoi-lo-, so that dieVollstufe
to:) Latin s///^s "spitziger picket, pole, Stiel, stalk, stylus zum Schreiben'; with formants-/77c»-
.■ Latin sti- mu- /us ^st\ng, prick'; in addition Latin 5//V5(and *stevat\r\e rom. Sprachen) "
plough handle, plough stilt ' as *stei-uaR compare Old Indie tTvra- "violent, sharp', das from
"*sharp, pricking ' could have evolved;

about Old High German Old Saxon 5/// etc. s. Frings Germania Romana 180 f.

References: WP. II 612, WH. II 592.
Page(s):1015

Root / lemma: (s)tel-1

Meaning: to let flow; to urinate

Material: Gr. OTaAaaaw, Attic -ttoj "rinnen let; triefen, drip' (probably analogical for -a^w),

GTaAayfja "drip', OTaAayiJoq "das Tropfein, drip', late araAau) "oTaAaaau)'; leAjja n. "puddle,

slop, swamp, marsh, slime, mud, mortar' (Armenian teim, ////77 "slime, mud, ordure' out of it

borrowed?);

engl. s/a/e "urine', /os/5/e "urinate, to make water'. Middle Low German s/a/"urine of
the horse'. Middle Low German Modern High German s/5//e/7 "urinate, to make water'
(from horses, Swiss also from people); unclear Middle Breton staut, nbret. s/ao/" urine'
{*stalto-l)\

eine p(Ar)-extension perhaps in Lithuanian [telzti^ steep, eingieften', Intrans. isWzti
"aufweichen', ablaut, tulzti^ become humid, wet '; proto Slavic. *t-blst-b "swollen, thick' in
Old Church Slavic *t/bstb6s., russ. /o/s/jy" thick'.

References: WP. II 642 f., Trautmann 331 f., Vasmer 3, 1 17.
Page(s):1018

Root / lemma: stel-2, stela-

Meaning: broad, to broaden

Material: Armenian ara-staii^stl-no-) 'roof, /a//7'breit' (^lai-in, extension from lai- from

*s//^/c»= Latin latus);

Latin latus {* stia- to-) 'breit', older aniaut in s//a//a"Kauffalirteiscliiff;

ablaut. *s//a-in latus, -erisn. 'side', /a/er'Ziegelstein' (whether 'platter stone '), perhaps
lam/na't\r\\n Platte', whether from * (sjtla-mena ^ d\e ausgebreitete', also Latium, if from
*/'5y///s-/-/c»/77 'Flachland';

proto Slavic, steljg stblati^ outspread ' in Old Church Slavic po-steljg, po-stblati
'arpcjovvuEiv', steljai. ' arsYn '; in addition Latvian slaju, s/a/'load, pack'.

References: WP. II 643, WH. I 755 f., 769 f., 772 f., II 596, Trautmann 286, Vasmer 3, 10;
See also: probably to stel-3.
Page(s): 1018-1019

Root / lemma: stel-3

Meaning: to put, place

Material: Old Indie sthala-m, s//7a^' elevation, tableland, hill, plateau, Festland', sthala

'ErdaufschiJttung', s//75/a//(Dhatup.) 'stands'; perhaps sthala-m, S//75F vessel, pot, pan';

unclear sthan'u- 'standing firm', Subst. 'stump, stick' {*stharnu-, Indo Germanic *st(h)el-nu-

?);

Armenian stelcanem ^ schaiie' , stein, PI. stelunk'^ stem, stalk, twig, branch';

gr. gteAAu) 'stelle auf (in order); bestelle, allow to come; send; rijste to, kleide, stelle
fertig', oiokoq m. 'ZuriJstung, pull, Heereszug' and 'hervorstehender balk, beam, peg,
plug, helm pole and likewise', aroAn f. 'armament, armor, clothing, AusriJstung,
Heereszug';

Maybe alb. stall' jewellery ' a Greek loanword;

gr. GToAi^u) 'bestelle, make fertig, riJste', aTEAsd f. 'Stiel the axe', later gteAeov n., homer.
aT£A£i-r|, -6v ds., Attic oizkzoq m. ds., o^tkexo(; n. 'stem, stalk, stem of a plant; fool ';
Lesbian-Thessalian araAAa, Doric araAa, Attic arriAri ' column ' {*stl-na, compare Old High
German stolid); perhaps aTaAi^(a); 'peg, plug zum Festmachen the Jagdnetze';

alb. shtjelj{ *stel-nd) "wickle ein'?;

Maybe alb. shtylla " column ';

Latin stolidus^ doltish, stupid, ungebildet', stu/tus' crazy', stolo, -o/7/s"Wurzelschoft'
(actually 'Stecken, Stiel');

Latin locus. Old Latin s//c»ci/5 "place' {*stlo-ko-); /7/cd'auf the Stelle' {*en-stlokdd);

Old Icelandic s^ip/AYump', Norwegian stj0r stalk, Stiel', Old English stela xw.
"Pflanzenstiel', ablaut. Middle English 5/a//"Pflanzenstengel, rung, horizontal step on a
ladder, Stiel', Middle Low German stale, star jamb; foot'; Old Icelandic stalu. "barn,
haystack, pile, stack ', Old English s/i^/'place' {* stela); vandal. PN Stlllco= Modern High
German Stilka;

Old Icelandic stallr {* stolnos) " rack, altar, crib, manger, stall'. Old English steair
position. Stand, stall'. Old High German Middle High German stal{-ll-) 'domicile, place,
stall'; therefrom Old High German stellen^aui-, ieststellen, einrichten'. Old Saxon stelllan.
Old English stellan ^p\ace, place '; Old Icelandic s/aZ/Aa "stehenbleiben, stocken';

Old Saxon s/o/Zo Tuftgestell', Old High German stollo. Middle High German stolle'pa6,
rack, jamb, foot eines Sessels', Modern High German Stolle, Stollen {\ndo Germanic *stln-,
compare gr. arriAri and das the changing by ablaut Old Icelandic stallr' rack ');

Old Saxon Old High German s//7// "still, peaceful ', Old English stllle6s. {*stel-nl-); Old
Icelandic s/z/Za'stillen, sort, order, arrange, iJberlisten', Old Saxon gist/lllan ' st\\\en' , Old
English stillan 'st\\\en, calm, appease ', Intr. ' become still ', Old High German Modern High
German stillen ' make still ';

isl. stalml, Norwegian stalmem. 'das Angeschwollensein of Euters', Swedish stolm
"Stoppein' (: Latvian stulms); Norwegian stalma, stolma' curdle, coagulate, harden ';

Old Prussian 5/5///? "stand'; Latvian stulms' stump; limb, member, arm, leg';

as s- loose Nebenformen comes in Betracht *te/- "still sein' (see there).

Erweiterte root forms:

stelb-, stelp-; stjbo-' jamb ':

Old Low German s/e//0O/7"stagnare', Dutch s/e//0e/7"stillen, hamper', Modern High
German (Low German) s/e//0e/7'sistere sanguinem', Middle Low German stalpen
"stagnare', stolpe^ lard and other Fettarten' ('*jammed, packed, stuck '); Old Icelandic
stolpi. Middle English stuipe. Middle Low German s/o/yoe'balk, beam, jamb '; Middle Low
German s/^//0e/7'umstulpen, umkehren', s/^>^e'Stulpe, Topfdeckel'; Norwegian stolpa
"with steifen and langen Schritten go'. Modern High German (Low German) stolpern;

Lithuanian sfa/buof/s ^stan6 bleiben', stelbuotis ^sc\\a\ become', ablaut. Latvian stulds'
dazed, astounded ', stulbs^ jamb ', ablaut. s//76>s 'shinbone'; Old Church Slavic sti-bba
"grade', russ. stolb^ column, jamb ';

danehen with /? Lithuanian stulpas, Latvian stulps. Old Church Slavic sti-bp-b " a column,
pillar, post, tower ', russ. stolp

a nasal, root form s/ye/77i&- probably in Latin stlembus^ clumsy, slow'.

steld-:

Old Indie at most in sthadu-xw. " hump, hunchback, hunch ';

Old High German stelza. Middle Low German stelte, Swedish stylta. Middle English
s////e "stilt', engl. sf/7f6s.; Low German 5////e" shaft, pole, stalk'. Old English sty/fan
"verdutzt sein' (*solidify, congeal '), East Frisian s/o/Ze/r? "stumble'. Middle High German
stolzen, stulzen^ limp ', Swedish s/^//5 "stumble'. Middle Low German s/o// "stately,
haughty ', Old High German Middle High German s/o/zds. (Middle High German also
"crazy');

a d^-present to stel- in Gothic ancf-sta/dan ' 6arre\c\r\en, offer, bid', gas fa/dan ^acqu\re,
possess, control'. Old English stea/dan^ possess, control'. Old High German (etc.)
hagusfa/f \on\y a grove possessing =) day labourer, unverheirateter man, Hagestolz'.

ste/g- (also stelk-1) nominal (s)tolgo-.

Middle Irish tolgv(\. f. " strength '; Old Swedish stiselke, Norwegian stjelk, sfe/kan6
changing through ablaut sfa/k, engl. sfa/k^ stalk, Stiel', Old English 5/e5/c"high, steep',
Middle Low German s/o/Zre/ie/? "stolzieren', nid. stelkeren, stolkeren^ curdle, coagulate,
harden ', further as " stiff, go'; Norwegian stalka, sM/ra "stapfen, slink', as Old English
stealcian, engl. sta/k6s., Old Icelandic s/e//r/'"Strandkiebitz'; compare Middle Irish taf/J/c
"strong', with k,

Lithuanian s/eTgZ/'anstarren, rigid liinselien', stalgus^ rigid, defiant, stout, proud',
ste7gt/s^ brag, boast', probably also zem. st//guos's\c\r\ beeilen'; because of the meaning
doubtful Lithuanian sfu/gyn^\n die Hohe', Old Lithuanian 5/^/g//7//"verlangern'.

References: WP. II 643 ff., WH. I 817 f., II 599, Trautmann 284, 290 f., Vasmer 3, 18.
Page(s): 1019-1020

Root / lemma: stem-
Meaning: to push; to stumble, stutter
Note: only Germanic and Celtic

Material: Old High German gistemon, gistemen. Middle High German s/e/77e/7"Einhalt tun'.
Old High German ungistuomi^ boisterous ' (*sich nicht beherrschend'). Middle High
German gestueme "gentle, still'; Gothic stamms " stammering ', Old Icelandic stamr6s.
"behindert, stolen; looted ', Old English stam, Old High German sfamm' stammering ', Old
Icelandic stama. Old High German stamen^ stammer ', Old English stamor^ stammering ',
Old High German stam(m)al6s., stamalon^ stammer'; Old Icelandic stemma {*stammjan)
"stemmen, dammen, hinder'. East Frisian stemmen ds., Middle High German stemmen
"stand make, stiff make; Intr. (of water) gestaut become'; zero grade Old Icelandic stumra
"stumble' (Norwegian also stamra). Middle English stumren, stum(b)len. East Frisian
stummein 6s.\ Old Saxon Old Frisian Old High German stum{m) 'dumb ',

Latvian stuomft/es' stammer, stumble, stand bleiben, sich baumen, hesitate ' {*stdm),
stumt'bump, poke', Lithuanian stumiu, stumiau, stumt/'bump, poke, push ', Latvian
stuostTt {* stamstTti) "bump, poke'; Refl. "stottern'.

Maybe alb. s/7/jy"bump, poke, push ', alb. Geg shtue, Tosc shtoj'io add, increase, pile '.

References: WP. II 625 f., Wissmann KZ 62, 141 f.
Page(s):1021

Root / lemma: (s)ten-1

Meaning: to groan, etc..

Material: Old Indie stanati{= gr. gtevu). Old English stenan, Lithuanian stenu), staniti,

stanayaf/ "donnert, drohnt, bellow, roar, braust', stanay/tnu-m. "thunder', tanayitnu-

"drohnend, donnernd', /^/7y5//(= Aeolic tevvei) " soughs, sounds, donnert', tanyu-'

soughing, thundering '; afghan. /a/7a "thunder', np. fundards.; Old \nd\c abh/'-stana- m. "

din, noise ';

gr. otevcjo "drohne, achze, lament', Ionian arsivu) (= Old Church Slavic stenjg) ds.,
aiEva^u) ds., aT£vaY|j6(; 'das sigh ', arsvaxu) ds., arovoc; m. " the groaning ', cxsa-aiovoo,
"very stohnend' (Old Indie abh/-stana-'6as Tosen, shout', russ. ston's\g\r\'), Itevtojp;
Lesbian tevvei otsvsi, ppuxsTOi Hes.;

Latin tono, -are " thunder; also from other lauten Schalleindrucken', to-nitru, tonitrus
"thunder'; Celtic FIN Tanaros{: Old High German donar);

Old English stenan siem V. "groan, moan'; Middle Low German stenensdcm. V. ds.
{*stanjan= Old Indie stanayati); Old Icelandic stynja ds. = Middle Low German stonen
(Modern High German stohnen); Old Icelandic sfynrm. "Gestohne', Old English gestunn.
"din, fuss, noise, whirlwind'; Old Icelandic stanka'groan, moan'. Old English stenecian
"pant, gasp'; Old High German o'c»/75/'" thunder'. Old English f^unords., Old Icelandic f^orr'
Thunder God ', Old English dun/an^ thunder, roar, bellow, sigh';

Lithuanian stenu, -etT groan, groan, moan'. Old Church Slavic stenjg, stenatids.; russ.
s/d/7" the groaning '; Old Prussian *stint, s//77c»/7s participle Perf. Akt. "gelitten'.

References: WP. II 626 f., WH. II 690 f., Trautmann 286.; VasmerS, 10, 19.
Page(s):1021

Root / lemma: sten-2

Meaning: narrow

Material: Alt. aT£v6(;, Ionian gteivoc; "narrow' (*aTev-F6-(;), hom. to aT£Tvo(; "narrowness,

narrow Raum; crush, crowdedness (so also Attic to aT£VO(;)', aT£vuYp6(; "narrow', Itevu-

KAr|po(; (gtev-u- : gtsv-Fo-); OTavsi (a)T£iv£Tai auppEpuoTai Hes.; perhaps to *sten-to-\n

Old Icelandic st/nnr' stiff, tight, firm, hard, strong'. Old English sf/d, Old Frisian st/th ds.,

das Holthausen further to Latvian s///7/e "icicle' places.

References: WP. II 627; Holthausen Aengl. Etym. Wb. 323.

Page(s): 1021-1022

Root / lemma: sterg-, sterk-

Meaning: to care for, take care of

Material: Gr. GTspyu) "love; bin zufrieden', OTOpyn "love, affection '; Irish se/r "love' wird

because of cymr. serch ds. rather as *sterka\r\ere, as to ser-2 or ser-^ belong; to Slavic

*sterg-' whereupon worrying achten, guard, watch': Old Church Slavic stregg, stresti

"servare, beware, guard', strazb= russ. s/d/'c»z"Wachter' etc.

References: WP. II 642, Trautmann 257 f., Vasmer 3, 12, 20.

Page(s):1032

Root / lemma: (s)ter-1, (s)tera-. (s)tre-

Meaning: stiff, immovable; solid, etc..

Note: s. also ster- 'unfruchtbar' and ster- " stiff Pflanzenschaft', further treg- "alle Krafte

anstrengen', strenk- 'straff

Material: A. Gr. aiz^zoc, (Attic also areppoc; from

*aT£p£6(;) ' rigid, tight, firm, hard', aT£pi(po(; ds. (also

" infertile ', s. ster-6^ infertile '), OTspsiJvioq ds.;

GTsTpa 'Kielbalken', lengthened grade: arripa to

AiGiva npoGupa Hes., arripi^u) (Fut. -ipS) "tight, firm

prop, support, stemmen', Med. Pass, "sich prop, support, sich feststemmen',

arnpiYt -YYO<; pad', wherefore aKripinTw 'stijtze',

Med. "stiJtze myself, stemme myself, dissimil. from *aTr|piTTT(jo; aTpr|vr|(;, aTpr|v6(; " hard,

sharp, forceful ', aTpr|vo(; n. 'heftiges desire, power, Ubermut', arpriviav "minxish, wanton

sein', QTpnvu^u) "cry rauh' (in formant. Bez. to Latin strenuu^l), Latin strenuus\o\\

riJstiger

Tatkraft, betriebsam, wacker'; alb. shterr{*ster-n-) "lay, dry the place, make dry up '; about

strena'goo6 omen, sign' s. WH. II 601;

Latin consterno, -are, also eA'5/e/77o"besturzen, from the Fassung

bringen', sternax' shy, storrisch';

cymr. fr/n "toil, fight, struggle'
{*strena7);

Germanic *stara- " rigid, esp. of eye' in mnl. star
m. "Starrheit of Auges', Old High German stara-blint. Old English stger{e)blind
"starblind'. Old Icelandic stara. Old English starian. Old High German staren " stare,
stare'; with-//'- (from -rn-) Old Icelandic stgrri. "Carex' (actually "die
Steife'), starr{Akk. starran) " stiff, rigid, hard'. Modern High German starr^ rigid',
Middle High German sterre. Modern High German Bavarian sterr^ rigid, stiff, whereof
Middle High German starren, sterren^ rigid be or become'. Modern High German
erstarren, starren, Norwegian stara av\6 sterra {*starrian) "sichstrauben, sich anstrengen';
*sturra- ( *sturna-) "sich steif aufrichtend, stemmend' in Gothic and-staurran "
uncourageous sein'. Old High German s/d/re/? "steif herausstehen, jut, project, protrude,
stick out ', Old High German storro " stump, clot, chunk'. Modern High German storrig,
storrisch; Old English s//e/77e"ernst, hard, stern'. Old High German 5/0/775/7 "stutzen,
frighten' (*"stiff, rigid vor Schrecken'), 5/i//77/ "stupor', Swedish s/i//77a "stutzen';

Old Icelandic stirdr^ stiff, unbeugsam, hard,
unfriendly';

Old Prussian sturnam'skan \nstr. Sg. " seriousness ',
sturnawingisku My. 'ernstlich', sturni-tickroms^keeu, eager'; Lithuanian
starinu, -IntT stiff make';

russ. staratbsja ^s\c\\ abmijhen';
with ablaut *strd-{\.o arpn-vric;, stre-nuus) and

Dentalformans: Old Church Slavic strada^\\ar6 work, toil', sfradat/' suffer, bear, endure';
in addition Old Church Slavic strastb "affliction' {*strad-tb), Labj\ansfrudsfef
"bedrohen'; with formants -/770- presumably Old Church Slavic strtmo^steep,
abschiJssig', ablaut. poln-sZ/io/TT/ds. (Trautmann 290, VasmerS, 25).

1.
guttural extensions:

(sjter-g- and (s)tre-g-

Old Icelandic participle s/o/'A//?/? "clotted, congealed, coagulated, solidified '; Gothic ^5-
staurknan^ solidify, congeal ', Old Icelandic storkna^ curdle, coagulate, harden ', Old High
German ki-, er-storchanen^ solidify, congeal, erkalten'; Modern High German Tirol stork
"knag, stump eines Baumes', Bavarian s/o/'/r "Fischerstange', Middle High German storch
"penis'; also (of steifen Gange)

Old Icelandics/o/'/r/', Old English store. Old High German stork, storah(h) " stork '; (if
in addition gr. Topyoc; " vulture', actually " stiff = big, large'?), compare Tirol
storke{l)n^\N\Vc\ langen Beinen einherschreiten', thijring.
storchen^as ein stork go', westfal. s/c»/'/re//7"straucheln,
stumble';

Adj. *starku- in Old English stearc^ stiff, stern, strong'.
Old High German stare, starah^ strong, big, large'. Old Icelandic sterkr. Old Swedish
starker
"strong', zero grade Old Icelandic styrkr {*sturki-) m. " strength ';

Middle Low German
strak{-ck-) " stiff, straff, gerade emporgerichtet; storrig'. Middle High German
strac{-ck-) "straff, gestreckt, straight': Old English strec, strsec
{strsekl) " rigid, tight, firm, stern, violent'; Denom. (or umgekehrt strak

post-verbal?) Old High German s//'5cc/7e/7"ausgestreckt sein' and strecchan,
strecken^auss\xeckev\, straight make', Old English s//'ecca/7'ausstrecken'; compare
still treg-^6\e Krafte anstrengen';

Latvian /e/y/zs 'stubborn ,
storrischer person', terglaties^ s\c\\ auf etwas versteifen';

Lithuanian
stregti^ solidify, congeal, to ice become'; doubtful, if in addition Old Bulgarian stracht
"fright' as *strdgso-, compare Vasmer 3, 23;

perhaps based on auf
(s)terg-. Latin tergus, -c»/7s'hard RiJckenhaut the animal, fell, fur,
back' (probably from dem am back am starksten gestraubten hair), tergum
"ds., esp. back', tergrnum lash, scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur from leather';

here perhaps
as nasalized form strenk-, streng-, see there.

(s)ter-k-

klr. storcaty, storc/ty' ragen, stare ',
torcati, torc/tyds., Czech street/, trcet/ds.

2.
Dental extensions:

(s)tert-, more properly *ster-to-\x\ cymr.
serth'steep, obszon'. Old Icelandic stirdr^ stiff (see above) and stord
"grass, green stalk';

(s)tercl-

Old Icelandic stertrlaW,
Old English steort. Old High German sterzds.. Middle High German also " stalk, Stiel' (as
engl.

start}. Modern High German Sterz, ablaut. Norwegian dial, start^ stiff twig, branch,
dull'. Middle High German sturzer stalk'; Old Icelandic upp-stertr^ haughty ', Old Icelandic
s/e/Ya"spannen', Middle High German sterzen {a\so stem Verb.) "steif emporragen,

sich rasch bewegen', trans, (also starzen) " rigid aufwartsricliten', Middle English

s/e/'/e/7'auffahren, frighten', engl. start. Old Icelandic stirtia

"uplift, set up'. Old English s/ea/Y/za/? "stumble', engl. 5/a/'//e"vor Schreck

auffahren'; West Germanic *sturtjan, ahd sturzen. Middle High German sturzen. Middle

Low German

storten "fall, diffuse, bestijrzt make'. Old Frisian stirta

"umstoften'; Middle High German s/c»/2'e/7"strotzen'; without aniaut. s. Norwegian

/a/Y(and start) " coccyx, small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column ', turt

"Sonchus alpinus' (/- from

Old Norse t^-), compare gr. TopSuAov "eine Doldenpflanze'; cymr.

tarddu^io break out, spring, issue';

(s)tera-d- cymr.
tarddvn. "eruption, issue, flow', corn. /5/'o'/7"Anbruch (of Tages)',
bret. /a/z- "rupture, eclat', tarz-ann-de/z^ daybreak'

(W-);

with similar meaning as Modern High German Sterz, Norwegian (s)tart,
here: Lithuanian tursdt/"\N\t\r\ ausgestrecktem Hintern dastehen',
turset/"6en Hintern hinausstrecken' {turs-irom *tort-s-)
and Old Irish tarr'beWy' {*tortso-)\ identical seems Irish
/o/rac/? "pregnant', cymr. torrogAs., corn, tor, abret. tar,
bret. tor, teur, cymr. tor{i) "belly, lower abdomen'.

(s)tei6^-

Gr. GTopGri Hes., aropGuy^ "cusp, peak';
possibly here cymr. tarddsee above;

a nasanzea root *strend- in
Germanic, e.g. Middle High German 5//'i//7z" stump, Lanzensplitter, coarse Bengel', engl.
dial, to strunt^ stiff, gespreizt umhergehen' etc.

3.
Labial extensions:

(s)terp-.

Latin st/rps'siem eines
Baumes (iJbertr. progeny, origin, source, beginning; an ancestor)';

Litliuanian s//]77//"sonnewliat ennporl<onnnnen, lieranwaclisen' (actually "*sich straffen'),
s/e/5o//5"auf seinem Rechte bestehen' ("sich versteifen'), sfurp//s ^ rump of the horse';

alb. shterpe' infertile ' (compare also 6. ster-' infertile '); Irish serrach' plenitude' (from
den langen Beinen);

without S-: torped, -ere' rigid, insensible, betaubt sein' (= Old Bulgarian u-trbpetior =
russ. toropetb); Lithuanian tirpti' solidify, congeal, insensible become', Latvian t/rptds.;

Serb. -Church Slavic utrbpeti' solidify, congeal ', russ. terpnutb'ds., also vorfear', r.-
Church Slavic terpkf auarripoi; ', r. terpk/j'herb, sour'; russ. toropetb, otoropetb 'bestijrzt
become' (Trautmann Bsl. Wb. 325), kir. /o/'dyoa'unbeweglicher person', slov. trap'
blockhead ';

Maybe alb. trap' fool ' a Slavic loanword.

in the meaning " rigid, stiff = persistent sein' based on probably Old Church Slavic trbpeti
"suffer, bear, endure', russ. terpetbds.; proto Slavic. *torp/t/ (Kaus.) in Czech trap/'t/, apoln.
//"OyO/ic "torment, smite', russ. toropftb " set in motion '; as " rigid, dull, vom Standpunkte of
Geschmacks': Old Church Slavic *//^yC>b/rb"acerbus, asper', russ. terpkij' herb, sour', as
np. turus'sour' (if from *trfsa-) and Modern High German derb{see below).

Toils auf (s)teij)-, partly auf
(s)teib'^-cau go back:

Old Icelandic t^iarfr. Old English deorf.
Old Saxon thervi. Old High German derbi" unleavened ', Modern High German Bavarian
derb'and, dry, lean ';

with aniaut. 5-: Old Icelandic stjarfixu. "work, toil', 5^a/^"hartmaulig (from horses)',
s///:/^/7/7"halsstarrig', starfu. "work, Streben, Amt', starfa'sicb abmijhen';

Old High German sterban'6\e' ("*solidify, congeal '; see below Middle Irish ussarb); Old
Saxon

sterban. Old Frisian sterva. Old English steorfan6s. (engl. starve' perish, esp. vor
hunger'); Old High German sterbo. Old English steorfa' pestilence, epidemic disease,
plague ';

Modern High German-Tirol storfn^ stall<, stem of a plant, stump ', westfal. storpein
"strauchein' can auf a root form auf b based on.

strep-:

Lithuanian yC>5/'-s//'5/0//7//"heimtorkeln', 5//yy0//"trample', stripinys, straipis^ rung,
horizontal step on a ladder '; Late Middle High German straf{-ff-) 'straff, strenge'. West
Flemish straf{*strepo-) 'strong, stern'. East Frisian strabben ^s\c\\ widerspenstig
gebarden'. Middle High German strabbeln^ wriggle '; Swiss s/Aa/O/fe/? 'straff Ziehen'
{*strappdn)\ probably as 'stern behandein' here: Old Frisian sZ/'a^a'bestreiten, scold,
chide', mnl. Middle Low German straffen, from which borrowed Middle High German
strafen, ds. 'punish, curse', strafe^ ScheWe, reprimand, punishment '.

5te/bh-, str^^-:

gr. OTspcpviov
GKAripov, OTspsov Hes. (compare also aT£pi(po(;,
GTpicpvoc; under under streb"^-), aT£p(po(;,

Tspcpoc;, Doric aTp£(po(; 'RiJckenhaut the animal, fell, fur, leather';
Middle Irish ^ssa/t' 'death' {*uks-steib^a)\ cymr. serfyir frail ' (Loth
RC. 43, 147); Middle Irish srebannm. 'skin';

Old Church Slavic u-strabitr recreate',
poln. postrobic^ strengthen ' (proto Slavic. *storbiti)\ ablaut. Old Russian
u-sfrebeAor. 'wurde mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ', Church Slavic strhb/b 'fit, healthy,
tight, firm', russ.
sterbnutb ' solidify, congeal, absterben', etc. (Trautmann 284 f., Vasmer 3, 1 1

f-);

whether gr. groups from arpspAoc; ' twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ',
GTpscpsiv 'turn', ablaut arpapoc; 'verdreht',
GTpapajv ' squinting', Gipopsu) ' turn, twist, rotate herum',
GTpocpn ' turn ' etc. from a meaning 'straff zusammenziehen' (see
under Modern High German bestremmen Vc\\s meaning) expounded become may, is
hochst

dubious; rather to a distinctive root streb-, strdo^- "turn,
coil '.

stremb-, stremp-:

Middle Low German strampe(le)n^\N\Vr\
den Fijften heftig auftreten', Modern High German (eigent. Low German) strampein.
Middle Low German

s//'^/77yC>e^/e'y)/7'straucheln, anstoften' ; Middle High German strumpf. Middle Low German
s//T//77yC>'Strumpf, stub' (Modern High German 'gestutzte britches, Strumpf), Norwegian
dial.

s/m/TT/O "small HolzschiJssel ' ("*ausgehohltertree truck', also
stropp^a measure '); Norwegian dial. s//'e/77/?5"anspannen; breast or stomach
aufblahen', isl. sfremb/nn ^straii, hard, stout, proud', Norwegian dial, stramb
"scharfer smell, odor'; with -mm-: Middle Low German stram {-mm-) "straff, strong,
thickset, strong' (Modern High German strammkom dem Low German), Modern High
German Bavarian bestremmen, besfrempen ^ puW together, make narrow, limit, restrict';

Old Prussian strambo^ stubble, bristle ', Latvian str/ebsan6 struobs {* strambas) " stem,
reed', strumbulis "cudgel, club';

Lithuanian s/^a/TT^as "cudgel, club', strampalioti
"wankend (*stiff) go'; Latvian strampul(i)s^ stalk, stem of a plant, small bit of wood;
hartgefrorener ordure'.

B. strei-, steri-:

Old English
s//7777e/7o'/"resisting, striving' Gloss.; engl. dial. tostrime= to
stride; Lithuanian strainus^ keen, widerspenstig', pasistramyti
"strive, sich feststemmen'.

1. With guttural extension: s. streig-
" stiff '.

2. With Dental extensions:

with Indo Germanic -d'^-: Old English
strk/an stem V. " march, step, stride, strut', engl. to stride, Middle Low German striden^6\e
Beine spreizen, weit ausschreiten' (about Latin strittabe//ae ^Bu\r\\6\rnen'

s. WH. II 605 f.); Old High German stntanstV. ^quarrel, sich bemijhen', schw.

V. Old Icelandic sZ/TcJa 'quarrel, torment, smite'. Old English s//'/o'/5/7 'quarrel'; Old Icelandic

S//71? 'fight, plague, care, austereness, severeness ', Old Saxon stnd^ioW, fight, struggle'.

Old High German

s/zT? 'fight', e//75//7?/"hartnackig'; Old Icelandic stndr^ stiff,

hard, stern, strong'; with Indo Germanic -flf-: Old Icelandic S//7/5 'strive, sich

anstrengen', sfre/fa6s.; without aniaut. s-: Old Swedish t^resker

'widerspenstig', Norwegian dial, //"e/s/r 'defiant, beschwerlich, mijhsam'.

3. With bi^-Erweit.: gr. arspicpoc; ' rigid, hard, tight, firm,

infertile ', subst. 'Kielbalken' (as arsTpa), aTpi(pv6(;

'hard, tight, firm' (compare above arspcpviov, arspcpoc;); Middle Low German nnd.

strif, stref stiff, tight, firm', streven^ stiff sein, sich strecken'.

Middle High German streben^sich uplift, set up, sich strecken, ragen'. Modern High

German streben,

Strebe-balken, -pfeiler, ablaut, md. sfnben stem V., nid.

strijven 'strive, quarrel'.

C. streu-:

1 . With
guttural extensions:

Dutch struik. Middle Low German struk. Middle High German struch.
Modern High German Strauch; Middle High German s//t7c/7 'unkempt, shaggy'; nisi, striugr
'Gericht from

geronnener milk', s/zT/ga 'rough, unkempt, shaggy make'. Old Icelandic strugr
' repulsion, pride, hauteur'. Middle English nengl. to struggle ^s\c\\ abmijhen,
fight';

Latvian struku/s "\c\c\e' , also Old Lithuanian strungas, Lithuanian
strugas, striugas, strukas ^ short, truncated, chopped down, cut down, cut off.

2. With
Dental extensions:

Lithuanian strustisi. 'Baststreifen in Siebe'; without
aniaut. s-\ proto Slavic. *trbstb in Old Church Slavic trbstb 'reed'; gr.

Gpuov n. " bulrush' {*trusom); Lithuanian trusiaivc\. PI. "reed',

trusis, triusisi. 'reed', Latvian trusis^ bulrush, reed'.

Old Church Slavic trbsa, //^s//75 'stiff hair, bristle'; Latvian //'17/775 'swelling, blister,

ulcer', (if for *trud-mo-, compare:) Latin struma i. 'geschwollene

glands, craw' {*sfreuc/-sfrouc/-, sfrud-ma); after Vasmer 3, 145

in addition Lithuanian trausti^ crumb, spall, crumble ', Latvian fraus/slraW, breakable',

trust^ decayed, modern';

Old Icelandic strutr^cusp, peak', Danish strude,
strutte^ stiff stand, widerstreben', Swedish s/m//5'stolpernd go'.

Old English strutian^ stiff stand'. Low German strutf stiff. Modern High German strotz
ds.,

Middle High German Modern High German strotzen. Middle High German striuzen
'strauben, spreizen', struz

'Widerstand', fight'. Modern High German Sfrau/S6s. = Middle English sfruf^6as
Schwellen,

fight'; Middle High German s/mz5c/7 'shrubbery, bush', ^es//7^ze'Buschwerk', Modern
High German

(Blumen-)Strauli\ here also Old Saxon strata 'tuba, guttur'. Middle Low German
strote, strottet, Middle High German strozze ^throat, windpipe ', Old Frisian
strot-bolla 6s.\ without ani. s-: Old English drotu, drote, engl.
throat, thrott/e ^throat, windpipe ', Old English drot-bolla^ windpipe ',
(engl. thropple). Old High German o'/'ozza 'throat, windpipe ', Modern High German
DrosselW\Vc\

the derivative erdrossein. Middle High German o'mzze/' throat' and 'snout'. Old Icelandic
A'm//' 'snout';

Old Icelandic f^rut/nn ^ s\No\\en' , Prutna
'to swell, also vor pride, hauteur', Prot/^ intumescence ', Old English drOtian
'vor pride, hauteur or rage, fury swell ';

dieselben meaning 'to swell, fight' also in Middle Irish trot, nir. //"o/ic/ 'fight' {*truzdaR),
cymr.
trythu\o swell', trythylF lustful ';

3. With
Labial extensions:

gr. aTpu(pv6(; "herb (from taste);
grumpy, surly, sullen; tight, firm, stiff;

Old Saxon s//t7runkempt, shaggy, rough', struvian
"strauben'. Middle High German strup{-b-), sZ/i/it'e "unkempt, shaggy'. Old High German
struben.

Middle High German struben, *striuben^ stare ', Modern High German strauben. Middle
High German strobel

"unkempt, shaggy'. Old Germanic S//i/Mc»sc5//ec» "Strubbelkopf; Middle High German
Struppe (Germanic

-bth). Modern High German Gestrupp, nl. strobbe^siwx^^, shrub, bush',
s//'c»i6'i6'e/e'/7"straucheln', Swedish strubbia 6s.\ with Germanic -p- (Indo Germanic
-th): Norwegian str0ypa^ clamp ', Modern High German Swiss stru(m)pfen. Middle Low
German
strumpen'puW together', struppe 'siuvnp';

Old Icelandic
stf{/) up/" throat, gullet ', Norwegian sZ/iOyO "narrow aperture ';

Lithuanian strubas, Latvian 5//'i/(/77)/7s "short abgestutzt', strubikis,

strupikis, s/mp5s//s "Stumpfschwanz', Latvian s/myO^/zs "kurzer thick

person; piece wood, clot, chunk'. Old Lithuanian strupas^ decrepit, antiquated man'.

References: WP. II 627 ff., WH. II 595, 601 f., 606 f., 692, Trautmann 284 f., 325, Vasmer
3, 98f., 126.
Page(s): 1022-1027

Root / lemma: ster-3

Meaning: to rob, steal

Material: Gr. GTspsu) (Attic OTspiaKU) only present) "rob', aT£po|jai "bin stolen; looted, miss';

Middle Irish serb^ theft ' ( *ster-ua); with /instead of rthrough hybridization with hehlen:
Gothic stilan. Old Icelandic stela. Old English Old High German stelan^steaW

References: WP. II 636.
Page(s):1028

Root / lemma: ster-4

Meaning: line, stripe, ray

Note: also stere-. stre- strei-, streu-, with g, b, d^ (or /) extended; identical with ster-

"outspread'

Material: Old High German stra{a) 'arrow, lightning ', Modern High German Strahl, Old

Saxon stralai. 'arrow'. Middle Low German s/A^/e 'arrow, ray, sting, prick'. Old English

strseli. ^arro\N, lance ', Norwegian straars'cnaW Fischschwarm', East Frisians/Aa/'stripe',

Old Saxon sfra/m., Middle High German strsel {*strelia-) 'comb' (from den teeth =

Strahlen), whereof Old High German stralen. Modern High German strah/en^ comb';

Norwegian sfn/, s//775 'stripe, vein, ray', Swedish 5//7/ 'small Wasserstrahl', 5/77/5' trickle ',

Old Church Slavic s/zie/a 'arrow';

Middle High German s//'5/77'Lichtstreifen, ray, stream'. Modern High German dial, sfram
'stripe'; to strek Old High German strTmo, Modern High German dial, streimen. Middle
Low German s//w7e 'stripe, Strieme, ray'; to * streu- perhaps: Middle High German mnl.
strieme. Middle Low German s/Ae/r?© 'stripe, ray' (if from Old High German *striomo).
Modern High German Striemen^ weals, marks from blows';

Old High German streno. Middle High German stren(e)^ Strahne, braid, plait '; to * streu-:
Lithuanian strun/t/^to build'. Old Church Slavic struna^rope, string '; from the basis *ster-:
kir. postoronok, poln. postronek, Czech postranek^ cord, rope, string '.

Latvian (sau/es) 5/5/3 'Sonnenstrahl', s/sas 'bough', stara'rope, stripe';

streig-:gr. ^sarpi^ (knid.) 'sechsseitig', whether from ^sa-arpi^; Latin str/ga'Wne,
Schwade; Zeltreihe; Langsfurche', strigosus 'fragile, flimsy, lean ', stria (probably *strigia)
'furrow, crease '\stringd, -ere\n the meaning ' strip, wipe, stroke, touch, das sword Ziehen',
str/g/7/s' rasper' (out of it Modern High German S//7e^e/' currycomb');

Old High German str/hhan ^ stroke' , Old English str/ican^ stroke, rub, sich bewegen, go';
Gothic str/ks^\\r\e'. Old High German str/kl\r\e, stripe, Strecke Wegs, line Landes', Old
English s//7ic5 'stripe'; Old Icelandic s//?]^ 'striped Zeug', Norwegian str/k'\\r\e, Windstrich,
prank'; Middle Low German s//"e/r 'prank, prank'. Middle High German s/zie/ic/? 'prank, blow,
knock' {*stra/ka-). Old English strac/an^ stroke', engl. s/zio/re'blow, knock';

Old Prussian str/g//'t\r\'\st\e'; Old Church Slavic str/gg, str/st/' shave, shear'; russ. -Church
Slavic stregb 'Koupa' {*stro/go-= Middle High German Streich); with Swedish streke
{*strikan-) 'Stromstrich' compare proto Slavic, strtz-: russ. strezent, strez, streza
'Stromstrich';

after Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 12 f. here as " center, heart'. Old Prussian strigeno'
brain '.

Maybe alb. Geg {*struni) trunT brain '; (common alb. st- > /-)

proto Slavic. *strbZbnb, respectively *strbzenb " center, marrow ', russ. -Church Slavic
strbzenb " marrow 'etc.

streib-. Old Irish s/v^it' "stripe' {*streiba)\ Middle Low German s/A^e "stripe'. Middle High
German strife. Modern High German Streifen, Norwegian stnpads., Swedish str/pa
"herabhangender topknot '; Middle Low German mnl. s//77?e/7"(ab)stripe'. Middle High
German streifen {*straipjan) "stroke, glide, slide, umherstreifen, (ab)ziehen, flay'. Low
German strepen^ strip, wipe '

streug-:gr. OTpEuyofjai "werde weakened, schmachte hin' (Old Irish trog^ woeful,
wretched, miserable '? see below ter-, treugh- \ub'); Old Icelandic strjuka' stroke, whisk,
smooth; sich rasch bewegen', strykja, strykva ds., s//y/r"line', strykr^ strong wind'. Old
High German struchon \uere, impingere'. Middle High Germans/mc/7e/7"straucheln', nl.
strooken^ caress, iJbereinstimmen with'. East Frisian strdk^S\xe\i, stripe'. Middle Low
German s/Aa/re/? "stripe, caress' (afrom o). Old English stroccian^ stroke' , Norwegian
strokk^ plane '; Latvian struga/ns ' stnped ', Lithuanian s//7t/^55 "knife' (poln. loanword); Old
Church Slavic struzg, strbgat/^ scrape, shave, shear', strugb "tool zum Schaben', russ.
Strug " plane ' etc.

Alb. strugb plane, bladed tool used to smooth wood ' Slavic loanword.

streub- Old High German stroufen. Middle High German stroufen {*straupjan) " strip,
wipe, mug, rob, pliJndern, umherstreifen' = Middle Low German stropends.. Old English
be-strfepan ds.. Middle High German striefen {*streupan) "stripe'; Middle High German
strupfen 'sir'\pe, pick off, remove'.

streud^ - or streut-: 0\d English strud/an ar\d strucfan ^p\ur\derr\', strycfan^mug, rob'.
Middle Low German stroden. Old High German strutten ds.

References: WP. II 636 ff., WH. II 603, 604 f., Trautmann 288 f.; Vasmer 3, 27, 30 ff.
Page(s): 1028-1029

Root / lemma: ster-5, stera- : stre-, steru- : streu-

Meaning: to widen, to scatter

Note: (compare ster- " stare, stiff sein')

Material: A. Old Indie strnati, s//77d7/ (actually zur basis streu-), later also staratr s\xe\i\.
(hin), bestreut; wirft hin, wirft low, base', participle strta-, stTrna-, Inf. s/5/fai/eand staritavai,
stantave; sva-stara-m. 'eigene Streu', pra-stara-xx\. 'Streu, cushion; surface, plain, area,
plain ' (= russ. prostor^Rawm, Geraumigkeit'); starT-man-v\. 'Ausbreitung, Ausstreuung'
(ablaut, with gr. arpajpa, LaWustramen);

Avestan star- (present starati, staranaoti, staranati) 'sternere', participle sfarafa-an6
starata-, stain's- v\. 'Streu, lair, bed'; urvard-straya-^H\e6er\\auev\irom Pflanzungen';

gr. GTopvufji (only present and Impf.; to vocalism compare oijopyvupi), GTopswOpi
(neologism), arpcbwupi (after arpwaai) 'bestreue, strecke hin; breite from; level, even ',
Aeolic Perf. saropoTai; participlearpcjOTOc;; arpajpa n. 'Streu, lair, rug, cover', arpwijvri ds.;
GTpaTOc; (= Old Indie strta-) 'troop, multitude, crowd, Volksmenge' (Cretan aTapT6(; with
metathesis 'eine Unterabteilung the Phyle'), then ' army ' (in addition arpaTia, arpaTsia,
aTpaTr|Y6(;), Aeolic arpoToc;; zero grade arspvov 'breast' ('ausgebreitete surface, plain,
area'; compare Old High German 5///77a 'forehead', reduced-grade Old Indie stTrna-, cymr.
sarn, and ograde Old Church Slavic strana);

alb. sMrinJ^bre\te from' {strnjo); sht/elay, place there, throw, cast, make eine
Fehlgeburt' {*sterd)\ shtrofke^ cover, cave, nest';

Latin sterna, -e/ie 'scatter, strew, hinbreiten; niederstrecken', participle stratus
{*sterat6s), afterwards Perf. stravf, prosternere {: S\aV\c prostbrq. Old \x\(ii\c pra-stara-);
stramen ^ Streu' (: arpajpia; Old Indie star/man-); in addition with ^-Erweit. strages^6as
NiederstiJrzen, Hinsinken, VerwiJstung' ('*Hingestrecktsein'), stragu/us ^zum About - or
Unterbreiten helpful';

Old Irish se/77//77 'breite from' (= Latin sterno), cossa/r^be6' {*kom-stari- or stori-), fossair
'Strohdecke' {*upo-stori-), s^e/^'strues' {*strta), s/ie/Z^'pratum'; from the heavy basis
Middle Irish srath (tu-stem) 'beach, seaside, bank, border, shore, Talgrund' (not loanword;
Latin loanword are but cymr. ys//'5o' 'valley', bret. stradle fond, I'endroit le plus bas');
cymr. s5/77 'stratum, pavimentum' {*sterano-, proto Celtic *starno- : Old Indie stTrna-);

Old High German stirna^ Stirnd {*sternia). Old English s/eo/r?©^^ 'audacious';

Lithuanian straJa^mVr\ Stroh ausgelegter stall';

Old Church Slavic pro-sttrg -stret/ {russ. steretb) ' outspread ', prostran-b {*storno)
'breit', strana^s\6e, region', russ. storona6s.; Old Church Slavic Old Russian etc. strojb
'order', stroj/'t/ ^parare';

perhaps here the partly s-losen, auf a stem *(s)tr-eno-, *(s)trent-, (s)tron-t- based forms:

Prussian-Lithuanian //'e'/7/s "region, place' (compare Old Church Slavic strana, proto
Slavic *stor-na)\ Old Lithuanian //'(9/7/a 'place, region, line'; Old Irish //'e/(Gen. treoit) "herd'
{*trento-)\ Old Icelandic strindi. "side, edge; land'; strgnd'edge, beach, seaside'. Old
English strand, Late Middle High German strant{-d-). Modern High German Strand, Old
Icelandic fer-strendr' rectangular '.

B. extensions:

stre-k-:Q\d English stregdan siem V. "strew, distribute, spray, allot' (Prasensbildung as
bregdan); lengthened grade Old Church Slavic strekat/ ^pnck', ablaut. stroka^Kt\/ipo\/,
GTiypia', Slavic *strbkat/"\n Czech strkat/" bump, poke', serb. stfcat/" spray'.

streu-: Lat\n struo, -ere{struxi, structum \n\Vc\ analog. Guttural after verbs with i/from ^")
"ijbereinander breiten, schichten, aufbauen', strues, stru/x^ heap, bulk, mass', Umbrian
strugia "*struiculam';

abret. strou/s 'stra\/'\', nbret. streue/n 'stre\N, distribute';

Gothic straujan' strew, distribute', Norwegian str0ya. Old Icelandic s/ra "strew,
distribute, outspread ', Old English stre(o)wian, stregan. Old High German streuwen,
strouwen' strew, distributd; Old Icelandic strar\. "straw'. Old English streaw. Old High
German stro. Modern High German Stroh, post-verbal Middle High German strou. Modern
High German Streu, Germanic strava^pyre, stake zur Siegesfeier'; Old English streonr\. "
richness, profit, gain, usury'. Old High German gi-striunir\. "profit, gain'. Old English
s//7e/75/7 "acquire, produce '; Old High German g/'-str/unan '\ucrar\'. Middle High German
s//7^/7e/7 "schnuppernd umherstreifen'. Modern High German Bavarian streunen ^ aHer
Vorteilen umhersuchen'. Low German s//'^/7e"Gassendirne', actually "die
Umherstreifende';

whether here serb. s//'c»i/c"herabgeschuttelte FriJchte', kroat. strova//t/" strew, distribute'
and Old Church Slavic ostruiti, ostrujat/' destroy' ("*apart strew ')??

References: WP. II 638 ff., WH. II 590 f., Trautmann 287 f., 289, Vasmer 3, 20, 29.
Page(s): 1029-1031

Root / lemma: ster-6

Meaning: sterile

Note: old Sonderanwendung from ster- " stiff '

Material: Old Indie stan-i. " infertile e cow';

Armenian sterj^ infertile, from animals', also sterd {*ster-6^-o-, -Jo);

gr. GTsTpa f. ' infertile ' (cow, wife, woman), aT£pi(po(; ' infertile ' (and " rigid');

alb. sMJerre young cow, lamb'; also prefixed alb. meshqere " young cow'.

Latin sterilis " infertile ';

Gothic stairoi. " infertile ', Old High German stero^aues, ram'; with /r- extended mndd.
s/eA/re "young cow'. Old English stierc^caW; isl. stirtla^ infertile cow';

Bulgarian s/e/7ic5'Gelte'.

References: WP. II 640 f., WH. II 589 f.
Page(s):1031

Root / lemma: (s)ter-7n-

Meaning: sharp stalk or thorn

Note: to ster- ' stare, stiff sein'

Material: Old Indie //•/7a-/77'Grashalm, grass, herb'; gr. rspva^ 'Artischocken-,

Kaktusstengel'; Gothic t^aurnus. Old Icelandic Old English t^orn. Old High German dorn

"thorn'; Old Church Slavic trbni, 'thorn', strbnt ' stem '.

References: WP. II 641, Trautmann 324, Vasmer 3, 14, 98.

Page(s):1031

Root / lemma: (s)ter-8

Meaning: dirty water, mud, smear

Material: Avestan star- "sich blemish, commit a sin';

Armenian f arax, -ic, -oc'pus, humeur' {%ro-, besides ograde perhaps:) Armenian for
"that flows down, that drops'; Norwegian storn. 'Faulen, Verwesen'; russ.-Church Slavic
stbrvb, russ. sterva^ carrion '; without aniaut. s-: Lithuanian ferment/^ smear', Bulgarian
torb ' manure'.

(s)teii(-, nasal. (s)trenR-:

Latin stercus, -oris " excrement, ordure, crap, muck, droppings, manure', sterculTnum,
sterquilTnum^ dunghill '; cymr. trwnc^ urine, yeast', bret. s//ic»/7/r "human excrement';

cymr. troeth^\ye, urine ', /Aoe/^/'mingere', bret. troaz^ urine ' {*trokta or * tronktS);
Lithuanian tersiu, /eA5//"smudge', S/O/eAs// "smudge', ///"sZ/'dickfiussig become'; East
Litliuanian tr§siu, tr^stT fertilize ' (as Latin stercorare);

Litliuanian tr^sa^ manure', tresti^ decayed, verwesen', fraskanos^pus in den Augen',
wherefore nisi. Prarlau\, rancid ', Norwegian traads., Old English droh Rancor'.

(s)terg-, (s)treg-

gr. OTspyavoq Konpwv Hes.; rapyavov "Weinessig'; ablaut, rpu^, -yog "young, still trijber
wine, Weinhefe '; expressive Old Icelandic t^rekkr. Middle High German dree, -ckes^ filth ';
probably also Old English dreax^caues'; perhaps Latin tro/a'sow' {*troQ/a'6\e Dreckige'),
das but also to Middle Irish //'c»^a/io'"gebiert' belong could; whether Old Irish tore, cymr.
t\/i/rch, acorn, torch, bret. tourc'h'boar' from *trogos aiter fpjorc-' s\N\ne' reshaped sei, is
doubtful, yet could es as *torkos zur group auf Tenuis belong.

References: WP. II 641 f., WH. II 708, VasmerS, 12.
Page(s): 1031-1032

Root / lemma: (s)teu-1

Meaning: to push, hit

Note: with conservative extensions

Material: A. (s)teu-k-. gr. tuko(; 'hammer, chisel; battle axe ', tukI^u) "bearbeite stone ',

TUKOvri 'Dreschvorrichtung' (by Hes. Turavn); Old Irish /o//" hollow', /c»//'cave, hole' {*tukslo-

), cymr. /m/// 'foramen', adj. "perforatus', bret. /c»^//'hole'; probably Old High German duken

'press, niederdriJcken', Old English dy{a)n, deo/7 'press, constrain, oblige, prick' (see

accurately under tuengh-' beset'),

Latvian tukstet^ knock', taucet"\n mortar stampfen', russ. -Church Slavic /stbkngt/
'effodere'. Old Church Slavic thkat/^to weave, prick', etc.;

maye alb. {*stuk) //7^/r' mortar' common alb. s- > th-

Old Icelandic styggr^ au^vj , irate, unfriendly', nl. stug, older stugge^ stiff, unfriendly,
abstoftend' can originally 'abstossend' and ' stiff ' sein and in letzteren case with
Lithuanian stukt/{see below) under sfeo'p^-'steif dastehen' combined become.

B. (s)teu-g-. Old Indie tujati, tunjati, /^/75/r//"throngs, stoftt', Med. 'kommt in schnelle
Bewegung';

Middle Irish tuagi. "axe' and "bow', newer stuag, /Ja^a//77 "hit with the axe', tocht'part,
piece'; expressives *sfoukka\n bret. studh^ arrowhead, feather', stuc'henn^ fascicle,
sheaf, Brotschnitte' (nir. stuaic^ tableland, hill, plateau, cusp, peak' etc. is brit. loanword);
compare Modern High German Stuck = " piece ' and 'Stauche' {LoVc\ RC. 42, 320 ff.);

presumably Lithuanian s/^/7^/s"Messerstumpf', stukt/^\n die Hohe ragen'; and Old
Church Slavic tbstati s^^a-nviybzxV;

Swedish stuka^ dazzle, blind with bright light', Norwegian s/5^/r5 "bump, poke, injure,
stottern', mnl. nnd. s/J/re/7"bump, poke, stratify, layer, astonish'. Modern High German
verstauchen {irom dem Low German), Dutch verstuiken^ dislocate, luxate, crick '; Old
Frisian stak^ stiff ' to Norwegian stauka;

Middle Low German s/o/re/7 "prick, stochern', engl. dial, s/o/re "das fire schijren'. Modern
High German stoche(r)n\ without aniaut. s-: Old Icelandic t^oka^ move, change, go'. Old
English dc»ce/75/7"umherlaufen';

Old High German Middle High German stoc, -ekes 'Stock, staff, tree truck' (probably
"*abgeschlagener bough or stem', compare abstocken). Old English 5/occ "stick, stem,
stump'. Old Icelandic stokkr'tree truck, picket, pole, block ', next to which with the
meaning " stiff Low German stuck, Middle High German Modern High German stocken'
stiff become'; Old Icelandic stykki. Old English stycce. Old High German stucki. Modern
High German Stuck' piece ';

Old High German stuhhai.. Middle High German stuchem. f. "weit offener Armel am
Frauengewand (actually Armelstumpf), Kopftuch', Modern High German Stauche, Middle
Low German s/J/re "stump, further Armel'; with u. Old English stocut "long Armel';

manche neigen zur assumption eines meaning-Kernes " stiff ' (from which "bump, poke'
has evolved), and for comparison with Lithuanian stukt/"\n die Hohe stand' (Old Lithuanian
staug/net/" amb\e' , actually " stiff, stolpernd go'); compare russ. stugnutb " congeal, freeze
(*stiff, rigid become?)', gr. aruysc; PI. "Eiskalte', GTuyoc; n. "repugnance, hate', aTuysu) "
hate, verabscheue, dread', gtu^. Gen. aTUY6c;f. "das Verhaftte, frost'; FIN Itu^, see below
S. 1035;

dubious and only under the assumption from " ablaut derailment ' possible is die
affiliation from Gothic s//gc75/7"zusammenstossen with', ^5-s//^^5/7"anstossen', Old
Icelandic s/0/r/ri/5 stem V. "spray', Intr. "break, crack, spring, fall, run'; Old English st/ncan'
whisk, steam, whirl up; stink'. Old Saxon Old High German stincan 'stink, smell'; Kaus. Old

Icelandic st0kkva \er\agen, sprinkle', Old English 5/e/7ca/7 "scatter', Middle High German
steuken 'st\nk make'; Old Saxon stank, stunk, Old English stenc^smeW, odor, fetidness ',
Old High German stanc^ds., also fragrance '.

C. (s)teu-d- Old Indie tundate, tudat/ ^stoflt, stachelt, sticht', toda- m. "Stachler, Lenker';
Armenian t'ndal, /'/7o'e/'erschuttert become';

from Gr. presumably names as TuSsuc;, TuvSapswc;; doubtful Tuvvoq ' |jiKp6(; ' ('*grind ',
Old Indie tunna-1 (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), rather babble-
word with consonant stretch as tut96(; " totally small; young ');

alb. shtynj^ poke, push' {*studn/d);

Latin tundo -ere, tutudfbump, poke, hit, hammer', tudes, -///s 'hammer', tud/tare Wo\ent
bump, poke', probably also tuss/s' cough ' (if in addition Umbrian tuderl\nem', tuderato
"finitum', so that "limit, boundary' actually "Endpunkt; whereof man anstoftt'?); studeo, -ere
"sich ernstlich worum bemijhen, eager betreiben, sich befleiftigen', stud/um ^Streben,
eagerness ' ("*whereupon aim' from "whereupon hit');

Maybe alb. tund' shake' a Latin loanword.

Old Irish do-tu/tlaWV (das /of PI. -tu/ttet^rom * -to-tud/ontj; abret. ar-stud' cuspis ', bret.
as/^z "Ungeziefer', cymr. cystudd 'pa\n', etc.;

Gothic stautan {0\6 Icelandic stautasdcm. V.), Old Saxon stotan. Old High German
5/oz5/7"bump, poke'; Middle High German Modern High German stutzen'\N\t\r\ den
Hornern Stolen, sudden stillestehen, zuriJckprallen', Middle High German 5/c»/ze"stem,
clot, chunk'; Old Icelandic steytr. Old High German stoz' shove '; Old High German st/'uz.
Modern High German S/e/yS(with md. e/for eu) actually "*abgestutzter Korperteil'
(compare Modern High German S/c»/?"die Schwanzfedern of Vogels in the jargon spoken
by hunters ');

Old Icelandic stutr'horn, stump, ox'. Middle Low German s//7/"thigh, rump'; Swedish
Norwegian 5/0/5 "stottern, stumble'. Modern High German (Low German) 'stottern' due to
of nasal present Old Icelandic s/^///" "short'. Old English 5/j//7/a/7 "stutzen'

D. ^s^te^-p- (occasionally -t>-, -b^-) "bump, poke'; also "stick, stump'.

Old Indie p/'a-5/i//77yoa//(uncovered), topat/, tupat/, tumpati, tumpat/^ siofhi', tupara-'
unhorned ';

gr. TUTTTOo "hit', tutto(; "blow, knock, Eindruck'; GTUTTa^si ppovrg, iiJOcpsT cbGsT Hes.,
oiuTToq "stick, Stiel, stalk'; with -b^^- GTucpsAi^u) "hit, mifthandle', aTU(pA6(; "rough, stony ';
about aTU(p£A6(; "herrisch' s. Leumann Homer. Worter 269 f.;

Latin stuprum^ shame', esp. "die Entehrung through lubricity ' (originally "die dafiJr
verhangte Prijgelstrafe'?); stuped, -ere^ rigid stand; betaubt, betreten sein, stutzen',
s/^yOe/7o'i/s"erstaunlich, staunenswert'; with -t{H)- perhaps ///£/M/'e"wankeln, strauchein,
with the tongue anstoften, stottern';

from *steub{h)-ma, *stoub{h)-ma: cymr. ystumi. "bend, turn, shape', bret. stumm6s.
(ins Irish borrowed Middle Irish stuaimmi. " ability, capacity '), also "Fluftbiegung'; dastum
"das Einsammein' (Loth RC. 48, 354 ff); compare Old English stupian.

Old High German stobaron "obstupere';

Old Icelandic 5/J/^"stump', Middle Low German stufM]. "dull', stuven= Old Icelandic
s/y/& "abstumpfen, cavitate '; Old Icelandic stofn^ stump, foundation '; Old English stofn
ds.. Old Icelandic stubbr, sfubb/m. "stump, trunk'. Old English stybbn. " stump ';

with Germanic -p-: Old Icelandic stupa' tower'. Old English stupian, mnl. stupen's\c\r\
biJcken'; ablaut. Old English steap'\r\\g\r\, ragend' (engl. steep ^ steep'). Middle High
German 5/0^/" hochragender rocks' {Hohestaufen), Middle High German stiefsieep"; Old
Icelandic staupu. "hole, goblet'; Old English steap. Old High German Middle High German
s/o^rgoblet'; Old English stoppa^ bowl, basin, bucket, pail '; from "abgestutzt = stolen;
looted ' expounded sich Old Icelandic s^i/p- "Stief-' (s^t7p/'"Stiefsohn'), Old English steop-.
Old High German stiof-, stiuf-. Modern High German Stief-, Old English abe-stTepan^vnuq,
rob', a-st/eped\eoj\/a\st'. Old High German ar-, bi-stiufan^Vc\e parents or the Kinder
berauben';

Latvian staupe^ Pferdefufltapfen '; stupe, stups^ Besenstumpf; (ruptured, broken) rod'.

References: WP. ll615ff.,WH. II 608ff., Trautmann 331, Vasmer3, 109, 160.
Page(s): 1032-1034

Root / lemma: steu-2

Meaning: to praise

Note: only indo-iran. under gr.

Material: Old Indie stauti, stavateetc. "lobt, praises ', participle stuta- "gepriesen', stutf-i. "

laudation, praise ', stotar- "Lobsanger' etc., Avestan s/ac»///"lobt, praises, besingt; prays ',

participle stuta-, stuiti-, staotar-etc, extended Old Indie stobhatr praises, jauchzt'; gr.
areuTai '(*ruhmt sich) verspricht boasting '.
References: WP. II 620.
Page(s): 1 035

Root / lemma: steue-
Meaning: to get dense or tight

Note: perhaps stau-, stau-. stuW\Vc\ stai-\ sff-: s//-a-"sich verdichten, stocken' as
extension eines *sta- auffaftbar

Material: Old \n6\c ghrfa-stavah Akk. PI. ' lard, drip'; prthu-stu-^W\\h a breiten Zopfe', st'u-k-
a, stuka-m. " tuft of wool, Flocke', stoka-m. 'drip', with the meaning-development " clots,
roundish thing', probably Latvian s/J^/s 'Wickelkind' and Old Indie stuka-m. "kid, child, the
young of an animal '; Old Indie stu-p-a-, stupa- m. "Haarschopf, gr. *aTunr|, aTumrn "
oakum ' (out of it Latin stupa, stuppa ds); gr. OTucpu) "pull together, make dense, hard,
schmecke herb', GTOppa "zusammenziehendes tool ', gtui^jk; "dasZusammenziehen,
Beizen', arOnTiKO^ "zusammenziehend', oiQ(p6q, OTOcppoc;, OTucpvoc; "herb,
zusammenziehend', oiu[}vdq "tight, firm, compact '; perhaps gr. otu^, oiu\/6q in PI.
"durchdringender frost, Eiseskalte', OTuyoc; n. "(* shudder, shiver) repugnance, hate',
GTuysu) " hate, verabscheue, dread', yet compare above S. 1033;

Church Slavic studb studb "coldness', s/K/7(?//"erkalten' and stydetT be ashamed'
("*solidify, congeal '); russ. istygnutb, stugnutb " congeal, freeze '.

References: WP. II 620, Vasmer 3, 33 ff.
Page(s): 1 035

Root / lemma: steib(h)-, sffb(h)-, steip- sffp-

Meaning: pole, stick; stiff

Material: 1 . steib(h)-, sfib(h)- Old Indie stibhi- m. "Rispe, tussock '; gr. aTi(pp6(; "dense

(zusammengedrangt), tight, firm, strong', aiTcpoq n. "Zusammengedrangtes, heap';

Armenian step "frequent, often', as Subst. " power, compulsion ', stipem "drange, force,
coerce '; gr. OTsipu) "make dense, trete tight, firm, betrete', aTinT6(; "tight, firm, thickset ',
GTipapoq ds., GTipoq m. "the betretene path, track ', aix^do,, -aSoc; " lair from Streu or straw
etc.', GTOipn "das Stopfen, Ausstopfung', OTOipa^u) "haufe an', afipn " hoarfrost ';

Old Church Slavic stbbib, stbb/o {russ. stebelb) " stalk', stbb///e^KaKa[}r\'; Lithuanian
s/5/Z?/a/"Schienbeine', st/ebas^ stick, pillar, mast ', Latvian s//Z?a "staff, rod', Old Prussian

s//Z?//7/s'Schlittenbein', Lithuanian s/Zib/s "membrum virile': Litliuanian st/ebt/s 's\ch high
uplift, set up', Latvian s//Z?/'betaubt become', Lithuanian s//ei6'5s "staff, pillar, mast ',
Latvian sf/ebrs' bulrush'.

2. steip-, sffp-. Latin stipes, -itisxx\. "picket, pole, stem, shaft, pole', stTpo, -are "dense to
press together, pile up, collect, accumulate, gedrangt vollstopfen', obsfipus " sideways
willing, inclined';

with I stipulai. " stem, straw'; unclear are stips, st/p/s' currency, gift, Spende';
s/!^eA7o'/i//77"Soldatenlohnung, tax, tribute, pay, guerdon, reward ' {*stipi-pendiom), stipulor,
-^/"/""bedinge mirfrom'; Umbrian steplatu, 5//p/5/c»"stipulat5';

gr. PN IfiTTOJv to *aTTno(; = Old English stTf, Middle High German (actually md.) stTF stiff
erect', besides Old Frisian stef{7); Middle Low German s//Ve'/e"pad', Middle High German
stTvelAs., Old Icelandic 5//775 "dammen' (out of it engl. 5//>fe "choke; suppress, crush'); with
Germanic yo: Low German stTpel, s//7?e/'"Stutzholz', Frisian sZ/pe "picket, pole', engl. stipe^
stalk'; Middle Low German stip, stippe^ dot, speck, Tupf, 5//p'pe/7"punktieren, prick ',
Middle High German s/e/0'/0e/7"reihenweise sew, prick ', Modern High German steppen;
Middle Low German s///? "small nail, peg'. Old High German s/e/?"cusp, peak, thorn, peg\
unclear are Old Low German 5////o/7"aedificare', Old High German Middle High German
s///?e/7"feststellen, grijnden, to build, instigate ', Modern High German stiften;

Lithuanian stimpu stipti^ solidify, congeal, verenden', s///7Ai/s "strong', PI. sf/p/narpa6
am sled ', Latvian st/pt' stiff become', ablaut. Lithuanian stiepti, Latvian st/'ept 'recken'; Old
Prussian post/pp/n'\N\r\o\e'.

References: WP. II 646 f., WH. II 593 ff., Trautmann 287, Vasmer 3, 7;
See also: to sta/'-S. 1010.
Page(s): 1015-1016

Root / lemma: ster-2
Meaning: star
Material:

In a-grade:

Hittite: ast/ra- c. 'star?' (Tischler 86), haster- c. (204ff)

Armenian as//. Gen. as/e/"star, stars'; gr. aarrip, -ipoq "star', collective aarpa " young '

aoTpov "star, stars' (out of it Latin astrum), wherefore probably with (u)n-)6n-: (a)aT£ponri,

darpann "lightning, sheet lightning ', aaT£ponr|Tr|(;, aaTsponaToq " Blitzeschleuderer (Zeus)

In zero grade:

In e-grade (internal):

gr. OTtpoy\) " shimmering ', (a)aTpaTTTU) 'flash, sparkle, glitter',

Latin sfe//a 'star' {* sfer-[o]/a, diminutive); bret. sterenn, corn. sterenn{P\. steyi), cymr.

se/ie/? 'star' (PI. sei). Middle Irish se^'star' (ZfcPh. 19, 200); in addition lengthened grade

gall. GN Dhirona, Sirona; Gothic stafrno. Old High German sterno. Old Norse stjarna'star'

and Old High German Old Saxon sterro. Old English steorra ' star' {*sters- to s-stem

*steros7), Old Frisian stera' star' (or sterei.).

Tokharian: A sre (pi. sreh), B scirye (FT *scariye) 'star' (Adams 640)

Note:

Common alb. Tocharian st- > sc- see alb. stjerre, shqerre ' young cow, heifer'.

In a-grade (internal):

Old Indie Instr. PI. strbhih, Nom. PI. tarahm. 'stars', tarai. 'star', Avestan Akk. Sg. staram.

Gen. staro, PI. Nom. staras-ca, staro, Akk. straus. Gen. stram, Dat. stare by 6 'star';

without ani. s- (as Old Indie tarah, tara) Tspsajv Gen. PI., with metr. lengthening Tsipsa,

TEipeaiv ' constellation ';

Maybe alb. {* Hster-[o]la, diminutive > abbreviated hyirstar'.

References: WP. II 635 f., WH. II 587 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 18 ff.. Frisk Gr. Et. Wb.

170f.

Page(s): 1027-1028

Root / lemma: stilp-, stilb- ?

Meaning: to shine; to show

Note: dem Bau Indo Germanic roots widersprechend

Material: Gr. ariApu) 'gleam, shimmer', OTiApn ' radiance '; aTiAnv6(; 'gleaming' = Irish sell

'eye', sellalm'sehe an', cymr. syllu, corn, sylly bret. sellout'watch, look '.

References: WP. II 646.

Page(s): 1 035

Root / lemma: stomen-

Meaning: mouth

Material: Avestan staman- n. 'muzzle (of dog)'; gr. aroija n. 'mouth', aroijaxoq {-gho-

forms) 'throat, estuary (the bubble, of Uterus); Magenmund, stomach'; lengthened grade

arooMuAot; "mundfertig, gabby, gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering; artig plaudernd',
GTwiJuAAu) "plaudere", OTajpuAia 'Geschwatzigkeit' (daft ved. stam'u- perhaps " sounding,
stohnend' bedeute and related sei, is doubtful); with secondary a: cymr. safn^ maxilla ';
se/^/^ "throat', acorn, s/e/fe/7/ic 'palate'. Middle Breton staffn, nbret. staon6s.
References: WP. II 648.
Page(s): 1 035

Root / lemma: stores, stornos {stfno^)

Meaning: a kind of bird (starling)

Material: Latin sturnus, -/"m. 'Star', from *stmosox *stornos, in latter case = Old English

stearn 'Seeschwalbe', Old Prussian starnite ' seagull' (Ms. stamite); compare also Czech

strnad, russ. s//'e/7a//ra'Goldammer'?

Old High German star{a). Modern High German Star, Old Icelandic stari. Old English
stser, Demin. stserling6s.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 610, Frisk 173, Vasmer3, 26.
Page(s): 1 036

Root / lemma: streig-1

Meaning: to stop, be immovable

Material: Latin strigo, -a/ie'stehenbleiben, innehalten (particularly, specially, especially,

particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra, notably from Zugtieren)', wherefore

probably also obstrigillo, -are' hindering entgegenstehen, hinderlich in Wege sein';

Norwegian strika {*strikdn =strigare) 'einhalten, stoppen', s//7/re/7 'obstructive', strTkasiexu

V. 'den run, flow hamper, stoppen'; Lithuanian s/Aa/gyZ/'hineinstoften', stringu, strigti

'steckenbleiben', Latvian sfr/egf and strigt' sink in ' (actually 'steckenbleiben'), straignis

'morass'; Slavic *str§g-t/"\n poln. zastrz^c, ustrzqc.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f., Trautmann 290.

Page(s): 1 036

Root / lemma: streig-2

Meaning: stiff

Note: probably extension from ster- ' stare '

Material: Latin stringo, -ere, str/ctus\n the meaning 'straff anziehen, pull together, lace, tie

Norwegian dial. str/k/a'd'\e Augen aufsperren, to swell', strlk, strek'e'm aufgeschossener
knave, boy'; *str/kk/- ' rope' in Old Frisian str/k, Middle Low German str/k{-ck-), Old High
German Middle High German stric{-ck-) ^ ropd\ therefrom Middle Low German stricken^
lace, tie, bind, knit ', Old High German s//7ic/ra/7'h often, festschnijren, knit ' Old English
strician 'knit, mend'.

References: WP. II 649, WH. II 604 f.
Page(s): 1 036

Root / lemma: (s)treig-3, streid(h)-

Meaning: to hiss

Material: Gr. rpi^u), TSTpTva "zirpe, schwirre, knirsche', tpiy|j6(; (neologism ip\a\\6(^) m. "das

Zirpen, Schwirren', TplvAn 'Seebarbe', TpTvoAaq 'Knurrhahn'; aTpiyt -YYOc;f-. a'so arpi^,

gtAI^; aTpiYAo(; Hes. "ein Nachtvogel', Latin strTx, -gisi. "Ohreule', stnd{e)d, -ere, stndT

"hiss, schwirren, schrillen'.

References: WP. II 651, WH. II 606.

Page(s): 1 036

Root / lemma: strenk-, streng-

Meaning: stiff, tight

Note: (as by ster-g-, stre-g-, see below ster- " stare ')

Material: Gr. aTpayyoq " twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved '; through eine

schmale aperture tropfeind' (arpayyoupia "Striktur'), arpay^, -yy6(;f. "aussickernder,

ausgedriJckter drip', arpayyEUEaOai "sich zusammendrehen, hindurchpressen, hesitate',

GTpayyaAri f. "string, rope, loop, noose, snare ', arpayyaAsuu), -i^w, -ow (from which Latin

stranguld) "erdroftle', aTpoyyuAo(; (from *aTpayyuAoq) " twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,

revolved = round ';

Middle Irish srengim^ pwW, drag', sreng^rope\ s/7>7c/7e"Nabelschnur' {strengTnJa);

Latvian s//7/7^/"stramm become; wilt' ("*shrink up '), strangs^gamy, fresh' (Lituanismus);

in Germanischen from the root form au^ kor g/r. Old Icelandic strengr^cord, rope, stripe,
schmaler stream' {*strang/-), Old English strengm. "cord, rope'. Old High German stranc{-
g-), Modern High German Strang \ope '; denominative Old Icelandic strengja^ fasten,
shut';

with other meaning Old Icelandic s//'a/7^/'"violent, strong, stern, hard'. Old English Old
Saxon Strang ds., strenge' stern', Middle Low German strenge. Old High German strengi

'sharp, strong, valiant, stern', and Old English strengan fasten, clip, bind'. Middle High
German s//'e/7^e/7'strecken, urge, press, push'. Modern High German anstrengen;

Maybe alb. sMrengoj lasten, clip, bind '.

Norwegian strungen^ stiff or beklemmt in stomach'; Old Icelandic strangixw. "tree truck';

from the root form auf Indo Germanic voiced-nonaspirated: Old Swedish strunker
"aufgerichtet, straight', Norwegian Danish strunk^ds., stout, proud', Norwegian strunken =
strungen {see above). Middle High German strunk 'stalk, stem of a plant ' Middle Low
German strunk^ stalk'. Middle High German strunken, strunkeln^s\xauc\\e\v\\ (could also
nasalized forms from st(e)reu-g- seivi);

Latvian strenka/s ' e\n piece verharteten Auswurfs' (perhaps ' stiff, rigid').

References: WP. II 650 f., WH. II 605.
Page(s): 1036-1037

Root / lemma: (s)trep- (s)treb-

Meaning: to cry wildly, make noise, onomatopoeic words

Material: Latin strepo, -e/ie'make a noise, cry, rustle'; perhaps the Italian FIN Treble,

isl. A'/'e/& 'quarrel, squabble'. Old Icelandic l=>raptv\. 'gossip'. Old English l=>rgeftv\.
'discord, quarrel'. Middle Low Qexmaudrevelinge 6s. (with p. Old Icelandic t^rapr^ babbler
', l=>rapx\. 'garrulitas');

compare (s)treig-3, streid(h)-^h\ss, schwirren' and Latin s/e/fo'schnarche'.

References: WP. II 649 f., WH. II 602.
Page(s):1037

Root / lemma: stru-

Meaning: gray-haired, old

Note: only Celtic and Balto-Slavic

Material: Old Irish sru/th ^o\d, venerable ' {*stru-t/-s), acymr. strut/ug\. 'antiquam';

Lithuanian strujus^ graybeard '; Old Church Slavic stryjb 'patruus', 5//y/7ya'amita'.

References: WP. II 651, Trautmann 290, Vasmer 3, 29.

Page(s):1037

Root / lemma: su-, su-

Meaning: well, good

Material: Old Indie su-, Avestan hu-. Old pers. u-, e.g. in Old Indie su-dr'u- "strong wood',

su-bhaga- lucky, begliJekend', Avestan hu-baya-'good Ehegluek granting ';

gr. UYin<; "fit, healthy' (*5^-^7/e5"wohllebend');

gall, su- (e.g. Su-carus=) eymr. /7y-^a/'"liebenswurdig', eorn. hy-, bret. he-. Old Irish su-,
so- (e.g. su-thain^ eternal ', so-scel(a)e^Eyax\ge\\wxx\');

Germanie sJ-in Su-gambr/\/N, Old leelandie su-svgrtt 'Sehwarzamsel' ("die whole
Sehwarze');

Lithuanian sudrus'horny, lustful, luseious'; Old Chureh Slavie Sbdravb ' u\/\r\q' , Czeeh
zo'/'aKy (eompare above Old Indie su-dr'u-) ete.; Slavie *si>bozbje, Czeeh Zi&oz/'Besitztum'
from *s-b-bog-b (= Old Indie subhaga-, above S. 107);

su-\s zero grade to "s^e- (above S. 882 f.); eompare Old Indie sva- in sva-dha= su-dha
" sweet drink, beverage, liquid whieh is swallowed to queneh one's thirst, draught, potion'
(above S. 241), sva-dhita-= su-db/ta- 't\ght, firm, fit, healthy';

References: WH. II 512, E. Fraenkel Mel. Pedersen 443 ff., Vasmer 1, 450 f.
Page(s): 1037-1038

Root / lemma: suard-

Meaning: to laugh

Material: oapSavioc; 'hohniseh, spottiseh', aap5i^£iv 'hohnlaehen'; eymr. chwarddu, eorn.

hwerthin. Middle Breton/7^e/'5//7 'laugh'.

References: WP. II 517.

Page(s): 1 040

Root / lemma: suad-

Meaning: sweet

Material: 1. suadu-s'sweei': Old Indie svadii-, f. si/ao'i/f "sweet, mellifluous'; gr. n5u(;, f. -sTa

(*-£Fia), -u, Dorie dbdc, "sweet'; with formants -mo-. aSupoc;, hom. r|5u|J0(; "pleasant'; Latin

suavis {*suadu/s) "sweet'; Old Saxon swot/. Old High German suoz/. Old English swete.

Old leelandie Sj^/a" sweet'; gall. PN SuadurTx, -genus, Irish Sadbt PN; about Gothie sut/'s'

peaeeful, gentle', s. Mayrhofer KZ 71 , 74 f. under 73, 116 f.

Kompar. Superl. Old Indie svadTyas-, gr. nSiwv; Old Indie svadistha-= gr. riSiarog;

2. suados-n. Sijftigkeit, satisfaction ': ved. pra-svadas-^ mellifluous, pleasant', p£Air|5r|(;
' mellifluent ', nSoc; n. " vinegar ' (gr. n5o(; n. 'benefit, advantage', absents).

3. suadonom, -a. Old Indie svadanam, gr. n5ovn f. 'lust'.

4. verbs and other nominal formation:

Old Indie ved. svadate"\s pleased, enjoys' = gr. fi5o|jai (Boeotian Fa5o|jr|) 'freue
myself;

Avestan x'asto' through eook gar (sehmaekhaft) gemaeht, eooked, boiled' = Old Indie
5i/a//5-'gewurzt'; Old Indie svada- m. 'taste, Wohlgesehmaek', Baluehi vad^saW!
(Mittelbegriff 'Wurze');

eausative respeetively intensive svadayati {= Latin suadeo, see below) and svadayati
'sehmaekhaft, annehmbar make; taste, eat, drink; relish, enjoy ', zero grade sudayati
'belonging einriehten, good make, fertigmaehen = slay, destroy' (with the same ablaut
grade Perf. susudima; suda- m. ' eook ', Lithuanian sudyti, Gothie sutis);

with analog, a. svadat/'makes sehmaekhaft, wijrzt', svadate ' schmeckt' , participle
svatta-, nasalized Avestan x'andra-kara-^avM^euehmes making = eompliant', afgh. x'and
'Wohlgesehmaek, pleasure' (compare gr. avSavw);

Gr. nSopai (see above); aa\\zyoc, ' pleases ', not certainly here as participle to s-Aorist
riaoTO (the Lenis unexplained); *aFc(5£U), *ar|5£U) (hom. ar|5na£i£, a5r|K6T£(;) 'bin
querulous ', lokr. F£Fa5r|K6Ta (a or 5?); av5avu) 'gefalle', Aor. hom. £ua5£, gortyn. £Fa5£,
Perf. £a5a (: Old Indie sasvade), acpavSavw 'miftfalle' (acpaSia 'enmity'), Ionian aboc, m.
'decision', a5r||Ja Hes. ds., au9a5r|<;, Ionian auTU)5r|c; 'hubristie, overbearing, selbstgefallig'
(*auToFa5r|<;). C(Fa5n(; ' querulous ', whereof aa5£Tv 6xA£Tv, anop£Tv Photios; this -es-stem
cxboc, is previously gr. neologism from av5avu) from;

Latin suadeo, -ere^rate' (i.e. 'mache einem etwas gefallen');

Lithuanian sudyti^ spice, salzen';

perhaps here Old English swatanP\. 'beer', Scots Gaelic sn/a/s 'fresh gebrautes beer'.

Maybe alb. {*huad-) anda 'appetite, desire, wish' related also to Hittite anza 'desire'???

Root / lemma: suad- : sweet
Root / lemma: ad(u)-, ad-ro-
English meaning: water current

Root/ lemma: alca- {more properly alcS). ek"-

English meaning: water, river

Root / lemma: from-

English meaning: to draw (water), ladle

Root / lemma: au(e)-9, aued-, auer-

English meaning: to flow, to wet; water, etc..

References: WP. II 516 f., WH. II 611 f.. Frisk 104, 166, 184f.
Page(s): 1039-1040

Root / lemma: sueid-1

Meaning: to shine

Material: Avestan x'aena-^ burning, lohend' {*x'aedna-)\ Latin sTdus, -e/ys "stars',

cc»/7s/o'e/'a/'e''betrachten', des/derare long, want';

Lithuanian siz/io'i/s "blank, gleaming', svyst/'to gleam begin', sv/du, -e//"gleam', Latvian
SK/s/ "anbrechen, of days', SKa/b'/?" anoint' (actually "gleam make');

ein similar *sueit-, but in the meaning "singe, burn' in Old Icelandic svTda, Old High
German swTdan^burVi; in addition probably as Aoristpras. Old High German swedan
"schwelend burn ' and with ablaut derailment Old English swadur smoke'. Middle High
German swadem ^Rauch schwaden, haze, mist'

References: WP. II 520 f., WH. II 534, Trautmann 296.
Page(s): 1 042

Root / lemma: sueid-2

Meaning: to sweat; sweat n.

Material: Old Indie svfdyati, svedate ^ sc\\m\.z{\ sveda-m. = Avestan xvaeda-^Sc\r\\Ne\Q>' (=

Germanic *swaita-);

Armenian k'irt-n. Gen. -5/7"Schweift' {rtirom dr, compare gr. iSpux;, Latvian sviedri); gr.
(£)l5o(; (Ionian) n. "Schweift', hom. etc. {z)\lb\ui, AtticlSiu) " sweat', 15pu)(;, -Gi^oo,, AtticlSpux;

probably after supux;, -Giioq " mould, dank decay ' from the originally -05-stem from hom.
Dat. i5pco, Akk. iSpw- (grown from Indo Germanic *suidro), iSpcbu) "sweat' (*i5pu)a-iu));

alb. {*jedros) dirse, djerse^ sweat ', djers^ to sweat ' (with 5 from //in present *suf-
dro^tio); Common /7->y- Slavic Albanian; h->J-, y-0\6 Indie Tocharian.

Rumanian sudoare 'sweat'

Latin sudor, -o/7s'Schweifl' {*suoidds), sudd, -are'schwitzen';

kymr. chwys, corn, whys, bret. c'/7c»i/ez"Schweift' {*suidso-);

Old English swat. Old Saxon swet. Old High German sweizm. 'Schweifl', Old Icelandic
sveitim. ds.; Old High German swizzen{= Old Indie svfdyati) ^ schwitzeri , Kaus.-lter. Old
High German sweizzan. Middle High German 5M/e/ze/7"Schweift shed, bluten, damp
become'. Middle High German also "hot make, rosten, in Gluthitze aneinanderhammern,
schweideri (= Old Indie sved ay ati ^ aWows schwitzen');

Latvian sviedriP\. 'Schweift', svTstu, si//s/ "schwitzen', 5i//b'e/ 'schwitzen make'.

