L 089 Xenophon II Hellenica 6 & 7, Anabasis 1 3pdf

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Xenophon ...

Xenophon,
Carleton Lewis
Brownson

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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY

EDITED BT

E. <CAPP8, Ph.D., LL.D. T. E. PAGE, Litt.D. W. H. D. ROUSE, Lrrr.D.

XENOPHON

HELLENICA, BOOKS VI & VII
ANABASIS, BOOKS I— III

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XENOPHON

HELLENIC A, BOOKS VI fcf VII
ANABASIS, BOOKS I— III

WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY
CARLETONL BROWNSON

- / COL LEGS (WKTHtAjITY-OF NEW YORK

LONDON : WILLIAM HEINEMANN
NEW YORK : G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS

MGMXXI

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CONTENTS

PACK

HELLENIC A —

book vi 1

BOOK VII 115

f ANABASIS-
INTRODUCTION 231

I MANUSCRIPTS AND EDITIONS 239

BOOK I 241

I

book II 343

BOOK III 415

INDEX TO HELLENICA • 495

MAF — THE MARCH OF THE TEN THOUSAND .... At end

i

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XENOPHON'S HELLENICA
BOOK VI

VOL. Ik

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EENO<I>QNT02 EAAHNIKA

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vopois, eU re Ta iepa uvaXiatceiv teal. e/9 ttjp
2

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XENOPHON'S HELLENICA

BOOK VI

I. The Athenians and Lacedaemonians, then, were 375 b.c.
occupied with these things. As for the Thebans,
after they had subdued the cities in Boeotia they
made an expedition into Phocis also. And when the 374 b.o.
Phocians, on their side, sent ambassadors to Lace-
daemon and said that unless the Lacedaemonians
came to their assistance they would not be able to
escape yielding to the Thebans, thereupon the Lace-
daemonians sent Cleombrotus, the king, across to
Phocis by sea, and with him four regiments of their
own and the corresponding contingents 1 of the allies.

At about this time Polydamas of Pharsalus also
arrived from Thessaly and presented himself before
the general assembly of the Lacedaemonians. This
man was not only held in very high repute through-
out all Thessaly, but in his own city was regarded
as so honourable a man that, when the Pharsalians
fell into factional strife, they put their Acropolis
in his hands and entrusted to him the duty of
receiving the revenues, and of expending, both for
religious purposes and for the administration in
general, all the sums which were prescribed in their

1 Four regiments was two-thirds of the Spartan army ;
each one of the allies was therefore required to send out the
same fraction of its total forces.

3

b 2

XENOPHON

3 dWrjv Sioi/crjaiv. /cd/ceivo<z fievroi airb tovtcov
tojv xpTjfidrav ttjv re d/cpav (frvXarrcov hieacp^ev
airoh teal rdWa Sioi/c&v direXoyL^ero /car evi-
avTov. /cal oirore fiev evherjaeie, irap eavrov
it poaejLQei, oirore Se Trepiyevouo rr}<; irpoaohov,
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roidhe.

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(nrovSd? Troirjad/ievcx; avveyevero puoi, /cal elire

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vfieTepav ttoXiv <$>dpaa\ov 1 Swaifirjv av irapot-
GTrjaaadai egeaTi aoi i/c T&vBe XoyL^eaOau, iyeb
ydp, e<j>rj f e%a> piev ®€TTa\ta? ra? ifXeLaras /cal
fieyUrTa? TroXeis avpLpid^ov^ /caTeo-rpetydfirjv S'
aird? v/jl&v ctvv avrah rd ivavria ifiol GTparevo-
fiivcov. /cal pirjv olcrOd ye on %evov<; c^cd fiia0o-
<popov$ eh e£a/a<r%Axoi/?, oh, a>9 eya) olfiai, ovSe-
pia 7ro\t? hvvair civ paSlco? p^d^eaOai. dpiOpib*;
p,ev ydp, e(f>rj, /cal aXkoOev ov/c av eXdrrcov egek-

1 *dpaa\ov MSS. : Kel. brackets, following Schafer.

4

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HELLEN1CA, VI. i. 2-5

laws. And he did, in fact, use these funds to guard 874 b.c
the Acropolis and keep it safe for them, and like-
wise to administer their other affairs, rendering them
an account yearly. And whenever there was a
deficit he made it up from his own private purse,
and whenever there was a surplus of revenue he
paid himself back. Besides, he was hospitable and
magnificent, after the Thessalian manner. Now
when this man arrived at Lacedaemon he spoke
as follows :

"Men of Lacedaemon, I am your diplomatic
agent and ( benefactor,' 1 as all my ancestors have
been of whom we have any knowledge ; I there-
fore deem it proper, if I am in any difficulty, to
come to you, and if any trouble is gathering for
you in Thessaly, to make it known to you. Now
you also, I am very sure, often hear the name
of Jason 2 spoken, for the man has great power
and is famous. This man, after concluding a
truce with my city, had a meeting with me and
spoke as follows : ' Polydamas, that I could bring
over your city, Pharsalus, even against its will,
you may conclude from the following facts. You
know/ he said, ' that I have as allies the greater
number arid the largest of the cities of Thessaly;
and I subdued them when you were with them in
the field against me. Furthermore, you are aware
that I have men of other states as mercenaries to
the number of six thousand, with whom, as I think,
no city could easily contend. As for numbers,' he
said, ' of course as great a force might march out of

1 A title of honour which Greek states often gave to aliens
who had rendered them service.
* Tyrant of Pherae, a city in south-eastern Thessaly.

5

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XENOPHON

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tou? /xev TrpoeXrfXvdoras rjSrj rats fjXi/ctats fyec,
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ovSeU filer 0o<f>o pet, oarts ptr) l/cavo? ecrriv i/wl icra

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to?? onXois /cal iv rots yvfivacrtoi? /cal orav wy
a-TpaTevrjTai. /cal 0&9 fiev civ fiaXa/coi/$ rebv
%ev(ov aladdvrjTat, etcfidXXei, ou? 8* civ 6 pa <j>iXo-
ttovgx; koX (f>tXo/civ8vva)<; expvTas irpb? tou? iroXe-
fiov?, Tifia, tou? fiev Sifioiptai^, tou? 8% rpifioi-
plats, tou? 8\ tca\ r er pa fiot plats 9 /cal aXXoi?
bcopois, /cal voacov ye 0epairelats /cal irepl Ta<f>c\<;
/coafMG)' ware iravres tcracrtv 01 irap e/celvtp %evoi
OTi 7) TToXefU/ci) avrois dperrj ivrifiorarov re filov
/cal d(f)0ovd)TaTov Trapexerai.

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fiev yap vfiets r hv /3ovXevoio~0e 0 ti 8vvaicrde
6

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HELLENICA, VI. i. 5-7

some other city also ; but armies made up of citizens 874 b.o.
include men who are already advanced in years and
others who have not yet come^to their prime. Further-
more, in every city very few men train their bodies,
but among my mercenaries no one serves unless he
is able to endure as severe toils as I myself.' And he
himself — for I must tell you the truth — is exceedingly
strong of body and a lover of toil besides. Indeed,
he makes trial every day of the men under him, for
in full armour he leads them, both on the parade-
ground and whenever he is on a campaign anywhere.
And whomsoever among his mercenaries he finds to
be weaklings he casts out, but whomsoever he sees
to be. fond of toil and fond of the dangers of war
he rewards, some with double pay, others with triple
pay, others even with quadruple pay, and with gifts
besides, as well as with care in sickness and mag-
nificence in burial ; so that all the mercenaries in his
service know that martial prowess assures to them a
life of greatest honour and abundance.

"He pointed out to me, further, although I
knew it before, that he already had as subjects the
Maracians, the Dolopians, and Alcetas, the ruler in
Epirus. ' Therefore/ he said, ' what have I to fear
that I should not expect to subdue you easily ? To
be sure, one who did not know me might perhaps
retort, " Then why do you delay, instead of prosecut-
ing your campaign against the Pharsalians at once ? "
Because, by Zeus, it seems to me to be altogether
better to bring you over to my side willingly rather
than unwillingly. For if you were constrained by
force, you, on the one hand, would be planning what-
ever harm you could against me, and I, on the other,

7

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XENOPHON

kclkov Zfxol, iya> t av Vfias a>9 daffeveo-TaTOvs
jSovXolfirjv elvar el Be TreiaQevTe? fier' ifiou ye-
voiade, BrjXov oti av^oifiev hv 6 n Bvval/neOa

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Xoyi£op>€vq> <tol dXrjffes <f>alvr)Tai, oi/covv tovto
jxev evBrjXov r/puv, oti <S>apadXov tt poayevofievrj^
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eya) Taybs ®€TTaXcov dnrdvTcov /caTao-Talrjv <J>9
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eXev0ep& avTOv?. koX ' 'Kdrjvaloi Bk ev oW otl
irdvTa nroLrjaaiev b\v &&Te aufifiaxoi r/juv yeve-

1 Over-lord, a Thessalian title.

1 Therefore Thessaly was famous for its cavalry, and pro-
duced hoplites also (see above) ; but peltasts— which were at

8

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HELLENICA, VI. i. 7-10

should be wanting to keep you as weak as I could ; 874 b.c.
but if it was through persuasion that you joined
with me, it is clear that we should advance one
another's interests to the best of our ability. Now
I know, Poiydamas, that your city looks to you, and
if you make her friendly to me I promise you,' he
said, 'that I will make you the greatest, next to
myself, of all the men in Greece ; and what manner
of fortune it is wherein I offer you the second
place, hear from me, and believe nothing that I say
unless upon consideration it appears to you true.
Well, then, this is plain to us, that if Pharsalus and
the cities which are dependent upon you should be
added to my power, I could easily become Tagus 1
of all the Thessalians; and, further, that whenever
Thessaly is under a Tagus, her horsemen amount to
six thousand and more than ten thousand men become
hoplites. And when I see both their bodies and their
high spirit, 1 think that if one should handle them
rightly, there would be no people to whom the Thes-
salians would deign to be subject. Again, while
Thessaly is an exceedingly flat land, 2 all the peoples
round about are subject to her as soon as a Tagus
is established here; and almost all who dwell in these
neighbouring regions are javelin-men, so that it is
likely that our force would be far superior in peltasts
also. Furthermore, the Boeotians and all the others
who are at war with the Lacedaemonians are my
allies, and they are ready to be my followers, too, if
only I free them from the Lacedaemonians. The
Athenians also, 1 know very well, would do anything

their best in a rough country — could nevertheless be obtained,
Jason urges, from the mountainous regions which adjoined
Thessaly and were likely to become subject to him (see
below).

9

Digitized by

XENOPHON

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7-779 fier 'AyrjaiXdov eh irdv a^i/cero ftaaiXevs.

13 'E^el Be Tavr elirovTos avrov iya> a7retcpivdjj,r)v
10

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HELLENIC A, VI. i. 10-13

to become allies of ours, but I do not think it best 374 b.c.
to establish a friendship with them ; for I believe
that 1 could obtain empire by sea even more easily
than by land.

" ' To see whether my calculations are reasonable/
he said, € consider these points also. With Mace-
donia in our possession, the place from which the
Athenians get their timber, we shall of course be
able to construct far more ships than they. Again,
who are likely to be better able to supply these
ships with men, the Athenians or ourselves, who
have so many serfs of so excellent a sort? And
who are likely to be better able to maintain the
sailors, we, who on account of our abundance even
have corn to export to other lands, or the Athenians,
who have not even enough for themselves unless they
buy it ? Then as for money, we surely should be
likely to enjoy a greater abundance of it, for we
should not be looking to little islands for our re-
venues, but drawing upon the resources of peoples
of the continent. For of course all who are round
about us pay tribute as soon as Thessaly is under a
Tagus. And you certainly know that it is by drawing
upon the resources, not of islands, but of a continent,
that the King of the Persians is the richest of
mortals ; and yet I think that it is even easier to
reduce him to subjection than to reduce Greece.
For I know that everybody there, save one person,
has trained himself to servitude rather than to
prowess, and I know what manner of force it was —
both that which went up with Cyrus and that which
went up with Agesilaus — that brought the King to
extremities/

"Now in answer to these statements I replied

11

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XENOPHON

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BoKelv elvai irpbs 'ldaova 7roXefieiv t diroaTrjaovTai
avTOv ai iroXeiv iraaai yap (f>o/3ovvTai ottol ttotc
TTpofttjo-eTaf, r) tov dvBpb? Bvvafii^. el Bk veoBa-
ficoBeis Kal avBpa IBmdttjv oXeaOe apKeaeiv, avfL-

15 ftovXevco rjavxiav e%€«>. e ^ 7^P w Te > on 3 777)69
T€ fieydXrjv eaTai pcofirjv 6 iroXefios, Kal irpb<;

1 6col Cobet : col Kel. with MSS.

2 ti Madvig : 4v MSS. : iv tt} warpfSi . . . teal ou frpdrras
Kel.

8 Omitted by MS. B : Kel. brackets.

12

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. i. 13-15

that while the other matters which he mentioned 874 b.c.
were worth considering, nevertheless for people who
were friends of the Lacedaemonians to secede and
go over to their enemies without having any charge
to bring against them— this, 1 said, seemed to me
to be impracticable. He thereupon, after com-
mending me and saying that he must cling to me
the more because I was that sort of a man, per-
• mitted me to come to you and say the truth, that
he was intending to undertake a campaign against
the Pharsalians if we did not yield to him. There-
fore he bade me ask assistance from you. ' And if,'
said he, 'the gods grant that you persuade them to
send a supporting force large enough to make war
with me, so be it/ he said, 'and let us abide by
whatever may be the result of the war; but if it
seems to you that they do not give you adequate
assistance, would you not justly be blameless thence-
forth if you should follow the course that is best
for your city, which honours you ? '

"It is about these matters, then, that I have
come to you, and I tell you the whole situation
there as 1 myself see it and have heard it from his
lips. And I believe that this is the case, men of
Lacedaemon, that if you send thither a force such
as shall seem, not to me only, but also to the rest
of the Thessalians, large enough to make war upon
Jason, the cities will revolt from him ; for all of
them are afraid of the lengths to which the man's
power will go. But if you imagine that emanci-
pated Helots and a private individual 1 as. commander
will suffice, I advise you to remain quiet. For, be
well assured, the war will be against strong forces

1 i.e. not a king.

13

Digitized by

XENOPHON

avBpa S? <f>povifjLo$ fiev outco arparrjyo^ iariv a>?
oaa re XavOdveiv /cal oaa <f>0dveiv /cat oaa fiia-
%€<T0ai iiri^eipet ov fidXa dxfrafiaprdvei. i/cavo<t
yap iaTi koI vvktI direp i)p>epa %ptja0ai, teal orav
(nrevBrj, dpicrov /cal Selirvov 7roirjadfievo<; dfia
iroveZcrOai. olejai Be teal avairaveaOai XP*l val >
orav d<f)Ur)Tai ev6* av ebpfirjfie'vos y tcai Biairpd^rj'
rat a Ber /cal tovs fied* avrov Be* ravra eXdiicev.
eiriararai Bk zeal orav eTMTOvrjaavres dya&ov ti
irpd^coaiv oi arpaTi&Tai, i/CTTX^aai to? yv&fias
avr&v ware /cal rovro fie fia0r]/c acre irdvre^ oi
jjl€T avrov, on i/c tg)V 7r6p(ov /cal ret fiaXa/ca

16 yiyverai. /cal firjv iy/cpareararos y iarlv &v
iya) olBa rS>v irepl to acofia rjBovwv &are ovSe
Bia ravia da^oXtav e%ei to fir) updrreiv del to
Beofievov. vfiels ovv a/ce\}rdfi€voi etirare Trpo? ifie,
&airep vfilv irpoarjKei, oirola BvvrjaeaOe re /cal
fieXXere TTOLTjaeiv.

17 'O fiev ravr elirev. oi Be Aa/ceBaifiovioi Tore
fiev dvefidXovro rr)v diroKpioriv rrj 8* varepaia
real rfj rp'nri Xoyiadfievoi ra? re ego) fiopa?
oaai avroi? elev /ca\ Ta? irepl Aa/ceBaifiova irpb<;
rd? 1 ra>v 'AdrjvaLwv rpnjpeis teal top irpo<$ tol>9
o/JLOpovs iroXefiov, direiepivavTO ore ev ra> uapovri
oi/c av Bvvaivro i/cavrjv avr<p e/CTTefityai iirifcov-
pLav, dXX diTLOPra crvvrLdeaOai avrov e/ceXevoi/
07rij Bvvairo apiara rd re eavrov teal ra t/}?

18 7ru\€0)?. KUKelvos fikvroi eiraLvecra^ rtjv drrXo-

1 After the MSS. have : Kel. brackets.

14

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. i. 15-18

and against a man who is so sagacious a general that 874 b.c
whatsoever he undertakes to accomplish, whether it
be by secrecy, or by getting ahead of an enemy,
or by sheer force, he is not very apt to fail of his
object. For he is able to make as good use of
night as of day, and when he is in haste, to take
breakfast and dinner together and go on with his
labours. And he thinks it is proper to rest only
after he has reached the goal for which he had set
out and has accomplished the things that are need-
ful ; moreover, he has accustomed his followers also
to the same habits. Yet he also knows how to satisfy
the wishes of his soldiers when by added toils they
have achieved some success; so that all who are
with him have learned this lesson too, that from
toils come indulgences. Again, he has greater self-
control than any man I know as regards the pleasures
of the body, so that he is not prevented by such
things, either, from doing always what needs to
be done. Consider, therefore, and tell me, as be-
seems you, what you will be able to do and intend
to do."

Thus he spoke. As for the Lacedaemonians, at
the time they deferred their answer; but after
reckoning up on the next day and on the third
their regiments abroad, to see how many they num-
bered, and the regiments which were in the vicinity
of Lacedaemon to be employed against the triremes
of the Athenians and for the war upon their neigh-
bours, they replied that at present they could not
send him an adequate supporting force, and told him
to go home and arrange his own affairs and tlfose of
his city as best he could. He, then, after commend-
ing the straightforwardness of the state, departed.

*5

Digitized by

XENOPHON

rrjra t?)? iroXecos airrfkOe. /cal ttjp fiep aicpoiroXiv
T&p <&apcraXicop iBelro tov 'ldcropo? firj dpay-
fcdacu avrbp irapaBovpai, oVa)? toI? Trapa/carade-
fiepois 8ia<T<p%y to us Be eavrov iralBas eBcokev
ofirjpovs, viroa'xpfjbepo^ avrq> tt)p re ttoXip ireiaas
eKovaap avfifia^pp iroirfveip /cal ray bp ayy/cara-
arrjaetp avrop. a>9 Be ra Tnara eSoaap dXXijXois,
€v0v$ fiep ol <&apadXioi elprjprjp fjyop, Ta^u Be
6 *\a<Twp ofioXoyovfiepcos raybs t&p %eTTaXS)p
19 Ka9ei<TTr)icei. eirel ye fitjp erayevae, Biera^ep
Itttti/cop re oaop e/cdarrj ttoXis Bvparrj fjp irape-
yew teal ottXltlkop. /cal iyepopro avrq> lirireis
fiep avp TOA9 avfifid^pis irXelovs fj oKraKiayiXioi,
birXlrai Be eXoyiaOrfaap ov/c iXdrrov? Bia/nvpicop,
7re\racrTi/c6p ye firjp i/capop Trpbs irdpra^ dp0pco-
7rov<; dpinaydrfpai* epyop yap ifcelvcav ye /cal ra?
iroXeis dpiO firjaai. irpoelire 8k TOft? *irepioL/coL<;
iraat /cal top <f>6pop &airep eirl StfoVa rerayfiepos
yjp <f>epeip. /cal ravTa fiep ovtcd? eirepaLpeTO*
iyo) Be irdXtp eirdpeifii, odep els ra? irepl y \d<ropo<;
irpd^ei^ e^effrjp.

II. Ot fiep yap Aa/ceBaifiopioi /cal ol ovfifiaypi
avpeXeyopTo eft? to U9 Oawea?, ol Be ®r)/3acoi
dpaxcdprfaapTe? els ttjp eavT&p i<j>vXaTTOP ra?
elcr/3oXd<;. ol 8* 'AOrjpaioi, av^avofiepovs fiep
op&vres Bia crcfras tou? tyrj/Salov*;, XPVf JiaT ^ T€ °v
avfifiaXXofiepovs els to pavriKOP, avrol 8k airo-
/cpaiofiepoi fcal xprjfidrcop ela<j>opai<; /cat Xrjarelats
16

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. i. 18-11. 1

And he begged Jason not to force him to give over 374 b.c.
the Acropolis of the Pharsalians, his wish being
that he might still keep it safe for those who had
put it into his hands ; but he gave his own children
to Jason as hostages, with the promise not only to
win over the city and make it his willing ally, but
also to help in establishing him as Tagus. When,
accordingly, they had exchanged pledges with one
another, the Pharsalians at once observed peace, and
Jason was speedily established by common consent
as Tagus of the Thessalians. Having become Tagus,
he assessed the contingents of cavalry and hoplites
that the cities were to furnish, according to the
ability of each. And the result was that he had more
than eight thousand horsemen, including the allies,
his hoplites were reckoned at not fewer than twenty
thousand, and there were peltasts enough to be set
in array against the whole world; for it is a task
even to enumerate the cities which furnished them.
Further, he sent orders to all who dwelt round about
to pay the same tribute as had been fixed in the
time of Scopas. 1 Thus these events were proceeding
to their issue ; I now return to the point at which I
digressed when I took up the story of Jason.

II. The Lacedaemonians, then, and their allies
were gathering together in Phocis, and the Thebans
had withdrawn to their own country and were guard-
ing the passes. As for the Athenians, since they
saw that the Thebans were growing in power through
their help and still were not contributing money for
their fleet, while they were themselves being worn
out by extraordinary taxes, by plundering expeditions

1 Ruler of Crannon and Tagus of Thessaly in the period of
the Persian wars.

17

VOL. II. C

Digitized by

XENOPHON

i% Alyivr)? /cat <j>vXa/cal<; Tr}$ %c6/?a9, iweOvfirjaav
Travaaadai tov 7roXefiov, /cal irep^ravTes Trpeafieis
eh Aa/ceSaifiova elprjvrjv eiroirjaavTO.

2 JLv0V$ 3' €/C€L0€V 8vO TCt)V TTpecrfieCdV irXeVVaVTe?

Kara hoy/xa ttj^ 7ro\ea>9 elirov t& Tifio0e<p airo-
rrXelv oi/ca&e c!>9 etprjvrj? ovaw 6 8' a/jua airoifkeoav
T0t»9 t&v Za/cvv0io)v (ftvydSas dire^L^acrev eh

3 ttjv %(opav avTWV. eVel Be ol i/c T/79 7ro\€0)9
ZatcvvOioi 7re/A^/raz/T€9 7T/?09 tou9 Aa/ceSaifiovCov?
eXeyov ola Treirovdore^ elev vtto tov Ti/jlo0€ov,
ev0v<; oi Aa/ceSaifiovioi dSi/celv re TjyovvTO tou9
' A0rjvalov<; /cal vavTi/cbv irdXiv /caTea/eevafrv /ecu
avverdrrovTO et9 e^rj/covTa vavs air avTrjs re
T779 Aa/ceSaifiovos /ecu Kopivdov /ecu Aev/cdSo?
zeal 'Afjt,/3patcia$ /cal "HX1809 /ecu Za/cvv0ov /ecu
'A^ata? /cal 'EniSavpov /cal Tpoi£rji'o$ /ecu 'E/j-

4 fiiovo? /cal 'AXi&v. eiriaTTjcravTe*; Se vavap^ov
^AvdaLTTirov e/ceXevov rcov T6 aXXoov €7rifieX€Lcr0ai
tcov /car e/ceivrjv ttjv 0dXarrav /cal arpareveiv
iirl Kep/cvpav. eirep^av Se /cal 7r/?09 Aiovvaiov
SiSda/covTe? ft>9 /cal e/ceivG) xprfcrtfiov ettj ttjv
Y^ep/cvpav /at) vtt* ' A0Tjvaloi<; elvai.

5 Kal 0 fiev Stj Mz/ao"t7T7ro9, €7rel avveXeytj avTcp
to vavTUcov, eirXevaev eh ttjv Kep/cvpav eZ%e 8e
/cal fiLa0o(f>6pov<; avv Toh etc Aa/ceSaLfiovos jjlct*
ai/Tov crTpaTevofievois oi/c iXaTTOV? ^iXlcov /cal

6 irevTaKoaiwv* eirel Se direfir), i/cpaTet T€ T779 yr)<;
/cal iSrjov igeipyaa/jLevTjv fiev 7ray/cdXco<; /cal zrecfrv-
Tevfievrjv ttjv ywpav, fieyaXoir peireh he ol/CTjcrei?
18

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. n. 1-6

from Aegina, and by guarding their territory, 874 b. a
they conceived a desire to cease from the war, and
sending ambassadors to Lacedaemon,' concluded
peace.

Two of the Athenian ambassadors, acting in accord-
ance with a decree of the state, sailed directly from
there and gave orders to Timotheus to sail back
home, inasmuch as there was peace ; as he was sailing
back, however, he landed in their country the exiles
of the Zacynthians. And when the Zacynthians in the
city sent to the Lacedaemonians and told them the
sort of treatment they had received at the hands of
Timotheus, the Lacedaemonians immediately deemed
the Athenians guilty of wrong-doing, set about pre-
paring a fleet again, and fixed the proportionate con-
tingents, for a total of sixty ships, from Lacedaemon
itself, Corinth, Leucas, Ambracia, Elis, Zacynthus,
Achaea, Epidaurus, Troezen, Hermion, and Haliae.
Then they put Mnasippus in command of this fleet
as admiral and directed him to look after all their
interests in that part of the sea, and especially to
make an expedition against Corcyra. They likewise
sent to Dionysius, 1 pointing out that it was advan-
tageous to him also that Corcyra should not be
under the Athenians.

Mnasippus, accordingly, as soon as his fleet had
been gathered together, set sail to Corcyra; and
besides the troops from Lacedaemon who served with
him he also had no fewer than one thousand five
hundred mercenaries. Now when he had disem-
barked he was master of the country, laid waste the
land, which was most beautifully cultivated and
planted, and destroyed magnificent dwellings and

1 Tyrant of Syracuse.

x 9 .

c 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

/cal olv&va? /carea/cevacr/JLevovs iirl t&v dyp&v
war. ecfraaav rot>9 arparKora^ el? tovto Tpv<f>7)<;
e\0elv &(tt ov/c eOeXeiv iriveiv, el purj dvdoapLas
€lt). /cal avhpdiToha he /cal Poa/crjpLara TrdpbTroXXa

7 T)\l(TK€TO €/C T(OV dyp&V. €7T€lTa he KO,T€(TTpaTO-

irehevaaro tg> p,ev ire^at eirl Xo(j>q> direyovn Trj?
7r6\€co<; d>9 irevre ardSia, irpb tt}? %<*>/3a9 ovti,
onto? aTTorepLVOLTO ivrevOev, ei t*9 eirl ttjv yoapav
tcov Kep/cvpaicov e%Loi' to he vavri/cbv eh rdirl
0drepa T/79 iroXecos /career paroirehevaev, evQev
wer av tcl irpoaifXeovTa /cal irpoaiaddveaOai /cal
hia/c<o\veiv. 7Tyo«9 he tovtois /cal eirl t$ Xipuevt,

8 oirore p,7) yeipoav /ccoXvoi, e<f>(bpp,ei. eiroXiop/cec
piev hrj ovtcd rfjv ttoXlv.

hjireo be 01 &ep/cvpaioi etc piev T779 7*79 ovoev
ekdpbfiavov hic\ to /cpaielaQai Kara yrjv, Kara
OdXarrav he ovhev elcrrfyero avTois hia to

9 vav/cpareiaGai, ev ttoXXtj diropia rjvav* /ecu
7re/47roi>T69 717)09 tov<; ' AOrjvaLov? ftorjOeiv re
eheovro /cal ehLhaa/cov a>9 piiya piev dyadbv
dirofidXoiev av, el Kep/cvpas areprjdecev, TO69
he TToXepLioi? pbeydXrjv av la^yv npoaftdXoiev
ef oihepLia? yap iroXeco^ irXrjv ye y K6rjv5iv ovre
vavs ovre xprjpLara irXeLoa av yeveaOai. en he
/celoQai rr)v Kep/cvpav ev /caXq> puev tov Kopiv-
Oia/cov koXttov /cal rcov iroXecov at iirl rovrov
KaOrjKOvatv, ev /caX(p he rod ttjv Aa/ccovi/crjv
X<*>P av fiXdiTTeiv, ev /caXXiarw he t% T€ dvTi-
20

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. n. 6-9

wine-cellars with which the farms were furnished ; 374 b.c.
the result was, it was said, that his soldiers became
so luxurious that they would not drink any wine
unless it had a fine bouquet. Furthermore, very
many slaves and cattle were captured on the farms.
Afterwards he encamped with his land forces on a
hill which was distant from the city about five stadia
and situated between the city and the country, so
that he might from there intercept any of the Cor-
cyraeans who might try to go out to their lands;
then he had the sailors from his ships encamp on
the other side of the city, at a point from which he
thought they would observe in good time any vessels
that approached and prevent their coming in. In
addition he also maintained a blockade at the mouth
of the harbour when the weather did not interfere.
In this way, then, he held the city besieged.

When the Corcyraeans found themselves unable
to get anything from their farms because they were
overmastered by land, while on the other hand
nothing was brought in to them by water because they
were overmastered by sea, they were in great straits.
Accordingly, sending to the Athenians, they begged
them to come to their assistance, and pointed out
that they would lose a great advantage if they were
deprived of Corcyra, and would add great strength
£a their enemies ; for from no other state, they said,
except Athens, could come a greater number of ships
or a greater amount of money. ^Further, Corcyra
was situated in a favourable position with respect to
the Corinthian Gulf and the states which reach down
to its shores, in a favourable position for doing damage
to the territory of Laconia, and in an extremely
favourable position with respect to Epirus across the

21

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Tripa? 'Wirelpov /cal rov eZ<? YleXoirovvrjaov airo

10 Xi/ceXias irapdirXov, d/covaavres 8k ravra oi
'AOrjvaloi ivofiiaav 6<7%i>/oa)9 iirifieXTfreov elvcu,
/cal arparrjybv 7r€fiirovai KTrjai/cXea eh ef-a/co-
glovs eypvTa TreXrao-rd^, 'AX/cerov 8k iSerjdijo'av

11 (TvvSia/3if3d<Tcu tovtovs. /cal ovroc fikv vvtcrbs
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12 6 S' oi Swdpevos avToOev tc\$ vavs TrXrjp&aai,
€7rl vrjaoav irXevaas e/ceZ6ev eiretparo av/jLTrXrjpovv,
ov <f>avXov riyovjjievos elvai eirl avy/ce/cpOTrjfjLevajf

13 vav? el/cfj irepnrXevaai. oi 8* 'AOrjvauoi vopi-
£oi>T€9 avTov dvaXovv rov t?}$ &pa$ el$ top irepL-
ttXovv yjpovov, avyyvcopurjv ov/c eaypv avT&, dXXa
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14 avOaipovvTai. 6 S' ewel /carea-rrj arparTjyo^,
fidXa 6fea)9 ra$ vavs €7rXrjpovro /cal tou9 rpirjp-
dpxov? r}vdyfca£e. TrpocreXafte 8k irapa t&v 'AOtj-
vaicov /cal el ttov ti$ vavs irepl tt)v *Attl/ct)v eirXei
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aTTOTre/jLyjroi. /cal eyevovro avrq> ai airaaai irepl
efiBofirj/covra. 9

15 'Ej/ 8k Tovrcp to3 Xpovtp oi Kep/cvpaioi ovtco
a<j)68pa kireivoav ware 8id to ttXtjOo? t5)v avro-
fioXovvrcov i/crjpvljev 6 Mvao-nnros ireirpaadai
ocm9 avrofioXoir]. iwel 8k ov8kv t)ttov tjvto/io-

22

d by Google

HELLENICA, VI. n. 9-15

way and the coastwise route from Sicily to Pelopon- 874 b.c.
nesus. When the Athenians heard these things they
came to the conclusion that they must give serious
care to the matter, and they sent out Ctesicles as
general with about six hundred peltasts and requested
Alcetas 1 to help to convey them across. Accordingly
these troops were brought across by night to a place
in the country of Corcyra, and made their way into
the city. The Athenians also voted to man sixty
ships, and elected Timotheus as commander of them.
But he was unable to man his ships at Athens, and 373 b.c.
therefore set sail for the islands and endeavoured to
complete his crews there, thinking that it was a
serious matter to sail light-heartedly around Pelopon-
nesus to attack ships with well-trained crews. The
Athenians, however, believing that he was using up
the time of the year which was favourable for his
voyage, did not pardon him, but deposed him from
his office and chose Iphicrates in his place. As soon
as he assumed office, he proceeded to man his ships
expeditiously, and compelled his captains to do their
duty. He also obtained from the Athenians whatever
war-ships were cruising here or there in the neigh-
bourhood of Attica, as well as the Paralus 2 and the
Salaminia, saying that if matters in Corcyra turned
out successfully, he would send them back many
ships. And his ships amounted in all to about
seventy.

Meanwhile the Corcyraeans were suffering so
greatly from hunger that on account of the number
of the deserters Mnasippus issued a proclamation
directing that whoever deserted should be sold into
slavery. And when they kept on deserting none the

1 cp. i. 7. 1 cp. 11. i. 28.

23

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Xovp, TeXevrcbp /cal fiacTTiycop aireirefiirev. oi
fiivroi evBoOep t<w ye BovXov? ov/c eBe^opTo
irdXip eh to Te£%09, dXXa 7roXXol ef;<o diredvrj-

16 a/cov. 6 S* av Mvdannros opcov ravra, ivo/xi^e

T€ OaOV OV/C 7]StJ €X €llJ T V V TToXlV KaX 7T€pl TOU9

fiiadocfropovs i/caipovpyei, /cal tov$ fiev nva<; av-
tcop aTTopLadovs eireTroLrjKei, rofc Be fievovai teal
Bvolv rjBrj firjvoiv axj>€t\e tov fiiadov, ov/c diropcov,
ft>9 iXeyero, xprj/jbdrcov /cat yap t&p iroXecop ai
iroX\al avT(p dpyvpiov clvti tcop dpBpcop eirejnrov,

17 are /cal BlIlttoptiov rrj<; arpajela^ ovarj*;. /cari-
Bopres Be dirb tcov irvpycov oi i/c rr}? 7r6\ea)9 ra9
T6 0u\a^a9 yeipop fj irpoaOev <f)vXaTTO/iepa<;
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18 tovs Be Kare/co-tyav. ala06fievo<; Be 6 MvdanrTros,
avros T6 e^coirXL^ero koi octov? etyev oirXija^
airacriv ifioijOet,, /cal tou9 Xoxayov? /cal tou9
ra%idp)(pv<; e^dyeiv e/ceXeve tow fiiaOocfyopovs.

19 diroKpivafievcov Be tlpcop Xo%aycop oti ov paBiov
etr} firj BiBovra? TdiwrfBeia ireidofiepov? irape-
XeiVy top fiev Twa fia/CTrjpla, top Be tco crrvpaKi
iirdra^ep. ovrco fiep Brj dOvfico^ 6%oi>T€9 /cal
/Maovpre? airbp awe^rjXdov Trdvrev oirep rj/ciara
6^9 fid^rjv avficfrepei.

20 'O 8' eirel iraperd^aro, ai™? fiev tov$ Kara
Ta9 7rvXa<; tcov iroXefiicov Tpesfrdfievos eireBico'
/cev. oi 8' eirel iyyvs tov re^ov? eyepovro,
apeaTpe<f)ov T€ /cal airo tcov fivrffiaTcov eftaXXov

24

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. n. 15-20

less, at last he even tried to drive them back with 873 b.c.
the scourge. Those in the city, however, would not
admit the slaves within the wall again, and many
died outside. Now Mnasippus, seeing these things,
and believing that he all but had possession of the
city already, was trying innovations with his mer-
cenaries. He had before this dismissed some of
them from his service, anjl he now owed those who
remained as much as two mouths' pay. This was
not, so it was said, because he lacked money, for
most of the states had sent him money instead of
men, 1 because it was an overseas expedition. Now
the people in the city, observing from their towers
that the enemy's posts were less carefully guarded
than formerly, and that the men were scattered
through the country, made a sally, capturing some
of them and cutting down others. When Mnasippus
perceived this, he put on his armour and went to
the rescue himself, with all the hoplites he had,
and at the same time ordered the captains and
commanders of divisions to lead forth the mercen-
aries. And when some captains replied that it was
not easy to keep men obedient unless they were
given provisions, he struck one of them with a staft
and another with the spike of his spear. So it was,
then, that when his forces issued from the [city \viih -
him they were all dispirited and hostile to him — a
situation that is by no means conducive to fighting.

Now after he had formed the troops in line,
Mnasippus himself turned to flight those of the
enemy who were in front of the gates, and pursued
them. When, however, these came near the wall, they
turned about, and from the tombstones threw spears

1 Under the arrangement described in v. ii. 21.

25

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Kal t)k6vti£ov aXXot 8' ifcSpafiopres kclQ* irepas

21 Trv\a<; iiriTiQevTai dQpooi roh ia^droL^ oi S' e7r'
oktco reray/jbivoi, aaOevk? vo/ucravTes to atcpov
T7/9 <f>d\ayyo<; e%e£P, dvacrTpi(j>€iv iireipcopro.
009 S' fjp^avro eTTavaj^copelv, oi fiev iroXefiioL &>9
(frevyovaiv iiriOevTO, ol S' ov/ceri iiraveaTpeyfrav

22 /ecu oi ixop*evoi £' avratv eh fyvyrjv &pficov. 6 8e
yivdcmnro^ t<h9 fxev irLe^o/xevois ovk iSvvaro
fiorjOelv Bia tov$ i/c tov tcaravTi/cpv 7rpoa/c€i-
fiipovs, del £' i\€LTT€TO cri/v iXdrroai, Te\o9 Se
oi TToXifiiOL dOpooi yevofievoL 7raz>T€$ iireTiOevTO
to?? irepl rbv Mvaannrov, rjSrj fidXa oXiyoi? overt,
teal oi TroXiTCLL opeovTe? to yiyvbyuevov iire^jjaav,

23 iirel 8* itceivov direKTecvav, ihiwtcov rjhrj diravTe<;.
ifcivhvvevaav S* av teal to aTpaToireSov iXetv ervv
tQ) xapatcdyfxaTi, el fir) oi 8mokovt€<; tov dyopalov
T€ o%Xov ISovTes Kal tov tcov OepairovTcov zeal tov
tcov dvSpairoScov, olrjOevTes 6'<£e\o9 tl avTcov elvai,

24 d7T€CTTp€<f)OVTO. Kal TOT€ fl6V TpOTTaiOV T€ %<TTCL-

aav oi K.eptcvpaloi tov$ t€ ve/cpov? inroairovhov?
airehLhocrav. i/c 8e tovtov oi fiev iv ttj iroXei
ippayfievecrTepol iyeyivrjvTO, oi 8 J e^co iv irderrj 8r)
dOvfiia rjaav. Kal yap iXeyeTO oti 'lefriKpaTTj? T€
octov ovk fjhr] Trapeir), Kal oi KepKvpalot 8k t$>

25 ovtl vavs iirXrjpovv. 'TTrep/ievrj^ Be, 09 irvy-

1 The &va<rrpo'p'fi involved two movements, (1) a facing
about, followed by a march to the rear, and (2) a turning of
the lino until it stood behind the adjacent troops, thus
doubling the depth of the phalanx. In this case the enemy's

26

HELLEN1CA, VI. n. 20-25

and javelins upon the Lacedaemonians ; meanwhile 373 b.o.
others sallied out by the other gates and in mass
formation attacked those who were at the extreme
end of the line. These latter, who were drawn up
only eight deep, thinking that the outer end of the
phalanx was too weak, undertook to swing it around
upon itself. 1 • But as soon as they began the back-
ward movement, the enemy fell upon them, in the
belief that they were in flight, and they did not go
on and swing forward ; furthermore, those who were
next to them also began to flee. As for Mnasippus,
while he was unable to aid the troops which were
hard pressed, because the enemy was attacking him
in front, he was left with an ever smaller number
of men. Finally, all of the enemy massed them-
selves together and charged upon Mnasippus and
his troops, which were by this time very few. And
the citizens, seeing what was going on, came out to
join in the attack. Then after they had killed
Mnasippus, all straightway joined in the pursuit.
And they probably would have captured the very
camp, along with its stockade, had not the pursuers
turned back upon seeing the crowd of camp-fol-
lowers, of attendants, and of slaves, imagining that
there was some fighting abilify in them. At this
time, accordingly, the Corcyraeans set up a trophy
and gave back the bodies of the dead under a truce.
And after this the people in the city were stouter of
heart, while those outside were in the utmost de-
spondency. For there was not only a report that
Iphicrates was already practically at hand, but the
Corcyraeans were in fact also manning ships. Then

attack prevented the accomplishment of the second move-
ment.' _ -

27

Digitized by

XENOPHON

yavev iTTi<7To\ia$6po<; tco Mvaac7nrcp cov, to tc
vclvtikov Trap oaov r)v iicel avveirXr^pcoae, teal
TrepnrXevcra*; irpb<; to ^apaKcofia ra irXola irdvTa
y€fiL<ra<z tcov T€ dvBpairoBcov Kal tcov Xprj/iaTcov
direaTeXXev clvtos Be avv tc to?? eirifidTais xal
Tofc ire pier co6 elac tcov crTpaTicoTcov Bkecf>vXaTT6 to

26 ^apciKcofia' Te\o9 Be tccu ovtol fxdXa TCTapa-
yfievoc dvaftavTes eirl Ta9 Tpirjpei^ direirXeov ,
iroXvv fiev (tItov, iroXvv Be olvov, iroXXa Be dv-
BpdiroBa Kal dadevovvTa? GTpaTicoTas KaTaXc-
7toVt€9* Beivco? yap iirecpoftrjvTo firj KaTaXrjcpOelev
xmb tcov 'AOrjvavcov iv Trj vrjercp. Kal i/ceivot, fiev
el$ Aev/cdSa direacbOrjcrav.

27 'O Be 'lfafcpaTrj? eirel fjp^aTO tov irepiirXov,
dfia fiev eirXei, dfia Be irdvTa ocra e/9 vavfiayLav
7rap€o~K€vd%€TO* ev0v$ fiev yap to, fieydXa IcrTia
auTov KaTeXiirev/ co$ iirl vavfia^Lav irXecov Kal
T0Z9 d/caT€iOL<; Be, /cal el <f>opbv irvevfia ecrj, oXiya
expv T0 ' T V ^ /ccoirr) tov irXovv iroiovfievo? afiei-
vbv tc t& aciofiaTa e%eiv tov? avBpa? teal a fie Lvov

28 Ta9 vav? irXelv iirolei. iroXXaKi? Be Kal oirrj
fieXXoi dpicTTOTTOielcrOai to crTpaTevfia f) Beiirvo-
iroieladai, eiravrjyayev av to /cepa<; air 6 T/79 7779
/caTct TavTa to, ycapia* eirel S' eiriaTpeyfra<; aZ
Kal avTiTTpcopovs KaTatTTrjcra<; Ta9 Tpirjpei? diro
arj/neiov dc\>iei dvOafiiXXaaOai el? ttjv yrjv, fieya
Br) vi/crjTrjpiov r)v to irpdoTovs Kal vBcop Xafieiv Kal
ec tov aXXov eBeovTO, Kal irpcoTOV? dpiaTr}aai.
Tot9 S' vaTaTOis d<f)iKOfi€vois fieydXr] ^rjpia rjv to
28

d by Google

HELLENICA, VI. n. 25-28

Hypermenes, who chanced to be vice-admiral under 373 b.o.
Mnasippus, manned fully the entire fleet whieh he
had there, and after sailing round to the stockade
and filling all his transports with the slaves and the
captured property, sent them off ; he himself, how-
ever, with his marines and such of the soldiers as
had been left alive, kept guard over the stockade ;
but finally they, too, embarked upon the triremes in
great confusion and went sailing off, leaving behind
them a great deal of corn, much wine, and many
slaves and sick soldiers ; for they were exceedingly
afraid that they would be caught on the island by
the Athenians. And so they reached Leucas in
safety.

As for Iphicrates, when he began his voyage around
Peloponnesus he went. on with all needful prepara-
tions for a naval battle as he sailed ; for at the outset
he had left his large sails behind him at Athens, since
he expected to fight, and now, further, he made but
slight use of his smaller sails, even if the wind was
favourable; by making his voyage, then, with the
oar, he kept his men in better condition of body
and caused the ships to go faster. Furthermore,
whenever the expedition was going to take the
noonday or the evening meal at any particular spot,
he would often draw back the head of the column
from the shore opposite the place in question ;
then he would turn the line around again, cause
the triremes to head toward the land, and start
them off at a signal to race to the shore. It was
counted a great prize of victory to be the first to
get water or anything else they needed, and the first
to get their meal. On the other hand, those who
reached the shore last incurred a great penalty in

29

Digitized by

XENOPHON

re i\a,TTOv<T0ai waai tovtois /cal on dvcuyeaOai
cifia ([Set, iirel arifirjveLe* avve/3aive yap rofc fiev
irpcbrois d<f>i/cvovfievoi<; /ca0* r/av^Lav diravra

29 iroieiv, rofc Be TeXevraioi? Bed aTrovBrjs. cj>v\a-
/cd$ ye iMYjv, el Tvypi iv tjj iroXepia dpiaroTroiov-
//,ez>09, Ta? fiev iv rf) yfj, Sxrirep irpovrj/cei, icad-
i<TT7), iv Be rals vavalv alpofievos av Toi>? /cttou?
dirb tovtcov ia/coirelTO. iroXv ovv iirl irXeov ovtol
Kadedopcov rj oi i/c rod 6/xaXov, a<£' yyjrrjXorepov
/caOop&VTe?. 1 ottov Be BeLirvoiroioiro /cal icaOev-
Boi, iv jjuev Ttp arpaTOirehcp vv/cTwp irvp ov/c e/cae,
7rpb Be rod arparev/jbaTOf; <£a>9 iiToiei, iva firjBel?
Xd8rj Trpoaicov. TroXkd/cis Be, el evBla eirj, evOirs
Benrvr)<Ta<; dvrjyero' /cal el fiev avpa <j>epoi, Oeovre?
dfia dveiravovTO* el Be iXavveiv Beoi, /card fiepo?

30 to £9 vavras dveiravev. iv Be T0Z9 fieff* rj/iepav
7r\ot9 dirb arjfielcov Tore fiev inl tcepax; rjye, rore
S' iirl <j>dXayyo$' ware dfia fiev ewXeov, a/xa Be
irdvra 6a a el$ vavfiaylav /cal rjaKrj/cores /cal
iiriaTafievoL eh rrjv vtto tcov iroXefilcov, a>9 gSoi/to,
Kare'ypfiev'qv OdXarrav dcfri/cvovvro. /cal ra fiev
iroXXd iv Tjj iroXefilct /cal rjpiarcov /cal eBeiirvovv
Bid Be to rdvay/cala fiovov irpdrreLV /cal Ta9
fiorjOela? e<f>6avev dvayofievos /cal 7a%v iirepatve.

31 Uepl Be rbv yivaalinTOv Odvarov irvy)(avev &>v
T779 Aa/ccovi/crjs irepl Ta9 %<f>ayla<;. els ttjv 'JiXelav

1 ap' fyT)\oT€pov Ka6opSivr€s MSS. : Kel. brackets, following
Hartman.

30

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. 11. 2S-31

that they came off worse in all these points, and in 873 b.o
the fact that they had to put to sea again at the
same time as the rest when the signal was given ;
for the result was that those who came in first did
everything at their leisure, while those who came
in last had to hurry. Again, in setting watches, if .
he chanced to be taking the midday meal in a hostile
country, he posted some on the land, as is proper,
but besides he hoisted the masts on the ships and
had men keep watch from their tops. These men,
therefore, could see much farther, from their higher
point of view, than those on the level. Further,
wherever he dined or slept, he would not have a fire
inside the camp during the night, but kept a light
burning in front of his forces, so that no one could
approach unobserved. Frequently, however, if it was
good weather, he would put to sea again immedi-
ately after dining ; and if there was a favourable
breeze, they sailed and rested at the same time,
while if it was necessary to row, he rested the sailors
by turns. Again, when he sailed by day, he would
lead the fleet, by signals, at one time in column
and at another in line of battle ; so that, while still
pursuing their voyage, they had at the same time
practised and become skilled in all the manoeuvres of
battle before they reached the sea which, as they
supposed, was held by the enemy. And although
for the most part they took both their noonday and
their "evening meals in the enemy's country, never-
theless, by doing only the necessary things, he always
got to sea before the enemy's forces arrived to repel
him and speedily got under way again.

At the time of Mnasippus' death Iphicrates
chanced to be near the Sphagiae 1 in Laconia. Then,
1 Islands situated off Pylos. «j

Digitized by

XENOPHON

8e atpi/cofievos Kal irapairXevaa^; to tov *A\<f>€LOv

(TTOfia V7TO TOP Ka\0V/JL€V0P Q)pfl[aaTO.

rfj 8* i(TT€paia ivrevOev dprjyeTo eirl tt)? Kec^aX-
\rjviast ovtco Kal reray fiipo? Kal top tt\ovp
ttoiov/jl€vo$ &>9, ei Beoi, irdvra oaa XPV irape-
aKevaap£vo$ vav^ayplt], Kal yap ra Trepl tov
MpaaLTTirov clvtotttov fiep oiBevos rjKtjKoei, vtto)-
ttt€V€ fir) airciTr}^ €P€tca XeyoLTO, Kal e<f)v-
XaTT€TO' eirel fiePToi a<f>i/ceTO eh ttjv Ke<£a\\?/-
viav, evTcivOa Stj aa<j)(ti$ eirvOeTo, Kal dpeirave
to aTpdrev/jLa.

32 018a fJb€P OVP OTL TCLVTa TCaVTCL, OTCLV oioOPTCll

pavp,ayr)aeip avdpcoTroi, Kal aa/c€LTai Kal fieXe-
TaTar dWa tovto iiracpa), otl eirel dfyiKeaOai
Ta\v eSei evOa Toh tto\€/jllol<; vavpxiyjqaeiv <£ero,
rjvpero 07r&>9 fitfre hid top ttXovv dveiria'Trj/jLova^
elvai t&p eh vavixayiap yLryre Sid to TavTa
fie\€Tap ftpaSvTepop tl d^iKeaOat.

33 KaTaaTpeyfrdfievo^ Be Ta9 ep Tjj Ke^aWrjvla,
irokeis eirkevaep eh JZepKvpap. eKel he irp&TOv
/jLev dKOvaas on TTpoairXkoiev &€Ka Tpirfpei*; irapd
Aiovvaiov, ftoTjOtfaovaai Toh AaKeSacfiopioi*;,
avTO? e\6a>p Kal aKeyjrdfievos Tt)<; yi>pa<$ oOev
tou9 re 7rpoa7r\eoPTa<; hvpaTop 7jp 6 pap Kal tov?
aijfjiaiPOPTas eh ttjp ttoKip KaTa(f>apeh elpai,

34 ePTavOa KaTeaTtjae tou9 ckottov^. KaKeLpois
/i€P avpeOeTO irpoairKeovTiOP tc Kal op/xovPTcav
a>9 Seoi arjfiaipeip, avTo$ be tcop t pi^pdp^iov
32

Digitized by

HELLENIC A, VI. n. 31-34

after reaching Elis and sailing past the mouth of the 373 b.c.
Alpheus, he anchored beneath the promontory called
Ichthys. From there he put to sea on the following
day for Cephallenia, having his fleet in such order
and making the voyage in such a way that, if it
should be necessary to fight, he should be ready in
all essential respects to do so. For he had not
heard the news of Mnasippus' death from any eye-
witness, but suspected that it was told to deceive
him, and hence was on his guard ; when he arrived
at Cephallenia, however, he there got definite in-
formation; and so rested his forces.

Now I am aware that all these matters of practice
and training are customary whenever men expect to
engage in a battle by sea, but that which I com-
mend in Iphicrates is this, that when it was incum-
bent upon him to arrive speedily at the place where
he supposed he should fight with the enemy, he
discovered a way to keep his men from being either,
by reason of the voyage they had made, unskilled
in the tactics of fighting at sea, or, by reason of
their having been trained in such tactics, any the
more tardy in arriving at their destination.

After subduing the cities in Cephallenia he sailed
to Corcyra. There, upon hearing that ten triremes
were sailing thither from Dionysius to aid the Lace-
daemonians, he first went in person and looked over
the ground to find a point from which any who
approached the island could be seen and the men
stationed there to send signals to the city would be
visible ; he then stationed his watchers at that point.
He also agreed with them as to how they were to
signal when the enemy were approaching and when
they were at anchor. Then he gave his orders to

33

VOL. II. D

Digitized by

XENOPHON

irpoaera^p ecteoatp, ofi? he^aoi, eVet Ki)pv%eiev ,
aKo\ov6elv el he tj? /jltj d/coXovOtfaoi, Trpoelire
/jltj fie/JLyfreaOat, ttjp Blktjp. iirei S' iarjfidvOrjaav
irpoairXeovaaL /ecu eKrjpv^Or), a%ia eyepero Oeas
rj (nrovhri' ovhel? yap oari? ov 8p6/JL<p tcjp fieX-

35 Xoptoop irXelp elaefit) els t<Z9 pclvs, TrXevaa? 8e
epda fjddP ai iroXefiiai rpirfpeis, KaTaXafifidvet,
airo /jl€P tcjp dXXcop rpnjpcop els ttjp yrjp TOU9
apSpas ifcfiepri/coTas, MeXdpnnros fiePToi 6 f Po-
&09 T0Z9 re aXXois avpe/3ovXeve firj fiepeip ipravOa
teal airo? 7rXi]p(Dadp£P0<; Ttjp pavp e^eirXei. etcel-
1/09 pep oi>p KaLirep airayrSyp reus 'l<f)iK parous
pavalp o/io>9 airecfyvyep' ai 8e airo IZvpaKova&v

36 prjes airaaai edXaaap airo2s dpBpdaw. 6 fievroi
'[(pircpdrris Ta9 fikp rpirjpeis atcpcoTrjpiaadfiepos
eXtecop KarrjydyeTO els top t&p Keptcvpaicw
Xifiepa, tcjp Be apBp&p avpe&rj etcaaTOP toktov
dpyvpiop dirorelaai, ttXtjp KpipiTnrov tov dp-
'Xpmos' tovtop S' €<f)vXaTT€P, o>9 tj irpa^ofiepos
irdfiTToXXa xprffjiara f) a>9 TrcoXrjacop. Kaicelvos
pep virb Xvirr)? av0aiper<p dapdrw diroOprjaKei,
tovs S' dXXovs 6 'I<f> ik pdrrjs d<j)7]te€ t KepKvpalovs

37 eyyvrjTas Se^dfiepos t&p j(pr)fidTcop, koi to 1)9
fiep pavras yecopyovpra? tol$ Keprcvpaioi? to
TrXelaTOP 8ierpe<j>e, tou9 81 TreXraara^ tcai tou9
airo tS)p pecop OTrKiras eyjuyp 8ie/3aipev eh ttjp
1 Atcappaplap* koX etcel ral? fiep <\>iXiai<; iroXeciv
iireteovpei, et Tt9 ti 8eoiro, (dvpievai 8e, fxd\a
koI dpSpdaip dX/cifioi? koi xaplop tea pre pop

34

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. n. 34-37

twenty of the captains, whose duty it should be to 373 b.c.
follow him when the herald gave the word ; and
in case anyone failed to follow, he warned him that
he would not have occasion to find fault with his
punishment. Now when the signal came that the
triremes were approaching, and when the word was
given by the herald, the ardour of all was a sight
worth seeing; for there was no one among those
who were to sail who did not run to get aboard his
ship. When Iphicrates had reached the place where
the enemy's triremes were, he found the crews of all
save one already disembarked on the shore, but
Melanippus, the Rhodian, had not only advised the
others not to remain there, but had manned his own
ship and was sailing out to sea. Now although he
met the ships of Iphicrates, he nevertheless escaped,
but all the ships from Syracuse were captured,
along with their crews. Tnereupon Iphicrates cut off
the beaks and towed the triremes into the harbour
of Corcyra ; as for the crews, he concluded an agree-
ment that each man should' pay a fixed ransom, with
the exception of Crinippus the commander, whom
he kept under guard, intending either to exact a
very large ransom or to sell him. Crinippus, how-
ever, was so mortified that he died by a self-inflicted
death, and Iphicrates let the rest go, accepting Cor-
cyraeans as sureties for the ransoms. Now he main-
tained his sailors for the most part by having them
work for the Corcyraeans on their lands ; the pel-
tasts, however, and the hoplites from his ships he
took with him and crossed over to Acarnania. There
he gave aid to the cities which were friendly, in case
any of them needed aid, and made war upon the
Thyrians, who were very valiant men and were in

d 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

38 €Xovcrtv,^€Tro\€/Li€i. /ecu to diro Kep/cvpas vav-
ti/cov TrpoaXaftcov, <7%e8oj> irepl evevrj/covTa vav$,
irp&TOV fiev eh Ke^aXXrjviav TrXevaa? %prjfiaTa
€7rpd^aro, ra fiev nap* ckovtcov, ret Be Trap*

d/COVTCOV €7T€lTa Be 7TapeaK€vd^€TO TT]V T€ T&V

Aa/ceBaifiovLcov x™P ap KafC< *>s iroielv /cal t&v
aXXoov t&v /car ifcelva iroXecov 7roXefucov ova&v
ra? fiev eOeXovaas 7rpoaXafi/3dveiv, rofc Be firj
TreiOofievoi? iroXefielv.

39 'Eyco fiev Btj Tavrrjv ttjv arpaTrjyi'av t&v 'I<f>i-
KpaTOVs ov% r)KMJTa eiraiv&, eireiTa fcal to nrpoa-
eXeadat /ceXevaat, eavTcp KaXXiaTpaTov T€ top
Brjfirjyopov, ov fidXa €7riTr)8eiov SvTa, /cal Xafiplav,
fidXa cTpaTrjybv vofii£6/ievov. cltc yap <f>pov(-
fiovs avTOv? qyovfievos eivai o-VfijSovXov? XafieZv
effovXeTO, a&<f>pov fioi Bo /eel Stair pd^aadai, e?re
dvTiTcdXovs vo/u£(i)v, ovtco dpaaecos 1 firjTe /caTapa-
6vfi&v firjTe /caTafieX&v firjBev fyaiveaOai, fieya
<f>povovvTO<; i<f>* eavT& tovto fioi Bo/cel dvBpb?
eivai, /cd/cetvos fiev Br) TavT eirpaTTev,

III. Oi Be 'Adrjvaioi, e/cireiTTcoKOTa^ fiev bp&v-
T€? e/c tt)9 Bo^ama? nXaraia? <f>iXov<; ovTas,
/cal /caTaTrefyevyoTas irpbs avTovs, 1/eeTevovTa? Be
©eo"7r*a? fir) a<f>a^ irepuBeiv diroXiBa? yevofievov?,
ov/ceTi eirrjvovv tovs ®r)/3aLOV$, dXXa iroXefieiv

1 Opaacws : Kel. inserts after it tvparrtv vs.

• 36

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. 11. 37-m. 1

possession of a very strong fortress. Furthermore, 872 b.c.
he took over the fleet which was at Corcyra, and
with almost ninety 1 ships first sailed to Cephallenia
and collected money, in some cases with the consent
of the people, in other cases against their will. Then
he made preparations to inflict damage upon the
territory of the Lacedaemonians, and to bring over
to his side such of the other hostile states in that
region as were willing and to make war upon such as
would not yield.

Now for my part I not only commend this cam-
paign in particular among all the campaigns of
Iphicrates, but I commend, further, his directing the
Athenians to choose as his colleagues Callistratus,
the popular orator, who was not very favourably in-
clined toward him, and Chabrias, who was regarded
as a very good general. For if he thought them to
be able men and hence wished to take them as ad-
visers, he seems to me to have done a wise thing,
while on the other hand if he believed them to be
his adversaries and wished in so bold a way to prove
that he was neither remiss nor neglectful in any
point, this seems to me to be the act of a man pos-
sessed of great confidence in himself. He, then,
was occupied with these things.

HI. Meanwhile the Athenians, seeing that the s7i b.c.
Plataeans, who were their friends, had been expelled
from Boeotia and had fled to them for refuge, and
that the Thespians were beseeching them not to
allow them to be left without a city, no longer
commended the Thebans, but, on the contrary,

1 The fleet of the Corey raeans (cp. § 24 above) having been
added to Iphicrates' original seventy (§ 14) ships. The text,
however, appears to be faulty.

37

Digitized by

XENOPHON

fiw avTols rd pep yaxvvovTo, ra Se davp<j>opa><;
k'xeip i\oyi£ovTO' kolpcopclp ye fitjv avTOis &v
eirpaTTOv ov/ceri y)6e\ov, iirel edopoyp arparevoPTa^

teal ttoXw iriwras r ev tg> 777309 top ftdpfiapov

2 TroXefup teal </>t\a? eavroU a^avi^opra^. etc tovtwv
he y\ni<j>i<rdpepo$ 6 Sfjpos elprjprjp iroieZaOai, Trp&jov
flip eh ®rj/3a<; trpeafieis eirep-^e TrapateaXovPTa?
dtcoXovffeip, el @ov\oivto, els AaieehaLpopa irepl
elprjvr)r eireira Se igewepyfrap teal avrol irpe-
<r/3et9. fjp Se rcov aipeOePTcop KaWua? 'linroPL/eov,
Airo/cXr}? ~%Tpofi/3ix& ov > kypovrparos 'Api-
<TTO(f)£>PTO<;, *Api<TTorc\r}<;, KirfiaoSoTos, MeXdpco-

3 7T09, AvkcliOo*;} zeal 2 KaXXiarpaTOS Se 6 Srjprj-
yopos icaprpr V7roax6p>epo<; yap 'IQuepdrei, el
avjop a(j)elr] f fj xprjfiara irejiyfreip ra> pavriKw
r) elprjP7)P iroirjaeiv, ovtox; ' A0r)pr)<rL re r)P zeal
eirparre irepl elpijprj^ eVei Se zearearrjaap eVi
rou? €Kte\tfTOV<; re twp AazeeBacpopicop teal rov?
avppdxovs, 7T/0WTO9 eXe^ep avr&p KaXXta? o
SaSoOxo?. rjp S' o5to? 0*09 prjSep fjrrop ifieaOai
v<j)' avrov fj vtt dXXcop eiraiPovpLepo^ zeal Tore
Brj f/p^aro a>8e 7ra>9.

4 apSpes Aa/ceSai/jLGPioi, ttjp pep irpo^epiap
vp&p ov/e iya) e^o) 3 popos, dXXa zeal 7rarp6<;

1 After AvkciiBos the MSS. proceed: inel 8* trpoarjkOov HI
robs iKK\"f}TOvs re tup AaKtHaifiovtaiP xal rous ovyLfx&xovs.
These words are dropped by Kel. and almost all editors,
aft or Cobet. 2 Inserted by Kel., following Koppen.

3 Inserted by Kel., following Fritzsclio.

38

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. in. 1-4

while they were partly ashamed to make war upon 371 b.c.
them and partly reckoned it to be inexpedient, they
nevertheless refused any longer to take part with
them in what they were doing, inasmuch as they saw
that they were campaigning against the Phocians,who
were old friends of the Athenians, and were annihilat-
ing cities which had been faithful in the war against
the barbarian 1 and were friendly to Atliens. For these
reasons the Athenian people voted to make peace,
and in the first place sent ambassadors to Thebes to
invite the Thebans to go with them to Lacedaemon
to treat for peace if they so desired ; then they sent
ambassadors to Lacedaemon themselves. Among
those who were chosen were Callias, the son of
Hipponicus; Autocles, the son of Strombichides ;
Demostratus, the son of Aristophon ; Aristocles,
Cephisodotus, Melanopus, and Lycaethus. Calli-
stratus, the popular orator, also went with the em-
bassy ; for he had promised Iphicrates that if he
would let him go home, he would either send money
for the fleet or bring about peace, and consequently
he had been at Athens and engaged in efforts to
secure peace ; and when the ambassadors came before
the assembly of the Lacedaemonians and the repre-
sentatives of their allies, the first of them who spoke
was Callias, the torch -bearer. 2 He was the sort of
man to enjoy no less being praised by himself than
by others, and on this occasion he began in about
the following words :

" Men of Lacedaemon, as regards the position I
hold as your diplomatic agent, I am not the only
member of our family who has held it, but my

1 The Plataeans and Thespians had, in fact, won especial
distinction in the Persian wars.
* Of the Eleusinian mysteries, cp. 11. iv. 20.

39

Digitized by

XENOPHON

irarrjp irarptaav eyinv irapeBLBov rq> yever /3ov-
\ofmi Be /cal tovto v/itv BrjXcoaai, a>9 e^ovaa rj
7roXf? BiareXel 717309 fjfias. i/celvrf yap, orav fiev
7ro\eyu.o9 V> o-TpaTrjyov? r}fia<; aipeirai, orav Be
r)avyL^ iTriOv/irjar), elprjvo7roiov^ rjpias eKirepLirei.
Kayo* irpoaOev 81$ fjBr) fj\0ov irepl iroXepuov Kara-
Xvaew, /cal ev apforepai? raft? Trpea/Seiat^ Bie-
7rpa^d/jL7jp icai vp!iv /cal i)pZv elptfvrjv vvv Be
rpirov rj/cco, /cal rjyodfiai ttoXi) Bi/caiorara vvv av

5 BiaXXayfjs TV)(elv, opco yap oxjk aXXa puev vpuv,
aXXa Be r)pZv Bo/covvra, aXX* v/ias re a^dofievov^
teal 77/ia9 rfj HXarac&v re /cal ®ecnricov avaipeaec.
7r«9 oiv oxjk el/cbs tcl aira yiyvcoa/covra^ <f>iXov$
fiaXXov aXXtfXoi? fj iroXepi>lov^ elvai; /cal aoxfrpo-
v(ov fjbev Brjirov earl /irfBe el pifepa tc\ Biafyepovra
ei7] iroXepov avaipei<T0av el Be Brj icai ojjioyvco-
fwvoLfiev, 1 oxjk av irdvv r&v davfiaarwv etrj /jltj

6 elp7]vr]v iroieladai; BC/caiov pev ovv fjv fxrjBe birXa
eirifyepeiv aKkr\Xoi^ 17/^9, inel Xeyerai pcev Tpi-
TTToXepbd^ 6 rjfierepos irpoyovos ra ArjfirjTpo? /cal
Koprj? apprjTa lepa 7T/o<wto*9 %evoi<; 8ei%ai 'H/oa-
/cXel re Tft) vfierepq) ap^qyerrj /cal Acoc/covpoiv
rolv vpjeiepoiv iroXijaiv, /cal rov AtffirjTpo? Be
tcapirov eh irpcoTrjv ttjv UeXo7r6vvrj<rov aireppia

1 6/xoyv<i)fiovo7fi€v MSS. : 6fioyva>iJ.ovotev Kel.

1 Triptolemus of Eleusis had, according to the legend,
carried from Attica throughout Greece both the cult of

40

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. in. 4-6

father's father received it from his father and handed 371 b.c
it on to his descendants ; and I also wish to make
clear to you how highly esteemed we have been by
our own state. For whenever there is war she
chooses us as generals, and whenever she becomes
desirous of tranquillity she sends us out as peace-
makers. I, for example, have twice before now come
here to treat for a termination of war, and on both
these embassies I succeeded in achieving peace both
for you and for ourselves; now for a third time I
am come, and it is now, I believe, that with greater
justice than ever before I should obtain a reconcilia-
tion between us. For I see that you do not think
one way and we another, but that you as well as we
are distressed over the destruction of Plataea and
Thespiae. How, then, is it not fitting that men who
hold the same views should be friends of one another
rather than enemies? Again, it is certainly the
part of wise men not to undertake war even if they
should have differences, if they be slight ; but if, in
fact, we should actually find ourselves in complete
agreement, should we not be astounding fools not
to make peace ? The right course, indeed, would
have been for us not to take up arms against one
another in the beginning, since the tradition is
that the first strangers to whom Triptolemus, 1 our
ancestor, revealed the mystic rites of Demeter and
Core were Heracles, your state's founder, and the
Dioscuri, your citizens ; and, further, that it was
upon Peloponnesus that he first bestowed the seed

Demeter and the knowledge of her art — agriculture. Heracles
was the traditional ancestor of the Spartan kings (cp. in. iii.
3), while the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux, were putative sons
of Tyndareus of Sparta.

41

Digitized by

XENOPHON

BcopTjaaadai. 7rG>9 oi)v Bi/eaiop fj ufias, irap &v
iXdftere awepfiaTa, top tovtohv 7rork Kapirbv
eXdeiP SyaKTOvras, fjfia? re, 0I9 iSdofea/xep, firj
ovxl fiovXeadai (£><? irXelaT^p tovtois afyQoviav
Tpo<j)f}<; yepeadai; el Be apa i/c Oe&p ireirpoDfiepov
iarl iroXifjbovs iv dvOpwiroi? yLyveadai, rjfia? Be 1
Xprj ap^eo-dai fiev avrov d>9 a^oXairara, orav
he yevrjrai, KaraXveadai fj hvvarbv TayiGTa.

7 Merit tovtop AvTO/cXrjs, fidXa Bokcop eiriarpe-
<f>rj<; elpai ptfrap, &Be rjyopevep* "ApBpe? Aa/ceBai-
/jloploi, 07 i fiep a fieXXa) 'Keyeiv ov 717909 ydpiv
v/mp ptjdrjaerac ov/e ay pod* dXXa Boicel fioi,
oirives fiovXoPTCii, r)p civ TronjacopTai <f>iXiap,
ravrrfp d>9 ir'XelaTOP yjpbvop Biapuepeip, BiBaiCTeov
elpai dXXrjXovs rd atria tcop iroXeficov. vfjueis Be
del flip <f>are* Avtopo/jlov? t<z9 7r6Xei<; XPV elpai,
avrol 8' iare fidXiara ifnroBoav rfj avrovofua,
avvTiOeade fiep yap irpb? rd<; av/jt,fiaxiBa<; 7roXei<i
tovto 7rp(0TOv, d/coXovOeip oiroi dv v/j,€i$ rjyriaOe.

8 fcalroi rl tovto avTovopla irpoarj/cei; iroieiade he
noXefiiov^ ovk dvatcoivovfiepoi ro?9 avfi^d^pi^,
Aral €7ri tovtov? r^yelade* &&Te iroXXdicis eirl tol><?
eifiepeo-TaTOVs dvayrcd£oPTai aTpaTeveiP oi Xeyo-
fievoi avTOPOfioi elpai . cti Be to iraPToop ipaPTMo-
totov avTOvofila, KaOLaTaTe epQa fxev Be/cap^ia? ,
evOa Be TpiateoPTapxtw fcal tovtcop tcop dpyov-
rcop iirifjieXeiaOe ovx otto)? po/xtfiax; dpxoaiv,
dXX* 07ra)9 BvpayvTai fiia KaTe^eip ra9 TroXeis.

1 5e MSS,: 5), Kel.

42

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. m. 6-8

of Demeter's fruit. How, then, can it be right, S7i».c.
either that you should ever come to destroy the
fruit of those very men from whom you received the
seed, or that we should not desire those very men,
to whom we gave the seed, to obtain the greatest
possible abundance of food? But if it is indeed
ordered of the gods that wars should come among
men, then we ought to begin war as tardily as we
can, and, when it has come, to bring it to an end as
speedily as possible."

After him Autccles, who had the reputation of
being a very incisive orator, spoke as follows : " Men
of Lacedaemon, that what I am about to say will
not be said to your pleasure, I am not unaware ; but it
seems to me that men who desire the friendship which
they may establish to endure for the longest possible
time, ought to point out to one another the causes
of their wars. Now you always say, 'The cities must
be independent/ but you are yourselves the greatest
obstacle in the way of their independence. For the
first stipulation you make with your allied cities is
this, that they follow wherever you may lead. And
yet how is this consistent with independence ? And
you make for yourselves enemies without taking
counsel with your allies, and against those enemies
you lead them ; so that frequently they who are said
to be independent are compelled to take the field
against men most friendly to themselves. Further-
more — and there can be nothing in the world more
opposed to independence — you establish governments
of ten here and governments of thirty there ; and in
the case of these rulers your care is, not that they
shall rule according to law, but that they shall be able
to hold possession of their cities by force. So that

43

Digitized by

XENOPHON

&ar* ioifcaT€ rvpavviai fiaXXov fj TroXiTeiais
9 rjBSfievoi, fcal Sre fiev f3acrik€v<; Trpoairarrev
airovofiov? t^9 7ro\€t? elvai, fidXa yiyv&aicovTes
e<f>aivea0e otl el fifj edaoiev oi @7]/3clloi e/cdarrfv
tcjp iroXewv apyew re eavTrj? /cat 0I9 &v fiovXrjrat
vofioi? \pr\aOat, ov Troitfaovai Kara ra /3ao-iXeco$
ypdfifiara' eire\ Be irapeXd/Sere rrjv KaBfieiav,
ouS' avTOis ®r)/3aioi<; eireTpeireTe avjovofiovs elvai.
Set Be tovs fieXXovTas </>A,ol>9 eaeaOai ov irapa
T(ov dXXcov fiev a%iovv twv Bikcllcov ivyydveiv,
avroix; Be 07ra>9 &v irXelara Bvvoyvrai TrXeove-
ktovvtcls <f>aip€(T0ai.

10 Tavra eliroov (tlcott^v fiev irapa irdvronv eiroL-
rjaev, r)Bofievov$ Be* tou9 dydofievov^ rofc Aa/ce-
Baifioviois eiroirjae. fiera tovtov JZaXXicTpaTO?
eXegev 'AX\' 07rG)9 fiev, & avBpes AatceBaifiovioi,
oifc eyyeyevrjrai dfiapTjjfiara teal a</>' rjficbv teal
d(f> y v/i&v iya) fiev ovk av eyeiv fioi Bo/ca> elirelv
ov fievTOi ovtq) ytyv (jiktkio a>9 to?9 dfiaprdvovaiv
ovBeiroTe en yprjareov. 6pa> yap ra>v dv6p(OTT(ov
ovBeva dvafidprrjTov BiareXovvra. Boteovai Be
fioi /cal evTropcorepoL eviore yiyveadat dvOptoiroi
dfiaprdvovTe^, aXXco? t€ koi edv KoXaaO&aiv viro

11 tcjv dfiaprrffidrayv, a>9 r)fiels. /ecu hfilv Be eycoye
6 pay Bia ret dyvcofi6va><; irpaydevra eanv ore
7roXXa avTLTVira yiyvofieva 9 cov ffv koX fj rcara-
Xrj<f)0ei<Ta ev ®r]/3ai<; KaBfieia* vvv yovv, a9
eairovBdaare avrovofwvs 7roXei$ 1 yeveaOai, ira-
<rai irdXiv, iirel ^BiKijdrjaav oi ®rj/3aloi, eV

1 &s . . . ir6\ets Breitenbach : us . . . ras ir6\tis MSS. : ols
. • . ras ir6\tis Kel.

44

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. m. *-n

you manifestly take pleasure in despotisms rather 87i b.c.
thaH in free governments. Again, when the King
directed that the cities be independent, you showed
yourselves strongly of the opinion that if the The-
bans did not allow each one of their cities, not only
to rule itself, but also to live under whatever laws
it chose, they would not be acting in accordance
with the King's writing; but when you had seized
the Cadmea, you did not permit even the Thebans
themselves to be independent. The right thing/
however, is that those who are going to be friends
should not insist upon obtaining their full rights
from others, and then show themselves disposed to
grasp the most they can."

By these words he caused silence on the part of
all, while at the same time he gave pleasure to those
who were angry with the Lacedaemonians. After
him Callistratus said : " Men of Lacedaemon, that
mistakes have not been made, both on our side and
on yours, I for one do not think I could assert ; but
I do not hold to the opinion that one ought never
again to have any dealings with people who make
mistakes. For I see that no one in the world remains
always free from error. And it seems to me that
through making mistakes men sometimes become
even easier to deal with, especially if they have in-
curred punishment in consequence of their mistakes,
as we have. In your own case, also, I see that
sometimes many reverses result from the things you
have done with too little judgment, among which
was, in fact, the seizure of the Cadmea in Thebes ;
now, at any rate, the cities which you were eager to
make independent have all, in consequence of the
wrong done to the Thebans, fallen again under their

45

Digitized by

XENOPHON

itctlvoL? yeyepifvrai, &are rrerraiBev fievov? fjfias
c!>? to irXeopeKrelp aKepBes ean vvv iXrri£<o irdXiv „
12 fierpLov? ev rfj nrpbs dXXtfXov ? (f>i\ia eaeadai. a
Be ftovXofiepoi npe$ drrorperrecv rrjv elprjprjp &a-
fidXXovaip, ft)? rjfiets oi <\>l\lcl<; Seofiepoi, dXXa.
<f>o/3ov/jL€POi fit) ' ApTaXtciSas eXOy e%ft>f rrapa
fiaaiXecos xprjfiara, Bed rovO' rjKOfiep, ipOvfiijdrjre
ft>9 <f>Xvapovai. ftaaiXevs fiep yap Brpirov eypayfre
Travels ra? ev rfj 'EXXdBi rroXecs airopojiovs
elvar rjfiels Be ravra €K€lpm Xeyopres re fcal
rrpdrropres ri ap <j>o/3oLfieda fiaaiXea; fj rovro
oieraL ns, ft>? itcelpos ftovXerai ^prjfiara dpa\a>-
<xa? aXXov? fieyaXov? iroirjcrai fiaXXop r) apev
BairaPTjf; a eypay apiara ehac, ravra eavra* ire-
rrpd^Oai;

J 3 Elei/. ri firjp fjKOfiep; on fiep oZp ovk arro-
povpres ypolrjre ap, el fiep fiovXeaOe, rrpbs ra
Kara OdXarrap IBopres, el Be ftovXeaOe, rrpb? ra
Kara yrjp ep rq> irapopn. ri firjp earip; evBrfXov
on rtop avfifidyo&p npe$ ovk dpeara rrpdrrovaiv
rj flip. 1 taws Be Kal ffovXoifieO' ap &p epeKa jnepie-
aooaare rffias a opdws eyvwfiep 2 vfilp emBel^ai.

14 ipa Be Kal rou avfi<f)6pov en irrifiprjaO^, elal fiev
Brjirov rraaojp rcop rroXeajp ai fiep ra vfierepa, ai
Be ra r/fierepa <f>popovo~at, Kal ev eKdarp rroXei
oi fiep XaKcovi^ovaiP, oi Bk drriKL^ovaiP, el oiv

1 etiSriKoi/ on . . . r)ixip Kurz : *&Zi\\ov Sti u . . . rituv ff v^ilv
d.pe<rr<l MSS. , which Kel. retains, while marking the passage
as corrupt.

2 & opdws tyvufitv MSS.: ws bpOws tyvur* Kel.

4 6

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. m. 11-14

power. Hence I hope that now, when we have been 371 b.c.
taught that to seek selfish advantage is unprofitable,
we shall again be reasonable in our friendship with
each other. Now touching the slanderous allega-
tions of certain people who wish to defeat the peace,
to the effect that we have come here, not because we
desire friendship, but rather because we fear that
Antalcidas may arrive with money from the King,
consider how foolishly they are talking. For the
King directed, as you know, that all the cities in
Greece were to be independent; why then should
we, who agree with the King in both word and
deed, be afraid of him ? Or does anyone imagine
that the King prefers to spend money and make
others great, rather than, without expense, to have
those things accomplished for him which he judged
to be best ?

"So much for that. Why, then, have we come?
That it surely is not because we are in straits, you
could discover, if you please, by looking at the situa-
tion by sea or, if you please, at the situation by land
at the present time. What, then, is the reason ?
Manifestly that some of our allies are doing what is
not pleasing to us. And perhaps we also should
like to show you the gratitude we rightly conceived
toward you because you preserved us. 1 Further-
more, to mention also the matter of expediency,
there are, of course, among all the cities of Greece,
some that take your side and others that take ours,
and in each single city -some people favour the Lace-
daemonians and others the Athenians. If, therefore,

1 At the close of the Peloponnesian war the Lacedae-
monians rejected the proposal urged by many of their allies,
that Athens should be destroyed, cp. 11. ii. 19, 20.

47

Digitized by

XENOPHON '

rjfiels <f>l\oi yevol/xeda, iroOev av ecKOTCO^ ^aXeirov
tl irpoaSofC7](TaifjL€v; Kal yap 8^ Kara yrjv /xev ti<?
av Vficjv <^lXcov ovtcov l/cavo? yevoiro ij/ia9 Xwirrj-
aai; Kara OdXarrdv ye /xrjv *U9 av £7-10*9 fiXdyjrai

15 tl rj/xcov vfiiv €7riTrjSeLQ)v ovtcov; dXXa fiivroi on
fjiev TToXe/jLOi del it ore yuyvovrai Kal otl /caraXv-
ovrai 7raVre9 iirLardfieOa, teal otl ^/xefc, av /jltj
vvv, dXX* avOLs 7TOT6 elprjvr)? eirLOv/jLijcro/iev, t£
ovv Set i/ceivov rbv ypbvov dvap.evetv, ea>9 av vtto
irXi)dov$ KaKcov diremcD/iev, /molXXov rj ov% a>9
rd^iara irpiv tl avrj/cearov yeveadaL ttjv eiprjvrfv

16 TTOLTjaaaBai; dXXd firjv ov& itcelvovs eycoye iiraivco
oiTive? dyooviaral yevofxevoL /cat vevLKrjKOTe^ fjSr)
TToXXd/ei? koX Sogav e^ovre^ ovtco cf>iXovLKOvaiv
(bare oi TTporepov iravovTatt irplv av rjTTrjdevTe^
ttjv d<JKy](Tiv tcaraXvacocriv, oiSe ye tcov kv&cvtcov
oltiv€<; ai idv ev tl eirLTvycoaL, irepl hLirXacrLcov
KvfievovGW opto yap real tcov tolovtcov tou?

17 irXeLOV*; diropov? navTairaaL yLyvo/ievovs. a ^PV
ical r)fid$ opcovTas eh fiev tolovtov dycova fjLrjSe-
irore KaTaarrjvai, war r) irdvra Xaftelv r) irdvr
dirofiaXelv, eo>9 he koX eppcofieOa Kal evTvxovfiev,
<f>LXov$ dXXrjXoL? yeveaOaL. ovtco yap rj/ieis t'
av Sl {spa? zeal vfieZs Sl r/fMas ctl fie'i^ovs fj top
irapeXOovTa xpovov ev Tjj 'EWaSt dvaaTpe<f>OL-
fjL€0a.

18 &o%dvrcov Se tovtcov koXcos eliretv, iyjrrjcfrio-avTO
Kal oi Aa/ceSaL/MOVLOi he^ecrOaL ttjv elprjvqv, ecf>, co
tou9 T€ apfioo-Tas ck tcov iroXecov eEdyeiv, ra re
o-Tparoireha faaXveLV Kal tcl vavTLKa Kal tcl ire-
tyfcd, ra9 T€ 7ro\€^9 avTOvo/xovs eav. el he t*9
irapd TavTa ttoioltj, tov fikv ftovXofievov j3o7]0elv

4 s

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. in. 14-18

we should become friends, from what quarter could 371 b.c.
we with reason expect any trouble ? For who could
prove strong enough to vex us by land if you were
our friends ? And who could do you any harm by
sea if we were favourably inclined toward you?
Moreover, we all know that wars are forever break-
ing out and* being concluded, and that we — if not
now, still at some future time — shall desire peace
again. Why, then, should we wait for the time when
we shall have become exhausted by a multitude of
ills, and not rather conclude peace as quickly as pos-
sible before anything irremediable happens? Again,
I for my part do not commend those men who, when
they have become competitors in the games and have
already been victorious many times and enjoy fame,
are so fond of contest that they do not stop until
they are defeated and so end their athletic training ;
nor on the other hand do I commend those dicers
who, if they win one success, throw for double stakes,
for I see that the majority of such people become
utterly impoverished. We, then, seeing these things,
ought never to engage in a contest of such a sort
that we shall either win all or lose all, but ought
rather to become friends of one another while we
are still strong and successful. For thus we through
you, and you through us, could play even a greater
part in Greece than in times gone by.' '

Since these men were adjudged to have spoken
rightly, the Lacedaemonians voted to accept the
peace, with the provision that all should withdraw
their governors from the cities, disband their arma-
ments both on sea and on land, and leave the cities
independent. And if any state should act in violation
of this agreement, it was provided that any which so

49

VOL. II. K

Digitized by

XENOPHON

t<w ahucoviievais w-oXeai, to3 Se firj /SouXofievrp
fit) eivai evopKOv av/x/Aaxeiv toi$ dSifcov/xevois.

19 iirl tovtois ob/jLoaav AatceSai/jbovioi /xev virep av-
t&v zeal tcov gvmicl'Xjcdv, 'AOrjvaioi Se teal oi <jv^l-
yjfXpi Karii iroXet,? etcao-TOi. diroypay^dfievoL S'
iv rai9 6/jLcofioKVUcus TTokeai teal oi ®rj/3acoi, irpoa-
e\66vTe<; irdXiv rfj vGTepala oi Trpeaftei? avr&v
irceXevov fieraypafpeiv dvrl (drjftaiwv TSomotoih;
ojjxo/AOtcoTa?. 6 'AyrjaiXao? dwefcpivaTo on
/xeTaypdyfrei p.ev ovhev &v to irpSyrov cofjuoadv re
teal aTreypdyfravTo* el /jlcvtoi fifj ftovXoivTO iv rat?
GTTOvZaZs elvai, i%aXeL$eiv c\v e(f>rj, el /ceXevoiev.

20 ovtco Brj elprjvqv tcov aXXcov 7re7Toir)fjLeva)v, trpos Se
®r)/3aiov<; fMovov? dvriXoyLa<; ovar)$, oi fiev 'A0tj-
valoi o#tg>9 eiypv ttjv yv(op,rjv a>9 vvv ®T)j3aLovs
to Xeyofievov Srj SefcarevOfjvcu iX7rU eirj, avTol Se
oi (drjftalot, iravreXcos dQvfjLax; fyovTes dirfjXOov.

IV. 'Eac Se tovtov oi puev 'AOrjvaloi Ta? re
<j>povpd$ i/c r&V ttoXg&v dirrjyov teal 'I<f>itcpaTr)v
teal t^9 vav<; pLeTeirifiTrovTO, teal oca vorepov
ekafie fjuerd toi>9 optcovs tov$ iv AateeSaifiovi
2 yevofiivov?, irdvra rjvdyfeaaav diroSovvai. Aatee-
Baifjbovioc fiivToi ite fiev tcov aXXcov iroXecov tov?
T€ dpiioaTas teal tovs (ppovpov? dirrfyayov, KXeofj,-
PpoTov Se e\ovTa to iv Qodtcevoi aTpaTevfia teal
iirepcoTCJVTa tol oltcoi TeXrj tL ^ptj iroietv, UpoOoou

5°

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. m. 18-iv. 2

desired might aid the injured cities, but that any 87i b.c.
which did not so desire was not under oath to be the
ally of those who were injured. On these terms the
Lacedaemonians took the oath for themselves and
their allies, while the Athenians and their allies
took the oath severally, city by city. The Thebans
also signed their names among the cities which had
sworn, but on the following day their ambassadors
came in again and demanded that the writing be
changed to read that "the Boeotians' ' instead of
"the Thebans" had sworn. 1 Agesilaus, however,
replied that he would change no part of what they
had sworn to and signed in the first place ; but if
they did not wish to be included in the treaty, he
said that he would strike out their names if they so
directed. When, accordingly, under these circum-
stances the others had concluded peace, while the
only controversy was with the Thebans, the Atheni-
ans were of the opinion that now there was hope
that the Thebans would be decimated, as the com-
mon saying puts it, and as for the Thebans them-
selves, they went home utterly despondent.

IV. After this the Athenians, on their side, pro-
ceeded to withdraw their garrisons from the cities
and to send after Iphicrates and his ships, and they
compelled him to give back everything which he had
captured after the time when the oaths were taken
at Lacedaemon. But the Lacedaemonians, on the
other hand, while they withdrew both their governors
and their garrisons from all the other cities, did not
follow this course in the case of Cleombrotus, who
was at the head of the army in Phocis and now
asked the authorities at home what he should do.

1 i.e. insisting upon their claim to headship in Boeotia.

k 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

XeljapTos oti avTw SoKoirj SiaXvaapTas to arpd
Tevpa Kara tov$ opKovs Kal TrepiayyeiXaPTa? reus
iroXeai avpftaXeaOai eh top poop tov 1 AttoXXcopo*;
oiroGov jSovXoiTO k/cdaTrj ttoXis, eireiTa el prj ti$
€<prj avTOPopov? tcls 7roXei<; elvai, totc irdXtv
TrapaicaXeaavTai; oaoc Tjj avTOPopia /3ovXolpto
fiorjOeip, dyeip iwl tovs evavTLOvpevovr ovtco yap
av €<f>Tj oteaOai tov$ re Oeov? evpeveaTaTovs elvai

3 Kal t<Z9 ttoXw t\kigt av d^Oeadai' r\ 8' eKKXrjala
dfcovaaaa Tama itceivov piv fyXvapelp fjyrjaaTO'
i]8r) yap, &><? €0iK€, to haipopiov fjyev iireaTeiXap
8e Tq> K.Xeop/3poTcp prj hiaXveiv to aTpaTevfia,
a\V evOvs ayeiv eirl tovs Srjftaiovs, el pij avTo-
vopovs d(f>LOL€v ra9 iroXeis. 1 eirel ovv jjaffeTO ov%
07r&)<? Ta? 7roXet9 d<f)i€PTa<;, aW' oiSe to o~Tpd-
Tevpa SiaXvoPTas, a>9 dvTiTUTTOtVTO 717)09 avTov, 2
ovtco Srj ayei ttjp CTpaTidv eh ttjp JSoicoTuap.

Kal fj pep oi tyrjfiaioi epfiaXelp avTov ck tcop
<&Q)/cect)v irpoaeSoKcop teal inl aTepco tvpi etyvXaTTOP
ovk ipftdXXer Sia Qiaficop Be opeiprjp teal dirpoa-
Soktjtop iropevBeh d<f>iKpeiTai eh Kpevaip, Kal
to T€^09 alpeiy Kal Tpirjpeis to>p tyijftaicop ScoSetca

4 Xapfidpei. Tama 8e Troi^aa? Kal dpafias airb
tt}<; 0aXaTTf)<;, eaTpaToireSevaaTo ep AevKTpois
t?}9 ©€(T7r^/c^9. ol he (")7)/3aioi eo'TpaToirehevaapro
eirl tco diraPTiKpv Xocjxp ov iroXv BiaXeLTroPTes,

1 After ir6\cts the MSS. proceed : 6 8e KKeSfiBporot
lirciS^ iirvdtro tV tipiivrjv yeyfvrjfjLtvrjVj irtfi^as vpbs robs
4<p<tpovs iipdra rl XP^I *oi*tv ol 8* iictXevcav avrbv arpartvttv
4*1 robs &r)8alovs, cl fx^ &<t>lotcv ras Boiwrlas *6\tts avrov6/xovs.
These words are dropped by Kel. and all editors.

2 ws kvrtra.7roivro icpbs abr6v Brodaeus : its ivrtrdrrovro
irpbs avrovs MSS., which Kel. retains, but brackets.

j Digitized by 1

HELLENICA, VI. iv. 2-4

Prothous did indeed say that it seemed to him they 371 b.c.
ought first to disband the army in accordance with
their oaths and send round word to the various cities
to make contributions, as large as each city chose to
make, to the temple of Apollo, 1 and afterwards, in
case anyone tried to prevent the cities from being
independent, to call together again at that time all
who wished to support the cause of independence
and lead them against those who opposed it ; for he
thought, he continued, that in this way the gods
would be most favourably inclined toward them and
the cities would be least annoyed. The Lacedae-
monian assembly, however, upon hearing these words,
came to the conclusion that he was talking nonsense ;
for at this moment, as it seems, Fate was leading
them on ; and they sent orders to Cleombrotus not
to disband his army, but to lead it at once against
the Thebans if they did not leave the cities indepen-
dent. When, therefore, he learned that, so far from
leaving the cities independent, the Thebans were
not even disbanding their army, in order that they
might marshal themselves against him, under these
circumstances he undertook to lead his troops into
Boeotia.

Now Cleombrotus did not enter Boeotia from
Phocis at the point where the Thebans expected him
to enter and where they were keeping guard at a
narrow pass ; but proceeding by way of Thisbae along
a mountainous and unexpected route, he arrived at
Creusis, captured its wall, and took twelve triremes
belonging to the Thebans. After accomplishing
this exploit and marching up from the sea-coast, he
encamped at Leuctra, in the territory of Thespiae.
And the Thebans encamped on the opposite hill not
1 %,e, for a war fund. r ,_

Digitized by

XENOPHON

oihevas e^ovre^ avjifidxpv? c\X' fj tov<; Boto>-
tou?. ev6a Srj t& K.\€0/jLf3p6r(p oi fiev <j)iXot, irpoc-

5 iovt€<; eXeyov *H KXeo/iftpoTe, el d^rjaei^ t6i>?
(drjfiauQVs dvev fidxrjs, Kivhwevaei*; vtto Tt}? tto-
\ea>? ra ecyaTa TraOelv. dvapLvrjadrjaovraL yap
gov teal ore ei? Kvvb? fC€<j>a\d^ afyiKOfievos oihev
rr}$ %obpa<; tcov Srjfiaicov ihycoaa?, Kal ore VGTepov
<TTpaT6V(ov direKpovaOr]^ Trjs ififtoXf}?, ' AyrjaiXdov
del €/jLj3dWovTos hid tov KiOaipayvoq. etirep oiv
r) aavrov fctfBy r) t^9 TrarpLho^ eiriOvfieis, dtcreov
eirl toi»? dvhpas. oi fiev <f>i\oi roiavra eXeyov oi
8' evavTior N0z> 8?;, e<j)aaav, hr)X(Do~ei 6 dvrjp el tw
ovti KTjheTai T(ov ®r)/3ai(ov, &airep Xeyerai. 1

6 'O piv hrj KXeofiftporo? ravra dtcovmv irapco^v-
vero 7rpo? to y^d^v cvvdinetv. t£>v 8' av ®rj^ai(ov
oi TTpoeo-T&Tes iXoyi^ovro co? el firj paypivjo, diro-
arrjaoivro fiev ai irepioiKihe^ avr&v 7ro\e*?, airol
he TToXiopKrjaoivTO' el he fifj egoi 6 hrj/xos 6 ®r)-
fiaiuiv TaTriTijheia, on Kivhvvevaoi Kal rj ttoXis
avToi? evavria yeviaOai. are he Kal ire^evy 6t€$
irpoadev iroXXol aircov eXoyl^ovro Kpelrrov elvai

7 fiaxofievovs d'rroBvyo'Keiv fj irdXiv fyevyeiv. irpbs
he tovtoi? irapeddppvve fiev ti avTovs Kal 6 XPV-
G/Jidq 6 Xeyop,evo<; a>$ heoi ivravOa AaKehai/jLoviov?
r/TTrjdijvaL ev6a to t&v irapOevayv fjv fivfj/xa, at
Xeyovrai hid to f3taa0r)vac vtto Aa/ceSaifiovicov
Tivcov diroKTelvai eavrds. Kal iKoo'firjaav Si)
tovto to fjLvrjfia oi ®rj/3aloi irpb t^9

1 Ae-ycTcu MSS. : Kel.

54

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. iv. 4-7

very far away, with no allies except the Boeotians. S7i b.c.
Then his friends went to Cleombrotus and said :
" Cleombrotus, if you let the Thebans escape without
a battle, you will be in danger of suffering the utter-
most penalty at the hands of your state. For they
will remember against you not only the time when
you reached Cynoscephalae and laid waste no part of
the country of the Thebans, but also the time when,
on your later expedition, you were beaten back from
effecting your entrance, although Agesilaus always
made his entrance by way of Cithaeron. Therefore
if you really have a care for yourself or a desire to see
your fatherland again, you must lead against these
men." Such were the words of his friends; but his
opponents said : " Now is the time when the man will
make it clear whether he is in truth partial to the
Thebans, as rumour has it."

Cleombrotus, then, as he heard these things was
spurred on to join battle. The leaders of the Thebans,
on the other hand, calculated that if they did not
fight, the cities round about would revolt from them
and they would themselves be besieged ; further,
that if the people of Thebes were thus cut off from
provisions, the city itself would be in danger of
turning against them. And since many of them
had been in exile before, they estimated that it was
better to die fighting than to be exiled again.
Besides this, they were also somewhat encouraged
by the oracle which was reported — that the Lace-
daemonians were destined to be defeated at the spot
where stood the monument of the virgins, "who are
said to have killed themselves because they had been
violated by certain Lacedaemonians. The Thebans
accordingly decorated this monument before the

55

Digitized by

XENOPHON

dirrjyyeXXero Be teal ete t>)9 7roX€«e)5 air oh a>9 01
re vetp rrdvres avrofiaroi dvecoyovro, di re iepeiai
Xeyoiev a>9 viterjv oi Oeol cf>aivoiev. etc Be rov
'HpatcXeiov teal ra SirXa ec\>aaav a<f>avfj eivai, 0&9
rov ' HpatcXeovs eh rrjv p>dyr\v it-copfirjfjLevov. oi
/lev Brj rives Xiyovcriv 009 ravra rrdvra reyyd-

8 a p.ar a r\v rcov Trpoearrj/eorcov. eh 8' ovv rtjv
pbd^qv roh p>ev AatceSaifJLovloi? irdvra evavria
iyiyvero, rots Be irdvra teal virb rfjs Ti/^779 learcop-
dovro. Tfv fiev yap fier apiarov rep KXeopifiportp
{] reXevraia ftovXrj ire pi T1J9 p*d)(r)$* ev Be rfj
fji€(T7)fif3pLa viroirivovrcov teal rbv olvov rrapo^vvaL

9 ri airov? eXeyov. eirel Be coirXi^ovro etcdrepoi
teal rrpoBrfkov fjBrj 7jv on fid^r) ecroiro, irpcorov
fjuev dmevai mpfirj/xevcov etc rov T&oicoriov crrpa-
revfiaros rcov rrjv dyopav Trapecrtcevateorcov teal
ertcevo<f>6pcov rivcov teal rcov oi ftovXojievcov pA~
%ecrOai, rrepuovres tcvteXco 01 re puerd rov 'lepcovos
puadofyopoi teal oi rcov <t>co/cecov ireXraaral teal
rcov iirirecov 'HpateXecorai teal <$>Xeidcrioi eiriOe-
pevoi roh dmovaiv eirearpeyfrdv re airovs teal
teareBLco!*av irpbs rb crrparoireBov rb rcov Bo*a>-
rcov. coare noXtt p,e*v eiroirjaav puel^ov re teal
dOpocorepov fj TTpoerdev rb rcov Roicorcov crrpd-

10 revpia. eireira Be, are teal neBiov 6W09 rov
pueraljv, irpoerd^avro p.ev rfjs eavrcov cf>dXayyo$
oi AateeBaipiovioi rov$ imrea^, dvrerd^avro 5'
air 01$ teal oi Hrjfiaioi 701)9 eavrcov. rjv Bk rb
piev rcov &7}/3aicov Ittttikov pLepieXerrjtebs Bid re rbv

56

d by Google

HELLENICA, VI. iv. 7-10

battle. Furthermore, reports were brought to them 371 b.c.
from the city that all the temples were opening of
themselves, and that the priestesses said that the
gods revealed victory. And the messengers reported
that from the Heracleium the arms also had dis-
appeared, indicating that Heracles had gone forth
to the battle. Some, to be sure, say that all these
things were but devices of the leaders. But in the
battle, at any rate, everything turned out adversely
for the Lacedaemonians, while for the other side
everything went prosperously, even to the gifts of
fortune. For it was after the morning meal that
Cleombrotus held his last council over the battle,
and drinking a little, as they did, at the middle of
the day, it was said that the wine helped somewhat
to excite them. Again, when both sides were arming
themselves and it was already evident that there
would be a battle, in the first place, after those who
had provided the market and some baggage-carriers
and such as did not wish to fight had set out to
withdraw from the Boeotian army, the Lacedaemo-
nian mercenaries under Hieron, the peltasts of the
Phocians, and, among the horsemen, the Heracleots
and Phliasians made a circuit and fell upon these
people as they were departing, and not only turned
them about but chased them back to the camp of
the Boeotians. Thereby they made the Boeotian
army much larger and more densely massed than it
had been before. In the second place, since the space
between the armies was a plain, the Lacedaemonians
posted their horsemen in front of their phalanx, and
the Thebans in like manner posted theirs over against
them. Now the cavalry of the Thebans was in good
training as a result of the war with the Orchomenians

57

Digitized by

XENOPHON

7T/0O9 'OpftO/JLeVLOV? TToXepLOV KCU BtCL TOV 7T/0O9

®€ff7rta?, tols Be Aa/ceBaipoviois kclt eiceivov tov

11 %povov TTOvqporarov r)v to Ittttlicov. eTpe<f>ov pev
yap tow? iinrovs oi 7r\ovai(OTaTor iirel Be
<f>povpa ^>av9eirj t totc fj/cev 6 a vvtct ay pevos* Xa-
f3obv B' av tov lttttov /cal oirXa oTTola BoOeirj avT<p
i/c tov Trapayjpr\p,a av iaTpaTeveTO' tcoV B* av
ajpaTMDT&v oi to?9 adopaaiv a&vvaTcoTaTot, teal

12 r\KiaTa fyikoTifLoi iirl tcjv iinrcov fjaav. toiovtov
pev ovv to Ittttlkov e/caTepcov r)v. 7-779 Be <f>dXay-
709 toi>9 p>ev Ka/ceBaip,ovLov<; e<f>aaav eh Tpels ttjv
ivayfiOTi'av ayew tovto Be avpfiaiveiv avTofc ov
irXeov r) eh Ba>Be/ca to ftdOos. oi Be ®rj/3aioi ov/c
eXaTTov r) iirl irevTrjKOVTa ao"rrLB(ov avveaTpap,-
/xevoi fjaav, Xoyi^opevoi a>9 el vt/crjaetav to irepl
tov ftaaiXea, to aXXo ttclv eix^ipcoTOv eaoiTo.

13 'E7ret Be fjp^aTO ayeiv 0 KXeop/SpoTO? 717)09
70^9 TToXefilovs, trp&TOV pev irplv koX alaOeaOai
to fieT avTOV aTpaTevpua oti r)yoiTO, teal Br) teal oi
iinreh avvefiefiXrj/ceaav /cal Tayy r\TTryvTO oi t&v
XaKeBaifiovLayv. <f>evyovTe$ Bk eveireTTTwiceaav
T019 eavT&v oirXLTat^, eTi Be iveftaXXov oi t&v
®r)/3aLG)v Xo^ol. o/xa>9 Be a>9 oi pev irepl tov
K.Xeop/3poTov to TTp&Tov ifcpaTovv Trj paxv aa<f>ei
TOVT(p Tetcprjp'up yvoirj 7-49 av oi yap &v eBvvavTO
avTov aveXeaOai /cal %&vra aireveyKelv, el pur) oi
irpo avTov paxop*evoi eire/cpaTovv ev e/ceivq* T<p

14 XP° V( P* * 7re * psw* 01 aired ave Aeivcov re 0 7ro\e-

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. nr. 10-14

and the war with the Thespians, while the cavalry of 87i b.c.
the Lacedaemonians was exceedingly poor at that
time. For the richest men kept the horses, and it
was only when the ban was called out that the ap-
pointed trooper presented himself; then he would
get his horse and such arms as were given him, and
take the field on the moment's notice. As for the
men, on the other hand, it was those who were least
strong of body and least ambitious who were
mounted on the horses. Such, then, was the cavalry
on either side. Coming now to the infantry, it was
said that the Lacedaemonians led each half-company
three files abreast, and that this resulted in the
phalanx being not more than twelve men deep. 1
The Thebans, however, were massed not less than
fifty shields deep, calculating that if they conquered
that part of the army which was around the King,
all the rest of it would be easy to overcome.

Now when [Cleombrotus began to lead his army
against the enemy, in the first place, before the
troops under him so much as perceived that he
was advancing, the horsemen had already joined
battle and those, of the Lacedaemonians had speedily
been worsted ; then in their flight they had fallen
foul of their own hoplites, and, besides, the com-
panies of the Thebans were now charging upon
them. Nevertheless, the fact that Cleombrotus and
his men were at first victorious in the battle may
be known from this clear indication : they would
not have been able to take him up and carry him
off still living, had not those who were fighting in
front of him been holding the advantage at that
time. But when Deinon, the polemarch, Sphodrias,
1 ».e. the half -company numbered thirty-six men.

59

Digitized by

XENOPHON

fjiapxos /cal S^oSpta? t&p irepl Sapoaiav /cal
KXedopvpos 6 v /09 avrov, /cal oi pep iirirei*; 1 /cal
oi <TVfi<j)op€i<; tov iro\epdpxpv /caXovpepoi oX re
iXkoi vtto tov o}(\ov o&0ovpepoi ave^topovv, oi Se
tov eveopvpov 6Vre? tcop AaiceSaipopitop a>9 ecopcop
to Se^cbv o)0ovfjL€vov f ivifcXLvav o/xg>9 Se ttoWcjp
T€0V€(0Tcov /cal 7]TTr] fxevoi, eirel Sie/3i]o-ap T7JV Ta-
<f>pop, rj 7r/oo tov aTpaTOweSov €TV%€V ovaa aifTols,
€0€vto Tct oirXa kclto, X^P ap wOev &pprjpTO. r)v
fjbivTOL ov irdvv iv eirnreScp, dWd 7T/0O9 6p0l<p
paXkop Ti to cTpaToireSop. i/c Se tovtov r\aav
pep Tives twp Aa/ceSaipoPLcop ot d<f>6prjT0P ttjv
avpfyopap rjyovpepoi to t€ Tpoiraiop ecjtaaap »XPV~
pai /co)\v€iv iardvai tol>9 iroXepiovSy tov<; tc pc-
/cpovs fit) viroaTTOphov^y dWd Sid pdxys ireLpaaOat

15 dpaipeiaOai. oi Se iroXepapxoi, op&PTe? pep twv
avfiTrdpTcop Aa/ceSaipoplwp T€0pea>Ta$ iyyvs x i "
Aiot/9, 6pcopT€<; S' avTCJP HirapTiaTcop, optwp 2
eVet &>9 eTTTa/eoaicop, t€0pt)/c6t(1<; irepl TCTpa/co-
aiovsy ala0apopepoc Se tcw avppdxovs irdpTas
pep d0vpco$ €x 0PTa< > to p,dx€o~0ai, eaTi Se
o^9 avT&p ovSe dx0opepov<; T<p yeyeprjpepa), av\-
XegaPTe? tov? eiTi/caipiusTdTOvs efiovXevopTO tl
XPV TToielp. eirel Se ttclgvp eSbicei viroamopSov^
T0U9 P€/cpov$ dpaipela0ai, ovtco St) eirep^rap /cij-
pv/ea irepl airopS&p. oi pevToi Qrjftaioi peTa
TavTa /cal Tpoiralop io~TrjaaPTO /cal tov? pe/cpov?
vttoo-ttopSovs direSoaap.

16 Tepopepoop Se tovtcop, 6 pep el? rtjv Aa/ceSai-

1 fx\v lirirus Stephanus : /xw 'lirnoi MSS. : ixlviiriroi Kel.
a After uvtwv the MSS. have rwv : Kel. brackets, following
Hartnian.

6o

Digitized by

H ELLEN ICA, VI. iv. 14-16

one of the king's tent-companions, and Cleonymus, 371 b.c.
the son of Sphodrias, had heen killed, then the royal
bodyguard, the so-called aides of the polemarch, and
the others fell back under the pressure of the Theban
mass, while those who were on the left wing of the
Lacedaemonians, when they saw that the right wing
was being pushed back, gave way. Yet despite the
fact that many had fallen and that they were de-
feated, after they had crossed the trench which
chanced to be in front of their camp they grounded
their arms at the spot from which they had set forth.
The camp, to be sure, was not on ground which
was altogether level, but rather on the slope of a hill.
After the disaster some of the Lacedaemonians,
thinking it unendurable, said that they ought to
prevent the enemy from setting up their trophy and
to try to recover the bodies of the dead, not by
means of a truce, but by fighting. The polemarchs,
however, seeing that of the whole number of the
Lacedaemonians almost a thousand had been killed ;
seeing, further, that among the Spartiatae themselves,
of whom there were some seven hundred there,
about four hundred had fallen ; and perceiving that
the allies were one and all without heart for fighting,
while some of them were not even displeased at
what had taken place, gathered together the most
important personages and deliberated about what
they should do. And as all thought it best to re-
cover the bodies of the dead by a truce, they finally
sent a herald to ask for a truce. After this, then,
the Thebans set up a trophy and gave back the
bodies under a truce.

After these things had happened, the messenger

61

XENOPHON

fiopa dyyeXcop 1 to irdQo^ a<f>i/cv€iTai yvfivoirai-
Blwp re ovarjs t?}? reXevrata^ /cal tov dpBpiKoi
X°P°v evBop opto*;* oi Be e<f>opot eirel rfKovaap to
irddo^t eXwrrovpro flip, Syairep, olfxai, dpdy/erf top
fieproi X°P 0P °v K *%VV ar / 01/ > dXXa BiaywpiaaaOai
eXayp. real ra fiep opofiara 777909 tov? ol/eeiov?
e/cd<TTOv tcjp t€0p€(*)T(op direBocap' irpoelirap Be
reus yvvaiQ firj iroieip tepavyrjp, dXXa criyjj to
Trddos <f>epeip. rf) B* varepaia r\p opap, &v fiep
hedpaaap oi TrpoarjKOPTe*;, Xiirapovs teal <f>ai-
Bpovs ip tw <f) ape pep dpao-Tpe<f>ofiepov<; t &p Be
fo>i/T69 fjyyeXfiepoi rjaap, okLyov? clp elBes, tovtov?
Be GKv9pG)TTOv<; /cal Tcnreipov? irepuopra^,

17 'Etf Be tovtov (ppovpap fiep e<f>aipop oi e<j>opoi
raiv vttoXolttoip fiopatp fieXP 1, t&p rerrapaKOpra
d<f> tffirjs. e^eirefiTrop Be /cal dirb t&p e£o> fiop&p
fiexpi TV? avrfj? fjkucias 9 to yap irpoaOep eh
tov$ <t>coKea$ fiexpt, tcop irepre teal rped/copra d<f>,
rifir)<; earpdrevpTO' teal tov$ eir dpxaU Bk Tore

18 /caraXeMpdePTas d/coXov0elp e/ceXevop. 6 fiep ovp
1 AyrjaiXaos e/c rf}<; daOepelas ovirco taxyep* r)
Be 7r6\£? y ApxiBaficp top vIop eiceXevev avrov 2
yyeladai. Trpodvfico? 8' avrip avpearparevopro
Teyedrai* ctl yap e&p oi irepl ^rdo-iirirop, \a-
/co)pl£opt€<; /cal ovk iXdxio-rop Bvpdfiepoi ip rrj

1 &77«Xwv MSS. : a77&Aav Kel.

2 tufXevev avrov MSS. : IkcAcucv avr* avrov Kel.

1 A Spartan festival, celebrated with singing, dancing, and
gymnastic exhibitions.

62

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. iv. 16-18

who was sent to carry the news of the calamity to 871 b.c.
Lacedaemon arrived there on the last day of the
festival of the Gy mnopaediae, 1 when the chorus of
men was in the theatre. And when the ephors
heard of the disaster, they were indeed distressed, 1
as, I conceive, was inevitable ; yet they did not with-
draw the chorus, but suffered it to finish its per-
formance. Further, although they duly gave the
names of the dead to their several kinsmen, they
gave orders to the women not to make any outcry,
but to bear the calamity in silence. And on the
following day one could see those whose relatives
had been killed going about in public with bright
and cheerful faces, while of those whose relatives
had been reported as living you would have seen
but few, and these few walking about gloomy and
downcast.

After this the ephors called out the ban of the
two remaining 2 regiments, going up as far as those
who were forty years beyond the minimum military
age ; they also sent out all up to the same age who
belonged to the regiments abroad 3 ; for in the
original expedition to Phocis only those men who
were not more than thirty-five years beyond the
minimum age had served ; furthermore, they or-
dered those who at that time had been left be-
hind in public office to join their regiments. Now
Agesilaus as a result of his illness was not yet strong ;
accordingly the state directed Archidamus, his son,
to act as commander. And the Tegeans served with
him zealously; for the followers of Stasippus were
still alive, who were favourable to the Lacedaemonians
and had no slight power in their own state. Likewise

1 cp. i. 1 and note. 1 i.e. now at Leuctra.

63

Digitized by

XENOPHON

iroXei. ippcofievco? he Kal oi MavTivels e/c rcov
xcoficov crvv€(TTpaT€vovTO % dpiaroKpaTovfievoi yap
ijvyxjDLvov. Kal Y^op'ivOioi he Kal %iKvd>vioi Kal
1 <t>\eidaioi Kal 'A^ajoi fidXa irpo0vfi(o? fjKokov-
0ovv f Kal aXkat, he iroXei? e^eirefiirov <tt pandora?,
iirXrjpovv he Kal TpirjpeL? avroi re oi AaKehai-
fiovioi Kal Koplvdioi, Kal iheovro Kal XikvcovIcov
avfnrXrjpovv, e<£' &v hievoovvro to crpdrevfia

19 hia/3i/3d£eiv. Kal 6 fiev hrj ' Apxihafio? idvero eirl
rfj hiafidaei.

Oi he ®rj/3aioi ei6v<; fiev fxera ttjv fid^v
eirefiyfrav eh y A0rjva? dyyeXov iaT€<j>ava)fievov,
Kal afia fiev rrj? vi/crj? to fieyeOo? e<f>pa£ov t dfia
he ftorjdelv eKekevov, Xeyovre? a>? vvv i^eirj
AaKehaifiovLov? TrdvTcov &v eireiroirfKeaav avrous

20 Tificopi]<ra<T0ai, t&v he 'AOrjvaioov f] fiovXrj irvy-
yavev ev aKpoiroXei KaOrjfievrj. eirel o° ffKovaav
to yeyevY]fxevov, otl fiev <r<f>6hpa rjvidOrjcrav iraai
hrjXov eyevero* ovre yap eirl gevia tov KijpvKa
eKakeaav, ire pi re Ttj? fior)deia<; ovhev aireKpL-
vavro. Kal ' Adrfvrjdev fiev o5to>? airrjhdev 6
Krjpvf;, 7T/J09 fievTOi 'Idaova, avfifia^ov ovra,
eirefiirov airovhfj oi Qrjfialoi, Ke\evovT€? j3orj0eiv,

21 hia\oyt,%6fievoi Try to fieWov dirojSijaocTO, 6 8'
ev0v$ Tpirjpeis fiev iirXjjpov, a>9 /3otj0t](tcov Kara
0d\arrav, cvWafioov he to re fjeviKov Kal tov?
irepl avrov iinrea?, KaLirep aKrjpvKTCp iro\efi(p

6 4

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. nr. 18-21

the Mantineans from their villages 1 supported him 371 m.c
stoutly ; for they chanced to be under an aristo-
cratic government. Furthermore, the Corinthians,
Sicyonians, Phliasians, and Achaeans followed him
with all zeal, and other states also sent out soldiers.
Meanwhile the Lacedaemonians themselves and the
Corinthians manned triremes and requested the
Sicyonians also to help them in so doing, intending
to carry the army across the gulf on these ships.
And Archidamus accordingly offered his sacrifices at
the frontier. #

As for the Thebans, immediately after the battle
they sent to Athens a garlanded messenger, and
while telling of the greatness of their victory, they at
the same time urged the Athenians to come to their
aid, saying that now it was possible to take vengeance
upon the Lacedaemonians for all the harm they had
done to them. Now the Senate of the Athenians
chanced to be holding its sitting on the Acropolis.
And when they heard what had taken place, it was
made clear to everyone that they were greatly dis-
tressed ; for they did not invite the herald to par- •
take of hospitality and about the matter of aid they
gave him no answer. So the herald departed from
Athens without having received a reply. But to
Jason, who was their ally, the Thebans sent in
haste, urging him to come to their aid ; for they
were debating among themselves how the future
would turn out. And Jason immediately proceeded
to man triremes, as though he intended to go to
their assistance by sea, but in fact he took his mer-
cenary force and his bodyguard of cavalry and, al-
though the Phocians were engaged in a bitter warfare

1 See v. ii. 5-7.

6 S

▼OL. II. *

Digitized by

XENOPHON

t&p <t*(o/c€G)P xpwfiivcop, ire^fj hiejropevdr) els ttjv
HSoiGDriav, ev TroXkal? tcjv iroKeoav irporepov
6<j>0€U rj ayyeXdels oti iropevotro. irplv yovv
avXXeyeadaL ti iravTayoQev €<f>0ave iroppco ycyvo-
H€VO$ 9 hrfXov ttol&v oti iroXXa'Xpv to tu^o? fiaX-
Xov tt}? fiias SiairpaTTeTai tcl heovTa.

22 'E^ei he a<f)iK€TO els ttjv JSoicoTiav, XeyovT(ov
tcjv ®rj/3ai(OP o>9 /eaipbs etrj eiriTiOeaOai tois Aa/ce-
haifwviois, avcoOev pev eicelvov avv t£> %€vikQ>,
o-cfras he avTiTTpoacoirovs, direTpeirev avTOvs 6
'Idacop, hihdcr/ccov d>s kclXov epyov yeyevrjfievov ovk
a%iov avToi? etrj hiatecvhwevo-ai, &aT€ fj cti fiei£co
KaTCLTTpa^cu fj aTepr\Or\vai ical Tr)s yeyevqpAvrj^

23 vita??. Oi% opaTe, e<f>r), oti koX v fie is, eirel ev
avdy/cr) eyeveade, eKpaTrjaaTe; oXeaQai ottv ^pr)
/ecu Aa/cehaifiovlovs av 9 el dvay/cd£oivTo, tov 1
£r}v dirovorjOevTas hiafid^eadaL, icai 6 0ebs he,
a)? eoc/ce, iroXXd/eis X al P* 1 T0V<$ A 6 ^ fiwpovs p,eyd~

24 Xovs ttoi&v, tovs he fieydXovs fii/cpovs* tovs
jiev oiv ®r)/3aiovs Tovama Xeycov direTpeTre tov
hia/civhvveveiv tovs 8' av Aaicehaip,ovLovs ihiha-
c/eev olov fiev ecrj f/TTrjfievov CTpaTev/jLa, olov he
vevi/crj/cos. Et 8* eiriXaOeadaL, 2, e<f>rj t /3ovXeo~0€ to
yeyevrjfievov irddos, av/iftovXeva) dvarrvevaavTas
teal dvairavaafievovs teal fieifrvs yeyevrjfievovs
to?9 at]TTr)TOis ovtcos els P'd^rjv levai. vvv he,
e<f>r], ev iaT6 oti kcu tcjv crvfip,d%6)v bfiiv elaiv ot

1 Before rod the MSS. have inyeviaBai : Kel. brackets,
following Madvig. 2 iinXadiadai MSS : i^td<raa6ai KeL

66

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. iv. 21-24

against him, proceeded by land through their country S7i ».o.
into Boeotia, appearing in many of their towns before
it was reported to them that he was on the march.
At any rate, before they could gather troops together
from here and there, he was already far on ahead,
thus making it clear that in many cases it is speed
rather than force which accomplishes the desired
results.

But when he arrived in Boeotia and the Thebans
said that now was the right moment to attack the
Lacedaemonians, he with his mercenaries from the
heights above and they by a frontal assault, Jason
sought to dissuade them, pointing out that since they
had done a good work, it was not worth while for
them to venture a decisive engagement in which they
would either accomplish yet greater things or would
be deprived of the victory already gained. " Do
you not see/' he said, "that in your own case it
was when you found yourselves in straits that you won
the victory ? Therefore one must suppose that the
Lacedaemonians also, if they were in like straits,
would fight it out regardless of their lives. Besides,
it seems that the deity often takes pleasure in
making the small great and the great small," With
such words, then, he endeavoured to dissuade the
Thebans from making the final venture ; to the
Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, he pointed out
what manner of thing a defeated army was, and
what an army victorious. " And if you wish," he
said, " to forget the disaster which has befallen you,
I advise you first to recover your breath and rest
yourselves, and then, after you have become stronger,
go into battle against men who are unconquered.
But now," he said, " be well assured that even among

67

Digitized by

XENOPHON

BiaXeyoPTai ire pi <f>i\la$ rots irofapiow dXXd etc
TravTOs Tpdirov ireipaade airopBd^ Xafieip. ravra
8*, €<f>rj, iyoo irpo&vpovpai, (Tooaai vpds fiovXo-
pepo? Bid re rrjv tov iraTpb^ <f>t,Xiap irpbs vpa<;

25 Kal Bid to irpo^eveiv vpa>p, eXeye pep oftv toi-
avra, eirparre 8' ?<ra>9 07rw? 8id<j>opoi /cat ovrot

dXXrjXoiS OI/T69 dp<f>OT€pOl €K€lP0V BeOlPTO. 01 pkv-

toi AaKeBaipopioi, aKovcavTes avrov, irpdrretv
irepl tS>v gttovB&v ifcikevov eirel 8* dirrjyyeXOi]
oti eirjaav ai airop8ai y iraprjyyeiXap oi iroXe-
pap^oi BeiTTvrjo'avTa^ GweaicevdaQai irdvra^,
o!>9 t^? vvktos TTopevaopivovs, 07Tft>9 apa 'rfi
r)pepa 7r/oo<? top KiOaipcopa dpaflaipoiep. eirel
8' eBeiirprjaap, irplp KaOevBeip irapayyeiXaPTe?
dicoXovOelv, ' r)yovPTO ev0u<; d<\> eairepa^ tt)p Sid
Kpevaios, t$ XaOeiP iriGTevovTe*; pdXXop rj tcw

26 GTTOvBals. pdXa Be %a\e7r<w9 iropevopbevoi, ola
Br) iv vvktL re Kal ev <f>6/3<p diriopTes Kal 'xaXeirr^v
6B6v, els Alyoadepa rr)9 MeyapiKr}? d<f>iKPOVPrai.
i/c€i Be irepiTvyxdpovai rq> p£Ta y Ap%i8dp.ov
arpaTevpaTL. €P0a Br) dpapeipas, eW Kal oi
avppaypi iraPTes irapeyepopTO, dirrfye Trap opov
to arpaTevpa pexpi Kopipdov eKeWep 8% tou?
pep avppdypvs d<f>r}K€, tou9 Be iroXiTa^ oiKaBe
dirrjyayep,

27 'O pepTOi 'Idacop dirifop Bid tt/9 <t>G>Ki8o?
f TapiroXiT(f)P pep to t€ irpodaTiop elXe Kal tt)v
X^P av iTropdrjae Kal direKTewe ttoXKovv rrjp 8*
dXXrjp <i>(OKi8a BiijXOeP dirpaypopo)?. d<f>iKopevo^
68

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. nr. 24-27

your allies there are those who are holding con- 871b.c.
verse with the enemy about a treaty of friendship
with them; by all means, then, try to obtain a
truce. And I am myself eager for this," he said,
"out of a desire to save you, both because of my
father's friendship with you and because I am your
diplomatic agent." Such, then, were the arguments
he urged, but he was acting perhaps with the
purpose that these two parties, at variance as they
were with one another, might both alike be in need
of him. The Lacedaemonians, however, after hearing
his words bade him negotiate for the truce ; and when
the report came that the truce had been made, the
polemarchs gave orders that after dining all should
have their baggage packed and ready with the pur-
pose of setting out during the night, in order that
at daybreak they might be climbing Citbaeron. But
when the men had dined and before they went to
rest, the polemarchs gave the order to follow, and
led the way immediately upon the fall of evening by
the road through Creusis, trusting to secrecy more
than to the truce. And proceeding with very great
difficulty, since they were withdrawing at night and
in fear and by a hard road, they arrived at Aegos-
thena in the territory of Megara. There they fell
in with the army under Archidamus. And after
waiting there until all the allies had joined him,
Archidamus led back the whole army together as far
as Corinth ; from there he dismissed the allies and
led the citizen troops back home.

