A manual of scientific enquiry : prepared for the use of Her Majesty's Navy and adapted for travellers in general

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TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. [Sect. I.

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Appendix. ] TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. 39

wo other magnets are supplied to be used as deflectors. In replac ing
the needles and deflectors in the —s g box, care should always
be taken that the poles of each occupy the piaces marked for them in

the box.
It is desirable to use always the same needle at sea, and to keep it
always mounted, eeepieg it — it is put away for the da

mit c 1

sdies may be tebatitceed for it.

at a land station, be very careful not to

the pivot should first be put into tl
pivot should he mee guided
b racket i is screwed up.

Jith respect to the constant weig is desirable that the smallest
angle of deflection produced by any e weights employed should not

be less than 30°. On account of p scintbte sate umental irregularities it
is usual to employ more constant weights than one, wi
tween each of half a grain,
&e.). Great cate is tak

rs)
e

erences be-

srains, 3 grains

preserve ‘en same identic ai v
of the same relative series.

IT, OBSERVATIONS aT SEA,

gimball stand and levelled, and the
the magnetic meridian, with

7

lane of ne circle made paral
the face of the circle towards the East,
release the needle, which will immediately take approxi
tion of the inclination; rab =_ the centre pin at il
ivory disk, and read off successively the divisions of

1. Direct Observation.—The instrument havir g@ been piaced on a 2

‘
soaiiiee: when the North pole of the needle dips, and —, or nega
when the South pole of the needle dips: repeat the observation sto
times, tarning the bracket which supports the needle a small quantity b be-
tween each observation, and being careful to rub the cen
} wracket

back with the ivory disk whilst reading off. The bi
meaus of the screw heads at the back of the circle, and the
ing it is to cause the ends of the axle of the needle to have di
of bearing on the jewels in cach observatio
In reading the divisions on the limb, be careful always to bring the

3

40 TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. (Sect. II,

division nearest to the needle to coincide with the corresponding division
of the second graduated circle immediately behind it, by which means
parallax is avoided.

The mean of the three ——— or six readings above described is
the apparent inclination by rvation with the face Hast,

2, Observation with De excans noes made the preceding observa-
tion, screw in the deflector N (or the north pole of a second needle
used as a deflector), and adjust the circle at the back by means of its
verniers, so that the deflector may be 40° on one side of the division which
in the preceding process (§ 1.) was read off as the direct observation
with the face East. The needle will then be repelled, and will settle on
the — side of the dip; read off (always whilst —— with the
ivory disk) the divisions aidiaats d by the two ends of the needie. Re-
peat the acevo three times, altering the oe = the ends of the
axle between each — as before directed. Turn the back circle

through 80°, so that the defiector may Be -* on the sth side of the

apparent dip. Soe the needle by the bracket, so that it may be de-

flected on the opposite side of the apparent dip to what it was before,
The of t i i

twelve readings is the apparent inclination with a deflector, face Hast,

Instead of placing the deflector at 40°, another angle, as 45° or 50°,

= be taken ; or a second — may be used for the purpose of varying

dbmrviGons when it may be desired to repeat them ; the only essential

pi being; that the angie at which the deflector is viaced should be the
ame on each side the apparent dip,

Instead of deflector N (or the North pole of a second needle used as

a deflector), deflector S (or the South pole of the second needle) may be
screwed into the opposite point of the back circle, and six observations
taken with it will give as before the apparent inclination with a deflector,
face East.

In writing down the observations the following directions must be
attended to; if the needle be deflected past the vertical, the division of
the limb should be read off according to the graduation and noted
accordingly, b vat the mean of the readings must be taken from 180°, in

order to give the true arc corre espon¢ Jing to the position of the needle: if
it be a oe = the = rizontal, the readings must be entered as
marked on the limb, but with the negative sign prefixed, in which case

the mean Sete will be Se: the difference of the means of the negative
and positive readings,

The apparent inclination obtained as above directed, whether by the
direct method or with deflectors, requires two corrections to ive the
true inclination, viz.—1° the index-correction of the particular needie
employed, and 2° a correction for the infiuence of the ship's iron de-

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or

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99. 7
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hey
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turns

turn a
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sS = ES =~ = 4 . or w S i= sg

2.