Basque izerdiu. " sweat' : Hungarian izzadniv. " sweat'.

References: WP. II 521, WH. II 623, Trautmann 295.
Page(s): 1 043

Root / lemma: suei-, sui- {*g"hei- : ksuel)

Meaning: to hiss, whistle

Note: extended sueizd-, Italian and Germanic sueighl-

Material: Indo Germanic Alters is *sueizdd. Old Indie ksvedati, ksvedat/" saust, braust,

summt' common Old Indie -g"'h- > -ksu-

(if ks- ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hverstarkung eines from *5i/d/z£7'd//assimilierten

*svaizdati); Old Irish set- "(ein Instrument) blow'. Middle Irish airfitiud^ through Musik

delight'. Old Irish //7o'/fe/'sibilus', nir. fead^a whistle' {*swizda). Middle Irish fetan

"shepherd's pipe', cymr. chwythu'b\o\N, (ein Instrument) blow', chwyth^6as blast',

chwytheir whistle ' {chwib diS., hybridization from chwyth\N\Vc\ pib^ whistle ' from Latin

pTpa), corn, whythe, whethe, bret. c'houeza'b\o\N'; Old Church Slavic svistati, zvizdati

"sibilare' (kann from *si//zo''a//assimil. sein);

gr. ai^u) " fizz ', Aor. sai^a {o'\%\c„ aiyfjoc; "das Zischen') is similar onomatopoeic word
formation as Latvian sTktAs.;

also Latin sTbilo, -are "hiss, wliistie', 5/M^s "ziscliend; das Zisclien', sekundar sTfilo,
sTfilus, compare zero grade Gothic swigldn^6\e flute blasen, whistle', Old High German
sweg/on ds., swega/a l\u\.e' {* su/gh/a-);

Maybe Latin s/f/'/o, sTfilus: Albanian fishkellej: Italian fischiare: French siffler:
Bergamasco sifula : Calabrese fiscare ; fischijare : Napulitano sisca : Catalan xiular:
Catanese friscari: Romagnolo fistcie : Venetian fisciare " to whistle '.

similarly, but without historical connection with the above words also npers. siflTden
"whistle, chirp, twitter'. Old Church Slavic sipota^ hoarseness ', sipngti^ become hoarse ',
Czech 5/pa//"hiss, hoarse become'.

References: WP. I 215, II 517 f., WH. II 531 f., Vasmer2, 594 f.
Page(s): 1040-1041

Root / lemma: suekru- {*RueRur-a)
Meaning: mother-in law or father-in-law

Material: Old Indie svasura-, Avestan A-'asi/^a- "father-in-law'. Old Indie svasru-^ mother-in-
law '; npers. xusru ds.;

Armenian skesur' mother-in-law ' from *RueRura), afterwards s/res/'s//' "father-in-law',
actually 'man of the mother-in-law ';

Note:

The in animate suffix -ul- >-ur- : Old Indie svasura-, svasura- Avestan x'asura- , Armenian
skesur, gr. £Kup6^, £Kupa : Lithuanian sesuras. Old High German swehur, swagur:
lAAupioi , oi, lllyrians, lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi^ , n. Adj. lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kp),
the region or province of lllyria, 'lAAupi^ca , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupla:-hence
Adv. 'lAAupiaii.

gr. £Kup6(; "father-in-law, under between the father of Ehemanns', SKupa " mother-in-law ';

alb. U7e/7e/r"father-in-law', vjeherre^ mother-in-law '; [common alb. shift sv- > v-, or drop of
the initial s-]

Latin socer, -e/7"father-in-law', socrus, -us' mother-in-law '; cymr. chwegr, corn, hweger'
mother-in-law ', neologism cymr. chwegrwn, corn. /7by/ge/'e/7 "father-in-law'; Old High
German swehur. Old English SM/ec»/'"Schwaher', Old High German swigar. Old English
sweger{ *swes-rQ) ' mother-in-law ';

Gothic swafhrd= Old Norse svsera^ mother-in-law ' {*swehrdn-), neologism Gothic
5M/a/77/'a 'father-in-law' {*swehran-), as also Modern High German Schw/egervater aiter
Schwieger(mutter) for Schwa her,

Lithuanian ses^Aas "father-in-law'; Old Church Slavic svekry^ mother-in-law ' {-kr-
through dissimilation against the aniaut has not changed to -sr-), whereupon m. svekrb
"father-in-law';

lengthened grade: Old Indie svasura-' belonging to father-in-law ', Old High German
swagur{*suekur6s) "brother-in-law (*son of father-in-law)', also "father-in-law, son-in-law'.

References: WP. II 521 f., WH. 550 f., Trautmann 295 f., Vasmer2, 588.
Page(s): 1043-1044

Root / lemma: suek-

Meaning: to smell (well)

Note: only brit. and West Germanic

Material: Cymr. chweg^sweei, pleasant', corn, whek, bret. c'houek, cymr. chwaeth

{*suekto-) "taste'; Old High German 5M/e/7/75/7 "smell, stink, spring up, bubble'; with

gemination Old High German swekhe, sueckiaP\. "odores'. Old Saxon sn^ec "smell, odor,

fragrance ', Old English swecc, swaecc^iasie, smell, odor, fragrance ', sweccan^smeW.

References: WP. II 521.

Page(s): 1 043

Root/ lemma: sueRs, seRs, RseRs, RsueRs, ueRs{\ uRs) {*ghe-ska)

Meaning: six

Material: Old Indie s5/(from sats), Avestan xsvas, Armenian i/ep(in vaf'sun '60' is a from

eumgelautet); gr. £^, dial. Fs^ (knidisch ^sarpi^ " 6-lined barley', maybe from *^£^); alb.

[attribute noun] gjashte's\x';

[common alb. gh- > gl- > gj- : Nth. gh- > dz-], hence alb. gjashte's\x' from an ordinal
number {*gheks-ta) : Old Indie sa/"six', sastha- "sixth' was initially an ordinal number.

Note:

Anatolian languages show a pattern similar to alb. So Lycian aitata {* oktd(u)ta) "eight' : alb.
/e/a "eight'; Lycian nuntata 'n\ne' : alb. nanda'n\ne'. Therefore alb. shtata 'seven' derived
from a truncated *sa{pjtata ' seven' later Old Indie saptathah, Avestan hapta&a-. Old
Saxon sivotho. Old English seofoda, Lithuanian septintas, also Old Indie saptatf-, Avestan
haptaiti-lQ\ in alb. -ta, -teare attribute endings that were solidified in Anatolian and Indie

cognates. The attribute /a (used in the genitive and adjectives) is unique to alb. language

alone.

Therefore alb. teta "eight' is a zero grade of Lycian aitata {*oRtd(u)ta) 'eight'. It was initially

an ordinal number used as an attribute [compare Latin octuag/nta' 80'].

Alb. Tosc nanta, Geg nanda^ nine ' derived from Lycian nuntata 'n\ne'.

Slavic, Germanic, Baltic languages follow illyr-alb. attribute -/a ending.

Latin sex, Old Irish 5e'6', seser'6 man', mor-feser ' magnus seviratus, 7 man', cymr. etc.
chwech^Q"; Gothic saihs. Old Icelandic sex. Old High German sehs, Lithuanian inflectional
ses'r. Old Church Slavic sestb (= Old Indie sastf-); Tocharian A sak, B skas; compare Latin
sedec/m:0\6 Indie s^dasa^6 (Avestan xsvasdasa-'the 16.').

ordinals: Old Indie sastha-, Avestan xstva-; Armenian vecerord, gr. £kto(;; alb. /-
gjashtete, i-gjashte, lllyrian Sestus; Latin sextus, sestus {Sestius, Oscan leoTieg, Umbrian
se5/e/7/5S/5/'i/'sextantariarum'; Indo Germanic probably *s(u)ektos, in Latin and Germanic
with Eindringen of 5 from the Grundzahl); gall, suexos. Old Irish sessed, cymr. chweched,
Gothic safhsta. Old High German sehsto, sehto. Old Icelandic sette; Lithuanian sestas.
Old Prussian m. zero grade uschts, compare Old Lithuanian usios 'Wochenbett' (Old
Prussian loanword), genuine Lithuanian ses/os6s.: Old Church Slavic sestb; Tocharian A
skast, B skaste.

It seems from PIE root lemma for number six was spread to Semitic system:
East: Akkadian+ shishshu. Central: Arabic sittah, Saud/ sWia, Yemen/ sltteh, Syr/an s^ie,
Lebanese sett\, Cypr/otsltte, /raq/s\\.ta, Egyptian s\\.\.a, E Libyan 's\\.\.a, N African (Darja)
sitta, Moroccan SQ'i\.a, Sudanese s\\\\a, Nigerian s\\.\.e, Zanzibaris\\.\.e, Maltese sitta,
Phoenecian+ sh-sh, Ugaritic+ t-t, Moabite+: Classical Hebrew+ shesh. Modern Hebrew
shesh. Classical Aramaic+ shitha:h. Modern: Aramaic she:'tta:. Classical Syriac+ "eshta:,
Syriac 'ishta, Van\shia, South: Old S. Arabian+ s-d-th. South Arabian (l-larsusi)'\\a\.\.^\\,
{SheriJsheH., Socotra yha J, N Ettiiopic: Geez+ stddtstu, Tigre s^s, Beni Amir s\ss, Tigrinya
shuddushte, S Ethiopic: Amharic stddtst, Argobba seddest, Harari siddisti, E Gurage
seddest, Gafat+ seddesta, Soddo seddest, Goggot s^dd^st, Muher seddest, Masqan
seddest, CW Gurage s^d^st, Ennemor s^d^st.

Egyptian. Egyptian+ s-y-s-w, (Recons.) sar'saw, Coptic+ sow.

Indo-European

Germanic: Old Germanic+ *seks, Western: 0\6 English+ sex, Middle English+ six, English
six, Scots sax. Old Frisian+ sex, W.Frisian seis, Frisian (Saterland) saeks, Dutcli zes, W/S
Flemish zesse, Brabants zes. Low Saxon s6Q>, Ems/and zes, Mennonite Plautdietsch sass,
Afrilcaans ses, Gemnan sechs. Central Bavarian sechse, Swabian sechs, Alsatian sex,
Cimbrian seks, Rimella zhakshe, Rheinfrankisch sechs, Pennsylvania sex,
Luxembourgeois sechs, Swiss German sachs, Yiddish zeks. Middle High Gernnan+ sehs.
Old High German+ sehs. Northern: Ruu\c+ saex. Old Norse+ sex, Norwegian seks, Danisli
seks, Swedisli sex, Faroese seks. Old lcelandic+ sex, Icelandic sex. Eastern: Gothic+
saihs, Crimean+ seis, Italic: Oscan+ *sehs, Umbrian+ sehs-, Faliscan+ zex, Latin+ sex,
Romance: Mozarabic+ xaix, Portuguese seis, Galician se\s, Spanish seis, Ladinosex,
Asturian se'\s, Aragonese se\s, Catalan sis, Valencian s\s. Old French+ sis, French six,
Walloon s\\\]\\, Jerriaiss\x, Poitevin s\s. Old Picard+ s\es, Picard s\s, Occitan (Provengal)
sieis, Lengadocian s\e\s, Gascon s\\e\s, Auvergnats\e\, Limosins\e\, Franco-Provengal
(Vaudois) sT, Rumantsch Grischun s\s, Sursilvan s\s, Vallader ses, Friulian sTs, Ladin sies,
Dalnnatian+ si, Italian sei. Pied montese ses, Milanese ses, Genovesesex, Venetian s\e,
Parmesan se-.s, Corslcan se'\, Umbriansex, Neapolitan se\e, Sicilian s\e, Romanian s,ase,
Arumanian s,ase, Meglenite s,asi, Istriot s,ase, Sardinian ses, Celtic: Proto-Celtic+ svex,
Gaulish+ suex, Brythonic (P-Celtic):y^e\s\\ chwech, Cardiganshire s\c\\, Breton c'hwec'h,
Vannetaishueh, Unified Cornish+ whegh. Common hwegh, Modern\Nhee, Devonian+
hueh, Goidelic (Q-Celtic): 0\^ lrish+ se, Irish se, Scots Gaelic sia, Manx shey, Hellenic:
Mycenean Greek+ we- (*wex-). Classical Greek+ hex, Greek eksi, Cyprioteks\, Tsakonian
ekse, Tocharian: Tocharian A+ sak, Tocharian B+ skas, Albanian: Albanian gjashte, Gheg
(Qosaj) gh'asht, 7c»s/r (7l^a/70'/7fea'y'g'ashte, Armenian: +Classical Armenian vec^,
Armenian vec, Baltic West: Old Prussian+ *usjai. East: Lithuanian sheshi, Latvian seshi,
Latgalian seshx, Slavic East: Russian shesth, shest'; Belarussian shesthh, shesc';
Ukrainian sh~sth, shist'; West: Polish szes'c', Kashubian shesc, Polabian+ sist, Czech
shest, Slovak shest', Westshesi, Eastshesc, Upper Serbian shesc'. Lower Serbian sesc'.
South: 0\d Church Slavonic+ shesti, Bulgarian shest, Macedonian shest, Serbo-Croat
shest, Slovene shest, Indo-lranian: Proto-lndo-lranian+ *(k)swacsh, Iranian Eastem:
Ossetian Iron ^xs^z, Digor^xs^z, Avestan+ xshuuash, Khwarezmian+ 'x, Sogdian+
wghwshw, Yaghnobi uxsh, Bactrian+

Saka+ ksata', Pashto shpag, Wakhi sha:d, Munji a:Ashe, Yidgha UAsho, Ishkashmi au,I,
Sanglechi

Shughn Ao:gh, Rushanixyi:,\N, Yazgulami xu, Sarikoli (Tashkorghani) Ael, Parachi xi,
Ormuri sh.^h, Westem Northwest: Parthian+ shwh, Yazdi shash, Nayini Natanzi shaesh.

Khunsari shash, Gazi shosh, Sivandi shush, Vafsi shish, Semnani shash, Sangisari shash,
Gilaki shish, Mazanderani shesh, Talysh shash, Harzani shosh, Zaza shesh, Gorani shIsh,
Baluchi sh^sh, Turkmenistan shash, E Hill shash, Rakhshani (Western) sh^shsh, Kermanji
(S) Kurdish shash, Zaza (N) Kurdish shash, Baja la n i s\\\sh, Kermanshahi shash.
Southwest: Old Persian+: Pahlavi+ shash, Farsi shesh, Isfahan! sh\sh, Tajilc shash, Tati
shassh, Chalishesh, Pars shisht, Lari shish, Luri shish, Kumzari shish, Nuristani
Ashkun shu:, Wasi-weri wu:sh, Kati shu, Kalasha-ala shu:. Indie: Sanskrit+ s.as., Prakrit+
ch"a, Ardhamagadhi+ cha, Pali+ cha, Romany (Gypsy): Spanish\o\, Welsh shov,
Kalderash shov, Syrian sha.s, Armenian shesh, Iranian shov, Sinhalese-I\^aldivian:
Sinhalese haya, Vedda pahamay tava ekamay, Maldivian haie. Northern India Dardic:
Kashmiri shah, Shina sha, Brokskatsa, Phalura shoi^, Bashkarik sho:, Tirahi xo, Torwali
sho:, Wotapuri sho:, Maiya sho:h, Kalasha sho, Khowarchhoy, Dameli sho, Gawar-bati
sh^o:, Pashai chha, Shumashti shoo, Nangalami so:, Dumaki sha. Western: Marathi s^ha,
Konkani so, Sindhi cha, Khatri cho, Lahnda ch"e:. Central: Hindi/ Urdu c^ai, Parya ch^e,
Punjabi che, SiraikicWx, Gujarati ch^, Rajasthani (Marwari) ch'aw, Banjari (Lamani) cho,
Malvi ch"e:, Bhili so:, Dogri ch'e:, Kumauni ch'ai, Garhwali ch'ai:, W Pahari isho:,
Khandeshi cha. East Central: Nepali cha, Maithili cha:, Magahi chau, Bhojpuri &sb,
Awadhi (Kosali) cha:, Chattisgarhi che:. Eastern: Oriya cha'a, Bengali chcy, Assamese
s^i, Mayang soy.

Dravidian

Northwest: Brahui shash. Northeast: Kurukh soyye:, Malto so:ye. Central: Kolami saa /
a:r, Naiki

Parji se:je:n, Gadaba a:ru-gur, Telugu aaru, Gondi sa:ru:ng, Koya a:ru, Konda a:ru, Manda
Pengo co, Kui sajgi, Kuvi so:. South: Tulu a:ji, Koraga aji, Kannada aaru, Badaga a:ru,
Kodagu a:ru, Kurumba -a.ru, Toda o:r, Kota a:re, Tamil aarru, Malayalam a:ru, Irula aru.

Nahali

Nahali cha:h,

Basque

Basque sei

Etruscan

Etruscan+ sa

References: WP. II 522 f., WH. II 528 f., Wackernagel-Debrunner III 355 f., Ross TPS
1944, 54 f.
Page(s): 1 044

Root / lemma: s(u)elro-s

Meaning: sap, pitch, *blood

Material: Gr. onoq " plant juice, resin ', ottoek; "saftig", whereof the FN 'Ottosk; (inschr.

/TonovTiojv);

Latvian svakasi. PI., umgelautet svek'is, PI. si/e/r'/" resin, Gummi', Lithuanian sakaTP\.,
Old Prussian sack/s6s. "juice, sap of the plant and FriJchte'; with transference aufs
tierische russ. osoka^ blood pus ', kir. posoka^b\oo6 of an animal' and alb. gjak^b\oo6\

Note:

Alb. {*sak) gJaku^b\oo(y [common alb. s- > 5/- shift]. Clearly alb. cognate derived from
Latin sanguis -inism. (and sanguen, n.) 'blood. Transf. blood-relationship, race, family,
progeny; life-blood, strength, vigor'.

Also gr. {*sa/na) alpa "blood'. Old High German se/m^ honey ', Sansk. 50/773 "blood of
animals, sap of plants, soma plant, intoxicating drink'

From PIE the word for blood passed to Altaic languages:

Protoform: *segu
Meaning: healthy; blood
Turkic protoform: *sag
Mongolian protoform: *saji(n)
Tungus protoform: *segV-
Korean protoform: *sa'6-nab-

Japanese protoform: *suku-jaka

References: WP. II 515 f., WH. II 623, Trautmann 248, Vasmer2, 688.
Page(s): 1 044

Root / lemma: suel-l(k-)

Meaning: to swallow, eat, drink

Material: Avestan x'ar- " enjoy, consume '; engl. swiir devour, drink greedily ' (also ' swill,

flush ', as Old English swillan, swillian). Middle Low German swellen " live excessively ',

isl. sollr^ carousal '; Norwegian soir milk with lump bread ', Old Icelandic hraesollr^ blood '

("*wet and lumpy '); Old Icelandic sollr' swill, liquid or partly liquid food, chiefly kitchen

refuse, used for pig-food, pigswill ' (which has also the meaning in engl. swill);

maybe alb. {*smll) s///e'food, breakfast', {* swell) gjelle'ioo6, dish' [common alb. s- > gj-

shift] similar to alb {*sak) gjak'b\ood'.

from an extension sue/k-:0\d High German swelhan and swelgan' swallow, drink ', Old
English swelgan. Old Icelandic svelga. Modern High German schwelgen. Old Icelandic
svelgr^ whirlpool, eddy, devourer, glutton ', Middle Low German Middle High German
swalch^ throat ', Modern High German Schwalch^ Opening of the furnace ', Low German
swalgen^ suffocate '; Swedish svalg, svulg^ throat ', Old Icelandic sylgr^ gulp '.

References: WP. II 530, Specht KZ 66, 25 f.;

See also: compare above S. 901 and under s. v. uelk-.

Page(s): 1 045

Root / lemma: suel-2

Meaning: to smoulder, burn

Material: Old Indie 5i/a/'5//"radiates, shines '; svarga-x^. " sky ';

gr. sTAri, sTAri- s^n f. ' solar warmth, sunlight ', ysAav auynv rjAiou, lak. psAa Hes., sAavr) "
flambeau, torch ', assim. eAevh Hes., DEA£vr| originally a light goddess; zero grade aAsa f.
" solar warmth ', aAsaivw ' warms up ', ixKtzwioc, "hot', aAuKpot; (Nikand.) 'warm';

uncertain affiliation from oiKo^c, n. ' Shine ', asAnvn, Aeolic ozkav\/a " moon ' (*a£Aaavc(),
GsAaysTv " shine ';

maybe alb. (*a£Aay£Tv) *xelageln, shkelqen' shines'

maybe alb. (*a£Aavva) hana' moon ' similar to alb. {*sull-) hul or star, planet, *sun ' [the
shift s> h\\

alb. and gr. prove that from Root/ lemma: sauel-, sauol-, suuel-, suel-, sul-\ (sun) derived
Root/ lemma: suel-2\ (to smoulder, burn).

Old English swe/an stem V. " burn, is ignited ', Middle Low German swelen sdcwN . V.
(Modern High German schwelen). Old High German swilizdn; Old Icelandic svalr^ cold '
(actually "singeing'), Middle Low German swalm^ dense smoke ', Old English swolu.
{*swula-), sw(e)olod(a)vc\. " the burning, heat ';

maybe alb. {*sveri) Ke/7'north cold wind', {*sveri) Ke/7'north, cold'

lengthened grade *swel-\v\ Old Icelandic svaela^ burn incense ', f. " thick smoke ', Old
English swaelan^ incinerate, burn (trans.)', and *swdl- in Low German swdr sultry '
(umlaut. Modern High German schwul), Dutch zwoel, zoel6s:,

- with Germanic /r.Low German swalk^ steam, smoke ', Middle High German swelk^
withered, dry ', Old High German swelchen. Middle High German swelken^ become wilted
'. -the o^-present in Old High German swelzan' burn, incinerate (intr.)', for what
presumably as " swelter ' (compare engl. sweltry, sultry^ extremely hot '),

Old English Old Saxon sweltan s\ev(\ V. " die, pass away ', Middle Dutch swelten. Old
Icelandic svelta siem V. " starve, die ', Gothic swiltan sierw V. ' to die ', zero grade Gothic
swulta-wairt^ja^ he who leans toward death, he who is inclined toward death ', Old
Icelandic sultrxw. ' hunger ', Old English swyltm. " death '; maybe to Armenian k'aic-nu-m
" starve ', k'aic^ hunger' {*suld-sk-d)\

Lithuanian svilu, svlItT is being scorched (intr)., burn without flame ', causative svllintT
to singe (tr.)', zem. sv'ilis' heat, fevers ', svelti^ smolder ', Latvian svel'u, svelV to scorch
(tr.)', svelmei. ' steam, glow ', svalsm. " steam ', svelains^ sharp, cold ' (compare
meaning from Old Norse svali).

Maybe alb. {*svala) vale'boW, steam', phr. merr nje va/e'to steam' [the common alb. shift
SV > V].

References: WP. II 531 f., Scherer Gestirnnamen 49 f., Trautmann 296, Frisk 65 f.;
See also: see above S. 881 f. sauel-
Page(s): 1 045

Root / lemma: {suel-3), suol-, sul-

Meaning: foot sole; ground

Material: Latin solea^ a sandal; a kind of fetter; a shoe for an animal; a fish, the sole ';

solum' bottom, floor, foundation; the sole of the foot, or shoe; soil, ground, earth, land,

country ';

Middle Irish fol. i. bond^ foundation, foot sole ', Akk. Sg. folaig, Norn. PI. solaig, Dat. PI.
Old Irish soilgib;

zero grade gr. uAia (Hes.) ' foot sole '.

Alb. sho//e 'so\e' (probably a Latin loanword).

References: WP. II 552, WH. II 554 f.
Page(s): 1 046

Root / lemma: suel-4

Meaning: ' arbor, joist, beam, timber, bar, rod '
See also: see above S. 898 f. under sel-2.
Page(s): 1 046

Root / lemma: sue-lo- suellio(n)-

Meaning: a kind of relation (brothers-in-law, whose wifes are sisters)

Material:

Old laryngeal gr. He- > a-, e-\ satem He- > s-

Gr. asAioi (a- cop., compare Old High German ge- in ge-swTo^ brother-in-law ': swTd),

aiAioi, £iAiov£(; (for to be expected *£Aiov£(;) ds. (Hes., Poll.);

Old Icelandic svilarP\. ds., Sg. si////" brother-in-law ';

to reflexive possessive pronoun *se, seue-.

maybe initially alb. {*svelioi) i/e7/5/ 'brother' [the common alb. shift sv > v\or rather from alb.
geg (*a£Aioi) vellau, tosk, vellai^ brother ' from gr. a£Aioi. Since initial vowels in gr. yielded
to the prothetic V- in a similar construction of alb. vesh m. " ear ' ( *dus-, ds-) against gr.
Doric (!)(; ( *dus) " ear '; additional proof of Greek origin is also the plural form alb. Geg
(*£iAiov£q) vellazen, Tosc vellezerP\. "brothers' where -er, -e/7 plural endings as N/R
behave as allophones. The shift S > Z in alb. has been recorded at the end of the word in
alb. {* radius) reze'ray, rays'.

maybe alb. ( *sue-lo-) vella " brother '. The shift sue- > ve- has also been attested in alb.
alb. vjeherr^ father-in-law ', vjeherre^ mother-in-law ' from Root/ lemma: suekru-:
(mother-in law or father-in-law).

Note:

An impact of lllyrian on Baltic languages has been felt through Estonian i/e//" brother',
Finnish i/e//" brother'. Clearly the Finno-Ugric group has met with Indo European family
through lllyrians.

References: WP. II 533, Specht Ursprung 166, Frisk 24.
Page(s): 1 046

Root / lemma: suelplo-s

Meaning: sulphur

Material: Gothic swibis. Old English swefl. Old High German swebaF sulphur ' = Latin

sulpur^s. ( *suelplo-s)\ Germanic dissim. to *swe[l]fla-, *swe[l]bla-.

Maybe alb. sulfur^ sulphur' a Latin loanword.

References: WP. II 533, WH. II 628; people's etymological influences from suel-2.

Page(s): 1 046

Root / lemma: suem-

Meaning: to move; to swim

Material: Old Irish to-senn- " pursue ' {*suem-d-ne-), (common Celtic Alb. abbreviation)

verbal noun tofunn, probably to:

Norwegian si/5/77/a 'fantasize', SKa/77/'a'umherirren, schwarmen'; Old Icelandic
svim(m)a, sy/TT/a (preterit svamm summum and svam svgmum) "swim'. Old High German
Old Saxon Old English swimman 6s.\ Kaus. Middle High German swemmen^smm let'.
Modern High German schwemmen; Old Frisian swammia. Middle High German swamen
"swim', isl. Norwegian svamla, s^/77/a "splash', Gothic swumslu. "pond, pool'; Old Icelandic
sundry, "das Schwimmen; Meerenge, Sund' (i.e. "*still iJberschwimmbar'), syndr
"schwimmfahig'. Old English sundn. "Schwimmfahigkeif, poet, "sea, water'. Middle Low
German sunt{-d-) "Meerenge' (Modern High German Sund); different about Modern High
German S^/7o'Kluge-Gotzei6 780.

References: WP. II 524.
Page(s): 1 046

Root / lemma: (sjuend^-

Meaning: to disappear

Material: Old High German swintan^ dwindle, peak, become thin, wither, wilt, bewufttlos

become'. Old Saxon far-swindan ' disappear'. Old English swindan " abate, dwindle ',

Kaus. Middle High German swenden' dwindle make, ausreuten', Modern High German
verschwenden{\Nas\.e] dial. " through Verbrennen of Grases urbar machen', Old High
German swintilon. Modern High German schwindein, ablaut. Modern High German
Schwund, Old Church Slavic ^i/i^o's// "wither, wilt', ablaut. Church Slavic pd/zZ/'rauchen';

compare Old Irish a-sennad Mn . ' denique , postremo ' {*suer^^-no-l)\ (common Celtic
alb. abbreviation)

whether Germanic swindanio swTnan^ dwindle ' (see suh) belongs and previously
through derailment in e-row converted is?

References: WP. II 526, Vasmer 1, 245.
Page(s): 1 047

Root / lemma: sueng-, suenk- : sueg-, suek- {*g"heng- : ksueng-)

Meaning: to bend

Material: Old Indie svajate, -ti {svarjksyate) 'umschlingt', participle svakta-, parisvakta- =

Avestan pairisx'vaxta-^uui^s umschlossen'; Old Irish seng^ slim ' ("*pliable'), Celtic PN

Singi-dunum, [lllyrian Singidunum \.o6a)/: Belgrade?) from Slavic ber white' + grad^ city' =

city of Albanians].

Middle High German Middle Low German 5M/5/7C "pliable, slim, fine, fragile, flimsy ', Old
English swancor^'^\\ab\e, fragile, flimsy '; Norwegian svekk, svokki. {*swank-Jd, -o) 'cavity
the Fuftsohle', Danish Swedish SM/5/7/r 'valley, cavity'; Old English sw/ncan' work, sich
qualen' (actually 'sich winden by the Arbeit'), Kaus. swencan' plague, afflict ' {swencm. '
affliction '), Old High German Middle High German SM/e/7/re/7 'schwingen let, toss, fling'.
Modern High German schwenken^ wave'; Middle High German swank {-k-) ' turn,
Schwung, prank, Einfall', Modern High German Schwank,

besides Germanic *SM/e/7^-(lndo Germanic *suenk-):

Old High German Old Saxon SM//>7^a/7'(sich) schwingen, fly'. Old Saxon swingan
{swinga^c\ub, mace, joint'). Old English swingan ^hW, lash, flog, sich schwingen'; Kaus.
Gothic af-swaggwJan^sc\\\Nav\kev\6 make' (?), Old English SM/e/7^a/7'sich schwingen'.
Middle High German swanc, swunc{-g-) 'schwingende movement, Schwang, Schwung\
Middle Low German Middle High German SM/e/7^e/'Schwenger; Old Icelandic 51/5/7^/" 'thin,
narrow, tight, slim, slender, thin ', Middle High German swanger' slim '; Old Icelandic
svangixr\. ' groin, flank ' ('incurvation ');

nasallos: Norwegian svaga, svagra^\Na\ier, swerve ', si/a^^a"schwankend go', Old
Icelandic sveggja^{e\v\ ship) turn '; Middle Low German sn/a/r "pliable, thin, weak'. Middle
High German swach^evW, bad, miserable, feeble, weak'. Middle Low German swakem\so
"wobble, sway' (as swanken).

References: WP. II 526 f.;

See also: compare also seu-an6 suef/J-'bend'.

Page(s): 1047-1048

Root / lemma: suenk-, sunk-

Meaning: heavy

Material: Old English swangor^ clumsy, idle'. Old High German 514/5/7^3/"" pregnant';

Lithuanian sunkti^ heavy become', sunkus' heavy ' (from Korpern and from Arbeiten),

older Lithuanian s^/7A/>7^5 "pregnant'.

References: WP. II 525.

Page(s): 1 048

Root / lemma: suento- sunto-
Meaning: vigorous, vivacious, healthy
Note: only Germanic?

Material: Gothic 5m///7A's "strong, fit, healthy'. Old Icelandic svinnr^rash, hasty, strong,
smart', (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old English swTd, Old
Saxon sbw?/" strong, violent, valiant'. Middle High German swint, sw//?^^ "strong, violent',
geschw/nd 'iast, rapid, hurried, fierce, grim'; Old High German gisunt{-d-) 'fit, healthy'. Old
Saxon gisund. Old English gesund. Old Frisian 5i//7o' "fresh, unbeschadigt, fit, healthy'.
References: WP. II 525 f.; because of Ablauts probably Indo Germanic; after Persson
Beitr. 189^ and 587 to Lithuanian siunciu' send' (different above S. 909); compare also
Lithuanian s//^^/77oy//"aufhetzen'.
Page(s): 1 048

Root / lemma: suen-

Meaning: to sound

Material: Old Indie si/a/75//(secondary asvanlt) " sounds, schallt' (= Latin sonit), -svanah-u.

"noise', svana-xw. "sound, tone, clangor ' (= Latin sonus), svana- " soughing '; Avestan *x

'anal-caxra-' someone, of wheels sausen'; Latin send, -are, -ui, -/tumO\6 Latin sonere

{*suend) "sound, clink, sound, clink, sough, rustle', sonus {*suonos' clangor'; Old Irish

so/7 'sound' Latin loanword); probably Old Irish senn-, preterit sepha/nn 'sonare, play (ein

Instrument)', das /?/? probably after to-senn-^ pursue ', das (from *st/e/77-o'-/7e- originated)
zur root 5t/e/77- belongs; (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), Old Irish sen/m(\.e. seinm) "das
Spielen, tintinnabulation'; Old English 5M///7s/5/7'sing, Musik make', swinn^U\}S\k, song';
also Old High German Old English SM^a/7'swan', Old Icelandic svanr' manly swan';

whether se/7- besides suen- in Latvian sanet, senet'buzz', Irish sanas^ whispering',
cymr. /7a/7es "history' actually "*rumor'?

References: WP. II 524 f., WH. II 559 f.
Page(s): 1046-1047

Root / lemma: suep-1, sup- {* kuep-1)

Meaning: to sleep, *cease, die

Note:

Root/ lemma: suep-1, sup-: "to sleep, *cease, die' derived from Root/ lemma: suep-2,

sup-, sueb-\ "to throw, *sway, swing (put to sleep)'.

Material: Old Indie svapiti, svapati^ asleep, dozed off. Pass, supyate, participle supta-
"dozed off, Kaus. svapayati^scVAaiexi ein' (= Old Icelandic S0fa), svapayat/ds. (= Old
Icelandic sve^'a etc.); Avestan x'ap- 's\eep'; gr. urrap "Wehrtraum';

Latin sop/o, -fre' put to sleep ', sopor, -or/s' deep sleep' {*suepd/); Old Icelandic sofa
[svafj. Old English swefan siem V. "sleep, cease'; Kaus. Old Icelandic svefja^ put to sleep,
stillen, besanftigen'. Old English swefian6s.. Old English swebban^ put to sleep, slay'. Old
Saxon answebbian. Old High German antswebben. Middle High German entswebenAs.,
Middle High German also " sleepy become, fall asleep ' ( *suopeJd); Old Icelandic S0fa
"slay' ( *sudpejd); Old Icelandic suaefa " put to sleep ' {*suepeid), syfja unpers. " make
sleepy ', East Frisian suffen^ become sleepy ' (Dutch sur dizzy, stupid'); Old Icelandic
sofnasdcwN. V. " fall asleep '; Middle High German swep, -it'es "sleep'. Old English sweofot
n. ds.; Old Church Slavic s-tpati. Iter, sypa// "sleep', us-bngti^ fall asleep ';

Old Indie si/4o/7a- "sleep, dream', Avestan x'afna-m. ds.; Armenian k'un. Gen. k'noy
"sleep' {*suopnos); gr. uirvog "sleep' (= Old Church Slavic sbnb and:) alb. gjume,

Latin somnus : Italian sonno : Portuguese sono : Bolognese sann : Romagnolo : soni :
Valencian son : Romanian somn : Sardinian Campidanesu sonnu : Sicilian sonnu :
Swedish somnen : Spanish sueho : French sommeil : Calabrese suonnu : Zeneize seunno
: Napulitano suonno : Greek unvoi; : Albanian gjume : Old Irish suan, cymr. corn. bret. hun
"sleep' : Armenian k'un: Hittite sup- (Medium), suppar//a- 's\eep'.

Latin somnus ' s\eep' {*suepnos or *suopnos); Old Irish suan, cymr. corn. bret. hun's\eep'
{*sopnos= Lithuanian sapnas); Old Icelandic svefn. Old English swefn^s\eep, dream',
(from *suepn6s)\ Lithuanian sapnas, sapnys^6ream', Latvian 5a/0/7/s "dream'; Old Church
Slavic sbnb "sleep, dream'; compare Old Indie asvapna-^sc\r\\ai\os', Avestan ax'afna-ds.,
Latin insomnis, gr. aunvoq ds. and die/io-derivative Old Indie svapnyam' dream ', Latin
so/77/7/^/77 "dream', zem. sayO/7/5 "sleep, dream'. Old Church Slavic sbn/je^ dream '; gr.
evunviov (replicated Latin insomnium) ds., cymr. 5/7/7^/7eofa' "insomnia'; Tocharian A spa",
B Sy05/7e "sleep, dream'; Hittite sup- (Medium), supparlia-^s\eep\

Maybe Breton hurt: Welsh hun: Estonian uni: Finnish ^A7/"sleep'.

References: WP. II 523 f., WH. II 557 f., Trautmann 292 f., Vasmer 2, 694.
Page(s): 1048-1049

Root / lemma: suep-2, sup-, sueb-

Meaning: to throw, *sway, swing

Material: Old Indie svapu^ besom '; Old Church Slavic 5i/e'/0///s^"agitari'; zero grade sbpg,

s^//"schutten, strew, distribute'. Iter. SK/05//"schutten', /■asK/05//"ausstreuen'; sungti

"effundere', Sb/Ob"heap' (but Lithuanian si//0//" swing, wiegen' rather to 5e:/-"bend'); Latin

supo, -aAe "throw', dissipo, -a/'e"auseinanderwerfen, scatter', obsipo, -are

"entgegensprengen (water), reproach', //7s/pe/'e"hineinwerfen';

Germanic *svab- and *svap- (Indo Germanic *sueb-) in Old Icelandic 5d/7"Kehrbesen'
{*swdbala-), svafn. "spear, javelin'; Old English ge-swopei. "offal, rubbish' (isl. sopa^
sweep, wash away ' is engl. loanword); Low German swabbe/n \irom water ) hin- and
herschlagen, wogen'. Modern High German schwapp-en, -ein, -ern

References: WP. II 524, WH. I 356 ff., Trautmann 293, Vasmer 3, 57.
Page(s): 1 049

Root/ lemma: sue/b^-{a\so suer-7)

Meaning: to turn; to sweep

Material: Cymr. c/7M/e/7^"das Wirbein, Umdrehen', cbwerfan'\Nh\r\ior a spindle'; chwyrn

"quick, fast (drehend)' from *sueib^-nio-; Gothic af-, bi-swafrban "abwischen'. Old Icelandic

sverfasiem V. "feilen', svarfu. "Abfall beim Feilen', Old English sweorfan ds., afr. swerva'

grovel, truckle, creep ', Old Saxon SM/e/'i&5/7 "abwischen'. Old High German suuerban

"extergere', suuarp, swv/'M"gurges, vortex'. Middle High German swerben^s\ch wirbeind

bewegen'; Old Icelandic si/a/:'&"umherschweifen', Old Swedish svarva'turn, work a lathe,
(Lijgen) ersinnen';

Slavic *svorbh in Church Slavic svrabh (in addition Old Church Slavic svrabbiTb
"Kvr|a|j(jb5r|<;'); ablaut. Slavic *svbrbit-b, *svbrbeti^\\.c\\' in russ. sverbft, sverbetb etc.;
compare Latvian svarpstvn. "borer' {*suarb-sta-)\

perhaps in addition gr. aupcpoq n., aupcpsToq m. 'rubbish', aupcpa^, -qkoc; ' anything
swept together, sweepings, refuse, rubbish, litter'; compare also aaipu) 'sweep' {*suerid),
aapov n., aapoc; m. ' besom, rubbish' and aupw (Fut. aupw) 'pull, drag, sweep, wash',
a\J^\^6c, m. ' any lengthened sweeping motion, the moving, vomiting ', auppaia f. ' emetic,
vomiting, purge-plant ', auppa n. ' anything trailed or dragged, towing dress, rubbish',
aupTr|<; m. ' towing rope ', aupiK;, -i5o(;f. 'sandbank'.

References: WP. II 529 f., Trautmann 295, Vasmer 2, 589, 596 f.
Page(s): 1050-1051

Root / lemma: suergh- {*g"hergh- : ksuergh-)

Meaning: to take care of; to be ill

Material: 1 . Old Indie sJA/rsa// "kiimmert sich um etwas'; common Old Indie -g"h- > -ksu-

Gothic saurga' care, sorrow ', Old Icelandic Old English sorg. Old Saxon sorga. Old High

German sorga. Old Franconian sworga' care '; Gothic saurgan. Old Icelandic syrgja. Old

Saxon sorgon. Old English sorgian. Old High German sorgen, sworgen 'care for, worry'.

2. Old Irish se/y 'disease, malady', Lithuanian sergu, sirgti^ be sick ', Old Church Slavic
SAa^a 'disease, malady', sragb^ ausiems, torvus'; probably also alb. dergjem^be
bedridden' ( *suorghid) common Old Indie -g"h- > -ksu- : lllyrian - alb -g"h- > -d-.

Maybe alb. {*suorghid) derdh^ pour, ejaculate ' common alb. gh- > -dh-.

References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 258.
Page(s):1051

Root / lemma: suer-1 (also ser-?)

Meaning: to speak

Material: Latin sermo, -o/7/s'Wechselrede, conversation, entertainment, conversation '

{*sermd) is unclear;

Maybe alb. {*sermd) th/rmen. f. 'shout, call' [common alb. s>thsh\it]

Oscan sverruner 6evc\ Sprecher, WortfiJhrer'; Gothic swaran, swdr's\Near, vow', Old
Icelandic sveria. Old English Old Saxon swerian. Old High German swerien, swerren6s..
Old Icelandic 50/7' Norn. PI. 'vow, pledge, oath'. Middle High German swuor\o\N, pledge'.
Old Icelandic SKa^a'anworten, BiJrgschaft leisten', svgrP\. 'Antwort', 5/7o'-si/5/'"gerichtliche
verdict ', Old English and-swaru ^ Antwort' , Old Saxon 5/7/-SM/d/' "Antwort, Verantwortung';
Old Church Slavic svarb "quarrel' (Hin- and Widerrede), svan, "fight, struggle', svariti
"vilify, scold, fight, struggle'; russ. ssdAS "quarrel' from *s-bsoral

*suer- "speak, talk' is perhaps (but not certainly) the use from suer- hum, whiz ' auf
artikuliertes of speech.

References: WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.
Page(s): 1 049

Root / lemma: suer-2

Meaning: to hiss

Material: Old Indie svarati^ sounds, erschallt, allows erschallen'; also si//7777"duct, tube,

pipe' (flute?); svara- svara-xx\. " clangor, sound, tone';

upa^, -Koc, m. "Spitzmaus' ( *surak-), Cretan upov "swarm of bees' Hes.;

Maybe alb. Geg {*sur/x) urith, tosk {*sam-uridh) hamuridhe^ mole '

Latin susurrus^ a humming, murmuring, muttering, whispering ', susurro, -are "hiss,
whisper, buzz' (/^consonant increase in onomatopoeic words), absurdus^ adverse
clinking, ungereimt' ( *suorodo-s)\ surdus'6eaV as "dull or inarticulate horend and
redend'?);

Maybe alb. shushurin, feshferin^ rustle ' : Breton sarac'hat: Galician susurrarkom Latin
susurrus' a humming, murmuring, muttering, whispering '.

Maybe alb shurdh^ deaf ' : French sourd : Napulitano surdo : Romagnolo surd : from Latin
surdus "deaf.

While Basque gor ; entzungor : Finnish kuuro : Turkish sagir : Hungarian siJket "deaf.

Latin probably sorex, -ids (previously late sorex) " shrew, small mouselike mammal with a
long snout ' from *sudr-ak-{: gr. upa^ ds.); cymr. chwyrnu^drone, grumble' (to *chwyrn
from * suernjol);

Old Icelandic svarra 'roar', Norwegian si/e/ra "whirl; kreisen', Modern High German
schwirren; Norwegian surla'\e\se sing', Swedish soria' trickle, mumble, murmur'. Middle
Low German Modern High German surren. Middle High German 5i//777"Gesumse';
vielleichtisl. svarmr' dizziness ', Old English swearm' swarm, bulk, mass'. Old High
German swarm " swarm ';

Lithuanian s^/777a 'flute', Old Church Slavic SK/Aa// "whistle' (lengthening from *svbr-),

Maybe alb. (^ surma) zhurma' noise'.

References: WP. II 527 f., WH. II 634 f., 637 f., Vasmer 2, 593.
See also: s. also s^er- "speak'.
Page(s): 1049-1050

Root / lemma: suer-3

Meaning: stake

Material: Old Indie svaru-rx\. "picket, pole, Doppelpfosten, long bit of wood'; gr. sppa n.

"pad'; homer. Akk. sppTva m. "Bettpfosten'; Old High German stv//'(9/7"bepfahlen'. Middle

High German 5by//'"Uferpfahr, Modern High German Swiss Sc/7by//'e/7 "picket, pole'. Old

English swier, swiorrr\. f. " jamb, column '; with /r-forms Old Icelandic svTriru. " neck, prow,

bow of a ship' {*swerhjan-). Old English swTera, swTora " neck ' ( *swirhjan-)\ Latin zero

grade surus'img, branch, picket, pole', Demin. surculus, surcellus, perhaps sura'caM,

Wadenbein' (see below *sdra).

References: WP. II 528 f., WH. II 635.

Page(s): 1 050

Root / lemma: suer-4

Meaning: to cut, pierce

Material: Avestan x'ara-r^. "wound, Verwundung';

Maybe alb. Geg {*svarna) varre' wound'.

Old Irish serb, cymr. chwerw^bWief {*suer-uo), originally probably " burning, pricking ';
cymr. chwarreni. 'gland' {*suorsina)\

Old High German sweran s\.err\ V. "ache, fester, swell', SM/e/'c»"leiblicher pain, esp.
ulcer'. Modern High German Schware, Geschwur 'ulcer'. Old High German swer(a)do
"leiblicher pain'. Old English sweornian 'curdle, coagulate, harden '; Old High German
SM/e/t"Schwert', Old English sweord. Old Icelandic sverdirorr\ *swer-da- "stechende
weapon';

proto Slavic. *syara- 'krankWcW in russ. chvoryj, Old Czech chvory, ablaut, churavy ds.
and Church Slavic chyra' fragileness '; perhaps here serb. -Church Slavic svrbdb/b^ borer',
proto Slavic. *svbrdblo.

References: WP. II 529, Trautmann 295, Krogmann KZ. 59, 204, Vasnner2, 589, 3, 237,
243, Loth RC. 41,233.
Page(s): 1 050

Root / lemma: suer-5
Meaning: " scale, weigh '
See also: see below uer-1.
Page(s): 1 050

Root/ lemma: suesor-{*suestor)

Meaning: sister

Note:

Root/ lemma: suesor-{* suestoi): sister' derived from Root/ lemma: se-\ "reflexive

pronoun, *own' + common lllyrian -tar, -/o/'suffix; it was modelled after Root/ lemma:

pate(r)Qer\. patr-es, -ds: father', Root/ lemma: mater-: mother'. Root/ lemma: b'^rater-:

"brother'

Material: Old Indie svasar-, Avestan x'arjhar-^ sister ';

Armenian k'oirds. {*suesdr); Nom. PI. k'or-k' {* suesores). Gen. Sg. k'er{*suesros); gr.

£op [Vok.] GuyaTrip, av£4Ji6(; Hes., io^zq, npoanKOVT£(;, auYY£V£T(; Hes.; Latin soror'a

sister' (in addition sobnnus' a cousin by the mother's side, mother's sister's child ', from

*suesr-Tnos = Old Church Slavic sestrinb " belonging to sister ', compare also East

Lithuanian seserenas^ sister's son '); Old Irish siur^ sister' {*suesdr), Dat. Akk. sTeir, Gen.

se/^a/" (analogy after mathir. Gen. mathai), cymr. chwaer, acorn, huir, mcorn. hoer, hor,

bret. c'hoar, Gothic swistar{Qer\. swistrs, Dat. swistr); Old Icelandic syster, PI. systr{Pro\.o

Norse swestariroru -er). Old High German swester{*-ei\). Old English sweostor, suster,

vor dem /- insertion created anew are Old Saxon Old Swedish sw/zy'son of the mother's
sister ', Old English swiria " sister's son, weather ';

Old Prussian swestro(\r\ the a-Dekl. iJbergefuhrt) with m/ perhaps through Modern High
German influence, for Lithuanian sesuo. Gen. sesersar\6 Old Church Slavic sestra(\r\ die
a-Dekl. ubergefiJhrt) " sister ' (also FIN) place i/-loses *sesor- ahead; Tocharian A sar, B
se/"" sister '.

Indo Germanic *s(u)e-sor-\.o Reflexivstamme se-, seue-; to ending compare fem. Old
Indie t/-srah'6re\', Old Irish teoir {* trisores) ds.; contains perhaps yet "so^'wife, woman'?
Or from *su-esor{see 343) " of own blood, relative '?

References: WP. II 533 f., WH. II 563, Trautmann 258, Benveniste, BSL 35, 104 f.; Pisani,
Miscellanea G. Galbiati III, 1 951 , 7 f., M. Mayrhofer by Brandenstein Studien 32 ff.
Page(s):1051

Root / lemma: sueid- {* ksue/d- < g'^heid-)

Meaning: milk

Material: Old Indie ksvidyati, ksvedate {\}v\be\.) "wird humid, wet'; Avestan xsvTd-vc\. "milk',

common Old Indie -g"h- > -ksu- : Avestan -g"h- > -xsu-

perhaps to Lithuanian SK/es//"smear', Latvian svafdftds., Lithuanian si//es/as "butter',

Latvian svie(k)st 6s.

References: WP. II 521, WH. II 624;

See also: s. also sueid- above S. 1042, Z. 5.

Page(s): 1 043

Root / lemma: sue(i)-

Meaning: to bend, turn, swing

Note: (see also se^-and sueng-^bex\6')

Material: Gr. oTpoc; "aufwarts bent, curved, stumpfnasig, spottisch' (in addition gikxoc;

"disgust, all tadeind'?); perhaps also ox^oc, "pit, pothole' (*incurvation?);

cymr. c/7w/o'"lebhafte turn, Kunstgriff', chwidrs\dr\ in Kreise drehend, dizzy ', chwidr
"quick, fast, fleeting, iJbereilt'; chwimm. {*suT-smo-) "movement, actuation ', Adj. "quick,
fast', chwyfxw. 'movement' {*suhmo-, compare under Germanic swfm-), chwyf/o ' movere' ,
bret. f/nva/, gmnva/'s\c\r\ bewegen, ruhren';

cymr. c/7byK/7 "movement', chwil {*suT-lo-) "sich quick, fast drehend'; chwylav\6 chwel
{*suhlo-, -/a compare Norwegian svil) " turn, run, flow', corn, whey/^work', Old Irish se/"
turn, gyration, stretch of time'. Middle Irish of-ser turn after right', tuath-biT turn after
links';

Middle Low German swaien, swe/men's'\c\r\ schwingen'; as participle Old Icelandic svad
n. " glide, smooth flowing movement, slipping, skidding ', {*su9-to-), 5i/5d5 "glide, slide'.
Old English 5M/ad/a/7"(ein)wickeln', engl. swath(e). Middle Low German Middle High
German swade^Reihe from gemahtem Gras, Schwaden\

Norwegian si//777a "waver, lurch', Middle High German smmen ds.; Old English swrmam.
" dizziness, giddiness; swindle, Ohnmacht', Old Icelandic sv/m/, Dutch zw//m6s.; Middle
High German swTmel, swimmer dizziness, giddiness; swindle '; Old Icelandic sve/mrm.,
sve/mn. 'GetiJmmel, tumult', si/e//775'umherziehen'. Middle High German swe/mm. 'das
Schweben, Schweifen, Schwingen', SM/e//77e/7'sichschwingen, waver'; Norwegian si///n.
"Spirale; the frizzy Samenbeutel dorschartigerfish'; Low German sty/?'Schwung, gyration,
Bummein', sw/ren^s\c\r\ schwingend bewegen, umherfliegen, in Saus and Braus leben'.

sue/b-: Avestan xsvaewayat-astra-^ 6\e Peitsche schwingend', A-siz/Vwa- "agile'; Gothic
midJa-sweipains^S\v\\^\\}\! (actually "Fegung the center'); Old Icelandic si/e/p5 "throw,
umhijllen'. Old English 5M/apa/7 "swing, sweep, wash away, drive, push'. Old Saxon swep
"fegte fort'. Old High German SM/e/>^/7 "swing, schweifen, quarrel', SM/e//"Umschwung, tail'
= Old Icelandic si/e'/p/'"band, strap, Schlingung, curled hair'. Old Icelandic si//pa"lash,
scourge, bullwhip, horsewhip; spur'.

sue/c/-:\n Lithuanian svfesti, Latvian si//es/ "throw', frequentative Lithuanian svaidyti,
Latvian si/a/(y/7"wiederholt toss, fling'; whether Latvian si/a/Ty/? "anoint, smear' (under under
sueid-) here?

sueig-: QermaxWc also "nachgeben, slacken ' (from suh " dwindle ' derive ) "(cunning)
etwas drehen, dodge, deception ' : Old High German swThhon, Old English swTcian
"schweifen, wander, cheat, deceive'. Old Icelandic svTkva sykva {u-'^resev\{), si//7^a "cheat,
deceive, betray ', Old English swTcan^ abandon, cheat, deceive', poet. " leave, depart,
wander'. Old Saxon swTan6s. "languish'; Old High German sbv/77/75/7 "languish, slacken,
abandon ', Middle High German swTchm. "Zeitlauf, 5-5ty/C'/7"heimlicher Fortgang',
SM/e/ic/7e/7 "languish'; Old Icelandic sviku. " betrayal, deceit'. Old English swicu. ds.. Old
High German biswihrw. ds.;

Lithuanian svaTgtr dizziness, giddiness; swindle bekommen', svaigineti^ giddy
umherwanken', russ. 5i//g5/'"herumtreiben';

Tocharian A M/5M/e/r£/"gelogen', B waike^\\Q, falsity'.

sueik-:Q\^ Icelandic si/e/^/'"pliable', m. "flexible stalk', Swedish dial. svTga, sveg
"sichbiegen', Kaus. Old Icelandic si/e/5y5"bend'. Pass, sv/gna^be bent, bow, nachgeben',
sv/'g/m. "flexible stalk'; Old High German swe/ga^catt\e shed' (*netting).

sue/p-:0\6 Icelandic si//7^ "swing, turn, umherschweifen, schweben'. Old English swTfan
"turn, sweep, wash away (engl. SM///?"quick, fast'), wave'. Old Icelandic sue/f/a ^swng',

Middle High German swibein, swivelen'\wdc\\ Old High German sweibon^sdcwNebeu,
swing', 5i4/eM/7'schweben'.

Latvian svaipTV lash, flog ', si///7s//>^y's'Hasenfufl, Zierbengel'.

References: WP. II 518 ff., Vasmer2, 591 f., Johannesson 794 ff.
Page(s): 1041-1042

Root / lemma: suT-, -g-, -k-, -p-

Meaning: to fade, weaken, etc..

Note: extended suijo-p-l

Material: Old Icelandic svTa^ slacken '; svTna, Old High German swTnan^ abate, dwindle ';

Middle High German siw7e'/7also " senseless, unconscious become, fall silent '.

suT-k-: Old High German swTgen, Old Saxon swigon. Old English swTgian, sugian,
suwian^ keep mum, keep quiet '.

suhg-. alvn f. "das Schweigen', aTvau) "schweige' (compare piya aicbna Hes., i.e. Fiya).

suT-p-: Gothic sweiban^ cease, slacken ', Old Icelandic svTfasklrorw etwas
zuriJckweichen, sich enthalten'. Old High German ^/sty/)?d/7'conticescere'. Middle Low
German swichten' withdraw, slacken, zum Schweigen bringen', Dutch zwichten^
withdraw'. Modern High German (from dem Low German) beschwichtigen {a\so Messapic
ainra aicbna?);

in addition *suiid-p-\x\ gr. aiwnau) "schweige' and *suid-p- with gr. Schwunde from^
after Doppelkonsonanz in 5iaaijonaao|jai, asaajTrapsvov (Pind.) and in EuawTria nauxia
Hes.

References: WP. II 534;

See also: compare above (s)uerKi!^-.

Page(s):1052

Root / lemma: suomb(h)o-s

Meaning: porous, spongy

Material: Gr. aopcpot; 'schwammig, porous' = Germanic *swamba-\v\ Old High German

swamp, -besm. ' sponge '; besides Germanic *swampu- (Indo Germanic *suombu-) and

*swamma- in Old Icelandic sugppr^ sponge; ball (after the shape)'. Middle Low German

swamp, -pes^ sponge, fungus ' and Gothic swamm f\Vk. "(Wasch-) sponge ', Old English

swammxw. ' fungus ', Middle Low German svam, -mmes' sponge; fungus '; from
schwammigem Boden: engl. sn^a/r?/? "swamp, marsh'; westfal. swampen ^aui- and
niedergehen, from schwammigem Boden', changing through ablaut Middle High German
sumprswamp, marsh' = Old Icelandic soppr^ ball ', Norwegian also " fungus '.
References: WP. II 534 f.
Page(s):1052

Root / lemma: suordo-s

Meaning: black, dark

Material: Latin *sordus as base from sordeo, -e/e "dirty, filthy, unflatig sein', sordidus^6\x\.y,

filthy', sordes, -isi. "smut, dirt, filth'; Gothic swarts. Old Icelandic swart. Old English sweart.

Old High German swarz^b\acV!, zero grade Old Icelandic sorfat "black paint, color', sort/

m. "darkness, dichterfog', sortna^ become black ';

sollte Latin s^a5i//77"ruftiger stain auf a Kleide' as *si/a/'55c»/77 related sein, kame as
basic form *suardo-\n question, so that sordeoirom surd-;

whether Old Saxon sn/er/ra/? (participle gesworkan) " dim become, sich verfinstern,
cloudy become'. Old English sweorcan^ dim, sad become'. Old High German giswerc,
^/SM/c»/r"Verfinsterung through clouds' and Irish so/t* "blemish, smut', related are (Indo
Germanic *si/e/'-^-, *si/c»/'-Z)(77^o- besides "s^o/icyc-), is doubtful.

References: WP. II 535, WH. II 562 f.
Page(s):1052

Root / lemma: su-ro-, sou-ro-
Meaning: salty, bitter; cheese
Note: root seu(9)-, sou(9)- : su-

Note:

Root/ lemma: su-ro-, sou-ro-\ salty, bitter; cheese, derived from extension ks-eu-oi Root/

lemma: kes-\ to scratch, itch

Material: Old Icelandic surr^sour, sharp', m. "sourdough'. Middle Low German Middle High

German suru. "Bitterkeif; Old Icelandic syrai. "sour milk'. Old English syr/ngds.. Old High

German surf Saurd; Old High German Old English sur^soui^. Old Icelandic sur-eygr. Old

High German sur-ougi. Old English sur-Tege^b\ea'c eyed, bleareyed '; compare Tocharian

B surma "Augenkrankheif;

Lithuanian suras' salty ', Latvian surs' salty, bitter', Lithuanian sun's rc\. "cheese'. Old
Prussian sun's ds.;

Old Church Slavic 5>rB "humid, wet', russ. sy/idy "humid, wet, raw, sour'; substantivized
Old Church Slavic syrb, russ. 5y/'"cheese';

ablaut. Old Icelandic saurrm. "smut, tier, seed, sperm '; Old Bulgarian surovb'raw',
russ. 5^/'di/>y"rough, raw' {*sou-ro-);

compare die FIN Celtic Sura, Modern High German Sauer, Sur, Old Prussian Sure,
Latvian Sur-upe, and den PN lupoKOuaai PI. "Syrakus' (Sicily), with /7/-derivative to
lupaKU) name eines Sumpfes.

References: WP. II 513, Trautmann 293 f., Vasmer 3, 49, 58; perhaps to seu(9)-V'\\x\<ZQ,
sap' (above S. 912 f.); about "milk' to: " coagulated, sour milk'.
Page(s): 1 039

Root / lemma: su-s, suu-6s

Meaning: pig, swine

Material: Avestan /7j(Gen. Sg. for *huvd) "swine'; gr. ho,, doc,, Akk. uv m. "boar', f. "sow'

(therefrom uaiva f. "Hyane') besides auc;, oxioo, ds.; in addition ounAai tottoi poppopu)5£i(;

Hes.; au(p£(i)6(;, au(p6(; m. " pigpen' (*-(p£FiO(;, to cpuw, Indo Germanic b'^eu-, above S. 146

ff.); constellation the 'OXabzc, "group of pigs'; compare gr. lak. oiKa;

alb. (*snv) //7/"swine'; Latin sus, s^/s "swine', Umbrian s/rsues', s//77"suem', surum,
sorsom, sorsalem's\Muxx\' {*su-do-, *su-dali-);

gall. *su-teg/'s' pigpen' (M.-L. 8492);

Old High German Old English su. Old Icelandic syr'sow';

Latvian suvens, s/Ve'/7s "piglet' (unclear Old Prussian seweynis' pigpen'); Tocharian B
suwo swine';

adjektivische no- derivatives: on the one hand gr. (late) unvoq "from swine', on the other
hand (ursprachlich) Latin suTnusds., Old Church Slavic svinhds. = Latvian sv/hs
"smudges'; Tocharian B swanana m/'sa ' pork';

substantivized Gothic swein. Old Icelandic sum. Old English Old High German swTn
"swine'; Old Church Slavic sv/n/ja ' s\N'\ne' probably from *si//77/"(fem. to sv/nb) reshaped.

k- derivatives:

Old Indie sukara- m. "boar, swine' (reinterpreted as '5i/-maker'); Middle Persian xuk,
osset. ;^'i//ds.; Latin 5i/ci//a 'young sow'; with expressive Gemination: Celtic *sukko-
"swine, (pig-) snout, plowshare ' in Old Irish socc saiT guinea pig ' (a fish). Middle Irish soc
m. ' plowshare, snout (of swine)'. Old Irish FIN Socc, cymr. hwchvn. f., later only f. "swine',
corn, hoch, bret. houc'h, hoc'hxu. "swine'; from Gallo-Latin derive cymr. swch, corn, soch,
bret. souc'han6 French soc^ plowshare ';

Old English sugu^sow', Old Saxon suga, Middle Low German soge, Modern High
German schwab. suge^sow'; with expressive Gemination Norwegian Swedish sugga.
Middle Low German sugge.

References: WP. II 512 f., WH. II 635 ff., Trautmann 294, Vasmer 2, 593, Benveniste BSL
45, 74 f. 90, Thieme, Heimat d. Indo Germanic Gemeinsprache 26 f., 36 f.; probably
originally " Gebarerin ', to seu-2. su- " to give birth to children ' (above S. 913 f.); compare
Old Irish beriVsow' {*b^erentJ)\ or just imitative sound?
Page(s): 1038-1039

Root / lemma: sus-

Meaning: to buzz

Note: only Germanic and Slavic

Comments:

Root / lemma: sus- : to buzz, derived from Root / lemma: Rues-, Rus- : to puff, sigh.

Material: Old High German suson " buzz, whirr ', Middle Low German susen, Swedish

susa, Danish s^se ds.;

Old Church Slavic sysati^ buzz, whirr, whistle'; Old Russian si/5o/ "Zieselmaus,
Hausratte', Bulgarian sbse/ds.; stskam^ fizz '; compare Latvian susur/s' shrew, small
mouselike mammal with a long snout ', susers " dormouse '.

Maybe alb. shushurime: Spanish susurro: French sussurement: Portuguese sussurro:
Venetian susio^ rustle '. Also Galician susurrar: alb. shushurin^ to rustle '.

References: WP. II 514, Trautmann 294, Vasmer 3, 50 f.
Page(s): 1 039

Root / lemma: sus- {*ksus)
Meaning: parent

Note: only Old Indie and Albanian

Note: Root / lemma: sus-: parent derived from Root/ lemma: auo-s: grandfather: Hittite

hu-uh-ha-as{huhhas) 'grandfather'? Lycian '^^^a "motherly grandfather'.

Material: Old Indie sJ/7 "progenitor'; alb. ^yys/? "grandfather' {*su-s-Jo-), originally

"progenitor'; tre-gjysh^ great grandfather (literally "three-grandfather)', gjyshe

"grandmother' ( *su-s-ie).

References: Jokl. Ling.-kult. Untersuchungen 28 ff.;

See also: to seua-: su-, above S. 913 f.

Page(s): 1 039

Root /lemma: tag- {or teg-, tog-, teg^

Meaning: to touch, gripe

Material: Gr. TSTaycbv "fassend' (: Latin tetig?); Latin tango, -ere, tetigJtactum (Old Latin

also aoristisches tago, -ere) "touch', integer^ unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged

(unangetastet)', tagax^ thievish '; taxim^ clandestine ', taxo, a/'e"abschatzen, touch';

unclear with -p'/^ Volscan atahusFut II "attigerif, Marrucinian ts{h]a or ts{g]a 'tangat';

Latin contam/nare ^ entweWnen' to contag/o ^Beruhrung';

Old English dacc/an ^gent\e touch, caress'. Old Low German thako/on' caress ';
perhaps here of concept " caress, fein anzufiJhlen': Irish /a/s"soft, humid, wet, gentle', gall.
Taxi-magulus,

whether Old Irish tongid^ swears ', dT-tong-^ negate ', Perf. do-ru-thethaig {*te-tog-e)
verbal noun dTthech {*dT-tego-) in addition belongs (to cymr. fyngu ^swear, vow', corn, to-,
Middle Breton toeaff, nbret. tou/6s.), is perhaps eine Indo Germanic root */e^-must be
assumed, wherefore still Phrygian et/-te-t/k-menos \e(i\uc\r\t' belongs; das gr. Latin a
would be then reduplication-grade, as Latin a in frango {above S. 165), etc.

References: WP. I 703, WH. II 647 f., O. Schrader Reallexikon s. v. oath.
Page(s): 1054-1055

Root / lemma: tak-, take(i)-

Meaning: to be silent

Material: Latin taceo, -ere^ keep mum, keep quiet ', Umbrian tagez^\.ac\\.us\ taseturUom.

PI. "taciti';

Gothic t^ahan' keep mum, keep quiet ', A'a/7a/>7s"Scliweigen', with gramm. variation Old
High German dagen. Old Saxon thagon, thagian6s.. Old Icelandic f^egja6s., f^agna' fall
silent ', t^agall, A'p^^//"schweigsam';

perhaps as active to the above neutropassiven group: Old Irish fachfa/c/^\Nurgt', cymr.
tagu, corn. bret. taga^6as WiJrgen' as originally "zum Schweigen bringen'; unclear is cymr.
gos-fegi. 'Schweigen'.

References: WP. I 703, WH. II 641 f.
Page(s): 1 055

Root / lemma: tap-1

Meaning: to dip

Material: Armenian t'at'avem' dive', t'on {* tapn/-) " dampness, damp, rain';

Old Church Slavic /O/0///"immergere', */c»(p)/7p//"immergi', in addition among others
Lower Serbian /o/?' pond ', Czech /i//7e 'immersion in Flusse', russ. /d/T/a 'protected bay'.

References: WP. I 705, Vasmer 3, 119, 120 f.
Page(s): 1 056

Root / lemma: tap-2

Meaning: to press down, press together

Material: Gr. TaTTSivoq 'low, humble' ('*gedruckt'); Old Icelandic /=>efja 'siomp', /=>dfr\.

'crush', f^of/m. 'Filz' (out of it Lithuanian futia, Latvian tuba, Old Prussian tubo'FWz'.)

References: WP. I 705, Mayrhofer 477.

Page(s): 1 056

Root / lemma: tata- teta-
Meaning: Daddy; expr. child word

Material: Old Indie tata-la\her\ tata- 'father, son, Lieber'; gr. TeiTa (Hom.) Vok., Tara Vok.
'o father!'; alb. /a/e 'father'; Latin /a/a 'father (in the baby talk); Ernahrer'; cymr. tad, corn,
/a/'father', /7e/7-o'a/ 'grandfather'; Old Icelandic t^jazi^a giant ' {* t^eda-sal); Latvian teta,
Lithuanian tetis, tete, /e/y/zs 'father'. Old Prussian //7e//s 'grandfather' (Old Prussian taws
'father', //7eM//s'Vaterbruder', Lithuanian tevas, Latvian /e^es 'father'), Lithuanian teta
'aunt', zemait. ////s 'father'; russ. tata etc. 'father', russ. -Church Slavic teta etc. 'aunt'. Old
Church Slavic tetbka6s.; Modern High German Tate, East Frisian /a//e 'father'; Norwegian
/aa/e'Lutschbeutel', isl. tata 6s., Norwegian Swedish /a//e'Frauenbrust, teat';

besides Germanic forms with /and u. Old Engiisli titt' nipple, Kuhzitze', Middle High
German zitze "teat';

Maybe alb. s/se 'teat, breast'

Swedish //l^a'aunt, old unverheiratete wife, woman'; Middle High German zutzel
"Sauglappen', Swedish /y/Za'old wife, woman, Muhme', Old High German tutta, tuta^
nipple ' ; similarly gr. tutGo^, -ov 'small, noch totally young ', tutGov 'ein biftchen', inschr.
also 'pp£cpo(;, nai5iov'; tuvv6(; small, little'; eine also out of the Indo Germanic Sprachen
verbreitete Lallwortgruppe.

References: WP. I 704, WH. II 650, Trautmann 320, Vasmer3, 81.
Page(s): 1 056

Root / lemma: taus-

Meaning: still, silent, peaceful

Material: Old Indie /i/syaZ/'beruhigt sich, is zufrieden', /i/5/a-'befriedigt, zufrieden', tusmm

Adv. 'still, closemouthed ' (: Avestan tusni-. Old Prussian tusnan), Kaus. tosayati

'beschwichtigt, stellt zufrieden, pleases '; Avestan /^s/7/- 'stillschweigend' {tusnisad- 'wer

stillschweigend dasitzt');

Middle Irish td{*tauso) 'still, closemouthed ', Old Irish /z/ae 'silentium' (basic form
*tausiaR), mcymr. /an/'schweige!', ncymr. /an/'Schweigen; closemouthed ', tawer
closemouthed ', bret. /ao 'Schweigen; still!', abret. taguelguiliat(j\. to dem as
'schweigendes Wachen' miftverstandenen Latin silicernium; guo-teguis 'compescuit',
nbret. tever keep mum, keep quiet ';

Old Swedish thyster' closemouthed, dumb, still' {*t^usti-)\

Old Prussian tusnan^sW\\\ tuss/se ' er sc\r\we\Qe' {*fuse-, as Latin face-re), Lithuanian
tausos, tausytis 'sich lay, place (of Winde)';

Slavic *tusiti' calm, appease ' (= Old Indie tosayati) in den trans, russ. tusitb '
extinguish, put out, extinguish, annihilate, erase ', poln. po-tuszyc' encourage ' ('*calm,
appease '), etc.; besides intr. *tuchngti\x\ russ. tuchnutb ' die, be extinguished ', slov. po-
/i//7/7/// "still become, verloschen'; russ. FIN Tosna {*Tbsna);

Hittite dusk-, duskna- 'sich freuen'.

References: WP. I 714 f., Trautmann 332, Vasmer 3, 128, 158, Mayrhofer 1, 517.

Page(s): 1056-1057

Root / lemma: tad-

Meaning: to act on purpose

Note: only gr. and Oscan

Material: Gr. £niTr|5£(; Adv. 'with Vorbedacht, geflissentlich' (£niTn5£iO(; ' suitable ',

£niTr|5£uu) "betreibe geflissentlich'); Oscan /ao'a//" cense at'.

References: WP. I 705.

Page(s): 1 054

Root / lemma: tag-

Meaning: to put in order

Material: Gr. ravoq m. ' leader, Befehlshaber', TaY£uu), tqyew "control, rule, fijhre an',

nachhom. Taaau), Attic tottu), ETaynv, tqktoc; "auf einen bestimmten Posten, in Reih and

limb, member place, beordern, sort, order, arrange, regein' (present Taaaoj analog.

instead of *Ta^u)), Tavn f. "Schlachtordnung', TayiJa n. 'Heerschar; order', ra^K^f. "order;

alignment; Posten, rank';

abrit. PN P^a-s^-Za^^s (pre-Celtic Indo Germanic loanword);

Lithuanian yoa-/c»^i/s"anstandig, comfortable ' (£UTaKTO(;) = Latvian patags^ comfortable
', Lithuanian su-togti' s\c\\ vertragen, sich verbinden';

Tocharian A tassiP\. " leader '.

References: WP. I 704, Trautmann 312, van Windekens Ant. Class. 9, 67 f.
Page(s): 1 055

Root / lemma: tal-

Meaning: to grow; young animals

Material: Gr. tqAic; -i5oc; 'junges mannbares girl, bride' rriAic;, -sux;, Ionian -\oc, f.

"HiJIsengewachs, Bockshorn', TnAsGau) ' blossom, spriefte';

Latin /5/ea"Stabchen, seedling, Setzreis', dial, for *talia, as also talla= talia
"ZwiebelhiJIse'; denominative /a/za/ie 'split, cut, clip' (originally "* branch abscise ');

Lithuanian a(t)t6las^Hac\\\\e\x, bumper crop, byproduct', talokas^ grown, nubile,
marriageable'.

References: WP. I 705, WH. II 643, Mayrhofer 1 , 498.
Page(s): 1 055

Root / lemma: ta- ta-, tai- tai- ff-, [tau^, tau- tu-

Meaning: to melt, dissipate, decay

Material: A. Osset. thayun' thaw, melt' {*ta/d) = Old Church Slavic tajg, tajetb 'melt', */a/b

"geschmolzen, fluid', russ. talyf,

Armenian t'anam^ wet (Aor. faci); werde humid, wet (Aor. facay)';

cymr. /5i4/o'o''liquefactio', toddi, bret. /ei/z/"melt' {-d- or -dh.forms);

with i&^i^/extension (compare under TT-(p-0(;) Latin tabes 'das allmahliche Vergehen
through Schmelzen, decay, disease, malady etc.', tabum^ Gauche, mucus, epidemic ',
tabed, -ere, tabesco, -ere^meW, hinsiechen'.

with Xr-extension gr. thkoo, Doric tqku) " melt ', TaK£p6(; "soft, melting', Tr|K£5u)v f.
"Abzehrung, consumption, tuberculosis, Verwesung';

B. /-forms: Old Icelandic l=>Tdr {*tT-t6-s) "geschmolzen, getaut', whereof A'/(?a"auftauen, tr.
and intr.', A'/cJe/?/? 'geschmolzen, getaut';

with b^- (compare above tabes) osset. cirwa, c/am/ "yeast' from *tb^-no-\ gr. TT(po(; n.
"marshy place, damp Grund'; dak. FIN TipiaKO(;; about Latin Tiberis {*Thubris, 0u(3pi(; <
*6!"ubris) s. Szemerenyi Arch. Ling. 5, 3 ff.;

with Asuffix: gr. i\Koc, "thin Stuhlgang, AbfiJhren'; Old Bulgarian /^^//"modern,
verwesen', /i>^a "Verwesung', russ. tlja^ moth ' (compare under Latin tinea), "Blattlaus';

with /7^suffix: Old Church Slavic timeno "slime, mud';

with />suffix: Old English d/775/7 "humid, wet become', dan {*l9i-no^ "humid, wet,
bewassert', whereof dsenan^ moisten ', danian, d^/7/5/7 "humid, wet sein or become';

Old Church Slavic ///7a "slime, mud'; probably Latin //77^s"the lorbeerartige Schneeball'
(from the stark abfiJhrenden Wirkung) and ///7ca "tench ' (*//77/c5 "slimy or in Schlamme
lebenderfish'); Latin tinea^ moth, Holzwurm' (compare above russ. tija) probably from a
*tino-, *tina^ mould, dank decay ';

with /^suffix: Armenian *tTro-, -r'h in /'/7/r'"crap, muck, droppings', /'/'e/77 "knead meal,
flour, dough' ("*make retreat Teigmasse') /'/777e/77"befeuchte, weiche ein', f rjem

'befeuchte, wet, begiefte, irrigate '; Litliuanian tyras, /y/ie porridge, mash', tyrai
"bewachsener morass, moor, heath, moorland ', Latvian //?e//s 'morass';

with 5-suffix: Old High German theisk, o'e/s/r"stercus, fimus, rudera'; Church Slavic
testo, Serbo-Croatian //yes/o "dough', because of Slavic tiskati ^^ress' from toisk-to-\ Old
Irish tois-renn, tais^ massam (farinaceam) ', cymr. toes, bret. toazvn. "dough' {*tai-s-to-)\
Old High German theismo, deismo. Old English daesmaxu. "sourdough'; gr. md\c, ox a^a\c„
Gen. a-xaubc, "Weizenmehl with Wasser zum Teig angerijhrt' (under influence of aiEap
from *stait- reconverted with metathesis);

with Baltic z-forms Lithuanian tizus^ slippery, slimy', tyztu, tlztT slippery become'?

C. ^/-forms: Old Icelandic ^eya. Old High German douwen, deuwen' thaw, to melt begin,
zergehn', trans, (f/r-) douwen' digest ', Old Icelandic A'ey/'"Tauwind', t^a{*t^awd) "schnee-
and eisfreies Gefilde', Old English dawian {*t^awdn) "thaw'. Old Icelandic t^ana'meW. intr.'

= Old English d5M/e/7/5/7"netzen' {*t^awandn); Old Icelandic A'^s//'"qui lenem facit',
Norwegian /^sa"thaw, melttr.' {*t^awisjan).

In Germanic also t^w7-\v\ Old English dwTnan' dwindle, abate ', Kaus. dwaenan' steep,
irrigare'. Old Swedish A'by/77a "vor disease, malady, longing, yearning dwindle away,
decrease ', t^w^na {^rom * t^wena = *t^wma) ds. (similarly also Old High German thwesben
" extinguish, annihilate, erase, exterminate '?); Germanic *A'm//775/77 probably reshuffling
from f^/han{see above) after den groups from Old English dwTnan, a-cwTnan.

D. Here still die urbrit. FIN *Tama> engl. J{h)ame, *Tamessa> engl. Thames, etc.,
*Tania>euq\. Tain, Tean, * Taua > eng\. Taw, Tay, in addition *7//a> engl. 7///, Venetic
Tiliaventus, lllyrian Tilurius, Tirol Zillereic.

References: WP. I 701 ff., WH. II 639 f., 680, 683 f., Trautmann 312 f., 323; Vasmer 3, 84,
1 00, 1 05, 1 06, 1 1 0, Max Forster Themse 728 ff.
Page(s): 1053-1054

Root / lemma: tegu-

Meaning: thick

Material: Old Irish tiug, cymr. corn, tew, bret. /eo "thick'; Old Icelandic l=>ykkr, l=>jokkr, l=>jukkr

"thick'. Old English d/icce "thick, dense'. Old High German d/cch/ ds.. Old Saxon th/kk/"6s.,

frequent, often'.

References: WP. I 718.

Page(s):1057

Root / lemma: teg-
See also: see above S. 1013 f. under (s)teg- and S. 1055.
Page(s):1057

Root / lemma: te/g-

See also: see above S. 1016 f. under (s)teig-.

Page(s):1057

Root / lemma: teig"-

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)teig'"-.

Page(s):1057

Root / lemma: tei-

See also: see above S. 1015 under (s)tei-.

Page(s):1057

Root / lemma: tek-1

Meaning: to produce; to bear

Material: Old Indie takman-n. (Gramm.) " offspring, descendant, kid, child'; takant "ein

Toil the weibl. Genitalien';

gr. tIktoo (*ti-tk-u)), etskov, ts^w, -0|jai, tetoko ' to give birth to children, zeugen', t£ko(; n.
"kid, child; the young of an animal; Erzeugnis, scion, shoot', tekvov n. "kid, child' (:
Germanic *t^egnaz), t6ko(; "das Gebaren, progeny, interest', tokI^cjo "leihe auf Zinsen',
TOK£U(; "father, mother, PI. parents', Ionian eni-TO^, £ni-T£^ "the Niederkunft near ';

Old Icelandic f^egnlree Untertan, free man'. Old English deg/7"Edelmann, warrior,
hero, servant'. Old Saxon Old High German thegan ds., Modern High German Degen.

References: WP. I 715, Mayrhofer 1 , 466.
Page(s):1057

Root / lemma: tek-2

Meaning: to reach, stretch out the hand, get

Material: The meaning "bid, beg, ask' only Germanic: Old Saxon thiggian^\v\yoke\ Old

High German dicken, d/ggen stem V. "worum bid, beg, ask', Danish t/gge, Swedish t/gga

"beg'. Old Swedish /=>/ggJa ds.;

Old Icelandic /=>/ggJa' recede, annehmen', t^gegr{*t^egia-) "pleasant', Old Swedish
P/'gg/a and Old Danish t/'gge a\so ' attain, achieve ', Old English d/cgan stem V. " attain,
achieve, annehmen, consume'. Old Saxon th/gg/an 6s.;

Old Irish techtaim^\ have', bret. tizaff^ receive ' (due to eines *fekfa^6as Empfangene,
property'), cymr. /e^ 'beautiful, pretty' (compare to meaning Old Icelandic l=>3egi). Old Irish
etig= cymr. annheg^\x<^\)i' {*n-teki-)\ ograde probably Old Irish /o/c/7"naturgemafl'
(different under top-);

Lithuanian tenku, /eM'sich erstrecken, reichen, ausreichen, sufficient have; zuteil
become, zufallen'; kir. taknutylee\; touch on'.

References: WP. I 715, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpras. 186 f.
Page(s): 1057-1058

Root / lemma: tek-3

Meaning: to weave, plait

Material: Osset. taxun'to weave', an-dax^ filament ' (xfrom A); Armenian f ek em^ turn,

twist, rotate, flechte, wickle', t'iur{*tek-ro-) " twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ';

Old High German taht'\N\ck, cord'. Modern High German Docht= Old Icelandic f^attr^cor6

in a Sell', Swiss dsegel, dohe. Bavarian dahen, elsass. ddche'\N\ck' (proto Germanic *f^eh-

, Peg-); also Old Icelandic f^segja ' press' actually "zusammendrehen'? about Old Church

Slavic tbkat/'to weave' see above S. 1032.

References: WP. I 716, WH. II 678 f.

Page(s): 1 058

Root / lemma: te/ct^-

Meaning: to plait; woodwork; carpenter

Material: Old Indie taksat/ ^behaut, bearbeitet, zimmert, verfertigt', lengthened grade tast/

ds., participle tasfa-, common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh- > -xs-, -s- Avestan fasta-

and tasta-; also tasta- n. " cup, bowl'; Old Indie taksan- m. 'carpenter' (= Avestan tasan-

"molder, creator, god', gr. tsktcjov), fem. taksnT{: gr. TSKiaiva), /as/a/"- 'carpenter' (compare

Latin textor^ weaver ');

Avestan /asa/if/ "zimmert, cuts, slices to, verfertigt', tasa-m. 'axe', np. tas6s., mp.
tasfdan'do carpentry, do woodwork ', ap. us-tasana^ staircase' (*'construction');

maybe alb. /as 'deep bowl'

gr. TSKTOov 'carpenter', fern. TSKiaiva, rsKpap, -cop "mark, token, sign', texvp) " handwork,
art, artifice' (*T£^va from alterem *T£KT[£]ava); common Old Indie -g"h- > -ks- : Anatolian -
Tocharian - Greek -g"h- > -kt-: -tk- see Root / lemma: ghdem-, ghdom-. Gen.- ablative
gh(d)m-es\ earth'

Latin texo, -ere, -u/-tuml\ax, wattle, braid, to weave', gelegentlich "to build', textor, -oris
" weaver'; fe/a^ texture ' {*teks/a= Slavic fes/a, Old High German dehsala), subtTlis{*-
texlis) "fine, thin, tender; feinfijhlig, sharp witted, shrewd', si/i6'/e/77e/7"Einschlag, Eintrag in
texture; texture '; testat "Platte, shard, bowl', therefrom tes/Jo'd "turtle, tortoise' (compare
above Avestan tasta-), perhaps also /eA//77"Fernwaffe, missile ' (as "kundig zugeschnitzt,
gearbeitet');

Maybe alb. {*texere) fjerrl\ax, wattle, braid'

Old Irish tar axe' {*tdks/o-);

Old High German dehsa, dehsa/a 'Queraxt, hatchet, hack, mattock, hoe'. Old Icelandic
l=>exlai. "Queraxf; Middle High German derisenl\ax break, rupture', dehse^ spindle'. Old
English deoA- "spear, javelin'; Germanic *f^ahsu-\n Old High German daris, Norwegian
svin-toks 'Dachs = badger !

