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Fishes | 
Ref SP- 99 
a by | DIVISION OF FISHES 


US. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


GUNG 1959 


SPECIAL PUBLICATION 


_ MONTHLY CHARTS OF 
MEAN, MINIMUM, AND MAXIMUM 
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE 
OF THE INDIAN OCEAN 


1967 


(Reprinted 1968) 


NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20390 
PRICE $2.50 


ABSTRACT 


These charts, based on ship injection temperature data, show the 
monthly maximum, minimum, and mean sea surface temperatures for 
the Indian Ocean. The data are numerous in all but the southernmost 
portion of the area, and the addition of new data probably will not greatly 
change the analysis. 


Upwelling along the coasts of the continents is evident on the charts. 
Of particular interest is a little-studied region off the coast of the Somali 
Republic, where during the southwest monsoon, the mean temperature 
in one 1° quadrangle drops to 4°F. less than the mean temperature in 
the surrounding 1° quadrangles. The maximum and minimum sea sur- 
face charts show temperature variations which are sometimes masked by 
the averaging of the temperatures on the mean charts, as in the Antarc- 
tic Convergence, which is best shown on the maximum charts. 


The graphs of monthly variability of temperature in selected locations 
show that surface temperature values in the Indian Ocean north of the 
Equator have two maximum periods during the year, as compared to one 
maximum per year in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. 

Because of the large quantity of data involved, these charts, in general, 
are more definitive than charts of other parameters such as salinity, except 
where the analysis were based on fewer than 25 observations per 1° quad- 
rangle or in regions where the 1° quadrangle averaging disguises more 
complex thermal structure. 


PAUL E. LA VIOLETTE 
and 
CURTIS MASON 
Physical Properties Section 
Oceanographic Analysis Division 
‘Marine Sciences Department 


FOREWORD 


The charts in this publication are based on ship injection 
temperature data collected over more than 100 years. They are 
being made available as an interim convenience before a more 
extensive analysis of the Indian Ocean can be made and presented 
in Publication No. 70h, "Oceanographic Atlas of the Indian Ocean, 
Section ITI, Physical Properties." It is hoped that this volume 
will prove useful to analysts in the interpretation of the large 
quantities of data collected during the recent International 
Indian Ocean Expedition, 


L.E. DeCAMP 

Captain, U.S. Navy 

Commander 

U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office 


CONTENTS 


Foreword e « e e e e e © e © © © 


List of figures. oeeeee ee @ 


TnGroductdon « <f< <« « « ss © « « « 


Description of the charts - « « e 


O MOA AW FWNHEH 


Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 
Mean 


sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 
sea 


Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 
Minimum 


Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 
Maximum 


Monthly 


LIST OF FIGURES 
surface temperature (°F.), January... 
surface temperature (°F.), February. . « 
surface temperature (°F.), March... « 
surface temperature (°F.), April... . 
surface temperature (OF.), May . . « « 
surface temperature (°F.), June. . 2 - 
surface temperature (OF.), July. .... 
surface temperature (°F.), August... . 
surface temperature (CF.), September . . 
surface temperature (°F.), October... 
surface temperature (°F.), November. . . 
surface temperature (°F.), December. . . 
sea surface temperature (°F.), January. . 
sea surface temperature (CF.), February . 
sea surface temperature (°F.), March. . . 
sea surface temperature (CF.), April. .. 
sea surface temperature (°F.), May... .« 
sea surface temperature (°F.), Jume .. . 
sea surface temperature ([F.), July .. . 
sea surface temperature (°F.), August . . 
sea surface temperature (°F.), September. 
sea surface temperature (°F.), October. . 
sea surface temperature (SF.), November . 
sea surface temperature (°F.), December . 
sea surface temperature (OF.), January. . 
sea surface temperature (°F.), February . 
sea surface temperature eee Marche . . 
sea surface temperature (°F.), April. . - 
sea surface temperature (°F.), May «+ « « 
sea surface temperature (OF.), June. « - 
sea surface temperature (°F.), July - - - 
sea surface temperature (°F.), August - - 
sea surface temperature (°F.), September. 
sea surface temperature (°F.), October .~ 
sea surface temperature (°F.), November - 
sea surface temperature (°F.), December . 


variability of sea 


selected regions-Northwest 


Monthly 


variability of sea 


selected regions-Northeast 


Monthly 


variability of sea 


selected regions-Southwest 


Monthly 


variability of sea 


selected regions-Southeast 


surface temperature 
Indian Ocean .. - 
surface temperature 
Indian Ocean . 


surface temperature i 


Indian Ocean ... 
surface temperature 
Indian Ocean 


e e e 


in 


in 


e 


e ® e e e e e e e 


e e e e e e e e e e e e 


e e ® e e e e e e e e 


e e e e e e e e 


MONTHLY CHARTS OF MEAN, MINIMUM, AND MAXIMUM 
SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF THE INDIAN OCEAN 
introduction 

The Naval Oceanographic Office is currently engaged in producing a 
series of atlases on the oceans of the world. In these atlases the 
Physical Properties Section deals mainly with the distribution and 
variation of three basic parameters: temperature, salinity, and density. 
While analyses of these parameters are made as complete as present data 
allow, undoubtedly some modifications will be necessary with the 
collection of new data. 

The charts and graphs of sea surface temperature in the atlases as 
well as in this publication, however, are based on ship injection data 
so numerous in many regions that little future modification may be 
necessary. Therefore, these charts are being published herein until a 
more extensive analysis can be presented in Pub. No. 704 “Oceanographic 
Atlas of the Indian Ocean Section II, Physical Properties." The current 
need for sea surface temperature charts for use in analyzing the inter- 
national Indian Ocean Expedition data has prompted an earlier release of 


these charts. 