As for Jason, on his way back through Phocis he
captured the outer city of the Hyampolitans, laid
waste their land, and killed many of them, but he
passed through the rest of Phocis without any hostile

69

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Si tk 'Hpd/ckeiav xarifiaXe to 'Hpa/cXe&r&v
rctxos, BrjXov on ov tovto (pofiov/juevo*;, fitj rive?
avaTrerrrafiivr)*; ravTrjs tt}<; irapohov Tropsvaoimo
€7rl ttjv i/ceivov hvvajiiv, i\Xa fiaXXov iv0vfiov-
/jl€vo$ fiij rive? ttjv 'HpdtcXeiav iirX arevfy ovaav
Kara\afi6vTe<; etpyoiev avTov, el 7ro* fHovkoiro rr^

28 c EX\aSo9 iropeveaOai. iireX airrjk0€ irdXiv efc
ttjv ®€TTa\lai>, fiiya? jiev fjv KaX Sia to t£ v6fi<p
®€Tra\&v rayb? KaOeardvai KaX Bia to p,ur0o<f)6-
povs 7roWov<; Tpe<f>€iv 7repl clvtov teal Tre£ov$ /ecu
imrias, Kal tovtov? iKTreirovTjjievov^ eo? &v tepd-
TlCTOl €l€V €Tl 8e fiei^oov KaX BlCL to avfifid^ov^
iroWov? tov$ fjiev rjSrj elvai avTq>, tov? 8£ teal en
/3ov\ea0ai yLyvea0ai. fieyicrTo? 8' fjv t&v tcaff*
clvtov T<p firjK i(f> ei/05 €vtcaTa<f)p6vr)TO<; elvai.

29 'T&ttiovtcov Se Uv0ia>v TraprjyyeCKe jiev tcus tto-
\€<ti fiovs KaX 0Z9 teal alyas KaX 5? wapacKevd^e-
cOai cm? els ttjv 0vciav. koX e<f>a<rav irdvv /4Ct/ho>?
eKaaTrj troXeL iirayyeKKofiivKp yeveaOai fiovs fiev
ovk eXaxTOi;? ^Aiwj/, Ta 8e aWa fioaKijjiaTa
tt\€lq) r) fivpia. €Krjpv^e Be KaX viKtjTrjpiov XP V "
oovv <rT€<f)avov- eaeadai, tjti? t&v iroketov ftovp

30 fjyejiova koXKigtov t$ 6e<p dpiyfreie. waprjyyeiXe
Se koX <*><; CTpaTevaofievois eh tov irepX tA Uv0ia
\p6vov ©€TTa\ot<? 7rapa<TK€vd%€<r0ar htevoelro
ydp, c!>9 ecpaaav, KaX ttjv iravrjyvpw T<p 0e<p tcaX

70

d by Google

HELLENICA, VI. iv. 27-30

act. Upon arriving at Heracleia, however, he de- 87ii.c.
stroyed the walled city of the Heracleots, manifestly
having no fear that when this passage-way 1 had been
thus thrown open anyone would march against his
own dominion, but rather making provision that none
should seize Heracleia, situated as it was at a narrow
pass, 1 and block his way if he wanted to march to any
place in Greece. And when he had come back again
to Thessaly, he was in great repute both because he
had legally been made Tagus of the Thessalians 2 and
because he maintained about him many mercenaries,
both foot-soldiers and horsemen, these moreover
being troops which had been trained to the highest
efficiency ; his repute was yet greater by reason of
his many allies, including, in addition to those whom
he already had, also those who were desirous of
becoming such. And he was the greatest of the men
of his time in that he was not lightly to be despised
by anyone soever.

Now when the Pythian festival was approaching, 370 b.c
Jason sent orders to his cities to make ready cattle,
sheep, goats, and swine for the sacrifice. And it was
said that although he laid upon each city a very
moderate demand, there were contributed no fewer
than a thousand cattle and more than ten thousand
of the other animals. He also made proclamation
that # a golden crown would be the prize of victory
to the city which should rear the finest bull to
lead the herd in honour of the god. Further-
more, he gave orders to the Thessalians to make
preparations for taking the field at the time of the
Pythian festival ; for he was intending, it was said, to
be himself the director both of the festal assembly

1 Thermopylae. * See i. 18.

7*

Digitized by

XENOPHON

tow? dycova? avrb? Siaridivai. wepl pAvToi r&v
iep&v xprj/udroDV oirco<; /iev Sievoelro en tcai yvv
ahrjXov Xeyer at Se irrepofiivcov t&v AeX^oov tl
XPV Troieiv, iilv Xafiftdvy t&v tov Oeov xprjfidrayv,

31 airoKplvaaOai tov Oebv ore avT<p fieXrjaec. 6 8
oiv dvrjp TtfXt,icovTo<; &v fcal roaavra teal roiavra
Siavoovfievos, igeraaiv Treiroirjfcax; kclX hotcLfxaalav
rov <&epaiwv ittttikov, teal rjSrj Ka6rjp£vos fcal
a,7ro/cpiv6fi€Vo$ t et tj9 Seofievo? rov irpoaioi, vtto
veaviaicwv enTct irpoaeXdovrcov d>9 8ia<f>€pop,evcov
tl aWi]\oi<; aTroa<f>aTT€T(iL koX kcltclkoittgtcli.

32 /3or)0rjo'dvTCOv Se ippcofievco? t&v irapayevofjLevwv
Sopv<p6pcov el? fikv €Ti TV7TT00P tov *ldaova Xoy^ij
7r\r)yel$ diroOvrjo'Kev ere/009 Se dvaftaivcov €(f>*
iwirov iyfcaTa\r}<f)0eL<; teal 7roX\a TpavpxiTa \a-
(3(bv dirWavev oi 8* aXXoi dvaTrrjhrjGavTes eVl
tou9 Trapea/cevacfiivov? Xttttov^ djrtyvyov oiroi
Sk d<f>itcoiVTO t&v 'TLWrjviSav iroXecov, iv Tafc
TrXelaTai? iTifi&VTO. w teal SrjXov iyeveTO oti
LO"%vp&$ eSeiaav oi "EXXrjves avTov firj TVpavvo?
ykvovro.

33 ' kTToQavbvTOs fxevTOL ifceivov UoXvScnpos d8e\-
<£>09 avTov fcal UoXwppcov Tayol /caTeaTrjaav.
/cal 6 fiev HoXvScopo?, iropevopAvav dfi(f)OTipQ)v
eh Adpicav, vv/cTcop /caOevScov diroOvrjcKei virb
n.o\v<f>povo$ tov dSeX<f>ov, a>9 iSotcer 6 yhp Odva-
T09 avTov i^airivalo^ re /cai ovtc e^v <f>avepav

34 irpo^aaiv iyeveTO. 6 8' av UoXv<f)pcov ^p^€ fiev
iviavTOV, fcaTea/cevdaaTO Se ttjv Tayelav Tvpavvihi

7*

^ Digitized by KjC

HELLENICA, VI. iv. 30-34

in honour of the god and of the games. What he 870«.c.
intended, however, in regard to the sacred treasures,
is even to this day uncertain ; but it is said that when
the, Delphians asked the god what they should do if
he tried to take any of his treasures, Apollo replied
that he would himself take care of the matter.
At any rate this man, great as he was and purposing
deeds so great and of such a kind, after he had held
a review and inspection of the cavalry of the Phe-
raeans, and was now in his seat and making answer
if anyone came to him with any request, was struck
down and killed by seven young men who came up
to him as though they had some quarrel with one
another. And when the guardsmen who attended
him rushed stoutly to his aid, one of the young men,
while still in the act of striking Jason, was pierced
with a lance and killed ; a second was caught while
mounting his horse, suffered many wounds, and so
was killed ; but the rest leaped upon the horses which
they had in readiness and escaped, and in most
of the Greek cities to which they came they were
honoured. This fact, indeed, made it plain that the
Greeks had conceived a very great fear lest Jason
should become tyrant. 1

When he had thus been slain, Polydorus, his brother,
and Polyphron succeeded to the office of Tagus.
Now Polydorus, while the two were on their way
to Larisa, was killed at night in his sleep by Poly-
phron, his brother, as people thought ; for his death
was sudden and without manifest cause. Then Poly-
phron, in his turn, held sway for a year, and made
the office of Tagus like the rule of a tyrant. For in

1 i.e. an absolute and irresponsible ruler, whereas the
position of Tagus was a legal, elective office.

73

Digitized by

XENOPHON

6/JLolav, hf tc yhp <t>ap<rak<p top TloXvSdfiavTa
teal a\\ou9 t&v ttoXit&v oktgd tou? Kpariarov^
diri/CTeivev, €K re AapiaTj? iroXXov? <f>vyd8a<?
iiroirjae. ravra 8k iromv teal ovtos aTrodvrjatcei

V7T *A\€^dv8'pOV, 0>9 TlflCOpOVVTO? T$ HoXv8(bp(p

35 KaX ttjv TvpavvL8a KaTaXvovTO*;. iirei 8' avros
irap&Xafie ttjv dpxijv, %aX,e7ro9 pkv QeTTaXoZ?
Toy 09 iyeveTO, ^a\e7ro? 8k ®rj/3aioi$ /ecu *A0tj-
vaiois TroXefiios, aSi/cos 8e Xtjo-ttj<; KaX Kara yrjv
koX Kara OdXarTav. toiovto? 8* &v teal avrb?
av airoOvrjo-Kti, avroyjeipla fiev virb tcov tt}?
yvvaiKo? dSeXcpcov, fiovXfj 8e vir avTTj<; €K€ipt)$.

36 to*9 re yhp a8eX<f>oZ<; i^rjyyeiXev a>? 6 'AXegavSpos

€TTl/3ov\€VOl aVTOl? Kol €KpV^€V CLVTOV? €v8ov

SvTas oXrjv ttjv rjfiepav, KaX 8€^ap4vrj fieOvovTa
top ' AXetjavSpov, iirel KaTeKoi/M'cev, 6 fiev Xvyvo?

€KO€T0, TO 0€ £Kp09 (IVTOV €^TJV€yK€V. 0)9 0 TJGVtzTO

6kvovvtcl<; dcnkvai iiri tov ' AXegavSpov tov$
d8eX<f>ov$, elirev a>9 el jirj fj8r) irpd^oiev, igeyepeZ
avTov. 0)9 8* elcfjXdov, eincnrdo-aaa ttjv dvpav

37 eixeTO tov poiTTpov, 60)9 diredavev 6 dvrjp. rj
8e exPpa XiyeTai avTjj 7iy>09 tov av8pa yeviadac
vtto fiev tlvcov 0)9 eVei. e8Tjae tcl iavTov Trai8iKa
6 * AXe%av8po<; 9 veaviaKov ovtcl kclXov, SerjOeio-T)?
avTf}<; Xvacu igayayobv avTbv airea^a^ev' oi 84
TLves 0)9, eVel TraZSes avT<p ovk eyiyvovTo ix
TavTTjs, oti irkpmdnv €9 ®rj/3a<; ipLvqcTeve ttjv
'Iao-0^09 yvvaZxa. 1 tcl fiev ovv aiTia t% €ttl-
PovXtj? vtto tt}9 yvvaiKos ovrco XeyeTar t&v 8e
TavTa irpafjavTayv dxpi* °^ ^ € ° ^0709 iypd<f>€T0

1 After yvvaiKa the MSS. have &va\af}*?v : Kel. brackets,
following Stephanus

74

Uoogle

4

HELLENIC A, VI. iv. 34-37

Pharsalus he put to death Poljdamas and eight more 870 b.c.
of the best among the citizens, and from Larisa he
drove many into exile. While thus engaged he, also, 360 m.c.
was slain by Alexander, who posed as avenger of
Polydorus and destroyer of the tyranny. But when
Alexander had himself succeeded to the position
of ruler, he proved a cruel Tagus to the Thessalians,
a cruel enemy to the Thebans and Athenians, and
an unjust robber both by land and by sea. Being
such a man, he likewise was slain in his turn, the 858 b.c.
actual deed being done by his wife's brothers, though
the plan was conceived by the woman herself. For she
reported to her brothers that Alexander was plotting
against them, and concealed them within the house
for the entire day. Then after she had received
Alexander home in a drunken state and had put him
to bed, while the light was left burning she carried
his sword out of the chamber. And when she per-
ceived that her brothers were hesitating to go in and
attack Alexander, she said that if they did not act
at once she would wake him. Then, as soon as they
had gone in, she closed the door and held fast to the
knocker until her husband had been killed. Now her
hatred toward her husband is said by some people
to have been caused by the fact that when Alexander
had imprisoned his own favourite, who was a beautiful
youth, and she begged him to release him, he took
him out and slew him ; others, however, say that
inasmuch as no children were being born to him of
this woman, Alexander was sending to Thebes and
trying to win as his wife the widow of Jason. The
reasons, then, for the plot on the part of his wife
are thus stated ; but as for those who executed this
deed, Tisiphonus, who was the eldest of the brothers,

75

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Tiaupovo? W pea/3 vraro<; &v f&v aSeX<f>&v Tt)v

V, Kal Ta fiev QeTTaXiKa, 8<ra irepl *Id<rova
kirpdydi) Kal fiera top iiceivov ddvarov fieXP 1
rf)$ Tt<ri<f>6vov apx*)? BeSrjXcoTar vvv eirdveipu
evdev iirl ravra igifirjv, eirel yap 'A/o^tSa/io?
itc rrj$ iirl Aev/crpa ftorjOeia? dirrjyaye to arpd-
revfui, ivOvp.rjOe'vTes oi 'Adrjvaloi otl oi YleXoirov-
vrjaioi €TL otovrai yjpr\vai atcoXovdelv Kal ovirco
SiaxioiVTO oi AaicehaipLoviOL &a7rep tous *A0tj-
vaiov? hiedeaav, fieTairefiirovTai ras TroXeis ocrai
(SovXoivro t% elprjvr)? fieTexeiv r)v fiaaiXeu?

2 Kariirefiyfrev, eirel Se avvr)X0ov t Soypa eVoi*/-
aavTO fiejcb TG>v KOivaveiv /3ovXofiev<ov ofioaai
tovSc tov opKov. 'JLfi/jL€v& rat? a-irovhal^ &9
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ovre %kCXXovvtLov<; ovtc Tpi<f>vXiov<;* a<f)€T€pa$

3 yap elvat TavTas tA? iroXei^. oi 5 Adrjvaloi
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eypayfrev, avTovofiov? elvai o/xotax? Kal fUKpa?
Kal fieydXas iroXeis, i^eirefiyfrav tou9 6pK(OTd$,

76

Digitized by

HELLENIC A, VI. nr. 37-v. 3

held the position of ruler up to the time when this 858 b.c
narrative was written. 1

V. All the events, then, which took place in
Thessaly in connection with Jason, and, after his
death, down to the rule of Tisiphonus, have thus
been described ; now I return to the point from
which I digressed to discuss these matters. When,
namely, Archidamus had led back his army from sn b.c.
the relief expedition to Leuctra, the Athenians,
taking thought of the fact that the Peloponnesians
still counted themselves bound to follow the Lace-
daemonians, and that the latter were not yet in
the same situation to which they had brought the
Athenians, invited to Athens all the cities which
wished to participate in the peace which the King
had sent down. And when they had come together,
they passed a resolution to take the following oath,
in company with such as desired to share in the
peace : " I will abide by the treaty which the King
sent down, and by the decrees of the Athenians and
their allies. And if anybody takes the field against
any one of the cities which have sworn this oath,
I will come to her aid with all my strength/' Now
all the others were pleased with the oath ; the Eleans
only opposed it, saying that it was not right to make
either the Marganians, Scilluntians, or Triphylians
independent, for these cities were theirs. But the
Athenians and the others, after voting that both
small and great cities alike should be independent,
even as the King wrote, sent out the officers charged
with administering the oath and directed them to

1 Xenophon probably died in 354 b.c. Hence this portion
of his narrative was written between 358 (see above) and
354 B.o.

77

Digitized by

XENOPHON

teal eteeXevaav tcl fieyiara riXrf ev etedartf iroXei
op/caxrai. teal w/Aoaav irdvres irXrjv 'HXeiav.

'E£ &v 8ij teal oi MavTiveis, o>9 ffSrj avrovofioi
Travrairaaw ovre$, crvvrjXffov re iravre^ teal etyrj-
<f>L<ravTO filav iroXiv 1 rrjv MavTiveiav iroielv teal

4 leiyi^ew rrjv iroXiv. oi B 9 av Aa/ceBaifiovioi
riyovvro, el tovto avev t^? cr<f)€T€pa<; ypdofirj?
€<toito, 'xaXeirbv eased at. irkpmoveriv oiv *Ayrj-
aiXaov irpea/SevTrjv 71*009 tol>9 Mavriveas, oti
iBotcei *rraTpitcb<i </>/\o? avrofc eivai. eirel Be

d(f)lK€TO 7T/0O9 aVTOVf, TOP fl€V BfjflOP T&V MaVTl-

veav oi apyovres ovtc fideXov avXXef*ai avrq>,
7rpo9 Be <7</>a? etceXevop Xeyeiv otov Bio it o. 6 Be
vTneryyevTO avroi?, ectv vvv eircayeoai t?}9 Tct^t-
<T€&)?, iroifjereiv &are fierd tt/9 Aa/ceSaifiovos
yvdofirjs teal firj BairavripS)^ Tecx^Orjvai to T€?^09.

5 eirel Bk direKpLvavTo on dSvvarov eirf eiriayelv,
B6y/JUiTO$ yeyeptffiepov 7rdcrrj rfj iroXei rjSrj Teiyi"
%ew t etc tovtov 6 pkv 9 Ayr)aiXaos airrjei 6pyi£6-
fievos' arpareveivye fievroi eir avrovs oi Bvvarbv
eBotcei elvai, eir avrovofiia Tr}$ elpijprj? yeyevrj-
fievr)?. T0Z9 Be MavTivevcriv hrepmov fih teal r&v
'Ap/caBitc&v TroXeeov Tives avvrei^ovvra^, oi he
'HXeloi teal dpyvpiov rpla rdXavra avvefidXovTo
afoot? eh rrjv wept to retyp? Bairdvqv. teal oi
fiev MavTivel? irepl ravr fjaav.

6 T&v Be Teyear&v oi fiev irepl rbv KaXXiftiov
teal Ylpo^evov ivijyov eirl to crvvievat re irav to

» ir^AivMSS.: *i\iv Kel.

78

HELLENICA, VI. v. 3-6

administer it to the highest authorities in each city. 371 &c
And all took the oath except the Eleans.

As a natural result of these proceedings the Man-
tineans, feeling that they were now entirely inde-

| pendent, all came together and voted to make Man-
tinea a single 1 city and to put a wall about it. But
the Lacedaemonians, on the other hand, thought that
it would be a grievous thing if this were done without
their approval. They accordingly sent Agesilaus as
ambassador to the Mantineans, because he was re-
garded as an ancestral friend of theirs. 2 Now when he
had come to them, the officials refused to assemble for
him the Mantinean people, but bade him tell them
what he desired. He then offered them his promise
that, if they would desist from their wall-building
for the present, he would arrange matters so that
the wall should be constructed with the approval of
Lacedaemon and without great expense. And when

I they replied that it was impossible to desist, since a
resolution to build at once had been adopted by the
entire city, Agesilaus thereupon departed in anger.
It did not seem to be possible, however, to make an
expedition against them, inasmuch as the peace had
been concluded on the basis of independence. Mean-
while some of the Arcadian cities sent men to help
the Mantineans in their building, and the Eleans
made them a contribution of three talents in money
toward the expense of the wall. The Mantineans,
then, were occupied with this work.

Among the Tegeans, on the other hand, the fol- 870b.c.
lowers of Callibius and Proxenus were making efforts
to the end that all the people of Arcadia should

1 cp. v. ii. 7. 1 cp. v. ii. 3.

79

Digitized by

XENOPHON

'Ap/eaSitcov, teal o ti vitco&rj ev rq> teoivqt, tovto
tcvpiov el vac teal t&v iroXewv oi Be irepl top
Xraanrirov hrpavrov eav re /caret yyopav tt)v

7 ttoXiv teal T0Z9 iraTpiois vop,ot,<; XprjaOai. rjTTco-
fievoL Bk oi irepl top Tlpo^evov teal KaXXiftiov iv
Tot9 deapols, voplaavTes, el avviXdoi 6 Stj/zo?,
ttoXv av T<p irXrjOeL Kparrjaai, itccfaepovTai tol
oirXa. ISovres Be tovto oi irepl rbv %Taannrov
teal avTol avdcdifKiaavTo, teal apiOficp fxev 1
iXdrTOVs iyevovTO' eirel fievTOi eh puypv cop/xy-
aav, rbv fiev Upoljevov teal aXXou? oXiyou? fier*
avTOv a7TotcTeivovai, tol>9 aXXov? Tpetydfievoi,
ovtc iSlcofcov teal yap toiovto? 6 %Tdai7nro<i
olo? p,r) ftovXeaOai iroXXov? airotcTivvvvai t&v

8 ttoXit&p. oi Be irepl top KaXXifiiov dvatceyeo-
prjtcoTe? viro to 7T/0O9 MaPTiveia? Tel^o? teal Tav
wvXas, iirel oitceTi avToh oi evavTioi ene^eipovv,
7]Gvylav eix op yOpotapAvoi. teal irdXai ph> eire-
Tro/jufyeaav eirl tovs Mavnvea? j3orj0elp tceXev-
ovTev 7rpo9 Be tov$ irepl HTdannrov BieXeyovro
irepl avvaXXay&v. iirel Be teaTafyaveh tjaav oi
MavTivet? irpoaiovTes, oi jjlcv avTtav dvaTrrjB&vre?
iirl to T€t^09 eteeXevov /3otj0€ip ttjv TaylcTf]v t teal
8oa>vre<; airevBeiv BietceXevovTO' aXXot Si dvoL-

9 yovai t^9 irvXas aurofc. oi Bi irepl rov *%Taun,ir-
irov 0)9 rjarOovTO to yiyvofievov, eKiriirTovai Kara
t^9 €7rl to UaXXdpTiov (f>€povaa$ irvXas, teal
<f>0dvovai irplv teaTaXrf(f)0rjvat virb r&v Bmokovtcop
eh rov t^9 9 ApT€fii8o<; veoov teaTa^vyopre?, 2 teal
iytcXeiadfievoi yavyiav e\ypv. oi he fteraBieo-

1 After filv the MSS. have obit : Kel. brackets, following
Dobree. tf KaratyvySmt MSS. : Kara<p€vyoyrts Kel.

8o

digitized byL.OOQle

HELLENICA, VI. v. 6-9

unite, and that whatever measure was carried in the 870 &c.
common assembly should be binding on the several
cities as well ; but the followers of Stasippus made
it their policy to leave their city undisturbed and
to live under the laws of their fathers. Now the
followers of Proxenus and Callibius, defeated in the
council of the magistrates, and conceiving the thought
that if the people came together they would prove
far superior in numbers, gathered openly under arms.
Upon seeing this the followers of Stasippus also
armed themselves in their turn, and they did indeed
prove fewer in number; when, however, they had
set forth for battle, they killed Proxenus and a "few
others along with him, but although they put the
rest to flight they did not pursue them ; for Stasippus
was the sort of man not to desire to kill many of
his fellow-citizens. Then the followers of Callibius,
who had retired to a position under the city wall
and the gates on the side toward Mantinea, inasmuch
as their adversaries were no longer attacking them,
remained quietly gathered there. They had long
before this sent to the Mantineans bidding them
come to their aid, but with the followers of Stasippus
they were negotiating for a reconciliation. When,
however, the Mantineans were to be seen approach-
ing, some of them leaped upon the wall, urged the
Mantineans to come on to their assistance with all
possible speed, and with shouts exhorted them to
hurry ; others meanwhile opened the gates to them.
Now when the followers of Stasippus perceived what
was going on, they rushed out by the gates leading
to PaHantium, gained refuge in the temple of Artemis
before they could be overtaken by their pursuers, and
after shutting themselves in, remained quiet there.

81

VOL. II. O

Digitized by

XENOPHON

IjavTes ix^pol avT&v avaftdvre? ijrl tov veobv koX
ttjv opo<f>rjv hieXovTe? eiraiop rafc icepapiaiv. oi
he eirel eyvaxrav ttjv dvdyicqv, iraveaOai re i/ee-
\evov koX igievai e<f>aaav. oi h* ivavrioi co?
vTro^eiplov^ eXaftov avrofc, htfaavTes teal dva-
ftaXovTe? e<j>' afiaf-av 1 dirr\yayov 69 Teyeav* iicel
hk fxera t&v Mavrivecov Karayvovres dire/CTeivav,

10 Tovtow he yiyvofjLepcov e<f>vyov els Aafcehalpova
t<ov irepl Xraa-nnrov TeyeaT&v irepl, oKTatcoaiovs.
fiera he ravra to?? Aa/cehai/wvioi? iho/cet, fiorjOrj-
Teov elvcu Kara tou9 optcov? to?9 TeOve&aL re tcop
Teyear&v teal ifCTreirTcoKoo-t' tech ovtco arparevov-
ow eirX toi>9 MavTiveas, c!>9 irapa, to 1)9 optcov? avv
owXois iXijXvdoTcov clvt&v eirl tou9 Teyedras.
fcal <f>povpav pkv oi ecpopot ecpaivov, 'AyrjaiXaov h*

11 iiceXevev ?; ttoXis rjyelaBcu. oi pev ovv a Wot
'A/>*a$€9 eh 'Aaeav avveXeyovTO* 'Opxp/xevioyv
he ov/c edeXovTwv tcoivcovetv tov * Apicahiicov hia
ttjv 7T/0O9 MavTivea? eydpav, dXXd kcu heheyfievcov
eh tt)v ttoXlv to ev Kopivda avveiXeyfievov gevi-
/cov, ov TloXvTpoiTOS rjpx ev * €fi€vov oXkqi oi Mai>-
Tivels tovtcov eirifieXop.evor 'Hpaels hk fcal Ac-
TrpeaTai avveaTpaTevovTO tol$ Aa/cehaifioviois eVl.

12 tov9 MavTiveas. 6 he * Ay rjcriXaos, eireX eyiveTo
avTtp tcl hiafiaTijpia, evOv? ix&pei eirX ttjv 'Ap-
teahiav. teal /caTaXa/3<bv ttoXlv opopov oiaav

1 t<p* fyatap Hartnian : irr\ t\\v apfidfia^w MSS., followed
byKeL

82

HELLENICA, VI. v. 9-12

But their foes who had followed after them climbed 370 b.c.
upon the temple, broke through the roof, and pelted
them with the tiles. And when the people within
realized the hopelessness of their situation, they bade
them stop and said they would come out. Then their
adversaries, as soon as they had got them in their
power, bound them, threw them into a wagon,
and carried them back to Tegea. There, in company
with the Mantineans, they passed sentence upon
them and put them to death.

While these things were going on, about eight
hundred of the Tegeans who were partisans of
Stasippus fled to Lacedaemon as exiles, and subse-
quently the Lacedaemonians decided that, in accord-
ance with their oaths, they ought to avenge the
Tegeans who had been slain and to aid those who
had been banished. So they decided to make an
expedition against the Mantineans on the ground
that, in violation of their oaths, they had proceeded
in arms against the Tegeans. The ephors accord-
ingly called out the ban, and the state directed
Agesilaus to act as commander. Now most of the
Arcadians were gathering together at Asea. But
since the Orchomenians refused to be members of
the Arcadian League on account of their enmity
toward the Mantineans, and had even received into
their city the mercenary force, commanded by Poly-
tropus, which had been collected at Corinth, the
Mantineans were remaining at home and keeping
watch upon them. On the other hand, the Heraeans
and Lepreans were serving with the Lacedaemonians
against the Mantineans. Agesilaus, then, when his
sacrifices at the frontier proved favourable, at once
proceeded to march against Arcadia. And having

83

o 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Evraiav, teal evpcov itcel rov? fiev irpea^vrepov?
teal rd? yvvaitca? teal rov? rralBa? oltcovvra? iv
ral? olteiai?, rov? iv rfj arparevaipitp rjkuclq

olxOfJiivOVS €49 TO ' ApfCaBltCOV, OpLCO? OVfC rj&ltCT)<T€

TTfv ttoXiv, a\V eta re avrov? oltcelv, teal isvov-
fievoi iXdfifiapop oatav Bkoivro* el Be ri teal fjp-
7rd<r0rj t ore elarfei el? rrjv ttoXiv, ifcevptov aireScjxe.
teal iirtp/coBofiei Be to rel^o? air&v oaa iBeiro,
eoDairep avrov Bierpifiev avajievow rov? fiera

Ho\UTp07TOV pU&0O<f>6pOV?.

13 'Ei> Bk rovrtp oi Mavrivel? arparevovaiv iirl
rov? *Op)(ppLevLov?. teal airo piev rov refyov?
fid\a xaXeirm airrfKBov, teal direOavov rives av-
r&v iirel Se drroyttpovvre? iv rfj y E\vp,{a iye~
vovro, teal oi fiev 'Op^ppieviot, oirXirai ovtcen
TjtcoXovffovv, oi Be rrepl rov UoXvrpoirov iiretceivro
teal fid\a Opaaeo)?, ivraiida yvovre? oi Mavrivel?
d>?, el fit) drrotepovaovrai avrov?, on iroWol
<7<\>o)V tearateovriadrjaovrai, viroarpe^avre? ofxoae

14 iftcoprjaav row iiriKeipivoi?. teal 6 p,lv IIo\i5-
rpoiro? payopuevo? avrov diroOvrjatcev r&v Bk
aWcov <f>€vyovra)v irdpLiroWoi &v direOavov, el firj
oi <t>Xeidaioi imrel? irapayevofievoi teal el? rb
imaQev rrepie\daavre? r&v Mavrivecov iirea^pv
avrov? rr\? Bidogea)?. teal oi p£v Mavrivel? ravra
rrpdj-avre? ottcaBe dirr)\dov.

15 'O Bk 'AyrjaiXao? dtcovaa? ravra, teal vopiaa?
ovk &v $ri avp,p,el£ai avrfy rov? itc rov 'O/o^o-
pievov pua0wf>6pov?, ovrco irpoyei. teal rfj p£v

84

HELLENICA, VI. v. 12-15

occupied Eutaea, which was a city on the border, 370 i.c.
and found, there the older men, the women, and the
children living in their houses, while the men of
military age had gone to the Arcadian assembly, he
nevertheless did the city no harm, but allowed the
people to continue to dwell there, and his troops
get everything that they needed by purchase ; and
if anything had been taken as booty at the time
when he entered the city, he searched it out and
gave it back. He also occupied himself, during the
whole time that he spent there awaiting the mer-
cenaries under Polytropus, in repairing all those
portions of the city wall which needed it.

Meanwhile the Mantineans made an expedition
against the Orchomenians. And they came off very
badly from their attack upon the city wall, and some
of them were killed ; but when in their retreat they
had reached Elymia and, although the Orchomenian
hoplites now desisted from following them, Poly-
tropus and his troops were very boldly pressing
upon them, then the Mantineans, realizing that if
they did not beat them off many of their own
number would be struck down by javelins, turned
about and charged their assailants. Polytropus fell
fighting where he stood ; the rest fled, and very
many of them would have been killed had not the
Phliasian horsemen arrived, and by riding around to
the rear of the Mantineans made them desist from
their pursuit. The Mantineans, then, after accom-
plishing these things, went back home.

Agesilaus heard of this affair and came to the con-
clusion that the mercenaries from Orchomenus could
not now join him ; under these circumstances, there-
fore, he continued his advance. On the first day

85

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Trpnrri iv rfj TeyednBi %d>pa iBenrvo7roirjaaro, rfj
8' varepala Biafialvet, eh rr)v MavrivitcTjv, teal
iarparoireBevaaro virb to?? irpbs earripav opeai
tt)? Mavrivelas* teal itcel a /ml iByov ri)v yoapav
teal iiropdei tovs aypovs. r&v 8k 'AptedBcov ol
o-vXXeyevre? iv rrj 'Acea vvtcrbs iraprjXOov eh

16 rr)v Teyeav. rfj 8' vcrepaia 6 fxev ' Ayr)<rikao<;
dirk^av MavTiveia? oaov etteoai o~ra8iov<; iarpa-
roireBevaaro' ol 8' etc rr)^ Teyea? 'A/o/caSe?,
iyptievoi r&v fiera^v Mavriveia? teal Teyeas
op&v Traprjaav jxdXa woXXol orrXlrai, av/jL/xel-
!jai jSovXofjsvoi roh Mavrivevo-r teal yap ol
'Apyeloi ov iravBrj/iel r)icoXov6ovv avroh' teal
fjaav flip rive? ot top 'Ayqa'CXaop enreidov
X^ph rovrow iirudiadaL' 6 Be <f>o/3ovfiepo<;
/jut] iv o<T<p 7T/0O? itcewov? iropevoiro, ite tt}$
iroXeco? ol MavTiveis i%eX66pre<i Kara tcepa? re
koX itc rov oiriadev iimrkGoiev airq>, eypa> tepd-
riarov elvai ideal avveXdelv avrovs, teal el
fiovXoivro pa^eo-dat, e/c rov Bi/calov teal <f>avepov
ttjv p<dyr)v rroieiaOai.

Kai ol fiev Br) 'AptedBe? 6/iov rjSr) iyeyevrjvro.

17 ol 8' itc rov 'Op^ofievov rreXraaral teal ol t&v
QXeiaaiwv iirrreh jxer air&v t?}9 vvtcrbs Bief;-
eXOovre? irapa ttjv Nlavriveiav dvo/xivcp ra>
' AyrjaiXdfp irpb rov arparoireBov iirifyaivovrai
dyLa rff r/fiepa, teal iiroirjaav roi><; fiev dX\ov$
eh ra? rdf-eis Bpafielvy 'AyrjaiXaov 8' iirava-
^(oprjaaL irpbs rd oVXa. iirel 8' iieeivoL jjlcv
iyvayadrjaav <j>lXoi ovres, 'AyrjcrlXaos Be itcetcaX-
Xcep'tjro, eg dplcrrov irpofjye to arpdrevfia.
eairepas 8' iiriyLyvofievr}^ iXade arparoTTeBevad-
86

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 15-17

be took dinner in the territory of Tegea, and on the 870 b.c
following day crossed into the territory of the Man-
tineans and encamped at the foot of the mountains
to the west of Man tinea ; there at the same time he
laid waste the land and plundered the farms. Mean-
while the Arcadians who had assembled at Asea
made their way by night to Tegea. On the next day
Agesilaus encamped at a distance of about twenty
stadia from Mantinea. But the Arcadians from Tegea,
a very large force of hoplites, made their appearance ;
they were skirting the mountains between Mantinea
and Tegea, desiring to effect a junction with the
Mantineans, for the Argives, who came with them,
were not in full force. And there were some who
tried to persuade Agesilaus to attack these troops
separately ; he, however, fearing that while he was
marching against them the Mantineans might issue
forth from their city and attack him in flank and
rear, judged it best to allow the two hostile forces
to come together and, in case they wished to fight,
to conduct the battle in regular fashion and in
the open.

The Arcadians from Tegea had by now effected
a junction with the Mantineans. On the other
hand, the peltasts from Orchomenus, and with them
the horsemen of the Phliasians, made their way
during the night past Mantinea and appeared as
Agesilaus was sacrificing in front of his camp at day-
break ; and they caused the Lacedaemonians to fall
hurriedly into line and Agesilaus himself to retire to
the camp. But when they had been recognized as
friends, and Agesilaus had obtained favourable omens,
immediately after breakfast he led his army forward.
Later, as evening was coming on, he unwittingly

87

Digitized by

XENOPHON

fievo? eh top oirurdev tcoXirov rr)$ MavTLPUcrfc,

18 fidXa avpeyyv? teal tcvtcXrp oprj e'xpvra. rfj 8'
varepaia afia rfj rj/iepa iOvero flip irpb rov
(TTparevfiaTo^' IBeop Be avXXey o/ievovs ete t^? t&p
MavTtvecw iroXew eVi rofc opeai roi$ virep Tr)<;
ovpa? rov eavT&v arparevfiaTo^, eypo) ifjatereov
elvcu TTjv rax^Tqv etc rov teoXirov. el fih> oiv
ai/TOS d<f>rjyotTO, efyofteiTO fir) rfj ovpa hrlQoivTO
ol iroXefiior f)av)(Lav Be e%<»)v teal rd oirXa irpb?
t<w iroXejuovs <f>aiva)v, dvacrTptyavras itceXeve
row air obpas eh Bopv oinaQev tt}<; <j>dXayyo$
f)yeladai 717)09 ainov teal ovtw? afia etc re rov
arevov e^rjye Ka ^ lo^yvporepap del ttjv <f>dXaytya

19 eiroielro. eTreiBr) Be iBeBhrXooTO r) <f>dXay^ t ovtcos
e^pvTi T<p oirXiTiKtp vrpoeXdcov els to irehlov
egireLve irdXiv iir evvea rj Betca to arpdrevfia
dairlBa>p. ol pivroi MavrweU ovtceri eggo-av teal
ydp ol 'HXeioi avarparevofiepoi avroh eireidov
fit] TroieiaOai fidxv v > Trplv ol ®r)/3aioi irapa-
yevoipro' ev Bk elBevai €<f>aaav otl irapkaoivTO"
teal ydp Betea rdXavra BeBaveladai avrov? irapd

20 a<f>a>v eh rrjp ftorjOeiap. ol fiep Br) 'AptedBe?
ravra dtcovo-apTes rjav^lap el%op ev ttj MaPTipeia*

1 The scene is a long, narrow valley. The rear {ovpd) of
the Lacedaemonian line is at the head of the valley, while
the van, where Agesilaus has his position, is at the opening
of the valley into the plain. The enemy are gathering upon
the hills on one side of the valley. Agesilaus first faces his
troops toward the enemy (tA forAa . . . <palvwv). The march-
ing line is thus transformed, technically, into a "phalanx,"

88

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 17-20

encamped in the valley which lies behind the town 870 i.c.
of Mantinea ; it is surrounded by mountains which
are only a short distance away. On the follow-
ing day at daybreak he was offering sacrifices in
front of the army; and seeing that troops were
gathering from the city of the Mantineans on the
mountains which were above the rear of his army,
he decided that he must lead his men out of the
valley with all possible speed. Now he feared that
if he led the way himself, the enemy would fall upon
his rear ; accordingly, wtyile keeping quiet and pre-
senting his front toward the enemy, he ordered the
men at the rear to face about to the right* and
march along behind the phalanx toward him. And
in this manner he was at the same time leading
them out of the narrow valley and making the
phalanx continually stronger. 1 When the phalanx
had thus been doubled in depth, he proceeded into
the plain with the hoplites in this formation, and
then extended the army again into a line nine or
ten shields deep. The Mantineans, however, now
desisted from coming forth from their city, for
the Eleans, who were making the campaign with
them, urged tkem not to fight a battle until the
Thebans arrived ; and they said they were quite sure
that the Thebans would come, for they had borrowed
ten talents from the Eleans themselves for the ex-
penses of the expedition to aid them. The Arcadians,
then, upon hearing this, remained quiet in Mantinea ;

or line of battle. Then, by the ava<rrpo<pi\ (see note on ii. 21),
the oirpd, i.e. the original rear of the marching line, is folded
back and gradually drawn out, "behind the phalanx," to the
open end of the valley. The entire army now marches out
into the plain. There the process just described is reversed,
so bringing the line back to its original form.

89

Digitized by

XENOPHON

6 8* ' AyrjalXao? teal p,dXa ftovkofievo? airdyetv
to (TTpdrevfia, teal yap r)v fievos X^f*** 1 ** o/lm»?
iteel fcarifieive Tpel? f/p,€pas, ov ttoXv dirkxeop

T^? MaVTLP€(OV 7TO\e&)9, 07Tft)9 fit) BoKOLT) <j>o/3ov-

pevos airevBeiv tt)v a<f>o8ov. rfj 8k rerdprrj irpeo
api<TT07roir)<rdp,€Vo$ dirr)yev a>9 aTpaTOireBevcro-
pevos evdairep to irp&TOV dirb Tr)$ J$*vTaia$

21 i^cq^rjTo. iirel 8e ov8eU itfyaivero r&v 'Ap/cd-
8cov t rjye ttjv TayLaTtpt eh Trp/ 'Ewraiav, tcaiirep
p,dXa oyftL^cov, /3ovXop,€vo$ dirayayeiv row ottKltcls

TTplv KCU TCL TTVpCL T(OV TToXepLLCOV ISeiV, Iva fltf

rt? enrol CO? <f)€vyQ)v diraydyoi,. 4k yap T779
irpoadev dOvpias iSotcei ri dveiXrjcfrivai ttjv ttoXiv,
otl kcu €V€/3e/3\i]K€i €£9 T7]V 1 ApieaBiav Ka\ 8rj-
ovvtl ttjv %a>/oai> ovSeU rjOeXrjfeei p,dxe<r0ai,. iirel
8' ev rfj Aatecovi/ef} iyeveTO, tou9 fikv ^irapridra^
direXvaev oiieaBe, tov<; 8k Trepiolfcov? d<j>r)/c€V iirl
Ta9 eavr&v TroXeis.

22 Oi 8k 'Ap/caS€9, €7rel 6 'Ayrjo-iXao? aTreXrjXvOei
/cal ti<t6ovto BiaXeXvpievov avTtp to aipdrevpLa,
avTol 8k 7)6 } poi<r p,kvoi irvy)(avov 9 GTpaTevovaiv
iirl tou9 f H/oa*<z9, on re ovtc fjdeXov rov 'A/o/caoV
kov pLerix^iP fcal otl o-vveLaefieftXrjfceo'ap €19 tt)v
J Ap/ca8iav p,€Tct t&v Aatce8aip,ovL<ov. ipLftaXovres
8' iveirtpLTTpcop t€ Ta9 ol/cia? teal ckotttov tcl
8iv8pa.

'EttcI 8k oi ®*]/3aloi fte/3or)0r]/c6T€<i irapeivai
iXeyovTO els ttjv MavTiveiav, out&>9 diraXXuT-
TovTai etc tt)? 'HpaCa? teal avpupLcyvvovai to?9

90

HELLENICA, VI. v. 20-22

and Agesilaus, even though he was exceedingly de- 370 b.c.
sirous of leading back his army — for it was mid-winter
— nevertheless remained there for three days, not
far away from the city of the Mantineans, that he
might not be thought to be hurrying his departure
out of fear. On the fourth day, however, after
breakfasting early he began his homeward march,
intending to encamp at the place where he had
originally made camp on his departure from Eutaea.
But since none of the Arcadians appeared, he con-
tinued his march as rapidly as possible to Eutaea,
even though it was very late, with the desire of
getting his hoplites away before they even saw
the enemy's fires, so that no one could say that
he had withdrawn in flight. For he seemed to
have brought the state some relief from its former
despondency, inasmuch as he had invaded Arcadia
and, though he laid waste the land, none had been
willing to fight with him. And after he had arrived
in Laconia, he let the Spartiatae go home and dis-
missed the Perioeci to their several cities.

As for the Arcadians, since Agesilaus had departed
and they learned that his army had been disbanded,
while they themselves were still gathered together,
they made an expedition against the Heraeans, not
only because they refused to be members of the
Arcadian League, but also because they had joined
with the Lacedaemonians in invading Arcadia. And
after entering the territory of Heraea they proceeded
to burn the houses and cut down the trees.

It was not until the Thebans with their supporting
force were reported to have arrived in Mantinea
that the Arcadians departed from Heraea and united

9i

Digitized by

XENOPHON

23 €>T)/3aioi<t. &<i 8k 6fwv iyevovro, oi fiev &r)/3aloi
fca\6i)<i <r<f>L<riv (&ovro ex €lv > eirel eftefivqdriKeaav
fiep, iroXefUov Be ovBeva en iaopcov iv rfj X^P a »
/cal aiTikvcu TrapeG/cevatpvro* oi Be 'Ap/edBes /cat
'Apyeioi /cal 'RXeloi erreidov avrovs fiyeladai
rdx^ra eh ttjv Aa/cavi/crfv, iinBei/cvvovTes fiev
to eavT&v TrXrjOos, virepeiraivovvre^ 8% to t&v
Qrjfjcdcov aTpdrevjia. /cal yap oi fiev BoicotoI
iyvfivd^ovro irdvres irepl ra oirXa, dyaXXofievoi
Ttj iv Aev/crpois vi/cy rj/coXovdovv S' avrois /cal
<t>co/cel<; virij/cooi yeyevrjfievoi /cal TLvfioefc airo
iraa&v twv iroXetov /cal Ao/cpol dfufrorepoi /cal
'A/capvave? ical 'Hpa/cXe&Tat /cal MrjXieU* rj/co-
Xoudovv 8' avrofc /cal i/c SerraXias iirireh re
teal ireXraaTaL ravra Brj avviBofievoi /cal rtfv
iv Aa/ceBaifiovi iprjfriav XeyovTes i/cerevov firj-
Ba/im dirorpiireadait irplv ififiaXeZv ek rtjv r&v
Aa/ceBaifiovimv xdbpav.

24 Ot Be &r)/3aloi rj/covov fiev ravra, dvreXoyi-
£ovto Be on Bvae fiftoXm uttj fiev r\ Aa/cayvi/ct)
eXeyero elvai, <f>povpa<; Be /cadeardvai ivofiifrv
iirl to?9 evTrpocoBcoTdrois. /cal yap fjv 'I<rj£o-
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tou9 vewrdTovs irepl rerpa/coalovs* Be /cal
inl Aev/cTpcp virep rr}<i MaXednBo? dXXrj
<f>povpd. iXoyi^ovro 8% /cal tovto oi &r)/3aioi,
009 /cal avveXdovaav hv Ta^ea)? rr)v r&v Aa/ce-
92

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 22-24

with the Thebans. When they had joined forces, the 870 b.c.
Thebans thought that matters stood well with them,
inasmuch as they had come to bring aid and there
was no longer an enemy to be seen in the land;
they accordingly made their preparations for going
back. But the Arcadians, Argives, and Eleans
urged them to lead the way with all speed into
Laconia, pointing out the number of their own
troops 1 and praising beyond measure the army of
the Thebans. For all the Boeotians were now train-
ing themselves in the craft of arms, glorying in
their victory at Leuctra ; and they were reinforced
by the Phocians, who had become their subjects,
the Euboeans from all their cities, both the Locrian
peoples, 2 the Acarnanians, the Heracleots, and the
Malians ; . they were also reinforced by horsemen
and peltasts from Thessaly.* The Arcadians, then,
seeing all this and describing the dearth of men in
Lacedaemon, begged them by no means to turn back
before invading the country of the Lacedaemonians.

But while the Thebans listened to this request,
they took into account, on the other hand, the fact
that Laconia was said to be exceedingly difficult to
enter, and that they believed garrisons were posted
at the points of easiest access. For Ischolaus was at
Oeum, in Sciritis, commanding a garrison composed
of emancipated Helots and about four hundred of
the youngest of the Tegean exiles ; and there was
another garrison also at Leuctrum, above Maleatis.
The Thebans likewise weighed this consideration,
that the force of the Lacedaemonians would gather

1 The Theban army according to Plutarch (Ages. 31)
■umbered 40,000 hoplites, while Diodorus (xv. 62) puts the
oombined forces at more than 70,000 men.

■ cp. iv. ii. 17.

93

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Sai/iovicov hvvafuv Kal fidxeaOai, &v a&TOv$ ou-
Sa/iov a/ietvov fj iv rfj eavT&v. a Br) trdvra
Xoyi£6/j,evoi ov irdvv TTpoirerels fjaav el$ to levai

25 eU TTjv AafceSat/jLOva. eVel fiivroi fjtcov Ik re
Kapvcop Xiyovres rrjv iprjfilav Kal vTria^yovfievoi
avrol riyrjceo-ffai, /cal KeXevovres, av ti igaTrar&v-
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rives /cal ra>v irepcoiKcov imxaXovjievoi Kal <f>d-
aKovres dTroGTqaeadai, el fiovov ^>avelrjaav eh
rrjv %d)pav, eXeyov he a>9 /cal vvv xaXovfievoi ol
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/card Ka/)iW iveftaXov, ol he 'ApKahes Kara
Olbv rrj<; 'H/ctpLTiSos.

26 Kal el fiev iirl rd hvafiara TrpoeXOiov 6
'I<7^oXao9 v^lararo, oiheva av Tavrrj ye e<f>aaav
dvafirjvar vvv Be fiovXofievos tow Oldtais
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he dveftrjo'av irapbirXTjOeh 'Ap/cdSes. ivravda
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enaiov Kal e/3aXXov avrovs, ivravda o re 'Io-^o-
Xao? dirodvyo'Kei Kal ol aXXoi iravres, el firj tis

27 dfjufriyvorjdeU hie<f>vye. hiair pa^dfievoi hk ravra
ol 'ApKahe? iiropevomo irpbs Toi/$ &r)f3alovs iirl
ra? Ka/?i5a9. ol he &t}/3aloi iirel rjcdovTO tc\
ireirpayiieva virb r&v 'ApKahcov, noXv hrj Opaav-

94

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 24-27

quickly and that they would fight nowhere better 370 b.o.
than in their own country. Therefore, taking into
account all these things, they were by no means
eager to proceed into Lacedaemon. But when people
had come from Caryae telling of the dearth of men,
promising that they would themselves act as guides,
and bidding the Thebans slay them if they were
found to be practising any deception, and when,
further, some of the Perioeci appeared, asking the
Thebans to come to their aid, engaging to revolt if
only they would show themselves in the land, and
saying also that even now the Perioeci when sum-
moned by the Spartiatae were refusing to go and
help them — as a result, then, of hearing all these
reports, in which all agreed, the Thebans were won
over, and pushed in with their own forces by way of
Caryae, while the Arcadians went by way of Oeum, in
Sciritis.

Now if Ischolaus had advanced to the difficult
part of the pass and had made his stand there, no
one, by all accounts, could have accomplished the
ascent by that route at least ; but in fact, since he
wished to employ the Oeans as allies, he remained
in the village, and the Arcadians ascended the pass
in very great numbers. There, in the face-to-face
fighting, the troops with Ischolaus w*ere victorious ;
but when the enemy showered blows and missiles
upon them from the rear, on the flank, and from the
houses upon which they mounted, then Ischolaus was
killed and all the rest as well, unless one or another
slipped through unrecognized. After achieving this
deed the Arcadians marched to join the Thebans at
Caryae ; and when the Thebans heard what had been
accomplished by the Arcadians, they proceeded to

95

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Tepov /carifiaivov. teal ttjv fiev XeXXaaiav ev0v$
e/caov kcu inopdovv. in el Be iv t$ ireBLfp iyevovTo
iv r<p T€fM€V€i tov ' A7ro \\6)i/09, ivTavda icTpaTO-
ireBevaavTo* rfj 8' varepaia iiropevovro.

Kal Bid fiev Tf)$ ye<f>vpa<; ovB' iirexeipovv Bt,a-
fiaiveiv iirl ttjv ttoXiv zeal ydp iv t$ t% 'AXea?
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oi Bk SirapTicLTai drdx^TOV ex oVT€( > ttjv ttoXiv,
a\\o9 aXXrj BiaTax&efc* fidXa oXiyoi Kal ovtc?
koI <f>aiv6fievoi ifyvXaTTOv. eBofje Be to?9 tcXco^
Kal trpoevrreiv rot? J&iXcoaiv, et t*9 /SovXoito oirXa
Xajifidveiv Kal els Tafyv TideaOai, tcL itictcl
Xafi/3dveiv a>9 eXevOepovs iaojievov? oaoi avfi-

29 7ro\€fiijacu€V. Kal to fiev irp&TOv €<f>aaav cmo-
ypdyfraadai irXeov rj &fjaKio"Xi\iovs, &ct€ <f>6/3ov
ai ovtol irapelxov avvreTaypAvoi Kal Xiav iB6-
kow iroXXol elvar in el fievToi efievov /ih> oi if;
'Opftojievov fiiado(j>6poi f i/SoijOtfo-av Be rot? Aa*e-
Baifiovioi? ^Xeidaioi tc Kal Kopivdioi Kal 'E7ri-
Bavpioi Kal HeXXrjvel? Kal aXXai Be Tive? t&v
iroXemv, TjBrf Kal tov? diroyeypajifievovs ^ttov
a>pp(oBovv.

30 'ft? Bk irpolov to arpdrev/xa iyeveTO KaT
'AfivKXas, TavTjj BUfiaivov tov EipdoTav. koI
oi fiev ®r)/3aioi, ottov aTpaTOireBevoivToi evOus

9 6

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 27-30

make the descent with far greater boldness. Coming 370 b.c.
to Sellasia, they at once burned and pillaged it;
but when they arrived in the plain, they encamped
there, in the sacred precinct of Apollo. The next
day they marched on.

Now they did not even make the attempt to cross
over by the bridge against Sparta, for in the sanctuary
of Athena Alea the hoplites were to be seen, ready
to oppose them ; but keeping the Eurotas on their
right they passed along, burning and plundering
houses full of many valuable things. As for the
people in the city, the women could not even endure
the sight of the smoke, since they had never seen an
enemy ; but the Spartiatae, their city being without
walls, were posted at intervals, one here, another
there, and so kept guard, though they were, and were
seen to be, very few in number. It was also determined
by the authorities to make proclamation to the Helots
that if any wished to take up arms and be assigned to
a place in the ranks, they should be given a promise
that all should be free who took part in the war.
And it was said that at first more than six thousand
enrolled themselves, so that they in their turn oc-
casioned fear when they were marshalled together,
and were thought to be all too numerous ; but when
the mercenaries from Orchomenus remained true,
and the Lacedaemonians received aid from the Phli-
asians, Corinthians, Epidaurians, Pelleneans, and like-
wise some of the other states, then the Spartiatae
were less fearful of those who had been enrolled.

Now when, in its onward march, the army of the
enemy came opposite Amyclae, at this point they
crossed the Eurotas. And wherever the Thebans en-
camped they at once threw down in front of their

97

VOL. M. H

Digitized by

XENOPHON

&p e/coiTTOV BevBp<op /caTeftaXXop vpo tS)p ra-
%ewp co? eBvvavro irXeiaTa, /cal ovtcos ifyvXdr-
tovto* oi Be* 'A/waSe? tovtcop re ovBep iiroiovv,
KaTaXelirovTes Be ra oirXa eh apirayr)p ewl ra?
olicLas erpeirovTo. 1 e/c tovtov Br) rjnepa TpLrrj rj
lerapTTj 7rpor}X0op oi iinrel^ eh top nnToBpofiov
els Taiaoxov Kara Tagew, oX re Qrjftaioi TTavres
koL oi 'HXetoi /ecu 6a oi <S>g)K€cop rj ®€TTaX&p rj

31 AoKpcop iinreh iraprjaav. oi Be t&p Aa/ceBcu-
fiopicop iirireh, fidXa oXiyoi <f>aip6fi€Poi, dpriTe-
Tayfievoi avToh fjaap. eveBpap Be Troirfaapres
ottXit&p tS>v pearepcop ogop Tpiatcoaicop ev rfj
t&p TvpBapiBwv, afia ovtol /xev egeOeop, oi 6*
iirireh ffXavpop. oi Be" iroXejiioi ov/c iBe^aPTo,
dXX' eveieXipav, 186pt€<; Be Tama iroXXol teal
reap ire^ayp ek <f>vyr)p &pp,r)aav. €7rel fievroi ol
re BuoicopTes eiravcravTo ica\ to twi/ %r)fiaL<op
arpdrevfia e/xepe, irdXw Br) KareaTpaTorreBev-

32 aaPTO. teal to fiep fir) 717909 ttjp ttoXlp irpoa^a-
Xelp olp en avTOv? rjBrj ti iBotcec OappaXe&Tepop
elpac exeidep fieproi dirapap to arpaTev/jta
iiropevero ttjp i<f> r/ E\o9 fcal YvOeiop. ica\ Ta?
fiep arecylaTovs twp irokewp eveirLpmpaaap,
Yvdeiw Be, ep0a tcl vecopta toi? Aa/ceBai/jLOPioi?
r)p, teal TTpoaeftaXXop Tpeis rjpbepa^. r)aap Be tipcs
t&p irepioLictoP o'i teal eireOepro /cai avp^arpa-
revopro Tofc fxera ®r)/3aia>v.

1 4rp4irovTo MSS. except B : irpdirovro Kel. with B.
1 See note on iii. 6.

1 A most striking indication of Xenophon's pro-Spartan
feeling (see In trod. p. x) is found in the fact that he here
omits all reference to the greatest of the humiliations which
Sparta suffered at this time: (1) the re-establishment by
Epaminondas, the Theban general, of the independence of

98

digitized

byGoogk

HELLENICA, VI. v. 30-32

lines the greatest possible quantity of the trees which 570 b.c.
they cut down, and in this way guarded themselves ;
the Arcadians, however, did nothing of this sort, but
left their camp behind them and turned their atten-
tion to plundering the houses. After this, on the
third or fourth day of the invasion, the horsemen
advanced to the* race -course in the sanctuary of Po-
seidon Gaeaochus by divisions, the Thebans in full
force, the Eleans, and all the horsemen who were
there of the Phocians, Thessalians, or Locrians.
And the horsemen of the Lacedaemonians, seemingly
very few in number, were formed in line against
them. Meanwhile the Lacedaemonians had set an
ambush of the younger hoplites, about three hundred
in number, in the house of the Tyndaridae, 1 and at
the same moment these men rushed forth and their
horsemen charged. The enemy, however, did not
await their attack, but gave way. And on seeing
this, many of the foot-soldiers also took to flight.
But when the pursuers stopped and the army of the
Thebans stood firm, the enemy encamped again. It
now seemed somewhat more certain that they would
make no further attempt upon the city ; and in fact
their army departed thence and took the road toward
Helos and Gytheium. And they burned such of the
towns as were unwalled and made a three days' attack
upon Gytheium, where the Lacedaemonians had their
dockyards. There were some of the Perioeci also
who not only joined in this attack, but did regular
service with the troops that followed the Thebans. 2

Messenia, which for centuries had been subject to the
Spartans ; and (2) the founding of " the great city," Megalo-
polis, as the capital of an independent Arcadia. Neverthe-
less, Xenophon alludes several times in the following book to
the accomplished /act of Messenian independence and to
Megalopolis.

99

h 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

33 ' Aicovovres he ravra oi 'AOrjvaiot, iv (fypoprihi
r)aav 6 rc XPV TTOielv irepl AatceSaifiovioov, /cal
i/c/cXr)a[ap iiroiriarav /card hoypua ftovXr}?. erv^op
he rrapbpres Trpeaffeis Aa/cehaipbopucop re /cal r&p

€TL vttoXoLttwp aVpLpLa^tOP CIVTOIS. O0€P hr) oi

Aa/cehacpuopioi "Apa/cos /cal *£ltcvKko<; /cal <t>dpal;
/cal y EiTVfiofc\r}<; /cal 9 OXop0ev$ &xeh6p irdpre^
TrapaTrXrjGLa eXeyop. dpepipivrjaKop re yap toin?
1 Adrjvalov? c!>9 del rrore d\\*/\ot9 ev rofc pieyi-
arois tcaipols irapLaravTO err dyadots* avroi re
yap e<f>aaav tol»9 rvpdppov? avpe/cfiaXelp * Ad iff-
vrjOev, /cal *A0r)paLov<;, ore avrol eiroXipp/covpro

34 vtto Meo-arjPLcov, irpo0vpL(o^ fiorjdeiv. eXeyop he
/cal oa dyadd elrj, ore koip&s dpLcfrorepoi eirpar-
rop, vTTopLipLPrja/covres fiep c!>9 rop /3dp/3apop /coipfj
direpLax^oravTo, dpapLipLPrjo'/copres he* a><? 'Adrjpaioc
re vtto r&p 'EXXrjpcop r)pe0r)aap rjyepiopes rov
pavri/cov /cal r&p koip&p xprjpdrwp <f>vXa/ce$, r&p
Aa/cehaipuopicop ram a cvpLftovXopievcop, avroL re
Kara yrjp opLoXoyovpuepay; i/fi dirdprap r&p 'E\-
Xrjpayp r)y€pLOP€<i 7rpo/cpi0€Lrjaap, crvpL^ovXopevoov

35 ai> ravra r&p y A0r)pal<dP. eh h£ avr&p /cal &he
7r&)9 elrrep' 'Eau he vpieU /cal r)p,el^ t & aphpe?,
opLOPorjacopuep, pvp €\7ri9 to irdXai Xeyopspop
he/carev0r)pai ®r)fiaiov<;. oi pueproi y A0r)pa2oi ov
irdpv ihegapro, dXXd 0pov<; t*9 roiovro? hirftiOep

1 The house of the Peisistratidae, in 511 B.C.

* In the so-called Third Messenian War, 464-455 B.C.

IOO

Digitized by Google

HELLENICA, VI. v. 33-35

When the Athenians heard of all these things, they 370 b.c.
were in a state of concern as to what they should do
in regard to the Lacedaemonians, and by resolution
of the Senate they called a meeting of the Assembly.
Now it chanced that there were present ambassadors
of the Lacedaemonians and of the allies who still
remained to them. Wherefore the Lacedaemonians
spoke — Aracus,Ocyllus, Pharax, Etymocles, and Olon-
theus — almost all of them saying much the same
things. They reminded the Athenians that from
all time the two peoples had stood by one another
in the most important crises for good ends ; for they
on their side, they said, had aided in expelling the
tyrants 1 from Athens, while the Athenians, on the
other hand, gave them zealous assistance at the time
when they were hard pressed by the Messenians. 2
They also described all the blessings which were
enjoyed at the time when both peoples were acting
in union, recalling how they had together driven the
barbarian back, recalling likewise how the Athenians
had been chosen by the Greeks as leaders of the
fleet and custodians of the common funds, 3 the
Lacedaemonians supporting this choice, while they
had themselves been selected by the common con-
sent of all the Greeks as leaders by land, the
Athenians in their turn supporting this selection.
And one of them even said something like this :
"But if you and we, gentlemen, come to agree-
ment, there is hope now that the Thebans will be
decimated, as the old saying has it." The Athenians,
however, were not very much inclined to accept all
this, and a murmur went round to the effect that

:{ Referriog to the formation of the Confederacy of DeloS,
477 B.o.

IOI

Digitized by

XENOPHON

a>9 vvv ravra Xeyoiev, ore Be ev eirparrov, €7re-
K€ivro r/fiip. fieyicTov Be* rcov Xe^devrcov irapa
Aa/ceBai>p,ovL(0v iBo/eei eivai on rjvirca KaTeiroXe-
firjaav avrovs, ®rj/3ai(ov fiovXofievayv avaa-Tcurovs

36 TTOirjacu ra<s 'Adrjvas, <7<£ei9 ep,7roBa>v y&voivro, 6
Be 7rX€L<rTO<! r)v \0y09 &>9 Kara tov9 opKov^ fiorj-
6elv Beor ov yap dBiferjo'dvTcop a<j)(av eTnarpa-
revoiev oi 'ApicdBes /cat, oi fier avT&v to?9 Aatce-
Bai/MOVLOis, dXXa ftorjdrjadvTcov rofa Teyedrais, on
oi MavnveU iraph tou? optcov? eireaT-pdrevaav
auTOt?. Biedei ovv real kcltcl tovtov? tov$ Xoyov?
06pv@o<; ev rfj i/cfcXrjaia* oi fiep yap BiKaico^ tou9
Mavnvea? e<f>aaav f$or\Qr)oai roh irepi Jlpo^evov
cnroQavovaiv vttq tcov irepl ^rdaiinrov, oi Be
aBiKeiv, on oirXa eirr)veyicav Teyedracs.

37 Tovtcop Be Biopi£ofi€vcov vtt avTr)? ttj<; e/c/cXrj-
aias, dveaTtj KXeireXr)*; Kopiv0to$ teal elire rdBe*
'AX\a ravra puev, & avBpes y A6r)valoi t ?o-a>9 dvn-
Xeyerai, Tive? r)aav oi dpf*avT€<; dBiicelv rjficop
Be, eirel elprjvrj eyevejo, eyei n$ Karriyoprjaai rj
W eirl ttoXlv nva ear pare vaafiev r) a>9 'Xprj/j.aTa
tlv(ov e\dj3op,ev r) c!)9 yr\v dXXorpiap iBrjcoaa/jLep;
a\X' o/iW9 oi (drjffaloi; eh tijv ^oapav r/ficov
eXOovres koX BevBpa €KK€fco<f>aai na\ olic'ias xara-
fce/cavtcaai ica\ ^pi]fiara ical irpo^ara BtrjpTrdKaai.
7TW9 ovv, eav fir) ftorjdfjre ovtco irepuf>avS)<; r)filv
dBifcovfievoLS, ov irapa tol>9 opkov? Troirjaere; tca\

102

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 35-37

" this is what they say now, but in the time when 870 ».c.
they were prosperous they were hostile to us." The
weightiest of the arguments urged by the Lacedae-
monians seemed to their hearers to be, that at the
time when they subdued the Athenians, though
the Thebans wanted to destroy Athens utterly, it
was they who had prevented it. Most stress was
laid, however, upon the consideration that the
Athenians were required by their oaths to come to
their assistance ; for it was not because the Lacedae-
monians had done wrong that the Arcadians and those
with them were making an expedition against them,
but rather because they had gone to the aid of \fie
Tegeans for the reason that the Mantineans, in
violation of their oaths, had taken the field against
them. At these words an uproar again ran through
the Assembly; for some said that the Mantineans
had done right in avenging the followers of Proxenus
who had been slain by the followers of Stasippus,
while others said that they were in the wrong be-
cause they had taken up arms against the Tegeans.

While the Assembly itself was trying to determine
these matters, Cleiteles, a Corinthian, arose and spoke
as follows : " Men of Athens, it is perhaps a disputed
point who began the wrong-doing ; but as for us,
can anyone accuse iis of having, at any time since
peace was concluded, either made a campaign against
any city, or taken anyone's property, or laid waste
another's land? Yet, nevertheless, the Thebans have
come into our country, and have cut down trees, and
burned down houses, and seized property and cattle.
If, therefore, you do not aid us, who are so mani-
festly wronged, will you not surely be acting in
violation of your oaths ? They were the same oaths,

103

Digitized by

XENOPHON

ravra &v avroi iirefieXrjdrjTe opKwv 07Tg>9 ttclgiv
vfiiv irdvTes rjfieh dfioaaifiep; ivravda /jl£vtoi oi
'AOrjvaloi €7r€0opv/3rjaav a>9 bpO&s re teal Sitcaia
elprjtcoTO? tov KXeiTekovs.

38 y Fi7rl Be rovTtp dvecrrj TlpotcXf}*; <t>X€idaio<;
teal elirev "Oti, p,ev, & avSpe? 'AOrjvaioi, el
iicTrohcov yevoivTo Aa/ceSaifiovioi, iirl irpwTovs
av v/jlcL<; arpaTevcaiev oi %rjf3a2oi t iraaiv olfiai
tovto SijXov eivai. ra>v ydp aXXav fwvov? &v
v/xa? olovrai ifiTroScbv yeveadai tov dp!; at, av-

39 t&v 'EiXXtfvcov. el 8' o£/Tft>9 €%€L, eyoa puev
ovSev fiaXXov AatceSaifiovLoi*; &v v/jlcLs rjyovfiai
aTparevcravTas ftorjdrjaai fj /cdl vpuv avTols. to
yap 8va [levels 6Wa? vfiiv ®rj/3aiov<; ical Sfio-
pov$ oltcovvTas rjye/jLova? yevkadat t&v 'EXXqvcov
ttoXv olfiai, xa\e7rd>T€pov av v/jlIv <f>avrjvaL fj

OTTOTe TTOppG) TOV? aVTlTTaXoV? €?^€T€. aVfl<j)0-

pcoTepov ye fievTav vfiiv avToh fiorjOqaaiTe ev
<p eTi elalv ot av/jL/Maxoiev av fj el diroXo fievcov
avT&v /jlovoi dvay/cd£oiade 8iap,d%eo'0at 777909 tov?
(drjfiaiov?.

40 Et Se Ttves <f>o/3ovvTai firj idv vvv dva<f>v-
ywaiv oi AaxeSaifiovioi, cti ttot^ irpdypUTa
Trape^QyaLv vjjliv, evOvpLrjOrjTe oti ov% ov$ &v ev
dXX J o^9 &v naic&s t^9 iroifj (pofteicrOai Set pj\
ttot€ y&ya SvvaaOcoaiv. €V0vp,eca0ai h\ real Tahe
XPV> oti KTaaQai pAv tc dya0bv KaX ISidoTai? ical
iroXeai TrpoarjKei, OTav ippa>p,€V€o~TaToi waiv, tva
exeoaiv, idv ttot dSvvaroi ykvcovTai, iiritcovpiav
104

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 37-40

you remember, that you yourselves took care to 370 b.o.
have all of us swear to all of you." Thereupon
the Athenians shouted their approval, saying that
Cleiteles had spoken to the point and fairly.

Then Procles, a Phliasian, arose after Cleiteles and
said: "Men of Athens, it is clear to everyone, I
imagine, that you are the first against whom the
Thebans would march if the Lacedaemonians were
got out of the way ; for they think that you are the
only people in Greece who would stand in the way
of their becoming rulers of the Greeks. If this is so,
I, for my part, believe that if you undertake a cam-
paign, you would not be giving aid to the Lacedae-
monians so much as to your own selves. For to
have the Thebans, who are unfriendly to you and
dwell on your borders, become leaders of the Greeks,
would prove much more grievous to you, I think, than
when you had your antagonists far away. Further-
more, you would aid yourselves with more profit if
you should do so while there are still people who
would fight on your side, than if they should perish
first and you should then be compelled to enter by
yourselves upon a decisive struggle with the Thebans.

" Now if any are fearful that in case the Lacedae-
monians escape this time, they may again in the
future cause you trouble, take thought of this, that
it is not those whom one benefits, but those whom
one injures, of whom one has to fear that they may
some day attain great power. And you should bear
in mind this likewise, that it is meet both for indi-
viduals and for states to acquire a goodly store in
the days when they are strongest, in order that, if
some day they become powerless, they may draw

1 OS

Digitized by

XENOPHON

41 r&v TrpoTTeTTovrjiievcdv. v/jliv he vvv Ik Oe&v rivos
tcaipbs Trapayeyevqrai, idv heofjuevois /3o7jd^arjT€
AafceSaifwiLOis, KTtjaaaOai tovtov? eh rbv
diravra xpovov <f>l\ov$ aTrpo<\>acrL<TTOv<;. teal yap
Brj ovk eir oXiycov fiot hoKovai fiaprvpeov vvv av ev
ira6elv i<f) v/jl&v dXK* eiaovrai fiev ravra deol oi
irdvra bp&vres /ecu vvv teal eh del, wveiriaiavrai
he rd yuyvofieva (fl T€ avfifiaypi Kal oi 7roXe/uoi,
737)09 he tovtoi<; Kal diravre^ EWrjves re Kal fidp-

42 ftapoi. oihevl yap tovtcdv a/*e\e?. &are el rca/coi
<f>av€L7](rav irepl vpa?, rh av wore en irpodv/w^ eh
avTOV? yevoiro; eXirL^eiv he %pr) a>9 avhpas ayadov?
fiaXXov fj KaKovs avrov? yevrjaeaOar el yap rive?
aXXoi, Kal ovtoi ho/covat, hiareTeXetcevai eiraivov
pkv opeyofievoi, alaypeov he epycov d'neypp.evoi.

43 Trpbs he tovtoi<; ev6vp,rj6r)Te teal rdhe. et irore
irdXiv ekOoi rfi 'EXXdhi tcivhvvo? vtto fiapftdpoov,
t'mtiv hv fiaXXov TncTevaaiTe tj KaKehaifiovLoL^ ;
TLvas he av irapacTara^ rfhiov tovtoov iroirjaaiaOe,
S)v ye Kal oi TayQewe*; ev %epp t oirvXai^ diravre^
etXovro fiaxofievoi diroOaveiv fiaXXov rj £g>i/t€9
eireia<\>pea6ai' rbv /3dp/3apov rfj 'EXXdhi; 7ra>9
ovv oi hLicaiov &v re evexa iyevovro avhpes dyaOol
fieO' v/jl&v xal &v eX.7rfc9 Kal av0i<; yeveadai
iraaav Trpodvfiiav eh avToix; Kal vfid? koX rjpuis
irapex^Oai;

44 "A};tov he Kal rwv 7rap6v7(ov avfjifidycov ai-
roh 1 eveKa irpoQvpiav evhei1*acrd ai. ev yap

1 ouTots MSS.: Kel. brackets.

106

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 40-44

upon their previous labours for succour. So to you 870 b.c
has now been offered by some god an opportunity, in
case you aid the Lacedaemonians in their need, of
acquiring them for all time as friends who will plead
no excuses. For it is not in the presence of only a
few witnesses, as it seems to me, that they would
now receive benefit at your hands, but the gods will
know of this, who see all things both now and for
ever, and both your allies and your enemies know
also what is taking place, and the whole world of
Greeks and barbarians besides. For to none of
them all is it a matter of indifference. Therefore,
if the Lacedaemonians should show themselves base
in their dealings with you, who would ever again
become devoted to them ? But it is fair to expect
that they will prove good rather than base men, for
if any people in the world seem consistently to have
striven for commendation and to have abstained from
deeds of shame, it is truly they. Besides all this,
take thought of the following considerations like-
wise. If ever again danger should come to Greece
from barbarians, whom would you trust more than
the Lacedaemonians ? Whom would you more gladly
make your comrades in the ranks than these, whose
countrymen, posted at Thermopylae, chose every
man to die fighting rather than to live and admit
the barbarian to Greece? Therefore, both because
they proved themselves brave men along with you,
and because there is hope that they will so prove
themselves again, is it not surely right that you and
we alike should show all good-will toward them ?

" It is also worth while to show the Lacedaemonians
good-will for the sake of the allies who are present
with them. For be well assured that those who

107

Digitized by

XENOPHON

?<tt€ on o'lirep tovtow jnarol BiapLevovaiv ev
Ta?9 <rvfi<f)opai<i, ovroi teal vpZv ala^vvovvr hv
fitf diroBiBovTes %dpiTa<;. el Be putepal Botcovpbev
iroXeis elvai ai tov teivBvvov pueTe^etv clvtoZs
edeXovaat, ivdvpL^Orjre on idv rj vpuerepa woXi?
irpoayivrjTat, oiteen fiucpal, TroXet*; i copied a ai

45 fiorjOovaai airofc. iya> Be, & avBpe<; 'Affrjvahi,
nrpoaffev piev dteovcov etyXovv rtfvBe rrjv ttoXiv
on TravTas teal row dBitcovpuevovs teal tov$
(frofiovfievov? evddBe teamfyzvyovms etriteovpLas
rjfeovov Tvyxdvew vvv 8' oitcer dtcovco, aXX'
avrbs fjBrj irapeov 6pa> AateeBaipwviovs re tov?
ovopLaaTOTaTOV^ teal pier avr&v tou? TriaroraTov^
<f>iXov<; avrcov 7rpb<; vpuas re rpeovras teal Beopuevov?

46 av vpbtov iiriKOvprjaai, opto Be teal ®rj/3aiovs 9 oc
tot€ ovte eireiaav AaieeBaipLoviov? e^avBpairoBL-
aaadai vpa?, vvv Beop,evov<; vpLcov irepuBelv diro-
Xopbevov? tou? adoaavTas vp.a<;.

TS>v piev oiv vpuerepcov TTpoyoveov tcaXbv Xe-
yerai, ore tow 'ApyeLoov TeXevrrjaavTa*; iirl rfj
KaBpbela ovte eiaaav ardfov? yeveadar vpZv Be
ttoXv tedXXiov c\v yevotro, el to v$ en fwj/ra?
AateeBaipLOVLcov purfre vftpto-Ofjvai pbtfre diroXeadai

47 edaaire. teaXov ye pirjv tedtceivov ovtos, ore
0-%oj>t€? rr)v ILvpvaffecos vftptv BieadoaaTe tovs
'HpateXeovs TraiBas, tt&s ov teal etceivov roBe
tedXXiov, el p.rj puovov tol>9 dpxrjyeras, dXXa teal
oXrjv ttjv iroXiv irepiaooaaire; irdvTwv Be tcdX-

1 See § 35 above, and cp. note on iii. 13.

108

Digitized by

HELLRNICA, VI. v. 44-47

remain faithful to them in their misfortunes are 370 b.c.
the very men who would be ashamed if they did
not make due requital to you. And if we who are
willing to share the peril with them seem to be
small states, reflect that if your state is added to our
number, we who aid them shall no longer be small
states. In former days, men of Athens, I used
from hearsay to admire this state of yours, for I
heard that all who were wronged and all who were
fearful fled hither for refuge, and here found assist-
ance ; now I no longer hear, but with my own eyes
at this moment see the Lacedaemonians, those most
famous men, and their most loyal friends appearing
in your state and in their turn requesting you to
assist them. I see also the Thebans, who then 1 did
not succeed in persuading the Lacedaemonians to
enslave you, now requesting you to allow those who
saved you to perish.

" It is truly a noble deed that is told of your
ancestors, when they did not suffer those Argives
who died at the Cadmea to go unburied ; 2 but you
would achieve a far nobler deed if you did not
suffer those Lacedaemonians who still live either
to incur insult or to perish. And while that other
deed was also noble, when you checked the insolence
of Eurystheus and preserved the sons of Heracles, 3
would it not surely be an even nobler one if you
saved from perishing, not merely the founders, but
the whole state as well ? And noblest of all deeds

* After the defeat of the legendary expedition of the
" Seven against Thebes " it was only the intervention of the
Athenians which compelled the Thebans to permit the burial
of the enemy's dead.

1 The sons of Heracles, driven from Peloponnesus by
Eurystheus, found protection and aid at Athens.

109

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Xiarov, el yjrrjcfxp d/civBvvro acoadvTCOV vfids tot€
t<ov Aa/ceBaLfiovlcov, vvv vfiels avv ottXols re /cal

48 Btd kivBvvcov emKovprjaere avrols, oirore Be
/cal rjfiels dyaXXofieda ol 1 avvayopevovTe? fiorj-
Brjaai dvBpdcriv dyadols, ij ttov v/mv ye to??
epya> Bvvajievoi? /Sorjdrja-aL yevvala dv ravra
(fraveir), el iroXXdia,*; /cal <f>lXoi kcu iroXefiioi
yevofievoi Aa/ceBaifiovloi? firj Siv ifiXdftrjTe fidXXov
f] a>v ev iirdOere fivrjadelrjre /cal X^P IV diroBoirjre
avTol? fjLTj virep ifi&v aircov fiovov, dXXd /cal
virep Trdarj? t?}? 'EWaSo?, on avBpes dyadol virep
avrfjs eyevovTO.

49 MeTa ravra ifiovXevovro ol % A0rjvaioi, /cal t&v
fiev dvTiXeyovrcov ov/c ifvelxovro d/eovovres, iyjrrj-
<j)LcravTO Be /3or}0eiv TravBrjfiei, /cal ^i^iKpdrrjv
aTparrjybv eiXovro. inel Be rd lepd eyevero /cal
iraptfyyeiXev ev 'A/caBrjfiela, Bei7rvo7roiela0ai, ttoX-
Xov<; €<j)a<rav irporepov? avrov 'lcfai/cpdrov? e^eX-
Oelv. e/c Be tovtov rjyeiro fiev 6 ^I^i/cpdrr)^, ol 8'
t)/coXovOovv, vofii^ovres cttI icaXov tl epyov f)yrj-
aeaOai. ezrel Be d<f>i/c6fievo<$ a? K6piv0ov Bierpi/34
Tiva<; rjfiepas, evOvs fiev eirl ravrrj rfj BiaTpiftj)
irpcoTov eyjreyov avrov a>? S' igtfyaye irore, trpo-
Ovfico? fiev Tf/coXovOovv oiroi rjyolro, frpoOvfieo? B\

50 el 7T/?o? Te£%09 irpoadyoi, irpoae^aXXov, tg>v B %
ev rfi Aa/ceBalfiovt iroXefilcov 'Ap/cdBe? fiev /cal
*Apyeloi /cal 'HXetot ttoXXoI direXrfXv6ecav 9 are
Sfiopoi ol/covvres, ol fiev dyovres, ol Be fyepovre?

1 oi'MSS.: Kel. brackets.

no

Digitized by

. HELLENICA, VI. v. 47-50

if, after the Lacedaemonians saved you then by a 370 &a
vote, void of danger, you shall aid them now with
arms and at the risk of your lives. Again, when
even we, who by word urge you to aid brave men,
are proud of doing so, it would manifestly be
generous of you, who are able to aid by act, if, after
being many times both friends and enemies of the
Lacedaemonians, you should recall, not the harm you
have suffered at their hands, but rather the favours '
which you have received, and should render them
requital, not in behalf of yourselves alone, but also
in behalf of all Greece, because in her behalf they
proved themselves brave men."

After this the Athenians deliberated, and they
would not endure to listen to those who spoke on
the other side, but voted to go to the aid of the
Lacedaemonians in full force, and chose Iphicrates
as general. And when his sacrifices had proved
favourable and he had issued orders to his men to
dine in the Academy, 1 many, it is said, went thither
ahead of Iphicrates himself. After this Iphicrates
led the way and they followed, believing that he
would lead them to some noble achievement. And
when, after arriving in Corinth, he delayed there for
some days, they at once began to censure him, for
the first time, for this delay ; then when he at length
marched them forth, they eagerly followed wherever
he led the way, and eagerly attacked any stronghold
against which he brought them. As for the enemy in
Lacedaemon, many Arcadians, Argives, and Eleans
had already departed, inasmuch as they lived just
across the border, some of them leading and others

1 cp. 11. ii. 8.

11 J

Digitized by

XENOPHON

0 ti r)pTrdK€<rav, oi Be (drjffaioi /cal oi aXXoi ra
fiev /cal Bid tovto dirievai iftovXovTo e/c t*/9
^ciyoa?, on ecopcov eXdrrova rrjv CTparidv icad*
rffjuepav yiyvofjLevrjv, ra Be, on crravicoTepa ra
€7nTrjSeia fjv ra fiev yap dvrjXcoTO, ra Be Biijp-
Traaro, ra Be e^e/cexyTO, rd Be /care/ce/cavTo* 7rpo?
8' €Ti teal yeifitov fjv, &ar rjBrj irdvTes dinevac

5\ eftovXovTO, a>9 e/celvoi dire^dipovv e/c Trjs
Aa/ceBaifiovo<; t ovrco Br] /cal 6 *l<f>t/cpaTr)<i tov<?
y AOrjvaiov? dirrjyev i/c t^9 'Ap/caBias eh Kopiv-
6ov. el fiev ovv dXXo ti /ca\w9 eaTparriyqaev, ov
yfreyco. e/celva fievTOi a ev r<p XP° V< P * K ^ V( p
eirpage, iravra eupia/cco rd fiev fidrrjv, ra Be /cal
davfJApopo)? ireirpayfieva avrq>. iirtxeipqaa? fiev
yap fyvk&TTeiv eirl rq> OveLu> t 07ra>9 firj BvvaiVTO

01 BotcoTol direXdelv oi/caBe, irapeXiirev dcpvXa-
ktov rrjv KaWio-Trjv irapd Keyxpeids irdpoBov.

52 fiaOelv Be fiovXofievo? el irapeXrjXvdoTes elev oi
Srjfialoi to "Oveiov evefiyfre a kotow tou? re
'AOrjvaicov iirireas teal tol>? KopivOlcov diravra^.
Kalroi IBelv fiev ovBev tjttov oXiyoi ra>v iroXX&v
i/cavor ei Be Beoi aTro^copelv, ttoXv paov Tofc

dXiyOl? T) TOIS TToXXol? KCU oBoV eVTTOpOV TV%€IV

/cal tcaO' r]GVXiav diroycDprfaai, to Be noXXov?
re irpoadyeiv /cal t/ttowi? t&v evavTiwv 7ra>? ov
ttoXXtj d<f>poavpr] ; /cal yap Brj are eirl ttoXv
irapaia^dp^voi x^pLov oi mirel? Bid to ttoXXoc
eJvai, eirel eBei aTroywpelv, ttoXX&v koX %aA,€7n5i/
")(?)pi(»>v eireXafiovTo* ware ovk iXaTTovs dirco-
Xovto ei/coaiv iinrecov. /cal Tore fiev oi &rj/3aloi
07r<w9 ejHovXovro dirrjXOov.

112

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VI. v. 50-52

carrying what they had .taken as plunder. On the t70 b.c.
other hand, the Thebans and the rest were desirous
of departing from the country, partly for the very
reason that they saw their army growing daily
smaller, and partly because provisions were scantier,
the supply having been in part used up or stolen
away, in part wasted or burned up ; besides, it was
winter, so that by this time all alike wanted to with-
draw. When, accordingly, they proceeded to retire
from Lacedaemon, then, of course, Iphicrates like-
wise proceeded to lead back the Athenians from
Arcadia to Corinth. Now I have no fault to find
with any good generalship he may have shown on any
other occasion ; but as regards all his actions at that
time, I find them to have been either futile or in-
expedient. For while lie undertook to keep guard
at Oneum so that the Thebans should not be able
to get back home, he left unguarded the best pass,
which led past Cenchreae. And when he wanted
to find out whether the Thebans had passed Oneum,
he sent as scouts all the horsemen both of the
Athenians and. of the Corinthians. And yet a few
men would have been quite as efficient for seeing
as the many; while if it were necessary to retire,
it would be much easier for the few than for the
many both to find an easy route and to retire at
their leisure. But to employ a force that was nu-
merous and still inferior to the enemy — was this not
surely the height of folly? For inasmuch as the
horsemen extended their line over a large space be-
cause they were a large force, when it was necessary
to retire they encountered a large number of difficult
places, so that no fewer than twenty horsemen lost
their lives. At that time, then, the Thebans returned
home as they pleased.

voi . 11. 1

Digitized by Google

y Google

BOOK VII

I 2

Digitized by

z

I. T£ 8' varipti) erei AafceBaifioPLcov koi t&v
avfifid^tov Trpeafieu; fjXdov avr ok par opes 'AOrf-
va£e, fiovXevaofjuevoi Kaff* o ti r) avfifiayia Aa/ee-
SaLfiopiois Kal 1 Affrjvaiois eaoiTO. Xeyovrcov Be
iroXX&v fiev ^evayv, iroXX&v Be 'AOrjvaiayv, Beoi
inl t<h? iaoi? Kal ofxoLois T7)v av/i/iaxiav elvai,
UpoKXr)? 4>X.€ta<r*o? eZ7re rovBe rbv Xoyov.

2 'EtTreiirep, & avBpe? 'Adrjvaloi, dyadbv bfitv
eBogev elvai AaKeBaifiovlov<; <f>L\ov$ Troieladai,
BoKel fioi xprjvai tovto GKOirelv, 07ra>? r) <f>iXia oti
TrXelaTOv %p6vov avjifievei. edv otiv $ eKaTepoi?
/xaXiara avvoLaei, ravrrj Kal ra? avvOrfKas 71*0**7-
ao>/jL€0a, ovtco Kara ye to et/co? fiakiara avfifii-
voiev av. to, fiev ovv aXXa ax^Bov ti avvtofioXo-
yrjrai, irepl Be tt/? rfyefiovias vvv 17 GKtyis. rfj
fiev ottv ftovXf) irpofieftovXevrai v fieri pap fiev
elvai ttjv Kara ddXarrav, AaKeBaifiovicov Be ttjv
Kara yrjv. ifiol Be Kal avr<p BoKel ravra ovk
dvd pwirivrj fiaXXov yvdo/iy 1 fj 6eia (pvaei T€ Kal

3 tvxV BiapiaOai. irp&TOV fiev yap tottov ex ere
KaXXiara ire^VKora irpbs tovto. irXelcrai yap
iroXei^ t&v Beofievwv rrj<; 0aXaTTr)<; irepl tt)v vyue-

1 Inserted by Kel., following Pluygers.

Il6

Digitized by

BOOK VII

I. In the following year ambassadors of the Lace- 369 b.c.
daemonians -and their allies, with full powers, came
to Athens to take counsel as to what should be the
terms of the alliance between the Lacedaemonians
and the Athenians. And while many foreigners and
many Athenians said that the alliance ought to be on
terms of full equality, Procles the Phliasian made
the following speech :

" Men of Athens, since you have decided that it
is a good thing to make the Lacedaemonians your
friends, it seems to me that you ought to consider
this point, how the friendship is to endure for the
longest possible time. Now it is only by making
the compact on such terms as will be most ad- •
vantageous to each party that we can expect it to
be, in all probability, most enduring. The other
points, then, have been pretty well agreed upon,
but the question of the leadership is at present
under discussion. Now it has been proposed by
your Senate that the leadership by sea shall belong
to you, and the leadership by land to the Lacedae-
monians. And I, too, think that this distinction is
based, not so much upon human judgment as upon
divine arrangement and ordering. In the first place,
you have a position most excellently adapted by
nature for supremacy by sea. For most of the states
which are dependent upon the sea are situated

117

Digitized by

Google

XENOPHON

repav iroXw oIkovci, kcu avrai naaai aaOevi-
arepat t?)? vfjuerepas. . 777)0? tovtoi? Be Xifievas
e%€Te, S)V avev ou% olov re vavrucrj Bvvdfiei XP*I~
a 6 at. €Ti Be TpirjpeL? KeKTrjaOe TroXXds, teal ird-

4 rpiov vfilv eari vavriKov eiriKraaBai,, dXXa firjv
Ta? 76 T€^i/a9 t^9 irepl ravra irdaas oliceias

€^€T€. Kal fLTJV i/J.7T€lpta y€ TTOXv 7T/0O€%eT€ T&V

aXXcov irepl ra vavritcd* 6 yap ftio? toIs irXelaTOis
vfjiojv dirb t^5 OaXarrw &<rre tcov iBitov eirifie-
Xopievoi dfia /ecu ra>v Kara ddXarrav dy<bvcov

€flTT€lpOl yLyV€<T0€. €Tl Be Kal ToBe. OvhdfJLoOeV

av Tpir)pw irXelovs aOpbai eKirXevaeiav fj Trap*

V/jLOJV. €<TTl Be TOVTO 01) K iXd^lCTOV 7TpO? 1776-

fwviav 7rpo? yap to irpcorov ia^vpov yevopuevov

5 rjBtara irdvres avXXeyovrai. en Be teal dirb r&v
ffecov BeBorai vpZv evrv^ecv ev TovTtp. irXeLcrov^

• yap Kal p,eyl<nov<$ dy&vas riywvto p.evoi Kara
ddXarrav eXd^tara puev a7roT€Tvxv fcaT€ > irXeiara
Be tcaTG)p0cbfcaT€. eltebs ovv Kal tou? <rvp,fid'%ov<;
P&6' vp,G)v &v ffBtara tovtov tov kivBvvov fiere-

6 %eiv* ^ 9 ^ Kal dvayKaia Kal irpoarfKova'a
vpuv avTt) t} einpMXeia i/c r&vBe ivdvpLtjdrjre'
AaKeBaipovioi vpZv eiroXepuovv wore iroXXd errj,
Kal Kparovvres t% %(bpa<; ovBev irpovKoirTOV els
to diroXiaai vpLas. iirel B* 6 ffebs eBeoKe irore
avTols Kara OdXarrav iiritcpaTijaai, euOv? vir

118

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 3-6

round about your state, and they are alJ weaker than 369 b.o.
yours. In addition to this, you have harbours, with-
out which it is not possible to enjoy naval power.
Furthermore, you already possess many triremes, and
it is a traditional policy of yours to keep adding
ships. You likewise possess as peculiarly your own
all the arts and crafts which have to do with
ships. Again, you are far superior to other men
in experience of nautical affairs, for most of you
get your livelihood from the sea; hence, while at-
tending to your private concerns, you are also at the
same time gaining experience for encounters by sea.
Here is another point also : there is no port from
which more triremes can sail forth at one time than
from your city. And this is a matter of no slight
importance with reference to leadership, for all men
love best to join forces with the power which is first
to show itself strong. Furthermore, it has also been
granted you by the gods to be successful in this
pursuit. For while you have engaged in very many
and very great combats by sea, you have met with
an exceedingly small number of misfortunes and have
achieved an exceedingly large number of successes.
Therefore it is likely that the allies would like best
to share in such perils if they were under your
leadership. And that this devotion to the sea is
indeed both necessary and proper for you, you must
conclude from the following fact : the Lacedaemo-
nians once made war upon you for many years, 1 and
'though masters of your land could make no progress
toward destroying you. But when at length the
deity granted them to win the mastery by sea,

1 The reference is to the Peloponnesian War, which was
terminated by the capture of the Athenian fleet by the
Lacedaemonians at Aegospotami {Hell. 11. i. 20-32).

119

XENOPHON

ifceivoi? iravTeXm iyeveade. oi/covv evBrfkov iv
tovtoi? iarlv on ite Tr}$ daXaTTrj? diraaa vfilv

7 tfprrjTat awTrjpLa. ovtco? oirv ire<f>vtcoT(DV 7rw? av
e%<H tcaXw vjuv AatceSaifiovioi*; .€7n,Tp€yfrai tcaTa
dakarrav r)yeia0ai, ot irp&rov fiev teal avTol
ofioXoyovaiv direipoTepoi v/jlcov tovtov tov epyov
elvai, eiretra 8 ou ire pi t&v tacov 6 teivBvvos iarcv
iv Tofc tcaTa OdXarrav Q/yCiXTlV, aXX €tC€LVOl$ fJL€V
irepl tcov iv rals rpirfpecri fiovov av6pd)TT(ov f bfuv
Be teal irepl iraLBcov teal yvvaiKcov teal oXrj? rrj<;
7ro\eo)9;

8 Ta, fiev Br) vfierepa ovtw ever tu Be Br)
rcov AateeBaifiovicov iTriateeyfrao-ue. irp&Tov fiev
yap oi kov (J iv iv fieaoyaia* &are Trj? yrj<; tcpa-
Tovvres teal el 0a\drrrj<; ecpyotvro, BvvaiVT av
teaXa><; Bia£fjv. iyveotcores oiv teal oStoi ravra
evdv? itc iraiBcov irpbs tov tcara yrjv rroXefiov tt)v
aatcrjaiv Troiovvrai. teal to irXeicTov Be a^iov, to
TreCOeadai toZs apxovaiv, oitTOt fiev tcpaTiaTOi

9 tcaTa yrjv, vfiel? Be tcaTa OdXaTTav. eireiTa Be
&arrep vfiel? vavTitcfy, ovtco? av itceivoi tcaTa yrjv
irXelaTot teal TayiGT av i£eX0ot€V wcttc 7r/oo9
tovtov? av tcaTa yrjv 1 eltcbs tov? avjifidyovs
eidapaeaTCLTov? Trpoaievai. cti Bk teal 6 0ebs
BeBcoteev, &airep vfilv tcaTa QakaTTav evTvyelv,
ovtko? iKcivoi? tcaTa yrjv irXeiaTOV? yap ai> ovTot
aycova? iv Tjj yfj rjycoviafievoi eXd^aTa fiev

10 iacfraXfievoi etal, irXelaTa Bk teaTaypdcoteoTe?. a>9*
Be teal dvayteaia oiBev t)ttov tovtoi? r) teara yrjv
iirifieXeia rj ifiiv r) tcaTa QakaTTav ite tcov epyeov

1 kcltcI yrjv inserted by Kel., following Hartman.

l 20

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 6-10

straightway you fell completely under their power. 869 b.c.
In these circumstances, therefore, it is plain to be
seen that all your safety depends upon the sea.
Such, then, being the situation ordained by nature,
how could you be content to allow the Lacedae-
monians to be leaders by sea, when, in the first place,
they themselves admit that they are less experienced
than you are in this work, and when, in the second
place, they do not risk as much as you do in contests
by sea, but merely the people on board the triremes,
whereas you risk wives and children and the entire
state.

" This is the situation on your side ; consider now
that of the Lacedaemonians. Firstly, they dwell in
the interior ; hence, so long as they are masters of
the land, they can lead a comfortable existence even
if they are shut off from the sea. Therefore, realizing
this fact themselves, they carry on their training
from their Very boyhood with a view to war by land.
Furthermore, in that which is of the greatest im-
portance, obedience to their commanders, they are
best by land, as you are by sea. Again, they on
their side can set forth by land, as you can with a
fleet, in greatest numbers and with greatest speed ;
therefore it is to them in turn that the armies
of the allies would be likely to attach themselves
with greatest confidence. Besides, the deity has
granted, as to you success by sea, so to them success
by land ; for while they on their side have engaged
in very many combats on the land, they have in-
curred an exceedingly small number of defeats, and
have ~won an exceedingly large number of victories.
And that* this devotion to the land is no less necessary
for them than devotion to the sea for you, one may

121

Digitized by

XENOPHON

egeari yiyvdb(TK€ip. vfieU yap tovtoi? iroWa errj
TroXefwvvres Kal iroXkaius KaravavfiaxovvTe? ov-
Bev Trpovpyov iiroielre irpb*; to tovtov 9 KarairoXe-
jjLrjcrcu. eirel Be anal; r)TTijdr)<rav iv rfi yjj, evOix;
Kal irepl TraiBotv Kal irepl yvvaiK&v Kal irepl oXrj?

11 TIJ9 7T0\€<M9 KLvBvVOS a\)To2<; iyeV€TO. 7TW9 ovv ov

tovtois av Beuvbv aXXois fiev in 11 peireiv Kara yijv
r/yeladai, avrovs Be apiara ra>v Kara yijv iiri-
fiekeurOai; iya) fiev ovv, &<nrep rjj fiovXr) irpo-
fteftovXevrai, ravra eiprjKa re Kal <rvfi<f)opa)TaTa
rjyovjJLai dfi<j>olv elvar v/iel? Be eirvxplre ra tcpd-
Tiara iraaiv rjpXv ftovXevadfievoi.

12 'O pkv javr elirev, oi 'Adrjvaioi t€ Kal oi
r&v AaKeSat/jLovlcov irapovre^ eiryveo-av dpApo-
repot, Ivxyp&s tov \6yov airov. KrjfaaoBoros Be
7rape\0a>v "AvBpe? 'AOrjvaioL, €<f)rj, ovk aladd-
veade i^aTrarcofievor a\V eav dKovo"rjre jiov, iyco
vfilv aifTLKa fidXa einBeL^co, rjBrj yap f)yri(Te<rOe
Kara 0dXarrav. AaKeBaifiovioi Be vpXv eav <tv/jl-
fiax&ait BrjXov on Trefiyfrovai tov? fiev rpcrjpdp-
%ou9 AaKeBaifJLOviovs Kal taco$ tov$ im/Sdra?, oi
Bk vavrai BrjXov otl 1 eaovrai rj TZTXcores fj fiiaOo-

13 <f>6poi. ovkovv Vfiei<; fiev tovtcov r)yr\aeade. oi Be
AaKeBaifiovioL orav irapayyeiXwavv vpZv Kara yfjv
arpareiav, BrjXov otl 7refiyfrer€ tol»9 oirXLra^ Kal

TOt>9' fc7T7rea9. OVKOVV OUTG)9 €K€lVOL fl€V VflCOV

air&v yiyvovrai rjyepLove^, v/iel? Be twv iKeivcov
1 Srjhov Zti MSS. : Kel. brackets, following Nauck.

122

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 10-13

judge from the results. For you made war upon sooac.
them for many years, 1 and though you defeated them
many times by sea, could make no progress toward
subduing them. But so soon as they incurred one
defeat on the land, 2 immediately their wives and
children and their entire state were at stake. Hence
for them, on their side, it would surely be a dreadful
thing to allow others to be leaders by land, when
they themselves are best at the administration of
affairs by land. As for myself, therefore, the course
which has been proposed by your Senate is that
which I have urged, and which I believe to be most
advantageous to both parties ; and may you, for
your part, be fortunate in reaching the conclusion
that is best for us all."

Thus he spoke, and both the Athenians and those
Lacedaemonians who were present applauded his
speech vigorously. But Cephisodotus came forward
and said : " Men of Athens, you do not observe that
you are being deceived ; but if you will listen to me,
I will prove it to you very speedily. As the matter
now stands, you are to be leaders by sea. And if the
Lacedaemonians are. your allies, it is clear that the
captains, and perhaps the marines whom they send
out, will be Lacedaemonians, but it is also clear that
the sailors will be either Helots or mercenaries. You,
therefore, will be leaders of these people. When,
however, the Lacedaemonians give you the order for
a campaign by land, it is clear that you will send
your hoplites and your horsemen. By this plan,
therefore, they become leaders of your own selves,
while you become leaders merely of their slaves and

1 The speaker is referring again to the Peloponnesian War.
* At Leuctra (vi. iv. 1-15).

123

Digitized by

XENOPHON

8ov\u)v teal i\a*%icnov d£icov. diro/cpivai Se /jloi,
€(/>7jj & AatceSaifiovie Tt,/j,6/c pares, ovk apri eXeyes

609 €7rl TOl$ 1001$ /Cat OflOlOtS fjKOLS T7JV (TV/JLfJUl-

14 \iav ttoiovjjl€vo<;; Elirov ravra^ "Eo-tiv ovv, eft]
6 Krjfao-oSoTO?, iaairepov fj iv fie pet fiev e/care-
pov$ rjyeio-Oat, rov vavriKOv, iv fiepei he rov ttc^ov,
fcal v/jui<; re, et tl dyadbv eariv iv rfj Kara dakar-
rav a>PXV> tovtcov p^eTeyeiv \ teal ly/ta? iv rrj Kara
yrjv; dKovaavre? ravra oi 9 A0rjvaloi pLeTeireiadrj-
aav, teal iyJrrjfaaavTO Kara ^ev6rjp.epov eKarepovs
fjyel<rdai.

15 ^rpaTevofievcov 8' ap^orepcov avrcov teal rebv
avfifidxcov €t9 K6pw0ov eho^e Koivfj (pvXdrreiv to
"Oveiov. icai iirel iiropevovro ql <dr)/3aloi xal oi
avfifiaxoh irapara^dfievoi icfrvXarrov aXXo? a\-
Xodev rov 'Oveiov, Aa/ce8aip,6vioi hk /cat HeWr)-
vels Kara to iirifiaxcoTaTOV. oi Bk ®rjj3aloi /cat
oi avp,fiaxot, iirel direlxov t&v (frvXaTTOvrcov
Tpid/covTa aTaSia, /caTeaTparoireSevaavTO iv rq>
Tre&tfp. avvT€fcp,rjpd/x€Voi he i)vik hv wovto opfiij-
devTes KaOavvaai afia tcve<f>a, Trpbs ttjv twv Aaxe-

16 Saifiovicov <f>v\afcrjv iiropevovro. /cal jjl£vtoi ovk
isfrevo-drjo-av Tf}$ &pa$, dXX* iirnrvKTOvai tois
AaicehaipLOvLois /cal toi<; TleXXrjvevo-iv f\viica al
fiev WKTepival <f>v\atcal rjSrj eXrjyov, ifc Be ra>v
aTL0dSa>v dvi'aravTO Swot iSeiro etcacrTO?. iv-
Tav0a oi ®r]/3aloi TTpoaireaovTe^ eiraiov wape-
GKevaa\xevoi dirapacFicevdaTovs Kal avvT€Tayfievoi
124

HELLENICA, VII. i. 13-16

their men of least account. Answer me," he said,
iC Timocrates of Lacedaemon, did you not say a
moment ago that you had come with intent to make
the alliance 011 terms of full equality ? " "I did
say that." "Then/' said Cephisodotus, "is there
anything more equal than that each party in turn
should be leader of the fleet, and each in turn leader
of the army, and that you, if there is any advantage
in the leadership by sea, should share therein, and
we likewise in the matter of leadership by land ? "
Upon hearing this the Athenians were led to change
their minds, and they voted that each party should
hold the leadership in turn for periods of five days.

Now when both peoples and their allies had pro-
ceeded to Corinth, it was determined that they
should together guard Oneum. Accordingly, while
the Thebans and their allies were on the march, they
formed their lines and proceeded to keep guard at
one point and another of Oneum, but the Lacedae-
monians and the Pelleneans at the most assailable
point. And the Thebans and their allies, when they
were distant thirty stadia from the troops on guard,
encamped in the plain. Then, after calculating the
time at which they thought they should start in order
to finish their journey at dawn, they marched upon
the garrison of the Lacedaemonians. And in fact
they did not prove mistaken in the hour, but fell
upon the Lacedaemonians and the Pelleneans at the
time when the night watches were just coming to an
end, and the men were rising* from their camp-beds
and going wherever each one had to go. Thereupon
the Thebans made their attack and laid on their
blows — men prepared attacking those unprepared,
and men in good order against those in disorder.

XENOPHON

17 davvrdfCTov*;. co? Be oi aco0€PT€<; etc tov irpdy-
/iaro9 dTT€(f>vyov iirl top iyyvrara X6<f>op, ef op t^>
Aatce&at/jLOVLcop iroXepidp^ XafiopTi o7r6aov<; fieu
i/3ov\€TO twp avpiidytoP oirXiTas, oiruaovs Be
7T€\TaorTa5, KaTkyew to %copiop, teal yap tcl eiri-
Trjheia itjrjp a<r<£aXa)9 i/c Keyxpeiwv rcofil^ecrthii,
ovfc iiroirjae TavTa, dXXd fidXa diropovpTcop tcop
Qrjfiaicop 7TW9 XPV * K T °v 7r /oo9 Xi/cv Spa ftXeirov-
T09 /caTaftrjpai rj ttoXlp cnreXOelp, <nropha<; ttolt)-
adfxepo^, a>9 tol$ TrXeiaTois iSo/cei, 777009 Qtyftaicdv
/xaXXop rj irpos eavT&p, ovtcos dirrfKOe tea) to £9
pjeff avTov dirrjyayep.

18 Oi Be ®r)/3aioi da<f>aX&<t teaTaftdpTes teal crv/x-

fl€L^aPT€^ T049 €aVT&P CTVflfldxpi?, *Aptcd<Tl T€ Kal

'Apyeioi? teal 'HXeioi9, evffix; fiep TTpoaifiaXov
717)09 Xitev&pa teal HeXXrjprjp' aTpaTevcrd/juepoL Be
eh 'EiTriSavpop eBrjeocrap avTtop iraaap ttjp %a)pav.
dpaytapovPT^ Be itceidep fidXa 7rdpTcop VTrepoir-
tlkw t&p ipaPTLcop, c!>9 eyepopTo iyyv? tov Kopiv-

0LCOP a<TT€G)9, BpOflip i(f>ipOPTO 7T0O9 T«9 TTvXaS Ta9

iirl QXeiovPTa Ioptl, a>9 el apewyjiepai TV%oiev,

19 elcrrreaovfiepoi. eKftorjdrjcraPTes Be tlpcs yfriXol i/c
rr;9 iroXeco*; aiTapT&cn tcop Qrjftaicov T049 eTriXe-
ktois oiBe T€TTapa *n%e6pa dirkypvai tov Tei%ovs*
teal dpaj3dpT€$ ewl Ta /jLPrjfiaTa teal tcl vrrepe-
ypPTa xcopia, /3dXXopT€<t teal dtcovTLtyvT&i diro-
tCTeipovcn t&p 7rp(OT(ov xal fidXa crvxyov?, Kal

126

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 16-19

And when such as came out of the affair with their 869 b.c.
lives had made their escape to the nearest hill, al-
though the polemarch of the Lacedaemonians might
have got as many hoplites and as many peltasts as
he pleased from the forces of the allies and might
have held his position — for supplies might have been
brought in safety from Cenchreae — he did not do
this, but while the Thebans were in great perplexity
as to how they were to descend on the side looking
toward Sicyon, failing which they would have to go
back again, he concluded a truce which, as most
people thought, was more to the advantage of the
Thebans than to that of his own side, and under
these circumstances departed and led away the
troops under his command.

The Thebans, then, after descending in safety and
effecting a junction with their allies, the Arcadians,
Argives, and Eleans, immediately attacked Sicyon
and Pellene ; they also made an expedition to Epi- •
daurus, and laid waste the whole territory of the
Epidaurians. Returning from there in a manner
which showed great disdain for all their adversaries,
as soon as they came near the city of the Corin-
thians they rushed at the double toward the gates
through which one passes in going to Phlius, with
the intention of bursting in if they chanced to be
open. But some light troops sallied forth from the
city against them and met the picked men 1 of the
Thebans at a distance of not so much as four plethra
from the city walls ; then they climbed up on burial
monuments and elevated spots, killed a very con-
siderable number of the troops in the front ranks
by hurling javelins and other missiles, and after

1 The famous "Sacred Band."

127

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Tp€\frd/jL€POi iSicoteop o>? rpta rj rerrapa ardSia.
tovtov Be yevofievov oi KoplvOioi tov? petcpov?
7T/0O5 to T€^o? e\tevaavTe$ teal vTroairopBov? diro-
B6pt€S rpoTraiop earrjaav. teal ravrtf fiev dpe-
yfrv^07]<rav oi twp AateeBaifiopicop <rvp,p,axot.

20 f/ AfMa re Br) TTCTrpayfiepcov tovtcop KaraifKel
AatceBaifiopiois r) irapa Aiovvcriov ftorjOeia, rpirj-
pei$ irXeop r) eiteoaip, fjyop Be JZcXtovs re teal
"I /3rj pas teal lir'iria? co? TrePTrjteopra, rfj 8' vare-
paLa oi ®r)/3aioi re teal oi aXkoi avT&v Gvpniaypi
$iaral;dfjL€Poi teal i/jL7r\ijaaPT€<; to ireBiop pMy(pi
Tr)<; 0a\aTT7)<; teal f^e^pi t&p i%Ofi€P(ov Trjs 7ro\€G>9
jyifKofyeov e<j>det,pop el ri xptfaifwv r)p iv Tfl> ireBLep.
teal oi fiev reap 'Adrjpaicop teal oi t&p Kopivfficov
iirirels oi fid\a eifX/qata^op rq> aTparev/jLart,

21, op&PTes lo"%vpa teal iroXXd TapTiiraXa, oi Be*
rrapa tov Aiopvaiov iinreU, oaotirep fjaav, 1 ovtoi
BieateeBaapApot, a\\o9 aWrj irapaOeoPTe? r)/coPTi-
£6p t€ irpoaeXavpopres, teal iirel oypfioop eif av-
tovs, dpeyj&povp, teal ird\ip dpavTpeefroPTes rjteop-
tl^op. teal ravra dpua ttoiovptc? tcarefiaipop dirb
t<op ittttcop teal dpewavopTO. el Be tcaTafieftrjteoo iv
iirekaxwoUp tip€$, evirerw dpaTrrjB&vres ai^co-
povp. el S* ait tip€$ Sieatjetav avrov? iro\v diro
tov arparevpuTOf;, tovtov*; f oiroTe dwoxcopoiep,
einieeip^epoi teal dtcoPTLfrpTe? Beipct elpyd^opro, teal
Trap to crTpaTevfia r)vdytea^ov eavT&p eve tea teal

22 itpoievai teal dvaxapeip. fJL€Ta TavTa fiivTOi oi

1 oaoiircp foav MSS. : fi<roi xaprjaav Kel.

128

zed by G00gk

HELLENICA, VII. i. 19-22

putting the rest to flight, pursued them about three 869 b.c.
or four stadia. When this had taken place the
Corinthians dragged the bodies to the wall, and
after they had given them back under a truce, set
up a trophy. In this way the allies of the Lacedae-
monians were renewed in their spirits.

Just after these events had happened, the expedi-
tion sent by Dionysius to aid the Lacedaemonians
sailed in, numbering more than twenty triremes.
And they brought Celts, Iberians, and about fifty
horsemen. On the following day the Thebans and
the rest, their allies, after forming themselves in
detached bodies and filling the plain as far as the
sea and as far as the hills adjoining the city, destroyed
whatever of value there was in the plain. And the
horsemen of the Athenians and of the Corinthians
did not approach very near their army, seeing that
the enemy were strong and numerous. But the
horsemen sent by Dionysius, few though they were,
scattering themselves here and there, would ride
along the enemy's line, charge upon them and
throw javelins at them, and when the enemy began
to move forth against them, would retreat, and
then turn round and throw their javelins again.
And while pursuing these tactics they would dismount
from their horses and rest. But if anyone charged
upon them while they were dismounted, they would
leap easily upon their horses and retreat. On the
other hand, if any pursued them far from the
Theban army, they would press upon these men
when they were retiring, and by throwing javelins
work havoc with them, and thus they compelled
the entire army, according to their own will, either
to advance or to fall back. After this, however,

129

VOL. II. K

Digitized by

XENOPHON

&r)/3aloi iieivavres ov TroWas fjjjbipa? airrfkdov
olteaSe, teal oi aXkoi Se efcaaros ottcaSe. etc Se
tovtov eiiftaKkovaiv oi napa Alovuctlov et$ 2t-
tcv&va, teal fid>XV f 1 ^ viic&tn tovs %ikv(ovlov<; ev
t$ 7re8iq>, teal dire/CTeivav irepl e^iofirjKovTa'
Ae/oa? Sk re^09 Kara Kparo<; alpovcrt. /cal rj fiev
irapa Aiovvaiov Trpdorrj ^orjdeia ravra irpagaaa
aTrerrXevaev €t? Xvpateovo-as.

©rjftaioi Se teal iravTes oi awocravTe^ dirb
Aa/ceSai/jLovCcov p>eyjpi fiev tovtov tov xpovov 6/jlo-
dvfiaBbv teal enpaTTOV teal eaTpaTevovTo f)yov-

23 jxevcov ®r]f3ai(0v. iyyevofievo? Se t*9 Avteo/j,7]8r)<;
MavTivevs, yevei re ovSevb? evSer)? / xprjfiaa'L t€
irporjiewv teal aAAa>9 <f>i\oTtfio<;, o5to? ivewXrjae
<f>povtfiiaTO<$ Tot>9 *Ap/cd$a$, Xeycov &>9 /jlovol? fiev
avTOis TraTpU HeXoirovvqao^ elr), fiovoi yap avTo-
%ffove<; ev avTjj olteoiev, irXelaTov Se t&v 'E\X^-
vlkcov <f>v\o)v to 'ApteaSitcbv etrj /cal acofiaTa
iy/epaT€o-TaTa eyoi. teal dX/eifMOTaTOv*; Se avToix;
direheltevve, TetcfiTjpia irapeyo^evo^ a>9 iiritcovpoov
6tt6t€ ierjOelev Tives, ovSeva? rjpovvTO clvt *Aptca-
Bcov. ctl Se ovt€ Aa/ceSaifioviovs irwiroTe avev
a<f)&v ififtaXeiv et9 *ra9 'AOtfva? ovtc vvv ©77-
y8atou9 eXdelv avev 'Ap/cdScov ei<; Aa/ceBaifiova.

24 'Eav ovv aa)(j>povriTe t tov d/coXov$elv oitoi av ti$
irapateaXf} (peLaeaOe* 0)9 irpoTepbv re AareSat-
fiovLois dicoXovO ovvTes i/eeivov? rjv^aaTe, vvv S\
eav ®rjj3aioi<; ectcf) d/coXov0r)T€ teal fjurj tcaTti fxepo^
130

zed by G00gk

HELLENICA, VII. i. 22-24

the Thebans remained but a few days and then 869b.c.
returned home, and the others likewise to their
several homes. Then the troops sent by Dionysius
invaded the territory of Sicyon, and they not only
defeated the Sicyonians in battle on the plain and
killed about seventy of them, but captured by storm
the stronghold of Deras. After these exploits the
first supporting force sent out by Dionysius sailed
back to Syracuse.

Up to this time the Thebans and all who had
revolted from the Lacedaemonians had been acting
and carrying on their campaigns in full accord, under
the leadership of the Thebans. Now, however, there
appeared a certain Lycomedes of Mantinea, a man
inferior to none in birth, foremost in wealth, and
ambitious besides, and filled the Arcadians with self-
confidence, saying that it was to them alone that
Peloponnesus was a fatherland, since they were the
only autochthonous stock that dwelt therein, and
that the Arcadian people was the most numerous of
all the Greek peoples and had the strongest bodies.
He also declared that they were the bravest, offering
as evidence the fact that whenever men needed
mercenaries, there were none whom they chose in
preference to Arcadians. Furthermore, the Lace-
daemonians had never, he said, invaded the territory
of Athens without their help, nor had the Thebans
at present come to Lacedaemon without the help of
the Arcadians. "If you are wise, therefore, you
will leave off following wherever anyone summons
you ; for in former days, by following the Lacedae-
monians, you made them great, and now, if you
follow the Thebans heedlessly and do not make the
claim to enjoy the leadership by turns with them,

k 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

rjyeiaOai d^iwre, iaax; Taya tovtovs aXXov? Aa-
tce8ai/jLOviov<; evprjaere, ol /nep Brj 'ApKaBes ravra

VLKOVOVT^ ClV€<f)V<TG)VT6 T€ fCdl V7T€p€<f)lXoVP TOP

AvtcofujSrjv /ecu fxovov dpBpa r^yovPTO' &<rre ap-
XpvTas erarrov over was itcelvo? KeXevoi. Kal etc
rap (TVfiftatvovTcop Be epycop ifieyaXvpoPTO ol 'Ayo-

25 KaBev ififiaXoPTWP pkp yap eU ^iriBavpop t&p
*Apy€icop f Kal aTTotcXeMrdipTcov tt;9 etjoBov viro re
tcop /nerd Xaftplov £epcop Kal 1 Adrjpalcop Kal
K.opip0iG)P f $oi}6r)(japT€<$ fidXa iroXiopKov/nepov*;
e^eXvaaPTO tou9 'Apyelovs, ov /xopop rot? dpBpd-
gip, dXXd Kal toI$ xcoploi? TroXefiLois ypcofiepot.
gt paTevc d/uLCPOL Be Kal eh 'Aaiprjp tt}9 AaKalpr\<$
ipiKrjadp T€ ttjp T&p AaKeBai/xoplcop (ppovpap Kai
top Yepdpopa top ^TrapTidTrjp iroXeyjipyop yeye-
prjfiepop diT6KT€iPap Kal to upodaTiop t&p *Agl-
valcov eiropdijaap. ottov Be ftovXydelep igeXffeip,
ov pv%, ov yeipitoP, ov firjKOS 6Bov, ovk oprj 8va~
ftaTa d7T€KcoXv€P avTOvs* &aT€ ep ye i/ceiP(p t§>

26 xpopo) ttoXv (oopto KpaTiGTOi elpai. ol fiep Btj
®7}j3aLOi Bid TavTa v7rocf)d6pco<; Kal ovk4tl <j)iXi-
Kws elypp 7T/0O9 tou9 'ApKaBas. ol ye firjp 'HXetot
iirel diraiTOVPTes xa9 iroXeis tovs 'ApKaBa? a?
viro AaKeBai/jLOPteop d^ypeOrjaaPj eypcoaap avTOv?
tovs p>ep eavT&p Xoyovs ep oiBepl Xoytp ttoiov-
pevovs, tol»9 Be HpufrvXiov? Kal tov<s aXXov? tou9
dirb a<j)oi)P diroaTdpTas irepl iraPTos ttolov/jl€pov^ 9
oti 'ApKaBes efyaaap elpai, ck tovtcop av Kal ol
'HXeioi Bvafiepw elypp irpbs avTOvs.

132

Digitized by

HELLENICS VII. i. 24-26

it may be that you will soon find in them another 809 u.c.
set of Lacedaemonians." Upon hearing these words
the Arcadians were puffed up, and loved Lycomedes
beyond measure, and thought that he alone was a
man ; so that they appointed as their leaders whom-
soever he directed them to appoint. But the
Arcadians were exalted as a result also of the actual
achievements which fell to their lot; for when the
Argives had invaded the country of Epidaurus and
their way out had been barred by the mercenaries
under Chabrias, and by the Athenians, and the
Corinthians, they went to the rescue and released
the Argives from an absolute blockade, although
they had not only the enemy's troops but also
the character of the country to contend with.
They also made an expedition to A sine in Laconia,
defeated the garrison of the Lacedaemonians, slew
Geranor, the Spartiate who had become polemarch,
and plundered the outer city of the Asinaeans. And
whenever they wished to take the field, neither night
nor storm nor length of journey nor difficult moun-
tains would prevent them ; so that at that time they
counted themselves altogether the strongest of the
Greeks. For these reasons the Thebans naturally
felt somewhat jealous and no longer friendly toward
the Arcadians. As for the Eleans, when they de-
manded back again from the Arcadians the cities of
which they had been deprived by the Lacedaemo-
nians and found that the Arcadians gave no heed to
their words, but paid the highest regard to the Tri-
«phylians and the others who had revolted from them,
because these people said they were Arcadians, as a
result of this the Eleans in their turn felt unfriendly
toward them.

133

Digitized by

XENOPHON

27 Ovtco 8' e/cdo-Tcov fieya i<f eavrols <f>povovvrcov
t&v vvppayuiv, epxerai <f>iXlo-/co$ 'AfivBrjvbs
irap *ApLoj3ap£dvov<; ^prj/mra e^cov TroXXd. /cal
Trp&ra jxev eU AeXtyovs avvrjyaye irepl elpr\vr)<;
@rj/3aLov<s /cal tou? avp^pAypv^ /cal tou? Aa/ce-
Baifiovlov?. e/cel Be eXdovres rq> fiev 0ea> ovBev
aveKOLVcoaavro 07tg>? av 17 elprjvrj yevoiTO, avTol Bk
eftovXevovTo. eirel Be ov avvex&povv ol ®rjj3acoc
Meaaijvrjv vtto Aa/ceBaifioviois elvai, %evi/cbv
iroXv avveXeyev 6 (PiXta/co?, ottco<; TroXe/jLolrj fiera
Aa/ceBaifiovicw.

28 Tovtow Be irparrofievcov dfa/pveirai ical 17 irapa
Aiovvaiov Bevrepa jHorjdeia. Xeyovrcov Be 'Affrj-
valcov fiev d>$ XP e ** v € ^V avrov*; ikvai eh ©erra-
Xiav rdvavria ®rj/3alot,$, Aa/ceBaifjuovicov Be (09 el<$
TTjv Aa/ccovi/crfv, ravra ev Tofc <rvp,p,aypi<; evUrj-

'aev. eirel Bk TrepieirXevo-av ol irapa Atovvalov
eh Aa/ceBaifwva, Xafiobv avrov? 'Ap^/Sa/xo? fieja
t&v ttoXlti/c&v iarparevero. ical Kapva? pkv
e^aipel /caret /cpdros, ical 00-01/9 fwi/ra9 eXafiev,
direa<j> a£ev. e/ceWev 8' evOvs aTparevadfievo^ efa
Tlappaaiovs rr}<; *Ap/caBLa<; /jlct avr&v iByov rrjv

29 yjlapav. eirel 8' e^orjdrjaav ol 'Ap/cdBes /cal oi
% Apyeloi t €7ravaxcop7]aa<i eaTpaToireBeva-aro ev
T045 virkp MrjXeas yrfkofyow. ivravda S' opto?
avrov JZiaalBas 6 dp^tov tt)<; irapd Aiovva-lotf
fiorjdeia? eXeyev otl e%r)/coi avra> 6 %p6vo<; S9
elprjfievo? fjv irapafieveiv. /cal dfia Tavj eXeye
134

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 27-29

While the several allies were each thus filled with 868 n.c.
proud confidence in themselves, Philiscus of Abydus
came from Ariobarzanes 1 with a large amount of
money. And in the first place he brought together
at Delphi the Thebans, their allies, and the Lacedae-
monians to negotiate in regard to peace. But when
they had arrived there, they did not consult the god
at all as to how peace should be brought about, but
deliberated for themselves. Since, however, the
Thebans would not agree that Messene should be
subject to the Lacedaemonians, 2 Philiscus set about
collecting a large mercenary force in order to make
war on the side of the Lacedaemonians.

While these things were going on the second sup-
porting force sent out by Dionysius arrived. And
when the Athenians said that it ought to go to
Thessaly to oppose the Thebans, while the Lacedae-
monians urged that it should go to Laconia, the
latter plan carried the day among the allies. Ac-
cordingly, after these troops from Dionysius had
sailed round to Lacedaemon, Archidamus took them,
along with his citizen soldiers, and set out on an
expedition. He captured Caryae by storm and put
to the sword all whom he took prisoners. From
there he marched at once with his united forces
against the people of Parrhasia, in Arcadia, and laid
waste their land. But when the Arcadians and
Argives came to their assistance, he retired and en-
camped in the hills above Melea. While he was
there .Cissidas, the commander of the supporting
force from Dionysius, said that the time for which
he had been directed to stay had expired. And as
soon as he had said this he departed by the road
1 cp. v. i. 28. 1 See note on vi. v. 32.

135

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Kal cnrrjei rrjv iirl %7rdpT7}<;. iirel Be airoiropevo-

fl€VOV V7T€T€flVOVTO CLVTOV ol Meaa^VLOC €7rl <TT€V(p

7-779 6Sov, ivravOa &v eirefiTrev iirl rbv ' Ap^iSafiov
Kal ftorjOelv iKeXeve. /catcelvcx; fjuivroi ifiorjdei.
o>9 iyevovjo iv rf) iir EvrprjaLov? i/CTpoirf}, ol
fi€v 'Ap/cdSes fcal 'Apyeioi tt pocreftcuvov el? rrjv
Aaicaivav, Kal ovtoi a>9 diroKKeLaovre^; avrbv 7*779
iir oIkov oSov. 6 Se, ovirep iart yvspiov eTriirehov
iv rafc <rv/j,/3o\al<; 7-779 re iir ^Lvrprjaiav Kal 7-779
€7rl MrjXeas bSov, ivravOa €/c$a9 irapeTa^aro €09

30 fiaxovfievos. €(f>aaav 8' avrbv Kal irpb ra>v \o-
y&v Trapiovra roidSe irapaKeXevaaaOar "AvSpe?
iroXirai, vvv dyaOol yevofievoi dva/3\es}rcofi€V bp-
dols ofi/nacriv diroSobfiev t<M9 €77 uyiyvo fievois rrjv
irarpiha o'lavirep irapa rebv iraripcov irapekdfio-
p,€V 7rav<T(bp,€0a ala^vvbp.evoi Kal TraiSa? Kal
yvvaiKa? Kal irpeafivTepov? Kal f evov 9, iv ol$ 7rp6-
<T0 €v ye Trdvrcov Ttov 'ILWtfvcov TrepifiXeTrTOTaroi,

31 fj/nev. tovt(ov Se prjffivTcov if* aldplas darpaird^
re Kal ftpovrd? \eyovaiv alaiov? avr& (fravrjvar
avvi^rj Se Kal irpb<; rq> hefyco Kepari rifievo^
T€ Kal ayaXfia f H/oa/c\eof9 1 elvai, roiyapovv €k
tovtcov 7rdvrcov ovtco ttoXv /xivo? Kal 0dppo$ TO?9
or par mot ai$ <f>aalv ifjuveaeiv &<tt epyov elvai rofc
rjyefioaiv dvelpyeiv tol>9 arpaTMDTa^ wdovfievov?
els to 7rp6a0ev. iirel fievroi rjyeiro 6 1 *Ap%i8a /i09,

After 'Hpa,K\4ovs the MSS. have ov 8)] koI aic6yovos \4ycrai :
bracketed by Kel. and alledd., following Cobet.