Lithuanian tasau -ytr\\e\N' (originally iterative); Latvian tesu {* teks/o) and tesu{*teks/d),
testand /es/"hew'; Old Church Slavic tesg, tesat/'hew', russ. -Church Slavic tes/a'axe',
Czech /es"Zimmerholz', russ. /es"gesagte Bretter';

Hittite taks-, takkes- " piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit together, unternehmen'.

References: WP. I 717, WH. II 655, 656, 678 f., Trautmann 319 f., Vasmer 3, 99 f.,
Mayrhofer 468, 491, Durante, Ricerche lingunder 1, 234 ff., Pedersen Hittitisch 141 Anm.
1; Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 239 f., Leumann Kratylos 1, 29.
Page(s): 1058-1059

Root / lemma: tek"-

Meaning: to run; to flow

Material: Old Indie takti^ hurries, schieftt dahin', takta-, /a/r^- "hurrying, rash, hasty', takva-

ds.; aKa//r^-"herabflieftend'; Avestan tacaiti' running, hurries; flows ', participle -taxta-, np.

taxtan'run', hantac/na- ^zusamrr\eni\\eQ>end' (= Lithuanian tekinas^ running '), Avestan vi-

taxt'h f. "das Zerflieften, Schmelzen' (= Inf. Slavic *tekti)\ here perhaps as

'dahinschieftend': iran. (skyth.) *tahsa- {npers. taxs) "arrow, bow', from which gr. to^ov ds.,
Latin taxus^ yew' (Benveniste Mel. Boisacq 1, 37 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 467 f.);

Avestan taka- m., np. /a/r'run, flow' (= Lithuanian takas, Slavic tokh); Avestan tacar- n.
"run, flow, pathway', /5da/7- "hurrying'; /ad/'-ap- "running water (containing)', iran. *tahra-
"quick, fast';

alb. /7oye/r" pursue';

Maybe alb. ndjej^ smell, perceive, feel (the hunt?)', ndjenje^ feeling '.'

Old Irish techid^ flees ' (Perf. o-grade taich), ateoch^ beg ' {*ad-tek"'d^{ake meine
Zuflucht'); brit. PN Vo-tepo-rTx, mcymr. ^oo'ep "Zufluchf, /©it'e/ "escape'; bret. tec'hetl\ee',
mcymr. 3. Sg. Konj. /7y/y-o'e'c/7c»'wer nicht flieht' (brit. c/7from ks, s-Subjunktivstamm);
Irish intechu. "way' ( *enitek"om, compare Old Church Slavic tekh "run, flow');

Gothic A'/^s "servant, farmhand' (= Old Indie takva-, actually " runner', compare Latvian
teksn/s ^ Auiwarter, Bedienter'), Proto Norse A'eM/5/?"Lehensmann', Old English deofiA^),
Old High German deo^ farmhand, servant', Fem. Gothic f^/m, Old Icelandic Ay, f^Ir, Old
Saxon fh/m, thiu. Old English deowu, deowe{n). Old High German diu, diuwa' bondmaid,
maid ' ( *tek-uT, development moviertes Fem. to *teku6-s, or to *tek'u-s. Old Indie taku-)\
with derivative as Gothic widuwairna^ orphan ' *t^ewerndn\v\ Old Icelandic ^erna' slave ',
Old Saxon thiorna. Old High German diorna "virgin'. Modern High German Dime; n-
extension in Old English deowen' bondmaid ', Old Icelandic ^yo/7/7 "servant', whereof
*l=>ewandn^ serve ' in Old Icelandic t^ena, t^jdna. Old High German dionon, dionen^ serve
'; Gothic a/7aA'/M/5/7 "subjugate, zum Sklaven machen'. Old English deowian. Old Icelandic
Pjads.; lengthened gradees collective Gothic t^ewisau. PI. "servant, Knechte' {*tekueso-)\

Lithuanian teku, -et/^run, flow, rinnen; aufgehen (from the sun); marry (from the wife,
woman)', Latvian teku, tecet \un'; Old Prussian tackelis, Lithuanian tekelas, Latvian teciels
m. "grindstone, whetstone'; Lithuanian /e/r/77e"wellspring, river', //o/ra " estuary'; Latvian
teksn/sm. "Bedienter'; Old Church Slavic tekg, test/" rpexeiv ', serb. tecem, /ec/"flow', etc.;
Lithuanian takas^ path, track ', Latvian taks6s., Lithuanian Jtakas' estuary '; Old Church
Slavic tokb ' puaiq ', potokh " x£iMC(PPO<; '; Tocharian B cake "river'; Hittite ua-tku-zi
"springf.

References: WP. I 715 f., Trautmann 316 f., Vasmer3, 89, 113 f., Mayrhofer 1, 466 f.
Page(s): 1059-1060

Root / lemma: telegh-
Meaning: to hit

Material: Old Indie tarh- {trnedhi, Perf. tatarha, participle trdha-) "shatter, crunch ';
Lithuanian 5^-/a/z//"durchprugeln', /5/iy//"thrash', /e/z// "thrash, throw'; Latvian talzTt, talstTt
"durchprugeln"; with zweisilbiger root form Lithuanian telezi-ju, -y//"vast, grand
durchprijgeln', talazuoti^ babble, chatter ' (meaning as Modern High German Klatschen),
talazius " babbler '.

References: WP. I 741, Mayrhofer 1, 522;
See also: compare under telek-.
Page(s): 1 062

Root / lemma: telek-

Meaning: to push, hit

Note: only Celtic and baltoslavisch

Material: Cymr. /a/c/7 "piece, fragment, Mahlkorn', acorn, /a/c/7 "furfures' {*telko-)\ proto

Slavic. *tblkg, *telkti\v\ Old Church Slavic tl-bkg, t/est/" Kpouijd' (Indo Germanic %lkd), to

Lithuanian tilkstu, f/'/kt/" tame, domesticated sein', 5p-////r^sz/77c»^^5"durchtriebener

person'; ablaut. Slavic to/kb m. "Stampfe' and Slavic to/kbnon. in russ. tolokno

"gestoftenes Hafermehl'; Balto-Slavic *talka\. " common work' in Lithuanian talka,

Latvian/5//ra"zusammengebetene Arbeitsgemeinschaft', russ. toloka6s., also "threshing

floor, pasture' etc.

maybe alb. {*tolok^ troka, toka '\and' from Ukrainian: /o/o/rs "occasional help by fellow

villagers, fallow land, pasture' [fa], to/oku [Aces]

References: WP. I 741, Trautmann 321 f., Vasmer 3, 116 f.;
See also: compare above telegh-.
Page(s): 1 062

Root /lemma: tel-1, tela-, tle(i)- tla-

Meaning: to transport, carry; to bear, suffer

Material: Old Indie tulai. " scales, weight ', tulayati^hebi auf, wagt' (with Ablautneuerung in

addition td/ayat/6s.), tu//ma- 'wagbar', tulya- "gleichartig, comparable '; Armenian t'oium^

allow, dulde, ertrage';

gr. TaAaaaai and TAf|vai (Doric etAqv), participle TAa(;, lAaaa, Fut. lAriaopiai, Doric
TAaao|jai, Perf. tstAoijsv, tstAoGi, TSiAnuTa, T£TAr|6T0(; "bear, endure, brook ', participle
TAr|T6(;, Doric tAc(t6(; "duldend, steadfast; ertraglich' (= Latin latus, cymr. tlawd^axxr\\ Indo

Germanic *fl-tds), idKaq, -avToc; and (after |j£Ac((;) -avo(;, -aiva "ertragend, duldend,
leidend', laAavTOv (originally to laAac;, n. laAav gehoriger PI. TaAavra (actually 'die beiden
Waagschalen') ' scales; a certain weight ', araAavToc; 'from same weight, equivalent, alike
', noAuiAac; 'wer viel ausgestanden has; very patiently'; PN "Aikaq, -avTOc;; tAhijcjov, Doric
TAafJwv 'ertragend, duldend', laAaoc; ds., in compound laAa-; e.g. raAa-nsvGric; 'affliction
ertragend', laAa-cppajv 'ausharrenden Sinnes, beharrlich', next to which TaAaai-cppwv and
TaAai-nojpoc; '*Gefahren or Nachstellungen erduldend' i.e. ' afflicted, unlucky '; laAapoc; m.
'(das, wherein man carries =) basket, pannier, Kasekorb etc.', *TaAaTr|c; '*wer mijhevolle
Arbeit to ertragen has, specific from the spinnery as Arbeit the Frauen', whereof laAaaia
epya, laAaaia 'Wollspinnerei'; 6-iKoq 'pain' (prefix 6-); redupl. PN TaviaKoq, TavraA-suu), -
i^w, -6u) 'allow schweben, schwenke, swing, brandish'; gradation oin ToApri- ToApa
'boldness, das cart ', ToApnsic; 'duldend, steadfast, bold', ToApau) 'ertrage, hold from,
dulde; wage'; e^grade rsAaaaai ToA|jr|aai, lAnvai Hes., rsAaiJcbv ' bearer, sling, strap, etc.',
further as 'aufheben = in die Hohe heave, life' ava-, s^ava-rsAAsiv 'sich erheben,
aufgehen, from constellation ' (avaroAn 'Aufgang from constellation '), snirsAAsaGai,
unspTsiAac; 6 nAioc;, trans, ('aufheben and jemandem aufladen, auferlegen')£VT£AA£iv, -
eoGai 'auftragen, order', snirsAAsiv, -saGai ds., further: tsAoc; n. ' payment, tribute, tax,
Ausgabe, Kosten', suTsAnc; ' cheap, little kostend', noAursAnc; 'viel Aufwand erfordernd,
precious', arsAnc; 'frei from tributes and Leistungen, abgabenfrei', probably also (with
formants as axGoc;, nAnGoc;, perhaps through mediation eines Verbums *t£A-Gu)) tsAGoc; n.
'Entrichtung, sacrifice, oblation';

venet. to/ar3. Sg. Deponens 'bringt dar';

Latin to//d, -ere {sustulT, sublatum) 'empor, in die Hohe heave, life etc' {*tlnd,
transfigured from *tl-na-mi), tolutim^\v\ Trabe' (actually 'die Fijfte hebend'), tolero, -are
'(er)trage, unterhalte', tulf, old fetu/FPeil. to fero, Old Latin Konj. tu/am^bear, carry, bring',
/5/^s'getragen' (= gr. tAqtoc;, cymr. tiawd);

Middle Irish tlenaim^sieaX {*tlnami), cymr. tlawd^arm' ('*duldend'), Irish t/a/fh^weak,
gentle' {*tla-ti-)\ Old Irish toli. 'volition' {*tola), whereof /c»//75//75/''welcher gefallt' ; at most
Old Irish tailm. Gen. telma, bret. talm^ loop, noose, snare, Schleuder', cymr. /e//77'Dohne'
(: TsAapcbv?);

Gothic l=>ulan, -a/da'bear, endure, brook ', Old Icelandic Po/a, Old English dolian. Old
High German do/ends., Old Icelandic Po/n. ' patience ', Old High German du/f, Old
English get^yld. Modern High German Geduld, dulden^ brook';

Latvian /z-t/7t'bear, endure, endure', perhaps (compare Gothic barn'k\d, child', actually
"as foetus getragen') Lithuanian te//as, Latvian te/'s, telens. Old Church Slavic telbCb, russ.
telenok{P\. teljata) 'calf; different Buga Kalba ir s. 292 f.

Tocharian A B tal- "heave, life, bear, carry', causative tiassi, preterit A cacal, B cala.

References: WP. I 738 ff., WH. II 688 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer3, 90, Mayrhofer 1, 516.
Page(s): 1060-1061

Root / lemma: tel-2, tela-, telu-

Meaning: flat, flat ground, board

Material: Old Indie tala- n. "surface, plain, area, plain, palm, sole', secondary talimam-u. "

floor', taluu. " palate';

Armenian /'a/ "region, Distrikt', fafar"\rden, earthen vessel, earthenware', t'aiem

"beerdige, vergrabe', very doubtful ///'e//7"leaf, Platte from metal ';

gr. Tr|Aia "WiJrfelbrett, KiJchenbrett and likewise';

Latin tellus, -ur/'st "earth', /77e£y/M//^/r7"Binnenland' {*telnos, /e//75 after /x75 reshaped);
whether tabula t "board' etc. from *tal-6!"la?

Old Irish talam {%19-md) Gen. ta/man ^ eartW , Middle Irish te/, t{a)u/n. "forehead, shield
boss ', cymr.corn. bret. /^/"forehead'; in Irish is */a/with a variant Irish te/, tuT shield boss '
zusammengeflossen, see below *teu-'to swell';

Old Icelandic t^il(i)v\. "Bretterwand', t^iljai. " floorboard, plank', t^elu. "ground, bottom'.
Old English d///e" floorboard ', de/"Schiffsplanke, metal sheet ', Old High German dil, dilo
"Bretterwand, Bretterdiele', dilla{= Old Icelandic t^ilja. Old English dille, whether these f.)
"board, floorboard, Schiffsdeck', Finnish (from dem Nord.) teljo^ thwart ';

Old Prussian talus^ the ankle, ankle bone; the heel; a die (originally made of the ankle
bones of animals)'; Lithuanian yOa^/5/5s" bed', tilesi. PI. "Bodenbretter in barge'; Latvian
tilandim. PI. ds., tilinat, te//natl\at ausbreiten', t/7at, t/7udt'6s., ausgebreitet lie'; Old
Russian /6/c> "bottom'; poto/ok {*to/u-ko-) " ceiling';

with formants -to-; Lithuanian t/'/tas, Latvian Ms "bridge' = Old Indie tata- m. (Middle
Indie for *//Ya-) "bank, border, shore' (actually 'gangbarer floor')?

References: WP. I 740, WH. II 640 f., 655, Trautmann 321 , Vasmer 3, 1 1 0, Mayrhofer 1 ,
469, 487, 499, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 23.

Page(s): 1061

Root / lemma: tel-3

Meaning: to be still

Material: Old Irish tu(i)lid, con-tuO'J//" s\eeps' (Iter. *toleid), cot/ud ^ s\eep' {*kom-toli-tu-s)\

Lithuanian tyliu, tyletT keep mum, keep quiet ' (Balto-Slavic *tiletei\N\Vc\ secondary
lengthening of /to 1) and {ap-, nu-, pri-) tjlu, //'///"silent become', causative tildau, tildyti^
silent make', /y/^s'schweigsam' (Indo Germanic %/-); Old Church Slavic tbiejg, tbieti
"vermodern, die, wilt, wither', serb. za-tljam, za-/^a//'einschlummern wollen'; in addition
das causative Slavic *toliti\v\ Old Church Slavic u-toliti^ calm, appease ', Church Slavic
/c»////"placare'.

References: WP. I 742 f., Trautmann 321 , Vasmer 3, 1 14 f.;

See also: perhaps s- loose variant to s/e/-(Old High German s/////'stiir) above S. 1019.

Page(s): 1061-1062

Root / lemma: tel-4

See also: see above S. 1018 under (s)tel-1.

Page(s):1062

Root / lemma: telp-

Meaning: space; spacious

Material: Old Indie talpa- m., talpai. " lair, Ruhesitz';

Old Irish -/e//a (analogical -talla) "es is Raum, Moglichkeit vorhanden for etwas';

Lithuanian telpu, //7yC>//'Raum have', talpai. "ausreichender Raum', talpinti, ablaut.
tu/p/nt/^Raum make'; Latvian fg/pu, ///p/'Raum have', f/7pei. "Kramkammer'; proto Slavic.
*///y05 respectively *tb/pa\r\ Old Church Slavic t/bpa, russ. to/pat 'heap, troop, multitude,
crowd';

Tocharian A tsa/p- "go, hiniJbergehen, eriost become'.

References: WP. I 741 f., Trautmann 317, Vasmer 3, 117, Mayrhofer 1, 489.
Page(s): 1 062

Root / lemma: tem(9)-
Meaning: dark

Note:

Root / lemma: tem(a)- : dark' derived from Root / lemma: d^e/n-, 6'^ema- : "to smoke; to

blow'.

Material: Old Indie tamas- n. " darkness, darkness ' = Avestan tamah-6s., npers. /a/77 "Star

of Auges', Old Indie tamasa-^ swart ' (= Avestan tsmarjha-^ dim'), tamsra-^6ark, livid';

tamisrah{= Latin tenebrae), newer tamisrai., tamisra-m^ darkness'; famasvan{-vant) "

dim' = Avestan tamahvant- "verblendef; /a/77/'a- "verdunkeind', tamra-^ oxblood, indigo,

kupferrot', timira- "dark, dim'; fama/a-m. "Xanthoehymos pietorius' (tree with very dark

bark); from tamala-pattram^l AeaV derive gr. piaAapaGpov, Latin malobat(h)rum\ Avestan

tq&ra-Hom. PI. "darkness', np. tar^ dim' = *tam-sra-\

gr. (Aeolie) VN T£(jpTK£(; {* terns-);

lllyrian mountain-N Topapoq by Dodona;

Maybe alb. dhjame, PI. dhjamra " fat burnt as saerifiee'.

Latin tenebrae^ darkness ' (diss, from *temafra= Old Indie tamisrahP\.), temere
"blindlings, aufs Geratewohl' (Lok. *temes/"\n Dunkein [tappend]'), temero, -are^ blemish,
disgraee ' (aetually "unvorsiehtig sanetify Dingen nahen'); Middle Irish teim, temen^dark,
gray'. Old Irish temer darkness ', Middle Breton teffar dim'; Old High German demaru.
"dawn, twilight'; Old Saxon th/mm^6ark' {*t^imza-)\ Middle Duteh deemster. Old High
German d/nstar{an6 probably also Old High German finstai) " dim' {*temsro- = Old Indie
tamsra-); Low German dTsig, Duteh d/jz/g loggy, dark' {*t^emsiga-)\ lengthened grade
probably Old leelandie A'a/77"obseuritas aeris', Norwegian taam' unelearair, thin blanket
of elouds ';

Lithuanian temsta, temti^ dim beeome'; tamsa^ darkness ', tamsus^AarW, ablaut.
Latvian tima, t/msa and tumsa^ darkness', Lithuanian /Msras "sehweiftfiJehsig, oxblood,
indigo '; Latvian tumst{\ni.tumt) "es dunkelt'; Old Chureh Slavie ttma' darkness ', Old
Chureh Slavie tbmtnb "dark'; russ. temrivo " darkness '; whether Slavie terib "shadow' as
*tem-ni-s anzureihen?

Toeharian B tamasse ' dark' .

Maybe alb. d/men'\N'\nter, long winter nights' origin of PIE root for winter???, maybe alb.
tym 'smoke' dark smoke' similar to poln. dymlll

References: WP. I 720 f., WH. II 656 f., 664, Trautmann 322, Vasmer 3, 92 f., 162.
Page(s): 1063-1064

Root / lemma: tem-1, tend-
Meaning: to cut

Material: Gr. tejjvu), horn. Ionian Doric rapvu) (lionn. it\xz\) "cut, bite' (sTapov and STspov,
T£pu), T£Tfjr|Ka, T|jr|T6q); tojjoc; "incisive", i6\jiOc, "break, section, part; band, strap (book)',
Topin "cut"; T£piaxo(; "abgesclinittenes piece gesalzenen Fisclies', it\xzyoc,
"(*abgeschnittener, abgesonderter) gottlicheror royal district, region, area '; tphok; "cut";
m\x\Goq, "rennet' (because, it yaAa Tspvsi, id est axi^si, hence also yaAa-Tpov Aaxavov
aypiov Hes.); rapiac; "Verwalter', as the die Portionen aufschneidende, then also die Arbeit
verteilende; other formations T|jriYW (by Balbilla T^jayu)) "cut, bite' (3. PI. Aor. Pass.
Tpaysv); t£v5u), T£v9r|<; see below; Phrygian Tnpvov 6po(; (: Church Slavic tem§)\

Latin aestumo, -5/'e"abschatzen, taxieren, assess ' due to eines *a/s-temos' ore
incisive'; about Latin femnosee below stemb-. Old Irish /a/77^/7 "stump', tamna/d ^cWps,
cuts';

Balto Slavic *t/'nd, *///7//from *temnd {gr. rapvu)), %m9tr\n Lithuanian t/nu, ///7//"dengeln',
slov. tnem /i^//"hack'. Old Czech fnu, //e//"hew, hit'. Old Russian ftnu {fbmetb is
Druckfehler), ^ip//"hit', whereupon also */o/7b instead of *tomb{= ^^\^oq) in Lower Serbian
fc»/7"Aushau' etc.; Church Slavic /e/77^"Scheiter;

o^extension (originally o'-present): gr. t£v5u) "benage, nasche', d'^-present Attic tevGw
ds., T£v9r|<; "Nascher'; Latin (iterative) tended, -ere, totondT, tonsum ^ abschereu, abscise '
(in addition tonsa^ rudder', /d/7s///5"Uferpfahr); Middle Irish tend, tonn, (common Celtic -
ns-, -nt- > -nn-), cymr. toni. "skin'; Middle Irish teinnid, tenna/d ^spWts, breaks', te/nmn.
"split, tear' and Scots Gaelic teum= cymr. tarn, corn, tam, bret. /5/77/77 "morsel, mouthful,
piece' ( *tndsmn-).

References: WP. I719f., WH. II 657, 689 f., 691, Trautmann 324, Vasmer3, 92, 111, 133.
Page(s): 1062-1063

Root / lemma: tem-2

Meaning: enthralled, confused

Material: Old Indie tamyati^W\r6 betaubt, wird senseless, unconscious, ermattet', participle

Perf. Pass, tamta-, Kaus. /5/r75y5//"erstickt (trans.), stolen; looted the air' (Old Church

Slavic tomiti), tamati^ ersWcVX (intr.), wirdunbeweglich, wird hart', tamisTcTi. "beklemmend,

betaubend', ///77//a-"unbeweglich', (/after st/m/ta- ds. from *s/5/-"verdichten'); Armenian

t'm(b)rim "werde betaubt' ( *temiro-);

Latin temetum^ intoxicating drink, mead, wine ', temulentus' intoxicated, drunk',
abstem/us' sober'; Middle Irish tarn {* tomu-) "disease, malady, Ohnmacht, death'; tamaid
"dies'; mcymr. /5M/"death'; Modern High German damisch, dam//ch ^betaubt, benommenen
Geistes', westFaliscan dumme/n ' cboke; suppress, crush'; russ. -Church Slavic tom/t/
"torment, smite; distress; exhaust'.

References: WP. I 720, WH. II 657, 664, Trautmann 313, Vasmer 3, 118, Mayrhofer 1,

495, 503;

See also: probably to consecutive {tem(a)-).

Page(s): 1 063

Root / lemma: temp-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

Note: extension from *ten- ds.

Material: Npers. tab-ad. Inf. taffanan6 tab-F-dan 'turn, spinnen', intr. "sich drehen, afflicted

become' (from one to *tap = Indo Germanic *tmp- analogical refined Kaus. *tapayati),

wherefore probably as Iran. loanword gr. rann^, 5aniq "cover, rug';

Armenian /'5/77it>"(*gestopftes Sattelkissen), saddle; das weiche flesh an Tierbeinen'; gr.
PN Tsjjnn (: Latin tempus' temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ');

here Latin tempus, -or/sr\. " temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead '

Maybe alb. Geg (*tempus) tamth, Tosc temth' temple ' Latin loanword.

(from the thin gespannten skin, compare Old Icelandic etc. Punn-vang/m. " temple,
flattened region on either side of the forehead ') = Latin tempus "Zeitspanne', in addition
temperare' measure halten, measure give' (hence "mix'); templum' an open place for
observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ' ("*ausgespannt = ausgemessen');
perhaps antemnai. "sprit' ("die Aufgespannte') from *an{a)-temp-na; templa, -drum'6\e
gespannten Querholzer, auf denen die Schindein befestigt become'; contemplari' arsveq
pAsTTsiv ', tempto, -a/ie (iterative to * tempo) " touch, befijhlen, assail, examine, auf die
Probe place ' (see Persson Beitr. 488 ff.);

Old Icelandic l=>ambr's\No\\er\, thick', l=>gmb Subsi. " swollen Bauch, bowstring ';

Lithuanian temptT through Ziehen spannen, dehnen'. Iter. tampyti6s., t/mpt/"s\ch
reckon', t/'mpa "sinew', temptyva " bowstring ' = Old Church Slavic tgtiva "sinew'.

Lithuanian y?a/77yOas"Anspannung, exertion ' (ablaut. //^/77/7a5" beginning zum Sprunge'),
/a/TT/OAi/s "tenacious, elastic'; Latvian //e'yO//es"hartnackig sein';

Old Church Slavic tgph 'obtusus, crassus'? perhaps from "gedunsen"; russ. tepst/'strafi
lure, tempt ';

Tocharian A tampe' power', AB camp- " to be able, to be capable of '.

References: WP. 1721 f., WH. 154, II 659 f., 662, Trautmann 317f., Vasmer3, 95, 101,
153, Frisk Goteborgs Hogsk. Arsskr. 57, 1951: 4.
Page(s): 1064-1065

Root / lemma: tend-

See also: see below tem-1.

Page(s):1067

Root / lemma: tenagos, tenagos

Meaning: ground in water

Material: Gr. TEvayog n. "ford'; Latvian tTgas {* tingas) "Tiefe between zwei shallows'.

References: WP. I 724.

Page(s): 1 067

Root / lemma: tengh-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

Note: Aryan *thengh-, yet probably nevertheless extension from ten- 1 6s.

Material: Avestan dang- {danjasante, danjayente, participle daxta-) "ziehen, Bogen

spannen'; but danvare, Abl. &anvanaTb<y^ (as Schuftwaffe)' after Mayrhofer through

contamination with *danvan- (= Old Indie dhanvan-, above S. 234) originated; osset. t'lnjjn

" distend '; Armenian t'anjr. Gen. t'anju 'dense, thick' {*tnghiu-);

Latin temo, -onisrw. "shaft' {*tenksmd); Old Church Slavic */^^/7(?//"ziehen', rastggg,
/'55/^s//"distrahere', russ. /^^ty" straff, tight, firm, strong, heavy ', poln. tgg/6s.. Old Church
Slavic /p^5"auvoxn, irepiaTaaic;', slov. tgga' sluggishness, Schwermut' etc.; die meaning "
heavy ' also in Slavic *fggbkb: 0\6 Church Slavic otggbc/f/'^apzw', tgzbkb "papu(;',
tggostb "papo(;', tggota ds. etc.; also Old Church Slavic istgsklb "emaceratus, tabidus',
/s/^s/r/7(?//"tabescere' with s/r-suffix; here Old Church Slavic tgza' litigation ';

Lithuanian t/ngus"\6\e' (= Slavic */i^^fc in tggostb etc., and: Old Icelandic l=>ungr), t'ingiu,
ting'eti'\6\e, unlustig sein', ting-stu, -au, -//"trage become';

Old Icelandic l=>ungr^ heavy ', t^ungerw. "burden, load', l=>yngia^ grouch', l=>yngd
"Unannehmlichkeit, Verlegenheit', t^yngsr distress, crowdedness'; Old High German
dThsala, Old English t^Txl, Old Icelandic t^TsI 'shaft' {proto Germanic *f^enxs/d actuaWy
"Zugstange'); Tocharian A tank-, B tank- 'hinder'.

References: WP. I 726 f., WH. II. 658, Trautmann 318, VasmerS, 166.
Page(s):1067

Root / lemma: teng-1

Meaning: to soak, wet

Material: Gr. teyyw " wet, befeuchte'; Latin tingd{o\6er tinguo, das after unguo: unx/ior

older */e'/7^deingetreten is), -ere, -nxi, -nctum' make damp, moisten; paint '; Old High

German thunkon, dunkon' dip, immerse in a liquid '; Swiss ///7/r"humid, wet'.

References: WP. I 726, WH. II 684.
Page(s):1067

Root / lemma: teng-2

See also: s. S. 1088 {tong^.

Page(s): 1 067

Root / lemma: tenk-1

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

Note: (root-extension from ten-1 ds.); only Germanic

Material: Gothic t^eihs{*tenkos), PI. t^eihsau. "time'; with gramm. variation Old Icelandic

l=>ingv\. 'Gerichtsversammlung, property, object ', Old English dingds.. Old Saxon thing.

Old High German ding. Modern High German Ding, langob. /^/aA-'rechtliche gathering,

assembly, convention, congregation, meeting'. Old Germanic GN l\/1ars Thinxus

(Germanic *7/i/Sjfc'//7^5az 'the god the congregation, meeting'); Old English dingan'e\nen

pact, covenant make'. Modern High German dingen.

References: WP. I 724 f., Kluge-Goetze 137; identical with:

Page(s): 1 067

Root / lemma: tenk-2

Meaning: to clot, thicken; solid, thick

Material: Old Indie tahc- tanakti'z\e\r\t together', with a- "makes curdle, coagulate, harden ',

atangana-m'M\tte\ zum Gerinnen, rennet', takra-m' buttermilk ' {*tnk-i6-m: *tenk-io-m\v\

isl. I=>el), npers. /5/A/775 "sour milk'; Avestan taxma-\a\'\ar\t, proficient, energetic,
heldenhaft', compounds tqsyah-. Sup. tancista-, np. tanjTSan^^uW together', afghan. tat
"dense, thicl<' ( *tahta-)\

Middle Irish tecar^ protection', techt {*tenkto-, compare Old Icelandic t^etti) "clotted,
congealed, coagulated', /ec/7/e "proper, right', cymr. /©//^/"characteristics', mcymr. brenhin
teithiawc^rex legitimus' (from "tight, firm'). Old Irish cc»/7-/ec/"gerinnt' (= Gothic t^eihan,
Indo Germanic *tenkd), techtaid6s. {*tenktd)\ ablaut, tocad, cymr. /y/7^eo'" luck', bret. tonket
"fate, destiny', PN Tunccetace, Latin Gen. in Wales; zero grade cymr./a/7cf. "peace'
{*tnka), tangnef6s.\ compare Old Danish taknem^ grateful ' under tong-\ gall. PN Tanco-
/'ZV"Friedensfurst';

nisi. A'e/n. " buttermilk '; Old Icelandic A'e///'"dicht', Middle High German dJhte, Modern
High German dichtav\6 dial. de/cM{proto Germanic *Penxtu-); nisi, f^ett/" sour m'\\k';
Gothic A'e//75/7 "thrive'. Old High German gidThan, Old English gedeon6s., participle Old
English gedungen. Old Saxon githungan " perfect ', in addition das Kaus. Old Saxon
theng/an \o\\en6en' (of present *A'/775/7 from junction in die /^row), Gothic gat^aih, German
gediegen^ solid ', Middle Low German dege^ prospering; flourishing, advance';
Verschmelzung with cognate from Lithuanian tinku tikti^ be good for, be suitable for,
passen', yC>5///7/r^"schmecke, behage'. Iter, taikau, -yti^ piece together a jigsaw puzzle, fit
together, bring in order ', //'Aras "right', das to Lithuanian tiekti, /e/7r// belongs). Modern High
German Bavarian deihen^ parch, dry and dadurch dichter become', compare with
gradation "A'a/?;^- Modern High German steir. dahen^Avj, dorren' and die appellation the
Tonerde Gothic t^aho. Old English dohse, do. Old High German daha. Modern High
German Ton{*t^anxdn), Old Icelandic A'5"loam', Old Saxon thah/^\r6en';

Old Icelandic Peng/7/, Old English denge/'pnnce, lord, master, mister' {*l=>angilaz);

Old Icelandic l=>ang. Middle Low German dank^ seaweed. Tang', Old English dung
"Aconitum napellus'. Low German M/c»o'e/7o'^/7g"Schierling' ("*dichte mass, tussock'?);

Lithuanian /a/7/ri/s "dense, frequent, often';

kir. t'aknuty^ use, take advantage of, slov. /e/r" prospering; flourishing '; presumably
Old Church Slavic tgca'ra\n', slov. t'gca^haW, and likewise; whether Gothic Pe/fvd
"thunder' belongs, with from "Wetterwoike' verschobener meaning, is hochst dubious.

References: WP. I 725 f., Trautmann 313 f., Vasmer 3, 158 f. Marstrander ZcP. 7, 369 f.,
J. Loth RC.41,225f.;

See also: root-extension from ten-1 "dehnen'.
Page(s): 1 068

Root / lemma: ten-1, tend-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

Grammatical information: ten-bMei in Indo Germanic an unthematic root aorist (ved. atari,

atata'er has gespannt') and ein Perfekt (ved. tatana, tatne, Latin tetini). Das present wird

with -e^-extension (ved. tanoti, tanute, gr. hom. Tavurai) or vie/o-suffix shaped (gr. Tsivoj);

compare /e/7i/-5"thin' and die extensions tengh-, tenk-, temp-, tens-.

Note:

Root/ lemma: ten-1, tend-: "to extend, stretch, span' derived from the extended Root/

lemma: 6^6-2: "to put, place'.

Material: Old Indie /a/7d7/"dehnt, spannt, erstreckt sich, dauert', Avestan pairi-tanava 1 . Sg.

Konj. Akt. "I will fernhalten', pairi-tanuya \ . Sg. Opt. Med.; Old Indie ut-tana- "ausgestreckf

= Avestan ustana- ds. ( *tnn6-, compare Old Indie tani-man- n. "Dunne', also Lithuanian

t'inti, Latin tene-re); np. tamdan^iuru, spinnen'; as o^-present (as Latin tendd) Old Indie

tandate^ aWows after, ermattet' {tandra^UaVaqkeW., Abspannung');

participle Old Indie tata- m. "gestreekf (= gr. tqtoc;, Latin tentus); tat/'-m. "row, cord,
sacrifice, immolation ' (= gr. mo\q "Spannung, lengthening ', Latin //?-, con-tent/d), next to
which zero grade tant/- "cord, string, row', tantu-' filament, cord, string, Aufzug of texture ';
tan- "Ausbreitung, Fortdauer, Fortpflanzung, progeny ', Instr. /a/75 "continue', tana- m. "
descendant ', tana-m, tana, tanas- n. " progeny '; tantra-m 'Zette\, Aufzug am loom' = np.
/^/'(Avestan *t^&ra-) ds., afghan. /©/""net'; Old Indie tana- m. "clay, filament ' (compare gr.
t6vo(;); perhaps here tanu-i. "body, person, Selbst' = Avestan tanu-i. ds. (Mayrhofer 475);

gr. TavuTQi "streckt sich' (= Old Indie tanute), ravucjo (sravuaa etc.) "streeke, dehne';
T£ivu) ds. (tqtoc;), TiToivu) ds.; Toivia "(long) stripe, bandage' (due to eines Adj. *Tavi6c;);
TETOvoi; "Spannung, twitch '; T£Tav6(; "gestreekt, long, straff; tevojv, -ovto(; "sinew', t£vo(; n.
"sinew, straff angezogenes Band' (= Latin tenus, -oris, compare also Old Indie tanas-v\.),
a-T£vn(; "very gespannt, straff (a- probably with Ionian reduction = srn-), whereof aTSvi^u)
"hefte den Bliek angespannt auf etwas'; tovoc; "Spannung, Anspannung; also the voice,
lifting of Verses, musikaliseher sound, tone' (: Lithuanian tanas); ma\c,i. "Spannung'
{*tnt/s); about tovu- "sich ausbreitend' see below tenus,

alb. /7o'e/7y"breite from, pull, spanne die Saiten'; katund, ketunt {*ke-tn-t-) "village'
("*ausgespanntes tent');

alb. Geg. me ndjejV to stay', past participle {*tentum) ndejtun^ stayed'.

Latin tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentum, newer M/75i//77'spannen, distend, ausstrecken'
(originally o'-present) = Umbrian an-, e/7-/e/7/^"intendito', i/s/e/7/^"ostendito' etc., Latin
tentus, (in-)tentia, teneo, -ere, tenui{0\6 Latin tetinT= Old Indie tatan§), tentum^\\o\6, stop
etc' (originally Durativ, trans, and intrans. "somewhat gespannt halten', hence tenere a\so
"endure' = vast, spacious sein), at-tinere, pertinere, continuus, tenere aliquid ouQ\v\a\\)j W\\.\\
Akk. of Zieles "auf etwas to ausgereckt, gespannt sein' (/e/7e-/'e belongs to Old High
German donen'vast, spacious, ausgestreckt sein' and Lithuanian tinstu, f/nf/"to swell');
tenus, -or/'sn. "cord with loop, noose, snare ' (= gr. itvoq), tenor, -dr/src\.
"ununterbrochener run, flow, Fortdauer, connection; (jur.) sense, mind, content eines
Gesetzes', /e/7^s preposition m. Abl. Gen. Akk. "sich erstreckend bis, bis an', prot/nus ' s\c\n
after vorn erstreckend, vorwarts' (compare Old Indie nutanah, -//75/7 "present, current',
Latin diu-tinus, Lithuanian dabart/'n/s' present, current'), tenax^ tenacious, tenacious';
Umbrian ten/tu ^teneto';

Maybe alb. tendos' strech ' a Latin loanword.

Old Irish tan "time' ( %n^, actually "Fortdauer, zeitliche Ausdehnung' {/n tain "when, if)
(: Latvian tina). Old Irish /e/" string ' {*tnta) = cymr. tant ds. (compare Old Indie tantu-, isl.
t^ind) = bret. ar-dant ^Pi\6cke am cart zur Befestigung of Seiles'; Old Irish te/t^goes' {*ten-
ti, alter root Aorist, originally "streckte');

Gothic uf-l=>anjan ^s\c\\ distend, sich ausstrecken'. Old Icelandic A'e/7/5"ausspannen,
ausstrecken'. Old English denian, dennan^s\xeckev\, spannen'. Old High German den(n)en
"dehnen'; Old Icelandic ^inuirxope, hawser, dasein net einfaftt and in addition dient, es to
spannen'. Old Icelandic Nnd, Norwegian tindert " phren' (Old Irish tet. Old Indie tantu-);
d'^-present Old English dindan\o swell, angry, irate sein'; in addition Old Icelandic t^undi.
"river'; Old English dun/an's\ch heben, sich dehnen, to swell', alike Old High German
Middle High German donen ' s'\c\r\ distend, to swell, strotzen'; oto/? "ausgespannf. Middle
High German done, o'c/7"Spannung', Old High German dona. Old Saxon thona't\N\g,
branch, tendril ', Modern High German Dohne, Old English ^/Adc»/7e"Albranke, Solanum
dulcamara'; Old Icelandic t^gni. "Holzstabchen, with dem Felle zum Trocknen
ausgespannt become', Swedish /a/7a "sinew'. Old Danish tan^ phren';

Lithuanian tinstu, t/nt/'to swell', /a/75S "swelling, lump, growth' ("*sich distend ', also of
Spannen the skin an geschwollenen Stellen; gefordert through das reimende tv/nt/^to
swell'); Lithuanian t/n-k/as^ net'. Old Prussian sasin-tinclo^ hare's snare', Latvian tinu, t?t

'flax, wattle, braid, coil, wicKeTrv, f/na'e'\n Setznetz' (: Old Irish tan), ///7e/r//s "somewhat
Gewundenes, Gewickeltes'; Lithuanian tandus"\6\e';

Old Church Slavic teneto, tonoto'rope'.

References: WP. I 723 f., WH. II 662 ff., Trautmann 323 f., Vasmer 3, 93, Mayrhofer 1,
475, BerginEriu 12, 227ff.
Page(s): 1065-1066

Root / lemma: ten-2

See also: see above S. 1021 under (s)ten-1.

Page(s): 1 067

Root / lemma: tens-

Meaning: to extend, stretch, span

Note: extension from ten- 1 6s.

Material: Old Indie tamsayat/^z\e\r\t hin and her, schijttelt', tartisat/ {uncovered), Aor. a-

tasat^puW, with Gewalt set in motion ', /asa/a-zr? 'Weberschiffchen', v/tast/'-m.; Avestan

v/'tast/-' span';

Latin to/es, -/um'craw am neck', Demin. tdns/7/ae ' 6\e Mandein in neck', prote/um'
towing rope for Ochsen, ununterbrochener Fortgang', whereoi prote/are "\n die Lange
Ziehen' (during prote/are ^ dme away, fortjagen' as telTs^ propellerd to understand,
comprehend is); /e/7sa'Prozessions- or Gotterwagen', das subst. Fem. of participle
tensus,

Gothic 5/A'//75a/7'heranziehen', anid. thinsan^ z\e\\en, rend ', Old High German dinsan
"Ziehen, drag', Hessian dinse, dans^z\ehen\ participle Modern High German gedunsen
(actually 'aufgezogen'). Old High German danson^ z\e\\en, dehnen';

Lithuanian t§siu, t^st/" through Ziehen dehnen, verlangern', prat^sa 'Verzug, Aufschub',
^z/i^S5s"Leichentuch', Intr. t/stu, t/st/"s\c\r\ dehnen, sich reckon', t^sau -yti{: Old Indie
tamsayati) 'pull, reckon'. Old Prussian tienstwei^ sWr, tease, irritate', 2. PI. Imp. tenseiti,
participle entensTts "gefaftf, /e5/75/5 "shaft'.

References: WP. I 727, WH. II 666, 688, 691, Trautmann 318 f., Mayrhofer 1, 465, 491,

532.

Page(s): 1068-1069

Root / lemma: tenu-s, tenu-s

Meaning: thin

Grammatical information: fern. tenuT

Note: to ten-1 "dehnen'

Material: Old Indie tanu-, fern. /5/71/rthin, tender, fragile, flimsy, insignificant ' {tanuka-6s.

= Slavic tbnbkb); substantivized Old Indie tanu- f., tanus- n., Avestan tanO- f., tanus- n., np.

/a/7 'body, body';

gr. TQVU- "long', fern. ravsTai "long balk, beam'; Tava(F)6(; "langgestreckt, long'; perhaps
eherzu 1. ten-, s. Specht KZ 59, 35, SommerZur Gesch. d. gr. Nominalkomp. 127;

Latin tenuis ^\h\v\, fine, tender' (from fem. *tenuT= Old Indie tanvT); gr. lavaFoq kann from
*T£vaF6(; assimilated sein;

Old Irish tan{a)e{W\\h secondary -e), corn, tanow, bret. tanao, /5/7c»"thin' (proto Celtic
*tanauo-\ cymr. /e'/7e^verdankt sein edem influence of Latin tenuis);

Old High German dunni Old Saxon tfiunni. Old Icelandic t^unnr^VcWu' (/7/7from nu)\ here
also *l=>ennd, *l=>unnd\. "Stirne, temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' in
Old High German tinna. Middle High German tinne, tunnels.; in den compounds. Old
High German tinna-bacho " temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ' and
Old High German dun-wangi, -wengiu.. Old English dun-wang(e)i.. Old Icelandic t^un-
vangi m., Swedish tinning^ temple, flattened region on either side of the forehead ';

Lithuanian tQvas, Latvian tievs " slim ';

Old Church Slavic tbnbl<b "thin' (assimil. *tbnbl<b, russ. t6nl<ij).

References: WP. I 724, WH. II 666, K. Jackson Lang, and Hist. 376, Trautmann 319.
Page(s): 1 069

Root / lemma: tep-
Meaning: warm

Material: Old Indie tapati 'erwarmt, burns' (also "kasteit sich, ijbt penance, atonement'),
participle tapta- "erwarmt, erhitzt', tapas-n. "heat, blaze, glow', tapu- " burning, hot', Kaus.
tapayati 'erwarmt, erhitzt'; Avestan tapaiti"\s warm', Kaus. tapayeiti' erwarmt, erhitzt',
Inchoh. tafsaiti {*tepasReti) "wird hot', participle tapta- 'erwarmt, hot', tafnu-m.
"Fieberhitze, fever', tafnah-r\. "heat, blaze, glow; fever'; np. taftan'hwrr\, warm, gleam,
shine';

alb. Tosc ftoh, Geg ftofruake cold, extinguish from, injure with words' {*vetep-sRd
"entwarme');

Latin tepeo-ere^ lukewarm sein', tep/dus '\Narm', tepor' warmth '; presumably Oscan
tefurum "a kind of (blaze-) sacrifice, oblation' ( *teps-ro-)\ Umbrian Abl. Sg. with
postposition tefru-to, Akk. PI. Umbrian tefra ^ caxues cremandas';

Old Irish /e'hot', PI. teit {* tepent- = Old Indie participle tapant-); ten and tene. Gen. -ed
"fire' {*tepnet-), cymr. corn. bret. fan6s., corn. bret. tana'k\n6\e, inflame'; Old Irish fess,
cymr. corn, tes, bret. /ez'heat' {*teps-tu-, to es-stem Latin tepor. Old Indie tapas-); Middle
Irish ///77/77e'heat, iear\*teps-rnia)\ cymr. /ny/77'heat', acorn. /c»//77"hot'. Middle Breton
toe/77, nbret. tomm^hoi' {* tepesmo);

Norwegian /ei/a "vor heat keuchen'. Old English de/^a/7"pant, gasp'. Old Icelandic t^efr
m. smell, odor, taste', t^efa^smeW trans., t^efja^smeW intr.; (Grundvorstellung of warmen
Dampfes from Speisen);

Old Church Slavic *tep/b{\r\ tep/ostb 'Bzp[i6ir\q'), Czech tep/y, russ. tep/yj and (with o
after top/t/) Old Church Slavic top/b "warm'; Kaus. serb. tdp/t/"me\t', russ. top/tb " heat;
zerlassen'; Prussian PN Tap/awken actuaWy "Warmfeld';

Hittite tapassa- lever, heat' (Old Indie loanword?).

References: WP. I718f., WH. II 667 f., Trautmann 319, Vasmer3, 111, Mayrhofer 1, 477,

569.

Page(s): 1069-1070

Root / lemma: terd- tred-
Meaning: to drill

Note: (see also ter- "malmendes insect'), extension from */©/"- "rub, durchbohren'
Material: Old Indie trnatti, Kaus. tardayat/ {tardat/ Gramm.), Perf. tatarda' durchbohren,
split', tardman-n. "hole, aperture ', tarda- rr\. 'ein insect', //■o'//a-"locherig, durchbohrt',
trada- "the (through Bohren) eroffnet'; Lithuanian trendu, -e//"from Motten, WiJrmern
zerfressen become', trande under trandis^ maggot, Holzwurm'; ablaut. Latvian trudi^
mould, dank decay ', //'^o'e/"verwittern, decayed '; Lithuanian //7'0'e "diarrhea'; Old Church
Slavic //po'fc "tinder' and "kind of disease, malady, 5ua£VT£pia' (compare above S. 1073
Lithuanian trfedziu^haye diarrhea': cymr. frwyddo' bore'), Czech //Y/^/'Zitterich am face'.
References: WP. I 736, Trautmann 328, Vasmer3, 144, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpras.
96 f., 183 f., Mayrhofer 1,521 f.

Page(s): 1076

Root / lemma: tei1(-, trek- {fork-, trok-)

Meaning: to turn

Note: probably extension from ter-3'rub, drehend reiben'

Material: Old Indie farku- m. ' spindle', n/starkya- '\Nas sich aufdrehen allows'; figurative

tarkayat/" assumes, sinnt after';

gr. aTpaKTO(; m. f. ' spindle (figurative: arrow, sprit)' a = /7'in', as ('Stabchen zum
Aufdrehen'), aTp£Kn(; "unverhohlen, geradeheraus' ('unumwunden'); alb. fjerr'sp\n'
{*terknd)\

maybe alb. {*terknd} tirk, pi. tirqe^ white felt, felt gaiters '

Latin torqued, -ere, torsi, tortum 'turn, coil, verdrehen, agonize' {qu\s k ■'■formant u,
compare Old Indie tarku-' spindle'), torques, torquis' necklace as jewellery', tormentum
"Winde, manacle, Marterwerkzeug, catapu\t ' {*torqufeJmentom), /c»/777//7a'Leibschmerzen',
/o/'C"^A//77"Drehpresse, Kelter', nasturtium 'Kxesse' {*nastorctiom 'quod nasum torqueat');

Irish troci7ai'Sc\r\\eu6er'; perhaps cymr. torri'break, rupture' {*tork-s-). Middle Breton
terryff ds.;

Old High German o'/'5/7s//"Drechsler', Modern High German drechsein, probably also
Old English t^rsestan'iuru, zusammenwinden, press, afflict' (as Germanic *t^rexstian); if
also Old Icelandic A'a/'/Tang' (from *t^ariian-) actually "band, strap'?

Maybe alb. dredii {* derkf turn, twist ' common alb. -k > -th.

Old Prussian /aA/r^e'Binderiemen (am Pferdegeschirr)' lies tarkne= *tarkine; Old
Church Slavic /Aa/rb "band, strap, belt', russ. torokm. "Sattelriemen', poln. trokim. PI.
"strap, Fessein';

Tocharian AB tsark- "torment, smite', A tark- "Ohrring', B tark- "turn'.

A meaning "verdreht, quer' shows die with tu- aniautende family of Old High German
dwerah, dwerawer' slantwise, quer'. Modern High German zwerch, querand Middle High
German twerge ' Quere' , zwerg 'quer'. Old English dweorii' inverted ', Old Icelandic t^verr
"quer, obstructive', Gothic f^wa/riis 'ar\gry, irate'; the aniaut tu- is perhaps through
hybridization with *tuer- "turn' to define.

References: WP. I 735 f., WH. II 692 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer3, 125, Mayrhofer 1 , 484

f.

Page(s):1077

Root / lemma: ter-1

Meaning: to tremble, dabble

Material: Old Indie tarala- "trembling, twitching, unstet'; alb. tartaHs^ wriggle ' (from redupl.

* tar- tar-).

Maybe alb. tarrallis^ shake '.

References: WP. I 727 f., Mayrhofer 1, 481;

See also: extensions: trem-, //les- (Kombinationsform *trems-), trep-.

Page(s): 1 070

Root / lemma: ter-2, teru-

Meaning: feeble, fragile, weak

Note: (to ter-^mb' as 'ab-, faded, weakened ')

Material: Gr. Tspnv 'tender', sabin. /e'/'e'/7^/77"molle', Latin (after /e'/7^/s reconverted with

metathesis) tener, -a, -um "tender, soft';

from the ^-basis: Old Indie taruna-, dial, talina-' young, tender' (m. f. ' youngling, girl', n.
"sprout, stem '), Avestan tauruna-^ young ', osset. tarin^ knave, boy';

gr. Tspu daQzvto,, Aehtov Hes., Tspusc; TnTTOi "abgejagte horse' (tspugketo STsipero Hes.:
Tspu = (jeGuoku) : psGu), T£puvr|<; 'iZ^p\\x\xiyo(; 6vo(;, Kai yspcov Hes.;

Latin tarcfus's\o\N, slack, zogernd' as c/lo-derivative of a reduced-grade %ru-7; Old Irish
terc' sparse, small';

zur T£pr|v-group as " young, tender; young boy, the young of an animal ' also tomo-s\n
Lithuanian /a/775S "servant'. Old Indie tarna-, tarnaka-m. " the young of an animal, calf;
Armenian t'orn, Gen. /'0/7/7 "grandchild, grandson';

alb. //7/77 "valiant, gamy; m. young man', PI. //7/77a"bewaffnete Gefolgsmanner' {trmo), if
"young boy, jugendkraftig' die meaning-development war;

Note:

This seems wrong etymology since alb. maybe alb. trim "brave, not scared' is related to
alb. alb. Tosc tremp, Geg trem^\ scare'; Latin tremo, -e/ie 'tremble' from Root / lemma:
trem-, trems-: "to thump; to tremble' (see below).

Armenian farm^ young, fresh, green', perhaps Old Icelandic Ay/777a "spare, look after' as
derivative eines *f^ormaz^ weak, tender'; is Latin termes, -///s"abgeschnittener twig,
branch' die lengthened grade in addition? men-iorxus in gr. Tspapwv "tender, light kochbar',
QTspapajv "hard, raw', hom. aiEpapvoc; "hard, unerbittlich, unbeugsam'; presumably Gothic
^a/7/75"ungewalkt, new (from kerchief, cloth)', actually "fresh'.

References: WP. I 728, WH. II 648 f., 665, 670 f., Mayrhofer 1 , 483.
Page(s): 1070-1071

Root /lemma: ter-3, tera-and ten-, tn-

Meaning: to rub

Note: also teru-. /ire:/- (extended with b, g, gh, gh, k, p); here fe/v^"tender' (actually "

faded ', compare Latin mollis : mold), and ter-6\'r\ Worten for "malmendes insect'

Material: A. Old Indie tura-^ sore ' or " sick ', atura-^s.;

gr. TEipw "reibe (auf), bedrange, quale, sadden ', TiTpriM', newer Tirpaoj "grind, pulverize,
durchbohre' (Fut. rpnaco; Tpr|T6(; "durchbohrt, durchlochert', rpn^ja "hole'), Tsipaivu) ds.
(compare Lithuanian trinu); KUKAoT£pr|(; " round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved
', TspsTpov "borer', TspEoo " drill, wimble, bore a hole, drechsle'; srops "durchbohrte'
(participle present avTi-Topsuvra, Perf. T£Topr|M£vo(;), T6pO(; 'chisel' (compare also Top6(; "
piercing loud' under */c»/-c»-s "loud'), Top£U(; "Grabstichel, chisel', Topsia "das Verfertigen
erhabener Arbeit in Stein or metal ', Topsuoj "carve'; T6pvo(; "Zirkel, Dreheisen;
Kreisbewegung' (ropovoc; Topvoc;. TapaviTvoi Hes., compare lak. Topov£UT6(;); T6ppo(;
"hole'; about gr. aTapTr|po(; " inconsiderate ' (?) s. Frisk 176;

alb. ^©/""spin' {*terd); (common alb. Serbian -e- > -je-).

Latin tero, -ere, trTvT, trTtum^rub, grind ', the prefixed present forms from the basis trei-,
tn-, likewise detrfmentum (synonymous termentum by Paul. Fest. 498 L.) " failure,
damage', triticum^ wheat' ("*Dreschgetreide'), triom. "Pflugochse' (' a terenda terra '),
tribulum' a threshingsledge, wooden platform studded with iron teeth ', fribulare ' press;
beset, plague (late)', tetricus' grumpy, surly, sullen, dim', //7/e/'//->^d"wundgeriebene place';
teres, -e//5 (actually "glattgerieben') "langlichrund, glattrund, slim, fine', tereibra^ borer';
triicae 'Rar\ke' (PI.) to *tri^i<a^ tribulatio ';

toch AB trik- "in die Irre go, blunder', B tra/k-"\n die Irre guide, lead', participle Perf.
Pass, tetnkif,

from the same basis trei-, tn- {as trMetc.) Middle Irish /Ae///? "weak', and gr. rplpw
{^p\^)^o, ETplpnv) "rub, grind, pulverize, weaken etc.', rpTpn "das Reiben etc.', rpipot; m. f.
"abgetretener way, road; das Reiben, Verzug'; compare Church Slavic treb/t/" c\ean, roden'
from proto Slavic *fert>- (rplpu) : Latin fn- = Slavic terth : Latin fer-); in addition Middle Irish
trebaid {* trb-) "pfliJgt, bewohnt'. Old Irish trebar^smar\! (partly with treb, S. 1090, reduced);

Old Irish tarathar, cymr. etc. taradr^borer'; Middle Irish tuirenn {*torina) "wheat' ("
Reibefrucht ');

Old High German draen'turn, work a lathe' (originally "*drehend reiben or bore'). Old
English drawan^ds.'; intr. "sich umkehren' (engl. throw ^ throw'), Old High German drat, Old
English drsed, Old Icelandic f^radr' wire, filament ' { *f^red u-z actuaWy "the Gedrehte'), Old
High German drat/'qu'\ck, fast, rash, hasty, hasty' (actually "be nimble drehend'); besides
Germanic *f^r-e/-\n Low German dr/7/en^bore, torment, smite'. Middle High German
gedrollen^ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, rounded ', Modern High German
drillen^ coil, bore, torment, smite'. Old Frisian thralleMy. "quick, fast'. Middle Low
German drar round twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, sich wirbeind'. Middle
High German drel. Modern High German dial, drell, dra/f'strong, tight, firm, strong',
wherewith Old English dear/astern, hard' perhaps identical is {*tor-los); Old Icelandic
l=>armr. Old English dearm. Old High German daram' intestine ' (= gr. Toppot; "hole'); with
Are- the changing by ablaut ^rd-\r\ Gothic ^ro^jan' train, practice ' = russ. tratitb
"consume', Czech tratiti^ loose, ruin', to Lithuanian trotinti ^st\r, tease, irritate, banter', zem.
//^/o/ss "whetstone', Latvian truots ds. (Trautmann 326, VasmerS, 133);

Gothic Mskan, Old Icelandic Mskja, t^ryskva. Old English derscan. Old High German
drescan^ thrash , to Lithuanian sutreskinti causatSve " smash to pieces ', also Middle Irish
//lesc "offal, residuum ' (whether not Old Icelandic loanword);

compare Lithuanian tresketr crack, crackle ', Church Slavic //les^b "fragor, fulmen',
ablaut, troska ds. etc.;

Lithuanian tiriu, tlrtT research'; Old Church Slavic ttrg, treti^rub" (proto Slavic. *tbro,
*terti); ablaut. Church Slavic /is/o/" "damnum', russ. /©/""gebahnter way' (: gr. T6po(; "borer,
chisel') from proto Slavic. *tara- m. "Reibung'; Balto-Slavic *tTrti- f. "Zerreibung', in Old
Czech //Yds., infinitive Church Slavic trbti, serb. trti= Lithuanian tirtr, based on as Slavic
infinitive */e/'//auf zweisilbiger basis, as also Balto-Slavic *tTrta- " pulverized, ground into

fine particles; cruslied ' in serb. trt= Lithuanian ///Yas'durchforscht'; with /7-suffix:
Lithuanian trinu {*trend}, tr/nf/^rub', Latvian fr/nu, trit'rub, sharpen '; with figurative
meaning also Old Prussian fr/'n/e ' threatens ', trintawinnii. " avenger' and Lithuanian
//'e/7e//" modern';

B. root form teru- : treu-

Old Indie taruna-, gr. Tspu etc., see below 'fe/'-i' 'tender'; gr. c(T£ipn(; (*a-T£pF-r|c;?)
perhaps 'unverwiJstlich'; Tpuw 'reibe auf, erschopfe', TspuoKSTO STsipsTO Hes.; ipuaKSi
rpuxsi, ^npci'vsi Hes., rpupa, rpupn 'hole', Tpuravn 'das ZiJnglein an the scales ' (originally
from the aperture, in the sich die tongue bewegt); TiTpcbaKOj 'I bewaltige, damage, wound'
(Fut Tpcbaw), Tpcbu) (*Tpu)Fu)) 'durchbohre, wound, injure ', rpwaic;, Doric Ionian rpajpa
'wound' (because of Attic rpaupa ds. with dfrom du)\

cymr. taraw {*torav)/} 'hit', //lewvs'er schlug', mcymr. tereu^hWs, knocks'. Middle Breton
tarauaf^rub', abret. /oAe^sz/'attrivit' {*fordu-: gr. Topsuw), compare nbret. Vannes fore/n
'hit' (Loth. RC 37, 47 f.);

Lithuanian trun/u, -e//' decayed ', actually '*become faded, rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle ', Lithuanian triuskinu, trusk/nu^ crunch ', perhaps (as '*noise as beim
DariJberreiben'), trusku, -eti^ crackle, rustle, beim breakage from wood ' (compare gr.
TpuGKCjo 'rub');

Old Church Slavic trovQ, truti, ablaut, causative traviti^ consume ' (Indo Germanic
*treud: *trdueid)\ Old Church Slavic travai. 'garden' (ablaut, trevairo'cn *treua), russ. trava
'grass' (in addition the Modern High German FIN Trave); ablaut, proto Slavic. *//77/o'rub' in
Church Slavic tryjg, //-///(compare gr. rpuu) 'reibe auf: rpuai-pioc; 'das Leben
erschopfend'); here also Church Slavic //7z/7a'Totenfeier' (from *tryzna)\

Old English drowigean {*drdwdjan) 'suffer, bear, endure, brook ', Old High German droa
'onus, passio', druoen, druofa^paW; Old English [fcdrowere^ leper, outcast, one who is
rejected by society'. Old Icelandic Ifk^rar^ having leprosy, scabby '; Old Icelandic ^ra\.
{*l=>rawd) 'heftiges, leidvolles desire', A'/-aand t^reyja^\ov\i^, want, sich sehnen', t^rau. '
contrariness, pertinacia', A'/-5/''pertinax', Old English drea, drawui. 'affliction, tribulation;
threat ', Old Saxon fhrawerk ^aii\\ct\on' = Old English dreaworc^ woefulness ', Old High
German drawa, thrauwa, droa^ threat, Drohen', Old English d/iea/? 'threaten, beset,
plague'. Old High German drawen, drewen, drauwen, droen. Modern High German
drohen, drauen; with the meaning- development 'rub - squeeze, press': Old English
P'ed/7ye'/7'zusammengepreR)t, verdichtet', d/y/7 'press';

Tocharian A tsru^ little ' {*teruo-).

C. As extension the /-basis kann gelten: *tre/d-\n cymr. trwyddo' bore', Lithuanian
trfedziu ^haye strong diarrhea'; compare under S. 1076.

D. extensions from ter- and treu-\

1. terb-\s. S. 1071 under.

2. terg-\ Latin tergo, -ere, tergeo, -eAe'abwischen, clean', mantelum, mante/e 'to\Ne\ '
{*man-terg-sli-, to manusS. 740), changing through ablaut Umbrian Akk. Sg. mantrahklu,
mandrac/o ^{r\ante\e' {*-trag-kla); Gothic t^afrkou. 'hole', zero grade Middle Low German
o'c/'/r "Kielraum', Old English d^/n/c'cumba', 'caupolus';

*trdg-, *trag-\x\ gr. Tpcbyu) 'zernage, knuppere, fresse Rohes' (Aor. STpayov), TpwYaAia
"Naschereien', TpcbvAn 'hole, cave', rpu)^ 'Kornwurm', i^cr^oc, ' he-goat; billy goat ';
Armenian t'urc. Gen. /'/roy'mala, maxilla' (Nom. instead oi * f rucirom *//'(9^- through
derailment after dem Gen. frco/?) and aracem 'graze' ( *tr9g-); Tocharian AB trask-
'chew'.

3. tergh-:0\6 Church Slavic trezati, trbzatT rend ', with velar tbrgati, trhgngti6s.

4. terp-, trep-{ov\\y Balto Slavic): Latvian farps^\Nom\' ('the Zerbohrende'), Lithuanian
/a/'pas'Zwischenraum, fracture, cleft, gap', tarp, terp^ between '; Lithuanian trapus'
brittle, light brechend', Latvian frapjs, trapans^ friable ', trapains^ rotten, decayed,
decomposed; brittle, brittle, verwitternd', trapet, frepef \erw\ttern, faul, friable become';
unclear Old Church Slavic trapb^p'A, pothole' {*torp-), serb. //"ap'Rubengrube'.

5. /ire^p'^-; perhaps gr. rpuxw 'rpuu)', rpuxoc; n. 'das Abgerissene, rag', Tpuxnpoc;
'abgerissen, zerlumpt'; Old Irish trog, truag^ woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky'; cymr.
Middle Breton tru^ woeful, wretched, miserable ', gall. PN Trougillus, Tragus.

6. treuk-: cymr. trwch^ cropped, truncated, cut off, trychu^cxA, clip' {*truk-s-); Old
Icelandic t^ro, PI. t^r0ri. 'trough'. Old English druh. Gen. dryhi. m. n. 'ds., gully, coffin',
Old High German druh druch {actuaWy '*Verbrecherblock') 'Fuftfessel, Tierfalle', Modern
High German Drauche^ dragnet. Wolfs- or Fuchseisen', Old Saxon //7/77/7 'manacle'; with
gramm. variation isl. t^ruga, Norwegian dial, truga, tryge, trjug^V\v\6 of snowshoe'; Old
Icelandic A'/tT^s 'threaten' (see to meaning above Middle High German drohen); intensive
Old Swedish l=>rykkja. Old English d/ycc5/7 'press, urge, press, push, press'. Old High
German drucken. Modern High German druckerr.

Lithuanian truk-stu, -au, -tT rend, break, rupture, burst ', trukis^ crack, break, col, gap',
Latvian truk-stu, -u, -/"entzweigehen, break, rupture; lack, blunder', trukums^ break; lack';
//aJ/rs "Geschirr, vessel', Lithuanian trauka/^ GeiaQ>e' ("*ausgebohrtes, gehohltes
StammstiJck'), Lithuanian traukt/" z\e\r\en' , Old Prussian yOe/YraJ/r/'verschloft' (actually
'umzog'), Latvian traukt^\r\\t'; Lithuanian //ic/M 'endure, wahren', truksc/ot/" twitch '.

7. treup-:gr. Tpunaw ' drill, wimble, bore a hole, durchbohre', rpunavov 'borer', rpunri
'hole'; Old Prussian trup/s'c\ot, chunk'; Lithuanian trupu, -e//' crumb, spall, crumble ',
trupus^ crumbly ', traupus^ brittle ', Latvian sa-trupet^ rotten, decayed, decomposed;
brittle become'; russ. -Church Slavic trupi) {* troupos) 'Baumklotz; corpse'. Old Church
Slavic /mpye'GvnaipaTa', Serbo-Croatian //x/p 'trunk' etc.. Old Church Slavic truplb
'hollow'.

Maybe alb. trup'bo6y, trunk' a Slavic loanword.

References: WP. I 728 ff., WH. II 649, 670, 672 f., 704 f., Trautmann 324 f., 326 f., 330,
Vasmer3, 95f.,97, 124, 130 f., 143 f.. Frisk 177, Mayrhofer 1, 514.
Page(s): 1071-1074

Root / lemma: ter-4, tera- : ^-, tra-, teru-
Meaning: to cross, transgress, to stay, etc..

Material: Old Indie tarati^ places about, ijbertrifft, ijberwindet' {tirati, titarti, tJryatt, tarut§),
tarayati' places about, fijhrt hinijber', tara- 'ijbersetzend, ijberwindend' (= Avestan -tara-
'ijberschreitend, iJberwindend'); taran'h 'durchlaufend, vordringend, rasch, helpful', taras-
n. 'das Vorwartsdringen, energy', Instr. tarasaMv. 'hasty, rash, hasty', tara- Ad], 'strong';
taranta^m. 'sea'; tfrtha-n. 'ford, Tranke' {*ff'tho-) besides *turtha-\n prakr. tuha- 'bank,
border, shore', dardisch turtlord'; compare pamir /J/f 'ford' {*ff'to-);

Lhbasis besides in tarutea\so in turvat/" uber\Na\\.\gt, besiegt'. Inf. turvane. Adj. turvani-
"ijberwaltigend, victorious '; Avestan tar- 'hiniJber gelangen about' (present-stem titar-,
taraya-, from the i/-basis taurvaya-, Intens. titaraya-, participle vT-tarata-), taurvan-
'ijberwindend', mp. /an//77/75/7'uberwinden, afflict'; ap. viyatarayama' we iJberschritten',
osset. tarin^dx'wiQ, push, hunt, chase', Baluchi tarag, /^a^ai^'umwenden, umkehren';

Verbaladjektiv Old Indie -tur{-ff) in ap-tur^6\e Wasser iJberquerend', aj/-tur"\n fight,
struggle iJberwindend', ratha-tur^ cart iJberholend', radhra-tur'6en Ermattenden rettend',
etc.;compare gr. vsK-rap above S. 762;

alb. sh-t/'r, sh-t/j" put about einen river, treibe an, stifte an'?

with the meaning from Old Indie tara- (see above) probably lllyrian Taros, Taranyer
names;

gr. T£p9pov "end, cusp, peak';

Hittite tarhzrbes\eg\., ijberwindet';

Old Indie tra- "(*hinuberfuhren = rescue), shield, beware, guard' {tra-sva, trayate, s-Aor.
tradhvam, Avestan ^razdum^schnmeW, Perf. Old Indie tatre), Avestan &ra-6s. (present-
stem &raya-), &rati-\. ' shelter, protection' ; Indo Germanic *tra- because of gr. Tpc(vn(;,
Tpav6(; " piercing = clear, bright vernehmlich, distinct' and Latin //7//'a/'e"hineingehen',
extrabunt Mrav\\\}s (see transbeim prepositional ter-)\ frames ^Se\ten-, Querweg'from
* tra ns- with {{o Latin meo);

With /7^formant: Old Indie sutarman-^ good iJbersetzend', /a/7r7a/7 (uncovered) "cusp,
peak of Opferpfostens'; venet. /e/7770 "terminus' (Lejeune Latomus 12, 394 f.);

gr. Tspfja, -aroq n. " purpose, Endpunkt', Tsppwv m. "limit, boundary', T£p|jiO(; "am end
situated, lastly';

Latin termen, termo, term/nus ^Grenzze'\chen, boundary stone ' (originally "Grenzpfahl'),
Umbrian termnom-e'a6 terminum', /e/7r7/75S "terminatus', Oscan teremenniu^ tormina ',
teremnattens 'terminaverunt';

similarly Armenian farm {*tremo-) "EndstiJck', gr. rpapK;, rpapn " dam between After and
the genitals' (Hes.: to rpnija rnq zb^ao,, 6 6ppo(;, tiv£(; evrepov). Old English drum (engl.
thrum) in tunge-drum^Aas Zungenband', Middle Low German drum, o'/'o/77Trumm,
EndstiJck, Endstuck eines texture, edge'. Middle High German drumu. "EndstiJck, end,
piece, splinter'. Modern High German Trumm, Trummer, Middle High German drumze,
drunze, trunze^ fragmented SpeerstiJck, splinter';

Middle Low German //'e/77e"Querstange, Sprosse'; Old Icelandic t^rgmrxw. "edge,
border'; compare - with s/77-suffix - at most Old Irish druimm. Gen. drommo "back', perhaps
borrowed from cymr. o'/i/zT? besides /m/T? "ridge, back'? {* treusmn); Demin. Old High
German drem/7^ba\k, beam, bar, bolt'; Middle Low German trame. Middle High German
dram, -e, tramem. "balk, beam, bar, bolt, piece, splinter' (formal near stands ^pi]\^a "hole');

Hittite tarma-'peg, plug, nail'.

References: WP. I 732 ff., WH. II 671 f., 699, Mayrhofer 1, 480, 483, 484, 487, 497, 503,

506, 507, 520, 569;

See also: s. also under tor-, toro-sS. 1088 f.

Page(s): 1074-1075

Root / lemma: ter-5
Meaning: over, etc..
Note: to /e/'-4'hinubergelangen'

Material: Old Indie tirah My. " away, in another place, abseits', preposition m. Akk.
"through - toward, about - away' (later also m. Abl. "abseits from') = Avestan tar§, taroAdv.
" sideways, unvermerkt', preposition m. Akk. "through - toward, about - toward, about -
hinweg, out; apart from, besides'; Old Irish tarm. Akk. "about - out' {* tares, Indo Germanic
%res, compare ta/rse, ta/rs/u ^trans eam, trans eos, eas, ea'), next to which ta/rm-, tarmi-
ds., trem-, tremi- "through' (cymr. trim-uceint^Z^\ "decade about 20 out'), transfigured
nachrem-: re'\/or, voran'; Old Indie tiras-caMv. "quer through ' = Avestan tarascam.
Akk. "through - toward, about - toward, about - hinweg'; Old Indie tiryanc-, tirfcTna- "in die
Quere gerichtet, waagrecht' (den ending -yanc-, -/c-from pratyanc-, /O/'aZ/c- attributed)
place previous %/7ahead; besides *tre/"\n acymr. tru/, mcymr. trwy drwy bret. corn, dre
(altbret. tre), Old Irish (with ProklisenkiJrzung) tri, /Ae "through'; Verstarkungspartikel
mcymr. trwy- : try-;

Latin trans, Umbrian traf, trahafm. Akk. "beyond, about - hinweg', probably participle of
Verbums *trare {*trant-s);

cymr. tra- e.g. in trannoeth ' about night, am consecutive Tage' (geminated nf), etc.,
proclitic from * trans, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), accented mcymr. traw, draw, bret.
//le^ "beyond'; with secondary -s. cymr. trawseic. " hostilely ', preposition //"os "about';

with the same Verstarkung as Old Indie tiras-ca, Avestan tarasca:(jo\h\c t^afrh. Old
High German durh. Old English durhm. Akk. "o'^/r/7= through ' {*ter-k("')e, Xr-kC'je); out of
it evolved Old High German o'e/'/7"durehbohrt'. Old English dyrel {*t^urhiJ) "durehbohrt'; n.
"hole'. Old High German o'^/f/^/?/?// "durehbohrt, durchlochert'.

References: WP. I 734, WH. II 671 f.; Mayrhofer 1 , 503.
Page(s): 1075-1076

Root / lemma: ter-6

Meaning: a kind of harmful insect

Note: to *ter-'rub, durchbohren'; compare widened terd-

Material: Gr. TspnScbvf. 'Bohrwurm'; Latin tarmes{termes), -///s'Hoizwurm' (probably from

an ostem %rmos or %ramo-s)\ cymr. cynrhonyn 'termes, lendix', PI. cynrhawn, corn.

confronen^c'wnex', Middle Breton controunenn, nbret. contronenn'ver 6e viande' {*kon-

trono); cymr. i{o)rog-en, abr. toroc, bret. teurok^vnWe' {*tdr-ako-).

References: WP. I 735, WH. II 649.

Page(s): 1 076

Root / lemma: ter-Z, tera-, te/b^- terd- terg- terp-
See also: see above S. 1022 ff., 1031 f. under ster-.
Page(s): 1 076

Root / lemma: terp- trep-
Meaning: to be satiated, satisfied

Material: Old Indie tfpyati, trpnoti, trmpati, /a/'/caZ/'sattigt sich, wird befriedigt', Kaus.
tarpayati^ sdXW^i, befriedigt', trptf-, trpti-i. " satiation, satisfaction', Avestan ^rqfda-
"befriedigt, ausreichend versehen' {*tramptha-: 0\6 Indie trmpati), &r^fs-v\. "
contentedness '; npers. /i//rUbersattigung'(*//#a-); perhaps also Old Indie -trp- "stealing',
Avestan ta rep- ^s\.ea\\ Middle Persian tirft^ theft ', sogd. cf- "steal' ("sich of Besitzes
erfreuen'?); gr. TEpiru) "sattige, erfreue', T£pno|jai "freue myself; TspijjK; "satisfaction';

perhaps Gothic l=>rafstjan^ comfort, ermahnen', anal=>rafstjan^ refresh, zur Ruhe come
let' (to *t^rafsta-, Indo Germanic *trop-sto-l)\ also die group Gothic t^aurban {t^arf,
l=>aurbum, preterit t^aurfta) "bediJrfen', Old Icelandic t^urfa {t^arf, t^urfum). Old High
German durfan {darf, durfum) ds., Gothic A'a/'ifc>5"bedurftig, notig'. Old Icelandic t^arfr^
useful ', t^arfi^v\6WQ\ Gothic t^arba^\acK DiJrftigkeit', Old Icelandic t^grfi. " necessity,
benefit'. Old English dearf^ necessary, benefit'. Old High German o''a/'i6'5"Entbehrung,
lack', Gothic t^aurftsi. " necessary' (= Old Indie trpti-). Old Icelandic t^urft. Old High
German durftds.7; die meaning- development could gewesen sein " whereof satisfaction
finden - bediJrfen' (compare above S. 173 Latin ;h/o/'(ge)brauche);

Lithuanian tarpa' prospering; flourishing, growth ', tarpstu, tarpt/'thme, zunehmen',
Latvian tarpa'was gute Hoffnung gives, prospering; flourishing, growth ', terpinat
"verbessern'. Old Prussian e/7/e/'yOC»"nutzt', enterpon, enterpen^ useful ';

Tocharian AB /sa/w-"sich freuen' (Pedersen Tocharian Sprachgesch. 19).

References: WP. I 736 f., Trautmann 314, Vasmer 3, 125 f., 134, Mayrhofer 1, 523 f.

Page(s): 1077-1078

Root / lemma: ters-

Meaning: dry; thirst

Material: Old Indie //•sya// "durstet, lechzt' (= Gothic l=>aursjan), tarsayat/" aWows dursten,

languish ' (= Latin torreo. Old High German derren), tarsa-m. " thirst ', trsta- 'arid, rough,

jolting, hoarse', trsu- " greedy, lechzend' = Avestan tarsu-'6ry, that is to say not fluid' (=

apart from pronunciation of Gothic Paursus, Old Latin /o/TY/s'torridus'); Old Indie frsna'

thirst, yearning', Avestan tarsna-m. ' thirst '; Old Indie trsna-j- " thirsty ';

Armenian t'aramim, f'arsam/m '\Ne\ke' , far' shaft, pole zum Trocknen from Trauben '
{* trsa or * trs/a: gr. rpaaia);

gr. T£pao|jai (£T£par|v) 'werde dry', Tspaaivu) "make dry', rpaaia, rapaia "Darre', lapooq,
rappoc; 'Darre, Dorr- or Trockenvorrichtung'; dubious rpauAoc; (*TpaauA6(;?) 'lisping';

alb. /eA'trockne (trans.) an the air';

Latin torreo, -ere, -ui, tostum 'dehydrate, desiccate, fry, rosten, singe' {tostus= Old Indie
trsta-). Old Latin torrus, extended /o/r/io'^s 'ausgetrocknet, arid', /o/r/is 'blaze, burning piece
of wood', torrens' burning, sengend, erhitzt; violent, roaring, rapid in the current', Subst.
"Wildbach' ('in summer austrocknend'?);

here also Latin terrai. 'earth' (: eA-Zo/r/is 'verba nnt' = tellus: meditullium), Oscan
teei{um], /em/77 'territorium', /eras 'terra e' from Italian *terso-, *tersa, Indo Germanic *ters-,
to Old Irish //?n. es-stem ' region, area', corn. bret. acymr. //r'tellus'. Old Irish *//?, tirim
'dry'; also basic form *teros-, *teres-, Latin terres-tris, terrenus aiter terra; Old Irish tart'
thirst '(tz-s/o-);

Italian terrene : Spanish tierra : French terrain : Furlan teren : Portuguese terrene ; terra :
Romagnolo tiren : Sardinian Campidanesu (*terranea) tanca ; terra : Albanian (*tanca) toka
' soil ; ground ';

Gothic gaf^a/rsan stem V. ' wilt' (= gr. Tspaopai); gat^aursnan ds. = Old Icelandic t^orna
ds.; Old High German dorren ds.; Old High German derren' dry make, dehydrate,
desiccate'. Old Icelandic tierra' dry' (= Old Indie tarsayati, Latin torreo); Gothic t^aursjan
'diJrsten', Old Icelandic Ay/'s//' (Gothic *t^aursiPs) ' thirsty ', whereof Gothic t^aursteii.. Old
Icelandic t^orstirw.. Old English t^urst. Old High German durst' thirst '; Gothic t^aursus{s
instead of znach t^airsan =Q\d Indie trsu-). Old Icelandic t^urr. Old English t^yrre. Old High

German durr/'and'; Old High German c/arra, Swedish /a/ye'Gestell zum Trocl<nen, Darre';
probably also Old Icelandic t^orskr. Middle Low German dorsch^ codfish ("*the to
Trocknende').

References: WP. I 737 f., WH. II 636 f., 694.
Page(s): 1078-1079

Root / lemma: tet(e)r-

Meaning: to quack (expr. root)

Material: Old Indie tittira-, tittirf-, tittfri-xw. " partridge, game bird '; Armenian tatrak

"turtledove";

npers. tadarv^ pheasant' (also gr. TaTupa(;, itia^oc, ds. are of pers. origin);

gr. TSTpaojv, m. ' grouse ' (*T£TpaF-(jov), rsipa^ (out of it Latin tetrax) 'Perlhuhn' {*tetrks),
T£Tpa5u)v, TSTpaTov, TEipawv Vogelname by Hesych., TEipi^ "ein bird'; neologism Middle
Irish /e/^/a 'crow' {*tetoria). Old Icelandic t^idurr^ grouse ' {*t^et^uraz)\ Old Prussian
/a/5/w/s'Birkhuhn', Lithuanian/e/e/'i/5sds., Latvian teter/s {Gen. teterja, from *tetervis),
Lithuanian /e'/e/'i///75s"Birkhahn, grouse ', /eZ/rKa'Birkhenne' (Latvian //?5/'s Truthahn'
influenced from fftet, s. ti-ti-), russ. -Church Slavic tetrevikVk. PI. 'cpaaiavouq', Serbo-
Croatian tethjeb^ grouse ', Old Czech tetrevds., russ. /e/e/iei/'Birkhahn' {teterka
"Birkhenne, Birkhuhn');

verbal gr. Terpa^u) "gackere, gluckse (from the hen)', Latin tetrinnid, -Tre, tetrissito, -are "
chatter (from Enten)';

also in other onomatopoeic words kehrt t-ras characteristic element again, compare
e.g. Latin /^/Y^A'turtledove', "s/OAOs'Star', the thrush-names (see 1096), streTg-, streTd{h)-
"hiss, schwirren', gr. Tpu^u) "girre', Tpuyibvf. 'turtledove', TspsTi^u) "zirpe'.

Maybe alb. /iy/Yi/// 'turtledove' a Latin loanword.

References: WP. I 718, WH. II 677 f., Trautmann 320 ff., Vasmer 3, 101; compare tor-S.
1088 f., Mayrhofer 1 , 500.
Page(s): 1 079

Root / lemma: teuk-

Meaning: sprout, seed, offspring

Material: Old Indie tuc-i. 'Kinder, progeny ' (besides tuj-t ds. with folk etymology
extension of the Tenuis); tokamu. " progeny, Kinder'; tokman-u. "young stem, sprout',
Avestan taoxman-n. " seed, sperm, germ, sprout', PI. " kinship'. Old pers. taumat ' family,
seed, sperm, germ, sprout'; khotansak. tt/man-n. " seed, sperm ', np. turn, afghan. toma^
seed, sperm '; Middle High German o'/e/7/e/''grandchild, grandson'.
References: WP. I 713, VasmerS, 149, Mayrhofer 508, 527;
See also: perhaps to teu-k- "to swell', above S. 1081 {teu-).
Page(s): 1 085

Root / lemma: teu-1, teud- teug- teuk-, teup-
See also: see above S. 1032 ff. under (s)teu-.
Page(s): 1 079

Root / lemma: teu-2
Meaning: to listen to, observe

Material: Latin tueor, -en, tuitusdx\(^ tutatus sum' beirachten, observe, shield ', intu(e)or
"consider', originally in-, ob-, con-tuor con-tud; /J/^s "certainly'; Old Irish cumtuth'
protec\.\or\'{*kom-uc/-tou/tus), mcymr. /i/d"cover', tudec/'s\eeve, wrapping, dress', bret. dial.
/^ec(abret. *tudoc) "Kissenbezug'; Old Irish /Jas-ce/Y "northern', bret. /^5 "links' {*teu-sto-)\
Celtic *feu-to-'\n mcymr.M" magician ', Middle Irish tuatha/dds., Old Irish /J5///7 "northern',
Middle Irish tuath'Wnks, northern, mad, wicked, evil' (from "*gunstig, good' as Antiphrasis
zur appellation the ungliJckbringenden Linken); in addition Gothic A'/Z/A'"das Gute', Old
Icelandic f^ydr'mM, friendly', f^yda' friendship'. Old English gedfede'good, tugendhaft',
gedTedan ' s\c\r\ (friendly) anschlieften'; probably also Old English deaw' custom, custom'.
Old Saxon thau, Old High German gethau 'D\sz\p\'\n' as "*observantia'; perhaps also gr.
Tuaasi iK£T£U£i Hes. (denominative eines *tut6(; with similar meaning as Gothic P/uf^Jan
"segnen' from P/'uf^).

References: WP. I 705 f., WH. II 713 f.. Loth RC 43, 160 ff.
Page(s): 1079-1080

Root / lemma: teup-

Meaning: to get down, conceal oneself

Material: Gr. £VTuna(; Adv., II. 24, 163, if meaning "cowering, crouching'; presumably Old

Icelandic f^optat " thwart ' ("auf the gehockt wird'). Old High German doftai.. Middle Low

German duchti.. Old English doftds. (wherefore Old Icelandic t^optixw. " Mitruderer', Old

English ^edc»//a "comrade'. Old High German gidufto' Mitruderer, comrade') and Gothic

I=>iubjd^ clandestine ', t^iubs^\h\ef, Old Icelandic t^jofr, Old English deof. Old Saxon thiof,
Old High German oVioZ? 'thief;

Lithuanian tupiu, tupt/'s\ch hinhocken, in die Knie place', tup/'u, tupetr crouch, in den
Knien sit', Latvian tupt^ crouch '.