IMEN A

¢

TEN

jet

hy

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and its

‘
EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENA. [Sect. VII.

(o#)

thrangl
tnrougn

1 as | er a
of the sound from first

Snoc:

nh

mn into the littoral

any convenient

tely referred to h

‘a

all —— = = A == ;
aii Gat LLY UaKS UMSTCI Yo

ing from <

se dept

andwantsaca

wave
x
carried

1 i
nineral matter, new animal o

= close

*~ a= Pe —
thrown inland i

trans

SS ee -
Yr TUrrows P

fra ome

rolled aiong.

Where gravel or

Sect. VII.

origin or centre

most worthy
in from deep

vege atable
to Soe this
ring power of

ference to dis-

‘ed. The

loose

and
internal,
its fine and

exposed 5

sand,

gion

Nts moavan we
NTS Movea i

i

serv

rin
irings

oP,
peereen!
Nee!
‘ es ; roe
LEG Re in. 5 — = = =
4 4 z F = a SS a
3 3
= - 3 — Lz} =
x » & ee =

399 EA ENOMENA. [Seet.. VII,

these vents for a long

— also as to
€ earthqua kes—

be col lected.

lal tables exist, they should

correlative to the above

ompanied at are on record should

ther the same points

ig ceS gicze . by sue-

rt gee
the lines of
shock was

‘ the incoming

sea-waves on a
Maps of

lines, and

nckeiie effects of the
objects. The effects

s: statistics

by the convulsion,

burying of objects

+

imed epidemics or

the followi

i
]
I

thquakss
: f the Ie (

: vk fh
the sis
p the |

over f!

WmMice
sLLElUO>,

t. Vili.

“va)
8

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1 S¢

1A

nical

cher

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fe

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part

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natlions a dn it dhs tintin Hi <
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rac

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ou

it

nd

on
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part,

ladium.,

fea) cee.
aS aieinicbaacrninammatcaton art

&

DR URURN Re een

4
i

2
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rn
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4 =
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sole ma]
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re tl

ad)
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we tn
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characters, but cox

ormis

minerdai

par
of i

lelopipeds arisin

prismatic
pari

commonly termed
4

and
» ana

metallic

powder

to the
"oer
touch
nh, 8v

is fj
$ fil]

a

-
_\
v4

:
,
Th ;
Te,
a);
, q
uy 4
¥
Si
—
: Yy
With th
iy
a
4
3
oe att
1 :

uselu

}

vy fin

1

a

il g

ee

substan

minera

naity

ann

II,

ct, V

Se

r
|
L

sketched in most tre
7.7

been dedicated solely to it.

some primary or fundamental! form

a

upon the conditi

may have erystallized.

ments of Leblanc showed

laboratorie

casas of

Senditio ons arisin
circumstances

crystals of some

>

a

exterior, so that not unt

oli Vt
quent

mineralogist, when

same substance are =
each may have been obtained
well aware that some mine, or

ral vein, or part of a minera 1 ve
tion of a known mineral most abundantly for
no similar

obtained in os ps articular cavity of
1

nd that many

ones consider-

Hostance,

primary form of

Ye
hanically

the mi

yper To

Ss

a

form.t {
With
b bY an ot]

befor
when h
hesia, Ij
thus pe
crystals
belong
Presentin
Pear tiyg

fa

‘ 8 wi
“~

iis

BLLY tha a...

: ay

ay _

~~ *Menalh |
:

cies th

im

eth]

F tive vs
leben
ty

rhere 2

)
. me
e be me
ehh iT
orton

aanor {0 tt
prop
a.
*
+ wht bi
TH 7
1. hi
ar? wv
- f y!
eis U
: ais

es becomes the mo

sun, were

through | hedrons

base, the exterior crust of l
.

its first form.

nerals hit!

forms amount to so few as

with the determination of m

form.T

With isomorphism
by another
as before stated, the voy:
when he

nesia, lime, pro le of iron, and protox “mang

thus replace eac

erystals termed ;

