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OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM;
OR,
A SKETCH OF THE OSTEOLOGY
OF BIRDS.
\ BY
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T. C. EYTON, ESQ, F.GS, FLS,
And Corresponding Member of Institute of Philadelphia.
TO BE HAD OF MR. PRINCE, AT MR. J. GOULD’S, CHARLOTTE STREET,
BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON.
—
———S
| PUBLISHED BY R. HOBSON, WELLINGTON, SALOP.,
| 1867.
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PREFACE.
THE Author of the following work does not by any means intend to present it to the public as
a perfect work on the Osteology of Birds, but as a mere sketch on which other works or
descriptions of birds may be founded. The information contained in it is much more extensive
than has been published in any work on the subject before; and it is the Author’s intention to
supply deficiencies, when he obtains any varieties to describe, and to figure any new species or
better specimens, in the form of an Appendix. Until a larger collection of the skeletons of birds
is got together, it is almost impossible to comprehend the characters of each Order, Family or
Sub-Family, or genus. The characters derived from the head, sternum, pelvis, and leg-bones,
are most reliable. A character of great value may also be derived from the numbering of the
vertebrae and ribs; but although I have taken great pains to get the numbers as correct as
possible, I am convinced myself that some mistakes will be found,—chiefly in the sacral
vertebrae, which cannot be counted accurately without a section of the pelvis. The anterior
short ribs are all counted as false; all those, whether they are articulated to the pelvis or no,
so that they are connected with the sternum, are called true. It has been stated that birds do
not differ so much in the skeletons as to make osteological characters of any use ; this, although
in many instances I agree with the arrangements made from external character, is certainly not
the case. Birds differ quite as much as mammalia or reptiles in their osteological characters ;
but those characters are much more difficult to detect, in consequence of such general similarity
of form.
Measurements also give valuable characters. In this work the breadth of the sternum
is taken at its widest part anterior to the ribs, and behind them; the length of the pelvis
is taken from the anterior edge to the end of the os pubis, and the breadth at the widest
part.
The Plates illustrating this work have been executed in zincograph by Mr. Erxleben :
and I beg here to thank him for the trouble he has taken over them. They have been printed
by Messrs. Day & Co. (now, I believe, made a limited company), and, except some mistakes in
the numbering, have been carefully executed.
lV.
As to making a natural system, or, I may say, a continuous system, in which one group
shall run, as it were, into another, even at the present day, and including the fossil animals and
birds, I believe to be impossible; but that at some future time links may be discovered, either
fossil or recent, which may more nearly connect them than they are connected at present.
THOS. C. EYTON.
EYTON,
January, 1867.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
The Dodo and its Kindred, by H. E. Strickland and A. G. Melville, M.D. : contains several Plates explanatory of the Anatomy
of the Dodo and its kindred. 1858.
The Principal Forms of the Skeleton and Teeth as a Basis fora System of Natural History and Comparative Anatomy ; by
Professor Owen. 1856.
Comparative Anatomy of Birds, in Tod’s Dictionary of Comparative Anatomy, Parts 3 and 4; by Professor Owen.
Memoire sur les Observations Communiques, par Mons. le Baron Cuvier, 4 Academie des Sciences. Seance du 2 Janvier,
1832, at suget des Sternums des Oiseaux. P. M. Geoffroy, St. Hilaire.—Annales des Sciences Naturelles. 1832.
Osteografische Bertrige sur Naturgeschichte Bertrage, sur Naturgeschichte der vogel von Christian Ludwieg Nilzsch, Leipzig.
1811.
Bertrige sur Kenntniss der Naturgeschichte der vogel met Besonderer Beziehung auf Skeletbun und Vergleschende Zoologie,
von Dr. J. F. Brandt, St. Petersburg, 1839; with numerous Plates of Water Birds.
On the Anatomy of the Concave Hornbill, Bucero cavatus; by Professor Owen.—Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. 1.,
po. 117.
On the Anatomy of the Southern Apteryx Australis, by Professor Owen.—Transactions of the Zoological Society, Vol. 2, p. 257.
Notice of a Fragment of a Femur of a gigantic Bird of New Zealand, by Professor Owen.— Zoological Transactions, Vol. 3, p. 29.