References: WP. I 714.
Page(s): 1 085

Root / lemma: teus-

Meaning: to empty

Material: Avestan Kaus. taosayeiti^ makes loose, allows loose' {*touseid), Inchoativ {*tus-

sRo) Avestan fus9n's\e verlieren die Fassung', baluci fusag, thuay' abandon become';

Old Indie tuccha-, tucchya- {*tus-sRo-, *tus-sR-Jo-) " empty, bare, lacking, deserted,

abandoned, forsaken, worthless', afghan. tas^ empty, bare, lacking'; Latin tesquau. PI.

"Einoden' {*tueskua)\ Old English dost^ manure'. Old High German dostds.

("*Ausleerung'); Old Church Slavic tbstb ' kevoc,' , russ. tosc/j" empty, bare, lacking; lean,

hager' etc. (= Old Indie tucchya-).

References: WP. I 714, WH. II 675, Trautmann 333, Vasmer 3, 130, Mayrhofer 1, 508 f.

Page(s): 1 085

Root / lemma: teya- tua-

Meaning: to sift

Material: Old Indie ///^^-(dreisilbig, from *titavu-l) " sieve, Getreideschwinge';

gr. aau) (Ionian), tw (Attic EM.), Attic SiaiTau) " sieve ' (*TFaju)), 5iaTT0(; m. " sieve ' Hes.,
£TTr||J£va GsaniJSva Hes., aAsupoTnoK; f. "Mehlsieb' (EM.), anOw 'siebe'.

References: WP. I 713; Mayrhofer 1 , 499 f.
Page(s): 1 085

Root / lemma: teg- tag-

Meaning: to burn

Material: Gr. rnyavov, Attic through metathesis also Taynvov ' frying pan, Tiegel';

Old English deccan'burn' (is daece//e ^torcW from fgecele, loanword from Latin facula,
reshaped?). Old High German dahhazzen lo6ern' .

References: WP. I 717f.

Page(s):1057

Root / lemma: teu- teu-, teua-, tuo- tu-

Meaning: to swell; crowd, folk; fat; strong; boil, abscess

Note: extended with b^, g, k, I, m, n, r, s, t

Material: Old Indie tav/'f/"\s strong, has Macht', Perf. tutava; in addition /ai/as- 'strong,

stalwart ', as Subst. Akk. tavasam, Instr. tavasa^ power, strength '; tavyas- tavTyas-

"stronger', tavasvant- 'strong', tavismant- 'strong, mighty', /ai//5^- 'strong', tavisTi. 'force,

power'; ablaut. /^K/-in Kompositis 'very, mighty', tuv/stama-'t\r\e starkste': tuya- 'strong,

fast, rapid, hurried';

Avestan tav- ' to be capable of ', tavah- n. 'power, force', tavTsTi. ' physical strength ';
ap. atavayam'\ am able ', tunuvant- 'mighty', tauvTyah- 'stronger' (: Old Indie tavTyas-),
tauman- n. 'fortune, force, power';

Armenian //Vnumber'; doubtful f up {*tu-pho-) ' thicket, shrubbery, bush';

gr. TiTu6(; the name of geilen Frevlers wider die Leto; Tau(; psyaq, noAuq Hes. ( *tau-u-s),
Tauaa(; pi£YaAuva(;, -nkzovaaac, Hes.; aaoc, (Cypriot laFoKAsFr)";). Kompar. aaikiiz^oc,,
contracted Ionian Attic oGiO,, aGiOO, 'heil, unbroken, unmarred, unscathed, undamaged;
certain ' (from *tu9-uo-s)\ compare M. Leumann Gedenkschrift Kretschmer II 8 f.; in
addition hom. aa(F)6u), hom. Attic acb^u) (*au)'i'^u)), Fut. acbau) 'rescue, receive', aojirip
'savior, redeemer' etc.; ('voll an body = fit, healthy'); awpa n. 'body' {*tud-mn
'Gedrungenes'), awijaTOw 'fest make, verdichten'; acb-cppwv faao-cppojv) 'fit, healthy an
Geist, vernijnftig'; with the same Wurzelstufe still aud^bc,, S. 1083;

Latin *toved, -e/ie'vollstopfen' as base from /d/77e/7/^/77'Polsterung' {*touementom) and
/o/^s 'whole' (*/o^e'/cs'vollgestopft, compact ');

russ. -Church Slavic tyju, /yZ/'fett become', ablaut, serb. tovm. 'Fettigkeit'.

1. b^-extension:

Latin tuber, -er/sn. ' hunch, swelling, blister, tumefaction, knag'; compare Oscan-
Umbrian gloss, tufera and Italian tar-tufo, -tufo/o ^terrae tuber';

gr. Tucpn 'zum Ausstopfen from Polstern and Betten used Pflanze' (probably u);

perhaps Old Irish tuaimm^WiW {*tedb^-mn), Middle Irish tomxw. "hill, bush', cymr. tomi.
"hill, DiJngerhaufen' {*fub^-mo-, -ma); cymr. fumonla croupe'; also ys/^/77 "bend' from
*eks-teLb^-mo-, different above S. 1034;

Old Icelandic A'J/^ "elevation in the earth, Hijgelchen', obd. o'^pyoe/" swelling, blister,
swelling, lump, growth'.

With the meaning " tussock ': Old English dufm. " foliage bunch, ein from FederbiJschen
zusammengesetztes banner', ^edjrblatterreich, luscious', dJf/"ein Platz voll from
BiJschen', dj?fe/"bush, thicket, blattreiche plant', dufian^s\c\\ belauben'; from the language
Germanic Soldaten derives Latin tufa^a kind of Helmbuschel' (Vegetius).

2. ^^extension:

Old Icelandic f^okalog', Middle Low German dak{e) (from *doke) ds.. Old Swedish
thukna6s.. Old English duxian^6ark make'. Old Saxon thiustri. Middle Low German duster
(out of it Modern High German duster). Old English dJestre "dark' ( *t^euxstria-).

3. A'-Erweiterung: "to swell; fat' (as Old Church Slavic /y-//"fett become'):

Latin tuccetum^a kind of Bauernwurst', tucca^Ka\dK\j\ya lp}\\o\)\ Umbrian /oco "tuccas'
(gall, loanword); Old Church Slavic tuk-b "fat'; Old High German dioh. Old English deoh^
thigh ', Old Icelandic t^Jo^ihe thick Oberteil of Schenkels, Arschbacke'; engl. thigh; Middle
Irish tdrrm., cymr. tint "podex' {*tuknaR); Lithuanian taukafiat', /5^/r55 "FettstiJckchen'
and "uterus', tunku, tukti'iett become', Latvian tukt6s., /J/rs "swelling, lump, growth', tauks
"fat, fat, obese', taukiP\. "fat, tallow, suet'. Old Prussian taukis^ lard '; compare S. 1085
teuk- "germ, sprout' and den gr. FN T£UKpo(;.

4. ^formations, partly as root-like *tu-ei- appearing:

Old Indie tuiam ^R\spe, whisk, tussock, Baumwolle', tuiF-i. "paintbrush', pali tuia-n. "
hassock, clump of grass ' etc.? compare Mayrhofer 1 , 520;

gr. TuAri f., TuAo(; m. " bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb, weal, callus, hump,
hunchback ', and "peg, plug, nail, penis'; alb. tui m. "FleischstiJck without bone, calf;

Latin /^///^5"Schwall, downpour' {*tui-no- or -so-); perhaps also Tuiius, Tuilius onig\v\a\\y
name for thick, gedunsene Personen, whether not Etruscan;

Old English gedyli^ draught ' (?), Old Icelandic fimbul-l=>ui^a mythical river'; Old
Icelandic t^oiir {*tui-no- or -so-) "tree, peg, plug', Swedish /^//"Baumwipfel', Old English doii

m. "Ruderpflock', Middle Low German dolle, dulle6s., Modern High German Do//e ds. and
"Krone eines Baumes, Blumenbuschel, tassel, Helmbusch', obd. Z7c>//f^yS'angeschwollener
foot, clubfoot, misshapen deformed foot ', Tirol do//'th\ck', Middle Low German westfal.
(yL^/Ze" swelling, blister'; perhaps the Germanic island name 0ouAr|;

Old Prussian tulan My. "much, a lot of, Lithuanian /i//as"mancher';

Church Slavic /y/b " nape '; also Old Church Slavic *//b5/b, russ. tolstyjeic. "thick'
(imitation of Endinges from Slavic ggsti^ "dense, thick').

A extension with Baltic z(lndo Germanic ^ or gh) is Lithuanian pa-tulzgs "swollen',
Latvian /^/z^/77s "swelling, lump, growth', /i/Zz/?© "blister, bubble'; Lithuanian /i//z/s"gair;

redupl. perhaps Latin tutulus^ high kegelformige Haartracht, Toupet'; the pilleus lanatus
the Flamines and Pontifices and Latvian tuntu/et {a\so tunturet) "sich in viele
KleidungsstiJcke einhijllen'.

tuel-, tuj-. gr. at most in oaAoq n. "Wogenschwall, uncontrollable Bewegung (of
Meeres)', oaAsTaGai " jump ', oaAsuu) "shake, shatter; schwanke', KOvia-aaAot; m.
"Staubwirbel'; Middle Irish/e/and 1{a)ur shield boss ', Old Irish Middle Irish telach,
t(a)ulach^\\\\\\ redupl. tuthle {* tu-tuel-) "swelling, lump, growth' (die i/-forms through eine
similar results of Aniauts *tu- as Old Irish cruthixom *kYtu-)\ cymr. twlch^ round mass, hill,
nipple '.

5. m- derivatives:

Old Indie /J-/^/77^-"wirkungsvoir, /i//77/'a- "strong, thick', tumala-, /^/77^/5- "gerauschvoll,
larmend', tuma/a-m'd\n, fuss, noise' ("*Schwall, das larmende Durcheinandera
zusammengedrangten Menge'); Avestan *tuma-\n Tumaspana- Irom Tumaspa- {that \s to
say einem, dessen Rosse fat, obese are) stammend'; gr. korkyr. tOjjoc; "TU[jpO(;';

gr. TU|jpO(; "burial mound, hillock' = Middle Irish tommm. "hill, bush', cymr. tomt
"hillock, DiJngerhaufen', whether diese not but from *tub'"-mo-, -ma- (above S. 1080);

Latin turned, -e/'e"geschwollen sein', fum/dus 'swoWen', tumor' sweWlng, lump, growth',
/i//77^/i/s"Erdhaufen, hillock', /^/77^//^s "larmende restlessness, din, noise ';

cymr. twf power, strength ', ///^"zunehmen, grow' {*tum-), Middle Breton tinva{*tum-)
"zusammenwachsen (from an wound); thrive';

Old Swedish /=>um/m. " thumb ', f^um'ioW, Old Icelandic l=>umair thumb '; Old High
German dumo. Old English duma^ thumb ', dJ//77e/Tingerhut', Middle Low German
dumelinc. Modern High German Daumling; Middle High German doum^ spigot, bung, clot,
thrombus' (meaning as gr. tuAoc;);

Lithuanian tumet/lat become, curdle, coagulate, harden ', tum{s)tas^ heap, bulk, mass',
tumu/asm. "piece';

Tocharian B tumane, tmane, A tman^'^ 0.000'.

6. />formations, z. T. as root-like %/-e/7- appearing:

pre Modern High German tunne^ surge ', Low German duning, diinung ^waves, billows
gegen die Windrichtung'; but Old Irish tonn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), bret. etc. ton
"wave' from *tus-na{see 1084) or *to-sna{see 971 f.); Low German dunen'to swell'.
Middle Low German dun{e) "swollen, dense';

Lithuanian tvjstu, tvinali, tv/nt/"to bloat, bulge, swell (of water)', Kaus. tvindau, -yti
"anschwellen make' (with ablaut derailment /i/5//7y//s"buhlen', if actually "to swell'), tvanas
"flood', /i/5/76's"light tumescent (of river)', Latvian tvans, tvana'vapor, haze, mist'.

With -/7A'-extension: Lithuanian tv/nkt/'to bloat, bulge, swell, fester' = Latvian Mkt
"sultriness feel, vor Hitze languish '; Latvian tvTcinat^ make muggy, make thirsty ',
Lithuanian /i///7/rsc/c»//"fuhlbar hit (of Puis)', Lithuanian tvenktT swell make', tvankas
"sultriness', /Ka/7/r^5 "muggy' (ablaut derailment in Latvian tveicinat= fv/c/natan6 tvaiks
"vapor, haze, mist, sultriness'); with /!Lithuanian tuntas^heap, bulk, mass' = tumtas,
wherefore perhaps gr. tuvtAo(; "ordure, slime, mud' (as RiJckstand of an inundation)?

Auf a *tu-en : *tuen-6s, *tun- '(pakkoq' based on gr. aa9r| "penis' (formation as n6a-9r| :
nsoc;), aaivu) "schwanzein, flatter', oaTva, aavviov "aiSoTov' Hes. (-vv- hypocoristic
doubling); in addition oavvaq ^[}v^p6q\ aavviajv "du idiot, du fool'; also probably oav'\q
"picket, pole, balk, beam, board'.

7. /^formations:

Old Indie tura-\n the meaning "strong, rich' (wherefore tuvi- as composition form as e.g.
K05-p6-q : Ku5i-av£ipa); Old Icelandic A'o/'a "venture, risk', t^oran^ courage, skillfulness ',
/5o/'/"bulk, mass, lump ';

gr. Ti:-Tupog " he-goat; billy goat. Satyr';

Avestan tuiri- n. " caseous gewordene milk, whey '; gr. aoopoc; "heap' {*tud-r6-s), in
addition ablaut. *tu-ro- in gr. Tupoc; 'cheese', pou-rupov 'butter'; affiliation also from Old
Bulgarian tvarog'b 'lac coagulatum' as a lengthened grade form is good possible; compare
tvorb 'opus, creation ' under tuer-2,

gr. Tupcb, eine Heroine, probably actually 'die Strotzende, Schwellende'; also lllyrian PN
Turn, 7"/7/T/s; Venetic PN 7"/7/y/s, gall. VN 7"/7/'o/7es 'Tours', PN /"/v/tc^/t? 'Zurich'; Middle Irish
PN Torna {* turonjos);

Latin *turo-s, -/77 'swollen; clump' wird assumed through ob-, re-turd \erstop^e'; turged, -
ere 'swollen sein, strotzen' perhaps derivative from a "/JA-Zgos 'swelling driving ', intrans.
GegenstiJck zur class of causative verbs auf -(i)gare; late Latin turio, turg/'o {-g/- probab\Y
not originally, but verbalized iurj, or support in turgere) 'young twig, branch, stalk, scion,
shoot';

7. a: das word for bull: gr. raupoc;, alb. tarok, Latin taurus, Oscan raupop, Umbrian turuf,
to/zy'tauros'. Old Prussian /5^/7s 'Bison', Lithuanian fauras6s., Old Church Slavic furh
'Auerochs' (Trautmann 315, VasmerS, 154), either from Indo Germanic *fduro-s {compare
Old Indie tum-ra- ' plentiful ' as epithet of Stieres), or because of orientalischen Stierkultes
with Proto Semitic *tauru{arab. twr) connected with, gall, /an/os (Middle Irish tarb, cymr.
tarv\/}, venet. PN Tarvisium, probably after Celtic can/os 'deer' transfigured; Old Icelandic
l=>jdrr, Dutch dial, deur etc., are after Old Icelandic stjorr. Old High German st/or
unvocalized, deren meaning against from unserem words influenced is (see above Indo
Germanic *steu-ro-S. 1010);

doubtful Old English deo^'inflammation, ignition' (*/e^-/r>-'*swelling, lump, growth'?).

8. s-formations, connected ^\\h the es-stem Old Indie tavas-, Avestan tavah- etc.:

Das Germanic and Balto Slavic word for ' thousand ': Gothic t^usundii.. Old High
German thusunt, dusunti. under n., lex Salica thuschunde; Old Saxon thusundig, thusind.
Old English dusendi. n.. Old Icelandic t^usundi., ^ushund, Push undraf^ {Gem\an\c *Pus-
hund/We\\r\un6ert', Indo Germanic *tus-RmtTj;

Lithuanian tukstant/sm., Latvian tukstuots. Old Prussian tus/mtons {Akk. PI.); besides
Lithuanian *tukstas\n tukstas/san6 tukst/n/s ^tausen6ster';

Old Church Slavic tys^sta, ablaut, tysgstai., russ. tysjaca, Serbo-Croatian t/sucaetc.
{*tu sent/a, *tusontia);

with the meaning 'Schwa!!, anschwe!!ende Bewegung (a!so seeiisch), Auflauf, tumult ' :
Old Icelandic t^ausku., t^ausni. "din, fuss, noise, tumult', t^eysa, Aysya "vorwartsstijrmen',
/^ys-sm. "GetiJmmer, Old High German doson'roar, sough, rustle, rant, roister'. Modern
High German fosen, Old Icelandic /?/'(9s//''vehemency', Ays//"' rage, fury, gust of wind', nisi.
Pusuri. PI. "vehemency, Unbeherrschtheit', A'i/s^/775di//'"heftiger person'. Old English
dyssam. Toser', /77^^e'/7-dy5se "violence, force';

with the meaning "swelling eines BliJtenstandes; tussock; heap, hill' etc.: gall, tudos,
/^ddos "Schichte'? {*tus-fo-, Loth RC 43, 165; different - loanword from Vulgar Latin tostus
- Whatmough JC stem 1 , 7 ff.), cymr. fuswm. "bundle' ( *teus-t-uo-), bret. tossen, Vannes
tosten^hWy {*tus-ta), bret. tuchends. {*toust-ien)\ whether Old Irish /t7a//77/77 "hill' from *teus-
mnl different above 1.; Old High German dosto, tosto^ tussock, tassel ' and "Origanum
vulgare' (Modern High German Dost, Dosten), Modern High German o'c>s//^"ausgebreitet,
turgid, swollen '; East Frisian dOst^ tassel ', Norwegian /J5/"tuft, Haarzotte, tassel ', tOsta
"tuft, knot, bundle, tree with buschiger Krone', isl. A'J5/a"heap, mass';

possibly here Old Indie fusa-m. "hem eines Gewandes', whether originally "Ouasten';

Latvian /Js/ra "swelling, lump, growth', /Js/^/s "Wassersuchf; /^sA75"wisp, small bundle'
(could auch sk- derivatives besides Latvian tukt^to swell' sein); Modern High German
Dosche'bush, umbel, Krauthaupt, bouquet, tassel ';

ein *fuos-f/-or *fu9S-f/- perhaps in Gothic ga-f^wasfjan ' make strong, tight, firm, certain
', f^wasf/Pa' certainty ', isl. Pvest, Pvesf/n. " steady parts of meat '.

9. derivative teuta'{bu\W, mass) people, land'; fe://'o/70-5"Landesherr':

lllyrian PN Teutq, Teutana, Teuticus, Tsurapot;; Messapic PN deotoha. Gen. deotorras,
thrak. PN Tauto-medes, Oscan tojFto, touto, Umbrian Akk. /o/a/77 "civitas'; gall. GN
Teutates {*teuto-tat/s ^Landesvater' to tata, above S. 1056), newer Toutates, Totates,
Tutates, PN Teutio, Toutius, Tutius, Toutonos,

Maybe lllyrian TN Taula- Taulant common italic-lllyrian -/- > -/-.

Old Irish /Ja//7 "people, stem, land', cymr. /Jo'"land', corn, tus. Middle Breton tut, nbret.
tud^ihe people';

Gothic Piuda, Old High German dio1{a) "people'. Old Saxon thiod{a). Old English deod.
Old Icelandic /^iod "people, people', whereof Old High German diutisc. Modern High
German otei/Zsc/? (originally "zum eigenem stem orVolk belonging', Weissgerber Deutsch

as people's name 1953, 261) and Old High German o'/Z//e/7"verstandlich make (as though
verdeutschen), define, clarify, indicate ', Old English gef^redan ^ubersetzen', Old Icelandic
Ayda'ausdeuten, signify'; Germanic VN *Theu-dandz, keltisiert TeutonT, ToutonT,{o
Danish PN Thyte-sysael; Gothic f^/udans^ king' {*teutonos). Old Icelandic t^Jddann, Old
English deoden. Old Saxon thiodanAs. (Illyrian PN Teutana, gall. Toutonos);

Latvian /5^/5 'people'. Old Prussian /5^/c»"land', Lithuanian 7"a^/a'0berland, Germany
', Old Lithuanian (Dauksa) /5i//5 'people';

Hittite tuzzi- 'master, mister, Heerlager' {*tut-tf-7).

References: WP. I 706 ff., WH. II 650 ff., 712 f., 714, 715 f., 718 f., 721, Trautmann 314 f.,
331 f., Vasmer3, 149, 154, 160 f., 161 f.; Krahe Sprache under Vorzeit 65 ff., Mayrhoferl,
490, 513 f.
Page(s): 1080-1085

Root / lemma: ff-ti- (ti)til-

Meaning: chirping of birds

Note: barely ursprachlich

Material: Old Indie tittibha- m. 'Parra jacana'; Latvian titilbis, t/t/'/brte "\Nasser\au^er' ,

Lithuanian tilvikas, titilvikas, /////K/s'Brachhuhn, Schnepfe'; gr. TlTUpi^oo orriTTUpi^co "

gaggle, cackle, chitchat, talk, snicker (of partridge, game bird, the swallow'); Latin titid, -are

'chirp, twitter, from sparrow'; Latvian //7e/'sing'.

References: WP. I 742, WH. II 686, Mayrhofer 1 , 457.

Page(s): 1 086

Root / lemma: tieg"-

Meaning: to retreat in fear

Material: Old Indie tyajati{= gr. oEpu)) 'verlaftt, stands from etwas back', with /?/■ ' scare,

frighten, verdrangen', with /7/5-'hinaustreiben, verjagen', participle tyakta-{= gr. a£nT6(;),

noun agentis tyaktar-{= gr. GsoasnTwp 'Anbeterthe divinity'), Kaus. tyajayati^vmkes

zuriJcktreten', tyajas-n. 'Verlassenheit' = Avestan i^yajah-, i&yejah-u. ds.; Old Indie

tyaga-m. 'Hingabe, Freigebigkeit' etc.;

gr. aspu) (only present and Impf.), oEpopai hom. '(die gods) scheuen', nachhom. '(die
gods) worship, honour', Gfuioq, '(venerates =) venerable, holy', at^aq,, PI. aspn n. hom.
'fromme fear, shyness, Ehrfurcht', nachhom. ' holiness, majesty ', hom. OEpaaaaTO
'scheute ehrfijrchtig', az\xv6c, (*a£(3vo(;) 'admirable, venerable, convex, elevated, holy;

gravitatisch, einherstolzierend, prunkend', aopsw "tue etwas from mirweg, entferne quick,
fast, drive out'; intr. 'go eilig, stolziere einher', aopap6(; "rash, hasty, quick, fast;
hochfahrend, prunkend', oo^aq, -a5o(;f. 'violent, vain', aopn "Pferdeschwanz'. Note:
common lllyrian g"'- > b-.

References: WP. I 746, Mayrhofer 1 , 529.
Page(s): 1 086

Root / lemma: to-1, ta-, tio-

Meaning: that, he (demonstr. base)

Grammatical information: Nom. Akk. Sg. n. tod, Akk. Sg. m. torn, f. tarn. Gen. Sg. m. tosio,

f. tesias

Note: (Nom. Sg. m. f. so, sa, see there)

Material: Old Indie tad {tat) "das', Avestan taj, Akk. Sg. Old Indie tamm., tami., Avestan

tdmm., tamt, tain., etc.; Armenian -o'(e.g. ter-d^t\r\e master, mister da, du the master,

mister', ay-d'\he da'), da^th\s', doin^ihe same', etc.;

gr. TO, Akk. Sg. tov, rpv (Doric tqv), to etc.; to-vuv "nun' = alb. ta-nf,

alb. ke-ta^Vr\\s, these' {*tod, out of it in proclitic:) /e(Ablat. *tdd) "where';

Maybe alb. {a-te) a/e"that'.

Latin istum, -tarn, -tud etc., Umbrian e's/^"istum'; Latin tam'so' (old also temporal
'tandem'from *tam-dem, auf */a/77 based on also (?) tantus, Oscan e-/5/7/c"tanta',
Umbrian e-/a/7/^"tanta'), turn, tun-c^\hev\, alsdann' = Avestan /a/77 "then'; topper {* tod per)
"cito, fortasse, celeriter, tamen'; different about /a/77Szemerenyi Gl. 35, 92 ff.;

Old Irish /o"ja' {*tod); infix Pron. 3. Sg. m. -d"{*tom), n. -d{*tod), PI. da{*tdns, f. *tas);

Gothic f^atan., Akk. m. f^ana, Lok. f^e/etc. Old High German der, diu, daz. Old
Icelandic t^ateic;

Lithuanian tas, ta, tar. eic. "der(selbe)'; Old Prussian Gen. Sg. f. s-tess/as.

Old Church Slavic tb, ta, to "that';

Tocharian A tarn' this '.

An congruities or Ahnlichkeiten seien hervorgehoben:

1. gr. horn. Ablat. toj "then, in this Falle; darum', Lithuanian /i/o'with dem, sofort',
perhaps Old High German thuo, duo. Old Saxon thd^6a' (whether not from f. *ta); gr. ther.
Megarian Tr|-5£ "here', Gothic A'e"um so', perhaps Old Icelandic Pa'6a, at that time, then'
(if not = *f^an), Old English da "then, darauf; with it probably originally alike gr. ir\ "da,
nimm!', Lithuanian Zeds.

2. tor, /©/""there': Old Indie tar-h/^to the time, then' (-/7/to gr. hom. n-xi), Gothic Old
Icelandic f^ar^ there', Old Saxon thar. Old Frisian ther{0\6 High German dara) "there'; Old
Saxon thar. Old High German dar. Old English d3er{dara) "there'.

3. tot/ so many': Old Indie fat/ 6s. {tatitha-^Vc\e sovielte'), Latin tot, tot/dem {totus '\he
sovielte'), in addition gr. T6a(a)oqfrom *tot/-os'so big, large, so much, a lot of.

4. With -/irosuffix: Old Indie /a//a'"there(toward)', Gothic Paf^rolrom da from'. Old
Icelandic f^adra' there'. Old English d^der'the, dorthin'.

5. Old Indie ta-da, Avestan ta5a't\r\er\', Lithuanian tada {from *tadan, compare East
Lithuanian tadu) "then, alsdann'; Old Indie tadanJm^ then, at that time '.

6. Gr. Tr|AiKO(; "so old', Latin talis^so obtain of such kind, such ', Lithuanian /d/e/"bis
dahin, solange'; Old Church Slavic/c»//"in dem Grade', tolb "so much, a lot of, so very',
toliko6s.; after Szemerenyi (Gl. 35, 1133) from *to-ali-.

Maybe alb. {* talis) itille, i a-tille, i ke-tille' of such kind, such '.

7. Gr. Tf|tJO(;, Doric TC(po(; "zurtime, then'. Old Church Slavic /a/770 "dorthin', Latvian tarn
in nuo /a/77 "hence'.

8. Old Indie e>-/ai/a/7/"tantus', Avestan ae-tavantds. from Indo Germanic *tauQt, tauont-;
gr. hom. Tr|0(; (newer tsux;), laFot;; through influence of m. tc(Fo(vt)(; wurde das to
erwartende *TC(Fa(T) to *tc(Fo(t), from which laFoq; here also after Szemerenyi Latin tantus
(see above); compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1 , 609 Anm. 5.

9. Der ending from TO-cppa "inzwischen' (in addition compare o-cppa "solange as')
perhaps to Tocharian A ku-pre, B kwri'W , ta-par(k)^ r\o^, yet'.

10. Ein stem Indo Germanic //b- besides to- in Old Indie tya- "that, that bekannte', alb.
5e(Gen. Dat. Sg. f.) etc. (s-from //■), Proto Norse ^Tt, Old Saxon //7//"dorthin' (Rosenfeld

Forsch. under Fortschr. 29, 177); Lithuanian c/a'here\ c/on'here'; Old pers. /ya'weiclies,
das', leg. taya{*to+jo), absents (Risch, Asiat. Stud. 8, 151 f.).

maybe alb. a-ty, aty, atje 'there'

References: WP. I 742 f., WH. I 721 f., II 644, 645 f., 648, Trautmann 31 1 ff., Vasmer 3,
113, 128, Szemerenyi Gl. 35, 42 ff., Mayrhofer 1, 499.
Page(s): 1086-1087

Root / lemma: to-2

Meaning: prefix

See also: see above S. 71 and 129 (Messapic tabara)

Page(s): 1 088

Root / lemma: tolk"-

Meaning: to speak

Material: Latin loquor, -/" locutus sum 'speak, say, name';

Old Irish ad-t/uch- ^danken' (1. Sg. atluchui), to-t/uch-'b\6, beg, ask' {dotluchur); Old
Church Slavic //b/rb {*tb/kb), russ. to/kb " interpretation, explanation' (Lithuanian tu/kas
"Dolmetsch' is Slavic loanword).

References: WP. 1 744 f., WH. I 821 , Vasmer 3, 1 15.
Page(s): 1 088

Root / lemma: tong-1{ *teng^

Meaning: to think, feel

Material: Latin tonged, -e/ie'nosse, scire', pran. tong/W ^r\6t\6'; Oscan Ablat. tanginud

"sententia' (Messapic loanword?); alb. /5/7^e 'resentment';

Gothic ^agkjan, l=>ahta^ think; consider ', Old Icelandic A'eAA/a "become aware,
understand, comprehend, know' (jfc'eMr'pleasant'), Old High German denchen 'think'. Old
English dencands.; Gothic t^ugkjan, f^uMa'seem, shine, appear, seem'. Old Icelandic
Pykkja'ds., gefallen'. Old High German dunchen 'sh\ne, appear, seem'. Old English
dyncands.; Gothic *t^agks' gratitude ', Old Icelandic t^gkki. " gratitude, contentedness ',
Old High German dank' reasoning, thought, notion, gratitude ' Old English d5/7c 'thought,
notion, emotion, contentedness, gratitude '; Middle High German danknseme. Old Danish
taknem ' grateful ';

maybe alb. {*dunchen), dukem, duket'seem, appear': Old High German c/unchen 'sh'\ne,
appear, seem', also alb. o'^A/a "appearance'.

Maybe alb. Geg o'o/re "custom, ritual, tradition (observed)', c/uk-'to appear, seem' (see
above).

Alb. shows that from Root / lemma: cfeR-1 : "to take' derived the nasalized Root / lemma:
tong-1 ( *teng^ : "to think, feel'.

Tocharian A tuiik-, B tankw^\QN%\

References: WP. I 744, WH. II 690; besides *tenk- in Latvian //c//7a/"ausfragen', kuron.
tencinat6s., also Latvian t^nkaV babble, chatter, danken, praise, laud'.
Page(s): 1 088

Root / lemma: tong-2

See also: see above S. 1055.

Page(s): 1 088

Root / lemma: top-
Meaning: to stay; place

Material: Gr. iotxoq, m. "place, place', Tona^w "ziele hin, vermute, errate', ronsTov n. "rope,
hawser, rope, band'; Old English da/^5/7"zustimmen, grant, bear, permit; brook ';

Lithuanian tapti {tampu) "become', pri-tapti^i\v\6, encounter, know lernen, learn', Latvian
tapt{tuopu) "become, befall, reach ', tapFgs'an able head ', /ayO/>75/"(zukommen let)
borgen, lend ', y05-/5/0/"hingelangen, wherefore come can, leisure have', sa-tapt'meet, auf
jemandentreffen';

whether Pedersen die gr. words right with Middle Irish /c>/c/7"naturgemaft' (different
under tek-2) and cymr. tebyg {*tok"iko-) "probably', annhebyg^ incredible ' zusammenstellt
(compare gr. roniKoq "den Ort betreffend', a-Tono(; "wunderlich, auffallend'), would be for
this a root tek"- : tok"- must be assumed and die Germanic and Baltic words therefrom to
separate.

References: WP. I 743, Pedersen Celtic Gr. I 129; different about the Baltic words Stang
NTS 16, 259 f. (to /ep- "smear', Trautmann 139, Vasmer3, 95, 120).
Page(s): 1 088

Root / lemma: tor-, toro-s

Meaning: loud, distinct

Note: old Abzweigung in the meaning " piercing, shrilly, screaming' from *tor6s' piercing ',

s. */e/'-4"hinubergelangen, hindurchdringen'

Material: Old Indie tara- ' piercing, shrilly, screaming'; gr. Top6(; " piercing, loud,

vernehmlich' (also "quick, fast, agile', compare Old Indie tarasM]. "rash, hasty, piercing '

under *ter- "hinijbergelangen'), TSTopnau) "werde loud and distinct say';

Middle Irish form, toirmv\., newer f. "din, fuss, noise' {*tor-smn), Irish /era/?/? "thunder',
cymr. taran, acorn, taran, bret. taran6s., gall. Taran/sGH.;

Lithuanian tar/u, farf/an6 tarau, taryti^say\ /a/777e"Ausspruch', Old Prussian tarin f\Vk.
Sg. "voice', ettrai. Inf. a///'a/M/e/"antworten' (formal as Old Indie //'a-//"rettet': tirati); Slavic
tortoriti\v\ Czech tratoriti, russ. torotoritb " babble, chatter ', zero grade redupl. Old Church
Slavic trbtorb "sonus';

Armenian t'rt'rak^ good speaker', if from *t'urt'urak, Indo Germanic *tortoro-\

Hittite tar- "say, name'.

References: WP. II 744, WH. II 677, Trautmann 126, Vasmer3, 126 f., Mayrhofer 1 , 497;
See also: compare tet(e)r-S. 1079.
Page(s): 1088-1089

Root /lemma: tragh-, trogh- and tregh-

Meaning: to drag; to move, run

Note: entspricht nicht the normal Indo Germanic root form; whether through contamination

from d^eragh-, dh/-eig^-with terk- and trek- {above S. 1077) originated?

Material: Latin traho'puW etc. (different above S. 257 under d'^eragh-'z\e\r\en'); tramat

"die chain of texture ' {*tragh-sma)\

gall. i/e/'-//'a^i/5"schnellfuftiger dog'; Old Irish traig. Gen. traiged {*traghetos) "foot',
cymr. PI. traed^Vu^e'; with unclear dcymr. Sg. //'c»eo'(einsilb.), PI. //'aeo'(disyllabic) "foot',
acorn, truit, mcorn. troys, bret. troad, PI. tre/dloot'; Middle Irish trog'das parturition,
progeny ', trogan ' earth' , trogaid^ brings zur Welt' (compare aserb. tragh " descendant ');

with Indo Germanic ^or a Old Irish tragud'Ebbe', tra/g 'beacb, seaside', trag/d ^ebbV,
cymr. //'e/c»"refluere ut mare'; with Indo Germanic a cymr. godro'mWW, abret. guotroit

'demulgitis', Middle Breton gorzo, nbret. goero' xwWK; cymr. corn, tro {*trogho-) "turn;
variation, time', cymr. //'o/'vertere, volvere'; with aox a serb. //"a^Tufttapfe', traziti^ seek,
feel', aserb. tragiD ' descendant ';

probably Gothic t^ragjan^ruvi {*trogheJd), Old English drsegan diS. {*tregh-), drag^Wme',
actually "Zeitverlauf, and Old High German o/Zg// "servant', if actually " runner', probably
also Old Icelandic t^raeir farmhand, servant' (> engl. thrall) from Germanic *t^rahilaz,

besides tragh-, tregh- stand in same or similar meaning treg-{see 1090), d'^ regh- {above
S. 273), d'^eragh-{aboye S. 257), d^re^- (compare also Anklange under cfer-'flay': root
form dergh-, dreg- and under d^er-" hold, stop': root form d^eregh-, d^eregh-) and trek-
(see1092).

References: WP. I 752 f., WH II 697 ff., Trautmann 325, H. Lewis BBCS. 9, 34 f.
Page(s): 1 089

Root / lemma: treg-

Meaning: to make an effort; force, battle; solid

Note: probably as "sich strecken, stemmen' to (s)terg-, (s)treg-^ stare ' (above S. 1023)
Material: Old Irish tren {*tregs-no-) "valiant, strong' (from which probably cymr. tren
"impetuous, strenuous', Subst. "force, rapidity' borrowed is), Kompar. Superl. Old Irish
tressa, tressam, cymr. trech, trechaf, 0\d Irish tress {* tregso) "fight, struggle'; Old
Icelandic t^rekrxu., t^reku. " strength, braveness', t^reklnn^ persistent', t^reka^urqe,
press, push, press'. Old English drecexx\. "UnterdriJckung, force, might, fatigue ', drsecu.
"Drangen, power, force, might', dracui. "Druck, rush, force, might'. Old Saxon mod-thraka
f. " distress '; reduced grade *t^ruhtu-\v\ Old Icelandic t^rottrm. " power, endurance ', Old
English drohtvn. " exertion; driJckend', russ. /Ad^a/i. "touch', Latvian treksne^ shove '.
References: WP. I 755 f., Vasmer 3, 139.
Page(s): 1 090

Root / lemma: treig-

See also: see above S. 1036 under (s)treig-, wherefore still Tocharian A trisk- "sound,

clink, din, drone'.

Page(s): 1 092

Root / lemma: treisti- or tnsti-
Meaning: stubborn; in a bad mood
Note: only Latin and Germanic

Material: Latin //75//s"finstergelaunt, sad; widerlich or sharp from Geschmack'; Old High
German dnsti. Old Saxon thnsti. Old English dnste^ audacious.
Maybe alb. tr/shte 'sad ' a Latin loanword.
References: WP. I 754, WH. II 706 f.
Page(s): 1 092

Root / lemma: trei-
Meaning: three

Grammatical information: Nom. m. tre/es, Nom. Akk. n. tn, Akk. n. trins, f. tis(o)res,
(dissimil. from *tris(o)res, etc.)

Material: 1. Old Indie trayahm., tn, newer tnniu., tisrahi.; Avestan &rayd, ^rayasm., &ri
n., tisroi.; Armenian erek {treies); gr. Tp£T(;, gort. Tpee(;, m. f., alb. tre, f. //v' (originally
neutrales *tn)\ Latin /res (Akk. also tns), tr/a{tn-'\n tn-g/nfa' 30'), Oscan tr/s 'ires', Umbrian
tr/f, tref, f\kk. "tres', triia'\x\a'; Old Irish tri, f. teoir, Akk. teora {* tisoras, *tri-sor-ns); cymr. tri
m., tairi., mcymr. bret. teir {*tedres < *tisres, das e after the Vierzahl), compare gall, tidres
(?); Gothic t^reis, Akk. I=>rins, n. Mja, Old Icelandic t^nr. Old High German dnetc; Old
Prussian tr/s {Gen. treon), Lithuanian trys, Latvian tns{n. tr/"\n Lithuanian try-lika
"dreizehn', compare Latin tn-ginta'ZO'); Old Church Slavic trijeru. and trii. n.; Hittite tri-
'drei'; Tocharian A trexr\., tri- f., B fra/m., taryat

composition form ///-in Old Indie tripad-, gr. rpinouq, Latin tripes. Old English drifete,
Lithuanian //7/rQ^/s'dreifuftig'; Avestan z?/7-/ra/77a/'a^5-'dreikopfig', Armenian ere-am'6re'\
years old'; lllyrian PN Tpi-Tsura, PN Tpi-Kopviov; Celtic PN Tri-toutos, gall. tri-garanus'W\Vc\
drei Kranichen'; Old Irish tri'ar'6re\ man' {*tri-uirom); russ. -Church Slavic trb-gub'b
"dreifach' (= Lithuanian tri-gubas6s); perhaps Latin //7Z?^5 "dividing off, partitioning off of
people, administrative district ', Umbrian trifu, tr/fo Akk. Sg. from *tr/-b^u-{to *b'^eu-aboye
S. 146); Latin frfgat 'Dreigespann' (shaped after t>rgaeP\. "Zweigespann' from *t>Hugae,
see above S. 230 and 508); unclear Old Irish //'e-//7e/7c'Dreiheit' besides Middle Irish de-
cheng 'ZweWneW, compare Old Icelandic Mdjungr' DntteV;

'dreizehn': Old Indie trayodasa-= Latin tredecim {*tres-decim); compare gr. rpsK^-Kai-
5£Ka;

"dreiftig': Old Indie trfmsat-t, Avestan ^risat-, gr. rpiaKOvra, Latin trf-ginta. Old Irish
*trTcho, Gen. trTchot {* trhkomtos). Middle Irish trfcha, bret. tregonf{6as efrom trede
"dritter'), gall. Abl. PI. tricontis, Tocharian A taryak, B taryaka ( *trliaRnt-s).

2. ordinals: altererbt Old Indie tr-ffya- = Old Prussian tfrts, otherwise is //> for tr-
eingetreten: Old Indie PN Tr/ta-, Avestan ^r/'ta-, Avestan &ritya-. Old pers. &ritiya-ox -tTya;
Armenian erir, errord, gr. TpiTO(;; homer. TpiraTOc; extended as £p56[jaTO(;; Lesbian Tsproc;
from *TpiTO(;; alb. trete, lllyrian PN Tritus, Latin tertius, Umbrian tertiu^X.erWd', /e/Y/"tertium'
(from *tritio-)\ gall. PN Tritios, cymr. try-dydd, bret. trede; Gothic Mdja, Old High German
drittoeic; Lithuanian trecias, Latvian /resa/s (//le- instead of //> after *trejes'7 also:) Old
Church Slavic tretijb; Baltic trit- in Lithuanian //7/a//7/5"Dritter;

Old Irish tress {ne\Ner triss) 'the Dritte' {*tristo-), //'e(/)sse'triduum', compare Latin testis
' witness, testifier ' (also "testicle'); Ablat. Oscan trfstaamentud\s probably from Latin
testa mentum borrowed;

Tocharian B trit, Hittite tarriianaiii-^ihe dritte', fte-rij-ia-an-na' 6ntter'.

3. tris' thrice, three times ': Old Indie tr/h, Avestan ^ris, gr. Tpi(;, Latin ter, older terr
(from *tr/s), Old Irish fo-tiirf thrice, three times '; extended Avestan &rizvaT thrice, three
times ', Old Icelandic Msvar, Old High German driror. Old English driwa, dreowa ds.; ein
uo-suffix also in Avestan &risva- n. "Drittel' and gr. GpTov Teigenblatt' from *TpiaFov; in
addition *tris-no-\v\ gr. GpTva^ 'Dreizack'; Latin terni {*tri-no-) "je drei' (besides trmiby PI.
tantum from *tris-no- parallel with bmi, see below dudu). Old Icelandic A'/'e/7/7/''dreifach',
t^renner' dxQ< (by Kollektiven);

Maybe alb. tresh, trish^\v\ three'

auf *//7a/7c>A7goes back Old Irish tr'i'an, acymr. trean, cymr. traean^Dn{{e\\ compare also
gall. Akk. PI. //75/7/s' Drittel'?

4. collective treio-, tmio-:0\6 Indie traya- '6re\fach', trayamn. 'Dreiheit', Lithuanian treji,
f treJos^dre\' (by Pluralsubstantiven), Latvian treji, f. trejas6s., Old Church Slavic trq/im.
PI.; aui * treiodio- based on Old Irish //-eoofe 'dreifach'.

References: WP. I 753 f., WH. II 668 f., 702 f., Trautmann 327 f., Vasmer 3, 137,
Wackernagel-(Debrunner) 3, 346 f.
Page(s): 1090-1092

Root / lemma: trek-
Meaning: to run
Note: equal meaning with tragh-, trogh-, tregh-

Material: Old Church Slavic trhkb 'run, flow', trhka//at/"\Na\zen\ serb. trcat/'run', trakanac'
track ', Bulgarian tbrca'\auie', trbka/o'\N\r\ee\, circle ';

Middle Irish trice, nir. //7ic(expressives kk) "rash, hasty';

eine variant auf palatal trek- perhaps in Avestan udaro-^r^sa- 'aui dem Bauch sich
bewegend, kriechend (from Schlangen)'.

References: WP. I 755, WH. II 699.
Page(s): 1 092

Root / lemma: trem-, trems-

Meaning: to thump; to tremble

Note: (contaminated with tres-), the same double meaning by trep-

Material: Gr. Tpspoj 'tremble' (= Latin tremo, alb. trem); dipt\xaQ„ arpspia "unbeweglich,

peaceful ', arpepn^ 'fearless', rpoijoc; m. 'das Zittern', TpopEU) 'tremble', i^o\xz^6c,

'timorous', redupl. TsrpEpaivu) 'schaudere' (unclear Tappuaau) 'frighten');

alb. Tosc tremp, Geg trem'\ terrify';

maybe alb. //7/77 'brave, not scared'

Note:

Common alb. m > mp, mb.

Latin tremo, -e/ie 'tremble', //'e/77c»/''das Zittern', //'e/77i//i/5 'trembling', Umbrian tremitu
'tremefacito';

Gothic l=>ramstei^ locust, grasshopper (Indo Germanic *trems-, as in Old Church Slavic
//i^sp amalgamation from trem- and tres^; Old Saxon thrimman siem V. 'to bloat, bulge,
swell' or 'bekijmmert become'; Old Icelandic A'/'a/77/77a 'trample, heavy go'. Middle Low
German drammen \ant, roister, violent urge, press, push', dram'6\n, fuss, noise,
crowdedness, Getummel' (: Latvian tremt); -mm- intensive gemination?

Lithuanian //7/77//"erzittern', //'e/77//"niederstoR)en; verbannen, austreiben', sutraminti
'leiseanstoften', Latvian //'(9/r7/'wegjagen', //'5/77s'schreckhaft (from horses)', tramfgs' shy,
bashful', //'5/77o'/7' frighten, hunt, chase'; kir. tremcu, /Ae/T?//'?/' tremble, quiver'; Old Church
Slavic tr§SQ, //i^s//' shake, upset', s^ 'tremble', trgsb ^az\G\x6(^ (Slavic *trems-, *troms-, see
above);

Tocharian A tram-"in rage, fury geraten', B trem/'rage, fury'.

References: WP. I 758, WH. II 701, Trautmann 329 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 146 f.
See also: compare ter-f wriggle ', worfrom *trem- and *tres- extended are.
Page(s): 1092-1093

Root / lemma: trenk-1

Meaning: to push; to oppress

Note: s. also //•e/7Ar-'wash, bathe'

Material: Avestan ^raxtan^m Gen. PI. "zusammengedrangf (in the meaning to Germanic

stimmend);

Latin truncus'tree truck, trunk'. Adj. 'mutilated, the Aste or Glieder stolen; looted ',
trunco, -are^ mutilate '; gall, trincos^a kind of Gladiatoren' (Vendryes RC. 39, 404 f.);
perhaps ("es drangt myself) Old Irish di-fo-thracc-^yN\s\\\ verbal noun duthracht, probably
(as "abgedrangt become') Old Irish Middle Irish treicim^ leave, retreat', cymr. trengi^ wilt,
wither, die', tranc, PI. trangaum. "Abschied, death, end';

maybe alb. trung ' stump' , alb. Geg {*truncus) truni^{*a dolt, blockhead), brain, head' from
Latin truncus -a -um "maimed, mutilated, cut short. M. as subst. truncus -i, a lopped tree,
the trunk of a tree; the trunk of a human body. Transf. a dolt, blockhead', also alb. trqgull,
trangu//' cucumber, a dolt, blockhead'.

Gothic f^re/han' urge, press, push' (from Proto German *l=>renxd, *l=>ri"xo, through ablaut
derailment t^raih, t^rafhans, faihu-t^raihna {Dai. Sg.) " richness '; also Old Saxon thregian.
Middle Low German Dutch o'/'e/ge/? "threaten'? Ein West Germanic *A'/777-= Gothic t^reih-
certainly in Middle High German o'/777e"Stecknadel, Handgerat of Flechtens and Webens';
with gramm. variation Old Icelandic l=>ryngja, -va, /=>rgng' press, urge, press, push, press'
(for *A'/7/7^a probably after dem Adj. f^rgngr' r\arro\N' from *t^rangu-). Old Saxon thringan.
Old English dr/ngan stem V., Old High German dr/ngan ds. (Middle High Germar\ dr/ngen
also "flax, wattle, braid, to weave', see above dnhe ar\d compare above *terk- ^turr\'); Kaus.
Old Icelandic I=>r0ngja^ urge, press, push, constrain, oblige, in die clamp bringen'. Middle
High German drengen 'urge, press, push\ Old Icelandic l=>rgngr^v\arro\N' (=
Lithuanian//'a/7/r^s), Middle High German drange, gedrange Mn . "narrow'; Old Icelandic
l=>rgng. Gen. -vari. "crush, narrowness'. Old Englisho'/'5/7^m. "crush, gedrangte troop,
multitude, crowd'. Middle High German dranc 'Drang', Old High German drangon' urge,
press, push (= Lithuanian trankali);

Old Icelandic l=>rseta, /=>rcetta 'quarre\, sich quarrel, squabble, bestreiten' {*t^ranxatjan);
Old English t^rseir farmhand, Unfreier' etc. {*t^ranhilaz)\

ngr. 5poOYYOc;, late Latin drungus an6 Old Irish drong 'troop, multitude, crowd' are
genuine Celtic {*6^rungho) and keine Germanic loanword; wrongly above S. 255;

Lithuanian //'e/7/r//"drohnend bump, poke'. Frequent, trankau, -yti{= Old High German
drangon), tranksmas' crush, resonance ', trankus' bumpy ' (actually 'pushing, thrusting ' =
Old Icelandic t^rgngi); trenku, tr/nkt/'wasW (see also *trenk-'\Nas\r\'), trinkiu, -e//"din,
drone'; Latvian triecu, tr'iekV grind, crush, squeeze hard, squash; wegjagen'; triecinat
'upset', truoksn/s'6\n, fuss, noise, Gepolter'; Old Prussian pertr/nktan \erstockt'; russ.
trutyth' press, bump, poke', serb. //x/c/'Z/'schmeiften';

Aniautdublette in slov. drgkaf/ "bump, poke, stomp, squeeze'. Old Church Slavic udrgciti
'niederdriJcken, torment, smite'?.

References: WP. I 758 f., WH. II 710 f., Trautmann 328 f., Vasmer 3, 144, 145.
Page(s): 1 093

Root / lemma: trenk-2

Meaning: to wash, bathe

Material: Irish fothrucud'ba\he', bret. gozronquetds. {*tronk-), cymr. //-c»c/7/'mergere,

balneare' (-c/7- probably from -nk-s-); about Lithuanian trenku, tr/nkt/'\Nas\r\' see above.

References: WP. I 759;

See also: probably identical with //'e/7/r-/;compare above S. 819 about Lithuanian pert/.

Page(s): 1 094

Root / lemma: trep-1

Meaning: to trample, tread

Material: Old Indie trpra-, trpa/a-' hasty, unstet'? (probably from 'trippeind'); afghan. drabs/

'jiggle, shake, herabdriJcken'; gr. Tponsu) 'keltere' ('trete die Trauben from'), arpanoc;,

hom. aTapn6(; 'Fuftsteig' (a- 'copulativum', actually 'ausgetretenerway'), rponsovTO

erraTouv Hes., Oivorponoi 'Gottheiten of Weinbaues'; alb. *tr/p= gr. rpan- in sh-t/p, sh-typ

'zertrete, grind, crush, zerquetsche', per-t(r)yp' chew ', sh-trip, zdryp'stexqe herab';

Latin trepidus' anxiously umherlaufend', trepido, -are' walk on tiptoe; trip, from
Geschaftigkeit or fear';

Old English draf/an' press, urge, press, push, drive, push; rebuke, reproach'; engl. dial.
thrave, fhreave ^ dr\ft, trailing, herd'. Old Saxon thra5dn' trot', Middle High German draben
ds. (= russ. tropatb), Swedish /Aai/'festgefahrener Schnee auf Wegen', trav/a ^{sr\ow)
feststampfen' (besides probably through hybridization with Germanic *trep-, *tremp-, see
below der-^rur\\ Middle Low German o'/'5/r7/7e/7 "trample'. East Frisian Dutch drempel. Low
German drumper threshold'. Middle Low German dorper threshold');

Lithuanian trepsetH^. Pers. trepsi, old trepsti) "with den Fijften trampein', trep-{l)enti6s.,
trypset/6s., ablaut, tryp/'u, trypt/"trarc\p\e' {ior * trip-); trapineti^Wxth den Fijften bump, poke',
Old Prussian trapt'tread', ertreppa' sie ijbertreten ';

Old Church Slavic //'e/0e/b"das Zittern, Beben', //'eyoe/5//"tremble', //'(9y05//"palpare',
Bulgarian tropam^ stamp, trample, trapple', tropotm. "Getrampel', russ. tropatb^ stomp,
trample, with den Fijften treten', tropai. " path, track; Fahrte'.

References: WP. I 756, WH. II 701 f., Trautmann 329, Vasrner 3, 136, 140 f.
See also: As trem- and tres- probably extension from ter-1 " wriggle '.
Page(s): 1 094

Root / lemma: trep-2

Meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame)

Material: Old Indie trapate^ scharut sich, wird verlegen', trapa\. "the genitals, Verlegenheit';

gr. Tpsnu), Doric Ionian rpanw "wende', rponn " reversal ', Tp6no(; " turn ', tpottk; "keel,
Grundbalken of Schiffes' (actually "Wender'), TpooTrau) "wende, verandere', Med. " turn,
twist, rotate myself um, kehre um', sv-TpsTTopai "wende myself jemandem to, schame
myself vorjemandem', £UTpan£Ao(; "movable, nimble';T£pTTiKepauvo(; in spite of TspncbpsGa
TpsncbpisGa Hes. not "fulmina torquens', but to TsprrEiv, -eaOai as "the Blitzfrohe';

Latin trepit ^yert\t'; turpis {* trpis) "ugly, nasty ' ("*wovor man sich abwenden muft',
formation as Gothic it'/'J/rs "usable'), -ur- instead of -o/"- dialect.

Maybe alb. {* turpis) turp^ shame'

References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530.

See also: Indo Germanic trep- " turn ' extension from /e/'-J"rub, drehend reiben, turn'?

Page(s): 1 094

Root / lemma: trep-3, treb-

See also: see above S. 1037 under (s)trep-.
Page(s): 1 095

Root / lemma: tres- tens- ( *teres-)

Meaning: to tremble

Material: Old Indie trasati^ trembles ' (= gr. Tpsw), //-as/a- 'trembling' Kaus. trasayati

"makes erzittern'; Avestan tarsta- {kryau *trsta- "timorous'), tarssaiti, ap. /^/^^///"furchtet'

( *trs-[s]Rd) = Lithuanian tr/su); Kaus. Avestan t^rarjhayete "versetzt in fright'; perhaps

Armenian erer^ tremor, Beben, Zittern' {*tres-ri-)\

Latin terreo, -ere^\v\ Schrecken versetzen, daunt, scare' (das e instead of kausativen o
derives from:) /e/ro/'" fright'; Umbrian turs/tu ^terreto, fugato';

gr. Tpsu) (Aor. hom. Tpsaaai) "tremble, flee', STspasv z(p6^r\ozv Hes., aTp£aTO(;
"unerschrocken', Tpr|p6(; (*Tpaap6(;), Tpnpwv "timorous, fleeting ';

Middle Irish /a/rac/? "timorous' {*trs-ako-)\ Old English d^^s 'fringe' (compare Old Indie
trasana-m^e\ne bewegliche, zitternde ornament, decoration');

Lithuanian //7Si/ "tremble' {*trs-[s]Rd)\ Latvian trisasi. PI. "Zittern', //7se/ 'tremble, quiver',
perhaps Lithuanian tresiu, //lesZ/'laufig sein'.

References: WP. I 760, WH. II 674 f., Trautmann 329;
See also: to 1 . ter-V wriggle '.
Page(s): 1 095

Root / lemma: tr-eu-d-

Meaning: to press, push, * displeasure

Note: probably extension to ter-3, tereu-^xub'

Note:

Root/ lemma: tr-eu-d-\ 'to press, push, * displeasure' derived from Root/ lemma: dregh-:

"unwilling, displeased' [common lllyrian-Baltic -gh- > -d-, lllyrian alb. -g > -th.

Material: Alb. //-e//? "castrate, clip' ("*smash, crush testicles') = Latin trudo, -e/'e'"bump,

poke, fortstoften, urge, press, push' (//-Jc//s"eisenbeschlagene shaft, pole zum

Fortstoften');

Maybe nasalized alb. ndrydh^W\s\!, also prefixed shtrydh^ squeeze'.

mcymr. cy/^md "torment, smite', godrud^wM, gorthrud^ oppression, depression,

exploitation, suppression ' {*-treudo)\ Middle Irish //'c»/a/ic/"streitet' (*/mzo'-from *trud-d-),

cymr. trythill, drythiir lustful ' (out of it Middle Irish //"©//©//"Liebling'); Old Irish tromm, cymr.

trwm^ heavy ' {*trudsmo- "druckend'); Gothic ^5A'/7Z//a/7"beschwerlich fall', Old Icelandic
f^rjo fa '\ack', Old English (a-Jdreotan unpers. 'exhaust, iJberdrussig become'. Old High
German {ar-, b/-)dr/ozan 'beset, bother, annoy'. Modern High German vercfrieSen' to
irritate somebody '; Old Icelandic A'/7o//'"widerspenstiger person'. Old High German urdrioz
" displeasure '; Old Icelandic t^rauti. 'Kraftprobe, crowdedness'. Old English dreatm.
"crush, Gewalttatigkeit, threat ', Middle High German droz^ displeasure, load, complaint '
(= Slavic trud-b); Old English dreal{n) /an 'urge, press, push, torment, smite, scold, chide,
threaten';

Old English dnetan ' exhaust (tr.), urge, press, push'. Old Icelandic f^reyta' power
aufwenden, withstand, exhaust (tr. and intr.)'; Old Icelandic t^rysta. Old High German
drustit. Old English gedryscan' distress ', d/ys/77a/7'erdrucken, choke; suppress, crush'.
Middle Low German drussemen " throttle, strangle, erdriJcken'; Old Church Slavic trudi>
"toil', truzdg, truditi^ grouch, torment, smite'.

Maybe alb. trys, trysa {aor.) "press, compress, squeeze', /'/■c»/7o''/;^" torment, overwhelm'.

References: WP. I 755, WH. II 710, Trautmann 326, Vasmer 3, 143, Loth RC 41 , 226 ff.
Page(s): 1095-1096

Root / lemma: treb- trob- trjj-ox trab-, tjrb-

Meaning: building, dwelling

Material: Latin trabsand trades, -/si. "balk, beam', taberna^Bude, Wohnraum' (dissim.

from * trade ma);

Oscan //77Z?i//77"domum, aedificium', //77Z?5/'5/r5i/^/r7"aedificare' {*tret>), Umbrian tremnu
"tabernaculo', //'ei6'e//"versatur' {* treb- or * treb-); acymr. treb, ncymr. tref,abxet. treb
"dwelling'. Middle Irish treb^house, estate'. Old Irish dhthrub, cymr. di-dref desert, waste,
wasteland, Einsiedelei', Old Irish atreba{*ad-treb-) "besitzt, dwells ', cymr. a//?/-©/" dwelling,
Besitzung', gall. VN Atrebates ^possessbres or Sefthafte'; about Middle Irish trebaid
"bebaut, bewohnt', see above S. 1071;

Old English dorp, drop^ estate, courtyard, village'. Old Frisian therp and thorp. Old
Saxon thorp. Old High German dorf 'village'. Old Icelandic t^orp' homestead ', Gothic
t^aurp'f\e\d, farmland'; Old Icelandic t^repu. 'Oberboden, Lattenboden, Galerie, terrace,

bench, step ', l=>repixx\. "erhohte Unterlage' (besides also l=>rafnlrc\. "staff, balk, beam', t^ref
n. ds. from a root variant auf Indo Germanic p, as presumably gr. rpann^ - Attic inschr.
Tpacpn^ - Aeolic rponn^ Hes. "picket, pole, Schiffsbord');

ablaut. Lithuanian troba {Akk. trob^) "house, edifice, building', Latvian traba'e6\f\ce,
building'. Old Prussian in PN. Troben;

a full root form terab-\T\ gr. repapva, assim. repepva PI. "house, dwelling' ( *terab-no-),
from which borrowed Old Church Slavic trem-b "tower', etc.; about gr. Gspanvr) "dwelling' s.
Kretschmer Gl. 24, 90 f.

References: WP. I 757 f., WH. II 696 f., Trautmann 330, Vasmer 3, 95 f., 97.
Page(s): 1 090

Root / lemma: treu-

Meaning: to prosper

Note: extended treu-s-

Material: Avestan Perf. 3. Sg. Med. tu^ruye{\.e. tu^ruwe) "has aufgezogen, entertain ',

present-stem ^raos- {^raosta) "zur ripeness, consummation, Vollkommenheit gelangen or

bringen', &raosti-\ ripeness) consummation, end';

Old High German //7i7^//(Alemannian /-for /^-) "excellet, pollet, floret'; trowwen
{*t^raujan) "pubescere, crescere'. Middle High German J/^e'0'>'o^M/e/7"aufgewachsen,
grown'; Old Icelandic t^roask^zuuehmeu, thrive, ripen' {*t^rdwdn). Middle High German
druoi. "fruit', older-Modern High German druhen, fruben'thrWe, zunehmen', Swiss truehen
ds.; Old Icelandic t^rudri. " power ', Old English d/ydds.; Old Icelandic t^roskr {* trusko) "(
mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned, vollwiJchsig) strong', t^roskim. " strength ', t^roskask
"strong become'.

References: WP. I 754.
Page(s): 1 095

Root /lemma: trijQto-, trito-{*tristhon^

Meaning: sea, watery

Material: Old Irish tri'ath. Gen. trethan^sea' (proto Celtic *triaton-)\ gr. TplTwv, son of

Poseidon or Nereus and the 'Apcpi-Tplrri, also river name, TpTTU)vi(;f. "sea in Libyen';

TplToysvEia "epithet the Athene' can be elucidated rather as TpTioyeveia "am 3. days born '

with metr. lengthening of i.

Note:

The origin of gr. Tplroov "son of Poseidon or Nereus' derived from the trident weapon of the

sea god. It was initially a number and later it became the name for the sea (see Root/

lemma: trei-\ "three' tris-no-\x\ gr. GpTva^ "trident, three pronged weapon of Poseidon'.)

References: WP. I 760.
Page(s): 1 096

Root / lemma: tris-
Meaning: stalk; vine

Material: Gr. Gpivia apnsAoqsv Kpnrn {*trisnia)\ alb. //7s/7e'Pfropfreis, sprout'; Serbo-
Croatian trs^ vine, reed' (//"sye "Weinberg'), Czech //"s "stalk of the plant', vinnytrs^
grapevine ', slov. ters^ grapevine ' (Slavic *trbso-).
References: WP. I 760 f.
Page(s): 1 096

Root / lemma: trozdos- : t/zdos-

Meaning: blackbird

Note: compare above S. 1079

Material: Latin tardus, -/"m. "thrush, Krammetsvogel; ein fish' {*trzdos, with dial. l/7)\ Middle

Irish truit, druiti., nir. truid, dru/d^Star' {*trozdh)\ from Irish borrowed mcymr. trydw, drydw

(after o'mo'"toir transfigured to drudv\/}, bret. dred, //'eo' (older PI.), acorn, troefm., ncorn.

tros, PI. tryjy, treyju, Singulativf. mcorn. tro^an, besides abret. tra[s]cl, nbret. drask^l) m.,

Vannes also taraski, f. cymr. /res^/e/? "thrush'; Old Icelandic t^rgstr {*t^rastu-z, compare to

^-stem cymr. trydv\/) "thrush', Norwegian trost, trast, unclear Middle High German drostel.

Old English o''/'c»s//e (Germanic *t^rustald-). Old High German drosca-{la). Middle High

German Bavarian droschel, schwab.-Alemannian drostle (Germanic *t^rau(d)-sk-, -st-). Old

English drysce {* t^ruskjon, engl. thrush; Middle Low German drosle. Old Low German

//7/(95/a (reshaped from * throst/a aiter * os/a = Old Englishds/e, Modern High German

^ blackbird); proto Germanic -au- and -u- perhaps through influence an ^^^^^H

pora^crSsippe with u, as in gr. rpu^w "girre', rpuycbv "turtledove', poln. trukac6s., etc.;

Balto-Slavic *trazda-m. "thrush' in Old Prussian tresdei., Lithuanian strazdas, Latvian

strazdsm.; Slavic *drozdb in russ. drozd{Gen. drozda) etc.

References: WP. I 761 f., WH. II 718, Trautmann 327, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 49.

Page(s): 1 096

Root / lemma: truR-

See also: see below tuerk-.

Page(s): 1 097

Root / lemma: trus-
Meaning: reed

Material: Gr. Gpuov " bulrush' as *Tpu/7ov (?), *trusom to Old Church Slavic trbsfb, Serbo-
Croatian trst, trska etc. " reed ', Lithuanian tr(i)usis6s., struste, strustis, s/'i/s//5"Rohrspan
or Baststreifen'. Doubtful, da bulrush and Schilf zwei totally various things are.
References: WP. I 762, Trautmann 330, Vasmer3, 141, 145.
Page(s): 1 097

Root / lemma: truof-
Meaning: leprosy

Material: Old Irish trosc^ leprosy ' {*truds-ko-)\ bret. //-oi/s/r 'dandruff, trouskan^ moss ',
cymr. trwsg(l)'x3>N'\ Gothic t^rOts-fillu. ' leprosy ', Old English drustfell {ior *druts-) '
leprosy '; compare gr. rpuu) "reibe auf, Lithuanian /m/?©//" modern' (see ter(eu)-^mb\
basic meaning then perhaps "kratzig') and Latin trudo etc. (see *treud-).
References: WP. I 762, I. Williams BBCS. 11, 142 f.
Page(s): 1096-1097

Root / lemma: tu, tutu
Meaning: chirping of birds

Material: Old Indie thuthukrt- m. 'a certain bird, dove, wood pigeon '; gr. tutw rj yAau^ Hes.,
toOtk; 6 K6aau(po(; Hes.; Latin tutubare^cry' (from the owl), compare Plaut. Men. 653 f.
'vTn adferri noctuam, quae^tu, tO usque dicat tibR'\ Lithuanian tutuot/^ toot', tutlys, tututis
"hoopoe'; in Germanic created anew (or with faltering consonant shift in onomatopoeic
word) Middle Low German (Modern High German) tuten^ toot. Old Icelandic tauta, tutia
"murmur'; as old type (*/Jwith o'-present) Old English di7/5/7 "einen Tonausstoften', Old
Icelandic f^jdta'\r\o\N\, einen strong Ton give'. Old English deotan'\r\o\N\, resound, rant,
roister'. Old High German o''/c»za/7"loud sound, clink'. Old Icelandic f^ytr' strong sound,
tone, Geheul', Middle High German duz, diez, doz' clangor, noise', Gothic ^uthaurn'
Tuthorn, trumpet ', Old Icelandic Ay5s"din, fuss, noise'. Old English dyssam. "Toser'.
References: WP. I 745, WH. II 724, Mayrhofer 1 , 542.
Page(s): 1 097

Root / lemma: tuak-2

Meaning: to bathe

Material: Old Prussian /M/aA'/5/7"Badequast' {*tuakstom);

Gothic l=>wahan, ^woh. Old Icelandic ^va. Old English dwea/7 "bathe'. Old High German
dwahan, dwog, twuog'\Nas\r\', Old Icelandic t^vattr {*t^wahtu-) "the washing' etc.; Old
Icelandic f^va/n. " soap ', Gothic t^wahlu. "spa, bath'. Old High German dwahal6s.. Old

English dwea/m. n. "washing'; Old Saxon twahilai. "towel ', Old High German dwahilaxw.
ds., Franconian *thwahlja6s., out of it French touaille, from which engl. towel.

References: WP. I 747, Trautmann 333, Johannesson 451.
Page(s): 1 098

Root / lemma: tuakos

Meaning: skin

Grammatical information: n.

Material: Old Indie /i/5C55- "skin' (in compound as /7//'5/7j/a-/Kacas-"goldfellig' and in

tvacasya-' located in the skin '), besides tvak-t "skin, fell, fur'; gr. oaKoq "shield' (of skin,

leather), cp£p£-aaaKr|<; " common skullcap '; Hittite tuekkas'body, person, selbst'.

References: WP. I 747, Mayrhofer I, 537 f.

Page(s): 1 099

Root /lemma: tuak-1, tuk-

Meaning: to pull together, close up

Material: Old Indie /i/5/7a/r//"zieht sich together' (unbel.);

gr. Attic aaTTw, Ionian aaaau) (saa^a, Ionian saaaa; sasaaxaro) "ausrijsten, bewaffnen;
fill, feststopfen' {*tuakid), oqktoc; " vollgestopft ', with gr. y (derailment) aavn "armament,
armor, Geschirr, saddle, clothing', oaYMCi " covering, clothing, large cloak, covering of a
shield, pack-saddle, pile, ' (> Latin sagma> Old High German soum. Modern High German
Saumtier)

Maybe alb. haplology samari^ pack-saddle ' a Latin loanword;

gr. aaynvri "fishing net', aayoupov yupyaOiov Poll., aayi^Trripa Hes., and theban. aaKiac;
"physician, medicine man' and das dem Latin sagana 'Zaubenn' the basic liegende
*aaYavr|; ariKOc;, Doric oaKoc; " hurdle, stall, sacred place'; ar|Ka^u) "pferche ein, sperre
ein', Doric aaKiTa(; "in the Schaferei aufgezogenes lamb', or\K\q, -i5o(; " slave '; also
probably ariKOU) "wiege', anKwpa " weight; Gegenwert, guerdon, reward, recompense,
prize, trophy '; with gradation d probably hom. aaJKoq "strong', oojkeu) "bin strong, have
power '; zero grade auxvoq "gedrangt, numerous' (*TUK-avo(;).

References: WP. I 746 f., WH. II 463, Kuiper Indo Germanic Nasalpras. 122.
Page(s): 1 098

Root / lemma: tue/-2, extended tuei-s-

Meaning: to excite, shake, move around; to shimmer

Grammatical information: (5-present; to es-stem tuejos-, tuejes-, Avestan ^wayah-)

Note: = tueis- 'sparkle, glitter', da "lebhafte Bewegung -flicker, sparkle, glitter' ein common

Bedeutungsverhaltnis is.

I\1aterial: Old Indie tvis- " excited, aroused sein; sparkle, glitter, gleam' (present tvesati

Gramm., atv/sur's\e waren excited, aroused, bestijrzt', 3. Sg. atvisata, titvise), tvesa-^

boisterous; scintillant, flickering, sparkling, gleaming', tvis-, tvisi- f. ' excitement,

impetuousness, hastiness; radiance '; Proto Indie (Mitanni) PN Tusratta maybe from

*Tvis(a)-ratha- = Old Indie tvesa-ratha- ^ 6essev\ cart boisterous vordringt';

Avestan z?bvj/-5/7/- participle "fear erweckend', upa-&wayeiti^ be afraid, angstigt sich',
e9iyya"Schrecknis, danger', ^wayah-n. ds. (therefrom ^wayarjha-u. "gefahrlicher state,
status, danger', &wayarjhant- ^{emb\e, dangerous'); &waesdv\. "fear, a trembling, quaking,
shaking, terror, anxiety, fear, dread, alarm '; z^ty/sra- 'luminous' (would be Old
Indie */i//icc/7/'5-);

gr. Gsiu) "shake, swing, brandish, shatter' {*tueisd; Eni-oasiwv; a£G£ia|jai), zero grades
participle aicbv (: Old Indie a-tvis-ata), az\a\xa, az\a\\6c, " tremor, Erdbeben'; from a *tueis-
Aos "scintillant, flickering, sparkling' derives G£ipiO(; "blazing, burning (hoehsommerlich);
Hundsstern (Sirius), star generally ', asip, azxpoc, 6 r\K\OQ, Kai at\p\oc, Suidas (to consonant-
stem probably after aorrip has changed); if alyaAosic; " glimmering ' (alyaAou) "glatte, make
blank') here anzureihen is (: tuis- + YaA[nvr|]), is es perhaps as tuisi- (composition form
besides *tueis-ro-) + yaAoc;, perhaps "vonfunkelnder brightness ' to analysieren

References: WP. I 748, Mayrhofer 1 , 540.
Page(s): 1099

Root / lemma: tuengh-
Meaning: to oppress

Material: Avestan ^w^zja/f/ ^gerat in crowdedness' (Avestan *tuanzghati\N\\h -zgh- irom
Indo Germanic -gh+ sko), to Old Saxon thwingan. Old High German dm'ngan^ press,
zwingen, unterdrucken'. Old Icelandic t^vinga, -ada "constrain, oblige, bother, annoy,
plague'. Old English dby//7^//5/7"aufbinden'; but Old High German duhen 'press,
niederdriJcken' (Modern High German deuhen, dauhen). Old English dyn, deo/7 (preterit
dyde) "press, bother, annoy, constrain, oblige, bump, poke, prick' from * l=>uhjan {*l=>unxian),
whereupon also Middle Dutch duwen, douwen'press, press, and probably also anfrk.
bethuiven'6epr'\mere' and Old English dj?i4/a/7 "press, beset, scold, chide, bestrafen' go
back, belong to (s)teuk-, above S. 1032.

References: WP. I 748 f., Kuiper Nasalpras. 126.
Page(s): 1099-1100

Root / lemma: tuen-

See also: see below teu-6.

Page(s): 1 099

Root / lemma: tuerR-
Meaning: to cut

Material: Avestan ^waras-^cut, clip, schnitzend gestalten', participle ^warsta-, dworsstar-
or z?M/5/'aA's/a/'- "creator, god, molder': Old Indie GN Tvasta{-ar-) from *Tvarstar, in addition
probably gr. aap^, -koc, "flesh", PI. "FleischstiJcke' (Aeolic aupKsc;), aapKo^siv "tear, sich auf
die Lippen beiften, mock ', aapK6-(paY0(; " carnivorous ', Subst. 'Sarg = coffin' (> Latin
sarcophagus> Old High German sarch. Modern High German Sarg); if as "Ouerschnitf
here also die family of Old High German dwerah^o^uef (etc., see below terk- "turn')?

Ein from turk- entstandenes *truR-seeks man in Latin trux, /mc/s "rough, prickly,
durchbohrend (of look), abstoftend, fierce, grim, defiant', truculentus' dim in den Mienen,
griesgramig', /At/c/o'5/'e"niedermetzeln' (from *truci-caidos\.o Latin caedo above S. 917), to
Old Irish tru{*truk-s) "totgeweihf. Gen. troch{*truk6s).

References: WP. I 751, WH. II 695, 709, 711 f., Mayrhofer 1 , 539.
Page(s):1102

Root /lemma: tuer-1: /it//"- and tuf-

Meaning: to turn, whirl

Note: from which partly tru-

Material: A. Old Indie tvarate, turatT hurries ', turyate6s., turna-, /J/t?/- "hasty', tura- in the

meaning "rash, hasty' (not to tura- "strong', das to teu-^to swell'), /^/'5/7a- "hurrying',

turanyat/' hurries ' (: orpuvu) from o-rpu-v-iu)), Avestan ^wasa- {Aryan *tvarta-) "hasty';

turaga-^ horse' ("rusher, racer');

Maybe alb. turrem " hurry'.

gr. 6-Tpuv(jo (6 prefix) "treibe an', Med. " hurry ', orpaAsoc; (*TFpa- = Indo Germanic tur-),
6Tpr|p6(; "nimble, agile' (compare without prefix Tpnpov sAacppov Hes.); Topuvr) "RiJhrkelle',
Topuvoj "rijhre um' (*Tupuvc();

Latin truai. " scoop, also zum Umruhren beim Kochen ', trulla, truella' scoop, paten ',
trulleum^bo\N\, washbasin ', probably also amptruo, -are^bei den saliarischen
Religionsfeiern tanzen and jump ';

Old High German dweran siem V. 'quick, fast herumdrehen, durcheinander rijhren, mix'
(Modern High German Bavarian zweren). Old English dweran' bestir', ge-dwer'cur6',
Swedish fvara 'stir'; Old Icelandic f^vara 'verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers,
etc.) arranged in a circle'. Old English dwaere, dwere\. 'tudicula'; Old Icelandic ^yrill. Old
English dwirel. Old High German dwiril verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers, etc.)
arranged in a circle, RiJhrstab'; Middle Low German dwarl, o'M/e/'/'whirl, curl '; isl. I=>yrla
'whirl'. Modern High German dor/en's\ch drehen'; Old Icelandic Por/m. 'bulk, mass,
greatness, bulk, extent, allotment ', of onomatopoeic words Sch^ eindruck a
durcheinanderwirbelnden Menge from probably also Old Icelandic f^yrja 'run, buzz, whirr ',
f^urs, Porsl\en6, demon, giant'. Old English dyrs^ giant, demon'. Old High German
thur/s, dui{i)s, turs6s.\

B. with i&-Erweiter.: gr. auppn. Attic Tuppn 'din, fuss, noise, perplexity'. Adv. auppa, Attic
Tuppa 'durcheinander'; Latin turbaf. 'die larmende Unordnung a Menge, perplexity,
GetiJmmer, turbo, -a/ie 'bewilder, durcheinanderbringen', turbo, -/n/sm. 'whirlwind, whirl,
drehendeBewegung, Kreisel'; Middle Irish torbaid^ baffle ', cymr. twrfm. 'din, fuss, noise'
(Latin loanword torfi.), tyrfu \ant, roister' (M. O'Brien Eriu 11, 91); Old Icelandic f^orp
'Menschenhaufen', /=>yrpa^urge, press, push'; perhaps Hittite tarup{p)- 'un'\te,
versammein';

C. with /77-formants: Latin turma^troop, multitude, crowd, swarm '.

Alb. turma' crowd' a Latin loanword.

Old Icelandic t^rumai., f^rymrm. 'din, fuss, noise, crash, blast'. Old English drymmm.
'troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, power, glory, magnificence, radiance ', drymma
'warrior'; Old Saxon ^em-//?/!//?? 'verderbliche Gewalt of Schwertes'; Middle High German
Modern High German dial, drume/n ' s\c\r\ in Wirbel drehen, lurch', Swiss drummer
dizziness, giddiness; swindle ', and Middle High German *durm, turm'w\r\\r\, dizziness,
giddiness; swindle ', Middle High German Modern High German dial, durmel, durmel{t-) '
dizziness, giddiness; swindle, dizziness, whirl', durmig{durmig, durmisch) 'betaubt
taumeind, dizzy; tobend, boisterous, angry, irate';

D. in Germanic eine bedeutungsgleiche family with aniaut. s- and den ablaut Germanic
*stur- and *staur-: Old High German stdr{f)en{ga-, ar-, z/-) 'disturb, bother, in Verwirrung

bringen', Modern High German storen' disturb, bother' {stdren"\n Lande herumfahren, auf
die storgo', zerstoren, verstort. Old Frisian tostera ^ destroy' (compare Latin turbare:
disturbare); ablaut. Old Icelandic styrr. Gen. styrjarm. "GetiJmmel, perplexity, noise', Old
English sfyr/an'n\o\/e, bewilder, agitate, tell', gestyrn. 'movement'. Old High German
irsturien. Middle High German s/^/77'stochern, set in motion ', Modern High German sturen
"in etwas herumstobern or dig'; Old Icelandic stur/a"\n Unordnung bringen, disturb, bother',
Middle High German sture/'too\ zum Sturen'; mit/77-suffix (see above) Old Icelandic stormr
"storm, restlessness, Kampfessturm', Old English storm. Old High German 5/^/777 "storm',
Swiss sturm^ dizzy ', sturmi^ dizziness, giddiness; swindle '.

References: WP. I 749 f., WH. I 42, II 708 f., 718, 719, Mayrhofer 1, 514, 539, 569 f.
Page(s): 1100-1101

Root / lemma: tuer-2 : tur-, tuera-
Meaning: to grab, to enclose

Material: Gr. asipa:, ep. Ionian asipn f. "rope, cable, band, strap' {*tueria), napa-asipoq
(TnTTOc;) "Handpferd', compare oz^xbzc, asipai and a£pi[q] ^ojarrip Hes.; with ogradation
aop6(; f. "Urne' {*tuorc&); perhaps Isipnv, -\\voq, " siren (death goddess); eine wild
Bienenart, ein small bird', whether originally "Umstrickerin', to asipa "rope, band'; aapyavr)
f., -\c„ -i5o(;f. "basket, wickerwork ', compare Attic rapyavai nAoKoi, guvSegsk;, TT£5ai Hes.;
perhaps extension *tuer-g-, compare *tuer-p-\v\ gr. rapnri f. "large basket', whether here
*tu-p- to *t-p- dissimilated, thereafter also ropy- besides aapy-;

after Loth RC 40, 475 f. here bret. /c»/77-ac»o'"Steilkuste', gall. /i//77c»- "height' in PN
\N\eTurno-magus, Turnacum etc.;

Lithuanian tverili, /i/e/t/" catch, to hem, gird, border, umhegen, form, mould', Latvian
tveru, tverV grasp, catch, hold, stop', ablaut. Lithuanian turiCi, turet/"}r\o\d, stop, have',
Latvian turu, turet ds.. Old Prussian tur/t^have, sollen'; Lithuanian ap-tvaras' paddock ',
/i/5/:^55"Einzaunung', /i/5/'s/K//"mehrfach to hem, gird, border', Latvian tvarstFt' grasp,
catch, capture '; Church Slavic tvorb "forma'. Old Church Slavic tvor/'t/" create, make'. Old
Russian tvorh' appearance ', serb. fvorac' creator, god'; lengthened grade Lithuanian
t\/ora, Latvian tvare ler\ce' , Old Church Slavic fvarb " creation, creature'; in addition russ.
tvarogm. (from which Modern High German 'Quark = curd), compare zur formation
Lat\r\ format/cum, French Yromage', originally participle: Lithuanian tvir-tas, Latvian tvirts
"strong, tight, firm' {*tur-to-). Old Church Slavic tvrbd'b, russ. tverdyj ds. {*tur-, the variation
/: d\rorr\ originally konson. Stammzu define); in addition still Old Russian tvhrdbi. " vault
of the sky, firmament, heavens, skies, fortification '.

References: WP. I 750 f., Trautmann 333 f., Vasmer 3, 85 ff., Hofmann Gr. etym. Wb. 305,

308, 353.

Page(s):1101

Root / lemma: tuei-1

Meaning: to cut down, hack, hit

Material: Old English dwTtan siem V. "cut, clip, abscise ' (would be o'-present; in addition)

gedwit^cWi'Q, splinter'. Old Icelandic A'i/e///'"Querhieb, incision ', f^ve/ta^\r\e\N, hit, bump,

poke'; Lithuanian tvyskinu, -//7//"vast, grand anklopfen', tvoju, /i/d//Scherzwort for

"proficient thrash'; infolge of Knomatopoelcwor^sSclJ the Lithuanian words

dubious Vergleich.

References: WP. I 747 f.

Page(s): 1 099

Root / lemma: tub'^-

Meaning: hollow

Note: only gr. and Latin

Material: Gr. alcpwv, -wvoq m. "Abzugsrohre, Weinheber, Feuerspritze, Weinschlauch',

aicpv£U(; " mole ' ("rohrenformige Gange burrowing '), ai(pv6(; Kzybc, Hes. (actually "hollow'),

probably also ai(pA6(; "hollow, fragile, easily broken; unstable, dilapidated, lame', aicpAouv

"spoil'; Latin /A&/a"Schienbeinknochen; gerade whistle, flute', belongs barely to sffb(h)-^

shaft, pole' (above S. 1015), das festes s- has.

References: WP. I 751 f., WH. II 680.

