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_ NORTH AMERICAN
WILD FLOWERS

/

NORTH AMERICAN
WILD FLOWERS

bY
MARY VAUX WALCOTT

ES

a S. é
= he Ly
rors

PUBLISHED BY

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
WIASHINGTON, D.C.
1925

“THIS IS NUMBER

i

_ OF VOLUME TWO

CSCNHRG>

TABLE OF CONTENTS

VOLUME II

Note: All sketches ave life size. The system used in naming the plants is the American Code of Botanical
Nomenclature. Descriptions of the plants illustrated may be found in Gray's New Manual, Britton and
Brown's Illustrated Flora, Small’s Flora of the Southeastern United States, or Rydberg’s Flora of the
Rocky Mountains.

PLATE

SI.
. Douglas Honeysuckle (fruit). Lonicera glaucescens RYDBERG
. Pink Twistedstalk. Streptopus curvipes VatL

LO2.

103.

Douglas Honeysuckle (flower). Lonacera glaucescens RYDBERG

. Clasping Twistedstalk. Streptopus amplexifolius (LINNAEUS) DE CANDOLLE

. White Pea. Lathyrus ochroleucus HOOKER

. Mountain Juniper. Juniperus sibirica BURGSDORF

. Riverbank Gentian. Gentiana affinis GRISEBACH

. Gtassleaf Agoseris. Agoseris graminifolia GREENE

. Slender Agoseris. Agoseris gracilens (GRAY) KUNTZE

. Showy Milkweed. Asclepias speciosa TORREY

. Northern Ladyslipper. Cypripedium passerinum RiCHARDSON

. Small yellow Ladyslipper. Cypripedium parviflorum SALISBURY

. Rayless Gtoundsel. Senecio pauciflorus Pursu

. Naiad Springbeauty. Claytonia parvifolia MociNo

. American Pasqueflower (flower). Pulsatilla ludoviciana (NUTTALL) HELLER

. American Pasqueflower (fruit). Pulsarilla ludoviciana (NUTTALL) HELLER

. Sweetvetch. Hedysarum mackenzit RICHARDSON

. Mistmaiden. Romanzoffia sitchensis BONGARD

. Columbia Clematis (flower). Clematis columbiana (NuTTALL) TORREY AND GRAY
. Columbia Clematis (fruit). Clematis columbiana (NUTTALL) TORREY AND GRAY

. Lodgepole Pine. Pinus contorta murrayana (BALFOUR) ENGELMANN

Lanceleaf Paintbrush. Castilleja lancifolia RYDBERG

White Thistle. Czrstum hookerianum NuTTALL

104.
nL Oke
106.
EOF,
108.
109.
TAO
le Tale
TEs,
112.
114.
LES:
116:
iii,
118.
ITg.
120.
Up
1295
123)
oA.
126.
Teas,
Tze
128
1209.
130.
12%,
Tee

133.

Gray Pussytoes. <Antennaria howellit GREENE

Calypso. Cytherea bulbosa (Linnazus) House

Rock Willow. Salix petrophila RYDBERG

Sweet Androsace. Androsace carinata TORREY

Bluegreen Gentian. Gentiana glauca PALLAS

Rocky Mountain Twayblade. Ophrys nephrophylla RYDBERG
Spotted Saxifrage. Swxifraga bronchialis LinNaEus

Bearberty (flower). Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LINNAEUS) SPRENGEL
Beatberry (fruit) Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (LINNAEUS) SPRENGEL
Green Pyrola. Pyrola chlorantha Swartz

Avalanche Buttercup. Ranunculus suksdorfii Gray

Canada Buffaloberry. Lepargyrea canadensis (LINNAEUS) GREENE
Deathcamas. Zygadenus elegans PursH

Saskatoon. Amelanchier alnifolia NuTTALL

Prairie Aster. Aster campestris NUTTALL

Owl-clover. Orthocarpus tenuifolius BENTHAM

Showy Oxytrope. O.xytropis splendens Doucias

Alpine Fernleaf. Pedicularis contorta BENTHAM

Pussy Willow. Swlixe discolor MUHLENBERG

Bloodroot. Sanguinaria canadensis LuNNAEUS

Pyxie. Pyxidanthera barbulata MicHaux

Hepatica. Hepatica americana Ker

Trailing-arbutus. Epigaea repens LINNAEUS

Canada Wildginger. Asarum canadense LINNAEUS
Pinxterbloom. Azalea nudiflora LINNAEUS

Wild Calla. Calla palustris LINNAEUS

Chickasaw Plum. Prunus angustifolia MARSHALL

Grass-pink Orchid. Lémodorum tuberosum LINNAEUS
Deerberry. Polycodium stamineum (LINNAEUS) GREENE

Bog Kalmia. Kalmia polifolia WANGENHEIM

. Painted Trillium. Trillium undulatum WiLLDENOW

. Fringed Polygala. Polygala paucifolia WILLDENOW

. Squittelcorn. Bikuwkulla canadensis (GoLDIE) MILLsPAUGH

. Red Maple. Acer rubrum LiINNAzUS

. Carolina Maple. Acer carolinianum WALTER

. Longleaf Pine. Pinus palustris MILLER

. Fringetree. Chionanthus virginica LINNAEUS

. American Columbine. Aquélegia canadensis LINNAEUS

. Southern Coast Violet. Viola septemloba Lz CoNTE

. Mayapple. Podophyllum peltatum Linnazus

. Wood Merttybells. Uvularia perfoliata LinNAzEus

. Goldenstat. Chrysogonum virginianum LINNAEUS

. Highbush Blackbetry. Rubus argutus Link

. Crowpoison. Chrosperma muscactoxicum (WALTER) KUNTZE

. Canada Lily. Lilium canadense LINNAEUS

. American Wistatia. Kraunhia frutescens (LINNAEUS) GREENE
. Curly Clematis. Clematis crispa LinNAEUS

. Western Yatrow. Achillea lanulosa NUTTALL

. Tampa Epidendrum. Epidendrum tampense LINDLEY

. Tillandsia. Tillandsia fasciculata SWARTZ

. Spiderlily. Hymenocallis rotata (KeR) HERBERT

Lo
. Ghostpipe. Thalesia uniflora (Linnaxzus) Britton
Ly
. Arum Attowhead. Sagittaria cuneata SHELDON
I 5 9:

160.

Lloyds Strawberry-cactus. Echéinocereus lloydit BRirtON AND RosE
Pale Pinesap. Hypopitys americana (DE CANDOLLE) SMALL

Spatterdock. Nymphaea advena SOLANDER

Pineland Aster. Aster squarrosus WALTER

ney
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Mae i

i

DOUGLAS HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera glaucescens Rydberg

The Douglas honeysuckle is often found in the foothill valleys of
the Canadian Rockies. In shade the flowers ate orange, but they take
a deeper hue of ted or copper in situations more exposed to the sun.
The leaves of the uppermost pair of each twig ate expanded at the
base and united to form a shallow cup, from which the flowers arise.
The stiff, woody old branches from which the flowering stems grow
ate firmly intertwined with the branches of their supporting bush.
When gtowing in the open, the vine forms a mass of twisted stems
neat the ground. The green leaves make an exquisite background for
the flowers.

This plant ranges from Pennsylvania to Oklahoma and north to
Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was collected in July,on the shores of Lake
Minnewonka, ten miles from Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of
4,500 feet.

PLATE 81

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DOUGLAS HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera glaucescens Rydberg
FRUIT OF PLATE 81

The bright ted fruit of the Douglas honeysuckle ripens in Septem-
ber. At this season the leaves turn yellow, their veins being usually red.
The juicy, inedible fruits ate in clustets, each cluster surrounded by a
leafy cup.

The range of this plant covers the central and northern portions of
the United States, and southern Canada.

This sketch was made from a specimen found in September, in the
upper Kootenay Valley near the motor road between the Columbia
River Valley and Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

PLATE 82

=~

82

PINK TWISTEDSTALK

Streptopus curvipes Vail

In moist tecesses of the woods in the Selkirk Mountains are found
beds of pink twistedstalk. The bell-shaped, dainty, rose-colored flowets
hang beneath the clear green leaves on slender stalks that spring from
the leaf axils. Thus the passer-by does not see them, unless he knows
whete to seatch for the hidden flowers. The plant usually has un-
branched stems and grows from a foot to two feet in height, forming
extensive colonies in favorable places. It is a relative of the lily-of-the-
valley of our gardens. The fruit is a round, red, inedible berry.

The species tanges from Oregon and British Columbia to Alaska.

The specimen sketched was obtained neat Glacier House at Glacier
Station in the Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, at an altitude of
3,500 feet

PLATE 83

CLASPING TWISTEDSTALK
Streptopus amplexifolius (Linnaeus) De Candolle

The clasping twistedstalk is similar in habit to the pink twistedstalk,
but the flowers ate greenish white. The whole plant is of gteater size,
often growing to a height of three feet, and the stems commonly ate
branched, except above tree line, where the plants are dwarfed by the
cold. The berries of this species are also more conspicuous, oval in form
and bright red in color, and freely produced along the stems. The stalks
on which they are borne are twisted or sharply curved, hence the com-
mon name. The plant loves a moist rich soil tn wooded places, whete
its lush growth and contrasting colots ate attractive to the eye.