Description of the charts 

Sea surface temperatures are the most easily collected of oceano- 
graphic measurements. In addition to oceanographic and naval vessels, 
ships of opportunity furnish sea surface temperature data by their 
reports of injection temperatures. 

Because injection temperatures are commonly taken below the surface 
and may be influenced by heat from the ship's engines or boilers, they 
are not individually considered as reliable as temperatures derived from 
bucket thermometers or Nansen casts. However, if taken in sufficient 
quantities by a number of ships over a prolonged period, the overall 
reliability of injection temperature data improves considerably. 

When analyzing this type of data, the following criteria are used: 

€ 25 obs/1° square -- poor 
25-99 obs/1° square -- good 
2100 obs/1° square -- excellent 

To show regions of reliability, those ae” squares containing 25 or 
more observations are shaded on the presented charts. 

Mean, minimum, and maximum sea surface temperatures were analyzed 
on monthly charts. These analyses were done on charts that had been 
mechanically plotted by an X-Y plotter. The data on these charts con- 
sisted of injection temperatures collected by various international 
marine organizations and are retained in punch card form at the U. 5S. 
National Weather Records Center, Asheville, North Carolina and at the 
Naval Oceanographic Office. The data listed in the following table for 


the marine decks cover the period from 1854 until 1961. 


Deck Name Inclusive Dates Number of Obs. 
110 Navy-Marine Obs. 1945-51 79, 44h. 
116 U.S. Merchant Marine Obs. 1949-60 353, 216 
tae U.S. Navy Marine Obs. 1952-61 254,626 
118 Japanese Marine Obs. 1937-53 508, 082 
119 Japanese Marine Obs. 1953-60 386, 283 
184 British Marine Obs. 4/53-6/56 131,479 
187 aos Whaling Fleet 1946-56 574 
ay 
189 Dutch Marine Obs. 12/39, 9/45-6/55 183,159 
192 German Marine Obs. 1859-1939 879, 086 
193 Netherlands Marine Obs. 1854-1938 2,585, 262 
194 British Marine Obs. 1856-1953 1,005, 270 
195 U.S. Navy Ship Logs Obs. 1942-45 81,177 
197 Danish Marine Obs. 1860-1956 455 
281 U.S. Navy Monthly 1920-45 19, 236 
Aerological Record 
CORAL © 6,467,349 


On the mean charts the machine utilized all available data, whereas 
on the minimum and maximum charts the machine was instructed to omit 
data for squares containing fewer than 10 observations. Because of the 
inherent error in injection temperature data, minimum temperature was 
taken as the first temperature class interval for which frequencies 
equal or exceed 2.5 percent of the data, while maximum temperature was 
taken as the first class interval that equals or exceeds 97.5 percent 
of the data. 

As the temperature values on the minimum and maximum charts were 
plotted for class intervals of 1°R, each, and therefore as whole numbers, 
the analysis was necessarily different from that of the mean charts, 
where the plotted values were carried to one decimal place. The method 
of analysis was intended to show the maximum intrusion of extreme 
temperatures. The minimum isoline was drawn on the warmer border of 


the temperature class interval, whereas the maximum isoline was drawn on 


the colder border of the temperature class interval, as shown in the 


following example: 


In addition to the horizontal charts, graphs of monthly sea surface 
temperature variation for selected locations are shown. In this presen- 
tation the percentage distribution of sea surface temperature in 1°F. 
class intervals was plotted for each month, and curves of 1, 2.5, 25, 
50, 75, 97.5, and 99 percent were constructed. 

The choice of locations for these graphs was governed by the desire 
to demonstrate the degree of variability which occurs between various 
regions in this ocean, while attempting to select those locations with 
a sufficiently high number of observations to allow reasonable analysis. 

In comparing the analyzed charts, several features are noticeable. 
For example, the upwelling of cold water along the coasts of continents 
is evident. Of particular interest is the little-studied area off the 
east coast of the Somali Republic. During the southwest monsoon the 
persistence of the wind produces general upwelling along this coast. 
This is most evident off Ras Hafun (10°25'N., 51°16'E.), where the July 
mean temperature in the appropriate i square is nearly 4°F. less than 
the July mean temperature in the surrounding 1° squares. In the graphs 
of monthly variability the double maximum-minimum characteristics of the 
Indian Ocean's north equatorial waters is strongly accentuated off Ras 
Hafun. Here, the minimum during July - August may be compared to the 
warmer minimum temperatures occurring at the same time in nearby regions. 
In addition to the temperatures shown off Ras Hafun, a low of 55°r, has 
recently been reported by the Scripps ship ARGO during the International 
Indian Ocean Expedition. 

The 1° square spacing of these charts, as well as the monthly 
treatment of data, may hide small local or temporary temperature con- 
ditions, especially on the mean charts, where the averaging of values 
may oversimplify the temperature variations of a complex region. These 
fluctuations may be better determined by referring to the maximum or 
minimum charts. For example, the Antarctic Convergence Zone, poorly 
discernible on the mean charts, is well defined on the maximum charts. 
Major current systems of the Indian Ocean, such as the North Equatorial 
Current and the Equatorial Countercurrent, are also best defined on the 
charts of maximum temperatures. In turn, currents of cool water are 
best defined on the minimum chart, as for example the intrusion of cool 
water in the South China Sea in February. 