136

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 29-31

leading to Sparta. But when, as he was marching 868 b.c.
away, the Messenians tried to cut him off at a narrow
place on the road, thereupon he sent to Archidamus
and bade him come to his aid. And Archidamus did
in fact do so. Then as soon as they all arrived at the
branch road leading to the country of the Eutresians,
there were the Arcadians and Argives advancing to-
wards Laconia, they also having the intention of
shutting off Archidamus from his homeward way.
He accordingly, at just the point where there is a
level space at the junction of the road leading to
the Eutresians and the road to Melea, turned out
of his path and formed his troops in line for battle.
It is said that he also went along in front of the
battalions and exhorted his men in the following
words: "Fellow citizens, let us now prove ourselves
brave men and thus be able to look people in the
face ; let us hand on to those who come after us
the fatherland as it was when we received it from
our fathers ; let us cease to feel shame before wives
and children and elders and strangers, in whose
eyes we used once to be the most highly honoured
of all the Greeks." When these words had been
spoken, it is said that from a clear sky there came
lightnings and thunderings , of favourable omen for
him ; and it chanced also that on the right wing was
a sanctuary and a statue of Heracles. 1 As a result,
therefore, of all these things, it is reported that the
soldiers were inspired with so much strength and
courage that it was a task for their leaders to restrain
them as they pushed forward to the front. And
when Archidamus led the advance, only a few of the

1 The circumstance was of good omen because Heracles
was the traditional ancestor of the Spartan kings.

137

Digitized by

XENOPHON

oXiyoi fiiv t&v iroXefiitov Be^dfievoc el? Bopv av-
tov$ direOavov ol S* aXXoi (frevyovre? eirnrrov,
ttoXXoI fiev vtto iTnretoV, iroXXol Be vwb t&v KeX-

32 T&v. 0)5 Be Xrj^do"rj<: rf}<; fi^XV^ Tpowalov iarr]-
aaro, ev0u<; eirefi^ev ot/caBe ayyeXovvra ArjfioTeXrj
tov tcrjpvrca t?}? tc vLkt}<; to fieyeOos fcal oti Aa/ce-
SaifiovLcov jAev ovBe el? red vairj , t&v Be iroXeiuoav
wafnrXrjOels. tov? fievrot iv UnrdpTri efyaaav
atcovcravTas dp^afievov<; airb 'AyrjacXdov /ecu t&v
yepovrcov koL t&v i<f>6pcov irdvTa^ icXaleiv ovray
kolvov rt dpa X a P*f KaL ^ 7r V Bd/cpvd iaTiv. iirX
fiivroc Tjj t&v 'Ap/edBcov TVXQ °^ 7ro ^ Tt h' TT0V
AafceBaifiovicov fjaOrjaav @rj/3cuoi re /cat 'HXelor
ovtw tfBrj fyOovTO * 7r ^ T <P (frpovtffiaTi avT&v.

33 %v vex&$ Be ftovXevofievoi ©rjftcuoi 07ra>? av ttjv
rjyefwvlav Xdfioiev t?)? 'EWaSo?, ivopuaav, el
irefiyfreiav 7T/oo? tov llepa&v ftaaiXea, irXeov-
e/CTrjaat av tl iv i/celvq>. kcu e/c tovtov irapa/eaXe-
aavTes 7]Brj tow avfifidxov? eirl ^po^acei oti zeal
'EivffvfcXr)? 6 Aa/ceBaifAovio? eirj irapd ftaacXec,
avaftalvovat ®i]/3alcov fiev JJeXoirlBas, 'Ap/cdBoov
Be 'Apt'io^os 6 Tray/cpaTiaaTi]?, 'HXelow Be 'Ap-
^tSa/w 7)icoXov9ei Be ko\ 'Apyelos. /ecu ol 'Adr)-
valoi d/covaavT€$ Tama dveirepdfav Tifiayopav re

34 koX AeovTa. iirel Be iicel iyevovTO, 7roXv iirXeov-
€KT€i 6 HeXoTrlBa? irapa t£ Uepay. e2;£e yap
Xeyew teal oti /jlovoi t&v 'EXXijvcov ftaaiXel

138

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 31-34

enemy waited till his men came within spear-thrust ; 868 b.c.
these were killed, and the rest were cut down as they
fled, many by the horsemen and many by the Celts.
Then as soon as the battle had ended and he had
set up a trophy, he immediately sent home Demo-
teles, the herald, to report the greatness of his
victory and the fact that not so much as one of the
Lacedaemonians had been slain, while vast numbers
of the enemy had fallen. And when the people at
Sparta heard this, it is said that all of them wept,
beginning with Agesilaus, the senators, and the
ephors; so true it is, indeed, that tears belong to
joy and sorrow alike. On the other hand, both the
Thebans and the Eleans were almost as well pleased
as the Lacedaemonians at the misfortune of the
Arcadians — so vexed had they become by this time
at their presumption.

And now the Thebans, who were continually plan- 867 b.c.
ning how they might obtain the leadership of Greece,
hit upon the idea that if they should send to the King
of the Persians, they would gain some advantage in
him. Thereupon they immediately summoned their
allies, on the pretext that Euthycles, the Lacedae-
monian, was also at the King's court ; and there went
up thither Pelopidas for the Thebans, Antiochus,
the pancratiast, 1 for the Arcadians, and Archidamus
for the Eleans; an Argive also went with them.
And the Athenians, upon hearing of this, sent up
Timagoras .and Leon. When the ambassadors ar-
rived there, Pelopidas enjoyed a great advantage
with the Persian. For he* was able to say that his
people were the only ones among the Greeks who

1 The wayKp&Tiov, a regular " event " in the Greek national
games, was a combination of boxing and wrestling.

139

Digitized by

XENOPHON

avvefid'XpvTo iv TlXaraiais, /cat on varepov ov-
BeirooTroTe arpareva-aivro iirl fiao-iXea, fcal &>?
Aa/ceScufiopiOL Bed tovto iroXepi^aeiav avrois, on
oifc iOeXrfaaiev fier 'AyrjaiXdov iXdelv eV avrbv
ovBe Ova a i idaaiev avrbv iv AvTdBi rrj 'AprifiiSi,
evOatrep ' Ay a fiifiv gov ore ei$ rrjv *Aalav i%eirXei

35 Ova as elXe Tpolav. p,eya Be avveftaXXero ru>
UeXo7rlBa eh to Ti/xaaOai Kal oti iveviKrjKeaav
ol ®7]J3aloi p>dxp iv AevKTpoi? fcal oti ireiropOr]-
#ot€9 ttjv yozpav t&v AaKeBaipLovLcov ifyalvovTO.
eXeye Be 6 TleXowlBa^ on ol 'Apyeioi Kal ol 'Ap-
/cdBes p>dxp ^TTTj/jbivoL elev virb Aa/ceBaijmovLOdv,
inel avTol ov nrapeyevovro. avvefiapTvpet S* avT<p
ravra irdvra d>9 dXr^drf Xeyoi 6 'AOrjvaios Tifia-
yopas, Kal inpLaro Bevrepos perd rbv YleXoirlBav.

36 ifc Be tovtov iptorcopevo^ virb fiaatXea)? 6 IleXo-
mSa? tl /3ovXoito eavrip ypa<f)f}vai elirev oti
NleaGrjvrjv tc avrovopov elvat dnrb AaKeBaipuovlayv
Kal *A0rjvalov<; dveX/ceiv ra? vavs* el Be ravra purj
ireldoiVTOy arpareveiv iir avrovv eX n<; Be ttoXis
firj iOeXot d/coXovOeiv, iirl ravrrjv irpSarov lev at.

37 ypa<f>evT(ov Be tovtcov /cal dvayvtaaOevrcov tol<z
irpeafteaiv, elirev 6 Aecov d/covovTos rov^fiaaiXew

Ata, & 'AOrjvaioi, &pa ye vpiv, a>? eoucev,
aXXov Tiva <f>lXov dvrl ftaaiXecos ^rjrelv. iirel Be
dirriyyeiXev 6 ypappLarevs a elirev 6 'Adrjvalo?,

140

d by Google

HELLENICA, VII. i. 34-37

had fought on the side of the King at Plataea, that 867 b o.
they had never afterwards undertaken a campaign
against the King, and that the Lacedaemonians had
made war upon them for precisely the reason that
they had declined to go with Agesilaus against him 1
and had refused to permit Agesilaus to sacrifice to
Artemis at Aulis, 2 the very spot where Agamemnon,
at the time when he was sailing forth to Asia, had
sacrificed before he captured Troy. It also con-
tributed greatly toward the winning of honour for
Pelopidas that the Thebans had been victorious in
battle at Leuctra, and that they had admittedly
ravaged the country of the Lacedaemonians. Pelo-
pidas also said that the Argives and Arcadians had
been defeated by the Lacedaemonians when the
Thebans were not present with them. And the
Athenian, Timagoras, bore witness in his behalf that
all these things which he said were true, and so
stood second in honour to Pelopidas. Pelopidas was
therefore asked by the King what he desired to have
written for him ; he replied, that Messene should be
independent of the Lacedaemonians and that the
Athenians should draw up their ships on the land ;
that if they refused obedience in these points, the con-
tracting parties were to make an expedition against
them ; and that if any city refused to join in such
expedition, they were to proceed first of all against
that city. When these things had been written and
read to the ambassadors, Leon said in the King's
hearing, " By Zeus, Athenians, it is time for you, it
seems, to be seeking some other friend instead of
the King." And when the secretary had interpreted
to the King what the Athenian had said, he again

1 See in. v. 5. a This incident is described in 111. iv. 3-4.

141

Digitized by

XENOPHON

waXiv efcrfvey/ce TTpoayeypafifievcf el Be ti Bi/ccuo-
repov tovtcov yiyp(o<r/cov<riv oi 'AOrjvaloi, lovra^

38 7r/)o? fiaaiXea BiBda/eeiv. eirel Be d<f>L/covTO oi
irpeapei^ ot/caBe e/caaroi, top fiev Tifiayopav
dire/creivav oi 'AOrjvaloi, /carrjyopovvTOs tov Aeov-
T05 a>9 ovt€ ava/erjvovv eavrtp edeXoi fierd re
TleXoiriBov iravra ftovXevocro, tS>v he aXXcov
7rpea/3e€ov 6 fiev 'H\e?09 'ApxiBapos, on irpovrl-
firjae rrjv *H.Xiv irpo tcov * Ap/cdBcov, eTrrjvei ra tov
jUaaiXeco*;, 6 Be 'Avrfoxos, ore rjXaTTOvro to 'A/>-
fcaBi/cov, ovtc ret Bcopa eSef aro dirriyyeLXe re irpo^
Tot>9 fivpiov? a>9 /3ao-iXev<; dproKonrov^ fiev real
oyjroTToioix; /cal olvoxoov<; teal Ovpeopov? Tra/nrXr)-
deis ex oi > uvhpto? he ot fid%oivT av "EWrjai irdvv
fyr&v ovk e<jyi] BvvaaOcu IBelv. Trpb<; Bk tovtoi?
/cat to tcov xprjfidrcov irXridos dXa^oveiav ot ye
Bo/celv efyrj elvai, iirel /ecu ttjv vfivovfievrjv civ
Xpvarjv nrXdravov ovx i/cavrjv e<f)7j elvcu lerTiyi
a/cidv wapex^cv.

39 '129 Be oi ®r]/3aioi crvve/cdXecrav diro tcov iroXecov
diracrcov d/covao/ievovs ttj<; irapa fiacriXeco? im-
cTToXf}?, zeal 6 Uepar)? 6 <\>ep(ov tcl ypd/ifiara
BeL^a^ ttjv fiaatXe'cos a<f>paylBa dveyvco tc\ ye-
ypafifieva, oi fiev ®rf/3a2oi bfivvvai ravra i/ceXevov
fiaaiXel /ecu eavTol? tov<; ftovXofievov? <})lXov<;
elvai, oi Be diro tcov iroXecov direKpLvavTO on oi/c
ofiovfievoi a\V d/covao/ievoi Trefic\>6eLr)CTaw el Be
tc op/ccov BeoivTo, 717)09 Ta9 iroXeis irefiireiv i/ee-
Xevov. 6 fievTot 'Ap/cd? Av/cofirjBrj^ /cal tovto
142

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 37-39

brought out a further writing : " And if the Athenians so7 b.c.
are aware of anything juster than these provisions,
let them come to the King and inform him." Now
when the ambassadors had returned to their several
homes, Timagoras was put to death by the Athenians
on the complaint of Leon that he had refused to
share quarters with him and had taken counsel in all
matters with Pelopidas. As for the other ambassa-
dors, Archidamus, the Elean, praised the doings of the
King, because he had honoured Elis above the Arca-
dians ; but Antiochus, because the Arcadian League
was less regarded, did not accept the royal gifts, and
reported back to the Ten Thousand 1 that the King
had bakers, and cooks, and wine-pourers, and door-
keepers in vast numbers, but as for men who could
fight with Greeks, he said that though he sought
diligently he could not see any. Besides this, he
said that for his part he thought that the King's
wealth of money was also mere pretence, for he said
that even the golden plane-tree, that was forever
harped upon, was not large enough to afford shade
for a grasshopper.

When the Thebans had called together representa-
tives from all the cities to hear the letter from the
King, and the Persian who bore the document, having
shown the King's seal, had read what was written
therein, although the Thebans directed those who
desired to be friends of the King and themselves to
swear to these provisions, the representatives from
the cities replied that they had not been sent to give
their oaths, but to listen ; and if the Thebans had
any desire for oaths, they bade them send to the cities.
Indeed the Arcadian, Lycomedes, said this besides,

1 i.e. the Arcadian assembly.

M3

Digitized by

XENOPHON

eXeyev, ore ovSe rbv avXXoyov iv ©77^80*9 B4oi
elvai, a\V evOa av rj 6 iroXepos. yaXeiraivov'Ttov
6" avrti t&v ®r)/3ai(ov Kal XeyovTcov a>9 8ia<f>0€Lpoi
to avfju/xaxi/eov, ovS* el? to avviSpiov rjOeT^ tcaOi-
%€iv, d\\' ainwv oX^cto, Kal fi€T avrov iravre*; oi

40 e£ *ApicaZla<; Trpiaftei*;. co? 8' ei> ®rf t 8ai<; ovk
r)0ekr)<rav oi avveXdovre? o/ioacu, eirefiirov oi ®rj-
ftaloi Trpiafteis iirl ra? 7ro\ei9, bfivvvai KeXev-
oi>t€? Troirjaeiv Kara ret ftao-iXea)? ypdfifiara,
vofiL^ovre^ btcvrjaeiv piav eKaarrjv r&v iroXeoov
direxQdvsoQai a pa iavrol? re Kal ftaaiXec. iirel

pAvTOl €19 J£6plV0OV TTp&TOV CLVTCOV d(j)lKOp,€V€OV

v7reaTrjaav oi JZopivOioi, Kal direKpLvavro ore
ovSev Beoivro 7rpo? ftaaiXea koivcjv opKcov, iirrj-
KoXovOrjaav Kal aXXat iroXei? Kara ravrd cltto-
Kpivopevai. Kal avrrj pev r\ TleXoiriSov Kal r&v
®rj/3ai<ov rrj<; a/?%^9 irepiftoXr} oureo BieXvOrj.

41 Avdis 8' 'ETrafieivcbv&as, fiovXrjdeU row
'Axaiovs Trpoaayayiadai, 6Vg>9 paXXov a<f>iai
Kal oi 'ApKaSe? Kal oi aXXoi avppayoi irpoo-i-
ftoiev rbv vovv, eyvco iKarparevjeov eivai iirl ttjv
* Ayatav. Heiaiav oiv rbv *Apyelov o"t parrjy ovvi a
iv t$ "Apyec ireidei irpoKaraXa^elv to "Oveiov.
Kal 6 Ueiaias pevroi Karapadcov dp^Xovpevrjv
rrjv rod ^OveLov (fyvXaKrjv vtto re NavKXeovs, 89
VPX € T °v %gvikov tcov AaKeSai/jLoviwv, Kal vtto
Tipopdypv tov 'AOrjvalov, KaraXapftdvec vvKTtop
144

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 39-41

that it was not even proper for the congress to be s«7 b.c.
held in Thebes, but rather at v the seat of war, wherever
it might be. Then, since the Thebans were angry with
him and said that he was destroying the compact of
alliance, he refused even to occupy a seat at the
congress, but took himself off, and with him went
all the ambassadors from Arcadia. Accordingly, in-
asmuch as those who had come together refused to
take the oath at Thebes, the Thebans sent ambas-
sadors to the cities and directed them to swear that
they would act in accordance with the King's letter,
believing that each one of the cities taken singly
would hesitate to incur the hatred of themselves and
the King at the same time. When, however, upon
the arrival of the ambassadors at Corinth, their first
stopping-place, the Corinthians resisted the proposal,
and replied that they had no desire for oaths shared
with the King, then other cities also followed suit,
giving their answers in the same terms. Thus it was
that this attempt on the part of Pelopidas and the
Thebans to gain the leadership came to its end.

Epaminondas, on the other hand, wishing to bring
over the Achaeans to the side of the Thebans, in
order that the Arcadians and the other allies might
be more inclined to give heed to them, decided that
he must march forth against Achaea. He therefore
persuaded Peisias, the Argive, who held the position
of general at Argos, to occupy Oneum 1 in advance.
And Peisias, after he had learned that the guard over
Oneum was being maintained carelessly by Naucles,
who commanded the mercenary troops of the Lace-
daemonians, and by Timomachus, the Athenian, did

1 A mountain range, south-east of Corinth, over which the
road from Northern Greece into Peloponnesus passed.

'45

VOL. II. L

ligitizeiby^OOQle

XENOPHON

fl€TOL hiGXlkLcDV 07rXlT&V TOV VTTCp KeyXp€l&V

42 X6(f>ov, eyasv ewTa rjfiep&v ra eTriTrjheia. iv Se
ravrat<; tcu? f/fiepat<; eX06vTe<; ol (drjfiaioi vrrep-
fiaivovai to "Oveiov, teal tTTparevovai irdvTes ol
a-vfifiaxoi €7r' ^A^atav, rjyovfiivov 'ETrafieivwv&ov.
irpoaireaovTcov o° avr<p t&v /3€\tl<tt€ov etc t?)?
'A^afa?, ivSwaarevei 6 'EirafieivcovSa*; ware fit)
(frvyaSevaai tou? Kpariarov^ fir)Te iroXiTeiav
fieTaarrjaai, dXXa ' it Lara Xa/3a)v irapa t&v
'A'xaicov rj firjp av fifid^pv^ eaeaOai teal dicoXov-
0i]<T€iv oiroi av @rj/3a2oc fjywvrat, ovtco? dirrjXSev

43 OLKaSe. KaTtjyopovPTcov Be avrov t&v t€ * Apicd-
Bcov Kal t&v dvTiaTaatcoT&v a>? AaKeBaifiovLois
kclt€c K€vcifC(0$ Ttjv ' Ayaiav direXdoi, eBolje ®T)-
/3aiot<; irefisjrai apfioaTas eh ra? 'A^atSa? iroXeis.
ol 8' i\06vT€<; tov<; fiev ^eXriaTOv^ avv t$ irXrjdei
ige&aXov, Brjjiofc parlay Be iv tt) 'A^aia Kare-
arrjaav. ol fievroc iKireaovres avaTavre? rayy*
iirl filav e/cdo~Tr}v t&v iroXecov iropevofievoi, ovre<;
ovk oklyoi, KaTrj\06v re Kal Karea^ov ra? iroXeis.
iirel 8% KareXOovTes ovKeri ifieaevov, dXXa irpo-
0v/jl(0<; avvefidypw toi<; Aa/ceSaifioviois, iirU^ovro
ol 'Ap/cd8e<; evOev fiev virb AaxeBaifioviwv, evOev
Bk virb 'Axai&v.

44 'Ei> Be t& %lkv&vi to fiev fie^pi tovtov /caret
tov$ apxalov? vofiov? r) iroXireia r\v. etc Be
tovtov ftovXofievos 6 Evcfrpcov, &airep irapa to?9
Aa/ceSai/iovLOt? fieyiaTOS r)v t&v itoXvt&v, ovtg>
146

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 41-44

indeed seize the hfil above Cenchreae by night with 867 b.c.
two thousand hoplites, having provisions for seven
days. Within this number of days the Thebans
arrived and crossed over Oneum, and all the allies
thereupon marched against Achaea, under the leader-
ship of Epaminondas. Now upon the urgent entreaty
which the aristocrats of Achaea addressed to him,
Epaminondas effected through his personal influence
an arrangement that their opponents were not to
banish the aristocrats or to change the form of
government, but after receiving pledges from the
Achaeans that in very truth they would be allies
and would follow wherever the Thebans led the
way, he thereupon returned home. When, however,
the Arcadians and the Achaean opposition brought
against him the charge that he had arranged matters
in Achaea in the interest of the Lacedaemonians and
had then gone away, the Thebans resolved to send
governors to the Achaean cities. When they arrived
they drove out the aristocrats, with the assistance of
the commons, and established democracies in Achaea.
But those who had been thus exiled speedily banded
themselves together, proceeded against each one of
the cities singly, and as they were not few in number,
accomplished their restoration and gained possession
of the cities. Then, since after their restoration they
no longer followed a neutral course, but fought
zealously in support of the Lacedaemonians, the
Arcadians were hard pressed by the Lacedaemonians
on the one side and by the Achaeans on the other.

As for Sicyon, its government up to this time had
been in conformity with its ancient laws. But now
Euphron, who had been the most powerful of the
citizens in his influence with the Lacedaemonians

M7

l 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

kcu rrapa rot? evavriois avrcoiP irpcoreveiv, Xiyei
7T/0O9 tovs 'Apyeiov? Kal 777)09 toi>9 3 AptcdSa? 009
el fiev oi rrXovaLcoraroL eyKpareis eaoivro rov
z.lkvcovo^ s aacjtax;, orav Tv^y, rraXiv XaKcoviel t)
ttoXlv \Eai> Be BrjfjLOKparLa yevrjrai, ev tare, efyr),
on Biafievei vfitv rj ttoXi?. eav ovv fioi rrapaye-
vrjaOe, iyco eaofiai 6 avytcaXcov rov Btj/jlov, teal
afia iyco v/mv ravrrjv irlanv ifiavrov Sacra Kal
ttjv ttoXiv ftefiaiov ev rfj a-v/jb/xax^ irape^co.
ravra B\ ecfrr), iyco it pari co ev tare on irdXai
fiev %aXe7T(M9 cf>epcov, &<nrep v/jl€L<;, to <\>povr]fia
tcov AaKeBaifxovicov, ao-fjuevo? 8' av rrjv BovXetav

45 drrocfrvycov. oi ovv 'ApfcdSe? Kal oi 'Apyeloi
17866)9 ravr atcovaavre? irapeyevovro avru>. 6 S*
ev6v<$ ev rfj dyopa irapovrcov tcov 'Apyeicov Kal
tcov 'ApKaScov avveKaXei rov Bfjfiov, a>9 t?)9 ttoXi-
reta9 iao/jLevrjs eVl ro?9 Xo~ol<; teal ofioiois. iirel
Be avvrjkOov, aTparrjyovs ixeXevaev eXeadai ova-
rivas avTols BoKoiiy oi 8' aipovvrai avrov re
rov JLvcfrpova Kal ^liriroBaiiov Kal KXeavBpov Ka\
^AKpicriov Kal AvaavBpov, a>9 Be ravra eVe-
irpaKTo, Kal irrl to geviKov Kadiarrjacv 'ABeav
rov avrov viov, Avai/Jbevrjv rov irpoadev dpyovra

46 aTTOCFrrjaas. Kal evOv? fxev rovrcov tcov gevcov 6
JLvcf>pcov Tnarovs riva<; ev irotcov eiroLrjcraro, Kal
aXXovs TrpoaeXd/AfSavev, ovre tcov B^xoaicov ovre
rcov iep&v %py)pjdrcov (freiSo/jLevos. Kal oaov? B*
igeftaXev eirl XaKcovia pep, Kal T0Z9 tovtcov XPV~
148

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 44-46

and wished in like manner to stand first with their 367 b.c.
adversaries also, said to the Argives and to the Ar-
cadians that if the richest men should remain in
control of Sicyon, it was manifest that whenever an
opportunity offered, the city would go over to the
Lacedaemonians again, " while if a democracy is
established, be well assured," he said, "that the
city will remain true to you. If, therefore, you will be
at hand to support me, I will be the one to call the
people together, and I will not only give you in this
act a pledge of my good faith, but will make the
city steadfast in its alliance with you. This I do,
you must understand," he said, "because, like your-
selves, I have long found the arrogance of the Lace-
daemonians hard to endure, and I should be glad to
escape from servitude to them." Accordingly the
Arcadians and the Argives, upon hearing these
words, gladly presented themselves to support him.
Then he immediately called the people together in
the market-place in the presence of the Argives and
the Arcadians, announcing that the government was
to be on terms of full equality. When they had
come together, he bade them choose whomsoever
they saw fit as generals; and they chose Euphron
himself, Hippodamus, Cleander, Acrisius, and Ly-
sander. When this had been done, he also appointed
Adeas, his own son, to the command of the mer-
cenary troops, removing Lysimenes, their former
commander. And straightway Euphron made some
of these mercenaries faithful to him by treating them
generously, and took others into his pay, sparing
neither the public nor the sacred funds. He likewise
availed himself of the property of all those whom
he banished for favouring the Lacedaemonians.

149

Digitized by

XENOPHON

fia<Tiv €XPV T0 * Kai T *° v ervpap^oprcop Be roi><; fiep

B6\cp a7T€/CT€tV€ y TOVS 8' igeftaXcP* COCTTe TTaVTCL

v<f>* eavrco errouficraro teal aa(f)co<; rvpappos fjv.
oVco? Be ravra emrperroiep aircp oi gv/jl/jlclxoi,
ra fiep ri teal ^prifiaaL BieirpdrreTo, ra Be tcai,
ei ttov errparevoipro, rrpo0vfico<; eyjav to ^epiteov

<TVV7]KO\OV0€L.

II. OvTCO Be TOVTCOV 7rpOK€X^pV K OT(OV f teal TCOP

re 'Apyeicop imrereixi/corcop rco QXeiovprt to
virep rod 'Hpaiov Tpi/cdpapov, ical rcop ^ikvcopicov
irrl to?? opioid air cop rer^}%oprcop Ttjv %vapiav>
fidXa iirU^ovTO oi QXeidertot real eairdpi^op r&v
iTnrrjBeicov 8fico<; Be Bie/caprepovv ev rrj crvfi/xa-
yia. dXXa yap tcov fiev fieydXcop rroXecov, el ri
teaXov eirpal-av, air awes oi a vyy panels fiefivqvrar
ifiol Be Bo/cei, teal el tj? fiitcpa iroXis ovcra rroXXa
koX teaXa epya BiaireTT paterae, ere /jl&XXov agiov
2 elvac arroc^aiveLV. QXeidaioi roivvv <f>iXoi fiev
eyevovro Aa/ceBaifioviois, or eieelvoi /jLeyicrroi
fjcrav a<f>aXevrcov S' avrcov ev rfj ev Aev/crpoi?
P^XO* KaL drrocrrdvrcov fiev rroXXcov rrepioLtecov t
arroerravrcov Bk rrdprcop rcop YiiXcorcop, en Be r&v
crvfifidxcop rrXrjp rrdvv oXiycop, imar parevopr cot/
S* airoc? cbs elwetp irdprcop rcop 'TLXXrfpcov, mcrrol
BUfieipap, teal e^opres rroXejiiovs tou? Bvparcord-
T0U9 rcop ep YleXorropprjCTcp 'AptedBas real ' Apyeiov?
o/jlcos i/SoTjdrjcrap avroc?, teal Biafiaipeip reXevracot,
Xa^opre^ €t$ Upacrtds rcop crvfiftorjOrjcrdvTap, fjcrav
150

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. i. 46-11. 2

Furthermore, he treacherously put to death some 367 b.c.
of his fellow-officials and banished others, so that
he brought everything under his control and was
manifestly a tyrant. And he managed to induce
his allies to permit these proceedings of his, partly
by the use of money, and partly by following with
them zealously at the head of his mercenary force
wherever they made an expedition.

II. When these matters had progressed to this 366 b.c.
point and the Argives had fortified Mount Tricara-
num, above the Heraeum, as a base of attack upon
Phlius, while the Sicyonians were fortifying Thy-
amia on its borders, the Phliasians were exceedingly
hard pressed and suffered from lack of provisions ;
nevertheless, they remained steadfast in their alli-
ance. But I will speak further of them ; for while
all the historians make mention of the large states if
they have performed any noble achievement, it seems
to me that if a state which is small has accomplished
many noble deeds, it is even more fitting to set them
forth. Now the Phliasians had become friends of the
Lacedaemonians at a time when they were greatest ;
and when they had been defeated in the battle at
Leuctra, when many of the Perioeci had revolted
from them and all the Helots also had revolted, and
likewise their allies with the exception of a very
few, and when all the Greeks, one might say, were
in the field against them, the Phliasians remained
steadfastly faithful, and, though they had as enemies
the most powerful of the peoples in Peloponnesus —
the Arcadians and Argives — nevertheless went to 370 b.c.
their assistance. Furthermore, when it fell to their
lot to cross over to Prasiae last of those who joined
in the expedition (and these were the Corinthians,

151

Digitized by

XENOPHON

8' OVTOl KopLvOlOl, J Fi7Tt,BavpiOl, TpOltyviOl, 'Ep-

3 [novels, r A\i€t$, %ifcvcovioi Kal HeWrjveiv oi
yap irco tot€ acfriaraaav — ov&* 1 e7rel 6 gevaybs
tou? TTpoSiafieficoTa*; Xaficov cnroknrayv avrovs
oS^eTO, ovS* o>? direaTpd<f>r)cav, a\\' rjyejjbova
fuaOcoadfievoL etc Upaaicov, ovtcov tcov iroXefiicdv
ire pi *A/xvfc\a<z, ottcos eSvvavTO SiaSvvres eh
^Trdprrjv dfyiKOVTO. teal firjv oi AafceBaifiovioi
aXXcos re irificov avToi><; Kal fiovv gevia eirefiyfrav.

4 iirel S' dvaycopr]GdvTCOv tcov TroXe/xicov iic t?)?
AaKe&aifiovos oi 'Apyetoi opyi^ojxevoi rfj tcov
<t>\€ia<TLcov irepl tovs AatceSai/juoviovs 7rpo0v/iia
iveftaXov TravBrj/mel eh tov <&XeiovvTa Kal ttjv
X<*>P av avT&v eBrjovv, ovS* ct>? vQlcvto, dXXd Kal
iirel direyoopovv (f>0eipavT€<; oaa iSvvavro, iire^eX-
06vre$ oi tcov <t>XeiaaL(ov iirireh eirrjKoXovBovv
avToh, Kal 67TLa0o(f>v\aKovvTcov Toh 'Apyeloi?
tcov linrecov dirdvTcov Kal Xo^cov tcov /act avTov?
Terayjuevcov, eTnOefxevoi tovtois igjjKOVTa ovtc?
irpeyfravTO iravras tou9 O7no~0 ocpvXaKas* Kal
dweKTeivav fiev oXiyovs avTCov, Tpoiratov /jlSvtoc
icTrjaavTO opcovrcov tcov ' Apyeicov obhev Siacpepov
rj el TrdvTa? aireKToveaav avTOvs.

5 Av0l<z Be AaKeSaifiovcoi /xev Kal oi av/jbfxa'xpi
i(f>povpovv to "Oveiov, ®r]/3aiot, Se irpoaffaav ct>9
vTrepftrjo-ofievot. iropevo/xevcov Be Bid Ne//,ea? tcov
'ApKaScov Kal 'HXeicov, ottcos avfi/mei^aiev rot?
®7)@aLoi<;, TrpoarjveyKav fiev Xoyov tcov QXeiaaioov
fyvydBes a>? el ideXijaeiav iTTKfravfjvai fiovov a<f>iai 9

1 Before ot>5' the MSS. have iAA' : Kel. brackets, follow-
ing Uartman.

152

Digitized by

HELLEN1CA, VII. 11. 2-5

Epidaurians, Troezenians, Hermionians, Halians, 870 b.c.
Sicyonians, and Pelleneans — for at that time the
last mentioned had not yet revolted from the Lace-
daemonians), even when the Lacedaemonian leader
went off with those who had crossed first and left
the Phliasians, even so they did not turn back, but
hired a guide from Prasiae, and, although the enemy
were in the neighbourhood of Amyclae, slipped
through as best they could and reached Sparta.
And the Lacedaemonians, besides honouring them in
other ways, sent them an ox as a gift of hospitality.
Again, when the enemy had retired from Lacedae- 3G9b.c.
mon, and the Argives, in anger at the devotion of
the Phliasians toward the Lacedaemonians, had in-
vaded the territory of Phlius in full force and were
laying waste their land, even then they did not
yield ; but when the Argives were withdrawing,
after having destroyed as much as they could, the
horsemen of the Phliasians sallied forth and fol-
lowed after them, and, although all the Argive
horsemen and the companies posted behind them
were employed to guard their rear, the Phliasians
nevertheless, who were but sixty in number, attacked
these troops and turned to flight the entire rear-
guard ; to be sure they killed but few of them, yet
they set up a trophy, with the Argives looking on,
precisely as if they had killed them all.

Once again, the Lacedaemonians and their allies
were guarding Oneum, and the Thebans were ap-
proaching with the intention of crossing over the
mountain. At this time., as the Arcadians and Eleans
were marching through Nemea in order to effect a
junction with the Thebans, exiles of the Phliasians
made them an offer that if they would only put in

153

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Xdfioiev &v <t>XeiovvTa* €7rei 8k ravra avvco/noXo-
ytfdrj, t^9 vvkto<; vire/cadi^ovTo vtt avrtp to.
Telnet ickifiatcas e^oire? oX re fyvydBes /cal aXXoi
fi€T clvt&v a)? ega/coaioi. cVei Bk oi fiev gkottoI
earjpLaivov dirb tov Tpi/capdvov a>9 iroXepLicov
iiriovT&v, f) Bk 7r6Xis 7T/0O9 tovtov 9 tov vovv el^ev,

iv Bfj TOVTtp oi 7Tpo8l86vT€$ €O"J]fJLaiV0V T0?9 V7T0-

6 /caOrjfJievdis avafiaLveiv. oi 8* avafidvTes teal
\a/36vT€$ r&v <f>povp&v ra oirXa eprjfia, iBico/cov
T0U9 f)p>€po(f)v\cucas ovtcls Be/ca* a<f>* e/cdaTT)<; 8k
t?}9 TrepmdBos eh r/p,epo<f>vXal; KaTeXeLireTo* /cal
eva fikv en fcaOevSovra direicTeivav, aXXov 8k
Kara<f)vy6vTa wpb$ to "Hpaiov. <t>vyj} 8' e£a\-
XofMevayv /car a tov Tei^pv^ tov eh to olgtv bp&v-
T09 t&v r}fJL€po<f>v\dK(i)v, dvap,<f)icrl3T]T?]Tco<; eljfpv

7 oi dvaftdvTe? ttjv d/cpoiroXiv. eirel Bk /epavyr}?
eh ttjv iroXiv d<f>i/cop,evr)<; ifiorjOovv oi ttoXZtcu, to
fji€v irp&Tov eire^eXOovTe^ i/c t^9 d/cpoTroXeto*; oi
iroXepnoi ifid^pvTo iv tG> irpbcdev t&v eh tt)v
iroXw <f>epovacov irvXcov eireiTa iroXiop/covpLevot
vtto tcov irpoaftorj&ovPTcov eyjiipovv irdXiv irpbs
ttjv d/cpbiroXiv oi Be ttoXitcli avveiGir'nTTOvaiv
avToh. to p*ev oiv fieaov Tfjs aKpowoXeeo^ ev0i><;
eprffxov iyeveTO* eirl Be to Te£%09 /cal to£>9 irvpyov?
avafidvTes oi TroXifiioi eiraiov /cal efiaXXov tov?
evBov. oi Be yapLoQev tjjivvovto ical kwtcl t<Z9 eirl

8 to Tel^o? <f>epovo~a$ /cXifia/cas Trpoae/jbd^ovTO. iirel
Be t&v evOev /cal evdev irvpycav i/cpaTtjadv tivcw
154

pfrMnijCo

HELLENICA, VII. n. 5-8

an appearance to help their party, they would capture 869 b.c.
Phlius ; and when this plan had been agreed upon,
during the night the exiles and others with them,
about six hundred in number, set themselves in
ambush close under the wall with scaling ladders.
Then as soon as the watchmen signalled from Tri-
caranum that enemies were approaching, and the city
was giving its attention to these last, at this moment
those who sought to betray the city signalled to the
people in ambush to climb up. When they had
climbed up and found the posts of the guards weakly
manned, they pursued the day-guards, who numbered
ten (for one out of each squad of five was regularly
left behind as a day-guard) ; and they killed one
while he was still asleep and another after he had
fled for refuge to the Heraeum. And since the
other day-guards in their flight leaped down from
the wall on the side looking toward the city, the
men who had climbed up were in undisputed pos-
session of the Acropolis. But when an outcry reached
the city and the citizens came to the rescue, at first
the enemy issued forth from the Acropolis and fought
in the space in front of the gates which lead to the
city ; afterwards, being beset on all sides by those
who came against them, they withdrew again to the
Acropolis ; and the citizens poured in with them.
Now the space within the Acropolis was cleared at
once, but the enemy mounted upon the wall and
the towers and showered blows and missiles upon
the people who were within. Meanwhile the latter
defended themselves from the ground and attacked
the enemy by the steps which led up to the wall.
When, however, the citizens gained possession of
some of the towers on this side and on that, they

155

Digitized by

XENOPHON

oi TroXZrai, ofioae Brj ix^povv airovevor}pevm Tofc
dvafiefirjtcocnv. oi Be coOovfievoi vir avTCOv rfj
roXfirj re teal fiaXV € ^ ^Xarrov ovveiXovvTO. iv Be
tout a) tco teaipco oi fiev 'A/o/eaSe? teal oi ^Apyelot

7T€pl T7]V TToXlV itCV/cXoVVTO, tCdl KCLTCL tce<fraXr)V TO
7€Z%0? Tf)? atCpOTToXeCO? SlCOpVTTOV TCOV 8' €vBo-

0ev oi fiev tou? eVl tou t€&%ou9, oi he rovs egcoffev
en avafiaLVOvras, iirl Tat? teXifia^LV 6Wa?, enaiov,
oi Be 7rpo? toi»? avafiefirj/coTas avTCov irrl tou9
irvpyovs ifidxovro, teal irvp evpovres iv rat?
crterjval? v^rjirrov avrovs, TrpoofyopovvTe? tcov
BpayfiaTcov a ctvxov e£ avTrjs t*}? atepoiroXeco?
T€0epicrp,iva. evravOa Brj oi fiev airo tcov irvpycov
ttjv cpXoya <f>of3ovfievot ifjtfWovTO, oi Be iirl tcov
Teix&v ^ 7r0 TC0V dvBpcov TraiofJLevoL i^eiMTTOv.
9 emel B* airal; fjpgavTO vireUeiv, Ta%i» Brj iraoa rj
aicpoTroXt,? eprjfio? tcov TroXefiicov iyeyevrjTO. ev0i><;
Be teal oi iirirels i%rjXavvov oi Be woXepnoi IBovtcs
clvtovs ci7rex^P 0VV > teaTaXnrovTe? tol<; tc teX'ifiaKa?
/ecu tovs vetepovs, iviovs Be teal fa>Ta? aTroteexc*-
Xevfievov?. dmeQavov Be tcov iroXefiicov oi re
evBov piaxo^voL teal oi e^co aXXofievot ovte iXaT-
TOf9 tcov oyBorjteovTa. ev0a Brj 0edo~acr0ai iraprjv
€7rl tt)? tTcoTT)p[a<; tol»? fiev avBpa? Be%iovfievov<z
dXXijXovs, Ta? Be yvvatfcas irielv T€ cj>epovcra<; teal

1 The wall of the Acropolis on one side made part of the
city wall, while on the other side it separated the Acropolis
from the lower city. The Arcadians and Argives are

156

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. n. 8-9

closed in desperate battle with those who had 369 b.c.
mounted upon their walls. And the enemy, as they
were forced back by them — by their courage as well
as by their fighting — were being crowded together
into an ever smaller space. At this critical moment
the Arcadians and Argives were circling around the
city and beginning to dig through the wall of the
Acropolis from its upper side; 1 and as for the citizens
within, some were dealing blows upon the people
on the wall, others upon those who were still climb-
ing up from the outside and were on the ladders,
and still others were fighting against those among
the enemy who had mounted upon the towers ; they
also found fire in the tents and began to set the
towers ablaze from below, bringing up some sheaves
which chanced to have been harvested on the Acro-
polis itself. Then the people upon the towers, in
fear of the flames, jumped off one after another, while
those upon the walls, under the blows of their human
adversaries, kept falling off. And when they had
once begun to give way, speedily the whole Acropolis
had become bare of the enemy. Thereupon the
horsemen straightway sallied forth from the city ;
and the enemy upon seeing them retired, leaving
behind their ladders, their dead, and likewise some
of the living who had been badly lamed. And the
number of the enemy who were killed, both in the
fighting within and by leaping down without, was
not less than eighty. Then one might have beheld
the men congratulating one another with handclasps
on their preservation, and the women bringing them

manifestly attacking the first mentioned, i.e. outer, part of
the wall of the Acropolis ; but the precise meaning of Karh.
K((pa\i]v is uncertain.

157

Digitized by

XENOPHON

a/ia X a P<} Ba/cpvovaas. irdvra^ Be tovs irapovTa?
totc ye rq> ovtl tcXavaiye\a><; eiyev.

10 'JLveftaXov Be /ecu r<p varepco erei eh tov
<&\eiovvTa oX re 'Apyeioi teal oi 'A/o/eaSe? airavre^.
alriov fjv tov eTntcelaOai avTov^ del toi?
<t>\eia,(TLot,<; oti ajia fiev a>pyi£ovTO avTols, a/xa Be
ev fieacp etyov, Kal ev eXiriBi rjaav del Sid ttjv
diropiav t&v eirLT^BeLcav irapacrrjaeaOaL avTOv$.
oi £' iiTTTeh teal oi eiriXeKTOL tcov <t>\eiaaicov
teal ev ravrrj rfj ifij3o\f) iwl ttj Biafidaei tov
irorafiov eTriTiOevTai avv to?? irapovai tcov *A0r)~
va'uov iirirevar teal tcpaTrjaavTe? eiroLr)aav tov?
iro\efiLov<; to \onrov t?)? r/fiepa? vtto Ta? dtepco-
peias viro^copeiv, &airep diro <f>i\iov Kapirov tov
ev Tft> ireBitp <\>v\aTTop.evov^ fxrj KaTairaTrjcreiav.

11 Av0l$ Be 7tot€ iaTpaTevaev e£? tov <t>\ecovvTa 6
ev ^itcv&vi apyjtov ®?7$a?o?, dycov o(J? re auTo?
€ ^X € <f>P 0V P°v$ Ka ^ Xitcvtovlov? Kal UeXkrfveav
tfSr) yap totc rjKoXovBovv to£? ®rj/3aioi<z* Kal
JLvQpcov Be tou? avTov e^cov /ua0o<f)6pov<; irepl
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ei? Kopivdov fyepovaas irvXa? iirl tov aiepov
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TavTTj Trepie\9ovTe$ oi $>\eidaioi xaTa KefyaXrjv

12 avTcov yevoivTO virep tov 'Hpaiov. a>? 8* eyvcoaav

i5»

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. n. 9-12

drink and at the same time crying for joy. Indeed, scq b.c.
" laughter mingled with tears " 1 did on that occasion
really possess all who were present.

In the following year likewise the Argives and all 368 b.o.
the Arcadians invaded the territory of Phlius. «The
reason for their continually besetting the Phliasians
was partly that they were angry with them, and partly
that they had the country of the Phliasians between
them, and were always in hope that through want
of provisions they would bring them to terms. But
on this invasion also the horsemen and the picked
troops of the Phliasians, along with the horsemen
of the Athenians who were present, attacked them
at the crossing of the river; and having won the
victory, they made the enemy retire under the
heights for the rest of the day, just as if they were
keeping carefully away from the corn in the plain
as the property of friends, so as not to trample it
down.

On another occasion the Theban governor at Sicyon see b.c.
marched upon Phlius at the head of the garrison
which he had under his own command, and of the
Sicyonians and Pellenearis — for at that time they
were already following the Thebans ; and Euphron
also took part in the expedition with his mercenaries,
about two thousand in number. Now the -main body
of the troops descended along Tricaranum toward
the Heraeum with the intention of laying waste
the plain ; but the commander left the Sicyonians
and Pelleneans behind upon the height over against
the gates leading to Corinth, so that the Phliasians
should not go around by that way and get above his
men at the Heraeum. When, however, the people
1 An allusion to Iliad vi. 484.

159

Digitized by

XENOPHON

oi etc t?;$ 7ro\€G)? tou? iroXepLiov 9 eVi to ttcSlop
(hpfirj/jievov^, dpregeXOopre? 01 re iinrel^ teal oi
eiriXeKroi rcop QXeiaaieop ifid^ppro teal ovte avl-
eaap els to ireSiop avrovs. teal to uev irXelarop
T779 rjfiepas epravOa dtepo/3oXi£6fiepoi Bcrjyop, oi
fiev wepl top FiV<f>pova eTnhicbteopres ^XP L T °v
limao-i/iov, oi hk evhodev peyjpv rov 'Hpaiov.

13 errel he teaipbs iSoteei elpai, airfjaav oi iroXejuioc
tcvteXo) rov Tpitcapdpov coo-re yap rrjp avpropuop
777009 Toi? HeXXrjpea? dfateecrOai 7) irpb rov
reLxovs <f>dpay!; elpye* pa k pop 6° airovs 7t/jo? to
opOiOP 7rpo7T€fiyJrapr€<; oi <S>Xeidaiot dirorpeirofiepot
lepro rrjp irapa rb rel^ps iirl tou? HeWrjpea*; teal

14 tou? fier avrcop. teal oi irepl rbp ®rj/3aiop Se
aladopepoi rrjp enrovhrjv rcop QXeiaaicop rjfiiX-
Xcopro 07ra)9 <f>0daeiap rols YleXXrjpevai /SorjOrj-
aavres. dcpitco/xepoi Se rrporepoi oi irnrels ifi-
fidXXovcri rol? HeXXrjpevai. Befjapuevcop Be rb
irpcorop, eirapayjoprjaapre^ rraXip ctvp to?9 irapa-
yeyeprj/juepoL? rcop ire^cop ipefiaXop teal etc xeipbs
ifidxopro. fcal i/c rovrov Btj eytcXipovaip oi
iroXe/iiOL, ,/eal dirodprjaKovaL roup re ^.itcvcopicop
T£i/69 teal rcop UeXXrjpecop fidXa iroXXol koX apBpe?

15 dyaOoi. rovrcop Be yepo/iepcop oi puep QXeidaioi
rpoiralop icrrapro Xapuirpop iraiapi^opres, coairep
ei/coV oi Bk irepl rbp ©rjftaiop teal rbp JLv<f>popa
irepiecopcop ravra, cocrirep eirl Oeap irapaBeBpa-
firj/core?. rovrcop Be Trpa^devrcop, oi pep eirl
*£itevcbvo<; aTTrjXdop, oi cV eh rb dcrrv direytoprjoap.

160

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. n. 12-15

in the city perceived that the enemy had set out 866 b.c.
for the plain, the horsemen and the picked troops
of the Phliasians sallied forth against them, gave
battle, and did not allow them to make their way
to the plain. And they spent most of the day
there in fighting at long range, the troops of
Euphron pursuing up to the point where the country
was suited for cavalry, and the men from the city as
far as the Heraeum. When, however, it seemed to
be the proper time, the enemy retired by a circuitous
route over Tricaranum, for the ravine in front of the
wall prevented them from reaching the Pelleneans
by the direct way. Then the Phliasians, after follow-
ing them a little way up the hill, turned back and
charged along the road which leads past the wall,
against the Pelleneans and those with them. And
the troops of the Theban general, upon perceiving the
haste of the Phliasians, began racing with them in
order to reach the Pelleneans first and give them
aid. The horsemen, however, arrived first, and at-
tacked the Pelleneans. And when at the outset they
withstood the attack, the Phliasians fell back, but
then attacked again in company with such of the foot-
soldiers as had come up, and fought hand-to-hand.
At this the enemy gave way, and some of the
Sicyonians fell and very many of the Pelleneans, and
brave men, too. When these things had taken place
the Phliasians set up a trophy, sounding their paean
loudly, as was natural ; and the troops of the Theban
general and Euphron allowed all this to go on, just
as if they had made their race to see a spectacle.
Then, after these proceedings were finished, the one
party departed for Sicyon and the other returned to
the city.

161

VOL. II. M

Digitized by

XENOPHON

16 K.a\bv Be tcai roxno Bieirpd^avro oi QPkeiaatoi
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KaLirep irdvrcov <nravi£6fi€voi 9 acfyfjteav dvev \v-
rpcov. yevvaiov? fiev Brj teal oXkl/jlov^ 7r&>9 ovk
av Tt? $<dr) elvai tou9 roiavra Stair pari ofievov?;

17 f/ il9 ye fjLrjv teal Bid tcaprepia*; ttjv tiLgtlv toU
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etc tt}9 7779 tcaprr&v, e^cov ra fiev etc tt)9 iroKefua^
Xafifidvovres, rd Bk etc Kopiv0ov oovovfievoi, Bid
ttoXX&v tcivBvvcov eirl Ttjv dyopdv iovres, %a\€-

7TW9 fl€V TlflTJV TropL^OVTeS, ^aX67TG>9 Be TOV$

KopbL^ovra^ BiairopevovTe*;, yKia^pco^ B' iyyvrjrd^

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mavraTcaaiv drropovvre^ XdprjTa Bieirpd^avro
(T<f)iai Tcapcnreptyai ttjv TrapairopLirrjV. iirel Bk
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dytpeiovs avve/CTrefiyfrai eh ttjv TleWtfwjv. tcd/eel-
vov$ fiev itcel Kajekiirov, dyopdaavres Be teal
eiriaKevaadfievoi oiroaa iBvvavro virotyyia vvkto?
dirrjaav, ovie dyvoovvres on iveBpevaoivro viro

T(OV TToXCflLCOV, d\\d VOfJLl£oVT€<; ^a\€7T(OTepOV

19 eivai rov pbd^eadai to firj e^eiv Ta7rtTijBeia. teal
TTpojjaav oi QfKeidaiot, fierd Xdprjros' iirel Bk
evervxpv TOi9 7ro\e/ito^9, evOvs epyov re efyovro
teal irapaKeKevGayuevoi dXkrjkois iveteewTo, teal

1 Up6^yoy Schneider : iep6Z*vov Kel. with MSS.

162

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. 11. 16-19

Another noble deed which the Phliasians performed 366 b.c.
was this: when they had made a prisoner. of Prox-
enus, the Pellenean, even though they were in
want of everything, they let him go without a
ransom. How could one help saying that men who
performed such deeds were noble and valiant ?

Furthermore, that it was only by stout endurance
that they maintained their fidelity to their friends
is clearly manifest ; for when they were shut off from
the products of their land, they lived partly by what
they could get from the enemy's territory, and partly
by buying from Corinth ; they went to the market
through the midst of many dangers, with difficulty
provided the price of supplies, with difficulty brought
through the enemy's lines the people who fetched
these supplies, and were hard put to it to find men
who would guarantee the safety of the beasts of
burden which were to convey theni. At length, when
they were in desperate straits, they arranged that
Chares 1 should escort their supply train. Upon his
arrival at Phlius they begged him to help them also
to convoy their non-combatants to Pellene. 2 Ac-
cordingly they left these people at Pellene, and after
making their purchases and packing as many beasts
of burden as they could, they set off during the
night, not unaware that they would be ambushed
by the enemy, but thinking that to be without pro-
visions was a more grievous thing than fighting.
Now the Phliasians, together with Chares, went on
ahead, and when they came upon the enemy they
immediately set to work, and, cheering one another
on, pressed their attack, while at the same time

1 An Athenian general.

* Since the events described in §§ 11-16 above Pellene had.
rejoined the Lacedaemonian alliance. >

163

M 2 -

Digitized by

XENOPHON

a/ia Xdprjra iirifio'qdelv i@6<ov. vUr)? 8k yevo-
fievrj? Kal eicfSXrjOevTwv i/e T779 6Bov rcov iroXe-
fuoov, ovtco Srj otfcaSe /ecu eavrov^ teal a f/yov
direawaav,

'H? Bk rrjv vvktcl fiypvirvrjaav, iiedOevhov fiexpi

20 it op pa) tt?9 ripLepas. iirel Bk dvearrj 6 Xaprj?,

7TpO(T€\06vT€<; OL T€ fair el* Kal ol XPV 0 ' 1 ^'

raroi rcov oirXir&v eXeyov *12 Xa/0779, ^earL
gov rrffiepov KaXXiarov epyov Biairpd^aaOai.
%(opLOv yap iirl T019 opot9 r)p<lv oi *$*iKvd>vioi

T€iX^ 0V(Ttv > OL/CoSofMOV? fJbkv TToXXoV? e%OI>T€9,

oirXira? Bk ov irdvv ttoXXovs. fjyrjaopLeOa fikv
ofiv i7/xe?9 oi timet? Kal r£>v oirXirSyv 01 ippco-
neveararor <rv Bk to %eviKov eywv lav aKoXovdr}?,
?<r&>9 fikv BiaireirpaypAva cot KaraXrj^rj, caco? 8k
iin^aveh av poirrpt, &<nrep iv YleXXrjvrj, Troiriaeis .
el Be tl 8u<x%ep€9 <roi iarlv cov Xeyopuev, ava/eoC-
vcoaai TOi9 0eol<z &v6p,evo<f olofieda yap en ae /jl&X-
Xov rjfi&v tou9 Oeovs ravra irpdrreiv KeXevaeiv.
rovro Bk XP 1 !* & Xdprj?, et> eiBevai, on iav ravra
irpd^rj^y rots fiev TroXefiiois iirirereixitw eaei,
<f>iXLav Be iroXiv Biao-eacotccos, evKXeeararos 8k iv
rrj irarpLBi eaei, ovofmaroraro? Be Kal iv rot?

21 avfipidxow zeal TroXepbLois. 6 fiev Srj Xaprj? rrei-
adeU i0vero, rcov Be <&Xeiao*ia)V ev0v$ oi fikv
iTnrels roi><; Ocbpatcas eveBuovro Kal roi><; ittttov?
€Xa\tz>otw, oi Be oirXlrat, oaa els ire^bv irapeGKev-
d^ovro. iirel Be dvaXafiovres ra oirXa iwopev-
164

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. n. 19-21

they shouted to Chares to come to their ai<J. And bm b.o
when victory had been achieved and the enemy
driven out of the road, in this wise they brought
home in safety both themselves and the supplies
they were conveying.

Now inasmuch as the Phliasians had passed the
night without sleep, they slept until far on in the
day. But when Chares arose, the horsemen and
the best of the hoplites came to him and said :
" Chares, it is within your power to-day to ac-
complish a splendid deed. For the Sicyonians are
fortifying a place upon our borders, 1 and they have
many builders but not very many hoplites. Now
therefore we, the horsemen and the stoutest of the
hoplites, will lead the way ; and if you will follow us
with your mercenary force, perhaps you will find the
business already settled for you, and perhaps your ap-
pearance will turn the scale, as happened at Pellene.
But if anything in what we propose is unacceptable
to you, consult the gods by sacrifices ; for we think
that the gods will bid you do this even more ur-
gently than we do. And this, Chares, you should
well understand, that if you accomplish these things
you will have secured a stronghold as a base of attack
upon the enemy and have preserved a friendly city,
and you will win the fairest of fame in your father-
land and be most renowned among both allies and
enemies." Chares accordingly was persuaded and
offered sacrifice, while on the Phliasian side the horse-
men straightway put on their breastplates and bridled
their horses, and the hoplites made all the prepara-
tions necessary for infantry. When they had taken
up their arms and were proceeding to the place
1 cp. § 1.

165

Digitized by

XENOPHON

ovto evOa iOvero, airrjVTa avTois 6 Xdpr)? teal o
fidvris, teal eXeyov on tca\a ret iepd. 'AXXA
irepi ^evere, €(f>aaav f}hrj yap teal rffiel? egifiep.
a>9 Se Tayiwra ifcrfpv^dr), 6ela rivl irpoOvpiia tea)

22 oi fjbiado(f)6poi raxv i^eSpapbOP. iirel 8e Xdprjs
tfpfjaro iropeveaOai, irpofjaav avrov ol r&v 4>\et-
aalcov wirels teal Trevor teal to fiev irp&rov
ra^ect)? rjyovvro, eirura he ir pb^aipv* TeXo? 8k oi
fiev iinrels Kara tepdros fjXavvop, oi Sk rre^ol tcarcY
tepdro? eOeop a>? Zvvarov iv rdfjei, ol? teal i
Xa/>?/9 aTTovBrj €7T7j/eoXov0€t. fjV fiev oZv T%
a>pa? putepov irpb Svvtos rjXiow tcareXdfiftavov
Be tou? iv Ttp Telnet iroXefiiovs tou? p,kp Xovopbe-
vovs, tou? 8' dyfro7roiovfJL€VOV<z, tov$ Si <f>vpS>pra? $

23 tou? Se aTifidSa? Troccvfievov?. et>9 elSov rfjv
a^oSporrjra rrjs i<f>6hov, evdit? iteitXayevres e<f>v-
yov, tear aXnr opt e$ Tofc dyadoi? dpSpdai irdvra
to7t iTi]&eia, tcdteeipoi fiev ravra BeiTrvqaavres
teal oiteo0€P aXXa iXOovra, a>9 iir evrvyLa airel-
aavre? teal iraiaviaavTe^ teal <f>vXatea$ tcaTaarrj'
adfievoi, tearehapOov. oi Si JZopiv&ioi, d<f)Lteofiivov
•nfc pvktos ayyeXov irepl rf}? ®ua/ua9, fidXa
<f>iXitc&<; fcrjpvgavTes ra %evyr) teal ra viro^vyia
irdvra teal airov yefdaane? els rbv $>Xeiovpra
irapriyayov teal i-warrep irei^l^ero to T€^o9,
etedarrj? f)fiepa<i irapairopLiral iylypopro.

III. Uepl fikv Srj $>Xeiaata)v, e&9 teal marol
to?9 <f>lXoi<; iyivovro teal ctTueifioc iv rq> iroXepitp
166

d by Google

HELLENICA, VII. n. 21-111. 1

where he was sacrificing, Chares and the seer met 866 b.c.
them and said that the sacrifices were favourable.
" Wait for us/' they said, "for we, too, will set forth
at once." And as soon as word had been given by
the herald, Chares' mercenaries also speedily rushed
out with a kind of heaven-sent eagerness. Now when
Chares had begun to march, the cavalry and infantry
of the Phliasians went on ahead of him ; and at first
they led the way rapidly, and then they began to
run ; finally, the horsemen were riding at the top of
their speed and the foot-soldiers were running as fast
as it is possible for men in line to go, while after
them came Chares, following in haste. The time was
a little before sunset, and they found the enemy
at the fortress, some bathing, some cooking, some
kneading, and some making their beds. Now so soon
as the enemy saw the vehemence of the onset they
straightway fled in terror, leaving all their provisions
behind for these brave men. The latter accordingly
made their dinner off these provisions and more
which came from home, and after pouring libations
in honour of their good fortune, singing a paean,
and posting guards, they went to sleep. And the
Corinthians, after news had reached them during
the night in regard to Thyamia, in a most friendly
way ordered out by proclamation all their teams and
pack-animals, loaded them with corn, and convoyed
them to Phlius; and so long as the fortifications
were building, 1 convoys continued to be sent out
every day.

III. The story of the Phliasians, then, how they
proved themselves faithful to their friends and con-
tinued valiant in the war, and how, though in want

1 Now by the Phliasians.

167

Digitized by Google

XENOPHON

hieTeXecrav, zeal 009 irdvTcov ciravl^ovTes hie/xevov
iv rfj Gvynia^ia, eiprjrai. a^ehbv Se irepl tovtov
tov "xpbvov Alveas %Tvp,<f)dXio<;, <TTparrjyb<; tcov
'AptcdScov yeyevrjfievo^, vofiLcras ovk dve/CTco<; e^eiv
tcl iv r(p ^ikvcovi, dvaftct? avv Tcp eavTOv arpa-
revfiaTi eh rrjv aKpoiroXw avy/eaXei tcov %lkv-
covlcov tcov re evSov OVTCOV TOV$ KpaTlCTTOV<; KCU
tovs dvev 86y/j,aTO<; iKireiTTcoKOTas fi€T€7r£/jL7r€TO.

2 cpo^rjOeh Se ravra 6 lLv<f)pcov Karafyevyet, eU tov
Xipueva tcov ^ckvcovlcov, zeal pLeTairep^dp^evo^
JXaalfirfKov i/c KoptvOov, Bia tovtov irapaSiScoac
tov Xifieva toZs Aa/ceScufiovLois teal iv tclvttj av
Trj avfifiaxia dveaTpicpCTo, Xeycov g>9 AatceSai-
fiovLois BiaTeXoLTj iriaTO^ &v. otg yap yjrrjcf>o^
ihtSoTO iv Tjj iroXei, el Sokoltj d<f)iaTacr0ai, pueT

3 oXiycov d7royfrrj<f)iaaadai e<f)r)' eireiTa he tol-9
irpoSovTas eavTov /3ovXo/j,evo<; TipLcoptjaaaOai 8fj-
fiov KaTacTYjaaL ¥Lal vvv, €<f>rj, <f>evyovaiv vtt
ip,ov TravTes oi vfias TrpoSiBovTes. el p,ev ovv
iBvvdcrOrjv iyeb, oXrjv av €%cov ttjv ttoXlv irpb?
vfias a7reaT7]v. vvv 8* o5 iy/cpaTrjs iyevofirjv tov
Xifieva irapaZehcoKa vpZv. rjKpocovTo fiev Srj
7toXXol avTov TavTa* ottoctol 8k iireLOovTO oi
irdvv /caTaSrjXov.

4 'AXXa, yap iireiiTep rjp^dfirjv, SiaTeXecrai fiov-
Xofxai T(i irepl JLv<j>povo<;. CTaaiacrdvTcov yap iv

T<p %lKVCOVl TCOV T€ fteXTlCTTCOV KaX TOV Btf/JLOV,

Xaftcov 6 JLvcppcov 'AOrjvqOev gevi/cbv irdXiv KaTep-
%€Tai, Kal tov p,ev a(7Teo)9 itcpaTet, avv tw Stj/nco'
168

d by Google

HELLENICA, VII. in. 1-4

of everything, they remained steadfast in their al- 366 b.c.
liance, has been told. At about this time Aeneas
the Stymphalian, who had become general of the
Arcadians, thinking that conditions in Sicyon were
not to be endured, went up to the Acropolis with
his own army, called together the aristocrats among
the Sicyonians who were in the city, and sent after
those who had been exiled therefrom without a
decree of the people. And Euphron, seized with
fear at these proceedings, fled for refuge to the port
of the Sicyonians, and after summoning Pasimelus
to come from Corinth, through him handed over the
port to the Lacedaemonians and appeared once more
in their alliance, saying that he had all the time
remained faithful to the Lacedaemonians. For he
said that at the time when a vote was taken in the
city as to whether the Sicyonians should decide to re-
volt from them, he, with a few others, voted against
it ; and that afterwards he had set up a democracy
out of his desire to avenge himself on those who
had betrayed him. "And at this moment," he said,
"all who were traitors to you are in exile by my
act. Now if I had found myself able, I should have
gone over to you with the entire city. As it is, I
have given over to you the port, over which alone
I had gained control." Those who heard him say
these words were many, but how many believed him
is by no means clear.

However, since I have begun it, I desire to finish
the story of Euphron. When the aristocrats and the
commons at Sicyon had fallen into strife, Euphron
obtained a force of mercenaries from Athens and came
back again. And with the help of the commons

169

Digitized by

XENOPHON

®r)f3aL0V dpfioarov rfjv atepoiroXiv exovros,
errel eytm ovtc av Bvvdfievos ra>v fyrjftaicov i%ov-

TCOV TTJV VLKpOTTOklV T??? 7To\eft)? KpaT€tV, (JVC fC€V-

aadfievos XPV/ JbaTa £>X €T0 > rovroi? irelawv
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5 Bovvai B' airfy rrdXiv rr)v irokiv, aladofievoi Be
oi irpoadev (frvydBes rrjv 6Bbv avrov ical rrjv
irapaaKevrjV, dvrerropevovro eh tA? ©*;/3a?. g><?
8' ecopcov avrov ol/ceia><; roh dpxovai avvovra,
QofirjOevre? fir) Biarrpd^airo a fiovkerai, rrape-
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dfcpoiroXeL rbv Ev<f>pova, r&v re dpxovrmv /cal
7% /3ov\f)<; avy/caSrifjUvayv. oi fievroi apxovre?
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eKeyov rdBe.

6 *I1 avSpes rroXirai, r)fieh rovroval rot>? diro-
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opcovres on oi fikv aaxfypoves oiBev Brjirov aBi/cov
oiBe* dvoaiov iroiovaiv, oi B\ irovrjpol iroiovcri fiev,
\av6dveiv Be ireipcovrai, ovroi B£ roaovrov *irdvra<;
dvOpwTrovs \)Trep{Sef3\r)tcaGi roXfirj re ical fiiapia
ware Trap avrd? re ra? a/>%a? teal Trap' avrov?
vfias tov? icvpiovs ovarwas Bel diroOvya/ceiv /cal
ovarivas firj, airoyvcofiovrjcravre? drrercreivav rbv
avBpa. el ovv ovroi fir) Bcbaovai rr)v eaxdrryv
Bi/crjv, rh rrore irpbs rrjv rroXiv dappwv iropev-
aerai; ri Be neiaerai r) 7t6\l<;, el igiarai t$
fiovkofievtp diroKrelvai rrpiv BrjXcoaai orov eve/ca
fj/cei e/caaros; rjfieh fiev Bi) rovrov? Buo/co/iev m
170

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. m. 4-6

he was master of the town ; a Theban governor, sg* b.o.
however, held the Acropolis, and since Euphron re-
alized that with the Thebans holding the Acropolis
he could not possibly be master of the state, he got
together money and set^nit with the intention of
persuading the Thebans, by means of this money,
to banish the aristocrats and give the state over to
him again. When, however, the former exiles learned
of his journey and his plans, they likewise proceeded
to Thebes. And as they saw him in familiar associa-
tion with the Theban officials, they were seized with
fear that he might accomplish what he wanted, and
some of them took the risk and slew Euphron upon
the Acropolis while the officials and the senate were
in session there. But the officials brought those who
had done the deed before the senate and spoke as
follows :

" Fellow citizens, we arraign on the capital charge
these men who have slain Euphron, seeing, as we do,
that while right-minded men commit no unjust or
unrighteous deed, and the wicked, although they
commit them, strive to do them in secret, these
persons have so far surpassed all mankind in hardi-
hood and villainy that in the presence of the very
magistrates and in the presence of you, who alone
have authority to decide who shall die and who shall
not, they took decision into their own hands and
slew the man. Therefore if these men do not suffer
the extreme penalty, who will ever have the courage
to visit our city ? And what will become of the city
if any one who so desires is to be allowed to slay
a man before he has made known for what purpose
he has come here? We, then, arraign these men

171

Digitized by

XENOPHON

avoGKOTarov? /cal dSi/eoordTovs /cal avofUDrdrov^
/cal irXeiarov Stj vTrepihovra? 77)9 TroXeco?, v/JLels
&k aKrjKOOT€<; f oTToLas twos vfilv SoKovaiv agiot,
elvai 6W779, ravrrjv avToe* eirLdere.

7 Of fiev ap'xpvre^ rocavra elirov t&v he diro-
KTetvdvTcov oi fiev aXXoi rjpvovvro fii) avroxeipe?
yeyevrj&Oar eU 8& ay/xoXoyrj/cei, /cal TT79 diroXoylas
&$£ 7r&)9 f\pyeTO. 'AW' virepopav jxiv, & Orjftalot,,
ov Svvarbv v/jlcov dvSpl 69 elSeCr) /cvpiov? /nev 1 ovras
0 tl ftovXeaffe avT<p xpfjaffar tLvi fii)v iriarevcov
ivffdSe dire/crewa top avSpa; ei tare <m irpcorov
p,€V t& vofii^etv Si/caiov TroieXv, eireira Be tg>
vfia? opdebs yvcacrecrOar jjSeiv yap otc /cal vfiel<i
rou9 Trepl * Kpyiav /cal "TirdTrjv, ov$ iXdftere
Sfioia Ev<f)povi, TreTroirj/coras, ov yjrrjcfyov dvefidvaTe,
dXXa 07t6t€ TTpwrov iSvvdaOrjre iTifuoprjaaaOe,

VO/JLL%OVT€<; TOiV T€ 7T€pl<f)aV&$ aVOCTLCDV KOL TO)V

cfravepm irpoSoTwv kclI Tvpavveiv eirL^eipovvToav
vtto irdvrcov dvdpcoTrcov Odvarov /careyv&aOai,.

8 ov/covv teal Rv<f)pa>v iraai tovtois evo^p^ r)v;
irapaXaficov fiev yap ra lepa fieara /cal dpyvpcov
Ka\ XP V€r & v dvadrjfidrayv fceva iravrtav tovtcov
direBei^e. 7rpoS6rrj<; ye firjv rfc hv irepi<f>ave-
(TT€/309 Ev(j)povo<; eirj, 09 <j>iXaLTaTO<; fikv &v Aa/ee-
BaifiovLois vfia? dvr i/ceivoov eiXero* Triera Be
Bovs /cal Xafioov Trap ifieop irdXiv irpovBco/cev
vfjjxs /cal irapeBw/ce rofc ivavTioi? top Xijieva; /cal
pjqv 7TG)9 ov/c dirpcxfrao'LO'TQ)'; rvpavvo? r)v, 69 801;-

* n\v MSS. : Kel. brackets.

172

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. m. 6-8

as utterly unrighteous, unjust, and lawless, and as 866 b.c.
having shown the utmost contempt for our city. It
is for you, after you have heard, to inflict upon them
such penalty as they seem to you to deserve."

Such were the words of the officials ; as for those
who had slain Euphron, all except one denied that
they had been the perpetrators of the deed ; but one
had admitted it, and began his defence in some such
words as these : " Surely, Thebans, to feel contempt
for you is not possible for a man if he knows that you
have authority to do with him as you will ; in what,
then, did I trust when I here slew the man? Be
well assured that it was first of all in the belief that
I was doing a just deed, and secondly in the thought
that you would decide rightly ; for I knew that you
likewise, in dealing with the party of Archias and
Hypates, 1 whom you found to have performed acts
like those of Euphron, did not wait for a vote, but
punished them as soon as you found yourselves able
to do so, believing that those who are manifestly
unrighteous and those who are plainly traitors and
attempting to be tyrants are already condemned to
death by all mankind. Was not Euphron also, I
ask, guilty under all these heads? In the first
place, he found the shrines full of offerings both
of silver and of gold, and left them empty of all
these treasures. Again, who could be more mani-
festly a traitor than Euphron, who was the closest
of friends to the Lacedaemonians and then chose
you in their stead, and after he ljad given you
pledges and received pledges from*' you, betrayed
you again and handed over the port to your adver-
saries? Once again, was he not beyond question

1 See v. iv. 2-12.

173

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Xov$ filv oi fiovov eXevdepov? dXXa real iroXira^
iirouei, aireKTivvve hi fcal e^vydheve /cal XPV/ JLara
a<f>T)pelTO oi tovs dhi/covvra?, d\V 0&9 airq>
9 iho/cei; ovtoi hi fjaav oi /SeXriaroi. avQis hi
fiera ra>v evavTMDT&TWv ifiiv 'AOrjvalayv /careXOtov
eh ttjv ttoXlv ivavria filv eOero ra oirXa t^> trap
vfi&v apfjuoarfr eVei 8' iicelvov oi/c ihuvdadrj ex.
T779 a/cpo7roXeco<; e/cftaXelv, avaicevaadfieio: XPV~
fiara hevpo a<f>LfC€ro\ /cal el filv oirXa rjQpouea)?
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/creiva clvtov &9 he XPVf utra Trapaa/cevaad-
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airoOdvoifii; /cal yap oi filv ottXoi? ftiaaOivrev
ftXaTrrovrai fiev, oi fievToi ahi/eot ye dva<f>aU
vovrar oi hi xptffiaai irapa to fieXTiarov hia<f>0a-
pevie? dfia fiev fiXaTTTovrai, dfia hi alaxy v V
10 TrepLiriirTOvaLv. el fiev rolvw ifiol fiev iroXefiios
fjv, ifiiv he <£>£\o9> icdy<ti SfioXoyca fir) /caXS>$ av
fioi ex elp ira P vp>iv tovtov diroKTelvai' 6 he vfias
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vrj Ala, eliroi av t*9, e/ccov rj\0e. Kara el flip
direxofiGvov t?)9 vfierepas 1 iroXeo)*; direKreive Tt$
axnoVj iiraivov av eTvy\ave % vvv hi ore iraKiv
1jX0ev aXXa 7T/?o9 to?9 irpoadev /ca/ca Troirjacov, ov
1 Ofxtrepas CV: y/xertpat FMD, followed by KeL

174

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. in. 8-10

a tyrant, when he made slaves not only free men 806b.o.
but even citizens, and put to death and banished ^nd
robbed of property, not the people who were guilty
of wrong-doing, but those whom it suited him to
treat thus? And these were the better classes.
Then after he had returned again to the city in
company with your bitter adversaries, the Athenians,
he set himself in arms against your governor; but
since he found himself unable to expel him from the
Acropolis, he got together money and came hither.
Now if he had been shown to have gathered armed
forces with which to attack you, you would even
feel grateful to me for slaying him; but when he
provided himself with money instead, and came with
the purpose of corrupting you by means of this
money and persuading you to make him lord of
the city again, how can I justly be put to death
by you for inflicting upon the man his due punish-
ment? For whereas those who are constrained by
arms suffer damage, yet they are not thereby shown
to be wicked at any rate ; but those who are
corrupted by money in violation of the right not
only suffer damage, but at the same time incur
shame. To be sure, if he had been an enemy of
mine but a friend of yours, I admit myself that it
would not have been seemly for me to slay this man
in your city ; but wherein was he, who was a traitor
to you, more of an enemy to me than to you ? ' But,
by Zeus,' someone might say, 'he came of his own
free will.' So, then, if anyone had slain him while
he was keeping away from your city, he would have
obtained praise ; but as it is, when he came again to
do you more wrong in addition to what he had done
before, does one say that he has not been slain

175

Digitized by

XENOPHON

hiteaico? <f>r}o~i ris air bp reOvdvai; ttov €%a)v
"JLXXrjai cirophct? airohel^ai fj wpohorai? rj iraXip-

11 avrofioXoi? fj rvpdppoi?; 1 irpb? he rovroi? ava-
fiptfaOrjre on teal iyfrrj^icracrOe hrfirov rov$ <f>vyd-
ha$ dycoylfiov? elvai etc iraa&v tcov- avfifiaxlheop.
ogtis hi avev tcoipov r&p avfi/idx^v hoyfiaro*;
tcarep^erai <f>vyd<; f rovrop eypi ri$ &p elirelp oirco<;
oi hitcatop icTLV aTroOvrjatceip ; iyco <j>i)fii> 9 &
dvhpes, drroiereipapras fiev ifxa^ ifie rercficopi]-
teoras eceaOai dvhpX ra> irdprwp Vjuv iroXefiiay-
rdrq>, yvovras hi hlteaia TreTroirjfcepai airovs

TCTlfJUOpTJfCOTa^ <f>aV€t(T0CU V7T€p T€ Vfl(OV CIVTCOV

teal virep r&p avfjL/jLd%(0v dirdprcop.

12 Of fiev ovv ®7]/3aloi ravra dieovaapres eypcoaap
hlieaia top Ev<f>popa ireiropOepa^ ol fieproi ttoXl-
rac airov a>? aphpa ayaObp tco/juadfiepot eOasfrdp
re ip rfj dyopa teal a>9 dp)(7jy€rr]p rfj? TroXecos
aeffoprai. ovrcos, g>9 eoitcep, ol irXelaroL opt-
tpprai rov$ eiepyera? eavr&p aphpa? dyadovs

IV. Kai rd fiep irepi HLv<f>popo<} eiprjrav iya> hk
€P0€P el? ravra e^e^r}p irrdpetfic. en yap rew
^oprcop rdp ^Xetaatcop rrjp ®va/j,iap teal rod
Xdprjro? en irapopro? *Qpa)7rb<; virb ra>p <f>evy6p-
rcop tear€\rj(f)0r) t s arparevaafiepcop he irdprcop
' AO rjpalodP eV air op teal rbp Xdprjra fierairefi-
yfrafMePoyp i/c rrj? (dvafilas, 6 fiev Xi/jltjp ait 6 rcop
%iKV(»)piu)P irdXip in airoyp re r&p iroXir&p teal

1 ttov . . . rvpiwots as in the MSS. : Kel. inserts the clause
after %\de above.

2 ovrus . . . duai MSS. : Kel. brackets, following Nauck.

3 KaT(\r\<pQT) : Kel. marks a lacuna after this word.

176

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. m. io-iv. i

justly ? Where can such a one show that a truce 366 b.c
exists between Greeks and traitors, or double-
deserters, or tyrants ? Besides all this, remember also
that you voted, and properly, that exiles should be
subject to extradition from all the cities of the al-
liance. But as for an exile who returns without a
general resolution of the allies, can anyone ex-
plain why it is unjust for such a one to be put to
death ? I maintain, gentlemen, that if you put me
to death, you will have avenged a man who was the
worst of all your enemies, but if you decide that I
have done what was right, you will be found to have
taken vengeance both for your own selves and for
all the allies. ,,

The Thebans, after hearing these words, decided
that Euphron had met his deserts ; his own citizens,
however, esteeming him a good man, brought him
home, buried him in their market-place, and pay him
pious honours as the founder of their city. So true
it is, as it seems, that most people define as good
men their own benefactors.

IV. The story of Euphron has been told, and I
return to the point 1 from which I digressed to this
subject. While, namely, the Phliasians were still
fortifying Thyamia and Chares was still with them,
Oropus was seized by those who had been exiled
therefrom. When, however, the Athenians had set
out in full force against the city and had summoned
Chares from Thyamia, the port of the Sicyonians in
its turn was recaptured by the citizens of Sicyon
1 ii. 23.

177

VOL. II. N

Digitized by

XENOPHON

r&v 'ApicdBwv dXiafcerar to*? 8' *A0rjvalo^
ovBek rcbv avfifidxcov i/Bo^Orjaev, dXX dvex™'
prjaav ®t]^alot<; Trapcucarad efievoi rbv 'Clpayrrbv

2 KarafjuadoDV Be 6 AvKOfirjSTj^ fiefityofievovs tou?
'Adrjvaiovq to£? <TVfifidx<>i$, ore avTol fiev iroXXa
irpdyfuna elxov Bt ircelvov?, avT€fiorj6r)<r€ 8'
avTois ovBek, irelOei toi>9 fivpiov? irpdrreiv irepl
avfifiaxw avrovs. to fiev ovv Trp&roi
lBv(Txh aiV ^ v 771,69 ™ p % ^ v l va V ov T0 AatceBai-
fioviois ovtcls $iXov<; yeveadcu toZ$ evavrioi%
avr&v avfifidxovr eiretBr) Be Xoyi&fievot, t]vpi<r/cov
ovBev fielov AafceBaifiovLOK; rj <r<f>L<nv ayaObv to
'ApfcdSas fit] irpoo-BelaOai 0??/3aiW, ovt<d Br)

3 TrpoaeBexpvTO rrjv r&v 'Ap/cdBcov avfipayiav. icai
AvKOfirjBrj^ tclvtcl Trpdrrcov, diri^v 'AOyvrfdev
BaLpjovitarara airoOvrja/cei. ovtcov yap irapnroX-
Xcov irXolcov, ifcXegdfievo? tovtcov S efiovXtTO, *eal
avvdifievos toIs vavrcm diro^i^daai ottol auTo?
tceXevoi, elXero evravOa eK$r\vai ev6a oi QvydBes
ervyx avov ovre<;. icdiceZvos fiev ovrm diroOvrja/eei,
f) fievroi avfifiax^ ovrax; eirepaivero.

4 Et7roi/T09 Be ArjfWTLoyvos ev t$ Brjfi(p t&v 'A0tj-
vatcov ft>9 rj fiev 7rpb<; rovs 'AprcdBas (jyiXia /caX&s
avrtp Bokolt) 7rpdTT€<r0ai, to!? fievroi arparrfyoh
Trpoard^at e<t>V XP^ vaL ^ m Kai K6piv6o<; awa r)

178

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 1-4

themselves and the Arcadians ; as for the Athenians, 366 b.c.
none of their allies came to their assistance, and
they retired and left Or©pus in the possession of
the Thebans pending a judicial decision.

And now Lycomedes, upon learning that the
Athenians were finding fault with their allies be-
cause, while they were themselves suffering many
troubles on their account, none gave them any as-
sistance in return, persuaded the Ten Thousand 1 to
negotiate for an alliance with the Athenians. At first,
indeed, some of the Athenians took it ill that, when
they were friends of the Lacedaemonians, they should
become allies of their adversaries; but when upon
consideration they found that it was no less advan-
tageous to the Lacedaemonians than to themselves
that the Arcadians should not require the support of
the Thebans, under these circumstances they accepted
the alliance with the Arcadians. While Lycomedes
was engaged in these negotiations, upon his depar-
ture from Athens he met his death by what was
quite manifestly a divine interposition. For there
were very many ships available and he selected from
them the one he wanted and made an agreement
with the sailors to land him wherever he should
himself direct; and he chose to land at the very
spot where the Arcadian exiles chanced to be. He,
then, met his death in this way, but the alliance
was really accomplished.

Meantime Demotion said in the Assembly of the
Athenians that while it seemed to him a good thing
to be negotiating this friendship with the Arcadians,
they ought, he said, to give instructions to their
generals to see to it that Corinth also should be kept

1 cp. i. 38.

179

N 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

T(p Stffup reap 'AOrjvaloov dfcovaapre*; Be Tavra oi
KopivOioi, Twyy Trefiyfrapres licavovs <f>povpov$
kavrwv irdvToae ottov 'Adrjpalot, e<f>povpovp elirap
avrols airievai, 009 ovBep en Beofiepoi <f>povp&p.

OL S' €7T€L0OVTO. ft>9 Bk (TVVrfkOoV ol €K T&P <f)pOV-

pLcov 'Adrjpaioi els ttjp ttoXlp, i/ctfpvjjap oi Kopip-
Oioi, el tis dSi/colro y A0r)paicop, diToypd^>ea0ai,

5 Xrjyfrofiepovs ra BLicaia. ovtco Be tovtwv eyov-
rap Xa/^9 afyucpeZrai fierd pclvtikov 777309 Key-
Xpeids. iirel Bk eypco ra ireirpayfieva, eXe^ep on
dtcovaas eirifiovXeveaOai rfj iroXet /3or)0cop irapeLr).
oi 8' eiraipeaapres avrbp ovBep n fidXXop iBe^ovro
rds pads €t9 top Xifiepa, aXV diroTrXelp e/ceXevov
koI rovs oirXiras Be ra Bitcaia Troika apres dire-
7refJLyfrap. etc fiep ovp tt)s KopLP0ov oi 'A0r)paloi

6 ovreos dirTjXXdyrjcrap, tois fievTOi ' ApKaai irefi-
ireip rjpay/cd&PTO rovs iirireas enrucovpovs Bid ttjp
avfifiaxLCLp, et tls arparevoiTo iirl ttjp 'Ap/caBiav

T7]S Bk AdKCdPllCrfi OVK iireficUPOP €7rl TToXefMp.

To2s Be* Kopip0iois ep0vfiovfikvois d>9 xa\€7ra>9
eypi aviovs o~(o0ijpai, /cparovfiepovs fiep zeal irpo-
a0ep /card yfjp, irpoayeyeprjfiipeop Be avrols 'A07]-
paicop dveTrirrjBeicoPt eBo%ep d0poL%ew teal ire&vs
/cal iinrias fiia0o<f)6povs. fjyovfiepoi Bk tovtcop,
d/jua fiep 7t)P ttoXlp i<f>vXaTTOP, dfia Be 7ro\\a to £9
irXrjaLop iroXefiLovs /ca/e&s eiroiovp' els fieprot

180

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 4-6

safe for the Athenian people; and on hearing of 366 b.c.
this the Corinthians speedily sent adequate garrisons
of their own to every place where Athenians were
on guard and told the latter to depart, saying that
they no longer had any need of garrisons. The men
accordingly obeyed. And as soon as the Athenians
had come together from their guard-stations to the
city of Corinth, the Corinthians made proclamation
that if any of the Athenians had been wronged, they
were to register their names, in the assurance that
they would receive their just dues. While these mat-
ters were in this state, Chares arrived at Cenchreae
with a fleet. And when he learned what had been
done, he said that he had heard there was plotting
against the state and had come to give aid. The
Corinthians, however, while they thanked him, were
none the more disposed to admit his ships into their
harbour, but bade him sail away ; and they likewise
sent away the hoplites after rendering them their
just dues. It was in this way, then, that the Athe-
nians departed from Corinth. On the other hand,
they were bound by the terms of their alliance to ,
send their cavalry to the aid of the Arcadians in case
anyone took the field against Arcadia ; but they did
not set foot upon Laconia for the purpose of war.

And now the Corinthians, in the thought that it
would be difficult for them to come off safe, since
even before this time they had been overmastered
by land and now the Athenians had been added to
the number of those who were unfriendly to them,
resolved to collect mercenaries, both infantry and
cavalry. Once in command of these troops, they
not only guarded their city but likewise inflicted
much harm upon their enemies near home ; but to

181

Digitized by

XENOPHON

0?;y8a? eirefiyfrav eTreprjaofievovt; el rv^oiev av

7 i\06vre<; elpjjvrjs. eirel Be ol Qrjfiaioi levai i/ce-
\euov, a>9 iaofievrjs, iBer)07)aav ol JZoplvOioi iacrai
<r(f)a<; ekOelv fcal eVl tou? av/JLfidxovs, a>9 fiera
fiev r&v fiovXofievcov iroLrjaofievob rrjv elp-qv^v,
rov$ Be TroXefjLOv alpovfievov? edaovre*; iroXefielv.
i<j)€VT(av Be /cal ravra rrpdrreiv ra>v ®r)j3aiwv f
i\06vre$ el? Aa/ceBalfiova ol Koplv0ioi elirov

8 f H/te?9, & avBpes AafceBaifiovioi, irpo^ vfxa<; rrdp-
eafiev vfierepoL (f)l\ot, fcal d^iodfiev, el fiev riva
Spare acorrjplav rj/iiv, iav Biatcaprepwfiev 7ro\e-
fjLOvvres, 8i$d£cu fcal rjfia*;' el Be airopw^ yiyvco-
a/cere eyovra ra rj/jberepa, el fiev teal vpuv avfufaepei,
TTOLrjaao'Oai fieO* tj/jlcov rrjv elprjvqv a>9 oiBe fier*
ovBevcov av tfBiov fj fxed* v/jlcov acoOeiTjfiev el fiev-
tol vfiel? \oyl£ea0e avfM^epeiv vpZv iroXefxeiv,
Beofieffa v/jlojv iaaai rjfias elprjvrjv iroirjaaadai.
Gcodevres fiev yap ?(7&)9 av av0i$ en wore iv fcaipq*
ifuv yevol/jb€0a' iav Be vvv diro\wp>e0a i BrjXov on
ovBeirore xprjcrinoi en ia6pbe0a,

9 'Atcovo-avres Be ravra ol AatceBaifxovioi to?9
re Kopiv0loi$ avveftovkevov rrjv elp-qvrjv Troirj-
aaa0ai /cal r&v aWwv avfi/Jbd^cov ewerpeyfrav
t<h9 p>r) /3ov\ofievoi$ avv eavrois rroXe/ieiv dva-
iraveo-0ar airol S' e<f)aaav 7ro\efiovvT€$ irpd-
%€iv o ri av tc5 0eq> <f>l\ov fj* v<j)tfcr€cr0ai Be
ovBiffore, rjv irapa r&v rrarepcov irapiXafiov

10 Meaarjvqv, ravr^ areprjOrjvai. ol otrv Koptv-
0toi dfcovaavres ravra eiropevovro eh ra$ 0?Jy8a9

182

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 6-10

Thebes they sent messengers to ask whether they 366 b.c.
could obtain peace if they came for it. And when
the Thebans bade them come, saying that peace
would be granted, the Corinthians requested that they
should allow them to go to their allies also, to the
end that they might conclude the peace in company
with those who desired peace, and leave those who
preferred war to continue war. The Thebans having
permitted them to do this likewise, the Corinthians
went to Lacedaemon and said: "Men of Lacedae-
mon, we have come to you as your friends, and we
ask that in case you see any safety for us if we
persist in the war, you make it known to us; but
in case you judge our situation to be hopeless, that
you join with us in concluding peace if it is to your
advantage also; for there is no one in the world along
with whom we should more gladly gain safety than
with you ; if, however, you consider that it is to your
advantage to continue the war, we beg you to allow
us to conclude peace. For if we are saved, we might
perhaps make ourselves useful to you again at some
future time ; whereas if we are now destroyed, it is
plain that we shall never be of service in the
future."

Upon hearing these words the Lacedaemonians not
only advised the Corinthians to conclude the peace,
but gave permission to such of their other allies as
preferred not to continue the war in company with
them, to cease ; as for themselves, however, they
said that they would fight on and accept whatever
fortune it pleased the deity to send, and that they
' would never submit to be deprived of what they had
received from their fathers — Messene. So the Co-
rinthians, upon hearing these words, proceeded to

183

Digitized by

XENOPHON

inl ttjv elprjvrjv. oi fiivroi ®rjf3aloi rj^Lovv ai~
tou? Kal (TVfLfia'xiav ojivvvar oi Bk direKplvavro
oti rj fikv cvfifia^La ov/c elprjvrj, dXXa iroXe-
fiov fieraWayt) etrj* el Bh fiovXoivTO, irapeivai
etyaaav ttjv BiKaLav elprjvqv iroiTjaofievoi. dya-
(T0evT€<; Be avrov? oi ®rj/3aioi, on /caiirep iv klv-
Bvvtp 6Vt€9 ovk rjdeXov Tot? evepyercus et? TroXe/iov
KaOiaraaOai, avve^oaprjaav avroU Kal QXeiaaLois
teal Tot9 eXOovat, fier clvtwv eh ®tf/3a<; ttjv elpij-
vtjv i<j) y c5t€ exeiv ttjv iavrcov etcdaTov*;. Kal eirl

11 tovtois wfioadrjaav oi opuoi. oi fiev Brj <f*Xeid-
aioi, iirel oStg>9 y Zvfifiaais iyevero, eiOvs dirrjX-
0ov i/c T779 ®vafiia$ 9 oi Be 'Apyeioi d/jLoaravre^ iiri
to?9 avrois tovtol? elprjvTjv TroiTjaaaOai, 1 iirel ovk
iBvvavTo Kaiairpa^ai ware tovs tcov <t>XeiaciQ)v
<j>vydBa<; fieveiv iv t& TpiKapdvrp a>9 iv ttj eavrcov
iTokei exovras, 7rapa\aj36vT€<; icppovpovv, <frd-
o-kovtcs a<f>erepav ttjv yrjv TavTtjv eivai, fjv bXiyco
irporepov^ o>9 iroXefiiav ovaav iBjjovv Kal Bltca?
tcjv QXeiaaLtov tt ^okoXov fievcov ovk iSiBoaav.

12 S%eSoz/ Be irepi tovtov tov %povov TereXevrrj-
koto? tjBtj tov irpoaOev Aiovvaiov 6 u/09 avrov
irepmei ftorjOeiav tols AaKeBaifMOvioi? ScoSe/ca
Tpirjpew Kal apypvva aircov TifioKpaTTjv. ovto?
B oiv afyiKOfxevo*; avve^aupel avTOi? ^eXXaatav
Kal tovto upd^a*; direirXevcrev ol/caSe.

MeT^ B£ tovto oi 7roXX(p vaTepov KaTdXafi-
fidvovaw oi 'HXeloi Aaaicova, to p,lv iraXaiov
eavT&v ovTa, ev Bk t§ irapovTi avvTeXovvTa eh

13 to 'ApxaBiKov. oi fievTOi 'ApKaBe? oi irap<oXiy<b-

1 iroiriaaaOai MSS.: voifocaOai KeL

184

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 10-13

Thebes to make the peace. The Thebans, however, 866 b.c.
wanted them to bind themselves to an alliance as
well ; but they replied that an alliance was not peace
but an exchange of war, and they said that they had
come to conclude a real peace, if the Thebans so
pleased. And the Thebans, seized with admiration
for then! because, even though they were in peril,
they refused to be involved in war with their bene-
factors, granted peace to them, to the Phliasians,
and to those who had come with them to Thebes, with
the condition that each party should keep its own
territory. And on these terms the oaths were taken.
Then the Phliasians, inasmuch as the compact had
been concluded on this basis, at once withdrew from
Thyamia ; but the Argives, who had sworn to make
peace on these same terms, when they found them-
selves unable- to bring it about that the Phliasian
exiles should remain at Tricaranum on the ground
that they would be within their own state, took over
the place and kept it garrisoned, claiming now that
this territory, which a little while before they had
been laying waste as though it were an enemy's,
was theirs ; and although the Phliasians proposed a
judicial decision, they refused to grant the request.

At about this time, the first Dionysius being now
dead, his son sent to the aid of the Lacedaemonians
twelve triremes and Timocrates as their commander.
And upon his arrival he helped them to capture
Sellasia; and after accomplishing this deed he sailed
back home.

Not long after this the Eleans seized Lasion, 865 b.c.
which in ancient times had been theirs, but at present
belonged to the Arcadian League. The Arcadians,
however, did not let the matter pass, but at once

185

Digitized by V^OOglC

XENOPHON

prjaav, dXX* evdvs irapayyeLXavre^ efior\6ovv.
dvTeftotfOrjaav Be Kal tcov 'YiXelwv oi rpiaKocrioi,
teal en rer pa/coaioi. avTearparoTreBevfievcov Be
Trjv rj/xepav iv iimreBearepcp yuyplto t&v 'HXeieov
t?)? vvktos oi 'ApKaBe? dvafiaivovaw iirl rrjv rov

V7T€p T(0V 'HXCLCOV OpOV? KOpV(f)rjv d/UL Be T7J

f) fie pa /carefiaivov inl tov$ 'HXeiov*;. oi Be IBov-
T69 afia fiev e£ virepBefyov irpoaiovra^, a /ml Se
iroXKaifKaaLov ?, i/c iroXXov p,lv direXdelv jjo'xvv-
Orjaav, 6p,6ae S' fjXOov Kal eh %e?/>a9 Begd/jLevot
e<f>vyov Kal iroXXov? fiev dvSpas, iroXXa he oirXa
aTTcoXeaav, Kara Bva^wpia^ aTro^copovvre^.

14 Oi 8& 'A/waSe? hiairpa^dfievoL ravra iiropev-
ovto eVi Ta? twv * AKpaypelcov 7roXei<;. Xaftovres
Be TavTas ttXtjv ©pavcrov cufyiKVOvvrai eh 'OXvji-
ir lav, /cal TrepiGTavptovavTes to Kpoviov ivravOa
i(j)povpovv teal i/epdrovv rov 'OXv/JLiria/cov opovs*
eXaftov Be Kal Mapyavea? ivBovrcov tivcov, ovtg>
Be Trpofcex^prjKOTcov oi fiev 'HXelot, av Travrdiraaiv
rjOvfirjaav, oi Be 'Ap/cdBes epftovrai eirl ttjv woXiv.
Kal p>£XP L A 6 ^ T *fc dyopds fjXOov i/cei fievroi
viroardvTe^ oX re imreh /cal oi dXXot air cop
e/cfidXXovai re avrov<; Kal direKTeivdv 7iva<$ Kal

15 Tpoiralov iarqaavTo. fjv fih ovv Kal irporepov
8ia<\>opa iv ry "HX1B1. oi fikv ydp irepl Xdpoirov
186

d by Google

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 13-15

called out their troops and went to the rescue. And 865 *.c
on the side of the Eleans the Three Hundred and
likewise the Four Hundred 1 came out to meet them.
Now after the Eleans had lain encamped on a some-
what level spot opposite the enemy throughout the
day, the Arcadians climbed up by night to the sum-
mit of the mountain which was above the Eleans ;
and at daybreak they proceeded to descend upon
the Eleans. Then the latter, seeing that the Arca-
dians were not only approaching from higher ground
but were also many times their number, were yet
ashamed to retreat while still at a distance, but ad-
vanced to meet the enemy, and took to flight only
after letting them come to close quarters ; and they
lost many men and many arms, since they retreated
over difficult ground.

When the Arcadians had accomplished these
things, they proceeded against the cities of the
Acrorians. And having captured them, with the
exception of Thraustus, they arrived at Olympia,
and after building a stockade around the hill of
Cronus, kept guard there and were masters of the
Olympian mountain ; they likewise gained possession
of Margana, which was betrayed to them by some of
its citizens. When matters had progressed to this
point, the Eleans fell back into complete despond-
ency, while the Arcadians proceeded against their
capital. And they advanced as far as the market-
place ; there, however, the horsemen and the rest of
the Eleans made a stand, and they drove the Arca-
dians out, killed some of them, and set up a trophy.
Now there had been dissension in Elis even before
this time. For the party of Charopus, Thrasonidas,
1 Apparently two bodies of picked troops.

187

Digitized by

XENOPHON

re teal %paa<ovlhav teal 'Apyelov eh SrffjbOKpariav
r/yov ttjv 7r6\iv, oi he irepl EtvaXtcav re teal *Iiririav
teal XrparoXav eh oXiyapxiav. eirel oi 'A/>-
tcdSes fieydXrjv hvvap.LV e^oi/re? avp.p.a^oi ehoKovv
elvai roh hripjoKpareiaOai fiovXofievow, etc tovtov
St} ffpaavrepoi oi irepl rbv Xdpoirov fjaav, teal
avvffifievoi roh y Aptcd<riv eiriftorjffeiv tcaraXa/jL-

16 ftdvovai ttjv dtepoiroXiv. oi iirireh teal oi rpia-
tcoaiOL oitc i/jbiXXrjo'av, aU' ev0v<; ex^povv avco,
Kal itc/cpovovaiv avrovv war eepvyov avv rq>
9 Apyei<p teal Xapbircp t&v ttoXitcov irepl rerpa-
Koaiov?.

Oi iroXv $' varepov ovtoi irapaXafiovre?
r&v 'AptcdScov Tivas tcaTaXafifidvovai HvXov.
Kal iroXXol fievroi irpbs avrovs etc t^9 7ro\eet>?
dirfjaav tov Srjfiov, are x w p' LOV re teaXbv teal
fieydXrjv pdo/jbrjv ttjv tcov 'Ap/cdScov avfipa^ov
e%oi/Ta9. evifiaXov he Kal varepov eh ttjv X<*pav
ttjv r&v 'HXeicov oi \Aptfa8e9, virb tg>v (f>evy6vTO)v

17 dvaireiOoyievoi a>? r) iroXis irpoo'X Q) PV <jroiTO * dXXa
Tore fiev oi \A%aioi <f>tXot yeyevrjfievoi roh 'H\eto*s
ttjv irbXiv avreov 8ie<f>vXal;av &are oi 'Ap/caSe?
oihev aXXo irpd^avre^ rj Sycoaavre? avrayv ttjv
X&pav dirijXdov. ev0v<; /xevroi €K Trfe 'HXeta?
egibvres, alaOopevoi tov<; UeXXrjvea*; ev v HX*St
ovras, vvktos fiaKpOTaTrjv ohbv eXdovre? Kara-
Xafi/Sdvovaiv avr&v "OXovpov r)8r) yap irdXiv
7rpoaeK€XQ)pi]K€aav oi UeXXrjvei*; eh ttjv t£>v

18 AaKehaifiovLcov avjifiaxiav. iirel S' yvdovro ra

188

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 15-18

and Argeius were trying to convert the state into a 865 b.c.
democracy, and the party of Eualcas, Hippias, and
Stratolas into an oligarchy. But when the Arcadians
with a large force seemed to be allies of those who
wished to have a democracy, thereupon the party
of Charopus were bolder, and after making arrange-
ments with the Arcadians to aid them, seized the
Acropolis. The horsemen, however, and the Three
Hundred made no delay, but at once marched
up and ejected them, so that about four hundred
of the citizens, with Argeius and Charopus, were
banished.

Not long afterwards these exiles enlisted the aid
of some of the Arcadians and seized Pylus. And
many of the democrats withdrew from the capital
and joined them, inasmuch as they were in posses-
sion of a good stronghold and had a large force — that .
of the Arcadians — to support them. Afterwards the
Arcadians invaded the territory of the Eleans again,
being persuaded by the exiles that the city would
come over to them. But on that occasion the
Achaeans, who had become friends of the Eleans,
defended their city successfully, so that the Arca-
dians retired without accomplishing anything more
than the laying waste of the land of the Eleans.
At the moment, however, when they were departing
from the Elean territory, they learned that the Pelle-
neans were in El is, and after making an exceedingly
long march by night seized their town of Olurus ;
for by this time the Pelleneans had come back again
to their alliance with the Lacedaemonians. 1 Now
when the Pelleneans learned the news in regard to

1 See ii. 11 and note on ii. 18.

189

Digitized by

XENOPHON

irepl *OXovpov, irepieXdovTe^ at> teal oZtoi 073-97
eSvvavTO €6? ttjv avTcov ttoXlv TLeXXrjvrjv eiarjXdov.
Kal Ik tovtov Srj eiroXe/JLovv to?? ev *OXovp<p
'Ap/cdai re Kal t§ eavr&v ttclvtI hrjfKp fidXa
oXiyoi oVre?* ojiw^ ov irpoaOev eiravaavTo irplv
e^eTroXiopKTjaav tov "OXovpov.

19 Oi 8' av 'A/)/caSe? irdXiv ttoiovvtcli aXXrjv
ajpareiav eU ttjv *HXiv. fieTa^v Se KvXXtjvtjs

Kal 7T0\€Ci)9 (TTpaTOTTeSevOflivOl? aVTOl? €7TC-

Tidevrai oi 'RXeloi, vwoaTavre^ Se oi *ApKahe<;
iviKTjaav avTovs. Kal ' Avhpofia'xp*; fiev 6 'HXeto?
LTTirap'Xps, oairep aiVw iSoKei eivai ttjv fid^rjv
avvdyfrai, avTos avTOV 8ie<f>0eipev oi $' aXXoi €tV
ttjv ttoXlv aTrexcopTjaav* diredave he iv TavTy
ttj jid^rj irapayevofievos Kal %(dkX€i8t}$ 6 27rap-
TmT?7?• tjStj yap tots oi AaKeSaifiovioi cvjipAi^pi

20 Tot? 'H\€60*9 fjaav, ine^ofievoi Be oi 'HXeloi iv
ttj eavT&v, rjfyovv Kal tou? AaKeSaifioviov*;
TrejiirovTe^ it pea /Set? eincrTpaTevew rofc * ApKcuxi,
vo/j,l%ovt€<; ovtcd? av jidXiaTa diroKapLelv row?
'Ap#aSa9, el dfufroTepeodev iroXejiolvTo. Kal ex
tovtov Btj 'ApxiSapos CTpaTeveTat /xeTa t&v
ttoXlt&v, Kal KaTaXafiftdvei Kp&jjuvov. KaTa-
\17rcbv 8* iv avTcp fypovphv t&v ScoSeKa Xo^cov

21 T/?e?9, ovtco? €7r' oikov dveyjapTjaev. oi jievToi
'Ap/eaSe?, &airep eTvyov iK ttj<; els'HXiv aTpaTeias
avveiXey/jbevoc, ftorjOTjaavTes irepieaTavpwaav tov
Kpcofivov BnrXro aTavpcofiaTi, Kal iv da<f>aXei
190

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 18-21

Olurus, they in their turn made a roundabout march m b.o.
and as best they could got into their own city,
Pellene. And after this they carried on war not
only with the Arcadians at Olurus, but also with
the entire body of the democrats of their own state,
although they were themselves very few in number ;
but nevertheless they did not cease until they had
captured Olurus by siege.

The Arcadians on their side made yet another
expedition into Elis. And while they were en-
camped between Cyllene and the capital, the Eleans
made an attack upon them, but the Arcadians stood
their ground and defeated them. Then Andro-
machus, the Elean commander of horse, the man
who was thought to be responsible for having joined
battle, killed himself ; but the rest retired to the city.
Among those who perished in this battle was also
Socleides the Spartiate, who had meanwhile arrived ;
for by this time the Lacedaemonians were allies of
the Eleans. And now the Eleans, being hard pressed
in their own land, sent ambassadors and asked the
Lacedaemonians also to take the field against the
Arcadians, believing that the Arcadians would be
most likely to give up the struggle in this event,
that is, if they were beset by war from both
sides. As a result of this request Archidamus took
the field with the citizen troops and seized Crom-
nus. And after leaving in the town as a garrison
three of the twelve battalions, 1 he then returned
homewards. But the Arcadians, gathered together ■
as they were in consequence of their expedi-
tion into Elis, came to the rescue and surrounded
Cromnus with a double stockade, and, being thus

1 The \6xos was half a p6pa (regiment).

IQI

XENOPHON

ovtcs iirokiopKovv tou? ev t$ Kpd>fjLV<p. ^a\€7r£>?
Be 7] tcop Aa/ceBat/JLovicov 7r6\i<f (frepovaa iirl rfj
iroXiop/cia ra>v ttoXit&v, e/cirepmei arparidv.
rjyecTO Be /cal rore 'Ap^iSa/io*;. e\6ow Be eBrjov
/cal tt?? 'Ap/caSias o<ra eSvvaro real tt)? X/cipi-
TtSo?, /cal iravja eiTolei 07ra>9, el BvvatTO, dir-
aydyoc tou? TroXiop/covvTas. oi Be 'Ap/caSe? ovBev
tl fiaXXov i/civovvTo, dXXd ravra irdvra irapeco-

22 pcov. KariBow Be nva X6<j>ov 6 'A/r^Sa/io?, 8i
ov to ef&) aravpcofia TrepiefteftXrjVTO oi 'Ap/cdBes,
ivofiiaev eXeiv b\v tovtov, zeal el tovtov Kparrj-
aeiev, ov/c hv Bvvaadai pAvew tou? vtto tovtov
TroXiop/covvras. /cv/cX<p Be TrepidyovTO? avTov iwl
tovto to %<op[ov, d>? elSov oi irpoOeovTes tov
' A pxiBd/jLov TrekTaaTcu tou? eirapiTovs e^co tov
aTCtvpcb/jLaTOs, envridevTai avTols, zeal oi timet?
avvep,/3dXXeiv eireip&VTO. oi Bi* ov/c ive/cXivav,
dXXa avvT€Tayfievoi T)o~vyLav elypv. oi K av
irdXiv eveftaXov. eirel Be ovBe totc eve/cXivav,
dXkd /cal eirfjaav, tfBr) ovarj? iroXXr}? /cpavyrjs,
efioriOei Brj /cal airo? 6 ' ApxiBa/ios, i/CTpairo-
fievos /caTc\ ttjv eirl Kpcbfivov (frepovaav djiagiTov,

23 eh Bvo ay cop, waTrep eTvyyavev eycov. W B*
eirXrjaiaaav dXXrfXois, oi fiev avv tw ^ApyiBdfjLO)
/card tee pas, are /cad' oBbv iropevofievot, oi 8' 'Ap-
/cdBe? ad pool avvaaTnBovvTe?, ev tovt<p oi/ceTi

192

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 21-23

in a safe position, besieged the people in Crom- 305 b.c.
nus. Then the city of Lacedaemon, distressed at
the besieging of its citizens, sent out an army. And
on this occasion also Archidamus was in command.
When he had come, he laid waste as much as he
could both of Arcadia and of Sciritis, and did every-
thing in order, if possible, to draw off the besiegers.
The Arcadians, however, were not any more disposed
to stir than before, but disregarded all these doings.
Then Archidamus, espying a hill over which the
Arcadians had carried their outer stockade, came to
the conclusion that he could capture it, and that if
he became master of this hill, the besiegers at its
foot would not be able to hold their position. Now
while he was leading the way to this place by a
roundabout route, as soon as the peltasts who were
running on ahead of Archidamus caught sight of
the Epariti 1 outside the stockade, they attacked
them, and the cavalry endeavoured to join in the
attack. The enemy, however, did not give way, but
forming themselves into a compact body, remained
quiet. Then the Lacedaemonians attacked again.
The enemy did not give way even then, but on the
contrary proceeded to advance, and by this time
there was a- deal of shouting ; Archidamus himself
thereupon came to the rescue, turning off along the
wagon road which runs to Cromnus and leading
his men in double file, just as he chanced to have
them formed. Now as soon as the two forces had
come near to one another, the troops of Archi-
damus in column, since they were marching along a
road, and the Arcadians massed together in close

1 The name given to the regular troops of the Arcadian
League.

193

VOL. IT. O

Digitized by

XENOPHON

eBvvavro oi Aa/ceBaipoviot iivrkyeiv tw tcov 'Ap-
tcdScov TrXrjffei, dXXa raxv pev 6 'ApxiBapos
ejerpwro rov prjpbv Biapird^ rayy Be oi pa^p-
pevoi irpb avTOV direOvpaKOv, TloXvaiviBa<; re real
XlXcov 6 rfjv dBeX^tjv rov ' Apx^Bapov e%a>i/, /cal
oi Trdvres Be avr&v rore direOavov ov/c eXarrov

24 rcov Tpid/covra, a>9 Be Kara ttjv 6Bbv dvax<*>-
povvres eh ttjv evpvx^piav e^rjXdov, ivravOa
Bfj Aa/ceBaipovioi dvT lira per dfjavro. /cal prjv oi
'Ap/cdBes, &airep efyov, avvreraypevoi earaaav,
/cal irXrjdei pev eXelirovTO, evdvporepov Be woXv
etyov, eTreXrjXvOoTe? airox^povai /cal avBpa? 1
dire/cTOvoTes. oi Be Aa/ceBaipovioi pdXa d0up,ax;
elx ov > Terpcopivov pev opcovre? top 'ApxiBauov,
d/crj/cooTes Be ra ovopaTa rwv reOvrj/coTcov, dvBpcov

25 re dyaffcov /cal ax^Bbv rcov eTri^aveardrcov. a>9 Be
ttXtjo-lov ovtcov dvajHorjaa*; ti$ tcov Trpeo-^vripcov
elire* Ti Bel rjpas, & avBpes, pdx^Oai, aXX' ov
aireiaapevovs BiaXvOijvcu ; dapevoi Br) dp(f>6repoi
aKovGavres iaireiaavTO. kcu oi pev Aa/ceBai-
povioi tou9 ve/cpov<; dveXopevoi dnrjXOov, oi S*
'Ap/cdBe? i7ravax<*>pwavT€<; evOa to irpoirov f\p-
gavro eirievai rpoTraiov eanjaavro.

26 f H9 Be oi 'Ap/cdBes irepl rov Kpwpvov rjaav, oi
i/c t?]<; TroXeax; 'HXeloi irptorov pev tovfes iirl ttjv
JJvXov TrepiTvyx° LV0V<TL T0 ^ TlvXiois diro/ce/cpov-
pkvois i/c t&v ®aXap&v. /cal irpoaeXavvovre^; oi

1 Kel., following Hartman, supposes that roaovrovs or
rototrovs has dropped out after Avhpas.

194

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 23-26

order, at this juncture the Lacedaemonians were no 865 b.c.
longer able to hold out against the superior weight •
of the Arcadians, but Archidamus speedily received a
wound straight through his thigh and speedily those
who fought in front of him kept falling, among
them Tolyaenidas and Chilon, who was married to
the sister of Archidamus; and the whole number
of them who fell at that time was not less than
thirty. But when the Lacedaemonians as they
retired along the road came out into open ground,
they immediately formed themselves in line of battle
against the enemy. The Arcadians on their side
stood in close order, just as they were, and while
inferior in numbers, they were in better spirits by
far, since they had attacked a foe who retreated and
had killed men. The Lacedaemonians, on the other

that Archidamus was wounded and they had heard
the names of the dead, who were not only brave men
but well nigh their most distinguished. But when,
the Arcadians being now close at hand, one of the
older men shouted out and said : " Why, sirs, should
we fight, and not rather make a truce and become
reconciled?/' both sides* heard him gladly and
made a truce. Accordingly the Lacedaemonians
took up their dead and departed, while the Arcadians
returned to the place where they had originally
begun to advance, and there set up a trophy.

While the Arcadians were occupied about Crom-
nus, the Eleans in the capital proceeded in the first
place against Pylus, 1 and fell in with the Pylians
after the latter had been driven out of Thalamae.
And when the horsemen of the Eleans, as they rode

despondent, for they saw

cp. § 16.

195

o 2

Digitized by

Google

XENOPHON

iirirel^ tcjv 'HXeicov a>9 elhov aurovs, ov/c ipeXXij-
• aav, dXX* e\>6v$ ipftdXXovai, zeal tou? pev airo-
/crivvvovaiv, oi he rive? avr&v /caracfrevyovaiv
eirl yrfKofyov. eirei puevroi rfX0ov oi ire^oi, i/e-
fcoTTTOVCL teal tou? inl 7$ X6<pa), fcal TOU$ fl€V
avTOv a7T€KT€ivav, tou? he teal £&vto,<; eXafiop
iyyv? hia/coaicov. tcaX oaoi pev f;€voi fjaav avr&v,
direhovTO, oaoi hk <f>vydSe<;, direa^arrov, perk he
ravTa tovs re HvXUvs, <09 oiheU avroU ifioijOei,
avv avr<p T(p X w P' l< P af V a *' <rt » KaL T0V ** Nlapyavea?

27 dvmXapftdvovai. zeal p,rju oi Aa/cehaipovioi vcrre-
pov av eXdovres vv/crbs eiri rov Kp&jivov eni/cpa-
rovai tov aTavpcoparos rod Kara rov? 'Apyeiov?
teal tol>? TToXiop/covpevow; t&v Aa/cehaipovitov 1
ev0v<; e%e/cdXovv. oaoi pkv ovv eyyvrard re
irvyx avov owes /ecu Qy^vXaffrjaav, e^rfXBov* otto-
o~ov<; hk e(f>6aaav iroXXol ra>v 'AptcdScov avp,/3orj-
drjaavreSy aireKSjeiaOrjaav evhov /cal XrjfyOevre*;
hievepr\6r\aav, teal ev pkv pipo? eXaffov 'Apyeioi,
%v he ®r)/3aioi, %v he 'Ap/cdhes, ev he Meaatfvioi*
oi hk avpjravres XrjfyOevTes XirapTiar&v re /cat
irepioLKoav irXeiovs r&v e/carbv eyevovro.

28 Em el ye purjv oi 'Ap/cdhes eaypXaaav diro rov
Kpcopvov, irdXiv hrj irepl rov? 'H\eiou9 Glypv,
/cal rrjv re 'OXvpiriav eppaypevearepov etypovpovv,
/ecu eiriovros y O\vp7ria/eov ctov? Trapea/cevatpvTo
iroielv ra 'OXvpiria avv UiaaTcu? T0Z9 irptoroif;
<f)da/covai Trpoa-rrjvai rov lepov. eirel hk o re pLrjv
fj/eev ev m Ta *OXvp,Tria yiyiercu aX re fjpepai

1 rwv AaKeSaifAoviwv MSS. : Kel. brackets, following Breiten-
bach.

196

d by Google

HELLENICA, VII. jv. 26-28

along, caught sight of the Pylians, they did not 866 b.o.
delay, but attacked at once, and they killed some of *
them, while others fled for refuge to a hill ; but as
soon as the infantry came up they dislodged those
upon the hill also, and killed some of them on the
spot and took captive others, nearly two hundred
in number. Thereupon they sold all among the
prisoners who were foreigners and put to the sword
all who were Elean exiles. After this the Eleans not
only captured the Pylians, along with their strong-
hold, inasmuch as no one came to their aid, but also
recovered Margana. As for the Lacedaemonians,
they afterwards went against Cromnus again by
night, made themselves masters of the stockade
which was opposite the Argives, and immediately
proceeded to call forth the Lacedaemonians who
were besieged there. Now all who chanced to
be nearest at hand and seized the opportunity
promptly, came forth ; but such as were forestalled
by a large body of the Arcadians which came to the
rescue, were shut off inside the stockade, captured,
and distributed. And the Argives received one
portion, the Thebans one, the Arcadians one, and
the Messenians one. And the whole number who
were captured of the Spartiatae and the Perioeci
came to more than one hundred.

When the Arcadians were no longer occupied with 364 b.c.
Cromnus, they occupied themselves again with the
Eleans, and they not only kept Olympia more
strongly garrisoned, but also, since an Olympic year
was coming on, prepared to celebrate the Olympic
games in company with the Pisatans, who say that
they were the first to have charge of the sanctuary.
But when the month came in which the Olympic

197

Digitized by

XENOPHON

eV ah 7) 7rav7)yvpt$ dOpoi^eraiy ivravda Brj oi
'HXeloi etc rov (ftavepov avo-feevaadpLepoi real
irapaKaXeaapre^ 3 A%aiov<; iiropevovro ttjp 'OXv/j,-

29 Triafcrjp 6B6p, oi Be 'A/o/caSe? e/ceipovs puep ovk
av wore qjopto e\6elv eirl cr<£a<?, avrol Be avp
TliaaTais BierlOeaap ttjp iravrfyvpiv. real tt)v
fjuev iTnroBpofiLav 77877 eTreiroirjKeo-ap kcu ret Bpo-
fiiKa rov irevrdOXov. oi 8* eh irdXrjp dcfiircopevoi
oifceri iv ra> Bpopup, dXka fiera^v rov Bpofiov koX
rod ftfOfJLOv iirakaiov. oi yap 'HXeloi avp Toh
ottXois iraprjaav ijBr) eh to Tepuepos. oi Be *Ap-
fcdBes 7roppo)T€pco p,ep ovk dirrivTrjaav, iirl Be
rov KXaBdov Trorafiov Traperd^apro, o? irapa
tt)v "AXriv Karappecov eh top 'AXfaibv epiftdWei.
koX Gvniiayoi Be iraprjaap airoh, oirXirai pev
'Apyeicopeh oW%*\tof9, 'AOrjpaicop Be iirirel^ irepl

30 TerpaKoaiovs, tcai firjp oi 'HXeto* rdm, Odrepa
rov iroTajxov Traperd^avro, a-<f)ayiaadpL€POi Be ev-
0v<; eydtpovv. koX top irpoaOep \popop eh ra
TToXe/jLLKa Kara(f>popovfjL€Pot puep vtt 'AptcdBoyp teal
'Apyeicop, KarafypopovpLepoi Be vtt* ^A-^ai&p tcai
5 AOrjpaicop, o/ift)? eKelprj rfj fjp>epa r&p peep avfi-
pd^cop a><? aXKip^coraroL 6Vt€9 rjyovpro, rov?

1 The pentathlum, which immediately followed the horse-
race, consisted — as its name implies — of five events, viz.
running, jumping, discus-throwing, javelin-hurling, and
wrestling. The order of these events is uncertain, except
that the wrestling contest was the last, while the foot-race
was in all probability the first. The first four events {ra

198

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 28-30

games take place and the days on which the festal 864 b.o.
assembly gathers, at this time the Eleans, after
making their preparations openly and summoning '
the Achaeans to their aid, proceeded -to march along
the road leading to Olympia. Now the Arcadians
had never imagined that the Eleans would come
against them, and were themselves directing the
festal meeting in company with the Pisatans. They
had already finished the horse-race, and the events
of the pentathlum 1 held in the race-course. And the
competitors who had reached the wrestling 2 were
no longer in the race-course, but were wrestling
in the space between the race-course and the
altar. 8 For the Eleans, under arms, had by this
time reached the sacred precinct. Then the Ar-
cadians, without advancing to meet them, formed
in line of battle on the river Cladaiis, which flows
past the Altis 4 and empties into the Alpheus.
They had allies also to support them, about two
thousand hoplites of the Argives and about four
hundred horsemen of the Athenians. And the
Eleans formed in line on the opposite side of the
river, and, after offering sacrifice, immediately ad-
vanced. And although in former time they had
been despised in matters of war by the Arcadians
and Argives, and despised by the Achaeans and
Athenians, nevertheless on that day they led their
allies forward, as men who were unexcelled in
valour, and they not only routed the Arcadians at

Zpop-iKo.) were held in the tpSfios, or race-course, the wrestling
usually in the open space in front of the treasury steps.

2 i.e. had survived the first four events.

• The great altar of Zeus, whose sacredness was expected
to protect them from any attack by the Eleans.

4 TJie inner portion of the sacred precinct bore this name.

199

Digitized by

XENOPHON

' Kpicahas, TOVT015 yap irpoiTOv avveftaXov, /cal
eiOv^ erptyavTO, /cal iTrifiorjOijo-avTa? Be* tou9

31 'Apyelov? Se^dfievoi /cal tovtcov i/epdrrjaav. iirel
fjb€VToi fcareStco^ap eh to fiera^v tov /3ov\evT7]-
piov /cal tov - Tf)? e Eo*Tta? lepov /cal tov 7T/oo9
Tavra irpoarjKOVTO^ dedrpov, ifid^ovro fiev ovSev
fiTTOV /cal ioodovv 777709 tov fioofiov, airo fievTOi

TOOV (TTOOHV T€ /Cal TOV fiovXeVTTJplOV KoX TOV

fieydXov vaov ftaWofievoi /cal iv t$ laoirihcp
yLayp^voiy diroOvya/covGiv oXKol re t&v 'HXeicov
koX auTO? 6 t&v Tpia/coa'icov apxcov XTpaTokas.
tovtcov Be Trpa^OevTOiv d7r€X<t>pr}o*av eh to ai/Tcov

32 CTpaTOTreSov. oi fxevTOL ' Ap/cdBes /cal oi /jlct
avTcov ovt(0$ iire^o^rjvTO ttjv iiriovo^av rj/xepav
wo*Te oih* dveiravaavTO T179 vvktos, i/c/coiTTovTes
tc\ Sia7r€7rovr}fjL€va o-KrjvcofiaTa /cal airoGTav-
povvTes. ol 8* av 'HXetot eVel Tjj iaTepata trpoa-
iovT€<t elBov KapT€pov to T€t%09 /cal iirl t&v vacjv
7ro\Xou9 dvafteftrj/coTa?, dirrfkOov eh to aaTV,
toiovtoi yevofievoi oioi/9 ttjv dpeTrjv 0eb<; fiev av
e/jLTrvevaa? BvvaiTO ical iv r)jJiepq diroBell-ai, av-
dpcDTTOi Be oiS 1 av iv woWrp %pbvcp tou9 fir) 6Wa9
aX/ci/JLOVs tronfjaeiav.

33 Xpoofievcov Be Toh lepoh xptf/jLaat, tcjv iv T019
'Ap/cdaiv dpxovTcov, ical dirb tovtcov tov? iirapL-
tou9 TpecfiovTcov, irpcbroi MavTiveh direyfr7](f>ca-avTo
firj xprjadai Toh lepoh Xptf/jLaai. ical avTol to
200

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 30-33

onee — for it was these whom they encountered 364 b.o.
first — but withstood the attack of the Argives when
they came to the rescue, and won the victory
over them also. When, however, they had pursued
the enemy to the space between the senate house
and the temple of Hestia and the theatre which
adjoins these buildings, although they fought no less
stoutly and kept pushing the enemy towards the' altar,
still, since they were pelted from the roofs of the
porticoes, the senate house, and the great temple, 1
and were themselves fighting on the ground-level, -
some of the Eleans were killed, among them
Stratolas himself, the leader of the Three Hundred.
When this happened, they retired to their own
camp. But the Arcadians and those with them
were so fearful for the coming day that they did
not so much as go to rest during the night, being
engaged in cutting down the carefully constructed
booths 2 and building a stockade. As for the Eleans,
when they returned on the next day and saw that
the stockade was a strong one and that many men
had climbed up on the temples, they withdrew to
their city, having shown themselves such men in
point of valour as a god no doubt could produce by
his inspiration even in a day, but human creatures
could not make even in a long time out of those
who were not valiant.