This member of the Lily-of-the-valley Family is found from the
high mountains of North Carolina to New Mexico and northward
to Greenland and Alaska. It occuts also in Europe and Asia.

The specimen sketched was found near Hector Station on the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway, British Columbia, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.

PLATE 84

i
Sat
Hine

Whit PEA

Lathyrus ochroleucus Hooker

The white pea is rank in growth when it finds a congenial situation,
clambering over the undergrowth, and giving a delicate touch to the
heavier shrubs by its graceful appearance and fresh color. Horses like
it, especially when in bloom, or when the seed pods have formed. We
found it in greatest perfection in July on the banks of Lake Minne-
wonka neat Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,000 feet. The plants
attach themselves for support to other objects in the same mannet as
the garden pea, by threadlike tendrils borne at the ends of the leaves.

White pea ranges from New Jetsey westward to Wyoming, and
northward to Quebec, Alberta, and British Columbia. —

PLATE 85

85. MV W 1925

Spee a Oe ER A ey ee

MOUNTAIN JUNIPER

Juniperus sibivica Burgsdort

Mountain juniper frequents dry, stony places either among other
shrubs or on open mountain slopes, whete it forms circular patches
often ten feet 1n diameter, but seldom more than eighteen inches tall.
Its many stiff branches and prickly leaves are so offensive that ponies,
as well as people, avoid crossing the patches. By midsummer the
bushes ate loaded with blue-grtay berry-like cones which, when win-
tet comes, ate eaten by wild birds. The berties of some of the other
species of juniper were used by the Indians, who ate them either raw
or dried, or ground into meal and prepared as mush or cakes. Cakes
made from berries of alligator funiper,an Arizona species, are said to
be easily digested and palatable to European people.

Mountain juniper ranges from Massachusetts, New York,and Mich-
igan north to Labrador and central Canada, and in the Rocky Moun-
tains from New Mexico to California and northwatd to Alaska. It
occuts also in Siberia.

The specimen sketched was obtained in the Saskatchewan River
Valley, British Columbia, fifty miles north of Lake Louise Station on
the Canadian Pacific Railway, at an altitude of 4,000 feet.

PLATE 86

86

RIVERBANK GENTIAN

Gentiana affinis Grisebach

The fiverbank gentian prefers the flat borders of streams in the lower
valleys, whete grasses and sedges find a combination of congenial soil
and moisture. The purple flowets, with white marking on the petals,
ate elusive, since theyate often hidden byneighboring plants. We found
~ them near a“lick” whete twenty mountain sheep, ewes and lambs, were
enjoying the salty soil kept moist by the snow water from the rushing
tivet neat by, which overflowed its banks each August afternoon.

The riverbank gentian, placed by some botanists in the genus Dasy-
stephana, tanges from Colorado to California, and north to Saskatch-
ewan and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was collected in the valley of the Red Deer
River, three days by trail from Lake Louise Station on the Canadian
Pacific Railway, Albetta, at an altitude of 5,500 feet

PLATE 87

87

GRASSLEAFP AGOSERIS

Agoseris graminifolia Greene

Grassleaf agoseris, although occurring in many places in the Cana-
dian Rockies, is not often seen by travelers, for it usually grows amid
a tangle of gtass and other plants, and opens its flowers only in full sun-
light. It has graceful leaves, and the fluffy seed heads, like those of dan-
delion, ate mote showy than the flowets. Some of the widely wind-
blown seeds find suitable places for germination. Like other membets
of the Chicory Family, to which this plant belongs, its leaves and
stems have a milky juice.

Grassleaf agosetis ranges from Arizona northward to the Canadian
Rockies of Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was found by the shore of Lake Louise,
Alberta, at an altitude of 5,700 feet.

PLATE 88

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SLENDER AGOSERIS

Agoseris gracilens (Gtay) Kuntze

The fruiting heads of the vatious species of Agoseris ate much
more beautiful and showy than the flowets, which expand only in
bright sunlight, and are often small and inconspicuous. In Alpine
meadows the fluffy heads are very abundant. As the seeds ripen and
ate dislodged from the parent stem they are blown by the wind to
favorable locations for germination.

This A goseris may be found from Colorado northward to Albetta
and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was obtained in the Douglas Lake Valley,
twenty-five miles by trail from Lake Louise Station, Alberta, Canada,
at an altitude of 7,000 feet.

PLATE 89

89. MVW 1925

SHOWY MILKWEED

Asclepias speciosa Torrey

We ate so accustomed to seeing the eastern milkweeds scattered
along the wayside or among the denizens of waste places, or in the
case of the butterflyweed in isolated clumps, that it was a sutptise to
find a whole field of this beautiful milkweed in the Kootenay River
Valley. It seemed to have exactly the right soil as well as other condi-
tions suited to its needs, and the heavy, waxy, sweet-scented flowers
were attracting many bees and butterflies to the feast of nectar spread
for them. The plants were fully four feet tall. Most of the flowers
wete of a delicate shade of pink, although the fresher blossoms and
buds wete claret-coloted, or almost matoon. When examined with a
glass, the highly complicated structure of the flowers can beseen plainly.

This milk weed ranges from Kansas to California and north to Sas-
katchewan and British Columbia.

The specimen painted was found in the Columbia River Valley in
British Columbia at Fairmount Hot Springs, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

PLATE 90

go

NORTHERN LADYSLIPPER

Cypripedium passerinum Richardson

We had made numerous visits to the Canadian Rockies without hav-
ing seen this beautiful ladyslipper, but one midsummer day, after ford-
ing a rushing mountain torrent, we came upon it suddenly. It was
ctowded among other plants, and seemed to prefer a moist situation
withsome sunshine. Elsewhere in the mountains we have since found
it on the shores of lakes or streams, but usually in sheltered situations.
In some places rich leafmold encouraged more vigorous growth, and
the plants were in clumps eighteen inches in height, with a profusion
of the modest slipper-shaped flowers. The old seed pods of the previ-
ous season indicated nature’s prodigality in providing abundant seeds.

This orchid is distributed from Ontario to Alberta and British Co-
lumbia and northward to Alaska.

The specimen sketched grew at Healy Creek, near Banff, Alberta, at
an altitude of 4,700 feet.

PLATE QI |

or

5
‘
.
5

SMALL YELLOW LADYSLIPPER

Cypripedium parviflorum Salisbury

The flowets of the small yellow ladyslipper, their golden pouches
decked with stteamets of bronze and claret, immediately attract us by
theit beauty, and we do not wonder that passing bees ate enticed by the
coloring and perfume of the flowers. Inside the yellow pouch ate nu-
merous fine hairs, which secrete tiny drops of a sticky fluid. The bee,
attempting to escape, after she has been smeared with this substance,
is forced by the shape of the pouch to ctawl out by one of the narrow
passages, on the sides of which the pollen masses and stigma are placed.
In so doing the bee brushes first past the stigma and then the pollen-
bearing anthers. She can not leave pollen on a stigma until she has
been smeared with pollen from another flower, and thus cross fertili-
zation is effected.

Fortunately this orchid is easily grown in a wild garden, requiring
only a plentiful supply of humus in the soil.

The specimen sketched was found in North Carolina, but the plant
ranges from Georgia to Newfoundland and westward to Missouti,
Utah, and British Columbia.

PLATE 92.

———
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Q2

pmat}
ty gst

wa

RAYLESS GROUNDSEL

Senecio pauciflorus Pursh

Rayless groundsel, though not usually conspicuous, gives in mid-
summer a touch of brilliant color amid the otherwise dull grasses and
willows of the mountain meadows. At first sight it seems to be a
budding flower, soon to unfold, but the long rays characteristic of
most othet species of composites ate absent, and the head expands no
further.

Rayless groundsel extends from Michigan to Wyoming and Cal-
ifornia, and northward to Labrador, Quebec, and Alaska.

The specimen sketched grewin the valley of Johnson Creek, twelve
miles northeast of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of
52500 feet.

PLATE 93

oe)

‘

NAIAD SPRINGBEAUTY

Claytonia parvifolia Mocifio

As we pick out way along some of the wet, stony trails near Glacier
House, British Columbia, we find, if observing closely, the dainty stems
of the naiad springbeauty,a member of the Purslane Family, growing
from asmall rosette of green leaves. This frail and delicate plant thrives
in the cool drippings from the rocky banks. It is especially interesting
from the fact that it propagates freely by bulblets from the axils of the
stem. leaves.

This plant ranges from Alaska southward in the mountains to Cali-
fornia and Montana.

The specimen sketched was found near Glacier House in the Selkirk
Mountains of British Columbia, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE 94

aN
rhe sh

AMERICAN PASQUEFLOWER
Pulsatilla lndoviciana (Nuttall) Heller

The pasqueflower is one of the loveliest of the anemones. It 1s
known commonly in the Canadian Rockies as “wild crocus.” In early
spring the stalks push through the ground as soon as the snow disap-
pears, and flower before the leaves unfold. In dry regions, like the upper
valley of the Columbia River in British Columbia, there sometimes fol-
lows a second period of blooming, when rain comes in late summer
after a dry season, but these summer flowers ate inferior in size and
beauty to those of spring.

The pasqueflower is really a prairie plant. Itis found from Michigan
and Illinois to’‘Texas, Washington, and Alaska. It has been selected as
the State flower of South Dakota.