On Dinornis, an extinct genus of Tridactyle Struthious Birds ; with Descriptions of portions of the Skeletons of Five Species; by
Professor Owen.—Zoological Transactions, Vol. 3, p. 243.
On the Anatomy of Apteryx Australis, Sh., (Myology,) by Professor Owen. —Zoological Transactions, Vol. 3, p. 227.
On Dinornis, Part 2, containing Descriptions of a, portion of the Skull, the Sternum, and other parts of the Skeleton of the Species
previously determined ; with Osteological Characters of three additional Species, and a new genus—Palypteryx; by
Professor Owen.—Zoological Transactions, Vol. 3, p. 307.
Observations on the Dodo (Didus ineptus, Zinn.), and an Appendix to the foregoing Memoir on Dinornis, by Professor Owen.—
Zoological Transactions, Vol. 3, p. 331.
On the Osteology of the Dodo, by Professor Owen.— Zoological Transactions, Vol. 6, p. 49.
On Dinornis, Part 3, containing the Description of the Skull and Beak of that genus, and of the same characteristic parts of
Palypteryx and two other genera of Birds (Notornis and Nestor), forming part of an extensive collection of ornithological
remains discovered by Mr. Walter Mantell, at Waingongoro, North Island of New Zealand; by Professor Owen.—
Zoological Transactions, Vol. 3, p. 345.
On Dinornis, containing the Restoration of the Feet of that genus and of Palypteryx, and a Description of the Sternum in
Palypterix and Aptornis ; by Professor Owen.—Zoological Transactions, Vol. 4, p. 1. .
On Dinornis, containing a Description of the Skull and Beak of a large Species of Dinornis, of the Cranium of an immature
Specimen of Dinornis giganteus, and of the Crania of Species of Palypteryx ; by Professor Owen.— Zoological Transactions,
Vol. 4, p. 59.
On Dinornis, containing a Description of the Bones of the Leg of Dinornis, Palypteryx Struthioides, and Dinornis Gracilis; by
Professor Owen.— Zoological Transactions, Vol. 4, p. 141.
On Dinornis, containing a Description of the Skeleton of Dinornis elephantopus; by Professor Owen.— Zoological Transactions,
Vol. 4, p. 149.
On Dinornis, containing a Description of the Skeleton of Dinornis elephantopus; by Professor Owen.—Zoological Transactions,
Vol. 4, p. 159.
na BIBLIOGRAPHY.
On some additional Bones allied to the Dodo, in the Collection of the Zoological Society of London ; by H. E. Strickland, Esq.—
Zoological Transactions, Vol. 4, p. 187.
On the Osteology of Balceniceps rex, Gould ; by Mr. Kitchin Parker.—Zoological Transactions, Vol. 4, p. 269.
On the Osteology of the Gallinaceous Birds, and Tinamous; by W. H. Parker.—Zoological Transactions, Vol. 5, p. 149.
Description of the Skeleton of the Great Auk, or Garfowl (Alcea impennis, Z.); by Professor Owen.— Zoological Transactions,
Vol. 5, p. 317.
On Dinornis, containing a Description of the Skull, Atlas, Scapula, and Coracoid Bone of Dinornis robustus 3 by Professor Owen.—
Zoological Transactions, Vol. 5, p. 337.
Extract dun Memoire sur les Progress de Ossification dans le Sternum des Oiseaux, par M. le Baron Cuvier.—Annales des Sciences
Naturelles. 1832.
Extract des Recherches sur l’Anatomie et la Physiologie de la Corneille, par M. Emile Jacquemin.—Annales des Sciences
Naturelles. 1834.
Recherches Anatomiques sur quelques genres d’Oiseaux rares ou oncore peu connus sous le Rapport de Organisation profond
sur le sasa Opisthocomus, Hoff. Sur les Kamichis, Palamedea, Zinn. Sur les Turnix Hemipodius, Zemm. Du rupicole,
Piprarupicola. 1845.
On Dinornis, containing the Description of part of the Skeleton of a flightless Bird, Indication of a new Genus and Species
(Cnemiornis calcitrans, Owen); by Professor Owen.—Zoological Transactions, Vol. 5, p. 389.
Recherches sur Apareil, Sternal des Oiseaux; par M. le Docteur F. J. Herminer. Paris: 1828. Contains numerous Drawings
of the Sternal Apparatus of Birds. i
Sternum de Huitrier. Voy. de la Bonete, Dis., Pl. 9.