Now while the leaders of the Arcadians were 868 b.o.
using the sacred treasures, 3 and therefrom maintain-
ing the Epariti, the Mantineans were the first to
pass a vote not to make use of the sacred treasures.
For themselves, they collected in their city the

1 Of Zeus.

2 Built by merchants or for the shelter and convenience of
visitors. ' 8 i.e. of Olympia.

201

Digitized by

XENOPHON

yiyvdpepop pepos els to£>9 eirapirovs itc ttjs 7ro-
\£Ct>9 eKiropLaavres diremeptyap rols apxovcriv. oi
Be apxovres (ftda/covres airovs Xvp,aivea9ai to
' 'Apfca&i/cov, dve/caXovPTo els tovs pvpiovs tovs
TrpoaTaras avrcov real incl ovy^ vw^kovov, fcareBL-
fcacrav avra>v, icai tovs eirapiTovs eirepirov <&9
agovTa? tovs KaTa/cetepipepovs. oi pev ovv Map-
Tipels KXeLaavTes tcls 7ru\a? ou/c ehe^ovro avTovs

34 . etcro). 8k tovtov Taya Brj teal dXXoi Tives
eXeyov ev tols pvplois c!>9 ov xprj rots iepols XPV'
paai xprjcdcu ovSe KaraKiirelv els top del %p6vov
rols ttclig\v eyteXrjpa tovto irpos tovs deovs. a>9
Be teal ev ra> koipq) direBo^e prjKeTt XP^I a ^ al ™i9
iepols xptfpaat, Tayy Brj oi pep ovk av Bvpdpuevot
avev julicOov t&p eirapLTcop etpai Biexeovro, oi Be
Bvpdpepoi TLapatceXevo-dfievot avrots kclOigtclvto
els tovs eirapLrovs, ottcos prj avroX eir eiceivois,
iU' eicelvoi, eirl a<f>Laiv elev. yvovres he twv
dpxovToov oi Bia/cexetpifcores ra iepa XPVf JLara
on el Scoaoiev ev0vvas> KipBvpevaoiev diroXeaffai,
ire/jLTTovo'tv els ®rjftas, teal BiBdaKovaL tovs
Srjftaiovs a>9 ei prj arparevaeiav, fCivBvpevaoiep

35 oi 'ApicdBes irdXip Xcucwviaai, /cat oi pep irape-

0~K€vd%OVTO (09 0"T paT€VO~6pL€P0C 01 Be TCL /CpUTlCTCl

rfi Tie\o7rovvrja(p (SovXevopevoi eireiaav to koivov
tcop ' AptcdScop Treptyavras irpea^eis elireiv rols
Srjftaiois prj levai gvp onXois els ttjp * ApicaBLav,
el pi] ti fcaXolep. teal a pa pep ravra irpos tovs
202

HELLENICA, VII. nr. 33-35

amount which fell to their share towards the pay- 303 &c
ment of the Epariti and sent it off to the leaders.
The leaders, however, said that they were doing
harm to the Arcadian League, and summoned their
rulers before the Ten Thousand ; and when they re-
fused to heed the summons, they passed sentence
upon them and sent the Epariti to bring those who
had been thus condemned. Then the Mantineans
shut their gates and would not admit the Epariti
within their walls. As a result of this some others
likewise were soon saying in the meeting of the Ten
Thousand that they ought not to use the sacred
treasures, or to leave to their children for all time
such an offence in the eyes of the gods. When,
accordingly, a vote had been passed in the Arcadian
assembly not to make use of the sacred treasures
any longer, those who could not belong to the
Epariti without pay speedily began to melt away,
while those who could, spurred on one another
and began to enroll themselves in the Epariti, in
order that they might not be in the power of that
body, but rather that it might be in their power.
Then such of the Arcadian leaders as had handled
the sacred treasures, realizing that, if they had to
render an account, they would be in danger of being
put to death, sent to Thebes and explained to the
Thebans that if they did not take the* field, the
Arcadians would be likely to go over to the Lace-
daemonians again. The Thebans accordingly pre-
pared to take the field ; but those who sought the
best interests of Peloponnesus persuaded the general
assembly of the Arcadians to send ambassadors and
tell the Thebans not to come under arms to Arcadia
unless they sent them a summons. And while they

203

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Qrjftaiovs eXeyov, afia Be eXoyl^oPTO on iroXefiov
ovBep Bcoipto. tov t€ yap iepov tov Ato? irpo-
eardvai ovhev it poaBelaO at ivofxityv, aXV airo-
8i86vt€$ c\p Kal hitcaiorepa Kal ocmrepa troieip,
Kal rep defy oleadai fiaXXop av ovtco yapl^ecrOai.
ftovXofievcov Be ravra Kal tojp 'HXeicov, eBo^ep
a/JL(f)OT€pot<; elpr)vi)p ironfjaaaOaL' Kal eyevovTO
airopBaL

36 Tevofiivcov Be rcov op/ceov, Kal d/AoadpTwp tcop
re dXXoyv (nrdvTwv /ecu Teyearwv Kal avTOv tov
®r)/3cdov, 09 €Tvyx av€V * v Teyea %X tU)V Tpiaxoai-
ou? oirXira*; ra>v Bolcotoop, oi julcp aXXoi 'A/o^aSe?
iv rfj Teyea 1 avTOv iiriKaTa/jLeivavTes eoecrrpo-

TTOIOVPTO T€ KCU rjvdvfXOVPTO Kal CTTOvBa^ Kal

iraiavas a>? elptfvrjs yeyevr) fiipr}? iiroiovvro, 6 Be
tyrjpaios Kal tcop dp^ovToav oi <j>o/3ovfi€Poi ra$
evOvvas avp re to?? Bch&>to?? Kal roh ofioypco/iiocri
tcjp €7rapLTQ)v KXeiaavre*; ra? irvXa? tov t&p
TeyeaTcop Tei%ov$, irefnropTes eirl tov? cktjpovp-
ra? avveXdjx$avov tol/? /3e\Tto"roi>9. are -Be 4k
iraa&v rcov 7roXecop Trapovrwv tcop 'KpKaBtop, Kal
irdvTcov elprjprjp fiiovXofiepcop eyevp, ttoXXov? eBei
tou? o-vXXa/jLftapofiepovs elvai* &are ra)(v pkp
avTOi? to BeafxcoTrjpLOP /nearbv rjp, ra^y Be r)

37 Brjfjioo'ia oiKia. a>9 Be ttoXXoI oi eipypJevoi r)aap t
iroXXol Be oi Kara tov Te£%ot>9 iKTreTrrjBrjKOTe*;,
r)aap B J 01 Kal Bict tcov ttvXcop afaiVTO* ovBeU
yap oiSevl (i/oytfero, ogtis fir) cocto aTroXetaOar
diroprjaat Br) fidXiGTa eiroirjae tov tc Srjfiaiov
Kal tou? /act avTOV TavTa irpaTTOPTa^ oti Map-

1 4v rfj T«7«ci MSS. : Kel. brackets, following Cobefc.
204

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 35-37

said this to the Thebans, at the same time they 8gsb.c.
reasoned that they had no desire for war. For they
held that they had no desire for the presidency of
the shrine of Zeus, but that they would be acting
more justly as well as more righteously if they gave
it back, and that in this way, as they supposed, they
would please the god better. Now since the Eleans
also were desirous of this course, both parties re-
solved to make peace ; and a truce was concluded.

After the oaths had been taken and, besides all
the rest, the Tegeans had sworn and the Theban
governor himself, who chanced to be in Tegea with
three hundred hoplites of the Boeotians, then, while
the bulk of the Arcadians, still remaining there
in Tegea, feasted and made merry, poured libations
and sang paeans over the conclusion of peace, the
llieban and such of the Arcadian leaders as were
fearful about their accounts, after closing the gates
in the wall of Tegea with the help of the Boeotians
and their partisans among the Epariti, sent to the
feasters and proceeded to seize the aristocrats. But
inasmuch as the Arcadians of all the cities were
present and all of them were desirous of having
peace, those who were seized were necessarily many,
so that their prison was speedily full, and the city
hall likewise. Since, however, there were many who
had been imprisoned, and many who had leaped down
outside the wall, and some also who had been let out
through the gates (for no one, unless he expected to
be put to death, 1 felt resentment against anyone
else), it was a cause of the greatest embarrassment to
the Theban governor and those who were acting with
him in this matter that of the Mantineans, whom

1 cp. § 34.

205

Digitized by

XENOPHON

rived?, 0&9 fidXiara iftovXovTO Xa/3e2v, oXiyov?
Tivas irdvv elxpv Bid yap to iyyv? tijv iroXiv
elvai a^eBov iravre^ w'xovro oiKaBe.

38 ^Kirel Be rjfjiipa eyevero real rd ireirpayixeva eirv-
Oovro oi Mavriveh, evOvs irefiirovre^ eh re ra?
a\Xa? ' Apfca$i/ca$ iroXei? Trporjyopevov ev roh
ottXois chat Kal (frvXarreiv t<X9 TrapoBov?. Kal
avrol Be ovtcos cttoiovv, Kal a/xa TrefiyfravTes eh tt]v
Teyeav aw grow ocovs eypiev dvBpas Mavrivecov
Kal Tcov dXXcov Be 'ApKaBcov ovBeva a£iovv efyaaav
ovre behead at, ovre airoOvrjaKeiv irpb BiKrj*;. el
Be Kal rives eiraiTilpvTo, eXeyov eirayyeXXovres
oti 7) t&v MavTivecov ttoXis eyyvfyro fj /jltjv irap~
ifjeiv eh to koivov t&v 'ApKaBcov ottogovs ti$

39 irpoo-KaXoLTO. olkovcov ovv 6 ®rj/3aio<; t rjiropei
T6 o Tt xprjo-aiTO tw irpdyfiaTL Kal d(f>irjai irdv-
ra? tou? avBpa?, Kal tjj varepaia avyKaXeaas
tcov 'ApKaBoav ottogoi ye Brj auveXOelv rjOeXrjaap,
direXoyeiTO a>? e^airarrjOeirj. aKovaai yap e<f>rj
a>9 AaKeBaifioPiOL re elev avv roh ottXois iirl roh
6 plots irpoBiBovai re fieXXoiev avroh ttjv Tey eav
r&v *ApKa8(ov rives, oi Be aKovaavres, eKelvov
juuevy KaLirep yiyvcoaKOvres on e\lrevBero irepl
a<f>&v, dfyiecrav Tre^avres B* eh ®ij/3a$ Trpeafiei?

40 Karrjyopovv avrov to? Belv diroOavelv. rov S*
'Eira/jLeivciovBav e<j>aaav f Kal yap arparrjy&v rore
ervyyave, Xeyeiv a>? 7roXv opdorepov iroirfaeiev,
ore avveXd/jifiave rovs avBpas fj ore d<f)T]K€. To
206

Digitized by

HELLENIC A, VII. iv. 37-40

they most wanted to capture, they had but a very 863 b.c.
few ; for because their city was near by, almost all of
them had gone home.

Now when day came and the Mantineans learned
what had been done, they straightway sent to the
other Arcadian cities* and gave them word to hold
themselves under arms and to guard the passes.
The Mantineans likewise followed this course them-
selves, and at the same time, sending to Tegea,
demanded back all the men of Mantinea whom
they were holding there ; and they said that they
demanded in the case of the other Arcadians also
that no one of them should be kept in prison or
put to death without a trial. And if anyone had
any charges to bring against these men, they
gave assurances that the city of Mantinea pledged
itself in very truth to produce before the general
assembly of the Arcadians all whom anyone might
summon to trial. The Theban accordingly, on hear-
ing this, was v at a loss to know how he should
deal with the matter, and released all the men.
Then on the following day he called together as
many of the Arcadians as chose to gather and said in
his defence that he had been deceived. For he had
heard, he said, that the Lacedaemonians were on the
borders under arms and that some of the Arcadians
were going to betray Tegea to them. Upon hearing
this they acquitted him, although they knew that he
was speaking falsely about them, but they sent am-
bassadors to Thebes and brought charges against
him, saying that he ought to be put to death. It
was said, however, that Epaminondas (for he chanced
to be general at that time) urged that he had acted
far more rightly when he seized the men than when

207

XENOPHON

yap r)fi6)v hC v/jlcis el$ iroXep^ov KaraaravTcov
vjAa<; dvev rr)$ fjfieTepas yvw/i^ elprjvr)v iroieiaOai
7nw? oifc av 8itcaLG>$ irpohociav t*9 v/jl&p rovro
/carrjyopoir); ev 8* tare, e<f>i], on J) pels teal err pa-
T€va6/J,€0a €t9 rrjv 'ApKahiav teal <rvv rots ret
r/fierepa <f>povov<ri 7roX€fU]o~Ofiev.

V. f fl? he Tavra aTrrjyyeXffrj 717)09 re to kolvov
t&v *ApKah(ov Kal Kara iroXets, etc tovtov dve-
XoyL^ovTO MavTivei? re teal tojv aXXwv 'Apxdhcov
oi ktjB6/jl€voi TleXoirowTja-ov, axrauTw? he Kal
'HXeloi Kal 'A^atot, oti ®T)/3aioi hijXoi eiev
ftovXofievoi c!)? daOevea-Tdtrjv ttjv YleXo-rrovvrjaov
elvai, 07Tft)? ft)? paara avrrjv KaTahovXcoaaivTO.

2 Tt yap hrj TToXefielv rjfias fiovkovrai fj iva rj/jLets
fiev dXXtfXov? /catc&s 7roia)/j,€v, i/cdveov 8' a/x^o-
repoi hedop^tr; fj tl XeyovTwv f/fA&v oti ov heo-
fieOa avr&v iv rq> irapbvTi irapaaKevd^ovTat (09
igiovres; ov hrjXov C09 cttI too kclkov tl ipyd^eaOai

3 77/^9 arpareveiv irapaaKevd^ovrai; eirepmov he
xa\ 'AOrjva^e ^orjOelv KeXevovres* iiropevO'qaav he
Kal eh AaKehaipiova Trpeafieis diro t&v iirapLTCov,
TrapaKaXovvie? AaKehat/jboviovs, el fiovXoivTO
Koivfj htaKcoXveiv, dv rives tcoai KarahovXxoco-
fievoi tt)V HeXoTrovvrjaov. trepl fievrot fjyepLOvia^
avToOev hieirpdrrovTO 07r&)9 iv rfj eavr&v eKaaroi
rjyrjo-OLVTO.

4 'Ev ocjcp he ravr eTTpdrTero, 'Eirafieivdovha?
igyei, Boio>Tov<i eyjav trdwas Kal Eifioa? Kal
208

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. iv. 40-v. 4

he released them. "For/' he said to the ambas- 363 b.c.
sadors, "it was on your account that we entered
upon war, and you concluded peace without our
approval'; should we not, therefore, be justified in
charging* you with treason for this act? But be
well assured," said he, " that we shall make an ex-
pedition to Arcadia and shall wage war in company
with those who hold to our side."

V. When these things were reported back to the 362 b.c.
general assembly of the Arcadians and to the several
cities, the Mantineans and such of the other Arca-
dians as were concerned for Peloponnesus inferred
therefrom, as did likewise the Eleans and the
Achaeans, that the Thebans manifestly wanted Pelo-
ponnesus to be as weak as possible so that they
might as easily as possible reduce it to slavery.
"For why in the world/' they said, "do they wish
us to make war unless it is in order that we may do
harm to one another and consequently may both* feel
the need of them? Or why, when we say that we
do not at present need them, are they preparing to
march forth ? Is it not clear that it is for the pur-
pose of working some harm upon us that they are
preparing to take the field ? " And they sent to
Athens also, bidding the Athenians come to their
aid, while ambassadors from the Epariti proceeded to
Lacedaemon as well, to invite the help of the Lace-
daemonians in case they wanted to join in checking
any who might come to enslave Peloponnesus. As
for the matter of the leadership, they arranged at
once that each people should hold it while within
its own territory.

While these things were being done, Epaminondas
was on his outward march at the head of all the

209

VOL. II. ?

Digitized by

XENOPHON

®€TTa\(OV TTOXXOV? TTCLpd T€ 'AXefjdvBpOV KoX

roov ivavrlayv avr(p. 4>o)/c€t? pevroi ovk tjkoXov-
Oovv, \eyovres oti avvOrj/cai afyLaiv avTois 1 elev,
el Tt? inl ®r}fia<i lot, /3oT)0etv, iff dXXov? Be

5 orparevecv ovk elvai iv rat? avvQr\KaiL 6 pevroi
*E7ra/jL€iVG>v&a$ iXoyi^ero teal iv UeXoTrovvijaa)
afylaiv virdpyeiv ' ' Apyeiovs re /cal Me<Tar)VLov<:
teal 'ApfcdBcov tov$ ra a<f>erepa <j>povovvra$. fjaav
B* ovtoi Teyearai teal MeyaXoiroXiTai /cat 'Aaea-
tcli zeal HaXXavTiels, xal ei rtves Br) 7roXet? Bia
to piKpai re elvat Kal iv p,eaai$ ravTai? ol/celv

6 Tjvay/cd^ovro. i^rjXffe pev Bfj 6 ' EirapLeivcovBa^
Bia rayew itrel Be eyevero iv Ne/iea, ivravda
Bierpiftev, iXiri^wv toi>9 'Adrjvalovs irapiovra^
Xrjyfre&Oai /cal Xoyi£6p,evo<; peya av tovto yeveaQai
rots pev afyerepoLs avppdyo^ eU to €7rippa)aai
avrovs, to?9 Be ivavrLoL? eh to eh dOvpiav ip-
Treaelv, c!>9 Be avveXovn elirelv, irav ayadov elvat

7 %T)fiaLoi<; 0 ri iXarrolvro *A0rjvaioi. iv Be rfj
Biarpiftr} avTov ravrrj avvfjaav Trdvre*; oi opuo-
<f>povovvre<; eh rtjv Mavriveiav. eVel pevroi 6
'JLirapeivtovBas tf/covce tou9 ' Affrjvaiov? to pev
Kara yrjv iropeveoOai direyvcoKevai, Kara OdXar-
rav Bk Trapaa/cevd^eadai d>9 Bid AafcehaLpovo?
$or\6r\aovTa$ roh 'Ap/cdaiv, ovtg> Br) d<f>opprj(ja<;

8 i/c t?}? Ne/^ea9 d<f)iKveirai eh rrjv Teyeav. evrvyi)
pev ovv ov/c av eycoye (fujaaipi rrjv arparrjyiav
avrq> yeveaOai* oaa pevroi rcpovoias epya Kal

1 abrols MSS. : Kel. brackets.

2IO

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. v. 4-8

Boeotians, the Euboeans, and many of the Thessa- 862 b.c.
Hans, who came both from Alexander 1 and from his
opponents. The Phocians, however, declined to join
the expedition, saying that their agreement was to
lend aid in case anyone went against Thebes, but that
to take the field against others was not in the agree-
ment. Epaminondas reflected, however, that his
people had supporters in Peloponnesus also — the
Argives, the Messenians, and such of the Arcadians
as held to their side. These were the Tegeans, the
Megalopolitans, the Aseans, the Pallantians, and
whatever cities were constrained to adopt this course
for the reason that they were small and surrounded
by these others. Epaminondas accordingly pushed
forth with speed ; but when he arrived at Nemea
he delayed there, hoping to catch the Athenians
as they passed by, and estimating that this would
be a great achievement, not only in the view of his
people's allies, so as to encourage them, but also in
that of their opponents, so that they would fall into
despondency — in a word, that every loss the Athe-
nians suffered was a gain for the Thebans. And
during this delay on his part all those who held the
same views 2 were gathering together at Mantinea.
But when Epaminondas heard that the Athenians
had given up the plan of proceeding by land and
were preparing to go by sea, with the intention of
marching through Lacedaemon to the aid of the
Arcadians, under these circumstances he set forth
from Nemea and arrived at Tegea. Now I for my
part could not say that his campaign proved fortu-
nate ; yet of all possible deeds of forethought and

1 cp. vi. iv. 34 f.

8 i.e. of hostility to Thebes.

211

r 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Tokfirjs iariv, ovhev poi So/cel dvrjp iXXnrelv,
irpwTOV p*ev yap eyeoye iiratvco avTov oti to
(Trparoirehov iv rq> Te£%€* t&v Teyear&v iiroirj-
aaro, evff iv da<j>aXeaTipq) re rjv fj el efa) iarpa-
TOireSevero teal to*? iroXepLiois iv ahrfKoreptp o tl
TTpdrroiro, /cal 7rapaa/cevd^ea0ai hi, ei tov
iSelro, iv rfj iroXeL ovti eviropcoTepov r\v. r&v o°
€T€p(ov efft) arparoireSevofiivayv igrjv bpav, etre tl

6p0cb<i 67TpaTT6TO €LT€ Tl TJfldpTaVOV, KCU flTJV

olopevos KpeiTTwv t&v dvTiirdXwv elvai, oVore
opwrj xjtoplois irXeove/cTovvTa? clvtovs, oifc if;?}y€TO
9 iirLTiBeaOai. op&v Se ovt€ ttoXlv avTtp irpOGyto-
povaav ovSefiiav tov tc yfiovov irpofiaivovTa,
ivofiiae irpaiCTeov tl elvcu, el Be iiil], clvtX TI/9
7rp6<T0ev ev/cXeia? ttoXXtjp dBofjlav irpoaeSi'xeTO.
inel ovv KarepAvQave irepl p,ev ttjv MavTiveiav
tov? avTiiraXov? ire<f)v\ayp,€VOv<; t p,eTaTTep,irop.e-
vovs Be 1 AyrjaiXaov re /cal Trdvras tow? Aa/ceBai-
pbovLovs, /cal y<T0€TO i^eaTpaTevpAvov tov 'Ayrjai-
\aov /cal ovTa rjSrj iv t# UeXX^vrj, BenrvoTroiri-
aaaOai irapayyeiXa^ r/yeiTo t$ GTpaTevpaTL ev8v<;
10 iirl ^irdpTT)v. /cal el pit) K.pi]<; Oeia tlvI -poLpa
irpoaeXdcov igiyyyeLXe t£> 'Ayrjaikdcp irpocLov to
GTpdTevpxL, eXafiev av ttjv ttoXlv Ssairep veoTTiav
iravTairaaiv eprjp,ov t&v apvvopivcov. iireX puev-
TOi TrpoTTv66p,evo<; TavTa 6 ' AyrjaiXaos e<f>0r) €49
tt)V ttoXlv direXOdbv, Biara^dpuevoi oi %irapTiaTai
i<f>vXaTTov, /cal pudXa oXiyot ovt€$, oi tc yap
t7T7r€49 avTols wdvTe? iv 'Ap/caBia dirrjaav /cal

212

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. v. 8-10

daring the man seems to me to have left not one 362 b.c.
undone. For, in the first place, I commend his
pitching his camp within the wall of Tegea, where
he was in greater safety than if he had been en-
camped outside, and where whatever was being done
was more entirely concealed from the enemy. Fur-
thermore, it was easier for him, being in the city, to
provide himself with whatever he needed. Since
the enemy, on the other hand, was encamped out-
side, it was possible to see whether they were doing
things rightly or were making mistakes. Again,
while he believed that he was stronger than . his ad-
versaries, he could never be induced to attack them
when he saw that they held the advantage in position.
However, when he perceived that no city was coming
over to him and that time was passing on, he decided
that some action must be taken ; otherwise, in place
of his former fame, he must expect deep disgrace.
When he became aware, therefore, that his adver-
saries had taken up a strong position in the neigh-
bourhood of Mantinea and were sending after
Agesilaus and all the Lacedaemonians, and learned,
further, that Agesilaus had marched forth and was
already at Pellene, he gave orders to his men to get
their dinner and led his army straight upon Sparta.
And had not a Cretan by a kind of providential
chance come and reported to Agesilaus that the
army was advancing, he would have captured the
city, like a nest entirely empty of its defenders. But
when Agesilaus, having received word of this in time,
had got back to the city ahead of the enemy, the
Spartiatae posted themselves at various points and
kept guard, although they were extremely few. For
all their horsemen were away in Arcadia and likewise

213

Digitized by

XENOPHON

to geviKov Kal t&v \o%o)i> ScwSe/ca OVTCOV oi

Tp€L$k

11 'Fiirel 8* iyevero 'Eira/jLeivcovSas ev rfj iroket t&v
HirapTiaT&v, oirov fiev e/xeWov ev re laoirehto
liayelaQai Kal airb t&v oIki&v /3\ii0i]<r€<T0ai t
ovk elajjei TavTy, oiK ottov ye firjSev irXeov
e%oi/T€9 jiaxeiaOai t&v oXiyoyv iroXXol 6Vt€?.
evdev Se irXeoveKTelv av ivo/xife, tovto Xaft&v to
^copiov KdTefiaive Kal ovk dveftaivev 1 669 ttjv

12 ttoXiv. to ye fit)v €VT€v0ev yevo/xevov efjeaTt
fiev to delov acTiaaffai, eljeaTi Se Xeyeiv &$ toU
aTTOvevorj/xevois oihels av viroGTain* eirel yap
rjyeiTO ' Kp^Lhafios ovSe eKarbv e^wv av&pa$ t real
8ia/3a<; oirep ihotcei ti eyew K&Xvfia eiropeveTO
7rpo9 6p0iov eirl tov$ avTiiraXovSy evTavOa Br) oi

TTVp 7TV€0VT€$, 01 V€VIK Y]KOT€$ TOU9 AaKeSai/JLOvi-

ou9, oi t& navTL irXeiovs teal irpoaeTi virepBe^ia
yjMpia €XpVT€<t, ovk iBegavTO tow Trepl tov 'Apri-
ls Bafiov, aXV iykXivovai, Kal oi fiev irp&Toi t&v
'EirafieivciovSov aTrodvrjaKovaw iirel /jlcvtoi dyaX-
Xofievot ttj viKrj eBLw^av oi evBodev iropptoTepo)
tov Kaipoxjy ovtoi av aTrodvrjGKovar irepieye~
ypaiTTO yap, a>9 coikcv, virb tov deiov fie^pi oaov
vlkt) iSiSoTO avTols. Kal 6 fiev 8rj ' Ap*)(LBafxo<;
Tpoiralbv T€ laTaTO evOa eireKp&Trjve Kal tou9
evTavda ireaovTas t&v iroXejiLoav viroairovBov^
1 koI •bK bvt&aivtv M8S. : Kel. brackets.

214

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. v. 10-13

the mercenary force and three of the battalions, 1 862 b.c.
which numbered twelve.

Now when Epaminondas had arrived within the
city 2 of the Spartiatae, he did not attempt to
enter at the point where his troops would be likely
to have to fight on the ground-level and be pelted
from the house-tops, nor where they would fight
with no advantage over the few, although they
were many ; but after gaining the precise position
from which he believed that he would enjoy an ad-
vantage, he undertook to descend (instead of ascend-
ing) into the city. As for what happened thereupon,
one may either hold the deity responsible, or one
may say that nobody could withstand desperate men.
For when Archidamus led the advance with not so
much as a hundred men and, after crossing the very
thing 3 which seemed to present an obstacle, marched
uphill against the adversary, at that moment the
fire-breathers, the men who had defeated the Lace-
daemonians, the men who were altogether superior
1 in numbers and were occupying higher ground
besides, did not withstand the attack of the troops
under Archidamus, but gave way. And those in the
van of Epaminondas' army were slain, but when the
troops from within the city, exulting in their victory,
pursued farther than was fitting, they in their turn
were slain; for, as it seems, the line had been drawn by
the deity indicating how far victory had been granted
them. Archidamus accordingly set up a trophy at
the spot where he had won the victory, and gave back
under a truce those of the enemy who had fallen

1 cp. iv. 20.

2 i.e. the outlying portion of the city. Sparta had no walls.
8 Difficult ground, apparently.

215

Digitized by

XENOPHON

14 direhihov. 6 8' 'JLirafLeivdivhas Xoyi^ofievo? oti
^or]6rj(70L€V oi 'Ap/cdhes eh Trjv Aa/cehaifiova,
i/ceivoi? fiev ovk iftovXeTO teal nraai AaKehaifiovi-
04? 6fwv yevofievoi? fidyeaQai, aUw? re /cal

^VTV^KOGli T(OV he dltOTeTV^KOTCdV* TTGtXlV &€

wopevOeh <&? ehvvaTO rd^icrra eh rrjv Teyeav
tovs fiev oVX/ras dveiravae, tou? S* iirnea^ eirefi-
yfrev eh rrjv MavTiveiav, herjdei? avT&v irpocr-
Kapjeprjcrai, /cal hihdaKcov a>9 irdvra fiev eiicbs
e^eo ewai ret r&v Mavriveeov ftocr/cijfiaTa, iravTas
he tou? dvdpco7rov$, oUw? T€ /cal ctltov crvy/co-
fiihfjs ovcrr)?.

15 Kai oi fiev cpxovTO* oi 8' J A0rjvaloi iinreh
6p/JLt]0evT€<; e£ ' EXevaivo? ihenrvoTTOLtjaavro fiev
ev *Icr0fiq>, hieX06vT€<i he teal rd<; KXecovds
eTvy%avov trpocriovTes eh rrjv MavTiveiav teal
KaTaoTpaTOirehevadfievoi evrbs T€t%of9 ev rah
ot/etcus. iirel he hrjXot rjaav TrpocreXavvovre? oi
iroXe/jLioi, eheovTo oi Niavriveh tcov ' A0r)vai(ov
iirirewv j3or)0f)crai, eX tl hvvaivro* egoo yap elvai
real rd /3ocr/e?]fiaTa irdvra real roi? epydras,
iroXXov? Be /cal iralhas /cal yepairepovs tcov
e\ev0€p(ov. d/covaavre? he ravra oi *A0rjvaloi
i/c/3or)0ovaiv, en oWe? uvdpiaroc /cal avrol

16 /cal oi ittttoi. evravOa hi] tovvcov av rrjv ape-
T7)v rh ovk av dyaaOeirj; ot /cal ttoXv 7rXeiov<;
6pol>VT€<; T0V9 TroXe/xiovs, /cal ev JZopivOq) hvarv-
%rjfjLaTo<; yeyevrjfievov roh iirirevaiv ovhev tovtov
VTreXoyiaavrOy ouS' oti /cal ®r]/3aioi<; /cal ©erra-
Xoh Toh /cpariaTois iirirevo'LV elvai ho/covaiv
efieXXov /id)(ea0ai, dXX* alaxyvofievoi, el irap-

216

Digitized by

H ELLEN ICA, VII. v. 13-16

there. Epaminondas, on the otlier hand, reflecting 362 b.c.
that the Arcadians would be coming to Lacedaemon
to bring aid, had no desire to fight against'them and
against all the Lacedaemonians after they had come
together, 1 especially since they had met with success
and his men with disaster ; so he marched back as
rapidly as he could to Tegea, and allowed his hoplites
to rest there, but sent his horsemen on to Mantinea,
begging them to endure this additional effort and
explaining to them that probably all the cattle of
the Mantineans were outside the city and likewise
all the people, particularly as it was harvest time.

They then set forth ; but the Athenian horsemen,
setting out from Eleusis, had taken dinner at the
Isthmus and, after having passed through Cleonae
also, chanced to be approaching Mantinea or to be
already quartered within the wall in the houses. And
when the enemy w r ere seen riding toward the city, the
Mantineans begged the Athenian horsemen to help
them, if in any way they could ; for outside the wall
were all their cattle and the labourers, and likewise
many children and older men of the free citizens.
When the Athenians heard this they sallied forth to
the rescue, although they were still without break-
fast, they and their horses as well. Here, again, who
would not admire the valour of these men also ? For
although they saw that the enemy were far more
numerous, and although a misfortune had befallen
the horsemen at Corinth, they took no account of
this, nor of the fact that they were about to fight
with the Thebans and the Thessalians, who were
thought to be the best of horsemen, but rather,
being ashamed to be at hand and yet render no

1 cp. § 10.

217

Digitized by

XENOPHON

6vt€<; firjSev axpeXqaeiav toi/? av/ifxa^ov^;, &><?
elBov TayiGTa toi>? iroXefiLovSy avveppagav, ipcov-

17 re? avaawaaadai rrjv iraTptLav 86l*av. tcai
fiaxofievoi cutlol fiev iyevovro tcl e^co iravra
acoOrjvai rofc MavTivevaiv, avrcov 8' diriOavoi

. ai/8/oe? dyaOoi, zeal direicTeivav he SrjXov on toiov-
tow ovhev yap ovrco /3pa%v oirXov e/cdrepoi
eiypv (p ovk e^iKvovvio aXXrfXwv. zeal Toi»9 puei
faXiovs veKpovs ov irpo^Kavro, t&v he noXefiicoi
$)V oft? viroairovhov^ direhoaav.

18 'O S* av *^Liraiiuv<i)v%a<;> evdvp,ovfxevo<; oti oXl-
ycov fiev rj/iepobv avdy/crj eaoiTO dirievai htd to
e^r\Keiv rfj crrpaTeia tov ^povovy el KdTaXetyoi
iprffiovs oh ffxOe Gvpumyp*;, i/ceivoi TroXiopKij-
aoivTO V7rb ra>p avTiirdXcov, airo? hk XeXv/jua-
afievos rfj iavrou hofjrj iravrdiracnv eaoiTO, ^tt?/-
/iei>o? fiev iv AafceZaLfiovi avv ttoXXw oirXinfccp
vir oXiyow, ?}tt?7 /j,evo<; he iv MavTiveua iiriro-
ixayia, airio? he yeyevqfxevos hi a ttjv eh Ile\o-
irovvrjaov arparelav tov avveardvai Aaicehai-
fioviov? kcu 'Ap/caSas kcu 'A^atou? kcu 'HXctof?
kcu ' A.0r)vaiov<; % &are ovk ihoKei clvto* hvvaTov
elvai dfjLa^el irapeXOelv, Xoyi^ofxeva> on el ftev
viiccpY), irdpra ravra dvaXvaoiro* el Be airoffdvoi,
teaXrjv ttjv tcXcvttjv rjyrjaaTo eaeaOai ireipay/juevip

19 Trj 7raTpi$i upXV p ^^Xoirovvrja-ov KCLTaXnrelv. to

218

Digitized by

HELLENICA, VII. v. 16-19

service to their allies, just as soon as they saw the smbc.
enemy they crashed upon them, eagerly desiring to
win back their ancestral repute. And by engaging in
the battle they did indeed prove the means of saving
for the Mantineans everything that was outside the
wall, but there fell brave men among them ; and
those also whom they slew were manifestly of a like
sort ; for neither side had any weapon so short that
they did not reach one another therewith. And the
Athenians did not abandon their own dead, and they
gave back some of the enemy's under a truce.

As for Epaminondas, on the other hand, when he
considered that within a few days it would be neces-
sary for him to depart, because the time fixed 1 for
the campaign had expired, and that if he should
leave behind him unprotected the people to whom
he had come as an ally, they would be besieged by
their adversaries, while he himself would have
completely tarnished his own reputation, — for with
a large force of hoplites he had been defeated at
Lacedaemon by a few, and defeated likewise in a
cavalry battle at Mantinea, and through his expedi-
tion to Peloponnesus had made himself the cause
of the union of the Lacedaemonians, the Arcadians,
the Achaeans, the Eleans, and the Athenians, — he
thought for these reasons that it was not possible
for him to pass by the enemy without a battle, since
he reasoned that if he were victorious, he would
make up for all these things, while if he were slain,
he deemed that such an end would be honourable
for one who was striving to leave to his fatherland
dominion over Peloponnesus. Now the fact that

1 Apparently either by the Theban government or by

219

Digitized by VjOOglC

XENOPHON

pep ovv avTov roiavra hiavoelo~Qai ov irdvv /jloi
Bofcei BavfUMTTov elvar <f)iXoTLfi(ov yap dvSpcov
ra roiavra havoTj/juara* to fievTOi to arpdrev/xa
irapea icevaicevai o>9 irovov T€ firjSeva dwo/cdfiveiv
/xrjre vvktov iiryve rjnepas, Kivhvvov re firjSevb?
d<f)L<TTa<T0ai, air avid T6 TaTriTqSeia e%oi/Ta? o/4<09
irelOeadai eOeXeiv t ravTa /aoi Boxel Oavfiaarorepa

20 elvcu. Kal»yap ore to TeXevTalov irapifoyeiXev
avToh 7rapa<r/C€vd^€a0ai a>9 ydyr)^ iaofievrjs,
wpodvfictis fxev eXevtcovvTO oi timet? Ta tcpdvr)
KcXevovTos itceivov, eireypd<$>ovTO Se teal oi t<ov
'Ap/cdSwv oirXiTai poiraXa, co? Srjftacoi ovres,
irdvies he rjtcovcovTo teal X6y%a<; ical p.ayalpa<; xal

21 eXapnrpvvovio Ta? aairlhas. iirel jxevioi outco
irapea tcevaa fievov? igrfyayev, agiov av /caTavorjo-ai
a iiroLrja-e. irp&iov fiev ydp, coairep el/cos, awe-
rdrreTo. tovto he irpdnoyv aa<f>7)vi£eiv ihotcei
on eU pdyjqv Trapeatcevd^ero' eirei ye firjv ire-
ratcro avra) to arpdrevfia a>9 iftovXero, ttjv /nev
avpTO/MoraTrfv irpb? tov$ iroXefiiovs ovk Tjye, irpbs
he ra irpb? eairepav opt) ical dvintepav T779 Te7ea9
rjyelro' &are ho^av irapel^e to?9 iroXe/uoi? fir)

22 iroitfaeo'dai fid^rjv i/ceivrj rrj rj/xepa, teal yap Stj
&>9 7T/0O9 t$ opei eyevero, iirel i^erd07j avrco rj
<f>dXayf;, virb to£? vyfrrjXoL? eOero tcl oirXa, &cTe
eltcdaOr] aTpaTOTrehevofievq*. tovto he irotifoa*:
eXvae fiev t&v irXeLaitov iroXefiiwv irjv iv rat?
yf/vxais irpbs pdfflv irapaatcevijv, eXvae Se ttjv ev
220

HELLENICA, VII. v. 1*9-22

Epaminondas himself entertained such thoughts, 362 b. c .
seems to me to be in no wise remarkable, — for such
thoughts are natural to ambitious men ; but that he
had brought his army to such a point that the troops
flinched from no toil, whether by night or by day,
and shrank from no peril, and although the pro-
visions they had were scanty, were nevertheless
willing to be obedient, this seems to me to be more
remarkable. For at the time when he gave them
the last order to make ready, saying that there
would be a battle, the horsemen eagerly whitened
their helmets at his command, the hoplites of the
Arcadians painted clubs 1 upon their shields, as
though they were Thebans, and all alike sharpened
their spears and daggers and burnished their shields.
But when he had led them forth, thus made ready,
it is worth while again to note what he did. In the
first place, as was natural, he formed them in line of
battle. And by doing this he seemed to make it
clear that he was preparing for an engagement ; but
when his army had been drawn up as he wished it
to be, he did not advance by the shortest route
towards the enemy, but led the way towards the
mountains which lie to the westward and over
against Tegea, so that he gave the enemy the impres-
sion that he would not join battle on that day. For
as soon as he had arrived at the mountain, and when
his battle line had been extended to its full length,
he grounded arms at the foot of the heights, so that
he seemed like one who was encamping. And by so
doing he caused among most of the enemy a relaxa-
tion of their mental readiness for fighting, and like-
wise a relaxation of their readiness as regards their

1 The Theban device.

221

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XENOPHON

rals avvrd^eaiv, eirel ye firjp irapayayt&p tou?
eirl /c£pG><; iropevofievow; \o%of ? €6? fiirooTrov aV^u-
poz/ irroirjaaro to 7T€/ol eavjov efifioXop, Tore 87/
avaXafieiv irapayyeiXas ra oirXa rjyeiTO* ol 8'
r}tco\ov0ovv. ol he iroXefiioi c!>9 eZ8oi^ irapa So^ap
eirioPTa*;, ouSca? avrcop r)<Tvyiav eyew ihvpaTO,
a\\' OA /i6P e0eoz> 6a'? Ta? TafeA?, oa' Se TrapeTar-
topto, ol he Xttttovs eyakLpovp, ol hk 0a>patca<;
€P€$vopto, iraPTes he ireLaofiepois ta /taXXoi/ ^

23 TToiijaovcrip eat/ceaap. 6 he to aTpdrevfia clpti-
npqypop wairep rpujprj Trpoarjye, popifap, oirot
efiftaXcop hia/coyfreie, hia<f>Oepelp oXop to twp ipap-
tl(op aTpdrev/xa. teal yap hrj r<p fiep laxupoTarq)
irapeafcevd^ero dycopi^eaOcu, to Be dadepeararop
TToppto direaTrjaep, elhax; on r/TTrjffep dOvfilap hp
irapdaypi rol$ fieO' eavrov, pcofirjp he toa? 7ro\e-
/uoa?. teal firjp tovs 'nrireas oa' fiep iroXifiLoi dvri-
iraperd^apTO coairep ottXitcop <f>dXayya ftddo? i(f>*

24 e£ koX €pi]/xop ire^&p d/jLL7nra)P' 6 8' 'Eirafieipoyp-
8a? av Kal rov liriwcov efiftoXop la^vpop inoH)-
aarOy ical dfilinrovs 7re£bi>? avperagep avrois,

POflL^COP TO llTTTLKOP €7Tel hiaKotyeteP, 0X0P TO

dpTLiraXop pepi/crjfca)*; eaeaOar fidXa yap ^aXerrbp
evpelp rovs eOeXijaopra*; fiepew, eireihdp Tipas
<f)€vyopra<; twv eavr&p op&ac /cal 07r&>9 /ultj ini-

1 The entire army, marching in a long column of even
width, with Epaminondas at the head, "right-faced" upon
reaching the desired position, thus forming a long battle-line,

222

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HELLENICA, VII. v. 22-24

array for battle. It was not until he had moved 362 b.c.
along successive companies to the wing where he
was stationed, and had wheeled them into line,
thus strengthening the mass formation of this wing, 1
that he gave the order to take up arms and led
the advance ; and his troops followed. Now as soon
as the enemy Saw them unexpectedly approaching,
no one among them was able to keep quiet, but
some l>egan running to their posts, others forming
into line, others bridling horses, and others putting
on breast-plates, while all were like men who were
about to suffer, rather than to inflict, harm. Mean-
while Epaminondas led forward his army prow on,
like a trireme, believing that if he could strike and
cut through anywhere, he would destroy the entire
army of his. adversaries. For he was preparing to
make the contest with the strongest part of his
force, and the weakest part he had stationed far back,
knowing that if defeated it would cause discourage-
ment to the troops who were with him and give
courage to the enemy. Again, while the enemy had
formed their horsemen like a phalanx of hoplites,
— six deep and without intermingled foot soldiers, —
Epaminondas on the other hand had made a strong
column of his cavalry, also, and had mingled foot
soldiers among. them, believing that when he cut
through the enemy's cavalry, he would have de-
feated the entire opposing army ; for it is very hard
to find men who will stand firm when they see any
of their own side in flight. And in order to prevent

of even, but slight, depth, with Epaminondas on the left wing.
He wished, however, to increase the depth of this wing. He
accordingly caused successive companies, from the centre and
the right wing, to " left face " again and march along behind
the line to the left wing, thus gradually increasing its depth.

223

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XENOPHON

/3ot}0&<tiv oi J A0rjvaloi airb tov evaypvfiov feiparos
eirl to ixofievov, Karearrjaev eirl yrjXocfrcop tipcop
ivavriov? aurofc Kal lirireas /ecu ottXitcls, <j>6/3ov
/SovXo/xepo? Kal tovtois irapk\eip C09, el f3or]6r)-
aaiev, OTnodev ovtoi eiriKeiaoiPTo avToi<;.

Trjp fiev Srj ovfj,j3oXrjp ovtcos iiroiTja-aro, Kal ovk
iyjrevaOt) rrj<; cXttlBos' KpaTrjaas yap rj irpook-
ffaXev oXop eiroirjae <j>evyeip to t&p ivavricov.

25 iirei ye /xtjp i/ceivo? eireoev, oi Xonrol ovSe* rfj vlktj
opOcos ere iSvpacrffrjaap xprjaaaQai, dXXa <\>vyov~
0*775 fiev clvtols T?)? ivavrias <f>dXayyo<; oiSkpa
ametCTewav oi oirXiTat, ovSe TrpotjXdov etc tov
Xcopiov evOa rj aufi/3oXrj iyevero, <f>vyovrcov 8*
avTols Kal t&v iirirewv, direKTeipap fiev ovb* oi
iinrel^ 8igokopt€<; ovtc iirirka^ ovd* OTrXira^, Siairep
he rjTTrjfievoi ire<f)o^rjfikpco<; Sid tcop (fcevyovrayv
iroXefiicop htkireoov. Kal firjv oi afinnroi Kal oi
ireXraoral cvppepiKr\KOTes Tot? iirirevGip d<f>LKovro
fiev €7rl tov evwvvfwv, a>9 KpaTovPTes, ifcel 8' viro
tcop 'Adrjvaicop oi irXelaroL avTtop dirkQavov,

26 Tovtcop 8e TrpayOkpTtoP Tovvavriov eyeykprjTo
ov ivofiLaav irdvTe<; avOpwiroi eaeadai, avpeXr)-
XvOvias yap a^ehov dirdarj^ t/)? 'EXXaSo? Kal
dvTiT€Tayfi€V(DP, ov&els TjV oari? ovk o?€to, el
fid^V eaoiro, tov? fiev KpaTrjaavra^ apgeip, rovs
Be KpaT7]6epra<; virrfKoov^ eaeaffac 6 Se #€09 ou-
Tft)? eirou)crep ware d/MpoTepoi, fiep rpoiraiov co?
224

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HELLENICA, VII. v. 24-26

the Athenians on the left wing from coming to the 3t$2 b.c
aid of those who were posted next to them, he
stationed both -horsemen and hoplites upon some
hills over against them, desiring to create in them
the fear that if they proceeded to give aid, these
troops would fall upon them from behind.

Thus, then, he made his attack, and he was not
disappointed of his hope ; for by gaining the mastery
at the point where he struck, he caused the entire
army of his adversaries to flee. When, however, he
had himself fallen, those who were left proved unable
to take full advantage thereafter even of the victory ;
but although the opposing phalanx had fled before
them, their hoplites did not kill a single man or
advance beyond the spot where the collision had
taken place ; and although the cavalry also had fled
before them, their cavalry in like manner did not
pursue and kill either horsemen or hoplites, but
slipped back timorously, like beaten men, through
the lines of the flying enemy. Furthermore, while
the intermingled footmen and the peltasts, who
had shared in the victory of the cavalry, did make
their way like victors to the region of the enemy's
left wing, most of them were there slain by the
Athenians.

When these things had taken place, the opposite
of what all men believed would happen was brought
to pass. For since well-nigh all the people of Greece
had come together and formed themselves in oppos-
ing lines, there was no one who did not suppose that
if a battle were fought, those who proved victorious
would be the rulers and those who were defeated
would be their subjects ; but the deity so ordered
it that both parties set up a trophy as though

225

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igitiz^byC OOQle

XENOPHON

v€vikt}k6t€<; iarijaavro, tov? Se laTafievou? ovhe-
repoi i/ecoXvov, pe/cpov? Be dfjL<f)6T€pot fiev «9 vevt,-
/crj/cores vTToa-TTovhov? direhoaav, afjuf>6repoi Se a>9
27 fjTTTjfjLevoi viroairovhovs direXafi^avov, vevucqicevai
hi <f>d<rtcovT€<; eKarepoi ovre %ay>? °^ T€ ^oXei ovt
apxy ovherepoi ovhkv irXeov €%oj/re? i<j>dvr)<rap rj
TrpXv Tt)p fidx 7 ! 1 * y^veadar aKpiala Se koI rapaxv
en irXeicav fierct ttjv fid^v iy&vero fj irpoadev iv
rfj 'FXkdBi.

'E/iot fiev Srj p&yjpi tovtov ypa<f>€(T0w rd Be
fierd ravra tacos aXXu /AeXrjaei.

226

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HELLENICA, VII. v. 26-27

victorious and neither tried to hinder those who set 362 b.c
them up, that both gave back the dead under a
truce as though victorious, and both received back
their dead under a truce as though defeated, and
that while each party claimed to be victorious,
neither was found to be any better off, as regards
either additional territory, or city, or sway, than
before the battle took place ; but there was even
more confusion and disorder in Greece after the
battle than before.

Thus far be it written by me ; the events after
these will perhaps be the concern of another.

227

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y Google

XENOPHON
THE ANABASIS OF CYRUS

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INTRODUCTION

Xenophon's Anabasis 1 is the story of the expe-
dition which Cyrus the Younger 2 led against his
brother Artaxerxes II., king of Persia, in the hope
of gaining for himself the Persian throne ; of the
retreat to the Euxine Sea, after the death of Cyrus,
of the " Ten Thousand " Greeks who had made part
of his army ; and of their ultimate return to western
Asia Minor.

Cyrus undertook his ill-fated expedition in
401 b.c. Before that time he had played a some-
what prominent part in Greek history. Toward the
close of the great struggle for supremacy between
Athens and Sparta, which lasted from 431 to 404 b.c.
and is known as the Peloponnesian War, the
Spartans had concluded an alliance with Tissa-
phernes, Persian satrap of Lydia and Ionia and

1 The verb kva&aivuv, lit. "to go up," was used of any
journey from the sea coast to the higher lands of the interior,
but more especially of the famous route from the Greek
coast of Asia Minor to the Persian capital, Susa. Hence
the noun tudfkurts—" Anabasis." It will be seen that the
title properly belongs only to the first part of Xenophon's
story.

* Usually so called to distinguish him from Cyrus the
Great, the founder of the Persian Empire.

231

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INTRODUCTION

commander-in-chief of all the Persian forces of
western Asia Minor. Tissaphernes hoped that with
the help of the Spartans he might regain control of
the Greek cities on the Asiatic coast which had
formerly been under Persian rule, but were now
included in the Athenian Empire ; the Spartans, on
their side, were to receive subsidies from him for the
support of their fleet. Tissaphernes, however, was a
double-dealer by nature ; furthermore, he was per-
suaded by the Athenian Alcibiades that it was to
the interest of Persia that neither Greek belligerent
should triumph, but that both should exhaust them-
selves by continued warfare. Accordingly he soon
reduced and finally cut off altogether the stipulated
grants of money to the Spartans. When the latter
protested to the then reigning king of Persia,
Darius II., against this breach of faith, the king
commissioned Cyrus, the younger of his two sons, as
satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, and Cappadocia,
and military commander of all western Asia Minor. 1
Thus Cyrus practically superseded Tissaphernes, who
was divested of his military authority and retained
only the lesser part — Ionia — of his former satrapy.

Cyrus entered upon his important offices in 407 B.C.,
when he was but seventeen years of age. He had
been instructed by Darius to give whole-hearted
support to the Spartans, whose fortunes seemed to
be then at their lowest ebb. In the performance of

1 Anabasis, i. i. 2.

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INTRODUCTION^

this task he showed himself able, zealous, and
straightforward. The aid which he rendered to the
Spartans was certainly a most important, perhaps an
essential, factor in bringing about their final triumph
over the Athenians.

Shortly before the conclusion of the Peloponnesian
War, i.e, in 405 B.C., Cyrus was called away from his
post in Asia Minor to be present at the death-bed
of his father. 1 But his participation in the war
had given him opportunity to learn the immense
superiority of the Greek soldier and Greek methods
of warfare over the 'Persian soldier and Persian
warfare, and to establish relations of friendship with
many officers of the Peloponnesian forces ; further-
more, the termination of the war in 404 B.C., after it
had lasted more than a quarter of a century, released
from military service thousands of men who knew no
other calling and had no desire to turn to peaceful
pursuits. These circumstances explain not only why
Cyrus wished, but how he was able, to enlist Greeks
for the great enterprise upon which he soon after-
wards embarked, viz. his attempt to dethrone his
brother Artaxerxes.

The only reason for this attempt which Xenophon
offers in the Anabasis 2 was the resentment and
humiliation which Cyrus felt in consequence of his
arrest by Artaxerxes at the time when the latter,
assuming the royal power upon the danth of Darius

1 Anabasis, I. i. 2. 2 r. i. 4.

2 33

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INTRODUCTION

(405 b.c), was led by the false 1 accusation of Tissa-
phernes to believe that Cyrus was plotting against
him. We learn from other sources that Cyrus had
expected to be designated by Darius as heir to the
throne, partly because he was the favourite son of
the queen, 2 and still more because he was " born in
the purple/' i.e. after the accession of Darius, while
Artaxerxes was not. In fact, it was for precisely
these reasons that Xerxes, eighty years before, had
been chosen king of Persia to the exclusion of an
older brother.

Xenophon was an eye-witness of the events which
he describes in the Anabasis. He had joined the
expedition, " not as general or captain or private," 3
but upon the solicitation of his friend Proxenus, who
was one of the Greek generals in Cyrus' service. At
this time Xenophon was probably somewhat less than
thirty years 6f age. Despite his comparative youth,
and despite the fact that he was an Athenian in an
army of Peloponnesians, 4 he was destined to play the
leading part in the famous retreat of the Ten
Thousand, a part which he describes with simple
directness and unaffected modesty.

The time of the composition of the Anabasis has
been a subject for dispute. It can hardly be doubted

1 That Xenophon so regarded it is made clear by his use of
the verb dia&dWei (i. i. 3, see translation).

2 Anabasis, i.«i. 4. :{ Analmsis, in. i. 4.

4 cp. t. i. 6 and the roll of the Greek generals, i. i. 9-ii. 3.
Cyrus' previous associations, it will be remembered, had been
with Peloponnesians only.

234

INTRODUCTION

that the narrative was based upon full notes which
Xenophon must have taken during the progress of the
events which it covers ; and the natural assumption
that it would have been reduced to final form while
these events were still fresh in the thoughts of the
writer and his countrymen is supported by internal
evidence, vis. characteristics of style which appear to
mark the Anabasis as one of Xenophon's earlier works.
On the other hand, an autobiographical digression in
the fifth book 1 was probably composed as late as
370 b.c. ; and secondly, when Xenophon alludes to
the expedition of Cyrus in a passage 2 of his Hellenic a
which was written c. 380 b.c, he refers his reader for
fuller information to a history of the expedition by
" Themistogenes the Syracusan," thus implying,
apparently, that Tiis own Anabasis was not at that
time in existence. A reasonable way of reconciling
these conflicting indications has been found in the
view that Xenophon's Anabasis was written, in very
nearly its present form, soon after the author returned
to Greece from Asia in 394 b.c, but was not published
until c. 370 b.c It is held that Xenophon may well
have wished to delay until his later years the publi-
cation of a work in which he himself figured so
prominently.

The march of the Ten Thousand Greeks from
Sardis to the gates of Babylon, and thence back to
the Greek coast of the Euxine Sea, was an historical

1 v. iii. 7-13. 2 in. i. 2.

235

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INTRODUCTION

event of the first importance. Defeating with scarcely
an effort Persian forces many times their number,
and accomplishing a safe return despite all the
efforts of Artaxerxes to hinder them, the} T revealed
to all men the utter weakness of the immense, much
vaunted, and much dreaded Persian Empire. Greek
statesmen and commanders were not slow to read
the lesson. In the words of Francis Bacon 1 : " This
young scholar or philosopher [Xenophon], after all
the captains were murdered in parley by treason,
conducted these ten thousand foot through the heart
of all the king's high countries, from Babylon to
Graecia, in safety, to the astonishment of the world
and the encouragement of the Grecians in time
succeeding to make invasion upon the kings of
Persia, as was afterwards purposed by Jason the
Thessalian, attempted by Agesilaus the Spartan, and
achieved by Alexander the Macedonian, all upon the
ground of the act of that young scholar."

While the march of the Ten Thousand revealed to
the Greeks the weakness of the Persians, Xenophon's
account of it reveals to us most clearly the fine
qualities of these Greek soldiers of fortune — their
courage and endurance, piety and humanity, inde-
pendence and reasonableness. True soldiers in their
readiness to meet danger and hardship, they were
still free Greeks, who could be governed only with
their own consent and who insisted upon being heard

1 The Advancement of Learning, i. viL 30.

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and consulted in matters of common interest. They
have been truly called " a marching democracy/' "a.
roving commonwealth/" "deliberating and acting,
fighting and voting ; an epitome of Athens set adrift
in the centre of Asia." One hardly needs other
evidence of the strength, the character, and the
temper of a people whose "mercenary " troops were
men like these.

The Anabasis is valuable, furthermore, for the in-
formation it yields regarding the art of war among
the Greeks, and as a real contribution to military
science. Xenophon was, or became in the course of
the retreat, an exceedingly able strategist and
tactician, approaching each problem in the spirit of
a scholar and thinker and then translating his
reasoned solution into terms of military method,
always resourceful in meeting new situations with
new tactics, and never fettered by the lore of
accepted practice. The influence of his original and
inventive genius upon later Greek warfare was pro-
found. That influence has lasted down to our own
time. A modern student 1 of military science writes :
" The soldier of greatest use to us preceding
Alexander was unquestionably Xenophon. ... It is
he who has shown the world what should be the
tactics of retreat, how to command a rear-guard.
More tactical originality has come from the Anabasis
than from any dozen other books. . . . After the lapse

1 Col. Theodore A. Dodge, Alexander, pp. 101 ff.

237

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INTRODUCTION

of twenty-three centuries, there is no better military
text-book than the Anabasis."

Finally, the simplicity and grace, the charm and
vividness with which Xenophon's story is told give it
a high place among narratives of travel and adventure.
Taine has even said of the Anabasis that "the beauty
of the style transcends the interest of the story."
Certainly, Xenophon's reputation as a man of letters
depends in no small degree upon the Anabasis.

238

MANUSCRIPTS AND EDITIONS

1.— Manuscripts

The extant MSS. of the Anabasis fall into two groups.
The first, or superior, group includes : —

C. Parisinus 1640, written in the year 1320, but from an

original of the latter part of the ninth century. Many
additions and changes, by a later hand and usually for
the worse, are found in this MS. In the present
edition C x designates the earlier hand and C 2 the
later.

B. Parisinus 1641, of the fifteenth century.

A. Vaticanus 987, later than B.

E. Etonensis, of the fifteenth century.

C is far the best of all the MSS. It was clearly the source
from which B, A, and E were copied.

The best MSS. of the second, or inferior, group are

D. Bodleianus (lib. Canon. 39), of the fifteenth century.
V. Vindobonensis 95, of the fifteenth century.

2. — Editions of the Anabasis 1

The Anabasis has been so long and so universally employed
as a text-book for beginners in Greek that almost numberless
editions of the work have been published. It must suffice to
mention a very few :

(a) Annotated Editions.

Rehdantz-Carnuth : Berlin ( Weidmann).

Vollbrecht, W. : Leipzig (Teubner).

Goodwin and White : Boston (Ginn).

Mather and Hewitt : New York (American Book Co.).

1 For important editions of the complete works of Xenophon
see Hellenica, Vol. I., of this series, p. xiii.

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MANUSCRIPTS A^D EDITIONS

(b) Critical Edition*. *

Dindorf, L. : Leipzig and Oxford.
Cobet, C. G. : Leyden. -
Hug, A. : Leipzig.

Gkmoll, W. : Leipzig (editio major).
Marchant, E. C. : Oxford.

The text of the present edition is selective, the critical
notes calling attention to important variations from the
texts of Marchant and Gemoll.

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BOOK I

VOL. II. R

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EENOD12NT02 KYPOY ANABASIS

A

I. Aapeuov teal UapvaaTiBo? yiypoPTCU 7rat8e9
Bvo, 7rp€(T^VT€po<; fj,€v 'ApTCtgeptjr)?, V€(bT€pO$ Be
Kvpo9* iirei Be rjaQevei Aapelo? /ecu v7T(07tt€V€
Tekevrrjv rov fiiov, ifiovKero to> iralBe dpxfyoTepafi

2 irapelvai. 6 fjuev otrv ir pea 0vi epos irapoav irvy-
Xave* Kvpop Be fjueraTrefiireTai airb ttjs dp^r)? ^9
avrbv aarpdTrrjv eTroirjo'e, /ecu CTpctTrjyop Be
avrbv direBei^e irdpToyp oaot eh KaarcoiXov
ttcBlop aQpoi^ovTCU. avaftaivei ovv 6 K.vpo<;
\a/3a>v Tiaaa<f>eppr)p a>9 <f>i\ov zeal t&p 'EWijvayv
eyjtov oiiKiras Tpiateoo-Lovs, 1 ap^ovra Be avr&v \
Seviav Tlappaaiov.

3 'Enel Be ireXevTrjae Aapelos teal /careerr] eh
ttjp ftaaikeiav ^Apra^ep^rjs, Tia-aa<f>epp7j^ Sia?
/SdXke i top JZvpop 7T/0O9 top dSe\<f)bp a>9 eirt^ov-
Xevot avT<p. o Be ireideTav teal avWctfi/Sdpet, 2
JZvpop a>9 dnroKTeptop' tf Be fi^Trjp e^aArr^aJCL^hf'q

1 Before rpiaKoalovs the MSS. have ai/tpy : Gemoll brackets,
following Bisschop.

2 ffvWafjL&dvct MSS. except C v Marchant : Xappivti C lf
Gemoll.

1 In regard to the persons mentioned and the events
sketched in §§ 1-4, see Introduction, pp. 231 sqq.

242

Digitized by

XENOPHON
THE ANABASIS OF CYRUS

BOOK I

I. Darius and Parysatis had two sons born to them,
of whom the elder was Artaxerxes and the younger
Cyrus. 1 Now when Darius lay sick and suspected that
the end of his life was near, he wisKed to have both
his sons with him. The elder, as it chanced, was
with him already ; but Cyrus he summoned from the
province over which he had made him s atrap, and he
had also appointed him commander of all the forces
that muster in the plain of ^astblus. 2 Cyrus accord-
ingly went up 3 to his father, taking with him Tissa-
phernes as a friend and accompanied by three hundred
Greek hoplites, 4 under the command of Xenias of
Parrhasia.

When Darius had died and Artaxerxes had become
established as king, Tissaphernes falsely accused Cyrus
to his brother of plotting against him. And Arta-
xerxes, believing the accusation, arrested Cyrus, with
the intention of putting him to death ; his mother, how-
ever, made intercession for him, and sent him back

2 Castolus was the mustering place for all the Persian
forces of western Asia Minor. See Introd. p. 232.
8 See Introd. p. 231, note 1.

4 i.e. heavy -armed infantrymen, the regular " troops of
the line" in Greek warfare. In this instance, of course, they
are serving Cyrus as a bodyguard.

243

R 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

4 avjov (iTTOTrefnrei irdXiv eirl tt)v dp%rjv. 6 8'
o>9 airrfKde KtvBvvevcras teal Qjj^LSLa&zLs, f3ov~
XeveTai 07ra>9 firjirore en earai eirl ra> dSeXQtp,
dXXd, fjv SvprjTai, /SaaiXevaei dvr e/ceivov. Tla-
pvaaTi? fiev Br) ?) fJ>r)T7]£> vTrrfpy e rq> Ki5po>,
<\>iXovaa avTov fiaXXov fj tov ftaaCXevovTa 'A/>Ta-

5 ^€p^rjv, '6(tti$ afyiKveiTO twv irapd /SaaiXico^
7rpb$ avrov irdvra^ ovtgh ^aTtSeiQ aireTrifjLTreTo
&<tt€ avra> fiaXXov <f>lXov<; elvai f) BaaiXel. zeal
tcov Trap* eavrw Be /Sap/Sdpeop eVe/xeXetTo co?
TToXefieiv re i/cavoi etrjaav teal evvoitcw exoiev

6 avrcp. ttjv Be 'JLXXrjvitcrjv BvvajxLv tfOpoi&v
d)9 fidXiara ehvvaro eTritcpvTTTOfievo*;, 07ra>9 oti
asrrapgjxKevoTaTov Xdftoi fiaaiXea.

*Q.Be oiv irroieiTo ttjv avXXoyrjv. orroaa^ stye
<f>v\a/ca$ ev rat? iroXeai TraptfyyetXe rot? <f>povp-
dpftois efcd<TTOi$ Xap,/3dveiv avBpas TleXoTrov-
vrjcrLov? oti 7tX€L<ttov<; teal fteXTLGTOv 9, a><; eTriftov-
^ Xcvovtos Tiacra<f>€pvov<; Tafc TroXecri. teal yap
rjcrav ai 'lcovitcal 7roXe*9 Tiacra<f>epvov^ to dp^alov
ire ffacriXecDS BeBofievai, totc Be d<f>eicrT7]tceaav

7 7rpo9 Kvpov irdaai ttXt)v MlXtjtow ev MiXqTtp
Be Tcaaa<f)€pvr}^ TrpoaiaOofievos ra avTa Tavra
/SovXevofievovs, aTroaTrjvai 777)09 Kvpov, tov<; pev
avTcbv direKTeive, tou9 S* ige/SaXev. 6 Be KO/009
viToXaftiov tou9 fyevyovTas crvXXe^a^ o~TpaT€Vfia
iiroXiopKei MlXtjtov teal tcaTa yrjv real Kara
OdXaTTav /cal eireipaTO teaTayeiv tov9 etcireTrTao-

1 "Barbarians" is a convenient, but not an accurate,
translation for (lip&apoi, which was simply the name the
Greeks gave, without implying reproach, to all peoples who

244

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. i. 3-7

again to his p rovin ce. Now when Cyrus had thus
returned, after his danger and disgrace, he set about
planning that he might never again be in the power
of his brother, but, if possible, might be king in
his stead. He had, in the first place, the support
of Parysatis, his mother, for she loved him better
than the son who was king, Artaxerxes. Again,
when any of the King's court came to visit him, he '
treated them all in such a way that when he sent them
back they were more devoted to him than to the
King. He also took care that the barbarians 1 of his
own province should be capable soldiers and should
feel kindly toward him. Lastly, as regards his Greek
force, he proceeded to collect it with the utmost
secrecy, so that he might take the King as completely
unprepared as possible.

It was in the following way, then, that he gathered
this force : In the first place, he sent orders to the
commanders of all the garrisons he had in the cities *"
to enlist as many Peloponnesian soldiers of the best
sort as they severally could, on the plea that Tissapher-
nes had designs upon their cities. For, in fact, the
Ionian cities had originally belonged to Tissaphernes, v
by gift of the JCing, 2 but at that time all of them ex-
cept Miletus had revolted and gone over to Cyrus.
The people of Miletus also were planning to do the
very same thing, namely, to go over to Cyrus, but
Tissaphernes, finding out about it in time, put some
of them to death and banished others. Cyrus there-
upon took the exiles under his protection, collected
an army, and laid siege to Miletus both by land and v
by sea, and endeavoured to restore the exiles to their

were not Greeks. In general, then, it meant "foreigners" ;
in most cases in the Anabasis (as here) it could be translated
" Persians." 2 See Introd. p. 232.

245

Digitized by

XENOPHON

tfora?. teal avTrj a5 aXXrj Trpofyaais fjv auTw

8 rov ddpoL^eiv crpdrevpa. irpbs Se fiaaikea
Trepirwv flfiov aSe\<^09 <ov avrov hoOrjvai ol
ravTa? t^9 iroXet^ paXXov fj Tiaaa<f>epvrjv ap-
%€iv avr&v, teal rj pryrr]p GvveirpaTrev avT$>
Tavra* ware fiaaiXev? rt}v pev 7rpo? eavrbv
iirilSovXrjv ovte yaOdvero, Ti<T<ra<f)€pP€i Be evoput^e
iroXepovvra avrov dp<f>l ra arparevpxtra Ba-
iravav &are ovBev fiyOern avr&v iroXep^ovvrtov.
teal yap 6 Kvpos direTrepire tou9 yiyvopevovs
Baapovs ftaaikel etc reop iroXeeop &v Ttaaa-
(j>£pvov<; 1 ervy^avev eywv.

9 "AUo Be arpdrevpa avra> avveXeyero ev
TLeppovrjacp rfj tear avriirepa*; *A/3vBov rovhe rbv
Tpoirov. K\€a/)^o? AatceBaipovios <f>vya<; ty*
rovr<p avyyevopevos 6 Kvpos rjydadrj re avrov
teal BLBwaiv aira> pupiovs Bapeitcovs. 6 Be
Xaftiw to \pvGiov arpdrevpa o-vveXe^ev dirb
rovrcov r&v yjpr)pdru)v teal eiroXepuet, itc Xe/o/)o-
vrjaov oppdopevo? T0Z9 ®pa^l to£? virep 'EXXrfa-
irovrov olteovai teal axf>eXei rot*? "EXXrjvas* &are
teal xprfpara avveftdXXovro avrtp eh rrjv rpo<f)7jv
rcov arpartwr&v al ' EXXrj a7rovTiatcal 7ro\€t9
eteovaai. rovro B* av ovtg) rpe<f>6p€vov eXdv-
9avev aira> to arpdrevpa.

10 ' ApLarnnros he 6 QerraXbs feiw &v ervy^avev
avrS), teal Tnet^opevos virb r&v oitcoi dvriara-

1 Tiaoatytpvovs Mar., following Kriiger : Ti<raa<f>4pifijs MSS.:
Ti<rffa<f>4(pvris tri Gem.

1 For the reason for his banishment see n. vi. 2-4.

2 The daric was a Persian gold coin, equivalent in weight

246

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. i. 7-10

city ; and this, again, made him another pretext for
gathering an army. Meanwhile he sent to the King /
and urged, on the ground that he was his brother,
that these Ionian cities should be given to him instead
of remaining under the rule of Tissaphernes, and his
mother co-operated with him in this. The result was
that the King failed to perceive the plot against him-
self, but believed that Cyrus was spending money on
his troops because he was at war with Tissaphernes.
Consequently he was not at all displease^ at their
being at war, the less so because Cyrus regularly -
remitted to the King the tribute which came in
from the cities he chanced to have that belonged to
Tissaphernes.

Still another army was being collected for him in
the Chersonese which is opposite A bydus, in the follow-
ing manner : Clearchus 1 was a Lacedaemonian exile ;
Cyrus, making his acquaintance, came to admire him, v
and gave him ten thousand darics. 2 And Clearchus,
taking the gold, collected an army by means of this
money, and using the Chersonese as a base of opera-
tions, proceeded to make war upon the Thracians who
dwell beyond the Hellespont, thereby aiding the
Greeks. 8 Consequently, the Hellespontine cities 0f ^
their own free will sent Clearchus contributions of
money for the support of his troops. So it was that
this army also was being secretly maintained for
Cyrus.

Again, Aristippus the Thessalian chanced to be a ,
friend of Cyrus, and since he was hard pressed by liis

of gold to £1 2s. 2%d. or $5.40, bub in purchasing power to a
much larger sum.

J i.e. the Greeks on the European side of the Hellespont,

.oogle

XENOPHON

aia)T(OP €/o^€tcu 777309 top Kvpop teal airel avrbv
eh 8ia%iXiov$ f €i/oi/9 Kai 1 Tpi&p fj,r)VG>v /juctOop, o>?

0#Tft>9 7T€piy€v6/JL€VO<; CLP T&P aVTl<TTCL(Tl(OT&V. 6

Se KO/009 BlSomtlv avrco eh tct paicicrxcXiovs
teal eg firjvcov /mctOop, iced SeiTCU avrov firj
irpocdev icaraXvaaL irpos tou$ dpTiGTacnuiTas
irpiv cup avr<p avfifiovT^evarjrai. ovtw he av
to ev ®€TTa\ta ekdvdavev avT<p Tpe<f>6/jLevov
arpdrevfia,

11 Upoljevov Be top Bokotlop %evov ovra itceXevcre
Xa/SopTa avSpas oti irXeLcrTOvs irapayepeadai, a>9
e? Uto-lSas j3ov\6/j£VO<t arpareveo-daty a>9 irpdy-
fiaTa irape'XpvTtov t&p UiaiS&p rrj eavrov X<&pa.
%o<f>a,LV€TOV Se top XrvfJufrdXiov zeal Xo)Kpdrrjv top
^ Kycubvy %€pov<; opto,? teal tovtovs, eiceXevcrev
avSpas \a/36vTa<; iXdelv oti TrXeicrTovs, g>9 iroXe-
fjb7]cra)P Ticrcra<f>€ppei avp tow fyvydai to?9 MiXtj-
ctlcdv teal eiroLovp outg)9 ovtoi.

II. 'Ewel S' eSo/cet rjSrj iropeveadai avT<p apco,
TtjV fiep irpofyaaip eiroieiTO a>9 YliaLha? /3ovXo-
fxevos itcftaXeiP TravTairaaiv etc T179 X<Z>pav teal
ddpoL^ei a>9 eVl tovtov? to t€ fiapfiapi/cbv teal to
'EXXtjvikov. ivTavffa teal irapayyeXXei t$> tc
JZXedpxq) Xa/SovTi tfteeip octop J)P ai)T(p crTpaTevfia,
teal T(p 'ApiGT'nnHp cjjuufi&jiqhtjj, irpbs tov?
01 ico 1 diroTTep^ai irpb? eavTOP h et)(e aTpaTevfia*
teal Sepia t£ 'ApiedSt, 09 avT(p TrpoeicrTqicei tov
ip Tat9 iroXecri gepi/cov, tficeip irapayyeXXet, Xa-
ftoPTa T0V9 aXXov? 2 ttXtjp oirocroi itcapol ffcrav

2 t«9 dtcpoTToXei? <f>vXdTT€iv. etcdXecre Se teal tov$

1 Kai MSS. : Gem. brackets.

2 robs &\\ovs MSS. : Gem. brackets, following Dindorf.
248

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. i. 10-11. 2

political opponents at home, he came to Cyrus and
asked him for three months' pay for two thousand
mercenaries, urging that in this way he should get the
better of his opponents. And Cyrus gave him six *
months' pay for four thousand, and requested him not
to come to terms with his opponents until he had con-
sulted with him. Thus the army in Thessaly, again,
was being secretly maintained for him.

Furthermore, Cyrus directed Proxenus the Boeotian, •
who was a friend of his, to come to him with as many
men as he could get, saying that he wished to under-
take a campaign against the Pisidians, because, as he
said, they were causing trouble to his province. He
also directed Sophaenetus the Stymphalian and So-
crates the Achaean, who were likewise friends of his,
to come with as many men as they could get, saying
that he intended to make war upon Tissaphernes
with the aid of the Milesian exiles ; and they proceeded
to carry out his directions.

II. When he thought the time had come to begin y
his upward 1 march, the pretext he offered was that
he wished to drive the Pisidians out of his land
entirely, and it was avowedly against them that he
set about collecting both his barbarian and his Greek
troops. At that time he also sent word to Clearchus
to come to him with the entire army which he had,
and to Aristippus to effect a reconciliation with his
adversaries at home and send him the army which he
had ; and he sent word to Xenias the Arcadian, who
commanded for him the mercenary force in the cities, 2
to come with his troops, leaving behind only so many
as were necessary to garrison the citadels. He like-
wise summoned the troops which were besieging

* See Introd. p. 231, note 1. 2 See i. 0.

249

Digitized by Uoogle

XENOPHON

NliXrjTOv iroXioptcovPTas, teal tov$ <f>vydha<i i/ce-
Xevae avv avrq> arpareveo-daiy virocxpfievo^
, avroh, el tfa\a>9 varan pdgetev i<f> a earparevero,
firj irpocdev iravaaaOai 1 trplv avTov? xaraydyoi
ohcahe. oi he r/Sea)? eireldovro' eiriarevov yap
avTq>' zeal Xafiovre*; to, oirXa iraprjuav eh

3 Sepias fiev hrj to £9 i/c rwv ttoXccop Xay9a>i>
irapeyevero eh XdpSeis OTrKlras eh Terpa/cia-
XiXiovs, Ylp6%evo<; he iraprjv eyjov OTrX'nas fiev
eh irevTa/coo-iovs teal ^\£ot>9, yvfivnTas Be irevra-
fcoaiovs, %0(f)cUv€T0$ he 6 %TVfA<f)d\io<; oirKira^
e)((ov %i\iov<i t 2 Xw/cpdrr)? he 6 'A^at09 07r\ira<;
fycM a>9 TrevTCLKoaLovs, Ylaoiwv he 6 NLeyapev?
Tpiatcoo-Lovs fiev OTrXiras, Tpicuco<TLov<; he 7re\-
tcmjtcls ey&v Trapeyevero* r\v he ica\ ovtos na\ 6
XcDtcpdrr)*; r&v dfi<f>l MlXtjtov aTparevofjuevtop.
ovtol fiev eh %dphei$ avra> d<f>i/covTO.

4 Tia<ra<l)€pvr)<; Se KaTavorjaa^ ravra, /cat fiei^ova
rfyrjadfievcx; elvai rj cE>9 eirl Tliaiha*; rrjv irapa-
a/cevrfv, iropeverai a>9 fiaaiXea $ ehvvaro Tartar a

5 imreas ex&v c!>9 irevratcoaiov^, zeal fiaaiXev?
fiep hij en-el rficovae Ti<Taa<f>epvov^ rbv Kvpov
(TToKoVy dvr lira pea tcevd^ero.

KO/009 he e%<ov ofr? eiprjKa doppuaro airo Xdp-
hew teal e%e\avvei hia, tt/9 Avhias araOpbovs
rpeh irapaadyyas ei/eoai teal hvo 4ttI rbv Maiav-

1 iravaaaBcu MSS. except VZ, Gem.: irauacadai VZ, Mar.

2 'Xo(p<niv(jos . . . x i *l ovs MSS, ; Gem. brackets, following
Dindorf.

250

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ii. 2-5

Miletus, and urged the Milesian exiles to take the
field with him, promising them that, if he should suc-
cessfully accomplish the object for which he was taking
the field, he would not stop until he had restored
them to their homes. And they gladly obeyed — for
they trusted him — and presented themselves, under
arms, at Sard is.

Xenias, then, arrived at Sardis with the troops
from the cities, who were hoplites to the number
of four thousand; Proxenus was there with hoplites
to the number of fifteen hundred, and five hundred
light-armed troops ; Sophaenetus the Stymphalian
with a thousand hoplites ; Socrates the Achaean
with about five hundred hoplites ; and Pasion the
Megarian arrived with three hundred hoplites and
three hundred peltasts. 1 The last-named, and Socrates
also, belonged to the force that had been engaged
in besieging Miletus. All these came to Cyrus at
Sardis.

Meanwhile Tissaphernes had taken note of these
proceedings and come to the conclusion that Cyrus'
preparations were too extensive to be against the
Pisidians ; he accordingly made his way to the King
as quickly as he could, with about five hundred horse-
men. And when the King heard from Tissaphernes
about Cyrus' array, he set about making counter-
preparations.

Cyrus was now setting forth from Sardis with the
troops I have mentioned ; and he marched through
Lydia three stages, 2 a distance of twenty- two

1 Peltasts differed from ordinary light-armed troops (cp.
yv/Avrjras above) only in the fact that they carried a small,
light shield, the WAttj — whence their name.

1 araOfjiSs = lit. a .stopping-place, hence a day ? s journey.

♦ 251

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Bpop rroTafiop. toutov to evpos Bvo irXedpa*

6 yi<f>vpa Bk iirrjp iirra 1 e^evyfjueprj irXoLoi*;. tovtop
Siaf3d<; egeXavpei Bid <t>pvyia<; araBpuov ha
irapaadyyas d/crco €49 JZoXoaads, ttoXip oIkov-
fievrjv teal evhalfjiova /cal fjueydXrjp. ivravda
epueipep rjfiepa^ kind' teal fjtce Mevcov 6 0€TTa\o9
oirXlTas eycop )(ikLow; teal ireXTaard^ Trevra-
koglovs, Ao\o7ra? teal Alviavas teal 'OXvvOlovs.

7 ivrevdev e^eXavpei crraOfiov^ Tpcfc irapacrdyya?
ettcoaip et9 KeXaivds, tt)9 QpvyLas ttoXlv oltcov-
fjLevrjv, /jLeydXrjv teal evBaifiopa. ivravda Kuyow
ftacruXeia fjp /cal irapdBeicro^ fieya? dypicop Orjptcov
TrXrfpT)*;, a etceivo<; edrjpevep diro ittttov, oirore
yy{LvdfTn.L j3ovXoiro eavrop T€ /cal tovs imrovs.
Sid fiecrov Be rov irapaBeicrov pel 6 MalavBpos
TroTafio?' a! Be irqyal avrov elaiv etc twv ftacn-

8 Xeieov' pel Be /cal Bid ttjs l^eXaiP&p iroXeax;, eari
Be real pbeydXov /3aat,Xeco<; fiaaiXeia ep KeXaipals
ipvfipd eirl rals irrjyals tov Mapcrvov irorapLOv
biro rfj dtcpoiroXer pel Be teal o5to9 Bid t%
7ro\€<tf? teal ifjbfidXXei €69 top MaiapBpop* rov Be
Mapavov to e5oo9 icnip eltcocri teal irevre ttoBcop.
epravda Xeyerai 'AttoXXcop etcBelpai Mapcrvap
Pitcr\<ras epi^oprd oi irepl cro<f)ias, teal to Beppua
tcpep.dtrai ep rq> apt pep oOep ai irrjyaL' Bid Be

9 tovto 6 TroTapbds tcdXelrai MapcrvaS. evravOa
3eofi79i ore etc rrjs 'E\\a8o9 r/rrrjOeU rfj P&XV

1 iirrh. 4(evyn4rn Gem. , following Hug : ^iref^/Anr? M8S.

1 A Persian measure of distance, equivalent to 30 Greek
stadia, or about 3.3 English miles.

2 The plethrum = about 97 English feet.

* Many of the cities of Asia were then, as now, deserted.

252

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ii. 5-9

parasangs, 1 to the Maeander river. The width of this
river was two plethra, 2 and there was a bridge over
it made of seven boats. After crossing the Maeander
he marched through Phrygia one stage, a distance
of eight parasangs, to Colossae, an inhabited 8 city,
prosperous and large. There he remained seven
days; and Menon 4 the Thessalian arrived, with a
thousand hoplites and five hundred peltasts, con-
sisting of Dolopians, Aenianians, and Olynthians.
Thence he marched three stages, twenty parasangs,
to Celaenae, an inhabited city of Phrygia, large and
prosperous. There Cyrus had a palace and a large
park full of wild animals, which he used to hunt on
horseback whenever he wished to give himself and
his horses exercise. Through the middle of this park
flows the Maeander river; its sources are beneath
the palace, and it flows through the city of Celaenae
also. There is likewise a palace of the Great King 5
in Celaenae, strongly fortified and situated at the
foot of the Acropolis over the sources of the Marsyas
river ; the Marsyas also flows through the city, and
empties into the Maeander, and its width is twenty-
five feet. It was here, according to the story, that
Apollo flayed Marsyas, 6 after having defeated him in
a contest of musical skill ; he hung up his skin in
the cave from which the sources issue, and it is for
this reason that the river is called Marsyas. It was
here also, report has it, that Xerxes, when he was on

4 Who had been sent by Aristippus (see § 1 above).

5 A title often given by the Greeks to the king of Persia.

18 Marsyas, a Phrygian satyr, was so proud of his skill
with the flute that he presumed to challenge Apollo, god of
music and master of the lyre. The myth appears to be a
record of the supersession of the flute by the lyre in Greek
favour.

253

Digitized by

XENOPHON

aTre^copei, Xeyerai olKohopbrjaai ravrd re tcl
fiaaiXeia /ecu ttjv T&.eXcuvwv dtcpoTroXw. evravda
efieive Kv/709 rjfiepa? rpiaKovra' /ecu tjkc KXe-
apxos 6 Aa/cehaifiovKXi <f>vyds e\(dv oirXiTa^
yiblovs zeal TreXraard^ ®pa/ca<; oktci/coo-lovs /ecu
TolfoTas KprjTas hia/coalovs. dfia he teal Swcrt?
iraprjv 6 Hvpa/coaios eytov OTrXira? Tpia/co<riov<;,
teal 'Ayias 6 'Ap/ca? 1 eyayv oirXlra^ xiXlov?.
/ecu evravffa Kvpos e^eTaaiv real apiQfjubv t&u
*JL\\r}v<0v iiroiijaev ev tc3 Trapahe'urcp, zeal eye-
VOVTO OL GVpmaVT^ OTtXiTCU fJL€V fivpiot %i\.ioi,
TreXraaral he dfi<f>l tou9 htaxiXLovs.

10 'EprevOep igeXavvei aradfiov^ hvo irapaadyyas
he tea eh IleXra?, iroXtv ol/covfjue'vrjv. emavff*
€fjbeiv€v rjfiepa? rpeh' ev ah Hei/ta? 6 'Ap/cd$ rd
Av/ccua eOvae /ecu dytava eOrj/ec rd he dffXa rjaav
(TTXeyyihe? xpvaai* eOewpei he tov dywva /cat
KOpo?. evrevdev igeXavvei araOfiovs hvo trapa-
adyyas hcohe/ea e? Kepdfuov dyopdv, ttoXlv ol/eov-

11 pAvrjVy e<jydrv)v irpbs tjj M.vala x<H)pa. evrevOev
e^eXavvei cnaO/jLovs rpeh Trapaadyyas rpid/covra
eh Kavarpov irehLov, itoXlv ol/cov/ievrjv. evTavff*
epueivev rjfiepas irevre* zeal rofc arparuoTai^
axfrelXeTO /m<t06<; irXeov rj rpi&v firjvwv, /ecu ttoX-
Xd/cis 16vt€<; inl ra9 dvpa? dirrjTOVv. 6 he eXirlZa^
Xeywv hirjye /ecu hr)Xo<; fjv dvuofievov ov ydp r)v
717)09 tov Kvpov rpoirov e^ovra p,r) dirohthovcu.

1 'Aylas 6 'Apfcks Kochlj' : ^oQaiveros *Ap«ci8as MS8., Gem.,
Mar.

1 viz. of Salamis, in 480 B.C.

2 Here used in the general sense, i.e. to include all kinds
of light -armed troops ; cp. note on § 3 above. Xenophon

254

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ii. 9-1 1

his retreat from Greece after losing the famous
battle, 1 built the palace just mentioned and likewise
the citadel of Celaenae. Here Cyrus remained thirty
days ; and Clearchus, the Lacedaemonian exile,
arrived, with a thousand hoplites, eight hundred
Thracian pe'ltasts, and two hundred Cretan bowmen.
At the same time came also Sosis the Syracusan
with three hundred hoplites and Agias the Arcadian
with a thousand hoplites. And here Cyrus held a
review and made an enumeration of the Greeks in
the park, and they amounted all told to eleven
thousand hoplites and about two thousand peltasts. 2
Thence he marched two stages, ten parasangs, to
Peltae, an inhabited city. There he remained three
days, during which time Xenias the Arcadian
celebrated the Lycaean 3 festival with sacrifice and
held games ; the prizes were golden strigils, and
Cyrus himself was one of those who watched the
games. Thence he marched two stages, twelve
parasangs, to the inhabited city of Ceramon-agora, 4
the last Phrygian city as one goes toward Mysia.
Thence he marched three stages, thirty parasangs,
to Caystru-pedion, 5 an inhabited city. There he
remained five days. At this time he was owing the «
soldiers more than three months' pay, and they went
again and again to his headquarters and demanded
what was due them. He all the while expressed
hopes, and was manifestly troubled ; for it was not /
Cyrus* way to withhold payment when he had

here uses round numbers. The exact totals, according to
the figures previously given, are 10,600 hoplites and 2,300
light-armed troops.

8 In honour of Ijycaean Zeus, i.e. Zeus of Mt. Lycaeus, in
Arcadia.

* Or Tilemarket. * Or Caysterfield.

255

Digitized by

XENOPHON

12 ivravOa d<f>i/cv€iTCU ^Etirva^a rj Xvevvecios yvinj
tov KiXlko)V ftaaiXeax; irapd Kvpov teal eXeyeTo
Kvp<o h ovv at xprffiara iroXXd. ttj 8' ovv arparia
tot€ a7re8(0K€ Kvpos juadbv T€TTapa>v purjv&v.
el^e he tj KLXiaaa <f>v\atcrfv irepl avTtjv KtXiKas
teat ' Kairevhiovs' eXeyeTo he Kal avyyeveadai

^Kvpov tt) ¥Li\i<ro"r).

13 'EvTevffev 6%ekuvvei GTadpovs hvo irapaadyyas
Setca 66? ®vfi/3piop, iroXiv oltcovfjLevrjv. ivravda
rjv irapd tt\v ohbv Kprfvq 17 Mihov KaXov/nevt] tov
<t>pvycov /3a<ri\,€(o<; f i<f>' 77 Xiyerai Mlha$ tov

14 XaTVpov drjpevaai oXvtp Kepdaa*; avTrjv. evTevdev
igeXavvei aTadp^om hvo Trapaadyya? he tea ek
Tvpideiov, iroXtv ottcovp,evr)v. evTavda epueivev
rjpepa? Tpeis. Kal Xeyerac herjdrfvai rj KLXiaaa
Kvpov iirihelljai to aTpaTevp,a avTjj' fiovXojievo*;
ottv eirihel1;ai e^eTaacv iroieiTai ev t& irehLcp t&v

15 'RXXrjvwv Kal twv j3ap/3dpcov. i/cekevae he tov$
"J&XXrjvas d)9 vop,o$ avTol? eU p*d%r)v ovtco Ta%-
drjvai Kal aTtjvai, avvTa^at 8' €/cao~TOv tou9
eavTov. eTa^drjaav ovv eirl TeTTapcov eZ^e he to
puev hegibv Mevwv teal 01 ai/v aura), to he eJ^MiifiQv
KXeapxo? Kal 01 eKeLvov, to he pbeaov oi aXXoi

16 CTpaTTjyoL. edecopei oiv 6 Kvpos irpwTOv puev
rot)? /3ap/3dpov<;' oi he TraprfKavvov TCTaypuevoi
Kara tXas Kal Kara Ta^eiv eh a he tow "E\-
Xrjvas, irapeXavvcov e<f) ap/unos Kal 17 KCXiaaa

1 "King" in name, but in fact a dependent of the king
of Persia. Syennesis was seeking, as the narrative indicates,
to keep on good terms with both Cyrus and Artaxerxes,
secretly aiding the former, while still making a show of
resistance (see § 21 below) to his march.

256

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ii. 1 2-16

money. At this juncture arrived Epyaxa, the wife of
Syennesis, the king 1 of the Cilicians, coming to visit
Cyrus, and the story was that she gave him a large /
sum of money ; at any rate, Cyrus paid the troops
at that time four months' wages. The Cilician
queen was attended by a body-guard of Cilicians and
Aspendians ; and people said that Cyrus had inti-
mate relations with the queen.

Thence he marched two stages, ten parasangs,
to the inhabited city of Thymbrium. There, along-
side the road, was the so-called spring of Midas, the
king of the Phrygians, at which Midas, according
to the story, caught the satyr by mixing wine with
the water of the spring. 2 Thence he marched two
stages, ten parasangs, to Tyriaeum, an inhabited
city. There he remained three days. And the
Cilician queen, as the report ran, asked Cyrus to
exhibit his army to her; such an exhibition was
what he desired to make, and accordingly he held
a review of the Greeks and the barbarians on the
plain. He ordered the Greeks to form their lines
and take their positions just as they were accus-
tomed to do for battle, each general marshalling
his own men. So they formed the line four deep,
Menon and his troops occupying the right wing,
Clearchus and his troops the left, and the other
generals the centre. Cyrus inspected the barbarians
first, and they marched past with their cavalry
formed in troops and their infantry in companies ;
then he inspected the Greeks, driving past them in

2 This story is less familiar than its sequel, viz. that for
his kindly treatment of the satyr (Silenus) Midas was granted
by Dionysus the fulfilment of any request he might make ;
he requested that all he touched should turn to gold, and so
died of hunger.

257

VOL. II. S

Digitized by

XENOPHON

£<f apfia/nd^rj^. eiypv Be irdvTes Kpdvrj yaXKa
Kai %iTa)va<; <f>oivi/cov<; teal /cvrj/juSa? /ecu ra?

17 acrmSa? ifc/tetca\vfifi€va<;. iTreiBr) Bkiravra*; iraprf-
Xaae, <rrr}<ra<; to apfia irpb ti}? <f>dXayyo<; fiicrr)?,
Trifnjras ULyprjra rov ep/nrjvea irapa rot/? arpa-
rrjyovs twv 'EXXrjvwv i/ceXevae irpofiaXeadai ra
onXa Kai eiriy<opr)oai oXrjp Tt]V <f>dXayya. oi Be
ravTa irpoelirov to!? arpaT Karats * Kai eirel
iadXiny^e, irpoftaXo/nevoi to, oirXa iirficrav, Ik
Be tovtov ddrrov it poiovrcov <rvv Kpavyij dwo rov
avrofidrov Bpofios eyevero rot? <TTparid)Tai<s eirl

18 Ta? a-Krjpds, ra>v Be ftapfidpwv <£o/8o<? 7ro\u9, Kai
77 re JZuXiaaa €<j>vy€v eirl rij<; dp/jLafid^rjs Kai oi etc
T17? dyopas KaraXiirovTe^ ra &via e<f)vyov. ol Be
"EiXXrjves <rvv yeXoon eirl t<z? aKrjvas ffXdov. 17 B£
KLXiaaa IBovaa ttjv XafnrpoTrjTa Kai rtjv rd^iv
rov aTparevfiaros eOavfjuaae, Kvpo? <Be tfadrj rov
ex tcov * 'EXXtfvwv eh tou? ftapfidpov? <f>6/3ov IBcov.

19 'Evrevffev e%eXavvei GradjAOvs rpel<; irapa-
<rdyya<; €lko<tlv eh 'Ikoviov, rrj<f <t>pvy'ia<s ttoXlv
ea^drrjv. evravOa efietve Tpels rj/xepa*;. ev-
revdev igeXavvei Bia, Tfjs KvKaovias araOfiov^
irevre irapaadyyas rpiaKovra. ravTrjv ttjv fteopav
iirerpeyfre Biapirdaai to£? "RXXrjaiv a>9 iroXe-

20 fiiav oftaav. evrevOev Kvpos ttjv KtXMraav €i$
rt)P KiXiKLap diroTrepLirei rrjv Ta^urrriv 6B6v Kai

<TVV€7T€/JLyfr€V aVTj) (TTpaTlCOTaS 1 OU? M.€VQ)V el^ 6
1 ffTpaTiwras MSS. : Gem. brackets.

1 Greek troops were not supplied with rations in the
modern way, but bought their provisions from day to day

258

ANABASIS, I. n. 16-20

a chariot, the Cilician queen in a carriage. And
the Greeks all had helmets of bronze, crimson
tunics, and greaves, and carried their shields un-
covered. When he had driven past them all, he
halted his chariot in front of the centre of the
phalanx, and sending his interpreter Pigres to the ^
generals of the Greeks, gave orders that the troops
should advance arms and the phalanx move forward
in a body. The generals transmitted these orders
to the soldiers, and when the trumpet sounded,
they advanced arms and charged. And then, as
they went on faster and faster, at length with a
shout the troops broke into a run of their own
accord, in the direction of the camp. As for the
barbarians, they were terribly frightened ; the Cili-
cian queen took to flight in her carriage, and the
people in the market 1 left their wares behind and
took to their heels ; while the Greeks with a roar of
laughter came up to their camp. Now the Cilician
queen was filled with admiration at beholding the
brilliant appearance and the order of the Greek
army ; and Cyrus was delighted to see the terror
with which the Greeks inspired the barbarians.

Thence he marched three stages, twenty para-
sangs, to Iconium, the last city of Phrygia. There
he remained three days. Thence he marched
through Lycaonia five stages, thirty parasangs. This
country he gave over to the Greeks to plunder, on
the ground that it was hostile territory. 2 From there
Cyrus sent the Cilician queen back to Cilicia by the
shortest route, and he sent some of Menon's troops to

from sutlers who accompanied the army. The commander's
duty ended with "providing a market" {kyopav irap4x* lv )-

2 In leaving Phrygia Cyrus was passing beyond the limits
of his own satrapy. Introd. p. 232.

259

s 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

teal avrov. Kvpo? Be pbera r&v aW&v e%eXavvei
Bia KennraBo/cia<; araO/jLov? rerrapa^ Trapaadyyas
el/coai /ecu irevre Trpbs Adva, irokiv ol/covfievrjv,
ficydXrjv /cat evhalpova. evravOa epueivav fjpepas
Tpets* iv c5 Kvpos dire/ereivev avBpa lie parjv
Meycufyipvrjv, <f>otvc/eiaT7jv ftaaiXeiov, zeal erepov
nva t&v vtrdpyip v 1 BvvdaTrjv, cuTia<rd/jL€PO$ iui-
fiovXeveiv avTq>.

21 'Evrevffev iireip&VTO elafidWeiv eh rrjv Ki)u-
zclav rj 8£ elafioki) rjv 6809 d/j,at;iTb<; opdLa
lo"Xypa><; /ecu ap^yavos elae\0elv arparevpan, el
ty$ i/ccokvev. iXeyero Be zeal Xvevveais elvcu iirl
r&v a/epmv <f>v\aTT(ov ttjv elaffoXijv Bib epAivev
tjfiepav iv rq> ireBLcp. ttj Be varepaia ff/cev ayycXo?
Xeyeov on Xekonrios etrj Xvevveais ra a/epa, eVei
rjadero on to Meixwfo? arpdrevp/i i^Brf iv KiXi/cia
r\v eiaco t&v opecov, zeal on Tpirjpeis fj/cove wept-
TrXeovaas air 'lama? eh KiXi/cuav Taptov eyovra

22 ra? Aa/cehcupovlcov zeal avrov Kvpov. 8*
ovv avefirj iirl ret oprj ovBevbs zcaXvovros, teal elBe
t^? a/crjva^ ov ol KiX^/ces i<f>v\arrov, evrevOev
Be /carefiaivev eh ireBiov peya zeal icaXov, irrip-

5 pvrov, /ecu BevBpcov iravroBau&v avpirXewv /ecu
I apireXcov ttoXv Be /cat arfaapov /ecu peXivrjv /ecu
J lc ^ r TKP 0V Kal ' irv P ov ^ KaL KpiOa? <f>epec. opos 8'
avrb irepielyev byypbv zeal vyfrrjXov irdvrrj i/c

1 rS>v xnripxuv MSS.: Gem. brackets, following Schenkl.

1 A title of honour at the Persian court.

2 Cyrus had asked the Lacedaemonians "to show them-
selves as good friend 8 to him as he had been to them in their
war against Athens" (Xen. Hellenica, 11. i. 1). The aid

260

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ii. 20-22

escort her, Menon himself commanding them. W^Jbh
the rest of the army Cyrus marched through Cappa-
docia four stages, twenty-five parasangs, to Dana, an
inhabited city, large and prosperous. There they
remained three days ; and during that time Cyrus /
put to death a Persian named Megaphernes, who
was a wearer of the royal purple, 1 and another
dignitary among his subordinates, on the charge that
they were plotting against him.

From there they made ready to try to enter
Cilicia. Now the entrance was by a wagon-road,
exceedingly steep and impracticable for an army to
pass if there was anybody to oppose it ; and in fact,
as report ran, Syennesis was upon the heights,
guarding the entrance ; therefore Cyrus remained
for a day in the plain. On the following day,
however, a messenger came with word that Syen-
nesis had abandoned the heights, because he had
learned that Menon's army was already in Cilicia,
on his own side of the mountains, and because,
further, he was getting reports that triremes
belonging to the Lacedaemonians 2 and to Cyrus
himself were sailing around from Ionia to Cilicia
under the command of Tamos. At any rate 3 Cyrus
climbed the mountains without meeting any opposi-
tion, and saw the camp where the Cilicians had been
keeping guard. Thence he descended to a large
and beautiful plain, well-watered and full of trees of
all sorts and vines; it produces an abundance of
sesame, millet, panic, wheat, and barley, and it is
surrounded on every side, from sea to sea, by a lofty

they now rendered (see also iv. 2-3) was in response to that
request.

* i.e. whether or not the reasons just given were the true
ones.

261

Digitized by

XENOPHON

23 flaXarTi79 6^9 daXarrav. /caTafids Be Buz rovrov
tov ireBLov rfXaae GTaOfwvs TtTTapas irapaadyyas

7T€VT€ KCU €LfCO(TlV els TapaOVS, TT]S KlXlKLaS TToXlV

fieydXrjv zeal evBalfiova, ov r\v ra Xveweaios
f3acrl\€i,a tov KcXl/eoov ftaaiXew Bid jieaov Be
Ttjs irSXecos pel iroTafibs KvBvos ovofia, evpos Svo

24 irXedpwv. ravT7)v ttjv ttoXlv igeXnrov oi evoi-
kovvtcs fjiera ^vevveaios els yjnpiov byypbv eiri
tcl opt} ir\r)v ol ra wTTrfXela eyovTes' ejxetvav he
zeal oi ixapd ttjv 8d\arrav oI/covvtcs ev 2o\o*9
zeal ev 'laaols*

25 'Eirvaga Be rj Xveweaios yvvr) irporepa Kvpov
Trevre r)fiepai<; els Tapaoi/s d(f)LzceTO' ev Be Tt)
virepfioXf) rcov op&v ttj eh to ireBlov Bvo Xo^oi
tov ^Aevwvos aTparevpxnos uttcoXovto' ol /xev
€(f)acrav dpird^ovTas ri zcaTazcoTrrjvcu virb r&v
KiXl/coov, ol Be v7roXei<f>0€VTa<; zeal oi Bwa/xevovs
evpeiv to aXXo arpdrevfia ovBe Tas oBovs elra
irXaveofievovs diroXeaOar rjaav 8* oZv ovtol

26 e/earbv ottXltcu, ol S' aXXoi eirel rj/cov, ty)v re
ttoXiv tovs Tapaovs BitjpTrao-av, Bid tov oXeOpov
to)v cvcTpaTMOTCov 6pyi£6/j.evoL, /ecu rd fiaalXeia
ra ev avTrj. Kvpos B J iirel elarfXaaev els ttjv
ttoXlv, iieTeirepLTreTO tov ^Zvevveaiv irpbs eavTov
6 Si* ovTe TrpoTepov oiBevL ttco /cpeiTTovi eavTov els
X e fy a $ eXOelv e<f>r) ovt€ totc Kv/og) levai fjdeXe,
irplv r) yvvr) avTOV eireiae zeal TrlcrTeis kXafte.

27 fieTa Be Tavra iirel avveyevovTO dXXrjXois, 2feV-
veais /xev eBco/ee Ki)/)w xPVf JLaTa voXXa els ttjv

1 The birth-place of the apostle Paul.

* Famous as the scene of one of the most important vie-
tories of Alexander the Great (333 B.C.).

262

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ii. 22-27

and formidable range of mountains. After des-
cending he marched through this plain four stages,
twenty-five parasangs, to Tarsus, 1 a large and pros-
perous city of Cilicia, where the palace of Syennesis,
the king of the Cilicians, was situated ; and through
the middle of the city flows a river named the
Cydnus, two plethra in width. The inhabitants ot
this city had abandoned it and fled, with Syennesis,
to a stronghold upon the mountains — all of them, at
least, except the tavern-keepers ; and there re-
mained also those who dwelt on the sea-coast, in
Soli and Issus. 2

Now Epyaxa, the wife of Syennesis, had reached
Tarsus five days ahead of Cyrus, but in the course of
her passage over the mountains to the plain two com-
panies of Menon's army 8 had been lost. Some said
that they had been cut to pieces by the Cilicians while
engaged in a bit of plundering ; another story was that
they^had been left behind, and, unable to find the rest
of the army or the roads, had thus wandered about and
perished ; at any rate, they numbered a hundred hop-
lites. And when the rest of Menon's troops reached
Tarsus, in their anger over the loss of their comrades
they plundered thoroughly, not only the city, but also
the palace that was in it. As for Cyrus, after he had
marched into the city he more than once summoned
Syennesis to his presence ; but Syennesis said that he
had never yet put himself in the hands of anyone
who was more powerful than he was, and he would
not now put himself in the hands of Cyrus until his
wife had won him over and he had received pledges.
When the two men finally met one another, Syennesis
gave Cyrus a large sum of money for his army, while

• cp. § 20, above.

263

Digitized by

XENOPHON

(TTpaikdv, KlfpO? Be €fC€LV(p Ba>pa h 'vOJli%€Tai

irapa fiacriXel rifiia, Ittttov y^pvaoyakwov teal
| cnpeinbv yjpvaovv teal yfreXia koX a/civd/CTjv XP V ~
erovv teal aroXtjp UepaiKrjp, koX ttjv yoapav firjKen
Siap7rd£e<T0ar ra Be rjpiracr/jLeva avBpdiroBa, ffv
irov ivTvy%dv(D<riv, aTroXap,/3dv€iv.

III. 'Evravda epjeivev 6 Kvpos /cal fj arpand
tjfiepas eiKocriv oi yap crTpanwrai ovk ecpacrav
ikvai rod wpoaco' vireoirrevov yap rjBrj eVl
ftacriXea ievar /jLicrffco&rjvai Be ovk iwi rovrep
€<f>aaav. wpcoTO^ Be KXeapxo? tou$ avrov arpa-
TicoTas i/3id£€T0 ievar oi 8' avrov re efiaXXov
teal ra vTT££uyta ra iteelvov, errel apgaivro irpor

2 evai. KXeapxo? Be* rore fiev fii/cpbv e^e(j>vy€ fitj
fcarairer peoffrjvai, varepov Si* eirel eyvco on ov
Bvvijcrerai fiidcracrOai, crvvtfyayev eKKXrjcriav rebv
avrov arpancorwv. teal irp&rov fiev ibdtepve
iroXvv xpovov ecrrw' oi Be opeovres iffavpua^ov
kox icndyjreov elra Be eXet*e ToidBe.

3 "AvSpes errpancoraif p,rj Oavfid^ere on ^a\e7r&>9
<j>ep(D to!? irapovcri Trpdyfiaaip. ifiol yap %evo<;
Kvpo? eyevero ieai fie <f>evyovra etc rr)<; irarpuBos
rd re dXXa erLpLrjcre teal p,vpiov<s eScoKe Bapeitcovs*
ofr? iyeo Xafteov ovk el$ to ISiov Karedefirjv ifiol
ovSe ^nO njBvTrdffyn-a . aXX* eh v/xa? iBairdveov.

4 Kal irpcorov p,ev irpbs tou9 ©/oa/ea? eiroXe patera,

Kal V7T€p T^9 'EWaSo? €Tl/X(OpOV/J,r)V pL€0* Vfl&V,

€K tt}$ Xeppovrjaov avTovs e^eXavveav ftouXo-
p,evov<; d<f>at pelcrdat, rovs evoiKOvvras "EW^i/a?

264

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. ii. 27-111. 4

Cyrus gave him gifts which are regarded at court 1 as
tokens of honour — a horse with a gold -mounted bridle,
a gold necklace and bracelets, a gold dagger and a
Persian robe —promising him, further, that his land
should not be plundered any more and that they might
take back the slaves that had been seized in case they
should chance upon them anywhere.

III. Cyrus and his army remained here at Tarsus
twenty days, for the soldiers refused to go any farther ;
for they suspected by this time that they were going
against the King, and they said they had not been
hired for that. Clearchus was the first to try to force
his men to go on, but they pelted him and his pack-
animals with stones as often as they began to go for-
ward. At that time Clearchus narrowly escaped
being stoned to death ; but afterwards, when he
realized that he could not accomplish anything by
force, he called a meeting of his own troops. And
first he stood and wept for a long time, while his men
watched him in wonder and were silent ; then he
spoke as follows :

" Fellow-soldiers, do not wonder that I am dis-
tressed at the present situation. For Cyrus became
my friend and not only honoured me, an exile from
my fatherland, in various ways, but gave me ten
thousand darics. And I, receiving this money, did
not lay it up for my own personal use or squander
it in pleasure, but I proceeded to expend it on you.
First I went to war with the Thracians, and for the
sake of Greece I inflicted punishment upon them
with your aid, driving them out of the Chersonese
when^fehey wanted to deprive the Greeks who dwelt

1 i.e. such gifts as could be bestowed only by the Persian
king. Cyrus is already assuming royal prerogatives.

265

Digitized by

XENOPHON

rt)v yfjv. eireiBrj Be Kvpos ixdXei, Xaftebv vjia?
iiropevofjirjv, iva ei ti Beoiro &><\>eXoir)v avrov dvd*

5 &v ei eiradov vrr eiceivov. eirei Be vfieh oi
ftovXeaOe avfnropevea0ai t avdyter) 817 fwi r) v/ia?
rrpoBovra rj) K vpov <f>iXia yjpricdai r) 777)09 ixeivov
yfrevadfievov p.eQ y vfieov elvai. ei^fiev Brj Sitcaia
TTOir)<T(M> ovk olBa, alprjaopxiL V ovv vfia? teal avv
Vfilv o ri av Bey Tmi&muu,. fcal ovirore epel
ovBeU a)? eya> ' f EXXrjva<; dyaya>v e£? rov<: fiap-
fidpovs, irpoBovs tovs "EXXrjva? rijv rwv fiap-

6 ftdpcov <f>iXiav eiXofirjv, a\\' eVel vfiei? efiol oi
0eXere ireiOeaOai, iyw avv vjjuv esfro/iai /ecu 6 ri
av Berj rreLaofiai. vofii^co yap vfjuas ifiol elvai /cal
rrarpLBa tcai <f>iXov<; koI av/xfidxovs, KaL avv vpZv
pkv av ol/iai elvai tl/mos ottov av &, vfieov Bk
eprj/jbo? a>v ovk av ikavbs olfxai elvai ovr av <)>1\op
dxfyeXrjaai ovt &v e%0pbv dXef-aaffai. o!>9 ifiov
ovv iovros oirrj av tcai vfiels ovroo, ttjv yvd>firjv

€X €T€ '

7 — Tavra elrrev oi Be arparieorai 0% tc avrov
eiceivov tcai oi aXXoi ravra aKovaavre? on oi
<f>airj irapa fiaaiXea nopeveaOai iiryveaav irapa
Be "Seviov tcai Haaicovos irXeiovs rj Bia-^iXioi
Xa@6i>res rd SirXa icai rd aKevo<f>6pa iarparo-

8 ireBevaavro irapa K\edp%(p. Kvpos Be rovrois

dlTOp&V T€ Kai XvTTOVfJteVOS fl€T€7refl7r€T0 rbv

KXeapxov 0 Be ievai fiev ovk rjOeXe, XdOpa Be
ra)v arpariayrcbv irefiiroov avrtp dyyeXov eXeye
Oappeiv (i? Karaarrjao/mevtov rovrcov el&-xhJi£Q]t.
fierairefxireaOai B 1 eKeXevev avrov avrbs 8' ovk

if I » '

eq>rj ievai.

266

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ANABASIS, I. in. 4-8

there—of their land. Then when Cyrus' summons
came, I took you with me and set out, in order that,
if he had need of me, I might give him aid in return
for the benefits I had received from him. But you
now do not wish to continue the march with me ; so
it seems that I must either desert you and continue
to enjoy Cyrus' friendship, or prove false to him and
remain with you. Whether I shall be doing what is 4
right, I know not, but at any rate I shall choose you and
with you shall suffer whatever I must. And never
shall any man say that I, after leading Greeks into the
land of the barbarians, betrayed the Greeks and chose
the friendship of the barbarians ; nay, since you do
not care to obey me, I shall follow with you and suffer
whatever I must. For I consider that you are to me
both fatherland and friends and allies ; with you I
think I shall be honoured wherever I may be, bereft
of you I do not think I shall be able either to aid a
friend or to ward off a foe. Be sure, therefore, that
wherever you go, I shall go also."

Such were his words. And the soldiers — not only
his own men, but the rest also — when they heard
that he said he would not go on to the King's capital,
commended him ; and more than two thousand of the
troops under Xenias and Pasion took their arms and
their baggage train and encamped with Clearchus.
But Cyrus, perplexed and distressed by this situation,
sent repeatedly for Clearchus. Clearchus refused to
go to him, but without the knowledge of the soldiers
he sent a messenger and told him not to be dis-
couraged, because, he said, this matter would be
settled in the right way. He directed Cyrus, how-
ever, to keep on sending for him, though he himself,
he said, would refuse to go.

267

Digitized by

XENOPHON

9 Mera Be ravra avpayayoap rov? 0* eavrov
a r par Moras teal row wpoo-eXdopra? airq> teal
ra>p aXXcop top ffovXopepop, eXel* e roidBe. "ApBpe?
arparuorai, ra flip Bt) Kupou 8/;\oi> ore ovrco?
e^ei 7r/)o? rjpa? &<nrep ra rjperepa irpos etceipop-
ovre yap rjpeU iteelpov cti arparLtorai, eirel ye oi
(Tvpeirofjueda avrfy, ovre eicelpos enr/pulp puaffo-
86tt)S, on pevroi dBcteeiadai vopx^ei v<f>' rjpwv

10 olBa* &<tt€ ical pLera7rep.iTop.epov airov oitc i0eXa>
eXdeip, to pip peyiarop alvyyvbpjepos ore avv-
oiSa epuavrtp irdpra etyevapepos avrop, errevra
teal SeSicbs prj Xa/3(op pe Bltciyv eindf j &p vopi^ei

11 vtt epov rjBLtcr)adai. ipol ovp hoieel ov% Spa
elvac r)ph> tcaOevBeip oiB* dpueXelp fjpcov aircov,
dXXa ftovXeveadai o ri XPV ^oieip i/c rovreop.
real €0)9 76 p.epopep gjjjmi atceirreop pot So /eel
elpai 07TG)? 1 dacfraXecrara pepcopsp, 2 ei re rjBrj
Botcel dinepai, ottox; dafyaXearara ampuep, teal
07rci>? ra eirir^Beca e^opuep' dvev yap rovreop ovre

12 arparrjyov ovre IBmotov o^eXb? ovBep. 6 $' dvrjp
7roXXov pep afto? & av </>t\o? jj, xaXeTrcoraro?
6° tyOpb? (p ap iroXepio? 17, €%ec Be Bvpapip teal
Tre^rjp teal l*mri/ct)v teal pavrite^v rjp irdpres opolto?
opto pep re teal eTTiardpeda' teal yap oiSe nop pay
BoKovpev poL airov teaOrja&ni. ware &pa Xiyeip
o rt ris yiypwcfcei apiarop elvai, ravra eiiroov
eiravaaro.

13 'Etc Be rovrov dplarapro ol p,ep etc rov airo-
pdrovy Xeffopre? a eylypwo tcop ol Be teal vir

1 After faces, in this line and the next, Gem. inserts us,
following Cobet.

2 ii4vu>n*v MSS., Gem.: n*voi>fx*v Mar., following Butt-
mann.

268 .

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. in. 9-13

After this Clearchus gathered together his own
soldiers, those who had come over to him, and any
others who wanted to be present, and spoke as follows :
" Fellow-soldiers, it is clear that the relation of Cyrus
to us is precisely the same as ours to him ; that is, we
are no longer his soldiers, since we decline to follow
him, and likewise he is no longer our paymaster. I
know, however, that he considers himself wronged
by us. Therefore, although he keeps sending for me,
I decline to go, chiefly, it is true, from a feeling ot
shame, because I am conscious that I have proved
utterly false to him, but, besides that, from fear that
he may seize me and inflict punishment upon me for
the wrongs he thinks he has suffered at my hands.
In my opinion, therefore, it is no time for us to be
sleeping or unconcerned about ourselves ; we should
rather be considering what course we ought to
follow under the present circumstances. And so
long as we remain here we must consider, I think,
how we can remain most safely ; or, again, if we count
it best to depart at once, how we are to depart most
safely and how we shall secure provisions — for without
provisions neither general nor private is of any use.
And remember that while this Cyrus is a valuable
friend when he is your friend, he is a most dangerous
foe when he is your enemy; furthermore, he has an
armament — infantry and cavalry and fleet — which we
all alike see and know about ; for I take it that our
camp is not very far away from him. It is time, then,
to propose whatever plan any one of you deems best."
With these words he ceased speaking.

Thereupon various speakers arose, some of their
own accord to express the opinions they held, but

269

Digitized by

XRNOPHON

eiceivov iy/r & suaxei , eViSei/cviWe? 01a en? 17
diropia dvev tt)? JZvpov yv(o/j,r)<; teal fieveiv teal

14 airikvai. el? 8e eZ7re irpoa-Troiov fievoQ airev-
hew a)? Tayicra iropeveadat et? ttjp 'EXXdha
aTpaTTjyovs /jlcp eXeadai a Wot/? <&? Ta^iara, el
firj fiovKerai KXia/r^o? dndyew tcl S' iwiT^hei
dyopdgeaOai — >/ 8* dyopd r\v ev rq> /3apf3api/c<p
(TTparevfiaTi, — teal avaKevd^eaffar eXOovTas Be
l&vpov airelv irKoia, ct>? diroTrXeoiev iav he /xi)
hihq> ravTa, rfye/xopa anew Kvpov oo~t*? hid
</u\ia? tt}? yjiipa^ dird^er edv he /xrjhe rjyefiova
hihqt, cuvTaTTearffai ttjp Ta^LaT^v, ire/xyfrai he
teal 7rpo/caTa\rjyfro/JL€POv<; rd d/cpa, 07tg>? pi)
<$>§jiai*G-L firjre KOpo? /a^tc 01 KiXitce? KaraXa-
$6Vre?, &v iroXXovs teal TroXXd xprjfiara e^o/xev
dvr\piraKOTe^. oCto? fiev roiavra elire,

15 MeTa Se tovtov KXea/t^o? eZ7re roaovrov 'fl?
fiev (TTpaTrjyijaoPTa ifie tuvttjv ttjv aTparrjylav
firjhels v/jlwv \eyerco' iroXXd yap ivopoi hi a ifiol
tovto ov TroirjTeov a)? Se t© dvhpl bp b\v eXrjade
Treiaofiat, jj hvvarbv fidXicTa, iva elhrjre oti teal
apx€<rOai eiriarapuiL <5? ti? ical a Wo? /jbaXiara

16 dpdpdoTTccp. fieTa tovtov aWo? dvecTrj, eiri-
heuevvs pL€v rfjv evr\Qeiav wot) rd wXoia alrelv
rceXevovTcx;, &airep irdXiv tov gtoXov JZvpov
iroiovpAvov, eirihei/cvvs he co? evr)0e<; gltj qye/xova
alrelp irapd tovtov gS fyujj t {uvgjd£(la ttjv irpd^iv.
el he icai T<p f/ye/iiovi TricTevaofiev hv hv Kvpos
270

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. in. 13-16

others at the instigation of Clearchus to make clear
the difficulty of either remaining or departing without
the consent of Cyrus. One man in particular, pre-
tending to be in a hurry to proceed back to Greece
with all speed, proposed that they should choose other
generals as quickly as possible, in case Clearchus did
not wish to lead them back ; secondly, that they
should -btiy^rovisions — the market was in the bar-
barian army ! — and pack up their baggage ; then, to
go to Cyrus and ask for vessels to sail away in ; and
if he would not give them vessels, to ask him for a
guide to lead them homeward through a country
that was friendly ; and if he would not give them a
guide, either, to form in line of battle with all speed
and likewise to send a force to occupy the mountain
heights in advance, in order that neither Cyrus nor
the Cilicians should forestall them — " and .we have
in our possession," he said, "many of these Cilicians
and much of their property that we have seized as
plunder." Such were the words of this speaker.

After him Clearchus said merely this : " Let no
one among you speak of me as the man who is to hold
this command, for I see many reasons why 1 should
not do so ; say rather that I shall obey to the best of
my ability the man whom you choose, in order that
you may know that I understand as well as any other
person in the world how to be a subordinate also."
After he had spoken another man arose to point out
the foolishness of the speaker who had urged them
to ask for vessels, just as if Cyrus were going home
again, and to point out also how foolish it was to ask
for a guide " from this man whose enterprise we are
ruining.. Indeed, if we propose to trust the guide
that Cyrus gives us, what is to hinder us from

271

Digitized by

XENOPHON

ti fco)\v€L /cal rd a/cpa i)plp /ceXeyetP Kvpov

17 7r po/caraXafieip ; eye* yap 6/cpoItjp fiev dp rd
irXola efiftcLLveiv a fffilp Soirj, pr) Tat?
rpirjpeai &ajL£&LULQ, <f>o/3oi/ii7]p S* dp t£ fjyefiopt,
hp Soirj eireaffai, fiff ij/xa? dydyjj oOev ovk earai
£f~e\0€iv fiovXoifirjp S* dp a/copros diricap K.vpou
\a0€vv air op direXdcop* 0 ov Svparop i&rip.

18 oU' £ya> <f>rj/ni ravra fiev <f>Ximplq. Q elvar So/cel
&e fioi avSpa? £X06pras 7rpo9 Kvpop o'Crwes
imr^Setoi avv KXedp^tp £ poor dp i/celpop ri /3ov-
Xerai f)p,lp xprjadcu* /cal iav fiev ff rrpd^ 7f
irapairXtfaia otairep /cal irpoadev ixprjro rofc
fjevois, hreadcu /cal /cal fitf /ca/cious elvai

19 ra>p Trp6<T0€v rovrcp avpapa@dpr<op* idp Be p^i^cop
17 7rpaft9 rrjs rrpoaOep <f>aipr)rai /cal iiriiropoyrepa
teal iiriKipSvporepa, dgiovp rj ireLaapra r)fid$
ayeip ff ireicrdipra 717*09 <j>iXiap d<f>Upar ovrco
yap /cal kirofiepot dp <f>iXoc airq> /cal irpoOvfioi
kiroifieOa /cal diriopres da<f>aXa>^ dp dirLovp l ep'
o ri 8* dp 717909 ravra Xeyy drrayyeZXat, Bevpo'
77/xa? S' d/covaapras 717)09 ravra fiovXevecr&ai.

20 "E$ol»€ ravra, /cal dphpas eko/nevoi <tvp KXe-
dp%<p ire pur ova lp ot t)P<otg>p Kvpov rd So^apra
rfi arpana. 6 6° dire/cpiparo on d/covei *A/3po-
/cofiap £%0 pop ap&pa iirl rq> lLv<f>pdrr) 7rorap,<p
elpai, drzkypvra ScoBe/ca arafffMOv^* 717309 rovrop

1 As described in i. 2.

* i.e. in the form of extra pay.

272

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. m. 16-20

directing Cyrus also to occupy the heights for us in
advance? For my part, I should hesitate to em-
bark on the vessels that he might give us, for fear
of his sinking us with his war-ships, and I should be
afraid to follow the guide that he might give, for fear
of his leading us to a place from which it wilt not be
possible to escape ; my choice would be, in going off
without CyrusI consent, to go off without his know-
ledge — and that is not possible. \ Now in my own
opinion the plans just proposed are nonsense ; rather,
I think we should send to Cyrus men of the proper
sort, along with Clearchus, to ask him what use he
wishes to make of us ; arid if his enterprise is like
the sort of one in which he employed mercenaries
before, 1 I think that we also should follow him and
not be more cowardly than those who went -up
with him on the former occasion ; if, however, his
enterprise is found to be greater and more laborious
and more dangerous than the former one, we ought
to demand that he should either offer sufficient per-
suasion 2 and lead us on with him, or yield to our
persuasion and let us go home in friendship ; for in
this way, if we should follow him, we should follow
as friends and zealous supporters, and if we should
go back, we should go back in safety. I propose,
further, that our representatives should report back
to us whatever reply he may make, and that we after
hearing it should deliberate about the matter."

This plan was adopted, and they chose representa-
tives and sent them with Clearchus ; and they pro-
ceeded to put to Cyrus the questions resolved upon
by the army. He replied that he had heard that v
Abrocomas, a foe of his, was at the Euphrates river,
twelve stages distant. It was against him, therefore, he

vol. 11.

273

T

XENOPHON

ovv e<f>rf /3ov\€<r0ai ikOeiv /c&v fiev fj e/cel, rrjv
~Bi/er)v €(f>t] XPVi €lv eiriOeivai avTw, fjv Be <f>vyy,
21 rjfiet^ e/cel irpbs ravra /3ovXeva6/uL€0a. a/covaavTes
Be ravra oi aiperol dyyeXXovai to?? <tt par loot ais*
to?? Be vfT Q-^tLa fnev rjv oti ayei 7roo? ftaaiXea,
Oficos Be iBo/cet eireaOai. irpoaaiTovcri Be fiiaOov
o 8k KO/90? VTTKT'yyeiTai ij/juoXiov. iraoi Saxreiv
ov irporepov e<f)€pov, avri Bapei/cov rpla rjfiiBa-
pei/ca tov firjvbs ra> (npaTidoTy on Be iirl ySa-
aiXea ay oi ovhe ivravda r\icovaev oi/Bel? ev t$ ye
(f>avepq>.