The sketch was made from a specimen gathered in July near the
summut of Sulphur Mountain at Banff, Alberta, Canada, at 8,000 feet
elevation.

PLATE 95

95. MV W 1925

AMERICAN PASQUEFLOWER

Pulsatilla ludoviciana (Nuttall) Heller
FRUIT OF PLATE 95

The hairy basal leaves of the pasqueflower, growing directly from
the root, and also a whorl of stem leaves, borne at the middle of the
flower stalk, develop quickly after the flowers have faded. The seeds,
each provided with a curved silky tail, remain attached to the head
until ripe, when they are scattered by the winds.

The pasqueflower ranges throughout the prairie and Rocky Moun-
tain States and the provinces of western Canada.

The specimen sketched was obtained in midsummer at Ghost
River, twenty-five miles from Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 4,500
PiceL:

PLATE 96

yom: s

eu

Sw ie Ey EC

Hedysarum mackenzit Richardson

In but one place that we visited in the Canadian Rockies did we
find sweetvetch growing in perfection. For sevetal seasons we have
made “Wild Flower Camp” our headquartets for a short time. On the
trail passing from that place up the steep slopes to the divide above
the head of Johnson Creek, we came to a deep unnamed alpine lake,
along whose tocky shore the trail leads. On the slopes above the
trail, whete the glaciers have plowed away the mountain side, leaving
stretches of upland meadows between the tocks, the disintegrating
limestone provides ideal soil conditions for leguminous plants. Here
sweetvetch grows in clumps, with stems stiff enough to support the
heavy blossoms, while the luxuriant growth of leaves forms a fine
background for the flowers. These ate of various shades of crimson
and pink, or occasionally pure white, and their scent is as delightful as
that of freshly gathered sweet peas from the home garden. In other
localities the flower heads ate so heavy that the stems lie prostrate on
the ground, making beautiful rosettes sometimes eighteen inches
actoss. Alexander Mackenzie, in his journey of discovery down the
Mackenzie River to the Arctic Ocean in 1793, used the roots of sweet-
vetch as an emergency food.

This plant is restricted to the Canadian Rocky Mountain region,
from Alberta to Northwest Territory and Yukon.

The unnamed lake is about ten miles northeast of Lake Louise Sta-
tion, Alberta, Canada, but by the citcuitous trail one and a half days are
tequited. The altitude is about 8,000 feet.

PLATE 97

27,

MISTMAIDEN

Romanzoffia sitchensis Bongard

Mistmaiden is a dainty alpine plant that is found at or above tree
line almost anywhere in the northern Rockies, if growth conditions
ate favorable. It grows frequently in rock crevices, and delights in
moist spots where water from melting snow seeps through the earth
ot drips from the rocks above. During the short growing season it is
able to endure the freezing temperatures that are frequent at night.
It is but rarely that the delicate stems and fragile flowers are injured
ot destroyed. The first specimen that we found was carried to camp
and placed in water in a tin outside the tent. In the morning, to out
dismay the water was a solid block of ice, and we thought the beau-
tiful specimen was ruined ; but when the ice melted the plant was as
fresh as evet.

This interesting member of the Waterleaf Family ranges from
Montana to northern California and Alaska. As its specific name, séz-
chensis, indicates, the plant was collected first at Sitka, Alaska.

The specimen sketched grew near Lake O'Hara in the Canadian
Rockies, British Columbia, at an altitude of 6,600 feet.

PLATE 98

ra

ana it
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COLUMBIA CLEMATIS

Clematis columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey and Gray

Columbia clematis is one of the daintiest and most attractive of the
mountain wild flowers. The scrambling vine grows gracefully over
the rocks, or clings to some convenient support of bushes or small
trees, the single purple blossoms lending themselves to the situation
with the utmost freedom from conventionality. The stems ate woody,
and after the petal-like sepals fall the feathery seed heads are quite as
attractive as the flowers. The blossoms ate produced in spring or early
summer.

Columbia clematis may be found from the mountains of Colorado
and Washington northward to the Canadian Rockies in Alberta and
British Columbia.

The specimen sketched grew five miles from Field, British Colum-
bia, on the slopes of Mount Burgess, near the trail to Burgess Pass, at
an altitude of 6,500 feet.

PLATE 99

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99. MVW 1925

ae

ata

COLUMBIA CLEMATIS

Clematis columbiana (Nuttall) Torrey and Gray
FRUIT OF PLATE 99

The fruits of the Columbia clematis, although not so conspicuous
as the flowets, ate quite as beautiful. The silky tails attached to the
“seeds” of the loose heads become feather-like as they ripen. The soft
shades of gteen grow paler and finally turn silvery gray,when the ripe
fruits are loosened from the parent stem and carried away by the wind.

Columbia clematis extends from Utah and Colorado northward to
Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was found in August in the Horse Thief
Valley, Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, twenty miles. west of
Athelmerte, at an altitude of 3,500 feet.

PLATE IOO

” ‘ : yi
Mirah
: MGs

Maia

i000. MV W

LODGEPOLE PINE

Pinus contorta murrayana (Balfour) Engelmann

Lodgepole pine is the commonest tree of the Canadian Rockies. In
places whete fire has taken toll of the primeval forest it is usually the
first forest growth to obtain a foothold. Hete it frequently grows in
thickets so dense that they ate almost impenetrable for animals after the
trees have reached a height of seven or eight feet. When full grown
the lodgepole pine attains a height of eighty feet, with a trunk one to
three feet in diameter. If the trees stand alone their branches petsist
nearly to the base of the trunk. The ttee is the one most easily available
for tent ot tepee poles, hence its common name. A striking feature
of the tree is that the cones remain upon the branches for a long time,
often for years after the tree is dead. The wood is light yellow or nearly
white, soft and weak, and is little used for lumber. The Indians, in times
of scatcity of other food, sometimes ate the inner bark and soft sapwood.

Lodgepole pine ranges from Colorado and California northward to
Saskatchewan and Alaska.

The specimen sketched was ptocuted on the North Fork of the
Saskatchewan River, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.

PLATE IOI

101. MV W 1925

re 1,
at he

my

LANCELEAF PAINT BRUSH

Castilleja lancifolia Rydberg

The habit of the lanceleaf paintbrush is quite different from that
of many other membets of the genus Castilleja, as it has a long cteep-
ing, perennial rootstock. Usually it is found in moist woods on the
lower levels of the eastern slopes of the Rockies. Being protected by
sheltering trees and herbs from the sharp frosts that often come in
mid-August, it is one of the last flowers to be found in full bloom.
The vivid ted of the bracts surrounding the flowets, which form
dense spikes at the ends of the stiff stems, is especially noticeable to
one traveling the mountain trails at this season. In burnt-timber areas
it is likely to have survived the tavages of fire, since the rootstock is
protected from the heat by the soil above.

This striking member of the Figwort Family ranges from Colo-
tado and Utah north to Alberta and Alaska.

The specimen sketched was found in the valley of the Pipestone
River, fifteen miles north of Lake Louise, Albetta, at an altitude of
5,500 feet.

PLATE 102

IO2z

WHITE THISTLE

Cirszum hookerianum Nuttall

White thistles grow luxuriantly in the northern Rocky Mountains.
Their seeds, readily blown about by the wind, embrace evety oppot-
tunity to obtain a foothold. Along the motor toad between Banff and
Lake Louise they grow in great perfection, often four feet tall, with
numerous flower heads along the straight stem, commonly culmi-
nating in a tosette of many heads at the apex. The tender opening
flowers ate much relished by the ponies, who do not seem to mind
the prickly bracts and leaves. Above ttee line the plants ate reduced
in size, often flowering when only six inches high.

The white thistle is distributed from Montana northward to the
Canadian Rockies in Alberta and British Columbia.

Out specimen grew near the summit of Vermilion Pass, Alberta,
on the motor road between Castle Station, on the Canadian Pacific
Railway, and the Columbia River Valley, at an altitude of 5,400 feet.

PLATE 103

103. MV W 1925

ee

-
Ea)

GRAY PUSSYTOES

Antennaria howellzi Greene

When the showy flowers of spring abound, we naturally overlook
the less conspicuous plants, but as the season advances attention is at-
tracted to them. It is then that we notice the gray pussytoes growing
on flats along stream beds, where the waters from melting glaciers have
deposited some of their load of mud and sand. These flats suppott a
luxuriant growth of coatse grasses, sedges, and willows. In midsum-
met they ate overflowed in the afternoon of every watm day, and the
soil is always moist. In such situations this plant thrives, often form- .
ing extensive colonies, which ate propagated by prostrate leafy shoots
that take root and form new plants. The “seeds,” also, ate provided
with a tuft of silky haits, so that they ate easily carried to gteat dis-
tances by the wind.

The tange of this relative of the daisies is from Montana to Wash-
ington, and north to Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched grew at Lone Tree Camp on the Siffleur
River, fifty miles north of Lake Louise Station, Alberta, Canada, at an
altitude of 5,000 feet.

PLATE 104

104

CALYPS©

Cytherea bulbosa (Linnaeus) House

In mountain woods, where pine needles cover the ground and pte-
setve the moistute underneath, the dainty calypso is often found, and
is a joy to tecall ever after. This lovely little orchid, waving with each
passing breath of wind, is poised on a slender stem that seems too del-
icate to support its weight. The tiny bulb, barely half an inch thick,
is much valued by the Indians of Alberta in spring asa delicious mot-
sel, comparable to new potatoes.