Because of the large quantity of data involved, it is believed that 
these charts are, in general, more definitive than oceanographic charts 
of other parameters such as salinity, for which data are sparse. 
Although these charts may not be considered accurately descriptive where 
the analysis was based on fewer than 25 observations per i square, or in 
areas where the ne square averaging disguises more complex thermal 
structure, they are useful tools for the ocean scientist, especially 


where other types of data do not exist or are in poor distribution. 


00S [Auvanve | 


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MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JANUARY 


1 


FIGURE 


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FIGURE 2 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), FEBRUARY 


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FIGURE 3 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), MARCH 


oOS1 
00S 


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FIGURE 4 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), APRIL 


00S [avw] 


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FIGURE 5 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), MAY 


ost [SNAP] 


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FIGURE 6 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JUNE 


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FIGURE 7 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JULY 
10 


oOS|I [asnonv | 


oOS 


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FIGURE 8 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), AUGUST 


11 


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FIGURE 9 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), SEPTEMBER 
12 


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FIGURE 10 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), OCTOBER 


13 


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MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), NOVEMBER 
14 


FIGURE 11 


oOSt | YHAGWAIDAG 


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FIGURE 12 MEAN SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), DECEMBER 
15 


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FIGURE 13 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JANUARY 


6 


1 


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FIGURE 14 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), FEBRUARY 


ost [HOW] 


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FIGURE 15 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), MARCH 


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FIGURE 16 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), APRIL 
19 


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FIGURE 17 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), MAY 
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FIGURE 18 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JUNE 


21 


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FIGURE 19 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JULY 
22 


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FIGURE 20 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), AUGUST 


23 


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MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), SEPTEMBER 


FIGURE 21 


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FIGURE 22 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), OCTOBER 


25 


20S 


o0S| | YHSEWAAON 


| 


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FIGURE 23 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), NOVEMBER 


26 


00S! RECKERECR 


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FIGURE 24 MINIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F), DECEMBER 
27 


.os| AMVANVE 


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FIGURE 25 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JANUARY 


28 


00S! [AuVnuaas] 


00S 


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FIGURE 26 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), FEBRUARY 
29 


-osi [HOMWW] 


pos 


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FIGURE 27 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), MARCH 


30 


oOSl 
AON) 


[aisav] 


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SNOILVAYASAO JAYOW AO SZ ONINIVLNOD 
SHIONVAGVNO “FIONVAGVNO 34qkxD43AG-JNO 
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*SILON 


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FIGURE 28 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), APRIL 


1 


3 


20S| [avw | 


AOS 


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YOLVNOA 


FIGURE 29 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), MAY 


32 


00S 


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FIGURE 30 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JUNE 


33 


ost Laine ] 


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SSIONVYGVNO 9 ‘“FIONVAGVNS 33x¥DjG-INO 
Yad SNOILVAYASHO SZ NVHL YAMId NO 
GasvVd JYaHM GALVWILSA JUV SWHYSHLOSI 
*SALON 


YOLVNOA 


MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), JULY 


FIGURE 31 


34 


oOSl 
00S 


Lisnonv] 


“G30VHS Juv 


SNOILVAYSSHO AYOW AO SZ ONINIVINOD 
SAIONVYGYNO “FIONVYGVNS JzdOjG-ANO 
ddd SNOILVAYSSIO SZ NVHL YAMAds NO 
GaSVd JYSHM GALVWILSS JYV SWaSHLOSI 

*SALON 


YOLVNDA 


FIGURE 32 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), AUGUST 


35 


oOSl 
FOS 


YSEW31d3aS 


= 


“G3q0VHS Juv 

SNOILVAYSSAO JAYOW YO S7 ONINIVLNOD 
SFIONVAGVNO “SIONVAGVND JexDIG-ANO 
Ydd SNOILVAYSSEGO St NVHL YAM4sd NO 
G3aSVd JyaHM GALVWILSS JYV SWasHLOSI 
*SALON 


YOLVNO 


FIGURE 33 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), SEPTEMBER 


36 


oOSl 
00S 


[w3980100] 3980190 


“G3q0VHS Juv 

SNOILVAYASHGO JYOW YO SZ ONINIVLNOD 
SFIONVYGVNO “FJIONVYGVND 343Yx¥D3G-3ANO 
ddd SNOILVAYASHO SE NVHL YdM3ad NO 
Gasvd ayaHM GALVWILSS JYV SWasHLOSI 
*SALON 


YOLVNOA 


FIGURE 34 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), OCTOBER 


37 


50S 


00S1| YASWSAAON 


“G4J0VHS JV 

SNOILVAUASHO JYOW YO SZ ONINIVLNOD 
SHTIONVAGVND “FIONVAGVNS 3Jqd¥DjG-ANO 
Yad SNOILVAYSSHO Se NVHL Y4M]Ad NO 
Gasvd 3ydHM GALVWILSA JaYV SWasHLOSI 
*SALON 


YOLVNOA 


FIGURE 35 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), NOVEMBER 
38 


oOS1 
0S 


YSEW3030 


“G3q0VHS Juv 

SNOILVAYASHO JYOW AO SZ ONINIVLNOD 
SHIONVYGVYNS “JIONVYGVNDS 34axO3jAG-ANO 
wid SNOILVAYSSHO Sé€ NVHL YIMIdI NO 
G4asvad JaY¥sHM G3LVWILSS JaYvV SWYAIHLOSI 
*SALON 


~ YOLWNDA — 


FIGURE 36 MAXIMUM SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE (°F.), DECEMBER 