Page(s):1102

Root / lemma: tu6[u]- : tuau- : tu-l-
Meaning: tube

Material: Old Indie tuna- m., tOmi. " quiver ', tOnava- m. "flute' {*fu/-n-): Old Church Slavic
/i//b" quiver'; gr. awAnv "gully, duct, tube, pipe, canal'; with reduplication-stem *tyau-.
*aaupoc; or *aaupa "duct, tube, pipe am unteren end the lance ', in aaupwrrip "ein about
das untere Lanzenende gestijlptes, rohrenartiges piece', with /7-forms aauviov "to
av5p£Tov ai5oTov' ("*duct, tube, pipe'), in the Koine "spear, javelin, spit, pike'.
References: WP. I 752, WH. II 688, Vasmer 3, 150, Mayrhofer 1, 518, J. Hubschmid, Bibl.
Faculte de Philos. et Lettres de I'Univ. de Liege, Fasc. 129 (1953), 194.
Page(s):1102

Root / lemma: tu-/o-

Meaning: sluggish, lazy

Material: Latvian tula, tu//s'werw\t\r\ nichtsfertig wird', tu/uot, tufat, tu/uot/es 'saumen,

slowly sein, zogernd an die Arbeit go; babble, chatter '; Old Icelandic t^auli. Testsetzung',

maela sik T t^aurbeim Sprechen stocken', nisi. A'a^/-/'e'/id''anhaltender ermattender Ritt' ,

t^aul-saetinn^ cunctabundus ', Norwegian tula^ heavy work', /j?/a 'hesitate', Latvian

tOluoties6s.\ with other forms perhaps Latvian /a^/7^c»//es 'hesitate, vacillate, nichtfertig

become, slowly sein'.

References: WP. I 745 f., Holthausen Altwestn. Wb. 313.

Page(s): 1 098

Root / lemma: tu

Meaning: thou

Grammatical information: Gen. t(e)ue, Dat. toi, t^^(e)i, Akk. te, stem tu- teuo- teue-, tuo-,

/i/e-and te-

Material: 1. Old Indie tu, tu'yeV (zur hervorhebenden and auffordernden particle has

changed), Avestan tu6s., enkl. 'du'; Aryan */^i/-a/77 (after Old Indie aham) in Old Indie

tuvam, tvam, Gatha-Avestan /i/a/T?, iav. turn, ap. tuvam ^du'; Armeniano'^'du';

gr. Doric tu, hom. Ionian Attic au (a- from the Kas. obi., where a- from tF-), hom. Tuvr),
lak. Touvri, Boeotian touv (after sycb-v, -vr|); alb. t/{*tu); Latin tu. Old Irish tu{*tu or *tu), tu-
ssu, -sso{*tu) 'du', cymr. //etc. {*tu); Gothic l=>u. Old Icelandic t^uaud suffix l=>u, l=>o. Old
Saxon thu. Old High German du, du, Lithuanian tu{*tu or *ti7?). Old Prussian tou{*tu) 'du';
Old Church Slavic ty, Tocharian A tu, B t(u)we, Hittite zik, z/Ma^6u'{*tegairom *te+ *egd),
tuk, tukka 'dir, you', enclitic -du- {*tu) and -ta {*te or *to/} 'dir, you';

2. Indo Germanic *teue- 'dein', Celtic *toue\r\ Old Irish toT, mcymr. /ei/'das Deinige',
preceding Celtic *tou> Old Irish o^o'dein', cymr. dy, corn, the, bret. da 6s:, Hittite -ti- 'dein'.

3. Possessivum teuo-s, tuo-s:0\6 Indie tva-h, Gatha-Avestan -dwa-, Avestan tava-, hom.
Ionian Attic obc, (*tF6(;), hom. Lesbian Doric reoq, Boeotian ^\oc, (*t£F6(;); alb. y-t, Akk. ten-t
(Verschmelzung of article with dem Poss.); Latin /^^5(from *tovos), Umbrian tover'tuV,
Oscan tuva/ ^tuae'; Lithuanian tavas. Old Church Slavic tvq/'b.

References: WP. I 745, WH. II 712, Trautmann 315, 331, Jackson Lang and Hist. 657,
Mayrhofer 1, 507, Vasmer 3, 102 f., Pedersen Hittitisch p. 58.
Page(s): 1097-1098

Root / lemma: ub-

Meaning: to drag, press

Material: Old Indie ubJat/'haW. low, base, presses together', Avestan ubjya/te'mrd

niedergedrijckt (auf the Wage)';

Prussian-Lithuanian ubyt/'zur haste, hurry urge, press, push'.

References: WP. 1193 f., Mayrhofer 1, 107.
Page(s):1103

Root / lemma: udero-, uedero-
Meaning: belly

Material: 1 . Old Indie udara-m ^beWy, intumescence of Leibes, the thick Teil eines Dinges,
cavity, the interior', anudara- 'bauchles', Avestan udara-^s.\ gr. 65£po(; yaarrip Hes.
(because of Asper rather for *u5£po(;); Latin uterus^\ower abdomen, belly, esp. womb,
uterus' (/for o^am ehesten zugleich with dem phonetic alteration from *udris^\\ose' to
*utris, ^/eAeingetreten); Old Prussian weders^beWy, stomach', Lithuanian vedaras^
intestines, entrails offish, intestines, entrails; Wurstmagen', Latvian veders, vedars^bQWy,
stomach';

zur preposition ^o'belong perhaps gr. uaTO(; yaoTrip Hes. (*^o'-s/c»-s "vor-stehend') and
UGTspa 'womb, uterus' {ud-^ compounds-suffix tero).

2. Latin venter, -//7S 'belly' (could be *uend-ri-).

3. Latin ve(n)sTcai. 'the bubble'. Old Indie vastf-m. 'bubble, bladder' {*undt/-7);
1/5/7/5//?^- 'Mastd arm, or ein in the Nahe of Netzes liegender Korperteil'; compare
nvuarpov 'Labmagen', Old High German wan{a)st, i4/^/7/s/' paunch'. Modern High German
Wansta\so ' psalterium ', ablaut, isl. v/nsfrt ' psalterium ', Norwegian dial, v/nstrt
'Labmagen' {* uen/strd); compare also Liden KZ 61, 19 ff.

maybe alb. * ve(n)sTca, vesca, i/esMa 'bladder' a Latin loanword.

4. Germanic *want^a- in Middle Low German ingewat, ingewant, ingewende diS., Dutch
ingewand, das -ge- from ingewat\s from Eingeweide, Dutch geweide (see 1 122)
heriJbergenommen.

References: WP. I 190 f., WH. II 750 f., 846, Trautmann 343 f., Vasmer 1, 177, Liebert
Nominalsuffix -//- 196 f.
Page(s): 1104-1105

Root / lemma: u-1

Meaning: expr. root

Material: A. As imitation of Eulenrufes:

Proto Germanic *uwwdn\v\ Swiss huw(e), hu{eJ'o\N\ '; Deminut. *uww/7dn\n Old Higli
German um7a, Middle High German /uwe/, iule. Modern High German owl. Old English j?A
twist^ bird trap ' (with Lockeule), besides *uwwaldn\v\ Old High German MN UI-, Middle
Low German Low German Old English Die, nnl. uil, engl. owl. Old Icelandic ugla, compare
Modern High German Uhu{xr\6.) and (with yC>-Erweit.) Germanic *Of-\v\ Old Icelandic Ofr,
Old English Of, Old Bavarian uvo, Bavarian-osterr. auf,

in addition Latvian Jp/5 "eagle owl', upet^cvj (from Eulen and Tauben)', Lithuanian upas
" echo ', Old Russian vyplb. Church Slavic vyp-b " seagull', russ. vypm., vypbi. " bittern '
(somewhat different Latvian ubuoV coo, from Tauben', Ji?e/e 'turtledove'); compare Old
Indie uhu- "schreiend' and Latin ulula^Kawz! under ul-.

B. Ar-extension uk-, euk-:0\6 Irish ^c/7"wehe!' and "sigh'. Middle Irish also och, ach6s.;
perhaps Gothic auhjon'rant, roister', auhjddus'd'm, fuss, noise, Getummel' {au, aLR),
Latvian a J/ra "whirlwind'. Old Prussian aukls^QreW, Lithuanian apuokas^ a night-owl, an
owl ', Latvian uksuof jubilate ', serb. ukati, ucat/^\r\u call, shout, cry', J/ra "clamor'.

References: WP. I 187, WH. 1119, Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240, Kluge-Gotzeie

182, 881 f., MiJhlenbach-Endzelin 4, 409.

Page(s):1103

Root / lemma: u-2
See also: s. au-4S. 73 f.
Page(s):1103

Root / lemma: ul-

Meaning: to howl

Note: various redupl. ulul-

Material: Old Indie uluka-rc\. = Latin (gloss.) ulucus'Kauz, owl ';

Old Indie ulul/-, ululu- ^u\u\ab\\\s, ululatus', gr. uAau), uAaKTEw "bark', Latin ululare'howV,
ululai. "Kauz',

maybe alb. {*ululare) uleras, ulerij ^howW

Lithuanian ulula bangos'es heulen die waves, billows', ululoti, ul6tr\\a\\o call, shout, cry',
ulbuoti, u/t>aut/"ca\\, shout, cry, sing, cry';

but Old Irish //ac/7 "clamor' {*e/uko-), Middle Irish also u/ach6s., nir. olchobhchan,
ulchobhchan, ulgadan^a\N\ ' probably to el-, ol-.

References: WP. I 194, WH. II 813 f.; compare el-, ol-S. 306.
Page(s):1105

Root / lemma: uper, uperi

Meaning: over, above

Note

Centum languages prove that Root/ lemma: uper, uperi: "over, above' derived from an

older Root/ lemma: *hukwer, *hukweri\ "over, above', later the old laryngeal was lost.

What becomes clear is the common gr.- celt, -kw- > -p-. Therefore Root/ lemma: uper,

uperi: "over, above' derived from the same root as the cognates for horse. This root

developed from the concept of climbing a horse: Root/ lemma: eRuo-s: "horse'. The sky

above was seemly called according to the horse goddess : gall. Epona' The Celtic horse

goddess whose authority extended even beyond death, accompanying the soul on its final

journey'.

Note: related with upos. d.

Material: 1 . Old Indie uparl, Avestan upalri, ap. uparly^ dbowi, about - toward, about - out

(Akk.); about - toward (Instr); about (Gen.)'; Armenian probably / i/e/'"hinauf, above'

(probably *uper, besides from Kasusformen from *upero-\) I veroy^M, oberhalb', / veray

"above, darauf (these as preposition beim Gen. "about, auf);

gr. uTTsp, proverb "about, about - out' and preposition "about - toward, oberhalb, about -
out (Akk.); about' also in sense from Latin de; "zum protection, zum Besten (m. real Gen.;
Arcadian with Dat.-Lok.)'; Latin Umbrian super{to s- see below upd) proverb "about,
driJber' and preposition "about, about - toward, about - out (Akk.); about' ('Abl.' = Lok.); Old
Irish for-, forpreverb "about, auf and preposition "about, about - toward, about - out (Akk);
about auf ("Dat.' = Instr. or Lok.)', cymr. gor-, gwar-, corn, gor-, bret. gour-, gall, uer-tragus
"a kind of schnellfuftiger Hunde', PN Ver-clngefo-r/x {das insel Celtic-o after Irish fo-, brit.
gwo-);

Celtic *vertamo-'the hochste' in VN Vertamo-corl(J), changing through ablaut cymr.
gwar-thafheii^hi' {*vortamos); keltiber. ^e/'5/77c»s "summus' {*uperemos);

Gothic ufar, Old \ce\av\6\c yfir {* uperi); Old High German uber{*uperi), with in Satzinlaut
preserved /■ Old High German ubari, ub/n preverb "about' and preposition "about, about -
toward, about = out (Akk.); about' ("Dat.' = Instr. or Lok).

2. Old Indie upara-^\he untere, nahere' = Avestan upara-'t\r\e obere'; gr. uTTspoq
"Morserkeule', unspa " upper rope, band' (unEpcoa " palate', unepcbiov " upper chamber '
are unclear);

Latin super, superus' that is above, upper, higher ', Oscan supruis^ that is above, upper,
higher' (therefrom Latin supra' Adv. over, on the top; of time, before, previously; in writing,
above; of amount, etc.. over, more, beyond; Prep, with ace. above, over; of time, before; of
amount, more than, above, beyond', super/or, supremus, Umbrian subra' above', supru
Adv. "above'; Latin supernus' that is above, celestial, supernal ', Umbrian supernexu. Akk.
" over, above, upon, on '); Gothic ufardf\6\. "about, above'. Old High German obaro Ad\. "
that is above, upper, higher'. Old English yferra ds. {*uber/za, Superl. yfemestsee below
upo).

References: WP. I 192, WH. II 613 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 518 ff. Mayrhofer 1, 105 f.
Page(s): 1105-1106

Root / lemma: upo, up, eup, (e)up-s-

Meaning: under, from under, etc..

Note: from the meaning "from under hinauf die meaning "hinauf, about', die partly here,

esp. but in related *uper(i){see d.), as well as in the group u4JnA6(; etc. ausgepragt is; Indo

Germanic upo\s proverb (e.g. Old Indie upa-i-, gr. un-£ipi, Latin sub-ed) and preposition by

variant case.

Material: /. Old Indie ^pa proverb and preposition " toward - to (Akk.); an, by, to (Lok.); in

Laufe from, gemaft, with in sense the accompaniment (Instr.)', Avestan upa, ap. upa

proverb and preposition " toward - to, in, auf (Akk.); by, in (Lok.)';

gr. uno proverb and preposition "under an etwas heran, under etwas (Akk.); under an,
under ("dative ', actually Lok. and partly perhaps Instr.); under; of Urheber beim Passiv
(Gen. of Bereiehes); from under away, under - hervor (Abl.)';

Latin 5^i6'(s-from *[e]ks-, compare gr. s^unspGEv; -it* from -pas in ab= gr. airo), proverb
and preposition "under an etwas heran, under etwas' (Akk.; also temporal, e.g. sub
noctem); under an, under("Abl.', actually Lok.), as Oscan aun psSiKiai (partly perhaps
Instr., as Umbrian su maronato' sub *maronatu'), besides subs- (as abs) in sustineo and
in susque deque /fe/'d "aequo animo fero' (Gell.), compare also under die group from uijji.

Umbrian sub-, su-, Oscan aun; Old Irish /opreverb and preposition "under' (Akk., "Dat.' =
Lok. or partly perhaps Instr.), acymr. guo-, gu-, gua-, ncymr. go-, gwa-, corn, go-, gu-, bret.
gou- proverb and in compound gall, vo- ( Voretus), ve- (gr. -Celtic-Latin parave-redus
"Extrapostpferd', from which Modern High German Pferd);

maybe alb. {*subeo, subito) shpejt 'sudden, fast'.

perhaps cymr. gorau 'besi' from *uper-esu{= gr. UTT£p-£u "very good', L.-P. S. 186) or
from * uper-gousom {compare S. 399) after Binchy J. C. stem 1, 148 ff.; das ofrom Celtic
I/O-; with Old Indie upa-sthana-m ^Bed'\enung', upa-sti-, upa-stf-rc\. " subordinate, servant'
compare Middle Irish /bss "servant' {*upo-sto-), cymr. bret. gwas, corn, guas ds., gall. PN
Vasso-nxeic, Middle Latin vassus, vassallus, samtlich zur root sta-S. 1005, 1008, as also
Old Irish /fc»//7 "replacement, equivalent' {fo+ ta) but Middle Irish fothae' foundation, origin,
source, beginning; an ancestor ' from fo + suide (see 885);

Gothic uf{ub-uh) prefix "auf, under', preposition "under' (Akk., "Dat.' = Lok. and partly
perhaps Instr.), Old High German oba. Middle High German obe, ob^M, about' {*up6), but
Old Icelandic orabout, an, in'. Old English ufe-{*upo). Old High German uf{ufan) "auf (to
Old High German ^compare under Old Church Slavic vysoki,); besides with -pp- Old
Saxon uppa, up. Old English uppe, up. Old Icelandic upp'aui, aufwarts' and (with one only
in Old Irish ds, uas, cymr. ^c/7wiederkehrenden lengthened grade) Gothic /wpa ' droben' ,
/up'aiter, above'; Hittite up-z/'gebt auf (from the sun).

maybe alb. {*upa) hyp, aor. hypa^ c\\xx\b, mount (a horse)'

2. supplementary: Old Indie upama-'tbe oberste, hochste, nachste', Avestan upoma-
ds.. Old English ufemest {and yfemest) "the hochste, oberste';

Latin summus {*supmos) "the hochste' = Umbrian 50/770 "summum', compare also gr.
unaTO(; "the hochste, first'. - Gr. unTiO(; "zuriJckgelehnt, backwards, to the rear' (? after
Sittig from 5i/p-//- "sleeping' - above S. 1048 -, compare Kretschmer Gl. 22, 247), Latin
s^p/77^s"auf dem back lying, backwards bent, sparse, reduced ansteigend'. Old Latin
suppus (short form to supTnu^) ds., suppo, -are "supTnare, auf den back lay, place,
backwards, to the rear hold out, stretch forth ', Umbrian 5O/0a/77 "suppam'.

alb. shume {* summus) [adv] " considerably, greatly, very '

upelo-s\n Gothic ubils. Old English yfel. Old High German ubiTevW, Middle Irish fel
"evil, bad'.

upes-\'c\ Gothic ubizwai. "Vorhalle', Old Icelandic upst, ups/vn. "Vorhalle a Kirche', Old
English efes, y/fes'Dachtraufe', Old High German obosa, obasa, c»,6'/S5 'Vorhalle';

^rps- (compare above Latin subs-, susque) in gr. uiyi Adv. "high' (seems ubrigens as utt-
a\ ein Lok. PI. to sein, as Old Irish os, ^55 from *oup-su), whereof uijjiT£po(;, ui^jiajv
"higher', ui^JiaToq "the hochste'; uijjou, uijJoGi, -oas ds., uijjoGev "from hoch herab', to uy^oc,
"height, acme, apex ', uijjr|A6(; "high'; with lengthened grade Celtic o^ (probably Indo
Germanic eu, compare Gothic iupa): Old Irish os, Jas "above, about' {*oup-su) = cymr.
ucb, corn, ugh, bret. uc'b6s., wherefore Adj. Old Irish uasa/'\r\\g\r\', cymr. ucbe/
(compounds uch. Sup. uchafj corn, huhe/, bret. uc'he/'h\g}r\', gall. Ou^sAAov, -a, Uxello-
dunum {*oupselo-), further Old Irish J5//"Ubermut' {*oupsla) and Old Irish ochtar, uachtar
"das Obere', cymr. ^Z/?/' "dreadful, erstaunlich' {*oup-tro-, maybe from *oupstro-, or after
dem relationship *eks: "e/rZ/'o-dafur eingetreten); here das Old Irish proverb uss-, oss-
{*uxs< *ups) e.g. in Old Irish osnad^sxgh' (see 38), cymr. uch-enaid, bret. huanad6s.,
where "^^^ through *c»i/x5 replaced worden is; original *uxs3iU6 l/o'-s-(see above under
ud-) are phonetically otherwise not to distinguish, discern; compare Thurneysen Gr. 5,
526; keltiber. PN Vxama, gall. Vxisama{: cymr. i/c/7arhochst');

proto Slavic. *J/7sa-"high' placed in Old Church Slavic vysokhetc. "high'.

References: WP. I 192 f., WH. II 612 ff., Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 522 ff., Trautmann 335,
Vasmer 1 , 242, Mayrhofer 1 , 1 05 f.
Page(s): 1106-1107

Root / lemma: uad'^-
Meaning: pledge

Material: Latin vas, vad/s 'Burge', vad/mdn/um 'Burgschafi', praes. -d/'s, o\der prae-v/des
"BiJrge'; Gothic wad/'n. " pledge, Handgeld' {wadjabokos ^PlandbneV, gawadjdn^ betroth
'), Old Icelandic i/edn. " pledge, anvertrautes blessing'. Old Frisian M/eo'"pact, covenant,
promise, BiJrgschaft, certainty ', Old English wedd^ pledge, pact, covenant'. Old Saxon
weddi^ pledge ', Old High German wetti, M/e//"Pfandvertrag, Rechtsverbindlichkeit, pledge
', Middle High German also "Einsatz bei a Wette, Schadenersatz', Modern High German
Wette; Old Icelandic vedja "aufs Spiel place, wetten, under Hinterlegung a BiJrgschaft
Berufung einlegen'. Old English wedd/an'pact, covenant make, promise, verheiraten'
{weres weddian^s\c\\ einem Manne betroth ', engl. wed ^ marry'). Middle High German
wetten^ pledge give, Strafgeld entrichten, wetten'. Modern High German wetten.

Lithuanian vadas^ pledge, BiJrge', vaduot/ {La\.\/\an vaduot) "somewliat Verpfandetes
einlosen', uz-vaduoti^iox \ermv\6ev\ eintreten'.

References: WP. I 216 f., WH. II 735 f.
Page(s): 1 1 09

Root / lemma: uai

Meaning: woe!

Material: Avestan vayoi, avoi, 5Kdy5"wehe'! {voya- 'Wehruf): Armenian Kay'Wehe,

misfortune' (i/- instead o\ g- from Indo Germanic ^-through nebenherlaufende neologism);

similarly gr. 66 (as Latin vah!) and from alexandrinischertime ou6, ou6, ouai, ngr. p6i

(Neuschopfungen); alb. Kay "affliction, lament';

Latin vae\ Middle Irish fae, cymr. ^n/ae'weh!'; with one perhaps with Latvian vaTdi
connected with o'(/7)-suffix presumably Middle Irish faed, /5/d/"scream, sound, tone', cymr.
gwaedd^c\arc\or, eiulatus';

here as "Heuler': Armenian ga/7, gall. *ua/-/o-s\n PN Va/'/o, Vailico, abrit. Gen. Vaiiathi,
Old Irish Faflan, Middle Irish fael, fael-chu^\No\V = cymr. gweil-gi^ ocean ';

Gothic wai. Old Icelandic vei, vae. Old High German Old Saxon we\ Old English wa
"wehe!', Gothic ty5/-/7e/"if yet!' (actually "wehe, daft nicht!') in compounds of schlechten,
fehlerhaften Zustandes, e.g. Gothic wajamerjan^ blaspheme ', wa/dedja ^\Jbe\tater', Old
Icelandic i/e///' lax, weak' {*wai-haila-), vaela, vala, vela, veila^ lament'; Old English waelan
" afflict ' ("*sick make', from a *wa-hal= Old Icelandic veill); Old High German wewo, wewa
"Wehe, pain, affliction'. Old Saxon we. Gen. wewes. Old English wawa, wea. Old Icelandic
vae, i/eds., Finnish (Lw) i/a/Va "plague, woefulness '; Old High German we/non^weep, cry'.
Old English wan/an. Old Icelandic ve/na' lament', whereof probably as "bejammernswert'
Gothic wainags^ woeful, wretched, miserable, unlucky'. Old High German wenag' woeful,
wretched, miserable, unlucky ', Middle High German also "weak, small, little'. Modern High
German we nig,

Latvian i/arwehe, ach', i/a^a/trans. "wehe tun', n/a/ic/e/" lament, weep', vaTdiP\. "
lamentation, misery, need' (see above); serb. uay "wehe!' is neologism.

Alb. Kay" lament', vajtoj\o lament'

References: WP. I 212 f., WH. II 724, Trautmann 338.
Page(s): 1110-1111

Root / lemma: ual-, ual-d(h)-

Meaning: to be strong

Material: Latin valeo, -ere^bex Kraften sein, stark sein; gelten, to be capable of, Oscan

FaAs 'valens' or 'vale', Paelignian Ualesies= Latin Valerius, here also Latin volemum

{volaemum) pirum 'a kind of large pear', to Oscan ualaemom, valaimas "optimus' with

unclear -aimo-, perhaps Superl. to *valaJo-l or imitation from Oscan /77a//77c»"maximus'?

Old Irish fal-n-, fol-n- "rule, reign' with originally present formation -/?-; Old Irish flaitht
{*ulati-) 'power, rule, prince, lord' = cymr. gwlad, acorn, gulat, mcorn. gulas. Middle Breton
gloat^\av\6\ nbret. ^/a/ "fortune'; Old Irish f/a/them \u\er' {*ulatiomos), mcymr. guletic,
ncymr. gwledigAs., gall. VlatosAs.; abrit. Cuno-va// Gen. to *C^/7c»-i/a/c»5 "strong as ein
wolf, mcymr. Cynwal, Old Irish Cona//6s.; cymr. gwa/adr' ru\er' {*valatros), with
metathesis acymr. gualart\v\ PN Cat-gualart, abret. Cat-uualart,

eine dental extension is in Germanic (proto Germanic /) and Baltic-SI. {dor 6^) frequent,
often: Gothic waldan. Old Icelandic valda {*uult^dm). Old Swedish present also valla
{*valt^an), preterit also valt{*vevald). Old High German waltanetc. ' walfen, rule, reign,
effectuate '; Old Icelandic valdn. " force, might, power, rule', alts, giwaldi. "power, rule',
Old Frisian wald. Old English geweald6s.. Old High German g/walt6s.; Old Icelandic
e//7Ka/c7'/"Alleinherrscher', alts, alowaldo. Old High German al(e)waltoe\.c.\

Lithuanian i/e/o'e// "regie re n, possess, control', paveldetr erben': Old Prussian weldTsnan
Akk. "heir, inheritance', weldunaim. PI. "Erben'; Iterat. Lithuanian i/5/o'y//"regieren', Latvian
Ka/o'/7"rule, reign', Lithuanian valdonas {Labj\an valduons, valdinieks) "ruler'. Old Prussian
waldnikans IWk. PI. "Konige'; Lithuanian i/a/sc/^s "Amtsbezirk', Latvian i/a/s/s "empire,
Staat, Gemeinde'; ablaut. Lithuanian pai///o'^s"beherrscht';

Old Church Slavic vladg, i//as//"rule, reign'. Old Russian particle present volodyj^ibe
herrscht'. Old Czech vladu i//as//"rule, reign' etc.; Old Church Slavic vlastbi. "power, rule',
sloven. K/^s/"Grundeigentum, possession 'etc.;

Tocharian B walo, A wal, Obliq. lant, /a/7/e"king' {*ul9-nt}, Tocharian A waits, Bjaltse^
thousand '.

References: WP. I 219, WH. II 727 f., Trautmann 340 f., Vasmer 1, 209, 219, 222.
Page(s): 1111-1112

Root / lemma: uanR-

Meaning: beam

Material: Old Indie vamsya-' crossbar, crossbeam': Middle Irish /e/ce "ridgepole, rooftree,

summit'; compare Old Indie vamsa-\ee6', a-varhsa- "das Balkenlose'.

References: WP. I 218, WH. II 722 f.

Page(s):1112

Root / lemma: uap-1

Meaning: to chatter

Material: Old English waeflian, isl. vafia, Norwegian dial, vavia, vabia, bayr. wabeln;

Lithuanian vapu-, -etT babble, chatter'.

References: WP. I 217, Johannesson 104, WH. II 733.

See also: compare das following: uap-2, up-

Page(s):1112

Root / lemma: uap-2, up-

Meaning: to call, cry

Material: Avestan ufye/m/ ^'\r\voco'; Old Church Slavic vhp/t/"ca\\, shout, cry', Czech upet/^

lament', ablaut. Church Slavic vyp/bar\6 vypbm. "larus', russ. vypm. and vypbi. " bittern

perhaps in addition Latin vapu/are ^Pruge\ bekommen', whether originally "ein
Wehgeschrei erheben'; gr. nnuu), Doric dnuw " shout, cry' could only here belong, whether
aniaut. F through dissimilation gegen den consecutive labial dwindled would be.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 733 f., Trautmann 335, Vasmer 1, 226, 240;
See also: compare ^-/ in onomatopoeic words.
Page(s): 1112-1113

Root / lemma: uazd'^- (better uozd'^-)

Meaning: long, wide

Material: Latin Kas/^s"wide, ungeheuer big, large, unformlich'; Old Irish fot, Dat. fut

"length', /c»/5e"long', nir. fad, fada, manx foddey.

References: WP. I 220, WH. II 737; Szemerenyi Archiv. Linguist. 4, 48 f., where er den

Latin alteration from zd^ to s/ probably makes.

Page(s): 1113-1114

Root / lemma: uab-
Meaning: to call, cry, complain

Material: Gothic wopJansdcwN. V. "call, shout, cry'. Old Icelandic 0pasdc\\N. V. "call, shout,
cry, wail ', op "shout, call, clamor, lamentation ', Old High German wuoffen. Middle High
German wiiefen schw. V. "lament, weep'; Old High German wuofan(wiaf) ds. (wuof
"Jammergeschrei'), Old Saxon wopian (wiop) ds. (wop " misery '), Old English wepan
(weop) "weep, cry' (wop "shout, call, clamor, Weinen');

Old Church Slavic vabljg, vabiti " send for, call out to, summon, herbeilocken', Latvian
(from dem Slavic) vabiti, Lithuanian vobyti "vor Gericht arrogate'.

References: WP. 1217, WH. II 726, 733 f., Trautmann 336f., Vasmer 1, 161;
See also: further to uap-.
Page(s): 1 1 09

Root / lemma: uad'^-, ued^-

Meaning: to go, march

Material: Armenian gam "I come'; Latin vad5, -ere "go, schreite', vadum " shallow place im

Wasser, ford' (therefrom alb. va. Gen. vau ds.), vado, -are "auf a Furt ijbergehen,

durchwaten';

Old Icelandic Aor. present vaQa stem Vb. "go, vorwartsdringen, (through)-wade'. Old
English wadan. Old Frisianwada, Middle Low German waden; Old High German watan,
Middle High German waten ds.; moreover Germanic *waQa- "ford'; Old Icelandic va3 n..
Old Englishwaed n. "water, sea', gewaed "ford'. Middle Low German wat " shallow place'.
Old High German wat "ford', Old Icelandic vaQill "ford', compare Modern High German PN
Salzwedel.

References: WP. I 217, WH. II 723 f.
Page(s): 1 1 09

Root / lemma: yagh-, suagh-

Meaning: to cry, sound

Material: Gr. nxn. Doric axa: f. " clangor, noise', nxw, -ou(;f. " clangor, sound, tone,

Widerhair, nxoq (Arcadian Faxo(;) m. ds., nx^w "schalle, tone', nx^TQ, nx^Tnc; "bright

sounding ', 5ua-rixn'^ " adverse sounding ', ablaut. apcpiaxuTa "ringsum schreiend', iaxn

(*FiFaxc(), ioKXH f. "clamor', iaxw (*FiFaxu)), iaxew "cry', auiaxo(; "zusammenschreiend'

(*aFiFaxo(;);

perhaps with moveable s- here:

Gothic ga-swogjan, swdgatjan's\<^\\\ Old Icelandic S0grm. "din, fuss, noise' ( *swdgi-),
Old English swogan ^souv\6, clink, buzz, whirr, roar, bellow', sweg, sw^gm. "din, fuss,
noise, sound'. Old Saxon SM/0^5/7 "sough, rustle', holl. zn/oe^e/? "groan, moan'; zero grade
probably Old Icelandic si/a^/5 "splash', arn-sugr^the rustling of Adierflugs';

Lithuanian SKa^e//"sound, clink', Latvian svadzet' ratt\e, clash';

for isl. sukka^ant, roister', besides svakke, is though comparison with Norwegian dial.
Sj0'yA/5"bark, bay' and Lithuanian sa^^//"eigenartig sing'. Old Lithuanian sugt/^\r\o\N\,
whimper ', Latvian sudzet' wail ', sJ/rs////es "sigh' (besides /r-forms as Lithuanian saukiu
through influence oi kaukt/'howV, saukf/^cry') under Indo Germanic "s/^e^^^- possible;
Gothic SM/eg/7ya/7"frohlocken' could due to from Germanic swog-, swag- as onomatopoeic
word ins Leben gerufen worden sein; das -kk-\v\ Old Icelandic sukka\s intensivierend.

References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.
Page(s):1110

Root / lemma: uag-1

Meaning: cover; sheath

Material: Latin vag/nat "vagina, esp. of Schwertes'; Baltic *uaz/d 'stu\pe' in Lithuanian

voz/u, Kdz//"etwasHohles about etwas cover, stijlpen', Latvian vazu, i/as/ "cover auflegen,

stijlpen';

on the other hand could Latin Ka^/77a (compare Modern High German Scheideio
scheiden) also to a root jwafg- "split, break, rupture' belong, die Frisk (see 13) in gr. ayvufji
"rupture', with Redupl. and Ablautiwyn (< *Fi-Fu)y-n) " protection gegen den wind', whether
actually "das Sichbrechen of Windes', aypos m. 'break, steiler slope' and in tochar. wak-
"sich split', Kaus. "split, distinguish, discern', wakamu. "Besonderheit, Vorzug' find will.

References: WP. I 214, WH. II 725, Frisk 13, Trautmann 343.
Page(s):1110

Root / lemma: uag-2

Meaning: to cry

Note: perhaps from an onomatopoeic word ua-

Material: Old Indie vagnu-m. "sound, tone, shout, call', ved. vagvana- larmend', vagvanu-

m. " din, noise '; Latin vagid, -/?e"cry, wimmere', vagor, -or/sm. "Widerhall' (das a

lengthened grade, from a /-stem *^5^/-s derive ); Lithuanian vograut/" whimper, cry'.

References: WP. I 214 f., WH. II 725 f.;

See also: in addition belongs das following: uagh-, suagh-
Page(s):1110

Root / lemma: uai-, uT-

Meaning: weak, miserable

Material: Old Indie vayati, vayate^\N\rd faint, languid, exhausted', abhi-vata-^ sick ' {vata-

"dry, arid'), vaya- ' tired ';

cymr. gwae/ 'armWch, low' {*uai-lo-)\ acymr. guoilaut, cymr. gwaelodeic. " residuum ';

Old English wTr crowdedness, need'. Old Icelandic i//7ds.;

Lithuanian i/dyi^s participle "leidend', Latvian vajs, f. vaja^ lean, weak, sick, woeful,
wretched, miserable ', vajums^ faintness, disease, malady'.

Maybe alb. Geg vojtje, Tosc vuajtje^ suffering ', vaj^ lament ', vajtojcei. " professional
mourner ' Baltic loanwords.

References: WP. I 213 f., WH. II 789 f.. Loth RC. 39, 417.
Page(s): 1111

Root / lemma: uaka
Meaning: cow

Material: Old Indie i/asa'cow (die weder trachtig is, still ein calf nourishes)', vasita
"rindernde cow; brijnstiges Tierweibchen iJberhaupt'; Latin vacca 'cow'; Latin -cc- would be
as consonant stretch in Tiernamenverstandlich.
References: WP. I 214, WH. II 722.
Page(s): 1111

Root/ lemma: ua-1, u6-, ua-
Meaning: to hit, wound
Note: also with /-forms

Material: Gr. aaw "harm, injure', Med. "in Verblendung handein'; besides aarai only
Aoristformen aaaa, -apriv, kontr. ciaa, daa0r|v; primarily Verb, Aor. *aFc(-aai, themat.
present *aFa-£Tai > aarai, in addition OK-formation aaoKSi cpGsipsi, pAanrsi Hes.; verbal
nouns aFa-TPi > arn "damage, blame, Verblendung, penance, atonement', therefrom
arripoc; "verblendef; hom. aaai-cppwv "geschadigt am Verstande' (incorrect asai-cppajv);

with Mormants: gr. ourau), oura^u) (*ouTa-Mi, compare 3. Sg. Aor. oura) "wound",
aouTOc;, avouTOTOc; "unverwundef; wTEiAri f., Aeolic cbTsAAa f. "wound' from *oFa-T-£Aja,
compare yaTaAai (i.e. Fa-), recte yaTEiAai Hes. "Wunden', pojia^siv paAAsiv Hes.

Latvian i/a/s "wound' = Lithuanian 1/0//5 "offenes ulcer', Demin. votelis.

References: WP. I 211, Frisl< 2, 178, 251, 291, H. Seiler Festschrift Debrunner409 ff.;

See also: in addition das following: yen-.

Page(s):1108

Root / lemma: ua-2

Meaning: apart

Material: Diese root, welche possibly eine Reihe from extensions has (see below), lies

after aller probability vor in Latin varus' apart gebogen, auswarts gebogen; dachsbeinig;

entgegengesetzt', i/5/7ici/s"Fufte apart spreizend', varied, -are "Fijfte apart spreizen', vara

"gabelformige shaft, pole, fork, transom '; whether here Ka/7^s"mannigfaltig, changing,

different, varicolored', var/'o, -a/'e"mannigfach make, varicolored sein'?; whether perhaps

in Old Indie uru- m. " thigh, hip '?

References: WP. I 212, WH. II 734 f., Mayrhofer 1, 116.

See also: extensions the root shine, appear, seem, mostly with the meaning " bent, curved
sein', vorzuliegen in den roots uat-, uag-, uek-, uak-, ueng(h)-, uenk-.
Page(s): 1108-1109

Root / lemma: uasto-s

See also: see above S. 346; in addition after Lloyd Jones (Et. Celt. 7, 234) mcymr. gwaws

"terrible'.

Page(s):1113

Root / lemma: uat-1, better uot-
Meaning: spiritually excited

Material: Latin vates, -/s (probably Celtic loanword?) "Weissager, seer ', gall. oucItsk; N. PI.
ds.. Old Irish faith' seer. Prophet', Middle Irish fath{*uatu-) "Prophezeiung, Ursache' =
cymr. gwawd' poem'; Gothic i4/do(s"besessen'. Old Icelandic odr. Old English wdd6s.
{*wdda-). Old High German M/^c»/"insanitus'; Old Icelandic 0sa' frenzied, verriJckt make'.
Old English wedan. Old High German wuoten, alts, wodian' rage, frenzied, verriJckt sein';
Old High German *wuot{Qev\. wuofi), Middle High German wuof intense
GemiJtsstimmung, fury', in addition Old Icelandic Odinn, Old Saxon Old English Woden,

Old High German Wuotan, auf Germanic *wol=>a- point at Old Icelandic odrxw. " poetry ',
Old English wdl=>^ song, sound, voice, poem ';

Thieme (Asiatica, Festschrift Weller 656 ff.) interprets Old Indie api-vat-diS originally
"anblasen, inspirieren' (different above S. 346), and places es to our family, die then as
extension from *aue- 'blow' (above S. 81 ff.) aufgefafit become could.

References: WP. I 216, WH. II 737 f.
Page(s):1113

Root / lemma: uat-2
Meaning: to bend, curve

Material: Latin vatax, -ac/is "krumme orschiefe Fijfte habend', Ka//Z/5'einwartsgebogen,
crooked', vatia^ someone with crooked Beinen', vascus {*vat-scos) "quer, slant, skew';
Germanic *wat^wan-^ curvature, bend', then with engerer meaning "calf, knee-bend ': Old
Icelandic vgdvivn. 'Muskein, esp. thick Muskein an Armen and Beinen', a/?- i/pdi//' biceps',
Norwegian vodve^ thick Muskein an arm and leg' etc.. Old High German wadoxr\. 'sura,
suffrage'. Middle High German wade 'calf, alts, uuathan' suras ', mndd. wade'caW,
Middle Dutch wadei. " knee-bend, popliteus ';

Connection with Latin varus'apart gebogen, auswartsgehend, dachsbeinig' etc. (root
*ua-) is probably.

Maybe alb. var'hang'

References: WP. I 216, WH. II 736 f.
Page(s):1113

Root / lemma: udol^-l

Meaning: to weave, plait

Material: Old Indie ubhnati, umbhati, unabdhi' schuuxi together', with apa- and pra- "binds',

urna-vabh/'-m. " spider' (actually Wollweber); newer -i/ait*/?/- after va- "to weave' (Indo

Germanic *ue-, above S. 75); Avestan ubdaena- Irom Webstoff, from Zeug gemacht'

(from a lyMa-"Gewebtes', Indo Germanic *ub'^-td-)] np. bafad'er webt';

gr. ucpn "the weaving ', ucpowai n 105, otherwise ucpaivu) " weave ', ucpot; n. "the weaving
' (after denvorigen from *Ft(poq unvocalized);

alb. venj'\ weave ' {*ueb^n/d);

Old High German weban' to \Neas/e, flax, wattle, braid, spinnen'. Old English wefan'to
weave, flax, wattle, braid, tie, bind, knot ', Old Icelandic vefa'to weave, flax, wattle, braid,
schlingen' (participle of/nn), ve^'a{*ucb'^e/d) "wickein, wrap' = Old English webbian^io
weave'; Old Icelandic veptr. Old English weft, wift, i4/e/?a'Einschlagfaden', Middle High
German ty/// 'fine filament, texture;Honigwabe'; Old Icelandic vaf diaper', vaft
"entanglement, Unordnung'; Old High German waba, n/^it'o'Honigwabe', Old Icelandici/e/^
i^wabja-) " texture, Aufzug, gewobenes Zeug' = Old English webb. Old Saxon webbi. Old
High German weppi6s.\ Old High German wuppr texture ', Swedish c>^(Old Icelandic
*yfr) "Einschlag';

©-grade Old Icelandic kongurvafa. Old English gangelwaefre^ spider';

Tocharian B n/ap- 'to weave', wapatsa^ weaver', wpelme^ texture '.

References: WP. I 257, Mayrhofer 1, 107;

See also: belongs to au-S^io weave' S. 75; in addition "i/ob^sa 'wasp'.

Page(s):1114

Root / lemma: udcl^-2

Meaning: to wander, roam, swarm

Material: Middle High German weben^v(\QNQ, swing', weberen^ €\c\\ tummein', webelen

'waver'. Modern High German East Prussian wibbeln; Middle High German waben,

waberen, wabe/en^\n unsteter Bewegung sein', wappen'h\n and her schwanken'. Modern

High German (Low German) M/5i6'i6'e//ig'wackelnd, e.g. from Gallertigem', Old English

waf/an {esp. with handum) 'sich bewegen'. Middle English waveren, engl. M/ai/e/''wobble,

waver'. Old Icelandic i/a/7a 'wobble, sway', vafra^s\dc\ unstet hin and back bewegen,

wabern' (i/5/Wo^'Waberlohe'), vefjast6s.\

Old Icelandic i/a/^'schweben, dangle'. Old English wsefre^uusiei, flackernd';

Lithuanian vebzd-u, -e//"wimmeln, sich verwirren, durcheinander bewegen';

in addition Old High German wibilm. 'beetle, chafer, Kornwurm'; Old Saxon wivil.
Middle Low German wevelAs., Old English M///fe/' Kornwurm', Old Icelandic V/Min tordyfiil
'Mistkafer', Old English wibba^Ro^kaief; Lithuanian i/5i6'5/5S 'beetle, chafer', vabuolas
ds., zem. i/5/?c»/e 'Mistkafer', Latvian i/ai7^c»//5 'beetle, chafer' (besides East Lithuanian dial.
vobuolas^beeWe, chafer', zem. vambo/e, Latvian vambale, vambuole^U\s\kaief).

References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 733, Trautmann 336, Vasmer 1, 176;

See also: moreover: ued-
Page(s): 1114-1115

Root / lemma: ued^-l

Meaning: to push, hit

Material: Old Indie vadhati, avadhTt^hW, bump, poke, destroy', Kaus. vadhayati, vadha-xx\.

"killing, Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras projectile); blow, knock, annihilation ' = Avestan vada-

m. "wedge zum Spaltendes Holzes', Old Indie vadhar-v\. "Mordwaffe (esp. from Indras

projectile)' = Avestan vadar- n. "weapon (for hitting)', i/ao'/7/'a/77"Lederriemen', Old Indie

vadhasna-m. ds., Avestan i/ad/a/a-'zuriJekstoften' (lengthened grade as gr. cbGsu));

gr. £0£i cpGEipei. spsGi^si Hes., hom. eGojv "pushing, thrusting, zerwijhlend', sGsipa " hair
of the head, mane'; wGeu) "poke, push' (: Avestan vadaya-), wok; " shove ', evoaic; " tremor
' ( *en-uo6!^-tis)\ also in svoaixGojv, £vvoaiYaiO(;, £ivoai(puAAo(; (svv-, £iv- metr. lengthening);

Old Indie vadhri-^ castrated ' ("with zerstoftenen testicles') = gr. sGpic; Topiac;, Kpioc;
Hes.; secondary iGpK;, aGpi(;;

Lithuanian vedega^a kind of axe', Latvian vedga^EisayX, crowbar'. Old Prussian
i4/eo''/gc»"Zimmerbeir, Old Irish /o^yi? "Waffenbeute' {*uo6'^-uo-)\ is also Avestan vadayan-
"EN eines glaubensfeindlichen FiJrsten' as "axe, Schlager' to deuten?

ein s/r-present seems Irish /^/sc- "press', mcymr. gwascu, bret. gwaska ^'^ress' (certainly
ablaut d\d).

References: WP. I 254 f.. Frisk 446 f., 449 f.
Page(s):1115

Root/ lemma: ue6y-2, vor Nasalen ued-

Meaning: to lead

Material: Old Indie vadhu-i. "bride, young wife, woman', Avestan va5u- ds., vaSayeiti

(Kaus.) "leads, zieht', with upa- "eine Frau zur matrimony give', with us- "(Frauen)

entfijhren, rob', KaJ/ya-"heiratsfahig (from girl)';

Old Irish /eo'/io'" leads, goes, carries, brings ', mcymr. go-di-wawd^ overtaken ', Old Irish
to-fed-, to-dhfed- 'gu'\de, lead', cymr. arweddu 'gu'\de, lead, bring', Verbalnom. mcymr.
arwein {*are-ued-no-), cyweddu^ guide, lead, wohin bringen ', Verbalnom. cywain {*kom-
ued-no-), cymr. dy-wedd'i'o^ marry', corn. d-om-ethy6s.. Middle Breton d-im-iziff, nbret.
dimizT marry, get married ';

Lithuanian vedu, i/es//"lead, guide; marry (of liusband)', Latvian vedu6s., Prater.-stem
* uede- in Old Prussian wedde, Lithuanian vede, Latvian dial, i/eo'eand Old Church Slavic
vede-ase; Lithuanian vedys " suitor ', vedeklis " marriageable, young man', nau-veda, -
vedys^ bridegroom ' (' leading home anew '), Latvian vedekle^ daughter-in-law ', vedama
"bride';

Maybe alb. {*vashta) vashe , vajze, varshe {* vadeSf young girl, virgin ' common alb. -d- >
-l-,-r-,-J--

Old Church Slavic vedg, i/es//"guide, lead', seldom 'marry'. Iter, voditi, (but Old Church
Slavic nevesta 'bride' rather ' the stranger ', as ' die noch nicht HeimgefiJhrte ', Vasmer 2,
206);

Note:

Old Church Slavic: nevesta^bu6e, daughter-in-law' [fa] derived from Lithuanian nau-veda,
-vedys ' bridegroom '

Iterat. Lithuanian vadz/dt/an6 vadyti, Latvian i/aoV'/'guide, lead', and i/ao'a/'hin and her
guide, lead'; about Lithuanian vaduoti, Latvian i/ao'^d/'auslosen, loskaufen'; see above S.
1109; Old Church Slavic vozdg, i/ooV// "guide, lead'. Old Russian voditi zenu^eiue Frau
heimfijhren'.

In addition probably ued-mno-, the word for the purchase price the bride:

Gr. £5vov (for *F£5vov with Spir. asper after *F/7a5uq 'pleasant'), hom. PI. ££5va ' bride-
price or wedding-gifts '; but also ' dowry of the parents', £5v6aj, hom. ££5v6(ji) ' to promise
for wedding-presents, to betroth ', hom. ££5vu)Tr|c; ' a betrother; (the daughter equipping)
father of the bride ', av-a£5vo(; ' without bride-price; also of the husband, bringing no gifts
'(a[F]£5voc; and £[F]£5vov with a and £ as suggestion vowels);

Old English weotuma, wituma, wetmam. ' purchase price of the bride'. Old Frisian
wetma, witmads., Burgundian wittemo. Old High German widomo, widemo ' dowry' , Middle
High German wideme, widem. Modern High German Wittum(\v\ addition Old High German
widimen. Middle High German widemen, by/o''/77e/7'ausstatten'. Modern High German
widmen); gr. Slavic -no- maybe from -mno- and with dem Germanic -men-siem
comparable; dubious Old Church Slavic veno^6o\Nry, payment for the bride', whether from
*uedno-, compare also *uesno-\

doubtful alb. vigje 'gift to the wedding, to the birth of children, by the construction of a
house' {ued(h)-l-l). common alb. -dz- > -gl-, -gj-.

References: WP. I 255 f., Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 177, 182, 212, Frisk 442 f.
Page(s): 1115-1116

Root / lemma: ueA'^-S

Meaning: to bind, attach

Material: Old Indie vl-vadha-m. "Schulterjoch zum Tragen from Lasten, Tragholz,

Proviant'; vadhra-m. n. "Lederriemen';

gr. £0poi TToAAoi. 5£apoi. rrAoKaiJoi Hes.;

Old Irish fedant " yoke, pair of harnessed oxen, Geschirr', fed/7^ yoke ' {coibdiT
companionship', cc»/Me/5c/7'Blutsverwandter'), a//'-cc»/77-/feo'- 'damage', mcymr. ar-gy-
wedu, abret. ar-co-gued ^s.\ cymr. gwedd^ yoke '; arwesti. ' string, band, strap';

GoVc\\c gawidan^ connect' (^aty/ss "connection'). Old High German wetan^b\v\6, ins
yoke spannen, connect '; zero grade perhaps Swedish dial, ydd^ Ox's rope, rein' from
*u&'eta.

Hittite ueda-, uete- "to build' (from dem from Ruten geflochtenen Hause).

References: WP. I 256, Pedersen Hittite 118;
See also: in addition uerKi^^-IS. 1148.
Page(s): 1116-1117

Root / lemma: ued-
See also: s. ue(i!^-2
Page(s):1115

Root / lemma: ueg-
Meaning: to weave, bind

Material: Old Indie i/5g^/'5"Fangstrick, net zum Wildfang, thread, string'; Latin velum^saW,
sleeve, wrapping, kerchief, cloth, curtain' (therefrom velare^ veil, cover'), Demin. vexillum
"banner, ensign, flag, Fahnchen'; Old Irish figim^ weave ', fige^\he weaving ', abret. gueig
"textrix', nbret. gwea6s., acymr. ^^ee//ic "textilis', ncymr. ^n/e^ "to weave, tie, bind, knot',
gwe{*uego-) " texture ', acorn. guiat<^\. "tela', ncorn. gwia\o weave'; Middle Irish indech,
cymr. anwe' texture '; gall, veadia {*vegiadia) "Spinnwirtel' (J. Loth RC. 38, 86);

Old English w/ce'\N'\ck\ Modern High German Bavarian w/chengarn'BaunwNoWeio
Dochten', Norwegian v/'kt Titze or Docke thread, string' (diese and other /-forms through
interference from ue/'k-, ueig- "bend, coil ' under S. 11 30, Persson Beitr. 323a 3?); Middle
High German w/M'mck'; Old English wecca^\N\ck', Old Low German wekko. Middle Low
German n/ec/re "wick, Lunte', Middle High German tv/ic/re "wick, Scharpie', Modern High
German dial. wicke^\he um die spindle gewickelte Flachs', Old High German wickilT(n)
"Wickel zum Abspinnen', Modern High German Wicker diS much, as jedesmals zum
Abspinnen um den distaff (= staff for holding flax, wool, etc., in spinning) gewickelt wird'.
Middle High German Modern High German wickein; o-grade Old English wocig^ loop,
noose, snare, Fallstrick' (in ablaut and meaning genau to Old Indie va g u ra sWxrwneud);
Norwegian dial, o/re "verfitzte mass, e.g. from Zwirn' (vonTorp 473 as "connection' to ok =
/ugump\ace6, but probably with Aniautdehnung from *[i/v\dkan-); zero grade {*Ueg-or *ug-
with takeover from M/-from den lengthened grade forms) Middle Low German wocke,
i4/c»c/re/7 "distaff; flax or Wolle auf dem Rockenstock', Old Saxon M/occc»"cicindela (wick,
Lunte)'; auf redupl. *ue-ug- based on probably Old English weoce. Middle Low German
weke, weike. Old High German M//bc/7a"gedrehtes thread, string, Lunte', Modern High
German dial. Wieche.

References: WP. I 247 f., WH. II 745 f.;
See also: here uokso- " wax '.
Page(s):1117

Root / lemma: uegh-

Meaning: to move, carry, drive

Note: a zero grade ugh- on\Y in Aryan and probably also in Alb.

Material: Old Indie i/a/7a//" leads, travels, zieht, fijhrt heim, heiratet', also " flows ' and

"allows flow', Aor. a- i/5/rs-5/77 (participle udha-, in addition neologism Ohati^ pushes,

wheels, slides, throngs', Leumann IF. 57, 221); common Old Indie -gh- > -ks-: Avestan -

gh- > -XS-, -z-

Avestan i/aza///" leads, zieht, flies' (participle vasta-, wherein 5/instead of -zo'- after

Partizipien from nicht auf Aspirata auslautenden Wzln.); Old Indie i/a/75y5//"er allows

fijhren', 1/5/75/75- "fiJhrend, fahrend', n. "das FiJhren, Fahren, ship' (zero grade vahana-

"fijhrend, bearing, carrying', n. " draft animal, cart, ship'), Avestan atra-vazana-

"Feuerwedel' (compare die Germanic Celtic /7oformations); Old Indie vahftra-v\. "vessel,

ship' (: Latin vehiculum). Old Indie 1/5/75- "fahrend, fijhrend' (= Slavic i/ozb " cart '), 1/5/75-

m. "shoulder of Jochtieres', vahat-i. "river, vessel', 1/5/7/5- "zum Fahren suitable ', n.

"vehicle, Tragsessel, couch, bed, place for resting ', Avestan vazya-u. "load, Tracht' (= Old

Saxon wiggu. "horse'), Old Indie vodhar- 'fahrend, fijhrend', m. "Zugpferd, Zugochs;
HeimfiJhrer eines Madchens; Lasttrager', Avestan vastar-' draft animal ' (= Latin vector),
next to which with zd vazdra-'the vorwarts brings ', say-uzdri- EN actually "dessen female
Zugtiere dappled, dotted, spotted are' {*uzdni. to *uzdar-)\ Old Indie 1/5/75- 'fiJhrend,
bearing, carrying', m. ' draft animal, vehicle', Avestan vaza- "fahrend, fliegend', m. "Ziehen,
pull, draft animal ' (: Gothic wegs). Old Indie vahistha-, Avestan i/az/5/5- "the at best
vorwartsbringt'; Old Indie vahas- "fahrend' (: £X0(; n.), vahas-n. "vehicle, das die Gotter
herbeifijhrende laudation ', Avestan i/aza/7- "fahrend, fiJhrend';

gr. Exeacpiv apijaaiv Hes., pamphyl. Fexstw "er soil bringen', Cypriot eFe^e "braehte dar',
oxoq n. " cart ', (6- instead of £- after) oxoc; m. " cart ', oxsw "lead, guide', oxsopai "let me
bear, carry or drive, reite', aiyi-oxoc; "die Aegis schwingend', Yair|-oxo(; (hom.), yaia-oxoq
(Doric), YaiaFoxo(;(lak.) "the die Erde heiratet' (Beiw. of Poseidon, Borgeaud KZ 68, 222),
6x£t6(; m. 'gully, canal, water pipe ', oxsteuu) "leite Wasser in a gully, a canal'; 6xA£U(; "
lever' (: Old Icelandic i/a^/"Huhnerstange'), oxAsu), oxAi^u) "bewege fort, rolle orwaize
fort';

alb. vjedh 'steaV; zero grade probably alb. udhe'yNay, journey; law - instruction ',
whereof with formants -ra perhaps also i/Ae "bridge' {*u6^-ra);

Note:

Wrong etymology because alb. ura' bridge ' derived from a truncated gr. yscpupa
{*gephura) " bridge ', Armenian ijunlnLp^ kamourg^ bridge '. Also alb. udhe^\Nay, journey'
did not derive from Old Indie participle udha- "lead' but from gr. 656i; , n (ou56(; once in
Hom., Od.17.196): I. "of Place, way, road',
see Root / lemma: sed- : to sit.

Latin veho, -ere, vexi{: Old Indie avaksat. Old Church Slavic i/esb Aorist), vectum
"drive, guide, lead, bear, carry, bring' (in addition probably also con-, de-, sub-vexsus),
Umbrian arveitu, arsueitu, arueitu^ to conduct, carry, convey, bear, bring, etc., a person
or thing to a place; and pass., to be carried, to ride, to come to a place upon a horse, in a
carriage, ship, etc.. ', kuveitu^ he/she shall carry together, collect, store ', Latin vehisi. "
cart, Fuhre, Fuder', i/e/7e/77e/7s actually "*einherfahrend', hence "violent, stormy, hot
tempered, stormy', vectis' lever, Hebebaum, crowbar ', originally abstract noun *"das
Heben, Fortbewegen', vectTgalis "to den tributes an den Staat belonging' (places ein
*vectis\v\ the meaning "das Herbeibringen, Ablieferung' ahead), i/ec//^5/ "tribute, tax an
den Staat, Gefalle, tax', Ke/d>r "quick, fast' {*uegh-slo-), i/e/es"Leichtbewaffneter'; veia
"plaustrum';

Old Irish fen 'k\nd of cart ' {*uegh-no-, compare Old Indie vahana-av\6 Old High German
wagan) = cymr. gwa/n6s., abrit. cc»i///7/7i/5"Sichelwagen', (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
cymr. a/77M/5//7"herumfuhren', a/wa//7 'guide, lead', cywa/n'6rwe'; Old Irish fee/?/ 'journey,
time, mal', mcymr. gweith, ncymr. gwa/fh^\Nork, work, mal', corn, gweth, gwyth^maX,
acorn. gueid-uur^o'Q\iey!, bret. gwez, gweach ' maV , gall. PN Vectirix, Vecturius,

(joVc\\c gawigan^moye, shake'. Old Icelandic vega^xwove, swing, heave, life, wiegen'.
Old High German wegan^s\c\\ bewegen, wiegen (Modern High German bewegen,
erwagen, wagen, wiegen). Old Saxon wegan'wagen, consider'. Old English n/e^a/? 'bring,
guide, lead, wagen', Gothic ^an/a^ya/? 'move, shake' (= 6x£U), Slavic voz/tr, lengthened
grade Old Indie vahayati) = Old High German weggen^move'; iterative Old Icelandic vaga
'hin - and herbewegen'. Old English wag/an ' s\c\r\ bewegen'. Old High German wagon
'sich bewegen, vibrate ' (wherefore as post-verbal Old High German n/a^a 'movement'
Wissmann, Nom. postv. 1, 14); Gothic wigs. Old Icelandic vegr. Old High German Old
Saxon Old English M/e^'way';Old Icelandic vigg. Old Saxon wigg. Old English wicgu.
'horse' (= Old Indie vahya-); Old Icelandic vett, vaetti. ' weight ' (= Latin vectis). Old
English w/Mn. 6s., Middle High German gew/hten. 6s.;

Old Icelandic vggt ' lever', PI. vagar' sled ', vggur{an6 vagir) f. PI. 'barrow, bier'; Old
High German Old Saxon waga^ cradle ', Old Icelandic vagga6s.. Old High German wiga^
cradle '; Old High German wagan. Old English wsegn. Old Icelandic vagn^ cart ' (ablaut,
with Irish fen); Old Icelandic vaglxw. 'Hahnenbalken', Norwegian 'HiJhnerstange'
('*Tragstange', compare formal 6xA-£uc;, -£U));

Maybe alb. i//g 'hand-barrow'

Gothic M/egs'Wogenschlag', PI. 'Wogen', Old Icelandic vagr^sea, Meeresbucht', Old
High German wag^ surge ', Old Saxon n/ag'hochflutendes water'. Old English waeg^
surge '; Old Icelandic vag^ lever. Wage, weight ', Old High German waga'Wage, weight,
risk ' (Middle Low German Middle High German wagen^\n die Wage lay, place, aufs
Geratewohl dransetzen, venture, n'sK), Old Saxon waga^\av\x\ Old English w^g, waege
'Wage, a certain weight ';

Lithuanian vezu, i/ez// "drive', vezimas^ cart', i/eze'Wagengeleise', p/'ai/eza
'Wagengeleise'; Old Bulgarian vezg, i/esZ/'vehere', veslo^ ru66er ' {*uegh-s/o-), vozb'
cart', vozg, i/oz/// "drive, guide, lead'; also Old Russian i/eza 'Wohnwagen, tower'.

References: WP. I 249 f., WH. II 742 f., 744, Trautmann 356 f., Vasmer 1, 178 f.
Page(s): 1118-1120

Root / lemma: ueg-

Meaning: fresh, strong

Grammatical information: stative verb uege-

Material: Old Indie vaja- m. " power, quickness, contest, price of the battle, cut-throat price

', vaJayati^reQi an, treibt an, lauft urn die Wette'; vajra-m. 'thunderbolt, club, mace, joint' =

Avestan vazra- 'club, mace, joint'. Old pers. vazrka-, npers. buzurg^b\Q, large', derivative

from *uazarn.;

Latin veged, -ere 'bin alert, awake, smart', trans, 'errege', i//g//' watchful, wakeful' and
'Wache, Wachter' {*vegilis), thereafter vigilare^ awake sein'; vegetus^ strenuous, alert,
awake, smart';

Maybe from Latin ex v/g/7are der'wed Italian svegliare= alb. zgjoj^ wake up' (common alb.
9l->9J-)-

Alb. vigjeloj^ guard' a Latin loanword.

Gothic gawaknan 'wake up, arouse' = Old Icelandic vakna ds., Old English wsecnan
(preterit woe), waecnian' be born '; Old Icelandic vakinn' awake'; Kaus. Gothic uswakjan'
awaken ' (besides the abbreviation = Old Indie vajayati) = Old Icelandic vekja, Old High
German etc. wecchan 'waken, arouse, revive'; Zustandsverbum Germanic *waken\n:
Gothic wakan. Old Icelandic vaka {schw. Verb) 'watch'. Old English wacian. Old Saxon
wakon. Old High German wahhon, wahhen 'watch' Old High German wachal' awake'.
Old English wacol{*wakala-). Old Icelandic vgkull{*wakula-: Latin vigil); Gothic wokainsi.
'das Wachen'; Old Icelandic i/a/r/". Old English wacor. Old High German wachar, wakar'
active, fresh, wackei* (formal = Old Indie vajra-, Avestan vazra-); Old Icelandic vaskr'a\ert,
awake, smart, agile' {*vak-ska-); perhaps also Old High German waiis ' sharp' .

Tocharian AB wasir' lightning ';

References: WP. I 246 f., WH. II 741.

See also: compare aueg- aug- above S. 84 f., from dem ueg- barely to separate is.

Page(s): 1117-1118

Root / lemma: ueg"- : ug"-, ulcs-

Meaning: wet; to irrigate; ox (?)

Material: Gr. uYp6(; 'humid, wet, fluid'; Latin Jiz/io'^s 'humid, wet, damp' (out of it udus,

whereof OiTgo'd\e natijrliche dampness of Bodens'), uvor, -oris' dampness, damp ',

uvesco, -e/"© "humid, wet become, sich betrinken', Ji/e/7s "humid, wet, damp' (place a
*Ji/c»sfrom *J^"'c»-s ahead); umeo, -eAe "humid, wet sein', umor^ dampness ', umecto
"befeuchte' (based on auf *ug"'smos)\ Middle Irish fuar urine ' {*uog"-lo-)\

Old Icelandic vgkr{f\Vk. vgkuan) "humid, wet', vgkvixw., vgkvat " damp ', wherefore Old
Icelandic v0kva, i/e/rA/a "(blood) shed, flow let', vgkt {*vakvd) "offene (nasse) place in
Else', Middle Low German wakei. "hole in Else', Dutch M/a/r"humid, wet, damp', engl.
(from dem Nord.) bya/re"Kielwasser';

5-Erweit.: Old Indie ^/rsa// "befeuchtet, besprengt', Avestan i/A'SKe///"spruht' (of water
and fire); common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh- > -xs-

in addition (with the same Verhaltn. as Old Indie vrsan- "virile', Latin verres:0\6 Indie
i/a/'S5-/77"rain', s. uer- "feuchten') Indo Germanic ulcsen-^ buW, Tiermannchen' in: Old Indie
uksam., Avestan uxsan- "bull' (in addition? fem. *uk"sdr^6\e Besprengte' > Latin uxor
"wife'); cymr. ych^ox' (= Indo Germanic *uk"sd, urbrit. *uchu> -/" with umlaut yc/?), PI.
mcymr. ychen, ncymr. ychain, bret. ouhen, oc'hen, corn. 0/75/7 "Ochsen', Middle Irish oss
"deer'; PN Os-C5/'"hirschliebend', Demin. 0/ss//7"0ssian'; Gothic auhsus {Gen. PI.
auhsne). Old Icelandic oxi. Old English oxa. Old High German Old Saxon 0/750 "ox';
Tocharian B oAso "rother, cattle, bull'.

Maybe zero grade in alb. {*oxa) ka'ox', {*ox/e) qeP\. "oxen'.

References: WP. I 248 f., WH. II 815, 849, Mayrhofer 1 , 98.
Page(s):1118

Root / lemma: ueib-
See also: see below ue/p-
Page(s):1124

Root/ lemma: ueti'^-, uii'^-

Meaning: to separate; widow

Note: probably from *^/- "apart' and t|ho- "place' grown

Material: Old Indie i//o'/7y5//"durchbohrt' (lengthened grade partly vec/h-, partly vyadh-,

latter probably previously through imitation from vyath-: 1////7- "waver'); i//o'o'/7a-"durchbohrt,

durchsehossen', /7/n//O(0'/7a"auseinanderstehend, voneinander apart, separated', vindhate

"wird empty, bare, lacking, has Mangel an etwas', 1//0/7J- "vereinsamf, v/dhura-^ apart,

separated, remote, distant from, lack, be short of; 1/0/75/" infertile ' i.e. "the empty',

Sommer MiJnchner Studien z. Sprachwiss. 11 , 20;

Latin dTvido, -e/"© "separate, divide', Umbrian uef Akk. PI. "partes', i/e/^"dividito' {*vef-tu);
Lithuanian vidusm. " the interior', vidurysm. " center', Latvian v/dusm. " center, the
interior, region';

Maybe nasalized alb. i/e/7o'" region, place'

ablaut. Lithuanian i//eo'i/o//s" inside withered tree';

Maybe alb. {*vedudlis) vejushe'\N\6o\N' [common alb. -d- > -J^.

in addition (compare the above i/-stem) Old Indie vidhava^ widow', Avestan K/iJauads.,
gr. r|[F]i0£O(; "Junggeselle', Latin vidua^ widow; geschiedene or unverheiratete Frau',
viduus^ stolen; looted, empty, bare, lacking from etwas'. Old Irish fedb^ widow', corn.
guedeu ds., cymr. gweddw^ widower', Gothic widuwo^ widow' (furthermore widuwafrnavn.
" orphan '), Old English widuwe, wuduwe. Old High German wituwa " widow'. Old Prussian
widdewu. Old Church Slavic vbdovads.; Indo Germanic * ui6!"euo- M]. "apart, separated',
in Fem. substantivized " widow';

5-present etc. Old High German nvsa/7 "vermeiden', urweisPeri. "subterfugT, Middle
High German only participle entwisen^ abandon from, empty, bare, lacking from'; Old
Frisian wesa. Old High German weiso. Modern High German Waise^ orphan '(Germanic
waisan- < *uoi6'^-son-).

References: WP. I 239 f., WH. I 359, Trautmann 358;
See also: compare uiA^u-^\xee\
Page(s): 1127-1128

Root / lemma: ueid-1

Meaning: to turn, bend

Note: extension from *uei- ds.

Material: Old Indie veda-m. " tussock of strong Grases, besenformig gebunden, zum

Fegen etc.'; hom. i5v6opai "bend myself, krumme myself (from a *Fi5-v6-(; "gebogen');

Latin K/o'^/i/5 "geflochtener basket'; Latvian vld/natl\ax, wattle, braid'.

References: WP. I 236, WH. II 785.

Page(s):1124

Root / lemma: u(e)id-2
Meaning: to see; to know

Grammatical information: (originally Aorist), Zustandsverbum u(e)ide(i)-, nasalized ui-n-d-,
Perf. uoid-a-have seen, white', whence die meaning ' know, have knowledge of ' also auf
other forms iJbertragen wurde; from the meaning " behold ' derives 'find'
l\1aterial: A. Old Indie vetti, vidmasi vidantT know, have knowledge of ' (present reshuffling
of Perf. veda vidma), vedate {a\so), vidati {a\so) " know, have knowledge of, Perf. veda
vidma. Opt. vidyat, participle vidvan; Avestan vaeda vTdare, Opt. vTdyal, vTdva' know, have
knowledge of (the meaning "see' in aiwi. vlsdm^haye wahrgenommen', pa/t/. vTsam
"wurde aware', /^5i/d/zo'J/77"nehmt wahr'); /oparticiple Old Indie vitta- " recognized, known',
Avestan vista- "known as' and Old Indie vidita- (probably to basis *uidei-)\ Inf. Old Indie
vidmane{= gr. iSpsvai) " know, have knowledge of, Gatha-Avestan vTdvanor, Kaus. Old
Indie i/eo'aya//" allows know, have knowledge of, kundigt an, bietet an', Avestan
uzvae6aye/t/" aWows know, have knowledge of ';

In the meaning "find': Old Indie vindati {vetti, vitte), avidat, viveda, vevidat, vitta-, Kaus.
vedayati, Avestan v75aiti, vfnasti, vTvaeda, voivldait/ [Kon].), Kaus. vaedaye/ti' allows
attain, makes teilhaftig', participle K/s/a-"(vor)gefunden, vorhanden'; die separation from
den forms the meaning "see, know, have knowledge of ' is not quite sharp durchzufiJhren,
compare Old Indie vindati ^\Nh\te', South Baluchi gindag'see';

Armenian e^//"erfand' (= Old Indie avidat, gr. sFiSs), gtaneml\n6'; reshaped from Perf.
*uoidag/tem'\ know' (/from or, in addition get, g/taic, gitun^\N'\ssend, wise'); results of
nasal present (= Old Indie vindati, Irish finn-, see below) perhaps in Armenian ^/>7/"profit,
gain', if from *uind;

Gr. £i5ofjai "erseheine, scheine, gebe mir den Anschein'; oi5a "white', i5|j£v, Konj. £i5u),
participle zibudc, (*F£i5-), i5uTa; Aor. £l5ov (£Fi5ov) "sah', i5£Tv (: Old Indie avidat, Armenian
egit), participle a-xaioo,, Igteov; gr. 'Ai'5r|c;, Attic "Ai5r|c; probably a-Fi5- "unsichtbar, not
anzusehen' s. lastly Frisk 33 f.; nasalized iv5aAAo|jai "erseheine, zeige myself; gleiche';

also Celtic k//7o'o- "white' (Old Irish find, cymr. gwynn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-),
gall. PN Vindomagus, -bona);

Latin video, -ere'see' (from the basis *u{e)ide-, compare Old Church Slavic videti
Lithuanian pavydeti, Gothic witan, -a/da 'observe' etc., and with zero grade *u(e)idT-Vc\e 2.
syllable Old Church Slavic present viditt, Lithuanian pavydime, Latin vTdi-s-tT, Old Indie
Aor. avedJt, vedi-tar-, vedi-tum, vidi-ta-; Umbrian u/rseto Wsa' or "visum', auirseto
"unsichtbar': Latin videre= tacitus: tacere), Perf. vTdT{= Old Church Slavic vede), participle
vTsus {as vTsus, -i/s"das Sehen, sight' with /"for /after vTdTav\6 vTso);

Latin vfso, -e/'e'besuchen' (i.e. "to selien wisli'), Umbrian /lei/es/^'revisito' {*ueid-s-d);
similarly Gothic gaweison. Old Saxon Old High German M//sd/7'besuchen';

Old Irish ad-ffadat^s\e erzahlen' (etc.); compounds unseres Verbs are do-adbaV qx
shows', do-adbadar^WK(i gezeigt', as-zM-e/ 'expounded'; nasal present (see above Old
Indie vindati) nad-finnatar^s\e wissen nicht', /'c»/^/7/7ao''a/'"pflegt to wissen' {*ui-n-d-na-),
(common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), as-fenimm, doaisbena^ '^oiuis, shows, evinces, shows'
(from *uid-na-) mcymr. 1. Sg. gwnn, corn, gon. Middle Breton gounl know' (die weiteren
brit. Prasensformen, e.g. 2. Sg. mcymr. gwydost, gwdost, 1. PI. ncymr. gwyddom, are
against it of Perf. derive ); Perf. Old Irish rofetar'\ know', AO/^/f/A'er white' = cymr. gwyr
{*uid-rai)\ Old Irish Ao/ess "scitum est' {*uid-to-m, compare also fiss, ncymr. gwys^6as
Wissen' from *uid-tu-s), /fess'scita' (PI. neutr.), mcymr. gwyss. Middle Breton ^0^5'wurde
gewuftt'; Old Irish toTsech, cymr. /yi^yso^ "guide, leader' {*to-uissakos. Ogam Gen.
TOVISACI), Old Irish tOus^ beginning ', cymr. /ynys 'guide, lead' {*to-uissus, Indo
Germanic *-uid-tus)\ here probably also Old Irish fold- 'send', e.g. 3. PI. fdidit{= Old Indie
vedayati. Old Icelandic veita6s)\ Old Irish /^o'o 'master, mister' {* ueidont-s);

Gothic fraweitan' avenge ' ('animadvertere'). Old High German /^/w/zza/? 'tadeind
vorwerfen, verweisen', ty/2za/7'bemerken, look out auf. Old Saxon Old English wTtan
'reproach, rebuke, reproach' (therefrom Old Icelandic i//7/n. Old English wTte, Old Saxon
wTti, Old High German wTzziv^. ' punishment '), Gothic in-weitan^6\e worship, veneration
prove'; with ostentatious meaning-development Old English gewTtan' leave, depart, die'.
Old Saxon giwTtan^Qo\ Old High German (Hildebrandlied) ^/Vvez/'er walked ', (Tatian)
arawTzan^6\sce6e'ce'\ Gothic /^/>we'/^5/7'gespannt hinblicken auf, perhaps zur basis auf -e:
-7-, as certainly die e-verbs Gothic witan, -a/io''a 'auf etwas sehen, observe'. Old Icelandic
only participle i///5d/''beobachtet, bestimmt'. Old English (be)witian^be\xach{ev\, decide,
define, ordain, determine'; preterit present Gothic wait, w/fum^know, we know, have
knowledge of (Inf. w/tan, participle M///a/7o(s neologism). Old Icelandic veit vitum {vita,
vissa) ' know, have knowledge of, also 'bemerken, erforschen, indicate, gerichtet sein
after, look after, go after'. Old English wat, witon {witan, wisse wiste). Old High German
weiz, wizzumes {wizzan, wissa, wessa) ' know, have knowledge of nominalized participle
Gothic weitwdl=>s^ witness, testifier' (: eiSux;, iSuTa ' witness, testifier'); /oparticiple Gothic
^/7by/ss'ungewifl', Old High German giwis{s). Old Saxon Old English wiss^ certainly ' (Old
Icelandic K/ssa'Gewiftheit'); Kaus. Old Icelandic i/e//5 'grant, leisten, help; also Wasser in
eine Richtung leiten'. Old High German weizen 'show, beweisen'; to FiSeTv seems as
Injunktiv Old English wuton{mVc\ folgendem Inf.) from *witon^\a^\. uns' (older 'laftt uns
zusehen, tendamus') to belong;

Lithuanian ve/zdm/ {ior *ve/c/m / aiter 6em Imper. Old Lithuanian veizdi= *ueid-6^i,
compare Old Indie viddhf), veizdeti^see, hinblicken', pavydziu, -vyd/me -vydef/^\nv\6ere'
(see o); of old Perf.from Old Prussian waisei, wa/sse^6u weiftt' (= Old Church Slavic ves/)
waidimai^ we know, have knowledge of, Inf. waist. Old Church Slavic iz/zo'lp, vidisi, videti
"see', previous Perf. Med. vede{= Latin i/zoTwhite'), present reshaped vemb, vedetT
know, have knowledge of '; povedeti^ know, have knowledge of let' (probably reshuffling
eines Kaus. *uoideJd, Slavic *vediti, after vedeti^ know, have knowledge of); izvest-b
"known, certainly '.

B. nominal formation:

root nouns Old Indie -vid- "kennend, expert, skillful' (e.g. asvavid-), Avestan vTd-
"teilhaftig'; gr. vp-ic;, -iboc, "ignorant';

Gothic unwita. Old High German i//7w/zzc>"Unwissender', Old High German forawizzo
"praescius'. Old English by//5"weiser man, Ratgeber', gewita^ witness, testifier'. Old High
German ty/zzo "weiser man', giwizzo^ witness, testifier ' post-verbal e/7-stem; but Old Irish
ffadu^ witness, testifier ' ( *ueid-udt-s) secondary />stem;

Old Indie vida^ knowledge ', cymr. etc. gweddi. "sight, apparition'; Old Indie vidya
"Wissen, doctrine', Avestan vidya 6s.\ Old Irish airdeu. "mark, token, sign' {*[p]ari-vidJom)
= cymr. arwydd rr\. ds.. Old Saxon giwitt. Old High German {gi)wizzin. "Wissen, reason'.
Old English [^///"reason, Besinnung', Gothic unwitiu. "Unwissenheit, Unverstand',
compare also Old High German wizzTi. "Wissen, reason, Besinnung' in addition Old High
German gi-, ir-wizzen look out' (Modern High German Witzxr\.), Middle Low German witte
f. ds.;

es-stem: Old Indie vedasn. " knowledge, Umsicht, sacred Schrift', gr. £i5o(; n. "
appearance, shape', Lithuanian veidas^ front ' (to glottal stop see below). Old Church
Slavic vidi3 (serb. vid) "sight, appearance ' (from ehemaligen Neutra), so probably also:
Middle Irish ffadm. "Ehrenbezeigung', Old Irish ffad {* ueidos) with Dat. "coram', cymr.
yngwydd6s., gwydd^ kvmeseuheW! , Middle Breton a goez, nbret. 5c77c»^ez"offenlich'
("angesichts'); cymr. ad-wydd^cr\}e\, savage', gwar-adwydd^\v\su\\!\ other formations in
Gothic ^/7M/e/s "ignorant, ungebildet', /^//5M/e/s"vollkommen weise'. Old Icelandic vTss, Old
High German Old Saxon Old English bv/5"wise' {*ueid-s-o-). Old High German wTs(a)^{*
appearance =) kind of, way'. Old English wTs(e) "way, state, status, direction'. Old Icelandic
pd/z/K/s "different', perhaps also iSsa "outer apparition, shape, sight' (if *Fi5£ac();

gr. i5pic;, -loc; "wissend, expert, skillful ', Old Icelandic i////'"sensible, wise';

gr. (horn.) £i5aAi|jO(; "beautiful from Gestalt', siSaAAsrai cpaivsrai Hes., due to eines
*£i5aAo- wherefore with suffix vowel gradation siSwAov "shape', a£i5£Ao(; "unsichtbar';
Lithuanian va/da/as ' appar'\t\or\' , pav/cfa/as ' shape' {*-elo-)\ gr. £i5uAi(;, -iSoc; "siSuTa,
sniGTHpajv', Old Indie vidura-^ smari, sensible, wise', Lithuanian yC>ai//o'^//s"Ebenbild', akies
pavydulis. Old Prussian weydulis' eyeball', Gothic /&/>we///"Schauspier;

Old Indie vidman- m. " wisdom ' (compare also Inf. vidmane, i5|j£vai), gr. i5pu)v, -oyoc,
"expert, skillful'; \b\xx\y cppovnaiv Hes.;

gr. iGTCjop, Attic TaTOjp, Boeotian Fiarajp "wissend, expert, skillful; Schiedsrichter',
ioTopeTv "erkunden', iaropia " occurrence ';

in Baltic gives es eine Reihe from words with dem ablaut er. T: Lithuanian veidas
(compared with serb. i//b'from *ueidos), veizdmi, vyzdys^ eyeball', /51/ys//" become aware',
pavydetr envy', pavydas' envy ', Old Prussian aina-wTdai Mn . " alike '; the originator
seems das lengthened gradee present *ueid-mi.

perhaps here Old Church Slavic vezda. Old Russian veza "eyelid' (proto Slavic, vedja,
Vasmer 1, 178) and Church Slavic nevezda^X^ngebMeief, Old Russian i/ez5 "Wissender'.

Maybe in -A suffix in alb. vetuir eyebrow ' : Old Prussian weydulis^ eyeball'.

References: WP. I 236 ff., WH. II 784 f., Trautmann 338, 357 f., Vasmer 1, 176 ff., 192,
Frisk 33 f., 451 f., M. Leumann Celtica 3, 241 ff.
Page(s): 1125-1127

Root / lemma: ueik-1
Meaning: to choose, filter

Material: Old Indie vinakti, vivekti, i/ei/e/r//"sondert, siebt, sichtet', particle vikta-, Kaus.
vecayatr, Avestan aK5-i/ae/r-"ausscheiden, aussuchen'; from the meaning "to
gottesdienstlichen Zwecken aussondern' entspringt die of "Weihens', wherefore here Latin
victima^ sacrificial animal, sacrifice, oblation', being based on auf einem/-or ^-stem, *vikti-s
respectively V//r/i/-s "Weihung'; Gothic M/e//7s"holy', Old Saxon wTh-^s., Old High German
wTh, wJhi6s., compare Middle High German (ze) wThen nahten, from which Modern High
German Weihnachten; Old Icelandic ve- n. " shrine, temple'. Old Saxon wThm. "temple'.
Old English weoh, wTgvn. "Gotterbild'; derived Vb. Gothic weihan, altisl. vTgJa, Old Saxon
wThian, Old Frisian wTa, wTga, Old High German wThen " consecrate '; with intensive
gemination Germanic *wik-kan-^ magician ': Old English wiccaxx\. ds., ty/icce "Zauberin'
(engl. witch); md. n/yic/re/? "conjure, perform magic', wicker^ magician, Wahrsager'; without

gemination: Old Engiisli wigorz\ixw Walnrsagen belonging', wiglian^ forecast, soothsay ',

Middle Low German wickelen; eine variant *ueig- (?) in Umbrian ei/e/ie/i/'electum' {*ek-

ueigetumR).

References: WP. II 232, WH. II 782;

See also: relationship to ueik-, ue/gh-'bend' etc. is not ausgeschlossen.

Page(s):1128

Root / lemma: ueik-2

Meaning: force, energy (victory, battle, etc..)

Material: Latin vinco, -ere, vTci, v/ctum^d\e Oberhand gewinnen, win, triumph; defeat,

conquer', perv/cax '\r\artnack\g, steadfast', Oscan i///7c/e/''convincitur';

Old Irish f/'ch/d l\g\r\ts' , dhfich- 'punish, curse', ffchm. "discord, rage, fury', feuchuir
"stern' {*ufkaris), feuchrae' austereness, severeness ' (unclear is das ch\x\ acymr.
guich[i]r^\NM), fecht {*uikta) " campaign = acymr. guith, cymr. gwyth^rage, fury', abret.
uueith- in PN; gall. VN auf -K/ices(abrit. O/'0'c»-i//ice5"Hammerkampfer'), PN Victo-valos
etc.; with full grade Vecti-nx, Veco-rTx= Old Irish PN Rachrai, Gen. FTachrach {Ogam
VECREC);

Gothic M/e'//7a/7 "fight', w/gana Dat Sg. "fight, struggle, war, fight'; Old English Old High
German mgan{0\6 High German only in part\c\e w/igant, wJhant, ^atv/iga/? "decrepitus',
irwigan, confectus, "abgekampft') "fight, quarrel'. Middle High German anwTgen' assail ';
Middle High German wThen^ exhaust, weaken ', Modern High German dial, sich weihen =
"sich weigern', anweihen "anfechten'; aorist- present Old Icelandic vega, va "fight, slay',
Old High German ^/75/we/75/7"uberwinden' (with false consonant). Middle High German
widerwehen^mih blanken Waffen kampfen'; Old Icelandic vela {*vThalian) "sort, order,
arrange, sich with etwas abgeben'; Old Icelandic vTg, Old Saxon wTg, Middle Low German
afr. wTch, Old High German wTc, wTgeic. "fight, struggle'. Old Icelandic Adj. vTgr
"kampftijchtig', Gothic zero grade waihjdt "war, fight, fight, struggle'; ograde in Germanic
*waigd-i. " power ', therefrom derived Old Saxon wegian. Old English wsegan. Old High
German we/genetc. "bother, annoy, torment, smite', Norwegian i/e/^5 "swing'; ein rc'-Adj.
is Old High German we/gar's\c\r\ widersetzend, stout, proud'. Middle Dutch weiger, weger
"widerwillig', therefrom Old High German weigaron e\.c. "sich weigem\

Lithuanian veikiu, i/e/Tr//" somewhat make, work', a/Oi/e/]^/^"bezwinge', perveikiu
"bewaltige', veikus^iasi, rapid, hurried', veiklus^ active, geschaftig', viekas^ power, life',
vykisxw. "life(digkeit)', k/M/5 "alert, awake, smart'; Latvian i/e/Zr/ "align' etc.; i/e/7t//5 "nimble,
fit, healthy', i//7r/ "thrive';

Old Church Slavic vekbm. " power, Lebensalter', Czech russ. vekds.;

perhaps here also Latin i/Zv "barely, with accurate need', as "alle Kraft
zusammennehmend'.