Calypso is a cool-climate plant, and occurs chiefly in the far north,
ot at high altitudes southward. It apparently sutvived the glacial
period in the southern Rocky Mountains, in Arizona and New Mex-
ico. Since the ice retreated it has been able to push northward as far
as Labrador and Alaska. It is still found in the eastern United States in
northern New York, Vermont, and Maine.

The specimen sketched was found in Glacier National Park, Mon-
tana.

PLATE 105

ROCK WILLOW

Salix petrophila Rydberg

This diminutive willow occuts on mountain slopes where other
species of willow also flourish, but grows only four or five inches
tall, and has the appearance rather of an hetb than of a shrub. As soon
as the overlying blanket of snow melts, the stems come to life. When
the catkins are fully developed, the whole plant is very lovely, and
attracts many small bees and other insects. The pollen falls ina golden
shower when the branches are shaken. The pistillate flowers develop
tapidly into silly heads during the long days of sunshine in June and
July. The silk-tipped seeds, loosening from the split pods, are then
blown by the wind to a new location.

Rock willow occurs on alpine peaks from New Mexico to Cali-
fornia and north to British Columbia and Mackenzie.

The specimen sketched was found on the slopes of Mt. Wapta
near Burgess Pass, seven miles by trail from Field, British Columbia,
at an altitude of 7,000 feet.

PLATE 106

Selena
Co

:

es

I
06

Pet

SWEET ANDROSACE

Androsace carinata Torrey

Sweet androsace is really a spring flower, unfolding on the lower
hillsides with the earliest blossoms, but it may be found during most
of the summer by ascending to a higher altitude. Its sweet odor and
the dainty clustered flowets, with their yellow centers, lend the plant
a peculiar charm. The rosettes of stiff green leaves, from which each
delicate flower stem rises, give a mosslike appearance to a colony of
the plants. They frequent both dry and moist situations. Several related
species occur frequently in the northern Rockies, but they are of un-
attractive appearance, and are seldom noticed.

This member of the Primrose Family ranges from the cold moun-
tain tops of New Mexico north to Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched was found at Ptarmigan Pass, seven miles
northeast of Lake Louise, British Columbia, at an altitude of 7,500 feet.

PLATE 107

end
ia

YW.

107

BLUEGREEN GENTIAN

Gentiana glauca Pallas

Several species of gentian ate common in the Canadian Rockies,
but the bluegreen gentian is a most elusive plant. I have found it only
in the region of Ptarmigan Pass, whete it is extremely local, inhabiting
northern slopes, near the borders of alpine lakes. Following a trail
that the horses had made in order to reach the higher meadows, where
the sweet short grass was plentiful, we found the shy beauty. The
plants grow singly or in clumps with three or four clusters of blue-
green flowers. The pale leaves form a rosette about the base of each
blooming stem. The flowers are a peculiar shade of blue-green. They
tesemble closed gentians more than other membets of the family
found in the region, since the small pointed petals do not fully expand
even with full sunshine. Blooming in August in the exposed situa-
tions that they prefer, above tree line, the plants ate often caught by
the early frosts, and thus ate prevented frequently from ripening seeds.

The bluegteen gentian, sometimes placed in the genus Dasyste-
phana, 1s found from Montana to British Columbia and Alaska, and
also in Siberia. |

The specimen sketched grew near a small lake eight miles by trail
northeast of Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 7,500 feet.

PLATE 108

5x4
Y,

08

I

ROCKY MOUNTAIN TWAY BLADE
Ophrys nephrophylla Rydberg

Rocky Mountain twayblade is one of the most common represen-
tatives of the Orchid Family in the Canadian Rockies. It delights in
the tecesses of damp woods, and grows among mosses and other
moistute-loving plants,where the sunshine filters but faintly through
the trees. The flowers vary in color from yellowish green to green or
purple. The plants ate so small and so nearly uniform in color that they
ate easily overlooked among other vegetation. Such unobtrusive
plants as these show little affinity in theit general appeatance with
theit more showy relatives, such as the ladyslippets and the brilliant
exotic orchids of our hothouses.

This twayblade is a mountain species, and ranges from New Mex-
ico northward to Montana and Alaska. A closely related species is
found from New Jetsey to central Canada and Labrador.

The sketch was made from specimens collected at Yoho Pass,
eleven miles from Field, British Columbia, at an altitude of 5, goo feet.

PLATE I09

SPOTTED SAXIFRAGE

Saxifraga bronchialis Linnaeus

Spotted saxifrage grows most plentifully about tree line. It grows
in masses overt the rocks, in whose crevices its toots find a foothold.
The Latin specific name is derived from saxum,a tock, and frango, I
break. The dark green foliage retains its color through the winter, and
gives to the beds of the plant a mosslike appearance. The flowets are
visited by great numbers of bees and flies. Sometimes the spots on the
petals are green or yellow instead of red, the other characters of the
plant remaining the same. In nature's rock gardens these hardy plants,
wherever they grow, lend grace and beauty to the scene.

This saxifrage (which has also been called Leptasea austromontana)
is found from Utah and New Mexico northward to Alberta and Brit-
ish Columbia and Alaska. It grows also in northern Asia and Europe.

The specimen sketched was collected near Lake Louise, Alberta,
Canada, at an altitude of 6,500.

PLATE IIO

oO
4
4

BEARBERRY

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel

This shrubby member of the Heath Family is seldom seen in bloom
by the traveler. Early in the season, soon after the snow melts, the
flowers may be found hidden under the mass of beautiful evergreen
leaves. They prefer a dry, gravelly, or sandy soil. The leaves were
used by the Indians either tn combination with tobacco, or by them-
selves, for smoking purposes. The plant has also been used in med-
icine as an astringent, as well as by tanners in making leather.

Bearberty, or kinnikinnick, may be found from New Jetsey to New
Mexico and California, and northward to Labrador and Alaska.

The sketch was made from a specimen secured near Mount Assin-
iboine, fifty miles south of Banff, Alberta, at an altitude of 6,000 feet.

PLATE III

REY
bit

an

La |
i
bo

BEARBERRY

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Linnaeus) Sprengel

FRUIT OF PLATE III

When August comes, the green fruits of the bearberry, or kinni-
kinnick, begin to appear, and soon turn a bright red. Then the plant
assumes a More interesting appearance, and if a sufficient amount of
moisture is available the berries are numerous and well developed.
Grouse and other birds are glad to add these berries to their scanty
winter menu, even though they taste to us dry and insipid.

_Bearberty,which belongs to the Heath Family, may be found from
New Jersey to New Mexico and California,and northward to Labta-
dor and Alaska.

The specimen sketched was collected near Banff, Alberta, Canada,
at an altitude of 4,500 feet.

PLATE 112

5 Me

A
Ti

8 fio

Ae

I12. MVW 1925

y
nite) ‘i
Table kt

ty,

GREEN PYROLA

Pyrola chlorantha Swattz

The green pyrola is a denizen of dry wooded slopes, and blossoms
in July. Although it has fewer flowers than the pink species, it is
almost as attractive. The slightly sweet-scented flowets are borne on
a stiff stem, rising from a rosette of leathery, evergreen leaves. The
flowets ate thick and fleshy and remain for a long time upon the
plant, being followed by dry seed pods.

Green pyrola has a wide tange, extending from Virginia to Arizona
and California, and northward to Labrador and British Columbia. It
occurs also in Europe.

The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Siffleur
River, fifty miles by trail north of Lake Louise, Albetta, at an altitude
of 5,000 feet.

PLATE I13

ei ——— pe a ae ee el i
a ne en a
> ° = ——_ | a a oe Oe ae Saf 2
~ a — = -
i - ie YF —

I13

a aw Ck BU PTE RCUP

Ranunculus suksdorfit Gtay

On the high slopes of the mountains, close to the melting snow
banks, the avalanche buttercups grow, frequently associated with
anemones, and contrasting their golden cups with the white anemone
flowets. As the season advances, we find the buttercups only near the
old snow of the avalanches, where the cold has delayed the unfolding
of the buds. Warm days soon destroy the beauty of the flowers.

The avalanche buttercup ranges ftom Montana and Washington to
Alberta and British Columbia.

Our sketch was made from a specimen collected on the slopes of
Mt. Field near Burgess Pass, seven miles from Field, British Columbia,
at an altitude of 7,000 feet.

PLATE I 14

Gn:

<P

t

CANADA BUFFALOBERRY

Lepargyrea canadensis (Linnaeus) Greene

Canada buffaloberty 1s an inconspicuous shrub until the berties
fipen, when it decorates the mountain slopes with its red or some-
times yellow berries. These ate bitter in flavor, though useful to
quench thirst, and were used by the Indians as a tonic. When the
berries ate mashed and water is added, they make a frothy mass when
beaten, which some persons enjoy. Sometimes the name quassia is
given locally to the plant. Horses like the twigs as a change from
the gtass and other green things that they eat on the trail. The flow-
ets, produced in spring on the leafless branches, ate small and greenish
yellow. The leaves, which come later, ate covered beneath with silver
scales that are beautiful when viewed through a lens.