39 


= 


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9 NOISY 


L NOIDA 


¢ NOIOda 


Noioga \i3 


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SNOILVAYASEO 3HL JO %OS ANV “(D.9°EZ) “4.5°7Z 
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FIGURE 37 MONTHLY VARIABILITY OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN SELECTED 


REGIONS—NORTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN 


40 


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FIGURE 38 MONTHLY VARIABILITY OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN SELECTED 


REGIONS—NORTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN 


42 


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SNOILVAUYSSEO JO YSEWNN 


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6S 


89 


(‘4,) SYNLVYadWAL 


REGION 1 


NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 35 


[878]78019171779I10951548]|86816701759156415781964 


ie oC 
is LL = ee =] 03% 
ge eae ee ib 
P77E 25 5 
me < 
ia ce 
uu -— Fy wu 
a a 
= = 
nl = = 
68 —| 20 
is ms 
ee | | a fy IPE 
i FM A eM AT AS oN BD 
MONTH 
REGION 6 
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS a 
95 19571224|292126712731249]224122312301219 12211249 
[ — 


TEMPERATURE (°F.) 


9 


TEMPERATURE (°F.) 


ey 


N 
N 


TEMPERATURE (°C.) 


REGION 11 


NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 


5 


[16511511159 117912421179120512001158118311571185 


TEMPERATURE (°C.) 


59 


TEMPERATURE (°F.) 


REGION 2 


NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 


95 [49001442514749]45691428913609137 301372014 1381426214 15014597} a 


25 


ify 
x | 
w = 
[4 
277 (> + 
< — 
~ | 
me | 
= = 
a |= | 
Ce *| 
68 4 
(vat. | | | | | | | | | 
vay Fm Am 0 fA Ss oO MW 
MONTH 
REGION 7 
ce NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 


[2341205]28012371320]2671277 131112821262[251[267 


25 


CC ae ae —— 
LA Se gee BONN 
77 Lew Sie Sd 
68 | 
ae 2 al 
oe J FM A M J] J is sy fe) {Np for 
MONTH 
REGION 12 
95 NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 


TT 


[17011391187]1071 69 | 88 1104]13411081114]141] 241 


TEMPERATURE (°C.) 


20 


TEMPERATURE (°C.) 


20 


35 


e o 
2 =) 
é F 
7 i. 4 
2 z 
nm IC = 
= = wi 
= a 
Gi | 20 
50; [eee se ef af SIE Ma [SPE el 1S 
DENA i | eAEG SEN ED) 
MONTH 
REGION 16 
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS - 
95 a911301174]16211461116]1051112110211231146]121 
= g 
Ea 2 
2] =) 
3 < 
~ [m4 
a a 
rs a 
—_ e 
hI ad , 
tT Po SM DD So fs 3 


) 


REGION 3 


NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 
[3931439 16681424149313371329 [33612891351 1289/1333 


35 


5 


c OC 
oa oot 
ra i 
i> i 
= = 
wu wu 
a a 
= ri 
= = 
REGION 8 
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS ss 
95 (73511311103 ]10811041121110611591132] 8 I112|137 
E 5 
w ra 
377 = 25> 
= Ps 
[4 ot Ww 
SL = 
me |E | & 
= b— = 
68 EE 2k) 
PREM ad cy ac ee 
,emAM 1 » A S O NB 
MONTH 
REGION 13 
a5 NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 
[2061127 117111981238 ]186|224|228]12031168l176l211]>> 
eo ej 
2 = il w 
lA S955 
s — < 
a ce 
we — = wi 
a a 
= = = 
= t— mil i= 
68 —| 20 
5 a it ie fie 
Lr mw mor) A S ON B 
MONTH 
REGION 17 
NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS a 
95 (277 ]27313171236122111781191116012211279 13071322 
86 
< OC 
an iy 
Se s 
Feat ze 
i. 4 a 
ca ia 
68 
C_il | | | | | | | | | | 
22 J] F M A M J J A Ss OaeN, D Ie 
MONTH 
NORTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN 


REGION 4 


NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 35 


REGION 5 


NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 


95 


3 (11711661146]1801152|177 116211891184 11671381125 [18912181245]1921157 [186]1941196[2041196]1731190 
IL 
= ous g 
uu Wu ol we 
a a 
557 SG sy Bre 25 2 
< ~ < < — < 
a peal (“4 Fe — oe 
ee fe Se Se a 
= ful es EE Nie: 
ra — = i — =! 
68 LE =e 68 |— | 20 
4p (ILE Lh 15 Spl I 
SE rae Ann nD Aes ORME ND) I FMA MDI So Sp 
MONTH MONTH 
REGION 9 REGION 10 
oe NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 35 NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 
[23113171254136113551256|381 127413301292 |250|293 95 [77 188 178 169 177 154192166 160164146180 ]°> 
= 
= ois ej 
x SL aS 
w ws 
a a w w 
277 2 577 5 
< = Fe z 
a a oe oe 
& i 
a Cd @ 
a %. FS = 
wi Hoo io 
7 e - i 
68 — 20 
ee a IT 
“TF MW AMO DAS oN eS 
MONTH 
REGION 14 REGION 15 
26 NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS a5 NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS 
[16111101109111911441104]145]148114711771174]159] 3> [18512421208[23912661265|236|2601231124012391233] >> 
5 cS =f 3 
by ee rh 
< < < < 
BoE =| ct jez Sg 
Oe + 20 i 20 
ey | el Mea eV etl is 5) [ea i |e | | | GO| [Se a 
era eA ee) mets EO MENS D) SES er AST Manna w ES NCONENINID 
MONTH MONTH 
REGION 18 
25 NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS. 
[92174 1103] 68173 161 164184180181 199195] >> 
a OC 
at os 
w w 
[4 = a 
[4 a 
& a 
= = 
ra] fod 
68 = 20 
yt a as JN) 