3

ceding them, t¢

pear two classes of ae boc

2 Mitscherlich, * Anna

+ M. Dufrénoy points out that
carbonate of iron,

ra

ear bon jat oft ]
occurring both as rho ombohe foils and a

a Vv

of tix Sikes
‘ Traité de Minér

ry Soe — alta ava | ay cw a — -~ ee
2 Ss « @ St +o at “2 4 = - ia
= Ss 4 aS = a a |
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om ‘we? Naw?
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wi pen
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{
rt

pant

#6
rs

talr

4

n

20

C

t

remain, if

those char

aiity s4
» rennsile Cay}

i-

hem, ang

mineral substances have

and being depo-

erystal of any

known = aes orphous
in having thu
other class of

1 appear to have been fe
fore mentio

ontr

Us

.
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“il UdVine
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ts
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Sect. VILLI.

too
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2 arrangement

t of Haii y:—

nen dienla:
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Cube,—T

1 pea he
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aron

1e modifice ations of

5f

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3 . ¥
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= > om > ee a& w § FF
eT) aS
msl i naa P i inaelsiin ina ep laoonionnaiioninenaemasemnen Saabs one on

edrons, seal

or some

boh

m

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on
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= «¢

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r
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+

separat

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cl ng

reai

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extremit

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circumstances :— :

-

oo wo as
oa
hot J

cnare

3
ce

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oe Sie. ee ee Oe er er ee ge ee ee
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on three si
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Cy tT € ®

currents f Yr bY

4 Vilits OT al Vy a
£ VY

omen,

minish or i
ninish or increase at

\ilaw of ¢}
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the li
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pservation.

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ours

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ru

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diff

METEOROLOC

@ poo

peroneal

a: re
- @

ot ft

ile ea a of ea indo, 0

298 METEOROLOGY. [Seet. LX,

page ruled for
smarks,

ib-heading da will
g the Soudan with
ters of the moon
ks @, >, 0, €); and Ad will

Linn an 1g ah 1° Te +) Pe
ion in each day, following

of time.
| = = > 1 ACHAN
|eontain two sub-hea , Be % “ —_—

thermos eter.

Ca for entries of the ex:
a; and Ce, the
it which they

contain the

Ss

Mulo

regular | i

of the thermometer

mns
ele-

instruments or

——— * . = = : ¥)
’ Nt X
ie; ot nD 2 oS
‘a os 2 = 4 f eee
} (oe &
mm a4 COR +S & a5
; mB a 3 5 S
tS) “na 4S Dw we ES
: eee 5S S
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r from

ray
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}
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th

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4 Gq) em >| ce

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7

In of

moti

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tC.

[Sect. IX,

SIN nt +
XiONn OF F

wl i i € I

ACa

}

ave especial refer-
studied in port
cruises along shore
far the influence

Wilal OY: Lil s Eile character

eS eS re
2€ neted with a

exion. Hourly

the relative

the equator is a mete-

! t eH Opportuniti 1S Ol
a 1+ YY +} ~ 4 the

CN 1

hien,

wh

Ss

}

t
[Sect. IX.

PS ANG tee ae
wrapped li Wool }

b]
5

amage,

iperature

es registered made a

a

should be exact

E cannot be spared,

pao!

‘ormati

Weve

place

enqu

mi
01]
30)
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r= S R
pa pn $2
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roe mm ro) al
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p B
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e |

countries

neal

ect. XT

re
iL

OO)

pnp
Ot)

[Sect. XI,

+
4

enient

ny

it

a
US

SaVe

il

ft

=,
wo

and

cn

°
Nn
Pes)

oe

oe wa se) P
foe ny
Fa, Ricetanasihs nb BAN

“ tae anak = oar! 5 on a

ee eee SA SE a ay

eft
eft

4 ont

~ «|G :
3 ed
iu bt
ny HERI
ail

ome

a ee
igtbigileatats

SS — =

be ow, rcs
-— & 3 pe.
¥ o > pm |
fm > GC

> Eo 2
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7 ral ad
wots ae +> S
2 oa, ond f)
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> de 7)

SS ae S
o oC >>
heen Sey
pea S

Sa

Pe

ZOOLOGY. [Sect. XI.