Canada buffaloberties may be found in the mountains from New
York to New Mexico and Oregon, and northward to Newfound-
land and Alaska.

Our specimen was collected neat Hector Station, British Colum-
bia, at an altitude of 5,000 feet.

PLATE 115

a

115. MV W 1925

4,
2A
bith

in
s9

hogs bx

DEATHCAMAS

Zy gadenus elegans Pursh

In nature's flower gardens in the Canadian Rockies we find in July
quantities of this elegant plant. The bunch of pale, grasslike leaves 1s
surmounted by sevetal stems on which ate carried a number of green-
ish white flowets with a bright green gland at the base of each petal.
They sway in the breezes, and make a lovely group with wild peas,
columbines, asters, and other mountain flowers. They are free from
the limitations of many mountain plants, since all kinds of slopes,
exposutes, and soils seem satisfactory for their growth, though the
finest specimens we ever found were growing out of calcareous tufa.
The horses know the plant well, and are never deceived into eating
its poisonous leaves, though these appear much like grass when the
plant is out of bloom.

This species of deathcamas has a wide range, growing in suitable
situations, in the mountains of Nevada and New Mexico and north-
watd to North Dakota and Alaska.

The specimen sketched was obtained on the Clearwater River,
thirty-five miles by trail north of Lake Louise Station, British Colum-
bia, at an altitude of 6,500 feet.

PLATE 116

i"

MV W 1925

116.

Peseuel
a

:

SASKATOON

Amelanchier alnifolia Nuttall

The saskatoon, service-berry, or June-berry, a northwestern species
of shadblow, belongs to the Apple Family, and is usually a bush six
ot eight feet high, though when growing among other bushes it
sometimes attains a height of ten or fifteen feet. The fruits are borne
in heavy clusters, and when partly ripe are bright red, turning to put-
ple when fully ripe. They resemble hucklebetries in appearance, but
ate disappointing in flavor, especially when cooked. They may easily be
gatheted from horseback, and after a long ride ate very refreshing. The
Indians ate them fresh from the bushes, and also dried them for win-
ter. In Lewis and Clarke's journal they are mentioned as being pound-
ed into a pulp by the Indians, formed into loaves, and dried. These
would keep sweet for the season and when needed, portions wete
broken off and cooked 1n stews. Birds and bears also enjoy these berries.

The saskatoon occurs in dry soil from Michigan to Nebraska and
Colorado and northward to western Ontario, British Columbia, and
the Yukon.

The specimen sketched was obtained neat the Horse Thief River,
one of the sources of the Columbia River in British Columbia, twenty
miles northwest of Athelmete, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

PLATE 117

aia

"

vera ¥ x
Pais yee Se ~~
i. aie ; af

117

PRAIRIE OAS TER

Aster campestris Nuttall

In one of our saddle journeys in the Columbia River Valley in
British Columbia, the waning season for flowets brought to our
notice this beautiful aster. It seemed to ignore the dry soil conditions,
and expanded its bright purple flowers in many exposed situations
where other plants had gone to seed. The slender stems ate very brit-
tle; the narrow leaves are usually entire, though sometimes toothed.

The prairie aster ranges along the Rocky Mountains from Colorado
to Oregon and northward to Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched grew near Radium Hot Springs, British
Columbia, at an altitude of 3,000 feet.

PLATE 118

——— xx

118. MV WwW 1925

OW L-CLOVER

Orthocarpus tenuifolius Bentham

Going south from Canal Flats along the valley of the Kootenay
River, we soon leave the higher mountains and heavily timbered coun-
try, the motor road crossing many small, dry prairies. Hete the owl-
clover is in full bloom in midsummer, forming great patches of pink
color among the grasses. This plant is not related to the clovers, but
belongs to the Figwort Family. Its manner of growth is different from
that of the related paintbrushes, yet it recalls them in many ways. As
in them, the bright color is exhibited by bracts rather than flowers.

The valley of the Kootenay River runs north and south, and like
the Columbia River Valley, of which it is a continuation, is variable
in soil and climate. Protected by mountains on either side, with cli-
matic conditions directly the result of the proximity of the mountains,
its rich, light soil deposited by glacial streams, the valley requires only
ittigation to cause it to produce bountifully. But, lacking moisture,
the plants that flourish in the valley are arid-soil plants or those which
lie comparatively dormant until showers waken them to life.

Owl-clover tanges from Idaho and Washington to British Co-
lumbia.

The specimen sketched gtew neat Cranbrook, British Columbia.

PLATE I19

ee ee kh a Pe er a ee aS ke eet es

If

SHOWY OXYTROPE

Oxytropis splendens Douglas

Showy oxyttope is one of the most attractive members of the Pea
Family. The graceful stems hold the flower spikes well above the
silky leaves, which form a tufted mass about the roots. The gray-green
leaves conttast pleasingly with the purple flowers. Some authots use
the genus name Aragallus instead of Oxytropis. Though this is prop-
etly a prairie plant, it is found frequently in the lower valleys on the
eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.

Showy oxytrope ranges from Minnesota to Saskatchewan, British
Columbia, and Yukon.

The specimen sketched was gathered in the Bow Valley, fifteen
miles west of Banff, Alberta, Canada, at an altitude of 4,000 feet.

PLATE 120

iy 2a Oe
at om ans

i me (4

Orme SS

HOR}

ALPINE FERNLEAF

Pedicularis contorta Bentham

Alpine fernleaf is locally plentiful in the Canadian Rockies, but it
seems particular in the choice of a situation where favorable condi-
tions combine to give it both soil and exposure to its liking. It is often
found on loose, steep soils above timber line. It grows in clumps,
several flowering stems frequently a foot tall being produced from
a central root. The leaves may be green or ted, and the flowers either
pute white or delicately shaded.

Alpine fernleaf occurs in the high mountains of Montana and Cal-
ifornia, extending northward to Alberta and British Columbia.

The specimen sketched grew on the slope of Mount St. Piran near
Lake Louise, Alberta, at an altitude of 7,000 feet.

PLATE I21

PUSSY WILLOW
Salix discolor Muhlenberg

Pussy willows possess.a certain fascination when we gather them
with their tight winter buds, early in spring, in their wild haunts,
and watch them expand in the warmer air of the house into fluffy
catkins. Out of doots they attract many bees to the early feast of pol-
len spread for them. The catkins are of two kinds, borne on separate
plants; those which beat only flowers with stamens, and the fertile
ones which produce later in the season myriads of silk-appendaged
seeds.

Pussy willow gtows in swamps and on moist hillsides from Dela-
wate to North Carolina and Missouri, and northward to Nova Scotia
and Saskatchewan.

The sketch was made from a specimen collected near Washington,
District of Columbia.

PLATE 122

ea

BLOODROOT

Sanguinavia canadensis Linnaeus

Bloodtoot is such an ephemeral flower that we must visit the
woods at exactly the right time in early spring to see it in perfection.
The warm sun brings it into beautiful bloom, and we find its colonies
in rich moist woods. It has pushed through the covering of brown
autumn leaves that have protected it through the winter. Like other
membets of the Poppy Family, it has an acrid juice. This is blood-ted
in color, staining anything that it touches. The Indians used it as a
paint, while the white man’s children gather the roots and use them
to color Easter eggs a soft brown hue.

Bloodroot tanges from Florida, Alabama, and Arkansas northward
to Nova Scotia and Manitoba.

The sketch was made from a specimen gathered in Washington,
District of Columbia.

PLATE 123

123. MVW 1925

NW

py
nia
azn

ees

PY XE

Pyxidanthera barbulata Michaux

The thrill of finding pyxie in the early spring is equaled only by
the sensation of first discovering trailing-arbutus. This mosslike plant
is classed by botanists as an evergreen shrub, though in its creeping
habit it does not seem a shrub at all. It is one of the few American
tepresentatives of the Diapensia Family, which is related to the heaths.
The flowets ate sessile and pute white, and nestle among the leaves,
which ate often dark red. It is sometimes grown in tock gardens,
planted in a mixture of acid peat and clear sand, and thrives in either
moist or dty situations.

Pyxie is found in dry, sandy pine barrens from North Carolina to
southern New Jersey.

The specimen sketched came from Whitesbog, New Jetsey.

PLATE 124

124. MVW 1925

oN

HEPATICA

Hepatica americana Ker

“There ate many things left for May,” writes John Burroughs,“but
nothing fairer, if as fair, as the first flower, the hepatica. I find I have
never admired this little firstling half enough. When at the maturity
of its charms it is certainly the gem of the woods.” With the first
warm days of spring the soft woolly buds spring from the heart of
the plant, where they were formed in the autumn. The hardy blooms
make their first appeatance on southern slopes in the woods. Often
they ate half hidden by the leaves, which persist from the previous
season. The flowers vaty in color from pale blue to white and pink,
and often have an alluring odor, though this characteristic varies in
different plants. The new leaves develop as soon as the flowers fall.

Blue as the heaven it gazes at,
Startling the loiterer in the naked groves
With unexpected beauty: for the time

Of blossoms and green grass is yet afar.
GiBsON

Hepatica is found from northern Florida to Missouri and north-
watd to Nova Scotia and Manitoba. A closely related species grows
in Europe and Asia.