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FIGURE 39 MONTHLY VARIABILITY OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN SELECTED 


REGIONS—SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN 


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48 


66-dS 

suoseW STqan9 

pue ©7480TTAPT °F TReq :sroyqny 
*ueve00 UeTpUT ayy Jo sunzer)eduay, 
eoRjing beg umuTXeW pue SumuTuUTW 
fureq JO sqzey ATUQUOW :°TIT2 
tazem Beg JO SaTysedorg TeoTSAUG 
eunqesedueay, eoejang eas 

uee09 uetpuy-Aydeargoueso9 
AyderZoueso9-uee09 uetpuy 


66-dS 

suosew sTzang 

pUe 27980TTAPT *G THe :sz0yqny 
*ues00 UeTpUr 9u3 JO einqzereduay, 
eoejang veg umUpXeW pue fumuTUTW 
fureq JO sqzeyo ATUQUOW *9TIT4 
1eqem BES JO SeTz1edorg TeoTséug 
ainqeredwey eoejing ees 


uee09 uetpuy-Aydergoueso9 * 


Ayderzoueso9-uescg uetpuy 


66-dS 

*uoseW STqzanp 

pue o9490TTAPT “g [Ned *sr0yqny 
*uBe00 UeTpUr ey} Jo einzereduay, 
goBjang Beg UMUIEXeW pue “umurpu ty) 
fueey JO sqreyo ATUWUOW +OTITF 
41048M Beg Jo SaeTyredorg Tests 
einzereduay, eoejang Beg 

uee09 uefpuy-Aydes1Z0ues09 
AyderZouveo9-uee09 uetpuy 


“TTF 


“TE 


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ar 
nes 
4 
eit 


*uee00 ueTpPUT 944 JO sunyereduiey 

eoejans ees unutxew pue ‘umututw fueew ATYQUOW ayy 

mous YoOTUM feqep ainqereduiey uoTyoefut dtys uo peseq 
‘sqaeyo JO Setaes e JO sqysfsuoo uoTzeOTTQnd stu, 


*(66-dS) Szxeyo pue 4xeq4 Jo 
*d 0$ *196T “NVOO NVIGNI GHL dO TaNLVeadWaL aovauns 


VaS WAWIXVW CNY “WAWININ ‘NVSH dO SINVHO XIHINON 
e0FIJO Wfuderdouesc9 Teaey *S*y 


*uee00 ueTpUT ayy JO sunqzereduaq 

eoejans ees wunwtxeu pue Sumututw fueew ATYQUOW 9Y7 

MOUS YOTYUM feqep ernqesteduiey uoTyoefut dtys uo paseq 
‘sqyreyd JO SeT4es eB JO SysTsuod uoTZeOTTQnd sTUy 


*(66-dS) Sqaeyo puke 4x04 Jo 
d 0S °196T ‘NVaOO NVIGNI SHI JO SuNLvUadWaL gzovauNs 


VaS WOWIXVN CNY ‘WNWININ ‘NVSH dO SLUVHO XTHINOW 
e2FJJO OFYderZoues09 TeAeN °S*n 


*uBe00 UBTPUT ayy Jo ounqeseduaq 

eoejins ees unupxew pue ‘umuuTu fueew ATYQUOW 9y7 

MOUS YOTUM feqep einzeseduiez uofyoefut dtys uo peseq 
‘sqaeyo JO sefaes e JO sqystsuoo uoTzeoTTQnd stu 


*(66-dS) Sqzeyo pue 4xe4 Jo 

*d 0$ °196T “NV3OO NVIGNI GHD dO GUNLVaadWaL aOvauNs 
WS WAWIXVW CNV ‘WAWININ ‘NVHN dO SLUVHO X'THINON 

S°TJJO IFyderd0Ues0D TeAeN *S*n 


66-dS 

*uoseW STqang 

pUe 82790TTABT *G Tne ssr0yqny 
*uee00 UeTpU ayy jo aunqesodusy, 
eoByang Beg umupXeW pue SumuUTUTW 
fueey JO sqzeyg ATYQUOW :°TITF 
248m Beg JO saTysedorg TeoTséug 
ainzereduay, aoejing ees 

uee09 uetpuy-AydeaZoues09 
AyderZ0ueesp-uess9 uetpuy 


66-dS 

*uoseW STqaNg 

pue eq700TTAeT “GT Tned tsxoyqny 
*uBe00 UBTPUI 944 jo sinqeseduay, 
eoBjINS Beg uMUTXBW pue fumUTUTy 
fureq JO sqreyg ATUUOW 2eTITI 
104eM BES JO SeTysedorg TeoTsAug 
ainqzeseduiay adejang vag 

ueeo9 uetTpuy-AydesZoues09 
Aydergoueesp-uesg ueppuy 


66-dS 

‘uoseW STzaN9 

pue S7790TTAPT “GY Thed *sroyqny 
*upe0Q UeTpUr ayy Jo einqereduay, 
BoBJAMg Beg UMUTXeW pue SuMUTUTH 
fueey Jo sqzey ATYQUOW +9TITF 
10484 Bag Jo saTyuedor1g Teststyg 
aunqereduey, eoejang Bag 

ues09 ueTpuy-Asydessoues09, 
AyderZoueeo9-uees9 ueTpuy 


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59 
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7 