h copper and other nails, and
4

i state.
of terrestrial mollusca (land-

not be content with a close
s, leaves, and stems of trees, and

t turn up all decayed vegetable
t pla aces, and there dig into
ut the roots of trees, and

and shrubs. Stones must
lants must be pulled up and
d, if the boat’s crew be at hand,

>

xe turned over with hand-
served ; and the height

i

, at which the specimens were

of them were feeding,
in the latter case the plants should be

herbarium, and nu oe as directed

= 2
= Ss
yi 1NSeCts.

especially ¥ where streamlets ooze out,

examining the rushes and other
ar testaced. At the
adhering to living

sey
a)

sther ZO sical spe-
ther zoological spe
does not strike the
and appears to ve

most interesting.

is once securely
it arrives at the

2
:
‘ a ae AE
to haye a few

i
. eEXC change with other

eas

eri!

i) i

ag 10"

—
~~

1

« aa

a )

S ond
38 romeed
2 ond
o feed
28 a

(Sect. XI,

3s wdd Pes
~— Pas OT el Pax cq
cs bee wn S oS
oo i
3s €@ 3 n an
ao oO S
ee ee ae i
a a as + ANE “My
pon o pr can ar
so oe OS OD
cS oO” ~~. ran
oa tony red
oo oO a @ on
po cal S ®
eo 52 ad Ss

‘

et

¥¥ <

i
€

Cc

c

a

DL

¢ ~

fon

w =
= e
ra ©
° aes

2 [Sect. XIT,

a day and night,

= = eS
Mi cel peLweel

a great many may be

ure now ready for

with oil-clot}

m neat specimens.
4 E 1 2 %

aud

t

is, whether

swans}

holt
.
rg
cb
Ca

oW
"i

er

ot

India

BOTANY. fSeet. XII.

ticularly fleshy,
| to the Hortus Siecus. ‘These should
alcohol 2 rca ail Among

prized are, for instance, the

Vater-lily, from the still

tions of the flowering
kinds of Orchidacee.

MS 6 &e., and the

rts of them. Many have a very

preserved whole in alechol, or

os a
ranches, according to thei s1ze,

stem and b

poontes

such are the rare kinds of —

Z. ry a
a! Me QORMEUT PURCIe HE habe
v af

a, soft Parasites, ni

, partic ularly
s Palms,

fertil

the latter dis-

hae ance

ure should

Re
> Of the flowas,
is af Oy %
Re
ia uy have F

Vey

Inds ( . \

The answer is

rid the inquiring

: c ; , $Y
less the country has been tra

expected to prove
i 8 3
een visited
e interior, espe-
r the mountains the
fiord an ample eid

ALTA

ray nanv fy af
O lai y

‘Thus, wets some tra-

rly
detected plants of
; adapted to such a
es ta dge-
Florula

yf

northern ¢ deck livities of

4
, ana

A r — li-

OE EY

y]

12,

Arat

. vind oo et ae)
—_ md >
fon a — = >
re pool ae ot oy
¥ p S ros ar
@ mM im) na =)
© a" basen oo. + ee
©)
pa lan 2 ~ mt
oy " 4 re
res oo n CS rer
nib 4 ive) © rf
~ Pas rly .. AR
= Sand pes Se I | ~
ron = a % Sad ds
fuushs D) fom on
2 © sy ~
~ © ~
pote e~ )
wood
+ 1 —
fed Cjeny
ae Lio
an] “oD
w ,
rd ‘
' :

ya me
Be ‘ead
au «l
yee c
f
Pek,
Oo v}
w
“3
“3
a
— f
Tail Ha
N ea

vr,
el
ot

oe

Gt

[Seet. XII.

provinces of

employed

ble d ye

rocured, with

cnown perfume,

to Europe. It is

botanists under the

we are ignorant of

ality where

. : a 8
je 9 al 4 8s ;
vCaSs, ang what species NS

e/
‘

nufacture,

everal

pith

~
Hs
apt bee Say. : a
= =
= =
SS =
— = Q>
o =
#2
— .
Ss —

ns

o
pod
wm
ew
Loe

i)
Q

pecie
“a

)

tea>
“ed
ns ay

CHC The

r

Pa)