Animaux nouveaux ou rares ’ Amerique du sud, par Francis de Castelnan : contains the Skeleton and other separate bones of
the Hoaxin, Opisthecomus cristatus, Tomel, Pl. 14; and that of the Kamichi, Palamedea cornuta, and the Sternum of
Palamedea Derbiana, Pl. 15; also Cariama, Dicholophus cristatus, Pl. 6.; also Agami, Psophia crepitans, and the
Sternum of Saracou, Cymbops cancrophaga, Pl. 17.—Annales de Sciences Naturelles, Vol. 20, Pl. 4.
Bertrige sur Kenntniss des Cuculus canorus, Linn. Von.'D. F. M. Edouard, Opel, in Leipzig.—Journal fiir Ornithologie,
Vol. 6, p. 285.
Legons d’Anatomie, comparee de G. Cuvier. First Edition.
Lecons d’Anatomie, comparee de Georges Cuvier. Second Edition. Paris: 1835.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
INTRODUCTION.
CHAPTER I.
Birps, or the class Aves, observes Professor Owen*, “form the best characterized, most
distinct and natural class in the whole animal kingdom—perhaps even in organic
nature. ‘They present a constancy in their mode of generation and in their tegumentary
covering which is not met with in any other of the vertebrate classes. No species of
bird ever deviates like the cetacea among mammals, and the serpents among reptiles,
and the eels among fishes, from the tetrapodous type of formation which so peculiarly
characterizes the vertebrate division of animals.” |
This constancy to a type renders the distinctive differences between the members of
the class less dissimilar than those constituting the other classes of vertebrate animals;
probably, also, it is from this cause that the osteology of birds has been so much
neglected. This apparent similarity, however, is not so great as might be supposed by
the casual observer of a collection of skeletons; and the deeper the study of them is
proceeded with, the more distinct will appear the characters which distinguish the
different groups.
It is not my intention in the following pages to advocate any particular system of
arrangement, let it be binary, tertiary, quinary, or called by any other name with which
the fancy of its author may invest it. Not that I disbelieve that a system exists in
* Cyclopedia of Anatomy and Physiology, edited by Dr. Todd, p. 265.
i OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
nature, and that a representative one to a certain extent, if not altogether—or, in other
words, that animals of one country have certain resemblances to those of another, and
take a similar situation in the animal ceconomy of their different habitats, but modified
to suit the peculiar circumstances under which they exist. I think, also, that a repre-
sentative system may be carried still further than this—viz. that the groups of one class
will to a certain extent represent those of another.
Our present knowledge, however, is far too meagre for us to say with certainty this
or that is the arrangement that will suit the whole creation, or, in other words, is the
plan of the great Creator.
I do not intend, therefore, to interfere with theoretical arrangements—they have done
much good in tempting naturalists to search out affinities and analogies,—but merely to
group those birds together which have a similarity of osteological organization. Affinity
and analogy are two words which have had given to them very many extraordinary
interpretations; but it is not my object to disturb them: whenever either word is used
in this work, it will be under the definition given to them by Professor Owen in his
Address to the British Association at Leeds*.
It has long been a question whether animals found in a fossil state ought or ought
not to be admitted into an arrangement with existing ones. My own impression is,
that all animals are portions of one vast scheme of creation, and ought to be classed
together; for, as we can seldom say with absolute certainty where a group ends and
where it begins—let it be called class, family, subfamily, genus, or species, so nearly do
they in many particulars resemble each other,—so also with the connexion between
fossil and recent animals; we cannot say precisely where those which have been con-
temporary with the present existing animals end and where they begin, or, in other
words, where any break existed between the two. For that break to be distinctly
marked, there- must have been a period in the world’s history, since the creation, in
which no animal existed, and strata formed during it.
In order to render this work intelligible to persons not previously acquainted with the
subject, it will be necessary to point out the names given by anatomists to the different
bones constituting the skeleton of Birds; these names refer to the representatives of
those bones in Mammalia from which their names are taken. The following references
to Plates I., II. and III. will show their position and names. ‘
The most difficult portion of the skeleton to understand is the head—the bones com-
posing it becoming anchylosed together in a very early stage of the animal’s existence ;
the remaining bones can be made out with comparative ease.