*uBe00 UeTpUT eYyy JO eunqeaseduaq 

eovjans ees unutxew pue Sumuutu SuBew ATYQUOW 3y4 

Moys yoTuM ‘feqzep einqesedue, uoptqoefuy dtys uo peseq 
‘sqreyd JO SeTses e JO systsuoo uoTzeoTTGnd sTuy 


*(66-dS) Szzeyo pur 4x87 Jo 
*d 0S *196T ‘NVHOO NVIGNI AHL dO SUNLVUGdWaL gZovauns 


VS WAWIXVW CNY “WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SZUVHO XTHINGN 
S2TJJO OFYderZ0uReDD TeAeN °S*H 


*ube00 UBTPUT ayy Jo eunqeseduieq 

eoesans ees unUTxXeu pue ‘umututu fuBew ATYZUOW ayy 

MoYs YOTYM feqep aunqereduie, uoTyoefuT dtys uo paseq 
‘sqaeyo JO SeT4es eB JO systsuoo uoTZeOTTGnd sTYyy 


*(66-dS) Syteyo pue 4x04 Jo 
*d 0S ‘1961 ‘NV3OO NVIGNI SHL dO FuNLvUadWaL Tovauns 


VaS WOWIXYN CONV ‘WOWININ ‘NVGN 4O SLUVHO XTHINON 
e@°FJJO OTYderZouessg TeAeN °S*n 


*uBe00 UBTPUT 9Yy JO sunqzereduay 

aoejans ees wnuTxew pue fumututw Sueow ATYQUOW 944 

Moys YOTYM feqep einzeredmey uotzoefut dqys uo peseq 
‘sqreyod JO SeTes e FO sqystsuoo uoTyeoTTQnd sTuy, 


*(66-dS) Sjzeyo pue 4xeq Jo 

*d 0S *196T “NVdOO NVIGNI GHL dO TUNLVUGdNaL aOvaUns 
VaS WAWIXVW CNV ‘WAWININ ‘NVN dO SZUVHO XTHINON 

S0TJJO OFyderZ0uReDp TeAeN °S*H 


66-dS °TTT 


suoseW Stang 


pue eq780TTART *g Theg ssxoyqny “Tr 


*uge00 UeTPUT oy} JO aunqeroduey, 
eoBjang Beg umUTXeW pue ‘SumuTFUTW 
‘uve JO sqreyg ATUWUOW :eTITI *T 
848m Beg Jo seTzsedorg TesTshyg *7 
ainzerteduey, aoejang vag °¢ 
uee09 uetpuy-Aydesrzoure09 *2 
Ayderdoueeop-ues09 ueyTpuy *T 


66-dS “TTT 


*uosey STqzang 


pue 97490TTABT “gq Tneg ssxoyuqny °TT 


*uee0Q UeTpUT sy JO sinzesoduey 
eoBjimg eeg umupxey pue fumuuTW 


fueey JO sqzeyo ATUWUOW :°TITR °T 
zeyeK BES JO seTysedorg TeoTskyg °t 
ainjzeteduay, aoejang veg °¢ 

ueso9 uetpurt-AyderZoueso9 *2 
AyderZoueeo9-uessg ueyTpuy °T 


667dS * TTT 


suoseW Stqang 


ue 27420TTABT *| [Neg tsx0yyny *Fy 


*ue980Q UeETPUT 942 JO sunqzes)edusy, 
aoeyang eeg uMUTXeW pue fumurpuTW 
fuvay Jo sqaeyo ATYQUOW +eTzT2 ° 
zayem Beg Jo SeTysedorg TeotsAyg *° 
ainqzeseduay eoejang keg * 

uee09 uetpuy-Aydergoure9, 
Ayderdouesop-uesog uetpuy 


*uBe00 UeTPUT ey Jo sunqesoedusy 

SoRJINS ees wMuTxXeuw pue SumuuTW fuvoW ATYQUOW 943 

mous yoTyM feqzep einqeseduay uozyoefut dtys uo paseq 
‘sqreyo JO seTses e JO systsuoo uoTzeoTTQnd sTYy 


*(66-dS) Szzeyo pue 4xeq Jo 

*d 0S °196T “NVHOO NVIGNI GHL dO GUNLVUAWaL aovauns 
VS WAWIXVW CNV “WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SZUVHO XTHINON 

S0FJJO OFydergouBeDD TeAeN °S*n 


*uBe00 UeTPUT 844 Jo sanqesedusq 

eoBjans eo? uNUTxeuw pue Sumututu Sueow ATYQUOW 943 

Moys YOTYM Seqep einqgetredus, uotqoefuz dys uo peseq 
fsqreyo JO setues eB FO sqystsuoo uoTzeoTTGnd sTYy 


*(66-dS) Syaeyo pue 4x04 Jo 
*d 0S *L96T “NVGOO NVIGNI HL 4O SUNLVUGdWaL govauns 


VaS WOWIXYH CNV ‘WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SIYVHO XTHINGH 
80FJJO OFydesZouescg [TeAeN *S*p 


*ube00 UBTPUT ayy JO sunqeroduag 

eodejuns ees unuUTxew pue SumuTuTU SuBoU ATYQUOW 3yy 

MoUs YOTYM feqep einqesedue, uoTqoefut dtys uo paseq 
‘sqreyo Jo setzes e JO systsuoo uoTzBoTTQnd sTyy 


