Nukaat-us-Soofiya - Arabic commentary on Sindhi Sufi poetry (Arabic)

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NUKAT AL-SUFIYYAH

SHARAH AL-ABYAT AL-SrNDHTYYAH

Arabic Commentary on the Sindtri
Poetry of Khawajah Muhammad
Zaman of Luwari(d: 1188/1 774)

SHAIKH ABDUL RAHIM GIRHOR1

(d: 1192/1179)

DR. ABDUL HAYYE ABRO

DR. ABDUL GHAFFAR SOOMRO

DR. ABDUL JABB AR ABID L AGHARI

Director

Shah Waliulah Academy
Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan.

SHUHABUDDIN CHANNA

Chief Administrator
Auqaf Sindh Pakistan.

LATIF PRINTERS,

Hyderabad.

2009

Rs. 250/-

FAMOUS BOOK STORES OF SINDH.

ACADEMY OF LETTERS,

Islamabad

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attempted by Dr. U. M. Daudpota and published in
1956 for the first time. In fact, credit goes to Dr.
Daudpota as a result of whose research 'Sharh
Abyat Sindhi' the present treatise saw the light of the
day for the first time in 1939, though he translated
the Arabic commentary partially. It was this
perception which inspired me to undertake a
complete translation of the Arabic commentary of
Girhori so that this valuable treatise on Sufi doctrine
composed in the eighteenth century is accorded its
deserving place in the sufistic thought and history of
Sindh. The facsimile of Arabic text is also being
published simultaneously for the first time with a view
to make it available especially for future research
scholars of sufi literature inside and outside of
Pakistan. In fact, Dr. A. H. Abro, Professor in Arabic,
Islamic University, Islamabad who rendered a great
assistance to me in this whole exercise has worked
on the Arabic text and it is appreciated that the same
has been published separately for the benefit of
Arabic readers shah waliullah Academe Hyderabad.

My thanks are due to Dr. N. A. Baloch, a
renowned scholar and the professor Emeritus,
Allama I.I. Kazi Chair, Sindh University, Jamshoro
for contributing his Valuable advice from time to time
for this book. I am extremely grateful to Mr.
Shahabuddin Channa, Chief Administrator Auqaf
Sindh and Dr. Abdul Jabbar Abid Laghari, Director
Shah Wali Ullah Academy Hyderabad, for taking
extraordinary interest in the publication of this book.

September 1 , 2009 Dr. Abdul GhaffarSoomro
Karachi.

aware and had full perception of the mystical and
theological tradition of Islam. His main sources of
thought which he would often quote in support of his
exposition are (i) Ihya Ulumuddin by Imam Ghazali
(ii) Futuhat-al-Makkia and Fusus-al-Hikam by Shaikh
Akbar Ibn Arabi (iii) The Masnvi of Jalaluddin Rumi
(iv) The Maktubat of Imam Rabbani (v) Lawaih of
Maulana Jami and works of other great sufi poets
including Sanai, Attar, Saib and Hafiz Shirazi.

Girhori in his exposition, as can be seen,
would often quote the views of Ibn Arabi as well as
Mujaddid Alif Sani, though the two are known for
their opposite theories of sufistic thought namely
'Wahclat al Wujud' i.e. the 'unity of existence' and
'Wahdat al Shuhud' i.e. the 'unity of experience'. But,
we need not be surprised to note that Girhori's
endeavour is almost the same as that of his great
contemporary Shah Waliullah of Delhi (d: 1176/1762)
who also tried to reconcile between the two opposite
theories and consequently both reached the same
result when they declared that they found no
difference excepting the specific way of dealing with
the subject. They also claimed to have derived
support from their Kashf or inner understanding,
special to the Sufi teachers and masters. In fact, it
has been argued that Shaikh Ahmed Sirhindi himself
did not reject the idea of Wanc^a/-H/uy'udoutrightly,
rather he opined that it was an initial or preliminary
stage of 'Sukur' or intoxication for the salik or
wayfarer of the sufi path, and Wahdat-al- Shuhud is a
higher stage which is the state of Sahav or sobriety,
where the distinction of creator and created, God and
his servant is always manifest and clear, and strictly
speaking is in accordance with the spirit of Islam.

Girhori was not only a scholar par excellence
but an accomplished poet of Sindhi language in the
classical tradition. A critical edition of his poetry was

VII

flocked in quest of spiritual satisfaction. Some
biographers believe that Shah Abdul Latif, who was
an elderly contemporary of Muhammad Zaman paid
visit to Luwari and had exchange of views on the
subject of mutual interest to both. Tradition says, it
was at this juncture that Abdur Rahim by caste
Mangrio who was an accomplished religious scholar
in the traditional sense, felt inspired by the spiritual
eminence of Muhammad Zaman, traveled to Luwari
and became his disciple and Khalifa. Khwajah
Muhammad Zaman passed away in 1188/1774 and
was buried at Luwari.