The specimen sketched grew in Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 125

125. MVW1925

TRAILING-ARBUTUS

Epigaea repens Linnaeus

Trailing-arbutus is an evergreen plant, belonging to the Heath
Family, and occuts in rocky ot sandy woods, especially under evergreen
trees. The flowering buds ate formed before the attival of the cold
of winter, and open with the first sunny days of spring. Hidden away
under dead leaves, and frequently with their pearly flowets turned to-
watd the earth, they ate not discoveted by the casual passer-by.

It is frequently called mayflower in New England, and is the State
flower of Massachusetts. Bryant associates it with the earliest spring
flowers in his poem “The twenty-seventh of Match.”

. . within the woods
Tufts of ground laurel, creeping underneath
The leaves of the last summer, send their sweets
Uptothechillyair. .
while Whittier tells us of

Sad Mayflower, watched by winter stars,
And nursed by winter gales

With petals of the sleeted spars
And leaves of frozen sails!

But warmer suns ere long shall bring
To life the frozen sod,
And through dead leaves of hope shall spring
Afresh the flowers of God.
Trailing-arbutus, when furnished with proper acid soil and suitable
exposute, can be grown teadily, and produces a fleshy, edible fruit.
The specimen sketched was found in Washington, District of
Columbia, but the plant ranges from Florida, Kentucky,and Wisconsin
northward to Newfoundland and Saskatchewan. °

PLATE 126

126. MVW 1925

CANADA WILDGINGER

Asarum canadense Linnaeus

Canada wildginger is one of out earliest spring flowers. Owing to
its habit of growth, the flowers, hidden by dead leaves of the preced-
ing autumn, are easily overlooked. The rootstocks have the pungent
flavor of ginger, but the juice of the leaves and stems is bitter. Lying
so close tothe ground, and thus sheltered from the winds, the flowers
ate a refuge for small flies which serve to pollinate them.

Canada wildginger prefers rich woods, and ranges from North
Carolina to Missouri and Kansas, and northward to New Brunswick
and Manitoba.

The sketch was made from a plant that grew on Plummets Island,
in the Potomac River, near Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 127

(tetee yee
at take

voit

127. MVW 1925

PINXTERBLOOM

Azalea nudiflora Linnaeus

In early spring, the bate stems of the pinxtetbloom, ot wild azalea
with their clusters of curved ted buds, ate conspicuous in the woods
ot along the banks of the brimful streams. As the flowets open, exhal-
ing their peculiar faint perfume, they are visited by bumble bees and
moths. The leaves begin to open about the same time as the flowers,
but they do not expand fully until the blooming period has passed.

Fasily yielding to cultivation, if the soil ts acid, either sunny or shady
places may be utilized to grow the plants. They will flourish also in
either dry or swampy situations, growing to a height of six feet in
suitable soil.

This species of pinxterbloom ranges from North Carolina north-
ward, and since the ice sheets of the glacial period retreated, it has
pushed a short distance into the glaciated territory, to a line extending —
from Illinois through central New York to Massachusetts. A closely
telated species occuts still farther north.

The specimen sketched was collected near Washington, District of
Columbia.

PLATE 128

128. MVW 1925

WILD CALLA

Calla palustris Linnaeus

Calla is an ancient name taken from Pliny. Our wild plant, the only
species of the genus, belongs to the same family as the showy green-
house plant, to which the name calla is applied commonly. Growing
in bogs, and along the borders of sluggish streams, the bright green
leaves of the wild calla mingle with those of other bog plants, and not
until the plant comes into bloom, and the white spathe appeats, ate we
attracted to it. Large numbers of small flies and midges visit the flowers.

Wild calla is a member of the Arum Family, a vast group, most
of whose tepresentatives are inhabitants of tropical forests. It should
be noted that in the case of our plant, as in other members of the family,
what appeats to be a blossom is really a spike of many small and incon-
spicuous flowets,sutrounded bya showy corolla-like envelope or spathe.

Wild calla ranges from New Jetsey to lowa and Wisconsin, and
northward to Nova Scotia, Hudson Bay,and Alaska. It occuts also in
Furope and Asia.

The specimen sketched was obtained west of Sudbury on the Cana-
dian Pacific Railway in Canada.

PLATE 129

129. MVW 1925

CHICKASAW, PLUM

Prunus angustifolia Marshall

The Chickasaw plum is one of the first woody plants to bloom in
the spring. It is really a small tree, in favorable situations growing
to a height of twenty-five feet, with a trunk eight inches in diameter.
It is very feathery and attractive when in bloom, though the petals
soon fall. The fruit is bright red, rarely yellow, and is appreciated by
wild bitds, The Indians used it as food, and it can be made into jellies
and jams of fine flavor.

This plum extends from Florida to southern New Jetsey, and west-
watd to Arkansas and Texas.

The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Co-
lumbia.

PLATE 130

130

tua
i

Yaad

GRASS-PINK ORCHID

Limodorum tuberosum Linnaeus

Gtass-pink orchid is to be looked for in bogs and meadows, in June
ot July. It is one of five species of the genus occurring in the eastern
United States, Cuba, and the Bahamas. This member of the Orchid
Family is often plentiful in peat bogs, whete it is associated with rose
pogonia, or other acid-loving plants. The peculiar arrangement of the
flowet patts, with the crested lip at the top, gives the impression that
the blossoms ate placed upside down upon the plant, but actually it is
the othet orchids with their pendent lips which ate reversed. The name
Limodorum, given by Linnaeus, is derived from the Greek and may be
translated as“meadow gift.” Some botanists use for this plant the genus
name Calopogon, which means “beautiful beard.”

This orchid is distributed from Florida to Missouri and northward
to Minnesota, Ontario, and Newfoundland.

The specimen sketched grew neat Tuckerton, New Jetsey.

PLATE 131

DEERBERRY

Polycodium stamineum (Linnaeus) Greene

Deerberty is a bushy shrub which often is found growing with
pinxterbloom and other heaths, and thrives under similar conditions
of soil and exposure. When flowering branches are detached, they
present a feathery appearance, but on the bush itself the numerous
bell-shaped flowers, which hang below the stems, are often obscured
by the profuse, pale foliage. Deerberry is referred by many botanists
to the genus Vaccinium, which contains the blueberries and whortle-
berries. Its globular fruit, green or greenish yellow at maturity and
often mote than half an inch in diameter, is seldom eaten. It is some-
times called squaw huckleberry In the Southern States the species
of Polycodium are called, erroneously,“gooseberty,’and the fruit of a
species with purple berries is very commonly eaten.

Deerberry has a wide distribution, being found from Florida to
Louisiana, and northward to New England and Minnesota.

The specimen sketched grew at Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 132

132, MVW 1925

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BOG KALMIA
Kalmia polifolia Wangenheim

Bog kalmia is a handsome member of the Heath Family, though
never so showy as Kalmia latifolia, the mountain-lautel of our hill-
sides and woods. Growing in sphagnum bogs, it is a shrub two feet
ot less in height, with thick, leathery leaves that remain green through-
out the winter. The flowets are attractive to bees, but the leaves, like
those of other Kalmias, ate poisonous to stock. The fruit is a small,
dry capsule. This species is easily distinguished from lambkill, Kalmia
angustifolia, with which it is sometimes confused, by the insertion of
the flowers at the naked tip of the stem, rather than among the leaves.

Bog kalmia ranges from northern New Jetsey and Pennsylvania to
Michigan, and northward to Alaska, Hudson Bay,and Newfoundland.

The specimen sketched was cultivated in the greenhouses of the
Department of Agriculture at Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 133

133. MVW 1925

PAINTED TRILLIUM

Trillium undulatum W illdenow

The painted trillium is one of the loveliest of the genus, differing
from other species in having its soft petals decorated with lines of pink
or wine color. In May and June it may be found in cold, moist woods
in acid soil, where it delights in partial sunlight, before the foliage
matures on the trees. The fleshy fruits are bright ted.

Painted trilltum occurs from Georgia and Missouri northward to
Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Wisconsin.

The specimen sketched was obtained from eastern Massachusetts.

PLATE 13 4

134

FRINGED POLYGALA

Polygala paucifolia Willdenow

Fringed polygala differs widely from many other membets of its
genus in that the flowets are borne singly instead of in cloverlike heads
ot tacemes. Its lovely color and the dainty fringes on the central petal
also differentiate it from other membets of the group. It is a plant of
acid soils.

Fringed polygala extends from Georgia, Illinois, and Minnesota
northward to Anicosti, New Brunswick, and Saskatchewan.

The specimen sketched was obtained near Pocono Manor, Pennsy1-
vaniia.

PLATE 135

MV W 1925

139

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SQUIRRELCORN
Bikukulla canadensis (Goldie) Millspaugh

Squitrelcorn is found in rich woods in spring, its beautiful, slightly
scented flowets borne on a dainty stem well above the pale, feathery
leaves. The curious rootstock is very distinctive, beating many small,
yellow tubets that resemble grains of corn. The leaves wither soon
after the seeds have matured, in early summer. The plant belongs to
the Fumitory Family, and is a near telative of dutchmans-breeches
and the bleedingheart of gardens. Some writers prefer to use for the
genus the name Dicentra.

Squitrelcorn ranges from Virginia to Tennessee and Missouri, and
notthwatd to Nebraska, Ontario, and Nova Scotia.

The specimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 13 6

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RED MAPLE

Acer rubrum Linnaeus

Red maple is our most showy tree of early spring. Its buds begin
to develop with the first sunny days and the tree is soon covered with
bloom. In autumn it is equally conspicuous, when its leaves, after the
eatly frosts, turn a brilliant red. The red maple loves swamps and low
grounds, and often borders woodlands. The tree is usually small or of
medium size, but is reported, under exceptionally favorable conditions,
to attain a height of 120 feet. The bark of old trees is rough and dark,
but on young trees, smooth and gray. The light brown wood is used
in the manufacture of furniture and of small turned articles.

Red maple ranges from Florida to Texas and northward to Nebras-
ka, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia.

The specimen sketched was found at Spring Lake, New Jersey.

PLATE 137

137. MVW 1925

fal
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CAROLINA MAPLE

Acer carolinianum Walter

Carolina maple is closely related to the red maple, but it is often a
smaller tree. The bark is smooth and gtay and the wood light brown
in color. The small, red flowets appear with the first days of spring,
but the ttee is at its best when the fruit develops, and the branches ate
coveted with crimson “keys” which contrast strikingly with the bare
branches of other neatby trees. Like its relative, the red maple, it prefers
wet or moist soil, and often abounds in coastal swamps.

Carolina maple is distributed from Florida to Texas and northward to
Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and has been reported also from Massa-
chusetts.

The specimen sketched was obtained at Beaufort, South Carolina.

PLATE 138

Ww 1925
Vv

M

8.

13

LONGLEAF PINE

Pinus palustris Miller

A journey from Virginia south to Florida traverses the region in
which longleaf pine abounds. This is a stately tree, sometimes attain-
ing a height of 120 feet, with a trunk five feet in diameter. Often it
forms extensive forests along the coastal plain. The long leaves clus-
teted near the ends of the branches give a strikingly feathery and quite
distinctive appearance to the tree. When in bloom, the clustered spikes
of flowers are very beautiful. Clouds of pollen are blown from them
by the wind. This tree is the principal source of turpentine, pine tar,
and tosin. The wood is hard and strong and either light ted or orange
in color.

Longleaf pine ranges along the coast from Texas to Florida, and
northward to Virginia.

The specimen sketched was obtained on Ladys Island, near Beau-
fort, South Carolina.

PLATE 13 9

139. MVW 1925

FRINGETREE

Chionanthus virginica Linnaeus

When the tender leaves of spring have developed so that the woods
ate just beginning to appear green, the blossoms of the fringetrtee pre-
sent a gteat mass of feathety white, strikingly contrasting with the
neighboring trees. The fringetree is a shrub or small tree belonging
to the Olive Family, and a near relative of the ash. In the south it is
commonly termed slawbush in reference to the long slender white
corolla lobes. It is found in either swamps or exposed and often rather
dty situations, being one of those interesting plants which are rela-
tively indifferent to wetness or dryness so long as the soil possesses a
fait degtee of acidity. Our native species is often planted for ornament,
but unless some cate is taken to acidify its soil the leaves turn yellow
by midsummer and fall in early autumn.

The fringettee ranges from Florida to Texas and Missouti, and
notthwatd to New Jetsey and Pennsylvania.

The specimen sketched grew neat Washington, District of Colum-
bia.

PLATE I40

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AMERICAN COLUMBINE

Aquilegia canadensis Linnaeus

Of all the spring wild flowers, none is more lovely than the colum-
bine which we find in rocky woods or on exposed ledges. Its bright
green leaves and ctimson-and-gold flowers are borne on slender, grace-
ful stems. The bumble bees ate attracted to the feast of nectar pre-
pared for them, and the brilliant color attracts also the ruby-throated
humming-bitd. Taken to England by a relative of John Tradescant,
gatdener to King Charles the First, the American columbine has yielded
teadily to cultivation, but is never so lovely as when growing in its
native habitat. Linnaeus gave the genus its name from a fancied resem-
blance of the spurs of the flower to the talons of an eagle.

American columbine ranges from Georgia to Texas, and northward
to Nova Scotia and Northwest Territory. Closely related species grow
in Florida.

The specimen sketched was found near Washington, District of
Columbia.

PLATE 141

ry 7 a ee — eS ee — ——— . —_—

141. MVW 1925

SOUTHERN COAST VIOLET

Viola septemloba Le Conte

This southern plant is one of our most showy violets, with larger
blossoms than most of its northern telatives. It grows in light, acid
soul, often in nearly pure sand, and is found in pine barrens from Mis-
sissippi and Florida northward to southeastern Virginia. The leaves
exhibit unusual variation in the number and shape of their lobes, so
that judging from leaf shape alone, one would often assume that sev-
etal species wete represented in a single colony of the plants, wete it
not for the fact that the form of flowers and seed pods is so uniform.

The sketch was made from a specimen collected in North Carolina,
and brought into flower in the greenhouses of the United States De-
pattment of Agriculture in Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 142

on.
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142

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MAYAPPLE

Podophyllum peltatum Linnaeus

The mayapple is one of our familiar plants of spring, with its um-
btella-shaped leaves and its cream-colored flowers hanging shyly below
the forked leaf stalk. The flower is soon followed by an egg-shaped
fruit which may be eaten when tripe, though the flavor is not espe-
cially good. Mayapples prefer a rich soil in partially shaded situations.
The genus contains five species, all except this one being natives of Asia.
They ate members of the Barberry Family. The name mandrake, which
belongs to an old-world plant of another family, is often misapplied in
America to the mayapple.

The mayapple ranges from Florida to Texas,and riorthwatd to
Quebec, Ontario, and Minnesota.

The specimen sketched was found at Washin gton, District of
Columbia.

PLATE I 4 3

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WOOD MERRYBELLS

Uvularia perfoliata Linnaeus

Wood metrybells, a graceful and attractive plant belonging to the
Lily-of-the-valley Family, is common in tich, moist woods in May or
June. The flowers hang singly ona slender stem. So many mote strik-
ing flowets are in bloom at the same season that the species of merry-
bells are easily overlooked.

The specimen sketched was found neat Rock Creek Park, Washing-
ton, District of Columbia, but the plant ranges from Georgia, Tennes-
see, and Kansas northward to Quebec, Ontario, and Minnesota.

PLATE 144

st
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GOLDENSTAR

Chrysogonum virginianum Linnaeus

Goldenstat is a showy and handsome plant of moist or dty wood-
lands. What appear to be its flowers are heads made up of numerous
tiny tubular flowers, each of the five outer ones having its corolla trans-
formed into a golden ray. The first flower heads bloom in spring, but
the plant often continues to produce new blossoms from its lengthen-
ing stems until midsummer. The early-flowering plants, with their
compact tufts of hairy leaves, are much mote beautiful than the sprawl-
ing and weathet-beaten plants of summer. Goldenstar is the only tep-
tesentative of its genus. It is seldom a common plant, but it is pat-
ticularly abundant in the neighborhood of Washington, District of
Columbia, where the specimen sketched was collected.

Goldenstar ranges from Florida and Alabama northward to south-
ern Pennsylvania.

PLATE 145

They
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4 e Nei
ane

Nis

145. MV WwW 1925

7 &
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HIGHBUSH BLACKBERRY

Rubus argutus Link

Highbush blackberry, when in bloom, is one of our most showy
bushes. It is then a mass of tender white flowers with a background
of dark green leaves. It adorns roadsides, fence cornets, and waste places,
wherever it can find an undisturbed space. A little later it is loaded
with fine clusters of red and green fruit, black and luscious when
tipe. The blackberries cultivated in America are imptoved forms of the
wild species. They belong to the Rose Family.

This particular species of blackberry prefers a dry soil, and ranges,
mostly at low altitudes, from Virginia northwatd to Massachusetts.
Closely related species cover a much wider tetritory.

The specimen sketched grew at Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 146

W 1925
MV
146.

CROW POISON

Chrosperma muscaetoxicum (Walter) Kuntze

Crowpoison is found in sandy woods. It has a graceful and attrac-
tive spike of cteamy white flowers and buds, the lower ones expanding
first. It grows froma bulb nearly an inch in diameter, and blooms from
May toJuly. The seeds are reddish brown, and this fact gives the motive
for the genetic name, derived from the Greek and teferting to the col-
oted seeds. The genus consists of a single species. This plant is temark-
able in that it contains one of the most toxic alkaloids known to science.
In the Southern Appalachians it often poisons cattle, which mistake
its leaves for grass in the spring. In this respect it recalls its relation-
ship to the western deathcamas, another member of the Bunchflower
Family.

Crowpoison tanges from Florida to Tennessee and Arkansas and
northward to Virginia and Long Island.

The specimen sketched grew neat Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 147

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CANADA ALLEY

Lilium canadense Linnaeus

The habit of the Canada lily is striking, for it rises above its sur-
rounding meadow companions, its tall, stout stem decorated with
regular whorls of bright green leaves, from the uppermost of which
the flower stalks spring, the flowers drooping in a circle around them.
The pendent position of the flowets sheltets the pollen-laden anthets
from the summer showers, and sometimes the bees take refuge from
the rain under their golden caps. This species grows in richer woods
than its relative, the American turkscap lily, and varies in color from
the yellow here shown to a rather bright ted.

Canada lilies are found from Georgia and Alabama to Missouti, and
northward to Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Nebraska.