*(66-dS) Sqazeyo pue 4x04 jo 
“dos *1961 ‘NVGOO NVIGNI FHL JO THNLVUGdWaL aovauns 


VS WAWIXYW CNV “WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SLUVHO XTHLNOW 
@TJJO OfYdergouescg TeaeN °S*y 


66-dS 

*uoseW Stqan9 

pue eq920TTART “g The :s10yzny 
*ure0Q UeTpUT 944 JO emnqereduay, 
eoBJang ees umMUTXeW pue fumuTUTW 
‘uray JO sqzeyg ATUQUOW :eTIT4 
Teyem beg Jo seTysedorg TeoTséud 
eunqzereduay, aoeyang vag 

uea09 uetpuy-AyderZ0uee09 
Ayderzouresp-uess9 ueyppuy 


66-dS 

*uoseW STqan9 

pue 2q920TTART *g Theg :s1oyyny 
*ues0Q UeTPUT 9u4 JO sinqzereduey, 
eoejimg ees umUTXeW pue SumUTUTW 
furey JO sqyzeyo ATYQUOW :8TIT> 
aq4eM BES Jo SeTysedorg TeoTsAug 
einjeiroduay eoeying eas 

uee09 uetpuy-Aydeig0oues09 
AydesZoureo9-uesog ueppuy 


66-dS 

*uoseW STzam9 

pue 97490TTABT *g Neg :sr0yzny 
*uBe00 UeTpUy ayy JO ounyzereduoy, 
eoB8sJIng Beg UMUTXeW pue SumuTUTW 
fueey JO sqzeyD ATYZUOW :9TIT4 
1eze4 Beg Jo seTysedorg [TeoTstug 
einjeteduey eoejing veg 

uee09 ueppuy-Ayderzoues09 
AyderZ0uvec9-uesg ueppuy 


“TTT 


*uze00 UBTPUT 9Y Jo sunqezoduay 

eoejins ees unuTxew pue ‘umututw fueew ATYQUOW 9u7 

MOYS YOTYM feqep einzeteduiey uotzoefut dys uo peseq 
‘sqreyo Jo Satues e FO sqsTsuoo uoTyeOTTQnd sty, 


*(66-dS) Syazeyo pue 4x04 Jo 
“d 0§ *296T “NVHOO NVIGNI SH. dO GuNLVNadWaL aovauns 


VaS WAWIXVW CNY ‘WOWININ ‘NVSN dO SZNVHO X'IHLNON 
@2TJSO ItYdersouesc9 TeAeN *s*y 


*uee0Q UeTPUT a4} JO sInzeredue, 

eoesims vos unutxew pue ‘umututTu fugeu ATYQUOW ayy 

Moys YOTYM feqep ernzeteduey uotTyoefuy dys uo peseq 
‘sqreyd JO SeTies e JO systTsuoo uoTZeOTTQnd sTYyy 


*(66-dS) Sqzeyo pure 4xeq Jo 
*d 0S *196T “NVGOO NVIGNI SHL 40 SHNLvUadWaL Fovauns 


VaS WOWIXVH CNY ‘WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SIYVHO XTHINOW 
a2TJJO OFYdeadouesD9 TeAeN °S*y 


*uBe00 UBTPUT 943 JO einqereduay 

eoBjins ees wnuTXew pue ‘umuuTW fuBeW ATYQUOW ayy 

MOYS YOTYM feqep ernqetedue, uozqyoefuT dys uo peseq 
‘sqaeyo JO seyaes e JO sysTsuoo uoTzeOTTAQNd STUY 


*(66-dS) Syxeyo pue 4xez Jo 

*d 0S °L96T “NVHOO NVIGNI GHL 4O TUNLVUadWaL aOvuUNs 
WaS WOWIXVW CNV ‘WAWININ ‘NVSH dO SINVHO X'THLNON 

S82F5JO OTYderdoUReDQ [BARN °S*f 


66-dS 
suoseW STzaN9Q 


pue S7790TTAPT “gq [Neg tsaoyqny *ty 


*ueedQ UeTpuy ey, Jo einzeroduay, 
eoejang veg umUTXeW pue SumuTUTW 
furey JO sqzeyo ATYQUOW :eTIT? 
JezyeM bOg JO SaTzredo1g TeoTskug 
ainqzeteduay eoejang veg 

ues09 uetpuy-Aydeazoues09, 
Ayderzoueeop-uess9 ueTpuy 


66-dS 

suoseW StqaN9 

pue 07990TTART “| Tned +sxoyqny 
*uev9800 UeTpUT eu} JO einqereduay, 
eoBjing eeg umuTxXeW pue ‘umutuTW 
furey JO sqzeyo ATYQUOW :eTIT4 
dayzem Beg Jo setyzedorg TeoTstud 
einqereduay soejang eas 

uee09 uetpuy-Aydergoueso9, 
Ayderdoueso9-urss9 uetpuy 


66-dS 

*uosey sTqam9 

pue 93490TTAPT “G The *sroyqny 
*uve0Q UeTpUy ay} Jo einqeseduay, 
eoBjimg veg umUTXeW pue ‘umuTUTW 
fueey JO sqzeyo ATYQUOCW +eTIT4 
eyem bag Jo saTyuedor1g Teotséyg 
ainzereduey, adejaing ees 

uee09 ueptpuy-Aydeazdzoues29 
Ayderzouves9-ueso9 ueppuy 


*ueve0Q UBTpUT 944 Jo sunqezeduay 

eoejins ees wunuTxew pue ‘umurtutu fuBeu ATYZUOW 943 

Moys YoTYM feqep einqesedma, uozyoefuT dys uo peseq 
‘sqreyo Jo setses e Jo systsuoo uoTyBoTTAnd sTyy 