}

ford

1 by
tl

(oan | 3
oo) ia

payee bigs
3 th
c<b) oe vont
ona a
ine]

T
i

pm,

supe
2]

are as ignorant as

introduced into

first

-S, are

sk) ee SS OE am, - —— ae ’ sy ROEDER EON

= —— sah acti : : ~ : : pee

5 Ye v o :

SP oa Sb oud a

= 2 go 2S ®

a = st re

. ye So ® af

& to a) 2

3s &0 St = 5
ors 2 a re
P| Sen - ©
a & & Pas
Mia S 9 x
va : 8's

vil

ee owe “ =m — +

all it

os
fend
~

‘
.

30100

et. XII.
e and

Qo
Lees
atur

ry

age st
S

a

“a

=<
=)
od
|
3
oO

nn

co ' © I
fee ty > her ep
em Sahat A." Sf)
ro) bre es Sie 8
mt ros ae
=) a
oy Sati coe
2 Cofeee, Soho
a — om
—_ ed big
be wee 3)
i” = ~
ae cy en
a mS
om ond
sn ) =)
sy 8
oat
be at
it 4)
rcs jam
on
ped
ny
opt
deed ema
|

«o =
Pe .
AER:

@/

eae

ila

ETHNOL

[Sect, XIIf,

gennity in following their respective

refined and artificial]

: :
he history of man-

a

in t
particular branches of

es, and many
‘otraniestee

open plains and

pla tion, have culti-
of poetry. Their
terest to those who

but this aaa is pre-
ts of Sexe nom

ce nations.
is labour,
Tn this

3

s or wandering

wire In every country

x

€
Foon
o

h we

o& ome ae" SO he bf Nee le 2 “4 e.. New 4 mm pam
ea é em 6 ea O BB aw om aoe 8 ss P

i + © mo
bom a) 2.64 bao
bem} oe oe Aaa
bel oe} a oS
ie ne fap)

. Se) Sond pat Phe!
ean © “1
Q iy r o
2 oD = @>
wQ SC acs EE a
otal ~ - ee A
¥ rool ie >) i or 3
agave > +

io a b aval

w 44

eo i
nporrea

t hat
+r Z
aw t xt
{
Wd
- 4
: \
/\
«orp Ta
wel’
eat
. | nerd
- Wii
pu
rr A
mot

or throw

bsliU

savage nations, and

or of cloth prepa

parts oe plan

table productions. Astoisics
of cultivating such plants as

een inferred that ht
ea het British mines were exp} The tiu-mine
or aes, were cele brated at a very early period.

rHit to

a

For clothes the ba

ae of f fatted ewes

Nor oxen hides, no

we » AUN &

a oe —————

4 ans
g. za ont
$ a)
od YL
a °o =
be opm pom
oo pee)

pond ~~
os ce e,
Sao? S a?)
eC Foml
a! posh
oS oe +9
an @® ®

anh *

nha ‘

om

red

or

| Pl

om

q

eed

Lond

SS

I

aN

and what

ations,

oC

pone
porend
w
ded
GR
onl
eed

stint’

ire.

inqu

t.

impoi

0d

rt

>
1

tio

us

7 te
poLig

mT

OST a

ied
ie
) iw

of the mod

e

civilization,
among people

lewd @

having the aspect
uld be ascertained, if
proportion in the
ideed, be a subject
information can
with the physical

icular relation to

every where be a
nations are often

nt. and are in

ve

vy
Sab

eal, one family
| all were sub-
r chieftains,
‘e are not

superstitious practices

x £

ean Ml!
rr) Me i Mi

Sect. XH1.

bad

1 CONSI-

€

ga
fond
A)

nded

na

pew

cq
we
GW

observe

3

/

t

cert

ner

i

°

jaire
ain approach to

the

ka, stuufe,

olved into

ION

fog
Q
Px
;

sroper de

y

as

e

Ysy FET

St +S
“wx }
ered =
2 a ]
©
& os red st |
2 < 50) vi
“co Bio =
: : 3 5 eh
: 5 &. * 3
& =F 3 :
° 5 :
5 © 3
ar a 3
: a fam |
42
S
cs