The specimen sketched was found near Bryn Mawt, Pennsylvania.

PLATE 148

Cn Gmn

25
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MV

148.

AMERICAN WISTARIA

Kraunhia frutescens (Linnaeus) Greene

Ametican wistatia is a woody vine, climbing over trees and bushes.
Its stem reaches sevetal inches in diameter and as much as forty feet in
length. The showy blue ot lilac flowets are borne in abundance,though
the racemes ate shorter than those of the Chinese wistatia so frequently
seen in our gardens. Wistatia was named in memory of Dr. Caspar
Wistar of Philadelphia.

American wistatia is found in low grounds from Texas to Arkansas
and Florida and northward to Virginia.

The specimen sketched grew near Savannah, Georgia.

PLATE 149

Ww
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CWE CIE MATES

Clematis crispa Linnaeus

The gtaceful flowets of curly clematis are almost of the texture of
ctépe, and the leaves add to the dainty beauty of the vine. This clema-
tis is a close relative of the leatherflower, and like that is sometimes
tefetted to a sepatate genus, Viorna. Its fruit is a mass of hatd seedlike
achenes, each tipped with a long feathery tail. It is a member of the
Buttercup Family.

Curly clematis is distributed from Florida to Texas, and northward
to Virginia and Missouti.

The specimen sketched grew near Yemassce, South Carolina.

PLATE I 5O

150. MVW 1925

.
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WESTERN YARROW
Achillea lanulosa Nuttall

Western yarrow 1s such a common plant that we usually pass it by
without appreciation of its beauty. Growing everywhere, and espe-
cially in neglected places, its white heads and feathery foliage ate known
toeveryone. The crushed leaves and flowers have a pungent and some-
what irritant odor, which sometimes causes sneezing. Forms in which
the heads have pink instead of white rays are not uncommon in the
Rocky Mountains. A closely related species of very similar appearance
is a weed in fields and waste places in the eastern United States. The
genus name of these plants was given in commemoration of Achilles.

Western yarrow ranges from Oklahoma to Mexico and California,
and northward to Quebec, Ontario, Michigan, and Yukon.

The specimen sketched was obtained in the valley of the Red Deer
River, twenty miles north of Lake Louise, Alberta, Canada, at an alti-
tude of 6,700 feet.

PLATE 151

i

ae le

I15I. MVW 1925

TAMPA EPIDENDRUM

Epidendrum tampense Lindley

It is only in Florida and westward along the Gulf Coast in the
United States that we find the mild and moist climate suitable for the
gtowth of epiphytic orchids, a group characteristic of tropical forests.
In the dense cyptess swamps of southern Florida, this Epidendrum
gtows commonly, the slender plants forming masses of hatd bulbs
and stiff fleshy leaves on the upper portions of the trunks and branches
of various ttees. The trees in the Florida keys and the southetn parts
of the mainland are often loaded with a dense growth of epiphytes,
chiefly bromeliads, orchids, ferns, and mosses. In spring, Tampa epi-
dendtum sends forth its graceful panicles of flowers, which ate hand-
some, although inferior to some of the very numerous tropical species
of the genus.

The Tampa epidendrum grows in southern Florida where the
specimen sketched was collected, and also in the Bahamas and Cuba.

PLATE 192

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TILLANDSIA

Tillandsia fasciculata Swartz

The tillandsias, of the Pineapple Family, are represented in the
United States by about fifteen species, most of which ate confined to
Florida. All the membets of the family are American, and in the trop-
ics they are very numerous. The species hete illustrated, like most
memberts of the family, 1s an epiphyte, or air-plant, growing upon the
trunks or branches of trees, usually in swamps, and deriving its food
from water and decayed vegetable matter that lodges about its roots.
The tillandsias often grow with orchids, and frequently have quite as
showy blossoms. Their flowers, however, ate extremely delicate, and
wither quickly. The leaves usually are covered densely with minute
scales, which give a gtay aspect to the plant, and have been supposed
to pfevent evaporation from the leaves, but more probably serve to
hold rain water while the plant is extracting nutrient substances from
it. The numerous seeds ate furnished with tufts of hairs, and thus ate
distributed widely by the wind.

This tillandsia came from Florida, but the species is widely dispetsed
in the West Indies, Mexico, and Central and South America.

PLATE 153

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SPIDERLILY

Hymenocallis votata (Ker) Herbert

This species of spiderlily is an inhabitant of sandy beaches, growing
just beyond the teach of the surf. In such locations it usually forms
dense clumps of fifty or more bulbs. The broad, green sword-like leaves
of this and related species form a conspicuous element of some Flori-
da and West Indian beaches. The spiderlily, a member of the Amaryl-
lis Family, grows from a large bulb.

This species ranges from Florida to the coastal plain of North Cato-
linia

The specimen here drawn came from Loggerhead Key, Dry Tot-
tugas, Florida.

PLATE 154

154. MVW 1925 -

BLOYDSs SIRAW BERRY-CACTUS

Echinocereus lloydiz Britton and Rose

The brilliant cactus flowers of the southwestern United States are
noticed by everyone traveling to California by train in the spring. At
this season the apparently dead plants, often growing in grotesque
shapes, ate awakened by the first showers of the rainy season. Then
the deserts ate gorgeous with bloom, and colors in the artist’s box ate
inadequate to depict the various hues and shades of color in the myriads
of flowers. The Cactus Family, embracing mote than 1,200 species, is
strictly American, although since the time of Columbus many of its
membets have been introduced into the Old World, where some of
them have become serious pests.

This cactus is of limited range. It is found only in western Texas,
whete this specimen was collected.

PLATE 155

155. MVW 1925

GHOST PIPE

Thalesia uniflora (Linnaeus) Britton

Ghostpipe is one of the strange plants parasitic on the roots of
various herbs. It frequents dry or moist woodlands, and is one of our
spring flowers. Like other similar parasitic plants, it lacks chlorophyll,
and hence all green coloration. The foliage, too, is greatly reduced, the
leaves being represented by a few inconspicuous scales. The plant be-
longs to the Broomrape Family. Some botanists use the name Aphy/-
lon instead of Thalesia.

Ghostpipe occurs from South Carolina and Texas northward to
Newfoundland and Ontario.

The specimen sketched grew on Plummets Island, near Washing-
ton, District of Columbia.

PLATE 156

en
We

PALE PINESAP

Hypopitys americana (De Candolle) Small

Pale pinesap is a woodland plant, preferring moist situations. It
blooms in late summer. The succulent stems are provided with scales
in place of leaves, and the whole plant is devoid of green coloration.
It is not a parasite like ghostpipe, but 1s saprophytic, that 1s, it obtains
its noutishment from decomposing vegetable matter, after the fashion
of the mushrooms. In aspect it is similar to its close relative, the ted
pinesap, but lacks the bright coloring of that species. It belongs to the
Indian Pipe Family, degenerate relatives of the heaths.

One or more species of pinesap occur in woods from Florida to
Newfoundland and Ontario. A very similar plant is found in Europe,
but the relationships of the several species have not been finally deter-
mined.

The specimen sketched was found near Washington, District of
Columbia. |

PLATE 157

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Se a

ARUM ARROWHEAD

Sagittaria cuneata Sheldon

This attowhead, like its relatives, loves mud and water, sending up
its graceful leaves and flower stalks, with delicate flowets, out of the
muck. The name Sagittaria, derived from the Latin, tefets to the
attow-shaped leaves. The plant belongs to the Waterplantain Family.

Arum attowhead ranges from Connecticut to Maine and Nova
Scotia, and westwatd to Kansas, New Mexico, California, and British
Columbia.

The specimen sketched was found near Edgewater, British Colum-
bia, in the valley of the Columbia River, at an elevation of 2,700 feet.

PLATE 158

SPATTERDOCK

Nymphaea advena Solander

Spatterdocks, sometimes called yellow pondlilies, abound along the
banks of sluggish streams and ponds. We usually think of them as
coatse plants, though Longfellow, having in mind the northern spat-
tetdock with its floating leaves, tells us that Hiawatha's canoe

Jo tloated onthe river
Like a yellow leaf in autumn,
Like a yellow water-lly.

Indeed, with other plants that like to have their roots in the mud,
they hide much that is unlovely on the borders of streams. The seeds
of a closely related species of the Pacific Coast furnished an important
food for the Indians.

This species of spatterdock has a wide range, extending from Flor-
ida to Texas and northward to southern New York and Wisconsin.
Closely related species occur almost throughout the United States,
and in Canada, Alaska, and Europe.

Thespecimen sketched grew near Washington, District of Columbia.

PLATE 159

159. MVW 1925

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PINE LAND ASTER

Aster squarrosus Walter

Some of the southern astets ate very different in appearance from
the common forms of the North, and one of the most curious is the
pineland aster. It is common in many parts of Florida, growing in the
sandy pine lands, which seem dry in winter, but ate very wet in the
rainy summer. The slender plants ate one to two feet high, with stiff,
brittle stems, which are usually much branched, and often form dense
tangled masses. The most striking characteristic of this species 1s its
minute leaves, which are extremely numerous, and spreading, or often
teflexed. It flowers in autumn, like most astets, but continues in bloom
throughout the winter. 3

The pineland aster ranges through most of Florida and northward
to the coast of North Carolina

PLATE 160

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