*(66-dS) Szazeyo pue 4x87 Jo 

*d 0S *L96T *NVSOO NVIGNI SHI dO TUNLvuaaNaL TOvaUNs 
VaS WAWIXYW CNY ‘WAWININ ‘NVSW dO SLUVHO X'THLNOW 

82F5JO OFYdersoueeDD TeAeN °S*y 


*ube00 UBTPUT eY44 JO eunqereduaq 

eoejins eos unuTxeu pue fumurputu ‘uve ATYQUOW 943 

Moys YOTYUM fezep eanqzeseduiey uoTyoefuyt dtys uo paseq 
‘sqaeyo JO setTses e Jo systsuoo uoTzeoTTQnd sTyy 


*(66-dS) Sqzeyo pue 4xeq Jo 
*d 0$ *296T “NV30O NVIGNI GHL dO SHNLvugdWaL aovauns 


VaS WOWIXYW CNV ‘WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SINVHO XTHINON 
OoFJJO OFYdesgoured9 TeAeN *S*n 


*uveoQ ueTpUT 94} JO einzeredua, 

eoejins ees wnuTxew pue ‘umutuTW fueew ATYQUOW ayy 

moys yoTyM Seqep einqeredmez uozzoefut dtys uo peseq 
fsqzreyd JO Safaes we JO systsuoo uoTzeoTTAnd stu 


*(66-dS) SzaeYyo puB 4x07 Jo 

*d 0S °296T “NVGOO NVIGNI SHL dO GUNLVUadNaL TOvaUns 
VaS WOWIXVW CNY ‘WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SLUVHO XTHINOW 

e0F5JO ITyderZoueeDD TBAeN °S°p 


66-dS ° 
*uoseW STAND 
pue 079280TTART “GZ Teg :sr0yqny ° 
“uBe0Q UeTpUy ey} JO einqeseduey 
eoByINg Beg uMUTXeW pue fumUTUTW 
furey Jo szreyg ATUQUOW :eT4TI ° 
193em Beg JO seT,sedo1g TeoTstug * 
eunqzereduey, aoejaing weg °* 
ues09 uetpuy-AyderZ0ure09 * 
AyderZouveo9-uees9 uezpuy * 


66-dS 

*uoseW STqang 

pue O4790TTARPT “G [ned ‘sxoyyny 
*uB800 UETPUT 94} JO eunqesodway 
so0Bjimg eeg umUTXeW pue fumuTUTW 
‘uray JO sqzeyo ATYQUOW :0TITT 
qayem Beg Jo sepysedorg Teotséyg 
ainjeseduey, eoejang vag 

ueec9 uefpuy-Ayde1Z0uee09 
AyderZouees9-ues09 uetpuy 


66-dS *TtT 


‘uosey stTqang 

pue o7790T TART “| Teg :sx0yzNy 
*uea00 UeTpUT 9uy JO ernqereduay, 
eoBjing veg umUTxXBW pue SumuUUTW 
fueey JO sqaeyg ATUQUOW :eTITT 
aeyem beg Jo satysedorg Teots{yg 
einqeseduiay, adeyang ees 

uee09 uetpuy-Ayderz0ues09 
Aydeirdoueso9-urs09 uetpuy 


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*uBe00 UBTPUT ey, Jo aunqereduaq 

soRjIns ees wunuTxXew pue ‘umuutW fuBeU ATYQUOW ayy 

Moys YoTYA feqzep eunqeredusy uopzoefuT dtys uo peseq 
‘sqreyo Jo sefties e Jo systsuoo uotzeoFTqnd stu 


*(66-dS) Sqzeyo puke 4xeq Jo 

*d 0S *196T ‘NVSOO NVIGNI GHL dO TUNLVYaGNaL govauns 
VaS WAWIXYW CNV ‘WAWININ ‘NVHN JO SLUVHO XTHINGN 

@2TJJO OFYdergouresg TeAeN °S*p 


*uBe00 UeTPUT ey JO sunqesedusy 

eoesins ee? unuTxeu pue SumuputM fuvow ATYQUOW 944 

Moys YOTYM fezep eanqeseduia, uotyoefuT dtys uo peseq 
‘sqreyo JO sotses e Jo systsuoo uoTqeoTTQnd sTyy 


*(66-dS) Sqteyo puke 4x04 Jo 

*d 0S *196T ‘NVHOO NVIGNI SHL dO GUNLVUGaWaL aOvaUNs 
VS WOWIXWW CNY ‘WAWININ ‘NVSN dO SINVHO THING 

S8oFJJO OFYdergouRe09 TeAeN °S*y 


*uB900 UeTpUT 944 JO sunqzeseduaq 

eoejans ees wmurxew pue ‘umutuTu fuse <TYyQUOW euy 

soys YoTYA feqep einzereduisy uoTqyoefut dtys uo paseq 
fsqaeyo JO seTies e FO systsuoo uoTzeoTTGNd sTYy 


*(66-dS) Sqazeyo pue 4xez jo 
*d 0§ *296T “NVSOO NVIGNI SH JO FHNLVYGdWaL aovauns 


VaS WAWIXVW CNY ‘WAWININ ‘NVGW 40 SIUVHO XATHINON 
8°TJJO OFYUderZouRs0Q TeAeN *S*y 


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