On account of this early anchylosis of the bones of the head, it is necessary, in order
to trace their boundaries, to employ that of a young bird; the drawings relating to the
head, therefore, in Plates II. and III., are taken from that of a young Ostrich in my
possession: the head of the Ostrich has been before employed in most anatomical works
for the same purpose, on account of its size.
* Professor Owen’s Address to the British Association at Leeds, p. 18.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. il
The numbers in Plate II. figs. 1, 2, 3, and in Plate ITI. figs. 1, 2, designate the same
bone in each. In Plate L., which is that of an old Osprey, Haliaétus lewcocephalus, in
consequence of anchylosis having taken place, the separate bones cannot be distinguished
so distinctly as in the other Plates; the numbers, therefore, are only placed upon those
bones which are pretty well defined and which are useful in description, with the
exception of the palatine and other bones forming the roof of the mouth, which are not
visible. '
Plate IV. represents the head of the Emeu, the Peregrine Falcon, and a Podargus,
showing variations in the disposition of the cranial bones and the development of the
interarticular bones.
Bones of the Head.
Puate II. figs. 1, 2, 3. Puarve III. figs. 1, 2.
1. Frontal bones. 15. Sphenoid bone.
2. Parietal bones. 16. Eustachian tubes.
3. Nasal bones. 17. Vomer.
4. Temporal bones. 18. Omoid bones on pterygoid portion of the
5. Os quadratum. sphenoid bone.
6. Intermaxillary bones. ~- 19. Fig. 3. Plate I. Palatine bones.
7. Ethmoid bone. 20. Superior maxillary bones.
8. Fig. 1. Plate ¥. Palatine bones. 21. Opercular portion of the inferior maxillary
9. Malar or zygomatic bones. bone.
10. Foramen magnum. 22. Condyloid portion of the inferior maxillary
11. Atlar tubercle. bone.
ie a | povonemore shepoestital 23. Rami of the maxillary bone.
14. Condyloid J Bone.
Bones of the Trunk and Extremities.
Puate I.
1. Humerus. 9. Coracoid bones.
2. Ulna. 10. The two rami of the furculum.
3. Radius. 11. Scapula.
4. Carpus. 12. Glenoid cavity.
5. Metacarpus. 13. Femur.
6. 1st phalanx. 14. Tibiee.
7. 2nd, or terminal phalanx. 15. Fibulee.
8
. Thumb. 16. Metatarsus.
- b 2
io
IV OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
17. Phalanges of the anterior toes, — 25. False ribs not joining the sternum.
18. Trochlea of the three bones of which the 26. Sternal ribs uniting the true ribs with the
metatarsus is formed, to which the ante- sternum.
rior phalanges are articulated. 27. Tlium,
19. Splint by which the hallux is articulated 28. Ischium, ; together forming the pelvis.
with the metatarsus. 29. Os pubis, |
20. Phalanges of the hallux or hind toe. 30. Ischiadic foramen.
21. Tarsal bones anchylosed to the proximal 31. Obturator foramen.
extremity of the metatarsus. 32. Cervical vertebree.
22. Sternum. 33. Dorsal ditto.
28. Keel of the sternum. 34. Sacral — ditto.
24, True ribs with their, posterior styliform 35. Caudal ditto.
processes.
Bones of the Head.
Puate I.
1. Orbital septa. 4, Lacrymal bones.
2. Bony case of the brain, formed by the 5. Malar or zygomatic bone.
parietal, frontal, and occipital bones an- 6. Nasal bones.
chylosed together. 7. Upper maxillary bones.
3. Os quadratum. 8. Lower maxillary bones.
In Puate IV. the numbers on the Crania show the same Bones in each.
1.1. Palatine bones. 4, 4, Lateral portions of the palatine bones.
2.2. Ossa quadrata. 5.5. Intermaxillary bones.
3.3. Interarticular bones. 6. Sphenoid bone.
The head of Birds, as among Mammalia, forms the bony case for the brain, with an
anterior portion forming the face and jaws. ‘The chief characters which can be derived
from the head are the shape of the vertex or top, whether it is convex or flattened, and
with or without a longitudinal depression in the centre: the shape of the maxillaries,
which give form to the bill: the portion of the ethmoid forming the septa between the
orbits, whether it is entire or not; this character, however, varies with age, the form of
the lacrymal bones, and the direction in which their extremities point: the form of
the occiput, if with a large crest, a modified one, or none at all, and if indented with a
channel or not for the reception of the masseter muscles: the shape of the foramen
magnum: the shape of the palatine bones, and the interarticular uniting them with the
os quadratum, and whether any branch goes from them to the sphenoid, or what portion
of the roof of the mouth is cased with the intermaxillary bones.