References: WP. I 232 f., WH. II 791 f., Trautmann 339, Vasmer 1, 179.
Page(s): 1128-1129

Root / lemma: ueik-3

Meaning: to come together, become equal

Material: Gr. dKcbv (Cypriot FsiKova) f. "Bild", hom. siks Impf. 'es schien good', herakl. si^av

"siehielten for good, regelten', hom. eoike "es schickt sich, paftt' (FeFoike; 3. Du. eiktov,

etc.), Attic siKux; (*F£FikF(ji)(;) "suitable, fitting, fitting', hom. siaKOj (*F£FiKaK(jo), igkco

(*FiKaKU)) "vergleiche', (F)£ik£Aoc;, (F)ik£Ao(; "similarly', £ni£iKric; " suitable; fitting ', Ionian

a£iKri(; "unpassend', Attic aiKpt; (*aFiKr|(;) "schmahlich', aiKia " maltreatment ', £iKa^u) (£-

FiKQ^co) "bilde after, vergleiche, vermute';

Lithuanian /-i/j7/r//"eintreffen, zutreffen, wahr become', pa i/e//rs/as "example', paveikslus
"musterhaff, Latvian K/7rs/ "vorbereiten'; eine Abgrenzung compared with den under *ueik-
i'genannten words, as Lithuanian veikus^iasi, rapid, hurried', ve/kt/"6o, make', is though
not with confidence vorzunehmen.

References: WP. I 233, Frisk 38, 454 f.
Page(s):1129

Root / lemma: ueik-4, ueig-

Meaning: to curve, bend; to go round, to exchange

Note: (extension from "^©/-"bend').

Material: 1. Old Indie vfci-\. " deception, seduction ' (Rv. 10, 10, 6; probably "*Krummheit');

with voiced-nonaspirated Old Indie vejate, vijate, participle vikta-, i//g/7a- "vor etwas
zuriJckfahren, davoneilen', yC>/'a-i/y-"Einsturz threaten', abhi-vij- "umkippen', vega-m.
"Zittern, intense Bewegung, rush', Avestan vaeg- (vaejd-) "(a projectile) swing', vaeya-m.
"Anprall, blow, knock, prank', nivixta- "herabgeschwungen, herabgeschleudert', npers.
vextan^ioss, fling', osset. i/e^^^/? "upset, move', balGcT^^a^ "swing, toss, fling'; Intens. Old
Indie i/ei/^ya/e "fahrt los';

Old Indie v/-vyakt/ ^ufr\iaQ>t', vyacas-n. "further Raum', Avestan vyaxa-, vyaxman-
"eongregation, meeting' (?);

gr. sTkoj, Aor. £(F)£i^£ Alkman " recoil, nachstehen, unterliegen', (Boeotian) yT^ai
(i.e.FsT^ai) xwpnoai Hes.;

Latin viciat "vetcli': nasalized vincid, -/?e"umwinden, bind', \J'r(\bnaT\ previslatu
"praevinculato";

Gothic waihsta^ angle, point, edge'. Middle High German we/gen 'waver'; Old English
m'cga'beet\e, chafer'; Middle Low German nnd. w/iche/e '\Ne\6enbautr\' from *wTgele,
diminutive to Old Saxon *wTga, westfal. tv/aja'Weidenbaum', ablaut. Old Frisian Old
English wag. Old Saxon weg'\Na\\\ CVo/Zro-'geflochtene wall'); also Middle High German
gewTge, Modern High German Geweih, 6\a\.Gewicht(eln) 6s. (originally probably
"*Gezweig');

Latvian vTkstu, i//7r/"sich biegen, ductile become', v/ksfs' ductile, soft', vTkne' tendril ';
Latvian vTcinat'\Naye, tummein', refl. 'sich schwenken, bend make'.

With Indo Germanic ff. Old Icelandic vJkva, J//ri/a(w-present), vJkj'a, preterit i/e//r"from
the Stelle move, (sich) bewegen, sich wenden'. Old Saxon wTkan' withdraw' (: sikcjo). Old
English wTcansiexw V. ' withdraw, crumple ', Old High German w/hhan stem V. 'eine
Richtung nehmen, withdraw'; Old Icelandic ve/kr{an6 veykr\N\t\r\ -w- after vTkva) 'soft,
weak'. New Norwegian also "pliable' (compare Old Icelandic i/e/A/5"bend'), Old English
wac{o\}\. of it Old Icelandic vaki) 'soft, weak, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Old Saxon wee
"weak'. Old High German n/e/ic/? "soft, weak, timorous'; Old English wicei. "RiJster', Middle
English ty//re/'"Weidengerte'; Middle Low German wTkm., wTkei. "Entweichen, escape'.
Middle High German wTcfrm. "groin, flank ', formal = Old Icelandic i//7^ "small bay'. Old
English wTci., Middle Low German wTk6s.\ Norwegian dial. viku. "small point, edge or
bend'; Old High German tv/77/7d/7 "spring, dance, jump ', Modern High German Hessian
wicken'rash, hasty and violent hin and her bewegen', Swedish vicka's\c\\ unstet
bewegen, wippen';

Lithuanian vigrus, v'iglas' xas\\, hasty, adroit', Latvian i//e^/s "light', slov. veg' bent',
i/ega// "waver', i/eze/7 "gebogen'.

2. Latin i//ic/s(Gen.), vicem, vice, PI. vices, i//ic/Z?^s "variation, Abwechslung'; perhaps
Old Irish /^ac/7"mutuum, Geschuldetes, blame'; Old Icelandic ^/a/^-i/ZV/ "exchange of gifts',
a i/ZV/"kreuzweis' (i/ZV/a"swap, vary, exchange'); Old Saxon weiisai' trade, currency'. Old
High German weiisai, M/e/7s// "variation, exchange, trade' (Old Saxon wehsion. Middle High
German Modern High German wechselii); with sicherem Indo Germanic 5^ Gothic by/M"die
an jemanden kommende order'. Old Icelandic i///r5 "Woche' (originally "*variation'), also

'Seemeile' ("*variation the oarsman'; also Middle Low German n/e/reses 'Seemeile'), Old
English wicu, wucu'Woche', Old Saxon w/ka\n cruce-w/ka 'Kreuzwoche', Old High
German wehha, wohha^\Noc\r\e';

unclear is because of Gutturals Old Indie vistf- {*uiR-) 'work, Dienstleistung', tri-visff
(Instr.), after Wackernagel (KZ 67, 173) "alterant, changeable', after G. Liebert
(Nominalsuffix -//■ S. 138 f.) though "dreifache Dienstleistung'.

References: WP. I 233 ff., WH. II 781 f., 791 f., Trautmann 338 f.. Frisk 454.
Page(s): 1130-1131

Root / lemma: ueiR-, uiR-, uoiRo-{* duei- ksayatlj

Meaning: house, settling

Note:

Root/ lemma: ueiR-, uiR-, uoiRo-{* duel- ksayati): "house, settling' derived from Root/

lemma: Rt^ei-: "to settle' : Root/ lemma: kt^eO)-, kt^aO')-: "to acquire, possess'.

Material: Old Indie vfs-i. "Wohnsitz, house', PL i//s5/7 "people, citizen', Avestan i//s-(e.g.

Akk. vTsem, ap. viPam) "house, village. Clan', Old Indie vis-pati-^ householder,

Gemeindehaupt', vis-patnV housewife', ablaut. Old Indie i/es/77a/7-n., jav. vaesma-m.

"house, dwelling'. Old Indie vesa-m. "Naehbar' (as Latin vTcTnus); verbal (see below) Old

Indie i//5a//"tritt ein, geht ein', /7/V/sa//"kehrt ein', Avestan i//s5///"geht ein, tritt ein to etwas';

Maybe from Skt. i//5-(RV+) "settlement, community, tribe' derived alb. {*vfs) fis

"settlement, community, tribe', 1//5 "territory, spot, place '

Note:

Alb. cognate has derived from Sanskrit not from Slavic.

gr. o\Koc„ FoTko(; "house', oJKia ds., oIkeu) " inhabit ', oiK£Tr|<; "housemate', Tpixa-FiK£(;
epithet the Dorer "in drei Phylen zerfallend'; alb. k/5 "place', amvise {ame^ rwoihef) "
housewife';

Latin vTcus, dial. Keci/5"Hausergruppe, village, dot, Stadtteil' (= gr. FoTko(;), Umbrian
uocu-com, Akk. i/^/r^if "aedes'; Latin K/7/a"Landhaus, estate' {*uoik-sla, with Latin suffix-
sla, or *ueik-s-la\.o es-stem from Gothic weihs);

Gothic weihsu.. Gen. M'e//7s/s "village, spot';

Old Prussian waispattin f\Vk. " housewife', Lithuanian K/espaZ/^^s "master, mister',
viespati^ v\ob\e wife, woman', verbal Lithuanian vaisinti^ host ', v/eset/"to Gaste sein',
Latvian v/'es/s' guest'; Old Church Slavic i/6S6 "village'.

References: WP. I 231, WH. II 782 f., Trautmann 363 f., Vasmer 1, 193.
Page(s):1131

Root / lemma: uei-1, ueia- : uT-

Meaning: to turn, bend, wind, *branch out

Note:

Root/ lemma: uei-1, ueia-. uT-\ "to turn, bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root/

lemma: du6(u)\ '\.m\/o' through an lllyrian-Baltic intermediary root since the shift d- > zero\s

a unique lllyrian-Baltic.

Material: A. Old Indie Kaya//"webt, flicht' (paradigmatic certainly with Perf. uvuh, participle

Ota-, Inf. o/i//77zusammengefaR)t, die zur root *au-, presumably the base from uei-, belong);

vaya- m. " weaver, the weaving ', vayaka-^ weaver, Naher'; vyayati^ winded, wickelt, hijllt'

(: Latin vied), participle K/?a- 'winded, gewickelt', vyana-v^. "das Winden, UmhiJIIen'; vaya

"twig, branch, bough', compare lengthened grade Old Church Slavici/^5"twig, branch,

bough'); about vevJyate "flatterf see above S. 86;

gr. Yi(; (i.e. Fi(;) ijjac; Hes., uipv apneAov, uiov ava5£v5pa5a (u- = F-), £uia5£c; apnsAoi
Hes.;

alb. with ^/7)-suffix vik, i//g^"geflochtene Tragbahre, Pflugdeichsel';

Note:

alb. ofe^e'Zweig, Ast, GebiJsch' {*duoi-gha) : vik, i//g^"geflochtene Tragbahre,
Pflugdeichsel', common lllyrian-Baltic d- > zero. Root/ lemma: uei-1, ueia-. uT-\ "to turn,
bend, wind, *branch out' derived from Root/ lemma: du6(u)\ "two'.

Latin vied, K/e/'e"bind, flechte' {vie-: Old Indie vya-na-), vitiiis'tmsted';

Old Irish fe-n- {*ui-na-) in a/'-/fe/7-"abschlieften', //77-/fe/7-"umhegen', verbal noun imbeu..
Middle Irish tecii fitiie^a wicker house'; cymr. gwi'ai-en'\.\N'\g, branch'; Middle Irish /e"rod'

Gothic waddJus'WaW, wall' (originally from wickerwork) = Old Icelandic veggr'\Na\\'
(proto Germanic *wajjus);

Lithuanian veju, vyti^ coil, turn', i/y/as "winded, twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved,
revolved ' (= Old Indie vTta-), Old Church Slavic vbJq, i////"turn, flax, wattle, braid, coil ',
Latvian 1/^5 "geflochtener fence', v7jas^ tendrils ', Old Church Slavic veja^W\Q, branch.

bough' (lengthened grade besides Old Indie vayads.); ablaut. Church Slavic /Ooi/oym.
"fascia".

B. With p(/7)-extension presumably here:

Lithuanian Kyza'BastscnLm', Latvian i//ze "geflochtener Bastscnun'.

C. With Aformant:

Old Icelandic vel{*uei-la) " art, Kniff, tool', i/e/a"bestricken'. Old English PN Welund, Old
High German Wialant, Old English wT^^e) 'artifice, deceit';

Lithuanian viela^ wire ', K/e//o//"wickeln', vyie, Latvian i//7e"hem, Strieme'; Lithuanian
ap-v//t/"\\e', vy/us' fallacious ', vy//us'\\e, falsity'. Old Prussian pra-v/7ts' betray'; russ.
\//7jatb'6\e Richtung beim Laufen change, wedein, Winkelzijge make', i///d/ "winded,
g e kra u st' , v///ca " i vy' .

Maybe alb. K//e 'bunch of grape', lye/'harvest grapes'

D. With /7^formant:

Old Indie vSman-n. "loom (from *uei-men, at first to vayati); Latin v/men'rod zum flax,
wattle, braid, wickerwork '; Middle Irish f/am^ chain '; Middle Low German wTm(e)
"Lattenwerk, Stangen'; with dem concept the drehenden Bewegung isl. vTm, vTma^
dizziness, giddiness; swindle, anesthetization ', Norwegian dial. i/e//77a "lurch, waver'.
Modern High German Hessian w/me/n'sNas/er'; whether here gr. £i|ja5£(; noi|j£vu)v oiKiai
Hes. as "from Ruten geflochtene HiJtten' (*F£i-pa = Latin vTmen)!

E. With /^formant:

Gr. !(;, \yoc, "sinew' (*Fi-v-: Czech K/>7e/r"band, strap, headband ' or *Fia-v- zur root form
ueis-2)\ Old Church Slavic i/e/7i.C6 "Kranz'; probably Old English wine-wincia {bes\6es
pTne-wincle) "Uferschnecke', w/>7/>7^ "bandage'; about gr. \c, compare Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1,
5702;

barely here the name of Weins: gr. oTvoc; (myk. vo-no-) "wine ', oivr) " grapevine ', o\ydc„
-aboc, ' grapevine, vine, wine ', Armenian g/n/^mne ', ( *uoi-nJom), alb. vene, Tosc vere
"wine ' {*uoina), Latin vTnum, latter is not bare die wellspring from Old Irish ffn, cymr. gwin
and from Gothic wein. Old High German Old Saxon Old English Old Church Slavic vTn
(from which again Old Church Slavic v/no and from dem Slavic Lithuanian vynas), but
probably also die from Faliscan Volscan uinu, Umbrian vinu, uinu, da the Pontus the

originator of tlie Weinkultur war, liandelt es sich wobi urn ein vorderasiat. word; compare
Proto Semitic *wa/nu {arab. athiop. wa/n, hebr.jaj/n, assyr. Ihu) and Hittite wi-ja-na-a-,
Hieroglyphic-Hittite wa(i)ana-, Luvian dial, win-, s. lastly Laroche BSL 51, XXXIII, A.
Kammenhuber Munch, stem f. Spr. 6, 53 f.

F. With /--formant:

Gr. Tpic; ' rainbow ' (FTpi(;) = 'IpK; and ETpi(; (eFTpK;) "the as Gotterbotin personified
rainbow '; Old English nw-'Metalldraht, gewundener jewellery'. Middle Low German wTre
"Metalldrahf, Late Old Icelandic i//?a-K//'/r/ "work from Metaldraht'; besides Germanic wTra-,
das because of gr. FTpi(; probably auf Indo Germanic *uT-ro qoes back, stands Germanic
Ve/Aa-from *uei-ro- in Old High German mara'go\6- or Silberdraht'; Old Irish f/ar^s\ant,
skew', cymr. gwyr\ecur\/us, limus', {*ueiro-), bret. goar, gwar^ courbe"; Latin viriae^a kind
of Armschmuck' is Celtic loanword;

Lithuanian /-i/a//Y/5"tortuosus, mannigfaltig, verschiedenartig'.

G. With dormant:

Old Indie veta-, vetasa-m. 'rankendes Wassergewachs, reed, horsewhip', vetra-m.
"Rohrstab, duct, tube, pipe', Avestan vaeiti^ willow, Weidengerte'; participle Old Indie vTta-
(see above);

gr. irsa " willow '; oiaur), oiauov 'eine Weidenart' (*Foituo-, -ua), olaoc; m. 'Dotterweide',
olaov 'rope'; itu(;, -\joc„ Aeolic Firuq f. " rim of the wheel, Schildrand, willow ' (= Latin vitus);

Latin k/?///s" twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved ', i//7/5"vine' (= Lithuanian vytis);
vTtex, -/ic/s'Keuschlamm, (ein tree)', vitusi. " rim of the wheel ' (gr. loanword??), vitta
'bandage' (from *vTta, dem Fem. of participle *uTtos, through consonant increase);

Maybe alb. vetuir eyebrow '.

Old Irish feithi. 'fibra' {*veiti-), cymr. gwdenirom * gwyden {* ueitina) 'vinculum, ligamen,
virga contorta'; Middle Irish fe/th/enn 'Epbeu' (?); but cymr. gwyth'i'en, corn, gwyth, abret.
gu/thennou \e\n{n)' are loanword from Latin v/tta;

Old Icelandic v/d/r' willow ', Old English wTdig^ willow ' (see above Latin vTtexeic),
Middle Low German wTde, Old High German wTda^ willow ' (in addition ograde as gr.
oiaua : Norwegian dial, veid^ willow, Wicken'), Old English n/ede/'bandage'; Modern High
German Eingeweide, Middle High German (In)geweide: 0\6 High German wic^i) 'rope from

gedrehten Reisern', kuna-w/th ' r(\anac\e' , Gothic kuna-w/da ' vnanac\e' , Old Icelandic v/'d, -
y^r'gedrehtes band, strap', v/d/a6s. = Old English n/zid'de 'Weidenband', Old High German
m'tta' bandage', Old English w/do-, w/de-w/nde ' conyoWu\us' , Middle Low German wede-
w/nde'6s., ivy, Geiftblatt', Old English w/du-w/nde ^Ge\Q>b\att', Old Icelandic vid-vindill 6s:,
also (compare Gothic inwinds^ inverted ', //7M///7£y/^a'Ungerechtigkeit' to windan) Old
Saxon //7by/b'" malice, TiJcke', Old English inwidd' wicked, heimtiJckisch', Old Icelandic
Tvidgjarn " wicked ';

Lithuanian Inf. vyti, vytis {Akk. vytj) 'Weidengerte', ablaut. zil-vUis 'Grauweide'; Latvian
i//7e" tendril ', vftuols^ willow ', Old Prussian n/y/n/a/? "Weide', apewitwo'\}\ev^e\6€ (: Ttu-(;);
ablaut. Old Church Slavic vetvb "twig, branch';

Old Church Slavic Inf. vit'r, vitb (= Lithuanian vytis) 'res torta in modum funis', pavitb '
tendril ', sb-i///b/rb '(book)rolle', russ. i///i///7a"twig, branch, rod, horsewhip', sloven, vitika
"ring'.

References: WP. 1223 ff., WH. II 799 f., 802 ff., 806, Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1 , 193 f.
195 f., 201, 205 f., Morris-Jones Welsh Gr. 101, Frisk 462.
Page(s): 1120-1122

Root / lemma: uei-2, ueie- : u7-

Meaning: to wither

Note: extended uf-t- and uei-s-

Material: Latin viesco, -e/ie "wither, verschrumpfen', vietus^ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered,

verschrumpft';

Maybe alb. Geg vyshk-et, Tosc f/shk 'mther' a Latin loanword.

Old Irish feugudg\. "marcor' has derived from feo^ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ' {*u/-
yo-) = cymr. gwyw6s.;

Old Icelandic visinn^ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', participle oVwisan, whereof
Germanic *wis-n-dn, -en\n Old Icelandic visna. Old English w/sn/an and (with gramm.
variation) weornian. Old High German M/e55/7e/7 "wither, wilt' (also Modern High German
verwesen be\ongs as Old English forweoren \eoj\/est' shows, originally here); Middle High
German wese/^weak, faint, languid', engl. dial, weasel, weazen^Vnin, lean ', Old Icelandic
vesair woeful, wretched, miserable ', vesligrds., Norwegian i//5a"weak person', Swedish
i/esa "exhaust';

Lithuanian i/ysZ/'witlier, wilt' (preterit vytau), vytinu, pa-va/t/nu' make wilt ', Latvian
v/etet, vTtet6s.

References: WP. I 227 f., WH. II 787 f.;

See also: relationship to ueis-^ deliquesce ' is probable.

Page(s):1123

Root / lemma: uei-3, ueia- : uT-

Meaning: to reach towards smth., to pursue or wish smth.; to be strong

Material: Old Indie veti, 3. PI. vyanti, also i/aya//"verfolgt, strives, leads (the weapons),

drives, lenkt', also "enjoys", participle i//?a-" pursued, liked, beloved, fancied ', Adj. "

straight, in a straight line ', K/?a"row', vTthi-, vTthTi. 'row, way', pravayana-^zuvn Antreiben

helpful', m. "Stachelstock', pravetar-^ charioteer', vTti- 'horse' ("*pursuer, follower'?);

pada-vTi. " way, path, track ', padavaya-^ signpost, leader ' (lengthened grade); with the

meaning " strive - have gladly '; i//?a-" liked, beloved, fancied, gladly genossen', vTtf- " eat,

drink; relish, enjoy, enjoyment, meal', deva-vT-^ the pleased gods ', deva-vTti- 'enjoyment,

feast for the gods';

Avestan i/o/lnf. 'to cheer, to gefallen'; vay- {vayeiti, vTvaitr chases away ', 3. PI. vyeinti)
' pursue, hunt, chase', vyana-'\he victim of persecution ', vo/^wa- Ad'\. 'to hunt, chase,
jagend to pursue ', v/tar- ' pursuer ', vatay- ' pursuit ';

with the meaning 'fly' Old Indie ved. ve v/yate IWes' and Avestan a-vaye/nf/' they fly up ';
Old Indie venat/" longs ', vena- ' yearning, longing ';

gr.lepai 'bewege myself vorwarts, hurry, strive, lust, desire', (reshuffling of a *R-iopai;
Asper after the Medium from Tr|Mi),"i£|J£vo(; 'cupidus', £iaaTo(F-), £[F]£iaaTO ' walked loose',
oijjoq ' gait, way, pathway', (*FoT[joq), hom.lojKr) ' pursuit ' (F-), Akk.lwKO ds.,1u)x|j6(; (T
metr. lengthening) 'Schlachtgetummel', naXiw^K;, naAi-iw^K; 'WiederzuriJckdrangen in
Kampfe', korinth. Fiojkei 'verfolgt' (compare 5iu)k-u) : Sispai); i£p6(; (FT£po(;), Doric FTap6(;
(6pvi(;) 'nimble, quick, fast' (Tmetr. lengthening), besides *R-po(;, assumed through ep.
lonianlpn^, -r\Koq ' hawk' (the schnelle), Attic (through engeren connection an i£p6(;) lipa^,
-aKO(; ' hawk';

'iq ' power ' (= Latin v/s, vim), yi(; iaxu(; Hes., icpi 'with power ' (Instr. in -b^/), whereof
icpioq; about io, 'sinew' see above S. 1121 ;

Latin viai. 'way'. Oscan viu, Umbrian ablative vea, via 6s., Oscan amvian{n)ud
'Straftenviertel, road' {*ueja); Latin i//s'du willst' {*uei-si= Old Indie vesi), vTs, vim' power.

force, might' (= gr.l(; ds.), PI. K/?es(from an 5-stem); invTtare^ host, invite ', with in- "ein'-
compared with verneinendem //7-'un'- in //7i//?i/5 "wider Willen' (: Old Indie vTta- " liked,
beloved, fancied '); whether i///7o'eA'"Burge, avenger' as "Bestimmerthe atonement ' to Old
Church Slavic i//77a "blame'?

(about Old Irish ffad^WM, ffadach^ hunt' etc. see below *ui6!^u-^\xee')\

mcymr. gwit^6\s\\, food', mel-wiV honey ' (: Old Indie i//?/- "enjoyment, meal'), Ifor
Williams BBCS. 11, 143;

Old Icelandic veidr^ hunt ', Old English wad^ hunt, journey' = Old High German weida
"food, Weide, hunt (Waidwerk), Fischerei', also "Fahrt, journey'. Middle High German
anderweide^zum zweitenmal'. Modern High German anderweit. Middle High Germano'/>
weide^z\}xr\ drittenmal'. Old Icelandic veida. Old English wsedan^ hunt, chase,
umherstreifen'. Old High German we/ddn^\r\unt, chase; food seek ': Indo Germanic *uof-ta
"das Drauflosgehen, Jagen'; Old Saxon wnn PN l/VF-r/ic, Ger-wJ(. Latin 1//5);

Lithuanian vefu, i/y//"hunt, chase, pursue ', i/y/as(= Old Indie vTta-) "verfolgf, vaJ6-ju, -ti
"mehrfach nachjagen', yC>5i/yj7s"Strecke Wegs', Latvian vajat^ pursue ', a/-i/eya/"Ruckfalle
from Krankheiten', at-veja^may ("*gait ', compare Middle High German anderweide^zum
zweitenmal'); o-grade Lithuanian pa i/Q^i/s "danger', pai/oy^s "dangerous'; Old Church Slavic
i/oyi. "warrior', vojbna^\Nar, fight', ablaut. Old Church S\av\c pov/ngt/^ subject, subdue',
i/bzi///^e "profit, gain' ("*Erjagtes'); with the meaning "Verfolgung eines Ubeltaters' probably
Old Church Slavic i///7a "blame, punishment', ablaut. Latvian i/a/775 "blame', Lithuanian
i/a//7d// "vilify, scold, scold, chide'. Old Prussiane/M//>7j/"entschuldigen';

Czech etc. i///a// "greet' reminds an Latin invitare; unclear is the relationship to russ.
v/fatb etc. "stay, dwell', and to Lithuanian v/efa, Latvian i//e/a "place' {*ueita), Trautmann
345, Vasmerl, 205;

maybe nazalized alb. (^vieta) KeA7o' 'place'

e5-stem, respectively s-extension: Old Indie vayas-v\. " vitality, youth strength,
Jugendalter', i//o'5ya//(*^/-z-o'-) "makes strong, tight, firm', k/o'Z/- "tight, firm', vivesti, vesati
"is active, wirkt, brings zustande, richtet from', Latin vT-r-es{see o).

References: WP. I 228 ff., WH. I 713 f., II 749 f., 800 f., Trautmann 345 f., Vasmer 1, 201,

215;

See also: compare also ufro-s "man'.

Page(s): 1123-1124

Root / lemma: ueip- ueib-

Meaning: to turn, sway

Material: 1. ueip-:0\^ Indie vepate, -//'regt sich, trembles ', vepayati, v/payat/" makes

tremble', v/pra-' excited, aroused, begeistert', v/'p- if 'rod, horsewhip', vipatha- m. "a kind

of arrow' (compare tela vibrare); Avestan vip- 'throw, entsenden (Samen)';

cymr. ^m//s^/" restless, mature, ripe, mellow, seasoned ' (from NiJssen) from * uip-skT-mo-
?•

Gothic biwaibjan^ uxwrnuAeVi , Old High German z/Vi/e/Zya/? "scatter'; Old Icelandic veifa
"in schwingender, zitternder Bewegung sein, toss, fling, schlingen, umwickein'. Old English
M/^/&/7"bekleiden'; Old High German M/e/Z?d/7 "waver, schweben, unstet sein'; Old Icelandic
uvT^'umhiJIIen', nisi. i//77a "bewilder', i//77"Klopter; Old English wifel, n/z/fe/"" arrow, Wurfpfeil'
(: Old Indie vipatha-); in addition bya/^5/7"vor astonishment erstarren', M/^/fe/'-/7Js "Theater';
perhaps Old High German wTb, Old Saxon Old English wTf, Old Icelandic vTfv\. "woman,
wife' as "die verhijllte Braut'; compare against it Tavernier-Vereecken RB Ph H 32, 97 f.;

Old Prussian ty/p/s "bough', Latvian i/ziepe "cover, wrapping of the Weiher', viepl'is
"Verkleidung, mask', viept^ veil, cover', wTpnuot^ smile (das Gesicht verdrehen)', ;
Lithuanian 5/K/]c//"herabhangen, from scrap, shred, Lippen', i/5/py//5"das Maul verziehen,
gawk', vypsau, -d//"with open mouth dastehen, gawk'; (with Baltic efrom e[/]:) Lithuanian
veptis^6ev\ Mund verziehen', veplys^ gawper, starer', Latvian i/ep//s"Maulaffe, lubber'
etc.; with secondary ablaut a{: e) in addition Lithuanian vamplys, vamp/e"]erc\and, the with
open mouth dasteht, dummer person', vampsau, -d//"with open mouth dastehen'.

2. ueib-, ui-m-b-:

Gr. yi^jpavai ^suyava Hes., T|J4Ja(; Z,z\ilfxc,. OsTiaAoi, "liJitJiO(; floasiSajv 6 Cuyio(; Hes.
(also probably ii^jov tov kiggov Hes.);

Latin vibro, -are"\n zitternde, schwingende Bewegung place, sich trembling bewegen';
v/b/x, -rc/s(\n Glossen also v/pex, v/mex) "Strieme, weal, callus from Schlagen'; compare
under Latvian vJbel&,

perhaps Middle Irish femm^Xa\\, stalk, kelp ', femman^ kelp ', cymr. gwymon, bret.
gwemon, goumon6s. {*uimb-, compare Old English wimpel), O'Rahilly Eriu 13, 162 ff.,
different Thurneysen KZ 48, 67;

Gothic we/pan {stem V.) "bekranzen', w/pja ^Kranz'; Old Icelandic ve/pr'head fascia,
Kopftuch', ve/pa' female Kopftracht', Norwegian dial. ve/pa'\N\cke\n, eine Peitsche
schwingen', Old High German n/e/f bandage, head fascia'. Middle High German we/fen
"swing, haspein', w/fen {stem V.) 'swing, coil ', Middle Low German mp' tussock, wisp'.
Old English mp/an ^ ab\N\sc\r\en' , Norwegian v/pa' stiff straw or stiff hair, Speize', Middle
Low German w/pen^toss, fling, sprinkle'; Old High German w/pf' Sc\r\\Nung' , Middle High
German also mf= holl. m'pds., Old High German w/pf/7, wiffiTEaumwipfel , Modern High
German (actually Low German) Middle Low German Middle English wippen. Middle High
German wipfen, wepfen^ jump ', Norwegian v/ppa^\N\sp, whisk ', nasalized Old English
M///77yOe/'Wimpel, Schleier', Old High German M///77/?a/'Stirntuch, Schleier';

Latvian v/etif, v/et>t/es's\c\r\ drehen, verdrehen; das Gesicht verstellen', Lithuanian
vybur-iu, -//and -ioju, -/ot/'\Ne6e\n'; Latvian vlbe/e' weals, marks from blows'.

References: WP. I 240 ff., WH. II 779 f.;
See also: compare sue/p- above S. 1042.
Page(s): 1131-1132

Root / lemma: ueis-1

Meaning: to sprout, grow

Material: Latin vireo, -e/ie 'green sein, be green', i/z/yicy/s 'green';

Old Icelandic i//s//''germ, sprout, scion, shoot', Norwegian K/se'ds., Rispe, Stiel and
leaves, bloom, blossom, Fruchtansatz' (changing through ablaut K/ise'germ, sprout' and
probably also i/e/s 'saftiger stalk'); Old English tv/se 'scion, shoot, stalk'; Old High German
wTsa, Middle Low German wese. Modern High German Wiese, Old English wTsc, Middle
Low German wTsch(e)6s:,

Lithuanian i/e/sZ/'sich vermehren', veislus, i//sA>s 'fertile', i/e/s/e 'brood', Latvian viestis
'sich mehren, thrive', Lithuanian i/5/s/i/s 'fruit', i/5/S5 'fertility', Latvian 1/5/S/5 'brood',
Lithuanian /-K/5//"sich vermehren'.

References: WP. I 242, WH. II 797.
Page(s):1133

Root / lemma: ueis-2

Meaning: to turn, bend

Note: extension from uei- 'turn'

Material: A. Old Indie vesa- m. Tracht, suit ' (compare i/es/aya//"umwindet, umkleidet');
vestate^ be winded', i/es/ay5//"umwindet', participle i/es/z/a-'umhullt, dressed ', vesta- m.
" loop, noose, snare, bandage', v/stads.; Armenian g/, Gen. g/oy^ juniper' (after den
biegsamen, to Flechtarbeiten verwendeten Zweigen: *u7so- or *ueiso-, *uoiso-)\ about gr. ic;
see above S. 1121;

New Swedish vesexw. (Old Icelandic Ve/s/or *visi) " tussock, zusammengedrehter
knot'; in addition Dutch wier= Old Frisian tv/A-'Alge, Tang' (Old English tv/?"Myrte', wTr-
//■eo'Myrtenbaum', Tertium comparationis, presumably "immergrijn'). Old English war
"Alge, Tang', warodds. as "Wasserschlingpflanze';

Old Church Slavic i//ic/7/T> "whirlwind' {*ueisura-), Lithuanian vfesulasds., russ. vichatb
"upset, move'; Lithuanian i/ys/as"Schnurbrust', KKs/yZ/'einwickeln', Latvian vTstTtds., vTsts
"bundle' etc.

Czech vfch, vech {* uoiso) "wisp, Strohwisch; Schankzeichen', vechads., russ. vecha
"twig, branch zum Bezeichnen of Wegs, Absteckpfahl', vichor^ topknot ', slov. veheV
tussock (hay)';

B. With Ar-extension:

Old Indie i/es-Zra-m. " loop for strangling '; ablaut. Old Icelandic visk\. "bundle from
straw or reed', Swedish viska "small besom ',

Old High German w/sc'wisp, Strohwisch' (therefrom Middle High German Modern High
German wischen). Old English wiscian, newer weoskian {*wiskdn) "eine hurdle from Ruten
flax, wattle, braid'; Latin viscus, -en's " intestines, entrails '; as "drehende, vibrierende
Bewegung' here probably also Lithuanian viskiu, i//s/re//" quiver'; by East Frisian wisk
"rasche Bewegung, Husch', Middle High German wischen^s\ch leicht and quick, fast
dahinbewegen'. Modern High German enfm'schen kann secondary development from "
fleeting about etwas wegwischen' vorliegen;

Maybe alb. (^Vistula) vetulla' eyebrow'.

besides Germanic p-Varianten on the one hand in ndd. wispeln^s\c\\ hin- and
herbewegen', Swedish visp, visper^ changeable person', on the other hand in Norwegian
K/spm. " tassel, tussock ', Swedish i//5/0 "verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers,
etc.) arranged in a circle from Ruten'.

C. With 5«-extension:

Latin v/rga'\h'\n twig, brancli, rod, rod' (from *y/z-ga), in addition v/rgd'g'\r\, virgin';

Maybe alb. vargu' row, line'

Maybe alb. {*verga) varze^ girl' : Italian vergine : Spanish virgin : French vierge : Catalan
verge : Latin virgo : Portuguese virgem : Sardinian Campidanesu birgini : Valencian verge
: Breton gwerc'hez : Welsh gwyryf " virgin'.

Lithuanian K/z^i/, i//zge// "tremble', iz/zg'd// "waver'.

References: WP. I 242 f., WH. II 799, 802, Trautmann 345, 347, Vasmer 1, 195, 207, 243.
Page(s): 1133-1134

Root / lemma: ueis-3

Meaning: to flow; poison

Material: Old Indie i/esa//"zerflieftt', i//sa-n. " poison ', Adj. "giftig', vis- (Nom. vit) and vistha

" excrement, ordure', also "tierischer Samen', visra- "muffig smelling '; Avestan vis-, visa-^

poison ', vaesah-^ mould, dank decay, Verwesung'; Armenian ges^ carrion ';

gr.loc; " poison ' = Latin i//7-£/5 "tough Flijfligkeit, mucus, juice, sap, poison, sharpness' =
Middle Irish /f" poison '; Latin venai. "vein' from *ueisna, cymr. gwyar^b\oo(y {*ueisaro)\
in addition Celtic FIN cymr. Gwy{*Ueisa), engl. Wear{abu{. *Uisuria), gall. Visera> French
Vesere, Visuvia> French ia Vezouse etc.; Old Germanic FIN IV/sura^VMeser', Latin
Visurgis 6s.: compare russ. FIN Veciira {to Soz), ablaut. V/ciiera {zur Kama); here the FIN
i/Veic/isei {irom Old Prussian *Vfl<sia, older *VFsl<la, from Pre Baltic *l/?s//5 from *ueis-tla),
Latin Vistuia {irom Germanic *WFstid\v\ Old English WFstiawudu, but Old English Wfsie
from Slavic Visia);

Note:

the rhotacism n- > r-\r\ * ueisna, cymr. g\/i/yar'b\oo6' {*ueisaro) : Celtic FIN cymr. Gwy
{*Ueisa), engl. Wear {abut. *Uisuria), gall. Visera> French Vesere: lllyrian llluria^ lllyria'.

Old Icelandic veisai. "swamp, marsh'. Old English Old Frisian i/vase, engl. ooze "slime,
mud'; perhaps Old High German weisunt, weisont, weisanf arteriae ' (the flowing);
wherefore Old English wasend, engl. weasand' windpipe, gullet', further Old High German
wisunt, -ant. Middle High German wisent. Old Icelandic visundr{* uis-onto) "Bisonochse'
(from dem Germanic derives Latin bison, -ontisand gr. piacuv); in addition Old Prussian
m's-samlbrs ^ Auerocbse' , Old Church Slavic zgJbrhds.; after dem smell, odor named, as
also nisi, visia. Old High German wisuia. Old English weosule, wesle, engl. weasei

'weasel' and litis 'polecat' (above S. 304), the Germanic *by/s(/)d "polecat' assumes;
compare Vulgar Latin i//s5/o 'breaking wind, fart, fetidness '; Marstrander compares (Eriu
5, 207) still nir. //'a/Trettchen' {*u/se/o-);

Maybe alb. {*vikse) vithe^ buttock' common alb. -k > -th.

perhaps moreover Indo Germanic £/7fcs-"Mistel and other leimliefernde tree ' in gr. \%6q,
m. "Mistel, Vogelleim', Latin v/scum6s., Old High German wichsila. Middle High German
wThser Weichsel^\xsc\\Q)\ russ. etc. visnja^ cherry' (out of it Latvian viksna. Old Prussian
i47s/7ay/c»5"Kirschen') - Kirschgummi and Mistelbeere become as Vogelleim verwendet;

Maybe alb. vishnja " cherry ' a Slavic loanword.

after Specht (Indo Germanic Dekl. 206) in addition further Lithuanian i/z/rsi/^ "sedge'
from *i//s-/r-Ka besides i//z^5 "grass'. Old Prussian wissene ^Porsc\\\

References: WP. I 234 f., WH. II 746, 800, 801 f., Vasmer 1, 208.
Page(s):1134

Root / lemma: uek-ti-
Meaning: thing
Note: {uek'^-ti-1)

Material: Gothic wafhtsi. "thing'. Old Icelandic vettr, vge(t)r, vitri. " living being,
ijbermenschliches creature, thing'. Old English wihti. "thing, entity, demon'. Old Saxon
wikt. Middle Low German tv/ic/?/ "entity, creature'. Old High German wiht^ living being,
demon, thing'. Modern High German Wicht^ living creature, goblin, ugly mischievous sprite
'; Gothic /7/-M/a/77/"nichts', Old English na-wiht {ev\i^\. naught, not) Old High German niwiht
and neowiht^v\o{, nichts';

Old Church Slavic vestbi. " thing '; compare wruss. recb "thing': russ. recb " discourse,
word'.

References: WP. I 246, Vasmer 1, 196;
See also: perhaps to uek'^- "speak'.
Page(s):1136

Root / lemma: uek-, ue-n-k-
Meaning: to bend

Material: Old Indie vancat/'geht. crooked or slant, skew', vacyate 'sch\N'\ng\. sich, flies',
vakra- "gebogen, crooked', vank'u- "fliegend', vaiikri-i. " rib ', vaiika-, vankara- m.
Tluftkrummung', va/iksana-m. " groin, flank', vaksana^beWy, groin, flank, riverbed ';
Avestan -vasta- " writhed, crooked, humped '; common Old Indie -gh- > -ks- : Avestan -gh-
> -xs- > -s-
Armenian ^a/T^^r'crispus, flexus' {*unkuro)\

Latin convexus^ arched, writhed, crooked, humped ', 5^,6* i/ex^s "sch rag aufwarts
fijhrend';

Middle Irish feccaid^bucVX sich', with the preposition for. 'wendet sich gegen, beginnt to'
(with expressive -kk-)\ gall. FIN * Vocalus {Uaires Vocallinehae), germanisiert Vacalus,
Va{c)ha//s ^VJaaV; Lithuanian FIN Vbke {* uokia);

Indo Germanic uonko- in Old Indie vaiika-, Gothic i//>M/a/7s"untadelhaft', Old English
14/0/7 'crooked, inverted ', Old Saxon wahn. " evil, wickedness ', Old Icelandic vai.
( *uonkd) ' angle, mischief '.

References: WP. I 246, WH. I 268 f.: after Kuiper, Nasalpras. 142 zur root t/a-(see above
S. 1108), where besides dem present *ua-n-ek-mi e\v\ Konj. *u (9)-9n u-ko s\.av\&,
consequently further zur root ua-, uag-, uak-, ueng(h)-, see there.
Page(s): 1134-1135

Root / lemma: ueR-
Meaning: to wish

Material: Old Indie vas-mi, vast/, us-masi, Avestan vasamT, usamahrwant, desire, will,
wish', participle Old Indie usant-, f. ^sa/r willing', Avestan an-usant-, -i/5a///"'widerwillig,
ohne es to want, desire, will', Avestan vasah- (Nom. vasa) 'wollend = after seinem Willen',
vaso, i/asa 'after wish, beliebig' (Akk. Sg. of n. * vasah-), vaso-xsa^ra-^aiier QeiaWeu
schaltend' etc.. Old Indie vasi-tva-v\. 'Willensfreiheit'; ap. vasna, Avestan i/as/75(lnstr. Sg.)
'after dem Willen' (Armenian i/as/? 'because of loanword);

gr. (previous participle) ekojv (Cretan Fskojv), SKOuaa 'freiwillig' (the Asper afters 'sich',
as though 'from sich selbst heraus'), qekcjov, qkcjov 'wider Willen, ohne Vorsatz', f. Doric
asKaaaa, compare Cretan ysKaGa SKOuaa Hes., Fskq in oucpsKa ouk apsaTux; Hes., i.e. ou
Fekq, in £V£Ka, hom. sTvsKa 'because of (*£vF£Ka; £v is die preposition £v), hom. £Ka-£pYO(;
'after Belieben wirkend', £Kr|-poAo(; 'after Belieben treffend' (metr. lengthening for *£Ka-
(3oAo(;), out of it extended £KaTr|-p6Ao(;, -p£A£Tr|<;; Boeotian F/7£Ka-5a|JO(; (with versch.

assimilation out of it thes. FsKsSapot;, Attic 'AKa5r||J0<;); £Kr|Ti, Doric skqti "after dem Willen,
because of, (unclear)', asKa^opsvoc; 'not wollend, widerstrebend' (after avavKa^opEvoc;);

Hittite uek- "wish, arrogate'.

References: WP. I 244 f.. Frisk 473 f., 477, 479.
Page(s):1135

Root / lemma: ueic- {*huek"'-)

Meaning: to speak

Note:

labialized old laryngeals {*hue-)

Material: Old Indie vakti, vfvakti^ says, talks, speaks', Aor. avdcam{= sTnov, see below),

participle ukta-, Kaus. vacayati, Avestan 1/5/r- "speak', uxta-. Old Indie vacas-v\. = Avestan

vacah{= gr. luo(^) " discourse, word'. Old Indie Kac5/75-"redend, sagend', vac-, Nom. Sg.

vak= Avestan vaxs{= Latin vox) "voice, discourse, word'. Old Indie vacala- " gabby,

gossipy, loquacious, garrulous, blithering ', i/a/ry5/r7"Aussprueh, discourse '; vaktram

"mouth';

Armenian gocem^cry, shout, shout to mir, lade ein, name' (?);

Note:

labialized old laryngeals {*hue-)

common Armenian Celtic *hue- > gwo- > go-.

gr. ETTOc;, el. Cypriot Fettoc; n. "word', Aor. slnov "sprach', Lesbian Fsinnv etc. (= Old
Indie avocam, Indo Germanic *e-ue-uk"-om\N\\h Diss, from -FsF- to -Fei-), ona Akk. "voice'
(also probably supuona as "den weithin schallenden'), oaaa f. "voice', svonn "shout, call,
clamor ';

Maybe alb. fem, them " say '

Latin vox, i/dc/s "voice', voco, -are'caW, shout, cry', Umbrian sub-ocau, -ocanu, -oco^
call, anbeten';

Old Irish foccu/'word' (= Old Indie i/5/r//'a/77 "mouth') < *uok"'-t/o-m = cymr. gwaethi
"fight'; fua/mm'd\n, fuss, noise' {*uok"-smn); common lllyrian-celt. -k > -th.

gall. Vepo-litanos^ breitgesichtig ', cymr. gweJblace';

Old High German giwahanen, -inen^ mention, commemorate ' {*gawahnjan, Denom.
*uok"-no-, compare Old Indie vacana-; in addition tread in paradigm connection old 6-
grade Pf.:) giwuog. Middle High German wuegen^ commemorate make, in Erinnerung
bringen'. Old Icelandic i/a///'"Zeugnis' {*wahtaz, compare Old High German giwahtxr\. "
mentioning, Ruhm'), i/a//a"bezeugen'; Old Icelandic omunt 'voice', nisi. dmur'soun6',
Old English wdm{a)'d\n, fuss, noise' {*wdhm-)\

Old Prussian wackTtweT entice ', enwackemai^ we rufen an';
Note:
The origin of labialized old laryngeals:

Hittite huek-, huk- " adjure ', Tocharian A waki., B wek^yo\ce\

References: WP. I 245 f., WH. II 823 ff., Trautmann 339 f., Vasmer 1, 196, Bergin Eriu 12,

136f.

Page(s): 1135-1136

Root / lemma: ue-2, ued!^-

Meaning: " braid, plait, fold, roll up, twist, curl '

See also: see above S. 75 f. {au-).

Page(s):1114

Root / lemma: uelk-1
Meaning: to drag

Material: Avestan i/aAa/r-'ziehen, drag' only with Praverbien: aipivar9cainti^7\eher\ ein
KleidungsstiJck dariJber an'; Lithuanian velku{vilkti). Old Church Slavic i//e/rp"pull, drag' =
gr. a[F]oA^ (by Hom. for wA^ einzusetzen), Attic out of it reconverted with metathesis aAo^;
u)Aa^ (hybridization from wA^ with auAa^) 'furrow', with Vokalvorschlag *a-F^- in auAa^
"furrow', *£-Fyk-a in lakon. euAoKa "plough'.

References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 349 f.. Frisk 77; after Specht KZ. 66, 25 to suelk-, as
se/A-- above S. 901.
Page(s):1145

Root / lemma: uelk-2, uelg-

Meaning: wet, damp

Material: 1. uelk- Old Irish /b/<:;"Wasserflut', folcaim^ bathe, wash', cymr. golchi, corn.

golhy, bret. gwa/c'h/ ^wasW; Old High German n/e//? (besides we/c, see below) "humid, wet.

milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ', {/'/) we/hen 'soit, weak become'. Middle Low
German M/e/e/7 'wither, wilt'. Old English M/ea/g"geschmacklos, widerlich', engl. wa/foi/i/,
nisi, i/a/g/"' lukewarm'; probably also Norwegian va/en' insensible orerstorben vor Kalte';
Latvian i/a//r5 "humid, wet', i/a/Zra "running Wasserchen, damp place'; lllyrian FIN Vo/cos,
PN OuoAKoTa £Ar|.
maybe alb. v/age 'mo'\st of ground'

2. ue/g- Old High German n/e/c "humid, wet, milde, wilted; faded, flaccid, withered ',
Middle Low German M/a/c/7e//"macies', we/k^ wilted; faded, flaccid, withered, dijrre',
Middle English i4/e//r/>7 "wither, wilt'; with other the vowel Stellung Old English w/sec, w/acu'
lukewarm ', Middle Low German w/ak ds. (with ani. s- Middle High German swe/k' wilted;
faded, flaccid, withered ', swelken. Old High German si4/e/c/7e/7 "wither, wilt'); presumably
Old High German wolchanu., wolchai.. Old Saxou wolkanu. 'Wolkd;

Lithuanian vilgau, -yti, valgyti^ moisten ', K///rs/7as "humid, wet', ablaut. Old Prussian
welgenx^. "catarrh', Latvian valgums^ dampness ', v§1gansav\6 i/aTgs "humid, wet', also
Lithuanian valgis^6\sh, food', valgau, -y//"eat' (of concept the fliJssigen, breiigen
nourishment, food from, compare russ. i/o/d^a "fliJssige nourishment, food');

Slavic Vb/gb/rb "humid, wet' in russ.-Church Slavic vhlghkh, in addition poln. wilgnqc
"humid, wet become', russ. volgnutb6s., ablaut. *udlga\v\ Old Church Slavic vlagai. "
dampness ', russ. vologa^ liquid, Zukost', in addition volozitb " moisten, with butter cook';
here the russ. FIN Wolga (= Czech FIN VIha, poln. FIN Wilga) from Slavic * Vblga.

References: WP. I 306, Trautmann 358, Vasmer 1, 216 f., 219.
Page(s): 1145-1146

Root / lemma: uel-1
Meaning: to see

Material: Latin voltus, vultus, -usm. "Gesichtsausdruck, Miene, appearance, shape' {*vj-tu-
) stellt sich to Irish fiTes gives', older Imper. *^e/e (compare French voicK), cymr. gweled
"see', bret. guelet^\a vue'. Old Irish f/7/{Gen. filed, pre-lrish Ogam VELITAS) " seer, bard'
{*uelets)\ the name the Germanic Seherin Veleda; in Germanic seems eine probably from
*uel- abgeleitete root *uleid- {*ul-ei-d-): Gothic anda-wleiznu. (?) " front ', Old Icelandic ITta,
Old English w/rtan'see, see, show'; zero grade Gothic m////s" front, shape'. Old Icelandic
////-(Akk. PI. //tu) " appearance, paint, color'. Old Saxon i^////" radiance, appearance,
shape'. Old Frisian iy//fe" front, appearance ', Old English wlite6s., also " radiance ', wlitu
f. "form, kind of; ograde das causative Gothic wlaiton. Old Icelandic leita {*wlaitdn) "sich

umsehen after, seek ' (wherefore as post-verbal leiti. "das Suchen', Wissmann Norn.
Postverb. 1, 11), Old English wlatian6s.;

also Germanic *wull=>u-xx\. "glory, magnificence' ("*prestige'): Gothic wu/Pus'g\orY,
magnificence'. Old Icelandic Ullr{*wult^uz) " god's name ', Old English n/i/Zcyo/'" gloria',
compare Gothic wult^rs^ value, worth ', M/i//fc'/7za"herrlicher'; further wult^ags ^ zybo^oc^ .

References: WP. I 293, WH. II 831.
Page(s): 1136-1137

Root / lemma: uel-2, ulei-, ule(i)-
Meaning: to wish; to choose

Material: A. Old Indie unthemat. 3. Sg. Med. Aor. avrta. Opt. vunta, participle urana-,
vrnTte, vrnnati, vrnoti, vrnute^ choose, vorziehen, love', vrta- "gewahit, desirable, worth
having, welcome, wanted ', vara- m. "wish, Gegenstanddes Wunsches', vara- "vorzijglich, -
st, better, best', varlyarhs- 'better', var/stha- 'best', i/5/ya-"wahlbar, vortrefflich,
distinguished ', varana- n. "das Wahlen, WiJnschen', vara- m. "Kostbares, treasure, tribute'
etc., vrtha' futile ', Avestan ap. var- " choose, want, desire, will' (3. PI. preterit Med. varata.
Opt. vairfmaidfj, v9r9n[a]-{\. Sg. Med. versnS), v9rdnav-{3. Du. Med. varanvaite,
participle Perf. Pass, varata-, va/rya-'tbe beste, delicious, worth '; also Avestan var-
"believe';

Armenian gef pleasure, beauty' (presumably from *uel-no-, compare cymr. gwell
"better'); Venetic PN Volti-xnos, Voltiomnus, lllyrian Voltius, Voltisa etc. (M. Lejeune BSL.
49, 41 ff.) from *ulti-;

gr. Asiu), Anw "will', after Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 676 from *ule(i)mi, PI. * uleime {1); Latin
void {* veld), vult{*velt), velle 'want, desire, will' (Opt. velim), voluntas, -at/si. "good
volition' (previous participle *uolunt-tat-s); nolo, nevis, nevolt'\ will not' {*ne-vold); mald'\
pull vor', back formation after mavolt{magls volt); Umbrian e/7-i/e//^"jubeto', i/e//i/"deligito',
e/7i/e/M/"decretum, edictum';

mcymr. corn. bret. guell'better', ncymr. gwell {*uel-no-'Vorzug , choice ', or to uer-2,
see there); gall. VN VellavT, Catu-vellaunr{corc\pare den Ligurian PN Genava'GenV: raet.
VN Genauni);

Gothic wlljan. Old High German wlllu, will, wellan etc. "want, desire, will'; Gothic wllja.
Old High German ulllo, wlllio etc. 'volition', Kaus. Iter. Gothic waljan. Old Icelandic veija.

Old High German wellen^ choose ' (= Old Indie i/aAayaZ/'wahlt for sich', Old Church Slavic
voliti); Old High German walai.. Old Icelandic i/a/n. 'choice '(: Old Indie vara- m.);

Lithuanian pa-velmi, 3. Sg. pa-velt, Infin. pa-ve/t/" want, desire, will, allow', ablaut. v/7t/st
"hope' {*ultis), K///^c»5 "hoffe'; Old Church Slavic veljg, ve/et/^\Nant, desire, will, order',
ablaut, voljai. "volition', therefrom voljg, vo/ft/'want, desire, will, wish', in weiteren ablaut
do-vbljQ, do-vbleti^ suffice \*Uole-)\

about Gothic wafia. Old High German wela, wolaeic. "probably' compare Feist^ 543.

B. o^extension ((y-present): gr. £A5o|jai, hom. ££A5o|jai "sehne myself, demand after
etwas', ££A5(ji)p n. "wish, desire';

Irish fled, cymr. ^MVeo'o'"Gastmahl, festival' {*ulda); gall. PN Vlido-rTx.

C. yo-extension: hom. eAttu) "allow hoffen', EArrofjai, ££Ano|jai "hoffe', Perf. poet. £oAna;
EATTiq, -i5o(;f. "hope', EAni^w "hoffe', hom. £Anu)pn "hope', zero grade *aAniaTO(;, Sup. to
aArraAEOc;, dissim. apnaAsoq " desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted, charming',
£naAnvo(; " desirable, worth having, welcome, wanted ' (///7-stem); Latin volup{e) Adv.
"vergnijglich, gerne', CVcZ/O/-, *ulpi-), i/oA/p/as "pleasure';

doubtful hom. EiAairivn "festival', Aeolic EAAarriva (*£-FAaTT-iva?).

References: WP. I 294 f., WH. II 828 f., Trautmann 348 f., Specht KZ 62, 59 f., Vasmer 1 ,
1 80, 224, Frisk 78, 455, 485, 502 f.
Page(s): 1137-1138

Root / lemma: uel-3
Meaning: to press, push

Material: Hom. siAu) (*F£A-vci)); Inf.-Aor. eAqqi and with suggestion EcAaai, Aor. Pass.
£aAr|v, aAri|j£vai, ep. Ionian siAsw {*FzK-ytuS), Attic siAAu) (*£F£Ajaj with Vorschlags-s), Doric
el. Fr|A£U), redupl. lAAu) (*Fi-FAci)) "drange, push, press, presse'; lakon. pr|Ar||ja KcbAupa,
cppaypa £v noraiJU) Hes., messen. riAr||ja, Ionian £iAr| "troop, multitude, crowd' (F£Av-), next
to which probably with /= ©(as niAvapai) AtticlAr), DoriclAa "troop, multitude, crowd'
(*FiAva), hom. (*iAa56v "scharenweise', pamph. FiAaioc; Gen. from -k; " crowdedness';

hom. (Aeolic) azKKr]c, (*aF£Avn(;) "dense zusammengezogen' (KOviaaAoq) and aoKKv\c,
(*aFoAvric;) "versammelf (with Aeolic -oA-); compare die auf *aFaAAnq from *aVaKyv\c„
*aFA/n(; zuriJckgehenden Ionian aKv\c„ aKv\c, "versammelf, aAi^u) " assemble ', aAir)
"congregation, meeting', Doric aAia and aAiaia ds. (); Attic rjAiaia "place of Gerichts, das

hochste court in Athen' together with nAia^w, nAiaaTn(; is borrowed from argiv. aAiaia,
ciAia^u), with Ersetzung from Doric a through Attic n, das as the Asper an i\k\oq eine pad
fand; das aniaut. a- is kopul. a-;

ak\q 'scharenweise, sufficient ' (Hom.), yoik\ iKovov Hes.; hom. ouAap6(; "Getummel,
scuffle ' (because of yoAaiJOc; Siojymcx; Hes. metr. lengthening for *FoAa|JO(;), Attic s^ouAr)
"Verdrangung from Besitzrechten' (*FoA-va);

Lithuanian va//nas"\Na\\', i/a///7j7s"Tuchecke', Latvian va/n/s ' edge' , su-va/yt/"{ corn,
grain) zusammenbringen, reap', Lithuanian /s-i/a/yZ/'heraus-, fortschaffen', va/yt/ ^c\ean';
Old Church Slavic *ve/b (: gr. ak\q) in velb-mi, -/77a "very, excessive', velb-leph 'very
beautiful', velijb, i/e//]^b'big, large', *i/5/b'heap, bulk, mass' {*ud/os) in russ. va/om"\n bulk,
mass', nava/'great heap', zai/a/'Verstopfung, Sperre', pr/va/ ^Lan6en' (*Andrangen),
valbmja "haufenweise' etc.;

5«-extension is probably Latin valgus, vulgus^6as people' (= 'big, giant bulk, mass of
people', compare above russ. valom-b, valbmja) = Old Indie varga- m. 'dividing off,
partitioning off, group'. Middle Breton ^M/5/c/7'UberfluR)', nbret. a-walc'h^ sufficient '
(compare oAk;), gwalc'ha^ satiate ', cymr. gwala'bu\k, mass, sufficient '; Tocharian B
\/va Ike long' .

References: WP. I 295 f., WH. II 826 f.. Frisk 71 f., 74, 117, 455 ff., Vasmer 180, 181;
See also: original resemblance with *yel-Z'tum' is possible, da 'press, to press together '
originally 'zusammenwinden' sein kann.
Page(s):1138

Root / lemma: ueM, uele-
Meaning: hair, wool; grass, forest

Note: relationship to *uel-luxn' (' curly hair' ) or *uel-^ rend, pluck' is possible
Material: A. Old Indie urnai. (compare Old Indie urna-vabhi- ' spider ', above S. 1114)
'wool', Avestan varana6s., gr. Anvoc;, Doric Aavoc; n. 'wool', Latin lana ds., lanugo' fluff,
underfurof Bartes, Milchhaare', Gothic wulla, Old High German wolla etc. 'Wolle = wool',
Lithuanian i////7a 'Wollfaser', PI. 'wool', Latvian i//Za5 'wool'. Old Prussian wllna'Rock', r.-
Church Slavic vibna, serb. vuna'\Noo\'; schwachere Ablautform *ulana\n cymr. gwlan,
corn, gluan, bret. gloan{bn{. loanword is Middle Irish olann) 'wool';

other vowel gradation in Latin vellus, -e/75 'fleece' (i///A/s'das zottige, wollige Haarthe
animal') = Old English m///-/77c»o''coIus' (i.e. 'Wollstange', as wul-mod), probably also
Armenian gelmn'woo\, fleece'; relationship to Latin vellere {uel-8) from *uel-s-d\\es near;

*ul6- in gr. Awpa n. "hem, Gespint', Germanic V/c»/7a- (under B) and Indo Germanic *ul6-
ro-{uel-7)S. 1143.

B. guttural extensions:

Old Indie valka-m. "bast, splint', i/5//r5/5-"Bastgewand', vrkala-v\. "Bastgewand; a
certain intestine, entrails '; isl. /of., Danish /^"Tuchflocke, das Rauhe an Kleidern', Old
English Old Saxon wloh^ fibre, filament, fringe, Flocke' (Germanic *wldha-)\ Old Icelandic
lagdr^ tuft of Wolle or Haar' ( *wlagat^a-)\ Old Church Slavic vlakno, russ. volokno " fibre,
filament '; with Indo Germanic ^.Old Indie valsa-m. "sprout, twig, branch' (these point at
auf " flexible rod') and Avestan varasa-, npers. gurs= Old Church Slavic vlasi^, russ. volos
"hair'; to a from beiden root form belongs gr. Aaxvr) f. "krauses hair' ( *ulksna), Kayyoc, m.
"wool';

compare under *uel- "turn' die likewise auf *i/c»//r- indicating Old English wielgan^roW,
Old High German wal(a)gdn.

C. Dental extensions:

Gr. Kdmoc, (*FAaTiO(;, Indo Germanic *ult-lios) "dense with Wolle or Haaren, also
brushwood bewachsen'; Old Irish /b//"hair', cymr. gwallt, acorn, gols, abret. guo/f6s.,
therefrom abret. guiltiat, guiliat, guoliat. Middle Breton guilchaV fleece, Tonsur' and cymr.
gwellaif, acorn. gu/7//h/m ^ sassors' , perhaps also cymr. gwellt, corn, ^n/e/s "grass', abret.
gueltiocion fenosa' (or to Middle Irish ^e/Zit'o//? "pabulum', ^e//ic/"grast' S. 365, with gwaiter
gwallfl);

Old High German Old Saxon wa/c/^\NOo6, forest'. Old English wea/c/6s., Old Icelandic
i/(?///-"meadow'; after E. Lewy (KZ. 40, 422) and Holthausen (KZ. 46, 178) wijrde Wa/d as
*(s)ualtus\.o Latin saltus^ defile, narrow passage between mountains, mountain forest ',
belong, das then from s5//^s "spring' to separate would be (above S. 899), during Ernout-
Meillet ^889 both unite (compare Pas de Ca/a/s etc.); other place Wa/dto Gothic wilt^eis
"wild'. Old Icelandic v/7/r^\N\\6, verriJckt', Old English w/7de, Old Saxon Old High German
wildi^ wild, unbebaut' {*ueltiio-). Modern High German Wild {* ueltos), wherefore further
cymr. gwyllt^WM, phrenetical, quick, fast' {*ueltT-), corn. ^^y/s"wild, unbebaut', abret.
^^e/o'-e/7es "insula indomita' (Middle Irish ^e///"Wahnsinniger' is probably brit. loanword);

Lithuanian i/5///s"Haferrispe, Haferspelte' (also "thread, string'). Old Prussian wolti^ ear
', ukr. i/c»/d/i."Rispe', serb. etc. i//a/" ear';

with voiced-aspirated Old Church Slavic vladb. Old Russian volodb^\\a\r\

D. Old Indie vala-, vara- m. " tail (haar), Haarsieb', ablaut. Lithuanian 1/5/arSchweifhaar
of the horse'.

References: WP. I 296 ff., WH. I 756, II 745, Trautmann 341, 359, Vasmer 1, 220 f.
Page(s): 1139-1140

Root / lemma: uel-5, uela-
Meaning: to deceive

Material: Lithuanian K////"cheat, deceive', Latvian K/7/ds., Old Prussian prawilts^ betray',
Lithuanian kj7//^5 "deceit, artifice', zero grade Old Prussian po-wela^s\e verrieten', Latvian
velts^ futile ', Lithuanian veltas^ useless'; (gr. ouAoc; = oKobo, above S. 777); Middle Irish
/©//"deceit' (Middle Irish fall, newer /^///"Nachlassigkeif, cynnr.^M/a//"ds., lack', bret. gwall
"evil, bad' are probably as eigene group for sich to place); after BGga Kalba ir sen. I 34 f.
belong the Baltic words to uel-2.

A extension from *uel- perhaps in:

gr. sAscpaipofjai "cheat, deceive, swindle; betray, be disloyal; gull, fool, injure ' {*uel-dd^-
), 6Ao(pu)iO(; "deceitful'; Lithuanian vllblnti {^ upd^-) " entice, affen, zum besten have'.

References: WP. I 298; Frisk 493; different MiJhlenbach-Endzelin IV 534, 596.
Page(s): 1140

Root / lemma: uel^

Meaning: warm

Material: Armenian p'c»/"heat', golanam^s\z\\ warmen'; Lithuanian vilditr lukewarm make'.

References: WP. I 302;

See also: perhaps to S. 1 142 under {uel-7).

Page(s): 1140

Root / lemma: uel-7, uela-, ule-

Meaning: to turn, wind; round, etc..

Note: extended uel(e)u-, ul-ne-u-, u(e)lei- {6\ese also "umwinden, einwickein = einhijllen')

Material: A. Old Indie valati, -/e"wendet sich, dreht sich' (?), Kaus. valayatr makes sich

wenden, roll', valanam'das sich Wenden, sich Biegen, surge, Wogen', vala-m.

"Bedeckung, cave' (or to *uer-7), vala-, valaka-m. perhaps "(round) balk, beam, shaft,

pole', lengthened grade cakra-vala- n. " hoarfrost, ring, circle, bulk, mass', ala-vala- n.

'immersion um die root eines Baumes' (compare Mayrliofer 1 , 79 f.), probably also vara-
m. "(* turn) row, Folge, mal, Wochentag' = npers. bar'maV;

from uf-m/-:0\6 Indie urm/- m. f. " surge, wave', Avestan varamis6s.

from the ^basis: Old Indie vrnoti, z7/77d//"umhullt, bedeekt, umsehlieftt, umringt, hemmt,
wehrt', Avestan varanavaiti ^be6ecVX hijllend' (eontain partly Indo Germanie *uer-5), das
Avestan word also 'wendet (sieh)' as Old Indie valatr, compare S. 11 60;

Old Indie varutra- (= gr. sAurpov) n. "Uberwurf, i.e. was man umlegt' (uncovered, ulva-,
u/tia-m. n. "wrapping of embryo, womb, uterus' (compare Latin vo/va);

from the /-basis: Old Indie va/aya-m. n. " circle, round Einfassung, bracelet ', va//ta-
"gewendet, gebogen', va///-, Ka///"'Rankengewachs, Schlingpflanze', vallari-, valiant "
tendril, Rankengewachs';

Armenian gelum{kox. gel!) 'turn, turn over; turn round, coil ', Med. " turn, coil ' (das
present zur i/-basis, compare thematic Latin volvd), gelumn^ gyration, Umwindung' (=
Latin volumen, z\K\j\^a'7), glem 'roWe, throw, cast low, base' {* gllem irom *uel- or *gulem
from *udl-), gil{*uel-) 'round Wurfstein' (compare gr. 6K\xoq„ russ. 1/5/^/7 'round pebble'),
presumably lamb{-i, -i\/) 'ring, circle ' from *^/-/77-bh/-(due to of /7-stem, compare
Lithuanian vllnls. Old Church Slavic vltna. Old High German wella);

gr. siAsu) ' turn, twist, rotate, coil' (*F£A-v-£U)), lAAu) ds. (probably *Fi-FA-u), in addition
\KKac, ' rope, band; close-packed, herding together, of cattle; ' \K\ac, = Troy, the Troad ',
IKKoq ' squinting (the eye) ', Boeotian FiAAwv, lAAai auarpocpai, 5£a|Joi Hes.), Attic siAAu)
ds. (*£-F£Aju)); from Aeolic eAAeoj (*F£Av£U)): zKKzbaydq 'rope, the band for binding corn-
sheaves '), £iAiY^ and zik\\/\/oq 'whirl, turn, dizziness, giddiness; swindle ' (after zlktoj),
zK\i\q, PI. £An£ic;, zK[}\yY^q, zK[}\yBz(;i. ' intestinal worm ', £uAn 'worm' (*£-FA-a), uaAr)
GKcbAri^ Hes. (i.e. FaAri), £A£vr| ' plaited basket', 6AtJ0(; ' a round smooth stone (from which
passage it was taken to signify the human trunk; any cylindrical or bowl-shaped body:
mortar, kneadingtrough, hollow seat on which the Pythia prophesied, support, drinking-
vessel, mouthpiece of a flute, stone used as a weight ', hom. ouAo(; ' frizzy, fleecy, woolly,
woolen; of plants, twisted, curling; twisted, crooked ' (*F6Avo(;), redupl. ioukoq ' Milchhaar,
Korngarbe, ein Insekt ', ouAoc; ' fascicle, sheaf ', ouAov 'the gums' (as ' torose, rounded ');

from the /-basis: zhwoq " vine-layer, vine-tendril, the vine ', £Ai^ "winded', f. " bracelet ',
therefrom zkiooo^, Attic eAIttu), and (after siAsu)) siAiaaoj ' curl, wind, turn; making it roll;
turn round, to turn a chariot round the doubling-post; of any rapid motion, esp. of a circular

kind; to roll or wind round, as the wool round the distaff; metaph. to turn in one's mind,
revolve; to turn oneself round, turn quick round, turn to bay; of a serpent, to coil himself, of
a missile, to spin through the air; to turn hither and thither, go about; to whirl in the dance ',
ablaut. aAiv5u), Attic aAivSsu) " turn, twist, rotate, roll '; aAi^u) ds.; about 'HAig s. S. 1142;

from the z/-basis: ep. eiAuu) " wrap, envelop, cover; to crawl or wriggle along, of a lame
man ', Med. ' writhe, drag oneself along ' (*F£Avuu), compare KarasiAuov), compare
participle siAucpooovTEc;; siAOcpa^siv 'whirl, turn, roll' (due to from *F£A-vu-q); £iAu6(;, £iAu0fj6(;
"hiding place, nook, bolt-hole', zlkzoq (after siAsu)) ' intestinal obstruction, twisting of the
bowels, cramp of the intestine, volvulus; lurking-place, den, hole; butcher's block; a kind of
vine '; ablaut. *FoAoF6- " whirl, gyration ' in 6A(o)oi-Tpoxo(; " running in whirl ' = ' rolling
stone '; FsAu- in Aor. Pass. sAuaGr) ' wurde geschleift, gewalzt ', sAuaGsiq ' wrapped ',
Ionian Attic sAurpov (Hes. ysAouTpov) ' bow-case; sheath of a spear; mirror-case; case of
a shield; sheath of the spinal cord, the shard of a beetle's wing; shell of a crab; of the eye-
lids; of the umbilical cord; husk or capsule of seeds; the body, as being the case or shell of
the soul; reservoir for water; tank for fish; container', £Aupo(; " case, quiver, a kind of
Phrygian pipe, made of box-wood, with a horn tip and bend in the left pipe, millet; sheath ',
£AuTr|<; "kind of pastry, perhaps pretzel ' (besides £iAuTa(;, zKK(jiaq); hom. slAap n. " a close
covering, shelter, defence, fence, protection ' (*F£AFap, with prior dissimilation to *£AFap;
compare £Aap por|9£ia Hes.; basic meaning probably " barrier or netting from winding
branches '); *FAu- in n£AAuTpov " sock or bandage worn by runners on the ankle; foot-
wrapper ', Perf. £'iAO|jai, £iAOfj£voc; " veiled '; secondary u: in Ei'Aupa ' sleeve, garment,
wrapper, ' (Latin volumen, Armenian gelumn);

in addition also eAiKri " willow ', DEAikwv "* mountain pasture, of osiers, of the willow-
copse ' (FsAiKcbv of Korinna-Papyrus), like Old English welig, etc. ' willow ', different from
Indo Germanic *salik- " willow ';

after Frisk 36, 42, 80 here aisAoupoq m. f. " tomcat, cat ' or 'weasel', also aiAoupoc; (from
a\bKoc, + oupa 'tail') and moKoo, 'quick, fast, movable, nimble, shimmering, varicolored;
wriggling; changeful of hue, gleaming, glancing, of arms and armour; changeful, shifting,
varied; shifty, wily, slippery ' from *(F)ai-F6A-0(;; aAuai(;f. ' chain, manacle' (*FaAu-Ti(;);

Maybe /Kiokoc,, ou, 6, lord of the winds, properly the rapid or the changeable, Od.

alb. vjer harvest; vomit ' {*uelud)\ valei. ' surge of kochenden water; wave, surge '
( *Uel9n§)\

Note:

Wrong etymology, since alb. vJeiryoxwW derived from abbreviated Lithuanian i/e/77// "vomit',
vemalaryovc\\\! > maybe truncated alb. {*vema/a/j y/e//\om'\t\ see Root / lemma: uem-,
uema-: to spit, vomit.

Latin vo/at " roundness, cavity the hand or the Fuftsohle' (compare Old Icelandic va/r'
round ', Old Indie va/a- m. 'cave'); from the ^-basis 1/0/1/0, -ere, -/" vo/utum'roW, kollern,
walzen, turn, whirl' {*ue/ud), vo/umen' pulley ', involucrum ^ s\eeye, wrapping, sheath ',
involucre "Serviette', probably also 1/0/1/5, vulva " womb, uterus, Eihaut the Pilze';

reduced grade i/5//^5 'picket, pole, palisade, fence made from stakes; protective fence
made from poles that are inserted into the ground ', wherefore as collective vallum
"Pfahlwerk, Verschanzung' [out of it borrowed Old Saxon wal Old English weall Middle
High German wal(l) 'Wall]; valles, vallls'yaWeY ('*incurvation ') = gr. *VaK\c, > ^HMq
{*Uelnis), 1/5/1/50 "die TiJrflugel, DoppeltiJre', 1/5/1/0/50 'Schoten' (*t/e/^5);

Old Irish fllllcl' bends' (previous /7-present), bret. goalenn' twig| sprout] stalk ' ("*flexible
rod'); Old Irish felmae{= felmae) " hedge; fence, anything planted/erected to form
surrunding barrier' (presumably '*wickerwork'); o-grade Middle Irish falm. "fence, paddock
', cymr. gwawF wall, rampart, entrenchment';

doubtful Middle Irish fail, foil{Gen. falacli) "ring' {*Uelik-, ablaut, with sAi^?);

Old Icelandic 1///PI., Gen. vilja' intestines, entrails ', Old English we(o)loc, weolc, uioloc
"Trompeterschnecke', Dutchn/o/A, wulkds. from Germanic *weluka-, probably zur f/-basis,
as certainly Gothic M/5/My5/7 "walzen', n/5/ty/sd/7 "wallow'. Old English M//0/14/5/7 "walzen, roll'
{*walwjan), waiwianix. intr. "walzen, roll'; Old Icelandic vair' round ', Old English walui.
"Strieme after a blow, knock' {*uolo-, -a, compare Latin 1/0/5), Middle Low German walen
"turn, walzen, roll'. Old High German M/^/s/5f. 'bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bulb
' Gothic M/5/C/5" staff. Old Icelandic i/p//'"round staff. Old Frisian M/5/i/-/?o/'5"Stabtrager',
Old English i/y/'/-M/5/5 ("Wurzelstock'), Old High German wurzala '/"oo/'; /7-present Old High
German M/0//5/7 "round, roll'. Old Saxon biwellan' blemish ' ("*in smut herumwalzen'). Old
Frisian /7/M/i///o/7 participle "befleckf, wherefore Old High German wella' Welle= wave',
compare with formants -mi- (as Old Indie urmf-, Avestan varsmi-) Old High German walm
"Aufwallen, Sieden, heaf. Old English wielm, wylm' surge, Wallung, Sieden';

with the meaning "waves, billows throw' (compare Old High German weilaeic), " to
bubble up, boil up, surge up' (from Ouellen and esp. from siedendem Wasser, from which
partly also words for "vapor, heaf entsprangen) besides Old High German walm. Old
English wielm a\so Old Icelandic vella, vail 'effervesce, simmer, seethe, boil, boil'. Old High

German (etc.) wallan, w/e/'\Nogen, wallen, to bubble up, boil up, surge up, simmer,
seethe, boil, cook', Kaus. Old Icelandic i/e//5'zum Sieden orSchmelzen bringen,
zusammenschweiften'. Middle Low German Middle High German wellen6s.. Old Icelandic
vellai. 'Sieden', Old Frisian walla. Old English wielli. 'wellspring, Sieden', zero grade
Norwegian ollai. "wellspring', Gothic M/^/a/7 "simmer, seethe, boil'. Old Icelandic y//"
"Warmedunsf, y^5"warm', olmr^ furious ': Old High German waloMN. "tepide', walT
"tepor'; here uel-6S. 1140?

lengthened grade Old English waelm. n. "whirlpool, pool', wselan {*wdljan) "walzen'.
Middle Low German wdlen6s.. Old High German wuolen 'dig, aufwijhlen' (compare zum
ablaut Old Church Slavic valltr\NdL\zev\\ and to meaning "aufwiJhlen' also Modern High
German Wal, Wehle, ty^^/?/© "of Wasser ausgewaschene immersion');

Lithuanian vellu, veltl {heavy basis) "walken', i/a///s "thread, string, fishing net' (= russ.
volofb " filament, fibre ' besides the intonation), Latvian i/e?/ "walzen, walken', Lithuanian
apvalus, Latvian aphis' round ', Old Prussian M/5//S "Zugscheit am cart ', Lithuanian vole
"wooden beetle, hammer', yoai/o/a/ "Walzen', Latvian valei. "Waschbleuel', vT-vala'\he
Laufstock beim Garnwinden' (: vTvaluoV be exuberant '); Lithuanian i/e/e/i i/e/"against,
noch einmal', Latvian i/e/"still, further' ("against' from " turn ') and with meaning-
development "sich entwinden, sich winden = hesitate' perhaps Lithuanian velus, Latvian
i/^/s"late', Lithuanian i/5/5/7o'5" while ' (out of it russ. i/5/5/7o'5"Saumseliger');

Slavic *i/5/b m. in Church Slavic 1/5/b "wave', russ. i/5/"wave, surge, Waize' (Balto
Slavic *udla-), c»i6>i/5/"Erdrutsch', yC>/'(9i/5/"Einsturz'; Old Church Slavic i/5////s^"KuAi£a9ar,
russ. i/5//?i. "walzen'. Iter. serb. valjafi, russ. i/5^a/i. "walzen, walken', ablaut. russ.-Church
Slavic obbib " round ', russ. di6>/>y'"roundish' {*ob-vblb); about russ. volofb see above;

Balto Slavic *ullna-{*ulna)i. "wave' in Lithuanian vllnis, vllnia, Latvian i////7a "wave';
Slavic *vblna\r\ Old Church Slavic vibna, russ. volna6s.; in addition Old Church Slavic
vblatr\v\ Wallung bringen'.

Tocharian A walylP\. " worms '.

B. fltpresent (respectively o'-Erweiterg.): Old Icelandic velta, valt. Old High German
walzan. Middle High German walzen, wielz' s\c\\ walzen'. Old High German also "volvere
animo' (wgrm. 5-present to a Perf. with Indo Germanic o neologism with UnterstiJtzung of
Iterativs:) Gothic waltJan'\Na\\o\N\ uswaltjan 'u{r\\Na\zen', Old Icelandic velfa. Old English
wieltan. Old High German welzaniraus. 'walzen, roll, turn'. Old Norse valtr. Old English
wealt'ro\\ev\6, walzbar, unbestandig'; Old English wlatlanuu'^ers. "nauseare', wiseta,

wisettaxw. " disgust, repulsion, ioatliing ' {*wlatiPa), w/setan loedare', Middle Low German
wlaten^ disgust ' {ule-d- : ula-d-)\ also besides Old High German wa/{ajgdn 'waWow , roll'
stands Middle High German die meaning " disgust, repulsion, loathing feel', walgunge'
seasickness ', also Norwegian dial. Ka/p'"widerlich, evil' (see below);

o^Erweit. also in Latvian velde, ve/dre^das of rain niedergelegte (as gewalzte) corn,
grain '; compare from the /-basis above gr. aAiv5w, aAiv5ew, aAi^w.

C. further formation:

ulei-s-, u//-s-\r\. Old Irish f/esc'rod' {*uliska), Gothic wlizjan^hW, chastise, castigate' (if
derivative from a V//za-'rod'), Slavic *leska{*vloiska), russ. -Church Slavic /es/ro i/z> "from
dem wood of Styraxbaumes gemacht', serb. lijeska^ hazel shrub ' etc.; about russ. les
"wood, forest, wood ' {*lesh), /esa "fishing line, fence', which perhaps belong here, s.
Vasmer 2, 33 f. and above S. 665.

Maybe alb. //is "oak, oak forest' a Slavic loanword from Old Church Slavic: les-b "forest,
wood(s)', Russian: /es "forest, wood(s)', Ukrainian: //s "forest, wood(s)'.

ule-ro-, ulo-ro-, ula-ro-:qr. £uAr|pa, Doric auAripa PI. "rein', apAripa nvia Hes. (*£-, a-
FAripo-), Latin lorum "strap', lorica " a leather cuirass, corselet of thongs; a defence,
breastwork, parapet: pinnae ' , Armenian /a/'"rope, cord, bowstring, muscle ', compare
above S. 1139.

D. guttural extensions:

uolg-\v\ Old Indie i/a/g5//"(*dreht sich), hijpft, springt', with sam-' places sich in rollende
Bewegung', with abh/- "wallt auf, va/ga'br\6\e, rein, rein', Latin i/a/g^5"sabelbeinig'. Old
English wealcan, weolc^roW (tr. and intr.), sich hin and her bewegen, volvere animo'. Old
High German walkan. Middle High German walken, ty/e/c "trample, felt, thrash'. Middle
High German also 'wallow'. Old Icelandic valku. "das Hinundhergeworfenwerden, esp. auf
the sea'. Old English gewealcu. "das Rollen', wealcam. " surge '; *walkdn\v\ Old Icelandic
i/a//ra"from place to place drive, push or Ziehen, plague, volvere animo'. Old English
wealcian^roW (intr.), engl. walk^ wander ', Middle Low German walken^ drum, tumble, full,
mill, flex, bend, knead'; Latvian Ka/g5"rope, cord';

nasalized Old Saxon ty/a/7/r"minxish, wanton, bold'. Old English i4'/a/7c"minxish, wanton,
stout, proud, stately', if from the meaning " jumping ' (: Old Indie valgati) evolved.

£/o/Ar-;in Middle Low German M/a/ge/7 "wrestle, struggle, fight, feeling of sickness',
Norwegian olga^ be disgusted ', Old High German wa/{ajgdn ^waWow, roll', trans. " writhe,
twist, be tormented (by pain), roll'. Middle High German unpers. m. Dat. " disgust,
repulsion, loathing feel', wa/gunge' seasickness '.

References: WP. I 298 f., WH. I 822, II 728 ff., 825, 832 ff., Trautmann 349, Vasmer 1, 165
f., 234, Frisk 36, 42, 457 f., 461 f.;
See also: compare ue/-3.
Page(s): 1140-1144

Root / lemma: ue/-8

Meaning: to tear, wound; to steal

Note: with the ablaut uo/-. uo/-, die perhaps as independent group (A.) abzulosen are

Material: A. Old Irish fu/7t 'blood'. Middle Irish /^////'bloody Wunden', cymr. gweli {*uolTso-

?) "wound', corn, goly, PI. golyow. Middle Breton goulyow6s.\ Old Icelandic valrm. "die

Leichen auf the battlefield ', Old English waelu. "ds., battlefield, Blutbad', Old High German

walu. ds. ( 'Walstatt), Old Saxon M/a/-o''ao'" murder'. Old Icelandic i/5/Ay/75"Walkure', Old

English waelcyrige^ euuys, Zauberin' m.; lengthened grade Old High German wuor

beating, ruin, epidemic ' (but M/i/o/e/7"dig' see below 'Ve/-"turn'), Old Saxon wol. Old

English wolm. f. " epidemic, pestilence, plague ';

kir. valjava^W\\h Gefallenen bedecktes battlefield ', Czech 1/5/e// "fight, battle', valka
"war, fight', wruss. i/a/Aa "fight, struggle, Holzfallen', va/c/c'\N\n, triumph'. Old Prussian u//nt
(from *walint} "fight';

Lithuanian velesor veles^ the ghostly figures of the deceased ', velinas, nowadays
Ke//7/a5 "devil' (originally "ghost' as Old Lithuanian veluokas), Latvian i/e//" the spirits of the
deceased '.