IV. *EvTev0ev igeXavvei aradfiov^; Bvo irapa-
<rdyya% Be/ca eirl tov "Wdpov iroTapov, oh f)v to
eSpo? rpla irXWpa. ivrevOev egeXavvei o-raOfibv
eva irapaadyyas irevre eiri tov Uvpap,ov iroTafiov,
ov fjv to eSpo? o~Ta8iov. evTevOev igeXavvei gto9-
/jlovs Bvo irapaadyyas irevTe/caLBe/ca e£? 'Io'o-oi;?,
t*)? KiXireias eayaTr^v ttoXiv eirl tt} daXaTTtj

2 oiKOVfievTjv, fieydXrjv /ecu evBalp.ova, evTavOa
efiecvav rj/nepas Tpeh* /cai Kvpq> waprjaav ai etc
WeXoirovvrjaov vfjes Tpid/eovTa zeal irevTe /ecu eir %
auTa?? vavapyos Ylvdayopm Aa/ceBaifiovios.
rjyeiTO auTa?? Ta/xa>? ktyvirTLOS it; 'E<£&xoi/,
eyuiv i/aO? eTcpa? Kvpov irevTe /ecu el/coaiv, ai?
etroXibp/cei MiXtjTOV ot€ Tiaccufrepvei <f>cXr) f)v 9

3 /cai avveiroXifiet Ku/ow 7r/oo? avTov} iraprjv Be /ca
XeipLao<f>o<; Aaice8aip,6vio<; iirl tcov veeov, jxeTa-

1 3t€ . . . abr6v : condemned by Cobet, wh«m man}' edd.
follow.

274

?y Google

ANABASIS, I. in. 20-iv. 3

said, that he desired to march. And if he were there,
he wished to inflict due punishment upon him ; " but
if he has fled," he continued3* " we will deliberate
about the matter then and there." Upon hearing
this reply the deputies reported it to the soldiers, and
they, while suspecting that Cyrus was leading them
against the King, nevertheless thought it best to
follow him. They asked, however, for more pay, and
Cyrus promised to give them all half as much again
as they had been receiving before, namely, a daric
and a half a month to each man instead of a daric ;
but as regards the suspicion that he was leading
them against the King, no one heard it expressed
even then — at any rate, not openly.

IV. Thence he marched two stages, ten parasangs,
to the Psarus river, the width of which was three
plethra. From there he marched one stage, five
parasangs, to the Py ramus river, the width of which
was a stadium. 1 From there he marched two stages,
fifteen parasangs, to Issus, the last city in Cilicia,
a place situated on the sea, and large and pros-
perous. There they remained three days; and the
ships from Peloponnesus 2 arrived to meet Cyrus, v
thirty-five in number, with Pythagoras the Lacedae-
monian as admiral in command of them. They had v
been guided from Ephesus to Issus by Tamos the
Egyptian, who was at the head of another fleet of
twenty-five ships belonging to Cyrus —these latter
being the ships with which Tamos had besieged
Miletus, at the time when it was friendly to Tissa-
phernes, 3 and had supported Cyrus in his war upon
Tissaphernes. Cheirisophus the Lacedaemonian also v
arrived with this fleet, coming in response to Cyrus'

1 The stadium = 582J English feet.
* See ii. 21. » See i. 7.

275

T 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

TrefiTTTOs viro Kvpov, kiTTaicocrLovs eyuiv oirXiTa^,
&v eaTparijyei it a pa Kvpq>. ai he vrjes &pp,ovv
irapa rrjv Kvpov GKrjvrjv. ivrav0a teal oi irapa
u/tuujuul y Aftpote6p,a p,ia0o<f>6poi "EWtyj/e? airoardvTe^
?j\0ov irapa Kvpov reTpafcoaioL oirXiraL teal aw-
earparevovro eiri ftaaCkea.

4 'JLvTevOev eljeXavvei <TTa0/jLov eva Trapaadyya?
irevre iirl 7rv\as t% , KiXiKias teal T/79 Xvpias.
rjaav he ravra hvo reixv* /cal to puev k\aa>0ev irpo
Ti fo Kf\tA?//xc Xuevveais eZ^e ical KiXIkcov <fyv\aicr) t
to he €%(o to 7T j Q0 tt?q S i /ft rag fiaaiXeays eXiyero
<f>u\a/C7) <f>vXdrreiv, hia pueaov he pel tovtcov
irorapbo^ Kdpaos ovopa, evpos irXe0pov. dirav. he
to pAaov r<ov reix&v r)aav ardhioi Tpels* real
irapeX0elv ovtc rjv ftla* rjv yap r \ irdpoho? arevr)
fcai ra reixv € ^ T h v 0dXarrav /ca0rj/covra, virep-
0ev 6° rjaav irerpai vXlftaror iirl he Tot? reLyeaiv

5 dp,<f>oT€pois ifaiarrj/ceaav irvpyoi. 1 TavTrjs even a
T% irapohov Kvpos Ta? vavs fiereirepyfraTo, 07ra>9
oirXira^ euro ft i ft dare lev etato /cal 2 ef*<o t<ov ttvXcjv
teal ftiao"6p,evo<; 3 tois* iroXepvov^ el <f>vXdrroitv
iirl rals HvpLais irvXaw, oirep otero Troirjaeiv 6
Kvpos tov ^KftpOKopbav, expvra iroXv arpdrevpa,
*Aftpo/e6pa<; he oi tovt eiroLrjaev, a\V eirel
r)Kovae Kvpov iv KCXiklcl ovra, dvaaTpeyfras etc

1 irvpyoi Gem., following Hartman : iruAo* MSS.

2 tUoi koI MSS. : Gem. brackets.

3 Ka\ fiiaff6fifPos Mar. : fiiaaofitvovs Gem. , following Schenkl :
na\ Qiaadncvos (or Biaadfifyoi) MSS. : &taa6ntvos Dindorf.

276

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. iv. 3-5

summons/ together with seven hundred hoplites,
over whom he continued to hold command in the
army of Cyrus. And the ships lay at anchor along-
side Cyrus' tent. It was at Issus also that the
Greek mercenaries who had be£n in the service ot
Abrocomas — four hundred hoplites — joined Cyrus,
after deserting Abrocomas, and so bore a share in his
expedition against the King.

Thence he marched one stage, five parasangs, to the
Gates between Qlicia and* Syria. These Gates con-
sisted of two walls; the one on the hither, or Cilician,
side was held by Syennesis and a garrison of Cilicians,
while the one on the farther, the Syrian, side was
reported to be guarded by a garrison of the King's
troops. And in the space between these walls flows
a river named the Carsus, a plethrum in width.
The entire distance from one wall to the other was
three stadia ; and it was not possible to effect a pas-
sage by force, for the pass was narrow, the walls
reached down to the sea, and above the pass were
precipitous rocks, while, besides, there were towers
upon both the walls. It was because of this pass
that Cyrus had sent for the fleet, in order that he
might disembark hoplites between and beyond the
walls and thus overpower the enemy if they should
be keeping guard at the Syrian Gates — and that was
precisely what Cyrus supposed Abrocomas would do,
for he had a large army. Abrocomas, however, did ^'
not do so, but as soon as he heard that Cyrus
was in Cilicia, he turned about in his journey from

1 See note on ii. 21. These seven hundred hoplites under
Cheirisophus had been sent by the Lacedaemonian autho-
rities to aid Cyrus, and were the only troops in his army
which stood in any official connection with any Greek state.

277

Digitized by

XENOPHON

<t>oivCKrj<; irapd ftaaiXea aTrrjXavvtv, e^a)i^, e!>9
eXeyero, rpid/covTa fivpiaZas aTpands.

6 y EvT€v0ev eljeXavpet Sia ^vpla? araOfwv epa
irapaadyya^ irivre e£? MvpiavSov, ttoXip oltcov-
fieprjp vtto <t>oip[/ca>p iirl rrj OaXdrry ifnropiov
8' to \wpiop teal cop/noyv auroOi jft. y/y.fl*c

7 iroXXal. ivravda ejieipep r)iJ,epa<; eirrd' /cal
Hevias 6 'Ap^a? /ecu # Uacricop 6 Mey apeus
e/xftdpres eh irXolop teal rd 'irXeicrTov agia
ipffifievoi direirXevaap, a>9 fiep rot? 7r\et<XTOt?
eSo/covp <f)i\oTCfir)0€VT€<; ore rou9 gt pandoras
avTcov tov? irapd KXeapftop direXOoPTas c!>9
aTUovra*; eh ttjv 'EXXaSa wdXip teal ov irpbs
fiacriXea (efa K£po9 to/' KXeapxop ex €t, v) €7T6i
8' ^o-av d<f>apeh f BirjXde XO709 ot* &<0£<h avrovs
KO/009 TpirjpeGi' /ecu oi fiev rjv%ovTo (09 SetXoi/9
6vra<; avToix; Xr)<f>0r}pai t oi 8' wicnpop ei aXci-

0"0«/T0.

8 KO/009 8e crvyicaXecras rous ar parrjyovs eiirep*

' Air oXeXo lit atrip r/fid^ Septa? zeal Uaaieop. dXX*

ev ye fiePTOi eiriardcrOwp on oure a7roSeSpd/caatP'

ol&a yap oirr) oiyopTav ovre aTroirefyevyaaw e^a>

yap Jpir)pei<i ware eXelp to ixeipoyp irXolop* dXXd

fjui tovs Oeovs ov/c eyeoye avrov<; Smo^co, ouS' epel

ovBeU c!>9 eyco ea>9 fiep ap iraprj tis xpcojiai,

ineiSdp Se dirievai ftovXrjTai, avXXaftcop teal

avToix; /eaAea>9 noioy fcal rd xPVM ,aTa aTroavXS.

dXXd LTcoaap, 1 elSore? on /ca/ciov<; elal inspi rj/juis

1 Xruxrav Mar., following Bornemaun : Urwffav MSS.: Irvv
Gem.

278

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. iv. 5-8

Phoenicia 1 and marched off to join the King, with an
army, so the report ran, of three hundred thousand
men.

Thence Cyrus marched one stage, five parasangs,
to Myriandus, a city on the sea-coast, inhabited by
Phoenicians ; it was a trading place, and many mer-
chant ships were lying at anchor there. There he
remained seven days ; and Xenias the Arcadian and
Pasion the Megarian embarked upon a ship, put on
board their most valuable effects, and sailed away ;
they were moved to do this, as most people thought,
by a feeling of jealous pride, because their soldiers
had gone over to Clearchus 2 with the intention of
going back to Greece again instead of proceeding
against the King, and Cyrus had allowed Clearchus
to keep them. After they had disappeared, a re-
port went round that Cyrus was pursuing them with
warships ; and while some people prayed that they
might be captured, because, as they said, they were
cowards, yet others felt pity for them if they should
be caught.

Cyrus, however, called the generals together and
said : " Xenias and Pasion have deserted us. But let
them, nevertheless, know full well that they have not
escaped from me — either by stealth, for I know in
what direction they have gone, or by speed, for I
have men-of-war with which I can overtake their craft.
But for my part, I swear by the gods that I shall not
pursue them, nor shall anyone say about me that
1 use a man so long as he is with me and then, when
he wants to leave me, seize him and maltreat him
and despoil him of his possessions. Nay, let them
go, with the knowledge that their behaviour toward

1 Of which Abrocomas was satrap. 2 See iii. 7.

279

Digitized by

XENOPHON

• fj rjfiels irepl ifceivovs. /cairoc e^o> 76 aircov Kal
rejcva kcu yvvaiKas iv TpdXXeai ^povpov/xeva*
dXX* ovBe rovrcov o-reprjaovrai, dXX diroXtfyfrov-

9 rat T779 irpoaOev €V€fca irepl ifie dperfjs. kcu 6
fiev ravra elirev* oi Se f/ E\A,?/i>€9, ei ri$ kcu a0v-
fiOTepos fjv 7T/0O9 tt)p dvdfiaoiv, aKovovre? rrjv
Kvpov dperrjv rjhiov kcu it poffv fibre pov avve-
rropevovro.

Mera ravra K0/9O9 igeXavvei araOpLovs rerra-
pa$ wapaadyyas eiKoaiv iirl top XdXov irorapibv,
ovra to evpos wXeOpov, TrXtjprj S' l^Ovtov fieydXcov

Kal nr.pn.fav, oft? ol XvpOL 0€OV<S iv6p.l%OV KCU

dSiKeiv ovk eicov, oiBe ra? %£^Larefids. 1 ai he
Ktofiai iv a!? iaKrjvovv UapvcdrtSos Tjaav els

10 ^covqv hehopuevai, ivrevdev i^eXavveu arra0fiov<s
irevre rrapaadyyas rpiaKovra iirl rd? irrfyds rov
Ad pharos irora/mov, ov to evpos rrXedpov. eV-
ravOa rjaav rd BeXeavos ftaaiXeia rov ^vplas
ap^avros, Kal irapdheiaos irdvv fieyas Kal koXos,
e%o)K Trdvra ocra &pat (pvovai. Kvpos 8* airbv

11 if-eKoyjre Kal rd fHacriXeia KareKavcev. ivrevdev
igeXavvei aradpuovs rpels irapaadyyas irevre-
KalSeKa iirl rov Yj\)§pdrr)v irorapbv, ovra rb
evpos rerrdpcov arrahio&v Kal ttoXvs avrbdi
wKelro fieydXrj Kal evhaipcov ®dyfraKO$ ovopua.
evravda epueivev rjpuepas irevre. Kal Kvpos puera-
irep^rdpevos rovs arparrjyovs rcbv 'EXXrjvcov
eXeyev on 97 bhbs eaoiro irpbs ftaaiXea pueyav els
Ba ftvX&va* Kal KeXevei avrovs Xeyeiv ravra rots

1 ouS« . . . ir€pi<TTff>ds MSS. : Gem. brackets, following
Bisschop.

280

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. iv. 8-1 1

us is worse than ours toward them. To be sure, I
have their wives and children under guard in Tralles, 1
but I shall not deprive them of these, either, for they
shall receive them back because of their former ex-
cellence in my service." Such were his words ; as
for the Greeks, even those who had been somewhat
despondent in regard to the upward march, when
they heard of the magnanimity of Cyrus they con-
tinued on their way with greater satisfaction and
eagerness.

After this Cyrus marched four stages, twenty para-
sangs, to the Chalus river, which is a plethrum in
width and full of large, tame fish ; these fish the
Syrians regarded as gods, and they would not allow
anyone to harm them, or the doves, either. 2 And the
villages in which the troops encamped belonged to
Parysatis, for they had been given her for girdle-
money. 3 From there Cyrus marched five stages,
thirty parasangs, to the sources of the Dardas river,
the width of which is a plethrum. There was the
palace of Belesys, the late ruler of Syria, and a very
large and beautiful park containing all the products
of the seasons. But Cyrus cut down the park and
burned the palace. Thence he marched three stages,
fifteen parasangs, to the Euphrates river, the width of
which was four stadia ; and on the river was situated
a large and prosperous city named Thapsacus. There
he remained five days. And Cyrus summoned the
generals of the Greeks and told them that the march
was to be to Babylon, against the Great King ; he
directed them, accordingly, to explain this to the

1 A city in Caria.

* According to the legend, the Syrian goddeis Derceto
had been transformed into a fish, and her daughter, Semi-
ramis, into a dove. 8 cp. the English "pin-money."

281

Digitized by

XENOPHON

12 arparidorai^ Kal avaireldeiv eirecrOai. oi Be ttoit)-
o-avre*; ifctcXrjaiav arrrjyyeXXop ravra' oi Be
arpari&Tai e ^aXeiraiPO P rols arparr^yol^, Kal
etfxiGav avTov? rrdXai ravr elBoras /cpvTrreip, /ecu
ov/c €(f>aaav levcu, eav fit) t*9 airqU ^prjfiara

8l8q>, &(TTT€p TOl? TTpOTCpOlS fl€TCL KvpOV dvaftcLCTL

rrapa top rrarepa rov Kvpov, 1 /cat ravra ovk irrl
fid^v lovrcov, dXXd KaXovpros rov irarpbs Kvpop.

13 ravra oi Grparr\yol Kvp<p dirriyyeXXop* 6 S*
virea^ero dpBpl e/cdaT(p Bcoaeip irepre apyvpLov
fipas, errap eh BafivX&pa rjKwai, Kal top fiiaOop
ipreXr) fieyju ap Karaanjar} rovs "EXXrjpas el$
*\<opLap rrdXip. to fiep Brj iroXv rov 'EiXXrjpiKOv
ovto)? errevadrj. .

yieptop Be irplp BrjXop eipai rl 7roir)o~ovo~iP oi
aXXoi arpariwrai, rrorepop esfroprai Kvpqy r) ov,
crvpeXe%e to avrov arpdrevfia #a>/oi? tcop aXXeop
- 14 Kal eXe^e rdBe. "ApBpes, lav fioi 7reiadr)re t ovre
KipBvpevaapres ovre rroprjaapres ra>p aXXayp
irXeop irporifiricreaOe crparieorcop viro VLvpov.
ri ovp KeXevco iroir^aai; pvp Betrat KOpo? eireaOat
toi>? "EXXrjpas eVl fiacriXea' iyeb ovp <j>rjfii bfias
yjirpfai Biafirjpai top Fjv<j>pdrr]P irorafiop irplp
BrjXop eipai o ri oi dXXoi f/ E\\?/pe? drroKpipovprai
15 K.vp<p. fjp fiep ydp yfrrj^iaoyprat eireaOai, vfiel?
1 vaph. . . . Ktpov MSS. : Gem. brackets, following Cobet.

1 The troops are not now asking for additional pay, as at
Tarsus (iii. 21), but for a special donation. See below.

* The Attic mina was equivalent (but see note on i. 9) to
282

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. iv. 11-15

soldiers and try to persuade them to follow. So the
generals called an assembly and made this announce-
ment; and the soldiers were angry with the generals,
and said that they had known about this for a long
time, but had been keeping it from the troops ;
furthermore, they refused to go on unless they were
given money, 1 as were the men who made the journey
with Cyrus before, 2 when he went to visit his father ;
they had received the donation, even though they
marched, not to battle, but merely because Cyrus'
father summoned him. All these things the generals
reported back to Cyrus, and he promised that he /
would give every man five minas 8 in silver when
they reached Babylon and their pay in full until he
brought the Greeks back to Ionia again. 4 By these
promises the greater part of the Greek army was
persuaded.

But as for Menon, before it was clear what the rest
of the soldiers would do, that is, whether they would
follow Cyrus or not, he gathered together his own
troops apart from the others and spoke as follows :
" Soldiers, if you will obey me, you will, without either
danger or toil, be honoured by Cyrus above and beyond
the rest of the troops. What, then, do I direct you to
do ? At this moment Cyrus is begging the Greeks to
follow him against the King ; my own plan, then, is
that you should cross the Euphrates river before it is
clear what answer the rest of the Greeks will make to
Cyrus. For if they vote to follow him, it is you who

about £3 15*. or $18.00; Cyrus probably means here the
Persian mina, which was worth about one- fourth more than
the Attic.

* Mercenaries were usually expected to make their own
way home after a campaign had ended and did not receive
pay for the time consumed by the homeward journey.

283

Digitized by

XENOPHON

SofeTe airioL elvai apgavre? tov Btafiaiveiv, teal
c!>9 TrpoOvfioTdroi? ovaiv v/mv X^P lv GicreTai Kvpo?
Kal diroBdiaer iirL<TTarai 8' et tis kclI a\Xo?* rjv
Be a7royfrrj(j)La(ovTai oi aXXoi, dircfiev fiev airavre^
Tov/jLiraXiv, v/mv Be &>9 /jlovols ireiQofikvoi^ 1
XpV <r€Tal KCtL € k <f>povpia 2 Kal el$ Xo ^ayia^, Kal
aXXov ovtivos dv BerjaOe olBa on 009 <f>iXoi 3

16 TevgeaOe Kvpov. aKovcravres ravra eireLdovTO
Kal Bieftrjaav irplv tou? aXXov? uTroKpivaaffai.
Kvpos 8' iirel fjaffero BiaftefirjKOTas, rjaOrj re Kal
t£ arparevfian irefiyfras FXovv elirev 'Eycl) fiev,
& dvBpes, rjBrj it/ids iiraiv& m 07ro>9 Be Kal vfiels
ifie iiraiviaere e/iol fieXr)aet,, rj fit]K€Ti fie Kvpov

17 vo/jlI%€T€. oi fiev Br) GTpaTi&Tai ev eXtrLaL fieyd-
\a*9 6Vt69 rjvx oVTO avT bv evTvxyffai, Mevcovi Be
Kal Bcbpa eXeyero Tre/iyjrai fieyaXoirptiro)^. ravra
Be iroLTjO" ct9 Bieftaive* avveLirero Be Kal to aXXo
aTpdrevfia avTw cnrav. koX t&v Biaffacvovrcov

} tov irora/jibv o&Bels eBpex^v dvtoTepa) r cav fiaarcov

18 virb tov iroTa/iov. oi Be ®ayfraKt]vol eXeyov oti
ovTrdnrof? ovtos o Trorafibs BiaftaTos yevoiTO 7re£fj
el fir) t6t€j dXXd ttXoLois, a Tore ' AfipoKOfia?
irpo'iwv KareKaveev, Xva fir) Kvpo? Biafifj. iBoKei
Bij delov elvai Kal o~a<j)Ct)<: 4 virox^P^craL tov
iroTafuv ¥Lvp<p c!>9 fiaaiXevaovTi.

19 JLvTevdev igeXavvei Bid t?)9 Xvpias o~Ta0fiov<;
evvea irapaadyyas TrevTrjKovra* Kal dfyiKvovvrai

1 After irtidofxhois the MSS. have irtarordrots : Gem.
brackets.

2 (ppovpia MSS , Mar. : (ppovpapxias Gem. , following Bohme.

3 <pi\ot MSS. : <pl\ov Gem , following Bisschop.

4 koI <ra<f>(as MSS. : <ra<f>a>s Kal Gem. , following Hart man.

284

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. iv. 15-19

will get the credit for that decision because you began
the crossing, and Cyrus will not only feel grateful to
you, regarding you as the most zealous in his cause, but
he will return the favour — and he knows how to do that v
if any man does ; on the other hand, if the rest vote
not to follow him, we shall all go back together, but
you, as the only ones who were obedient, are the men
he will employ, not only for garrison duty, 1 but for cap-
taincies ; and whatever else you may desire, I know
that you, as friends of Cyrus, will secure from him."
Upon hearing these words the soldiers were persuaded,
and made the crossing before the rest gave their
answer. When Cyrus learned that they had crossed,
he was delighted and sent Glus to the troops with this
message : " Soldiers, to-day I commend you ; but I
shall see to it that you also shall have cause to com-
mend me, else count me no longer Cyrus." So Menon's.
troops cherished high hopes'and prayed that he might
be successful, while to Menon himself Cyrus was said
to have sent magnificent gifts besides. After so
doing Cyrus proceeded to cross the river, and the
rest of the army followed him, to the last man.
And in the crossing no one was wetted above the
breast by the water. The people of Thapsacus said
that this river had never been passable on foot
except at this time, but only by boats; and these
Abrocomas had now burned, as he marched on ahead
of Cyrus, in order to prevent him from crossing. It
seemed, accordingly, that here was a divine inter-
vention, and that the river had plainly retired before
Cyrus because he was destined to be king.

Thence he marched through Syria nine stages,
fifty parasangs, and they arrived at the Araxes river.

1 i.e. easy service.

285

Digitized by

XENOPHON

irpbs tov 'Apdljrjv TTOTa/xov. ivTauOa rjaav k<o/jlcli
iroXXal iiearal alrov real otvov. ivravda ejietvav
rjpepas rpels Kal iireaiTiaavTO.

V. ^vTevOev it-eXavvet, Bid tt)? 'A/oaySta? tov
FiV<f> paTtjv TTOTdfibv iv 8e%ia eywv araOfiov^ iprj-
/xoi/? irevre irapaadyyas rpiaKovra Kal irevre.

iv TOVTW Be TO) T07TO) fjv p,€V ff J7J TTeBLoV CLTTCLV

bpaXes &airep ddXarra, dxfnvOiov Be TrXfjpes* el
Be ti fcal aXXo ivrjv vXrjs rj fcaXdfiov, airavja

2 fjaav evd)8r} &airep dpdyfiara* BevBpov S' oiBev
ivrjv, ffrjpia Be iravTola, irXelaToi ovoi dyptoi,
woXXal Be GTpovOoX ai fieydXar ivrjaav Be Kal
am'Se? Kal Bop/cdBes. ravra Be ra Qr)pLa oi imreh
iviore iBieoKov. Kal oi p,ev ovot, iirei ti? Biookoi,
irpoBpapovTes earacrav iroXv yap t&v ittttwv
eipeypv ddrrov Kal irdXiv, iwel irXr)aid£oiev oi
ittttoi, ravrbv iiroiovv, Kal ovk fjv Xafteiv, el jit)
BiaarrdvTes oi iinreU Orjpjpev BiaBe^o/xevoi, ra
Be Kpea t&v dXio~KO/j,ev(*)V Tjv napairXijaia to??

3 eA,a<£eio*?, diraXcorepa Be. arpovdbv Be ovBel?
eXafiev oi Be Bid>^avre^ r&v iinre&v Ta%v iir av-
ow o % iroXv yap direaira <j>evyovaa t to?? fiev
7ro(7i 8p6p,<p, tcu? Be irrepvgiv aipovaa, &o"rrep
io-TLO) xpco/ievrj. ra? Be dmSa? av t*? Tayy aviary
ecrrt Xafiffdveiv ireTOvrai yap ySpa^u Sairep
TrepBcKes Kal ra^u c*,T n ynp (: ^ ,tTI ra Be Kpea
avrcjv rjBiara rjv.

C T\opevbp,evoi Be Bed Taimy? rfjs yoapas d$iK-
vovvTai eVl tov M.daKav nora/iov, to e5oo?
irXeOpialov. ivravda t)v ttoXis iprffirj, p^eydXrj,
ovofia 8' avrfj Kopa&ri]' trepieppelro S' avrrj biro
tov Mdo~Ka KV/cXfp. ivravG* efieivav f) pep as
286

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. iv. 19-v. 4

There they found many villages full of grain and
wine, and there they remained for three days and
provisioned the army.

V. The'nce he marched through Arabia, keeping
the Euphrates on the right, five stages through
desert country, thirty-five parasangs. In this region
the ground was an unbroken plain, as level as the
sea, and full of wormwood ; and whatever else there
was on the plain by way of shrub or reed, was
always fragrant, like spices ; trees there were none,
but wild animals of all sorts, vast numbers of wild
asses and many ostriches, besides bustards and
gazelles. These animals were sometimes chased by
the horsemen. As for the asses, whenever one
chased them, they would run on ahead and stop—
for they ran much faster than the horses — and then,
when the horses came near, they would do the same
thing again, and it was impossible to catch them un-
less the horsemen posted themselves at intervals and
hunted them in relays. The flesh of those that were
captured was like venison, but more tender. But no
ostrich was captured by anyone, and any horseman
who chased one speedily desisted ; for it would dis-
tance him at once in its flight, not merely plying
its feet, but hoisting its wings and using them like a
sail. The bustards, on the other hand, can be caught
if one is quick in starting them up, for they fly only
a short distance, like partridges, and soon tire ; and
their flesh was delicious.

Marching on through this region they arrived at the
Mascas river, which is a plethrum in width. There,
in the desert, was a large city named Corsote, com-
pletely surrounded by the Mascas. There they

287

Digitized by

XENOPHON

5 rpeis teal eireanLaavTo. ivrevOev igeXavvei araO-
/jlovs iprjfiovs rpels teal Betea irapaadyya? evevr)-
teovra top Rv<f)pdTr)v rrorafiov iv Sefjia e^tov, teal
afyiKveiTai iirl UvXas. iv iovtois tois araOfioi*;

TToXXcL TCOV VTTO^VJLCOV CLTTCoXeTO V7TO Xl/JLOV' OV

yap fjv %o/)T09 ovBe aXXo ovBev BevBpov, dXXa
yfriXi) fjv airaaa r) yji)pa % oi Be ivoitcovvres ovovs
dXera? irapa top iroTapiov opvTrovre? fcal ttoiovv-
t€9 Bay8iA,<wi>a ?\yov teal eirdikovv teal dvrayo-

6 pa%OVT€<i (TLTOV €%0)V. TO Be (TTpaT€Vfia 6 CTLTOS

iireKnre, ical TrpLaaBat ovte r)v el fit) iv rfj AvBia
dyopa iv tg> Kvpov fiapfiapLfccp, ttjv KairLdrjv
dXevpcov fj dX(f>iTcov Terrdpwv aiyXcou. 6 Be
aiyXos Bvvarai eirr 6/3oXov<; teal rjficcofteXiov
1 'ArTiteov?* r) Be teairidr) Bvo %oivitca<; 'ATTitca?
iyoapei. tcpea ovv icrOlovres oi arpaTicoTai Bieyi-

7 yvovTo. fjv Be tovtcov to)v erTad/ncov 069 irdvv
fjiatepous rfKavvev, oirore rj 777)09 vBcop fiovXoiro
BiareXeaai f] 777)09 %iXov.

Kal Br) irore arevo^eopia^ teal irrfKov (fravevTos
TCU9 (iixd^aa BvairopevTOV iirearrj 6 Kvpo? avv
to?9 irepl avrbv dplcrTOLS teal evBaLpLOveardroi^
Kal era%e TXovv teal UiyprjTa Xaftovra^ tov
ftapfiapiteov arparov avv€fe/3i/3d%€iv ra9 dfid^a^.

8 iirel S* iBoteovv avra> cr'XpXa'uo? Troieiv, wenrep
opyrj iteeXevae roits irepi avrbv Uepcra? rov9
KparLcrrov^ avveirKJirevaaL ra9 dfidgas. evOa Bi)

1 The Lydians were notorious as hucksters.

2 See ii 18 and the note thereon, and iii. 14.

3 The obol = about \\d. or 3 cents. The choenix = about
1 quart The prices stated were, roughly, about fifty times
normal prices at Athens.

288

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. v. 4-8

remained three days and provisioned the army.
Thence Cyrus marched thirteen stages through desert
country, ninety parasangs, keeping the Euphrates
river on the right, and arrived at Pylae. In the course
of these stages many of the baggage animals died
of hunger, for there was no fodder and, in fact, no
growing thing of any kind, but the land was abso-
lutely bare ; and the people who dwelt here made
a living by quarrying mill-stones along the river
banks, then fashioning them and taking them to
Babylon, where they sold them and bought grain
in exchange. As for the troops, their supply ot
grain gave out, -and it was not possible to buy any
except in the Lydian 1 market attached to the bar-
barian army of Cyrus, 2 at the price of four sigli for a
capitke of wheat flour or barley meal. The siglus is
worth seven and one-half Attic obols, and the capitke
had the capacity of two Attic * choenices. 3 The
soldiers therefore managed to subsist by eating
meat. 4 And Cyrus sometimes made these stages
through the desert very long, whenever he wanted
to reach water or fresh fodder.

Once in particular, when they came upon a narrow,
muddy place which was hard for the wagons to get
through, Cyrus halted with his train of nobles and
dignitaries and ordered Glus and Pigres to take some
of the barbarian troops and help to pull the wagons
out. But it* seemed to him that they took their time
with the work ; accordingly, as if in anger, he /
directed the Persian nobles who accompanied him
to take a hand in hurrying on the wagons. And

4 The Greeks of Xenophon's time ate comparatively little
meat under any circumstances, but in the Arabian desert a
diet of meat constituted a real hardship.

289

VOL. II. 1 U

D ig iflzedDy^Hww'flC

XENOPHON

fiepos tl T779 euTafta? rjv dedaaadcu. pLyfravTes
yctp TOU9 7rop<f)vpov^ icdvhv%> oirov €tv yev €/ea<TTO$

€<TTr)/CG)<;, l€VTO &<T7T€p CLV BpdflOl T*9 €7rl VLfCTJ KCll

pdXa Kara irpavov* yr)X6<f>ov, e%ovT6<; tov? T€
iroXvTeXeu; xircovas kcu Ta9 Troi/ciXa? dva^vpLhas,
evioi he teal GTpeirTovs irepl t(H9 rpaj(rfXois kcu
sfreXia irepl rafc yepaiv % ebdvs he avv tovtois
€t<nrr)&7]<TaPT€<; eh tov tttjXov Bclttov fj &<; t&9 ctv

9 cSeTO /jL€T€(bpov<; e^eKopuaav ra<; dpd^a^. to he
Gvp/nav hrjXos tjv Kvpos a>9 o'Trevheov iraaav rrjv
ohbv kcu ov SiaTpificov oirov fit) eiriatTiapov eve/ca
rj tivo<; dXXov dvayfcaiov i/caOi&TO, vofiL^coPf oaa>
darrov eXOoc, roaovrq) dirapaGKevaaroriptp
fiaaiXel p^ayeiadai, o<r<p he a^pXaiTepov, roaovra)
irXeov avvayeLpeaOcu ftacriXel arpaTev/jLa. kcu
avvthelv t)V rep irpoaeypvTi tov vovv ttj
fiaaiXeco? dpxfi TrXrjOei p,ev ^copa^ /ecu dv0pd>7ra>v
ia^vpa ovaa, Tofc he p,r)Keai tcov ohwv teal T<p
hieairdcOai ra9 hvvdpei? daOevrjS, et t*9 hia
Tcvyktov tov iroXepov ttoiolto.

10 Uepav he tov EicfrpaTOV iroTap^ov kclto, tou9
eprjpLOv*; GTaOfiovs fjv it 0X1$ evhaip,<ov kcu pueydXTj,
ovopa he Xaptidvhr)* i/e rauTT/9 oi aTpaTi&Tai
qyopafrv tcl eViTTj'Sem, a-)(ehicu<i hiaficdvovTes
&he. hi<f)0epa<; a9 el^pv aTeydapuaTa eirLp/irXaaav
yppTov /eovcf)ov, eiTa avvrjyov kcl\ avveo-Treov, a>9
put] diTTeaOai t?)? iedp$r)<s to vhcop* irrl tovtcjv
hieftacvov teal iXdp,/3avov tcl €7TLTi]heia, olvov T€
etc T779 fiaXdvov 7re7roirjpevov T779 diro tov <f>oLviKO<;

290

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. v. 8-1 o

then one might have beheld a sample of good disci-
pline : they each threw off their purple cloaks where /
they chanced to be standing, and rushed, as a man
would run to win a victory, down a most exceed-
ingly steep hill, wearing their costly tunics and
coloured trousers, some of them, indeed, with neck-
laces around their necks and bracelets on their
arms ; and leaping at once, with all this finery, into
the mud, they lifted the wagons high and dry and
brought them out more quickly than one would
have thought possible. In general, it was clear
that Cyrus was in haste throughout the whole
journey and was making no delays, except where
he halted to procure provisions or for some other
necessary purpose ; his thought was that the faster
he went, the more unprepared the King would be to
fight with him, while, on the other hand, the slower
he went, the greater would be the army that was
gathering for the King. Furthermore, one who ob- >/
served closely could see at a glance that while the
King's empire was strong in its extent of territory and
number of inhabitants, it was weak by reason of the
greatness of the distances and the scattered condition
of its forces, in case one should be swift in making his
attack upon it.

Across the Euphrates river in the course of these
desert marches was a large and prosperous city named
Charmande, and here the soldiers made purchases of
provisions, crossing the river on rafts in the following
way : they took skins which they had for tent covers,
filled them with hay, and then brought the edges
together and sewed them up, so that the water could
not touch the hay; on these they would cross and
get provisions — wine made from the date of the palm

291

u 2

XENOPHON

teal aiTOV fieXlvw tovto yap fjv iv ttj X^P a
irXelaTOv.

11 'Afi<j)i\€l;dvTG)v Be ti ivravOa tcov tc tov 1
M evoavo? arpaTiwT&v teal tg>v tov 2 KXedp^ov 6
K.Xeap%o<; tepiva? dBiteecv tov tov Mivoovo? TrXrjyds
ivefiaXev 6 Be iXdcov Trpbs to eavrov dTpdrev/xa
eXeyev dtcovaavTe? Be oi arpancorai iyaXeiraivov

12 teal oopyltyvTO lo"xvp&$ rq> KXea/o^p. rrj Be avrfj
rjfiepa KXeap^os iXffebv iirl ttjv Bidfiaaiv tov
Trora/jLOv teal eteel teaTaateeyfrdfievo^ ttjv dyopdv
a<f>nnr€V€i €7rl ttjv eavrov aterjvrjv Bid tov Mevcovos
o~TpaTev/AaTO<; avv oXiyoi? T019 irepl avTOV KO/009
Be ou7Tft) fjteev, dXX' €Ti irpoarfXavve* to>v Be
Mevwvos <TTpaTiQ)T(bv %vXa o-^i£a>z> Tt9 ft>9 elBe
JZXeapxov BieXavvovTa, irjat, t$ d^tvy teal ovtos
/lev avTOV ijfiapTev a\\o9 Be XL6(p teal a\Xo9,

13 eiTa iroXXoi, tepavyfj? yevofievrj?. 6 Be teaTa(f>evyei
6*9 to eav tov o-TpaTevfia, teal eiOvs rrapayyeXXei
669 ra oirXa* teal to^9 p>ev 07r\rra9 avTOV iteeXevae
fielvai Tat; dairtias Trpo<; Ta yovaTa OevTas, avTO?
Be Xaftobv tol>9 Qpatcas teal Tot'9 iinreas 01 fjaav
avT(p iv Tip CTpaTevfjiaTC 7rXeiov<; rj TeTTapdteovTa ,
tovtcov Be oi TrXeicnof, (dpatees, rjXavvev eirl tou?
Mevoovos, &aT itceivov? ite7r€7rXr)^0ai teal avTov
M.evcova, teal Tpeyeiv eVi Ta oifka* oi Be teal

14 eaTaaav diropovvTe^ tg> irpdypLaTi. 6 Be Upo-
f-evo? — €TV%€ yap vaTepos irpoaicov teal Ta^<?
ai)T<p errofjievr) t&v otcXlt&v — eitOv? ovv eh to
fxeaov dfi<f)OTep(ov aycov WeTo Ta oirXa teal eBeiTo

1 t4 rov Gem., following Madvig : t€ rov MSS.
rov Gem., following Madvig : rov MSS.

292

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. v. 10-14

tree and bread made of millet, for this grain was
very abundant in the country.

There one of Menon's soldiers and one of
Clearchus' men had some dispute, and Clearchus,
deciding that Menon's man was in the wrong, gave
him a flogging. The man then went to his own
army and told about it, and when his comrades
heard of the matter, they took it hard and were
exceedingly angry with Clearchus. On the same
day Clearchus, affer going to the place where they
crossed the river and there inspecting the market,
was riding back to his own tent through Menon's
army, having only a few men with him ; and Cyrus
had not yet arrived, but was still on the march
toward the place ; and one of Menon's soldiers who
was splitting wood threw his axe at Clearchus when
he saw him riding through the camp. Now this
man missed him, but another threw a stpne at him,
and still another, and then, after an outcry had been
raised, many. Clearchus escaped to his own army
and at once called his troops to arms ; he ordered
his hoplites to remain where they were, resting their
shields against their knees, 1 while he himself with
the Thracians 2 and the horsemen, of which he had in
his army more than forty, most of them Thracians,
advanced upon Menon's troops ; the result was that
these and Menon himself were thoroughly frightened
and ran to their arms, though there were some who
stood stock-still, nonplussed by the situation. But
Proxenus — for he chanced to be now coming up, later
than the others, with a battalion of hoplites follow-
ing him — straightway led his troops into the space
between the two parties, halted them under arms, and

1 i.e. in readiness to support him in case of need.

2 See ii. 9.

293

Digitized by

XENOPHON

tov KXedpxov firj Troielv ravra. 6 B* iyaXkirawev
oti avrov oXiyov Serfaavro? KaTaXevadrjvai irpdw
XeyoL to avrov irdQos, ifceXevai re avrbv ifc tov

15 fieaov i^LaTaaOai, iv tovtw S* iiryei /ecu KO/009
Kal iirv0€TO to irpayfia* €v0v$ 8* eXafie tcl itoXtcl
eU Ta? %€t/oa9 Kal avv tol$ irapovaL t&v ttmtt&v
Tjtcev iXavvcov 669 to fieaov, Kal Xeyei TaSe.

16 KXiapxe Kal Ylpo^eve teal oi aXXoi 01 7TCLpOVT€$
"EXXrjves, ovtc Xcftc o tl iroLevre. el yap Tiva
alQj)Xx)i<i fjidxvv o-vvdyfreTe, vofiL%€T€ iv TrjBe Trj
rffiepa ifie tc tcaTa/cefcoyfreo-dai teal v/jlcls ov ttoXv
ifiov vaTepov feafcebs yap t&v rffieTep&v i^ovTcov
TrdvTes ovtoi 0&9 6paT€ fidpfiapoi TroXe/uooTepoi

17 f)pZv eaovTat, tcov irapa fiaaiXel ovtoov. aKovo-as
TavTa 0 KXeapxps iv £avT<p eyeveTO* xal iravad-
fievoi dfi<f>oT€poi fcaTa ytnpav WevTo Ta oirXa.

f ^Vl. *Rvt€v0€v irpoiovTODV i<j)aiv€TO tyvia LTnrcov
xal K07rpo<;. elfcd^eTo S* eivai 6 o-tl/3o<; &>9 Bia-

XlXlOOV LTTTTCOV. OVTOI TTpOLOVTeS €KaiOV Kal %t\oi/

teal eX tl aXXo %pt]o-ijjLov rjv. 'Opovra? Be Tliparjs
dvrjp yevei T€ Trpoarjtccov ftaaiXel Kal tcl iroXepLia
Xeyofievos iv tol$ dpLaTOL? Ylepa&v iiri^ovXeveL
Ki5/3o> Kal TTpoaOev iroXepurjaa^, KaTaXXayels 8e.
2 o5to9 Ki5/)§) elirev, ei avT$ Bolt] linrias %Axou9,
otl tou9 TrpoKaTaKalovTas linrea*; r) tcaTateaLvoL
av iveBpevaa? r) £&VTa$ iroXXov? avT&v av $Xoi
Kal kcoXvo-€L€ tov Kaieiv iiTLovTas, Kal 7roirjo-€i€v
294

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. v. 14-vi. 2

began to beg Clearchus not to proceed with his attack.
Clearchus, however, was angry, because, when he had
barely escaped being stoned to death, Proxenus was
talking lightly of his grievance, and he ordered him
to remove himself from between them. At this mo-
ment Cyrus also came up and learned about the situ-
ation, and he immediately took his spears in his hands
and, attended by such of his counsellors as were pre-
sent, came riding into the intervening space and spoke
as follows^: "Clearchus, and Proxenus, and all you
other Greeks who are here, you know not what you are
doing. For as certainly as you come to fighting with
one another, you may be sure that on this very day I
shall be instantly cut to pieces and yourselves not long
after me ; for once let ill fortune overtake us, and all \J
these barbarians whom you see will be more hostile
to us than are those who stand with the King." On
hearing these words Clearchus came to his senses,
and both parties ceased from their quarrel and re-
turned to their quarters.

VI. As they went on from there, they kept seeing
tracks of horses and horses' dung. To all appearances
it was the trail of about two thousand horses, and the
horsemen as they proceeded were burning up fodder
and everything else that was of any use. At this time
Orontas, a Persian, who was related to the King by
birth and was reckoned among the best of the Persians
in matters of war, devised a plot against Cyrus — in
fact, he had made war upon him before this, but had
become his friend again. He now said to Cyrus that
if he would give him a thousand horsemen, he would
either ambush and kill these horsemen who were
burning ahead of him, or he would capture many of
them alive and put a stop to their burning as they

(jj D f^( A ^ , ' k 1 295

Digitized by

XENOPHON

a><TT€ pLrjirore BvvaaOai avToii? IBovras to JZvpov
arpdrevfia ftao-iXei BiayyelXai. t$ Bk Kvptp
d/covaavri ravra eBo/cei dxfreXifia eivai, /cal e/ee-
Xevev avrov Xapbfidveiv fiipo? Trap 9 e/cdarov r&v

3 rjyefiopwp. 6 8' 'Opovra? vofilaas erot/iOf? eivai
airq> Tou? iTTTrea^ ypd<j>et eiriaToXrjv irapa
/SaaiXea on fjfjoi e^wv lirirea^ &>9 av Bvvrjrai
ir\ei<nov$* dXXd <f>pdaai tois avrov Imrevaiv
e/ceXevev &>9 <f>LXiov avrov viroSi^cdai. evrjv Be
iv rfj iiriaroXfj /cal T779 irpoadev <f>iXia<; virofivrj-
fiaTa /cal 7rto"T€ft)9. ravrrjv ttjv iiriaroXTjv BiBcoai
7riaT(p dvBpi, a>9 ^)6To* 6 Be Xaficov Kvp<p BIBgxtiv.

4 dvayvoixs Be airrjv 6 KO0O9 avXXajJbfidvei 'Opov-
rav, /cal avy/eaXel eh rijv eavrov o-Ktfvrjv Tlepaas

. tou9 dpiarovs rt*v irepl airbv eirrd, /cal to£>9 t<ov
'EXXtjvcov arparrjyov*; i/ceXevaev oirXLra*; dyayelv,
tovtov? Be OeaOai ra oirXa irepl ttjv avrov a/crj-
vtjv. oi Be ravra iirolrjcrav, dyayovre? c!)9 rpia-
XiXiov? oirXira?.

5 KXeap^op Be /cal eiao) irape/cdXeae avfiftovXov,
09 76 /cal airq> /cal to?9 a\\o*9 iBo/cei irporvp/rj-
Orjvai fidXiara r&v 'EXXtjvwv. iirel B' i^rjXdev,
dirrjyyeiXe rofc <f)lXoi<; ttjv /cpiaip rov *Opovra a>9

6 iyevero* ov yap diropprjrov rjv. e<f>rj oe Kvpov
ap\eiv rov Xoyov &Be. Uape/cdXeaa ifid<; t avBpes
<f>LXoi, 07r&)9 avv ipiip fiovXevofiepo? o ri BL/caibv
iari /cal irpbs 0e&v /cal irpbs dvOpwirtov, rovro
irpd^eo irepl 'Opovra rovrovi. rovrov ydp irp&rov
fiev 6 e/io9 irarijp eSa/eev vittj/coov eivai ifioi' eirel
Be ra^Oehy w e<f>rj auT09, virb rov ifiov dBeX<f>ov
oCto9 iiroXe/jurjaev ifiol eywv ttjv iv XdpBeaip

296

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. vi. 2-6

advanced ; and he would see to it that they should
never be able to behold Cyrus' army and get to the
King with their report. When Cyrus heard this plan,
it seemed to him to be an expedient one, and he
directed Orontas to get a detachment from each one
of the cavalry commanders. Then Orontas, thinking
that his horsemen were assured him, wrote a letter
to the King saying that he would come to him with
as manyliorsemen as he could get ; and he urged the
King to direct his own cavalry to receive him as a
friend. The letter also contained reminders of his
former friendship and fidelity. This letter he gave
to a man whom he supposed to be faithful to him ; but
this man took it and gave it to Cyrus. When Cyrus
had read it, he had Orontas arrested, and summoned
to his tent seven of the noblest Persians among
his attendants, while he ordered the Greek generals
to bring up hoplites and bid them station themselves
under arms around his tent. And the generals
obeyed the order, bringing with them about three
thousand hoplites.

Clearchus was also invited into the tent as a coun-
sellor, for both Cyrus and the other Persians regarded
him as the man who was honoured above the rest of
the Greeks. And when he came out, he reported to
his friends how Orontas' trial was conducted^— for it
was no secret. He said that Cyrus began the confer-
ence in this way : " My friends, 1 Have invited you
here in order that 1 may consult with you and then
take such action in the case of Orontas here as is right
in the sight of gods and men. This man was given
me at first by my father, to be my subject ; then, at
the bidding, as he himself said, of my brother, this
man levied war upon me, holding the citadel of Sardis,

1 ^Oi^U - ,v/: 297

— Digitized

XENOPHON
d/epoiroXip, teal iyco avrbv 7rpoa7ro\efi&v iiroLrjaa

&<TT€ 8o£<M TOVTW TOV 7TpG9 ip>€ TToXcflOV iraVGCL-

7 <T0ai, KaX Se^cdp eXaftop KaX e So) tea, fiera ravra,
e<f>rj t & 'Opovra, eariv o ti <T€ TjhLicqGa ; airetcpL-
vclto otl ov. iraXiv Be 6 JZvpos rjpdoTa,' Ovkovp
vo-Tepop, o>9 avTos av bfioXoyeh, ovSep vir* e/jiov
d8iKovfi€PO<i aTToara^ els M.vaov<; tca/c&s eiroLeLS
tt)p ifirjp yji>pap o ti ehvpw ; e(f>rj 'OpoPTa*;.
Ovkovp, €(j>rj 6 JZvpos, ottot^clv eypcos ttjp aavTOv
hvpapLLP, iXOaop iirl top rfj? 'ApTe/uSos /3g)/j,6p
fierafieXeip re aoi e<f>rjaOa KaX ireicras ifie mara
irakip eSco/cds p>OL KaX eXafte? trap ifiov; KaX Tavff*

k S <i)f JLo\6y€t 'OpoPTa<;. Tt ovp, e<f>r) 6 IZvpos, aSitcr)-

^ ueU V7r ifiov pvp to rpirop iirifiovXevwp /jlol
(fxipepbs yeyopa? ; eliropTO? he rod 'Opopra otl
ovSep aSitcrjOek, r/pcoTrjaep o Kvpos avTOP' 'O/ao-
Xoyels ovp irepX ifie aSiKos yey eprjaOai; *H ydp
apdyfcrj, ecfrrj'OpopTas. ite tovtov ttoXip rjpcoTrjo-ep
6 K0/JO9* v Ert ovp dp yepoio t$ ifiw dSeXQq*
iroXe/uos, ifiol Se 0i\o9 KaX iriarbs; 6 Se dire-
Kplvaro otl ovB' el yepoifirjp, & Kvpe, o~ol y dp

9 irore en So^aifii. irpbs Tama Kvpo$ elire toi9
irapovaip' 'O pep dprjp toiclvtcl fiep 7T€7rolrjK€,
TOiavTa 8e Xeyer vficop Se av 7rpwT09, (o K\eap)(€,
d7ro<f>rjpai ypco/nrjp 6 tl vol Botcel. KXeapfto? Se
eiire raSe. Xv/iftovXevo) eye* top dpSpa tovtop
ifC7ro8a)P TroieZadai c!>9 ra^to-Ta, c!>9 p^iceTi Serf
tovtop <f>v\dTT€a0at, dXXd a^oXrj fj rjfup, to
KdTa tovtop eipcu, rou9 effeXopTa? tovtov? ev

1U Troieip, tclvtt) 8e ttj ypdifxr) e<f)r) teal tovs dXXovs
irpoaOeaffai.

298

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. vi. 6-1 o

and I, by the war I waged against him, made him
count it best to cease from warring upon me, and I

* received and gave the hand-clasp of friendship. Since
that,'* he said, "Orontas, have I done you any wrong?"
" No," Orontas answered. Cyrus went on questioning
him : " Did you not afterwards, although, as you </
yourself admit, you had suffered no wrong at my hands,
desert me for the Mysians, and do all the harm you
could to my territory?" " Yes," said Orontas. " Did
you not," Cyrus said, " when once more you had
learned the slightness of your own power, go to the
altar of Artemis and say you were sorry, and did you
not, after prevailing upon me to pardon you, again give

. rae pledges and receive pledges from me ? " This also
Orontas admitted. " What wrong, then," said Cyrus,
" have you suffered at my hands, that you now for the
third time have been found plotting against me ? "
When Orontas replied, " None," Cyrus asked him :
" Do you admit; then, that you have proved yourself
a doer of wrong toward me ? " ' " I cannot choose but
do so," said Orontas. Thereupon Cyrus asked again :
" Then could you henceforth prove yourself a foe to
my brother and a faithful friend to me ? " " Even if I
should do so.Cyrus^' he replied, "you could never after
this believe it of hie." Then Cyrus said to those who
were present : " Such have been this man's deeds,
such are now his words; and" now, Clearchus, do you
be the first of my counsellors to express the opinion
you hold." And Clearchus said : " My advice is to put
this man out of the way as speedily as possible, so that
we may no longer have to be on our guard against the
fellow, but may be left free, so far as concerns him, to
requite with benefits these willing servants." In this
opinion Clearchus said that the others also concurred.

299

Digitized by

XENOPHON

MeTa ravTa* efyrj, 1 /ceXevopTO? Kvpou eXafiop
•7-779 %covr)<; top 'Opovrav eirl Oavdrto atravTes
ava<navre<; /cal ol avyyepeis* cIto, 8' if-rjyop
avrbv oh TrpoaeraxOr). eirel Be elBop avTov o'iirep
7rp6(T0€v irpoaetcvpovp, teal tot€ Trpoae/cvprjaap,
/catirep elBoTes on irrl ddvarov ayoiro. eVel Be
efc ttjp 'ApraTrdrov a/crjprjp eto~r)%0r) tov ttigto-
rdrov tow Kvpov a/crjirTov^cop, peril ravra ovtc
£a>vTa 'Opovrav ovre T€0vrj/c6ra ov8el<s elBe ttco-
7TOT6, oiBe o7Tft)9 dire0apep oiSc(9 elSw eXeyev
el/ca^op Be aWoi a\\(W9* rd<po<; Be ovBels Trdnrore
avrov i<f>dprj.

VII. ^vrevdeu e%e\avvet, Blcl T779 Bay8u\a>z>ta9
ara0px>u<; Tpels irapaadyya^ 8<t>8e/ca. ev Be t&
rpir<p <TTa0pq> KO/009 e^eraaiv Troielrav t&p f E\-
Xrjpoyp /cal tcop /3ap/3dpcop ip t$ ireBLtp irepl
peaces pvktcl<; % iBo/cei yap eh ttjp imovaap ecu
rjgeip /3a<ri\ea avp rw a-rparevpari pa^ovpepop'
/cal e/ceXeve KXeap^op pep tov Be^iov /cepa? r)yel-
(T0ai t Mepoypa Be 2 tov eva)Pvp,ov, airos Be tovs
eavTov BieTa^e, peTa Be tt)p i^eTaaip a pa ttj
eiriovay* rjpepa tftcopre? 4 aitT6p,o\oi irapa peyd-
Xov ftaaiXea)? airrjyyeXXop Kvpa> irepl t^9 fiaai-
Xea)9 5 aTparias.

K0po9 Be avy/caXiaas rov<; arpaTtjyov<; /cal
Xo%ayov$ to)p *EX\i]pcop avpefiovXeveTo tc 7tg>9 cLp
ttjp P'd'xrjp ttololto /cal auTos Trapypei 0appvp(op

1 t<pr\ MSS., Mar.: Gem. omits, following inferior MSS.

2 After 8« the MSS. have rhv @trra\btf : Gem. brackets,
following Hug. :i iviotiaij MSS. : Gem. brackets.

4 H\Kovr*t MSS. : ^\kov Gem.

5 oiHj77«AAo!/ . . . $aai\4as in margin of MS. C : Gem.
omits.

300

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. vi. 10-vn. 2

After this, he said, at the bidding of Cyrus, every
man of them arose, even Orontas' kinsmen, and took
him by the girdle, as a sign that he was condemned
to death ; and then those to whom the duty was as-
signed led him out. And when the men who in former
days were wont to do him homage saw him, they
made their obeisance even then, although they knew
that he was being led forth to death. Now after he v
had been conducted into the tent of Artapates, the
most faithful of Cyrus' chamberlains, from that
moment no man ever saw Orontas living or dead,
nor could anyone say from actual knowledge how he
was put to death, — it was all conjectures, of one sort
and another ; and no grave of his was ever seen.

VII. From there Cyrus marched through Babylonia
three stages, twelve parasangs. On the third stage
he held a review of the Greeks and the barbarians on
the plain at about midnight; for he thought that at the
next dawn the King would come with his army to do
battle ; and he ordered Clearchus to act as commander
of the right wing and Menon of the left, while he
himself marshalled his own troops. On the morning
following the review, at daybreak, there came de-
serters from the great King and brought reports to
Cyrus about his army.

At this time Cyrus called together the generals and V
captains of the Greeks, and not only took counsel
with them as to how he should fight the battle, but,
for his own part, exhorted and encouraged them as

301

Digitized by

XENOPHON

3 joidhe. *n avSpe? f/ E\\?7J>e$, ovk dpOpcoweop diro-
p&p /3ap/3dpcop 1 avfifjbdx 0 ^ v/ids dyco, dXXd
vo/u^wv dfieLpopas /ecu tcpeLTTOvs ttoXX&p @ap-
ffdpcov vfJLa? elvai, Blcl tovto irpoaeXa^op. 07rG)9
ovv ecreaOe avhpes afyoi ttjs eXevOepia? ^9 /ce-
KJrjaOe teal 979 v/j,d<; iyeb evSaifioPL^co. ev yap tare
on tt)v eXevOepiap eXoi/irjp dp dvrl &v e^((t> irdv-

4 T(ov teal dXXcop TroXXairXaa'uDV. 07tg>9 he ical
elhrjTe eh olov e/o%e<7#e dyebva, vjjlo,<z el&w 8iSdf*co.
to fiev yap 7r\?)#09 iroXv real fcpauyj) 7roXXfj
iiriaaiv dp Be ravTa dvdaxrjade, rd dXXa ical
aicrxvveadaL 2 fxoL Sokco olov? rjfiiv ypdoaeade tov$
ev rfj X<&pa oWa? dvdpdiTrovs. v/jl&p Be dvhptov
ovroiv KaX ev twp ificop yevofiepeop, iyw vfiwp top
jxev oixaBe ftovXofiepop dirievai rofc oXkoi ^tjXcotop
TroirjGGi) direXOelp, iroXXov? he olfxai Troirjaeip ra
irap ijxol eXeadai dpTi t&p oikoi.

5 'EpTavOa ravXLTijs irapwp <f)vyd$ *£dfiio<;,
7Tt<7TO<? Be Ki5/06), elvrep* Kal firjP, S> KOpe, Xeyovai
Tipes otl iroXXa vinax v V v ^ v & ta T0 * v toiovtco
eivai tov kipBvpov irpoaioPTOS, 3 dp Se ev yepr)Tai
ti, ov ixe/jLvrjaeaOaC ae <j)a<rip* epioi he obb" el
fiefipfjo re Kal ffovXoio BvpaaOai dp aTroBovpat oaa

6 vTriaypr)* dfcovaas TavTa eXe^ev 6 Kvpos* 'A\V
€<jti fiep rjfjiip, & dpBpes, 17 apxv V Trarp^a 777)09
fiep pearjfi/Spiap fiexpi ov Sid fcavfxa ov BvpaPTai
oltceip dp0pc07TOL, 777)09 Se dptcTOP fi^XP 1 ov
X^ifJL&pa' ra B y ip fxeaco tovtcop waPTa aaTpa-

1 &ap&dpu>p MSS : Gem. brackets, following Bisschop.

2 aHTxvvtodai MSS.: altrxwuff Bat Gem., following Dindorf.
* rod . . . irpo<Ti6vros MSS. : Gem. brackets, following

Cobet.

302

Digitized by

/

ANABASIS, I. vii. 2-6

follows : " Men of Greece, it is not because I have not
barbarians enough that I have brought you hither to
fight for me ; but because I believe that you are
braver and stronger than many barbarians, for this
reason I took you also. Be sure, therefore, to be men j
worthy of the freedom you possess, upon the possession
of which 1 congratulate you. For you may be certain v
that freedom is the thing I should choose in preference
to all that I have and many times more. And now, in
order that you may know what sort of a contest it is
into which you are going, I who do know will tell"
you. Our enemies have great numbers and they *
will come on with a great outcry ; for the rest, how-
ever, if you can hold out against these things, 1 am v
ashamed, I assure you, to think what sorry fellows
you will find the people of our country to be. But if
you be men and if my undertaking turn out well, I
shall make anyone among you who wishes to return
home an object of envy to his friends at home upon
his return, while 1 shall cause many of you, I imagine,
to choose life with me in preference to life at home."

Hereupon Gaulites, a Sam i an exile who was there
and was in the confidence of Cyrus, said : " And yet,
Cyrus, there are those who say that your promises are
big now because you are in such a critical situation —
for the danger is upon you — but that if any good
fortune befall, you will fail to remember them ; and
some say that even if you should remember and have
the will, you would not have the means to make good
all your promises.' ' Upon hearing these words Cyrus
said : " Well, gentlemen, my father's realm extends
toward the south to a region where men cannot dwell
by reason of the heat, and to the north to a region
where they cannot dwell by reason of the cold ; and

303

Digitized by

XENOPHON

7 irevovaip oi rov epov dBeX<f)ov <f>LXoi. fjp 8*
r/pei? Pi/crjacopep, rjpas Bel tov$ rfpeTepov? <f>iXov<;
tovtcop iy/cpaTei? iroirjaai. ware ov tovto Be-

hoLKCL, fit) OVK 6^0) O Tl B& 6Ka<IT(p TO)V <f)LXo)P t

av ev yevrjrai, dXXd prj ov/c e^a> i/cavovs 0Z5 Bay.
vpa>p Be t&p 'EXXqvoop /cal ari<f>apov e/cd<TT<p

8 xpvaovp Bwaeo. oi Be ravra d/covaapre^ avroi re
t}(Tap ttoXv irpodvporepoi /cal to?9 aXXois e%rjy-
yeXXop. eiafjaap Be wap* avrbp /cal 1 t<op dXXcop
'JLXXtfpcop Tipes dfjiouPT€<; elBepai tl g$L<jip €<ttcu,
idp tcparri<T(t>(TLP. 6 Be epinpirXd^ dirdpTcop rrjp

9 ypcofirjp aTTeirepme. irape/ceXevoPTO Be avrfy irdp-
T€? oaonrep BieXeyopTO prj pdyeadai, dXX y owi-
<T0ep eavTcop TaTTeaQai*^ ep Be Tip /caipa> rovr<p
KXeap^o? wBe 7ra)9 ffpejo top Kvpop* Otet, yap aoi
pa^eladai, <o K.vpe, top dBeX<f)6p ; Ntj Ai\ e<f)i) 6
KO/005, etirep ye Aapeiov /cal TlapvadTiBos iari
7ra?5, e/io? Be a8e\<£o9, ov/c dpa^el TavT iyo)
Xijyfropai.

10 'YLpTavOa Brj ep ttj e^oirXiaia dpiOpos eyepeTO
tcop pep 'EXXrfpwp dairls pvpLa koX TeTpa/coaia,
ireXTacrToi Be BiaxuXioi /cal irePTa/cocrioi, t&p Be
peTCL Kvpov ftapftdpcov Be/ca pvpidBes teal dp para

11 Bpe7raprj<f>6pa dp<f>l tcl et/cocn. t<op Be iroXepicop
eXeyopTO elvat e/caTOP /cal et/coai pvpidBe? /cal
dp par a Bpeiraprjfyopa Bia/coaca. dXXoi Be r\<rap

1 Before Kal the MSS. have o'l re arparrjyol : Gem. brackets,
following Weiske.

1 i.e. in the review mentioned in § 1.

2 There is a discrepancy, as yet unexplained, between
these numbers and those previously given, cp. ii. 9 and
note ; also ii. 25 and iv. 3.

3°4

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. vii. 6—i i

all that lies between these limits my brother's friends
rule as satraps. Now if we win the victory, we must v
put our friends in control of these provinces. I fear,
therefore, not that I shall not have enough to give to
each of my friends, if success attends us, but that I
shall not have enough friends to give to. And as for
you men of Greece, I shall give each one of you a
wreath of gold besides." When they heard these
words, the officers were far more eager themselves
and carried the news away with them to the other
Greeks. Then some of the others also sought Cyrus'
presence, demanding to know what they should have,
in case of victory ; and he satisfied the expectations
of every one of them before dismissing them. Now
all alike who -conversed with him urged him not to
take part in the fighting, but to station himself in.
their rear. Taking this opportunity Clearchus asked
Cyrus a question like this : " But do you think,
Cyrus, that your brother will fight with you ? "
" Yes, by Zeus," .said Cyrus, " if he is really a son of
Darius and Parysatis and a brother of mine, I shall
not win this realm without fighting for it."

At this time, when the troops were marshalled v
under arms, 1 the number of the Greeks was found to
be ten thousand four hundred hoplites, and two thou-
sand five hundred peltasts, 2 while the number of the
barbarians under Cyrus was one hundred thousand and
there were about twenty scythe-bearing chariots.
The enemy, it was reported, numbered one million x
two hundred thousand 3 and had two hundred scythe-
bearing chariots ; besides, there was a troop of six

8 The number is probably overstated. Ctesias, the King's 7
Greek physician (see viii. 26), is said by Plutarch (Artax. 13)
to have given it as 400,000.

3°5

VOL. II. X

Digitized by

XENOPHON

-T ega/cio-xcXioi iinreZs, a>v 'Aprayepar)? VPX €V '
ovroi S' av irpb avrov fiacrCXeo)*; rerayfievoi rjerav.

12 rod Se /3a<n\i(o<; arparevfxaro? fjaav dp^ovre? 1
r err apes, rpid/covra fivpidScop e/eaa-TO?, Aftpo-
KOjJLCLSy Tiaaa^epvr)*;, Tcoftpvas, 'A/jySa/c^?. rovrcov
Se ira peyevo vro iv rfj fidxv evevrjKovra fivpidSes
teal dp/iara 8pe7ravrj<f)6pa etcarbv teal Trevrr)icovra %
' A/3po/c6p,a<; oe var epyae Try? fid yrjf; r/fiepais irevre,

13 etc <Pot,vLfcr)<; iXavvcov. ravra Be fjyyeXXpv 7r/>o?
Kvpov oi avrofioXrjcravres irapa fieydXov fiaai-

\€ft>9 2 7T/0O T?79 pd^S, /COL jJL€TCL rrjv fid'xrjv oi

varepov iXifydrjaav r&v TroXe/iLcov ravra rjy-
yeXXov.

14 ^Evrevdev Se KS/009 iljeXavvet, aradfibv eva
irapaadyya? rpels avvreraypueptp rtp arparevfiari
iravrl teal toS ^XXrjvi/ca) zeal rq> /3ap/3api/cq>' wero
ydp ravrrj rfj fjfiepa p^ayelaQai jSaaiXea* /card
ydp fxeaov rbv aradfibv rovrov rd<f>po<; fjv opv/crrj
f3a0€ia, to fiev evpos opyval rrevre, to Se /3d0o$

15 opyval rpels. irapereraro he f) rd<f>po<; dvco Sid
rov irehiov eirl ScoSexa rrapaadyyas pe^pi rov
Mrjhuas rel^ov ?' 3 fjv he irapa rbv JLvQpdrrjv irdpo-

1 After Apxovrcs the MSS. have koI arparriyol koI 7iyefi6ves:
Gem. brackets, following Weiske.

2 irapa . . . &aai\4(as MSS. : Gem. brackets, following Bis-
schop. Immediately before this phrase the MSS. have 4k rav
iroXefxioov : Mar. bracket?, following Kiehl.

3 After MriBlas rclxovs the MSS. proceed as follows : Ma
ai 8ic6pi>x 6 s> tow Ttypyros irorafiov fttovoai' elal 8« Ttrrapes,
rb fxkv cdpos irkedpmiai, fiaduai 8c iax v P^ s i K01 ^ *^ota irXeT iv
avTais ffiraycoyd' clff&dWovffi 5e €ts rbv Ev<ppdrr)v, SiaKflirovo'i
5' ticdaTr) irapaarffdyyriVj y4<f>vpai 5' iirturiv. [Here also are the
canals, which flow from the Tigris river ; they are four in
number, each a plethrum wide and exceedingly deep, and
grain-carrying ships ply in them ; they empty into the

306

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. mi. n-15

thousand horsemen, under the command of Artagerses,
which w&s stationed in front of the King himself.
And the King's army had four commanders, each at
the head of three hundred thousand men, namely,
Ahrocomas, Tissaphernes, Gobryas, and Arbaces. But
of the forces just enumerated only nine hundred
thousand, with one hundred and fifty scythe-bearing
chariots, were present at the- battle ; for Ahrocomas,
marching from Phoenicia, arrived five days too late
for the engagement. Such were the reports brought
to Cyrus by those who deserted from the Great King
before the battle, and after the battle identical re-
ports were made by the prisoners taken thereafter.

From there Cyrus marched one stage, three para-
sangs, with his whole army, Greek and barbarian
alike, drawn up in line of battle ; for he supposed
that on that day the King would come to an engage-
ment ; for about midway of this day's march there
was a deep trench, five fathoms 1 in width and three
fathoms in depth. This trench extended up through
the plain for a distance of twelve parasangs, reaching
to the wall of Media, 2 and alongside the Euphrates

1 dpyvd = the reach of the outstretched arms (cp. 6p4y<o) y
or, as an exact unit of measurement, 6 Greek feet = 5 ft. 10 in.
English measure.

2 Described by Xenophon in n. iv. 12. It extended from
the Euphrates north-east to the Tigris, and was built by the
Babylonians, apparently in the sixth century B.C., as a
defence against the Medes. It is supposed that the southern
part of the wall was now in ruins. Such a supposition
serves to explain (1) the need of the King's trench, and
(2) the fact that Xenophon does not describe the wall here,
but only in 11. iv. 12.

Euphrates and are a parasang apart, and there are bridges
over them.] This passage is regarded by edd. generally as
an interpolation.

x 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

8o<? <TT€PT) fJL€T(l!;V TOV WOTa/JLOV KaX TTf$ T(ixf>pOV &>?

16 elKocn ttoS&p to eSpo?* Tavrrjv Se rrjv Ta<f)pov
fiaaiXevs iroiel fieya? dvrl ipvficnos, eireiSrj ttvv-
Qaverai Kvpov irpoaeXavvovra, ravTijv 1 Srj ttjv
irdpoSov Kvpos re KaX rj aTpana TraprjXOe KaX

17 eyevovTO elato rf)<; rafypov. ravrrj pev ovv rfj
ffpepq, ovk ifiax^aro fiaatXev*;, iU' V7r oy€0po vv- -
tcov (fiavepa Tfaav Kai imrav KaX apOpcoircov iX P7 1

18 7ro\\d. ivravda KO/009 ^iXavov KaXeaas tov
5 A/j,7rpaKid)Tr)V pdvTiv kScoKev ai)T<p SapeiKovs
Tpt,(Txi\iou<;, on rfj evSeKarrj air eKeivqs r/puepa
irporepov 0v6p,evo$ elirev avrtp ore ftaaikevs ov
p,axelTai SeKa r/pepebv, KO/009 8' etwev Ovk dpa
€tl fiaxelrai, ei ev ravrai^ ov pax&rai yals rjp,e-
paw eav 8' d\r)0€V(T7j<;, vinaxvovpaL aov SeKa
Takavra. tovto to ^pvauov Tore direStoKev, eireX

19 iraprjkOov ai Se/ca rjpepai. iireX 8' eirX rfj Ta<f)'p<p
ovk €kg>\v€ /Saaikeix; to Kvpov crTpdrevpa^
StafiaLveiv, eSofe KaX Kvpco KaX Tofc a\\ot9
direyvcoKivai tov pudx^Oai* &ore rfj varepala

20 KO/009 iiropevero rjp,€\r}p,ev.(D<; pdWov. rfj Se
TpLTt) iiri T€ tov appxiTOS Kadrjpevos ttjv iropeiav
eiroieiro KaX oklyov? ev Ta^ei e'xdnv irpb avTOv, to
Se 7ro\v avTtp dvaTerapaypevov eiropevero KaX tg>v
ottXcov Tofc o-TpaTtcorais 7ro\\a 'eirX dpa^cov fjyovTO

KaX VTTo£uyL(OV.

VJII. KaX r/8?7 T6 rjv dp<j>X dyopav Tr\r)6ovaav
1 ravrriv MSS. : ravrrf Gem., following Hartman.

1 It would seem that the rapid approach of Cyrus had
prevented the King from completing the trench.

2 Hence 10 (Attic) talents = 3,000 (Persian) darics. A
talent was 60 minas, and therefore a mina was counted

308

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. vn. 1 5— viii. 1

there was a narrow passage, not more than about
twenty feet in width, between the river and the
trench ; and the trench 1 had been constructed by the
Great King as a means of defence when he learned that
Cyrus was marching against him. Accordingly Cyrus
and his army went through by the passage just men-
tioned, and so found themselves on the inner side of
the trench. Now on that day the King did not offer
battle, biit tracks of both horses and men in retreat
were to be seen in great numbers. Then Cyrus sum-
moned. Silanus, his Ambraciot soothsayer, and gave
him three thousand darics ; for on the eleventh day
before this, while sacrificing, he had told Cyrus that
the King would not fight within ten days, and Cyrus
had said : " Then he will not fight at all, if he will not
fight within ten days ; however, if your prediction
proves true, I promise you ten talents. 2 " So it was
this money that he then paid over, the ten days hav-
ing passed. But since the King did not appear at the
trench and try to prevent the passage of Cyrus* army,
both Cyrus and the rest concluded that he had given
up the idea of fighting. Hence on the following day
Cyrus proceeded more carelessly ; and on the third
day he was making the inarch seated in his chariot and
with only a small body of troops drawn up in line in
front of him, while the greater part of the army was
proceeding in disorder and many of the soldiers' arms
and accoutrements were being carried in wagons and
on pack-animals.

VI II. It was now about full-market time 8 and the

equivalent to 5 darics. The discrepancy between this result
and the values stated previously (see notes on i. 9 and iv. 13)
is explained by the fact that silver was worth much more at
this time, relatively to gold, than at present.
8 i.e. the middle of the forenoon.

309

Digitized by

XENOPHON

teal irXtjaiov fjv 6 aTaOfib? ev6a ep^XXe KaraXveiv,
rjv'uca Harrjyvas, dvrjp Tlepo-rjs t&v apxpl Kvpov
XprjGTO?, 7rpo<f>aLV€Tai iXavvcov dva /cpdro? IBpovv-

TL Tft> t7T7Tft), Kal €V0V<; irCKTlV oh iv€TVyX av€v

iftoa kcu ft a p /3a pi tc cos Kal eXXrjviK&s on ftaaiXev?
avv (jTparevfiarL ttoXXg> Trpoaepxerai a>9 eh p<dxvv
irapeaKevaapJevo^, evOa Br) 7ro\v<; rdpaxo? eyevero*

2 avTi/ca yap eBoKovv oi "HLXXrjves kcu irdvTes Be

3 drd/CTOif; afyiaiv emireaelaQaL* Kvpo? re kcltcl-
Trr}hr)<Ta<i dirb tov apfiaro? tov Ooapaica eveBvero
Kal dvafia? eirl tov lttttov ra iraXra eh ra? ^et/oa? •
eXafte, to?? re aXXoi? iraai iraprjyyeXXev e%oirXL-
£eaOai Kal KaOLaraodai eh ttjv eavrov rdgiv

4 eKaarov. evda Brj avv iroXXr} airovBy KadLaTavro,
KXeapxps puev tcl Begia, tov Keparos e^oiv irpo? tg>
Fsi<f)pdT7j TTOTapLw, Upogevos Be ixo/nevos, oi Be
aXXoi fiera tovtov, Meveov Be Kal to arpdrevfia to

5 evdvvpov icepas 1 ea^e tov 'RXXtjvikov, tov Be
/3ap/3apitcov iinreh fiev Tia^Xayove? eh xt\tot/9«
irapa KXeapxov earrjaav iv tg> Be^L(p Kal to
'JLXXrjviKov ireXraajiKov, iv Be t& ev(ovvp,(p 'Api-
aio? T€ 6 Kvpov virapxo? Kal to aXXo /3ap/3apiKov,

0 KO/005 Be Kal iirireh tovtov oaov e^aKoaioi Kara
to peaov, 2 imXia pevoi Outpace pev airol Kal
irapa pur) piBLo is Kal Kpdveai iravres irXfjv Kvpov*
Kvpo<; Be. tyiXrjv tt)v Ke<j>aXrjv eh rrjv fidxv v

1 ical . . . Ktpas MSS. : rb or parti par os . . . Ktpas Gem.,
following Fischer : Mar., after Boniemann, suspects ical rb
<rrpdr€vva.

1 Kara rb piaov inserted by Leunclaviws, whom Gem. and
Mar. follow.

310

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. vm. 1-6

stopping-place where Cyrus was intending to halt had
been almost reached, when Pategyas, a trusty Persian
of Cyrus* staff, came into sight, riding at full speed,
with his horse in a sweat, and at once shouted out to
everyone he met, in the barbarian tongue and in
Greek, that the King was approaching with a large
army, all ready for battle. Then ensued great con-
fusion ; for the thought of the Greeks, and of all the
rest in fact, was that he would fall upon them immed-
iately, while they were in disorder ; and Cyrus leaped
down from his chariot, put on his breastplate, and
then, mounting his horse, took his spears in his hands
and passed the word to all the others to arm them-
selves and get into their places, every man of them.
Thereupon they proceeded in great haste to take
their places, Clearchus occupying the right end of the
Greek wing, 1 close to the Euphrates river, Proxenus
next to him, and the others beyond Proxenus,
while Menon and his army took the left end of the
Greek wing. As for the barbarians, Paphlagonian
horsemen to the number of a thousand took station
beside Clearchus on the right wing, as did the Greek
peltasts, on the left was Ariaeus, Cyrus* lieutenant,
with the rest of the barbarian army, and in the centre
Cyrus and his horsemen, about six hundred in number.
These troopers were armed with breastplates and
thigh-pieces and, all of them except Cyrus, with hel-
mets — Cyrus, however, went into the battle with his

1 i.e. the Greek army as a whole constituted the right
wing of Cyrus' entire army, his Persian troops forming the
centre and the left wing. Clearchus and Menon, then,
occupy the right and left wings, respectively, of the Greek
contingent.

3"

d by Google

XENOPHON

7 KaOLaraTo. 1 oi 8' Xttttol irdpTes 2 etyov teal irpo-
fjL€T(07ri&ia teal irpocrreppiBia* elypp Be teal fiaxai-
pa$ oi linrel^ 'EXXrjpited*;.

8 Kai fjhrj re r\v yukaov rjfiepa? teal ovirco tcara^a-
V€t<; r\aav oi iroXifiior r\piiea Be BeiXr) eyiypcTO,
i(f>dprj /coviopTOs &<nrep P€(f>eXrj Xeutctf, xpovtp Be
av X v $ vcTTepov &cnrep fieXapua tis ev r<p TreBL<p
em ttoXv. ore Be iyyvrepop eyiypopro, rdya Btj
teal %aXtc6<i Tt? i](TTpa7rT€ teal Xoyyat teal ai

9 Ta£et9 teara<f)av€L<; eyiyvovro. teal Tferav iirirel^
fiev \ewco06opafce*; enl tov evcopvfiov t<op iroXefiitop*
Ti(Tcra(f>€ppr)<; iXeyero tovtcop apyew eyppsvoi Be
yeppo<f)6poi f iyofiepoi Be oirXlrai ovp iroBrfpeaL
guXipau; dairiaip. AlyvirTioi 8' ovtoi eXeyopro
elpar aXXoi S' iinreZ*;, aXXoi Togorai. TravTes
8 ovtol Kara eOvq ep TrXaiaLtp irXripei, dp8 pcoirwp

10 etcaaTOP to Wpos eiropeveTo? irpo Be avreop dpfxara
BiaXeiTTOPra avypbp air dXKrjXwp rd Br) Bpeiraprj-^
<j>6pa tcaXovfiepa* elypp Be ra Bpewapa etc rtop
d^opeop els irXdyiop diroreraixepa teal virb rols
Bfypois €t? yrjp ftXeTTOpra, a>9 Bcateoineip otw
evrvy ydpoiep. rj Be ypoap/q Tjp c!>9 eh ra? rdf-ei?**

11 t&p 'EXXtfpcop eX&pra teal BiatcosfropTa. o /jlcptol
K0/0O9 elirep ore tcaXeaas irapetceXevero to??

1 After icaQiararo the MSS. have \4ycrai 5« /coi robs &\\ovs
Ufpaas \pi\cus reus K€<f>a\cus iv r$ iro\4u(f> hiaKivhvvtvtiv. [In
fact, it is said of the Persians in general that they venture
all the perils of war with their heads unprotected.] This
passage is bracketed by almost all edd., following Wytten*
bach.

312

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. vm. 6-1 1

head unprotected — and all their horses had frontlets
and breast-pieces ; and the men carried, besides
their other weapons, Greek sabres.

And now it was midday, and the enemy were not
yet in sight ; but when afternoon was coming on, there
was seen a rising dust, which appeared at first like a
white cloud, but some time later like a kind of black-
ness in the plain, extending over a great distance.
As the enemy came nearer and nearer, there were
presently flashes of bronze here and there, and spears
and the hostile ranks began to come into sight. There
were horsemen in white cuirasses on the left wing of
the enemy, under the command, it was reported,
of Tissaphernes ; next to them were troops with
wicker shields and, farther on, hoplites with wooden
shields which reached to their feet, these latter being
Egyptians, people said ; and then more horsemen and
more bowmen. All these troops were marching in v
national divisions, each nation in a solid square. In
front of them were the so-called scythe-bearing
chariots, at some distance from one another ; and the
scythes they carried reached out sideways from the
axles and were also set under the chariot bodies,
pointing towards the ground, so as to cut to pieces
whatever they met ; the intention, then, was that
they should drive into the ranks of the Greeks and
cut the troops to pieces. As for the statement, how-
ever, which Cyrus made when he called the Greeks
together and urged them to hold out against the

2 After iravrts the MSS. have oi juera Kvpov : Gem. and
Mar. bracket, following Schenkl.

3 ckcuttov . . . iitoptv€To MSS.: Gem., following Hartnian,
brackets %Katrrov rb IQvqs and reads broptvovTo.

3 l 3

XENOPHON

"FtXXrjai tt)p Kpavyr)p t&p fiapftdpcop avix€<r0aL,
iyfrev(T0rj tovto* ov yap Kpavyfj dXXd aiyfj <&9
avvGjov Kal r/avxv &v t<r<*> Kal ftpaSeoo/; Trpocrfjaav.

12 Kal iv tovtg) KO/005 irapeXavpcop clvtos avp
UiyprjTi t& ipfirjpel Kal aXXoi? rpialp r) rerrapaL
j(p K.Xedpx<p eySoa ayeip to aTpdrev/ia tcara
fieaop to t&p TroXepLiwp, oti i/cel ftaaiXevs efay
/cap toOt\ €07/, PLK<ofi€P, Trapf? rjpZp 7T€7roir]Tai.

13 op&p Se 6 KXiapxos to fiiaou artyo? teal dfeovcop
Kvpov e^co ovra tov 1 evcopvftov ftaaiXea — too-ou-
top yap irXrjOeL irepir)p ffaaiXev? ware fieaov t&p
eavrov exeop tov Kvpov eucopv/iov k'fjo) r)p — cfiOC
o/zg>9 o KXeap^o? ovk r)0€Xep diroairdaai diro tov

TTOTajMOV TO SeglOP Kepa?, <f>0/30VfJL€P0<; fit) KVkXw-
06L7J €/CaT€pO)0€P t T& Kvp(p CLTTeiCplpaTO OTl

avTtp fieXec ottw KaX&s e%ot.

14 Kal ip TOVTtp t& fcaipfi to fiep /Sapfiapircbp
aTpaTevfia 6/j,a\&<; wpoyei, to 8^ 'HLXXrjpitcbp ctc
ip t& ai)T<p fiepop gvpctuttcto etc t&p €ti Trpoa-
loptcop, teal 6 KO/ooc irapeXavpcop ov ttopv 7rpo?
avT<p t& CTpaTev/jLaTi /caTeOeaTo e/caTepcoae airo-
ftXeTTcop eh T€ tov? ttoXc/hlovs Kal TOV$ <j)iXov$.

15 IS&p Se avTbp airb tov 'JLXXrjpitcov Hepo(f)&p
y A0r]palo<;, ireXdaas a>5 avpaPTrjaat, rjp€TO €i ti
vrapayyeXXor 6 8* einaTrjaa^ etTre Kal Xiyetp
cKeXeve itdaip oti Kal tcl lepd KaXd Kal tcl

16 a(f)dyia KaXd. TavTa Se Xiycop 0opvj3ov rjKOvae
Sid t&p Ta^eayp Ioptos, Kal fjpeTO tis 6 06pv/3o$
eirj. 6 Se elirep 2 oti avp0i)p,a irapepxeTai 8ev-

1 After rod the MSS. have 'E\\riviKou : Oem. brackets,
following Hertlein.

* Before elirev the better MSS. have K\4apxos : Gem. and
Mar. bracket, following Bornemann.

314

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. vm. 11-16

shouting of the barbarians, he proved to be mistaken
in this point ; for they came on, not with shouting,
but in the utmost silence and quietness, with equal
step and slowly.

At this moment Cyrus rode along the line, attended
only by Pigres, his interpreter, and three or four others,
and shouted to Clearchus to lead his army against the
enemy's centre, for the reason that the King was
stationed there ; " and if," he said, " we are victorious
there, our whole task is accomplished." Clearchus,
however, since he saw the . compact body at the
enemy's centre and heard from Cyrus that the King
was beyond his le/t wing (for the King was so superior
in numbers that, although occupying the centre of his
own line, he was beyond Cyrus' left wing), was un-
willing to draw the right wing away from the river,
for fear that he might be turned on both flanks ; and
he told Cyrus, in reply, that he was taking care to make
everything go well.

At this critical time the King's army was advancing
evenly, while the Greek force, still remaining in the
same place, was forming its line from those who were
still coming up. And Cyrus, riding along at some
distance from his army, was taking a survey, looking
in either direction, both at his enemies and his friends.
Then Xenophon, 1 an Athenian, seeing him from the
Greek army, approached so as to meet him and asked
if he had any orders to give ; and Cyrus pulled up his
horse and bade Xenophon tell everybody that the
sacrificial victims and omens were all favourable.
While saying this he heard a noise running through
the ranks, and asked what the noise was. Xenophon
replied that the watchword was now passing along

1 The author. He always speaks of himself in the third
person. • ^

d by Google

XENOPHON

repov fjhr). /ecu 09 idavfiaae ris irapayyeXKei Kal
rjpero o ti eirj to <rvv0rj/j,a. 6 S' aireKpLvaTO' Zev9

17 acorrjp Kal vL/crj. 6 Be Ku/009 aKovaas 9 A\\h
Sixofiai re, €<f>r}, Kal tovto earco, ravra eliriov
els ttjv avTOv %a>pav dirrfXavve.

Kal ovk4tc rpia rj rerrapa ardBia Bieixerrjv ™
<f>d\ayye dw y aXkrjktov r/VLfca eiraidvi^ov re oi
r, EX\r)ves fcal ffp^pvTO avTLOi levai rots 7ro\e/u'of9.

18 c!>9 Be iropevofievcov egeKv/xaive ti tt)S <f>d\ayyos f
to viroXenropLevov fjpgaTO Spofia) Oelv Kal a/na
i(f>0ey^avTO irdvres olov rat 'Evv'aXtip iXeXu^ovai,
Kal irdwes Be Weov. Xeyovai 8k a>9 rives 1 Kal
rals d(T7TL(TC 777)09 rd Bopara ihovirr)<rav <f>6/3ov

19 iroiovvres to is ittttois. irplv Be ro^evfia igiKvel-
aOai €KkXlvov<tiv oi ftdpfiapoi Kal <f>evyovai. Kal
evravda Btj eBLcoKOv fiev Kara Kpdros oi "EtXXrjves,
i/36(Dv Be dXXijXois fir) Oelv Bpofua, dXX* ev rd^ei

20 eireaOai. rd o° ap/iara tyepovro rd fiev Bi avrcov
tcov 7ro\€/j,L(ov, rd Be Kal Bid twv 'EXXt]V(ov Kevd
f}vi6)£Q)i>. ol S* eirel TrpotBoiev, Bdaravro' eari B %
oar is Kal KaTeXrj<f>07j wairep ev iiTTroBpoficp eKirXa-
yeLs' Kal ovBev fievTOi ovBe rovrov iraOelv e^aaav,
ovBi* a\\o9 Be tcov 'EXXrjvcov ev ravrrj rfj fid^j)
eiradev ovBels ovBev, ttXtjv eirl tcj evcovvfiG) ro^ev-
Orjval Ti9 eXe7€T0.

21 Kvpos 8' 6p(ov rovs'EXXrjvas viK&vras to KaS*

1 8e «j rives Gem., following Becker : 5e Tivti ws MSS.
316

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. viii. 16-2 1

for the second time. 1 And Cyrus wondered who
had given it out, and asked what the watchword was.
Xenophon replied " Zeus Saviour and Victory." And
upon hearing this Cyrus said, " Well, I accept it,
and so let it be." After he had said these words
he rode back to his own position.

At length the opposing lines were not three or
four stadia apart, and then the Greeks struck up
the paean and began to advance against the enemy.
And when, as they proceeded, a part of the phalanx
billowed out, those who were thus left behind began
to run ; at the same moment they all set up the sort
of war-cry which they raise to Enyalius, 2 and all
alike began running. It is also reported that some
of them clashed their shields against their spears,
thereby frightening the enemy's horses. And before
an arrow reached them, the barbarians broke and
fled. Thereupon the Greeks pursued with all their
might, but shouted meanwhile to one another not
to run at a headlong pace, but to keep their ranks
in the pursuit. As for the enemy's chariots, some
of them plunged through the lines of their own
troops, others, however, through the Greek lines,
but without charioteers. And whenever the Greeks
saw them coming, they would open a gap for their
passage ; one fellow, to be sure, was caught, like a
befuddled man on a race-course, yet it was said that
even he was not hurt in the least, nor, for that
matter, did any other single man among the Greeks
get any hurt whatever in this battle, save that some
one on the left wing was reported to have been hit
by an arrow.

When Cyrus saw that the Greeks were victorious

. 1 i.e. back again, from the last man to the first.
2 i.e. Area.

3 T 7

Digitized by

XENOPHON

aurovs teal Siu>teovra<;, r)S6fievo$ teal irpocrtcwov-
fievo? r)8t] ox? ftaatXevs virb r&v afifi avrov, ovc¥
&9 i^X^V ^(OK€Lv t dXXa o-vveaTreipafievrjv e-)((ov
rtjv ra>v ctvv eavrtp egateocioov iiriretov rd^tv eire-
fieXelro 6 ri rroir)aei fHaaCXevs. teal yap y&ei avrov

22 on fieaov fyoi rov Hepatteov crrparevp,aro<i. teal
Trdvre? 8* oi ra>v fiapftdpav apxovres pAcrov e^pv-
T6? to avr&v r)yovvraL t vopityvres ovrco teal ev
dcr<f>aXecTrdr(p elvai, r)v $ r) lcrx v <> avr&v eteare-
pooOev, teal el rc irapayyeiXai XPV% olep ' V^^ 1 & v

23 XP° V( P ^io^OdvecrOatfrb arpdrevpua, teal ftaaiXev?
Btj rore /xecrov ex^v tt}? avrov arparia% o/jlgos g>
eyevero rov Kvpov evcovvpov teeparos. erreX o°
ovhel? avrq> ifidx^ro itc rov avriov ovSk rofc
avrov rerayp,evois epmpoaOev, eireteapmrev &>? eh
tcvteXcocriv.

24 "Evda Br) Kvpos heiaw; pur) oiriadev yevopevo?
Karatcoyfrrj rb 'EXXrjvitcbv eXavvet dvr'w teal
ip,/3a\a>v crvv roh egateoaioi*; vitca tow irpb ffaai-
\€G>9 reraypevovs teal eh <f>vyr)v erpeyjre tou?
e];ateLO"xi\Cov<;, teal diroterelvaL Xeyerai avrbs rfj

25 eavrov X^P 1, ' ApTayeparjv rov apxovra avr&v, co?
8' r) rpoirr) eyevero, hiao"rreipovrai teal oi Kvpov
efjateoaioi eh rb Sicotceiv opprjaavre?, irXrjv irdvv
oXiyoi dp<f>* avrov teareXei(f>0rjaav t ax^Bbv oi

26 o puoi pair e%oi teaXovpevoi. avv rovroi? Se &v tcaO-
opa fiaaiXea teal rb ap<f> etcelvov arl<f>w teal
ev0v$ ovtc rjveaxero, aXX' eiirebv Tbv avSpa op&

318

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. vm. 21-26

over the division opposite them and were in pursuit,
although he was pleased and was already being
saluted with homage as King by his attendants, he
nevertheless was not induced to join the pursuit,
but, keeping in close formation the six hundred
horsemen of his troop, he was watching to se*e what
the King would do. For he knew that the King
held the centre of the Persian army ; in fact, all the
generals of the barbarians hold their own centre
when they are in command, for they think that this
is the safest position, namely, with their forces on
either side of them, and also that if they want to
pass along an order, the army will get it in half the
time ; so in this instance the King held the centre
of the army under his command, but still he found
himself beyond the left wing of Cyrus. Since,
then, there was no one in his front to give battle to
him or to the troops drawn up before him, he pro-
ceeded to wheel round his line with the intention of
encircling the enemy.

Thereupon Cyrus, seized with fear lest he might
get in the rear of the Greek troops and cut them
to pieces, charged to meet him ; and attacking with
his six hundred, he was victorious over the forces
stationed in front of the King and put to flight the
six thousand, 1 slaying with his own hand, it is said,
their commander Artagerses. But when they turned
to flight, Cyrus' six hundred, setting out in pursuit,
became scattered also, and only a very few were left
about him, chiefly his so-called table companions.
While attended by these only, he caught sight of
the King and the compact body around him ; and
on the instant he lost control of himself and, with

1 See vii. 11.

3*9

Digitized by

XENOPHON

lcto eV avrbv teal iraiei Kara to arkpvov /cal
Tirpcba/cei 8m rod Ocbpa/cos, <U9 (f>rjat KrrjaLa<; 6
tarpon, /cal 1 IdaaaQai avrbs to rpavfid (f>rjat.

27 Haiovra 8' avrbv d/covri£et Tt? iraXrtp vtto rbv
6<f>0a\/JLov ftiaiw teal ivravOa pwxppjevoi /cal fta-
acXev*; /cal Kvpos teal oi dfi<f> airoix; virep i/care-
pov, oiroaoL fikv rcov dficfn ftacriXia dirkdvrjCKOv
Krrjcria<; Xeyei* map i/ceivcp yap rjv KO/009 8e av-
to? T€ direOave teal b/crco oi dpiaroi rcov irepl avrbv

28 e/ceivro iir aircp. ' ApraTrdrrj*; 8' 6 7JYo~TOTaT09
avrcp rcov a/cqirrovxtov ^^pdircov Xeyerai, inciSr)
TreirrcoKora eihe Kvpov, Karairr)hr)cra^ dirb rov

29 L7r7rov irepnreaelv aircp, teal oi fiev <f>acri ftacriXea
/ceXevaai riva iiricrcfydfjai avrbv Kvp<p, oi 8' eav-
rbv liriG^d^aaOai cnracrdfievov rbv d/civd/crjv
e ^X € y^P XP V(T °v v ' KaL vrperrrbv 8' i<f>6p€i koX
yfreXia teal rdXXa coairep oi dpiaroi Tlepa&v
irerifirjro yap vtto Kvpov Si evvoidv re /cal
iriarorrjra.

IX. KOpo? fJiev ovv ovrcos ireXevrrjaev, dvrjp cov
Ylepacov rcov fierd Kvpov rbv dp^alov yevofievcov
/HaaiXi/ccbrarbs re teal apyeiv dfjicoraros, a>9 irapd
irdvrcov ofioXoyeirai rcov Kvpov So/covvrcov ev

2 ireipa yeveaOai. rrpcorov fiev yap en rrai$ cov
or iiraihevero /cal avv rco d&eX<f>cp. icaX avv to?9
aXXois iraiai, irdvrcov irdvra /cpdnaro<; ivopi&ro.

3 iravres yap oi rcov dpiarcov Tlepacov 7ra£8e9 €7rl

1 Before *ai Oem. inserts fcj, following Bnttmann.

320

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. viii. 26-ix. 3

the cry " I see the man," rushed upon him and
struck him in the breast and wounded him through
his breastplate — as Ctesias 1 the physician says, add- /
ing also" that he himself healed the wound.

While Cyrus was delivering his stroke, however,
some one hit him a hard blow under the eye with a
javelin ; and then followed a struggle between the
King and Cyrus and the attendants who supported
each of them. The number that fell on the King's
side is stated by Ctesias, who was with him ; on the
other side, Cyrus himself was killed and eight of
the noblest of his attendants lay dead upon him.
Of Artapates, the one among Cyrus' chamberlains
who was his most faithful follower, it is told that
when he saw Cyrus fallen, he leaped down from his
horse and threw his arms about him. And one
report is that the King ordered someone to slay
him upon the body of Cyrus, while others say that
he drew his dagger and slew himself with his own
hand ; for he had a dagger of gold, and he also
wore a necklace and bracelets and all the other
ornaments that the noblest Persians wear ; for he
had been honoured by Cyrus because of his affection
and fidelity.

IX. In this way, then, Cyrus came to his end, a /
man who was the most kingly and the most worthy
to rule of all the Persians who have been born since
Cyrus the Elder, as all agree who are reputed to
have known Cyrus intimately. For firstly, while
he was still a boy and was being educated with his
brother and the other boys, he was regarded as the
best of them all in all respects. For all the sons
of the noblest Persians are educated at the King's

1 See note on vii. 1 J.

321

VOL. II. V

Digitized by

XENOPHON

rah ftaaiXecos dvpai? iraiBevoPTar evda TroXXrjp
fjuev <Tco<f)po(Tvvr)p KaTa/mdOoi dp res, ala^pov B %

4 ovBep out aKovaai ovt IBelp eo~Ti. Oewvrai S'
oi 7ratSe? Kal Ti/uLcojuepovs 1 inrb ftacLXeco*; teal
a/covovai, Kal aXXovs aT ijxa^op,epovs % &are eb0v<;
iralBes opTes fiavOdvovaiv ap^eip tc Kal ap^ecOai.

5 evOa Kvpos al&7}jj,ov€(TTaTO$ fiev irpwrov t&p
rfkiKLwroiv eBoKei elvat, tols re Trpeo-ftvTepoL? Kal
tcop eavTov vrroBeeaTepcop fidXXop ireLOecOai,
eirena Be <f)iXi7nroTaTO<; Kal rot? ittttoi? apiara
XprjaOar eKpivov K avrov Kal tcop et9 top tto-
XejjLOP epycop, to£*#/)$ re Kal aKOPTiaecos, <f)iXo/xa-

6 Oeararop elpat Kal fxeXerr^poraTop. iirel Be rfj
rjXiKia eirpeire, Kal (fruXoOrjpoTaros r)P Kal 7rpo?
ra Oi]pla fjuipTOi <f>t\oKtpSvpoTaTO<;. Kal apKrop

7T0T6 iTTL(f)epOfJL€Py]P OVK eT/O€0"€Z>, dXXd <TV/JL7T€aa)P

KareaTrdaOrj dirb tov lttttov, Kal tcl fiep eiraOep,
u)p Kal ra? wreiXas etyep, riXo? Be KareKape* Kal
top irpSiTOP ixepTot ftorjOtfrrapTa 7roXXoi<; fiaxa-
piGTOV eTroLrjcrep.

7 'ETrei Be KaTeire/JL<f>Or) virb tov iraTpbs cra-
Tpdirr)^ Av Bias re Kal QpvyLas Trjs fieydXr)? Kal
KaTnraBoKias, GTpaTrjyo? Be Kal iraPToyp dire-
Bei^0i] ols kaOrjKei els l&aaTwiXov ttcBlop dffpoi-
^ecQai, irpcoTop puep eireBetljep avTOP oti irepl
irXeLo'Tov ttoiolto, el to> aireiaatTo Kal el T(p
avpOoLTO Kal el to) viroGypiTO ti, /jirjBafia)*; 2

322

1 After TifAocfAwovs Gem. inserts ivlavs.

2 fj.rj5af.iws Gem., following Hug: nytev MSS.

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. ix. 3-7

court. There one may learn discretion and self-
control in full measure, and nothing that is base
can be either heard or seen. The boys have before
their eyes the spectacle of men honoured by the
King and of others dishonoured ; they likewise hear
of them ; and so from earliest boyhood they are
learning how to rule and how to submit to rule.
Here, then, Cyrus was reputed to be, in the first
place, the most modest of his fellows, and even
more obedient to his elders than were his inferiors
in rank ; secondly, the most devoted to horses and
the most skilful in managing horses ; he was also
adjudged the most eager to learn, and the most
diligent in practising, military accomplishments,
alike the use of the bow and of the javelin. Then,
when he was of suitable age, he was the fondest of
hunting and, more than that, the fondest of incurring
danger in his pursuit of wild animals. On one
occasion, when a bear charged upon him, he did
not take to flight, but grappled with her and was
dragged from his horse; he received some injuries,
the scars of which he retained, but in the end he
killed the bear ; and, furthermore, the man who was
the first to come to his assistance he made an object
of envy to many.

Again, when he was sent dow r n 1 by his father to ^
be satrap of Lydia, Greater Phrygia, and Cappadocia
and was also appointed commander of all the troops
whose duty it is to muster in the plain of Castolus,
he showed, in the first place, that he counted it of
the utmost importance, when he concluded a treaty
or compact with anyone or made anyone any pro-
mise, under no circumstances to prove false to his

1 See Introd., p. 231, note 1 ; also i. 2.

323

Y 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

8 yjrevSeaOai. /cal yap ovv eiricrrevov fiev clvtw
al 7ro\e*9 iTTiTpeirofiepcu, eiriarevoy 8' ol avhpes*
/cal ei Tt? 7ro\e/uo9 eyevero, airetaafievov Kvpov
eirLareve firjSev av irapa ra? <nrov8a<; iraOeiv.

9 roiyapovv eirel Tio-ca^epvei eiroXefirjae, iraaai
al TroXeis e/covaai Kvpov eTXovro dvrl Tiaaa^ep-
vov$ ttXtjv MiXrjalcov ovtoi Be on ov/c rjdeXe

10 rov<; <f>evyovra<; irpoeaOai i<f>o/3ovvTO avrov. /cal
yap epya) iireSeL/cvvTO /ecu 1 eXeyev on ov/c av irore
Trpoolro, eirel airaf; <f>lXo$ avrofc eyevero, ouS' el
en fiev fielov? yevoivro, en Be /cdkiov irpdgeiav.

11 <t>avepb<; 8' r\v /cal ei rt? n dyaObv fj /ca/cbv
Troirjaeiev avrov, vi/cav Treipcofievos* /cal evxh v
Be rives avrov ifjecfrepov a>9 €#%<mto to&ovtov
Xpovov £fjv eare vi/ctpr) /cal rovs ev /cal tov<; /ca/cm

12 rroiovvras dXejjofievo?. /cal yap otfv rrXelaroi Brj
avru) kvi ye dvBpl r&v i(f>' fjfi&v eireOvfx^aav /cal
Xptffiara /cal 7ro\et9 /cal ret eavrcov acofiara

13 irpoeaOai. ov fiev Brj ovBe rovr av Tt9 eXrroi w
row /ca/covpyov<; /cal dBi/cov? eta /carayeXav, a\\a
d<f>€iBearara irdvrcov inficopelro* TroXXd/ci? 8* rjv
IBeiv irapa ra9 areij3ofieva$ 6Boi><; /cal ttoBcov /cal
X€tp(*>P teal 6<f>0aXfi&v arepofievov? dvdpdnrov^
&ar ev ttj Kvpov dpxf) eyevero /cal "EXXrjvi /cal j

1 Before teal Gem. inserts h.

3 2 4

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ix. 7-13

word. It was for this reason, then, that the cities /
trusted him and put themselves under his protec-
tion, 1 and that individuals also trusted him ; and if
anyone had been an enemy, when Cyrus made a
treaty with him he trusted that he would suffer no
harm in violation of that treaty. Consequently, v
when he came to hostilities with Tissaphernes, all
the cities of their own accord chose Cyrus rather
than Tissaphernes, with the exception of Miletus 2 ;
and the reason why the Milesians feared him was,
that he would not prove false to the exiles from
their city. For he showed repeatedly, by deed as
well as by word, that he would never abandon them
when once he had come to be their friend, not even
if they should become still fewer in number and
should meet with still worse misfortune.

It was manifest also that whenever a man con-
ferred any benefit upon Cyrus or did him any harm,
he always strove to outdo hiin ; in fact, some people
used to report it as a prayer of his that he might
live long enough to outdo both those who benefited
and those who injured him, returning like for like.
" Hence it was that he had a greater following than
any other one man of our time of friends who
eagerly desired to entrust to him both treasure and
cities and their very bodies. Yet, on the other
hand, none could say that he permitted malefactors
and wicked men to laugh at him ; on the contrary,
he was merciless to the last degree in punishing
them, and one might often see along the travelled
roads people who had lost feet or hands or eyes ;
thus in Cyrus' province it became possible for either ^
Greek or barbarian, provided he were guilty of no

1 See i. 6 fin. 2 See i. 7 and ii. 2.

325

Digitized by

XENOPHON

fiapftdptp fMfjBep ahitcovvri aSew? iropeveadai oirrj
t«9 fjOeXev, €)(pvTL 6 ti Trpoxcopoirj.

14 T0U9 ye p>kvroi dyaOovs els ttoKc/jlop a)p,o\6yr)TO
8ia<f)€p6vTG)<; rifiav. tcai irpayrop /nev clvtg)
TroXepuos 7T/0O9 UiaiSa? teal Muaovv (TTparevo-
fievo? ovp teal avros eh ravras 7*19 ^co/oa?, 0&9
eoopa ideXopras KipSvpeveip, tovtovs kcu apxopras
eiroLei ^9 Karearp€(f>€TO xdopas, eireira Se icai

15 aWois Soopois eTLfJbCL' Sxrre fyaLveaOai rov$ fxev
ayaOovs evhaipLOPe^Tarovs, tov$ be /ca/eovs 806-
\ovs toutcqp d^iovadai 1 elpcu. rocyapovp ttoWtj
r\p acpOopia avT(p tcop ideXoprwp fcwSuveveiP, oirov

16 T19 oloiTO Kvpop ala-drjaeadai. efc ye purjp
BtKaioavpqp el tj9 $>avepb$ yepoiro eTrihe'ucpvaSai
ftouXo/xepos, irepl irapros eiroielTO tovtovs ttXov-
aicorepcos £r)p Troielp 2 tcjp etc rod dSUov <f)£ko/cep-

17 Sovptcop. teal yap ovp aWa re iroXKa hi/caMo?

a\JT(p $l€X€ipL%€TO fCdl 07 pCLT€VjJLCLTl dXrjQwfp

ixptfaaro. teal yap arparrfyol teal Xo^ayot, ot
XprjfiaTcop epetca Trpbs etcelpop ewXevaap, eypooaap
Kep&aXedorepop elpac Ki5/9&> /ca\w9 ireiOapyeLp*.

18 fj to /card /mrjpa /cepSos. dXXa pbrjp el ye ri9 ti
aire? Trpoa-Td^aPTL tcaXcbs vTTTjper^aeiev, oiSepi
7rco7TOTe dydpHnop ecaae^ ttjp 7rpo0vfn'av. toi-
yapovp Srj /cpdrio'TOi virtiperai iravrbs epyov
JZvp(p e\e.-)(6)i<Tap yepeaOai.

19 Ei Se riva opwrj Seipbv opra oltcopofiop ex tov
hucaLov koI KaraaKevd^oprd re ^9 a>PX 0L X^P a ^

1 The text is uncertain : Mar. follows, though doubtfully,
the MSS. reading aiiov<x0M : Gem., following Schenkl, has

a irKovffiwTtpcoi £rjv iroittv Hem. % following Hug : irXovaiu-
ripovs irofiv MSS.

326

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ix. 13-19

wrongdoing, to travel fearlessly wherever he wished,
carrying with him whatever it was to his interest to
have.

JJut it was the brave in war, as all agree, whom he
honoured especially. For example, he was once at v
war with the Pisidians and Mysians and commanded
in person an expedition into their territories ; and
whomsoever in his army he found willing to meet /
dangers, these men he would not only appoint as
rulers of the territory he was subduing, but would
honour thereafter' with other gifts also. Thus the
brave were seen to be most prosperous, while cowards
were deemed fit to be their slaves. Consequently
Cyrus had men in great abundance who were willing
to meet danger wherever they thought that he
would observe them. As for uprightness, if a man
showed that he desired to distinguish himself in
that quality, Cyrus considered it all important to
enable such an one to live in greater opulence than
those who were greedy of unjust gain. Hence he
not only had many and various functions performed
for him with fidelity, but, in particular, he secured
the services of an army worthy of the name. For
generals and captains who came overseas to serve
him for the sake of money judged that loyal obedi-
ence to Cyrus was worth more to them than their
mere monthly pay. Again, so surely as a man per-
formed with credit any service that he assigned him,
Cyrus never let his zeal go unrewarded. In con-
sequence, he was said to have gained the very best
supporters for every undertaking.

Furthermore, whenever he saw that a man was a
skilful and just administrator, not only organizing

3 ireiBapx*"' MSS.: v*4.px* lv ^»em., following Hng.

3 2 7

Digitized by

XRNOPHON

Kal TrpoaoBous ttoiovvtcl, ovBeva dp irdyTrore d<f>ei-
Xero, dXX* del TrXeico irpoaeBlBov &<tt€ teal ^Se'eu?
iirovovv Kal OappaXeoos itcrcovro Kal o eTreiraTO
av ris ijKiara l&vpov eKpvmev' oi yap <f>0ova)v
to?9 <f>avepo)$ TrXovrovaiv itfratvero, dXXa ireipoa-
/i€VO<i xprjaOai rols tcop diroKpvTrropiepcop xptfpuaai.

•20 <PiXov<; ye firfv, oaovs iroirjaraiTO Kal evvovs yvolt)
ovras Kal iKavovs Kplveie avvepyovs elvat 6 n
Tvyyavoi fiovXopuepos Karepyd^eaOai, ofioXoyelrat
7T/909 irdvrcov KparMTTO? Brj yeveaOai OepaireveiP.

•21 Kal yap airb tovto ovirep avrbs eveica <f>iX(ov wero
BelaOai, co? (rvvepyovs eypi, Kal o>vto$ eireipdro
avvepyb? tois <j>iXois Kpdrtaro^ elvai rovrov

2-2 orov alaOdvoiTo eKavTOV eTriOvpLOVvra. So) pa
Be irXelara p,ev olpuaL el? ye dvrjp eXapuftape Bid
iroXXd' Tavra Be iravrcov Brj pLaXiara tois <j)iXoi<;

2'.i BieBiBov, 7T/0O9 tou? rpoirovs eKaarov aKoirwv Kal
otov pdXiara opmrj eKaarov BeopLevov. Kal oaa
too adopLan airov ireparoL ti<; fj &>? et? iroXepiop r)
o>9 els KaXXayjTLcrpLov, Kal wepl tovtcop Xeyeiv
avrbv e(f>aaap on to pbev eavrov aaypia ovk av
Bvvairo tovtois iracn KoapLrjOfjvat, <f>iXov<; Be
KaXm KeKoapLTjpLepov^ p,eyi(TTOP Koapiov dvBpl

24 vopLi^oi. Kal to pev rd pbeydXa vikclp tov<; <f)LXov$
ev 7roiovvra oiBep OavpLaacop, eTreiBrj ye Kal
Bvparwrepos r)p % to Be rfj eiripieXela irepielvai

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ix. 19-24

well the country oyer which he ruled, but producing
revenues, he would never deprive such a man of
territory, but would always give him more besides.
The result was that they toiled with pleasure and
accumulated with confidence, and, more than that,
no one would conceal from Cyrus the store which he
had acquired ; for it was clear that he did not envy
those who were frankly and openly rich, but strove
to make use of the possessions of such as tried to
conceal their wealth.

As to friends, all agree that he showed himself
pre-eminent in his attentions to all the friends that
he made and found devoted to him and adjudged to
be competent co-workers in whatever he might be
wishing to accomplish. For, just as the precise object
.for which he thought he needed friends himself was
that he might have co-workers, so he tried on his
own part to be a most vigorous co-worker with his
friends to secure that which he found each one
of them desired. Again, he received more gifts, P
presume, than any other one man, and for many
reasons ; and surely he of all men distributed gifts
most generously among his friends, with an eye to
the tastes of each one and to whatever particular
need he noted in each case. As for all the gifts which
people sent him to wear upon his person, whether
intended for war or merely for show, it is reported
that he said of them that his own person could not
be adorned with all these things, but that in his
opinion friends nobly adorned were a man's greatest
ornament. To be sure, the fact that he outdid his
friends in the greatness of the benefits he conferred
is nothing surprising, for the manifest reason that he
had greater means than they ; but that he surpassed

329

XENOPHON

touv <f>i\(DV teal to> irpoBvfieiaOai yap'i^eaOai,

25 ravra epuotye paXXov Boteel ayaara elvai. Kvpos
yap €irefi7T€ $lteov<; olvov rjfiiSeels 7roXXatei<; oirore
irdvv r)Bvv Xd/3oi, Xeycov on ovirco Br) ttoXXov
yjpbvov tovtov r)BiovL olv<a eiriTvypi* tovtov ovv
(toi eireptye teal helraL gov rrjp^pop tovtov eteirLelv

26 avv ol? pudXiaTa (friXeLS. iroXXdieis Be XV pa< >
r)p,il3pa)TOV<; eirepLire teal dpTtov r-plcrea teal aXXa
ToiavTa, eirCXiyeiv tceXevcov top <f>epovTa* Tot/rot?
rjo-Or) Kt)/w ftovXeTai ovv teal ere tovtcov yev-

27 aaaOai. ottov Be %t\o9 airdvio^ irdvv elr), avTO<$
Be BvvaiTO irapaateevdaaadai Bid to ttoXXov?
eyew virrjpiTas teal Bid ttjv eiripteXeiav, Bia-
irep,irwv eteeXeve tov<; (f)i\ov<; rofc ra eavTcbv
aoop,aTa dyovatv '(inrois ipffdXXetv tovtov tov
^iXov, a>9 p<r) ireLv&VTe? tov$ eavTOV (f>[Xov<i

28 ayeoaiv. el Be Br) iroTe iropevoiTO teal irXeiaTOi
fieXXoiev SyfreaOai, irpoateaXcov tov? <f>[Xov<;
icTTOvBaioXoyeiTO, &>9 Br)XoLr) o&9 Tlpua. &&Te
iyeb p,ev ye, it; &v dteovco, oiBeva tepivco vtto
irXeiovcov 7re(f)iXrja0ai ovTe 'EXXijvcov ovtc ftap-

29 fidpeov. Tetcfjurjpiov Be tovtov teal ToBe' irapd
p.ev Kupof BovXov of to? ovSels dirrjei 777709
ftaacXea, irXrjv *OpovTa$ iire^eLprjae' teal ovto<;
Br) ov weTO ttigtov oi eivai Ta^u avTov rjvpe
Kvp<p (f>iXaiTepov f) eavTG)' irapd Be ftaaiXeco?

IToXXol 7T/909 KvpOV dlTr)X0OV f €7T€lBr) IToXefJLlOl

33°

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. ix. 24-29

them in solicitude and in eagerness to do favours,
this'in my opinion is more admirable. For example,
when Cyrus got some particularly good wine, he
would often send the half-emptied jar to a friend
with the message : " Cyrus says that he has not
chanced upon better wine than this for a long time ;
so he sends it to you, and asks you to drink it up to-
day in company with the friends you love best." So
he would often send halves of geese and of loaves and
so forth, instructing the bearer to add the message :
" Cyrus enjoyed this, and therefore wants you also
to take a taste of it." And wherever fodder was
exceedingly scarce and he was able to get it for his
own use because of the large number of his servants
and because of his good planning, he would dis-
tribute this fodder among his friends and tell them to
give it to the horses that carried their own bodies,
that they might not be hungry while carrying his
friends. And whenever he was on the march and
was likely to be seen by very many people, he would
call his friends to him and engage them in earnest
conversation, in order to show whom he honoured.
Hence, as I at least conclude from what comes to my
ears, no man, Greek or barbarian, has ever been
loved by a greater number of people. Here is a fact
to confirm that conclusion : although Cyrus was a
slave, 1 no one deserted him to join the King, save
that Orontas attempted to do so (and he, mark you,
speedily found out that the man he imagined was
faithful to him, was more devoted to Cyrus than to
him) ; on the other hand, many went over from the
King to Cyrus after the two had become enemies

1 A term habitually applied by the Greeks to the subjects
of an absolute monarch, especially those of the Persian king.

33*

Digitize^jOQQle

XENOPHON

aWtfXois eyevovTO, kcu ovroi fievroi oi fidXiara
vtt avTov ayairdfievoi, 1 vo/j,l£ovt€<; irapa Kvp<p
ovTes ayadol d^Korepas &v rifirjs Tvy^dvew r)

30 irapa ftaaiXel. piya he Te/cjitfpiov teal to iv ttj
reXevrfj rov /3lov avrcp yevbfievov oil teal avrbs
r)v ay a0b<; real /cpiveiv bpOtas iSvvaro robs Tnarovs

31 KaX evvov? teal fiefiaiovs. diroOvrjaieovTOs yap
ai>TOv irdvies oi irepl avTov *<piXoi ical avvrpd-
ire^oi direOavov payoyuevoi virep Kvpov ttXt)v
'ApiaLow ovros Se rerayfievos e\vyyavev €7r * T( P
evcovvfio) rov iinriKOv ap^cov* c!>9 8' rjadeTo KOpov
ireirTcoKora, e<pvyev e^eov ical to arpdrevfia trav
ov rjyeiTO.

X. 'Rvravffa St) Kvpov diroTefiverai rj teefyaXr)
KaX // %elp rj Be^id. fjaaiXev? Be Bkokcov eiairiiT-
T€i els to Kvpeiov arpaToirehov zeal oi fiev per a
'Apiaiov ovtceri lo-TavTai) dXXd (pevyovai Bid rov
avT&v arpaTOireBov els top araOfibv evdev eeodev 2
cdpH&vTO* rerrapes o° eXeyovro irapaadyyai eivai

2 7779 68ov. fiaaiXevs Be ical oi avv avTw rd re
aXXa iroXXa Biapird^ovai teal Trjv <t>(oteat8a tt)v
Kvpov iraXXateLBa tt)v ao<f>r)v real tcaXijv Xeyo-

3 fievrjv eivai \ap.fidvei. 7) Be MiXrjaia 7) ve(orepa z
Xr)<f>0eiaa virb ra>v d/jL(f>l fiaaiXea eiefyevyei yvfivij
7rpo? to>v 'EXXtjvcov o'i eTvypv iv tois ateevo^opois
SirXa e^ovres real dwiTa^evTes ttoXXovs fiev
t(ov apiraXbvTtov direKreivav, oi Be real avrcbv
aired avov ov firjv e<f>vy6v ye, dXXa zeal ravrrjv

1 vir' avrov aycnruntvoi MSS.: iaurovs aytxixtvoi Gem., follow-
ing Dindorf. 2 *o»B*v inserted by Gem.

3 r) vtwrepa Mar. with the inferior MSS.: the better MSS.
read i)v vftvrtpa which words, with Mi\r)<rla, Gem. brackets,
following Lincke.

332

Google

ANABASIS, I. ix. 29-x. 3

(these being, moreover, the men who were most
highly regarded by the King), because they thought
that if they were deserving, they would gain a
worthier reward with Cyrus than with the King.
Furthermore, what happened to Cyrus at the end of
his life is a strong indication that he was a true man
himself and that he knew how to judge those who
were faithful, devoted, and constant. When he
died, namely, all his bodyguard of friends and table
companions died fighting in his defence, with the
exception of Ariaeus ; he, it chanced, was stationed
on the left wing at the head of the cavalry, and
when he learned that Cyrus had fallen, he took to
flight with the whole army that he commanded.

X. Then the head of Cyrus and his right hand
were cut off. But the King, pursuing Ariaeus, burst
into the camp of Cyrus ; and Ariaeus and his men no
longer stood their ground, but fled through their
own camp to the stopping-place from which they
had set out that morning, a distance, it was said, of
four parasangs. So the King and his troops pro-
ceeded to secure plunder of various sorts in abund-
ance, while in particular he captured the Phocaean ^
woman, Cyrus' concubine, who, by all accounts, was
clever and beautiful. The Milesian woman, however, ✓
the younger one, after being seized by the King's
men made her escape, lightly clad, to some Greeks
who had chanced to be standing guard amid the
baggage train and, forming themselves in line
against the enemy, had killed many of the plunderers,
although some of their own number had been kiiled
also ; nevertheless, they did not take to flight, but
they saved this woman and, furthermore, whatever

333

Digitized by

XENOPHON

ecrcoaav teal r&XXa, oiroaa €vto$ avreov teal XPV'
fiara teal avOpayiroi iyevovro, irdvra eaeoaav.

4 'Evravda Biecr^pv dWtjXoiP ftaaiXevs re teal oi
"EXXrjve*; o>9 Tpidtcovra crrd8ia t oi fiev Bt,a>teovT€s
tol>9 Ka0* avrovs cl)9 TrdvTa? 1 vtfca)PT€<;, oi &' dp-

5 Trd£ovT€s c!>9 rjBrj irdvres 2 vitewvres. iirel 8'
fjcrOovTo oi fiev "EXXrjve? ore ftaaiXeus avv tg>
arparevfiaTi iv to?9 atcevo<popoi<; etrj, fiao'iXevs
8' av rj/covae Tiaaacfrepvovs on oi ''EW^f?
vifc<p€v to icaff avTovs teal €t9 to nrpoaOev ol-
XOvtcll BicoteovTes, evOa 8rj fiaaiXeix; fiev ddpoL^ei
re tou9 eavTov teal avvrdrrerai, 6 Be KXeap^os
i/3ovXev€TO Ylpo^evov teaXeo-a*;, 7rXrfaiaLTaro<; yap
rjv, el 7T€fi7roLev riva? rj irdvTe? coiev iirl to arpa-

6 roireBov dp^ovre^, 3 iv rovT<p teal ftaaiXevs
BrjXos fjv iTpoattov irdXiv, c!>9 iBoteei, OTricdev,
teal oi fiev "EW^e? arpafyevres irapea teevd^ovro
o>9 ravTrj irpoaiovTos teal Begofievoi, 6 Be fiaa-LXevs
ravTTj fiev ovte fjyev, y Be iraprfKjQev ef&> rov €va>-
vv/ulov teeparos ravTtj teal dirrp/ev, dvaXaftobv teal
tou9 iv rfj fidxv 7rpo9 4 to£>9 "RXXrjvas avrofioXij-

1 irivrai MSS. except C 1? Mar.: Gem. brackets us . . .
viKuvrtSy following Dobree.

2 travrts MSS. except Cj, Mar.: iravra Cj, Gem.

* jl Tcdvrts ionv . . . api)^ovr(s MSS. except C^, Mar.: us
iravrl nd4vti . . . ip-fi^ovras Gem., following Hug.

4 icphi the inferior MSS., Mar.: nark the better MSS.,
Gem.: Gem., however, following Schenkl, brackets narh . . .

334

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. x. 3-6

else came within their lines, whether persons or
property, they saved all alike.

At this time 'the King and the Greeks were
distant from one another about thirty stadia, the
Greeks pursuing the troops in their front, in the
belief that they were victorious over all the enemy,
•the King and his followers plundering, in the belief
that they were all victorious already. When,
however, the Greeks learned that the King and his
forces were in their baggage train, and the King, on
the other hand, heard from Tissaph ernes that the
Greeks were victorious over the division opposite
them and had gone on ahead in pursuit, then the
King proceeded to gather his troops together and
form them in line of battle, and Clearchus called
Proxenus (for he was nearest him in the line) and
took counsel with him as to whether they should
send a detachment or go in full force to the camp,
for the purpose of lending aid. Meanwhile the
Greeks saw the King advancing again, as it seemed,
from their rear, and they accordingly countermarched
and made ready to* meet his attack in case he should
advance in that direction 1 ; the King, however, did
not do so, but returned by the same route he had
followed before, when he passed outside of Cyrus'
left wing, and in his return picked up not only those
who had deserted to the Greeks during the battle,

1 The Greeks had advanced straight forward from their
position on the right wing and the King straight forward
from his centre (which was be3'ond the left wing of Cyrus'
entire, i.e. Greek and barbarian, army) ; hence the two had
passed by one another at a considerable distance. The
question now was, whether the King on his return inarch
would move obliquely, so as to meet the Greeks, or would
follow the same route by which he advanced, thus keeping
clear of them again.