Abdur Rahim Mangrio, who later became
famous as Girhori as he finally settled in the village of
Girhor, was a jurist by temperament and a man of
scholarly pursuits by nature. It appears that in the
company of his spiritual preceptor he had the
privilege to gain access to the sufistic poetry and
thought of his learned master. As such, he committed
himself to writing commentary in Arabic on the eighty
four 'Abyat' or the verses composed by his spiritual
teacher, under the title 'Sharh Abyat Sindhi". Indeed,
these verses are very sublime and perceptive as
their contents are inspired by the ideas of great sufi
masters of Islamic world, as such indicate a very high
level of sufi thought in the literary history of Sindh. He
also compiled the sayings of his master in Arabic
under the title 'Fath-al Fazal' and wrote copious
explanatory notes in Arabic and Persian by
extensively quoting from the Masnvi Rumi.

Although reasons have not been disclosed by
Girhori, as to why he preferred to write commentary
in Arabic as compared to Persian, which was the
popular literary medium of academic circles, it above
all reveals his scholarly approach in the treatment of
the subject and his command of the Arabic language.
As a scholastic and mystical genius, he was fully

VI

writers composed works of high calibre and
outstanding literary merit. The most renowned Sufi
poet of this period was Shah Abdul Latif (d:
1165/1752) whose poetic compendium 'Shah jo
Risalo* containing more than ten thousand verses is
a masterpiece of Sindhi literature and has been justly
acclaimed as one of the classics of the world
literature by H. T. Sorley.

The extraordinary contribution of such learned
and celebrated authors as Makhdum Moin Thattvi (d:
1161/1748), Makhdum Muhammad Hashim Thattvi
(d: 1174/1761), Muhammad Hayat Sindhi (d:
1163/1750) and Shah Faqirullah AM (d: 1195/1781)
in Arabic and Persian is an enduring testimony of
their versatile scholarship and research in different
disciplines of religious sciences. Many of their works
are still extant in the manuscript form and waiting for
research scholars to see the light of the day. In the
field of Persian poetry and prose encompassing
history and hagiography, the singular works of Mir Ali
Sher Qani (d: 1193/1780) who enjoyed the patronage
of Kalhoras, are of great importance in the literary
history of Sindh.

During this century, the major Sufi orders -
Suharwardi, Qadri and Naqshbandi became very
popular on account of the spiritual activities of their
masters. As mentioned by Mian Nur Muhammad in
l Manshur-al-Wasiat' the Kalhoras themselves
belonged to the Suharwardi order. Miyon Shah Inai
Rizvi (d: 1124/1717), the great predecessor of Shah
Abdul Latif, was initially the follower of Suharwardi
saints of Multan, but later on he became a disciple o!
Qadri saint Shah Khair Din of Sukkur. Shah Abdul
Latif, the great saint-poet of Sindh was Qadri by
family tradition following his great grand father Shah
Abdul Karim of Bulri (d: 1032/1619). The Naqshbandi
sufis also attained prominence during this century

V

with their main seat at Thatta. Makhdum Adam
Thattvi (d: 1079/1666) was the first person from
Sindh who traveled to Sirhind and was initiated into
the Naqshbandi order at the hands of Khwajah
Masum (d: 1079/1668), the son of Shaikh Ahmed
Mujaddid Alif Sani the Renovator of Second
Millennium. Next was Abdul Qasim who first took
Makhdum Adam as his spiritual guide, but he
advised him to go to Sirhind, where he became
disciple of Khawajah Saifuddin, the grand son of
Mujaddid Alif Sani, who conferred the title of Nur-i-
Haq on him. After returning from Sirhind, he came to
Thatta where scholars like Makhdum Moin joined the
Naqshbandi order at his hands, which added to the
popularity of this order. Lastly, Khawajah Abul
Masakin the grandson of Makhdum Adam was
initially admitted into Naqshbandi order by Khwajah
Abdul Qasim but later on following in the footsteps of
his grand father first went to Sirhind and afterwards
to Delhi where he received the khirqa from Khwajah
Muhammad Zubair, who was the great grandson of
Mujaddid Alif Sani, Khwajah Abul Masakin after his
return from Delhi settled at Thatta and it was here
that one day he identified in his young pupil
Muhammad Zaman the future saint and his own
spiritual successor. After some time he left for Mecca
and Madina entrusting the future of Naqshbandi
order in Sindh to Muhammad Zaman. Sometime
before 1149/1736 for some reasons Muhammad
Zaman had to leave Thatta and came to settle in his
own ancestral village of Luwari near Badin, where he
was born in the year 1125/1713.