In the bones of the trunk the greatest modifications occur, particularly in the sternum ;
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. Vv
some of these, however, are not to be absolutely relied upon, namely the characters
derivable from the fissures and foramina at the posterior margin. I have many skeletons
in which the two sides do not correspond. ‘The order Raptores seems particularly
liable to this variation; and I have also an Alcedo which has a foramen on one side
and a fissure on the opposite one. The form of the keel, and whether it is produced
anteriorly or not, forms a valuable character.
The characters found in the bones of the pelvis are very well marked; they depend
chiefly upon the proportion between the breadth and length, the size and shape of the
obturator and ischiadic foramina, the relative position of the ilium and ischium, and
whether the former is expanded anteriorly or not.
The ribs vary much in their form, breadth, and strength, and in the length of the
posterior styliform process.
The bones of the anterior extremity are composed of the scapula, coracoid, furculum,
and wing bones; they vary much: the former is much flattened or rounded, straight
or much deflexed; the coracoids are long or short, strong, weak, or are pierced with an
axillary foramen; the furculum is sometimes found much arched forwards, at others
nearly straight—sometimes reaching as far as the point of the keel and anchylosed to
it, in other birds not reaching it, and in some altogether wanting.
The wing bones are very remarkable in some of the water birds (Spheniscus), forming
a sort of fin, and furnish good characters in the proportionate length of one to the
other.
The bones of the posterior extremity vary very much in their strength, length, and
relative proportions one to the other. Very valuable characters are also derivable from
the metatarsus: whether the component parts of it, named by Professor Owen the
ectometatarsal, mesometatarsal, and entometatarsal, are perfectly anchylosed together,
or for what portion of their length they are so; and also in the position of the trochlea
for the articulation of the phalanges forming the feet. In the phalanges themselves
no very distinct character is observable, except in the terminal ones, the character of
which can be equally well observed externally in their horny covering or claw.
The vertebral column, although substantially following the same type, is subject to
considerable variation, besides that which is derived from the numbers of the vertebree
of the different regions; and in one instance (Spheniscus) some of them have a ball and
socket articulation.
v1 OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
CHAPTER IL.
Tue following arrangement of Birds was proposed by me, with some modifications, at
the Leeds Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; it is
founded almost entirely on osteological characters, which it is the object of this work
to illustrate, without any bias towards any preconceived theory; and should I at any
time, in the acquisition of new materials, see reason for its alteration, I shall make the
necessary changes with the greatest pleasure. I have endeavoured to divide the Class
into Orders in such a manner that distinct osteological characters shall be observable
between them, which it would be useless to mention here, as they will be treated of in
detail hereafter; it will be instructive, however, to examine how far the general habit
of each Order agrees with the following arrangement :—
CLASS IL AVES.
Orper I. RAPTORES.
Fam. 1. VuLturiIp&. Fam. 2. FALCONID&.
Fam. 3. StRicgipéA.
Orper IT. VOLITORES.
Fam. 1. TrocHiILip2. Fam. 2. CyPsELip#.
Orver III. OMNIVORES.
Fam. 1. CapRIMULGID&. Fam. 8. ALCEDINIDA.
Fam. 2. TrRoGonipz. Fam. 4. Bucrrip2Z.
Orper LV. PREHENSORES.
Fam. 1. Psirracip2. Fam. 2. RHAMPHASTIDA.
Orper V. SCANSORES.
Fam. 1. Picipa.
Orprer VI. ERUCIVORES.
Fam. 1. CucuLipa. Fam. 2. MusopHacip&.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. vil
Orpver VII. INSESSORES.
Fam. 1. Menurip”. Fam. 9. AMPELID”.
Fam. 2. CertTHiapa, Fam. 10. Laniip.