335

Digitized by

XENOPHON

aavTas teal Ticraacfrepvrjv Kal to£><? avv avra>,

7 6 yap Tiaaac^epvT)^ iv rfj irpcl^Trj avvohep ov/c
etyvyev, dWa hirjkaae irapd top irorapiov Kara
rou9 "EU^a? TreXraaTas* SieXavvcov he /care-
tcave fiev oiheva, Biaardvre^ h y oi "RWrjves eiraiov
Kal t)kovtc^ov avrovv 'QiTi<T6evr)<; he 'A/mcfrnro-'
Xlttjs rjpx* T<*>v ireKraaT&v Kal ekeyero <f>povifio$

8 yeveaOai. 6 8* ovv Tiaaa<f>epvr)<; c!>9 fielov eypv
dirrfWdyr), irdXiv fiev ovk dvaaTpecfrei, els he
to (TTpaToirehov d<f>iKo/Jievo<; to tcjv *E\\i]vg>v
e/eel avvTvyydvei fiaaiXel, Kal 6fiov hr) irdXiv
avvra^dfievoi iiropevovro,

U 'Eiirel 8' fjaav Kara to evdovvfiov toov ^Wrjvrov
Kepa$, eheiaav oi "EWrjves pur) irpoadyoiev irpos
to Kepas Kal TreptTTTv^avTe^ dpL(j>OT€p(odev avTOvs
KaTaKotyeiav Kal ehoKei avToh dvaiTTvaaeiv to
10 K€pa<; Kal irourjaaadaL oiriadev top iroTafiov. iv
oS Be TavTa iftovXevovTO, Kal hrj /3aai\ev<; irapa-
fieLyfrd/ievo^ eh to axjTO G\r)p.a KaTeaTrjaev dv-
Tiav ttjv <j>d\ayya &airep to irpcoTOv fia^pvpuevo^
avvrjei. a>9 he eihov oi "EWrives iyyvs T€ oWa?
Kal irapaTCTay fievovs, avffis TraiavLaavTes iirfjaav

1 See viii. 4-5.

2 At this point the fronts of the two armies — which were
facing in opposite directions, and, further, each in the direc-
tion opposite to that which it took in the first encounter —
were in approximately the same straight line. It should be
noted that Xenophon means by "the left wing" of the
Greeks that which had been the left wing in the original
formation, but had now become the right.

336

Digitized by

ANABASIS, I. x. 6-1 o

but also Tissaphernes and his troops. For Tissaphernes v
had not taken to flight in the first encounter, but
had charged along the river through the Greek
peltasts 1 ; he did not kill anyone in his passage, but
the Greeks, after opening a gap for his men, pro-
ceeded to deal blows and throw javelins upon them
as they went through. The commander of the Greek
peltasts was Episthenes of Amphipolis, and it was
said that he proved himself a sagacious man. At
any rate, after Tissaphernes had thus come off with
the worst of it, he did not wheel round again, but
went on to the camp of the Greeks and there fell in
with the King ; so it was that, after forming their
lines once more, they were proceeding together.

When they were over against the left wing of the
Greeks, 2 the latter conceived the fear that they might
advance against that wing and, by outflanking them
on both sides, cut them to pieces ; they thought it
best, therefore, to draw the wing back and get the
river in their rear. 3 But while they were taking
counsel about this matter, the King had already
changed his line of battle to the same form as theirs
and brought it into position opposite them, just as
when he had met them for battle the first time. 4
And when the Greeks saw that the enemy were near
them and in battle-order, they again struck up the
paean and advanced to the attack much more eagerly

* The Greek line was now, as in the beginning, at right
angles to the Euphrates. The movement here described
would (if executed) have made it parallel to the river, the
latter serving as a defence in the rear.

4 Xenophon seems to mean that the King now moved to
the right until his flank (like that of the Greeks - see the
preceding notes) rested upon the Euphrates. The two
armies, therefore, were again squarely facing one another,
though with positions relatively reversed (see note 2 above).

337

VOL. II. Z

Digitized by

XENOPHON

11 TToXv TTpodv/JLOTepOV f) TTpOaOeV. ol 8' CLV ftdp-

fiapot ovk ihe'XpvrOy dXXd ~£k irXeovos fi to irpo-
adev e<f>evyov ol 8' eirehlcoKOV p^ey^pi K(op,r)<; twos'

12 evravda 8' earrjaav ol "TLXXyve?' virep yap
fcco/xt]*; yrj\o(f>o$ fjv, i<j>' ov dvecTpd^rjaav ol dpcf)l
ffaaiXea, ire^ol puev ovKeri, r&v 8e lirireeov 6
X6(f>o<; eveirXTjaOrj, ware to izoiovpjevov firj yi-
ypwatceiv. Kal to ftaalXeiov arjfielov bpav e^aaav
alerov riva ypvaovv iirl irekTrj eirl £vXov 1 ava-
ls rerafievov. iirel 8e /cal evravB* ix<opovv ol

"RXXrjves, Xelirovat, Btj teal rbv Xbfyov ol ImreZs'
ov firjv en aOpoot, a\V aXXoi dXXoOev iyfriXovro
8' 6 \0909 t&v liriretov TeXo? Be Kal ttuvtss

14 aTrexaiprjaap. 6 ovv KXeao^o? ovk dveftlfta^ev
eirl rbv X6<j>ov, A\' vtt* avrbv artfaa<; to arpd-
revfia rrepmei Avkiov rbv Xvpaxoacov teal dXXov
eirl rbv X6<f>ov koX tceXevei KariBovras rd vrrep

15 tou \6(j)ov rl icrriv dirayyelXai. Kal 6 Avkios
rfKaae re fcal IBcov drrayyeKXeu ore (frevyovaiv dvd
Kpdros. a^eBbv 8* ore ravra fjv Kal rjXios eBvero.

16 'JLvravOa 8' earrjaav. ol "EXXrjves Kal defievoi
rd oirXa averravovro' Kal dfia pep e0avp,a£ov on
ov8ap,ov K0/3O? <f>alvoiro o£8' aXXo? dir avrov
ov8e\<; iraprjei' ov yap rjBeaav avrbv reOvrjKora,
dXX' eoKa^ov fj BicoKovra oiyeaBai fj KaraXrjyjro-

17 p.evov ri TrpoeXrjXaKevar Kal avrol ifiovXevovro
el avrov p,elvavT€<; rd aKevoipopa evravda dyoivro
fj dirloiev eirl to arparotreBov. eBo%ev avrol<;
diriivar Kal dfyiKvovvrai dficfn BopTrrjarbv iirl

18 Ta? aK7)vd<i. ravrrjs fiev rfjs rj fie pas rovro to

1 iitl |uAou MSS. : Gem. brackets, following Cobet : Mar.
regards as corrupt.

338

Digitized by

ANABASIS, T. x. 10-18

than before ; and the barbarians once again failed to\/
await the attack, but took to flight when at a greater
distance from the Greeks than they were the first
time. The Greeks pursued as far as a certain village,
and there they halted ; for above the village was a
hill, upon which the King and his followers rallied ;
and they were not now foot-soldiers, but the hill was
covered with horsemen, so that the Greeks could not
perceive what was going on. They did see, they said,
the royal standard, a kind of golden eagle on a shield,
raised aloft upon a pole. But when at this point also
the Greeks resumed their forward movement, the
horsemen at once proceeded to leave the hill ; they
did not keep together, however, as they went, but
scattered in different directions ; so the hill became
gradually cleared of the horsemen, till at last they
were all gone. % Clearchus, accordingly, did not lead
the army up the hill, but halted at its foot and sent
Lycius the Syracusan and another man to the summit,
directing them to observe what was beyond the hill
and report back to him. And Lycius, after riding up
and looking, brought back word that the enemy were
in headlong flight. At about this time the sun set.

Then the Greeks halted, grounded arms, and pro-
ceeded to rest themselves. At the same time they
wondered that Cyrus was nowhere to be seen and
that no one else had come to them from him ; for
they did not know that he was dead, but conjectured
that he had either gone off in pursuit or pushed on
to occupy some point. So they took counsel for them-
selves as to whether .they should remain where they
were and bring the baggage train thither, or return
to their camp. The decision was to return, and
they reached their tents about supper-time. Such

339

z 2

Google

A

\RNOPHON

TeX.o? iyivero. /caraXafi^dvovat Se twv re aWoyv
XprjfiaTGyv ra irXelaTa Snjpiraa/Jiiva /ecu el ti
aiTiov r) ttotov rjv, koX Ta? dp.dt;as /x€<TTa<; a\ev-
pfov zeal oipov, a? irapeaKevdaajo K0/>o<?, tva el
7tot€ atyohpa to (TTpdrevfia Xa/3ot evheia, Sia&i-
SoLtj rot? "EiWrjaiv — ffaav 8' avrai T6Tpaie6<nai,
a>9 iXeyopro, d/iagac — teal ravTas Tore oi avv
19 paaiXel hirjpiraaav. ware dSenrvoi rjaav oi
ir^elcnoi Ttav 'RXXrjvcov rjaav he iea\ dvdpiaror
irplv yap &rj /earaXvaai to GTpdievp.a irpb<;
apiGTov /3aai\ev$ icf>dvr). ravrrfp fiev ovv rrjv
vvKTa ovrot) hieyevovro.

34o

d by Google

ANABASIS, I. x. 18-19

was the conclusion of this day. They found most of
their property pillaged, in particular whatever there
was to eat or drink, and as for the wagons loaded
with flour and wine which Cyrus had provided in
order that, if ever serious need should overtake the
army, he might have supplies to distribute among
the Greeks (and there were four hundred of these
wagons, it was said), these also the King and his
men had now pillaged. The result was that most of
the Greeks had no dinner ; and they had had no
breakfast, either, for the King had appeared before
the time when the army was to halt for breakfast.
Thus it was, then, that they got through this
night.

34i

Digitized by

d by Google

BOOK II

d by Google

B

2 I. 1 "Afia Se rfj fj/xepa avveX06vre<; oi arparrjyol
i0av/xa£ov on Kvpos ovre aXXov rtepmei arjjxa-
vovvra o n %prj iroieiv ovre auTO<? <j>alvoiro.
eSo%ev ovv avrols ava/cevaaa/xevois a e\\ov real
i];07r\iaa/jL€voi$ irpolevai eU rb irpoaBev So? Kvpa>

3 <TVfjLfieif;€iav. 77877 Se iv oppufj ovrcov a/xa rjXiw
dveypvn rjX0e UpofcXr]? 6 Tev0pavia<; ap^oav,
yeyovw airo Aa/xapdrov rov Adfccovos, /ecu FXovs
6 Ta/xco. ovroi eXeyov on Kvpos fiev re0vr)K€v,
'Apialos Se 7T€(j)€vya)<; iv tw ara0jxa> eirj jxera
rebv aXXcov ftapftdpcov o0ev rfj irporepala a>p-
ficovro, teal Xkyei on ravrrjv fxev rrjv rjfxepav
7T€pi/X€V0C€V CLVTOV?, el neXXbiev fj/C€lV, rfj Se aXXy

4 dmevai (f>aLrj iirl 'Iorna?, oOevirep fjX0e. rubra

1 The MSS. here prefix the following summary of the
preceding narrative (see translation on opposite page) : 'n*
ficv ohv ydpoladri Kvptp rb 'EWrfviKbv 8t€ iirl rbv abe\<pbv'
*Apra^4p^r}P iarpartvero, Kal 5<ra iv ttj avdSip iirpdxQy Kcil us 7?
fidxv iytvero Kal &s Kvpos 4r€\€vrr)<r€ ical <ws 4*1 rb arparStre^ov
4\d6vT€s oi "EWyves ^KOi^Byaav ol6fxevoi ra ir&vra viKav kol\
Kvpov £nv, iv t$ irp6(rdev Aoyep 5«5^Aa>Toi. A like introduction
is prefixed to each of the following books except the sixth,
All these summaries must have been the work of a lat
editor.

344

Digitized by

BOOK II

I. 1 At daybreak the generals came together, and
they wondered that Cyrus neither sent anyone else
to tell them what to do nor appeared himself. They
resolved, accordingly, to pack up what they had,
arm themselves, and push forward until they should
join forces with Cyrus. When they were on the
point of setting out, and just as the sun was rising,
came Procles, the ruler of Teuthrania, a descendant v
of Damaratus, 2 the Laconian, and with him Glus,
the son of Tamos. They reported that Cyrus was
dead, and that Ariaeus had fled and was now, along
with the rest of the barbarians, at the stopping-place
from which they had set out on the preceding day ;
further, he sent word that he and his troops were
that day waiting for the Greeks, on the chance that
they intended to join them, but on the next day, so
Ariaeus said, he should set out on the return journey
for Ionia, whence he had come. The generals upon

1 Summary (see opposite page) : The preceding narrative
has described how a Greek force was collected for Cyrus at
the time when he was planning an expedition against his
brother Artaxerxes, what events took place during the up-
ward march, how the battle was fought, how Cyrus met his
death, and how the Greeks returned to their camp and. lay
down to rest, supposing that they were victorious at all
points and that Cyrus was alive.

* A king of Sparta who was deposed in 491 B.C., fled to
Persia, and afterwards accompanied Xerxes in his expedi-
tion against Greece. Teuthrania (in western Asia Minor)
made part of the territory given him by Xerxes as a reward
for this service.

345

Digitized by

XENOPHON

dtcovaapre? oi arpartfyol teal oi aXXoi v E\\7;i/€9
TTwdav6fX€voi fiapdeas €<f>€pov. KXeapxos Be rdBe
elirev. 'AW' cj<f>eXe t*ev Kvpo? pjv errel Be

T€T€k€VTt)K€P t a7Tayy€\\€T€ ^ Apt 01(0 OTt 17/X€t?

viKoypkv re ftaaiXea /ecu, w opare, ovBel? ere
ijfjilv /id^erat, teal et pj) vptis rjXdere, iiropevopueOa
av iirl ftaaiXea. CTrayyeXXopeOa Be Wpiaioy, iav
ivddhe eXffrj, els top Opopov top fiacriXeiop rcaOulv
axrrov t<op yap pA^p pttccopr&p Kal to apxeiv
eari. Tavra elirinv airoareSXei tous ayyeXovs
teal avv avrol<; \eipiao<f>op top Adtcuva teal
\leveova tov 0€TTa\oV tcai yap airro? Mevcov
iftovXero' t)v yap <f>iXo$ teal givos Wpiaiov.

Oi pat (pxopro* KXeap^o? Be 7repiep€P€' to Be
CTpaTevpu erropi&To gZtov o7ra>9 eBvpaTo etc t&v
vTTo%vyi<ov tcoTTTOvre*; tovs /3ov<; tcai ovovr %v\ois
Be exp&mo puKpov irpoiovre^ airo Tt]$ <f>dXayyo$

OV 7) paXV £y€V€TO TO*? T€ OiaToU TToXXoiS OVaiV,

oft? rjvdy/ca^op oi 'EWrjpes iteftdWeip tovs avro-
IJLoXovvTas trapa j3aai\€(o$, teal to?? yeppois teal
TaU dcririai Tat? %vXipai<% TaU AlyvTnLaiS'
iroXXal Be Kal ireXTai teal apagai fjaap tfrepeaOai
eprjpor 0I9 irdat yjmpuepoi tcpea eyfropre? ijaOiov

€K€LP7)P TT)P TJpL€paP.

Kal fj&r) T€ rjv dp<f>l irXijOovaap dyopap Kal
epr^ovTai irapd ftaciXeo)*; teal Tiaaa<f>eprou<; kij-
pvtces oi fiep dXXoi /3dp/3apoi, ?;p 8' avr&p <t>aXlpo<;
eU "KWrjv, 09 €Tvy%aP€ irapa Ttaaa<f>eppei am
346

ANABASIS, II. i. 4-7

hearing this message, and the rest of the Greeks as
they learned of it, were greatly distressed. Clearchus,
however, said : " Well, would that Cyrus were alive !
but since he is dead, carry back word to Ariaeus
that, for our part, we have defeated the King, that
we have no enemy left, as you see, to fight with, and
that if you had not come, we should now be march-
ing against the King. And we promise Ariaeus that, >/
if he will come here, we will set him upon the royal
throne ; for to those who are victorious in battle
belongs also the right to rule." With these words
he sent back the messengers, sending with them
Cheirisophus the Laconian and Menon the Thes-
salian ; for this was Menon's own wish, inasmuch as
he was an intimate and guest-friend of Ariaeus.

So they went off, and Clearchus awaited their
return ; meanwhile the troops provided themselves
with food as best they could, by slaughtering
oxen and asses of the baggage train. As for fuel,
they went forward a short distance from their line
to the place where the battle was fought and used
for that purpose not only the arrows, many in
number, which the Greeks had compelled all who
deserted from the King to throw away, but also the
wicker shields and the wooden Egyptian shields ;
there were likewise many light shields and wagons
that they could carry off, all of them abandoned.
These various things, then, they used for fuel, and
so boiled meat and lived on it for that day. 1

And now it was about full-market time, 2 and
heralds arrived from the King and Tissaphernes, all
of them barbarians except one, a Greek named
Phalinus, who, as it chanced, was with Tissaphernes
1 See cote on i. v. 6. 2 See note on i. viii. 1.

347

XENOPHON

teal €J/Tt/Lt&>9 S%w /ecu yap irpoaeTroielro einaTr)-
jjlcov elvai ra>v dp<j>\ ragei? re /ecu oirKo^ia^lav.

8 ovroi Be irpoaeXOovre^ /ecu KaXeaavres tou9 tcov
'ILWrfvcov apyovras Xeyovaiv oti fiaaiXevs
/ceXevei tovs "EWrjvas, eirel vikwv rvy\dvei zeal
JZvpov dire/crave, irapaBovras rd oirXa lovra? iirl
ffaaiXeox; Ovpas evpia/ceadai dv ri BvvcovTai

9 dyaOov. ravra pbiv elirov oi /3aaiXec0<; /crfpv/ces'
oi Be "EXXrjves ftapecos puev rjieovaav, o/jlco? Be
KXeapyos roaovrov elirev, on oi rcov vi/c&vreov
sir) Ta oirXa irapaBiBovar a\V, €<f>r), vp^ls piev,
a) dvBpes arparrjyoi, rovrois dtro/cpLvaaOe o ri
/cdXXiarov re /cal dpiarov exere* eyoa Be airi/ea
tj^co, e/cdXeae ydp ri$ airov rcov virrjperfiv, 07ra>9
IBoi rd iepd e^yprjpeva' ervye ydp dvopevos.

10 "Ev0a Br) dire/cplvaro KXedvwp 6 'Ap/ta9, irpea-
ftvraros cov, on irpoaOev dv diroQdvoiev r) rd
oirXa irapaBoLr)aav* Upofjevo? Be 6 &r)/3aios,
J A\X iydo, e<f>r), & <$>aXlve, Qavpaip irorepa &>9
Kparojv fiaaiXevs alrel rd oirXa r) a>9 Bid tpiXiav
Bcopa. el p,ev ydp a>9 /cpar&v, ri Bel avrov alrelv
/cal oi Xafteiv iXdovra ; el Be ireiaas ftovXerai
Xa/3eiv, Xeyerc* ri carat, rots o~rpaTt<orat$, idv

11 air to ravra yaplacovrai. 7rpo9 ravra <t>aXivo<t
€C7T€' BaaiXevs vi/cdv rjyelrai, €7rel Kvpov dire-
/crave. Tt9 ydp aircp eariv oaris 77)9 dp^r}?
dvrtiroievrai ; vopi^ei Be /cal vp,d$ eavrov elvai,
ex^ov ev p>ear) rfj eavrov X™P a ^orapucov

1 These words recall the famous answer which Leonidas at
Thermopylae made to the same demand: po\&u \aB*, "Come
and take them.**

348

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. i. 7-1 1

and was held in honour by him ; for this Phalinus
professed to be an expert in tactics and the handling
of heavy infantry. When these heralds came up,
they called for the leaders of the Greeks and said
that the King, since victory had fallen to him and he
had slain Cyrus, directed the Greeks to give up their
arms, go to the King's court, and seek for themselves
whatever favour they might be able to get. Such
was the message of the King's heralds. The Greeks
received it with anger, but nevertheless Clearchus
said as much as this, that it was not victors who gave
up their arms ; " However," he continued, " do you,
my fellow generals, give these men whatever answer
you can that is best and most honourable, and
J will return immediately." For one of his servants
had summoned him to see the vital organs that had
been taken out of a sacrificial victim, for Clearchus
chanced to be engaged in sacrificing.

Then Cleanor the Arcadian, being the eldest of
the generals, made answer that they would die
sooner than give up their arms. And Proxenus the
Theban said : " For my part, Phalinus, I wonder
whether the King is asking for our arms on the
assumption that he is victorious, or simply as gifts,
on the assumption that we are his friends. For if
he asks for them as victor, why need he ask for
them, instead of coming and taking them ? 1 But
if he desires to get them by persuasion, let him set
forth what the soldiers will receive in case they do
him this favour." In reply to this Phalinus said :
" The King believes that he is victor because he has
slain Cyrus. For who is there now who is contend-
ing against him for his realm ? Further, he believes
that you also are his because he has you in the

349

Digitized by

XENOPHON

€i/T09 dhiaftdreov teal TrXr/dos dv0pa>7rcov e<£' vp,a<;
Svvdfievos dyayelv, ocrov ov& el rrapeypi vpZv
Bvvaiaffe av dirotcreivai. fierd rovrov ®eo7ro/<nro$

12 'AOrjvai&s elirev *£l <PaXlve, vvv, a><? av opas,
r)puv oiSev eariv dyaOov aXXo el purj oirXa teal
dperr], oirXa fiev ovv e%oi>T69 olopueOa av koX rfj
apery xprjaOai, irapahovres 8' civ ravra teal r&v
acopudrcov areprjdrjvai. fii) ovv oiov rd fxova
dyaOd r\plv ovra vplv 7rapa8(baeiv, dXXd avv
rovrois teal ire pi rebv vfierepeov dya0a>v paypv-

13 pe0a. d/eovaas he ravra 6 <PaXlvo<; eyeXaae teal
elirev 'AXXa <f>iXoa6(f)<p puev eoitcas, & veav[atc€ f
teal Xeyeis ovte dydpiara' XaQi p.evroi dvorjro? &v t
el oiei rr)v vp^erepav dperr/v irepiyeveaOai av rf}$

14 ftaaiXeax; Swdpecos. dXXov<; 8e rivas e<f>aaav
Xeyeiv viropaXatci^opLevov<; a>9 teal Kvp(p iriarol
eyevovro teal fiaaiXel av iroXXov a%ioi yevowro, el
ffovXoiro <f>lXo<; yeveaOar teal efre aXXo ri OeXou
%pr)a0ai eir eir Atyvirrov arpareveiv, avytcara-
arpeyfraivr' av avr<p.

15 'Ev rovrtp KXeapyos fjtce, teal r)pcorrjaev el tfSr)
diroieeiepip,kvoi elev. <PaXlvo$ Be iiroXa&cbv elirev
Ovroi pev, 5) KXeapye, aXXos aXXa Xeyec av S*

16 tj/jliv elire rl Xeyeis. 6 8' elirev 'E^yci ae, &
<f>aXive, aapLevo? eopatea, olpwii he teal ol aXXoi
irdvrer av re ydp "EXXtjv el teal f)p,el<; roaovroi
ovres oaov? av opa?* ev rotovrois he ovres irpdy-
35°

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. i. 11-16

middle of his country, enclosed by impassable rivers,
and because he can bring against you a multitude of
men so great that you could not slay them even if
he were to put them in your hands." Then Theo-
pompus, an Athenian, said : " Phalinus, at this,
moment, as you see for yourself, we have no other
possession save arms and valour. Now if we keep
our arms, we imagine that we can make use of our
valour also, but if we give them up, that we shall
likewise be deprived of our lives. Do not suppose,
therefore, that we shall give up to you the only

- possessions that we have ; rather, with these we
shall do battle against you for your possessions as
well." When he heard this, Phalinus laughed and

' said : " Why, you talk like a philosopher, young man,
and what you say is quite pretty ; be sure, however,
that you are a fool if you imagine that your valour
could prove superior to the King's might." There ^
were some others, so the story goes^ who weakened
a little, and said tliat, just as they had proved them-
selves faithful to Cyrus, so they might prove valuable
to the King also if he should wish to become their
friend ; he might want to employ them for various v
purposes, perhaps for a campaign against Egypt,
which they should be glad to assist him in subduing.

At this time Clearchus returned, and asked
whether they had yet given an answer. And
Phalinus broke in and said : " These people, Cle-
archus, all say different things ; but tell us what
y<fur own opinion is." Clearchus replied : " I myself,
Phalinus, was glad to see you, and, I presume, all
the rest were, too ; for you are a Greek and so are
we, whose numbers you can observe for yourself.
Now since we are in such a situation, we ask you to

Digitized by

XENOPHON

paai avp/3ovXev6/jL€0d aoi rl XPV ^roielv irepl a>v

17 Xeyeis. av ovv -npo<; 0ecov avp,fiovXevaov rj/juiv
o ri aoi hovel KaXXiarov kcu dpiarov elvai, Kal o

aOC TlfJLTJV Oia€l €t9 TOV €7T€ira yfiOVOV Xey6pb€l'Oy, 1
OTl Q>aXtv6$ 7TOT6 TT€fl(j)0€l^ TTCLpct fiaaiXeeo?

KeXevaeov toi>9 "EXXrjva? ra oir\a irapahovvai
f*vp/3ovXevop,€voi<; l-vvefiovXevaev avrol^ rdhe,
6la0a he on avdytcrj Xeyea0ai iv rfj 'EXXdhi a

18 av l*vp,/3ovX€var)<;. 6 he K.Xeap%o<; ravra virr]-
yero ffovXofievo? Kal avrov rbv irapa /3aaiXeco<;
irpeaftevovra %vp,l3ov\evaai firj irapahovvai ra
oirXa, 07rco9 eveXirihes /jlclXXov elev oi 'EXXr)ve$.
<t>aXlvo<; he viroarp€\fra<; irapa rrjv ho^av avrov

19 elirev 'Eyco, el fiev rwv fjuvpiav iXirihcov pi a
ri$ vpZv ean a(o0rjvai iroXepovvras fiaaiXeZ,
avpffovXevco firj irapahihovai ra oirXa* ei he roi
p,y)hepia acdrrjpia*; early €\7ri9 atcopros fiaaiXecos,

20 ^vp/3ovXev(o acp^ea0ai vpXv oiry hvvarov. K\e-
a PX 0< * ^ 7r/)09 ravra elirev* 'AXXa ravra p,ev St)
av Xeyeis* Trap* r\p,&v he dirdyyeXXe rdhe, on
r)p,el<; olopeOa, el p,ev heoi ftaaiXel <f>iXov$ elvai,
TrXelovos av al~ioi elvai <f>iXoi e^ovre? ra oirXa rj
irapahovres dXXqy, el he heoi iroXepieiv, ap,eivov av
7ToXep,eiv e%oi/T€9 ra oirXa rj aXXqy irapahovre^.

21 6 he <f>aXivo$ elire* Tavra puev hrj dirayyeXovpLev
dXka Kal rdhe vplv elireiv etceXevae ffaaiXevs, on
puevovai fiev vpiv avrov airovhal eirjaav, irpolovai
he Kal diriovai iroXepos. eiirare ovv Kal irepl
rovrov irorepa pieveire Kal airovhai elaiv tf a>9

1 \*y6fi*vov Mar., edd.: iva\ty6fxtvoy MSS.: avayyeWo-
H*vov Gem.

352

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. i. 16-21

advise us as to what we ought to do about the
matter you mention. Do you, then, in the sight of
the gods, give us whatever advice you think is best
and most honourable, advice which will bring you
honour in future time when it is reported in this
way : c Once on a time Phalinus, when he was sent
by the King to order the Greeks to surrender their
arms, gave them, when they sought his counsel, the
following advice.' And you know that any advice
you may give will certainly be reported in Greece/'
Now Clearchus was making this crafty suggestion
in the hope that the very man who was acting as
the King's ambassador might advise them not to
give up their arms, and that thus the Greeks might
be made more hopeful. But, contrary to his ex-
pectation, Phalinus also made a crafty turn, and
said : " For my part, if you have one chance in ten
thousand of saving yourselves by carrying on war
against the King, I advise you not to give up your
arms ; but if you have no hope of deliverance with-
out the King's consent, I advise you to save your-
selves in what way you can." In reply to this
Clearchus said : " Well, that is what you say ; but
as our answer carry back this word, that in our view
if we are to be friends of the King, we should be
more valuable friends if we keep our arms than if
we give them up to someone else, and if we are to
wage war with him, we should wage war better if
we keep our arms than if we give them up to some-
one else." And Phalinus said : "That answer, then,
we will carry back ; but the King bade us tell you
this also, that if you remain where you are, you have
a truce, if you advance or retire, war. Inform us,
therefore, on this point as well: shall you remain

353

VOL. II. A A

Digitized by

XKNOPHON

iroXe/jbov opto? irap* v/jl&v dirayyeXS}} KXea/o^o?

22 h* eXefjev 'AirdyyeXXe toLvvv teal rrepi rovrov
otl teal fjfiiv ravrd hotcel drrep tcai fiaaiXei. T£
ovv ravrd iariv ; €(f>rj 6 <t>aXivo<;. diretcplvaro 2
KXeapxos' *H*> p,ev p,ev(op£v, crrovhal, airiovai he
teal irpoioxxri TroXepos. 6 he rrdXiv rjpcorrjae'

23 ^Zirovhdf; rj iroXe/iov drrayyeXS) ; K\eapxo<* he
ravrd rrdXiv drretcplvaro' ^rrovha\ p,ev fievovaiv,
dirtovai hk rj irpoiovai rroXepio^, 6 ri h\ rroirjaoi

, 0 V 8l€<T7]/JLT)V€.

II. <&aXivo$ pkv hr) a>X ero Kai 0L ^vv avr<p.
oi he rrapd 'Aptatov fjtcov HpotcXfj? teal Xetpt-
(to^o?* Mevcov he avrov efieve irapd 'Apiaiw
ovroi he eXeyov on ttoXXov? <\>alr) 6 *Apialo<; elvai
Hepaas eavrov fieXrlov?, 0&9 ovtc dv dvao-%€o-0ai
avrov fiaaiXevovros' dXX J el /3ovXe<r0e avvarr-
tivai, tftceiv fjhrj tceXevei rfjs vvtcros. el h& firj,

2 avpLov rrpep dmevai (frrjalv. 6 he KXeap^o? ehrev
'AW ovr<o XPV rroielv edv puev r)tc(op,ev, &arrep
Xeyere* el he fir}, rrpdrrere oiroiov dv ri vjmv
olrjaOe pudXiara avp><j>ep€iv. o ri he rroiijaoi ovhe
rovroi? eme.

3 Merd ravra 77877 rjXlov hvvovros avytcaXeaas
arparrjyov^ /cal Xoxayov? eXege roidhe. 'EtjioC,
& dvhpes, 0voixev(p levai iiri fiactXea ovtc eylyvero
rd iepd, /cat eltcorcos dpa ovtc eyiyvero* c!>9 ydp
ey<b vvv Trvv0dvop,ai, iv fieaw r)p,a>v teal fiaciXeeos
6 Tlyprj? irorafio*; iart vavcrliTOpo*;, ov ovtc dv

1 krayytXa MSS., Mar.: &irayy*l\(a Gem., following Bis-
schop.

a kirtKpivaro the inferior MSS., Mar. : kir*Kpldii & the better

MSS., Gem.

354

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. i. 21-11. 3

and is there a truce, or shall I report from you that
there is war ? " Clearchus replied : " Report, then,
on this point that our view is precisely the same as
the King's." " What, then, is that ? " said Phalinus.
Clearchus replied, " If we remain, a truce, if we
retire or advance, war." And Phalinus asked again,
" Shall I report truce or war?" And Clearchus
again made the same reply, " Truce if we remain, if
we retire or advance, war." What he meant to do,
however, he did not indicate.

II. So Phalinus and his companions departed.
But the messengers from Ariaeus arrived — Procles
and Cheirisophus only, for Menon stayed behind
with Ariaeus ; they reported that Ariaeus said there
were many Persians of higher rank than himself and
they would not tolerate his being king. " But," the
messengers continued, "if you wish to make the
return journey with him, he bids you come at once,
during the night ; otherwise, he says he will set out
to-morrow morning." And Clearchus said : " Well,
let it be this way : if we come, even as you propose ;
if we do not, follow whatever course you may think
most advantageous to yourselves." But what he
meant to do, he did not tell them, either.

After this, when the sun was already setting, he
called together the generals and captains and spoke
as follows : " When I sacrificed, gentlemen, the
omens did not result favourably for proceeding
against the King. And with good reason, it proves,
they were not favourable; for, as I now ascertain,
between us and the King is the Tigris, a navigable

355

a a 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Svvaifieda avev ttXolodp hiafirjvar irXola Se r]fiet^
ovk €Xo/jl€v. ov fi€V 8rj airov ye fieveiv olov re'
ra ydp iiriTij&eia ovk eanv \kvai Se irapd

tov<% Kvpov <f>uXov<; irdpv tcaXa rjfup ra lepa fy.
4 a)8e ovv XPV iroieiv* diriopras Senrveiv o ti Tts

6^66* €7T€lBdv &€ arj/JL7]V7J T(p K€pdTl fit)? CLVCL-

TraveaOai, avaKevd^eaOe 9 iireihav Se to Sevrepov*
dvarldeade iirl ra viro^vyia* iirl Be rq> rpLrw

€7T€<T0€ T(p rffOVfieVCp, TO, fJL€P VTTotyyta €^OVT€9
6 7T/0O9 TOV TTOTafJLOV, TCL &€ OTtXcL €^CO» TaVT

dtcovaavres oi arparrjyol Kal \o%ayoi dirrfKdov

6 Kal €7tolovp ovrco. /cal to Xolttov 6 fiev ^px 61 ** oi
Be iireLdovro, oix ekofievoi, dWd op&vre? on
fjLOVo? ifypovu ola hel top ap^ovTa, oi 8* aXXoi
direipot, Tjaav. 1

7 'EvrevOev €7rel otcoto? iyevero MlXtokvOtjs p,ev
6 ®pag £X** V T °w T€ iTnTeas tovs /j,€0* eavrov eh
rerrapaKopra Kal r&v 7re^a>v ®pa,KO)p a><? rpiaKO-

8 aiovs rjvTO/jLoXrjae 717005 fiaaiXea. K\eapxo<% Be
to?9 aXXois rjyeiTO Kara ra iraprjyyeXfiiva, oi S'
eXirovTo* Kal d<f>iKPovpTai el? top irp&rov arad-
fjibp irap 'Apiatop Kal ttjp eKeLpov arparidv d/jL<j>l
fieaa? PVKras* Kal ip rd^et 0€/jl€poi rd oirXa
%vprfKdop oi arpaTrjyol Kal Xoxayol t&p 'JLXXrfpav j

1 § 6 in the MSS. is as follows (see translation on opposite
page) : apid/xbs rrjs 6$ov V ^A0ov ^| *E<pt<rov rrjs *lwvlas fi^xP 1
ttjs n&xris trradfiol Tpus koI 4v*wi)KQVTa> vapacdyyai *4vr* koI
rpidKovra ical irtvraKSfftoi, arrdBioi irivr^Kovra Kal i^aKiirx^oi
Kal fxvpioi' fab 5e rrjs pAxi* i\*yovro tlvai (is Ba&v\&va ardZioi
htfiKov-ra koI Tpiax6aioi. This passage is regarded by edd.
generally as an interpolation.

356

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. ii. 3-8

river, which we could not cross without boats — and
boats we have none. On the other hand, it is not
possible for us to stay where we are, for we cannot
get provisions; but the omens were extremely
favourable for our going to join the friends of Cyrus.
This, then, is what you are to do : go away and dine
on whatever you severally have ; when the horn
gives the signal for going to rest, pack up ; when
the second signal is given, load your baggage upon
the beasts of burden ; and at the third signal follow
the van, keeping the beasts of burden on the side
next to the river and the hoplites outside." Upon
hearing these words the generals and captains went
away and proceeded to do as Cleiirchus had directed.
And thenceforth he commanded and they obeyed,
not that they had chosen him, but because they saw
that he alone possessed the wisdom which a
commander should have, while the rest were with-
out experience. 1

Afterwards, when darkness had come on, Milto-
cythes the Thracian, with the horsemen under his
command, forty in number, and about three hundred
Thracian foot-soldiers, deserted to the King. But
Clearchus put himself at the head of .the rest of the
troops, following out the plan of his previous orders,
and they followed ; and they reached the first
stopping-place, 2 and there joined Ariaeus and his
army, at about midnight. Then, while they halted
under arms in line of battle, the generals and

1 § 6 (see opposite page) : The length of the journey they
had made from Ephesus, in Ionia, to the battlefield was
ninety- three stages, five hundred and thirty-five parasangs,
or sixteen thousand and fifty stadia ; and the distance from
the battlefield to Babylon was said to be three hundred and
sixty stadia. 2 See i. 3.

357

Digitized by

XENOPHON

irap 'Apicuov /cal cofiocrav oX re "EWi/ire? /cal 6
'Apiaio? teal t&v avv air<p oi /cpdriaroi firjre irpo-
B(o<reiv aX\?y\ou9 <rvfjLfiax<)i re eaeaOar oi Be
fidpfiapot, irpoaco/jLoaav /cal fjyrjaeadaL d8o\a>9.

9 ravra Be &fioaav t a<f>d^avre^ ravpov /cal icdirpov
/cal Kpiov ek dairlBa, oi fiev "EXXrjves fidirTOVTes

10 ft</>09, oi Be fidpftapoi Xoyxv v - e^el ra iriara
iyevero, elirev 6 K\ea/o%o9* v Aye Btf, & 'Apiale,
eireLirep 6 airo? ifilv o-toXos earl ical fjfilv, elire
riva yvdbfirjv e%e*9 ire pi Tr}$ iropelas, irorepov
airifiev ffvirep fjXdofiev fj aXXrjv Tiva evvevorj/cevac

11 Bo/eefc 6B6v KpeLrrco. 6 Be elirev A Hi> fiev fjX6ofjLev
airiovre*; TravreX&s &v vtto Xifiov airoXoifjueBa*
virdpxei yap vvv rjfiiv oiBev t&v eTnrrjBeiayv.
eirra/caLBeica yap araOfi&v r&v eyyvTarw oiBe
Bevpo lovres e/c t^9 X ( * > P a *> ov ^ v €ix°/ JL€V Xaji-
fidveiv evOa Be tl fjv, rjfiel^ Biairopevofievoi /care-
Bairavrjaafiev. vvv 8' einvoovfiev iropeieaQai
fia/cpoTepav fiev, tg>v 8' eirnr}BeL(i)V ovk diropr)-

12 aofiev. iropevTeov 8* rjfiiv tou9 7rp<orov$ arad-
fjiovs c!)9 av Bvvcbfieda fia/cpoTdrovs, iva a>9 7r\el-
arov aTroairda-ay/jLev tov fiaaiXi/cov gt pared fiaro?*
rjv ydp dira^ Bvo tj Tpi&v rjfiepcbv 6Bov diroo-xo^fiev,
oi/ceri fit) BvvrjTai j3aaiXev<; ij/w /caraXafteiv.
oXiyw fiev yap arparevfiaTi oi roXfirjaei €$€7T€-
adar ttoXvv B' ex^v aroXov oi BwrjaeTai Ta^€ft)9
iropeveaOai* taw Be /cal r&v einTr}BeL(ov awaviel.
ravrrjv, €<j>r}, rijv yvcbfirjv e^&> eycaye.

13 *Hv Be avTtj rj arpar^yLa oiBev aXXo Bwa/ievrj

358

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. ii. 8-13

captains had a meeting with Ariaeus ; and the two
parties — the Greek officers, and Ariaeus together ^
with the highest in rank of his followers — made oath
that they would not betray each other and that they
would be allies, while the barbarians took an ad-
ditional pledge to lead the way without treachery.
These oaths they sealed by sacrificing a bull, a boar,
and a ram over a shield, the Greeks dipping a
sword in the blood and the barbarians a lance.
After the pledges had been given, Clearchus said :
" And now, Ariaeus, since you and we are to make
the same journey, tell us what view you hold in
regard to the route — shall we return by the same
way we came, or do you think yo\i have discovered
another way that is better?" Ariaeus replied:
" If we should return by the way we came, we should
perish utterly from starvation, for we now have no
provisions whatever. For even on our way hither
we were not able to get anything from the country
during the last seventeen stages ; and where there
was anything, we consumed it entirely on our march
through. Now, accordingly, we intend to take a
route that is longer, to be sure, but one where we
shall not lack provisions. And we must make our
first marches as long as we can, in order to separate
ourselves as far as possible from the King's army ; for
if we once get a two or three days' journey away from
the King, he will not then be able to overtake us. For
he will not dare to pursue us with a small army, and
with a large array he will not find it possible to
march rapidly ; and perhaps, furthermore, he will
lack provisions. This," said he, " is the view which
I hold, for my part."

This plan of campaign meant nothing else than

3S9

Digitized by

XENOPHON

fj diroBpavai f) dirocfyvyeiv r) Be tvxv i&TpaTrj-
yrjae tcdXXiov. iirel yap r) fie pa iyeveTO, iiropevovTO
iv Begta €%o^T6? tov rjXiov, Xoyi£6fievoi rjgeiv dfia
i)Xl(p Bvvovti eh tcco/jbas tt)<; BafivXwvias 'Xjcopas 9

14 teal tovto fiev ovtc iyfrevadrjaav. en Be dp,<f>l BeiXrjv
eBo^av iroXefiLov^ opdv iirireav teal tg>v re f E\-
Xrjvcov ot firj ervypv iv Tah rd^eaiv ovt€$ eh ra$
rdgei? eOeov, teal 'Apmto?, eriyyave yap i<f> dfid-
%7)<; iropevofievo? Blotl ireTpcoro, tcaTafias iffcopa-

15 fci^ero teal oi avv avTtp. iv c5 Be oyirki^ovro fj/cov
Xeyovres oi it poire fi<f>6evTe<; ateoirol otl ov% iirireh
elev, d\\' viro^vyta vkfioivTO. koCi ev0v<; eyveoaav
iravre? on iyyv? ttov iaTparoireheveTO ^aatXev^
icaX yap teairvos itf>aLvero iv,tc(bfiai<; oi irpoaay.

16 KXeapxo? Be iirl fiev tov? iroXefiiov*; oitc rjyev
rjBet, yap teal direiprftcoTa? tov? arparidyra^ teal
dairov? ovTar rjSrj Be teal oyfre r)v oi fievTOi ovBe
dire/cXive, <f>vXaTTOfievo<; fir) Botcoirj efrevyeiv, a\\'
eidveopov dycov dfia r<p r)XL(p Bvofievcp eh ra?
iyyvrdreo tccofias tov$ irp(OTov<; eyasv tcaTeaterfvco-
aev, e£ ojv BirfpiraGTO viro tov ftaaiXitcov arpa-

17 revfiaros teal aird rd dirb t&v oIkloov %vXa. oi
fiev oi)v irpooToc Ofiw TpoiTcp Ttvl iaTpaToireBev-
aavro, oi Be varepoi o~fcoraioi irpoatovTe? <&9
irvyXavov etcaaroi rjiXi^ovTO, teal tcpavyrjv iroXXrjv
iiroLoyv tcaXovvres dXXrjXov?, &are teal tov<;
iroXefiiov? dtcoveiv &are oi fiev iyyvrara? r&v
iroXefiicov teal e<f>vyov ite t&v atcrjvcofidTcov. BrjXov

18 Be* tovto Trj vGTepaia iyeveTO* ovtc yap virogvyiov

360

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. ii. 13-18

effecting an escape, either by stealth or by speed ; but
fortune planned better. For when day came, they
set out on the march, keeping the sun on their right
and calculating that at sunset they would reach
villages in Babylonia — and in this they were not
disappointed. But while it was still afternoon they
thought that they saw horsemen of the enemy ; and
such of the Greeks *as chanced not to be in the lines
proceeded to run to the lines, while Ariaeus, who was
making the journey in a wagon because he was
wounded, got down and put on his breastplate, and
his attendants followed his example. While they
were arming themselves, however, the scouts who
had been sent ahead returned with the report that
it was not horsemen, but pack animals grazing.
Straightway everybody realized that the King was
encamping somewhere in the neighbourhood — in
fact, smoke was seen in villages not far away.

Clearchus, however, would not advance against the
enemy, for he knew that his troops were not only
tired out, but without food, and, besides, it was
already late ; still, he would not turn aside, either,
for he was taking care to avoid the appearance
of flight, but leading the army straight ahead he
encamped with the van at sunset in the nearest
villages, from which the King's army had plundered
even the very timbers of the houses. The van
nevertheless encamped after a fashion, but the men
who were further back, coming up in the dark,
had to bivouac each as best they could, and they
made a great uproar with calling one another, so
that the enemy also heard it ; the result was that
the nearest of the enemy actually took to flight
from their quarters. This became clear on the

361

Digitized by

XENOPHON

eV ovBep i(j>dp7j ovTe aTpaToireBop ovre fcairpbs
ovBajiov irXqaLop, e^eirXdyr] Be, <J>9 eoitce, teal
fiaaiXevs rjj e<£o8ct> rod aTpaTevfiaros. iBrjXctae

19 Be tovto 0I9 TTj varepaia eirparre. irpoiova-rj^
fMevTOL T779 vvKTO? TavTrj? koX T049 "EXXrjat, <£o/3o9
ifnriirrei, fcal Oopvfto? icai, Bovttos r)p olov eitco$

20 <j>6j3ov e/-67re<7<Wo9 yiypea0cu. KXeapxo? Be ToX~
fiiBrjv 'HXelop, op eTvyyavev ex<ov irap eavT<o
tcrjpvica apiarov t&v tot€, dpenrelp eiceXevve aiyrjp
fcrjpv^aPTa otl irpoayopevovaip oi dp^pPTes, 09 dp
top d(j)€Pra top opop eh t<z SirXa firjpvay, otl Xrjyfre-

21 tcu fitaObp TakavTOP. e*ne\ Be TavTa ifcrjpvxdrj,
eypcoaap oi aTpaTi&Tai otl /cepbs 6 <£oj8o9 etr) /cal
oi dp)(OPTe^ a cool, djjia Be opdpa) iraptjyyetXep 6
KXeapxo? eh tu^lp tcl 6-rrXa TideaOai tovs
r 'JLXXr)pa$ yirep eiypp ot€ r)p r) fidxrj.

III. "O Be Br) eypasjra otl fiaaiXevs e^eirXdyr)
tj) i<f)68(p t T<pBe BrjXop rfp. tjj fiep yap irpoadev
rffiepa Tre/jLirayp Ta oirXa irapaBiBopai etceXeve, totc
Be dfxa r)Xi(p dpaTeXXopTi Krfpvtca? eirefMy^re irepi

2 airopB&p. oi 8' iirel rjXOop 717)09 tov? irpocfrvXafcas,
i^rjTOVP tou9 dpyopTas. eTreiBr) Be dirrjyyeXXop oi
7rpo(f>vXa/c€$, KXeapxos tvxjcop totc Ta9 Tafet9
€7ria/co7ra>p elirep to 49 irpo<pvXa^i /ceXeveiv T0U9

3 /crjpv/ca? irepifjuepetp d^pi dp ayoXdari, eirel Be
/caTeaTrjo-e to aTpaTevfjua (09 tcaXax; e%e«> 1 opd-
adai irdpTT) (frdXayya ttvkpt]p, e/CT09 t&v ottXcop 2
Be firjBepa tcaTacfrapr} elpai, itcdXeae tovs dyyeXovs,

1 kclAvs ty* 1 " MSS. : Gem. brackets, following -Cobet.

2 iicrbs t&v '6ir\ui/ Gem. , following Hug : 4k rwv 1-kKoov the
better MSS. : rS»v i6v\cov the inferior MSS.

362

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. ii. 18-111. 3

following day, for not a pack animal was any more
to be seen nor camp nor smoke anywhere near.
Even the King, so it seems, was terrified by the
approach of the army. He made this evident by
what he did the next day. However, as the night
went on a panic fell upon the Greeks also, and there
was confusion and din of the sort that may be ex-
pected when panic has seized an army. Clearchus,
v however, directed Tolmides the Elean, who chanced
to be with him as herald and was the best herald of
his time, to make this proclamation, after he had
ordered silence : " The commanders give public
notice that whoever informs on the man who let the
ass loose among the arms shall receive a reward of a
talent of silver." When this proclamation had been
made, the soldiers realized that their fears were
groundless and their commanders safe. And at
dawn Clearchus ordered the Greeks to get under
arms in line of battle just as they were when the
battle took place.

III. The fact which I just stated, that the King
was terrified by the approach of the Greeks, was
made clear by the following circumstance : although
on the day before he had sent and ordered them to
give up their arms, he now, at sunrise, sent heralds v
to negotiate a truce. When these heralds reached
the outposts, they asked for the commanders. • And
when the outposts reported, Clearchus, who chanced
at the time to be inspecting the ranks, told the
outposts to direct the heralds to wait till he should
be at leisure. Then after he had arranged the army
so that it should present a fine appearance from
every side as a compact phalanx, with no one to be
seen outside the lines of the hoplites, he summoned

3 6 3

Digitized by

XENOPHON

teal avros re wporjXOe rov\ re evotrXordrov^ eyeov
teal eveiBeardrov^ r<ov avrov arpantor&v teal rots

4 aXXois o-rparrjyoU rabrd e<f>paaev. eirel Be rjv
7r/>09 TOt9 dyyeXois, avrjpdoTa ri ftovXoivro. oi 5'
eXeyov on ire pi airovh&v ijtcotev avBpes o'lrives
itcavol eaovrai rd re irapa ftaaiXeox; ro?9 "E\\^-
aiv dirayyeTXai teal tcl irapa rS>v 'EXXrjvcw

5 fiaaCXel. 6 Be diretepLvaro' 1 AirayyeXXere roivvv
avr(p on fJid'xrj^ Bet irpoyrov* apiarov yap ovtc
eanv ovB* 6 roXfirjacov irepl airovB&v Xeyeiv to?9

6 "JLXXrjai firj iroplaas apiarov. Tavra dtcovaavTes
oi ayyeXoi dirrjXavvov, teal fjtcov ra^v 9 cS xal
BrjXov fjv on iyyvs ttov ftaaiXevs rjv r) aXXo? t*9
c5 eirereratero Tavra irpdrreiv eXeyov Be on
elteora Boteolev Xeyeiv fiaaiXei, teal fjteoiev rjye-
liovas e'xpvre^ oi avrovs, eav airovBal yeveovrai,

7 afjovaiv evdev egovai tcl eirirriBeia. 6 Be rjpeora
el avTOis Tot9 dvBpdai airevBoiro rofc lovai teal
dirLOvatv, r) teal to?9 aXXois eaoivro airovBai. oi
Be, " Air aaiv, e<f>aaav, p-eyjpi av fHaaiXel tcl irap

8 vfi&v BiayyeXOfj. eirel Be Tavra elirov, fieraarrj-
ad/juevos abrovs 6 KXeap%o<; eftovXevero 9 teal
iBoK€L rd? cTTovBas TroielaOai ra^y teal tcad* r)av-

9 X iav ^Xdeiv re eirl tcl eTrirrjBeia teal Xaftelv. 6 Be
KXeap^o? eZ7re* Aoteei fiev tcdfjLol ravra* oi fievroi
ra\v ye dirayyeXa), d\Xa Biarptym ear av
dtcvrjacoaiv oi ayyeXoi fjufj diroBo^rj r)pXv tcl? atrov-
3 6 4

ANABASIS, II. in. 3-9

the messengers ; and he himself came forward with
the best armed and best looking of his own troops
and told the other generals to do likewise. Once
face to face with the messengers, he inquired what
they wanted. They replied that they had come
to negotiate for a truce, and were empowered to
report the King's proposals to the Greeks and the
Greeks' proposals to the King. And Clearchus
answered : " Report to him, then, that we must have
a battle first ; for we have had no breakfast, and
there is no man alive who will dare to talk to Greeks
about a truce unless he provides them with a break-
fast." Upon hearing these words the messengers
rode away, but were speedily back again, which
made it evident that the. King, or someone else who
had been charged with carrying on these negotia-
tions, was somewhere near. They stated that what
the Greeks said seemed to the King reasonable, and
that they had now brought guides with them who
would lead the Greeks, in case a truce should be
concluded, to a place where they could get pro-
visions. Thereupon Clearchus asked whether he
was making a truce merely with the men who were
coming and going, or whether the truce would bind
the others also. " Every man of them," they replied,
" until your message is carried to the King." When
they had said this, Clearchus had them retire and
took counsel about the matter ; and it was thought
best to conclude the truce speedily, so that they
could go and get the provisions without being
molested. And Clearchus said : " I, ,too, agree with
this view ; nevertheless, I shall not so report at
once, but I shall delay until the messengers get
fearful of our deciding not to conclude the truce ;

365

Digitized by

XENOPHON

8a$ TTOirjaaaOar olfiaL ye fievTOi, l<f>rj, zeal rot?
rjfierepoi^ arpaTKOTais top avrov (f>o/3ov irapiae-
<T0ai. iirel Be iBoKei tcaipbs elvai, dirrfyyeXXev oti
airevBoiTO, teal €v0v$ r)yeiadai itceXeve 7rpo9
TairiTrjBeia.

10 Kal oi fiev rjyovvro, KXeapxo? fievTOi iiropevero
Ta? fiev airovBd*; iroirjadfievo^, to 8k arpdrevfia
e^cov iv rd^€i t Kal avrb<; cDirio-do^uXaKei. zeal
iv€Tvyx ap0V Ta0/)ot9 Kal av\<oatv vSaro? ttXt)-
peaiv, c!)9 fir) Bvvaadai BiafHaLveiv avev ye<f>vp&v*
d\X' eiroiovvTO Biaffdaei? e/c t&v $owLkg>v oc

1 1 rjaav 1 eKireinoDKore^, tou9 8k Kal i^eKoirTOV. Kal
ivravda r)v KXeapxov KarajiaOeiv <J)9 iireaTarei,
iv fikv rf) dpLGrepa x €L P L T0 $6pv e%G>i>, iv Be tjj
Begia ftaKTtfpiav Kal el t*9 avT(p BokoItj t&v
777)09 tovto rerayfiev(ov jSXaKeveiv, iKXeyofievos
tov iiriTrjBeiov eiraiaev dv, Kal dfm avrb$ trpoae-
\dfi/3avev el<; rbv nrrfKov ififtaivwv ware iraaiv

12 alcxvvrjv elvai fir) oi (jvairovBd^eiv* Kal irdx^V"
aav 777)09 ai™ oi et9 TpiaKovra errj yeyovores*
iirel 8k KXeapxov icopcov airovBd^ovra, irpocre-

13 Xdfifiavov Kal oi irpeafivTepoi. iroXv Be fiaXXov
6 KXeapxo? eairevBev, viroinevaiv fit) alel ovtco
TrXrjpecs elvai rd<; rd<f>pov^ v8aTO<r ov yap f)v &pa
ota to ireBiov apBeiv dXX f Xva i)8r) iroXXh irpo-
fyaivoiTO toi$ r 'EXXr)ai Beiva els tt)v iropeiav,
tovtov eveKa ftaatXia virdyirTevev iirl to ireBLov
to vBcop d<j)€lK€Vai.

1 %<rav MSS.: rivplaKovro Gem.

366

d by Google

ANABASIS, II. m. 9-13

to be sure," he said, "I suppose that our own
soldiers will also feel the same fear." When, accord-
ingly, it seemed that the proper time had come, he
reported that he accepted the truce, and directed
them to lead the way immediately to the provisions.

They proceeded, then, to lead the way, but
Clearchus, although he had made the truce, kept his
army in line of battle on the march, and commanded
the rearguard himself. And they kept coming upon
trenches and canals, full of water, which could not be
crossed without bridges. They made bridges of a
kind, however, out of the palm trees which had
fallen and others which they cut down them-
selves. And here one could well observe how
Clearchus commanded ; he had his spear in his left
hand and in his right a stick, and whenever he
thought that anyone of the men assigned to this
task was shirking, he would pick out the right man
and deal him a blow, while at the same time he
would get into the mud and lend a hand himself ;
the result was that everyone was ashamed not to
match him in energy. The men detailed to the
work were all those up to thirty years of age, but
the older men also took hold when they saw Clearchus
in such energetic haste. Now Clearchus was in a
far greater hurry because he suspected that the
trenches were not always full of water in this way,
for it was not a proper time to be irrigating the
plain ; his suspicion was, then, that the King had
let the water into the plain just in order that the
Greeks might have before their eyes at the very
start many things to make them fearful about their
journey.

3 6 7

Digitized by

XENOPHON

14 Uopevofievoi hk a<f>iteovTO eh tcd>fia<; oOev aire-
heigav oi f/ye/Aoves Xafifidpew ra iiriryfieia.
ivrjv he <tIto<; ttoXvs tcai olvos <f>oipitccov /cat o£<?9

15 eyjrrjTov airo t&v avT&p. avral he ai fidXavoi
t&v <j>oivifccov o'ias p,ev iv Toh "E\\i)<riv eariv
Ihelv Toh oltcerais aireiceivTO, ai he Toh heairorais
airoKeL/xevai rjaav diroXeicToi, Oavfiaaiai, tov
tcdXXov? zeal jieyedovs, r) he 6Sjr*9 rfKetcrpov ovhev
hi€<f)€pep' Ta? he Tivas grjpaLvovTe*; rpayrffiara
aireTideaav. teal r)v teal irapa irorov fjhv pep,

16 Ke$aXaXye<$ he. evravOa ica\ tov iytce^aXop tov
<f>OLViKo<; irpSiTOv efyayov oi aTpaTi&Tai, zeal ol
iroXXol idavfiaaav to tc ethos teal ttjv IhcoTrjTa
Tr)$ f}hovf)<;. fjv he a<f)6hpa teal tovto /ce<f>aXaXyes.
6 he <f>olvi^ odev e^aipedeit] 6 ey/ce^aXo? 0X09
rjiaievTO.

17 'EvTavOa ejieivav rjfiepa? Tpeh' zeal irapa
fieydXov fiaaiXecos fjtce Tiaaaxfteppr]? /cat 6 T179
fiaaiXecos yvvai/cbs dheXcfrbs teal akXoi Hepaai
Tpeh' hovXoi he iroXXol cittovto. iirel he aTrrfv-
Tfj&av avToh oi t&v 'JLWtfvwv CTpaTrjyoi, eXeye

18 irpwTOs TiaaacfrepvT)? hi ep/JLr]vea)<; TOidhe. 'Eyci,
& aphpe? "EXXrjves, yeiTwv ol/cco Trj 'EXXdhi, /cal
€7rel v/jLa? elhov eh TroXXct teaX dp*r)yapa ire-
TTTODKOTas, evprj/jua eTroirjad/JLrjp el 7ra>9 hvpaifirjv
tt a pa ftaaiXeco*; alTrjaaaOai hovvai €/jloI airoa&aaL
vfia^ eh Ttjv 'EXXdha. olpuc yap av ov/c dyapL-
(7to)9 p.01 eyew ovt€ tt/0O9 vp,S)v ovtc irpbs t^9

19 Trdarjs 'EXXdhos. TavTa he yvovs rjTOV/JLrjv

368

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. in. 14-19

The march at length brought them to villages
where the guides directed them to get provisions.
In these villages was grain in abundance and palm
wine and a sour drink made from the same by boiling.
As for the dates themselves of the palm, the sort
that one can see in Greece were set apart for the
servants, while those laid away for the masters were
selected ones, remarkable for their beauty and size
and with a colour altogether resembling that of
amber ; others, again, they would dry and store away
for sweetmeats. These made a pleasant morsel
also at a symposium, but were apt to cause head-
ache. Here also the soldiers ate for the first time
the crown of the palm, and most of them were
surprised not alone at its appearance, but at the
peculiar nature of its flavour. This, too, however,
was exceedingly apt to cause headache. And when
the crown was removed from a palm, the whole tree
would wither.

In these villages they remained three days; and
there came to them, as messengers from the Great 7
King, Tissaphernes and the brother of the King's
wife and three other Persians ; and many slaves
followed in their train. When the Greek generals
met them, Tissaphernes, through an interpreter,
began the speaking with the following words : " Men
of Greece, in my own home I am a neighbour of
yours, and when I saw you plunged into many
difficulties, I thought it would be a piece of good
fortune if I could in any way gain permission from
the King to take you back safe to Greece. For I
fancy I should not go without thanks, both from you
and from all Greece. After reaching this conclusion

309

VOL. II. B B

^ by Google

XENOPHON

fiaacXea, Xeycov avra> on Si/catco? av /jloi \apl-
%oiro, on, avr<p Kvpov re iiriarparevovra irp&ro?
ijyyeiXa teal ftorjdeiav eyjav ° b l ia T V dyyeXia
d<f>iKOfir)v, teal fiovos r&v tear a tov$ "EXXrjva?
rerayfievwv oitc e<f)vyov, dXXd hirjXaaa teal
avve/juei^a fiaaiXel iv rQ> v/xereptp arparoirehw
evOa fiaaiXevs dtyi/eero, eirel Kvpov drretcrewe teal
TOW9 l~vv Kvp<p /3ap/3dpov$ iSCcoge avv rolahe T019
irapovai vvv /juer ifiov, oiirep avrq> elai maroraroi,

20 fCal 7T€pl fl€V TOVT00V U7T6(7%€TO /JLOL fiovXevaeadai*

ipeadai 8e p,e vftas itceXevev iXdovra tlvos eveteev
iarparevaare eV avrov. teal av/j,/3ovXevco v/jllv
fjuerpiw diroKpivaadcu, iva fjLOL ev7r pater or epov
y idv ri Svpeofiai dyadov v/juv Trap avrov hhairpd-
%aa9at.

21 II/009 ravra yueraardvres oi "EWiyi/e? i/3ov-
Xevovro' /cal drretepivavro, K.Xeap%o<; 5' eXeyev
f H/ie?9 ovre avvrjXdopiev e!>9 ftaaikel iroXepLrjaovre<;
ovre iiropevopueOa iirl fiaacXea, dXXd iroXXds
Trpo<f>do~€i<} K0/)O9 rjvpiatcev, a>9 teal av ev olaffa,
lva bp,d<; re dirapaaicevovs Xdfioi /cal f)p,d<; ivffdSe

22 dydyoL. iirel pevroi tfSrj avrov ecopA/juev iv heivcp
ovra, Tjo"%vv0r)fi€v teal 0eov$ teal dvOpcoirovs
irpoSovvai avrov, iv rq> rrpoadev ^p6v(p irape-

23 xpvres rjfids airovs ev iroielv. iirel he KO/009
reOvrj/eev, ovre fiaaiXel dvrtiroiov/JLeOa rfjs dp^i)?
ovr ear iv orov evetca ftovXo'ifieda av rrjv fiaaiXeoos
yj&pav tcafc&s rroielv ovS* avrov drroterelvai av

37°

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. in. 19-23

I presented my request to the King, saying to him
that it would be fair for him to do me a favour,
because I was the first to report to him that Cyrus
was marching against him, because along with my
report I brought him aid also, and because I was the
only man among those posted opposite the Greeks
who did not take to flight, but, on the contrary, I
charged through and joined forces with the King in
your camp, where the King had arrived after slaying
Cyrus and pursuing the barbarians of Cyrus' army
with the help of these men now present with me,
men who are most faithful to the King. And he
promised me that he would consider this request of
mine, but, meanwhile, he bade me come and ask you S
for what reason you took the field against him. * Now
I advise you to answer with moderation, that so it
may be easier for me to obtain for you at his hands
whatever good thing I may be able to obtain.'*

Hereupon the Greeks withdrew and proceeded to
take counsel ; then they gave their answer, Clearchus
acting as spokesman : " We neither gathered to- ✓
gether with the intention of making war upon the
King nor were we marching against the King, but
Cyrus kept finding many pretexts, as you also are
well aware, in order that he might take you unpre-
pared and bring us hither. When, however, the
time came when we saw that he was in danger, we
felt ashamed in the sight of gods and men to desert
him, seeing that in former days we had been putting
ourselves in the way of being benefited by him.
But since Cyrus is dead, we are neither contending </
with the King for his realm nor is there any reason
why we should desire to do harm to the King's
territory or wish to slay the King himself, but rather

37i

B B 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

idekoifiev, iropevoipueda 8' hv oc/eaSe, et t*9 r/p>a<;
fir) \v7roirj' ahiKovvTa pbivroi ireipaaofieOa avv
to?9 Oeoi? dpbvvaaOar edv /jl€vtoi t*9 fjpas real ev
iroi&v virdpxv* teal tovtov eU ye Bvvapuv 01%

24 tfTTrjaofieOa ev ttoiovpt€$. 6 fiev ovtgx; elirev
aKOvaas Be 6 Tiaaa<j>epvrj^ Tavra, e<f>rj, iya>
airayyeXS} fiaaikei teal vplv irakiv ra trap
itceivov p*&XP l ^ * v ^Y® % KC0 ai virovBal pevovTcov
dyopdv he 17/4619 irape^opev.

25 Kal 6^9 p>ev rtjv varepaiav o&x fjteev* &ad* ol
"EWrjve? i<f>p6vTi%op' rfj B£ rpirrj tjkcop ekeyev
on B iair €ir pay p,evo$ r\teoi irapa y8a<rAi<w9 BoOrjvat,
a\)T(p acp^eiv tovs "EWrjvas, /eacirep iroW&v
avTiXeyovTCDv d>9 ovtc dfyov eirj fiacrikel a<f>elvai

26 tol>9 i<f>* eavrov cTparevaapevov^. Te\o9 Be ei7re 9
Kal vvv egeariv vpuv ttkttcl Xafteiv irap fjp&v rj
prjv <f)i\lav irape^ew vpXv rrjv y&P av Ka ^ dBoXo*?
dird^eiv eU ttjp 'EWdBa dyopdv Trapeypvra^
oirov 8' av purj fj irpLaadai, Xapftdveiv vjias itc ri]?

27 %ce)/oa9 idaop,ev rd eiriTrjBeia. £yta9 Be av f)puv
Ber\aei bpbcrai J) purjv iropevaeaOai a>9 Bid <f>i\ia?
daiv&$ <riTa teal irord XapfUdvovras oirorav fxrj
ayopav Trapeywp&v % V v he irapex^pev dyopdv,

28 a>vovp,evov<z egeiv rd eirLrrfheia* ravra eBof*e t teal
&po<rav Kal Bel; id? eBocav Tiaaa<j>epvrj<; Kal 6 ttj?
fiacikeco? yvvaiKos dBeXtfrbs roh r&v ^XKrjvtov
crTparrjyols Kal Xox^yoh Kal eXaftov irapd t&v

372

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. m. 23-28

we "should return to our homes, if no one should
molest us. If, however, anyone seeks to injure us,
we shall try with the help of the gods to retaliate.
On the other hand, if anyone is kind enough to do
us a service, we shall not, so far as we have the
power, be outdone in doing a service to him." So
he spoke, and upon hearing his words Tissaphernes
said : "This message I shall carry to the King, and
bring back his to you ; and until I return, let the
truce continue, and we will provide a market. 1 "

The next day he did not return, and the Greeks,
consequently, were anxious ; but on the third day he
came and said that he had secured permission from S
the King to save the Greeks, although many opposed
the plan, urging that it was not fitting for the King
to allow those who had undertaken a campaign
against him to escape. In conclusion he said : " And v
now you may receive pledges from us that in very
truth the territory you pass through shall be
friendly and that we will lead you back to Greece
without treachery, providing you with a market ; and
wherever it is impossible to buy provisions, we will
allow you to take them from the country. And you,
on your side, will have to swear to us that in very
truth you will proceed as you would through a
friendly country, doing no damage and taking, food
and drink from the country only when we do not
provide a market, but that, if we do provide a market,
you will obtain provisions by purchase." This was
resolved upon, and Tissaphernes and the brother of
the King's wife made oath and gave their right
hands in pledge to the generals and captains of the
Greeks, receiving the same also from the Greeks.

1 See note on 1. ii. 18.

373

Digitized by

XENOPHON

29 'EXXrjvcov. fiera Be ravra Tio-o-a^epvrjs elire'
N5i> fiev Brj airei/u a>9 ftaaiXea* eireiBav Be Bia-
Trpd^co/xaL a Beo/juai, r\%& ava/cevaadfievo? o>9
aird^oDV v/jlcis eh rrjv 'JLXXdBa Kal airbs dmo&v
iirl rrjv ifiavrov apxtjv.

IV. Mera ravra rrepiepAVov Tiaaaipepvrjv ol
re "JLWrjve? Kal 6 'Apialos iyyv? dXXrjXcov
icrparoireBev/jievot, r)p,epas ttXeiovs rj eiKoaiv. ev
Be ravrais d<f>iKVovvrai 777)09 'Apialov Kal oi
dBeX<f>ol /cal oi aXXoi dvay/caloi /cal irpbs ro 1)9
avv ifC€Lvcp Hepa&v rives, irapeddppvvbv 1 re Kal
Bellas eviois irapa fiaaiXeoos e<f>epov /jltj /uvrj-
<Ti/ca/cr]<T€iv ftaaiXea avrol? 7-779 <rvv Kvpcp €tti~
arpareias firjBe aXXov firjBevbs rcov itapoiypiievtov \

2 rovrcov Bh ycyvofievcov evBrjXoi rjvav ol irepl
y Apialov fjrrov ir^oaexovres to?9 "EXXrjai rbv
vovv &are /cal Bia rovro rots fiev ttoXXoZs r&v
^JLWtfvcov ovk fipeatcov, dXXa irpoaiovres rq>

3 K\edpx<p eXeyov /cal rots aWoi? arparrjyoU' Tt
fievo/jLev ; tj ovk eirLardfieda on ftaaiXev? r)p,a<;
diroXeaai av irepl iravrb? Troiijaairo, iva Kal rots
aXXoi? r/ EiXXr)ai <£o/3o9 etrj iirl ftaaiXea fieyav
arpareveiv; Kal vvv p.ev rjfia? vrrdyerai fieveiv
Bid to BieairdpOaL avrov rb arpdrevfia* iirrjv Be
irdXiv dXcaOfj avrfy r) arparid, ovk ecrriv 07ra>9

4 ovk eiriOrjaerat, r/fuv. ?0"a>9 Be ttov r) diroaKa-
rrrei ri rj diroreix^h airopo? fj r) 0809.
oi yap wore eK(ov ye fiovXtfo'erai r)p,a<; eXdov-
ra9 eh rrjv 'EXXdBa dirayyeTXai w r/fieis
roaolBe ovre? iviKco/iev rbv ftaaiXea iirl rats
Ovpais avrov Kal KarayeXdaavres dirrjX6o^€v,

1 Before wapMppwov Mar. , following Rehdantz, inserts ol.
374

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. hi. 28-iv. 4

After this Tissaphernes said : " Now I am going
back to the King ; but when I have accomplished ^
what I desire, 1 shall return, fully equipped to con-
duct you back to Greece and to go home myself to
my own province/'

IV. After this the Greeks and Ariaeus, encamped
close by one another, waited for Tissaphernes more
than twenty days. During this time Ariaeus' brothers
and other relatives came to him and certain Persians
came to his followers, and they kept encouraging
them and bringing pledges to some of them from
the King that the King would bear them no ill-will
because of their campaign with Cyrus against him or
because of anything else in the past. While these
things were going on, it was evident that Ariaeus
and his followers paid less regard to the Greeks ;
this, accordingly, was another reason why the greater
part of the Greeks were not pleased with them, and
they would go to Clearchus and the other generals and
say : " Why are we lingering ? Do we not understand
that the King would like above everything else to
destroy us, in order- that the rest of the Greeks also
may be afraid to march against the Great King?
For the moment, he is scheming to keep us here
because his army is scattered, but when he has
collected his forces again, there is no question but
that he will attack us. Or perhaps he is digging a
trench or building a wall somewhere to cut us off
and make our road impassable. For never, if he
can help it, will he choose to let us go back to
Greece and report that we, few as we are, were
victorious over the King at his very gates, and then
laughed in his face and came home again." To those

375

Digitized by

XENOPHON

5 K\£apxo$ B% direicplvaro roh ravra Xeyov-
<riv 'Eyw ivdv/uovfiai fiev zeal ravra rrdvra"
ivvo& 8' oti el vvv airi/iev, Bo^opsv errl rroXepLtp
dmevai teal rrapd rd$ o~irov8d<; troielv. eireira
irp&rov fiev dyopdv ovBels irape^ei rjfitv ovBe odev
€7rcaiTiovfi€0a' avOis Be 6 ffyrjaofievos ouSei?
earar teal dpxt ravra iroiovvreov rfft&v eirffvs
'Apiaios dfaarrfger 1 ware <f>L\o<; rjfuv ov8eX<;
XeXetyerai, dXXd teal ol irpbaBev ovres iroXifiioi

6 rjfuv eaovrai. Trorafibs S' el /uev xaX aXXo?
dpa r)p!iv iari Bt,a/3areo<; ovtc olBa* rbv 8' ovv
Fti^pdrrjv otBa/uuev 2 ore dBvvarov Bia/Srjvai kg>-
Xvovrcov TToXe/xieov. ov fiev Brj hv ^a^ecrOaL ye
Berj, linreZs elaip r)plv %vp>p>a , )(pi i r&v BkrroXefda>v
linrel^ elai rrXeiaroi* koX trXelarov agioi* &are
vi/e&vres pev rlva av diroKrelvaiixev; r/rr(o/j,eva>v

7 Be ovBeva olov re acoOfjvai* eyo) fiev ovv ftaaiXea,
o5 ovrco iroXXd eari rd avfMpxL'XP'* Gtirep rrpodv-
puelrai ?J/*a9 diroXeaai, ov/c olBa o ri Set avrbv
d/jLoaac KaX Begidv Bovvai koX deovs emopK^aai
koI rd eavrov iriard diricra Tfovrjcat "EXXrjo'i re
zeal ftapftdpoi?. roiavra iroXXd eXeyev.

8 'Ez> Be rovr<p fjiee Tiao'acfrepvr)? e^v TV V eavrov
Bvva/juv a>9 et? oltcov dmi&v teal 'Opovras rrjv
eavrov Bvvapiv fjye Be KaX rrjv Qvyarepa rrjv

9 fiaaiXeax; iirX ydjicp. evrevdev 8k fjBrj Tiaaa-

1 iKpfffTfot the inferior MSS., Mar.: the better MSS.
have inroffralt), which Gem. adopts, inserting &v after &fia,
with Rehdantz.

a ot&ajxev the better MSS., Gem.: ifffxev the inferior MSS.,
Mar.

• Before v\ucroi the MSS. have ol : Gem. brackets, fol-
lowing Carnuth.

376

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. iv. 5-9

who talked in this way Clearchus replied : " I too
have in mind all these things ; but I reflect that if
we go away now, it will seem that we are going
away with hostile intent and are acting in violation
of the truce. And then, in the first place, no one
will provide us a market or a place from which we
can get provisions ; secondly, we shall have no one
to guide us ; again, the moment we take this course
Ariaeus will instantly desert us ; consequently we
shall have not a friend left, for even those who were
friends before will be our enemies. Then remember
the rivers — there may be others, for aught I know,
that we must cross, but we know about the Euphrates
at any rate, that it cannot possibly be crossed in the
face of an enemy. Furthermore, in case fighting
becomes necessary, we have no cavalry to help us,
whereas the enemy's cavalry are exceedingly numerous
and exceedingly efficient ; hence if we are victorious,
whom could we kill 1 ? And if we are defeated, not
one of us can be saved. For my part, therefore, I
cannot see why the King, who has so many advantages
on his side, should need, in case he is really eager to
destroy us, to make oath and give pledge and for-
swear himself by the gods and make his good faith un-
faithful in the eyes of Greeks and barbarians." Such
arguments Clearchus would present in abundance.

Meanwhile Tissaphernes returned with his own /
forces as if intending to go back home, and likewise
Orontas 2 with his forces ; the latter was also taking
home the King's daughter as his wife. Then they

1 Hoplites, because of their heavy equipment, were in-
effective in a pursuit, especially when an enemy* fled, as in
" the battle" of I. viii., long before they were within striking
distance. Horsemen, of course, were at their best in follow-
ing up a routed enemy. 1 Satrap of Armenia.

377

Digitized by

XENOPHON

<f)€pvov<; rjyovfievov /cal dyopav irapeypvTos eVo-
pevovTO* eiropevero Be /cal 'Apialos to Kvpov
/3ap/3api/cbv eytav <npdievfxa a/jui Tiaaafyepvei
/cal 'Opovra /cal ^vveaTpaTOireBeveTo avv e/ceivois.

10 oi Be "FiXkrjves vfyop&vres tovtov? avrol e<f> y
eavT&v eyoapovv rjyefiova^ e^oz>T69. io-Tparo-
ireBevovTO Be etcaarore aire'XpvTes dXXtfXcov
irapaadyyrjv /cal irXelov* i<f>v\drT0VT0 Be a/jL<j)6-
repoi &<nrep TroXefiiovs dXXtfXovs, /cal evdvs

11 tovto viroy^Lav irapel^ev, eviore Be /cal !~v\i£6-
jievoi e/c tov avrov /cal 'xpprov /cal aXXa rotavra

12 gvXXeyovTes irXrjya? evereivov aWijXow werre
/cal tovto eyQpav napelx**

AieXffovTe? Be Tpei? GTaOfiovs cl^lkovto irpo<;
to MrjBia? /caXov/xevov tcI^o?, /cal iraprjXOov etaa) 1
avTOV. rjv Be (M/coBofirjfievov ttXlvOols oirTal? ev
da<j>dXT(p /ceifievais, evpo? ei/coai ttoB&v, vyfro? Be
e/caTov fifj/cos S' eXeyeTo elvai ec/coai irapa-

13 adyyar dire^i Be HaftvXcovo? oi iroXv. evTevOev
B* eiropevdrjaav aTad/j,ov<z Bvo irapaadyya^ 6/cra>'
/cal Bieftrjo-av Bccbpvxa? Bvo, ttjv fxev eirl ye<f>vpa<;,
tt)V Be e^evyfievrjv TrXoiois envTa* avTai B* rjaav
airb tov TuyprjTos iroTajiov* /caTeTCTfirjvTo Be
avTwv /cal Tafypoi eirl ttjv yji>pav> ai p,ev irpcoraL
fieydXai, eireiTa Be eXaTTOw TeXos Be /cal fii/cpol
6%6TOt, &airep ev tt) ( EXXdBt eVi Ta? fieXLvas.

Kal d<\>i/cvovvTai eirl tov TiyprjTa irorafjuov*
7T/J09 cS iroXi? Tjv fieydXr] /cal iroXvdvO payiro^ y
ovo/xa ^CTTd/crj f dire^ovaa tov iroTafiov GTaBLovs

14 irevTe/eaiBe/ca. oi fiev ovv r/ EXXr)ve<; Trap 9 avrrjv

1 cttrw MSS. : Oem. brackets, following Rehdantz.

378

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. iv. 9-14

finally began the march, Tissaph ernes taking the
lead and providing a market ; and Ariaeus with Cyrus'
barbarian army kept with Tissaphernes and Orontas
on the march and encamped with them. The Greeks,
however, viewing them all with suspicion, proceeded
by themselves, with their own guides. And the two
parties encamped in every case a parasang or more
from one another, and kept guard each against the
other, as though against enemies — a fact which at
once occasioned suspicion. Sometimes, moreover,
when Greeks and barbarians were getting firewood
from the same place or collecting fodder or other
such things, they would come to blows with one
another, and this also occasioned ill-will.

After travelling three stages they reached the so-
called wall of Media, 1 and passed within it. It was
built of baked bricks, laid in asphalt, and was twenty
feet wide and a hundred feet high ; its length was
said to be twenty parasangs, and it is not far "distant
from Babylon. From there they proceeded two
stages, eight parasangs, crossing on their way two
canals, one by a stationary bridge and the other by
a bridge made of seven boats. These canals issued
from the Tigris river, and from them, again, ditches
had been cut that ran into the country, at first large,
then smaller, and finally little channels, such as run
to the millet fields in Greece.

Then they reached the Tigris river, near which
was a large and populous city named Sittace, fifteen
stadia from the river. The Greeks accordingly

1 See note on 1. vii. 15. The Greeks had twice already,
once on the advance and again on the retreat, crossed the
original line of this wall. Now, turning to the eastward
(see the map), they reach it at a. point where it is still
standing, and pass "within it," i.e. to the south-eastern, or
Babylonian, side of it.

Digitized by

XEXOPHON

eaterfirqaav eyyirs irapaheiaov fieydXov teal teaXov
teal hao-eos iramolwv hevhpav, oi he ffdpffapoi
hiafteftrjteoTes tov Tiyprjra- ov pivToi teaTa<f>avei<;

15 rjaav. perk he to heltrvov ervypv ev TrepnraTeo
ovre% irpo tcjv oirXeov T\p6%€vo$ teal Hevo(f>cov m teal
irpocreXdoov avOpcoiros Tt9 rjpd>Tr)0'€ tov$ irpo<j>v-
Xatea? irov av thoi Upogevov rj TDUapxov Me-
voova he ovtc ifflrei, teal ravra trap 'Apiaiov tov

16 tov Mevcovo? Ijevov. ewel he Upogevos eltrev otl
clvtos elfu ov ty)T€i<; 9 elirev 6 avdpwiros raSe.
"Frfrefiyfre fie 'A/>tato9 teal 'Apraofo?, ttigtoX ovre?
Kvpcp teal vpZv evvoLy teal tceXevovai ^vKdrreaBai
firj vplv eiridSyvTai t% vvkto? ol ftdpftapor eari
he arpdrevfia iroXv ev tcS ttXtjclov irapaheLatp.

17 teal irapa ttjv ye<f>vpav tov Tiy prjTos irorapbov
ire/jLyfrai tceXevovat (pvXatetfv, a>9 hiavoeirai avrrjv
Xvaai Tiaaa<f)€pvr}<; vvktos, eav hvvqrai, a>9
fit) hiaftrjTe aXX' iv fieatp d7ro\r)<f>07]T€ tov iroTa-

18 fiov koX TY}<i hicbpvxo?. d/covcavTe? ravra ayovaiv
avTov irapa tov KXeapxov teal <f>pd£ovcriv & Xeyet,.
6 8k KXiapxo? dteovaas eTapd^Ov <T<f>6hpa teal
i^ofielTO.

19 Neaviatcos he t*9 tS)v irapovTwv ivvorjaa^ elirev
<£>? oxjk dteoXovOa elrj to iiriOijaeadai teal to
Xvaeiv ttjv ye<f>vpav. hrjXov yap oti emdefievov?
fj viteav heqaei fj fjTTaaOai. eav fiev ovv vlkoxtl,
ti hei Xveiv avTov? ttjv yi<f>vpav; oihe yap av
TroWjil ye<f>vpai &aiv exoijiev &v ottoi <f>vy6vT€?

20 rjfiels vtod&fiev. eav he f/fiels vitew/iev, XeXvfjLevrj?

380

Digitized by Uoogle

ANABASIS, II. iv. 14-20

encamped beside this city, near a large and beautiful
park, thickly covered with all sorts of trees, while the
barbarians had crossed the Tigris before encamping,
and were not within sight of .the Greeks. After the
evening meal Proxenus and Xenophon chanced to be
walking in front of the place where the arms were
stacked, when a man came up and asked the out-
posts where he could see Proxenus or Clearchus — he
did not ask for Menon, despite the fact that he
came from Ariaeus, Menon's friend. And when
Proxenus said " I am the one you are looking for,"
the man made this statement : " I was sent here by
Ariaeus and Artaozus, who were faithful to Cyrus
and are 'friendly to you ; they bid you be on your
guard lest the barbarians attack you during the
night, for there is a large army in the neighbouring
park. They also bid you send a guard to the bridge
over the Tigris river, because Tissaphernes intends
to destroy it during the night, if he can, so that you
may not cross, but may be cut off between the river
and the canal." Upon hearing these words they
took him to Clearchujs and repeated his message.
And when Clearchus heard it, he was exceedingly
agitated and full of fear.

A young man who was present, however, fell to
thinking, and then said that the two stories, that
they intended to attack and intended to destroy the
bridge, were not consistent. " For it is clear," he
went on, " that if they attack, they must either be
victorious or be defeated. Now if they are victorious,
why should they need to destroy the bridge ? For even
if there were many bridges, we should have no place
to which we could flee and save ourselves. But if it
is we who are victorious, with the bridge destroyed

381

Digitized by

XENOPHON

tj/9 ye<f>vpa<s ov% e^ovaip e/celpot ottol <f>vya)atP'
oi/Bk p,i)p fio-qOrjaai ttoXX&p optcdp irkpav ovSel?
airrofc hvvri<T€Tai XeXvfiepr)*; Trjsye^vpas.

21 'A/eovaas Be 6 KXeapxos lavra rjpero top
ayyeXop iroar) t*9 eirj \d>pa rj ev fieaco tov
TLypijTO? /cal t?;9 Bicopv^o?. 6 Be elirep oti ttoWt)
/cal K&fiai eveiai /cal voXeis iroXXal /cal peydXai.

22 Tore Br) /cal iypcoaOrj otl oi ftdpftapoc top dp-
0pw7rov vTroTrifiyfraiep, otcvovvre*; fir) oi "EXXrjpes
Bl€X6pt€<s ttjp ye<f>vpap fieivaiev ip rfj pr)o~a>
ipvfiara e%oi/T€9 evdep fiep top TiyprjTa, evOev
Be ttjp Bi(i>pv)(a' tcl 8* iiriTijBeca e^oiep etc T779 ev
fieaqy %a>pa<; 7roXXf}<; /cal dya0f}<; over)? /cal t<ov
epyaaofievtav ivoPTW elra Be /cal diroaTpo<f>r)
yepoLTO et ti$ ftovkono fiaeCXea /ca/cw9 iroieip.

23 Mcto, Be ravra dpeiravoPTO* em pePToi ttjp
ye<j>vpap 6p.w <f>vXa/cr)p €7re/JLyjrap' /cal ovre
eireOero ovBels ovBafioOev ovre 777909 ttjp ye<f>vpap
ovBel? rjXOe tcop TroXefiitop, cw9 ot (fyvXarropre^

24 dirrjyyeXXop. eireiBr) Be ea>9 iyepero, Siefiawop
ttjp yefyvpav e^evypAprip irXoiois Tpid/copTa /cal
ctttcl civ olop T€ fidXiCTa TrecfrvXayfiePW ej-rjy-
yeXXov yap ripe? t&p irapd Tio-aacfreppov? C E\-
Xtjpcop cii>9 BiaftaivoPTWP /jlcXXolcp eiriQrjaeaOai.
dXXa Tavra fiep yfrevBi) r)p' BiaftaiPoPT&p fiePTOt
6 TXov? eirefydvr) p,eT aXXcop a/coir&p ei Bia-
fiaipoiep top TroTa/xop' iireiBr) Be elBep, <*>X ero
direXavpcov.

25 'A7TP Be tov TiyprjTO? eiropevOrjaap ara6p,ou<;
382

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. iv. 20-25

they will have no place to which they can flee. And,
furthermore, though there are troops in abundance
on the other side, no one will be able to come to
their aid with the bridge destroyed."

After hearing these words Clearchus asked the
messenger about how extensive the territory between
the Tigris and the canal was. He replied that it
was a large tract, and that there were villages and
many large towns in it. Then it was perceived that
the barbarians had sent the man with a false message
out of fear that the Greeks might destroy the bridge
and establish themselves permanently on the island,
with the Tigris for a defence on one side and the
canal on the other ; in that case, they thought, the
Greeks might get provisions from the territory be-
tween the river and the canal, since it was extensive
and fertile and there were men in it to cultivate it ;
and furthermore, the spot might also become a place
of refuge for anyone who might desire to do harm to
the King.

After this the Greeks went to rest, yet they did,
nevertheless, send a guard to the bridge ; and no one
attacked the army from any quarter, nor did anyone
of the enemy, so the men on guard reported, come
to the bridge. When dawn came, they proceeded to
cross the bridge, which was made of thirty-seven
boats, as guardedly as possible ; for they had reports
from some of the Greeks who were with Tissaphernes
that the enemy would attack them while they were
crossing. But these reports were false. To be sure,
in the course of their passage Glus did appear, with
some others, watching to see if they were crossing
the river, but once he had seen, he went riding off.

From the Tigris they marched four stages, twenty

383

Digitized by

XENOPHON

t&tt apa$ Trapaacvyya? eticoaw iirl tov Qvgkov
irorafiov, to evpos irXedpov iirrjv he ye<j>vpa. xal
ivravda w/eeiTO 7ro\t9 iieydXt) ovo/jua * Hires' 7r/>09
rjv airi]VTrj<T€ toi? ^EXXrjaiv 6 Kvpov Kai 'Apra-
%€p!;ov vodos dhe\<f>b<; airo 2ov<xcov teal 'E^ySaTa-
vcav (rrpanav ttoWtjv aycov a>9 ftorjdijaayv {JaaiXei'
Kai liri<nr\<ra<i to eavrov arpdrevfia irapep'xp-

26 fievovs tou9 "EWrjva? iOecbpet. 6 he KXeapxo?
riyelro fiev et9 hvo, iiropevero aXKore Kai
aXkoTe i(f>i(rrdfi€vo<;' ogov he %povov to rjyov/jLevov

TOV CnpaTGVllCUTOS €7riaT7]<T€C€, tocovtov r\v

avdy/erj ^ovov ht o\ov tov crTpaTevpuaTOS yi-
yvecrdai ttjv iirLcraaiv' &<rre to aTpdrevfia Kai
avTOc? to?9 "EWrjai hogai irdpmoKv elvai, zeal

27 tov Heperjv ifCTreirXrjxOai detopovvra. ivrevOev
o° iiropevdrjaav hia tt}9 Mrjhias cnadpbov*; iprjpiov^

irapaadyyas rpidfcovra els t«9 TlapvadriSo^
Kcofia? tt)<; Kvpov /cal f3aai\ea)<; firjTpos. ravra<i
Tia-aa^epvrjs Kvp(p eireyyeX&v hiapirdaai to*9
"FXXrjo-iv iireTpe^e 7r\rjv dvSpairoSew. evrjv he
clros iroXvs teal Trpofiara Kai aXXa xptffiaTa.

28 ivTevdev 8' eiropevd^aav araOfiov^ ipy/iov? T€T-
rapa? irapaadyyas ecKoac rov TiyprjTa moTayuov
iv dpcarepa €%oi>t€9. ev he Ttp 7rp<oT(p crraOfifp
irepav tov irorafiov ttoXls (pKelro fieydXrj koX
evhaljicov ovofia Kacval, ilj oi /3dp/3apoi hirjyov
iirl o"X<ehiais hifyOepivai*; aprovs, rvpovs, olvov.

V. Mera ravra d^iKVovvrai iirl tov Ttairdrav
iroTajiov, to evpo? TCTTapcov irXeOpwv. Kai ivravda
efieivav rjfiepas t pels' iv he Tavrais viroyjriai fiev
fjaav, (pave pa he* oihejua i<f)aiv€T0 emfiovXij.

384

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. iv. 25-v. 1

parasangs, to the Physcus river, which was a plethrum
in width and had a bridge over it. There was situ-
ated a large city named Opis, near which the Greeks
met the bastard brother of Cyrus and Artaxerxes,
who was leading a large army from Susa and Ecba-
tana to the support, as he said, of the King ; and he
halted his own army and watched the Greeks as they
passed by. Clearchus led them two abreast, and
halted now and then in his march ; and whatever the
length of time for which he halted the van of the
army, just so long a time the halt would necessarily last
through the entire army ; the result was tfiat even to
the Greeks themselves their army seemed to be very
large, and the Persian was astounded as he watched
them. From there they marched through Media,
six desert stages, thirty parasangs, to the villages of
Parysatis, 1 the mother of Cyrus and the King. And
Tissaphernes, by way of insulting Cyrus, 2 gave over ✓
these villages — save only the slaves they contained
— to the Greeks to plunder. In them there was
grain in abundance and cattle and other property.
From there they marched four desert stages, twenty
parasangs, keeping the Tigris river on the left.
Across the river on^the first stage was situated a
large and prosperous city named Caenae, from which
the barbarians brought over loaves, cheeses and wine,
crossing upon rafts made of skins.

V. After this they reached the Zapatas river,
which was four plethra in width. There they re-
mained three days. During this time suspicions
were rife, it is true, but no plot came openly to light.

1 cp. 1. iv. 9.

2 i.e. through the mother who " loved him better than
her reigning son Artaxerxe3" (1. i. 4).

385

VOL. II. C C

Digitized by

XENOPHON

2 eBo^ev oifv tc5 KXedp^qy gvyyeveadai T<p Ttao-a-
4>4pv€i teal ei 7ra)9 ovvairo iravaai Ta? virotyLas
irplv if; avr&v iroXefiov yeveaOar Kal eirefiyfre
riva ipovvra on ^vyyevecOai avrq> XPV^ €C ' ° ^
€Tot/i&)9 eKeXevev fjiceiv.

3 ^FiireiBrj Be %vvrjX6ov t Xeyei 6 JZXeapxos rdSe.
'Eyco, & Ti(T<Ta<f)€pvT], olBa fiev f)p£v opicovs
yey evrj/ievov? Kal Sepias BeBofieva? fit) ahucrjaeiv
dXXrjXovs' <\>vXaTTOfievov 8k ae re 6 pay a>9 woXe-:
fLLOV? r)fJi(i<; Kal r)fiel$ op&vre? ravra dvn^vXaTTo-

4 fieda. iirel Be aKoir&v ov Bvvafiai ovtc o~e
aiaOecOai ireipdbfievov rjfia^ tcatcm irotelv eyco re
<ra<\>5)5 618a on r}fiel<; ye ovBe enrwoovfiev toiovtov
ovBev, eSoge fioi eh X 0701/9 aoi eXdelv, Sir cos el
BvvalfieOa e^eXoufiev dXXrfKwv ttjp airta-nav.

5 Kal yap 618a dvOpcoTrovs fjSr) tou9 fiev etc 8ia/3oXf}<;
tovs Be teal eg vwoyfria? on 1 (frdftrjOevres cUf
Xov$ (pOdaai ftovXofievoi irplv iraQeiv eTToirjaav
avrftceara tcatca tou9 ovre fieXXovras ovt av

6 fiovXofievov? toiovtov oiBev. Ta9 ovv Toiavras
dyvcofioavvas vofii^oav avvovaiais fidXiaTa irav-
eo~0ai rjtcco Kal BiBdaKeiv ae ]3ovXofiai a>9 orv rjfilv

7 ovk op6o)$ aTTiaTels. irp&rov fiev yap Kal fie-
yiaTov ol 0€(ov rjfia? op/coi KcoXvovat, iroXefjdov?
elvai aXXrjXow octc? Be tovtcov avvoiBev avT(p
TraprjfieXrjKax;, tovtov iyco ovttot av eitBaifiovi-
aaifii. top yap Oecbv iroXefiov ovk 618a ovt 2 airb
iroLov av Taypvs ovtc ottol av T19 (frevycov cltto-

1 6Vt Gem., following Schenkl : ot MSS.
a ovk otta oi/r' the inferior MSS., Mar.: ou/c o75a the better
MSS. : oCt' oT5a Gem.

386

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 2-7

Clearchus resolved, therefore, to have a meeting
with Tissaphernes and put a stop to these suspicions,
if he possibly could, before hostilities resulted from
them ; so he sent a messenger to say that he desired
to meet him. And Tissaphernes readily bade him
come.

When they had met, Clearchus spoke as follows :
" I know, to be sure, Tissaphernes, that both of us
have taken oaths and given pledges not to injure one
another ; yet I see that you are on your guard against
us as though we were enemies, and we, observing
this, are keeping guard on our side. But since, upon
inquiry, I am unable to ascertain that you are trying
to do us harm, and am perfectly sure that we, for our
part, are not even thinking of any such thing against
you, I resolved to have an interview with you, so that,
if possible, we might dispel this mutual distrust. For
I know that there have been cases before now —
some of them the result of slander, others of mere
suspicion — where men who have become fearful of
one another and wished to strike before they were
struck, have done irreparable harm to people who
were neither intending nor, for that matter, desiring
to do anything" of the sort to them. In the belief,
then, that such misunderstandings are best settled by
conference, I have come here, and I wish to point
out to you that you are mistaken in distrusting us.
For, first and chiefly, our oaths, sworn by the gods,
stand in the^vay of our being enemies of one another;
and the man who is conscious that he has disregarded
such oaths, I for my part should never account
happy. For in war with the gods I know not either
by what swiftness of foot or to what place of refuge
one could make his escape, or into what darkness

387

c c 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

<f)VyOl OVT €t9 7TOIOV CLV OTCOT09 drCoBpaLf) OvO'

07Tft)9 av 6t9 eyvpov %a>/)toi> aTToarairj. Trdvry
yap rrdvra to?9 ueols xnroya /cal iravrcov tcov ol
deol /cparovci.

8 ITept fiev Brj r&v Oe&v re /cal r&v 1 opKcov ovrco
yiyvcoc/cco, Trap 069 rjfiels rrjv <f>i\iav cvvOefievoi
/carede/ieOa* r&v dvdpcoirivtov ce iyco ev r&

9 irapovn vo/ufa jieyicrov elvai fjplv dyadov. avv
fiev yap col irdca fiev 0809 eviropos, 7ra9 Be irora-
/i09 Smy8axo9, r&v re errirrjBeitav ovtc diropia' dvev
Be cov irdca fiev Bid c/corov<; r) 0809* oiBev yap
avrr}<; emcrdfjueQa* rrd<; Be irorafibs Bvciropos,
?ra9 Be 0^X09 <£oy8e/J09, <j>o/3€pa>rarov B* eprjfiLa'

10 fiecrrj yap noWr}? diropia^ ecriv. el Be Brj /cal
fiavevre? ce /cara/creivaifiev, aXXo n av r) rbv
evepyerrjv /cara/creivavres irpb<; ftaaXea rbv puk-
yicrov e<f>eBpov dytavi^olfieOa 2 ; ocoov Be Brj /cal
omv av iXirlBcov ifiavrbv creprjcaifii, el ce ti

11 /ca/cbv emyeiprjcaifii iroieiv, ravra Xe£a>. eye*
yap Kvpov erreQifirjcd fioi <f>i\ov yevecffai, vofjd-
£a)v t&v Tore i/cavdorarov elvai ev iroieiv bv /3ov-
\01ro' ce Be vvv 6p& rrjv Te Kvpov ivvajiiv /cal
X&pav eyovra /cal rrjv cavrov cw^ovra, rrjv Se
ftaciXea)? Bvvajiiv, rj Kvpo9 iroXefiia ixpfjro, col

12 ravrrjv ^v/jLfiaxov oZcav. rovrcov Be roiovrcov
ovrcov Tt9 ovtq) piaLverai ocri? oi) ftovXerai col
<£tXo9 elvai ;

'AXX^ firjv ep& yap /cal ravra e£ &v €^a>
iXiriBas /cal ce /3ov\rjcec0ai <f)i\ov rjpXv elvat.

1 re koI rS»v MSS. : Gem. brackets.

2 ay <tivt(ol/j.*9a the inferior MSS., Mar.: trotefifoofiev the
better MSS., which Gem. follows, bracketing ttu above.

388

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 7-12

he could steal away, or how he could withdraw him-
self to a secure fortress. For all things in all places
are subject to the gods, and all alike the gods hold
in their control.

" Touching the gods, then, and our oaths I am thus
minded, and to the keeping of the gods we consigned
the friendship which we covenanted ; but as for things
human, I believe that at this time you are to us the
greatest good we possess. For, with you, every road
is easy for us to traverse, every river is passable,
supplies are not lacking; without you, all our road is
through darkness — for none of it do we know — every
river is hard to pass, every crowd excites our fears,
and most fearful of all is solitude — for it is crowded
full of want. And if we should, in fact, be seized
with madness and slay you, should we not certainly,
after slaying our benefactor, be engaged in contest
with the King, a fresh and most powerful opponent ? 1
Again, how great and bright are the hopes of which
I should rob myself if I attempted to do you any
harm, I will relate to you. I set my heart upon
having Cyrus for my friend because I thought that
he was the best able of all the men of his time to
benefit whom he pleased ; but now I see that it is v/
you who possess Cyrus' power and territory, while
retaining your own besides, and that the power of
the King, which Cyrus found hostile, is for you a
support. Since this is so, who is so mad as not to
desire to be your friend ?

"And now for the other side, — for I will go
on to tell you the grounds upon which I base
the hope that you will likewise desire to be our

1 The fy>«5poj, in the language of Greek athletics, was the
man who had "drawn a bye," and so waited for the result
of a contest in order to engage the victor,

3»9

Digitized by

XENOPHON

13 olBa fi€v yap vpxv Mvaov? Xvrrrjpovs 6vra$ 9 ot>?
vo/jll£(o av avv rfj irapovarj Bvvdfjuev rarreivovs
v/uv napaayelv olBa 8k real HiaiBav atcovco Be
teal aXXa euvrj noXXa roiavra eivai, a oI/jlcu av
rtavaai ivo)(Xovvra del rfj vfierepq, evBaifiovia.
Alyvirriovs Be, oh p,dXiara vfia? yiyvcoa/eay
T€0vp,cojj,evov<;, ov% 6pa> irola Bvvdfiei av/xfidxq>
^prjadfievoi fiaXXov av KoXdaaiade rrj$ vvv avv

14 ifjiol over)?, dXXd firjv ev ye T019 Trepit* ol/covac
av el fiev fiovXoio <£t\o9 d>9 fieyiaro? av 6*779, el Be
Tt? ae XvttoIt], c!>9 oW7Tott79 &v dvaarpe<f>oio eyviv
rj/xa? vTrr)pera<z t oX aoi oi/c &v fiiadov evetca virrj-
perolfiev dXXd teal rr}<; ^dpiro^ r)v aayffevre? vrrb

15 aov aol av eypiyuev Bc/catco?. i/xol /xev ravra
rrdvra ivOv/jLovfiivtp ovrco Bo/cei dav/iaarbv elvai
to ae rjfiiv airiarelv (bare /ecu fjBiar &v d/cov-
aai/ii to . ovofia 1 Tt9 ovtoos iarl Beivbs Xeyecv
ware <re rcelaai Xeycov &>9 rjfieis aoi iiriftovXev-
Ofiev. K.Xeap%o<; fiev ovv roaavra elrre* Tar-
<ra<f>epvr)<; Be a>Be dir^ixeL^Orj.

16 'AXX* fjBo/JLai fiev, co KXeapx^, d/covcov aov
<f>povufiov<; Xoyovs* ravra yap yiyvdbatcow el rt,
ifjuol fea/ebv ftovXevots, dpua av fioi Bo/cels real
aavr& tcaicovovs elvai. a>9 8' civ fidOy? on ovB*
av vfiels Bucaiw? ovre ftaaiXei ovr i/ioi dinar oi-

17 rjre, dvrdicovaov. el yap £yxa9 efiovXofxeda drro-
Xeaai, irorepd aoi Bo/covjiev iirirecov irXrjdovs

1 rb 6vo/xa MSS. : Gem, brackets, following Bisscbop.
39°

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 13-17

friend. I know that the Mysians are troublesome to >/
you, and I believe that with the force I have I could
make them your submissive servants ; I know that y/
the Pisidians also trouble you, and I hear that there
are likewise many other tribes of the same sort ; I
could put a stop, I think, to their being a continual
annoyance to your prosperity. As for the Egyptians, V
with whom I learn that you are especially angry, I do
not see what force you could better employ to aid
you in chastising them than the force which I now
have. Again, take those who dwell around you :
if you chose to be a friend to any, you could be the
greatest possible friend, while if any ''were to annoy
you, you could play the part of master over them in V
case you had us for supporters, for we should serve
you, not merely for the sake of pay, but also out of
the gratitude that we should feel, and rightly feel,
toward you, the man who had saved us. For my
part, as I consider all these things the idea of your
distrusting us seems to me so astonishing that I
should be very glad indeed to hear the name of the
man who is so clever a talker that his talk could
persuade you that we were cherishing designs
against you." Thus much Clearchus said, and Tissa-
phernes replied as follows :

" It is a pleasure to me, Clearchus, to hear your
sensible words ; for if, holding these views, you
should devise any ill against me, you would at the
same time, I think, be showing ill-will toward your-
self also. And now, in order that you may learn
that you likewise are mistaken in distrusting either
the King or myself, take your turn in listening. If
we were, in fact, desirous of destroying you, does it
seem to you that we have not cavalry in abundance

391

Digitized by

XENOPHON

diropelv fj ire^cov fj oirXiaeax; iv y b/xas fiev fiXd-
wreiv Itcavol etrjfjiev av, dvmrda^eiv Se ovSel?

18 tcivSvvos; dXXd ycopicov iircxrjheLcov ifilv iiriTL-
deadai diropelv av aoi Sotcovjiev; ov roaavra puev
ireDia h vfjuels <f>iXia ovra attv iroXXq* irovcp 8*a-
nropeveade, roaavra Se opt} opare vpXv ovra iropev-
rea, a tj/mv egean irpotcaraXaftovaiv arropa vpuv
irapeyeiVy roaovroi 6° elal irorapm i<f> &v egeartv
rjfxlv ra/iieveadai biroaois civ vpxov f3ov\do/x€0a
fid^adat; elal 8' avr&v oft? ovS* av iravrdiraai

19 Siaftairjre, el fir) r)fiec<; v/ias Siairopevotfiev. el 8*
iv iraai rovrois rjrrcifieda, dXXd to ye to* nvp
tcpelrrov rov tcapirov iariv hv r)fiet<; Swai/ied' hv
/eara/cavaavres Xifibv vpZv dvrirdgai, cJ bfiels
oiS* el irdvv dyadol ecrjre pdyeadai hv Bvvaiade.

20 7rw? &v oZv e%ovre^ roaovrov? iropovs irpb<i to
ifiiv iroXefielv, teal rovrcov firjSeva fjfiiv iiri/civ-
Svvov, irreira etc rovrcov irdvrcov rovrov &v rov
rporrov ef-eXolfieda 09 /jlopos jjuev irpb<; decov dae-

21 fit)?, fiovos Se 7T/0O? dvdpcoircov ala%po<;; iravrd-
naai Se air 6 poo v earl real dfirj^dvcov koX iv dvdy/erj
i^ofievcov, zeal rovrcov irovrjpcbv, oiTive? ideXovai
oY iiriopida*; re irpb<; deoit<; teal dinaria^ irpb?
dvdpd>7Tov$ irpdrreiv t*. ov% ovrcos 17/46*9, &
KXeapxe, ovre dXoyiaroi ovre fjXidioi iajiev.

22 'A\\A rl vfjids i£bv drroXeaai oitc cVl rovro
fjXdofiev; eZ laQt, ore 6 ifib? epco? rovrov atnos to
rol$ "RXXrjaip ifie iriarbv yeveadai, teal <£ KOpo?
dve^i gevitcq) Sid fiiaOoSoala? inarevcov rovrco

392

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 17-22

and infantry and military equipment, whereby we
should be able to harm you without being in any
danger of suffering harm ourselves ? Or do you think
that we should not have places suitable for attacking
you? Do you not behold these vast plains, which
even now, although they are friendly, it is costing
you a deal of labour to traverse ? and these great
mountains you have to pass, which we can occupy in
advance and render impassable for you ? and have
we not these great rivers, at which we can parcel out
whatever number of you we may choose to fight
with — some, in fact, which you could not cross at all
unless we carried you over ? And if we were worsted
at all these points, nevertheless it is certain that fire
can worst crops ; by burning them up we could
bring famine into the field against you, and you
could not fight against that, however brave you might
be. Since, then, we have so many ways of making
war upon you, no one of them dangerous to us, why,
in such a case, should we choose out of them all
that one way which alone is impious in the sight of
the gods and shameful in the sight of men ? For it is
those who are utterly without ways and means, who
are bound by necessity, and who are rascals in any
case, that are willing to accomplish an object by
perjury to the gods and unfaithfulness to men. As
for us, Clearchus, we are not so unreasoning or
foolish.

" But why, one might ask, when it was possible ^ #
for us to destroy you, did we not proceed to do so ?
The reason for this, be well assured, was my eager \j
desire to prove myself trustworthy to the Greeks, so
that with the same mercenary force which Cyrus led
up from the coast in the faith of wages paid, I might

393

Digitized by

XENOPHON

23 ifie /caTafifjvai oY evepyea-tap laxypov. oaa 6°
ifwl yjpr)<iiiioi Vjiels iare ra fiev teai av eliTas, to
he fieyco-TOV iya) olha* rrjv fiev yap iirl jy /ce<pa\r)
ndpav fiaaiXel fiovtp e^eanp opdrjv eyeiv, rrjv 8'
iirl rfj tcaphia taw? av v/jlwv irap6vT(ov teal erepos
€V7T€TG><; e^ot.

24 TavTa eliroDv e'So£e t$ KXedpxq) aXtjOrj \4yeiv
/cal elirev Ovkovv, €(f>rf, oirives tocovtcdp rjpZv eU
<f>t\Lav vTrap%6vTcov ireipcoprat 8ta/3d\\ovT€<;
TTOifjaai 7ro\€fiLov<; rjfia^ a£toi eiai ra ea^ara

25 iradelv; Kal iya> fiev ye, e^rj 6 Tiaaaxpepvrj*;, el
fiovkeo'de floe oX re aTpaTrjyol teal oi \o%ayol
i\0eiv, iv t£ €/jL(f>av€i Xe£&> tou9 7r/>09 ip* Xe-
yovTa? a)9 aif ep,oi iirifiovkevets Kal rfj avv ipol

26 aTparia. 'Eyo* Se, e<f>rf 6 K\eap^09, agco iravra^,
Kal vol at$ hrfK(ti<r(0 oOev iyoo irepl aov olkovw.

27 'E# tovtwv Srj t£>v \6ycov 6 Tiaaa<f>€pvrj<; <f>i\o-

(ppovovfjL€vo<; Tore puev pueveiv re avrov e/ceXeue Kal

avvhenrvov iiroitfaaTo. rjj Be vo-jepaLa 6 KXe-

a PX 0< * *^9<*> v €7rl to arpaToirehov S^Xo9 r rfv

Travv <f>i)UK(b<; olopevo? SiaKeladai, t£ Ttcrcra-

<f>€pv€i Kal a eXeyep €K€Cvo<; airtfyyeWev, e<f>rj re

Xprjvai ikvai irapa, Tiaaa^epvrjp ot/9 eKeXevev,

Kal ot av 1 i\€yx0<*><™ Siay8aXXoi/T€9 t<ov c EX-

\7jvc0v, a>9 TrpoBoras avToxx; Kal KaKovov? rot?

1 ot %lv MSS.: iky Gem., following Dindorf. (Jem. also
brackets rwv 'EAA^kwi', following Dobree..

394

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 22-27

go back to the coast in the security of benefits con-
ferred. And as for all the ways in which you are of
use to me, you also have mentioned some of them,
but it is I who know the most important : the King /
alone may wear upright the tiara that is upon the
head, but another, too, with your help, might easily
so wear the one that is upon the heart. 1 "

In these things that he said Tissaphernes seemed
to Clearchus to be speaking the truth ; and Clearchus
said : " Then do not those who are endeavouring by
false charges to make us enemies, when we have
such grounds for friendship, deserve to suffer the
uttermost penalty ? " " Yes," said Tissaphernes,
" and for my part, if you generals and captains care
to come to me, 1 will give you, publicly, the names
of those who tell me that you are plotting against
me and the army under my command." "And I,"
said Clearchus, " will bring them all, and in my turn
will make known to you whence come the reports
that I hear about you."

After this conversation Tissaphernes showed all
kindness, inviting Clearchus at that time to stay with
him and making him his guest at dinner. On the
following day, when Clearchus returned to the Greek v
camp, he not only made it clear that he imagined he
was on very friendly terms with Tissaphernes and
reported the words which he had used, but he said
that those whom Tissaphernes had invited must go
to him, and that whoever among the Greeks should
be convicted of making false charges ought to be

1 The first clause states a fact of Persian court etiquette ;
the second is apparently intended to give Clearchus the
impression that Tissaphernes aspires to the Persian throne, V
and for that reason really desires the friendship and help of
the Greeks.

395 .

^ Digitized by

XENOPHON

28 "EXXrjaip ovtcls ri/juoprjdrjpai. virdoirreve Se
€ivat top SiafJdXXopra Mivwva, elSa)? avrov /cal
o-vyyeyevrjfiivov Tiaaa^ipvec fier 'Apiaiov /cal
araaid^opra avrq> /cal iirtftovXevoPTa, 07T6>9 to
(TTpdrevfia airav irpb? avrbv Xa/So&v <£t\o9 y Ttcr-

29 aafyipvei. ifiovXeTO 8% /cal KXeapxo? dirav rb
arpdrevfia Trpbs eavrbv rrjv ypa>fi7jp /cal
tou? vapaXvirovpra^ i/ciro&cop elvai. t&p Se
arpaTKor&v avreXeyov rive? avrfy fit) Uvai irdp-
ra? tovs \0xay0v9 /cal aTparrjyov^ firjBe irurTev-

30 eip Tur(Ta<f>€pv€i. 6 Se KXeap^o? lo"xyp&$ /care-
reivev, €<tt€ Sieirpagaro tt€VT€ fiev arparrjyov^
Uvcu, et/coai 8e \o^ayou9* avvqKoXovdrjaav he
a>9 et? ayopav /cal tSuv aXXcop arparicor&v co?
Bia/coaiot*

31 'EttcI fjaav iirl dvpais tcw Ti<Taa<f>€ppov<;, oi
fiev aTparrjyol Trape/cXrjO'qaap etaa), Hpoffepo?
Bokotios, Mevcop @€TTa\o9, 'Ayias 'Ap#a9, K\e-
apxo? Ad/cap, Xw/cpdrr)? 'A^cuoV oi Be Xoyayol

32 iirl Ta?9 dvpais e/ievop. ov iroXXq> Se varepop
dirb tov avrov arjfieiov oX r cpSop gvpeXafiftd-
popto /cal oi e£a> /careKoirrjaap. fierd Se ravra tcop
/3apj3dpeop ripe? iirneeop Sia, rod irehiov iXav-
1/OJ/T69 tpTVPi ipTvy^dpoiep "JLXXrjpi rj SovXco rj

33 i\€V0ip<p Trdpra<; €/ct€Ipop. oi Se "EWiyve? rrfp
re imraaiap iffav/m^op i/c tov aTparoiriSov opwv-
T€9 /cal o ti iiroiovp rjfMpeypoovp, irplp Nt/cap^o9
'A/)/ca9 fj/ce <j>evya)p rerpoofiipo^ €t9 ti)p yaarepa
/cal ra eprepa £p rat 9 e^ow, ical elire

34 irdpra ra yeyevrj/xepa. i/c tovtov Srj oi "EXXrjpes
edeop eVt ra oirXa irdpTes eKireirX'qy^epoL /cal

39 6

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 27-34

punished, as traitors and foes to the Greeks. Now
Clearchus suspected that the author of these slan- V
ders was Menon, for he was aware that Menon had
not only had meetings with Tissaphernes, in company
with Ariaeus, but was also organizing opposition to
his own leadership and plotting against him, with
the intention of winning over to himself the entire
army and thereby securing the friendship of Tissa-
phernes. Clearchus desired, however, to have the
entire army devoted to him and to put the refractory
out of the way. As for the soldiers, some of tnem
made objections to Clearchus* proposal, urging that
the captains and generals should not all go and that
they should not trust Tissaphernes. But Clearchus
vehemently insisted, until he secured an agreement
that five generals should go and twenty captains ;
and about two hundred of the soldiers also followed
along, with the intention of going to market.

When they reached Tissaphernes' doors, the
generals were invited in — Proxenus the Boeotian,
Menon the Thessalian, Agias the Arcadian, Clearchus
the Laconian, and Socrates the Achaean — while the
captains waited at the doors. Not long afterward, v
at the same signal, those within were seized and
those outside were cut down. After this some of
the barbarian horsemen rode about over the plain
and killed every Greek they met, whether slave or
freeman. And the Greeks wondered at this riding
about, as they saw it from their camp, and were
puzzled to know what the horsemen were doing,
until Nicarchus the Arcadian reached the camp in
flight, wounded in his belly and holding his bowels
in his hands, and told all that had happened.
Thereupon the Greeks, one and all, ran to their arms.

397

Digitized by GoOgk

XENOPHON

vofil^ovres avrltca tfl-eiv airovs eirl to arparo-
irehov.

35 Ol he iravres fiev ovtc fjXdov, 'Apialo? he teal
'Aprdo£o<; teal MiOpahdrr)?, oc rjaav Kvpo) ma-
roraror 6 he r&v 'EXXrfvcov ep/xrjvevs €(f>rj teal
top Tiao-a<f)€ppov<: dheX<j>bv <rvv avrols opav teal
y ty vdoatceiv ^vvrjfcoXovdovp he teal aXXoi Hepccov

36 T€0€opateia/ji€voi et<? rpiateoaLovs. ovroi eirel iyyvs
fj<rav, irpoaeXdelv eteeXevov eX Ti9 €617 r&v 'EU^wi/
arparrjyb^ ff Xo^ayos, iva dirayyelXcoo'i ra irapa

37 /SaaiXeco^. fiera ravra e^rjXdov <f>vXarr6p,evoi
r&v 'EUjjfwi/ arparrjyol fiev KXedvcop '0/>^o-
fiipios teal %o<f>aLV€To<; HrvpKpdXtos, %vv avrois he
B,evo(f>a)v 'Affrjvaios, 07r&)9 fidOoi ra irepl Tipo-
gevov Xeipiao(f)o<; he ervyyavev diroov ev tedofirj

38 rivl gitv aWot? eiriG it ifo pivots, eireihr) he earrj-
aav els eirrjKoov, elirev 'Aptato? rdhe. KXeap^o?
fiev, & avhpes "EWrjves, eVet eTrioptccov re i<f>dpfj
teal ra? airovhds Xvcov, e^eu rtjv hitcrjv teal reOvrj/ce,
Tipogevos he teal Mevwp, on Karr\yyeCkav avrov
rrjv eirc/SovX^v, ev fieydXrj rifir) elciv. vfias he
fiaaiXev? ra oirXa dirairel' avrov yap elval
<f>rjaiv, iireLirep Kvpov rjaav rov iteeivov hovXov.

39 717)09 ravra drretepivavro ol r/ E\X?/i/e9, eXeye he
KXedvcop 6 'Opftofjievw ted/ciare dvdpcorrcov
'Apiale teal ol aXXoi oaoi fjre Kvpov $1X01, ovtc
alo"xyveade ovre deov? ovr dvdpa>7rov<;, oXrives
opboaapres rjfiiv robs avrovs <f>lXov<; teal e^dpovs
vopneiv, Trpohovre? rjpLas avv Tiaaa<f>€pvei tw

398

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 34-39

panic-stricken and believing that the enemy would
come at once against the camp.

Not all of them came, however, but Ariaeus, >/
Artaozus, and Mithradates, who had been most
faithful friends of Cyrus, did come ; and the inter-
preter of the Greeks said that with them he also saw
and recognized Tissaphernes' brother; furthermore,
they were followed by other Persians, armed with
breastplates, to the number of three hundred. As
soon as this party had come near, they directed-/
whatever Greek general or captain there might be
to come forward, in order that they might deliver a
message from the King. After this two generals went
forth from the Greek lines under guard, Cleanor the
Orchomenian and Sophaenetus the Stymphalian, and
with them Xenophon the Athenian, who wished to
learn the fate of Proxenus ; Cheirisophus, however,
chanced to be away in a village in company with
others who were getting provisions. And when the
Greeks got within hearing distance, Ariaeus said :
" Clearchus, men of Greece, inasmuch as he was J
shown to be perjuring himself and violating the
truce, has received his deserts and is dead, but
Proxenus and Menon, because they gave information
about his plotting, are held in high honour. For
yourselves, the King demands your arms ; for he says ^
that they belong to him, since they belonged to
Cyrus, his slave." To this the Greeks replied as
follows, Cleanor the Orchomenian acting as spokes-
man : " Ariaeus, you basest of men, and all you
others who were friends of Cyrus, are you not
ashamed, either before gods or men, that, after giving
us your oaths to count the same people friends and
foes as we did, you have betrayed us, joining hands

399

Digitized by

XENOPHON

ddewrdrcp re /cal iravovpyordrcp row re av&pas
avrov*; oi? &pvvre dfcoXaiXe/care /cal row aWov?
rifia*; irpoSeSco/cores %vv row iroXefiiow e<£' rj^ia^

40 epxeade; 6 Se 'A/uaio? elire* KXeapxo? yap
irpoadev emftovXevayv (pavepbs eyevero Tiaaa<f>ep-

V€l T6 Kill 'OpOVTCL, /Cal TTCLaiV TJfUP T04? gvV

41 rovrow. eirl rovrtp 3evo<f>a>v rdhe elire. KXea/o^o?
fiev roivvv el it a pa row op/cov? eXve ra? <rirovha<i f
rrjv Bl/ctjv fyer Si/caiov yap a7roXXva0ai row
eiriop/covvras' Upo^evo<; Be ical Mevcov erreirrep
elalv vfierepoi fiev evepyerai, rjfierepoi Be arparrj-
yoi, irefityare avrow Sevpo* B^Xov yap on <f>CXoi
ye ovres dfi<j>orepow ireipdaovrac /cal vfitv /cal

42 rjfuv ra fteXnara gvfiftovXevaai. irpw ravra oi
ftdpfiapoi iroXvv ypbvov 8ta\€%0ei>Te? dXXr\Xow
dirrjXdov ovSev diro/cpivdfievoi.

VI. O/ fiev Brj arparrjyol ovra> Xrf(f>Oevre<: dvrj-
Xdrjaav a>? ftaaiXea ical dirorfirjOevre^ Ta? /ce-
<f>a\a<; ireXevrrjaav, eh fiev avr&v KXeap^o?
bfioXoyovfievw i/c irdvrtov r<ov ifiireipa)? avrov
ixovrcop Sofa? yeveadai dvrjp kol rroXefiiKW /cal

2 (friXoTroXefio? €cr^aT6>9. /cal yap Brj ecos fiev
iroXefios ffv row Aa/cehaifiovLow rrpw row 'AOi?-
vaiov? irapejievev, eirecBrj Se elprjvrj iyevero, ireiaas
rrjv avrov ttoXlv a>9 oi ®pa/ce<; dSc/covai row j
"EXXrjva? /cal Siairpagafievos a>? ehvvaro it a pa
r&v i(f)6pG)v e^errXei a>$ iroXefiijo-aov row virep

3 Xeppovrjaov /cal YlepivOov Qpqgiv. ewel Be
400

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. v. 39-vi. 3

with Tissaphernes, that most godless and villainous
man, and that you have not only destroyed the very
men to whom you were then making oath, but have
betrayed the rest of us and are come with our
enemies against us ? " And Ariaeus said : " But it
was shown that long ago Clearchus was plotting
against Tissaphernes and Orontas and all of us who
are with them." Upon this Xenophort spoke as
follows : " Well, then, if Clearchus was really trans-
gressing the truce in violation of his oaths, he has his
deserts, for it is right that perjurers should perish ;
but as for Proxenus and Menon, since they are your
benefactors and our generals, send them hither, for it
is clear that, being friends of both parties, they will
endeavour to give both you and ourselves the best
advice." To this the barbarians made no answer,
but, after talking for a long time with one another,
they departed.

VI. The generals, then, after being thus seized, v
were taken to the King and put to death by being
beheaded. One of them, Clearchus, by common
consent of all who were personally acquainted with
him, seemed to have shown himself a man who was
both fitted for war and fond of war to the last degree.
For, in the first place, as long as the Lacedaemonians
were at war with the Athenians, he bore his part
with them ; then, as soon as peace had come, he
persuaded his state that the Thracians were injuring
the Greeks, 1 and, after gaining his point as best he
could from the ephors, 2 set sail with the intention of
making war upon the Thracians who dwelt beyond
the Chersonese and Perinthus. When, however, the

1 i.e. the Greek colonists in the Thracian Chersonese.

2 The ephors, five in number, were the ruling officials at
Sparta.

401

VOL. II. D D

Digitized by

XRNOPHON

fJL€T(iyv6vT€$ 7TO)9 01 €<f)OpOl TjBt] €^CO 6W09 CLTTO*

a-Tpi<f>€LV avrov iireLpcoPTo if; 'ladfiov, evravOa

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4 TTOPTOP. €tC TOVTOV Kal idaPaTCodt] V7TO T(OP €V

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Kvpov aXXy yeypamai, BIBgmti Be avrtp jCvpos

5 fivpLovs Bapeiteovv 6 Be Xa/3a>p ovk eirl padvplav
erpdirero, dXX* dirb rovroyp reov xprjfidrcop avX-
\efa9 (TTpdrevfia iwoXefiei rot? @paft, teal fid%V
re eviKfjae teal diro rovrov Brj e<f>epe teal fjye tov-
tov$ teal iroXe/n&p Bieyepero fie^pi KO/009 iBeijOr]
tov (TTparevpLarov totc Be dirrfkdev 009 gvv
etceiVG) av TToXefirjacop.

6 Tavra ovp <f>iXo7roXe/jLOv fioi Botcei dvBpo? epya
el vac, Bart? igbp fxev elprjvqv dyevp avev alayyvr)?
teal fiXdftrjs alpelrai iroXe/ielp, et*bv Be paOvpuelp
fiovXercu irovelv ware iroXefieiP, 1 e%bv Be XPVf JUlTa
e%eip dtcipBvpo)<; alpeircu iroXepbtop fieiova ravra
iroieip* itcelpo? Be &airep 2 el? TraiBitca rj €19 aXXrjp

7 tlpcl rjBoprjp fjdeXe Bairapap eh iroXefiop. ovrta
flip (friXoTToXe/jLO? rjp* TroXefiitcb? Be av ravTy
eBoteet eipac oti fyiXotelpBvPos re y\p real rjfjiepas
teal pvtcrbs aya>p eirl tou? TroXefiLovs teal ep T<H9
Beipols <f>popifio<;, ct>9 ol Trapopres irapraypv Trdp-

8 T€9 GD/ioXoyovp. teal dp^i/eos B* iXeyeTO elpai a>9

1 &(rr€ iro\e/j.uv MSS.: Gem. brackets.
1 After &<riT9p Gem. inserts tji.