According to the contemporary evidence
recorded by Mir AN Sher Qani in Tuhfat-ul Kiram,
Muhammad Zaman soon rose to the heights of
spiritual leader and Luwari became the centre of
spiritual activity where large number of people

IV

INTRODUCTION

The twelfth/eighteenth century in the annals of
Sindh is significant on many accounts. First, with the
decline of Mughal power at Delhi after the death of
Aurangzeb Alamgir in 1707, Sindh witnessed the
ascendancy of Kalhoras, an indigenised tribe, who
for more than a century had established their
credentials as saintly personages, Mian Yar
Muhammad Kalhoro gained the confidence of the
Mughal emperor to rule Sindh and after his death in
1131/1718; his son Mian Nur Muhammad became
the ruler of Sindh.

The Kalhora rule is generally considered
successful, though it suffered a great setback due to
the barbarious invasion of Nadir Shah, when he first
trampled Delhi and subsequently stormed Sindh in
1739. Nur Muhammad Kalhoro in order to avoid the
wrath of Nadir Shah, fled towards the desert of Sindh
with the hope that he would not be chased. But, as a
result of the hot pursuit by the enemy, he had to
surrender and present himself before Nadir Shah at
Larkana. He was restored as the ruler of Sindh with
the condition to pay a sum of Rupees two million
annually. In addition, he took away his two sons as
hostages so as to ensure regular payment of the
tribute,

Despite these difficulties, the Kalhoras proved
themselves to be patrons of learning and literacy and
the eighteenth century Sindh was at its zenith in so
far as the spread of knowledge and scholarship was
concerned. Literature in Arabic, Persian and Sindhi
flourished at an unprecedented scale. Many
illustrious religious scholars and men of letters, Sufis
and saints, luminaries and divines, poets and prose

HI

Publisher's Note

I am thankful to Almighty Allah Subhanahu Wataala and
proud to say that I am publishing the book "NUKAT-AL-
SUFIYYAH - Sharah Al-Abiyat-e-Sindhiyyah \ Arabic commentary
on the Sindhi poetry of Khwaja Muhammad Zaman of Luwari, District
Badin, Sindh Pakistan (D: 1188/1774), The book was written by
Shaikh Abdul Rahim Girhori (D: 1192 /1179 ) who was not only his
follower but a great scholar of Arabic, Sindhi and Persian. This great
work was very much appreciated in Sindh from the very first day and
many great scholars like Allama Umer bin Muhammad Daudpota and
others worked on it not only in Arabic but in Sindhi and other
languages also.

Recently Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Soomro has translated Sharah
Abiat Sindhi in Sindhi along with a comprehensive introduction and
Dr. N. A. Baloch has written preface.

Dr. Abdul Hayye Abro, a great scholar of Sindhi literature and
professor in Arabic in international Islamic University Islamabad, has
edited this original Arabic book with an introduction in Arabic which
is great research work helping towards understanding the NUKAT-
AL-SUFIYYAH of Sindhi Abiyat (verses of great spiritual leader
Khawaja Muhammad Zaman). I have fulfilled this need by publishing
this book with the assistance & cooperation of Mr, Shuhabuddin
Channa, Chief Administrator Auqaf and blessings of Almighty Allah,
who is merciful and helpful for all.

Dr. Abdul Jabbar Abid Laghari
Director

Shah Waliullah Academy Hyderabad.

Arabic Commentary on the Sindhi Poetry of

Khawajah Muhammad Zaman ofLuwari

(d: 1188/1774)

Written by:
Shaikh Abdur Rehim Girhori

(d: 1192/1779)

Re Edited by:
Dr. Abdul Hayyi Abro

Introduction by:
Dr. Abdul Ghajfar Soomro

Patron by:
Shahabuddin Channa

Published by:
Dr. Abdul Jabbar Abid Laghari

Director, Shah Waliullah Academy

Auqaf Department Sindh Hyderabad

In Co-operation with Academy of Letters Islamabad

\

Arabic Commentary on the Sindhi Poetry of

Khawajah Muhammad Zaman ofLuwari

(d: 1188/1774)

Written by
Shaikh Ahdur Rahim Girhori

(d: 1192/1779)

Edited by
Dn Abdul Hayye Abro

Introduction by
Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Soomro

Patron
Shahabuddin Channa

Published b]

Dn Abdul Jabbar Abid Laghari

Director, Shah Waliullah Academy

Auqaf Department Sindh Hyderabad

In Co-operation with Academy of Letters Islamabad

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