Fam. 8. MELiiepHacipa. Fam. 11. Turpip#.
Fam. 4. Parip#. Fam. 12. OrErouipé.
Fam. 5. ALAUDID. Fam. 13. Srernipz.
Fam. 6. Moraciniipa. Fam. 14. FRrRine1Luipa.
Fam. 7. SyLviap@. Fam. 15. TanaGrip”.
Fam. 8. Muscicarips. Fam. 16. Corvip™.
Orprer VIII. BIPOSITORES.
Fam. 1. CoLumBID&. Fam. 2. Dipipa.
OrpEerR IX. RASORES.
Fam. 1. Tretraonipa@. Fam. 2. PHASIANIDA.
OrpER X. CURSORES.
Fam. 1. StrRuTHIONIDA.
Orper XI. LITTORES.
Fam. 1. Oripa. Fam. 3. ScoLopacipa.
Fam. 2. CHARADRIID. Fam. 4. Trine.
Orper XII. GRALLATORES.
Fam. 1. ArprIpz. Fam. 2. Rauuipa.
Orper XIII. NATATORES.
Fam. 1. Anatip«. Fam. 3. ALcipa@.
Fam. 2. CoLtyMBip2. Fam. 4. PELECANIDR.
Fam. 5. Laripz.
The principal modes in which birds obtain their food are the following :—
By the power of flight in direct chase;
By the power of approaching their food unobserved ;
By the power of climbing ;
By the power of scratching and sheapataes!)
By the power of wading ; and
By the power of swimming and diving.
viil OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
If divisions of birds are made strictly according to the above qualities, we shall find
many that do not come up to the greatest perfection of development of each particular
power, but are endowed with a modification of it, or with an admixture of two or
more of them, and some cases in which the divisions above mentioned are scarcely
recognizable in consequence of this admixture. It is in these cases that anatomy comes
to our assistance, and helps us to group and point out the orders and families that are
allied.
The first three orders belong eminently to the first group, or those which are endowed
with great power of flight, with a modification among the Owls and Goat-suckers, the
softness of the feathers enabling them to approach their prey unawares. ‘The Owls also
and the whole of Omnivores have the sense of hearing highly developed in addition, as
it is the habit of many of them to sit perched upon some tree or stone until prey
approaches, when they give chase; their acute sense of hearing, therefore, assists them
materially in detecting its approach.
The second order, Volitores, has quickness of flight in the greatest degree of deve-
lopment known among birds, and consequently has a corresponding arrangement of
wing differing from other birds. The food of the Humming-bird is msects, obtained
in two ways—by the insertion of the tongue into flowers, and also by direct chase.
The orders Prehensores, Scansores, and Erucivores have their feet adapted chiefly for
climbing. The first, or Parrots, are an exceedingly curious group, and use the bill for
climbing equally with the feet; the latter are also used for the purpose of holding their
food while in the act of devouring it.
The highest powers of true climbing, where the feet only are used, we find among
the Scansores or Woodpeckers, which are able to run along the perpendicular and
horizontal boughs of trees with the greatest facility.
Many of the Erucivores have the toes placed in pairs, two before and two behind ;
but, except in this structure, they do not agree in any particular with the other climbers.
One group among them, the Turacoes, are without this structure. Many of them feed
much on the ground, and have an elongated hind toe. The power of climbing is
doubtless useful to them in searching for their food, which consists principally of
caterpillars and insects.
The Insessores or Perchers appear to have been hitherto a sort of refuge for the
destitute, as almost all birds were placed in it for which no convenient place could be
found; as constituted, however, in the present arrangement, the only deviation that I
am aware of from the general type of skeleton is in one family, the Menuridee, in
which case I have followed the example of my predecessors and placed it in Insessores,
because I do not know where else to put it. The next three families, Certhiade,
Melliphagide, and Paride, have a decided scansorial tendency, but very much modified,
the toes being placed three in front and one behind; but although their powers in this
particular are quite equal to that of the Woodpeckers, there is nothing in the skeleton
which differs from the Insessorial type.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. 1x
All the other families of Insessores are more or less perching birds, which may be
defined as a power of climbing very slightly developed. Two groups, the Motacillide
and Anthide, have the lengthened hind claw common in many groups of ground-feeding
birds; we find in them, therefore, a power of scratching and running joined to that of
climbing; and amongst the Hirundinide or Swallows, a considerable power of flight
joined to that of perching.