402

.oogle

ANABASIS, II. vi. 3-8

ephors changed their minds for some reason or other
and, after he had already gone, tried to turn him
back from the Isthmus of Corinth, at that point he-
declined to render further obedience, but went
sailing off to the Hellespont. As a result he was
condemned to death by the authorities at Sparta on
the ground of disobedience to orders. Being now an
exile he came to Cyrus, and the arguments whereby
he persuaded Cyrus are recorded elsewhere ; 1 at any
rate, Cyrus gave him ten thousand darics, and he,
upon receiving this money, did not turn his thoughts
to comfortable idleness, but used it to collect an army
and proceeded to make war upon the Thracians.
He defeated them in battle and from that time on
plundered them in every way, and he kept up the
war until Cyrus wanted his army ; then he returned,
still for the purpose of making war, this time in
company with Cyrus.

Now such conduct as this, in my opinion, reveals a
man fond of war. When he may enjoy peace without
dishonour or harm, he chooses war; when he may
live in idleness, he prefers toil, provided it be the toil
of war ; when he may keep his money without risk,
he elects to diminish it by carrying on war. As for
Clearchus, just as one spends upon a loved one or
upon any other pleasure, so he wanted to spend upon
war — such a lover he was of war. On the other hand,
he seemed to be fitted for war in that he was fond of
danger, ready by day or night to lead his troops
against the enemy, and self-possessed amid terrors,
as all who were with him on all occasions agreed.
He was likewise said to be fitted for command, so far

1 But not in the Anabasis or in any of Xenophon's other
works. Perhaps the author was writing under the impres-
sion that he had stated these arguments in I. i. 9.

403

D D 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Svvarbv etc tov tolovtov rpoirov olov tcdtcelvos
€*^€i/. iicavos fiev yap r*9 teal aUo? <f>povTi£eiv
r)v 07TCD? €%ol V a "rpO'Tia avTto tcl eTriTrjheia teal
Trapao-tcevdfeiv ravra, itcavb? he teal efiiroirjaai
9 ToZ$ irapovaiv a>9 ireicreov ecrj KXedp^jcp. tovto
8' iiroiei etc tov %<x\e7ro9 elvar teal yap opav
<nvyvb$ r)v teal rfj <f>covf) Tpa^vs, etcoXa^e re
lo"xyp&s, teal opyfj eviore, eo? teal avTG> fierafieXeiv

10 e<r6* ore, teal yvdofirj 8* eteoXa^ev dtcoXdcTOv
yap aTparevfiaTos oihev r)yeiTO o(f>eXo$ elvai,
dXXd teal Xeyeiv avTov e<f>aaav a>9 heoi top o~Tpa-
tmottjv <j>o/3eia0ai /xaXXov tov ap^ovTa rj tov?
TToXepiovs, el fieXXoi fj (pvXarcas (f>vXd^eiv fj <f>iXcov
d<j)i^€o-daL fj air po<f>ao~io-T(D<; levai irpbs tovs woXe-

11 fiLovs. ev fxev ovv rofc hetvol? fjOeXov avTOv dtcoveiv
o~<f)6hpa teal obtc dXXov r)poi)VTO oi aTpaTi&Tar
teal yap to CTvyvbv Tore <f>aihpbv 1 e<j>aaav <f>aCve-
a0ai teal to %a\€7roi> eppcofievov irpbs tol>9 iroXe-
fiLOv 9 ehotcei elvai, &aT€ aooTrjpiov, oitceTi '^aXeirbv

12 i<f>aiV€TO' otc 8' ef-co Tov heivov yevoiVTo teal effect)
irpbs aXXov dpgo/xevovs dirievai, iroXXol avTOv
direXeiTTOV to yap eiriyapi oitc ^l^ev, dXX del
XaXeTrbs fjv teal go/aoV &o~t€ hietceiVTO 777)09 avTov
oi aTpaTi&Tai wairep Tralhes 77-069 hihdctcaXov,

13 teal yap ovv <j>tXLa fiev teal evvoLa eiropbevov^
ovheiroTe ei%€v 9 oiTives he fj virb *7r6Xeco<; T€Tay~
pivot fj iirb tov helaOai, rj aXXy tlvI dvdyter) tcaTe-

1 After <pat$phv the MSS. have avrov iv rots &\\ois Trpoau-
irots : rejected by Gem. and Mar., following Cobet.

404

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. vi. 8-13

as that was possible for a man of such a disposition
as his was. For example, he was competent, if ever
a man was, in devising ways by which his army might
get provisions and in procuring them, and he was
competent also to impress it upon those who were
with him that Clearchus must be obeyed. This result
he accomplished by being severe ; for he was gloomy
in appearance and harsh in voice, and he used to
punish severely, sometimes in anger, so that on
occasion he would be sorry afterwards. Yet he also
punished on principle, for he believed there was no
good in an army that went without punishment ; in
fact, he used to say, it was reported, that a soldier
must fear his commander more than the enemy if he
were to perform guard duty or keep his hands from
friends or without making excuses advance against
the enemy. In the midst of dangers, therefore, the
troops were ready to obey him implicitly and would
choose no other to command them ; for they said
that at such times his gloominess appeared to be
brightness, and his severity seemed to be resolution
against the enemy, so that it appeared to betoken
safety and to be no longer severity. But when they
had got past the danger and could go off to serve
under another commander, many would desert him ;
for there was no attractiveness about him, but he was
always severe and rough, so that the soldiers had the
same feeling toward him that boys have toward a
schoolmaster. For this reason, also, he never had
men following him out of friendship and good-will,
but such as were under him because they had been
put in his hands by a government or by their own
need or were under the compulsion of any other

405

Digitized by

XENOPHON

%6fievoi irapeirjaav avTCp, a<f)6Bpa Treidofievoi^

14 ixpV T0 ' * 7re * ^ apgaivTO vucav %vv avTco tol>?
noXefiLOvs, rjSrj fieydka fjv ra xprjcrifiovs ttoiovvtcl
eivai tov$ l;vv avTco ctt pair icoTa$ % to tc yap irpb?
to us iroXepiovs dappaXecos eyeiv iraprjv xal to ttjv
Trap' itcelvov Tificoplav <f>o/3eicr0ai evTUKTov? efroLei.

15 toiovtos fiev Br) apycov r)v dp^eadai Be virb aXkcov
oi iiaka edekeiv eXeyeTO. rjv Be otc eTeXevTa dfi<f)l
tcl nevTtjKOVTa eTrj.

16 Tipot-evo? Be 6 Bojwtw evdvs fiev fieipd/ciov cov
€7T€0vfi€i yeveaOai dvrjp tcl /xeydXa irpaTTetv
i/cavo?' fcal Bid TavTrjv ttjv eiridvpLiav eBcotce

17 YopyLct dpyvpiov tco \eovTivco. ezrel Be avveyevero
eiceLvcp, itcavbs vofiicras rfBrj eivai teal dp^eiv teal <f>l-
\o9 covtois TTpdoTOis fir) r/TTacrdai ebepyeTcov, r)Xdev
€t9 rauTa? t<z? crvv T&jupcp TTpageis' teal cocto kttj-
aeadai etc tovtcov ovofia fieya real Bvvap.iv fieyaXrjv

18 teal xpriiiaTa iroXXd' toctovtcov B* eiridv jacov
<r<f>6Bpa evBr/Xov av tcai tovto elxev, oti tovtcov
ovBev av deXoi /CTacrdai p,eTa aBucias, aX\a cvv
Tcp Biicaicp fcal tcaXco cocto Belv tovtcov Tvyyaveiv,

19 dvev Be tovtcov p,rj. apyeiv Be fcaX&v puev teal
ayadcov BvvaTos r)v ov /xevTOi ovt alBco toi?
cTTparicoTai^ eavTov ovtc <j)6/3ov licavbs i/iirotrjaat,
dXXa teal r)cr')(yveTo fiaXXov tov? CTpaTicoTa^ r) oi
dp'XOfievoi etcelvov tcai <f>o/3ovfievo<; fiaXXov rjv
cfyavepbs to direyQavecrQai to£? crTpaTicoTais rj oi

20 cTTpaTicoTai to diricrTeZv efceivep. cocto Be dptceZv
406

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. vi. 13-20

necessity, yielded him implicit obedience. And as
soon as they began in his service to overcome the
enemy, from that moment there were weighty reasons
which made his soldiers efficient ; for they had the
feeling of confidence in the face of the enemy, and
their fear of punishment at his hands kept them in
a fine state of discipline. * Such he was as a com-
mander, but being commanded by others was not
especially to his liking, so people said. He was about
fifty years old at the time of his death.

Proxenus the Boeotian cherished from his earliest
youth an eager desire to become a man capable of
dealing with great affairs, and because of this desire
he paid money to Gorgias of Leontini. 1 After having
studied under him and reaching the conclusion that
he had now become competent to rule and, through
friendship with the foremost men of his day, to hold
his own in conferring benefits, he embarked upon this
enterprise with Cypus, expecting to gain therefrom
a famous name, great power, and abundant wealth ;
but while vehemently desiring these great ends, he
nevertheless made it evident also that he would not
care to gain any one of them unjustly ; rather, he
thought that he must secure them justly and honour-
ably, or not at all. As a leader, he was qualified to
command gentlemen, but he was not capable of
inspiring his soldiers with either respect for himself
or fear ; on the contrary, he really stood in greater awe
of his men than they, whom he commanded, did of
him, and it was manifest that he was more afraid of
incurring the hatred of his soldiers than they were of
disobeying him. His idea was that, for a man to be

1 A celebrated rhetorician and orator, whose enormous fee
of 100 minae (£375 or $1,800) was almost as famous as him-
self.

407

XENOPHON

717309 to dpx^ov elvcu teal hoicelv top fiev /caXws
TTOiovvTa eircuvelv, rbv he dhiKOvvra /jltj iiraivelv.
roiyapovv aira> oi fiev kclXoL re koI ayaOot r&v
avvovrcov eivoi rjaav, oi he dhitcoi eirefiovXevov a>9
ev/x€Ta)(€ipLO'T<p ovTi. ore he diredvrjaKev rjv ircav
&>9 rpiaKOvra.

21 Mevcov he 6 &€rraXb<; 877X09 iin0vfi&v fjuev
irXovrelv iax^pWt einQv^v he ap%€iv, ottw
irXeico Xajx^dvoi, €7n0v/i&v he ri/iaaOcu, iva
Tr\eL(o xephaivor <f>iXo^ re eftovXero elvcu row
fieyiara hvva/jLevoi<; 3 Xva dhi/c&v firj hihoLrj hikrjv.

22 eVl he to Karepyd^eadcu &v eiriQvyLolf] avvTo/xco-
Tarrjv <pero bhbv elvcu Sid rov einopKelv re xal
yfrevheaffcu kcu e^airajdv, to 8* aTrXovv real to

23 dXiydes to clvto ra> rjXidicp elvcu. arepyoav he
<f>av€pb<; fiev rjv ovhiva, otg> he <f>aLrj <f>lXo$
elvcu, rovT(p evhrjXo? eylyvero eir iftovXevcov \
teal TToXe/xiov fiev ovhevb? KareyeXa, rcov he
avv6vT(ov TrdvTWv &>9 KdTayeX&v del hieTU-

24 Y6TO. KO.X TOl$ fieV TWV TToXe/JLLCOV /CTlj/JLCtaiV

ovk eTreftovXeve* xaXeirbv yap (Sero elvcu rd
t&v (j>vXaTTO/xev(ov Xa/ifidveiv rd he rcov
cfriXcov /ioro9 &>€to elhivcu paarov bv d<f>vXa/cTa

25 Xap*fidveiv. kcu oaov<; fiev aladdvoiro iiriopKOv?
teal dh'ucovs C09 ev oairXia p,eyov<; e<f>o/3eiTO, Tofc he
ooLols ical dXrfieiav da/covacv o>9 dvdvhpot,?

26 eireipduTo xprjadcu. wairep he ti$ dydXXerai cVi
408

ANABASIS, II. vi. 20-26

and to be thought fit to command, it was enough that
he should praise the one who did right and withhold
praise from the one who *did wrong. Consequently
all among his associates who were gentlemen were
attached to him, but the unprincipled would plot
against him in the thought that he was easy to deal
with. At the time of his death he was about thirty
years old.

Menon the Thessalian was manifestly eager for
enormous wealth — eager for command in order to get
more wealth and eager for honour in order to increase
his gains ; and he desired to be a friend to the men
who possessed greatest power in order that he might
commit unjust deeds without suffering the penalty.
Again, for the accomplishment of the objects upon
which his heart was set, he imagined that the short-
est route was by way of perjury and falsehood and
deception, while he counted straightforwardness and
truth the same thing as folly. Affection he clearly
felt for nobody, and if he said that he was a friend
to anyone, it would become plain that this man was
the one he was plotting against. He would never
ridicule an enemy, but he always gave the impression
in conversation of ridiculing all his associates.
Neither would he devise schemes against his enemies'
property, for he saw difficulty in getting hold of the
possessions of people who were on their guard ; but
he thought he was the only one who knew that it
was easiest to get hold of the property of friends —
just because it was unguarded. Again, all whom he
found to be perjurers and wrongdoers he would fear,
regarding them as well armed, while those who were
pious and practised truth he would try to make use
of, regarding them as weaklings. And just as a man

409

Digitized by

XENOPHON

deoaefieLa teal dXrjOeLa, teal hiKaiorrjTL, ovra
Mepcop rjydWero t£ i^airaTap hvpaadat, t©
irXdaaaffac yfrevhrj, Tip <f)L\ov<; hiayeXap* top he
fifj irapovpyop tcop diraihevTiOP del ivofii^ev elvai.
teal Trap oU pep iire^ipec tt payTeveiv (pt\la }
hiaftdXXcop T01/9 Trpwtovs tovto cXero help kti)-

27 aaadai. to he 7rei0o/j,evov$ tou9 GTpaTuZyras
irapeyeaBai itc tou avpahiKelp afoot? ifirj^avaTO.
TLfiaadaL he teal QepairevevOai ri^Lov €7rcSeixpv-
fjL€PO<; oti irXelaTa hvpaiTo /ecu edeXoc dp dhixelv
evepyeaiap he tcctTeXeyev, 6tt6t€ ti<; clvtov d<f>l-
CTCLiTOf oti 'xpdafiepo*; avT& ovk dircoXeaev
avTOP.

28 Kal tcl fiep hrj d<f>apfj egeo-Ti irepl avTov yfrev-
he&dat,, a he jrdpTes laaai Tah* iaTL, irapa
1 ' KpiaTLTnrov fM€P €Ti copalo? cop aTpaTrjyetp hie-
irpd^aro t&p %epa)p/ApiaL<p he ftapftdptp opti,otl
/jLeipa/CLoi? icakoZs ijheTO, oliceioTaTos iyepeTo,
avTo? he Traihitcd eZ^e %apvirap dyepeio? &p yevei-

29 (opto. d7rodpr)o~/c6pT(0P he twp avaTpaTTjyeop oti
eaTpaTevaap eirl fiaaiXea ^vp Kvptp, raitTa
7r€7roLr)K(i)<; ovk direOape, /mctcl he top tcop dXXcop
OdpciTOP o-TpaTrjy&p TijuoprjOeU irrb y8a<r*\ea>9
diredapep, oi^ coairep KXeap^o? /cal oi aXXoi
aTpaTrjyol diroTp^devTe^, ra? KefyaXds, oairep
TayiaTOs ddpevros hoicel elpai, dXXa £a>p altciadeU

410

ANABASIS, II. vi. 26-29

prides himself upon piety, truthfulness, and justice,
so Menon prided himself upon ability to deceive, the
fabrication of lies, and the mocking of friends ; but
the man who was not a rascal he always thought of as
belonging to the uneducated. Again, if he. were
attempting to be first in the friendship of anybody,
he thought Jhat slandering those who were already
first was the proper way of gaining this end. As for
making his soldiers obedient, he managed that by
bearing a share in their wrongdoing. He expected,
indeed, to gain honour and attention by showing that
he had*the ability and would have the readiness to
do the most wrongs ; and he set it down as a kindness,
whenever anyone broke off with him, that he had
not, while still on terms with such a one, destroyed
him.

To be sure, in matters that are doubtful one may
be mistaken about him, but the facts which every-
body knows are the following. From Aristippus 1 he
secured, while still in the bloom of youth, an appoint-
ment as general of his mercenaries ; with Ariaeus, v
who was a barbarian, he became extremely intimate
for the reason that Ariaeus was fond of beautiful
youths ; and, lastly, he himself, while still beardless,
had a bearded favourite named Tharypas. Now when
Jiis fellow-generals were put to death for joining
Cyrus in his expedition against the King, he, who
had done the same thing, was not so treated, but it
was after, the execution of the other generals that
the King visited the punishment of death upon him ;
and he was not, like Clearchus and the rest of the
generals, beheaded — a manner of death which is
counted speediest — but, report says, was tortured

1 See 1. i. 10, ii. 1, and note on 1. ii. 6.

411

^ ^ ^ Digitized by C^OglC

A

XENOPHON

iviavTOV a><? Trovqpo? \eyerat T-fjs TeXevrr)?
ivyeiv.

30 'Ayia? Be 6 'A/wea? zeal ^(Ofcpdrrj^ 6 'A^ewo?
teal Toma) airedaveT'qv. tovtmv Be ovff* a>9 ev
TroXefiqy kclk&v ovBels Kareyeka ovt eh (friXuav

aVTOV? €/JL€/JL<j)€TO. f\GTl)V Be <ifl<fHO CLfJL<\>\ TO, 7T€VT€

Koi rpiatcovra err) cltto <yevea<;.

412

Digitized by

ANABASIS, II. vi. 29-30

alive for a jear and so met the death of a
scoundrel.

Agias the Arcadian and Socrates the Achaean were
the two others who were put to death. No one
ever laughed at these men as weaklings in war or
found fault with them in the matter of friendship.
They were both about thirty-five years of age.

413

Digitized by

y Google

BOOK III

d by Google

r

2 I. 1 'E^el he oi arparrjyol avpetkrjfifiepoc fjaav
Kal reap Xoxay&p Kal t&p arparKorcap oi avv-
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rjaap oi r 'E\\r/pe<;, eppoovpiepoc on eirl rat?
ftaaiXeto? Ovpais r)aap f kvk\u> he avrols irdprt)
iroXka Kal eOprj Kal Tro\ei<; iroXe/jLiai rjaap, dyopav
he oihels ctl irape^eip ep,e\\ep, airelypp he T779
'EXXaSo? oi p&lop fj fivpia ardhia, rjyepLoap S*
ovhels T779 6Bov fjp, irora/xol he hielpyop dhid/3aroi
ep fxeacp 1*979 oiKahe ohov, TrpovhehcoKeaav Se
avrovs Kal oi a vp Kvp<p apaffapres ftdpftapoc,
pbopoc he KaraXeXeipLpuepov rjaap ovhe iinrea ovhepa
avfifmxop ex ovT€< >> ^ <TT€ evhrjXop r)P otc puc£>vt€<z
fxep ovhepa hp /cara/cdpoiep, r/TTr/dePToop he avrcbv

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dpeiravopTO he ottov eTvyx avov GKaaros, ov hvvd-

fievoL fcaOeyhetp {jtto \v7rrjs Kal irodov Trarpihfov,

1 The summary prefixed to Book III. (see note on 11. i. 1 ;
is as follows : "Oca pitv 59} ip t§ Ktipov toa&d<r€i oi "EAAtjvcj
tirpa^av /xtxpt rrjs fidxys, icai #<ra iirel Kvpos ireXcvrriirtv 4y4-
vero h.iri6vT(i»v ro»v 'EAA^i/«v ehv Tio<ra<ptpvsi iv reus gtovZcus, 4r
r<p Trp6<r6cv \6yep htH\\wrat.

416

Digitized by

BOOK III

I. 1 After the generals had been seized and such
of the captains and soldiers as accompanied them had
been killed, the Greeks were naturally in great
perplexity, reflecting that they were at the King's
gates, that round about them on every side were
many hostile tribes and cities, that no one would
provide them a market any longer, that they were
distant from Greece not less than ten thousand stadia,
that they had no guide to show them the way, that
they were cut off by impassable rivers which flowed
across the homeward route, that the barbarians who
had made the upward march with Cyrus had also
betrayed them, and that they were left alone, without
even a single horseman to support them, so that it
was quite clear that if they should be victorious, they
could not kill anyone, 2 while if they should be de-
feated, not one of them would be left alive. Full of
these reflections and despondent as they were, but
few of them tasted food at evening, few kindled a fire,
and many did not come that night to their quarters,
but lay down wherever they each chanced to be,
unable to sleep for grief and longing for their native

1 Summary (see opposite page) : The preceding narrative
has described all that the Greeks did in the course of the
upward march with Cyrus until the time of the battle, and
all that took place after the death of Cyrus while the Greeks
were on the way back with Tissaphernes during the period
of the truee. 2 See n. iv. 6 and the note.

417

VOL. II. EE

Digitized by

XENOPHON

yopecop, yvvai/cwv, iraihwPy o£>9 ovttot ivofii^ov
en oyfreaffai, ovrco p,ev hrj hiaiceip,evoi irdpie^
aveiravovTo.

4 *Hi> he tis ev rfj arparta Sevo^&v 'Adrjvaios,
09 ovre aTparrjyb? ovre Xo%ayb<; ovre <TTpaTia>T7}$
&v avvr)/coXov0ei t dXXd Tlp6%€Vo<; avrbv fiere-
irkp^faTO oticodev f«/09 &p apxalov viria'xyeiro
h& avrto, el e\0ovy fy'ikov avrbv Ki5/oo) Troirjaeiv, ov
airo? e<f) rj fcpeLTTco eavrco vop,l£eiv r?)9 irarpiho^.

5 o fievroi &,evo(f)<op dvaypov? ttjp ein<noXr}v dva-
fcotvovTai Xcotcpdrei t$ 'A0r)vai(p irepl ttjs Tropeias.
teal 6 Xay/cpdrr}? viroTrrevaa^ pu] re 777709
7r6\6G)9 vnalnov eirj Kvp<p fyiXov yeveaOai, on
eh 6 ice l 6 KO/009 7rpo0vp,co<; T0Z9 Aatcehat/jLovtois
€7rl ra9 y A0rjva<; av/juroXefiijaaL, avfjL^ovXevec r&
SePo<f)&PTL iX06vra ei9 Ae\<£ou9 dpatcoipaxrai t£

6 6eS> Trepl T779 TropeLas. iXdcop 8' 0 aevo(f>ct)v
eirrfpeTo top 'AttoXXg) tIvi op deoav Ovcov zeal
eixofiepos tcdXXiara teal apiara eXdoi rrjv ohbv
yip iiripoei fcal /caXcos irpa^a^ aa)0$i7). teal dvelXev

7 avr<p 6 *AttoKX(dp OeoU 0I9 eSei dvew. eirel he
irdXip f/X0e, Xeyei rrjv pavreiav ra> Ha/cpdrei. 6
8' dicovcras yridro avrbv otl ov tovto irptotov
r)p(DTa irorepov Xwov etrf avrq> iropeveaOai fj
fiepeip, dXX* airo? tcpLva? Ireov elvai tovt iirvv-
0dvero 07ra)9 civ KaXXiara Tropev0elr). irrel puevroi

1 The philosopher, whose follower and iriend Xenophon
had been from his youth.

418

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. i. 3-7

states and parents, their wives and children, whom
they thought they should never see again. Such was
the state of mind in which they all lay down to rest.

There was a man in the army named Xenophon, an
Athenian, who was neither general nor captain nor
private, but had accompapied the expedition because
Proxenus, an old friend of his, had sent him at his
home an invitation to go with him ; Proxenus had v
also promised him that, if he would go, he would
make him a friend of Cyrus, whom he himself re-
garded, so he said, as worth more to him than was his
native state. After reading Proxenus' letter Xeno-
phon conferred with Socrates, 1 the Athenian, about
the proposed journey ; and Socrates, suspecting that >
his becoming a friend of Cyrus might be a cause for
accusation against Xenophon on the part of the
Athenian government, for the reason that Cyrus was
thought to have given the Lacedaemonians zealous aid
in their war against Athens, 2 advised Xenophon to go
to Delphi and consult the god in regard to this
journey. So Xenophon went and asked Apollo t to
what one of the gods he should sacrifice and pray 5 in
order best and most successfully to perform the
journey which he had in mind and, after meeting
with good fortune, to return home in safety ; and
Apollo in his response told him to what gods he
must sacrifice. When Xenophon came back from
Delphi, he reported the oracle to Socrates ; and upon
hearing about it Socrates found fault with him because
he did not first put the question whether it were
better for him to go or stay, but decided for himself
that he was to go and then asked the god as to the
best way of going. " However," he added, " since

2 See Introd., pp. 231-233.

4io>

B e 2

XENOPHON

o5tg>5 fjpov, tcivt, €<f>7j t %pt) troulv oaa 6 #€09

6K€\GV<T€V.

8 'O fikv Srj Sevocfr&p ovrco Ovad^ievo^ 0Z9 dpelXev
6 Oeb? €^€7r\€/, koX /cara\a/j,/3dv€i iv XdpSecri
Ilpogepop teal Kvpov /AeXkovra? tjSrj opfjuav ttjv

9 ava) 68 6v, /cal <rvv€<rrd0rj Kvp<p. TTpodv/Movfiivov
Se rov Tlpol-evov /cal 6 Kvpo? avfiTrpovdvfieiro
fielvac avrov, elire 8e on eireiSdp rd^cara r)
(TTpareia Xtj^y, €V @ V( > diroirkp^ei avrov. iXiyero

10 Sk o <tto\o9 elvai ei9 TYiaiha?. io-rparevero fiev
St) o{5tg)9 ij;a7raTT]0€L$ — oix virb Hpogivov oi
yap rjSct ttjp iirl ffaatXea op/irjp ovSc a\Xo<?
oiSeU r&v 'EXXqpcop 7rXrjp KXedp%ov €7T6t fjuevroi
€t9 KiXi/ciap rfkdov, <ra<f €9 iraaip rjSf) iSo/cei elvai
on 6 o"to\o9 €L7) iirl fiaaiXea. <f>o/3ovfi€POi Se
ttjp 6S6p koX a/coPT€<; o/ia)9 oi ttoWoI St ala"xyvqv
teal dXXyjXoop /cal Kvpov avprj/coXovOrjaap* wv
els teal lElevocpcbv fjp.

11 'Eirel Se diropLa rjp, eXvnelro fiep avv to?9 aX-
\o*9 teal ov/c iSvparo /caOevSew /u/epbv S' virvov
\a^a>i> elSep ovap. eSogep avrfp /3povT7j$ yepofxe-
prj<; aterjTTTos irecrelv eU rrjp irarptpap olxiap, xa\

12 i/c tovtov \d/j,7T€a0ai iraaa. Trepl^o^o^ 8* evOvs
dprjyepOrj, koX to opap rjj fiep e/epwep dyaOop, on
ip tt6poi$ &p /cal kwSvpois </>a>9 fieya i/c Ato?
ISelp eSoge* rrj Se /cal ifyoftelro, on dirb A109 fiev

420

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. i. 7-12

you did put the question in that way, you must do all
that the god directed."

Xenophon, accordingly, after offering the sacri-
fices to the gods that Apollo's oracle prescribed,
set sail, overtook Proxenus and Cyrus at Sardis
as they were on the point of beginning the up-
ward march, and was introduced to Cyrus. And
not only did Proxenus urge him to stay with them,
but Cyrus also joined in this request, adding that
as soon as the campaign came to an end, he would
send Xenophon home at once ; and the report
was that the campaign was against the Pisidians.
It was in this way, then, that Xenophon came to
go on the expedition, quite deceived about its
purpose — not, however, by Proxenus, for he did not
know that the attack was directed against the King,
nor did anyone else among the Greeks with the
exception of Clearchus ; but by the time they reached
Cilicia, it seemed clear to everybody that the expedi-
tion was really against the King. Then, although the
Greeks were fearful of the journey and unwilling to
go on, most of them did, nevertheless, out of shame
before one another and before Cyrus, continue the
march. And Xenophon was one of this number.

Now when the time of perplexity came, he was
distressed as well as everybody else and was unable
to sleep ; but, getting at length a little sleep, he had
a dream. It seemed to him that there was a clap of
thunder and a bolt fell on his father's house, setting
the whole house ablaze. He awoke at once in great
fear, and judged the dream in one way an auspicious
one, because in the midst of hardships and perils he
had seemed to behold a great light from Zeus ; but
looking at it in another way he was fearful, since the

421

Digitized by Uoogle

XENOPHON

PaaiXeco? to ovap ehbicev avTtp elvai, rcv/cXto he

iSoKCl \dfl7T€<T0at, TO TTVp, fJLTJ OV BvvaiTO €K T7Jf%

yd>pa$ e%eX6elv tt/9 fiaaiXecos, a\\' etpyoiTo tt&v-

13 TO0€V VTTO TIVOW CLTTOpiWV. OTTOLOV .Tl fl€V &T)

i<rrl to toiovtov ovap Ihelv e^eari aKoirelv etc tcov
(TVfifidvTcov fiera to ovap. ylyveTai yap Tahe.
evOv? eireihr) dvrjyepOr) irpwrov fiev evvoia avrSi
ifiTTLTTTer tl /caTa/cei/iac; r) he vi>% irpofialver
afia he Trj r^fiepa el/cb? tov$ iroXefiiov^ fjgeiv. ei
he yevrjaofieOa eirl fiaciXei, tl ifiwohcbv firj o£%t
irdvTa fiev to* ^aXeircoTaTa eirihovTas, irdvTa he
tcl heLVOTora iradbvTas vfUpi^ofievov*; airoOavelv;
U oircos 8* dpAJvovfxeOa ovheU Trapaaicevd^eTai ovhe
iirifiiXeiTait dXXd /caTateeLfieffa wairep e%bv f fj<rv-
%Lav ayeiv. eyco ovv tov e/c Troias 7ro\€<o? aTpa-
Trjybv Trpoahofca) Tama irpdgeiv; irolav 8' rjXircLav
ifiavT(p eXOelv dvafjuelvco; ov yap eycoy cti npea-
fivTepo? eaofiat, edv Tq/iepov irpoho} ifAavTov to??
iroXefiLOi^.

15 'E/c toutou dvLGTaTaL teal avy/caXel tou? Tlpo-
gevov irp&TOv Xoyayovs. eirei he avvrjXOov,
eXegev 'Eyai, & avhpes Xoy(ayoL, ovtc KaOevheiv
hvvafjuai, wcrrep oljxai ovh' v/jbeis, ovtc /caTatcel-

16 affac €Ti f opcov ev olot? ia/nev, oi fiev yap iroXefiioi
hrjXov otl ov TrpoTepov 717309 rffJia^ tov iroXejiov
e^e<f>r)vav irplv cvofiiaav /caXax; tcl eavTcov irapa-
afcevdcaaOai, rj/iwv 8' oiheU ovhev dvTeirifieXel-

17 Tai 07rco? a>9 fcdXXccTTa dyayviovfieffa. xal firjv el
422

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. i. 12-17

dream came, as he thought, from Zeus the King and the
fire appeared to blaze all about, lest he might not be
able to escape out of the King's country, 1 but might
be shut in on all sides by various difficulties. Now
what it really means to have such a dream one may
learn from the events which followed the dream — and
they were these : Firstly, on the moment of his
awakening the thought occurred to him : " Why do
I lie here ? The night is wearing on, and at daybreak
it is likely that the enemy will be upon us. And if
we fall into the King's hands, what is there to prevent
our living to behold all the most grievous sights and
to experience all the most dreadful sufferings, and
then being put to death with insult ? As for defend-
ing ourselves, however, no one is making preparations
or taking thought for that, but we lie here just as if
it were possible for us to enjoy our ease. What about
myself, then ? From what state am I expecting the
general to come who is to perform these duties ?
And what age must I myself wait to attain ? For
surely I shall never be any older, if this day I give
myself up to the enemy."

Then he arose and, as a first step, called together
the captains of Proxenus. When they had gathered,
he said: " Gentlemen, I am unable either to sleep, as I
presume you are also, or to lie still any longer, when
I see in what straits we now are. For the enemy
manifestly did not begin open war upon us until the
moment when they believed that their own prepar-
ations had been adequately made ; but on our side
no one is planning any counter-measures at all
to ensure our making the best possible fight. And

1 Xing Zeus in the dream is the Persian King in the inter-
pretation.

423

Digitized by

XENOPHON

it(f)r)<r6fj.€0a teal eirl ftaaiXei yevrjaopueOa, ti olo-
fieOa 7rel<r€<r0ai; 09 teal tov ofio/jbrjrpLOV uSeXobov
teal TeOvrjtcoTO*; 7/877 diroTepeov rrjv teeqbaXrjv teal
rrjv yeipa dvecTavpeoaev i)pd<i Be, 0I9 tcqhefiiov
pep ovSeU irdpeariv, iarpaTevaafiev Be €tf^ avrbv
a>9 SovXov clvtX ^aacXeax; TroitfaovTes teal airo/cre-

18 vovvt€<; el Svvalfieda, tl av olopeffa iradelv; dp
ovtc civ eirl irav eXdoi c!>9 rjpds ra eayaTa altciad-
p,evos ir da iv avO pdbTrois efrofiov irapda^oi TOV
(TTpaTevaaL irore iir clvtov; a\V 07ra>9 rot purj iir'
etceLvrp yevrjaofieOa iravra iroirjTeov,

19 y Eya> fiev ovv eare pev ai aurovhal rjcav oviroTe
€7rav6prjv rfpds pev oltcTLpwv, ftaaiXea Be teal to 1)9
a vp airy* pa/eapi£a)P t BiaOecopero? avTcov oa-qv
pep yjiipap teal olav eypiep> ©9 Be a<f>6ova to,
eTTLTrjSeia, oo"ov<; Be OepdiroPTas, oaa Be tcTtjv>f,

20 xpvabv Be, eadrjTa Be' ra S' aS t&v aTpaTicoTwv

07TOT6 ivdvpLOipb-qV, OTC T(OV p€V dyaO&P TOVTWV
OvheVO? rjptV pL€T€L7J t €1 pLTJ TTpialpeda, OTOV 8*

wprjaopeOa fjBew ctl oXiyov? e%oi>Ta9, aXXw? Be
7ra)9 Tropl^eadai tcl eiriTijBeia fj wvovp£vov<; opteovs
rjBt] 1 ttaTeypvTas rjpds* TavT ovp Xoyi£6pevo<;
evLoTe Ta9 airovBds pbdXXov e<j>o/3ovp,r)v 77 vvv tov

21 iroXepLOp, eirel pbevTOi eteelvot eXvaav ra9 awov-
Sa9, XeXvadac pot Boteel teal rj eteelveov vftpi? teal
7) r)pi€Tepa airopla? ev peacp yap rjBrj tcehai
TavTa tcl dyad a dOXa oiroTepoi av rjpL&v avSpes

1 fori Gem. , following Rehdantz : ftri MSS.

2 kropia Hude : v*o\fta MSS., Gem., Mar.: iurdQeia Hug.

424

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. i. 17-21

yet if we submit and fall into the King's hands,
what do we imagine our fate is to be? Even in the
case of his own brother, and, yet more, when he was
already dead, this man cut off his head and his hand
and impaled them ; as for ourselves, then, who have
no one to intercede for us, 1 and who took the field
against him with the intention of making him a
slave rather than a king and of killing him if we
could, what fate may we expect to suffer ? Will he
not do his utmost to inflict upon us the most out-
rageous tortures, and thus make all mankind afraid
ever to undertake an expedition against him ? We,
then, must make every effort not to fall into his
power.

" For my part, so long as the truce lasted I never
ceased commiserating ourselves and congratulating
the King and his followers ; for I saw plainly what a
great amount of fine land they possessed, what an
abundance of provisions, what quantities of servants,
cattle, gold, and apparel ; but whenever I took
thought of the situation of our own soldiers, I saw
that we had no share in these good things, except
we bought them, I knew there were but few of Us v
who still had money wherewith to buy, and I knew
that our oaths restrained us from getting provisions
in any other way than by purchase. Hence, with
these considerations in mind, I used sometimes to
fear the truce more than I now fear war. But
seeing that their own act has put an end to the y
truce, the end has likewise come, in my opinion,
both of their arrogance and of our embarrassment.
For now all these good things are offered as prizes
for whichever of the two parties shall prove to be

* cp. 1, i, 3 f,

425

Digitized by

XENOPHON

a/xeivove^ &<riv, dycovoderat 8' " oi deoL elaiv, 6t

22 avv rjplv, a>9 to el/c6$, eaovrai. ovtoi fjuev yap
avrovs eirioyp/crj/caaiv rjpsi^ Be iroXXd opcovre?
ay ad a areppG)*; avr&v 1 direixofieda) Bid tov$ t&v
ffecov op/cow &<tt€ e^elval fioc Bo/cel ikvai irrl rbv

23 aywva ttoXv <tvv (frpovrffjuart /jl€l£ovi fj tovtoi?, ert
8' eyoiLtv adofiara l/cavdorepa tovtwv teal yfrvxv
teal Oakm) teal ttovovs <f>epew e^o/iev Be /cal
yfrv\ja^ avv toa? 6eol<; dfieivova?' oi Be avBpes Kal
rpeorol /cal OptjtoI fi&XXov r)fia>v, fjv oi Oeol &airep
to irpoaOev vi/crjv f)p,2v BiBwaiv.

24 'AU' ?o"G)9 yap /cal dXXot, Tavra evdvfiovvrai,
Trpos ro)V ffe&v fir) dvafievcofiev aXXovs i<j>* fffids
eXOelv Trapa/caXovvras eirl ra KaXXiara epya,
a\\' rjfiets dpgcojiev tov if-opfirjaai /cal tov? a\-
Xov 9 €7rt 7r)v aperrjv (fxtprjre tcop Xo^ay&v api-
gtoi /cal rcov arpaTrjywv dgioaTpaTrjyoTepoi.

25 /cdya) Be, el fiev vfiel? edeXere e^opfiav eirl ravra,
eireaOai vplv fiovXofiai, el 8' vfiel? Tarrer i/jue
r)yela6ai, ovBev 7rpo<f>aai£o/j.ai rrjv ffXiKiav, dXXd
Kal d/cfid^etv r)yovfiai epv/ceiv air ifiavrov ra
tca/cd.

26 'O fiev ravr eXegev, oi Be dpxrjyol aKovaavie^
r)yela6ai i/ceXevov iravre^, irXrjv y A7roXXa)vlBi]<;

TA9 f]V /3oiO)Tld%G)V T7J <f>Q)Vr}' 05T09 8' €17T€V OTA

(pXvapoir) oo"TA9 Xeyet aXXeos Tray?) o-coTrjpia? av
rvxelv fj ftaaiXea ireiaa^ el Bvvairo,^ Kal afia

27 1)PX €T0 Xeyeiv rd<; diropLa^* 6 fievrgi Hevofy&y
426

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. i. 21-27

the braver men ; and the judges of the contest are
the gods, who, in all likelihood, will be on our side.
For our enemies have sworn falsely by them, while
we, with abundant possessions before our eyes, have
steadfastly kept our hands therefrom because of our
oaths by the gods ; hence we, I think, can go into
the contest with far greater confidence than can our
enemies. Besides, we have bodies more capable
than theirs of bearing cold and heat and toil, and we
likewise, by the blessing *of the gods, have better
souls ; and these men are more liable than we to be
wounded and killed, if the gods again, as on that
former day, grant us victory.

" And now, since it may be that others also have
these same thoughts in mind, let us not, in the name
of the gods, wait for others to come to us and
summon us to the noblest deeds, but let us take
the lead ourselves and arouse the rest to valour.
Show yourselves the best of the captains, and more
worthy to be generals than the generals .themselves.
As for me, if you choose to set out upon this course,
I am ready to follow you ; but if you assign me the
leadership, I do not plead my youth as an excuse ;
rather, I believe I am in the very prime of my
power to ward off dangers from my own head."

Such were Xenophon's words ; and upon hearing
what he said the officers bade him take the lead,
all of them except a man named Apollonides, who
spoke in the Boeotian dialect. This man maintained
that anyone who said he could gain safety in any
other way than by winning the King's consent through
persuasion, if possible, was talking nonsense ; and
at the same time he began to recite the difficulties
of their situation. Xenophon, however, interrupted

427

Digitized by

XENOPHON

fieragv viroXaftow eXegev obhe. Oavfiaa Harare
avOp&ire, <rvye ovhe op&v yiyvaxr/cei? ovhe d/covcov
fiefivrjaai. ev ravr<p ye fievroi Tjada^ovroi^/Sre
ftaaiXevs, eirel Kvpo$ air Wave, jieya (frpovrjaas
iirl tovtgiJ irifiTTwv etceXeverrapahihovai ra oirXa.

28 iirel he rjpsl^ ov iragahovres, aX>C e^oirXiad/JLevoi
iXOovres irapeaK'qv^aafiev avrq>, ri ovtc eiroL^aed
7rp€<r/3ei<; irefiircov xal airovha<; alr&v teal irape-

29 %a)v ra einrrjheia, eare o-irovh&v ervyev; eirel 8'
a v oi arparjfyol teal Xo^ayoi, &airep hi] av
KeXevets, efc Xoyov? avrois dvev oirXwv ffX8ov
TTio-revcavre? rah <nrov8al<;, ov vvv e/ceivoi rraio-
fxevoi, /cevrovjievoi, vj3pi%6/bL€voi ovhe dirodavelvj oi
rXrffioves hvvavrai, koX fidX* olpxxi^ ip&vre^ roy-
tov; a <rv irdvra elhox; rovsi/iev dfivvaadai /ceXeu-
ovtcls <bXvap€lv(<l)rj<i, y irelQeiv he irdXiv /ceXevei?

30 iovra^'J ifioi, 5) aphpes, ho/cei/ rbv avOpwirov rov-
tov pLrjre{Trpoalec6ai els rairb rj/uv^avroi*; d<p€-
Xofjuevovs re ri)V XoyayLav cfcevrj dvadevras eo?
TOiovT<p xprjaffai. ovros yap xal rrjv irarpLha
Karawxyvei icai iraaav rijv f E\\a8a, on "EiXXtjp
&v roiovro? eariv.

31 'EvTevOev vTroXafitbv 'Ayao-ias %rvfi(f>d\io<? eZ-
irev % 'AUa rovra> ye ovre tt/? Botama? irpoarjrcei
oihev ovre t^9 'EWaSo? iravrdiracriv, eirel eyco
avrbv elhov &crrep Avhbv dfi<j>6repa ra &ra

32 rerpvTrrjfievop. Kal elx^v oiirco<;. rovrov fiev ovv

1 The Greeks considered it effeminate for a man to wear
ear-rings. His bored ears, therefore, marked Apollonides as
a barbarian.

428

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. i. 27-32

him in the midst of his talk, and said : " You
amazing fellow, you have eyes but still do not
perceive, and you have ears but still do not remem-
ber. You were present, surely, with the rest of
these officers at the time when the King, after the
death of Cyrus and in his elation over that event,
sent and ordered us to give up our arms. But when,
instead of giving them up, we equipped ourselves
with them, and went and encamped beside him,
what means did he leave untried — sending ambas-
sadors, begging for a truce, offering us provisions —
until in the end he obtained a truce ? When,
however, our generals and captains, following pre-
cisely the plan that you are now urging, went
unarmed to a conference with them, relying upon
the truce, what happened in that case ? are they
not at this moment being beaten, tortured, insulted,
unable even to die, hapless men that they are, even
though they earnestly long, I imagine, for death?
/And do you, knowing all these things, say that they
are talking nonsense who urge self-defence, and do
you propose that we should again go and try per-
suasion ? In my opinion, gentlemen, we should not
simply refuse to admit this fellow to companionship
with . us,, but should deprive him of his captaincy,
lay packs on his back, and treat him as that sort of a
creature. For the fellow is a disgrace both to his
native state and to the whole of Greece, since, being
a Greek, he is still a man of this kind."

Then Agasias, a Stymphalian, broke in and said :
" For that matter, t this fellow has nothing to do
either with Boeotia or with any part of Greece at all,
for I have noticed that he has both his ears bored, 1
like a Lydian's." 2 In fact, it was so. He, therefore,
1 The Lydians were proverbially effeminate.

429

Digitized by

XKNOPHON

dirrjKacav* oi dXXot, irapd t<X9 rage is lovres
ottov pkv cTparriyos o"<5o9 eirj tov crrpaTrjyop
TTapeKukoWy oiroOev he otxoiro tov VTroaTpd-
rrjyov, oirov S' av Xoxaybs &(oo<; eirj tov ^Ko^ayov.

33 iirel hk irdvT€<; avvrjXdov, €t? ( to TrpoaOev t&v
ottXcov itcadiZovTO' real iyevovTO oi vvveXdovTes
GTpaTrjyol /ecu Xo%ayol dp,<j>l tou? e/caTov. ot€

34 &e Tama fjv o~xeBbv pkaai rjaav vvkt€<s. ivTavda
'lep&vvfjLOS 'HXeto? TTpeafivTaTO? &v t&v Tlpo^e-
vov Xo%aya)v fjpx^TO Xeyeiv &>8e. 'Hfiiv, & avhpes
aTpaTrjyol teal Xo^ayoi, op&ai tcl irapovra eBo^e
Kal avTols avveXOelv zeal vpas TrapatcaXeaai,
07ra)9 fiovXevaaipeda el ti hvvaipeOa dyaOov,
Xe%ov 8\ €(j>rj f Kal vvv, 1 & Sevo(f>S>v, airep Kal
777309 r)pd<;.

35 'E/c tovtov Xiyei Tahe Sevo(f>&v 'AXXd Tavra
fiev Brj irdvTes eixto^TdpueBa, oti fiaciXev? Kal
Tiaaa^ipvrjf; 069 pev iSvvt]drjaav avveiXrj<f>aGiv
rjpcov, T0Z9 S' aXXot? BijXov oti iirifiovXevovGW, (£9
fjv SvveovTac aTroXeaoyo'Lv, r)p,lv Si ye^olpbai irdvTa

7T0irjT€a C09 pL7]TT0T€ €7rl T019 /3ap/3dp0l$ y€VG>fl€0d,

36 dXXd piaXXov i/ceivoi rjpuv. €v tolvvv iirLaTa-
a0€ oti vpw ToaovTOi ovt€<; oaov vvv crvveXr]~
XvdaTe pbeyicTOv e^ere Kaipov. oi yap aTpaTi&Tai
ovtoi irdvTes 777)09 vpds fiXeTrovai, kolv p,ev vpd?
op&aiv dOvpovs, irdvTe? kclkoI eaovTai, av Se

1 vvv Gem., following Carnuth : <rv MSS.

43°

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. i. 32-36

was driven away, but the others proceeded to
visit the various divisions 1 of the army. Wherever
a general was left alive, they would invite him to
join them ; where the general was gone, they
invited the lieutenant-general ; or, again, where
only a captain was left, the captain. When all had
come together, they seated themselves at the front
of the encampment, and the generals and captains
thus assembled amounted in number to about one
hundred. By this time it was nearly midnight.
Then Hieronymus the Elean, who was the eldest of
Proxenus' captains, began to speak as follows :
" Generals and captains, we have deemed it best,
in view of the present situation, both to come
together ourselves and to invite you to join us, in
order that we may devise whatever good counsel we
can. Repeat now, Xenophon,'' he added, "just
what you said to us."

Thereupon Xenophon spoke as follows : " We all
understand thus mueh, that the King and Tissa-
phernes have seized as many as they could of our
number, and that they are manifestly plotting
against the rest of us, to destroy us if they can.
It is for us, then, in my opinion, to make every
effort that we may never fall into the power of the
barbarians, but that they may rather fall into our
power. Be sure, therefore, that you, who have now
come together in such numbers, have the grandest
of opportunities. For all our soldiers here are
looking to you ; if they see that you are faint-
hearted, all of them will be cowards ; but if you not

1 The division {rd^is) was not a body of any specified size,
but comprised the troops under the command of a single
general (<tt partly 6s). See below. .

Digitized by

Google

XENOPHON

u/zefc avrol re 7rapa<TK€va£6fi€voi <f>avepol ?/T€ eVt
rov<; TrdXefjiLovs teal robs dXXov<; TrapatcaXfjre, ev
tare on e\frovrai> v\uv teal ireipdaovrai fjLifieicrdai.

37 t<70>9 to i teal hitcaiov icrriv\ vfia? hia<f>ep€iv ri
rovrcov. v/iels yap icrre crrparrjyoi, v/iets: ra%Lap~
"Xpi teal Xoyayol* teal ore elprjvrj rjv, v/xefc teal
yjpr\p.acri teal rtfiaU rovrcov eirXeoveKrelre* teal
vvv roivvv eirel woXefio^ ecrnv, d^iovv Set vfia<;
avrovs dfieivov? re rod TrX-qdov*; elvai teal rrpo-
fiovXeveiv rovrcov teal rrpOTTovelv, r\v rrov hey.

38 Kal vvv TTpcorov fiev oioyjxi av vpuds fieya
axfreXfjaai to crrpdrev/jua, el eTri/JLeXrjOeirjre onco?
dvrl r&v diroXcoXorcov a>9 rdyiara crrparrjyol /ecu
Xoj(ayol dvrikaraaraOcbcnv, /dvev yap dpyovrcav
oihev av ovre tcaXbv ovre ayaObv yevoiroyca? fiev
crvveXovri elirelv oithajiov, ev he hfj to £9 7ro\e-
fiiKoh Travrdiracnv. rj fiev yap evraQa crco&iv
ho/eel, r) he dra%La ttoXXov? fjhrj diroXcbXetcev.

39 iireihdv he /caraar^crrjaOe row ap%ovra<; ocrov?
Set, rjv /cal row aXXov? crrparicora^ crvXXeyrjre
teal wapaOappvvrjre, olfiac av vfids irdvv ev

40 teaipa) irotrjcrai, vvv yap icrco? teal £7x649 alcrdd-
vecrde c!>9 d#u/xct>9 puev r)X6ov eirl rd oirXa^ddvfico^
he 7T/0O? ra9 (fivXatcds* ware ovtco y eyovjc&v oite
olha o ri av Ti9 yjiricrairo avrois, etre vvtcrbs, heot,

41 eire teal rjfiepas. rjv he ris abrcov rpeyjrrj rd<? yvco-
/xa9, a>9 ftr) rovro fiovov evvocovrai rl ireLaovrai
432

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ANABASIS, III. i. 36-41

only show that you are making preparations your-
selves against the enemy, but call upon the rest to
do likewise, be well assured that they will follow
you and will try to imitate you. But perhaps it is
really proper that you should somewhat excel them.
For you are generals, you are lieutenant-generals
and captains ; while peace lasted, you had the
advantage of them alike in pay and in standing ;
now, therefore, when a state of war exists, it is right
to expect that you should be superior to the common
soldiers, and that you should plan for them and toil
for them whenever there be need.

" And now, firstly, I think you would do the army
a great service if you should see to it that generals
and captains are appointed as speedily as possible to
take the places ^)f those who are lost. ]f For without
leaders nothing fine or useful can be accomplished
in any field, to put it broadly, and certainly not
in warfare. For discipline, it seems, keeps men in
safety, while the lack of it has brought many ere
now to destruction. Secondly, when you have
appointed all the leaders that are necessary, I think
you would perform a very opportune act if you
should gather together the rest of the soldiers also
and try to encourage them. For, as matters stand
now, perhaps you have observed for yourselves in
what dejection they came to their quarters and in
what dejection they proceeded to their picket duty ;
and so long as they are in this state, I know not
what use one could make of them, if there should
be need of them either by night or by day. If,
however, we can turn the current of their minds,
so that they shall be thinking, not merely of what
they are to suffer, but likewise of what they are

433

VOL. II. F F

Digitized by

XENOPHON

dXXa fcal tL TroirfaovaL, ttoXv eiffvpoTepoi eaovTai,

42 iiriaTaaOe yap Bfj oti ovt€ 7rXi)06<} iariv ovre
tV^u? rj iv to) iroXeficp ra9 vLkcls iroiovaa, oU'
biroTepoi civ <tv v Toh Oeoh Tah yfrv^ah ippoypLeve-
arepoi iqhtiv iirl toi>? iroXeptovs, tovtovsI&s inl

43 to ttoXv oi dvTlOl OV heXOVTCLL. ivT€0vfJL7]/jLai 8'

eycoye, & avhpes, teal tovto, oti ottocoi puev pLa<r-
revovGL %rjv ix Travrbs Tpbirov iv Toh 7roX€p,iKoh %s
ovtol fiev KaKW T€ Kal aiV%/9<w^c!)? to ttoXv
aTToBvya/covcLV, ottogoi he rbv pev Odvarov iyvd>~
fcaai irdai kolvov elvai Kal avayicalov dvOpdoirois,
ire pi he tov tcaXax; diroOvrjaKeiv dyeovi^ovTai,
tovtovs ^opcol fiaXXov )rro)<; eh to yrjpa? d<f>iKvov-
fievovs Kal ecos av %coaiv evhaipoveaTepov Sidyov-

44 Ta?. a Kal rjpas 1 Bel vvv Kara pad ovras, iv roiovrq*
yap tcaipo) iapuev, avTOvs re avhpch dyaOov? elvai

45 Kal tovs aXXov? irapaKaXelv. 6 p,ev ravra elirtw
iiraxxTaTO.

Merd he tovtov elire Xeipio~o<f>o<;* *AXXd *irp6-
crOev pev, & Sevo<f>a)V t tooovtov pbvov ae iyCyvoo-
gkov ocrov rjKovov 'AOrjvalov elvai, vvv Se Kal
iiraivm ae i<f>* oh Xeyei? re Kal TTpaTTeis Kal
fjov\olp,riv av oti nXeiaTov? elvai toiovtovv

46 kolvov yap av eirj to dyaffov. Kal vvv, e<f>rj, prj
p,eXX(opsv, go dvhpes, dXX* direXOovTes i]8r] ai pelade
oi Seopuevoi apypvTa<$> koI eXopuevoi r\KeTe eh to
pueaov tov aTpaTOirehov Kal tov? alpedevTas ayeTe*
etreiT iKel avyKaXovpev 2 tov? aXXov? aTpaTito-

1 rifias the inferior MSS., Gem.: v/xas the better MSS.,
Mar.

2 <rvyica\ov/j.€v MSS., Mar.: <rvyKa\<£p*v Gem., following
Nitsche.

434

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&NABASIS, IILi. 41^6^

going to do, they will be far more cheerful. For
you understand, I am sure, that it is neither numbers
nor strength which wins victories in war ; but
whichever of the two sides it be whose troops, by
the blessing of the gods, advance to the attack
with stouter hearts, against those troops their
adversaries generally refuse to stand^ And in my
own experience, gentlemen, I have observed this
other fact, that those who are anxious in war to save
their lives in any way they can, are the very men
who usually meet with a base and shameful death ;
while those who have recognized that death is
the common and inevitable portion of all Mankind
and therefore strive to meet death nobly, /are pre-
cisely those who are somehow more likely to reach
old age and who enjoy a happier existence while
they do live. We, then, taking to heart this lesson,
so suited to the crisis which now confronts us,
must be brave men ourselves and call forth bravery
in our fellows." With these words Xenophon
ceased speaking.

After him Cheirisophus said : " Hitherto, Xeno-
phon, I have known you only to the extent of
having heard that you were an Athenian, but now
I commend you both for your words and your
deeds, and I should be glad if we had very many of
your sort ; for it would be a blessing to the entire
army. And now, gentlemen," he went on, " let us
not delay; withdraw and choose your commanders at
once, you who need them, and after making your
choices come to the middle of the camp and bring
with you the men you have selected ; then we will
call a meeting there of all the troops. And let

435

F F

Digitized by

Google

XENOPHON

47 ra?. TTap€<TTa> 8* r)fiiv, %<f>r), Kal To\fil8r]$ 6 tcrjpvg.
Kal a /ml ravr eiiroov aviarr), a>9 fir) fieWoiro
dWd irepaivoiro ra Beovra. etc rovrov ypeOrjaav
apxovTes avrl fiev KXedp^ov Ttfiao"i(ov AapSavev?,
avrl Be %(0/cpaTOV<; 5av0i/c\r}$ 'A^ato?, avrl Be
'Ayiov KXedvoop 'ApKa?, 1 dvrl Bk Mevowo? <t>i\r)~
<7t09 'A^a*09, dvrl Be Hpogevov Hevo<f)&v 'A07;-
vaio$.

II. 'Ftirel Be jjprjvro, rjfiepa re o"xeBbv virefyawe
fcal eh to fieaov r)icov ol dp^pvres, teal eSogev
avTol? Trpo<j>v\aica<; KaTaaTrjaavTas o'vy/caXeip
rov? <tt pandoras. eVel Be Kal ol aWo^arpari&Tai
avvrjXOov, aviary npcoros fiev TLeipLao<f>o<z 6

2 'Aa/ce8ai/M>vio<; /cal eXegev &Be. "AvBpe? arparicj-
Tai, %a\€7rA fiev rd irapovra, oirore dvBp&v arpa-
rrjy&v roiovrwv arepoueda koX Xo^aySyv /cal arpa-

TKOT&V, 7T/0O9 S' €Tl Kal Ol dfl(f>l * ApiaiOV Ol

irpovQev avfifiayot, ovres irpoBeB(OKaaiv r)fidv

3 oficcs Be Bel eic rcov rrapovrcov avBpa? dyaOoii?
reXeBeiv Kal fir) v(f>lea0ai, dWd rreipdaOai 07ra>9
rjv fiev BvvcofieOa /ca\£><; viK&vre? GtptyfieOa* el Be
firj, dWd icaX&s ye diroOvrjaicwfiev, viro^etp^oi Se
firfBiirore yevcofieOa {covres to?9 iroXefiioi*;. oXofiai
yap &v r)fia$ roiavra iradelv ola rovs e%^/oou9 oi
Oeol iroirjo-eiav.

4 'E7rt tovto) KXedvcop 6 'OpftOfievio? dvearrj Kal
eKe%ev &Be. 'AW 9 opdre fiev, a> avBpes, rrjv ftaai,-
\€o>9 eiriopKiav Kal d&efieiav, opdre Be rr)v TW-
aa(f>eppov<; dinar lav, oar is Xeyeov a>9 yeircov re

1 YLXeivwp *ApK&s the inferior MSS., Mar. 'AptcdSos KK*d-
va>p 6 'Opxofievios the better MSS., which Gem. follows,
bracketing *Apicdbos.

436

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ANABASIS, III. i. 46-n. 4

us make sure/' he added, "that Tolmides, the herald,
is present." With these words he got up at once,
that there might be no delay in carrying out the
needful measures. Thereupon the commanders were \/
chosen, Timasion the Dardanian in place of Clear-
chus, Xanthicles the Achaean in place of Socrates,
Cleanor the Arcadian in place of Agias, Philesius
the Achaean in place of Menon, and Xenophon the
Athenian in place of Proxenus.

II. When these elections had been completed,
and as day was just about beginning to break, the
commanders met in the middle of the camp ; and
they resolved to station outposts and then call an
assembly of the soldiers. As soon as they had come
together, Cheirisophus the Lacedaemonian arose first
and spoke as follows : " Fellow-soldiers, painful in-
deed is our present situation, seeing that we are
robbed of sucl) generals and captains and soldiers,
and, besides, that Ariaeus and his men, who were
formerly our allies, have betrayed us ; nevertheless,
we must quit ourselves like brave men as well as
may be in these circumstances, and must not yield,
but rather try to saye ourselves by glorious victory
if we can ; otherwise, let us at least die a glorious
death, and never fall into the hands of our enemies
alive. For in that case I think we should meet the
sort of sufferings that I pray the gods may visit upon
our foes."

Then Cleanor the Orchomenian arose and spoke as
follows : " Come, fellow-soldiers, you see the perjury
and impiety of the King; you see likewise the faith-
lessness of Tissaphernes. It was Tissaphernes who \/
said 1 that he was a neighbour of Greece and that

1 11. iii. 18.

437

d by Google

XENOPHON

etrj r% f E\\aSo5 teal irepl trXeiaTOV av TroirjaaiTO
a&acu ly/xa?, fcal itrl tovtols auTo? dfiSaas fjpilv,
avrb<; Sefia? Sou?, auTo? e^gLTrarrjaa^ ^avveXafie
Tou? <TTpaTT)yov<;, kcl\ ovBe Ata gevioik yBe<r0r), t
aUi KXedpxq) icai opLorpdire^o^ yevopLevos avrol<;
tovtoi? i^a7raT7)(ra<; tou? avBpa? diroXooXe/eev.

5 'Apiaios Se, 01/ f}p,el<; rjdeXopbev /3a<ri\ea /caOi-
ardvai, fcal eBcotcapev /ecu iXdftoftev irtara pLJ]
irpoBdaaew dWijXovs, kcu\vto<; ovtc tovs 0€ov$
BeL<ra<; ovre Kvpov reOvrj/cora aloe&Oeis, Ti/juo/ievos
fidXiara vtrb T&jupov fwi/ro?, vvv Trpos roin
• e/celvov iyjSiarov^ diroara^ fipLas, tov$ Kvpov

6 <\>LXov<; , tca/cax; iroielv irexphjai. dXXd toutou?
pev oi 8eo\ dirojelaaivTo* fjp,a<; Be Bel ravra
op&vras firjTTOTe i^aTrarrjOrjvai en vtto tovtwv,
dXXd p,axopLevov<; (05 c\v BwdojieOa Kpariara tovto
0 tl c\v Bo/cfj tois OeoU irdayeiv,

^ *Ek tovtov a€vo<f>(bv dvlcTCCTcti earaXpAvo^ iirl
iroXepLOV c!>9 iBvvaro /caXXicrra, vopbifav, etre vlktjv

BlBoi€V oi 06OL, TOV KaXXiaTOP KOapLOV T(p VIKCLV

7rp€7r€iv f etre reXevrdv Beoi, opOm e^eiv t&v
/caXXlarcov eavjov d^idoaavTa ev tovtois tt)?
reXevrfj^ Tvy%dv€iv rod \6yov Be fjp^ro <58e.
8 Trjv puev T(ov ftapftdpcov eiriopiciav re kolI diriariav
Xeyei pev KXedvcop, eirLaraaOe Be teal vpuel^ olpLai,
el piev ovv /3ov\6pL€0a trdXiv avrois Bid <f>i\La<;
levai, dvdytcrj f)p,a$ ttoXXtjv ddvpiav eyeiv, opeovras

438

Digitized by Google

ANABASIS, III. ii. 4-8

he would do his utmost to save us ; it was none other
than he who gave us his oaths to confirm these words;
and then he, Tissaphernes, the very man who had
given such pledges, was the very man who deceived
and seized our generals. More than that, he did not
even reverence Zeus, the god of hospitality ; instead,
he entertained Clearchus at his own table 1 and then
made that very act the means of deceiving and de-
stroying the generals. Ariaeus, too, whom we were
ready to make king, 2 with whom we exchanged
pledges 3 not to betray one another, even he, show-
ing neither fear of the gods nor honour for the
memory of Cyrus dead, although he was most highly
honoured by Cyrus living, has now gone over to the
bitterest foes of that same Cyrus, and is trying to
work harm to us, the friends of Cyrus J Well, may
these men be duly punished by the gods ; we, how-
ever, seeing their deeds, inust never again be de-
ceived by them, but must fight as .stoutly as we can
and meet whatever fortune the gods may please to
send."

Hereupon Xenophon arose, arrayed for war in his
finest dress. For he thought that if the gods should
grant victory, the finest raiment was suited to victory;
and if it should be his fate to die, it was proper, he
thought, that inasmuch as he had accounted his
office worthy of the most beautiful attire, in this attire
he should meet his death. He began his speech
as follows: "The perjury and faithlessness of the
barbarians has been spoken of by Cleanor and is
understood, I imagine, by the rest of you. If, then,
it is our desire to be again on terms of friendship
with them, we must needs feel great despondency

1 ii. v. 27. 2 ii. i. 4. 8 ii. ii. 8.

439

Digitized by

XENQPHON

teal tou? aTparrjyov*;, oc Bid ttLgt€<o<; auTofc iav-
tou? ive'Xjelpiaav, ola ireir ovOaaw el fievroi 8ia-
voovfJueOa avv toi? ottXols^&v re Treiroitf/caai fil/erjv
iiridelvau avroi<; fcal to Xoiirbv hud iravrb*; ttoXc-
fwv avTOts Uvai, avv rot? 0€ol$ ttoXXoI rjfiiv teal
/eaXal iXwiSe^ elal acoTrfplas.
9 . ToOto Se XiyovTO? avrov irrapwrai t*9* d/cov-
aavTe? 8' oi arpaTicorai iravre^ pita opfifj irpoG-
etevvrjaav tov 0€ov, zeal 6 Bevo^wv elire* Aojcep
p,oi, & avSpes, €7rei irepl acorrjpia^ rjpL&v Xeyovriov
olwvbs tov Ato? rov acoTfjpos i<pdwfa~€vf;aaffui T<£>
0eq> TOVT(j) dvaeiv a&Trjpia) oirov av irp&Tov et?
<f>cXiav %(opav d<j>i>fcco/jL€0a, avveirev^aaOai Se kcli
rot? aXXoi? 0€Oi<; 0vaeiv kclto, hvvap.iv. ical otw

h0K€L TCLVT, €<f>T), dvaTCLVaTCO TTJV %€fc/)a. KCU

dv€T€ivav airavTes. ifc tovtov rjv^avTO koX hrai-
dviaav, iirel 8e tcl toov 0€&v KaXws eZ^ei/, vjpX €TO
TrdXiv &&€.

10 ^Tvyx avov XeyoDV otl iroXXaX zeal tcaXal
iXTrlSe? rjpuv elev GcoTrjpias. irpSyTOV puev yap
ripel? fiev ipLirehovpLev toi>? tcjv 0ea>v op/eovs, oi 8e

TTOXifllOl i7TC(OpK1]KaO-L T€ KOI T^9 atTOvhd^ TTCLpCL

Tou? op/cov? XeXv/caaiv. ovtco 8' i^ovTcov el/eb?
rot? puev jroXepLLOi? ivavTiov*; elvai tous 0eov\ 9
f)p!iv Be av^dxpv^t o'Cirep iicavoi eiai teal rou?
pueydXov? Ta^b pLitepovs iroielv /cal\ tov? fii/cpov?
tcciv iv &€tvoi<; toci Gto^eiy evTreT&s, otov ftovXcov-

11 tcu. eireiTa 8e dvapLvrjaw yap vpuds teal tovs t&v

TTpOyOVODV T(OV f)pL€T€p(OV KIV&VVOV?, £W €lSi}T€ (O?

1 The sneeze was a lucky sign, and particularly lucky
because it came at just the time when Xenophon was utter-
ing the word <r«T7jpfay, "deliverance."

440

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. ii. 8-n

when we see the fate of our generals, who trustingly
put themselves in their hands ; but if our intention
is to rely upon our arms, and not only to inflict
punishment upon them for their past deeds, but
henceforth to wage implacable war with them, we have
— the gods willing — many fair hopes of deliverance."

As he was saying this a man sneezed, 1 and when
the soldiers heard it, they all with one impulse
made obeisance to the god ; 2 and Xenophon said,
" I move, gentlemen, since at the moment when we
were talking about deliverance an omen from Zeus
the Saviour was revealed to us, that we make a
vow to sacrifice to that god thank-offerings for de-
liverance as soon as we reach a friendly land ; and
tha't we add a further vow to make sacrifices, to the
extent of our ability, to the other gods also. All
who are in favour of this motion," he said, "will
raise their hands." And every man in the assembly
raised his hand. Thereupon they made their vows
and struck up the paean. These ceremonies duly
performed, Xenophon began again with these words :

" I was saying that we have many fair hopes of
deliverance. For, in the first place, we are standing
true to the oaths we took in the name of the gods,
while our enemies have perjured themselves and, in
violation of their oaths, have broken the truce.
This being so, it is fair to assume that the gods are
their foes and our allies — and the gods are able
speedily to make the strong weak and, when they so
will, easily to deliver the weak, even though they be
in dire perils. Secondly, I would remind you of the
perils of our own forefathers, to show you not only

a Zeus Soter, who was presumed (see below) to have sent
the omen.

441

digitized t

XENOPHON

dya0ol<; re vfilv irpoayKei elvai awfrvTaf^Te <rvv
rots 0€ol<; Kal ifc TTOLW Beiv&v oi dyaOoi. eXOov-
Twv fiev yap Uepawv teal twv avv avrols trap,-
TrXrjffel aroXcp o!>9 d<f>avj^miTQ)v Ta? 'Adrfvas,
viroGTrjvai avTol 'AOrjvalot, ro\firf<ravT€<; ivitcrj&av

12 auTOu?. ; Kal evfjdfievoi rrj 'Apre/MSi onoaov?
tcaratcdvoiev t&v iroXefimv Toaavras ^LfxaLpa^;
tcara0v<T€iv rrj defy, eirel ovk eiypv l/cavd? evpelv,
eSogev avTOi<; tear eviavTov it evT a Koalas Oveiv,

13 Kal en vvv diroOvovaiv. eireira ore Sepgrj*;
varepov dyecpas ttjv dvapidfirjrov aTparidv rfXBev
€7rl ttjv 'EXXdba, Kal Tore ivirccov oi rj/ierepoL
irpoyovoi rov<; tovtwv irpoyovov? Kal Kariu yrjv
Kal Kara 0d\arrav. &v k'ari puev reKfirjpia op dv
tcl rpoiraia, fxeyuaTov he fiaprvpiov rj eXevOepia
tcjv iroXewv ev aZ? vfiels eyeveade Kal &Tpd<fyqT€'
ovSeva yap avOpcoirov SeaTTOTrjv dXXd tovs Oeovs

TT pOO" KVV€LT€, TOIOVTCOV fl€V i&T€ 7T pOyOVCOV '.

14 Ov fiev 8t) tovto ye ep& a>? vfiels Karaiaxv-
V€T€ avTovs* dXX* ov iroXXal rffiipai (cuf)' ov) dvTi-
Ta^dfievoi tovtois toi$ eKelvcov eKyovois iroXXa-
irXaaiov*; vficov avTtov eviKa/re avv rot? Oeols.

15 Kal tot€ fiev Srj trepl T779 Kvpov fiaaCXeLas avSpes
r\Te dyadoL' vvv 8' ottotc irepl t^s vjjkjepa? acoTrj-
pia$ 6 dycov iari ttoXv hrjirov v^lols l£(togr)KepKal

\& dfielvova? Kal iirpoOvfjLOTepovy elvati^ dXXa
Kal 0appaXeo)Tepov<; vvv irpeirei elvai jrpbs tovs

1 In the battle of Marathon, 490 B.C.

* According to Herodotus (vi. 117) the Persian dead num-
bered 6,400.

b Herodotus (vii. 185) puts the whole number of fighting
men in Xerxes' armament at 2,641,610.

442

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ANABASIS, III. ii. 11-16

that it is your right to be brave men, but that brave
men are delivered, with the help of the gods, even
out of most dreadful dangers. For when the Per-
sians and their followers came with a vast array to
blot Athens out of existence, the Athenians dared,
unaided, to withstand them, and won the victory. 1
/And while they had vowed to Artemis that for every
' man they might slay of the enemy they would sacri-
fice a goat to the goddess, they were unable to find
goats enough ; 2 so they resolved to offer five hundred
every year, and this sacrifice they are paying even to
this day. Again, when Xerxes at a later time
gathered together that countless 3 host and came
against Greece, then too our forefathers were victor-
ious, both by land and by sea, 4 over the forefathers
of our enemies. As tokens of these victories we
may, indeed, still behold the trophies, but the
strongest witness to them is the freedom of the
states in which you were born and bred ; for to no /
human creature do you pay homage as master, but to
the gods alone. It is from such ancestors, then, that
you are sprung.

"Now I am far from intending to say that you
disgrace them ; in fact, not many days ago you set ^
yourselves in array against these descendants of
those ancient Persians and were victorious, with the
aid of the gods, over many times your own numbers.
And then, mark you, it was in Cyrus* contest for the
throne that you proved yourselves brave men ; but
now, when the struggle is for your own safety, it is
surely fitting that you should be far braver and more
zealous. Furthermore, you ought now to be more

* By sea at Salamis (480 B.C.) and by land at Plataea
(479 B.C.).

XENOPHON

iroXefiiov*;. Tore piv yap aireipoi ovtc? clvtcop,
to Bk Tr\i]0o<; afjLerpov op&vres, opto? iroXfujo-are
avv T<p irarpicp (frpovrffiari levai eh avrovv vvv
Be oirore /ecu irelpav f\Bt) e^ere avr&v on ov
deXovai teal iroXXairXdo'ioc ovre? BixeaOai^Ofias,
11 en v/jllv TTpoarjicei tovtov? (frofieZo-Oai;

17 MrjBi fievroi rovro fielov Botyre ex&v on oi
'Apicuov 1 irpoaOev avv r)p!iv rarropuevoi vvv a<f>e-
o-Trjfcaaw. en yap ovtoi Kaiciovks elai tcov v<f>*
7)p,<ov rfTTTjfievoQV e<f>vyov yovv 2 i/ceivov? KaraXt-
7roi/T€9 rfp,a<;. roix; Be ffeXovra? <j)vyij^ ap^eiv

TTOXV KpeiTTOV GVV TCH<? 7roX€flLOl<; TaTTO/JL€VOVS Tf

iv rfj rjfjL€T€pa Tafjed opav.

18 Kl Be Tt9 vpwv aOvpel- otl rjfilv fiev owe elalv
limels, to?? Be iroXepiio^ ttoXXoX irdpeiaiv, ivffv-
ptfOrjTe oti oi fjivpioi limels oiBev aXXo tf pLvpioi
elaiv av0p(oiroi' /iirb fiev yap ittttov ev P^XV
ovSeU TrdoTTore ovre BqxOei? ovre XafercaOeU aire-
Oavev, oi he avBpes elalv oi ttoiovvtgs o ti hv ev

19 tcm? /ia%cu? yiyvrjrai. ovkovv t&v iinreeov iroXir
r)/A€i<; eV aa^aXearepov ox^pwos eapuev oi pep
yap e<\> lttttcov /cpifiavrat <f>o/3ovp,evoi ovx vpfc
jjiovov aXXa teal to Karaireaelv* f)p&i<i 8' etrl yr}<t
fteftrj/coTe? ttoXv fiev laxvporepov Trava-Ofiev, rjv
T6? TrpoaLy, ttoXv Bk fidXXov orov av ftovXcopeOa
revgopieda. evl Be p,6v<p irpoexovaiv oi Imrei^

20 <f>evyeiv avroi<; acr<j>aXearep6v eariv rj rj/uv. el Bl

1 'Apiaiov Gem., following Hug : Kvptioi MSS.
* After yovu the MSS. have irpbs : del. Hertlein.

444

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ANABASIS, 111. ii. 16-20

confident in facing the enemy. For then you were
unacquainted with them, you saw that their numbers
were beyond counting, and you nevertheless dared,
with all the spirit of your fathers, to charge upon
them ; but now, when you have already made actual
trial of them and find that they have no desire, even

^though they are many times your number, to await
your attack, what reason can remain for your being
ifraid of them ?

J " Again, do not suppose that you are the worse off
because the followers of Ariaeus, who were formerly
marshalled with us, have now deserted us. For they
are even greater cowards than the men we defeated ;
at any rate they took to flight before them, 1 leaving
us to shift for ourselves. And when we find men
who are ready to set the example of flight, it is far
better to see them drawn up with the enemy than
on our own side.

" But if anyone of you is despondent because we
are without horsemen while the enemy have plenty
at hand, let him reflect that your ten thousand
horsemen are nothing more than ten thousand men ;
for nobody ever lost his life in battle from the bite or
kick of a horse, but it is the men who do whatever
is done in battles. Moreover, we are on a far surer
foundation than your horsemen : they are hanging
on their horses' backs, afraid not only of us, but
also of falling off ; while we, standing upon the
ground, shall strike with far greater force if anyone
comes upon us and shall be far more likely to hit
whomsoever we aim at. In one point alone your
horsemen have the advantage — flight is safer for
them than it is for us. Suppose, however, that you

1 cp. 1. ix. 31-x. 1.

445

Digitized by

XENOPHON

6rj *ra? [lev fidyas. OappeiTe, ore oe ov/ceri v/jup
Ti(r<Ta<f)€ppr)<; ^yijaerat ovfri^-fiaiTiXevi; dyopdp
irape^ei f tovto ayQeaQe, <i K^yjraa 04 itorepov fcpeiT-
rov Tiaaa<j>eppT]p rjyefioiUL e^ew, 3? iirifiovXeucop
rf/jup (pave p 6$ €<ttip, rj o&? ap ?}/x€iV toz/Spa? Xa/36p-
T€9 fjyelaOat /ceXevwfiep, ot eiaoprai oti rjp ti
irepl r/tias a/jLaprapcoai, irepl t*W etvJTCop yjrvxa?

21 koL acofutra dpapTijaoPTai. ra ok eTriTijSeia
irorepop (opetadai tcpeiTTOP etc rf}<; dyopa? fjs ovtoi
Trapel'xpp t iLK P^ L P* T P a ttoXXov dpyvpiov, fiTjoe
tovto €tl fyoPTas, r) avTovs Xapfidpeip, ffpirep
KpaT&/ji€P, fieTpcp XP W H-* V0V( > oiroao) hp e/caaTo<;
ftovXrjTai;

22 EZ Be Tavra puev yiypdaaiceTe oti KpeiTTOPa,
tow Be 7TOTa/zoi><? diropop po/jll^€T€ elvai teal fieyd-
Xo)? rjyelade e^airaTii6r]pai Bia/3dpT€$ f aice-tyaaQe
el dpa tovto teal ficopoTaTOP TreiroirjKao'cp oi /3dp-
fiapoi. iraPTes yap TroTafioL, rjp real irpoaio
tcop irrjySiP airopoi irpoalovai irpb*; ra?
Trrjyds oiafiaTol yLypoPTai ovBk to yopv /3pe-

23 Ei Be iLrjO* oi TTOTafiol oirjaovaip rfyefieop tc
firjSeU rjfiip <j>aP€iTai, oio* e&9 tj/jup ye d0Vfir)Teop.

1 e.g. the Tigris (n. iv. 13-24).

2 viz. in leading the Greeks across {i.e. to the eastern bank
of) the Tigris. For, Xenophoh argues (see below), the

446

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. ii. 20-23

do not lack confidence about the fighting, but are
troubled because you are no longer to have Tissa-
phernes to guide you or the King to provide a market.
If this be the case, I ask you to consider whether
it is better to have Tissaphernes for a guide, the man
who is manifestly plotting against us, or such people
as we may ourselves capture and may order to serve
as guides, men who will know that if they make any
mistake in aught that concerns us, they will be
making a mistake in that which concerns their own
lives and limbs. And as for provisions, is it the
better plan to buy from the market which these
barbarians have provided — small measures for large
prices, when we have no money left, either — or to
appropriate for ourselves, in case we are victorious,
and to use as large a measure as each one of us
pleases ?

" But in these points, let us say, you realize that
our present situation is better ; you believe, however,
that the rivers are a difficulty, and you think you
were immensely deceive^, when you crossed them ; 1
then consider whether this is not really a surpassingly
foolish thing that the barbarians have done. 2 For all
rivers, even though they be impassable at a distance
from their sources, become passable, without even
wetting your knees, as you approach toward the
sources.

"But assume that the rivers will not afford us a
crossing and that we shall find no one to guide us ;
even in that case we ought not to be despondent.

Greeks will now be compelled to march to the source of the
river in order to cross, and hence will be living on the
country so much the longer a time.

447

Digitized by

XENOPHON

iiriardpLeOa yap Mixrov?, 0&9 ovk hv rjfiayv <f>air)-
fi€v fieXriovs elvai, on 1 iv fiaatXeax; X^P a
iroXka? T€ kol evSalfiova? zeal p,eyd\a<; 7roX,e*9
ol/covaiv, €7n<TTd/ji€0a he Hialha<; dxravTeo*;, Av-
tcdovas he tcai avrol elhop,ev on iv rot? irehiois rd
epvfJiva /eaTaXafiovre*; rrjv tovtwv yjhpav xap-

24 irovvTar icai ?7/ia9 8' av e<\>r)v eyeoye XP*1 vai A t? / 7rG>
<f>avepob<; elvai oitcahe (Opp*Y) p,€POV$ i CiWcL KOLTCL"
(TKevd^eaOai a>9 avrov ol/ctfaovTas. olha yap on
zeal Mvaol? /3aai\ev<; iroWovs pkv r/yefiova? av
Solt), ttoWovs 8' av oprjpovs tov a8o\<*>9 i/cire/A-
yjreiv, fcal ohoiroirjaeiA y civ a&TOis tea* el avv
T€0p'nnroi<i /3ov\oivto dtnevai. teal f]plv y av
olh % on Tpi<rd<Tp,€VO$ ravr iiroLei, el eeopa ^/^a?

25 peveiv /caraatcevalZopLevov*;. dWa yap hehoi/ea
pbTjy av aira^ pdjOwpuev dpyoi £f}v teal iv d<f>06voi<;
fiiOTeveiv, ical Mrjhwv he pal Hepa&v /ea\al$ koX
p,€yd\ai$ yvvaigl koI irap0evoi^ 6pi\e2v, fit)
&airep ol \coTo<f)cvyoi €7n\a0d>p,€0a t?}? oiicahe

26 ohov. ho/cel oiv fioi el/cos teal hifcaiov elvai 7rp&-

TOV €4<? T7)V 'EWaSa KaX 7T/309 TOU9 oltcelov? 7T€l-

p dad at d<pifcveia0ai KaX imhel^ai rofc "EWrjaiv
on i/covres irevovTai, i%bv avroi<; tov9 vvv a/e\r}-
p&$ i/cel TTo\irevovTa<; iv0dhe KopiaapAvovs ifKov-
<rtou9 opav.

*A\\d ydp, & avhpes, irdvra ravra rdya0d

1 After 5ti, Mar. and some other edd. insert the words
&a<ri\4ws Akovtos, which appear in the margin of MS. Cj.

44 8

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. ii. 23-26

For we know that the Mysians, 1 whom we should not V
admit to be better men than ourselves, inhabit many
large and prosperous cities in the King's territory, we
know that the same is true of the Pisidians, 1 and as
for the Lycaonians 1 we even saw with our own eyes
that they had seized the strongholds in the plains
and were reaping for themselves the lands of these
Persians; so, in our case, my own view would be that
we ought not yet to let it be seen that we have set *
out for home ; we ought, rather, to be making our
arrangements as if we intended to settle here. For
I know that to the Mysians the King would not
only give plenty of guides, but plenty of hostages, to
guarantee a safe conduct for them out of his country;
in fact, he would build a road for them, even if they
wanted to take their departure in four-horse chariots.
And I know that he would be thrice glad to do the v/
same for us, if he saw that we were preparing to stay
here. I really fear, however, that if we once learn
to live in idleness and luxury, and to consort with
the tall and beautiful women and maidens of these
Medes and Persians, we may, like the lotus-eaters, 2
forget our homeward way. Therefore, I think it is ^/
right and proper that our first endeavour should be
to return to our kindred and friends in Greece, and
to point out to the Greeks that it is by their own
choice that they are poor ; for they could bring here
the people who are now living a hard life at home,
and could see them in the enjoyment of riches.

" It is really a plain fact, gentlemen, that all these

1 Peoples of Asia Minor who were in almost constant
rebellion against Persian authority ; cp. esp. 1. ii. 19,
11. v. 13.

2 An allusion to Odyssey, ix. 94 ff.

449

VOL. II. OO

Digitized by

XENOPHON

27 BfjXoV OTl T(OV KpCLTOVVTtoV €(TtI' TOVTO 8t) 1 Bet

Xeyeiv, ottcds av iropevoLfiedd tc o>? aa^aXearara
kcu el fidxeaOai Beoi w? Kpdriara pw)(,oip&Qa.
irp&Tov puev toLvvv, e<f>rj, Bo/cel fiot fcara/cavaai
tA<? d/iafa? a? eyop,ev, Xva p,r) tcl ^evyrj r)p,cov
(TTpaTTjyj), dXXct iropevdyfieOa oirrj hv rfj GTpaTia
<TV/jL^)€py €7T€ira kcu Ta? a/crjvd*} avy/caraKavaai.
avrai yap av o^Xov p,ev irapeypvaiv ayetv, avvco-
(f>eXov<ri S' ovBev ovre eh to fid^eaOat out' el?

28 to tcl eiriTrjBeLa eyeiv, ert Be koX t&v aXXtov
a/cevwv tcl wepiTTa dTraWdgco/xep irXrjv 6 a a
TToXefiov evetcev r) gLtcov r) ttot&v eyppuev, iva
irXelaroi fiev r)p,&v ev to?? ottXols &<tiv, a>? e\a-

XMTTOl Be <TK€VO(f>Op&<TL. fCpaTOV/JL€VQ)V fl€V yctp

eiriaTaaOe otl irdvra dXXoTpia* fjv Be KpaT&puev,
zeal tou? TioXe/jLLOv? Set <r/c€vo(f)6pov<; r)peTepov<$

V0fJLL%€lV.

29 Aonrov pot elirelv oirep zeal p,eyi<TTov vopu^ay
elvai. opare yap teal tou? TroXepiovs ore ov
irpocrOev e^evey/celv eibXp^aav irpb? r)p,a$ iroXejiov
irplv tou? GTparr)yov<i r/puebv avveXafiov, vopU-

£bl>T€? OVTCOV pi€V T(OV dp%6vTG)V KOI TJpLttiV TT€L0O-

puevcov l/cavov$ elvai r)p,a<; irepiyeveaQai ra> iroXepup,
Xaftovre? Be tou<? apyovras dvapyia av fcal draj~ia

30 evopLi^ov r)p,a<; diroXeaQai* Bel ovv ttoXv fiev to £9
apypvTas einpsXecTTepovs yeveadai to£m? vvv t&v
irpoaOev, ttoXv he tov$ ap%op,evov<; evTatcTOTepov?
fcal ireiOop.evov^ puaXXov Toh apyovai vvv rj

1 5^ MSS., Mar. : 5« Gem., following Castalio.

450

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. ii. 26-30

good things belong to those who have the strength
to possess them ; but I must go on to another point,
how we can march most safely and, if we have to
fight, can fight to the best advantage. In the first
place, then," Xenophon proceeded, "1 think we
should burn up the wagons which we have, so that
our cattle may not be our captains, but we can take
whatever route may be best for the army. Secondly,
we should burn up our tents also ; for these, again,
are a bother to carry, and no help at all either for
fighting or for obtaining provisions. Furthermore, let
us abandon all our other superfluous baggage, keep-
ing only such articles as we use for war, or in eating
and drinking, in order that we may have the largest
possible number of men under arms and the least
number carrying baggage. For when men are con-
quered, you are aware that all their possessions
become the property of others ; but if we are
victorious, we may regard the enemy as our pack-
bearers.

" It remains for me to mention the one matter
which I believe is really of the greatest importance.
You observe that our enemies did not muster up
courage to begin hostilities against us until they had
seized our generals ; for they believed that so long
as we had our commanders and were obedient to
them, we were able to worst them in war, but when
they had got possession of our commanders, they
believed that the want of leadership and of disci-
pline would be the ruin of us. Therefore our present
commanders must show themselves far more vigilant
than their predecessors, and the men in the ranks
must be far more orderly and more obedient to their

45i

o o 2

Digitized by

XENOPHON

31 rrpboOev fjv Se rt<? aTreifffj, tyrjfyiaaaBai rov del
vfMWp e\rvyydvovra avv rq> apxpvri /coXd^eiv
o£/Tft)9 oi iroXifjuoi rrXelarov eyfrevo-fievoL eaovrar
rfjSe yap rr) fffiepa fivpiou? oyfrovrac avd* evos
KXedpxov? rot'? ovSevl eirirpetyovra*; Katccp elvai.

32 dXXa yap teal rrepaiveiv fjSr) copw ?<ra>9 yap oi
iroXefuot, avTLfca rrapeaovrai. orq> ovv ravra Sotcel
kclK&s e^euv, eixiKvpmadrm a>9 racier a, iva epyq>
irepaLvqrai. el Si rc dXXo fiiXriov fj ravrrj,
roX/xdroy teal 6 ISccorrj^ StSda/cew rrdvres yap
/coevfjs acorrjpia^ SeopeOa.

33 Mera ravra Xa/)t(70<£>09 elirev 'A\V el fiev
rivo? dWov Set 7T/309 tovtois oh Xeyei E,evo<f>cbv,
Kal airl/ca egearai aKorrelv* 1 a Se vvv eupfltce
hoKel fiot, co9 rd^iara y^^Laaadai apiarov ecpar
Kal 0T6) Soicel ravra, avareuvdra) rr)v xetpa.
dvereivav rrdvres.

34 *Avaara<; he rrdXcv elrre Bevo^&w *£l avSpes,
aKoiaare a>v rrpoaSoKel fioi. SrjXov ore iropev-
eaOai rjfias Sec orrov e^opuev ra emrrfSeia' dfcovco
Se fcco/jias eivai icaXas oi irXeov ei/coai araSicov

35, drrexpiaa*;* ovk hv oiv 0avp,d£oi/jLev el ol rroXe-
p,ioi, &a7T€p oi SeiXol icyves tov? jjl&v iraptovras
SidaKoval re 2 teal Sdtcvovaw, fjv Svvcovrai, tou? Se
Sico/covra? (pevyovaiv, el teal avrol rjplv airiovaiv

1 cKoveiv Gem. , following Schwartz : irottiv MSS.

1 hiduKovat re MSS. except C v Mar.: tiiAicovrfs C v Gem.

452

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. n. 30-35

commanders now than they used to be. We must
pass a vote that, in case anyone is disobedient, who-
ever of you may be at hand at the time shall join
with the officer in punishing him ; in this way the
enemy will find themselves mightily deceived; for
to-day they will behold, not one Clearchus, 1 but ten
thousand, who will not suffer anybody to be a bad
soldier. But it is time now to be acting instead of
talking ; for perhaps the enemy will soon Jbe at hand.
Whoever, then, thinks that these proposals are good
should ratify them with all speed, that they may
be carried out in action. But if any other plan is
thought better than mine, let anyone, even though
he be a private soldier, feel free to present it ; for
the safety of all is the need of all/'

After this Cheirisophus said: "We shall be able
to consider presently whether we need to do any-
thing else besides what Xenophon proposes, but on
the proposals which he has already made I think it
is best for us to vote as speedily as possible. Who-
ever is in favour of these measures, let him raise his
hand." They all raised their hands.

Then Xenophon arose once more and said : " Give
ear, gentlemen, to the further proposals I have to
present. It is clear that we must make our way to
a place where we can get provisions; and I hear
that there are fine villages at a distance of not more
than twenty stadia. We should not be surprised,
then, if the enemy — after the fashion of cowardly
dogs that chase passers-by and bite them, if they
can, but run away from anyone who. chases them — if
the enemy in the same way should follow at our

1 Clearchus was notoriously a stern disciplinarian ; cp.
11. vi. 8 flf.

453

Digitized by

XENOPHON

36 eiratcoXovdolev. ?<7G>5 ovv aafyaK&arepov rjpuv
iropeveadai TtXalaiov 7rocr)aap,evov<; tcov ottXodv,
iva ra ctceyocfropa teal 6 ttoXv? 0^X09 iv dcr<f>a-
XeaTepw €ir). el ovv vvv dT^oBefydelrj Tivas XPV
r/yetqOai rov *rr\ai<riov teal to, irpbaQev Kocpuelv
teal Tcvas eirl tcov irXevp&v itcaripcov elvai, rlva? 8*
diner QoQvXatcelv, ovtc av oirore ot iroXepbioi eXOoiev
fiovXeveerffai r)fia$ Beoi, dXXa xpat/xeOa av evdvs

37 rot? T€TayfJLevoi<;. el p,€V ovv aXXo ti$ fieXTiov
6 pa, aXX(o<; e%€TO)* el Bk ptj, Xej/Ho~o<£>09 piev
rjyolro, eTretBrj koX AatceBaipovios icrr r&v he
TrXevpcov eteaTepojv Bvo tod irpecrfivTaTco arpartjyo)}
eTrvfieKoLO'drjv OTTicrOoe^vXateolpLev 8' rjpLel? oi

38 vecoraToi eyco teal TipLacricov to vvv elvai. to Be
Xoljtov ireipdopevot TavTt]^ ty)S Tafeax? fiovXevao-
pueda 6 tl av del tepaTtcrTov Botef} elvai. el Be tis
aXXo 6 pa fteXTiov, Xe^aTOD. iirel B J oiBels dvTe-
Xeyev, elirev "Oro* Boteel TavTa, avareivaToo ttjv

39 %e£/>a. eBpfje raura. Ntw to l vvv, efyrj, amovTa?
iroielv Bel tcl BeBoypueva. teal San? tc ipcov tov?
oltcelov? eiriOvpel IBelv, pepvrjerdoD dvrjp dyadbs
elvar ov yap eeTTW aXXco<; tovtov tv)(€lv ojjtis
T€ £r)v eiriOvpLel, TreipdaOoj vitcav t&v p,ev yap
VLtCODVTODV TD tcaiV€lV, TCOV Be rjTTcopevcov to airo-
Ovyo-fceiv'iaTL* teal el tl<$ Be 'Xp^p^aTcov €7rt,0v/JLei,
tcpaTelv Tceipdcr6co % tcov yap vikcovtcov ecTi teal
tcl eavTCJV crco^eLV teal tcl tcov rjTTcopuevcov Xap.-
fidveiv.

454

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. ii. 35-39

heels as we retire. Hence it will be safer, perhaps,
for us to march with the hoplites formed into a
hollow square, so that the baggage train and the
great crowd of camp followers may be in a safer
place. If, then, it should be settled at once who are
to lead the square and marshal the van, who are to
be on either flank, and who to guard the rear, we
should not need to be taking counsel at the time
when the enemy comes upon us, but we should
find our men at once in their places ready for
action. Now if anyone sees another plan which is
better, let us follow that plan ; but if not, I propose
that Cheirisophus take the lead, especially since he
is a Lacedaemonian, that the two oldest generals
have charge of the two flanks, and that, for the
present, we who are the youngest, Timasion and I,
command the rear. And for the future, as we make
trial of this formation we can adopt whatever course
may seem from time to time to be best. If anyone
sees a better plan, let him present it." No one
having any opposing view to express, Xenophon
said : " Whoever is in favour of these measures, let
him raise his hand." The motion was carried. "And
now," .he continued, "we must go back and put into
execution what has been resolved upon. And who-
ever among you desires to" see his friends again, let
him remember to show himself a brave man ; for in
no other way can he accomplish this desire. Again,
whoever is desirous of saving his life, let him strive
for victory ; for it is the victors that slay and the
defeated that are slain. Or if anyone longs for
wealth, let him also strive to conquer ; for con-
querors not only keep their own possessions, but
gain the possessions of the conquered."

455

Digitized by

XENOPHON

III. Tovtcov \ex&€VT(DV dvio-Trjaav. teal direX-
66v7€$ Kareicaiov Ttt? a/judga? teal t<X9 a/crjvds, TCOV
Be irepiTT&v otov fiev BeoiTo t*9 pbeTeBLBoa-av
dXXijXoi?, ret Be aXXa eh to izvp eppiirrovv.
ravra TroitjaavTe^ rjpiGTOTTOiovvTo. dpiGTOiroiov-
fjievcop Be avr&v ep^erai MtOpaBaTrjq <rvv Imrevaiv
a>9 tpidicovTa, teal tcaXeadfAevos tov$ <tt parrfy ov$

2 eh eirrjKOov Xeyec a)Be. 'TLyco, & avBpes "EXXrjves,

KOl KuyO^r) 7JWT09 7]V t 0>9 \jpieZ<; €7TL(TTaa0€ f KOI VVV

vfuv euvov<r teal ev6dBe 8' elpX cvv ttoXXQ <f>6/3(p
Bidycw. el oZv opwrjv £74019 aooTijpiov ti ftovXevo-
lievovsiekdoipLi av 717)09 vpxis leal tov<; depdirovTa?
TTavras €%g>i>. Xefjare ovv 777309 fie ri ev v& ex €T€
a>9 <f>iXov re ical evvovv teal ftovXofievov /coivj} avv

3 vpulv top gtoXov iroi€i<rOai. ftovXevofievois to?9
arpar'qyoh eBo%ev diroKpLvaaOai TaoV fcal eXeye
Xet/)£o~o<£o9* 'tL/niv So/eel, el fiev t*9 id 17/Lc.a?
airievai oiicaBe, BiaTropGveadai ttjv yppav a>9 av
SvvcofjLcda daiveGTara* rjv he Tt9 ^/ta9 t^9 iSov
aTTOKodXvrj} BiairoXepielv rovrtp a>9 av Bwdo/jueda

4 /cpaTiara. etc tovtov iareepdro M.iOpaBdrrj<; BiBd-
a/ceiv a>9 diropov etrj fiaaiXecDS dtcovros crcoOrjvai.
evOa Br) eyiyvaxTKero oti viroirepurTO^; etrj* teal yap
t&v Tia(Ta<l)€pvov<; Tt9 ol/ceiwv TraprjKoXovdrjicei

5 7rt<rT6G>9 evetea. teal itc tovtov iBo/eei rofc <rr/)a-
Trjyol? /3£Xtiov elvai B6yp>a Trotrfcao'dai . top

1 airoK(a\vr) MSS. except C v Mar.: ^itik«A.v7; C lt Oein.
456

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. in. 1-5

III. After these words of Xenophon's the assembly
arose, and all went back to camp and proceeded to
burn the wagons and the tents. As for the superfluous
articles of baggage, whatever anybody needed they
shared with one another, but the rest they threw
into the fire. When they had done all this, they set
about preparing breakfast ; and while they were so
engaged, Mithradates 1 approached with about thirty v
horsemen, summoned the Greek generals within
earshot, and spoke as follows : " Men of Greece, I.
was faithful to Cyrus, as you know for yourselves,
and I am now friendly to you ; indeed, I am tarrying
here in great fear. Therefore if I should see that
you were taking salutary measures, I should join you
and bring all my retainers with me. Tell me, then, y/
what you have in mind, in the assurance that I am
your friend and well-wisher, and am desirous of
making the journey in company with you." The
generals held council and voted to return the follow-
ing answer, Cheirisophus acting as spokesman : " It
is our resolve, in case no one hinders our homeward
march, to proceed through the country doing the
least possible damage, but if anyone tries to prevent
us from making the journey, to fight it out with him
to the best of our power/' Thereupon Mithradates v
undertook to show that there was no possibility of
their effecting a safe return unless the King so
pleased. Then it became clear to the Greeks that /
his mission was a treacherous one ; indeed, one of J
Tissaphernes' relatives had followed along, to see
that he kept faith. The generals consequently de- /
cided that it was best to pass a decree that there
should be no negotiations with the enemy in this war

1 cp. ii. v. 35.

457

Digitized by

XENOPHON

rroXefiov atC7]pvf€Tov elvai ear ev rfj rroXefiLa elev
Bie<f)0etpov yap irpoaiovres robs ar par cobras, /cal
h>a ye Xoxaybv Bietydeipav Ni/cap%ov *Ap/cd8a,
/cal a>'%€TO aiucbv vv zeros crvv dvdpdbiroLS obs ei/coai.

6 Merd ravra dpiarrjaavres /cal Biafidvres rbv
Tiarrdrav irorafibv eiropevovro reray/xevoi rd
vTTotyyia teal rbv o^Xov ev fxeacp e^ovres. oi
iroXv Be TrpoeXrjXvOoroov aircov errifyaiverai
irdXiv 6 MidpaBdrrjs, iirrreas e%cai/ w Bia/coaiovs
/cal rofjoras koX o-fevBovyras els rerpa/coaiovs

7 pudXa iXa<f>povs ical ev^obvovs* teal rrpocrjet puev
a>9 <f>iXos &v irpbs rovs "EXXrjvas* eirel 8' eyyvs
eyevovro, e^airivrfs oi fiev avrcov eroljevov ical
iinrels ical ire^oL, oi S' eafyevBovwv, ical ert-
rpcoaicov, oi Be OTricrdofyvXa/ces rcov 'EXXjjvcov
eiraa'xpv fiev ica/ccos f dvreiroiovv 8* obBev oX re
yap Kprjres fipayvrepa rcov Hepaobv irofjevov ical
dfia yfnXol ovres etaco rcov SttXcov /eare/ce/cXeivro,
oi Be dtcovTicnal fipayyrepa fj/covru^ov fj oos

8 e^LKvelaOau rcov cfevBovrjrcbv. eic rovrov Hei/o-
<j>obvri iBo/cei Bcco/creov eivar ical eBLcoKov rcov
ottXitoov ical rcov ireXraarcov oi ervypv cvv avro}
oirio-Oo^vXaKovvres* BiooKovres Be oiBeva /care-
's Xd/xfiavov rcov iroXepbioov, ovre yhp iinrels ffaav

rocs "EiXXrjo-w ovre oi rre^ol rovs ire%ov<; i/c
ttoXXov 1 cfrevyovras eBvvavro KaraXapLfidveiv ev

1 4k iroWov MSS. except C lt Mar.: Gem. omits, follow-
ing C v

458

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. in. 5-9

so long as they should be in the enemy's country. For
the barbarians kept coming and trying to corrupt
the soldiers; in the case of one captain, Nicarchus the
Arcadian, they actually succeeded, and he decamped
during the night, taking with him about twenty men.

After this they took breakfast, crossed the Zapatas 1
river, and set out on the march in the formation
decided upon, 2 with the baggage animals and the
camp followers in the middle of the square. They
had not proceeded far when Mithradates appeared
again, accompanied by about two hundred horsemen
and by bowmen and slingers — exceedingly active
and nimble troops — to the number of four hundred.
He approached the Greeks as if he were a friend,
but when his party had got close at hand, on a
sudden some of them, horse and foot alike, began
shooting with their bows and others with slings, and
they inflicted wounds. And the Greek rearguard,
while suffering severely, could not retaliate at all ;
for the Cretan 3 bowmen not only had a 'shorter
range than the Persians, but besides, since they had
no armour, they were shut in within the lines of the
hoplites ; and the Greek javelin-men could not
throw far enough to reach the enemy's slingers.
Xenophon consequently decided that they must pur-
sue the Persians, and this they did, with such of the
hoplites and peltasts as were guarding the rear with
him; but in their pursuit they failed to catch a
single man of the enemy. For the Greeks had no
horsemen, and their foot-soldiers were not able to
overtake the enemy's foot-soldiers — since the latter
had a long start in their flight — within a short

1 rp. ii. v. 1. 2 Seeii. 36.

8 8ee i. ii. 9. The Cretans Were the most famous archers
of antiquity.

459

Digitized by

XENOPHON

oXLyco ytopLw iroXv yap o&x olov re rjv airo rod

10 aXXov (TTpaTevfiaTos Bid)K€iP' oi Be fSdpPapoi
iinreh Kal (pevyopres dfia er'n paxrtcov el$ roij-
iriadev TogevoPTes curb toop iirirayp, ottocop Be
Bico^etap oi "EWryi/e?, roaovrop irdXiP enapayto-

11 pelp pa-ftp p>epov$ eBet. ware r?)? r)p,epa^ oXrj? 1
BurjXdop ov irXeop irepre Kal ei/coai araBtcop, dXXa
BeiXrj^ a(f)Lfcopro €t? ra? Kdo/jLa?.

"EtP0a Br) irdXip aOvyla r)p. icaX Xeipiaotfro?
Kal oi irpeafivraTOi tg>p arpaTTjycjp 3epo<f)&PTa
tjti&pto oti iSicoKep cltto rfj<; fydXayyos Kal avTo?
re €KipSvpev€ Kal tou? iroXepiov^ ovBep puaXXop

12 iBvparo ^Xdirreup. aKOvcas Be 3epo(f>cop eXeyep
ore dp0a><; alriwvTo Kal avrb to epyop avrol<;
/jiaprvpoLrj, aW' eyco, €<f>rj, r/payKao-drjp Blcokciv,
eiretBr) edopcop r)fia^ ip rq> fiepeip Ka/ccos pep ird-

13 (7^oi/Ta?, dprnroieip Be ov Bvpa/juepov?. eTreiBrj Be
eBt,(0Kop,ep, aXrjOr), €(f>r] t bfiel<; Xeyere' KaKW fiep
yap iroieip ovBev fiaXXop iBvpa/xeOa tol^ 7ro\€-

14 /uof?, dp€X^povfJL€P Be irayxaXeirm. rofc ovp
deoi? ydpis on ov o~i)p iroXXfj pcofjurj dXXa avv
bXiyois r)X0op, (wcttc fiXdyJrai fiep fii) fieydXa,

15 BrjXwaai Be &p Beop,e6a. pvp yap oi iroXefiioi
ro^evovac Kal a^epBopcoacp oaop ovre oi Kp?)T€?
dpTtrogeveiP BvpapTai ovre oi ck X €C P°$ fidXXopres
egiKPelaOar orap Be avrov? BicoKWfiep, ttoXv pip

1 JL\t}s MSS. except C 2 , Mar.: Gem. omits, following C,.
460

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. in. 9-15

distance ; and a long pursuit, far away from the main
Greek army, was not possible. Again, the barbarian
horsemen even while they were in flight would in-
flict wounds by shooting behind them from their
horses ; and whatever distance the Greeks might at
any time cover in their pursuit, all that distance
they were obliged to fall back fighting. The result
was that during the whole day they travelled not
more than twenty-five stadia. They did arrive,
however, towards evening at the villages. 1
* Here again there was despondency. And Cheiri-
sophus and the eldest of the generals found fault
with Xenophon for leaving. the main body of the
army to undertake a pursuit, and thus endangering
himself without being able, for all that, to do the
enemy any harm. When Xenophon heard their
words, he replied that they were right in finding
fault with him, and that the outcome bore witness
of itself for their view. " But," he continued, " I
was compelled to pursue when I saw that by keep-
ing our places we were suffering severely and were
still unable to strike a blow ourselves. As to what
happened, however, when we did pursue, you are
quite right : we were no better able to inflict harm
upon the enemy, and it was only with the utmost
difficulty that we effected our own withdrawal. Let
us thank the gods, therefore, that they came, not
with a large force, but with a handful, so that with-
out doing us any great damage they have revealed
our needs. For at present the enemy can shoot
arrows and sling stones so far that neither our
Cretan bowmen nor our javelin-men can reach them
in reply ; and when we pursue them, a long chase,

1 i.e. those mentioned in ii. 34.

461

Digitized by

XENOPHON

ov% olov re ytopiov airo tov arparevfiaro^ Bico/eeiv,
ev oXiyco be ovo ei ra%v? en] 7re£o<? ire^ov av

16 Bmo/ccov /caTaXa/nfidvoi i/c rojjov pv/naTos* rjpuels
ovv el fieWoifiev tovtovs eipyeuv &<tt€ pur) 8v-
vaaOai jSXaTTTeiv rjfia*; Tropevofievov?, o-^evBovrjTcov
Trjv t cuyidTT^v Sec /cal iTTTreoov. d/cov<o S' elvcu ev
T<p arparevfjiari rjpbcov c PoS/ou9, &v tov$ ttoXXovs
<f)a<riv eirLvTacrdai a(j>€vBovav, /cal to ySeXo? avT&v
/cal BnrXdaiov <f>epea0ai tcjv Hepai/c&v a<f}ev-

17 Bovcov. e/ceivac yap Bia to ^eLpOTrXrjOeat t(h?
Xi6oi<; afavBovav eirl ftpaxv i^c/cvovvTac, oi he
'PoStofc /cal ra?9 ploXv/3Blgiv eirLaTavTaL xprjaOai.

18 r\v oiv avT(ov iTrio'/ceyfrcio/jLeda Tives ireiravTaL
a<j)€vB6va<;, /cal tovtoi? 1 pbev Scofiev avT&v dpyv-
piov, T(p Be aWa? irXe/ceiv WeXovTC aXXo dpyvpiov
TeXcopuev, /cal t& afavBovav ev tg> TeTaypLevtp
edeXovTi aXXrjv Tiva aTeXetav evpia/cayfiev, to-oa?

19 Tives (fravovvTai l/cavol rjpLas dxfreXelv. opto Be
lttttov^ oVra? ev to) GTpaTevpuaTi, tov$ p,ev Tiva?
Trap ipuoL, tov? Be tcov KXedp^ov /caTaXeXeifi-
puevovs, 7roXXov<; Be /cal aXXov? ai%yua\eoTOf9
o-/cevo<f)OpovvTa<;. civ ovv tovtovs mdvTas e/cXe-
IjavTe? a/eevocfropa fiev aVTiB&fiev, row? Be lttttov?
eh linreas /caTaa/cevdaw/jLev, ta(o<; /cal ovtol tl

20 tov? <f>€vyovTa<; dvidaovaiv. eBoge ical raura.

1 rovrois Cobet : tovt? MSS., followed doubtfully by
Mar. : Gem.

462

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. in. 15-20

away from our main body, is out of the question,
and in a short chase no foot-soldier, even if he is
swift, can overtake another foot-soldier who has a
bow-shot the start of him. Hence, it we should
propose to put an end to the possibility of their
harming us on our march, we need slingers ourselves
at once, and horsemen also. Now I am told that
there are Rhodians 1 in our army, that most of them
understand the use of the sling, and that their
missile carries no less than twice as far as those
from the Persian slings. For the latter have only a
short range because the stones that are used in them
are as large as the hand can hold ; the Rhodians,
however, are versed also in the art of slinging leaden
bullets. If, therefore, we should ascertain who
among them possess slings, and should not only pay
these people for their slings, but likewise pay any-
one who is willing to plait new ones, and if, further-
more, we should devise some sort of exemption for
the man who will volunteer to serve as a slinger at
his appointed post, it may be that men will come
forward who will be capable of helping us. Again,
I observe that there are horses in the army— a few
at my own quarters, others that made part of Cle-
archus' troop and were left behind, 2 and many others
that have been taken from the enemy and are used
as pack-animals. If, then, we should pick out all
these horses, replacing them with mules, and should
equip them for cavalry, it may be that this cavalry
also will cause some annoyanoe to the enemy when
they are in flight." These proposals also were

1 Rhodian slingers were hardly less famous than Cretan
bowmen.

* i.e. when Clearchus' troopers deserted to the King
(11. ii. 7).

463

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Kai TavTT)<; t?)9 vvktos a<f>evBovrjrai puev ek
8taKO<TLov<; eyevovro, Xiriroi Bk Kai iirirei^ cBoki-
fMaaOrjaav rfj varepaia eU Trevr^Kovra, Kai
aTroXdBes Kai 0 go pa zees avTOis eiropiadTjaav, Kai
iinrapxos eTreardOrj Avkio? 6 TloXvarpaTOv
1 AOrjvaio*;.

IV. MeivapTe? Be ravrrjv ttjv rjfiepav rfj aXXy
eiropevovro Trpepairepov dva&Tdvres* %apd8pav
yap eBei avroix; Bia/3r)vat i<f>* y i<f>o/3ovvTO fir)
eiriOolvTO avTols BiaftaLvovcuv oi iroXe/juoc.

2 BiafieftrjKoo-i, Be avrol? irdXiv fyaiverai M.i0pa-
Bdrrj*;, e%o)v ivirea^ %iXlov<;, Tof-ora? Be Kai
afyevBovrjTa? el? rer paKLd^iXiow togovtov? yap
yrrjae Tcaaa^epvrjp, Kai eXafiev viroGypfLevo^
av tovtovs \d/3rj, jrapaBcoaeiv avr<p tovs "E\\j/-
i/a?, KarafypovrjCTas, on ev rfj irpoadev 7rpo&/3oXfj
oXiyov? e^cav evade fiev ovBev, iroXXa, Bk Ka/ca

3 evofii^e iroirjaai. inel Be oi "EWiyi/e? Biaftefirj-
Kores direiypv rfj<; xapdBpa? oaov oktw araBtovs,
Bieftaive Kai 6 M.t6 paBdrrjf; eyoav ttjv Bvvafiiv,
TraprjyyeXro Be tcop re TreXraaT&v ovs eBei
Bid)K€iv Kai tcov ottXitcov, Kai toZ? iinrevaiv
eiprjTO Oappovai Bmokciv co? efyetyofievr)? iKavrfi

4 Bvvdfieax;. eirel Be 6 MiOpaBdrrj*; KareiXyj^ei,
Kai rfBrj a<f>evB6vai Kai TO^evfiara e^LKVovvro,
eo-rjfirjve Tofc "EiXXrjo-c rf) adXiriyyi, Kai evdv?

464

ANABASIS, III, uu 20-iv. 4

adopted, and in the course of that night a company
of two hundred slingers was organized, while on the
following day horses and horsemen to the number
of fifty were examined and accepted, and jerkins
and cuirasses were provided for them ; and Lycius,
the son of Polystratus, an Athenian, was put in
command of the troop.

IV. That day they remained quiet, but the next
morning they set forth, after rising earlier than usual ;
for there was a gorge they had to cross, and they
were afraid that the enemy might attack them as
they were crossing. It was only after they had
crossed it, however, that Mithradates appeared
again, accompanied by a thousand horsemen and
about four thousand bowmen and slingers. For
these were the numbers he had requested from
Tissaphernes, and these numbers he had obtained
upon his promise that, if such a force were given
him, he would deliver the Greeks into Tissaphernes'
hands ; for he had come to despise them, seeing
that in his earlier attack with a small force he had
done a great deal of harm, as he thought, without
suffering any loss himself. When, accordingly, the
Greeks were across the gorge and about eight
stadia beyond it, Mithradates also proceeded to make
the crossing with his troops. Now orders had al-
ready been given to such of the Greek peltasts and
hoplites as were to pursue the enemy, and the horse-
men had been directed to be bold in urging the
pursuit, in the assurance that an adequate force
would follow at their heels. As soon, then, as
Mithradates had caught up, so that his sling-stones
and arrows were just beginning to reach their marks,
the trumpet gave its signal to the Greeks, and on

465

VOL. 11. H H

Digitized by

XENOPHON

edeov 6/jl6(T€ oh elprjro teal oi iirirei^ rfkavvov
oi he ovk iSigavTo, dXX' e<f>evyov iirl rrjv

5 yapdhpav. iv ravrrj rrj hidt^ei to?? fiapfidpoi?

TOJV T€ 7T€^(bv aiTedaVOV TToXXol KoX T<OV ilTTTeoHV

iv Trj yapdhpa £oool eXrjfyOrjaav els otcTay/caihetea.
roix; he dirodavovra^ avrotceXevaroi oi "EXkrjves
rjtcLaavTO, ct>9 on (frofiepcbraTOV to£? iroXepiiois
ei7) opav.

6 K.CU Ol pi€V TTOXepilOL OVTG) TTpa}*aVT€$ aTTljXdoV,

ol he "RXXrjve? dafyaXw? iropevofievoi to Xolttov
Ttjs rjpApas d<f>iteovTO eirl rov 'Tiyprjra 7rorafi6v.

7 evravOa ttoXi? ?jv epr)p,t) fieydXrj, ovopua 8' airy
r)v Adpiaa* cpteovv 8' avrrjv to iraXaibv M.rjhoc.
rov he 7eL%pvs avrrf^ rjv to evpos irevre teal etteoat
7roSc9, vyfros o° etearov rov he tcvtcXov r) mepiohos
hvo irapaadyyar (pteohopurjTO he ttXivOois tcepa-
pieaW tcprjirls h* virrjv Xl0lvtj to v\Jro<; eiteoai

8 7roh(ov. ravTTjv fiaaiXeix; Hepo-tiv ore irapa
Mijhcov rrjv dpxv v eXdfi/3avov Uepaai TroXioptc&v
ovhevl TpoTT(p ehvvaro eXelv rfkiov he ve<f>eXr}
7rpoteaXvyjraaa 1 rj^dvice p>£%pi e%eXnrov oi av-

9 Spcoiroi, teal ot/Tftx? edXa). irapa ravrrjv rrjv
ttoXiv rjv TTvpapls XtOLvrj, to fiev evpos evb<;
irXeOpov, to he £n/ro<? hvo irXedpav. eirl ravrrjv
iroXXol tg>v fiapfidpeov rjaav etc rcov irXrjalov
Kwpuoyv aTTOTrefyevyoTes.

10 'FiVrevffev 8' eiropevdrjaav araOpibv eva irapa-

1 %\ioi> 5e V€<p4\rj irpoKaXv-^aaa Mar., following Brodaeus :
f/Atos Se ve<f>4\r]v npoKaAvxpas MSS., Gem.

466

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 4-10

the instant the foot-soldiers who were under orders
rushed upon the enemy and the horsemen charged ;
and the enemy did not* await their attack, but fled
towards the gorge. In this pursuit the barbarians
had many of their infantry killed, while of their
cavalry no less than eighteen were taken alive in
the gorge. And the Greek troops, unbidden save /
by their own impulse, disfigured the bodies of the
dead, in order that the sight of them might inspire
the utmost terror in the enemy.

After faring thus badly the enemy departed,
while the Greeks continued their march unmolested
through the remainder of the day and arrived at the
Tigris river. Here was a large deserted city 1 ; its f
name was Larisa, and it was inhabited in ancient
times by the Medes. Its wall was twenty-five feet
in breadth and a hundred in height, and the whole
circuit of the wall was two parasangs. It was built
of clay bricks, and rested upon a stone foundation
twenty feet high. This city was besieged by the
king 2 of the Persians at the time when the Persians
were seeking to wrest from the Medes their empire,
but he could in no way capture it. A cloud, how-
ever, overspread the sun and hid it from sight until
the inhabitants abandoned their city ; and thus it
was taken. Near by this city was a pyramid of
stone, a plethrum in breadth and two plethra in
height ; and upon this pyramid were many bar-
barians who had fled away from the neighbouring
villages.

From this place they marched one stage, six

1 This city, called by Xenophon " Larisa," was the great
Assyrian city of Calah, mentioned in Genesis, x. 11, 12.

2 Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.).

467

H H 2

XENOPHON

crdyyas eg irpos rel^ps eprjpiov fieya Kelpuevov
ovo/xa Be rjv rfj woXei ^/Lep'TrtXa* M.rjBoi S* avrrjv

7TOT6 WKOVV, TjV Be 7] fl€V fCpr}7Tl<; XlOoV ^€(TTOV

/coyxvXidrov, to evpos Trevr^fcovra ttoBwv /cat to

11 vyjro? irevrrjicovTa, eirl Bk Javry eir^KoBop^TO

TtXivOlVOV T€r)£09, TO fl€V €VpO<; 7T€VT7]KOPTa TToB&V,

to Be vyfros e/caToV toO Be T€t%oi;9 y 7T€/>toSo? e£
irapaadyyai. evravOa Xeyerai MrfBeta yvprj
fiaaiXeco^ fcara^vyelv ore dirdoXXvaav rrjv a>py))v

12 vtto Hepawv NlfjBoi, ravrrjv Be ttjv ttoXiv TroXiop-
(ccjv 6 Hepacov /SaaiXev? ov/c eBvvaro ovre XP° V< P
eXelv ovre fita* Zev$ Be ftpovTrj tcaTeirXr)%e tovs
evoiKovvras, teal ovtw edXco.

13 'Evrev0ev S' eiropevOrjaav araO/jibv eva irapa-
adyyas reTTapas. et$ tovtov Be rbv aradfibv
Tio~(ra<l)€pvr)<; eire^avrj, o#9 re avros lirirea^
rfX0ev 1 eyusv koX ttjv 'Opovra Bvva/jLiv tov ttjv
fiaai,XeG)<; Ovyarepa e%oi>T09 teal 0&9 KO/009 fytov
dvefir) 0apf3dpov$ /cat 0&9 o fiaauXew dBe\<pb<;
eytov ftaaiXel eftorjOeL, zeal irpbs tovtol? 6V01/9
/3a<riXev<; eBeo/cev avTco, ware to arpaTevpua irdp,-

14 ttoXv e<f)dvi]. eirel S' iyyix; iyevero, Ta9 pev tcjv

1 ^KBtv MISS., Mar.: tfyayev Gem.

1 The ruins which Xenophon saw here were those of
Nineveh, the famous capital of the Assyrian Empire. It is
curious to find him dismissing this great Assyrian city (as
well as Calah above) with the casual and misleading state-
ment that "it was once inhabited by the Medes." In fact,
the capture of Nineveh by the Medes (c. 600 b.c.) was the
precise event which closed the important period of its his-
tory, and it remained under the control of the Medes only

468

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 10-14

parasangs, to a great stronghold, deserted and lying J
in ruins. The name of this city was Mespila, 1 and
it was once inhabited by the Medes. The foundation
of its wall was made of polished stone full of shells,
and was fifty feet in breadth and fifty in height.
Upon this foundation was built a wall of brick, fifty
feet in breadth and a hundred in height ; and the
circuit of the wall was six parasangs. Here, as the ^
story goes, Medea, the king's 2 wife, took refuge at
the time when the Medes were deprived of their
empire by the Persians. To this city also the king >/
of the Persians laid siege, but he was unable to
capture it either by length of siege or by storm ;
Zeus, however, terrified the inhabitants with thunder,
and thus the city was taken.

From this place they marched one stage, four
parasangs. In the course of this stage Tissaphernes ^
made his appearance, having under his command the
cavalry which he had himself brought with him, 3
the troops of Orontas, 4 who was married to the
King's daughter, the barbarians whom Cyrus had
brought with him on his upward march, and those
with whom the King's brother had come to the aid
of the King 5 ; besides these contingents Tissa-
phernes had all the troops that the King had given
him ; the result was, that his army appeared exceed-
ingly large. When he got near the Greeks, he

during the succeeding half -century, i.e. until the Median
Empire was in its turn overthrown by the Persians (549 B.C.). /
Xenophon, then, goes but one unimportant step backward in J
his historical note — perhaps because he did not care to go
farther, perhaps because he was unable to do so.
2 Astyages, the last king of Media.

8 i.e. from his province in Asia Minor, when he came to
inform Artaxerxes of Cyrus' designs against him. See 1. ii. 4.
* cp. 11. iv. 8. * cp. 11. iv. 25.

469

Digitized by

XENOPHON

Tdgecov oirvaOev Karaarrjaa^, ra? 8^ eh ra
irXdyia irapayaytov ififiaXelv fiev ov/c eToXpurjaev
ou8' i/3ov\€TO Sia/civ&vpeveiv, <r<f>€v&ovap 8e irap-

15 -qyyeiXe Kal ' Togeveiv, iirel Be Biara'xP^vTe^ oi
'Vohioi ia(f)€vS6vrjaav Kal oi ro^orai irogevcav
Kal ovSeU rjfidpravev avSpo? (ovSe yap el irdvv
TTpovOvfieiTO paSiov r\v) t /ecu 6 Tiaaa<f>€pprj<; pud\a
ra%^&)9 e£&> f3e\&v aire'xoopei Kal ai aWac rafei?
diteydipriaav.

16 Kal TO \oiTTOV T^9 fj/JL€p(l$ oi fikv ilTOpeVOPTO,

oi 8' clttovto* /cal ovfceri iaivovro oi ftdpftapoi rfj
Tore d/cpofioXiaev fia/cporepov yap oX ye 'PoSioi
tS>v Hepaeov io~<f>ep86pcop t Kal r&v to^ot&p. 1

17 fjieydXa 8e Kal ro^a ra TlepaiKa iariv &are
^p^aipba rjv OTroaa aXiaKono rwv ro^evpLdrayp 2
to?9 Kprjalt Kal SiereXovv "fcptoyuevoi toi$ tmv
iro\epLL(ov Togevfiao-i, Kal i/jLeXircov ro^eveiv dvco
ievres /xaKpdv. rjvpiaKero Kal vevpa iroWa
iv ra?9 /coo/iais koI p,6\vl38o$, &are "£pr\aQ{ii eh

18 t^9 a<f>evS6va<;. Kal ravrrj pbkv rfj rjfiepa, eirel
KarearpaToirehevovTO oi "FJCkyves kq) fiats eirnv'

1 Mar. follows Madvig in regarding the text here as
corrupt.

2 twv ro^vfidrcov MSS. : Gem. brackets.

1 i.e. on account of the dense throng of the enemy.

2 cp. iii. 7-10.

8 Xenophon remarks in iii. 17 upon the large size of the
stones employed in the Persian slings. The word "also"
{Kal) can hardly refer back to that remark, but it may be

47°

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 14-18

stationed some of his battalions in their rear and
moved others into position on their flanks ; then,
although he could not muster up the courage to
close with them and had no desire to risk a decisive
battle, he ordered his men to discharge their slings
and let fly their arrows. But when the Rhodian
slingers and the bowmen, posted at intervals here
'and there, sent back an answering volley, and not
a man among them missed his mark (for even if he
had been very eager to do so, it would not have
been easy), 1 then Tissaph ernes withdrew out of
range with all speed, and the other battalions
followed his example.