B. Gr. aAioKoiJai "werde gefangen' (Thessalian FaAiaoKETai, Arcadian FqAovtok;), Aor.
(F)aAaJvai, sdAwv (*ri-FaAu)v), qAwtoc; "gefangen', presumably also Ionian Attic £TAu)T£(;,
EiAaJrai "Heloten' (from lak. *r|Au)T£(;for *£-F£Au)T£(;); avaAioKU) (*ava-FaAiaK(ji)), Fut.
avaAcbau) "aufwenden, consume, slay' ("*zum Gebrauch hernehmen, an sich reiften'),
avaAou) "destroy, smash';

hom. Attic ouAr) "wound, scar' (*FoAva or *FoAaa), np. valana, valana "wound', Latin
volnus, -e/75 "wound' {*ulsnos= Old Irish flann^b\oo&, blutrot'); \/tkka\ iTAai Hes. (i.e.
FeAAqi; Fick KZ. 44, 438);

Latin vello, -ere, velliav\6 volsi{vulsi), volsum {vulsum) "pluck, tear, rend; ausreiften,
ausrupfen, abzupfen';

Gothic wilwan^'cob\ wulwa^ robbery';

Hittite t/a//7/77/" beldam pfe';

in Germanic furtlier formations Middle Low German wietei. "wound, Schmift', Middle
High German /e/ze/? "injure' (Indo Germanic *LJ[e]lecP}, probably also Old Frisian wiemma
"damage, injure'. Middle Low German wlame^ disability, SiJndhaftigkeit';

Hittite hullai-, hu////a- l\ght, struggle' (?).

References: WP. I 304 f. WH. II 729 f., 827, Trautmann 348, Frisk 74;
See also: perhaps in addition ue/k-1'z\e\r\en'.
Page(s): 1144-1145

Root / lemma: ue-4, uo- ues-
Meaning: " down, downward '
See also: see above S. 73 {au-).
Page(s):1114

Root / lemma: ue-5, uo-

Meaning: " those, that, pronoun used to indicate specific people or objects '

See also: see above S. 75 {au-).

Page(s):1114

Root / lemma: uem-, uema-

Meaning: to spit, vomit

Material: Old Indie vami-ti, newer 1/5/775// "ausspeien, vomit', 1/5/7/5- "gespien', vamathu-m.

"Erbrechen', Avestan 1/5/77- "vomit'; npers. 1/5/5/r "saliva' {*um-to-);

gr. £fj£U) (for *£fj£-|ji), Aor. £|j£aaai "vomit', £[J£to(; m., £p£aic; f. "Erbrechen' (£|juc;
"Sumpfschildkrote'?);

Latin vomo {* uemo) "erbreche', i/o/77//i/s" Erbrechen', vom/ca'u\cer, abscess, boil ';

Norwegian dial. 1///77/5 "nausea feel', i///77/'5 "nausea cause'. Old Swedish vam/m. "
disgust, repulsion, loathing '; Old Icelandic 1/5/775 "nausea ', vamr' disgusting person';

Lithuanian i/e/77// "vomit', vema/arvomW, v/'mdyt/" erbrechen make', Latvian vemt's\ch
erbrechen';

maybe truncated alb. {*vema/a?j iye//"vomit', older i/e/"overeat, feel nausea ' , a Lithuanian
loanword

very dubious is kinship from Gothic Gen. PI. wamme' stain ', gawamms Gen. PI.
"befleckt, impure, unclean'. Old Icelandic vammn. "fault, error, disability ', Old English
wammm. n. " stain, disability, wrong; injustice ', Adj. "mad, wicked, evil, bad'. Old Saxon
warn n. "evil, harm'. Adj. "mad, wicked, evil' ( *uom-no-)\ compare Weisweiler IF 41 , 46.

References: WP. I 262 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 350, Frisk 504 f., 508.
Page(s): 1 1 46

Root / lemma: uerrS^-1

Meaning: to turn, wind, plait

Material: Old Indie vandhura-m. " Wagensitz ', originally " Wagenkorb ' (from netting),

Armenian g/nd'nng', gndak ort'oy^ vine-layer, Rebschoft';

Note:

The inanimate suffix -ur- . Old Indie vandhura-xw. " Wagensitz ', originally " Wagenkorb ' :
UAupioi , oi, lllyrians, 'lAAupia , n, lllyria, also'lAAupi^ , n. Adj. 'lAAupiKO^ , n, 6v, lllyrian: -kpi,
the region or province of lllyria, 'lAAupi^O) , speak the lllyrian language, 'IAAupla:-hence
Adv. lAAupiaTi.

gr. rhod. a9pa(; " cart ' Hes., Kovv-aOpov "Korbwagen' ( *urKi!"-ro-)\ Umbrian pre-uendu
"advertito', aha-uendu 'aved\t6';

rich evolved in Germanic: Gothic Old English Old Saxon windan. Old High German
wintan. Old Icelandic vinda' coil ', Kaus. Gothic wandjaneic. Modern High German
wenden ^turn ', Old Icelandic v/ndr's\ant, skew', Gothic /nm'nds' inverted ', Middle High
German w/ndeM '\N\nded', Old High German wanda'turbo', Old Icelandic vandr^genau,
difficult, hard' ("*inverted, verdreht'), vand/'m. "Schwierigkeit, Ungemach', Old English
iy5/7o'/5/7 "hesitate, achten, scheuen', Gothic wandus= Old Icelandic i/p/7£y/'"horsewhip,
rod', i/5/70''5/7Js"Hausfrom wickerwork ', Swedish dial. Ka/7/7"Schlingfaden in plants ',
(under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-). Old Icelandic vgndull
"zusammengedrehtes bundle from Heu', Modern High German wandern, wande/n' change
' among others m.

References: WP. I 261, WH. II 787;

See also: *uen6^- is perhaps nasalized Forme to ^ad^^-" tie, bind, knot, bind'.

Page(s):1148

Root / lemma: uervS^-2

Meaning: to disappear

Note: see above S. 1047 (s)uerri!^-(^s.\

Material: unclear is das relationship to Old Church Slavic pri-sv^dati, pri-sv^ngti

"marcescere, torrefieri'. Old Czech svadnuti, Czech vadnout/"\N\t\r\er, wilt', poln. swigdziec

"itch', sbv^f/'Brandgeruch, fetidness ' etc.; compare Holub 406.

References: WP. I 261 f.

Page(s):1148

Root / lemma: uen6y-3

Meaning: hair, beard

Material: Gr. iov0O(; m. ' root of a/the hair, young beard, Gesichtsausschlag ' ( *y/-yon6'^os),

iovBaq "villous, shaggy';

Middle Irish f/nd' hair of the head ', Old Irish Gen. PI. f/nnae{*uen6'^u-), (common Celtic
-A75-, -nt- > -nn-), newer Nom. Sg. Middle Irish finnans., nir. fionnan^ marsh grass ', from
which mcymr. gwynnawnAs.; Middle Irish /e5"Schamhaar, hair' {*uerKi!"-s-o-)\ Old High
German wintbrawa^ eye\as\\' (Haarrand); Old Prussian wansoi. "the first beard'. Old
Church Slavic vgsh, psb"barba, mystax' (Balto Slavic *uon6^-s-o-, -a).

References: WP. I 262, Trautmann 341, Vasmer 3, 189 f.. Frisk 729 f.

Page(s):1148

Root / lemma: ue-n-gh-
Meaning: to be bent

Material: Germanic *wanga- l\e\d' in Gothic waggsm. "Paradies', Old Icelandic vangr, Old
Saxon wang, Modern High German-Bavarian-osterr. l/Vang' Aue' etc. (actually "bend');
with schwacher inflection Old High German etc. wanga "cheek', derivative Gothic
waggareisru. (or -/n.) "pillow'. Old High German wangar/6s. and Old Icelandic veng/
{*wangia). Old High German or-wengi 6s.\ here also Middle Low German wingeren^ crook
oneself, grovel, truckle, creep '.

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268 f.; after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 216 could though
also *uenk- for unsere words angesetzt become, whether man endbetontes Indo Germanic
*uonkd- etc. annimmt.
Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: ue-n-g-

Meaning: to be bent

Material: Old Indie varjgati^ qoes, hinkt' (Gramm.), vanjula-^name of different plants', e.g.

"calamus Rotang' etc.;

alb. vank, vangu^Ve\qe\ vek^ handle, part of an object designed to be gripped by the
hand ', i/e^e/e 'handle, hold, grasp' {ung-)\

Old High German winchan. Middle High German winken "waver, wave, beckon'. Old
High German winch. Middle High German winc^ beckoning gesture, Wanken', compare
Old English wince^W\v\6e\ engl. winch; Old English wincian^\Naye, beckon, nod, die
Augen shut'. Middle Low German winken As., Old High German winkii^ angle, earth';

ablaut. Old Icelandic i/a/r/ra'umherirren, amble'. Old Saxon wancon. Old High German
wankon. Middle High German Modern High German 'wanken = wobble'; Old English
iva/7cc»/"unbestandig', wencein. "kid, child, maid ', nengl. wencfr,

Lithuanian vengiu, vengti'avo\6, vermeiden', actually " veer, swerve, turn about ';
ablaut. Iterat. i/5/7^s/K//undi/5/7^^s"idle'; v/ng/s'bow, curvature', /si/e/7^//"vermeiden',
v/ngiuofi 'bo\N, Umwege make', vingrus's\c\r\ schlangeind, sharp witted, shrewd'; Old
Prussian w/hghskan Akk. Sg. "artifice', wangan Akk. Sg. "end'; Latvian vingrs Iresh,
nimble, skilful'.

References: WP. I 260, Trautmann 350 f.; Wissmann Nomina Postverb. 40, 110; Jokl
Lingunder-k.-Unters. 102 ff.;
See also: compare ua-, uek-etc.
Page(s): 1148-1149

Root / lemma: ue-n-k-

See also: see above S. 1 134 f. {uek-).

Page(s): 1149

Root/ lemma: uen-1, uena-
Meaning: to strive; to wish for, to love

Material: Old Indie vanati, Ka/7o7/"wunscht, loves, gewinnt, siegt', participle vanita-, -vata-,
vani-tr-, vantr-^ gainer', Avestan vanaiti, vanao/t/ ^s\egt', Middle Persian i/a/7/?a/7 "defeat,
conquer, hit'; Old Indie Aor.-present vanat/"\n same meaning; Kaus. vanayat/and vanayati
(previously not covered); as -5^-present Old Indie i/a/7c/75//"wunscht', compare vanchat
"wish'; vanas-n. "lust' (compare Latin Venus), vani-i. "desire, wish', wherefore vanTyati
"bettelf, vanTyaka-^ beggar', vanu-as noun agentis m. (compare Avestan -vanus\n Nom.
Prussian); in compositions erscheirit vanya-, s. further vanta- as Nom. Sg. m. (Avestan
vanfar' victor'), vant/'-Hom. Act. (uncovered, yet compare Avestan -vantay-); Old Indie
vama-' left ' and i/a/77a-"lieb(lich), lascivious';

venet. VN VenefHrom *uenefos 'geWebt'; compare die \/enostes'\n den Alpen, die
Venetulani\v\ Latium (Krahe IF. 58, 137); Latin-Germanic Venethi{P\\v\.)\ Old High German
Winida "Wende' point at auf proto Germanic *Veneto-, against it Latin-Germanic Venedi
(Tacitus), Old English Winedas^y^eudeVi auf *Venet6-\

Maybe alb. {* venedi) i/e/7o'/ 'country, homeland', i/e/70'05 'place, put, settle, judge, decide'

Latin venus, -erist "love, Liebesgenuft, Liebreiz', Venus name the Liebesgottin,
Ke/7^5/^s "graceful, charming, mellifluous', veneror, -a/'/"with religious fear, shyness
worship, huldigen, humbly bid, beg, ask', originally "die love bezeugen'; here also venor, -
^/"/"pursue ein Wild, hunt, chase';

Old Irish fine {*venja) " kinship, stem, family ', Middle Irish fin-gaiacfi^ parricidalis ',
coibnius^ kinship' {*con-venestu-), abret. coguenou^ indigena ', Middle Breton gouen
"Rasse', cymr. gwen^ smile ' (out of it Middle Irish gends.l);

extraordinary reich vertreten is die root uen- in den Germanic Sprachen:

auf Indo Germanic * ueni-s goes back gall. Veni- in PN Ven/-carus etc., Old Icelandic
1///7/' "friend'. Old Saxon Old High German m'ni. Old Frisian Old English wine; e\neja-
derivative is Gothic w/nja' willow, food'. Middle Low German Old High German winne. Old
Icelandic vini. " meadowland ' (compare Old Irish fine^ kinship'); zero grade Old High
German wunnia, wunna, wunnr\us\., Wonne', Old Saxon wunnia. Old English wynnds.
(Middle High German wunne^ meadowland ', only in the Formel wunne and weide^ graze'
replacement for the old winne);

Indo Germanic *uenlstro-mr6 through Old Icelandic vinstri^ left ', Old Saxon winistar.
Old Frisian winisteretc. assumed, eine Komparativbildg. as Latin sinister e\.c. (compare
moreover Old Indie vama- " left ');

frequent, often is the junction to "befriedigt sein, sicli accustom ' in Germanic; compare
zero grades Gothic unwunands's\c\r\ nicht freuend', Old Icelandic una {* wunen) "zufrieden
sein with', Old Frisian wonia. Old Saxon wonon, wunon'stay, dwell'. Old High German
wonen^ habitual, customary sein, sich accustom, abide, remain, wohnen\ Old Saxon
giwono, giwuno. Old English gewun. Old High German giwon " habitual, customary '; Old
Icelandic ograde vanrdiS.; derived Old Saxon giwono {*-wunan-) " consuetude ' etc.. Old
Icelandic vanixr\. ds.; Old Icelandic venja{*wanjan). Old Saxon gi-wennian. Old English
wennan etc. " accustom '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

maybe alb. vonelate', vonoj"de\aY, stay late'

die lengthened grade has Germanic meaning "hoffen, expect ' angenommen; Gothic
M/e/75 (/-stem) " expectation, hope'. Old Icelandic van, Old Saxon wands., Old Frisian wen
"opinion'. Old High German wan a\so 'Vermutung, Wahn, intention' etc.; Adj. necess. Old
Icelandic vaenn {*venja-) 'to hoffen, pretty, pleasant', wherefore Old Icelandic vaend
{*veniPd) 'hope, expectation ', Gothic wenjan^ expect, hoffen'. Old Icelandic v^nads.,
vaenask^ boast ', Old Saxon wanian e\.c.; zero grade Old Icelandic osk {* wunsko) 'wish'.
Old English wOsc-, Old High German m/^/7sc 'wish' etc.. Old Icelandic 0sk/a'\N\s\r\', Old
English wyscan ds. (compare ^etyj/sca/7'adoptieren'). Old High German wunscen ds. etc.
(compare above Old Indie vanchati);

the meaning 'work, suffer, bear, endure, quarrel, gain ' shows sich Germanic in the
family Gothic i4///7/7a/7 'suffer, bear, endure'. Old Icelandic v/nna ^\Nork, align, iJberwinden',
Old Saxon w/nnan 'quarre\, fight' etc.. Old English w/den/y/nnam. ' adversary ', Old High
German widanA/inno ds.; Gothic winno, w/nna' affliction, -schaft'. Old Icelandic 1///7/75
'work'. Old High German nv/7/7a 'fight'. Middle High German w/nne^pa\n'; schlieftlich
Gothic wunns ' affliction '; (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-).

Church Slavic un/'t/" veTle ', unj//, unej/" beiier';

Hittite uen-, uent- ' futuere '; Tocharian A wan/, B win- 'pleasure'.

References: WP. I 258 f., WH. II 752 f., Vasmer 3, 184.
Page(s): 1146-1147

Root / lemma: uen-2
Meaning: ' punch, hit, strike '
See also: see above under ua-l.
Page(s):1147

Root / lemma: uen-

Meaning: to hit, wound

Note: (: ua-, similarly as g^em- : g^a-qo, come')

Material: Armenian vandem^ 6es\xoy, smash'; Gothic M/i//7o(s 'verwundet', Old High

German Modern High German Old Saxon Old English wund, Subst. Old High German

wunta. Old English wund. Old Icelandic 5/7o'"wound' {*un-t6s, -ta). Old English //"swelling,

lump, growth' (originally probably "swelling, blister infolge eines Schlages'), engl. wen.

Middle Low German wene, Danish dial, vann, vsene {\iro\o Germanic *wanja); cymr. ym-

M/a/7 "fight', mcymr. gwe/nfl durchbohrte', 3. Sg. gwant, gwan^ punctio ', corn, yth ym-

wanas^ percussit ', gwane^ perforare '.

References: WP. I 212.

Page(s):1108

Root / lemma: uep-2

Meaning: to throw, throw out

Note:

Root/ lemma: uep-2\ "to throw, throw out' derived from an extended Root/ lemma: uer-3.

G. uer-p-, ur-ep- {* suerich^: "to turn, wind'.

Material: Old Indie 1/405// "wirft, streut (den Samen)', vapra-xw. n. "Aufwurf (from earth),

earthwair, i/a/0/'5"Feuerstatte', Avestan vafra-. Middle Persian vafr, npers. barf'snow'

(actually [*Schnee]wehe?);

Maybe alb. bore' snow ' < npers. barf " snow '.

Old Church Slavic veprt, Latvian vepr/s'boar' (as "the Befruchter'); different about Balto

Slavic *ueprja- "boar' above S. 323; remains far off Latin vepres "briar' (see 11 56).

References: WP. I 256 f., WH. II 732, Trautmann 351, Vasmer 1, 183.

Page(s): 1149

Root / lemma: u(e)rad-, Uerad- urad-

Meaning: twig, root, branch

Material: Gr. pa5T^, -~\koc, "twig, branch, rod' (= Latin radix), pa5apvo(; m., Aeolic

*Fp65a[jvoq (from opoSapvoc; to erschlieften) "young twig, branch' (about pa5iv6(;,

pa5aA6(; uer-, ured-'iuxu'); compare pi^a Lesbian ppia5a "roof (*Fp95ja?);

alb. rranze'root' (Mann Lg. 26, 388; 28, 37); Latin radix, -Tc/st "roof; probably ramus
"bough, twig, branch' (as *uradmos) and radius' s\.ai\, Speiche, ray bright body,
Weberschiffchen';

Maybe alb. {*radna) rranja " root '

cymr. gwra/dd^ roots' {*ur9d/o-), S'\ngu\atW gwre/ddyn, acorn. grue/teng\. radix, Middle
Breton gruizyenn, nbret. grisienn; cymr. gwrysg^ksXe, branch ' {*urd-sko-)\ Old Irish Middle
Irish fren^oot' {*urd-no-), newer frenr, cymr. greddr \ns\.\nk\., nature' {*urd-ma-\ also
perhaps originally -/77/7-suffix, compare above gr. pa5apvo(;);

Gothic wa u lis ^ root! , Old English wyrt. Old High German wurz'herb, plant', Middle High
German also 'root'. Old High German wurzala. Old English wyrtwa/u {actuaWy 'herb-stock')
'root' (here also Old Saxon wurtia. Middle High German wurze ^Wurze', next to which the
changing by ablaut Old Saxon wirtea. Middle High German wirze6s.\ besides diesen auf
*Uerad-base6 forms stands *ur(a)d-\v\ Old Icelandic i//Y'herb'; Old Icelandic Ao/'root';

Tocharian B witsako^ rooW

References: WP. I 288, WH. II 414, 415, 416, Pokorny ZcP. 26, 1 ff.
Page(s):1167

Root / lemma: t/e/d^- ureA'^-{* h 1/616"^ ■)

Meaning: to grow; high

Material: Old Indie vardhati, vardhate, vrdhat/ 'wachst, mehrt sich', vardha- m. 'das

Fordern', i/a/'o'/7aKa//" makes grow', vrddha-^ grown, big, large, old', vfddhi-i. "

strengthening '; Avestan vared-^make grow '; Old Indie urdhva-^\\\gW {*Uor-6^-uo-)\ Old

Indie i//'5o'/75/7/-'emporsteigend';

gr. 6p66(;, Doric pop66- 'erect, straight, right, true' {*Uor6y-uo-), in addition also 6p0po(;
"the early morning ', 6p9piO(;, 6p0pTv6(; 'early, matutinal', opGpsuu) 'bin fruh auf, therefore
aniaut. F through lakon. pop9aYopiaKO(; Hes., otherwise 6p9aYopiaKO(; (from *6p9p-)
'Spanferkel' (snsi np6(; tov opGpov ninpaoKovrai) gesichert wird; qzQoc, 'limb, member,
body, face (with the eyes and mouth)';

alb. A// 'grow, make groft';

perhaps GoMc gawrisqan^^xuW. bringen'. Old Icelandic /ps/r/"' proficient', rgskvask
'aufwachsen, ripen', rgskinn^ grown';

Old Church Slavic etc. rod-b^ partus, generatio, gens, natura ', roditi, razdati^ parere ',
redii 'dish, food, nourishment, food', nslov. redfti^ nourish ', Latvian radTt^ create, to give
birth to children ' (probably loanword), raza^ prospering; flourishing, reiche harvest'
i^radja), rasma, rasme^ prospering; flourishing, Ergiebigkeit', Lithuanian rasmeds.;

doubtful Lithuanian /'e'5/7a5 "strong, proficient', Latvian resns'\h'\ck, dickleibig, dickstammig'
(russ. loanword?); Old Church Slavic ranb 'opGpoc;', Czech poln. rano'6\e time early in the
morning, die FriJhe' (compare Bulgarian razda se^{d\e sun) goes auf, (sol) oritur') from
*urdd^no-.

References: WP. I 289 f., Trautmann 234, Vasmer2, 491, 527 f., Mayrhofer 1, 117.
Page(s):1167

Root / lemma: yer-g- uer-gh-, uer-k- i^huer-gh^
See also: see above S. 1 154 f. {uer-3. D. uer-g-, etc..)
Page(s): 1 1 69

Root /lemma: uerg-1, ureg-{*huerg-1)

Meaning: to close, enclose; pen

Note: extension from uer-5.

Material: Old Indie vraja-m. " hurdle, Umhegung', vrjana-m. "Umhegung, Einfriedigung,

abgeschlossene settlement ', Gatha-Avestan varazana-, \&^ . varazana-, ap. vardana-n.

"Gemeinwesen' (out of it borrowed Old Indie vardhana-' town, city', Wackernagel KZ. 67,

168f.); Avestan varaz- ^absperren'; oss. aerudez{*wraza-= Old Indie vraja-) " herd,

Hirsche';

hom. spyu), spyaGw (F-) and (with Vorschlags £-) sspyu), Attic sipyu) "schliefte ein, from,
hold ab', Attic sipKir), Ionian spKir) " jail ', Attic £ipyp6(; " jail, lock ', Cypriot ka-te-vo-ro-ko-
/7e"sie belagerten'; in addition Old Irish fraig^wa\\\ nir. fraigh^\Na\\ from wickerwork, roof,
hurdle ', because of mcymr. ach-vre 'wattled fence' from *uregi- (Loth RC. 38, 301).

References: WP. I 290, Frisk 465 f.; Benveniste BSL. 52, 34;
See also: compare uergh- above S. 1 154.
Page(s):1168

Root / lemma: uerg-2, ureg- {*hueig-2)
Meaning: to do, work

Material: Avestan varaz-{varazyeiti= Gothic waurkeil=^, s. also gr. ps^oo) " work, do, make',
participle varsta-, varaza-m. " work, Verrichten from, occupation ' (npers. varz, barz
"Feldarbeit, Ackerbau'), varsti-i. "Handein, Tun', varstva- M]. 'was to tun is'; Armenian
gorc^work' (with secondary o); gr. spyov, Fspyov ' work' (= German Work ' work '),
epya^OMQi 'arbeite', thereafter £pyaTr|<; 'worker' (for *£py6Tr|<;), spSu) (occasionally £p5(jo)
"do, sacrifice ' (*F£pz5u), "i/e/g/o lengthened grade after Fspyov as in Old Saxon wirkian).

Fut. sp^oj, Aor. sp^a, Perf. sopya), ps^w "do' (from ps^ai neologism, hom. apsKToq
"ungetan' reconverted with metathesis from *a[F]£pKTO(;); opyavov "tool', opyia "(secret)
worship', opYia^u) "feiere Mysterien', opyscbv "Mitglied a religiosen BriJderschaft'; opva^u),
Ionian opvau), opyiCu) "knead, ruhre through, tan, convert hide into leather' (as Modern
High German Teig wirken\N\Vr\ meaning- contraction in the professional jargon), wherefore
EopYH " verticil, whorl, group of parts (leaves, flowers, etc.) arranged in a circle ' (probably
redupl. Fs-Fopya);

Zero grade alb. {*ureg-) rregj"c\ear\\ Mediopassiv rregjem^ trouble about, strain, strive'
(stem E. Mann Lg. 26, 382 f.); (common Slavic Baltic Albanian Greek ure-> rre-see pE^co
"do').

abret. guerg^ effective] capable of filling some function; (person/medicine); legally valid ',
gall, vergo-bretus^ uppermost authority of Aeduer', also i/e/rc-it'/'e/o (Pokorny, Vox
Romanica 10, 266 f.); mcymr. gwre/fhleat, dead, act' {*ureg-tu-), 1. PI. Imper. acymr.
guragun, newer gwnawn etc. (/? instead of /"through influence of *gn/'- ' make' , S. 373),
corn, gruen, mbr. gr-{u)eomp {* ureg- "make'), Lewis-Pedersen S. 336 f.;

Old Saxon wirkian (neologism after werR), warhta. Old High German (Franconian)
wirkan, wirchen, war{a)hta^ work, be active, work '; Gothic waurkjan{= Avestan varazyeitl).
Old Icelandic yrkja, orta. Old English wyrcan, worhte. Old High German (Upper German)
wurchen, wor{a)hta^ work, do, make, effectuate ', Old High German gawurhti. "feat, dead,
act, action', Gothic frawaurhts^ sinful ', f. " sin ' etc., Gothic waurstwr\. "work' {*waurh-
stwa-\ similarly Avestan varstva-); Old High German were, werah. Old Saxon werk. Old
Icelandic werkr\. (= spyov) "work, occupation, job'. Old English weorca\so " hardship,
agony', wherefore also Old Icelandic verkr. Gen. verkjar{rw. /-stem) "pain, affliction' could
belong here;

Old High German liv/^e/? nanena^iicKena^eDen^en^mger^ = Old Saxon wirkian.
Old English wircan, and das therefrom not trennbare Old High German werifi\r\ the
meaning " coarse flax, tow, oakum ', awirihhi, awuritihi^ oakum ' show use our root auf die
Weberei; s. against it Marstrander IF. 22, 332 f. (the l/Verg ar\d wirken^to weave' the root
*uerg-'turr\, coil ' allot mochte); an Modern High German IVerg rerr\\r\6s cymr. cy-warc/i'
hemp, flax' = bret. koarc'fi, abret. coarcholion <^\. " canabina '; Marstrander ZcP. 7, 362
seeks therein ein Indo Germanic *uer-k- "turn', see above S. 11 55.

References: WP. I 290 f.. Frisk 548 f.
Page(s): 1168-1169

Root / lemma: ueiy-3, uorg- {*hueiy-3)

Meaning: to abound, to be full of strength

Material: Old Indie urj-, urjai., urja- m. "juice, sap and power, nourishment, food' {*Uorg-l),

urjayati' nourishes, strengthens', urjasvant-^ plentiful ';

gr. opYH "seelischer, heftiger shoot, Affekt, rage, fury' (opyi^u) 'erzijrne jemanden' ),
opYQU) "from dampness and juice, sap strotzen, violent lust, crave, in leidenschaftlicher
Stimmung sein', opya^, -a5oc; (vn) "iJppigerfruchtbarer Erdboden, Marschland, Au';

e-grade Old Irish fere. Middle Irish fergi. "rage, fury' presumably also the (oKzavoo,
Ou£pyiouiO(; by Ptol. (i.e. i/e/y/V/bs "the angry'? or still "the schwellende, surging '?);
mcymr. y wer/t^ sea' (that is to say y werydd) rather from *UerJo- to *auer- above S. 80 and
1165; compare Pedersen Celtic Gr. II, 669 f.

References: WP. I 289, Mayrhofer 1,116.
Page(s): 1 1 69

Root /lemma: uer-10{*huer-10)

Meaning: " river, flow '

See also: see above ayer-S. 80 f.; in addition Var-'m many FIN {Uer-).

Page(s):1165

Root /lemma: uer-11, uer9-{*huer-11)

Meaning: friendship; trustworthy, true

Material: A. root nouns uer- gr. Frip- in hom. (sni) npa cpspsiv "einen Gefallen tun', Pherek.

npa igGi, Bacchyl. qpa with Gen. "xapiv'; £nir|pavo(; "wohlgefallig, pleasant'; Nom. PI. spi-

npsc; " confidante ', Sg. ostem spiripoc; "traut, dear'; ppiripov fjEyaAwc; KSxapiajJEvov Hes.;

PN Dspiriprif;, Aiu)pr|<;from Aio-Fripr|<;.

B. derivative uera. Germanic Vera "pact, covenant, profession, declaration, covenant'
in Old Icelandic GN l/a/'"goddess of oath of allegiance ', PI. i/a/'a/'"Treuegelubde', Old
English wseri. "pact, covenant, loyalty, protection'. Old High German wara6s.. Middle Low
German ware^'^aci, covenant, peace'; Old Church Slavic f. "faith, belief.

C. compounds auf -uero-s, -ueri-s, formal as gr. £pir|po(;, ppir|po(;: Latin se'-i/ems"ohne
Freundlichkeit', i.e. "stern', therefrom asseverare^ insure ', perseverare^ eu^ure";
GegenstiJck gall. PN Co-vTrus, cymr. cyty/A" right, loyal, faithful'; *uerf-s\n Gothic alla-werei
"schlichte GiJte', Old Icelandic p/i/^/r "friendly, gastlich'. Old English ea/-M/e/'//ic"benigne',
Old High German alauuari. Middle High German a/n/^/'e "simple, oafish, clownish ' Old

High German zur-wan" dub'\ous ' = Gothic *tuzwers{tuzwerjan' doubt'), * unwers(un-werjan
" unwilling sein'), Old High German /77///-M/5/7"gentle'.

D. adjective t/ero-5 "true': Latin verus. Old Irish ffr, cymr. gwir. Old Saxon Old High
German war. Modern High German wahr.

E. verb derivations: gr. Eoprn (*F£FopTC() " celebration, festival', Aeolic spoTK; ds.
(*F£poTi(;? rather assimilate an i^oioc,, hom. i^aioc, " mellifluous'); i^cxvoc, ds.;

Old High German weren, giweren, giweron. Modern High German gewahren. Old Saxon
waron^\e\s\.ev\\

Here probably also Germanic werduz{= Indo Germanic *uertu-) in Old Icelandic vert^r
(Dat. Sg. K//'it'e besides frequent vert^e) 'repast, meal', Gothic wa/rdus ' ^ivoq' , Old Saxon
werd. Old High German l/V/rt' householder, Eheherr, host ', Old Frisian hus-werda'
landlord, householder'.

References: WP. I 285 f., WH. II 528, 768, Wissmann Nom. postverb. 115 ff.. The altesten
Postverb. of Germanic 45, Frisk 531 , 547 f., 565, Trautmann 351 , Vasmer 1 , 1 84.
Page(s): 1165-1166

Root / lemma: uer-12{*huer-12)
Meaning: to burn

Material: Armenian varem " set on fire, ignite ', varim 'burn'; perhaps alb. vorbe^
saucepan, cooking pot ' and (?) Germanic *uarma- 'warm' in Gothic warmjan' warm'. Old
Icelandic varmr, afr. Old Saxon Old High German warm 'warm', changing through ablaut
Old High German w/'rma' warmth ' {*wirmia) and wirmina. Middle High German wirme ar\d
wirmen, compare (?) Old Icelandic orna' warm become, warm'; Old Church Slavic varh
'heat', var/f/'cook' (different above S. 81); in addition also Balto-Slavic uarna-m. 'raven' in
Lithuanian varnas. Old Prussian Vok. warm's, Akk. PI. warnins. Old Church Slavic vranh,
russ. voron, probably a nominalized adjective * uarna- 'black, verbrannt' in Old Church
Slavic vrant, russ. voron6j'b\acW etc.; with lengthened grade (Vriddhi) femin. Balto Slavic
* uarna- 'crow' in Old Prussian M/5/77e (secondary e-stem), Lithuanian varna, russ. Church
Slavic vrana, serb. vrana, russ. i/c»/'d/75 (glottal stop through Vriddhi); Hittite uar- 'burn',
participle uarant- ' burning ' (Intrans.), uar-nu-'V\r\d\e, inflame, burn '.
References: WP. I 269, Trautmann 343, 361, Vasmer 1, 169, 228 f., Szemerenyi Kratylos
2, 121 f., the also Germanic *swarta-'b\acW (different above S. 1052) dazustellt.
Page(s): 1 1 66

Root / lemma: uer-13{*huer-13)

Meaning: squirrel, etc..

Note: in certainly Zugehorigen with Redupl. uer-uer-, ue-uer-, uai-uer-, ui-uer-, ua-uer-

Material: Npers. varvarah^ squirrel '; Latin vTverra\. Trettchen' {*vT-ver-sa)\ cymr. gwiwer,

bret. gwiberirom Latin; unclear nir. iora ruadh, Scots Gaelic feorag,

Balto-Slavic *ueyer-dx\^ *uauer- *uaiuer-\. 'Eichhornchen' in Lithuanian vaiveris
{va/varas, vaivarys) "male of polecat or marten', vaivere, vovere^ squirrel '; Latvian vavere,
vaveris6s.\ Old Prussian wewareAs.; Old Russian veverica, nslov. i/ei/e/yica'Eichhorn',
kir. vyvirka, Czech veverka, Bulgarian ververica 6s.\

not reduplicated in 2. part from Old English ac-weorna. Old Swedish ekorne. Old High
German eihhumo, eihhorneic. 'Eichhorn' (see below *5/^-"sich violent bewegen').

References: WP. I 287 f., WH. Ill 808, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 176.
Page(s): 1 1 66

Root/ lemma: uer-1, also suer-{*huer-f)

Meaning: to bind, to attach

Material: A. Gr. asipu) from *aF£pjaj (with Vorschlags-a-), from Homer also aipw (anyhow

from *a£pju) contracted, with ai instead of ai): a) 'reihe an, bandage, kopple', p) "lift high,

raise, uplift';

to a) "kopple':

^uvaipsTQi auvaiTTETai Hes., auvnopo(; Hom. (auvaopo(; Pind.) "narrowly vereint,
coniunx', Attic auvwpiq "Zweigespann', TEipaopoc;, Attic T£Tpu)po(; "Viergespann', hom.
napnopo(; "Beipferd besides dem Zweigespann';

to (3) "lift high, allow hangen':

nspTO EKpepoTO Hes., hom. nspsGovTai "sie flattern'; hom. (jEinopoc;, Attic p£T£U)po(;,
Aeolic n£5aopo(; "erhoben, high schwebend' (pisra " amid, in the middle of '); KaTr|opo(;,
KOTCopiq; KaTOjpr|<; kqtu) psnajv Hes.; £rrnopo(;; aTTnopo(;; in addition with lengthened grade
and Intensive reduplication aicbpa (*FaiFu)pa) "Schwebe, Schaukel', with aiajpsu). further
in addition aoprrip "Schwertkoppel', aoprn "leather sack' (*aFopTa because of Latin
loanword 5i/e/Ya"Packsack'), also probably aop n. "sword'; aopr- or rather aapr-
contracted to apr- in aprripia " windpipe, Arterie', besides aoprn "Aorta'; aspr- contracted

to apT- in aprav " attach with a hinge, hook ' (compare nspTnas nsprriMCii by Alexandrinern
with apravn 'rope, loop, noose, snare ', apT£|ju)v 'Bramsegel');

alb. vjer^ hang on', 5Ka/7"together', vark, -^i/"row, Kranz, chain ', vargarfrow, Trupp';

Lithuanian veriu, i/e/Y/'einfadeIn'; Latvian veru, i/e/i^'einfadeln, prick, sew', in addition
die iterative Lithuanian varstyti, Latvian i/a/'5//?"wiederholt einfadein', Latvian savare^ro6
zum Binden', East Lithuanian virtine "bundle', Latvian virtene, virkne{*virtne)i.
"Aneinandergereihtes, row', also Lithuanian pa-vare auA vorai. "long row' (from cart,
animals etc.), Lithuanian virve, Latvian i//n/e"rope, band'. Old Church Slavic vrbvb6s. (=
Old Prussian wirbeAs), Lithuanian api-varas " bootlace ', Ka/'a/7o'a "netting from withe ',
voras' spider'; Old Church Slavic i/bi//'e//"hineinstecken', yO/'c»i//'e//"durchstecken', russ.
veratb'st\ck, hineinlegen'. Old Church Slavic obora {*ob-vora) "rope', russ. verenfca^\ov\Q
row, line'. Old Church Slavic verigyi. PI. "Ketten, Fessein', slov. verfga, veruga^ chain ', in
addition also Gothic 1477^^5 "herd'. Old English wreed6s.\ russ. vorona, voronka ^Tnchter',
\/ereta'sack, bag'. Old Church Slavic vret/sten. ds. etc.;

Maybe alb. ver/ga' chain ring ', varg' chain '.

B. With the meaning "row, swarm etc.':

Old Indie vrndam'troop, multitude, crowd, bulk, mass'; Old Irish foirenni. " factio, group,
troop, multitude, crowd', acymr. guer/'n lacWo' , ncymr. ^n/e/y/? "people, bulk, mass, troop,
multitude, crowd', abret. ^^e/7/7 "factiones' {*vanna)\ Old English weorn, wearn^troop,
multitude, crowd, bulk, mass, troop'; Tocharian B warna/'wltW; about russ. verenfca,
Lithuanian vora, Latvian virkne, alb. vargansee above.

C. With /b-formants: *ureto-\n Old Indie vrata- m. " multitude, crowd, troop, bulk, mass'.
Old English wrsecf^\r\er6', Gothic wref^us {Hs. wnPus).

D. with 5 mobile: suer-\u

Lithuanian sver/u svert/'wagen', in addition svarasm. "Wage', svarus' heavy', and
s\//ru, sv/'rt/"6as Ubergewicht have, iJberhangen'; svirtisi. "Brunnenschwengel', Latvian
sveru, si/e/'/"wagen, wiegen', svars' weight', sverei. "Brunnenschwengel'; cymr. chwar-,
bret. c'hoar-' befall ';

Germanic swera-^ heavy ' in Gothic supers "geehrf. Old High German Middle High
German swar{^\^ High German swarJ) " heavy, driJckend, schmerzend'; doubtful gr. sppa
n. "Schiffsballasf (see 1152) and Latin 5e/7^s"ernst'.

References: WP. I 263 ff., WH. II 521, Trautmann 296, 351 ff., Jokl Ungunder-kult.
Untersuchungen 194, Vasmerl, 184 ff., 226 f., 229; 2, 243, Frisk 23 f., 49, 153 ff.; H.
Lewis BBC S. 4, 136 f. about Celtic *suar-^ befall ' C*fall').
Page(s): 1150-1151

Root / lemma: uer-2{*huer-2)

Meaning: highland, high place, top, high

Note: extended uer-d-, uer-s-

Material: A. Latin i/ams'Gesichtsausschlag, Knospchen' (= Lithuanian viras, PI. viral

compare East Lithuanian virys, PI. viriaTm. "Finne in pork '), Latin i/amA/s'Gerstenkorn in

eye', varixm. f. "Krampfader';

perhaps Middle Irish ferbbi. "Hitzblatter, Finne' {*ueib^a), from which borrowed abret.
P'i/e/^c'Brandmal', Middle Breton guerbrbubovi;

nisi. varu. 'Augenschleim', Swedish varu. "pus'; compare Old High German warah. Old
English wearh, worsm ds.; Old English wer-nseglm. "ulcer', nengl. warnelds.; Dutch weer
"weal, callus', Norwegian dial, i/e/ie "swelling, lump, growth under the skin the KiJhe';

with A>suffix: Swedish dial, verna. Old High German iye/77a "Krampfader', Modern High
German dial. H/e/77"Gerstenkorn in eye' {*wernd);

with the meaning "lip' (*swollen elevation): Gothic wairilom Dat. PI., Old English weleras
PI. (metathesis from *werelas). Old Frisian were, as from the s-extension Old Icelandic
vgrri. Old Prussian warsus^\\'^\

uer-cf-: npers. ba/u' wart ' (Iran. *vard-)\ Old High German warza. Old English wearte.
Old Icelandic vartat {*uorda) " wart '; ablaut. Old Church Slavic Kreo'b "damage', russ.
i/e/'eo'" ulcer, abscess, boil '.

£/er-5-; Latin verruca^ a steep place, height, a wart on the human body, an excrescence
on precious stones ' (by Cato also "locus editus et asper'). Old English M/e'a/7-"weal, callus,
wart', Flemish bya/re"weal, callus, knag'. Old High German n/e/ra "Krampfader', Modern
High German I4fe/7'e"Gerstenkorn in eye'.

B. Old Indie varsman-m. "height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost ', varsman-n.
"height, headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, cusp, peak' = gr. sppa n. "pad, reef, hill'
(? after Frisk 561 ff. identical with sppa n. "Ballast' and from Indo Germanic *suer-mn
"schweres weight '), Old Indie i/a/'s/yas- "higher', varsistha- "hochsf; Lithuanian virsus^das

Obere, hochste cusp, peak', Latvian v/rsusvn. "das Obere', f. v/rsa; Slavic *vbrchb in Old
Church Slavic vrtchb, russ. verch' headmost, topmost, highest, uppermost, acme, apex '
(Old Church Slavic vrbchu ' above' , of ^-stem); Old Irish /fe/r "better' {*uerso- " upper ') to
Positive /fe/77'good' {*uer-no)\ cymr. etc. gweirbe\.\.ef either from *uel-no- " choice ' or
after Thurneysen Gr. 236 /e/rand gwellirom * uer-/o- \N\t\r\ different development from -a/-;
Middle Irish farri. " jamb ' = cymr. gwari. " nape ' {*ursa)\ manche connect Gothic
wafrsiza. Old High German M///'s//'c»"bad' with Irish ferr, so that (as by Modern High German
about S. 11 05) "in hoherem Grade' to "about dasrechte Maft hinausgehend'; doubtful gr.
piov "Berghohe, foreland, promontory ' {*urisorR) and Old Icelandic risi. Old High German
riso. Middle Low German rese^ giant ' {*wrisan-). Old Saxon wrisilAs., by/7s///<:7"riesenhaft'
(die forms ohnen/through support in Germanic risan above S. 331); perhaps also thrak.-
Phrygian ppia "fortress' {*uriia) and Tocharian AB /7"town, city' (whether not to uer-
"umschlieften'); doubtful Phrygian opou "avco';

after Specht (KZ 66, 199 ff.) here also gr. oupav6(;, Lesbian u)pavo(; (more properly
opp-), 6pavo(;, Boeotian Doric lak. u)pav6(; m. "sky, heaven' from *uorsanos, to *uorsos
"high' (in Old Indie varsTyas- "higher', see above), further ablaut, gr. "Eppoq 6 Zsuc; (Hes).

References: WP. I 266 f., WH. II 734, 762 f., Trautmann 360, 362, Vasmer 1, 190 f., 230.
Page(s): 1151-1152

Root / lemma: uer-3{*huer-3)

Meaning: to turn, bend

Note: here perhaps die under uer-1 mentioned baltoslavischen words. Sonst only

abstraction for derivatives and Root extensions.

Page(s):1152

Root/ lemma: uer-3. A. ufmi-s, ufmo-s{*huer-3)
Meaning: worm

Material: Latin i/e/777/s (from *vormis, *urmis)\ Gothic waurmsm. "snake'. Old Icelandic
ormr. Old English wyrm. Old Frisian wirm diS. " worm ', Old Saxon Old High German wurm
m. ds.; Balto-Slavic *uarma- m. "worm, insect' in Lithuanian i/a/777as "insect, mosquito ', Old
Prussian wormyanVok. 'red' ("wurmfarben'), ablaut. urm/nan6s., Slavic vbrmbjen.
"Insekten' in Old Russian vermije, ukrain. vermany/" red'; with same meaning Old Frisian
worma^ Purpur', Old High German gi-uurmofxed gefarbt'. Old English wurma'C(\. "
Mediterranean sea snail, snail emitting purple dye, woad, type of plant, Purpur', out of it
borrowed abret. uurm ^dark', cymr. ^tv/777 "dark(blue)', from which again Old Irish gorm ds.;
gr. PN Fap|jixo(; and p6|J0(; (Aeolic *Fp6piO(; from *urmos) "Holzwurm' Hes.; compare from

the g- or ^/>extension in the same meaning Middle Irish frigei., Nom. PI. frigit

Tleischwurm' {*urg{h)-ntes), cymr. PI. gwra/nt^Wurmer in the skin' ( *urg(h)ntoi), gallo-

Latin brigantes {*vrigantes) 'WiJrmer in eyelid'; Middle Breton gruech, nbret. grec'hi. 'mite'

(from brit. *vrigga, with intensification).

References: WP. I 271, WH. II 760, Trautmann 342 f., Vasmer 1, 189, Frisk 501;

See also: rhyme word to kymi-, above S. 649.

Page(s):1152

Root / lemma: uer-3. B. uer-b-3in6 uer-k:i^-{*huer-3)

Meaning: to turn, bend

Material: Gr. pa|jvo(; "a kind of briar, Rhamnus paliurus L.' (*pap-vo(;, *urb-nos), pa(35o(;

"rod, horsewhip, staff, Aeolic Glosse pupov "sniKapTTE^';

Latin PI. verbera, -i//77'Ruten, Rutenschlage, ZiJchtigung' {verberare^'^Wh Ruten stroke,
hit'), verbena^ ^\Q leaves and zarten branch of Lorbeers, Olbaums, the Myrte etc. as
sacred herbs ' {*uerbes-na; compare den in subverbustus \he basic liegenden -es-stem);

Lithuanian vifbasm. "rod, horsewhip', vifbalas^Vrdx^ Stabchen, knitting needle', virb'inis'
loop, noose, snare ', Latvian i///t's"Stockchen', virba^ shaft, pole'. Old Church Slavic
*vrbba^ willow ', russ. i/eAi&a "Weidenzweig' (with the accentuation of Akk. Sg.; russ. dial.
verba\\2iS die older Slavic accentuation), KC»/'di&a"Zirkelschnur, Zirkelbrett', voroby^ thread
reel, thread coil ';

Gothic wafrpan^ihrow' ("*turn'). Old Icelandic i/eAyOa "throw' and "ein texture anzettein,
die chain shave, shear', aldri orpinn^oi kWer bent', verpask^vor Hitze shrivel up, shrink'.
Old English weorpan. Old Saxon werpan. Old High German werfan 'throw\ Old Icelandic
varpu. "das Werfen, Zettel, Einschlag of texture ', Old Saxon warp. Old High German warf.
Old English wearpu. ds.;

die Latin and Balto Slavic words (an sich also papvoc;) could also Indo Germanic *ueib^-
fortsetzen; auf ein solches could attributed become die auf nasalized l/''"<5/wbh- indicating
^t\x(^OQ, TO GTopa, ri pi<; Hes., to pap(po(; "krummer Vogelschnabel', probably hybridization
from pspcp- and pacp-), papcpn "gebogenes knife', pafjcpi(; "gebogener hook', papi|j6(;
"gebogen'. Low German ty/'^/r7/r7e//7"zerknullen, zerknittern';

nasalized uremb-:gr. psppw " turn, twist, rotate in Kreise herum', Med. " turn, twist,
rotate myself herum, treibe herum', p6ppO(; (Attic puiJpO(;) "kreisformige movement,
Schwung, Kreisel', cymr. gwrym^hem, suture' {*urembo-)\ Middle Low German wrimpen,
wrempen ^ {das iace) zusammenziehen, rijmpfen', wremp/ch 'd\stortus, verdreht, rijmpfig'.

wrampachtich^\N\v\6e6, crooked', holl. wrimpen, iire/77yOe/7"distorquere' (besides Germanic
*hremp-an6 remp-. Old High German h rim p fan, rimpfan 'rumpfen).

References: WP. I 275 f., WH. II 756.
Page(s):1153

Root / lemma: uer-3. C. u(e)r-ed- {*huer-3)

Meaning: to bend down, to sway

Material: Gr. pa5iv6(;, Aeolic ppa5ivo(; (i.e. Fpa5ivo(;) "schwank, slim, agile', po5av6(;

"schwank', po5avr| (by Hes. pa5avr|) "the gedrehte filament, Einschlag', pa5aA6(; " slim,

aufgeschossen';

Gothic wrafon' wander, reisen', isl. rata' wander, umherschweifen, reisen, meet, find'.
Middle High German razze/n^turn', Old High German /"az/'vagans, rapax'; Lithuanian
randu, radau, A^sZ/'find'Cin-venire'); Latvian ruodu, rast6s.;

suffixales -st- (Krahe PBB 71, 242) show Old Icelandic /ps/'Wasserwirbel', Old English
wrsestlian. Middle Low German M/c»/-s/e/e/7 'wrestle, struggle' (about das as ' twiddled,
twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, walzig' partly here or to "Ve/Y-gestellte Old High
German wurst. Modern High German Wi/As/^ sausage 's. Kluge-Gotze''6 288).

References: WP. I 273 f., Trautmann 236.
Page(s): 1153-1154

Root / lemma: uer-3. D. uer-g- {*huer-3)
Meaning: to turn

Material: Old Indie vrnakti, varjat/"\i\/en6et, dreht', K/7//7a- "crooked, rankevoll' (rather with g-
forms to i//77d7/"wehrt', s. t/e/'-"umschlieften'); Latin vergd-ere's\c\r\ neigen'; verm/nan. PI.
' the stomach ache ' {* uerg-mena); holl. werken^s\c\\ werfen, krummziehen (from wood)',
Swedish i/^A/re/? "windschief through dampness '; Latvian sa-vergV shrivel, shrink due to
excess dryness, wrinkle up '; Old Church Slavic vrtgg, ures//" throw' russ. ot-vergnut'
"ablehnen' etc.; compare under S. 1181;

cymr. gwra/nt'Wurmer' etc. (see above S. 1 152) kann gor gh in root final sound have.

Nasalized *ureng-:

Old English wrenc{*urongi-) '( gyration). Modulation the voice, Kunstgriff,
insidiousness', wrencan^iwcu, coil, cheat, deceive', i4//7/7c/e "wrinkle'. Old High German

b/renk/f luxated', Middle High German /'e/7/re/7"dreliend zielien', Middle High German
ranc, PI. renkem. ' gyration, curvature, schnelle Bewegung', Modern High German
verrenken, /?a/7/r'Ranke', New Swedish i//7/7/r5 'verstauchen'. New Norwegian vrinke
"abgeschmackt become'; Lithuanian rengtis^be clumsy bucken, crook', rangus^ ductile ',
rangstus^ hasty', n'nga'e\n crooked Dasitzender' ; perhaps Old Indie abhi-vlaiiga-vn.
Tangnetz', abhi-vlag-' capture '; under the imagining of NasenriJmpfens kann angereiht
become Latin ringor {rictus theu with analog, /for e) 'den Mund aufsperren and die Zahne
fletschen, sich argern'. Church Slavic /'i^^/7(?//"hiscere', rggh^ derision, ridicule' etc.

References: WP. I 271 f., WH. II 436, 752 f., Vasmer 2, 543 f.
Page(s):1154

Root / lemma: uer-3. E. uer-gh-{*hues-3)

Meaning: to turn, press, strangle

Note: nasalized urengh-

Root/ lemma: uer-3. E. uer-gh-{*hueiy''h^\ "to turn, press, strangle' derived from g-

extension of Root/ lemma: ueis-2\ 'to turn, bend' [common Latin Germanic -s- > -/"-].

Material: Old Icelandic virgiirro^e', urga'rope, hawser-end'. Old Saxon wurg/'/^rope'.

Middle High German erwergen stem V. ' strangulate ', Old High German wurgen^6\e

Kehle tie up, strangulate ', Old English wyrgan ds.; Old Icelandic vargr{'*\Nurger'=) 'wolf,

geachteter Verbrecher', Old English wearg. Old Saxon Old High German wai{a)g^ robber,

Verbrecher', Gothic launawargs^ ungrateful person', ga wargjan {^zum *warga- make') =

'verdammen' = Old English w/ergan' curse ', Old Saxon waragean^ as einen Verbrecher

punish, curse' etc.;

Maybe alb. Geg {*vargha) varza'g\r\, virgin' : Latin v/rga' thin branch, rod ' (from *uiz-ga),

virgo^ girl, virgin ';

Root/ lemma: uer-3. E. uer-gh- {* suerg^h^: 'to turn, press, strangle' < [common Latin

Germanic -s- > -r-]. of Root / lemma: ueis-2\ 'to turn, bend'.

alb. z-u7e/'//7'entw6hne' ('binde los'; doubt, if not to *uert-, by Pedersen KZ. 36, 335);

Lithuanian verziu, verzti^ tighten, restrict, lace, tie, press', verzys, iz/hzys'rope', virzeti
'bind', varzasl\sh snaring net', Latvian verzt^ turn, kehren, steer', K5/2/"Setzkorb', varza'
fish snaring net; eine verwickelte thing'; Old Church Slavic -vrtzg, -ures// "bind', russ. pa-
i/oroz'Zugschnur (am Beutel)', poln. powroz^ope', sloven, vrze/i. 'fence, hedge ',
perhaps also russ. versa, poln. wiersza {* uergh-sja) 'creel, basket for holding fish after
they have been caught ', kir. vereslo ( *uergh-s-lo-) 'Kurbisstengel', Czech povrfslo '
Garbenband, Strohband', serb. vrijeslo^ pothook, metal hook used to hang or lift pots ';

Lithuanian virzys, Latvian virsis {*urghJo-) "lieath', changing through ablaut russ. veres,
veresk^\\ea\.\\\ poln. wrzos, serb. vnjes6s.\ Lithuanian virkstis, Latvian virksne {*virsk)
"stiff, intense Kraut from Bohnen, potato; tendrils from Erbsen, Hopfen'; compare from the
/■extension *u(e)rei-k-6\e words for heath gr. (F)£p£iKr|, Old Irish froech, cymr. grug
( *uroiko-).

Nasalized *urengh-\

Gr. pipcpa {*urenghu-, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 302) "rash, hasty, agile ' ("sich drehend');

Old High German /^ey)/7>7^/" light'. Old Frisian ring. Middle Dutch gheringhe. Middle Low
German Middle High German (ge)ringi^\\Q\\\., quick, fast willing, ready', if Middle Low
German Frisian r- instead of to expecting wr- through old dissimil. reduction of w- in the
Vorstufe proto Germanic *wrin^wja- (from *urenghu-) to define is;

with other meaning development: Old English Old Saxon wrenganlest
zusammendrehen, coil, press'. Old High German r/ngan's\c\r\ windend anstrengen, luctari'.
Modern High German r/ngento Danish vr/ng/e' coil ', Middle Low German mnl. wrang
"bitter'. Middle High German /'a/7^"Umdrehung', Old English wrang n. (engl. wrong) "
wrong; injustice ' (< Old Norwegian vrang). Old E.v\Q\\s\\wrang{a) m. "Schiffsbauch' (< Old
Norwegian vrgng), Alemannian rang^ convolution '; Gothic wruggo^ loop, noose, snare ';
Old lcelandic/'5/7^/'(0ld Swedish vranger) "crooked, verdreht, unrecht'. Middle Low
German wrank, wrange'sour, bitter'. Old lcelandic/'(?/7^f. " twisted piece of wood ', Old
English wrang. Middle Low German urangei. ds.

References: WP. I 272 f., II 373, Trautmann 355, 362, Vasmer 1, 186 f., E. Fraenkel KZ.

72, 193f.

See also: compare uerg- under S. 11 68.

Page(s): 1154-1155

Root / lemma: uer-3. F. uer-k- {*hue-3)

Meaning: to turn, wind, bend

Note: nasalized urenk-

Material: Nir. feirci. (Old Irish ferd) " hump, hunchback, hunch, haft'; cymr. cywarch^

hemp, rope, band' ( *kom-uorko-), abret. coarcholion PI. "from hemp ', bret. Vannes koarc'h

" hemp ', corn. cuer6s.;

urenk-. uronk-\x\ german. *uranhd. Old Icelandic vrai. " angle, point, edge' {*uronhet) =
Scots Gaelic frogi. "cave, swamp, marsh, hideout ' (Marstrander ZcPh 7, 362 f.); in

addition late Latin branca' paw ' ("the crooked '), from gall, (probably not of Celtic origin)
* uranka, Indo Germanic *uronka= Balto-Slavic */'5/7/ra"hand' in Lithuanian ranka, Latvian
ruoka^\r\an6, arm '; Old Church Slavic rgka^hand', russ. ruka'hand, arm '; further to
Lithuanian renku, rihktT compile, collect, gather, collect', parankai. "Nachlese'.

References: WP. 1 273, WH. II 759, v. Wartburg French etym. Wb. 498, Corominas Dice,
de la langua castellana 1, 509, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 131, 158, Trautmann 237,
Vasmer2, 545.
Page(s):1155

Root / lemma: uer-3. G. uer-p-, ur-ep-{*huer-3)

Meaning: to turn, wind

Material: Old Indie varpas-n. "artifice, Kunstgriff', originally "* curvature, Winkelzug';

gr. panTU) (*Fpaniu), *urp-) "nahe together, flicke', pani(; "needle' (also pa(pi(;, as pacprj "
suture' with cp probably through derailment); psnu) "biege myself, schlage after a side
from', ponn "skin rash, leaning, tendency', avTipporroq "gleichwiegend', apcpippsnnc; "sich
auf beide Seiten neigend', KaAa-upoijj (KoAa-Fpon-) "shepherd's crook; crosier'

Maybe alb. ke-rrabe' shepherd's crook; crosier'.

Gr. 5£upo (*5£-Fpon) actually "here gewendet!', ponaAov "Wurfstab, cudgel, club',
ponrpov "club, mace, joint, TiJrklopfer, Stellholz in a dragnet ', pani(; "rod, staff' (perhaps
also pap5o(; with p from p, see above *uerb-)\ lengthened grade pwnsc; PI. " branch,
shrubbery, shrubbery, bush', pwnriiov "shrubbery, bush, thicket ';

alb. i//'ajO"schnellergait ';

Latin repens^suddeu (*den Ausschlag giving)';

maybe alb. r/ep'pee\, skin'

perhaps i/e/O/'es (mostly PI.) "briar, Dorngebusch', if dissimil. from *vrepres, and verpa
"das mannliche limb, member', if actually "*rod', from * uorpa or * urpa {: panic;), verpus^\he
Beschnittene';

Old Icelandic orf. Old High German worf. Middle High German {sensen)worp. Modern
High German dial, worb "Sensenstiel' (from "*rod'; ablaut equally with pamc, and perhaps
Latin verpa); Danish dial, vravle^ coil, maunder, drivel ', Middle English wrappen^\N\cke\Vi\

Lithuanian verpiu, i/e/T?// (Latvian verpt) "spinnen', va rpste ' co\\, spool, spindle', Latvian
varpste6s., i/e/77e//" whirlwind', Lithuanian v/rp/'u, -eti, virpu, -//"waver, tremble, quiver',
Kz/'yOi/Zj/s 'Zittern the Glieder', and with the development to 'drehend toss, fling, throw,
release, let go, free, set free ', Old Prussian etwierpV release, let go, free, set free '
("*drehend toss, fling'), a/7^//'yO/s"Wasserablaft, Flutrinne', c/'5i/yaM///77S "Aderlassen',
/OC»i//e/'yD/'freilassen', pouirps^ixee'; russ. -Church Slavic vtrpu, vbrpst/^re'\Q>e, pfliJcke,
raube'; changing through ablaut Lithuanian varpas' ear' ('*das GepfliJckte'), Latvian varpa
6s., Lithuanian i/a/XT/Z/'stochern'; formal comparable Czech vrapa, Kra/O "wrinkle', sloven.
\/rapa, /'^o^'Hautrunzel', Lower Serbian ropa, Upper Serbian (w)ropa^ crease '.

References: WP. I 276 f., WH. II 425 f., 754, Trautmann 353, Vasmer 1, 189, 229.
Page(s):1156

Root / lemma: uer-3. H. uer-t- {* huer-3)
Meaning: to turn, wind

Grammatical information: causative-iterative uorteid

Material: Old Indie themat. present vartati(-te)^ 6re\\{\ Med. "dreht sich, rollt, verlauft',
Avestan varat- 'sich wenden'; other Prasentia Old Indie vavartti, vartti, causative vartayati^
places in drehende Bewegung' (= Gothic fra-wardjan. Old Church Slavic vratiti, Lithuanian
vartyti), vartman-n. "pathway', vartana-n. "das Drehen', by den Mitanni-lndern a/ka-
vartanaetc. "a circle (the racecourse)'; vartu/a-' round ', i/5/Yi//a"Spinnwirter (: Middle
High German wirtel), vrtta-^ twiddled, twisted, rotated, revved, revolved, round ' (= Latin
vorsus, virsus, Lithuanian v/rsfas etc.), vrtt/-t "das Rollen, kind of, nature' (= Latin versi-o.
Old Church Slavic vrbstb), i/a/Y/^Gerolltes'; ein present *vrnatmi\s because of vrnta-m.
"Blattstiel', vrntaka- m. "Eierpflanze' anzunehmen; vrkkau {* vrtka-) " kidneys ' (actually '
bulge; bead; lip; torus; wreath; roll; bu\b'), kvesiau V9ra5ka- varalka- 6s.,

compare Pahlavi gurtak, npers. gurda^V\6v\ey' from Old pers. *vrt(a),

gr. paravn (Fpar- from *urt-) " mixing spoon ', Pparavriv Topuvr|v 'HAeToi Hes., porapia
(poT- Aeolian; -ravia?) Topuviov Hes.; appaTO(; "hard, not drehbar' (*a-FpaT-0(;);

Latin i/e/Yo (neologism to replacement of old Kausativs?), vertT, i/e/'5i//77"kehren, turn',
Deponens revertor; vortex, i/e/feA'" whirl, Scheitel', versus, adversus ' gegen' (/c>-participle),
versus, -usm. "line, row, furrow'; Umbrian kuvertu, covertu^covwerWib', trahvorfi
transverse', Latin versi-on-, Oscan Dat. Fspaopsi ein Gotterepithet; Oscan Umbrian
vorsus Q\x\ piece of wood as field measure is ein Terminus the rom. Siedler in Campanien
(M. Leumann); compare Old Irish forrach^eiu piece of wood as field measure ';

Venetic goddess l//-c»/5/7"Wenderin, Geburtsgottin' (Vetter Gl. 20, 72);

Old Irish ad-ferta ' aversatur' , adbart' adversanus', ablaut. o'/Vo/Y- "diffuse, einschenken'
(compare French verse/), Middle Irish fertasi. " shaft, spindle, earthwall' (newer fersat),
cymr. gwerthyd^ spindle', acorn. gurhthit<^\. "fusus', abret. PI. guirtitou <^\. "fusis'. Middle
Breton guersit6s.\ root nouns as Adverb *urt. Old Irish preposition fri, proverb frith-,
mcymr. gwrth, ncymr. wrth, corn. orth, bret. o^z'gegen' (zur basic form s. Thurneysen
Grammar S. 515, Jackson Language and History S. 337); cymr. gwerthu^ sell ', corn.
gwerthe, bret. gwerza diS. (but cymr. gwerth'pnce' kann Old English loanword sein);

Gothic etc. wairt^an. Old High German werdan ^become' ("to turn'); Gothic fra-wardjan.
Old High German frawarten^s'poW' (causative to frawa/rf^an'be destroyed, perish', actually
"eine Wendung zum evil, wickedness nehmen'), Gothic etc. -wafrt^s. Old High German -
wert. Modern High German -warts ^\no\\\v\ gewendet'; perhaps Gothic etc. wairl=>s. Old High
German wert, Subst. ' value, worth, price' (compare Old Irish frith-, Latin i/OAS^s'gegen'
together with dem relationship from Old Indie /0/'a//"gegen': Latin pretium^as Gegenwert
dienender price)' Old High German wurtlate, destiny' {*urt/- " turn ');

Balto-Slavic * uert/o^ wende, turn, twist, rotate ' (older *uertd) in Lithuanian verciu, vefsti,
Latvian versu, verst^ turn, kehren', Intransitiv Lithuanian virstu{*vrt-std), i//?5//"umfallen,
fall, sich in etwas transform'. Iter. Ka/Y/Z/'continual turn ', Old Prussian nvrs/'wird'; Slavic
*vbrtjg, *vbrtet/"\n Old Church Slavic i/Ab/eZ/s^'nEpianaaGai', Iter. vrat/t/sg'oipt(pzoQa\',
russ. -Church Slavic vreteno^ spindle'('V^/Ye/7c»-n.), Old Church Slavic vremg^Wme' {*uert-
menn.), Lithuanian i/a^s/as'Pflugwende', compare Old Prussian a/nawarst^ once'; Balto-
Slavic *uirstai. "Wende' in Old Church Slavic urbs/a 'nAiKia', russ. versta^ow,
Lebensalter, Worst', compare die participle Lithuanian vfrstas. Latin versus. Old Indie vrtta-
and Latin versus, -Js "furrow, line, row'; Old Indie vrtta-n. " way of life, lifestyle,
Benehmen'; Balto-Slavic *uirsti-\. 'kind of in russ. -Church Slavic stvbrstb "gleiches age,
pair', slov. vrst^ow, kind of, compare Lithuanian Infin. K/?5/A0ld Indie vrtt/'-t see above.

Tocharian A wart- "throw', B wrattsa/ ^gegen' {*wart, *urt), ye/Ye/' "Radkranz', A werkant,
B Obi. yerkwantai {yertwantai), Pedersen Tocharian 235.

References: WP. II 274 f., WH. II 763 ff., Trautmann 354 f., Vasmer 1, 189, 190, 229, 230,
235, Frick151.
Page(s): 1156-1158

Root / lemma: uer-3. I. ur-ei- a) urei-n-: {* huer-3)
Meaning: to be confused; to clench the teeth

Material: Norwegian dial, vnna, vrein' grin; in tlie rutting die upper lip and Nase heave, life

or verdrehen', then also "cry, neigh, from brijnstigen horses' (hence Old English wrgene

'horny, lustful'. Old Saxon wrenisk. Old High German /'(9/>7/sc'leichtfertig, horny, lustful'.

Old Saxon wrenio. Old High German /'e//7/70 'stallion' ), Danish dial. vr/nsk\ery sour' ('den

Mund verziehend')

References: WP. I 277, WH. II 433 f.

Page(s):1158

Root / lemma: uer-S. I. ur-e/-. p) urizd- {* huer-3)

Meaning: to be confused, ashamed

Material: viell. from an 5-Erweit. and with probably present formation d Old Indie vndate

'wird verlegen, schamt sich', vnda- m. 'Verlegenheit, the genitals' {*uri-z-d), Latin ndeo, -

ere 'laugh'; Old English wrgestan^iuru, bend', Norwegian dial. (i^re/s/'Weidenring;

Querkopf, isl. Ae/s/a 'verdrehen, crook', could ein Indo Germanic 'V/'o/zo'-voraussetzen.

Page(s):1158

Root/ lemma: uer-3. I. ur-ei- y) ureig- {* huer-3)

Meaning: to be crooked (?)

Material: In Avestan un//zd-ma/5ya-'6\e Leibesmitte schnijrend', zaranyd-urvixsna^W\\h

golden VerschniJrung (am shoe)' (unorganisches a); Gothic wra/qs'oKok\dq', Old Frisian

wys/r 'crooked', Swedish ure/r 'stubborn person' {*uroig-uo-s)\ here das in vocalism

irregular gr. pai(36(; 'crooked';

gr. poip6(; is hybridization from ^o\k6c, and paip6(;.

References: WP. I 279.
Page(s):1158

Root/ lemma: uer-3. I. ur-ek 5) ureiR- {* huer-3)

Meaning: to turn, bind

Material: Avestan urvisyeiti {*vrisyati) 'wendet sich, dreht sich', Kaus. urvaesaye/t/'\Nen6et,

dreht', urvaesa- m. ' gyration ' (= gr. poiKOc;, Dutch wreeg); Old Indie ures/- 'Wasserwirbel';

gr. poiKOt; ' writhed, crooked, humped, gebogen', piKv6(; ds.; ^xokoc, 'Koffer, hutch'
maybe from *uriR-skos,

Latin /Tca'Kopftuch', ncinium, originally dial, recinium ^smaW Kopftuch' {*ureika)\

Middle Low German wrTch{wrTg-) ' bent, verdreht, (therefrom) stiff; verriJckt, stubborn,
lieimtuckisch', engl. tv/y "slant, skew'. Old English wngian^{ev\6ere, conari, niti', ("*sich
winden, whereupon wrestle, struggle'). Old Frisian wngia^be bent, bow' (?), Old English
unxli. "variation, exchange, earnings'. Old Icelandic rgexnxw. "knot', hence probably also
Old English wrasen, wraeseni.. Old High German reisanu. ds. Middle English wrah^
inverted, halsstarrig', Dutch wreeg^ stiff, Subst. "Fuftbeuge', Old Icelandic reigiask^ the
head zuriJckwerfen, violent become'. Old Icelandic riga\. "bend', /7^a"move', nisi, rigw, rigr
m. "stiffness in den Gliedern' (from "*luxated'). Middle High German rigen, widerrigen
"wogegen ankampfen, widerstreben'. Low German wrigge(le)n^ sideways or hin- and her
drehen', engl. wriggle' crook oneself ', Low German ^/'/g^e/"Eigensinn', Norwegian rigga'
connect, umwickein; upset; doubtful go', /"/g/a "wobble, sway, doubtful go'; Middle High
German ric, /7c/res"band, strap, manacle, knot; bowels, the entrails, narrow way', Swiss
/7]^c/7"Heftel from Faden', Middle High German ric' neck ' (probably as "*Dreher'), with
expressive consonant stretch the Intensivitat Middle English Low German ^\Ac\\wrikken
"hin and her turn, jiggle, wobble, sway'. Middle Low German vor-wnkken' dislocate,
luxate, crick ', Norwegian (v)rikka, Swedish vnkka " dislocate, luxate, crick, wriggein';
Dutch gewricht'\o\v\\!\ Middle Low German wrist. Old English wrist, wyrst, aschw. vrist. Old
Icelandic /7s/"Fuftgelenk', Middle High German /75/"hand-, Fuftgelenk' {*wrihst-); Old High
German rifiom. "sura, poples, locus corrigiae'. Middle High German /777e"Rist of Fuftes',
Modern High German Re/iiends., Middle Dutch wrTghe, Dutch twee^'Fuftbiege'; with the
meaning "umwickein' (: Latin rfca): Old English wrTon, wreon {* wrfiian) "einhijllen, cover,
shield ', M^A/ge/s "sleeve, wrapping'. Old High German int-rJhhen, -rJhan, participle intrigan
"enthijllen'. Middle High German/vige/m. "eine headpiece, die man umwindet';

Lithuanian risu, /■/5//"bind', /ysysm. "bundle', /'5/saJ"bind', ra/sZ/s "band, strap, bandage,
head fascia', also raTkstis\N\Vc\ /r-insertion, as /y/rs/e "horsewhip', is-si-rykst/'s'\c\r\ in Faden
auflosen' (perhaps "sich ausringein, frill, friz '), raisas and raisas '\afr\e' ("*luxated, crooked
'), raistu, -sau, -s//"lame become', rfesas' ankle ', Latvian risu, /75/"bind', riesu rist6s.,
ristu, rTstu{* unk-sto, barely nasalized) "fijge myself an'; Old Prussian senrists " connected ',
perreist' connect '.

References: WP. I 278 f., WH. II 433, Trautmann 236, 246, Holthausen Aengl. etym. Wb.

408.

Page(s): 1158-1159

Root / lemma: uer-3. I. ur-ek e) ureip-, unp-{*huer-3)
Meaning: to turn

Material: Gr. piip, plnot;, Ionian pTno(; n. " wickerwork, mat ', pinru) "throw, cast', pTirri

"drehende Bewegung, Schwung, throw, shot' (in addition EupTno(;), pTni(; " flabellum,

bellows';

Maybe alb. rrip, rryp " belt' a Greek loanword.

Old High German nban. Middle High German /'Z&e/7'reibend turn or turn'. Modern High
German Bavarian /'e'/Z?e/7'turn', Middle Low German wrTven, Frisian wr/wwe'rub', Low
German wr/bbe/n' turn'.

References: WP. I 280, Kluge-Gotzeie 607.
Page(s):1159

Root / lemma: uer-S. I. ur-ei-. Q ureit- {* huer-3)
Meaning: to turn

Material: Old Swedish vnf^a, Old Icelandic nda^tum, wringen, coil, tie, bind, knot ', Old
English wn-dan. Old High German r/dan^turn, coil, bind'. Old English wr/dam. 'rein, ring';
Old Icelandic r/du//' tussock ', isl. A/cJ/Z/'walziges bit of wood zum Netzbinden', Old High
German r/d/'/m. "hairband, Kopfband'; Old English wrsed, wrsedi. "band, strap, bundle'.
Middle Low German wreden zusammendrehen'. Old High German reid, reidT curly, frizzy
'; with the meaning 'zornrunzeind' Old Icelandic /'e/id'/'" angry, irate'. Old English wrad
"angry, irate, hostile, violent'. Old Saxon wreth. Middle Low German twe/ds.;

Lithuanian rieciu {* reitio), riesti^ coil, wickein, roll', Latvian riesu, riesV fall down, sich
abtrennen', therefrom Lithuanian /7e/e//"auskriechen', changing through ablaut ritCi, -au,
nstTxoW, walzen', Latvian ritu, r/sfds., iterative Lithuanian ra/c/ot/"h\n- and herrollen';

eine additional form with Germanic /(phonetically influenced from wntan^ rend '?) in
older ndrhein. wnten^turn, verdrehen, wringen', Dutch wr/jten'turn'.

References: WP. I 279 f., Trautmann 242.
Page(s): 1159-1160

Root / lemma: uer-4 {*huer-4)

Meaning: to find, take

Note: besides uere(i)-, uen-

Material: Armenian gerem^iake gefangen, raube';

gr. (with unclear £u as by £upu(;, 8. uer-; Aspiration after sAsTv) suploKU) "find' (Ouantitat
of i: unacquainted), £upn-au), £upr|-Ka (*F£-Fpr|-), eupov, £up£-0r|v, £up£-Tr|(;;

Old Irish /i/ar'lnvenl' {*ue-ur-a), /^///7"inventunn est' {*ure-to);

*uref-\n Lithuanian su-resti, surecau' catch, grasp', Old Church Slavic obrest/l\n6', sh-
rest/l\n6, encounter, meet', Aor. -retb (present -r^stg), Oit'-ri^s/^'Erfindung'.

References: WP. I 280, Vasmer 2, 244, Frisk 589 f.
Page(s): 1 1 60

Root / lemma: uer-5 {* huer-5)

Meaning: to close, cover; to guard, save

Material: A. With Prafixen: 'shut' and 'open'; 'door'; uortom' gate'.

Old Indie ap/-vrndt/\ersc\r\\\eQ>t, bedeckt', apa-vrnot/^ off net'; also Latin operio
'bedecke', aper/'o ^ off ne' (from *op{/)- and *ap(o)-uerid)\ Oscan i/e/i/'portam', Umbrian
verof-e^\n portam', Oscan vereiasQen. Sg. 'Jungmannerbund' (originally 'Torwache',
VetterGI. 29, 240);

Lithuanian uzveriu, -i/e/^^/'shut', afverf/'open' (from which previously without proverb
ver/u, vert/'open', and 'shut'; Old Church Slavic (za)/vbrQ, K/ieZ/'shut', Iter, ot-voriti^ open';

derivatives: *uortom\n Nom. PI. Lithuanian vartai, Latvian i/a/Y/'gate, door'. Old Prussian
warto ^Uaustuxe'; Old Church Slavic vrata, russ. vorota^gate, luxe'; also to 3. uer- could
belong Old Church Slavic vereja and z5-i/c>/7>'Hebebaum', russ. i/e/'eya'Torflugel', zavor
'gesperrter passage ';

perhaps here Lithuanian i/a/y// "drive, push' (formal = Germanic warjan. Old Church
Slavic ot-voriti, compare also Old Indie Kaus. varayati) as 'das gate open, um das Vieh
from the hurdle hinauszutreiben'; in addition russ. provornyj^ fast, rapid, hurried, agile'.

B. uer-, ueru-, jw^-'verschlieften, cover, shield, rescue'; uer-to-^ paddock ', uer-tro^
protection', ^y-Zir-'Einzaunung'.

Old Indie vrn6ti{a\so varatiand Kaus. varayati) 'umschlieftt, wehrt'; Avestan Akt. -
varanav-, Med. varan- 'cover, wrap'; derivatives from a light basis: Old Indie i//Ya- participle
Perf. Pass., vrti-f. 'Einzaunung' (Avestan h^m-varatay-^ braveness'), varman-n. '
protection ', vartra-n. 'Schutzdamm, Deich' (osset. i/5/f 'shield' from Iran. *vr&ra-, s. Bailey
IRAS 1953, 110 f.), vrtra-n. 'Abwehr, enmity(en), fiend(e)', (Avestan vara&ra-'W\de'cstand,
Wehr, shield'), Sg. GN l/A/As-Cthe die Gewasser einschlieflt'?), varatra-^ strap', vardhra-,
vadhra-rw. va{i)-dhrT ds., i/ara- m. 'Einschlieften', also 1/5/a- (Avestan vara- ds.),
lengthened grade vara- (Avestan -vara-) 'Deckung, Wehr'; Avestan i/5/'a/7a- 'UmhiJIIung,

Bedeckung' (thereafter Old Indie varna- "paint, color' probably from "Bedeckung'), vars&a-
"Verteidigungswaffe, Wehr', var9&man-^y^e\\r, parapet' etc.;

£/e/i7- besides in present vmot/\n Old Indie varu-tar-m. "guarder, Schirmer', varu-tha-n.
' protection, shield, army, herd, swarm ', perhaps the GN Varuna- as "the binder' (as M/tra
above S. 710); here also Old Indie ^msya//" releases, eriost, rettet' as uru-s-yati, compare
Hittite ^a/resse's/a 'protected'; about Old Indie Varuna-s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, S.
485 (to i/e/-- 'water', above S. 80);

gr. perhaps supux;, -wtoc; ' mildew, mould, dank decay ', if actually 'Bedecker' (would be
*e-Fpu)-T-, compare Old Indie arnd-vrt^6\e Fluten einschlieftend');

Fepu- in hom. epuaOai 'abwehren, rescue, preserve, protect', Impf. £pu:-ao, -to, themat.
has changed spusTO, Perf. Eipupai (*F£-Fpuijai), Ionian Eipuopai (*£F£puopiai) 'hold fest,
preserve', spupia ' protection, defense ', £pupv6(; 'geschijtzt, befestigt', spuai-nroAK;
'stadtschijtzend'; Eupuai-Aao(;, Eupu-Aao(; (s-Fpu-);

other ablaut grade FpO- without Vokalvorschlag in Inf. hom. puaOai, hom. Ionian puoijai
'schirme, errette; hold fest, hold back' (latter meaning, die also the /r-Erweit. spuKU),
spuKavu), spuKavaoj 'hold ab, back'. Pass, 'zogere' innewohnt, from ' through einen lock
fernhalten, abwehren'), Perf. £ipO|jai (*F£-FpOpai), pupa ' protection, defense ', puaiO(;
'schiJtzend, rettend', puTOjp, pOrrip 'savior, redeemer, liberator', pOainoAK;
"stadtschijtzend'; lengthened grade npiov 'burial mound';

alb. varr' grave' {*yorna), vathe' paddock';

Old Irish ferenn {* uereno) 'belt, girdle', /fe/Yae (Middle Irish fert} 'burial mound' (with
stone verschlossen) = Old English weord{see below). Old Irish feronn, ferann {*uerono-)
'land, farmland' (probably '*umhegt'); mcymr. ^i4/e/f/7y/' 'fortress' {*uertro-\ compare above
Old Indie vartra-); here probably Old Irish Eriu, Gen. Erenn, (common Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -
nrh), cymr. /M/e/io'o'o/7'lrland' as *epi-uend. Gen. -/c»/7cs'hill, island' (compare Old High
German werid) after Pokorny KZ. 47, 233, ZcP. 15, 197 ff.;

Gothic warjan ' 6eien6' , Old Icelandic i/e/ya 'defend, hinder, verteidigen'. Old English
wer/an^6s., aufdammen'. Old High German n/e/ie/? 'verteidigen, shield ', Old Saxon werian
"defend, shield, hinder', Germanic -K5/77('Verteidiger', out of it 'inhabitant') in Chatuvarii,
Bojuvarii, Old Icelandic e.g. Rum-verjar' Romer'; Proto Norse waru'the umschlieftende
Steinkreis um ein grave' (see above Irish fert) = Old Icelandic vgri., New Norwegian vor
m. "Reihe from stone ', also "hill or bank from stone or gravel ', Old Icelandic veru. " dam.

fish weir', Old Engiisli werxw. ds., Middle High German wern. 'Stauwehr', Old High
German werfy^ehr, protection', Old English mylen-waru, -M/e/''Muhlenteich', waru^
protection'; lengthened grade Old High German wuoni. " dam ', Swiss wuhr^VMehr'; Old
Icelandic i/p/77'Verteidigung, protection'. Old English M/ea/77'Widerstand, Verweigerung' (in
Middle High German warne, M/e/77e"Vorsicht, FiJrsorge, warning' is ein to *uer- 'gewahren'
gehoriges word eingeflossen). Old Icelandic Ka/77a"sichenthalten, vorenthalten' = Old
English wearn/an' warn', refl. "sich enthalten'. Old High German M/a/77d/7 "sich hijten, warn',
Old English M//e/77a/7'sich enthalten, vorenthalten, chop, cut, reject';

Old English warodn. "bank, border, shore, beach, seaside'. Old High German i/i/erid
"island, Halbinsel' (Modern High German Werder), Middle High German M/e/'/"Landrucken
between Sumpfen, bank, border, shore'. Middle Low German werde{i) "eingedeichtes land

Old English weord, wordn. m. " courtyard, household ' {*uer-to-, *ur-to-). Old Saxon
wurtht "gestampfter odergepflasterter Platz' (= Old Indie vrti-). Middle Low German wurt,
wort, wurde, wordei. "erhohter place, Hofstatte; garden, FeldstiJck', Old Icelandic urdi.
"heap from Felsblocken';

compare alb. vathe^ paddock, Hof um das Haus, hurdle, sheepfold ' {*uor-ta), tochar. B
warto, warfffjo' garden, wood, forest', Irish fert'bur\a\ mound'; in the meaning also Old
Church Slavic i/c»/'5"saepimentum'.