Ss 0

fy
pa
WP
ms
ie

ot

Sang
ape

Ho

31eCt

Pe
SCA

[Seet. XIV.

e depth of water

rould not

on,

escape the

bo ascertain

xr they were liable

interior ;

at time of
and also

sanitary

erefore,
>be noticed

Wd not e:

t

dp il

mony ey

matter

he opinion g

= ih
sult of f exposure to

ee b ny! be ~~ ef de mt “ad Ay apt
ee - OF > & SB WS asia dll wuts ild Wg
Se Ts areas aa po emer ea So eS

i . ‘
s SEeeegeye eb po a2
~~ @ oO — ee & e S
» a ee | cl Fae! 2 oo S 2 = pA
4 o's DD a ee aes oO yo
: ae 2S Ss RR DM em H = 2
> os && © +s 9 cs a US
3 So oe 2m Oo my Ss “4 Te da
bP Cm FF &g a ess = Ss
Hh or o We) ou —S tH ae =
a tal Dp S rc om . sqeo s Nis i
Co & tt o & i
+“ w ~~ pond © pend ) A 4
ee Oo 8 > © ae
© ro ter cs IRAN | co
) : Su dt cap,

1
: ay

on on
fot Sot
Coo ale}
pa) PA bod
pet “*
eins,
é

Le] ek -4 \ iti | eal New ¥ a ‘

4 aw - cand “ ws bf ou
i a} . a ~ : ne
W io, = fat Sl foes & C

: ,
fF) ! " t ~ fb) }
> fil | = 4 8 =| 72) =
boy os = RGR SR 4 4
MX en “s mn © om Ss rasa
a | ve Tati St oe > oO
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S ~$ . oe oo, ~ Pe
9 3 a ) Be eo TE on aN
B g y ; cen) ne on
oa oO a
qi —
a) 200
ap ao) =
cal oa
a fel
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ay o

th

id

]

OU}

Sil

oe

c

smbarr:

e

yroperties

Y
+
A

A ~~ fa

op

inctions de-
treatin

os of

mode s

pyr
sie

10h

y

tions

Cc

nstru

ad

7
A

JISsTene

no

Ss ey
oS vr
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. _—! & = Fe
= aS + a ot
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bd os = ™! Ge ond
KA “*] fan | rm A Ss
es "3 Lena =)
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= : ont bi
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ra 2 ee par ©
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[nee ) ae oped
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we “ " aver)
Laced e ‘ ie : ni
fo
2 wood i,
* dened ened ‘
om a
a pi
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2 av itt oq a
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|
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on P=) ig = am ~ S S
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5 s ot - 2 =] - = - \ he
a cS 4 Ss = ~ | = = = ; | ae | 4 ~ 5 - eS =
bd a 27) ce peed : = a snd s : | — ‘ an -| o ©
aed | - lee = ~ > ee 1 , r ~~ eo, Fe — iE. <n

toothy nef Ne? ‘eho Us WAS FS

On | eda, cE

. ¢ — ,
re oe oa om
il - = SS a mt
a Bi) fo a
be “ tot o ‘ ~ tent
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g mn ) whi
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wai wad Mick
7)
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actula
etorily

3
au

ARs

it a Ne Ma
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ro 1 i ~
pat | £ ones nm ©
3 ie <> =
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w2 a _ by 2 .@
pe * ©) ed GQ Se
en pad ns > Sunt ®
® SS reat Sonnt
. “04 i a

peed

2

BLiLS

fal

acco!

is

eae o
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}

"A

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” pert wid pened = pee ts

Set Sant Nw ID. BailOM cee ut

t
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Oo pe we

Ss A, — oe Se bs te
ha Psa z ao oO
bed SR = eg a on aR SOIR =| coy ro
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os S@qgeos fF aw a
3) 2 HD Nay 5) om
@ a SR Ne ad on ee 3

Q
wh =e TE aa MN Ro ee S
LJ a AO i A NR a
n ex ina ee a
re) ws va wa pat

- an

ms

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down

z)
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gr tio?

f&

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TeRTIARY -
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