For the rest of the day the one army continued its
march and the other its pursuit. And the barbar-
ians were no longer 2 able to do any harm by their
skirmishing at long range ; for the Rhodian slingers
carried farther with their missiles than the Persians,
farther even than the Persian bowmen. The Per-
sian bows are also 3 large, and consequently the
Cretans could make good use of all the arrows that
fell into their hands ; in fact, they were continually
using the enemy's arrows, and practised /themselves
in long-range work by shooting them into the air. 4
In the villages, furthermore, the Greeks found
gut in abundance and lead for the use of their
slingers. As for that day's doings, when the Greeks
came upon some villages and proceeded to encamp,

that some further observation of the same sort in the original
text (see critical note) of the present passage served to intro-
duce what Xenophon now goes on to say about the Persian
bows. It is implied in " consequently '* (&<tt«) that the
Cretan bows were of approximately the same size as those
of the Persians.

4 So that the arrows could be easily recovered.

471

Digitized by

XENOPHON

XovTes, airrjXdov oi fidpfiapoi fielov €%oz>T69 rfj
a/cpofioXicrer rrjv 8' i*movaav fffiepav ep&ivav oi
"JLWrjves Kal iireaiTLo-avTO' rjv yap 7roXu? <t£to9
ip T£W9 Ktofiats. rfj Bk va-repaia iiropevovro Bia
tov ireBiov, teal Hiaoafyepvr}? eiTrero a/cpo/3o\i-

19 "Ev0a Be oi "lLWr)v€<i eyvco&av TrXaiatov iao-
irkevpov on irovrjph raf*9 etrj iroXefiuov eiropuevayv.
avdr/Kr) yap eo-Tiv, rjv avyKvirrrj ra icepara tov
TrXaiaLov fj 6Bov arevorepa^ over)? rj opewv dvay-
fca£6vTa)v rj ye<f)vpa<;, eKOXifieaOaL tou? OTrXira^
koI 7rop€veadai irovrjp^y d/xa fjuev Tne^Ofievovs,
afjua Be rapaTTOfievov^, ware BvaxptfaTov? elvac

20 ardtCTov*; ovra?* orav S' av Bida^rj ra tcepaTa,
avdy/crj BiaairaaOai to t>9 tots €K0\i/3ofi€Vov<; tcai
Kevbv yiyveaOai to fieaov t<ov nepdrcov, zeal ddv-
pelv tou9 TavTa ircuj'XpvTas iroXepicov eiro/juevayp.
teal 07TOT6 Beoi ye<f>vpav BiafiaLveiv r) aXKrjv Tiva
Bidftaaiv, eairevBev eicaoTOS ftov\6fiepo<; <j)0daat

7TpWTOS' Kal €V€7TL0€TOP fjp ivTavda TO*9 TToXe-

21 fxl 0*9. in el Be tovt eypwaav oi o-TpaTrjyoi, iiroi-
rjaav e£ \o%of9 ava i/caTov avBpa<$, Kal Xoyayov^;
iireo-Trjaav Kal aXKo 1/9 TrePTrjKOPTrjpas Kal a\-
Xoi>9 iv&fioTapxpv*;. ovtoi Be iropevofievoi, oitots
fxev avyKVTTTOi tcl KepaTa, vit€/jl€pop vaTepoi,

1 i.e. commanders of fifties and twenty-fives, or of half
and quarter companies.

* The formation is a hollow square. Xenophon means by
"wings" (Ktparay here and above) the right and left ends of
the division which formed the front of the square, and by

472

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 1 8-2 1

the barbarians withdrew, having had the worst of it
in the skirmishing. The following day the Greeks
remained quiet and collected supplies, for there was
an abundance of corn in the villages. On the day
thereafter they continued their march through the
plain, and Tissaphernes hung upon their rear and
kept up the skirmishing.

Then it was that the Greeks found out that a
square is a poor formation when an enemy is follow-
ing. For if the wings draw together, either because
a road is unusually narrow or because mountains or a
bridge make it necessary, it is inevitable that the
hoplites should be squeezed out of line and should
march with difficulty, inasmuch as they are crowded
together and are likewise in confusion ; the result is
that, being in disorder, they are of little service.
Furthermore, when the wings draw apart again,
those who were lately squeezed out are inevitably
scattered, the space between the wings is left
unoccupied, and the men affected are out of spirits
when an enemy is close behind them. Again, as
often as the army had to pass over a bridge or make
any other crossing, every man would hurry, in the
desire to be the first one across, and that gave the
enemy a fine, chance to make an attack. When the
generals came to realize these difficulties, they
formed six companies of a hundred men each and
put a captain at the head of each company, adding
also platoon and squad commanders. 1 Then in case
the wings drew together on the march, 2 these

" flanks" (ir\evpal) the divisions which formed the sides of
the square. Apparently three of the special companies were
stationed at the middle of the front side of the square
{cp. § 43 below) and the other three in the corresponding
position at the rear.

473

Digitized by

XENOPHON

ware tit) ivoxKelv T0Z9 tcepaai, totc 1 Se irapfjyov

22 eljcodev ra>v /cepaToov. furore he hidaypiev al
irXevpal tov irXaialov, to fieaov av i^eirLfjLTrXa-
gclv, el fiev arevorepov eirj to hie^ov, Kara Xo-
%ou9, el he nXarvTepov, Kara Trevrrj/cocrTVS, el he
irdvv irXarv, fear evcofiOTLar &are del eKirXewv

23 elvai to fieaov. el he teal hiaftalvew tvvcl heoi
hidfiaaiv rj ye(f>vpav, ov/c irapaTTovro, aX\' ev
T(p fie pet oi Xo%ol 2 hieficuvov ical et irov heoi tl
Tr}9 <f>d\ayyo$, iirnraprjaav ovtoi. tovto> t&
rpoiTtp eiropev6r)aav ajadpav*; TeTTapa?.

24 'Hvufca he rov irepmTOv eiropevovTo, elhov fiaal-
Xeibv tl /cat rcepl avrb /cay/mas 77*0 Wa9, ttjv 8k
ohbv 77720? to *)(G)plov tovto hid yrjXo<f>wv vyfrrjXcbv
yiyvofievrjv, ot tcaffrj/cov dirb rov opovs v<f> & J](jav
al K&p,ai? teal elhov fiev tov$ X6(f>ov<; dafievoi ol

FiXXrjves, a>9 €tAC09 r&v iroXefileov ovtwv linreeov'

25 eVel he Tropevo/uevoi i/c tov, irehiov dvefirjaav iwl
tov irpeorov yrjXofov Kal /caTe/Sawov, a>? €7rl top
€T€pov dvafialveiv, evTavOa eiriylyvovTav ol /3dp-
ffapoi /cal dirb tov vyfrrjXov et9 to irpaves e/3aX-

1 t6t€ the inferior MSS., Mar.: robs the better MSS.
Gem., reading robs, inserts ol jxkv before varfpoi, following
Mangelsdorf. After varepoi the MSS. have ot \oxayot, which
Mar. and Gem. bracket.

2 ot \6xot Gem. , following Valck'enaer : ot \ox*yol MSS.

8 ^ffav al KWfxcu Gem., following Schenkl : Ijv r\ Kvfiri MSS.

1 The squad, or quarter company, consisting of 25 men
{i.e. 24 + the leader), normally marched three abreast, i.e.
with a front of three and a depth of eight. The company

474

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 21-25

companies would drop back, so as not to interfere
with the wings, and tor the time being would move
along behind the wings ; and when the flanks of the
square drew apart again, they would fill up the space
between the wings, by companies in case this space
was rather narrow, by platoons in case it was broader,
or, if it was very broad, by squads 1 — the idea being,
to have the gap filled up in any event. Again, it
the army had to make some crossing or to pass over
a bridge, there was no confusion, but each company
crossed over in its turn ; and if any help was needed
in any part of the army, these troops would make
their way to the spot. In this fashion the Greeks
proceeded four stages.

In the course of the fifth stage they caught sight
of a palace of some sort, with many villages round
about it, and they observed that the road to this
place passed over high hills, which stretched down
from the mountain at whose foot the villages were
situated. And the Greeks were well pleased to see
the hills, as was natural considering that the enemy's
force was cavalry ; 2 when, however, in their march
out of the plain they had mounted to the top of the
first hill, and were descending it, so as to ascend the
next, at this moment the barbarians came upon them
and down from the hilltop discharged their missiles

might be formed in any one of three ways : (a) one squad
front and four deep, (6) two squads front and two deep, or
(c) four squads front and one deep. Three companies ranged
alongside one another in formation (a) would thus have a
front of three squads or nine men, in formation (b) a front of
eighteen men, and in formation (c) a front of thirty-six men.
•It is these three dispositions of the three special companies
at the front of the square which Xenophon terms, respec-
tively, "by companies," "by platoons," and "by squads."
2 Which is most effective in a level country.

475

Digitized by GoOglC

XENOPHON

26 Xov, i<r<f)€p86v<»)v, €t6^€Vov viro fiaaTiycov, fcal
ttoXXovs eTirpwGicov /cal i/cpaTrjaav t&v 'RXXtj-
pcov yvfivrjTwv /cal /caTe/cXeicrav avrovs €iaa> tcov
ottXcov ware iravrdiraXTi Tavrrjp ttjp rjfiepav
a'xp'qaroi f\<jav iv t$ o%X<p 6Vr€9 /cal oi a(f>ev8o-

27 v7)Tav ical oi to£ot<u. ine! Be irie^ofievot oi
"EWr)V€$ iwyjsipr)aap Bico/ceip, o'XoXjj fiev iirl to
d/cpop a<f>iKvovvrai oirXtrai oi>re?, oi Be iroXefiLOi

28 ra'xy direTTrjBwp. irdXip Bk 6it6t€ diriovev 777009
to aXXo aTpaT€Vfia TavTa e'lraayop, /cal iirl tov
BevTepov yrjXo<j)OV tclvtcl eyiypeTO, &ct€ dirb tov
TpLTOV yr)\6(f)ou eBofjep avTol? firj /cipeip tov?
o-Tpari(OTa<; irplv diro rrfc Bel-id? irXevpas tov
irXataiov dvrjyayov treXTaaTa? 777909 to o/>o?.

29 iirel S' ovtol iyevovTo virep tcov kiro^evwv iroXe-

fUGOV, OVKeTl €7T€TL0€VTO oi IToXefJLLOl TO?9 KCLTa-

fialpovat,, BeBoi/coTes /jltj diroTfjurfOeLrjaap /cal dfx-

30 <f>OTepoa6ev avT&v ykvoivTo oi TroXe/Aioi. ovtco to
Xoittov tt}<; fjfiepas Tropevojievoi, oi fiev iv ttj o8g>
fcaTa Tot>9 yr)X6(f)ov$, oi Be KaTa to opo? iiwrapi-
6vt€$, dfyiKovTO els t<*9 KWfia^ teal laTpovs tCCLT-
eaTTjaav 6/ct<o* ttoXXoX yap rjcrav oi TCTpcofiepoc.

31 'JLvTavOa epueivav r)pukpa$ Tpeis /cal tcov t€t/>g)-
/A6VC0V eve/ca /cal dfia iiriTjj&eia 7roXXd el%op,
aXevpa, olvov, tcpiOas ittttol^' avfjbPeffXrjfiepa^

1 Like Xerxes' troops at Thermopylae (Herod, vii. 223).
476

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 25-31

and sling-stones and arrows, fighting under the
lash. 1 They not only inflicted many wounds, but
they got the better of the Greek light troops and
shut them up within the lines of the hoplites, so
that these troops, being mingled with the non-com-
batants, were entirely useless throughout that day,
slingers and bowmen alike. And when the Greeks,
hard-pressed as they were, undertook to pursue the
attacking force, they reached the hilltop but slowly,
being heavy troops, while the enemy sprang quickly
out of reach ; and every time they returned from a
pursuit to join the main army, they suffered again in
the same way. 2 On the second hill the same
experiences were repeated, and hence after ascend-
ing the third hill they decided not to stir the troops
from its crest until they had led up a force of pel-
tasts from the right flank of the square to a position
on the mountain. 3 As soon as this force had got
above the hostile troops that were hanging upon the
Greek rear, the latter desisted from attacking the
Greek army in its descent, for fear that they might
be cut off and find themselves enclosed on both sides
by their foes. In this way the Greeks continued
their march for the remainder of the day, the one
division by the road leading over the hills while
the other followed a parallel course along the
mountain slope, and so arrived at the villages.
There they appointed - eight surgeons, for the
wounded were many.

In these villages they remained for three days,
not only for the sake of the wounded, but likewise
because they had provisions in abundance — flour,
wine, and great stores of barley that had been

2 i.e. as described in §§25-26. 3 cp. §24.

477

Digitized by

XENOPHON

iroXXds. ravra Be avvevrjveypeva tg> aaTpa-
irevovTL Ti}9 %d*pa<;. TerdpTrj V^P 1 } fcara^ai-

32 vovgiv e/9 to rrehiov. eirel Be /caTeXafiev avrovs
Tt,(r(ra<f>€pV7]<; avV rfj Svvd/nei, eBuBa^ev avrov? rj
avdy/crj KaTaa/ajvijaac ov irp&rov elBov kco/jltjv
zeal fir) iropeveaOai ctl fia^o fievow 7roXXol yap
rjaav ol dirofiaxoi, ol T€ Terpca/nivoi /cal ol e/cei-
vovs (pepovTes /cal oi reov cfrepovToyv ra oirXa Bef*d-

33 fievoi, iirel Be /caTeo-/ci]vr]aav teal iire^eLprjaav
auToZ? d/cpo/3oXL%eo~0ai ol fidpftapoi 7r/)09 ttjv
/ccofirjv TTpoaiovres, ttoXv rrepiriaav ol "KKXrjve^*
ttoXxj yap Bie<f>epev ifc ^dapa^ opjjLCovras dXe^aaOat
rj Tropevojievovs eiriovai T0Z9 7roXe/j,iot<; pbd^eaOai.

34 'Hvl/ca 8' r]v fjBr) BelXrj, to pa rjv dirUvai T0Z9
TroXe/jiloi*;' ovirore yap pelov direaTpaToireBevovTo
ol fidpftapoi tov ' EXXrjvi/cov igrj/covra araBLcov,
<j>of3ovfi€voi fit) T779 vvkto? ol r/ EXXrjve*; iiriOcovrai

35 a&Tois. irovrjpbv yap vvktos * iari arpdrevfia
Hepai/cov. 01 re yap lttttol avroi? BeBevTai teal
ft>9 eirl rroXv ireiroBiapLevoi elal tov /htj <f>evyeiv
eve/ca el XvOelrjaav, edv re w Oopvfios ylyvrjTai,
Bel ernad^ai tov lttttov Ueparj dvBpl /cat %aXt-
vcoaai, Bel fcal QtopatuvQevTa dvaftrjvai inl tov
Xttttov, TavTa Be rrdvTa ')(aXe , ira vv/cTcop /cai
0opv/3ov 6W09. tovtov eve/ca Troppco direa/cri-
vovv t&v 'EXXtfvcov.

36 'E7ret Be eylyvwa/cov avToi)<; ol 'EXXyve? fiovXo-
fievovs diruvai /cal BiayyeXXofievov?, eKrjpv^e T019
478

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 31-36

collected for horses, all these supplies having been ^
gathered together by the acting satrap of the district.
On the fourth day they proceeded to descend into
the plain. But when Tissaphernes and his command
overtook them, necessity taught them to encamp in
the first village they caught sight of, and not to con-
tinue the plan of marching and fighting at the same
time ; for a large number of the Greeks were hors de
combat, not only the wounded, but also those who
were carrying them and the men who took in charge
the arms of these carriers. When they had en-
camped, and the barbarians, approaching toward the
village, essayed to attack them at long range, the
Greeks had much the better of it ; for to occupy a
position and therefrom ward off an attack was a very
different thing from being on the march and fight-
ing with the enemy as they followed after.

As soon as it came to be late in the afternoon, it
was time for the enemy to withdraw. For in no J
instance did the barbarians encamp at a distance of
less than sixty stadia from the Greek camp, out of
fear that the Greeks might attack them during the
night. For a Persian army at night is a sorry thing, s/
Their horses are tethered, and usually hobbled also
to prevent their running away if they get loose from
the tether, and hence in case of any alarm a Persian
has to put saddle-cloth and bridle on his horse, and
then has also to put on his own breastplate and mount
his horse — and all these things are difficult at night
and in the midst of confusion. It was for this reason
that the Persians encamped at a considerable dis-
tance from the Greeks.

When the Greeks became aware that they were
desirous of withdrawing and were passing the word

479

Digitized by

XENOPHON

"EXXrjai <rv<TK€vd%€cr6cu a/covovrcov ra>v ttoXc-
fiiwv. teal yjpovov pev riva eirea'xpv T779 7ropeia<;
oi ftdpfiapoi, inciSr) he oyfrk eyiyvejo, airfjaav oi
yap ehoKei Xvew avrovs vvkto<; iropeveaOai /cat

37 KardyeaOai eirl to arpaTorrehov. iireLht) he
<ra<f><o<; ainbvTa^ rjhrj edypwv oi r/ EW^i/€9, iiropev-
ovro fcal avrol dva^ev^avre<; /cal hirjX0ov oaov
e^rjKovra arahiovs. fcal ylyverai togovtov fte-
rafji/ r&v arparevparayv ware rfj varepaia ovtc
ifjydvrjaav oi iroXipioi ovhe rfj rpiTrj, rfj he* rerdp-
ttj vvktos rrpoeXdovre^ KaTaXafifidvovGi ^capiov
virephe^Lov oi fidpfiapoi, fj ep,eXXov oi "JLXXrjves
rcapUvcu, cLKptovvyLav opovs, v<ft fjv 17 tcardfiaais
fjv el$ to irehiov,

38 ' Ett eihrj he ecopa Xeiptao^o? TrpoKareiXrjfjifievrjv
tt)v aKpMvvxjiav, KaXel 'EZevocfr&vra airb tt)? ovpa?
teal KeXevec Xafiovra tou? ireXTaaTas irapa-

39 yeveadai el? to irpoaOev 6 he 5evo<f>&v tou? fiev
TreXrao-Ta^ ovk rjyev eirifyaivbpevov yap id) pa Tia-
aa<j>epvrjv koX to arpdrevfia rrav* avTO<$ he irpoae-
Xdo~a$ r/pcora Tt KaXels; 6 he Xeyei avrq>' "E^eartv
opav KareiXTjirrac yap 7]pXv 6 virep t?)9 /eara/Sd-
o"€6)9 Xo<£o9, fcal ovk eari 7rapeX0eiv, el fifj tovtou?

40 diroKoyjropev. dXXa ri ovk ^769 tou9 ireXraaTa^;
6 he Xeyei on ovk ihoKei avr<p eprjpa KaraXiirelv
ra oiriaOev iroXepiav eiri^aivopevwv, 'AXXa purjv
co pa <y\ e(f>rj f /3ovXevea0ai 7rw9 t*9 tou9 avhpas

41 direXa drrb rod X6<f>ov. evravOa B,€PO<f>d)p 6 pa
480

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 36-41

along, the order to pack up luggage was proclaimed
to the Greek troops within hearing of the enemy.
For a time the barbarians delayed their setting out,
but when it began to grow late, they went off; for,
they thought it did not pay to be on the march and
arriving at their camp in the night. When the Greeks
saw at length that they were manifestly departing,
they broke camp and took the road themselves, and
accomplished a march of no less than sixty stadia. Thus
the two armies got so far apart that on the next, day
the enemy did not appear, nor yet on the third ; on
the fourth day, however, after pushing forward by
- night the barbarians occupied a high position on the
right of the road by which the Greeks were to pass,
a spur of the mountain, namely, along the base of
which ran the route leading down into the plain.

As soon as Cheirisophus observed that the spur was
already occupied, he summoned Xenophon from the
rear, directing him to come to the front and bring
the peltasts with him. Xenophon, however, would
not bring the peltasts, for he could see Tissaphernes
and his whole army coming into view ; 1 but he rode
forward himself and asked, " Why are you summon-
ing me ? " Cheirisophus replied, " It is perfectly
evident ; the hill overhanging our downward road
has been occupied, and there is no getting by unless
we dislodge these people. Why did you not bring
the peltasts?" Xenophon answered that he had
not thought it best to leave the rear unprotected
when hostile trdops were coming into sight. " Well,
at any rate," said Cheirisophus, " it is high time to
be thinking how we are to drive these fellows from
the height." Then Xenophon observed that the

1 i.e. from the rear.

VOL. II.

481

I I

XENOPHON

TOV 8pOV$ TTJV KOpV<f>t)V VTT€p aVTOV TOV idVT&P

arparevfiaro^ ovaav, teal airo ravrrj^ ecfroSop eirl
top \6<f>op evOa r)aap oi iroXe/jLioi, teal Xeyer
KpaTMTTOP, S) Xeipiaoxfre, f]plp Xeadai o>9 Ta-yiaTa
inrl to atcpov fjp yap tovto Xdficopep, ov hvvrj-
aovrai fiepeip oi inrep tt}<; 68ov. dXXd t el fiovXei,
peve eVl rq> arpciTevfiaTC, iyo) fi' ideXco iropev-
eatfaf el be xprj^eis, iropevov iirl to 6po$ f eye*

42 fie fiePG) avrov. 'AXXd hlhwpi aoi, e<f)T) 6 Xeipi-
a o(f> os, OTTorepop fiovXei eXeaOai. eliriop 6 Hei>o-
<f><op otl vedorepos earip alpelrai iropeveadcu,
teeXevei fie ol avjjLTre/xyfrac airo rod aro/juro^
ap&pa?' fiatcpbp yap r)p dirb tt}$ ovpas Xa/3elp.

43 teal 6 Xeiplaofyos Gvpmkp/rrei tou? utto tov o~to-
/xaTO? 7re\TaoTa?, eXaySe fie tov<; Kara fieaov
irXaialov. avpeireadai fi' iteeXevaep avrG) 1 seal
rovs Tpiatcoalovs oft? avros eZ^e t<op iiriXeKTeop
iirl rep GTOfiart tov irXaialov.

44 'EpTevdep inopevoPTO ax? iSvvaPTo rd^iara.
oi 8' eVi toO Xo<f>ov iroXe/jiioi c!>9 eporjaap avratp
tt)p iropeLap eirl to ax pop, eitOvs teal airo] &p-

45 firjaav dfiiXXaadai eVt to atcpop. /cal epravOa
ttoXXtj p,€P tcpavyr) r t p tov 'EXXrjviteov arparev-
/LtaT09 Sia/ceXevofiepcop Toft? eavrcop, TroXXrj fie
tcpavyr) tcop dp<f)l Tcaaa<f)€pprjp rot? eavrtap Bia-

46 fceXevofiepeop. EePO<f>ou> fie irapeXavpayp eirl to£
17T7TOV TrapeKtXevero- "ApSpes, pvp enl ttjp 'EX-
XdSa po/jll%€T€ dpuXXaaOai, pvp 717/0? -tou? TralBas
teal Ta? yvpalteaSt pvp oXiyop iroprjaaPTe^ d/ia^el

1 alnf the inferior MSS., Mar.: avrovs tthe better MSS.
Gem. brackets avrovs, following Rehdantz.

4S2

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 41-46

summit of the mountain was close above their own
afmy and that from this summit there was a way of
approach to the hill where the enemy were ; and he
said, " Our best plan, Cheirisophus, is to drive with
all speed for the mountain top ; for if we once get
possession of that, those men above our road will not
be able to hold their position. If you choose, then,
stay in command of the army, and 1 will go ; or, if you
prefer, you make for the mountain top, and 1 will
stay here." " Well," said Cheirisophus, " I leave it
to you to choose whichever part you wish." Then
Xenophon, with the remark that he was the younger,
elected to go, but he urged Cheirisophus to send
with him some troops from the front ; for it would
have been too long a journey to bring up men from
the rear. Cheirisophus accordingly sent with him
the peltasts at the front, replacing them with those
that were inside the square ; he also ordered the
three hundred picked men 1 under his own command
at the front of the square to join Xenophon's force.

Then they set out with all possible speed. But
no sooner had the enemy upon the hill observed
their dash for the summit of the mountain than
they also set off, to race with the Greeks for this
summit. Then there was a deal of shouting from
the Greek army as they urged on their friends, and
just as much shouting from Tissaphernes' troops to
urge on their men. And Xenophon, riding along
the lines upon his horse, cheered his troops forward :
"My good men," he said, "believe that now you
are racing for Greece, racing this very hour back to
your wives and children, a little toil for this one
moment and no more fighting for the rest of our
1 See § 21 above and note 2 thereon.

483

1 1 2

XENOPHON

47 rt)P Xonrrjp iropevaofieOa, 2fi)T?/ptSa9 Be 6
Xlkvwvios elirev Ovtc ig laov, & Hevcxpcov, iafiev
av fiev yap i<f> Xttttov oyfj, iya> Be 'yaXeirm

48 tcdfivco rijv dairiBa <f)€pcop. teal 09 dteovaa*;
ravra KaTairrjBrjaa^ dirb rod Xtrirov (oOelrai
avrov ete t^9 Taf€ft>9 teal Ttjp dairiBa a<f>e\6fM€PO$
a>9 eSvvaro Tayivra €)(cov iiropeveTo* irvy)(av€
Bk teal 0(a) pa tea eycop top Ittttlkov &ct iirie^ero.
teal roh pep epnrpoaOep V7rdyeip wapetceXeveTo,

49 to?9 Be oiriaOep irapievai /jloXh; eirofiepo^. oi 8'
dXXoi aTpaTC&Tai iraLovGi teal /3dXXovat teal
XoiBopovai top ScorrjpiSap, eare rjpdyteaaav
apaXajHopra 1 ttjv dairLBa iropeveadai. 6 8*
dpa/3d$, ea>9 fiep ftdaipua r)p> iirl rod lttttov fjyep,
iirel Be* aftara ty, KaraXnrwp top lttttop eairevSe
Tre^rj. teal (f>ddpovaip iirl t$ ate pep yepofiepoi
tov$ TToXefxiovs.

V. "Ep0a St) 01 pip /3dp/3apoi o-Tpa<f>€PT€<;
e<f>€vyop fj eteatO-TOs iSvparo, oi Be "JLXXrjpe? etyov
to ate pop. oi Be dpsf>l Tiaaa<f>epprjp teal 'Apialov
aTTOTpairo/jLepoi aXXrjv 6Bop (pyoPTO. oi Be dpxf>i
Xecpiao<f>op tcaTa/3dpT€<> iaTpaToireBevoPTO ip
tewpLjj pueo-Trj iroXXcop dyaOcop. rjaap Be teal aXXai
KO)fiac iroXXal TrXtjpei? noXX&p dyaOcop ip tovtw
2 T<p ireBLtp irapd top TLyprjTa iroTapLOP. fjpitca
8' tip BeiXr) e^airiprj<i oi iroXepuoi iirifyaLpopjai, -iv
t$ TreBitp, teal t&v 'EXXtjpcop tcaTetcoyfrdv tipus
t&p iff teeBaa p,epcop ip- t$ ireBLep tcaO' dpirayr)p*

1 iLva\afi6vra Gem., following Bisschop : \a06rra MSS.
484

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. iv. 4 6-v. 2

journey." But Soteridas the Sicyonian said : "We
are not on an equality, Xenophon ; you are riding on
horseback, while I am desperately tired with carry-
ing my shield." When Xenophon heard that, he
leaped down from his horse and pushed Soteridas
out of his place in the line, then took his shield
away from him and marched on with it as fast as he
could ; he had on also, as it happened, his cavalry
breastplate, and the result was that he was heavily
burdened. And he urged the men in front of him
to keep going, while he told those who were be-
hind to pass along by him, for he found it hard to
keep up. The rest of the soldiers, however, struck
and pelted and abused Soteridas until they forced
him to take back his shield and march on. Then
Xenophon remounted, and as long as riding was
possible, led the way on horseback, but when the
ground became too difficult, he left his horse behind
and hurried forward on foot. And they reached the
summit before the enemy.

V. Then it was that the barbarians turned about
and fled, every man for himself, while the Greeks
held possession of the summit. As for the troops
under Tissaphernes and Ariaeus, they turned off by
another road and were gone ; and the army under
Cheirisophus descended into the plain 1 and pro-
ceeded to encamp in a village stored with abundant
supplies. There were likewise many other villages
richly stored with supplies in this plain on the banks
of the Tigris. When it came to be late in the day,
all of a sudden the enemy appeared in the plain and
cut to pieces some of the Greeks who were scattered
about there in quest of plunder ; in fact, many herds

1 See iv. 37 fin.

485

d by Google

XENOPHON

zeal yap im/xal iroXXal fioa/crjfidTwv Bia/3i/3a%6-
fievai ei<? to irepav rov Trorafiov teareXr)<f>dr)<Tav.

3 evravda Tiao , a<f>epv7]$ teal oi avv avrq> kclUiv
iirexeipTjaap ra? tcd>p.a<;. teal t<m>v 'EXXtfveov pudXa
rfffvfirjadv T«/e?, ivvoovpsvot put) ra eTTirrfBeia, el

4 Kaloiev, ovte exoiev oirodev Xap,/3dvoiev. teal oi
p.€V dfKpl XeipLao<f>ov dirrjaav itc rr}<; /SorjOeias'
6 Be B,evo(f>a)v ejrel tcaTefirj, irapeXavveov Tav
rdf-ei? i)v'uca diro tt}? fiorjOeia? dirr)VT7]<jav oi

5 "EWp? eXeyev 'Oparc, & avBpes "EXXrjves,
v(f>ievra<; ttjv X**P av V&H Vf jL€T *P av clvat; a yap
oi e eairevBovTO BieTrpdrrovro, p,r) teaieiv ttjv
ftaaiXia)? %<opav, vvv avrol tcalovaiv a><? aAAo-
rplav. a\V idv ttov tearaXelTreoal ye avroh
eTTir^Beca, osfrovrat, teal evravda rropevo-

6 pAvovs. dXX\ & XeipLerofye, e<f>rj t Botcei puoi
fiorjOelv eirl tou? tcaLovra? a>? inrep rrjs ///texe/oa?.
6 Be Xeipiao<f>o$ elirev Ovkovv epuoiye Boteer
dXXd teal fip,els, e<f>r), teai(op,ev, teal ovreo Oarrov
iravaovrai.

7 'Kirel Be eirl ra? crtcrjvas rfKdov, oi p,ev aXXoi
rrepl ra eTrirrjBeia rjaav, arparrjyol Be teal
Xox^yol avvfjerav. teal ivravda iroXXtj ciiropia
rjv. evOev pep yap optj rjv virepinfrrfXa, evOev Be 0
7roTap,b<; too-ovtos /3d0o<? a>9 pbrjBe ra Bopara

8 vTrepe)(eiv 7reip(op,evoc<; rod jiiddovs. diropov-
p,evois 8* a\)Toi<; TrpoaeXffeov ri? dvrjp 'PoStov
elirev 'fl/ycl) OeXco, & avBpes, Bia/3i/3dcrai v/jlcls
486

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. v. 2-8

of cattle had been captured while they were being
taken across to the other side of the river. Then
Tissaphernes and his followers attempted to burn the J
villages ; and some of the Greeks got exceedingly
despondent, out of apprehension that they would
not have a place from which to get provisions in case
the enemy should succeed in this attempt. Mean-
while Cheirisophus and his men, who had gone to
the rescue of the plunderers, were returning; and
when Xenophon had come down from the mountain,
he rode along the lines upon falling in with the
Greeks of the rescuing party and said : " Do you
observe, men of Greece, that they admit the country
is now ours ? For while they stipulated when they
made the treaty that there should be no burning of
the King's territory, now they are doing that very
thing themselves, as though the land were another's.
At any rate, if they leave supplies anywhere for
their own use, they shall behold us also proceeding
to that spot. But, Cheirisophus," he went on, " it
seems to me that we ought to sally forth against
these incendiaries, like men defending their own
country." " Well, it doesn't seem so to me," said
Cheirisophus; "rather, let us set about burning
ourselves, and then they will stop the sooner."

When they had come to their quarters, the troops
were busy about provisions, but the generals and
captains gathered in council. And here there was
great despondency. For on one side of them were
exceedingly high mountains anc^on the other side a
river so deep that not even their spears reached
above water when they tried its depth. „In the
midst of their perplexity a Rhodian came to them and
said : " I stand ready, gentlemen, to set you across

487

Digitized by

XENOPHON

tear a TeTpatCKT^iXLOvs oTrXiras, av epbol 5)v heofxai

V7T1]p€TJ](Tr)T€ KOI TokdVTOV /M<T0bv 7rOpi<TT]T€.

9 ipcoTcofJievos Be orov Seoiro, 'Aa/cwv, £</>?/, 8io~)£i-
Xlcov Setfo-ofiar iroXXh 8* 6pa> irpofiara /cal alyas
/cal y8o0? /cal ovow?, a diroSapevra teal {pvarjdevra

10 paZLa><; av irapkypi rrjv htd^aaLv. Serjao/xai Se
/cal to)v SeafjL&v oh yj>r\ade irepl rd viro^vyta*
tovtois fevfa? Tot's aatcovs 77-/309 dXXqXovs,
opfiiaas e/caarov da/cbv Xi0ov$ dprrjaa^ /cal dcfrel?
&(T7T6p dy/cvpa? €t9 to vScop, Siayayaov koX
dfuporepaydev &ij<ra<; iirifiaXa) vXrjv teal yr)v

11 €7TL(f>op7]a(0' otl pep ovv ov /caraSvaeade avrl/ca
fiaXa eicreave- iras yap aa/co$ ov avopas e^ei
rov fir) /carahvvai. &are he /xrj oXicrddveiv r) vXtj

12 Ka\ rj yrj cr^aeL. dicovaaai ravra rots o-rpaTi]-
7069 to fiev ivOvfirj/jia yapiev iho/cei elvai, to
8' epyov dhvvarov. Tjaav yap oi KcoXvaovres
irepav ttoXXoI wirels, oc evOvs toa9 7rpa)Toi<; oiSev
av eireTpeirov tovtcov iroielv.

13 'EvravOa rrjv fxev varepaiav eiraveyoopovv 1 ei9
rov/xiraXiv 669 t<X9 dvavaTovs tcct)fia<;, tcara/cav
aavres evOev i^fjaav' ware oi ttoXc/hloi ov Trpoai]-
Xavvov, dX\d idecovro fca\ Sfioioi rjaav Oavfid-
tpvaiv oiroi ttotc Tpeyfrovrai oi'RXXrjves /cal tl ev

14 vq> k'xoiev. ivravda oi fiev dXXoi crrpaTiwrai

1 iiravex&pouv the inferior MSS., Gem.: vrravtx^povv the
better MSS., Mar.

488

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. v. 8 -14

the river, four thousand hoplites at a time, if you
will provide me with the means that T require and
give me a talent for pay." Upon being asked what
his requirements were, he replied : " I shall need
two thousand skins. I see plenty of sheep and
goats and cattle and asses ; take off their skins
and blow them up, and they would easily provide
the means of crossing. 1 I shall want also the girths
which you use on the beasts of burden ; with these I
shall tie the skins to one another and also moor each
skin by fastening stones to the girths and letting
them down into the water like anchors ; then I
shall carry the line of skins across the river, make it
fast at both ends, and pile on brushwood and earth.
As for your not sinking, then, you may be sure in an
instant on that point, for every skin will keep two
men from sinking; and as regards slipping, the
brushwood and the earth will prevent that." After
hearing these words the generals' thought that while
the idea was a clever one, the execution of it was im-
possible. For there were people on the other side
of the river to thwart it, a large force of horsemen,
namely, who at the very outset would prevent the
first comers from carrying out any part of the plan.

Under these circumstances they marched all the
next day in the reverse direction, going back to the
unburned villages, 2 after burning the one from
which they withdrew. The result was that, instead
of making an attack, the enemy merely gazed at the
Greeks, and appeared to be wondering where in the
world they would turn and what they had in mind.
At the close of the day, while the rest of the army

1 cp. 1. v. 10, 11. iv. 28.
* See §§ 1 and 3 above.

489

Digitized by

XENOPHON

eirl ra iirirriBeia rjaav oi Be arparrjyol irdXiv
avpfjXOop, teal avpayayopres tous iaXcotcoTas
fjXeyxov rijp kvk\<p iraaap yjiipav tis eKaarrj eir).

15 oi Be eXeyop on to, 717209 pearjpftpiap ttj? eirl
BaffvX&va etrj teal MrjBiap, 6V fjairep tf/coiev,
f) Be 717)09 £o> eirl Xovad re ical 'Eifcftdrava <j>epoi,
evda depL^eiP Xeyerai fjaaiXevs, rj Be 8ia/3dpn
top TTOiapJov irpb<; eairepap eirl AvSlav tcai
y \(oviav <f>epoi, 17 &€ Bed t&p opeeop teal irpbs
aprcrop T€Tpapp€pr) Sti eh KapBovxov? ayoi.

16 tovtov? Be e<f>aaap otfcelp dva tcl oprj ko\ iroXe-
pitcous elvai, ica\ fiaoiXeca? ovtc ateoveip, aXXa real
epfiaXeip irore els avToi><; ^aaiXiK^p arpanap
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490

Digitized by

ANABASIS, III. v. i 4 -r8

went after provisions, the generals held another meet-
ing, at which they brought together the prisoners
that had been taken and enquired of them about
each district of all the surrounding country. The
prisoners said that the region to the south lay on
the road towards Babylon and Media, the identical
province they had just passed through ; that the
road to the eastward led to Susa and Ecbatana,
where the King is said to spend his summers ; across
the river and on to the west was the way to Lydia
and Ionia ; while the route through the mountains
and northward led to the country of the Carduchians.
These Carduchians, they said, dwelt up among the J
mountains, were a warlike people, and were not
subjects of the King; in fact, a royal army of one
hundred and twenty thousand men had once in-
vaded them, and, by reason of the ruggedness of the
country, not a man of all that number came back.
Still, whenever they made a treaty with the satrap
in the plain, some of the people of the plain did
have dealings with* the Carduchians and some of the
Carduchians with them.

After listening to these statements from the men
who claimed to know the way in every direction, the
generals caused them to withdraw, without giving
them the least clue as to the direction in which they
proposed to march. The opinion of the generals, J
however, was that they must make their way through
the mountains into the country of the Carduchians ;
for the prisoners said that after passing through this V
country they would come to Armenia, the large and
prosperous province of which Orontas was ruler ; and
from there, they said, it was easy to go in any
direction one chose. Thereupon the generals offered

491

Digitized by Google

XENOPHON

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thread at fjvLtc av tj? irapayyeWy.

ANABASIS, III. v. 18

sacrifice, so that they could begin the march at the
moment they thought best 1 — for they feared that
the pass over the mountains might be occupied in
advance ; and they issued orders that when the troops
had dined, every man should pack up his belongings
and go to rest, and then fall- into line as soon as the
word of command was given.

1 As a rule it was immediately before an army set out that
sacrifice was offered.

493

Digitized by

y Google

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Abarnis, promontory near Lamp*
sacus, n. i. 29

Abydu3, city on the Asiatic coast
of the Hellespont, battle of, I. i.
6-7 ; i. i. 11, ii. 16 ; n. i. 18 ;
in. i. 0; remains true to the
Lacedaemonians, IV. viii. 3-6;
rv. viii. 82, 33 ; v. i. 6, 7, 26, 26.
Abydenes, the, n. i. 18 ; IV. viii.
3-39 ; v. i. 6 ; vn. i. 27

Academy, the, gymnasium near
Athens, n. ii. 8 ; VI. v. 49

Acanthus, city in Chalcidice, v. ii.
11, iii. 6. Acanthians, the, v.
ii. 12, 23

Acarnania, district in central
Greece, VI. ii. 37. Acarnanians,
the, IV. ii. 17 ; VI. v. 23. Acarn-
anian War, iv. vi. 1-vii. 1

Achaea, district in northern Pelo-
ponnesus, ill. ii. 23; IV. viii.
10. 23 ; VI. ii. 8 ; vn. i. 41-43.
Achaeans. the, m. ii. 26, v. 12:
allies of the Lacedaemonians at
the Nemea, iv. ii. 18; against
Acarnania, rv. vi. 1-vii. 1 ; after
Leuctra, vi. iv. 18; become
allies of the Thebans, vn. i.
41-42; of the Eleans, vn. iv.
17 ; enemies of the Thebans.
vn. v. 1, 18. Achaeans of
Phthia (Phthiotis), district in
southern Thessaly, i. ii. 18.
Achaean mountains of Phthia,
rv. iii. 9

Achilleium, city in Ionia, m. ii. 17 ;
rv. viii. 17

Acragas (Agrigentum), Greek city
in Sicily, I. v. 21; n. 11.24

AcrisiuB. Sicyonian, vn. i. 46

Acrocormthus, the citadel of Cor-
inth, rv. iv. 4

Acrorians, the. inhabitants of
Acroria, district in Ells, m. ii.
80 ; rv. ii. 16 ; vn. iv. 14

XENOPHON II,

Adeas, Sicyonian, son of Euphron

vn. i. 46
Adeimantu8, Athenian general, I. iv.

21, vii. 1 ; n. i. 80, 82
Aegae, town in Aeolis, rv. viii. 6
Aegina, island in the Saronic Gulf,

n. ii. 9 ; v. i. 1-29, iv. 61 ; VI. ii.

1. Aeginetans, the, n. ii. 8, 9 ;

v. i. 1-12. Aeglnetan obols, v. ii.
21

Aegospotami, stream in the Thra-
cian Chersonese, n. i. 21, 23

Aegosthena, town in Megaris, v. iv.
18; vi. iv. 26

Aeneas, Stymphalian, vn. iii. 1

Aeneai&s, Lacedaemonian ephor,
n. iii. 9

Aenianians, the, people in southern

Thessaly, m. v. 6 ; rv. iii. 16
Aeolis, district in western Asia

Minor, m. i. 10, 17, ii. 1, 18.

Aeolians, the, m. i. 16, iv. 11 ;

rv. iii. 17, viii. 38
Aeschines, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2, 18
Aetolia. district in central Greece,

rv. vi. 1, 14. Aetolians, the, rv.

vi. 14

Aexoneans, the, inh. of the Attic
deme Aexone, n. iv. 26

Agamemnon, commander of the
Greeks in the Trojan War, in. iv.
3 : vn. i. 84

Agathinus, Corinthian admiral, iv.
viii. 10,11

Agesandridas, Lacedaemonian naval
commander, I. i. 1, iii. 17

Agesilaus, Lacedaemonian king, ion
of Archidamus. v. iii. 13;
brother of Agfa. m. iii. 1;
accession of, m. iii. 1-4 ; com-
mander in the war against
Persia, m. iv. 2-29, and rv. 1.
1-41; his return from Asia,
rv. ii. 2-8, iii. 1-9 ; at the battle

495 .

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

of Coronea, IY. ill. 15-21; Mb
campaign against the Argives
and Corinthians, IV. iv. 19 ;
second campaign against Cor-
inth, iv. v. 1-18; against
Acarnania, rv. vi. 3-14; com-
pels acceptance of the Peace of
Antalcidas, v. i. 32-34 ; declines
to accept command against
Mantinea. v. ii. 3; campaign
against Phlius, v. ill. 13-26;
declines command against Thebes
v. iv. 13 ; campaign against
Thebes, v. iv. 3&-41 ; second
campaign against Thebes, v. iv.
47-55; his illness, v. iv. 58;
excludes the Thebans from the
Peace of 871 B.o., vi. ill. 19:
tries to prevent restoration of
Mantinea, VI. v. 4-5 ; campaign
against Mantinea, VI. v. 10-21 ;
marches against Epaminondas,
vn. v. 9-10
Agesipolis, Lacedaemonian king,
son of Pausanias, rv. 11. 9; his
campaign against Argos, rv. vii.

2- 7 ; ' against Mantinea, v. 11.

3- 7: against Olynthus, v. ill.
8-18 ; his death. V. ill. 19

Agesistratus, Lacedaemonian ephor,
n. ill. 10

Agis, Lacedaemonian king, at
Decelea, I. i. 33-35 and n. 11.
7, 11, 13 ; returns home, n. ill.
3; his campaign against Elis,
m. 11. 22-29; his death, m.
iii. 1

Agrotera, tee Artemis
Agyrrius, Athenian admiral, rv.
viii. 81

Alcetas, Lacedaemonian, v. iv. 56
Alcetas, ruler in Epirus, VI. i. 7,
ii. 10

Alcibiade8, Athenian general, suc-
cesses in the Hellespontine region,
I. 1. 5-22, 11. 13-17, lii. 3-12;
captures Byzantium, I. ill. 14-21 ;
his return to Athens, I. iv. 8-21 ;
campaign against Andros, I. iv.
21-23; his fleet defeated at
Notium, i. v. 9-15: deposed
from command, I. v. 16 ; i. y. 17 ;
n. 1. 25, ii. 1, ill. 42

Alcibiades, cousin of the pre-
ceding, i. II. 13

496

Alcimene8, Corinthian, rv. iv. 7
Alea, see Athena

Alexander, tyrant of Pherae and
tagus of Thessaly, vi. iv. 34-37 ;
vii^ v. 4

Alexias, Athenian archon, n. i. 10
Alexippidas, Lacedaemonian ephor,
n. Ui. 10

Alpheus, river of Elis, m. ii. 29;

vi. ii. 31 ; vn. iv. 29
Altis, the, sacred precinct at

Olympia, vn. iv. 29
Alypetus, Lacedaemonian, v. iv.

Alyzeia, town in Acarnania, v. iv.
65, 66

Ambracia, city in Acarnania, vi. ii.

3. Ambraciot, V. iv. 65, 66
Amedocus, king of the Odrysians.

IV. viii. 26
Ampheum, the, sanctuary of

Amphlon at Thebes, v. iv. 8
Amphidolians, the. inn. of Amphi-

doli, town in Elis, m. ii. 25, 30 ;

rv. 1L 16

Amphipolis, Greek city in Mace-
donia, rv. ili. 1

Amyclae, city in Laconia, vi. v.
30 ; VII. ii. 3. Amyclaeans, the,
rv. v. 11, 12

Amyntas, king of Macedonia, v.
11. 12. 13. 38, ill. 9

Anabasis, the, of Themistogenea,
ra. i. i

Anaetius, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. lii. 2
Anaxibiua, Lacedaemonian general.

rv. viii. 32-38
Anaxicrates, Byzantine, 1. ill. 18
Anaxilaus. Byzantine, 1. ili. 18
Androcleidas, Theban party leader,

in. v. 1. 4 ; v. ii. 31, 35
Andromacnus, Elean, vn. iv. 19
Andros, island south-east of

Euboea, I. iv. 21, v. 18 ; v. iv.

61. Andrians, the, I. iv. 22;

n. i. 31, 32
Angenidas, Lacedaemonian ephor.

n. iii. 16

Antalcidas. Lacedaemonian admiral

and statesman, rv. viii. 12-16;

v. 1. 6; Peace of, v. i. 2&-S6;

VI. iii. 12
Antandrus, town in north-western

Asia Minor, I. i. 25, 26, UL 17 ;

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

II. i. 10; iv. viii. 35. Antan-
drians, the, I. i. 26
Antigenes, Athenian archon, I.
iii. 1

Antiochus, Arcadian, vn. i. 33, 38
Antiochus, Athenian, Alcibiades'

pilot, I. v. 11-13
Antiphon, Athenian, n. iii. 40
Antisthenea, Lacedaemonian, in.

ii. 6

Anytus. Athenian, n. iii. 42, 44
Apaturia, Athenian festival, I.
vii. 8

Aphrodlsia, v. iv. 4. See trans.

Aphrodisium, temple of Aphrodite
in Megara, v. iv. 58

Aphytis, town on the peninsula of
Pallene, v. iii. 19

Apollo, m. iii. 3, v. 5 ; iv. vii. 2 ;
VI. iv. 2, v. 27

Apollonia, city in Chalcidice, v.
ii. 11, iii. 1, 6. Apollonians, the,
v. ii. 13

ApoUophanes, Cyzicene, iv. i. 29

Aracus, Lacedaemonian admiral
and statesman, n. i. 7, iii. 10 ;
in. ii. 6, 8 ; VI. v. 33

Arcadia, district in Peloponnesus,
rv. iv. 16 ; VI. v. 12-51 ; vn.
i. 28, 39, ii. 21, iv. 6-40, v. 10.
Arcadians, the, in. ii. 26, 30, v.
12 ; iv. iv. 16 ; v. ii. 19 ; form
the Arcadian League, vi. v.
6-12 ; at war with the Lace-
daemonians, vi. v. 10-21 ; unite
with the Thebans and invade
Laconia, vi. v. 22-50 ; defeated
by the Lacedaemonians, vn. i.
29-32 : ally themselves with the
Athenians, vn. iv. 2, 3 ; at war
with the Eleans, vn. iv. 12-32 ;
their internal dissensions, vn.

iv. 33-v. 5 ; in the Mantinean
campaign, vn. v. 7-20

Archedemus, Athenian demagogue,

1. vii. 2

Archestratus, Athenian general, I.

v. 16. Another, II. ii. 15
Archias, Theban pole march, v. iv.

2, 6 ; vn. iii. 7
Archldamus, father of Agesilaus,

v. iii. 13

Archldamus, son of Agesilaus. v. iv.
25-33; marches against the
Thebans, vi. iv. 18-26, v. 1;

XENOPHON II.

against the Arcadians, vn. i.

28- 32, iv. 20-25 ; defends Sparta
against Epaminondas, vn. v. 12, 13

Archldamus, Elean, vn. i. 33, 38
Archytas, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. i. 10, iii. 10
Aresias, one of the Thirty at

Athens, II. iii. 2
Argeius, Elean, vn. iv. 15, 16
Arginusae, islands between Lesbos

and the Asiatic coast, I. vi. 27.

28 ; battle of, I. vi. 29-38 ; trial

of Athenian generals thereafter,

i: vii. 1-35
Argos, chief city of Argolis, in

Peloponnesus, ra. v. 1 ; iv.

iv. 6, v. 1, vii. 2, 5, viii. 13, 15,
* 34 ; vn. i. 41. Argives, the,

I. iii. 13; n. ii. 7; m. ii. 21,

v. 11 ; in the Corinthian War,
rv. ii. 17-22, iii. 15-17, iv.
1-19 ; take possession of Cor-
inth, rv. iv. 2-6, v. 1, 2; their
country invaded by the Lace-
daemonians, iv. vii. 2-7; forced
to withdraw from Corinth, v.
i. 34, 36; unite with Thebans
and Arcadians and invade
Laconia, vi. v. 16-50 ; defeated
by the Lacedaemonians, vn. i.

29- 32 ; allied with the' Arcadians
against the Eleans. vn. iv. 29-30 ;
allied with the Thebans against
the Lacedaemonians, vn. v. 5

Ariaeus, Persian lieutenant of
Cyrus the Younger, rv. i. 27

Ariobarzanes, Persian satrap, I.
iv. 7 ; v. i. 28 ; vn. i. 27

Aristarchus,- Athenian, one of the
Four Hundred, I. vii. 28 ; n.

iii. 46

Aristocles, Athenian. VI. iii. 2
Aristocrates, Athenian general, I.

iv. 21, v. 16, vi. 29, vii. 2
Aristodemus, Lacedaemonian,

guardian of AgesipoUs, rv. ii. 9
Aristogenes, Athenian general, I.

v. 16, vi. 30, vii. 1
Aristogenes, Syracusan, I. ii. 8
Aristolochus, Lacedaemonian, v.

iv. 22

Ariston. Byzantine, I. iii. 18
Aristophon, Athenian, vi. iii. 2
Aristoteles, one of the Thirty at
Athens, II. ii. 18, iii. 2, 13, 46

497

K K

^ Digitized by Uoogle

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Arnapes, Persian, I. ill. 12

Artaxerxes, Persian king, dictates
the Peace of Antalcidas, v. 1. 31

Artemis, Agrotera, TV. ii. 20; of
Astyra, iv. i. 41 ; of Ephesus,
I. ii. 6; in. iv. 18; of Leuco-
phrys, m. ii. 10; of Munichia,
n. iv. 11 ; , of Tegea, vi. v. 9 ;
of Aulis, vn. i. 34

Asea, town in Arcadia, vi. v. 11, 15.
Aseans, the. vn. v. 5

Asia (i.e. Asia Minor), n. i. 18;
m. i. 3, 5, ii. 6-21, iv. 2-25,
v. 1-13; rv. ii. 4-6, ill. 1, 15,
viii. 5-27 ; v. i. 31, iii. 8 ; vn.
i. 34

A sine, town in Laconia, vn. i. 25.

Asinaeans, the, vn. i. 25
Aspendus, city in Pamphylia,

rv. viii. 30. Aspendians, the, rv.

viii. 80

Astyochus, Lacedaemonian admiral,
I. i. 31

Astyra, city in Mysia, Artemis of,
rv. i. 41

Atarneua, town in Aeolis, m. ii. 11
Athena, I. i. 4, iii. 1, iv. 12, vi. 1 ;

n. iv. 39; m. i. 21-23; Alea,

VI. v. 27
Athenadas. Sicyonian, m. i. 18
Athens, I. i. 1-n. iv. 38 frequently ;

m. i. 1, 5, 7 ; IV. viii. 9, 24, 34 ;

V. i. 10-35. ii. 31, iv. 2, 22, 34, 66 ;

VI. ii. 9, iii. 3, iv. 19, 20, v. 33,
35: vn. i. 1, 23. Hi. 4, iv. 3,
v. 3. Athenians, the, defeated in
the Hellespont, I. i. 1 ; victorious
in the battles of Abydus and
Cyzicus. I. i. 2-18.; send an
expedition to Asia, I. ii. 1-13 ;
capture Byzantium, I. iii. 14-21 ;
choose Alcibiades general-in-
chief, I. iv. 8-20 : defeated at
Notium. i. v. 11-14; depose
Alcibiades, i. v. 16-17 ; defeated
at Mytilene. I. vi. 15-17 ; vic-
torious at Arginusae, I. vi. 24-
38 ; their treatment of the
Arginusae generals, I. vii. 1-35;
their fleet captured at Aegos-

E>tami, n. i. 20-29; starved
to submission, n. ii. 2-23 ;
terms of their surrender, n. ii.
20 ; under the rule of the Thirty,
H. iii. 11-iv. 24; their demo-

498

cracy restored, n. iv. 24-43 ;
take part in Lacedaemonian
campaigns, Hi. 1. 4, ii. 25 ; assist
the Thebans against the Lace-
daemonians, III. v. 16-22 ; in
the Corinthian War, rv. ii. 17-21,
iii. 15, iv. 1, 2, 15-19, v. 13-19,
vi. 1 viii. 9-39; v. i. 1-29 ; their
relation to the Peace of Antal-
cidas. v i. 29, 31, 35 ; assist in
the liberation of Thebes, v. iv.
9-12; ally themselves with the
Thebans, v. iv. 34; naval war
with the Lacedaemonians, v. iv.
60-66 ; peace and war with the
Lacedaemonians, vi. ii. 1-3 ;
expedition to Corcyra, VI. ii.
9-38; conclude peace with the
Lacedaemonians, VI. iii. 1-20;
their attitude toward the The-
bans after Leuctra, vi. iv. 19,
20; assist the Lacedaemonians,
vi. v. 83-52; conclude an
alliance with them, vn. i. 1-14 ;
with the Arcadians, vn. iv. 2, 3 ;
in the campaign of Mantinea,
vn. v. 6-25

Attica, I. vii. 22 ; v. i. 1. 9. 23, iv.
19, 20: vi. ii. 14. Attic, 1. i.
36, v. 4 ; v. i. 26

Aulis, town on eastern coast of
Boeotia, m. iv. 3, v. 5; vn. i.
34

Aulon, town on the border between
Messenia and Elis, m. ii. 25. iii.
8, 10. Aulonians, the, ni. ill. 8

Autoboesaces, Persian prince, □.
i. 8

Autocles, Athenian, VI. iii. 2, 7

Bagaeus, Persian commander, m.
iv. 13

Bendideum, temple of Bendis," 11
iv. 11

Bithynla (Bithynian Thrace), pro-
vince in northern Asia Minor,
m. ii. 2, 5. Bithyniana (Bithy-
nian Thracians), the, I. iii. 2, 3 ;
m. ii. 2-6

Boeotia, district in central Greece,
m. v. 17, 24; V. i. 33, ii. 16
34 ; vi. i. 1. iii. 1. iv. 3, 21, 22.
Boeotians, the, 1. ill. 15 ; refuse
to take part in campaign against

d by Google

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Athens, n. iv. 30 ; or against
the Eleans, m. ii. 25 ; take part
in the Corinthian War, iv. ii. 17,
18, iii. 3, 15, iv. i, 2, 9, 12, vi.
1, vii. 6 : assist in rebuilding the
walls oi Athens, iv. viii. 10 :
their relation to the Peace of
Antalcidas, v. i. 32, 33, 36;
aided by the Athenians, v. iv.
84; in the Peace of 371 B.C.,
VI. iii. 19 : in the battle of Leuctra,
VI. iv. 4, 9 ; invade Laconia,
VI. v. 23, 51 ; in the campaign
of Mantinea, vn. v. 4
Boeotius, Lacedaemonian, I. iv. 2
Brasidas, Lacedaemonian ephor, u.
iii. 10

Byzantium, city on the Bosporus,
now Constantinople, I. i. 35, 36 ;
captured by the Athenians, I.
iii. 2-21 ; I. iv. 1 ; n. ii. 1, 2 ;
rv. viii. 27, 31. Byzantines, the,
I. i. 35, iii. 16-19 ; nr. viii. 27

Cadmea, the, citadel of Thebes,
seized by the Lacedaemonians,
v. ii. 29, 31 ; recovered by the
Thebans, v. iv. 11 ; vi. iii. 9, 11,
v. 46

Cadusians, the. people on the
western coast of the Caspian
Sea, II. i. 13
Calchedon. city on the Asiatic
coast of the Bosporus, I. i. 26,
35, iii. 2-12: n. ii. 1, 2 ; IV.
viii. 31. Calchedonians. the, I.
iii. 2-9 ; IV. viii. 28; v. i. 25.
Calchedonia, I. i. 22
Callias, Athenian archon, I. vi. 1
Callias, Athenian general and states-
man, rv. v. 13, 14 ; v. iv. 22 ;
VI. iii. 2, 3
Callias, Lacedaemonian, iv. i. 15
Callibius, Lacedaemonian. II. iii. 14
Callibius. Tegean, vi. v. 6-8
Callicraudas. Lacedaemonian ad-
miral, I. vi. 1-36
Callimedon, Athenian, IV. viii. 13
Callisthenes, Athenian, rv. viii. 13
Callistratus, Athenian, n. iv. 27
Callistratus, Athenian statesman,

VI. ii. 39, iii. 3, 10
Callixeinus, Athenian senator, I.
vii. 8-35

Calydon, city in Aetolia, iv. vi. 1,
14. Calydonians, the, iv. vi. 1

Camarina, Greek city in Sicily,
n. iii. 6

Cannonus, Athenian statesman, I.

vii. 20, 34
Cardia, city on northern coast of

the Thracian Chersonese, I. i. 11
Caria, province in south-western

Asia Minor, I. i. 10, iv. 8 ; n. i.

15 ; in. i. 7, 8, ii. 12-19, iv. 11-

21. Carians, the, m. ii. 15
Carthaginians, the, I. i. 37, v. 21 *

n. ii. 24, iii. 5
Caryae, town in northern Laconia,

VI. v. 25, 27 ; VU. i. 28
Castblus, town and plain in Lydia,

I. iv. 3

Catana, Greek city in Sicily, n.
ill. 5

Caue, village In Phrygia. iv. i. 20
Cebren, city in the Troad, m. i. 17.

Cebrenians, the, m. i. 18
Cedreiae, city in Caria, n. i. 15
Celts, VII. i. 20, 31
Celusa, mountain near Phlius, iv.

vii. 7

Cenchreae, eastern port of Corinth,
iv. v. 1 ; vi. v. 61 ; VH. i. 17,
41, iv. 5

Ceos, one of the Cyclades, v.' iv. 61
Cephallenia, island west of Greece,

VI. ii. 31-38
Cephisodotus, Athenian general, n.

i. 16

Cephisodotus, Athenian orator,

vi. iii. 2 ; vii. i. 12, 14
Cephisophon, Athenian, n. iv. 36
Cephisus, river of Attica, II. iv.

19 ; river of Boeotia, iv. iii. 16
Cerameicus, quarter of Athens, u.

iv. 33

Ceramic Gulf, in Caria, I. iv. 8;
n. i. 15

Chabrias, Athenian general, v. i.

10, 12, iv. 14, 54, 61; VI. ii.

39 ; vii. f. 25
Chaereleos, one of the Thirty at

Athens, ii. iii. 2
Chaerilas, Lacedamonian ephor, II.

iii. 10

Chaeron, Lacedaemonian pole-
march, II. iv. 33

Chalcidians, the, inh. of Chalci*,
city in Euboea, iv. ii. 17

499

K K 2

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Chares, Athenian general, vn. ii.
18-21, iv. i, 6

Charicles, one of the Thirty at
Athens, n. ill. 2

Charmides, Athenian, n. iv. 19

Charon, Theban, v. iv. 3

Charopus, Elean, vn. iv. 15, 16

Chersonese, the Thracian. pen-
insula north of the Hellespont,
I. iii. 8, v. 17 ; n. i. 20, 27 ; in.
tt. 8, 9 ; iv. ii. 6, viii. 5, 35, 39 :
v. i. 7. Chersonesians, the, I.
iii. 10 ; m. ii. 8

Chilon, Lacedaemonian, vn. iv. 23

Chios, island off the Ionian coast,
I. i. 32, vi. 3-38; H. i. 1-17.
Chians, the, n. i. 5. 6 ; m. ii. 11

Chremon, one of tne Thirty at
Athens. H. iii. 2

Chrysopolis, town on the Bosporus,
I. i. 22, iii. 12

Cilicia, province in southern Asia
Minor, m. i. 1

Cinadon, Lacedaemonian, con-
spiracy of, ra. iii. 4-11

Cissidas, Syracusan. vn. i. 28

Cithaeron. mountain range separ-
ating Boeotia from Attica and
Megaris, v. iv. 36-59 ; vi. iv. 5, 25

Cius, town in Mysia, on the
Propontis, I. iv. 7

Cladaus, river of Elis, vn. iv. 29

Clazomenae, city on the Ionian
coast, I. i. 10, 11 ; v. i. 31

Clean der, Sicyonian, vn. i. 45

Clearchus, Lacedaemonian gover-
nor of Byzantium, I. i. 35, iii.
15-19

Cleas, Lacedaemonian, v. iv. 39
Cleigenes, Acanthian, v. ii. 12
Cleinomachus, Lacedaemonian

ephor, n. iii. 10
Cleiteles, Corinthian, vi. v. 37
Cleocritus, Athenian, n. iv. 20
Cleombrotus, Lacedaemonian king,

in command against the The bans,

v. iv. 14-18 and v. iv. 59;
sent to aid the Phocians, vi. i.
1 ; defeated and slain at Leuctra,

vi. iv. 2-15

Cleomedes, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Cleonae, city in Argolls, vn. v. 15
Cleonymus, Lacedaemonian, v. iv.

25-32; VI. iv. 14

500

Cleophon, Athenian demagogue,
I. vii. 35

Cleosthenes, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. iii. 10
Cleostratus, Argive, 1. iii. 13
Cletorians, the, inh. of Cletor, town

In Arcadia, v. iv. 36, 37
Cnidos, city in Carta, battle of,

IV. iii. 10-12 ; iv. viii. 22-24
Cocylians, the. inh. of Cocylium,

town in Aeolis, m. i. 16
Coeratadas, Boeotian, 1. iii. 15, 22
Collytus, Attic deme, v. i. 26
Colonae, city in the Troad. m.

i. 13, 16

Colophon, city in Ionia. I. ii. 4.
Colophonians, the, 1. ii. 4

Conon, Athenian general, 1. iv. 10,
v. 16-20 : defeated and block-
aded at Mytilene, 1. vi. 15-38 ;
1. vii. 1 ; his fleet captured at
Aegospotami, n. i. 28, 29 ;
victorious at Cnidos, rv. iii.
10-12; expels the Lacedae-
monian governors, iv. viii. 1-6;
his expedition against Laconia,
rv. viii. 6-8 ; rebuilds the walls
of Athens. IV. viii. 9-12 ; am-
bassador to Tiribazus, nr. viii.
13 ; arrested by him, rv. viii. 16

Corcyra, island west of Epirtts,
v. iv. 64, 66; vi. ii. 4-38.
Corcyraeans, the, vi. ii. 7-37

Core (Persephone), daughter of
Demeter, vi. iii. 6

Coressus, mountain near Epheaus,
I. ii. 7, 9, 10

Corinth, ra. v. 1 ; iv iii. 15 ; united
with Argos, iv. iv. 6, v. 1 ; again
independent, V. i. 34. 36 ;
headquarters of the allies in the
Corinthian War, rv. iv. 1, 14,
15, v. 1, 12; v. i. 29, iv. 19;
VI. ii, 3, iv. 26, v. 49, 61 ; vn. i.
15, 40, iv. 4, 5, v. 16. Corinthians,
the, 11. i. 31, 32; urge the dea
truction of Athens, II. ii. 19;
refuse to take part in campaign
against Athens, n. iv. 30 ; or
against the Eleans, in. ii. 25 ;
or against the Thebans, ni. v
17. 23 ; take part in the Corin-
thian War, rv. ii. 11, 14, 17, 22.
23. iii. 15, iv. 1-19, v. I, 19,
viii. 10, 11 ; internal strife

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

among, iv. iv. 1-17 ; their
relation to the Peace of Antal-
cidas, v. i. 34, 36 ; on the side
of the Lacedaemonians, vi. ii.
3, iv. 18. v. 29, 37, 52 ; defeat
the Thebans, vn. i. 18, 19;
make peace with the Thebans,
vn. iv. 6-10. Corinthian Gulf,
vi. ii." 9. Corinthian War, see
above

Coronea, town in Boeotia, battle of,

IV. iii. 16-20
Coryphasium (Pylos), promontory

in Messenia, i. ii. 18
Cos, island off the coast of Caria,

I. v. 1

Craneium, gymnasium near Cor-
inth, iv. iv. 4

Crannonians, the, inh. of Crannon,
city in Thessaly, rv. iii. 3

Cratesippidas, Lacedaemonian ad-
miral, I. i. 32, v. 1

Cremaste, town near Abydus, iv.
viii. 37

Cretans, the, inh. of the island of
Crete, iv. ii. 16, vii. 6; vn. v.
10

Creusis, Boeotian port on the
Corinthian Gulf, rv. v. 10;
v. iv. 16, 17, 60 ; vi. iv. 3, 25

Crinippus, Syracusan, VI. ii. 36

Critias, leader of the Thirty at
Athens, n. iii. 2-56, iv. 8, 9, 19

Crocinas, Thessalian, Olympic vic-
tor, n. iii. 1

Crommyon, town on the Isthmus
of Corinth, iv. iv. 13, v. 19

Cromnus, city in Arcadia, vn. iv.
20-28

Cronus, hill of, at Olympia, vn.

iv. 14

Ctesicles, Athenian general, vi.
ii. 10

Cydon, Byzantine, I. iii. 18
Cyllene, the port of Elis, m. ii.

27, 30 ; vn. iv. 19
Cylon, Argive, ni. v. 1
Cyme, town in Aeolis, in. iv. 27
Cynoscephalae, village in Boeotia,

v. iv. 15 ; vi. iv. 5

Cyprus, island south of Asia Minor,
n. i. 29 ; rv. viii. 24 ; v. i. 10, 31

Cyrenaeans, the, inh. of Cyrene,
Greek city in northern Africa,
I. ii. 1

Cyrus, the Younger, Persian prince,
aids the Lacedaemonians in the
Peloponnesian War, I. iv. 3-7,

v. 1-8, vi. 6-18; n. i. 1-15,
iii. 8 ; his expedition against
Artaxerxes, m. i. 1-6, iv. 2:

vi. i. 12. Cyreans, the, Cyrus
Greek troops, ra. ii. 7, 18, iv. 20

Cythera, island (and city) south of
Laconia, iv. viii. 8. Cytherians,
the, iv. viii. 8. Cytheria, rv.
viii. 7

Cyzicus, city qii the Propontis,
battle of, i. i. 11-18 ; I. iM. 13 ;
in. iv. 10. Cyzicenes, the, I. i.
19, 20 ; rv. i. 29

Dardanians, the, inh. of Dardanus,

city in the Troad, in. i. 10
Darius (or Dariaeus). Persian king,

I. ii. 19 ; n. i. 8, 9
Dascyleium, city in Phrygia, near

the Propontis, ra. iv. 13 ; rv.

i. 15

Decelea, town in Attica, Lacedae-
monian headquarters in the
latter part of the Peloponnesian
War, I. i. 33, 35, ii. 14, iii. 22 ;
n. ii. 7, iii. 3 ; m. v. 5.
Deigma, quay in Piraeus, v. i. 21
Deinon, Lacedaemonian polemarch,

v. iv. 33 ; vi. iv. 14

Delphi, town in Phocis, site of
famous temple and oracle of
Apollo, ra. iii. 1; rv. iii. 21,
vii. 2 ; vn. i. 27. Delphians, the,

vi. iv. 30

Delphinium, fortress on the island

of Chios, I. v. 15
Delphion. Phliasian, v. iii. 22, 24
Demaenetus, Athenian general, v.

i. 10, 26

Demaratus, Lacedaemonian king,
ni. i. 6

Demarchus, Syracusan general, I.
i. 29

Demeter, VI. iii. 6
Demostratus, Athenian, vi. iii. 2
Demoteles, Lacedaemonian, vn.
i. 32

Demotion, Athenian, vn. iv. 4
Deras, fortress near Sicyon, vii.
i. 22

Dercylidas, Lacedaemonian general,

Soi

d by Google

INDEX TO HELLENICA

commander in the war with
Persia, in. i. 8-28, ii. 1-20;
III. iv. 6; IV. iii. 1-3, viii. 3,
5, 32

Derdas, ruler of Elimia, v. ii. 38-

43, iii. 1-9
Diagoras, Rhodian, I. i. 2
Diocles, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Diomedon, Athenian general, I.

v. 16, vi. 22-29, vii. 2-29
Dion, Athenian, nr. viii. 13
Dionysius, Athenian general, v.

i. 26

Dionysius. tyrant of Syracuse, n.

ii. 24, ill. 5 ; VI. ii. 4, 33 ; vn.
i. 20-28, iv. 12

Dionysus, V. iii. 19

Diopeithes. Lacedaemonian, m. iii. 3

Dioscuri, ''sons 6t Zeus, Castor

and Polydeuces, vi. iii. 6. See

also Tyndaridae
Diotimus, Athenian, I. iii. 12;

v. i. 25

Diphridas, Lacedaemonian, rv. viii.
21

Dolopians, the, people in Epirus,

vi. i. 7

Dorieus, Rhodian, I. i. 2. 4, v. 19
Dorotheus, Athenian, I. iii. 13
Dracon, Pellenean, ra. ii. 11
Dracontides, one of the Thirty at
Athens, II. iii. 2

Ecdicus. Lacedaemonian admiral,

rv. viii. 20-23
Egyptian Larisa, see Larisa
Elon, port of Amphipolis, I. v. 16
Elaeua. city at southern extremity

of the Thracian Chersonese, n.

i. 20

Eleusis, city in Attica, n. iv. 8,
•24-43; vn. v. 15. Eleusinians,
the. n. iv. 9

Eleutnerae, town in Boeotia, near
the Attic border, v. iv. 14

Elimia, district in Macedonia, v.

ii. 38

Elis, city and district in western
Peloponnesus, m. ii. 23-29 ;
IV. vii. 4 ; VI. ii. 3 ; vn. i. 38,
iv. 15-19. Eleans, the, I. ii. 1;
at war with the Lacedaemonians,
in. ii. 21-31 ; allied with them,

502

iv. ii. 16 ; vi. ii. 3 ; refuse to
accept the Peace of 371 B.C.,
vi'. v. 2, 3 ; aid the Mantineans,
vi. v. 5, 19; unite with the
Thebans and invade Laconia,
vi v. 23-50 ; vn. i. 18 ; become
hostile to the Arcadians, vn.
i. 26, 32; at war with them,
vn. iv. 12-35; unite with other
Peloponnesians against the The-
bans, vn. v. 1, 18

Elymia, town in Arcadia, vi. v. 13
Endius, Lacedaemonian ephor, n.

iii. 1, 10
Enyalius, god of war, n. iv. 17
Epaminondas. Theban general, wins
over the Achaeans. vn. i. 41,
42 ; vn. iv. 40 ; in the campaign
of Mantinea, vn. v. 4-22 ; his
victory and death, vn. v. 23-25
Eperatus, Lacedaemonian ephor.

n. iii. 10
Epeum, town in Elis, m. ii. 30
Ephesus, city in Ionia, 1. ii. 6-12,

v. 1-14, vi. 2; n. i. 6-16;
m. i. 8, ii. 9, 11, iv. 4-16;
rv. viii. 3, 17 : v. i. 6, 7. Ephes-
ians, the, I. ii. 8, 10, v. 12, 15 ;
ra. u. 14

Ephialtes, Athenian, rv. viii. 24
Epicydes, Syracusan, 1. i. 29
Epicydidas, Lacedaemonian, rv. ii.

2 ; v. iv. 39
Epidaurus, city in Argolis, vr. ii.

3; vn. i. 18, 25. Epidaurians,

the, iv. ii. 16 ; vi. v. 29 ; vn. ii. 2
Epieiceia, town between Sicyon and

Corinth, rv. ii. 14, iv. 13
Epirus, district in northern Greece,

vi. i. 7, ii. 9

Epitalium. city in Elis, m. ii. 29,

30. Epitalians, the, m. ii. 25
Erasmides. Athenian general, 1.

v. 16, vi. 16, 29, vii. 2, 29
Erasistratus, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Eratosthenes, one of the Thirty at

Athens, 11. iii. 2
Eretrians, the, inh. of Kretria.

city in Euboea, ra. i. 6
Erythrae, city in Boeotia, v. iv. 49
Eteonicus, Lacedaemonian governor

and vice-admiral, I. i. 32, vi.

26-38 ; II. i. 1-10, U. 5 ; v. L

1, 13

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Etymocles, Lacedaemonian, V. iv.

22, 32 ; VI. v. 33
Euagoras, Cyprian prince, n. i.

29 ; IV. viii. 24 ; v. i. 10
Euagoras, Elean, Olympic victor,

I. ii. 1

Eualcas, Elean. vn. iv. 15
Eualces, Athenian, rv. i. 40
Euarchippus, Lacedaemonian ephor,

I. ii. I ; n. Hi. 10
Euboea, island east of central
Greece, n. iii. 9; iv. ii. 17.
Euboeans, the, allies of the
Thebans. iv. iii. 15 ; vi. v. 23 ;
vn. v. 4
Eubotas, Cyrenaean, Olympic vic-
tor, I. ii. 1
Euclea, -Corinthian festival, iv.

iv. 2

Eucleides, one of the Thirty at

Athens, ii. iii. 2
Eucles, Syracusan, I. ii. 8
Euctemon, Athenian archon, I.

11. 1

Eudamidas, Lacedaemonian general,

v. ii. 24, 25

Eudicus, Lacedaemonian, v. iv. 39
Eumachus, Athenian general, I.

i. 22

Eumathes, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Eunomus. Athenian admiral, v.

i. 5-9

Euphron, tyrant of Sicyon, vn.
i. 44-46, il. 11-15, iii. 2-12,
iv. 1

Europe, m. ii. 9 ; IV. ii. 6, iii. 15,
•vUf. 5

Eurotas, river of Laconia, v. iv.

28 ; VI. v. 27, 30
Eurymedon, river of Pamphylia,

IV. viii. 30
Euryptolemus, Athenian, I. Hi.

12, 13. Another, I. iv. 19, vii.
12, 16, 34

Eurysthenes, descendant of King

Demaratus, m. i. 6
Eurystheus, legendary king of

Mycenae, vi. v. 47
Eutaea, city in Arcadia, VI. v. 12,

20, 21

Euthycles, Lacedaemonian, vn. i.
33

Eutresians, the, inh. of a district
in Arcadia, vn. i. 29

Euxenus, Lacedaemonian, iv. ii. 5
Exarchus, Lacedaemonian ephor,
n. ill. 10

Four Hundred, the, at Athens,
n. iii. 30, 45, 46

Gaeaochus, see Poseidon
Galaxidorus, Theban, in. v. 1
Gambrium, town in Ionia, ill. i. 6
Gaurium, port in Andros, I. iv. 22
Gela, Greek city in Sicily, n. iii. 5
Geranor, Lacedaemonian pole-
march, vn. i. 25
Gerastus, promontory and city at
the southern extremity of Euboea,
ni. iv. 4 ; v. iv. 61
Gergis, city in the Troad, in. i.
15-21. Gergithians, the, m. i.
22

Glaucon, Athenian, n. iv. 19
Gnosis, Syracusan, i. i. 29
Gongylus, Eretrian, m. i. 6
Gongylus, descendant of the pre-
ceding, ra. i. 6.
Gordium, city in greater Phrygia,
I. iv. 1

Gorgion, descendant of Gongylus,
ra. i. 6

Gorgopas. Lacedaemonian vice-
admiral, v. i. 5-20

Graos Stethos (' Old Woman's
Breast'), hill near Thebes, v.
iv. 50

Greece, Greeks, see Hellas, Hel-
lenes

Grynium, town in Aeolis, ut. i. 6
Gylis, Lacedaemonian polemarch,

iv. iii. 21, 23
Gytheium, chief port of Laconia,

I. iv. 11 ; vi. v. 32

Hagnon. Athenian, n. iii. 30
Halae, Attic deme, n. iv. 34
Halians, the, inh. of Haliae, town

in Argolis, IV. ii. 16 ; vi. ii. 3 ;

vn. ii. 2

Haliartus, town in Boeotia, III. v.

6; battle of, ra. v. 17-25.

Haliartians, the, m. v. 18. 19
Halipedon, plain near Piraeus

n. iv. 30

S°3

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLEN1CA

Halisarna, town in Aeolis, III. i. 6
Hamaxitus, city In the Troad, in.
i. 13, 16

Hannibal, Carthaginian general, I.

i. 37

Helicon, mountain in Boeotia, iv.

iii. 16-19

Helixus, Megarian, I. iii. 15, 17, 21
Hellas, n. ii. 6, and frequently.
Hellenes, the, I. v. 9, etc. Hel-
lenic, I. l. 37, etc.
Hellespont, strait between Europe
and Asia, now the Dardanelles,
I. i. 2-36, ii. 11, iii. 8, 17, v. 11,
vi. 20, 22, vii. 2 : II. i. 17, 21,

ii. 5; in. ii. 9, iv. 10; iv. ii.
8^ iii. 3, viii. 6-34; v. i. 1.
Hellespontines, the, in. iv. 11 ;

iv. iii. 17, viii. 31

Helos, town in Laconia, vi. v. 32
Helots, the, serfs of the Spartans,

I. ii. 18; m. iii. 6, 8, v. 12;

vi. v. 28 ; VII. i. 12, ii. 2
Heracleia, the Trachinian, city In

Malis, I. ii. 18; vi. iv. 27.

Heracleots, the, m. v. 6 ; vi.

iv. 9, 27, v. 23
Heracleides, Syracusan, I. ii. 8
Heracleium, sanctuary of Heracles,

in Aegina, v. i. 10 ; near Cal-

chedon, I. iii.' 7 ; in Thebes,

vi. iv. 7

Heracles, Greek national hero, in.

iii. 3; vi. iii. 6, iv. 7, v. 47;
vn. i. 31

Heraea, town in Arcadia, m. ii.

30, iii. 1 ; vi. v. 22. Heraeans,

the, vi. v. 11. 22
Heraeum, sanctuary of Hera, on

the Isthmus of Corinth, iv. v.

5-8 ; near Phlius, vn. ii. 1-12
Herippidas, Lacedaemonian com-
mander, ra. iv. 6, 20; iv. i.

11-26, ii. 8, iii. 15, 17, viii. 11
Hermion, city in Argolis, iv. ii. 3.

Hermionians, the, iv. ii. 16 ;

vn. ii. 2

Hermocrates, Syracusan general,

I. i. 27, 30, 31, iii. 13
Hermocrates, Syracusan, father of

Dionysius, n. ii. 24
Hermogenes, Athenian, iv. viii. 13
Hermon, Megarian, I. vi. 32
Herodas, Syracusan, in. iv. 1
Hestia, vn. iv. 31

5°4

Hierameues, Persian, n. i. 9
Hierax, Lacedaemonian admiral,

v. i. 3-6

Hieron, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Hieron, Lacedaemonian, vi. iv. 9
Himera, Greek city in Sicily, i. i. 37
Hippeus Samian commander, I.

vi. 29

Hippias, Elean, vn. iv. 15

Hippocrates, Lacedaemonian vice-
admiral and governor, I. i. 23,
iii. 5-7

Hippodamus, market-place of, in

Piraeus, n. iv. 11
Hippodamus, Sicyonian, vn. i. 45
Hippolochus, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Hippomachus, one of the Thirty

at Athens, n. iii. 2, iv. 19
Hippon. Syracusan, I. ii. 8
Hipponicus, Athenian, iv. v. 13;

vi. iii. 2
Hipponicus, Phliasian, v. iii. 13
Histiaeans, the. inn. of Histiaea,

city in northern Euboea, n.

ii. 3

Hyacinthia, Lacedaemonian festi-
val, IV. v. 11
Hyampolitans, the, inn. of Hyam-

polis, city in Phocis, vi. iv. 27
Hypates. Theban, vn. iii. 7
Hypatodorus, Tanagraean, v. iv. 49
Hypermenes, Lacedaemonian vice-
admiral, vi. ii. 25

Iberians, vn. i. 20

Ichthys, promontory in Elis, vi.
ii. 31

Ida, mountain in north-western

Asia Minor, I. U 25
Idaeus, Lacedaemonian, iv. i. 39
Ilarchus, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. iii. 10

Ilium, Troy, ancient city near the
Hellespont, i. i. 4. Ilians, the,
m. i. 16

Imbros, island in northern Aegean,

iv. viii. 15 ; v. i. 31

Ionia, district in western Asia
Minor, II. i. 17; m. ii. 11, 14;

v. i. 28. Iqnians, the, m. iv. 11 ;
iv. iii. 17. Ionic .ra. i. 3, ii. 12,
17

Digitized by

INDEX TO

HELLEN1CA

Iphicrates, Athenian general, iv.

iv. 9 ; invades the territory of
Phlius and Arcadia, iv. iv. 15,
16 u defeats a Lacedaemonian
regiment, iv. v. 3-17 ; his other
successes, iv. v. 19 ; victorious
at Cremaste, iv. viii. 34-39;
besieges Abydus, v. i. 25 ; his
expedition to Corcyra, vi. ii.
13-39 ; recalled, vi. iv. 1 ;
his expedition to Pelopon-
nesus, vi. v. 49-52

Isanor, Lacedaemonian ephor, n.
iii. 10

Ischolaus, Lacedaemonian com-
mander, vi. v. 24, 26

Isias, Lacedaemonian ephor, n.
iii. 10

Ismenias, Theban party leader.

m. v. 1 ; v. ii. 25-35
Isthmia, the Isthmian games, iv.

v. 1, 2

Isthmus, of Corinth, iv. v. 1, viii.

8 ; vn. v. 15
Italy, v. i. 26

Jason, tyrant of Pherae and tagus
of Thessaly, vi. i. 4-19, iv. 20-
37, v. 1

Labotas, Lacedaemonian governor,
I. ii. 18

Lacedaemon, referring to either
Laconia or Sparta, I. i. 23-vn.
v. 18, frequently. Lacedae-
monians, the, victorious in the
Hellespont, I. i. 1 ; defeated in
the battles of Abydus and
Cyzicus, I. i. 2-18 ; build a new
fleet. I. i. 24-26 ; aided by the
Persians, I. iv. 2, 3, v. 2-7 ;
victorious at Notium.i. v. 11-14 ;
victorious at MytiJene, i. vi.
15-17 ; defeated at Arginusae,

I. vi. 26-34 ; capture the
Athenian fleet at Aegospotami,

II. i. 22-32 ; capture Athens,
but refuse to destroy the city,
n. ii. 1-23 ; settle the internal
dissensions of the Athenians,
H. iv. 28-38 ; send aid to
Cyrus, in. i. 1 ; at war with
Persia, ill. i. 3-ii. 20, iv. 1-29 ;

iv. i. 1-41 ; with Elis, m. ii.
21-31 ; choose Agesilaus king,
in. iii. 1-4 ; at war with Thebes,
ra. v. 3-7 ; defeated at Hal-
iartus, in. v. 17-24; recall
Agesilaus from Asia, iv. ii. 2;
engage in the Corinthian War,
iv. ii. 9 ; victorious at the
Nemea. iv. ii. 16-23; defeated
at Cnidos, iv. iii. 10-12; vic-
torious at Coronea, iv. iii. 15-21 ;
at Corinth, rv. iv. 9-13, 19;
invade Argos, rv. iv. 19 ; de-
feated at Corinth, iv. v. 11-17 ;
at war with the Acarnanians, iv.
vi. 1-vii. 1 ; invade Argos,

iv. vii. 2-7 ; loss of their ^nari-
time empire, iv. viii. 1-11;
naval war with the Athenians,

v. i. 1-28 ; their relation to the
Peace of Antalcidas, v. i. 32-
56 ; at war with Mantinea, v.
ii. 1-7; with Olynthus, v. ii.
20-24, 37-43, iii. 1-9, 18, 19, 26 ;
seize the citadel of Thebes,
v. ii. 25-36 ; at war with Phlius,
v. iii. 10-17, 21-25; surrender
the Theban citadel, v. iv. 10-12 ;
at war with Thebes, v. iv. 13-
62 ; vi. i. 1, ii. 1 ; with Athens,

v. iv. 34, 60-66; vi. ii. 3-38;
conclude peace with Athens,

vi. iii. 18-20 ; defeated by the
Thebans at Leuctra, vi. iv. 1-15 ;
at war with the Mantineans, vi.
v. 10-21 ; their country in-
vaded by the Thebans, Arca-
dians, Argives, and Eleans, vi.
v. 23-52; conclude an alliance
with the Athenians, vn. i. 1-14 ;
at war with the Arcadians, vn.
i. 25-32, iv. 19-27 ; their country
invaded again, vn. v. 9-14 ; de-
feated at Mantinea, vn. v. 18-25

Laconia, n. ii. 13 ; iv. vii. 6, viii.
8 ; vi. ii. 9, 31, v. 21, 23, 24;
vn. i. 25, 28 29,. iv. 6. Laco-
nians, the, i. i. 32, iv. 22, vi. 34 ;
n. ii. 2, iii. 8, iv 4, 10 ; IV. v. 10,
viii. 1, 35, 37 ;' v. ii. 40, 41

Lacrates, Lacedaemonian, Olym-
pic victor, II. iv. 33

Lampsacus, city on Asiatic coast
of the Hellespont, I. ii. 13, 15 ;
II. i. 18-30, ii. 1, 2

505

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Larisa. the Egyptian, city in
Aeolis, m. i. 7. Larisaeans, the,
m. i. 7

Larisa, city in Thessaly, VI. iv.

83, 34. Larisaeans, the, n. iii.

4 ; IV. iii. 3
Larisa, city in the Troad, m. i.

13, 16

Larisus, river of Elis. ni. ii. 23
Lasion, town in Elis. m. ii. 30 ;

vii. iv. 12. Lasiomans, the, iv.

ii. 16

Lechaeum, western port of Cor-
inth, rv. iv. 7, 17, v. 7-19, viii.

10, 23 : v. i. 29

Lemnos, island in northern Aegean,

IV. viii. 15 ; V. i. 31
Leon, Athenian general, I. v. 16,

vi. 16 ; n. iii. 39. Another, vn.

i. 33-38

Leon, Lacedaemonian ephor, II. iii.
10

Leontiades, Theban party leader,

v. ii. 26-36, iv. 7, 19
Leontichus, Athenian general, v. i.

26

Leontines, the, inh. of Leon tin! ,

Greek city in Sicily, n. iii. 5
Leontis, Athenian tribe, II. iv. 27
Leotycnides, putative son of King

Agis, in. iii. 1-3
Lepreans, the, inh. of Lepreum,

city in Elis in. ii. 25 ; VI. v. 11
Lesbos, island off the Aeolian coast,

I. ii. 11, 12, vi. 12-27: n. ii.

5, iii. 32, 35 ; iv. viii. 28
Letrinians, the, inh. of Letrini,

town in Elis, m. ii. 25, 30 ; iv.

11. 16

Leucas, island west of Acarnania,
VI. ii. 3, 26

Leu coloph ides, Athenian, I. iv. 21

Leucophrys, city in Ionia, ra. ii.
19 ; iv. viii. 17

Leuctra, town in Boeotia, battle of,
v. iv. 33 ; VI. iv. 4-16, v. 1, 23 ;
vn. i. 35, ii. 2

leuctrum, town in southern Ar-
cadia, vi. v. 24

Libys, Lacedaemonian admiral, n.
iv. 28

Lichas, Lacedaemonian, m. ii. 21
Locris, the Opuntian, district in
central Greece on the Euboean
strait, m. v. 3, 4 ; the Ozolian,

506

district on northern coast of the

Corinthian Gulf, rv. iii. 21.

Locrians, the Opuntian, m. v.

3, 4; rv. ii. 17; the Ozolian,

IV. ii. 17, iii. 22 ; both, iv. iii.

15 ; vi. v. 23, 30
Lycaethus, Athenian, VI. iii. 2
Lycarius, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. iii. 10

Lyceum, the, gymnasium near

Athens, I. i. 33 ; n. iv. 27
Lyciscus, Athenian, 1. vii. 13
Lycomedes, Mantinean, vn. i. 23,

24, 39, iv. 2, 3
Lycophron, Pheraean, n. iii. 4
Lycurgus, Byzantine, I. iii. 18
Lydia, province in western Asia

Minor, 1. ii. 4
Lysander, Lacedaemonian admiral
and general, his relations with
Cyrus, I. v. 1-9, vi. 10: n. i.
7, 11-15, iii. 8; victorious at
Notium, I. v. 10-15 ; intrigues
against Callicratidas, 1. vi. 1-10 ;
in command again, n. i. 6-19:
captures the Athenian fleet at
Aegospotami, n. i. 22-32. his
part in the siege of Athens,
n. ii. 1-23 ; in the ensuing
civil strife, n. iv. 28-36 ; sup-
ports the claims of Agesilans.
m. iii. 3; with Agesflaus in
Asia, m. iv. 2-10 ; defeated and
slain at Haliartus, ra. v. 6, 17-19
Lysander, Sicyonian, vn. 1. 45
Lysias, Athenian general, 1. vi. 30,
vii. 2

Lysimachus, Athenian hipparch,

n. iv. 8, 26
Lysiraenes, Sicyonian, vn. i. 45
Lyaippus, Lacedaemonian governor,

ra. ii. 29, 30

Macedonia, country north of Greece.

I. i. 12 ; rv. iii. 3 ; v. ii. 12, IS.

38, iii. 18; vi. i. 11. irface-

donians, the, v. ii. 12, 40, 43
Macistus. town in .Ells. m. ii. 30.

Macistians, the. in. ii. 25
Madytus, city in the Thracian

Chersonese, I. i. 3
Maeander, river in western AsU

Minor, HI. ii. 14, 17, iv. 12. 21 :

rv. viii. 17

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Malea, southern promontory of

Laconia, I. ii. 18
Malea, southern promontory of

Lesbos, I. vi. 26, 27
Maleatis, district in southern

Arcadia, vi. v. 24
Malians, the, inh. of Mails, district

in northern Greece, on the

Malian Gulf, m. v. 6 ; iv. ii.

17 ; vi. v. 23
Mania, Dardanian woman, in. i.

10-27,

Mantinea, city in Arcadia, iv. v.
18; v. ii. 2-7; vi. v. 3-22;
battle of, vn. v. 7-26. Mantin-
eans, the, m. ii. 21 ; allies of the
Lacedaemonians, iv. ii. 13, iv.
17, v. 18; their city captured
by the Lacedaemonians, v. ii.
1-7 ; aid the Lacedaemonians
after Leuctra, vi. iv. 18 ; fortify
their city, vi. v. 3-5 ; at war
with the Lacedaemonians, vi.

v. 6-52 : leaders of anti-Theban
faction in Arcadia, vn. iv. 33-
40; aid the Lacedaemonians
against the Thebans, vn. v.
1-25

Mantitheus, Athenian. I. i. 10,

iii. 13

Maracians. the, people in Aetolia,

vi. i. 7

Marganians, the, inh. of Margana,
town in Elis, m. ii. 25, 30;

iv. ii. 16 ; vi. v. 2 ; vn. iv. 14,
26

Media, country in Asia, n. i. 13.

Medes, the, I. ii. 19
Megabates, Persian, iv. i. 28
Megaiopolitans, the, inh. of Mega-
lopolis, city in Arcadia, vn. v. 5
Megara, city on the Isthmus of
Corinth, I. i. 36, il. 14 ; n. iv. 1 ;
iv. iv. 13 ; v. iv. 41-58. Megar-
ians, the, I. ill. 15, vi. 32.
Megaris, the district, v. iv. 18 ;
vi.lv. 26
Megillus, Lacedaemonian, in. iv. 6
Meidias, Dardanian, in. i. 14-28
Melanippus, Rhodian, vi. ii. 35
Melanopus, Athenian, vi. iii. 2
Melanthius, Athenian, one of the

Four Hundred, n. iii. 46
Melea, town in Arcadia, vn. i. 28, 29
Meletu8, Athenian, n. iv. 36

Melobius, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Melon, Theban, v. iv. 2-7, 19
Melos, island east of Laconia, iv.

viii. 7. Melians. the, n. ii. 3, 9
Menander, Athenian general, I. ii.

16 ; n. i. 16, 26
Menascus, Lacedaemonian, iv. ii. 8
Menecles, Athenian, I. vii. 34
Menecrates, Syracusan, I. i. 29
Menon, Thespian, v. iv. 55
Messene. capital of Messenia. dis-
trict in Peloponnesus, v. ii. 3 ;
vn. i. 27, 36, iv. 9. Messenlans,
the, vi. v. 33 ; vn. i. 29, iv. 27,

v. 5

Methymna, city in northern Lesbos,

I. ii. 12, vi. 12, 38 ; IV. viii. 28.

Methymnaeans, the, I. vi. 13-18 ;

IV. viii. 29
Miletus, city in southern Ionia,

I. i. 31, ii. 2, 3, v. 1, vi. 2, 7.

Milesians, the. I. vi. 8 ; n. i. 30
Mindarus, Lacedaemonian admiral,

I. i. 4-23, iii. 17
Misgolaidas, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. iii. 10
Mitraeus, Persian prince, n. i. 8
Mitrobates, Persian. I. iii. 12
Mnasippus, Lacedaemonian ad-
miral, vi. ii. 4-31
Mne8ilochus, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Mnesitheides, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Munichia, hill on the Piraeus

peninsula, n. iv. 11, 37. Artemis

of Munichia, n. iv. 11
Mygdon, Lacedaemonian, m. iv. 20
Myrina, town in Aeolis, in. i. 6
Mysia, province in north-western

Asia Minor, I. iv. 7. Mysians, the,

ra. i. 13 ; iv. i. 24
Myskon, Syracusan general, I. i. 29
Mytilene, chief city of Lesbos, I.

vi. 16-38, vii. 29 ; n. ii. 5 ;
iv. viii. 28. Mytilenaean8, the,
I. vi. 22 ; IV. viii. 28, 29

Narthacium, mountain and town
in southern Thessaly. IV. iii. 8, 9
Naubates, Lacedaemonian, m. 11. 6
Naucleidas, Lacedaemonian ephor,
n. iv. 36

507

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Naucles, Lacedaemonian, vn. i. 41
Naupactus, city in Aetolia, iv. vi. 14
Nauplia, town in Argolis, IV. vii. 6
Neandrians, the, inh. of Neandria,

town in Aeolis, in. i. 16
Nemea, city in Argolis, iv. ii. 14,

vii. 3 ; vn. ii. 5, v. 6, 7
Niceratus, Athenian, n. iii. 39
Nicias, Athenian general and

statesman, H. iii. 39
Nicolochus, Lacedaemonian ad-
miral, v. i. 6, 7, 25, iv. 65
Nicophemus, Athenian, iv. vlii. 8
Nicostratus, Athenian, n. iv. 6,
Notium. port of Colophon, I. n. 4,
11 ; battle of, I. v.' 12-14 ; H.
i. 6

Ocyllus, Lacedaemonian, v. iv. 22 ;
VI. v. 33

Odeum, music hall at Athens, ii.

iv. 9, 10, 24
Odrysians, see Thracians
Oeniadae, city in Acarnania, iv. vi.

14

Oenoe, Athenian fortress, on the

Boeotian border, I. vii. -28
Oenoe, Corinthian fortress, iv. v.

Oetaeans, the, people in northern
Greece, about Mt. Oeta, I. ii. 18 ;

Oeum, town in northern Laconia,
vi v. 24, 25. Oeans, the, vi.

v. 26

Olontheus, Lacedaemonian, vi. v.

33

Olurus, fortress in Achaea, vii. iv.

17,18 M .

Olympia, sanctuary in Elis, seat

of the Olympic games, in. ii.

26; iv. i. 40, vii. 2 ; vn. iv.

14, 28. Olympian, ra. ii. 26, 31 ;

vn. iv. 14, 28. Olympic games,

vn. iv. 28. Olympic year

(Olympiad), I. ii. 1 ; n. iii. 1 ;

vn. iv. 28 t , .
Olynthus, city in Chalcidice v.

ii. 11-37, iii. 9, 20. Olynthians,

the, V. ii. 13-43, iii. 1-6, 18, 26,

iv. 54

Oneum, mountain range near
Corinth, vi. v. 51, 62; vn. i.
15-42, ft. 5

508

Onomacles, one of the Thirty at

Athens, 11. iii. 2
Onomacles, Lacedaemonian ephor,

Onomantiu8, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. iii. 10 M
Opuntian Locris, see Locris
Orchomenus, city in Arcadia, iv.

v. 18 ; vi. v. 15, 17. 29. Orcho-
menians, the, v. iv. 36, 37;

vi. v. 11, 13

Orchomenus, city in Boeotia, in.

v. 17; iv. iii. 15; v. i. 29.

Orchomenians, the, ra. v. 6 ;

iv. ii. 17, iii. 15, 16, 18 ; VI. iv. 10
Oreus, city in Euboea, v. iv. 56.

Oreans, the, v. iv. 57
Oropus, town on the borders of

Attica and Boeotia, vn. iv. 1
Orsippns, Lacedaemonian, iv. ii. 8
Otys, king of Paphlagonia, TV. i.

3-15

Ozolian Locris, see Locris

Pactolus, stream in Lydia, in.

iv. 22

Pagasae, town in Thessaly, v. iv.
56

Palaegambrium, town in Aeolis,
ra. i. 6

Pallantium, town in Arcadia, vi.

v. 9. Pallantians, the, vn. v. 5
Pallene, western peninsula of

Chalcidice, v. ii. 15
Pamphilus, Athenian general, v.
i. 2

Pangaeum, mountain in western

Thrace, v. ii. 17
Pantacles, Lacedaemonian ephor,

I. iii. 1 ; n. iii. 10
Paphlagonia, province in northern

Asia Minor, iv. i. 2, 3. Paphla

gonians, the, IV. i. 2-28
Paralus, Athenian state trireme

n. i. 28.29.U. 3; VI. ii. 14
Parapita, wife of Pharnabazus, rr

i. 39, 40

Parium, city on the Propontfe,

I. i. 13

Paros, one of the Cycladea, 1. iv. 11
Parrhasians, the, inh. of Parrhasii

city in Arcadia, vn. i. 28
Pasimachus, Lacedaemonian, it.

iv. 10

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Pasimelus, Corinthian, iv. iv. 4,
7 ; vn.iii. 2

Pasippldas, Lacedaemonian ad-
miral. I. i. 32, lit. 13, 17

Patesiadas, Lacedaemonian ephor,
n. iii. 10

. Pausanias, Lacedaemonian king,
n. ii. 7 ; leader in Athenian
campaign, n. iv. 29-39 : against
the Thebans, m. v. 6-24; con-
demned and an exile, m. v. 25 ;
v. ii. 3

Peisander, Lacedaemonian admiral,
m. iv. 29 ; rv. iii. 10-13

Peisianax, Athenian, I. iv. 19,
vii. 12

Peisias, Argive general, vii. i. 41
Peison. one of the Thirty at Athens,
ii. iii. 2

Pella, capital of Macedonia, v. ii. 13
Pellene, city in Achaea, vn. i. 18,
ii. 18, 20, iv. 18. Pelleneans, the,

iv. ii. 20 ; vi. v. 29 ; vn. i. 15,
16, ii. 2-16. iv. 17

Pellene, city in Laconia, vn. v. 9.
Pellenean, in. ii. 11

Pelles. Lacedaemonian, IV. iii. 23

Pelopidas, Theban general and
statesman, vn. i. 33, 40

Peloponnesus, southern peninsula
of Greece, m. ii. 17, 26, v. 17';
IV. vi. 2, 14 ; V. ii. 20, iv. 62,
63 ; vi. ii. 9, iii. 6 ; vn. i. 23,
li. 2, iv. 35, v. 1-18. Pelopon-
neaians, the, i. i. 6-24, vi. 33, 34 ;
n. ii. 7, iv. 21, 29, 41 ; m. i. 4,

v. 6, 14; vi. v. 1. Pelopon-
nesian War, the, i. i. 1-n. iii.
10 ; terms of peace, n. ii. 20

Percote, town on Asiatic coast of

the Hellespont, v. i. 25
Pergamus. city in Aeolis, m. i. 6
Pericles, Athenian general, I. v. 16,

vi. 29, vii. 2, 16, 21
Perinthus, city on the Propontis, i.

1. 20. Perinthians, the, I. i. 21
Perioeci, the, inn. of the Laconian

towns who were free, but not

rrtan citizens, I. iii. 15 ; in.
6 ; v. i. 33, ii. 24, iii. 9, iv.
39 ; vi. i. 19, v. 21-32 ; VII. ii.

2, iv. 27

Persians, the, I. ii. 5, 19 ; m. ii. 15,
iv. 10-25; rv. i. 6. 30; v. ii.
35 ; VI. i. 12 ; vn. 1. 33-39

Phaedrias, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Phanias. Athenian general, v. i. 26
Phanosthenes, Athenian general,

I. v. 18

Pharax, Lacedaemonian admiral,
ra. ii. 12, 14; rv. v. 6; vi. v.
33

Pharnabazus, Persian satrap, aids
the Lacedaemonians in the Pelop-
onnesian War, I. i. 6-31, ii. 16,

iii. 5-7, 17; his negotiations
with the Athenians, I. iii. 8-14,

iv. 1-7 : at war with the Lace-
daemonians, m. i. 9-28, ii.
1-20, iv. 10-29; rv. i. 1-38;
victorious in the battle of Cnidos,
rv. iii. 10-12 ; his later successes,
rv. viii. 1-10; at the Persian
cou t, v. i. 28

Pharsalus, city in Thessaly, vi.

i. 5, 8, iv. 34. Pharsalians, the,

rv. iii. 3, 8 ; VI. i. 2-18
Phea, town in Blis, m. ii. 30
Pheidon, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Pherae, town in southern Messenia,

rv. viii. 7
Pheraeans, the, inh. of Pherae,

city in Thessaly, n. iii. 4: vi.

iv. 31

Philippus, Theban polemarch, v.

iv. 2

Philiscus, Abydene, vn. i. 27
Phillidas, Theban, v. iv. 2-8
Philocles, Athenian general, I. vii.

i: n. i. 30-32
Phllocrates, Athenian, rv. viii. 24
Philocydes, Athenian, I. iii. 13
Phlius, city in Argolis, iv. iv. 15,
vii. 3 ; V. ii. 8, iii. 21-25 ; vn.
i. 18, ii. 1-23. Phliasians, the,
rv. ii. 16, iv. 15 ; coerced by the
Lacedaemonians, v. li. 8-10;
reduced by them, v. m. 10-17,
21-25 ; allies of the Lacedae-
monians, vi. iv. 9, 18, v. 14, 17,
29 ; their fidelity and bravery,
vn. ii. 1-23 ; conclude peace
with the Thebans, vn. iv. 10, 11
Phocaea, city in Ionia, I. iii. I,

v. 11, vi. 33

Phocis, district in central Greece,
; nr. v. 4 ; vi. i. 1, iv. 27. Phocians,
the, at war with the Thebans,

509

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

in. v. 3-21 ; allies of the Lace-
daemonians, iv. ill. 15, 21 ;

v. ii. 33, iv. 60 ; vi. i. 1, ii. 1,
iv. 2-9 ; allies of the Thebans,

vi. v. 23, 30 ; vn. v. 4
Phoebidas, Lacedaemonian com-
mander, v. ii. 24-32, iv. 41-46

Phoenicia, country on eastern coast
of the Mediterranean, in. iv. 1.
Phoenician, m. iv. 1 ; iv. iii. 11

Phoenicus, town in Cythera, iv.
viii. 7

Phrixa, town in Elis, ni. ii. 30

Phrygia, the greater, province in
central Asia Minor, I. iv. 1 ;
the lesser, province in north-
western Asia Minor, ill. ii. 1,
iv. 12, 26, 29 ; IV. i. 1

Phthia, district in southern Thes-
saly, iv. iii. 9

Phyle, Athenian fortress, near the
Boeotian border, II. iv. 2-12

Piraeum, peninsula on north-
western side of the Isthmus of
Corinth, iv. v. 1-19

Piraeus, port of Athens, i. i. 35,

ii. 14, iii. 22, iv. 12, 13, vii. 36 ;
II. ii. 2-23, iii. 8, 11. iv. 1-39 ;
m. v. 6-25 ; rv. viii. 9 ; v. i.
9, 22, ii. 33. iv. 20-34

Pisatans, the, inh. of Pisa, town in

Elis, VII. iv. 28, 29
Pisidians, the, inh. of Pisidia,

province in southern Asia Minor,

ra. i. 13

Pity as, Lacedaemonian ephor, I.

vi. 1 ; n. iii. 10
Plataea, city in Boeotia, v. iv. 10,

14, 48; vi. iii. 5; vn. i. 34.

Plataeans, the, v. iv. 10 ; yi.

iii. 1

Pleistolas, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. iii. la
Plynteria, Athenian festival, I.

iv. 12

Podanemus, Lacedaemonian ad-
miral, iv. viii. 10

Podanemus, Phliasian, v. iii. 13

Pollis, Lacedaemonian admiral,
rv. viii. 11 ; v. iv. 61

Polyaenidas, Lacedaemonian, vn.
iv. 23

Polyanthes, Corinthian, in. v. 1
Poly blades, Lacedaemonian coife
mander, v. iii. 20, 26

5»°

Polychares, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Polycharmus, Lacedaemonian, v.

ii. 41

Poly charaus, Pharsalian, iv. iii. 8
Polydama8, Pharsalian, VI. i. 2-8,
iv. 34

Polydorus, Pheraean, tagus of
Thessaly, VI. iv. 33, 34

Polyphron, Pheraean, tagus of
Thessaly, vi. iv. 33, 34

Polytropus, commander of mer-
cenaries, vi. v. 11-14

Polyxenus, Syracuaan admiral, v.

i. 26

Pontus, the Black Sea, I. i. 22;

n. ii. 1 ; TV. viii. 27, 31 ; v. i. 28
Poseidon, ra. iii. 2 ; rv. v. 1, 2, 4,

vii. 4, 5. Gaeaochus, vi. v. 30
Potamis, Syracusan general, I. i. 29
Potidaea, city in Chalcidice, v.

ii. 15-39. iii. 6

Potniae, city in Boeotia, v. iv. 51
Pras, town in southern Thessaly,
IV. iii. 9

Prasiae, town in Laconia, vn. ii.
2,3

Praxitas, Lacedaemonian pole-
march, rv. iv. 7-18, v. 19

Priene, city in Ionia, ra. ii. 17;
IV. viii. 17

Proaenus, Corinthian admiral, rv.

viii. 11

Procles, descendant of King De-

maratus, m. L 6
Procles, Phliasian, v. iii. 13 ; vi.

v. 38 ; vn. i. 1
Proconnesus, island in the Pro-

pontis, I. i. 13-20, iii. 1 ; iv.

viii. 36 ; v. i. 26
Prometheus, Thessalian, n. iii. 36
Prothous, Lacedaemonian, VI. iv. 2
Protomachus, Athenian general,

I. v. 16, vi. 30, 33, vii. 1
Proxenus, Pellenean, vn. ii. 16
Proxenus, Syracusan, I. iii. 13
Proxenus, Tegean, vi. v. 6, 7. 36
Pygela, town in Ionia, I. ii. 2

Pygeians, the, I. ii. 2
Pylus, town in Elis, vn. iv. 16, 26.

Pylians, the, vn. iv. 26
Pyrrolochus, Argive, I. iii. 13
Pythian games, VI. iv. 29, 30
Pythodorus, Athenian archon, n.

iii. 1

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Rhamphias, Lacedaemonian, I. i.
35

Rhathines, Persian commander,

in. iv. 13
Rhium, promontory in Aetolia, at

the entrance to the Corinthian

Gulf, IV. vi. 14, viii. 11
Rhodes, island south-west of Asia

Minor, I. i. 2, v. 1, 19, vi. 3 ;

II. i. 15, 17; IV. viii. 20-30;

v. i. 5, 6. Rhodians. the, I. v.

19 ; m. v. 1 ; iv. viii. £0 ; vi.

ii. 36

Rhoeteum, town on Asiatic coast
of the Hellespont, i. i. 2

Salarainia, Athenian state trireme.
VI. ii. 14

Salamis, island off western coast
of Attica, n. ii. 9. Salaminian,
n. iii. 39

Samius, Lacedaemonian admiral,
m. Li

Samos, island off the Ionian coast,

I. ii. 1, iv. 8-23, v. 14-20, vi.

2-38: n. i. 12, 16. iii. 3; IV.

viii. 23. Samians, the, I. vi. 25,

29, vii. 30 : n. ii. 6, iii. 6
Samothrace. bland on the Thracian

coast, v. i. 7
Sardis, capital of Lydia, I. i. 9, 10,

v. 1 ; in. ii. 11, iv. 25 ; iv. i. 27,

viii. 21. Sardian. in. iv. 21
Satyrus, one of the Eleven at

Athens, n. iii. 54-66
Scepsis, city in the Troad, m. i.

16-28. Scepsians, the, m. i.

21, 25

Scilluntians, the, inh. of Scillus,

town in Ells, vi. v. 2
Scionaeans, the, inh. of Scione, city

in Chalcidice, n. ii. 3
Sciritis, district in northern La-

conia, VI. v. 24, 25 ; vn. iv. 21.

Sciritans, the, v. ii. 24, iv. 52, 53
Scolu8, town in Boeotia, v. iv. 49
Scopas, Thessalian. vi. i. 19
Scotussaeans, the, inh. of Scotussa,

city in Thessaly. iv. iii. 8
Scyro8, island north-east of Euboea,

IV. viii. 16 ; v. i. 31
Scythes, Lacedaemonian, in. iv. 20
Selinus, Greek city in Sicily. I. i.

37. Selinuntines. the, I. ii. 8, 10

Sellasia, city in Laconia, n. ii. 13,
19 ; vi. v. 27 ; VU. iv. 12

Selymbria, city on the Propontis,
I. i. 20, iii. 10. Selymbrians, the,

I. i. 21

Sestus, city in the Thracian
Chersonese, I. i. 7, 11, 36, ii. 13 ;
n. i. 20, 25 ; IV. viii. 3-6

Seuthes, king of the Odrysians,
m. ii. 2, 9 ; IV. viii. 26

Sicily. I. i. 37, v. 21; vi. ii. 9.
Sicilians, the, n. ii. 24

Sicyon, city in northern Pelopon-
nesus, near Corinth, iv. ii. 14,

iv. 1-18, v. 12, 19 ; vn. i. 17-44,

ii. 11, 15, iii. 1, 4. Sicyonians,
the, ra. i. 18 ; iv. ii. 16, iv. 8-11 ;

vi. iv. 18 ; vn. i. 22, ii. 1-20,

iii. 1, 2, iv. 1

Sidus, town on the Isthmus of
Corinth, iv. iv. 13, v. 19

Sisyphus, nickname of Dercylidas,
m. i. 8

Socleides, Lacedaemonian, vn. iv. 19
Socrates, Athenian philosopher, i.

vii. 15

Sophocles, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Sophroniscus, Athenian, I. vii. 15
Sostratidas, Lacedaemonian ephor,

n. iii. 10

Sparta, I. i. 32. ii. 1, vi. 32 ; n.
iii. 1; v. iii. 10, iv. 32, 33;
vn. i. 28, 32, ii. 3, v. 9. See also
Lacedaemon. Spartiatae, the, m.
iii. 5. 6, iv. 2 ; iv. iii. 23 ; v. i.

II, iii. 8, 9, iv. 39 ; vi. iv. 15,

v. 21-28 ; vn. i. 25, iv. 19, 27,
v. 10, 11. See also Lacedae-
monians

Spartolus, city in Chalcidice, v.
iii. 6

Sphagiae, islands on the coast of
Messenia, vi. ii. 31

Sphodrias, Lacedaemonian gover-
nor at Thespiae, v. iv. 15—34,
63 ; VI. iv. 14

Spithridates, Persian, m. iv. 10;
IV. i. 2-28

Stages, Persian, I. ii. 5

Stasippus, Tegean, vi. iv. 18, v.
6-10, 36

Steiria. Attic deme, IV. viii. 26

Sthenelaus. Lacedaemonian gover-
nor, II. ii. 2

5"

Digitized by

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Stratolas, Elean, vn. iv. 15, 31
Stratus, capital of Acarnania, rv.
vi. 4

Strombichidea, Athenian, vi. ill. 2
Struthas, Persian satrap, rv. viii.
17-21

Stymphalian, the, inh. of Stym-
ghalus, town in Arcadia, vu.

Sunium, southern promontory of

Attica, T. i. 23
Syennesis, ruler of Cilicia, in. i. 1
Syracuse, Greek city in Sicily, I.

i. 29, 31, iii. 13 ; v. i. 26, 28 ;

vi. ii. 35 ; vn. i. 22. Syracusans,

the, I. i. 18-31. ii. 8-14 ; n. ii.

24, iii. 5 ; m. i. 2, iv. 1, v. 14 ;

V. iv. 58

Tanagra, city in Boeotia, v. iv. 49.
Tanagraeans, the, v. iv. 49

Tegea, city in Arcadia, in. v. 25 ;
VI. v. 9, 15, 16 ; vii. iv. 36, 38,
39, v. 7, 14, 21 ; mustering
place of Lacedaemonian armies,
in. v. 7 ; v. i. 33, iv. 37. Tegeans,
the, allies of the Lacedaemonians,
IV. ii. 13, 19, 21 ; vi. iv. 18 ;
active in forming the Arcadian
League, VI. v. 6-9 ; at war with
the Lacedaemonians, vi. v.
10-21 : vi. v. 24, 36 ; allies of
the Thebans against the Lace-
daemonians, vn. v. 6, 8

Teleutias, Lacedaemonian admiral
and general, rv. iv. 19, viii. 11,
23-25; V. i. 2-13, ii. 37-43,

iii. 3-6

Temnus, town in Aeolis, rv. viii. 5
Tenea, town near Corinth, rv. iv. 19
Tenedos, island off the Aeolian

coast, v. i. 6. Tenedians, the,

v. i. 7

Teuthrania, town in Aeolis, in. i. 6
Thalamae, fortress in Elis, vn. iv.
26

Thamneria, town in Media, II. i. 13
Thasos, island in northern Aegean,

I. i. 12, 32, iv. 9 ; v. i. 7
Thebe, town in the Troad, IV. i. 41
Thebes, chief city of Boeotia, n.

iv. 1,2; in. v. 1, 3 ; V. ii. 25-
27, iv. 1-63 ; vi. iii. 2, 11, iv.
37 ; VII. i. 39. 40. iii. 6 iv. 6-39.

512

v. 4. Thebans, the, I. vii. 28;
urge the destruction of Athens,
n. ii. 19 ; incite war against the
Lacedaemonians, in. v. 3—16 ;
victorious at Haliartua. m. v.
17-24 ; take part in the battle
of the Nemea. rv. ii. 22 ; of
Coronea, rv. iii. 16-21 ; com-
pelled to accept the Peace of
Antalcidas, v. i. 32-36 ; their
citadel seized by the Lace-
daemonians, v. ii. 25—36 ; re-
covered, v. iv. 1-12 ; at war with
the Lacedaemonians, v. iv. 13-
59 : assisted by the Athenians,

v. iv. 34, 54, 59, 63 ; subjugate
the Boeotian cities, v. iv. 46, 63 ;
make war upon the Phocians, vi.

i. 1, iii. 1 ; excluded from the
Peace of 371 B.C., vi. iii. 18-20 :
defeat the Lacedaemonians at
Leuctra, vi. iv. 1-15 ; aid the
Arcadians and invade Laconia,

vi. v. 22-52 : their second in-
vasion of Peloponnesus, vu. i.

15- 22 ; their negotiations witii
the Persian king, vn. i. 33-40;
third invasion of Peloponnesus,
vn. i. 41. 42 ; acquit the slayers
of Euphron, vn. iii. 4-12;
grant peace to the Corinthians,
vn. iv. 6-10 ; fourth invasion
of Peloponnesus, vn. iv. 34-v. 6 ;
their allies, vn. v. 4, 5 ; invade
Laconia and are victorious in the
battle of Mantinea, vn. v. 6-25

Themistogenes, Syracusan, in. i. 2
Theogenes, one of the Thirty at

Athens, I. iii. 13 ; n. iii. 2
Theognis, one of the Thirty at

Athens, n. iii. 2
Theopompus, Milesian, n. i. 30
Theramenes, Athenian general,

later one of the Thirty, I. i. 12.

22, vi. 35, vii. 4-31; n. il

16- 22, iii. 2-55, iv. 1
Therimachus, Lacedaemonian

governor of Methymna, nr. viii.
29

Thermopylae, pass at the head of
the Malian Gulf, vi. v. 43

Thersander, Ionian flute-player
rv. viii. 18, 19

Thesmoplioria, Theban festival, v

ii. 29

Digitized by Google '

INDEX TO HELLENICA

Thespiae, city in Boeotla, v. iv.

10-66; vr.iii. 6. Thespians, the,

IV. ii. 20: V. iv. 42-46; vi.

iii. 1, iv. 4, 10
Tbessaly, district in northern

Greece, n. iii. 4, 36 ; rv. iii. 3 ;

VI, i. 2-12, iv. 28. v. 23 ; vn. i.

f 8. Thessalians, the, n. iii. 1, 4 ;

IV. iii. 3-8; V. iii. 9; VI. i.

3-18, iv. 28-36, v. 1, 30 ; vn.

v. 4, 16

Thibrachus, Lacedaemonian pole-
march, n. iv. 33

Thibron, Lacedaemonian com-
mander, m. i. 4-10, ii. 1 ; rv.
viii. 17-22

Thirty, the, at Athens ("the
Thirty Tyrants"), established,
n. iii. 1, 2, 11: their rule, n.

iii. 11-iv. 10 ; dissension among,
n. iii. 16-66; their forces de-
feated by Thrasybulns, n. iv.
2-22 ; deposed, n. iv. 23 ;
outlawed, n. iv. 38

Thisbae, town in Boeotia, vi. iv. 3
Thorax, Lacedaemonian com-
mander, n. i. 18, 2&
Thoricus, town in southern Attica,
I. ii. 1

Thrace, country north of the
Aegean and Propontis, I. iii. 10,
17, iv. 9 : n. ii. 5 ; m. ii. 9 ;
rv. viii. 26 ; v. i. 26, ii. 12, 24.
Thracians, the, m. ii. 8, 10 ;
v. ii. 17. Bithynlan Thrace
(Thracians), see Bithynia (Bithy-
nians). Odrysian Thracians, the,
m. ii. 2, 6 ; rv. viii. 26

Thracium. Thracian Square, in
Byzantium, I. iii. 20

Thrasonidas, Elean, vn. iv_ 16

Thrasybulus, of Collytus, Athenian
general, v. i. 26

Thrasybulus, of Steiria, Athenian
general and statesman, i. i. 12,

iv. 9 ; chosen general, I. iv. 10 ;
at Phocaea, I. v. 11 ; ship-captain
at Arginusae, I. vi. 35, vii. 6. 17,
31 ; banished by the Thirty,
n. iii. 42, 44 ; liberates Athens
from the Thirty, n. iv. 2-42 ;
m. v. 16 ; in command of an
Athenian fleet, IV. viii. 26-31

Thrasydaeus, Elean, m. ii. 27-30
Thrasyllus, Athenian general, I. i.

XENOPHON U.

8 ; repulses Agis, I. i. 33, 34;
in command in Asia Minor, I.

ii. 1-17, iii. 6 ; returns to Athens,

1. iv. 10 ; chosen general, I. v.
16 ; at Arginusae, I. vi. 30, vii.

2, 29

Thraustus, town in Elis, vn. iv. 14
Thria, Attic deme, near Eleusis,
v. iv. 21

Thurian, of Thurii, Greek city in

Italy. I. v. 19
Thyamfa, fortress between Sicyon

and Phlius, vn. ii. 1, 23, iv. 1. 11
Thymochares, Athenian general, I.

Thyrians, the, inn. of Thyrium,

town in Acarnania, vi. ii. 37
Tigrane8, Persian, rv. viii. 21
Timagoras, Athenian, vn. i. 33,
36,38

Timocrates, Athenian, I. vii. 3
Timocrates, Lacedaemonian, vn.

i. 13

Timocrates, Rhodian, m. v. 1
Timocrates, Syracusan commander,

vn. iv. 12
Timolaus, Corinthian, ra. v. 1

rv. ii. 11

Timomachus, Athenian com-

mander, vn. i. 41
Timotheus, Athenian general, v.

iv. 63-66 : VI. ii. 2, 3, 11
Tiribazus, Persian satrap, rv. viii.

12-17 ; V. i. 6, 26-30
Tisamenus, Lacedaemonian, in.

iii. 11

Tisiphonus, tagus of Thessaly, vi.

iv. 37, v. 1

Tissaphemes, Persian satrap, takes
part in the Peloponnesian War,
I. i. 9, 31,32. ii. 6, 8, v. 2,8,9;
seeks possession of the Ionian
cities, m. i. 3 ; at war with the
Lacedaemonians, m. i. 6, 9,

ii. 12-20, iv. 1-24 ; put to death,
m. iv. 25

Tithraustes, Persian satrap, nj. iv.

26, 26, v. 1
Tlemonidas, Lacedaemonian, v.

iii. 3, 4

Torone, city in Chalcidice. v. iii. 18.

Torbnaeans^the, n. ii. 3
Trachinian Heraclela, the, see

Heracleia
Tralles, city in Carta, m. ii. 19

L L

d by Google

INDEX TO

HELLENICA

Tricaranum, mountain and fortress
near Phlius, vn. ii. 1-13, iv.
11 „

Triphyllans, the, inh. of Triphylla,
district in Elis, in. ii. 30; iv.
ii. 16 ; VI. v. 2 ; vii. i. 26
Triptolemus, Attic hero, vi. iii. 6
Tripyrgia, locality in Aegina, y. i.
10

Troezen, city in Argoiis, vi. ii. 3.
Troezenians, the, iv. ii. 16 ;
vn. ii. 2

Troy, ancient city near the Helles-
pont, m. iv. 3 ; vii. i. 34

Tydeus, Athenian general, n. i.
16. 26

Tyndaridae, Castor and Poly-

deuces, putative sons of Tj
dareus, VI. v. 31. See a
Dioscuri

Xenias, Elean, m. ii. 27
Xenocles, Lacedaemonian, m. iv
Xerxes, Persian king, n. i. 8

Zacynthus, island west of Pelojw

nesus, vi. ii. 3. Zacynthians, ti

VI. ii. 2, 3
Zenis, Dardanian, in. i. 10
Zeus, m. ii. 22, 26, 31 ; vn. iv.
Zeuxippus, Lacedaemonian epfci

n. iii. 10
Zoster, promontory on westt

coast of Attica, v. i. 9

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CICERO, AD FAMILIARES, E. O. Winstedt.

CICERO, DE NATURA DEORUM, H. Rackharo.

CICERO, DE ORATORE, ORATOR, BRUTUS, Charles Stuttaford.

CICERO, DE SENECTUTE, DE AMICITIA, DE DIVINATIONE,
W. A Falconer.

CLAUDIAN, M. Platnauer.

FRONTINUS, DE AQUIS and STRATEGEMATA, C. E. Bennett.
LUCAN, S. Reinach.
LUCRETIUS, W. H. D. Rouse.

OVID, TRISTIA and EX PONTO, A. L. Wheeler.

PLINY, NATURAL HISTORY, F. G. Moore.

ST. AUGUSTINE, MINOR WORKS, Rev. P. Wicksteed.

SCRIPTORES HISTORIAE AUGUSTAE, D. Magie.

SENECA, MORAL ESSAYS, J. W. Basore.

ST ATI US. H. G. Evelyn White.

TACITUS, ANNALS, John Jackson.

TACITUS, HISTORIES, C. H. Moore.

VALERIUS FLACCUS, A. F. Scholfield.

VELLEIUS PATERCULUS, F. W. Shipley.

DESCRIPTIVE PROSPECTUS ON APPLICATION.

London - - WILLIAM HEINEMANN.
New York - G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS.

*K*K3 5202-38

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