References: WP. I 280 ff.. Frisk 568 f., 593 f., 643 f.;
See also: in addition uergh-1.
Page(s): 1160-1162

Root / lemma: uer-6{^huer-6)

Meaning: to talk, speak

Note: also uere-, ure-

Material: Avestan urvata-n. " determination, command ' (= phtov), next to which from the

light basis *uere-: Avestan urvata- n. " determination ' = Old Indie vrata-n. " command,

statute, profession, declaration ', and Old Church Slavic rota^oaVn'; ablaut. Old Prussian

wertemmaT we schworen';

gr. £ipu) "say' (*F£pju)), Fut ep. Ionian spsu), Attic spw. Pass. Aor. Ionian dpsOnv
(*£Fp£0r|v), Attic sppnOnv (*£Fpn0r|v), Perf. £ipr|-Ka, -|jai diss, from *F£Fpr|-, compare
geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? arg. F£Fpr|M£va; phtoc; "verabredet = festgesetzt',
PHToop, Aeolic Fpniajp "Redner', pnrpa, el. Fparpa f. " saying, pact, covenant', diss, to

Cypriot Fpnra, whereof £uFpr|TaaaTU "pact, covenant, law ', pnija "word", pf\a\(; " discourse
', £ipu)v ' someone, the sich verstellt' (*F£pju)v), eipwvEia "Verstellung";

russ. vru{*vbrg), vratb'We, maunder, drivel ', with /r-suffix {*uorka): russ. ura/ra "empty
gossip'. Old Church Slavic vracb ( *uorkios) 'physician, medicine man (*sayer of a magic
spell), magician, sorcerer';

Maybe alb. Geg vra, Tosc vras'V\\\, wound' is related to the revenge killing examined by
the medicine man.

Hittite uenia- "call, shout, cry, beauftragen', particle -^aA- actually "sagte';

perhaps (in spite of Vasmer 2, 508 f. and above S. 860) here Balto-Slavic urek-, urek- in
Lithuanian rekiu, rekti, Latvian /e/r/'cry', r^kuoV be entertained ', Old Church Slavic rekQ,
resti^saY, ablaut. Old Church Slavic rokb " time, period, Termin', recb " accusation ' and
*urdk-\v\ Germanic Gothic wrohs^ accusation ', by/'(9/7ya/7'beschuldigen' = west-Germanic
*wrdgjan. Old High German ruogen. Modern High German rugen;

d^-extension uer-6^o-e\.c.:

Gr. pepGei cpeEyyeTai Hes. (Specht KZ 59, 65);

Latin verbum' word' (not from *i/c»/t'o/77 because of:) Umbrian uerfale^ an open place for
observation, place marked off by the augur's staff ';

Gothic waurd. Old High German worteic. "word' = Old Prussian mrcfs'\Nor6'; Lithuanian
vardas' name'.

References: WP. I 283 f., WH. II 756 f., Trautmann 238, 360, Vasmer 1 , 234 f., 2, 539,

Frisk 469 ff.;

See also: here probably urek-.

Page(s): 1162-1163

Root / lemma: uer-7{*huer-7)

Meaning: to tear

Note: base for extensions:

Material: A. uerd-: kvesiau varadva- 'soit, lax ', Old Church Slavic vredb, russ. vered

"wound'; ured-:0\6 Indie avradanta ' s\e wurden weich', vrand/n- 'murbe werdend'; ured-:

Old Prussian /'eo'c»"Ackerfurche', Old Danish vraade, i//'c»ofe"dig, aufbohren'; urdd-:\-aWv\

rodo, -ere^ gnaw, consume', rostrum {* rod -troni) n. "Nagewerkzeug, snout, bill, beak, neb'.

Old English wrotan^ gnaw, dig', Old Icelandic rota 6s., Old High German z^yoz// 'suscitat,
movet'. Old English wrot. Middle High German ruozel, ruezel. Modern High German
Russel{ *wrdtila-)\ in addition zero grade in Swedish dial, rota, ruta'6\g'; after Frisk (Etyma
Armen. 30) in addition still Armenian gercum ' s\r\a\/e' from *^e/'o'-s- (originally Aorist
formation).

B. uoma:a\b. varre^\N0un6', russ. KC»/'c»/75"Ruderloch in Schiffsheck, Hennensteift'
(therefrom i/c»/'d/7/ra"Trichter'), poln. wrona, Czech vrana ^ aperture '; ure-no-, uro-no-\r\ Old
Indie vrana-rr\. n. 'wound, crack' besides urd-na\r\ Old Church Slavic russ. etc. rana
"wound'.

Maybe alb. {*varna) Ka/r'grave' [common alb. /77->/7'- shift].

C. uergh-:0\6 Indie vrhat/" re\Q>tiro{r\', Aor. varh/, participle vrdha-, mu/a-vrt'6'\e roots
ausreiftend' (Wackernagel KZ. 67, 166 ff.).

D. uerk-, urek-sgr. paKO(;, Aeolic ppaKO(; (*FpaKoc;) n. "rag, zerlumptes dress; wrinkle';
ppaKaAov ponaAov Hes.; ppaKSTOV 5p£navov, KAaSsurripiov Hes., paKSTpov ds.;

E. uresk- {from *urek-sk-), ufsk-0\6 Indie vrscat/ 'hautab, splits', vrascana- 'abbauend',
n. "das Abhauen', pra-vraska-m. "cut'; ava-vrasca- 'sp\\r\ter'; russ.-Church Slavic vraska
etc. "wrinkle' {*uorska).

Maybe alb. Kras'kill' [alb. possible -ska > -s]

F. ur-ei-, un-:gr. pivri "file, tool for smoothing surfaces, Raspel' {*yr/ha; or onomatopoeic
word?) and "Haifisch' (from seiner zum Polieren verwendeten rauhen RiJckenhaut'); pTv6(;
"skin; Lederschild', (Aeolic) YpTvo(; (i.e. FpTvo(;) Ssppa Hes., hom. laKaOpwoq
"schildtragend' (compare M. Leumann, Homer. Worter 196 ff.);

with o<-extension (originally o<-present?) Old English wrTtan^ dig in, ritzen, write, paint ',
Old Saxon wrTtan^iear, verwunden, ritzen, write ', Middle Low German wrften^ rend, write,
draw, sign ', Modern High German reiden, Proto Norse wrait^sc\\r\eb, ritzte' (besides
Germanic *rTtan\r\ Old Swedish rftads., compare unter/"©/-, rei-d- "ritzen'); Gothic writs
"line'. Old English M//7/"Schrift', m//'^// "ornament, decoration, jewellery, jewel' ;

after Frisk (Etyma Arm. 28 ff.) here Armenian erg/canem 'tear, break, rupture, grind,
carve, slit, injure, stir, tease, irritate' from *ureid-s-.

References: WP. I 286 f., Trautmann 236, Vasmer 1 , 229.

Page(s): 1163-1164

Root / lemma: uer-8{*huer-8)
Meaning: to observe, pay attention

Material: Gr. only Fop-, with spiritus asperop-: horn, sni opovrai "sie beaufsichtigen', opei
lyuAaaasi Hes., uorosxn £nioupo(; (for£niopo(; after oupo(;) "scpopot;, supervisor,
custodian, keeper', (ppoup6(; "Wachter' (*npo-6p6(;), cppoupa " protection', oupoc; "Wachter'
(from compounds abstracted), Doric TT[jaopo(;, Attic TTp(ji)p6(; 'Ehrenwachter, savior,
redeemer' (F6po(; = Germanic wara- see below), opaw (scbpajv, sopoKa) "see, observe'
(denominative eines also in

cppoupa steckenden *Fopa = Old High German Old Saxon wara. Old English warn
"attention') Aeolic freilichopniJi, similarly as Latin vererr, lengthened grade Attic wpa, Ionian
oopn "hat, care ' hom. ou5£v6(;-(ji)po(;, ou5£v6(; wpav exojv "nichtsnutzig', oAiyajpsu)
"neglect' from *6AiYU)p6q "oAiynv wpav sxwV, at most Gupwpoq, nuAwpoc; "door-, Torhiiter'
(rather because of hom. nuAsoopoq an 6upr|-, nuAr|-op6(;, correspondingly TTpu)p6(;);
cbpsueiv "cavere'; pojpoi 6cp0aA|joi Hes. Suid.

Latin vereor, -en, -itus sum " worship, fear, dread'; zur form compare gr. Aeolic (F)6pr|Mi
"see, observe';

Old Irish cd{a)ir^ fitting, right': cymr. cywair6s. {*kom-Uerios)\

Germanic: uor6s\'c\ Gothic M/5//Sy/"behutsam', Old Icelandic i/a/7'"behutsam, careful,
shy'. Old English M/^/'"aware, attentive, careful, behutsam'. Old Saxon war^ careful, of the
hat'. Old High German giwar^ attentive, careful ' = (F6po(;); Jo/a in Gothic warai
"Behutsamkeit, artifice'. Middle High German wer{0\6 High German *warT) "Vorsichf; Old
English warn. Old Saxon Old High German M/a/'5 "attention, guarding', wara neman
wahrnehmen' perceive ', Old Icelandic vara\. "merchandise,, Zahlungsmittel', Old English
waru, spatMiddle High German war. Modern High German Ware; Old High German
bewaron^ preserve, protect. Old Saxon n/sAd/? "observe, protect, look after, watch over,
keep'. Old English M/a/75/7 "preserve, protect, beware, guard'. Old Icelandic vara^ attentive
make, look after; protect, assume ', refl. "sich hijten'; *uortos{*uoi^'^os) in Gothic
daurawards ^TooNart' , Old High German wart"\Nac\r\ter, Warter, HiJter', warto, Gothic
wardja6s.. Old Saxon warddn^\n the hat sein, look after, watch over, keep'. Old High
German warten ^achten, peer, wahrnehmen, warten, expect', bV5/Y5"Beobachtung etc.'.
Modern High German Warte; *uom-\n Old High German /^/7M/5/77a"Vorbereitung' (Old
English wearnt "Widerstand, Verweigerung, reproach, accusation ', Modern High German

warneneic. through interference from Angehorigen from *warjan wehren defend etc.', and
root *uer- "verschlieften');

Latvian veru, vert'see, show, bemerl<en' (mostly reflexive verties), i/e/yTba 'attention';

Maybe alb. verej^ perceive, spot, detect ' > folk etymology ve re^ perceive ' Latvian
loanword.

Tocharian A war-, B war-sk-^smeW.

References: WP. I 284 f.
Page(s): 1 1 64

Root / lemma: uer-9. Ueru-s{*huer-9)
Meaning: wide, broad

Material: Old Indie uru-, Avestan vouru- {irom *varu-, Indo Germanic *Ueru-), jav. also uru-
"wide', westoss. urux, composition form Avestan uru- (from *uru-, as Old Indie ^m- besides
guru-, above S. 476); comparative varTyas-, superlative varistha-, in addition Old Indie
urucTi. "die earth', Femin. to uru-vyanc. i/mc- 'weitreichend', compare den Avestan
Bergnamen Vourusa-, perhaps = Old Indie *urucya-; Old Indie urvata-m. "year', *uruata-
"weit wandering '; PN UrvasTi. from * uru-vasT-^ intense desire'; in addition ulukhala-
"mortar' from *uru-khara-'\N\t\r\ breitem bottom';

with metathesis gr. £u- (as in supioKw, uer-4; compare supuai- under uer-5) in £upu(;
(instead of *F£puc;) "breif, as well as in eupo^ 'Breite' (see above Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 412
Anm. 1); perhaps Tocharian A warts, B a u rise ^mde, breif

neuter: ueros-xn Old Indie varas- n. "Breite, Raum' (gr. £upo(; instead of *F£po(;);

doubtful jWeTOS- "breast' in Old Indie uras- {iroxw *vuras), Avestan varo ds. and Old Indie
vanman- m. n. "Weite, Umfang', varivas-v\. "Raum, Weite, Behaglichkeit', die eine heavy
basis voraussetzen.

References: WP. I 285, Mayrhofer 109 f., Thieme Lg. 31, 439.
Page(s):1165

Root / lemma: uers- {*huer-)

Meaning: to drag on the ground

Material: Latin verro {o\der vorro), verrJ, versum^ sharpen, am Boden schleppen, sweep,

wash away ';

about gr. sppu) 'go away, schwinde' s. Frisk 566;

Old Icelandic vgrr'stroke'; barely here Old Saxon Old High German werran'be\N'\\6er,
durcheinanderbringen' etc.;

Latvian varsms'heap of corn, grain '; russ. -Church Slavic vbrchu, i/res// "thrash', ablaut.
vrach-b 'das Dreschen' (geschah originally through Schleifen), russ. i/d/'c»c/7"heap (of
corn)';

Maybe alb. vras^ strike, kill ', vreshV (heap of) vineyard ' Slavic loanword.

Maybe alb. Tosc varr, Geg vorr " mound, grave ', varre^ wound'.

Hittite uarsiia-, ^ars-'abwischen, pluck, reap'.

References: WP. I 267, 292 f., WH. II 761 f., Trautmann 361, Vasmer 1, 230.
Page(s): 1169-1170

Root / lemma: uer-(e)na{*huer-(0)ri)

Meaning: alder, poplar

Material: Armenian geran {*uerena) 'trabs, tignum';

alb. verrei. {*uerna) 'Populus alba';

bret. gwerni. {*uerna) 'Schiffsmast; alder', acorn, guern^ mast ', guern-en^ alder',
cymr. ^n/e/T?©/? 'Schiffsmast, alder', PI. koll. ^M/e'/77'Erlen, swamp, marsh'. Middle Irish
fern\. "Erie, mast ', gall. Fernodubrum {^Er\ev\\Nasser'\ from Celtic derive piemontes.
verna, prov. verna, verno, French verne, vergne' alder').

References: WP. I 292, Meyer-LiJbke REW3 p. 9232, Vendryes RC. 46, 137 and above S.

81.

Page(s): 1 1 69

Root / lemma: ues-1 {* hauhes-f)

Meaning: to stay, live, spend the night

Material: Old Indie i/asa// (participle secondary usita-) "verweilt, dwells, iibernachtet' (with

a: 'sleeps with a Frau', with i/pa.' 'fastet') = Avestan varjhaiti^ dwells, verweilt'. Old Indie

Kaus. K55ay5//"beherbergt'; vastu-, vasatf-xx\.i., vasa-m. 'abode, residence,

Ubernachten', Old pers. a-vahanam^ residence, dot'. Old Indie lengthened grade vastu-n.

'site, house', new vastu-n. " thing' {vastuka-xw. "a plant', actually "Hofunkraut'); vasa-
vesmann. "Schlafzimmer';

Armenian goy"\s, existiert, is vorhanden', goy{f-stem) "being, being, blessing, property';

gr. azoa ep. Aor. (stets with vuktq connected) "zubringen', in addition present atoKOd,
asGKOVTo; perhaps earia f. "stove, hearth, altar', figurative "house, family etc.', with
secondary i Ionian iariri, Aeolic Boeotian lokr. Doric Arcadian iaria through Assimil. an das
betonte i the second syllable, das Fehlen desF perhaps through influence of ToTriMi;
derivative from 'Ves-//-"Bleiben, dwelling', also "zum Heim belonging'; with unexplained a-
vocalism (F)aaTu n. "town, city' (aaT6(; " town dweller', aaTsToq "stadtisch');

Messapic vaste/{Dal);

Latin l/es/a "goddess of hauslichen Hordes';

Middle Irish /o(a)/o'"nachtigt (also "with a wife, woman'), remains, verweilt, wakes in the
night' {*uoseti), 3. Sg. preterit ffu{*ui-uds-t), 3. PI. feotar{*ui-uos-ont-j), verbal noun fess,
feissi. " sleep, coitus, abode, residence', ablaut, fossm. "Bleiben, tranquility', /foss'to
house', fossad't\g\r\t, firm, steadfast; dwelling, abode, residence'; cymr. ^M/as"Heimstatte',
mcymr. gwest, AyM/es/"Ruheplatz', gwest, cywestach ^co\\.us\ ^M/es//"dwelling', dirwest
{*dhro-ues-t-) and darwest{*to-are-ues-t-) " fast ';

Gothic wisan{^. Sg. preterit was) "sein, abide, remain ', Old Icelandic i/es5 (later vera).
Old English Old Saxon Old High German wesan {ev\ig\. preterit was). Old Frisian wesa
"sein, abide, remain ', Modern High German war, gewesen, substantivierter Infin. "entity';
Gothic w/stst "entity'. Old Icelandic v/st. Old English Old High German iy/5/ "entity, abode,
residence, Dasein'; Old Icelandic i/^/r" peaceful ' (or identical with dem 2. part from g/-
vaerr, see above S. 1165; certainly here belongs /7e/'5d-i/^/r"berechtigt, in district, region,
area to sein'); Old Saxon weron. Old High German n/e/'e'/? 'endure, wahren' (in addition Old
High German wirig^ lasting, dauerhaft'. Modern High German lang-wierig) and Old Saxon
waron. Middle Low German n/a/ie/? "endure'; perhaps Gothic nvis" calm (at sea) ', if actually
" tranquility ');

Tocharian A wsen/ie' lair', wast, B os/ "house', M/as5/r7c» "friend', PI. wasmoh, wsassam
" dwells ';

Hittite {*hueis-) huis-^ live, am Leben bleiben', {*hueisa-) /7^/sa-" mirror'.

References: WP. I 306 f., WH. II 773, Frisk 25, 173 f., 576 f., VendryJs RC. 35, 89 f.. Loth
RC. 38, 297, Ifor Williams BBCS. 2, 41 ff., R. A. Fowkes JC. stem 2, 1 f.
Page(s): 1170-1171

Root / lemma: ues-2 {* hauhes-2)
Meaning: to feast

Material: Old Indie anu vavase^has aufgezehrt', vastoh'vor dem ravenousness', Avestan
vasfraTresse, muzzle', vastrsm loo6' , vas far- ^H\rte'; about Latin vescor^as meal eat, be
nourished ' see above S. 73; Middle Irish fess, fe/sslood, eating' {*ues-ta). Old Irish fi'ach
"raven' ( *uesakos), out of it borrowed cymr. gwyach "Steiftfuft' (ein bird); Old Irish ban-
[f]ess^ wedding ' (Trauen-fesf), bret. /7a/7i/e5 'festival', cymr. ^n/es/ 'festival'; Gothic waila
wisan 'to feast, delight ', frawisan 'consume', wizon 'indulge oneself, waila-wizns ' feast ',
gawizneigs' s\c\\ mitfreuend'. Old English tvesa/? 'to feast' (only Beowulf 3115, Hs.
weaxan); Old High German firwesan. Middle High German i/e/wese/7 'consume'; Old
Icelandic vist. Old English Old High German wisti. 'dish, food'; in ablaut probably Old High
German M/as/e/( French gateau) ' cake';

Hittite {*hauhes^ ^es/- 'pasture', uesua-^qraze, abweiden; lead, regieren'; {*hauhes-
)i/es/a/'a- 'herdsman, shepherd'.

Maybe alb. ushq/mlood', ushqejleed'.

References: WP. I 307 f., Vendryes RC. 35, 89 f., WH. II 769

See also: probably to uesu- 'good'.

Page(s):1171

Root / lemma: ues-3 {* hyes-3)
Meaning: wet

Material: Gr. sapov Aournpa, n Trpoxouv Hes., alt-theraisch hsapa (meaning
unacquainted); Umbrian i/es/z/ra/^'libato' (formation as Latin lectTca);
Maybe alb. vese^ dew '

Old High German wasa/^ra\n', Old High German waso'\a\Nn, clod of earth, pit, pothole'.
Modern High German l/Vasen lawn' , Old Saxon waso, Middle Low German wase^damp
Erdgrund, slime, mud; clod of earth, lawn'; Middle Low German wasemm. 'Wasserdampf,
haze, mist'; Old English wosn. ' dampness, juice, sap'; engl. ooze' dampness, slime,
mud', as verb 'durchsickern, spring up, bubble'. Middle Low German wos'scum, froth.

foam, decoction, extract acquired by boiling, juice, sap'. Old Danish Norwegian os' plant
juice ';

presumably Avestan varjhu-tat-t "blood', varjhu&wa-u. "Blutvergieflen, bloody fight',
vohuna- m. 'blood' and Old Indie vasa, Kas5 "bacon, fat, lard ' (also i/asa inscribed, as
vasa-m "flijssiges fat');

here with the meaning "male animal' (compare Latin verresetc: uer-, t/eA-s-'feuchten'):
Old Indie ustra- m. 'Buffel, Kamel', ^s/5/'-'Pflugstier', Avestan ustrom. 'Kamel' (also in
Zaral=>-ustrd)\ Old Indie ^5/5'Pflugstier'.

References: WP. I 308, Trautmann 343, Mayrhofer 1 , 113 f.. Frisk 433.
Page(s): 1171-1172

Root / lemma: ues-4 {*hues-4)

Meaning: to stick, pierce

Material: Old Indie nivasita- 'ums Leben gebracht', n/rvasana-m^ das Ermorden, Toten',

y0a/7Vas5ya//"sehneidetrings ab, from' ; Old Irish ;fe/7/75/o'"schindet' {*ues-na-ti)\ (common

Celtic -ns-, -nt- > -nn-), alb. usht^ ear ';

Lithuanian i/s/7/s 'thistle, hawthorn', Latvian usna, i/5/7a "thistle';

about Church Slavic vtdSB "louse' etc., see above S. 692 and Vasmer 1, 232 f.
Maybe alb. vesh, PI. veshe^ ear'.

Old High German c»/'/"cusp, peak, point, edge etc.'. Modern High German 0/t"place' (and
"Schusterahle'), Old English ord^cus^, peak, beginning ', Old Icelandic oddr^cus^, peak'.
Old Germanic Osd-ulfus= Old Saxon Old English 0/-o'-i//f (different above S. 237);
[common Latin Germanic -s- > -/"-].

References: WP. I 308 f.
Page(s):1172

Root / lemma: ues-5 {* haues-5)

Meaning: to dress, put on

Material: Old Indie i/a5/e"kleidet sich, zieht an', Avestan vasteds. (compare the unthemat.

gr. EGoai, -soTai), varjhaiti 6s.\ Old Indie vasana-, Avestan varjhana- n. " garment '; Old

Indie vasman- n. "cover' (= z\\\a)\ vastra-, Avestan vastra- n. " clothing ' (: gr. FEGipa,

Middle High German westeil);

Armenian z-genum^'^uW myself an' {*ues-nu- = zvvv[}\), z-gest^ clothing ' (-/i/-stem);

gr. Evvupi, Ionian sTvupi, Aor. zo{o)a\ " apparel ', Med. "sich kleiden', athemat. Perf. £l|jai
(*F£a-[jai) 3. Sg. Eni-Earai (Herod.); zoBoq n. ' clothing ' (-dhes-stem), zaBr\q, -nroc; ds.
(*F£a[TO-]TaT-c; with dem 9 from eoQoq); savoc; "weibliches garment ' (Old Indie vasana-m);
Ionian Attic sipa, Doric Fripa, Lesbian Fsppa 'dress' (: Old Indie vas-man-); Hes. yHMCi
ipaTiov, £u-, KQKO, 5ua-£ifju)v "good, schlecht gekleidet', with Vorstufe of Itazismuslpariov
'dress, mantle'; Doric Fsarpa (ysaTpa aroAri Hes.), z(pzoip'\qi. "warmeres Wintergewand,
Soldatenmantel';

alb. vesh'\ kleide an', i//s/7e/77"kleide myself an';

Latin vest/'s ' clothing ', vest/'o, -Tre " apparel ' (compare Yscrria svSugk; Hes.);

Gothic wasjan. Old High German werian. Old Icelandic veria^ apparel ', Old English
werian^6s., dress bear, carry'; Gothic wastii. 'dress'; Middle High German wester {see
above) Taufkleid' (but Old High German early wastibarn, previously by Notker westerwat);
Old Icelandic veslu. "dress' {*wesala-), ver^ coating, layer' {*waza-);

Hittite uas-, ues-, Luvian uas(s)-^beV\e\6ev\, lure, tempt '; Tocharian B wastsi, wastsi
"dress' (neologism); A wsal6s.\

References: WP. I 309, WH. II 775 f.. Frisk 521 f.
Page(s): 1172-1173

Root / lemma: ues-no- {* haues-no-)

Meaning: price

Material: By den einzelnen Sprachen sways e-and ovocalism: Old Indie vasna- m. "

purchase price', n. "earnings', i/5S/7ay5//"feilscht'; Armenian gin^ purchase price'; gr. hom.

(I)vo(; " purchase price', Lesbian ovva {*uosnS), Ionian Attic cJbvri " purchase', cbv£0|jai " buy

', gort. u)vr|v " sell '; Latin venus{ov\\)j in Akk. venum, Dat. veno, later venui) "sale' {vendo, -

dere' sell ' is *venom+ do, i/e/7eo "verkauft become' = *venom+ eo); marr. eituam

vena//nam ^pecun\a{r\ venaliciam' (?) muft ein loanword from Latin sein, da s/7marr. not n

ergeben wurde; Old Russian i/e/70 "dowry'; Hittite ussan/ya-' sell ' (compare above uas-

"buy').

References: WP. I 31 1 f., WH. II 753 f., Vasmer 1, 182 f.

See also: ues-8

Page(s):1173

Root / lemma: ues-7 {* haues-7)
Meaning: to turn, wind

Material: Old Indie veda- m. " hassock, clump of grass ' ( *uozdos); usnfhai. " nape ',
usnTsa- m. "head fascia' {*us-nT-' gyration '); Swedish, Norwegian uase'Laubbundel', vasa
"verwickein, maunder, drivel ', Old Icelandic i/55as/r"sich verwickein'. Middle Low German
Middle English n/ase "bundle'.
References: WP. I 309 f., Mayrhofer 1, 114.
Page(s):1173

Root / lemma: yes-8 {* haues-)

Meaning: to buy, sell

Material: Hittite uas-, uasija- "buy, acquire', ussaniia-^ sell ', uessia-^ purchase price';

perhaps Latin vTlis{*ues-li-) " cheap '.

References: WP. I 312, WH. II 753 f., Szemerenyi Arch. Lingunder 6, 36

See also: ues-no-

Page(s):1173

Root / lemma: ues-9 {* hayes-)

Meaning: " gleam, shine '

See also: see above S. 86 f. [ayes-).

Page(s):1173

Root / lemma: yesperos {yekeros) {* hayekk"'ero)

Meaning: evening

Material: Gr. ia-nz^oc, m. "evening, vespertine ', sanspa f. "evening', ZQ-nt^xoo,, eonspivoq "

vespertine '; Latin vesper, -er/s and -©/"/"evening, eventide ', vespera^ eventide ' (out of it

Old Irish fescor, mcymr. gosper, gosber); probably to Modern High German West {above

S. 73); against it Baltic- Slavic *uekera- m. "evening': Lithuanian i/a/raAas "evening' (PI.

Ka/ra/'arWesten', vakarQ i/^5s"Westwind'), Latvian i/a/ra/'s "evening'. Old Church Slavic

vecerb ds., wherefore Adv. Old Church Slavic vbcera " yesterday ' etc., basic meaning

perhaps " darkness', to Lithuanian i//ra/7as "cloudy', i>/7/r/7a "shadow', Latin umbra {^ unksra)

"shadow';

Maybe zero grade alb. Geg {* umbra-) mbrame^ yesterday night', mbramje' evening,

darkness' Latin loanword.

cymr. i/c/7e/'"evening' not here, but from Indo Germanic 'Vo/i^se/'o- (Pokorny ZcP. 15,
377); Armenian ^/se/'"night' from *uoiRero-, after Petersson Heteroklisie 231 ff. zur root
t/e/]^- "humid, wet' (?) in Old Indie vesanfa-m. "pond, pool' (compare FIN Lithuanian

Viesinta, V/esmuoetc), Old Icelandic ve/g' intoxicating drink', Latvian vieksts
"Wasserstrudel'.

References: WP. I 311, WH. II 770 f., 814 f., Trautmann 348, Vasmer 1, 196, Frisk 575;
the variation uesperos : uekeros perhaps after Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 1 1 9 taboo to
define; compare also Havers Sprachtabu 125, 178.
Page(s): 1173-1174

Root / lemma: ues-f{*h2auhies^

Meaning: spring, prime of the year

Note:

Root/ lemma: ues-fi* h2auhies^\ spring, derived from Root/ lemma: aues-{* h2auhies^\

to shine; gold, dawn, aurora etc.

Grammatical information: Gen. ues-n-es

Note: (Latin-Germanic yeraiier yer'year')

Material:

In a-grade:

(Hittite *h2auhies-> *habes- > *hames- compare npers. bahar< *vaharsee below)
about Hittite hamesh{a)-, hameshant-^ spring ' s. A. Goetze Lg. 27, 471, 51, 467 ff., F.
Sommer M. stem z. Spr. 4, 7, G. R. Solta, S.-Ber. osterr. Akad., Bd. 232, 1., 16 f.;
{common Hittite suffix {-h2an-) -hant-}

In e-grade:

gr. sap, sapoc;, also npoq, npi with new Nom. rjp; ysap Hes. (*F£aap) ' spring ', sapivoq "
belonging to the spring ';

Latin ver, ver/sn. " spring ', vernus{*uerinos) "of spring, spring';

Maybe alb. i/eAa "summer' a Latin loanword, [Latin p/7/77ai/e/'a springtime (f. use as fem.
sing, of L prima vera pi. primum veri\xs\. or earliest spring)], alb. [prane = "near' + vera =
"summer'] > alb. pranvera 'spnng, early summer'.

Old Irish e/7'ac/7(lenierte form from *ferrach) " spring ' {* uesr-ako); acymr. guiannuin^\v\
spring ' {*ues-nt-eino-), but mcymr. gwaeanhwyn, ncymr. gwanwyn p\aces *gwaeantirorY\
* ues-nto- a\r\ea6; acorn, gua/nfo/n' spring ';

Old Church Slavic vesna " spring '; *ueserinios " of spring ' in Lithuanian vasarinis
"summery', Latvian vasar/n/m. PI. " summer grain ', compare russ. -Church Slavic
vesnbnyj, russ. i/e'seA7/7y "of spring-';

Maybe alb. {* vesna, *viesienta) iye5/7/a "autumn (long summer)' [common alb. n > nt > /].

In a-grade:

Old Indie vasan-ta- m. {* ues-en-to) " spring ', vasanta^\v\ spring ' (from *Kasa/7- extended);

vasar-han "frijh schlagend', vasara- " matutinal ';

Avestan varjriLok. "in spring ' ( Vas/vfor older *vasar, compare npers. bahar\N\Vc\ quality
around spring from *vahar, compare Old pers. ^ura-vahara-)\

Alb. behar^ spring ' from Turkish bahar^ spring '.

Armenian garun{*uesr-). Gen. garnan^ spring ';

Lithuanian vasara av\6 vasara, Latvian vasara ^ suxuxwex' {*uesera-'7)\

References: WP. 1301, WH. II 755, Trautmann 356, Vasmer 1, 192, Frisk 432 f., 605 f.

See also: probably to haues-^ q\e3iV(\, shine', above S. 86 f.

Page(s):1174

Root / lemma: uet- {*huet-)

Meaning: year

Material: Old Indie vatsa, vatsara-m. "year', vatsa-rc\. " yearling, calf, rother, cattle',

vatsaka-m. " little calf, sa-vatarauH. Du. f. " identical calf habend'; sogd. wtsnyy{\eQ.

wat(u)sand) "old';

gr. F£TO(;, £to(; n. "year', SiEinq " biennial ', i-\x\Q\oc^ "annual, yearly', Attic z\c, vsojia,
delph. £vv£U)Ta "for the nachste year' (haplology from *v£Fu)-F£Ta, s. also £nr|£Tav6(; Frisk
534, oi£T£ac; J. B. Hofmann Gr. etym. WB. 227, ar|T£c; above S. 609); gr. etcAov, etqAov "
yearling from Haustieren' (: Latin vitulus, see below);

alb. vit, PI. U7e/"year', parvJet^yo'cz\Ne\ Jahren', vjetei. "calf, vitsh, v/g'caW (from
*ueteso-, compare Latin veterTnus); Messapic atavetes= auT6£T£(; "of gleichen year';

Comment:

Alb. {*v/et) vit, PI. vjet^yeax' : Hittite witt- "year'; alb. vJeter^o\6' : Latin vetus, -er/s'o\6'.

Latin vetus, -er/s'o\6' (alike £to(;; tlie Genet, veter/s sch\'\eQ>\. close connection to Old
Lithuanian vetusas irom), vetustus ^o\d' (probably from * uetosto-s ^ aged' , formation as
onustus: onus), vetulus^a\\.\\ch\ Oscan Vezkef "*Vetusco', god's name; Latin vetennus
"Zugvieh'; v/tu/us'caW = Umbrian i/z/Az/'vitulos' (Italian /instead of e presumably through
borrowing from a nicht naherto bestimmenden Indo Germanic language Italiens); Oscan
l//fe//^" Italia', from which through Low Italian-gr. mediation Latin /fa//a, actually 'das land
the //a//" ("young steers ', after dem Stiergott Mars);

Middle Irish fe/s, corn, gu/s, abret. gu/s^so\N' {*uet-si-)\

Gothic w/Prus^one year old lamb', Old Icelandic vedr, Old High German w/dar^anes,
ram' (compare above Old Indie sa-vatarau);

Old Church Slavic vetbchb 'o\d', Old Lithuanian vefusas'o\6, aged';

a Lok. or possibly Akk. Sg. of zero grade stem ut- lies vor in Old Indie par-uf^'\n
vergangenen years', Armenian heru, gr. TTspuoi, Doric nspuri. Old Icelandic ^'ord, Middle
High German vertds., Old Irish onn-urid^ab anno priore' (Vokalumstellung?);

Hittite Witt- "year', Hieroglyphic-Hittite usa-, Luvian ussa ds.

References: WP. I 251, WH. I 723, II 776 ff., 807, Trautmann 365, Vasmer 1, 194, O.
Szemerenyi ZDMG. 101, 204 f.. Word 8, 50, Frisk 534, 579 f., 583 f., Kronasser compare
sound- under Formenlehre 126 A. 20.
Page(s):1175

Root / lemma: ye-l {*hue-)

Meaning: we

Grammatical information: uei- {P\ura\)

Material: Nom. 1. Dual Old Indie vam{= va-am, Indo Germanic *-om), Avestan va, Gothic

wit. Old Icelandic vit. Old English wit. Old Church Slavic ve, Lithuanian ve-du{*ue-dud) "

we both';

Nom. 1. PI. Old Indie vay-am, Avestan i/5e/r7(lndo Germanic *-oni), Gothic weis. Old
High German wir. Old Icelandic ver. Old English weeic, Hittite ues{*uei-es), Tocharian B
wes, A was " we '.

References: WP. I 220, Trautmann 344, Vasmer 1, 175 f., Liebert, Indo Germanic

Personalpron. 102 ff.

Page(s):1114

Root / lemma: ue-3, ua- {*hue-)

Meaning: " blow, wave, whiffle '

See also: see above S. 82 ff. {aue-)\ in the same place ue-lo-, ue-s- uet- ds.

Page(s):1114

Root / lemma: uep- : yap- {*hyek'^-)

Meaning: to blow; to soar

Material: Falls das Old Indie causative vapayat/" makes blow' keine secondary formation to

i/^//"weht' (above S. 82) darstellt, but from a stem *uep- derived is, kann es Ablautform to

Latin vapor{o\d vapos) "vapor, heat' sein (incorrect about vaporabove S. 596), wherefore

still vappa, i/5/O/o'kahmiger wine '.

Maybe alb. i/S/oa 'summer heat'

References: WP. I 379 f., WH. II 732 f.

Page(s): 1149-1150

Root / lemma: yes-6{*hyes-)

Meaning: ' you '

See also: see above S. 514 l/'u-).

Page(s):1173

Root / lemma: yesu- {*hyesu-)
Meaning: good

Material: Old Indie vasu- 'good' (in addition i/asK/"' night'), vasun. 'blessing, Besitztum,
property, richness ' (das Subst. after pronunciation and ablaut das primare), Avestan
varjhu-, vohuds.. Old Indie Kas/ya/? 'better', vasistha- 'best', Avestan vahya, vahistods.;
alt-lllyrian Ves-cleves, compare Old Indie vasu-sravas-,

Germanic in proper name, e.g. Wisu-rTh, -mar, also Wisi-Gothae; gall, in proper name as
Bello-, Sigo-vesus, Vesu-avus, Old Irish */ei6'(only in den case oblique covered, e.g. Dat.
Sg. feib) ' excellence ' from *uesu-a, febas^ excellence ', *febtu. Gen. febtadql
'substantiae'; ablaut. Old Irish /d'good, Gute' {*uosu-)\ besides *uesu- in Irish fiu^
dignified, honorable ', cymr. gwiwds., bret. ^tv/bi/ 'cheerful', gall. UTsu-nx, about uesu- in
asian. Sprachen s. Bossert Mitteil. Inst. Orientf. 2, 78 ff.;

besides eus- (with metathesis as in gr. £upo(;from F£po(;) in:

Gothic /us/za' better', /i/s//a"Erholung, Erieichterung' (after Wissmann, D. alt. Postverb.
d. Germanic 72 ff. post-verbal to *iusilon, as //7//o"Entschuldigung, excuse, alleged reason
' to *inilon)\ Old Church Slavic i//7ye 'better' (Kompar. to an *uno- from *eus-no-);

lllyrian PN l/ese/zaTelicitas'; Latvian 1/^5^/5 "fit, healthy, heil, unbroken, unmarred,
unscathed, undamaged '; Old Church Slavic veseli^, Czech veselyetc. 'cheerful';

Tocharian A wse, B yss/'night' as *uesu^ the good '.

References: WP. 1311, Vasmer 1 , 191 f.. Frisk 594 f.
See also: probably to ues-2.
Page(s): 1174-1175

Root / lemma: uag- : uag- {*huegh^

Meaning: to be bent

Material: Latin vagor, -5/7"schweife umher, breite myself from', vagus ^ wandering '; Old

Irish fanm. 'slope, cavity; slantwise, abschliJssig' {*uag-no)\ acymr. guoin, cymr. gwaun

'lowland, depression, meadow', corn, goen, goon, gon, bret. geun, ye^/7 'marshland'

{*uagna).

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 726, Loth RC 36, 181;

See also: compare ua-, uek-, uak-, ueng(h)-, uenk-.

Page(s):1120

Root / lemma: £/aAr-(: *uak-) {* huek-)

Meaning: to be bent

Material: Latin vacillo, -are 'wobble, sway, waver'; abrit. VN OuaKo-fjayoi 'die Bewohner

the gekrijmmten Felder', cymr. gwaeth {*uak-to-) Kompar. 'bad' (Superl. gwaethaf), corn.

gweth. Middle Breton goaz.

References: WP. I 218, WH. I 268, II 723 ff.;

See also: s. also ua-, uag- etc.

Page(s):1135

Root / lemma: uiiyu- {*hueighu-)

Meaning: tree

Note:

Root/ lemma: uiA'^u-i* hueighu^: 'tree' derived from alb. -lllyrian vith. Gen. K/ic//7'elm tree'

of Root/ lemma: uing-3iU6 ueig-{uig-l) : 'elm'; common alb. -g- > -d-.

Material: Old Irish fid, Gen. fedo^\xee, wood, wood, forest', cymr. gwydd{S<^. gwydden),
acorn, gulden, br. gwez{SQ. gwezenn) ds., also in cymr. syb-wydd^'^\v\e' ("Resinous tree ')
= corn, sib-uit, gall. VN Uidu-casses, Old Icelandic vidr. Gen. vidarm. "wood, forest, wood,
tree'. Old English widu, wudum. ds.. Old High German witu, 147/0 "wood';

perhaps as "Grenzbaum, trennender Grenzwald between Ansiedlungen' to *ueid!^-
"separate, divide' and then formal = Old Indie vidh'u- "vereinsamf, Lithuanian vidus^
center, the interior'; compare above S. 707 Lithuanian medzias^iree";

connection with Irish ffad^wM, fladach' hunt', cymr. gwydd'wM', acorn. gu/t-f/71era',
bret. ^c»^ez"wild' would be the meaning after through Latin s/'/vat/cus'wM : s/7va,
Lithuanian med/n/s^wM', medz/dk/e' hunt' : med/s'tree' to prop, support, yet bliebe dabei
die lengthened grade e/ compared with dem Grundworte Irish /^icy difficult, hard; es is hence
fladirom f/dto separate and auf eine besides *ue/-t- in Old High German weida. Old
English wad. Old Icelandic veidr^ hunt, fishing' (: *uei-3) liegende root form *uei-c^h)- to
beziehen.

References: WP. I 314, 228 ff.
Page(s):1177

Root / lemma: u/ng- and ue/g-{u/g-7) {*hueik-)
Meaning: elm

Material: With nasalization Balto Slavic group Lithuanian vinksna, Latvian v/'ksna ds. (also
Old Prussian w/m/no'e\r(\', lies wincsnd) from *u/ng-sna {Suii. as in Lithuanian g/uosna'
willow ');

nasalized Old English w/ic, wTce, engl. witch. Low German W77re"elm';

likewise uing- as uig- can be in alb. vith. Gen. i//o'/7"elm' and in Kurdish K/z"a kind of
elm'; the relationship of the nasalized against unnasalized form is still to be cleared,
(common alb. Celtic -k > -th, -g > -dh > Slavic Iranian z-)

Serb. Kez(Gen. i/eza), russ. vjaz-b, poln. M//^z"Ulmus campestris' (proto Slavic. V^zb);
References: WP. I 314, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 59 f., Trautmann 360, Vasmer 1, 244,
Petersson Heteroklisie 56 f.
Page(s):1177

Root / lemma: ujeth-, uith- {*haueith-^
Meaning: to shake

Material: Old Indie vyathate' sways, taumelt, geht schief, kommt to Falle, shrugs, jerks,

weicht', vithura-^ fluctuating, mangelhaft'; Gothic wiPon^ shake' \ relationship to *uei-1

"turn' is probably, da in Kreise this root words for 'waver, hin and her bewegen' right

frequent, often are.

Maybe alb. vithe " buttocks, hips '.

References: WP. I 318, Kuiper Nasalpras. 53, Wackernagel-Debrunner II 2, 487.

Page(s):1178

Root / lemma: uTks- {*hauiks^

Meaning: ' mistletoe and other glue delivering trees '

Note: {u7sk-l)

See also: s. S. 1134 (ue/s-).

Page(s):1177

Root / lemma: uT-Rnrit-T{* hauT-RrQt-J)
Meaning: twenty

Note: actually Dual "two decades ' (to Indo Germanic oT-'two' and dRrpt- above S. 192)
Material: Old Indie viifisatf-, Avestan vTsaiti, osset. insai, Armenian k'san, gr. eiKoai, Doric
FiKQTi, hom. EsiKOGi for £(F)lKoai, alb. zet, Latin vTginti{see above S. 192), Old Irish fiche.
Gen. fichet {*uiRmt-s, -os), acymr. i/ce//?/ (instead of *gwyca/ntirorr\ the compound *dou-
viceint, cymr. deugaint^AQ" abstracted), corn, ugans, Tocharian A wiki, B ik9.
References: WP. I 313, Wackernagel-Debrunner 3, 366 f., WH. II 788 f.. Frisk 453 f.
Page(s):1177

Root / lemma: u7-1 {*hauV)
Meaning: separate from; both, two
Note: (see uT-Rixit-fj

Material: Old Indie k/- 'apart', Avestan i/7- 'apart; abseits, apart, separated from; entgegen;
through and through ' (also vis-: v/s-pat-^go away, pass over'); Old Indie i//si/- 'after variant
Seiten' in i//si//7a- 'verschiedenartig', iz/siz-zt/pa- 'verschiedengestaltig' , v/suva-n.
'aequinoctium', visuvant- 'in the middle situated, after beiden Seiten gleich', visv-anc-
'afterbeiden (all) Seiten gewandt, auseinandergehend'. Old Indie i//5i/5-o'/y5/7/r'uberallhin
going', Avestan vispa&aMN. 'ringsum allenthalben' {*uisu- dw^, *uisuo-\ besides *uiso-\v\:)
Lithuanian visas, Latvian viss. Old Prussian wissa-^aW; Old Church Slavic i/i.56 'all,
whole'; with the same meaning 'all' from 'after all Seiten auseinandergegangen,
umfanglich' and Indo Germanic A^-suffix: Old Indie visva- ' each, every, all', Avestan vfspa-.

ap. vispa- "ds.'; Sg. also "whole' ( *uiRuo-\ out of it also Old pers. visa- with regular
southwest - development from -si/-);

to stem *uisu-, uisuo- presumably also gr. FiaFo(;, \qoc, " alike ' (for das on the other
hand derivation from *uidsuos\.o *ueid- " behold ' erwogen wird);

Latin v/t/umlau\t, error, disability, damage' as *i//-//-c»/r7"*Abweichung'; vitupero, -are
"spoil, tadle' {vitium + parare); in addition Latin vitilTgoi. " skin rash '.

comparative *uitero-. Old Indie i///a/'a- "further fijhrend', i///a/'5/77 "further, further',
Avestan vTtaram^ sideways ', vTtara- "the weitere, spatere', d/^ra(\.e. vi&ra) Adv. "
particularly, specially, especially, particular: in particular, peculiarly, separately, extra,
notably, apart, separated', Gothic wiPraMv. and preposition m. Akk. "gegen, wider,
compared with, vor'. Old Icelandic vidrMy. and preposition m. Dat. Akk. "gegen, wider,
with, by' (also i//id' after Paaren as nordr: nord). Old English widMv. and preposition m.
Gen. Dat. Akk. "gegen, compared with, wider, along, with', wider-\v\ compounds. Old High
German widarMv. "gegen, back, against', preposition m. Dat. Akk. "gegen, compared
with, wider'; Latin perhaps in i//?/7ici/s "Stiefvater', originally "the second ', or "the entferntere
Vater' (but Old High German entrig, das an the einzigen Stelle, where es vorkommt (1 1 .
Jh.), "transtiberinus' iJbersetzt, wird rather to e/70/7/" beyond' belong); Old Church Slavic
vbtorb " alter, secundus ' (from *vbtorb).

References: WP. I 312 f., WH. II 80, 808, Vasmer 1, 192 f., 237, Trautmann 362 f.
Page(s): 1175-1176

Root /lemma: u7-2, uoi- {* hau7-sl^

Meaning: expr. root

Material: Gr. {*uT-ska) ia, Ionian in f. "shout, call, scream' (Fia:), (*FiaFT) iaT,1ri "exclamation

of Freude or of Schmerzes', hom. (F)i6|JU)poi epithet the Argiver (" (3or|v ayaOoi ');

(*Fir|Fioq) iniO(; epithet of Apollo (den man with ir| naicbv anrief), hence perhaps

(*FiaFov£(;) laFovsc;, "Iwvsc; "lonier' as "Verehrer of Apollo'; (*Fir|FiO(;) iniO(; or ia-Rufer (?

Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 1, 80); Old English by/"(besides weg, wei, wa) "weh, oh'; due to *uT-to-

"jubelnd' here Lithuanian vyturys^ lark ' and probably Latin vTtulor^ jubilate, cheer, stimme

einen Sieges- or hymn of praise, song of praise an, be cheerful'; Old Russian viskati^

neigh ', visngtr muttire ', russ. dial, viscatb, poln. wiskac, w/szczec'\ou6 whistle'; russ.

v/zg' Gewinsel ', vizzatb " whimper '.

Maybe in -A suffix in alb. fishkellej^ whistle '.

References: WP. I 312, 527, WH. II 807, Holthausen Ae. etym. Wb. 392, Vasmer 1, 199.

Page(s):1176

Root / lemma: uTro-s {*haueir-)

Meaning: man; warrior

Material: With f. Old Indie vTra-, Avestan vTra- "man, hero ', Umbrian Akk. PI. n. u(e)iro^

mancipia ', Volscan Abl. Sg. couehr/u ^*coy\n6, contione ', Lithuanian vyras, Latvian mrs,

Old Prussian w/jrs^man'; skyth. oiop ' av5pa ' (Herod. 4, 110), more properly oipo- = v/ro-,

Old Indie v/rapsa-irom * vTra-psv-a- {: Avestan pasu vTra) 'people and cattle', compare

Umbrian ueiro pequo6,s.

With / Latin iz/^'man', in the old language also the unique word for " husband ',
wherefore K/Aa^d'mannhafte virgin, Heldin', virtus^ manfulness, skillfulness, virtue,
uprightness, integrity ', Old Irish /fe^'man', cymr. etc. gwr, PI. gwyr{{o which the Sg. gwr
analogically is formed additionally).

Gothic wafr. Old Icelandic verr. Old High German Old Saxon Old English wer^rc\av\\
Tocharian A wir^ young '; Modern High German Werwolf, probably to Latin vTs " power '
etc., "Vez-'auf etwas losgehen', s. d.

References: WP. I 314 f., WH. II 796 f., Trautmann 360, W. Schuize Kl. Schr. 398,
Untermann, IF. 62, 127.
Page(s): 1177-1178

Root / lemma: uiek-, yfk- {*haiilk^

Meaning: to shine; fiery

Note:

It derived from Root/ lemma: se-\ "reflexive pronoun' + /e/r'shape, apparition'.

Material:

perhaps to gr. {*haiilk-) aFAa^ apAa^ " bright, brilliant, radiant ' (whether (*FAapnpaJ(;)

Aaijnpux; Hes. 'bright, brilliant, radiant '); incredible nAEKTwp 'gleaming, sun', pAEKipov '

mixture of gold and silver, amber ';

Old Indie ulka, u/kusr meteor',

Tocharian AB {*vlek) /e/r 'shape, apparition'.

References: WP. I 321, J. B. Hofmann Etymol. gr. Wb. 106, Frisk 629, Mayrhofer 1, 112.

Page(s):1178

Root/ lemma: y/k'^-os {* hau/k''-)
Meaning: wolf

Note:

Root / lemma: yflc-os : "wolf derived from an extention of Root / lemma: uiek-, ijjk- : "to

shine; fiery' [similarity of sparking beastly eyes in the dark]

Material: Old Indie i/r/ra-m. "wolf, vrkTh' she-wolf, vrkat'h "ein Wolfischer', i/A/rayiz-'mad,
wicked, evil, mordlustig '; Avestan i/a/7/'/ra- "wolf (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?^
Fem. vshrka); gr. Kukoc, (geneuertes = renamed, has changed?? Fem. AuKOiva); Latin
lupus {sab\v\. loanword); Gothic wulfs. Old Icelandic ulfr. Old English Old Saxon wulf. Old
High German wolF^oW, fem. Old High German wulpa. Middle High German wuipe. Old
Icelandic y/g/'(from *wulgis, Indo Germanic *ulk% Lithuanian vilkas, Latvian vilks. Old
Prussian wilkis. Old Church Slavic K/B/rbds.; fem. Lithuanian viike, Slavic Kb/c/-cain serb.
vucica, russ. volcfca,

with double zero grade (?): alb. {*wulku) u/k'woW, Ligurian MN U/kos, lllyrian PN
Ulcudius, U/c/rus mons, PN OuAkIviov, Pannonian U/c/s/a castra; abrit. PN Ulcagnus, Proto
Irish (Ogam) Gen. Ulccagni= Old Irish PN Olcan, also also Old Irish olc. Gen. i///c"mad,
wicked, evil', as Subst. m. " Missetater ', n. "evil, harm, evil, wickedness ' (see307, 310);
compare also paon. MN Aunrrsioq, Aukkeio^ could point to old Labiovelar; Szemerenyi
(KZ. 71, 199 ff.) receives lllyrian ulk-irom *uulk-, Indo Germanic *ulk"-\ then Celtic ulko-
must be looked as lllyrian loanword; conspicuous is Latin PN Vlp(ius) Lup/o{C\R 130);

Note:

Alb. {*ulcogna) ^//ro/T/e "she-wolf : abrit. PN Ulcagnus: Swedish varghona, varginna,
vargbona, varghona, varginna, vargbona^ she-wolf, common alb. -kn- > -nj-.

possible would be also, daft Latin lupusav\6 Germanic *wulfaz\N\Vc\ Indo Germanic yOto
Old Indie lopasa-rw. "jackal, fox', Avestan raopi-. Middle Persian ropasetc. belongs, or
mindestens from a derartigen root-influenced is (see above S. 690, where also Gall. PN
AouEpvioq, abrit. Gen. Lovernii, cymr. Ilywarn, acorn, louuern, nbret. louarnlox\ Indo
Germanic 7c»^pe/77c»-5 hinzufijgen is).

References: WP. I 316 f., WH. II 836 f., Trautmann 359, Vasmer 1, 218, 223 f.; various
distorted taboo; den Labiovelar leugnet W. Wissmann in D. Wb. 14, 2, 1242.
Page(s): 1178-1179

Root /lemma: ulp-, lup- {* haulk"-)
Meaning: a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)
Note:

Root / lemma: ulp- lup- {* haulk"-): "a kind of carnivore (fox, wolf)' derived from Root/

lemma: ullc-os {* haulk"^: 'wolf [common Latin /r"'- > p-].

Note: older ©-stem

Material: Avestan urupi-sxx\. {*lupi-s) 'dog', raopi-s^iox, jackal'. Middle Persian ropas,

npers. robah^ioyC = Old Indie /opasa-m. 'jackal, fox';

Maybe alb. lope'cow, (huge consuming animal; cow eaten by wolves)', //up'devour', //ape

'tongue' : Lith. /apent/^to swallow food'.

Armenian a/ues Gen. -esulox';

Maybe zero grade in poln. ( */ues) /is 'fox'.

gr. (*FaAu)n6(;) aAcbnn^f., short form aAwno^; (common gr. F- = u-)

Latin Ko/pes'fox', possibly also /upus'\No\V;

Lithuanian /ape{*u/ope), Latvian /ap55 (syncopated from /apesa?\ndo Germanic
*u/opeR^)\ compare Lithuanian v//p/sys^ wild cat ', it would be placed near Middle Persian
gurpa/<u^ers. gurba^ house cat, domestic cat ', from Iran. *urpa-, Indo Germanic *u/pos, it
concerns certainly various taboo adjustments.

References: WP. I 316 f., WH. I 836 f., II 830, Frisk 83, Trautmann 149, Specht Indo

Germanic Dekl. 36, Liden KZ. 56, 212 ff.

Page(s):1179

Root/ lemma: udo'^sa {* haudo^sS)

Meaning: wasp

Material: Avestan vawza/<a- 'scorpion', but Iran. Vawza- 'wasp' in Middle Persian va^z

'wasp', Baluchi gwabz^\>ee, wasp';

Maybe Danish gedehams : Swedish get/ng : French guepe : Furlan ghespe : Breton

gwespedenn: Welsh gwenynen feirch : Napulitano vespera: Reggiano vrespa: Venetian

brespa; vrespa; vespa : Albanian apocope {*gres-pa) Geg greth, grenza, Tosc grereza

'wasp'.

Latin vespa i. 'wasp' (from *vopsa)\

acorn. guhi-en<^\. 'wasp', mcymr. gw(y)ch/, abr. guoh/<^\. fucos{*uops-), from which
borrowed Old Irish foich<^\. 'wasp' (also ' caterpillar, cankerworm '), nir. fot/achav\6 pu/th
'wasp', out of it spoch^ fierce attack' (O'Rahilly Sc. G. stem 3, 63);

Old English wsefs, weeps, w^sp^vjasp', Old High German wefsa, wafsa, waspa,
Bavarian webes, thijr. weps-chen an6 wewetz-chen, those in Germanic indicate *wabi-s
and *wabi-t,

Lithuanian vapsva^^asp\ Old Prussian wobseAs.;

Church Slavic osa, kir. osa{iroxx\ *vopsa, Balto-Slavic *uapsa).

References: WP. I 257 f., WH. II 770, Trautmann 342, Vasmer 2, 280, Specht Indo
Germanic Dekl. 45 f., Szemerenyi Arch. Lingunder4, 52.
See also: distinct to t/eb'^-'to weave'.
Page(s):1179

Root / lemma: uog'^hni-s, uog^hnes- {* hauog''h-n-es-)

Meaning: ploughshare

Material: Gr. ocpvic; uvvic;, aporpov Hes. (in addition probably also ocpara Ssopoi apoTpwv.

'AKapvc(V£(; Hes.) = Old Prussian M/a^/7/5"Pflugmesser'; Old High German waganso.

Modern High German Bavarian der Wagensun, Old Icelandic vangsni^ plowshare '; but

Latin vomis, -en's {Horn, thereafter also vomer) " plowshare ' from uog"h-smis, unclear is

gr. uvvri, uvvi(;f. " plowshare ' (compare Brugmann l|2 1, 288);

Old High German weggi, weckixx\. 'wedge' (and 'keilformiger Wecken'), Old English
wecg. Old Icelandic i/e^^A 'wedge' = Lithuanian i/aig/s 'wedge = spigot, hammer, nail',
Latvian i/5o'z/5 'wedge'. Old Prussian M/a^/7/5'Sech (part of Pfluges)'.

References: WP. I 315 f., WH. II 835, Trautmann 337; after Wackernagel KZ. 61 , 206 ff. as
' pointed, bohrender object ' to Old pers. ud-avajam^\ stach from' (root ueg^h-).
Page(s): 1179-1180

Root / lemma: uokso- {*hauokso-)
Meaning: wax

Material: Old High German Old Saxon wahs. Old English weax. Old Icelandic vaxv\. ' wax

'; Lithuanian vaskas, Latvian i/as/rsds.; russ. -Church Slavic (etc.) vosk-b6s.\ to *ueg-'to

weave', as Old High German n/Si^a 'honeycomb' to *ueb^-^to weave', s. Tornquist, Studia

Neophilol. 17, 99f.

References: WP. I 315, Trautmann 343, Vasmer 1, 231.

Page(s):1180

Root / lemma: uortoko- {* hauortoko-)

Meaning: quail

Material: Old Indie vartaka-m., vartikai. " quail '; gr. opru^, -uyoc;, by Gramm. also -UKoq

and with -u-, by Hes. yopru^, i.e. Fopru^ ' quail ', dessen ending after ipu^, paTpu^, -\jkoc,,

KOKKu^, -uyo(; (and nrspu^, -uyot;?) transfigured is; Ionian 'Opruyin "Delos'

CWachtelinsel').

References: WP. I 316.

Page(s):1180

Root / lemma: uoro- -a{*hauer-)

Meaning: deceit; madness

Material: Gr. cbpoKiav " senseless, unconscious become, erblassen' belongs to a stem

cbpoK-; independent therefrom alts, n/o/'/g 'weakened, tired, faint, languid'. Old English

werig, engl. weary^ tired ', Old High German wuorag' intoxicated, drunk '; the /r-derivative

lacks in Old Icelandic 6rar\. PI. "Betaubtsein', 0rr{*udrio) "geistesgestort, baffle, furious '

and Old English worian ' wander, waver, decompose '; about gr. (I)po(;, awpoq 'sleep' see

above S. 72.

References: WP. I 316;

See also: perhaps to uer-3 above S. 1 152 (Frisk, Eranos 43, 229 f.).

Page(s):1180

Root / lemma: uragh-1 : uragh- {*hauergh^

Meaning: thorn, spike

Material: Attic paxoq (pc(X0(;), Ionian pr|XO<; f- "dorniges rod, briar, thorn hedge' (opnxou

a\\\cxo'\ac, Hes. with o- as verbalized from F, see also under uer-gh- 'turn'); paxi<;

'backbone, spine, mountain ridge', paxi^w '(rupture das backbone, spine, hence allg.:)

zerhaue, zerstijcke';

Middle Irish fracc{W\Vc\ gg) 'needle'??; Lithuanian razas^6vj rod, stubble, bristle,
r
Besenstumpf, Gabelzinke', razys^ tine ', //■/-mz/s'dreizinkig'.

References: WP. I 318.
Page(s):1180

Root /lemma: uragh-2. uragh- {* hauergh^

Meaning: to hit, push

Material: Attic panu) (a: sppa^a, £ppax6r|v), Ionian pnaaoj 'hit, stamp '; intr. 'stijrze

violent, dringe heran', Attic KaTa(p)paKTr|<; 'abschijssig', also m. 'Wassersturz, Fallgatter,

ein water bird '; Attic paxia, Ionian pnX'H "Meeresbrandung, flood; umbrandete place';

but Old Church Slavic u-raz/f/ 'percuiere', russ. raz^meaV, Czech raz'b\o\N, knock' etc.
belong probably rather to *yreg-.

References: WP. I 318 f., Vasmer 2, 484.
Page(s):1181

Root / lemma: ureg- (and uerg-1) {*hauerg-)

Meaning: to push, drag, drive

Material: Old Indie perhaps uraya// "schreitet, goes', pra-vrajayati ^ aWo^s wandern,

verbannt', pa/aK/y- 'Verstoftener'; Persson Beitr. 501 seeks against it in ihnen ein with

*uer-g-^\uxv\'' (see 1154) nachstverwandtes *ure-g-, basic meaning "sich drehend

bewegen';

Latin urged {bes\6es early, but originally urgued), -e/'e'urge, press, push, beset, press'
{*urgeido'c *urgeid)\

Gothic wrikan^ pursue ', Old Icelandic Ae/ra 'drive, push, hunt, chase, pursue, throw,
reject ', Old English wrecan^ wxo^q, press, push, drive, push, avenge ' (and 'vorwarts
march, step, stride, strut', see above). Old Frisian wreka'dme, push, avenge ', Old Saxon
wrecan' avenge, punish, curse', Old High German rehhands., wreh^ex\}\\ Gothic wraks'
pursuer', wrakjan' pursue ', Old English wracu^ revenge, vengeance, punishment,
woefulness ', wrsecu. " banishment, woefulness ', wrecc(e)an^a\}ivc\\}v\{erv\, set in motion,
waken, arouse, revive', wrecca^e\n Verbannter, Elender, foreigner, stranger'. Old Saxon
wrekkio. Old High German (w)reck(e)o^\av\6esi\udc\WQe'c hero ', Modern High German (new
from dem Middle High German aufgenommen) Recke; Old English wraec^ banishment,
woefulness ', Norwegian Aa/r'umhertreibender object, debris or kelp ' (hence Middle Low
German H^Aa/r 'Wrack'), with ealso isl. /le/r'auf dem Wasser treibender object ';
lengthened grade Gothic wrekeT pursuit ', Old Frisian wreke. Old Saxon wraka^
punishment, revenge, vengeance ', Old High German rahha 'revenge, vengeance ' Old
Icelandic rac^ pursuit ', A^Ar'verwerflich', rgekja{: Old Indie vrajayati) ' reject, vertreiben' =
Old Frisian wreka. Old English wrsecan^6r\\e, push, urge, press, push';

Balto Slavic *uerg- in compatible meaning: Lithuanian vergas, Latvian i/e/ys 'slave';
ablaut. Lithuanian i/a/yas'need, woefulness ', i/aTyZ/'need to suffer, bear, endure'. Old
Prussian wargan f\Vk. Sg. m. ' evil, wickedness, affliction, danger', Lithuanian vargus^
heavy, beschwerlich, woeful, wretched, miserable ', Latvian vargs^ woeful, wretched,
miserable, siech'. Old Prussian wargs^evW, bad'; Old Church Slavic ura^b 'fiend', poln.
wrog^ wickedness, evil, harm; the Bose, devil; Verhangnis';

yet Balto Slavic words also are compatible with Germanic warga-{see S. 11 54 under
*uer-gh-, *i/e/'-"turn').

References: WP. I 319 f., WH. II 839 f., Trautmann 342, Vasmer 1, 228.
Page(s):1181

Root / lemma: ureik-, uereik- {*hauerk^

Meaning: " heath, heather, any of a number of low evergreen shrubs bearing clusters of

purple flowers '

See also: see above S. 1 155 under uergh-.

Page(s):1182

Root / lemma: urek- {*hauei1(-)

Meaning: ' talk, shout '

References: WP. I 318, II 343, 362, Trautmann 243, Vasmer 2, 508 f.

See also: s. ober under uer-6.

Page(s):1182

Root / lemma: uren- {*hauer-en-)

Meaning: to sprinkle

Material: Gr. paivoj {*urnjd) 'bespritze, besprenge (with water or dust, powder)', pavit;, -

'\boc,i. "drip"; with -d^- extension paGapiy^f. "drip, Staubkornchen' {*urn-6'^-), paGaivw

"besprenge, streue from'; secondary -5- in sppaSarai, sppaSaro, paaaaTS Perf. Pass, and

Aor. to paivu); paivw could indeed also to Old Church Slavic izroniti {above S. 329) belong;

about Old Saxon Old High German wrennio, (under the influence of common Celtic -ns-,
-nt- > -nn-). Old Saxon wrenio. Old High German reineo, Ae/zX/?)*? "stallion' (to Old English
wraene. Old Saxon ty/'(9/7/sc "horny, lustful', Norwegian vrTna^cry, neigh ') see above S. 81
and under i/e/-- J respectively urei-\

after Szemerenyi (KZ. 73, 74) here Hittite hurna'h "sprinkle' {*urn-), further perhaps to
Indo Germanic auer- above S. 80 f.

References: WP. I 277, 320, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 156.
Page(s):1182

Root/ lemma: iureth-.) uroth-ox urath-{*hauerth-)
Meaning: to support

Material: Old English wradut "pad", wred/an'prop, support', Old Saxon wred/an'prop,
support', g/wred/an'e\ne pad build ' become from Trautmann KZ. 42, 331 with Avestan
urva^a- "befreundet; friend' connected; yet is dafiJr a basic meaning 'auf den man sich
prop, support, abandon kann' not to sichern.
References: WP. I 320.
Page(s):1183

Root / lemma: ureg-, urog-, urag- {*hauerg^

Meaning: to break

Material: Armenian {*hauerg-) ergic-ucanem ' break ';

gr. pHYvOiJi (and pnaau)) "break' (Aor. Pass. Eppaynv, Perf. sppwYa, herakl. ippx\'^z\o),

PH^k;, Lesbian Fpn^K^f. "das Durchbrechen, Reiften', zero grade Ionian payn "crack, col,

gap', paY5r|v Adv. "violent', paY5aTo(; Adj. ds.; pui%, -yoqi. "crack, col, gap, cleft ', pcoyn,

pwypn, pu)^/[^6q, pwxiJoq (*pu)Ka|j6q) ds., pwyaAsoc; "zerfetzf, PHYIJiv, -woq m.

"Wogenbruch, surf, surge, breakers';

Balto-Slavic *rez/d'cut, bite': Lithuanian rez/u, rezt/'cut, clip, ritzen, rend, notch, furchen'
(also rezau, rezytr, in addition rezisxw. " incision, cleft, Ackerstreifen'); in addition
Lithuanian raizau, ra/zyt/ ^meMach ritzen, cut, clip', Latvian rafzei. "schneidender pain,
distress ';

maybe alb. rrezoj'ru'm, destroy'

Old Church Slavic rezg, rezati^ kotttco ', Old Russian rezu, rezat/^ cut, clip, slaughter ';
in addition Slavic *rbzngt/"\n poln. rzn^c'cut, clip, carve, slaughter';

Maybe alb. /rezcy'throw down', /raze 'foot of a tree, mountain, building' a Slavic loanword.

Balto-Slavic * reza- m. "cut' in Lithuanian rezas, atrezaTm. PI. " schnitzel', russ. /'ez"cut,
incisure ';

ablaut. Balto-Slavic *rdza- m. "cut, line' in Lithuanian ruozas^\\v\e, stripe, cut', Latvian
Ai/dza "stripe, meadow, row, lowland, depression, gorge, ravine, gulch';

proto Slavic. *razi3 "cut, Hieb' in Czech /'az"blow, knock, Hieb, Mai', russ. raz^Ua\\ and
Old Church Slavic obraz^z\KUdy, popcprj', russ. obraz^BM; russ. razftb "hit' etc.. Old
Church Slavic ^/'az///"durchbohren';

compare alb. /7'5/7"hit, grind, crush ' (from */radh), /ras "drange together, trete', Aor.
rashe.

References: WP. I 319, Vasmer2, 484, 485, 505, Trautmann 245 f.;
See also: compare above uragh-2.
Page(s): 1181-1182

Root / lemma: urughio-{* haurughio-)
Meaning: rye

Material: Thrak. ppi^a {*urughia) "Emmerkorn, Roggen';

Old Icelandic rugrxw. 'Roggen', Old Swedish rogher. Old English rygevn. {*rugi-),
besides afr. rogga. Old Saxon roggo. Old High German Aoc/ro (with Geminierung); in
addition the Germanic VN Latin Rugii, Old Icelandic Rygir(\v\ Roga-land), Old English PI.
Ryge, Rugas, perhaps also Rugen, Old English rygen^ixoxw Roggen', Middle High German
ruggin, ruckin;

Lithuanian rugys, Latvian /Y/o'z/5"Roggenkorn', PI. Lithuanian rugiaT, Latvian rudzi
"Roggen'; Lithuanian /'i/^/e/7a"Roggenacker', rug/n/slrom Roggen';

Old Russian rbzb, serb. raz, russ. rozbi. "Roggen'; serb. razan, Czech rezny{irovc\
Slavic *rbzbni,) besides russ. -Church Slavic rbzanb, russ. rzanojlrom Roggen'; Bulgarian
brica "a kind of summer grain ' derives from dem Thrak.

References: WP. II 374 f., Trautmann 246, Vasmer 2, 529, Jacobsohn Arier 133 ff., where

also about uralische equivalent (probably Indo Germanic loanword).

Page(s):1183

Root / lemma: Ueren- {* hauers-en^

Meaning: ram, sheep, lamb

Material: Old Indie *uran-{irorc\ *vuran-), Akk. * uranam, Nom. ura, from which urana- m.

"lamb, aries, ram', ura\. "sheep', in addition urabhra-rw. "aries, ram' for *ura-b^a- {as

vrsabba- to vrsan-); compare npers. barra {* varnak) "lamb'; Pahlavi varak^aues, ram'; Iran.

varan-jar-, i/a/'a-i77a-"Lammerschlager' (Humbach DLZ. 78, 299 f.);

Armenian garn. Gen. ^5/7/7 "lamb';

gr. hom. (F)apr|v, Gen. apv6(; "lamb', Cretan Fappv; also in tsakon. vanna, from lakon.
Fapviov "lamb', in addition -Fpr|v in hom. noAuppnv "schafreich', out of it late ppv), with
ablaut. apv£i6(; "aries, ram', whether not rather from *apav£i6(; (*apav-r|F6(;) to apar|v "
virile ' (above S. 336);

derivative *urendn- in Latin (as Germanic loanword) reno Tierfell as ciotliing , Pelz';

unclear as derivative Latin vervex, -ecis (-/>, -Tcis) " wether, castrated ram '; unclear is
also das relationship to den auf *eruo(s)- "wool' ruckfijhrbaren gr. words slpoc; n.
"Wollflieft', derived sipiov, Attic spiov "wool', Attic £U£pO(;, £U£pr|(; "schonwollig', Aeolic £tt-
£poc; "aries, ram' ("whereupon Wolle is'), Ionian £iplv£0(;, Attic i^wizoc, "from wool';
aniautendes F lasst sich not nachweisen.

References: WP. I 269 f., WH. II 429, Specht Indo Germanic Dekl. 33 f.. Frisk 137 f., 468 f.

Page(s):1170

Root / lemma: ud- {*heud-s)

Meaning: upwards; away

Note: besides Jo^-s (compare Latin ab\ abs)

Material: 1 . Old Indie ud-, ut- "empor, out' proverb; Avestan us-, uz- {*uds-) ds., ap. ^s-ds.

{ud- in ud-apatata^ex lehnte sich auf, fiel ab' is probably *uz-);

gr. u- in u-ppiq (see below g'^er-^ heavy '), uarpi^ "porcupine', uanAr)^ "Startseil', Cypriot
u-xnpo<; "Aufgeld' (Attic "ra £nix£ipa') and in this Mundart generally zum Ersatze from £ni
has changed: adnominal with Lok. e.g. u-Tuxa "£ni Tuxp'; eine (an Gothic /i/pa besides
*i/yC?c» gemahnende) full grade probably in Cypriot £UTp6aa£a0ai £niaTp£(p£a0ai. flacpioi and
£uxou(; x^vn ("Trichter') laAafjivioi Hes.; (because of uoioo,, uaT£pa see below udero-
"belly');

Latin us-que"\n a fort, ununterbrochen from - her or bis - toward ';

Old Irish proverb uss-, 055- could also auf *^o^s- go back; see below upcr,

Gothic J/ Adv. "out, heraus'. Old High German uz. Modern High German from. Old
Saxon Old English uf6s.. West Germanic also preposition beim " dative ' Abl. (in addition
Gothic uta. Old Icelandic ut/. Old English ute. Old High German uze'auQ>en, outside ';
Gothic utana. Old High German uzana etc.. Modern High German auden. Old Icelandic
utar. Old English uter. Old Saxon utar. Old High German Jza/'"besides', partly as
preposition beim " dative ' and Akk.; Old High German uzero, uzaro. Old English uter-ra
"the outer'); intrinsic auf *^o''5vor voiced Verschluftlauten based on Germanic l/z-"from,
from - heraus, from - vor, vor - away' in Gothic us{uz-; vorr. ur-) prefix and preposition
"from, from' ("Dat.' = Abl.), also Old Icelandic d^preposition, as prefix or-, or-, 0r-, Old
English or-. Old Saxon ur-, or- prefix. Old High German ur, ar, /a preposition "from, from'

(vor Jzzuruckweichend), ur-, ir-, ar-, er- prefix, Modern High German ur-, er-{e.g. Uriaub,
er/auben \acat\on'); Middle Low German {ut)buten '{irom) exchange, erbeuterf irovc\ *bi-
utian, compare Old Icelandic yta 'darreichen';

Lithuanian ^z-"auf-, hinauf-, to-' prefix (the meaning halber probably to divide from uz
preposition ' behind, for', s. *ghdS. 451 f.; Trautmann, Bsl. Wb. 336 halt an the Einheit
fest, also for die consecutive forms), Latvian uz, Jz prefix and preposition "auf (in addition
also Old Prussian ^/7se/"hinauf, auf);

Old Church Slavic: i/bz-(i/bs-) prefix, i/bz/^b^ preposition in the meaning "hinauf an
etwas' (Akk.);

2. Kompar. Old Indie Mara- "the hohere, obere, spatere, hintere' = gr. uaT£po(; "the
spatere'; Sup. Old Indie ^//a/77a-"hochster, oberster, best', Avestan ^s/a/775- "aufterster,
last', gr. uaraToq "last, spatester' (fur*uaTapiO(;); about Old Indie ucca-^hxqh' {*ud-k"e),
ucca, Avestan uscaAdv. "above; after above' s. Wackernagel-Debrunner II, 2, 545 f.

References: WP. I 189 f., WH. II 344, Schwyzer Gr. Gr. 2, 517 f., Vasmer 1, 214. 238 f.,
242, Mayrhofer 1 , 99, 101 f.
Page(s): 1103-1104

Root / lemma: ha/a

Meaning: interjection

Material: Old Indie alala{bhavant-) "alert, awake, smart becoming' (Middle Indie are, re'du

da!' rather to a/7'"foreigner, stranger', Thieme Der stranger in Rigveda 1 ff., see above S.

24).

Gr. ciAaAa, aAaAai "hallo, hurra!', aKaKr\\6c„ aAaAr|TU(; "Schlaehtruf, aAaAa^w "stofte den
Schlachtruf from' (similarly sAsAsu "Kriegsruf, Schmerzensruf, sAsAi^w "stofte den Kriegsruf
from'); Lithuanian a/i/o//" hallo cry' (borrowing from Deutschen not provable) besides alioti^
through Geschrei aufseheuchen';

Old Church Slavic {*h30le) ole, Bulgarian o/e/e interjection; e.g. Pick 1^ 356 (Modern High
German hallo, holla are against it from dem Imperativ from Old High German halon, holon
"get, fetch' entwickelte Rufworte).

Auf ahnlichem al- seems to based on Lithuanian nu-aldetr ring out; sound ', ulduotr
coo ' (Bezzenberger BB. 21 , 31 5).

References: WP. I 89.

See also: S. die similar onomatopoeic words la-.
Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: h2al-6, h2al6u- : h2alau-
Meaning: color adjective ' white, brilliant '
See also: s. h2ab^o- 3iX\(i color adjective hiel-.
Page(s): 29

Root / lemma: h2am(m)a, h2am7

Meaning: mother

Material: Alb. a/77e"aunt', 'mother', out of it " riverbed ', ' residuum of liquids'; Old Icelandic

a/77/775 "grandmother'. Old High German 3/77/775 "mother, wet nurse ', Modern High German

Amme; gr. a\\\\ac„ a\\\na "mother' Hes., Oscan Ammaf, Ammae, i.e. Matri (god's name)'.

About Old Indie a/77i?a "mother' s. Kretschmer KZ. 57, 251 ff. Von amh, ami- {see

Brugmann l|2, I 496) shaped are Latin a/77/c^5 "friend' and 5/77//5 "Vaterschwester'

(compare Lithuanian anyta^ mother-in-law ' : Latin anus^ old woman'). About Vulgar Latin

amma'o\N\ ' s. Sofer Gl. 17, 17 f.

Maybe zero grade Alb. miku: Venetian amigo; meco: Rumanian a/77/ic "friend' from Latin

amTcus "friend'.

A Verbalableitung is perhaps Latin amarelove' (compare Middle High German ammen
"wait, hold on, care' to amme). After Kretschmer (Gl. 13, 114) rather Etruscan.

After Zimmermann KZ. 44, 368 f., 47, 174 belongs also Latin amoenushere. Von a
Latin *a/77c»/ (compare Summo/C\L. II 1750) could amoinos= amoenus shaped sein, as
Mamoena {to *mamoi) besides Mamana, further through gr. fopYOvn; (to fopYw) besides
r6pY0iT0(; (to ropycbi) gestijtzt;

Tocharian B ammakkHyok.) "mother' from *amma+ akki{0\6 Indie akka).

References: WP. I 53, WH. I 39, 41, Tagliavini Mel. Pedersen 163.
Page(s): 36

Root / lemma: h2anata{hienatS)

Meaning: door posts

Material: Old Indie a/a (usually PL atahas Latin antae) " encirclement, Rahmen a door',

Avestan ^i&yakVk. PI. " doorposts ', Armenian dr-and^ doorpost ' (HiJbschmann Arm.

Stud. I 19); Latin a/7/ae after Vitruv 3, 2, 2 "die frei endigenden and vornetwas verstarkten

Wande, die den Pronaos eines Tempels or die Prostaseines Hauses enclose, surround ' =
Old Norse (?/7o'"Vorzimmer' (Bugge KZ. 19, 401).
References: WP. I 59, WH. I 52.
Page(s): 42

Root / lemma: h^u-8, h2auei-

Meaning: to perceive, understand

Material: Old Indie -avati\N\Vc\ ucf-an6 pra- "aufmerken, heed'. Old Church Slavic umt

"reason' (basic form *au-mo-)\ moreover Tocharian B c»/r7-/75/c»/ro/7/7e 'meditation'? Different

Pedersen, Tochar. 223 Anm.

a^itz/s-; lengthened grade Old Indie av/s Adv. 'apparent, manifest, obvious, bemerkbar',
Avestan avisMv. 'apparent, manifest, obvious, vorAugen' (npers. 55/ra/' 'clear, bright'; Old
Indie avistya-h, Avestan 5K/sy5-'offenkundig'); Old Church Slavic ave, jave Mn. 'kund,
apparent, manifest, obvious' (in ending after den Adjektivadverbien auf -e reshaped from
*avb, whereof:) aviti, javiti^ reveal, kundmachen, show' (Lithuanian di/y//s'sich in Traume
sehen lassen' loanword from dem Slavic).

Maybe alb. ya 'there it is' Slavic loanword

full grade: gr. aia6avopai, Aor. aia6£a6ai 'perceive' (*aFia-6-); Latin a^o'/o'hear' from
* auiz-d^-io, compare oboedio\xo'C(\ * 6b-avizdhid aboui *oboTdid\ gr. dico (neologism to
Aor.£TT-riia(a)a, aiov) 'vernehme, hear' (*aFia-), £naiaTO(; 'belongs, ruchbar, known'.

Here probably Hittite u-uh-hi^\ see, observe', a-us-zi' sees ', 3-^-/7-/5 (from a-'u-wa-ri-is)
'Ausschau, Warte', iterat. ^s/r- 'wiederholt sehen'.

References: WP. I 17, WH. I 80, Trautmann 21, Pedersen Hittitisch 172 f.
Page(s): 78

Root / lemma: ba>^mb-, b^a>^irio^-, paf^mp-, phaf^mfj^-

Meaning: to swell

Note: Lautnachahmung, from den aufgeblasenen Backen genommen, psychologisch from

ba'^mb-, b^^a-vrTb^^-as unmittelbarer imitation eines gehorten dumpfen onomatopoeic woi x^

^^Hes different.

Material: Old Indie bimba-h-m^ disc, ball, Halbkugel', bimbTi. 'momordica monadelpha'

(eine Cucurbitacee; b/mba-m'deren rote fruit'); gr. psppi^ 'Kreisel, Wasserstrudel;

bumblebee', wherefore due to eines schwundstufigen papa^ ' babbler ': papaKTr|<;

'6pxr\a-tr\q'; with b^ (or p^): gr. irspcpi^, -'\\/oq "breath, breeze, storm, drip, blister', no|j(p6(;
"blister, shield boss ';

Lithuanian bamba'naveV, bamba/as 'D\ckbauch', bumbu/as 'knot am stick, in thread,
string', bumbulas, burbu/as \es\c\e, blister', i6'^/77;6'^/j7s"Steckrube', bumburas, pumpuras
"bud'; Latvian bamba, bumba 'baW, sphere', /7e/77/7e/7s"Tannenzapfen'; bimbulT potato ',
bumbulis, burbu//s' knot, knag', bumburs 'sphere, ball, Kartoffel';

russ.-alt. i6'^i6'^^a"Regentropfen', nowadays bub//kb {*b^bb/-/7(b) " pretzel, Kringel', kir.
buben'smaW Junge, toddler', Serbo-Croatian buban'k\n6 of bean', bL/b/a'c\urc\p', Czech
boubel, bub//na' ves\c\e, blister', poln. b^be/ \es\c\e, blister'.

Unverschobenes 7?a^/77i6'- or verschobenes b^a^nib'^-\n Swedish Dialectal bamb
"paunch', Norwegian Dialectal bamsa' greedy devour, pampfen', Danish (jut.) bams' thick
person'. Modern High German Bams'\.b\ck porridge, mash'. Middle High German bemstJn
"die einen thick Bauch has'.

Verschobenes ba'^mb-or unverschobenes pa^mp-\v\ Swedish Dialectal pampen' turgid,
swollen ', Danish Dialectal pampe's\cb brijsten, brag, boast', Norwegian Dialectal pempa
seg Cpampjan) "sich with Trank fijllen'. Middle Low German pampen "sich stuff ' (Modern
High German pampfen). Modern High German pampe'\.b\ck porridge, mash'.

With Tenuis: Latin pamp/nus'{*bu6, *eye) fresh shoot of Weinstockes, vine-layer ';
Lithuanian pampstu, pampau, pampt/"s\Ne\\ up', /Oa/77yO/j7s "Dickbauch', pumpa ' knob,
handle, button, pommel, Teichrose', pimpilasvn. "penis', Latvian pampt, pempt, pumpt'io
swell', pampali" potato ', pimpala' 6as mannliche limb, member', pumpe' hump,
hunchback, swelling, blister' (the i/-forms are understood as contamination with *pup-).

Old Bulgarian p^pb "navel', russ. pup'uaveX, pupys'bu(i, bulge ', poln. p§p' spigot ';

Old Icelandic M" giant; rogue, simpleton ', fimbul- intensifying prefix. Old English fTfel
"SeeungetiJm, giant ' {*pempelo-). Old Icelandic fimbul-, fambT Erztropf '.

Besides with auslaut Germanic Tenuis Danish fomp, Norwegian Dialectal fump, famp
"thick fool '.

With Tenuis asp. Armenian p'amp'ust' bladder'.

References: WP. II 108 f., WH. I 122, Niedermann WuS. 8, 87 f., Trautmann 26, 205.
See also: see also *ba^b- ds.

Page(s): 94-95

Root / lemma: keleu-

Meaning: to wander; way

Note: probably extension from kel-5.

Material: Gr. K£A£u9o(;f. 'way' (from *kA£u-9o-(; reshaped after sAsuG-), inno-KsAsuGoq ' zu

Pferd sich fortbewegend ', o-koAouGoc; (*a- = sm-) ' companion ';

Maybe alb. kalonJ^yNaW!

Lithuanian keliauju^ travel, journey' {ke//as'\NaY' probably previously postverbal).

References: WP. I 446, Kretschrner Gl. 20, 253, E. Fraenkel, Mel. Boisacq I 374 f.
Page(s): 554