The eighth order, Bipositores, are a group well defined, having a large crop, of which
all the families previously mentioned are destitute. In them we find a great power of
wing, a certain degree of migratory habit, and feet in general much better adapted for
perching than for scratching; thus the farmer often says that he does not mind the
Pigeons on his new-sown wheat, as they do not scratch, merely taking that which is on
the surface. There are, however, a few exceptions, as the Crowned Pigeons, which have
feet fitted for running and perching, the metatarsi being much lengthened. Dr. Melville
has discovered a peculiar structure in this part, which distinguishes the Pigeons from
other orders, and unites the extinct family of Dodos with them. Generally the Pigeons
only lay two eggs, whence the name I have given to them.
The Rasores I have divided into two groups, the Tetraonide and Phasianide, although
there is no very distinct line of demarcation between them. The typical species present
a very great difference in external form, even if it is merely in the development of the
tail—tor instance, between the Partridge and Peacock. Both are gifted with great
running and scratching powers, but without any great powers of flight ; consequently
none of them, that I am aware of, are migratory. The typical species of the former
roost on the ground, seldom perching in trees, while the latter almost invariably do so.
They both have a moderate-sized crop; but it is not nearly so highly developed as
among the Pigeons.
The Cursores are adapted solely for terrestrial life, and have no power of flight; con-
sequently we find the greatest development in that of running, the rudimentary wings
being employed as a sort of oars to assist in their progression ; they may be considered
as the types of running structure among birds.
The eleventh order, Littores, have great power of running, but not nearly so much
as in Cursores, which might be expected when the power of flight is largely developed
also; for, throughout the animal kingdom, one power is never found largely developed
except at the expense of another. Their legs also are fitted for wading in shallow
water, the tibize not being feathered down to the metatarsus.
The twelfth order, Grallatores or Waders, have a very great length of leg, the tibiz
much denuded, and a formation of the joint between the tibia and metatarsus so
contrived that they can stand for hours together without muscular action (Ardeide) ;
and in the following family (Rallide) we find the fitness for wading diminished, and a
development of a power of swimming.
The powers of the next order are at once well defined by the name Natatores, or
swimming birds; and the whole of the members of it have either webbed or lobated
c
x OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
feet; some few birds, however, are found, in the first family, Anatide, which feed upon
land, chiefly on the seeds of grasses, having the webs not extending much more than
half the length of the toes, or with the anterior edge much scolloped out.
The Colymbide and Alcide may be considered as possessing the greatest powers of
swimming and diving. In one genus (Spheniscus), the wings, instead of being useful for
flight, are converted into a sort of fin, the bones composing the wing being much
flattened ; the hinder extremities are very muscular; and the legs are placed far back-
wards. In some of the Pelecanide and Laride we find great power of wing developed
at the expense of the diving powers, which are limited and governed by that of the
wing. Their mode of taking prey is by soaring high into the air, closing the wings,
and making a hawk-like swoop upon fish near the surface.
Order I. RAPTORES.
Fam. 1. FALCONIDA.
Subfam. 1. FALCONINE.
Fauco, Linn.
Peregrinus, Linn.
Type of Raptores, Falconide, Falconine.
Cranium of moderate size; the bones composing it strong, depressed, and flattened
from the base of the nasal bones to the vertex, and with a slight longitudinal channel ;
occipital ridge well defined; occipital protuberance very large; a transverse, somewhat
arcuated depression extending across the base of the nasal bones. Lacrymals largely
developed, long, bounding nearly the whole of the upper edge of the orbits. Orbital
septa nearly perfect in old specimens. Foramen magnum large, nearly circular, and
placed almost horizontally; nasal orifices round, with their margin entire. Upper
maxillaries hooked at the point, and with a distinct notch, covering only a small portion
of the roof of the mouth. Palatine bones extending far backwards, anteriorly for
two-thirds of their length consisting of a long, horizontally flattened strip of bone,
articulated together for their posterior third; a large, strongly deflected flap in the
centre arising near their middle in length, laterally much expanded, and rounded on
their posterior lateral termination. Interarticular bones flattened, and slightly twisted
on their axis. Atlar tubercle small, slightly transversely oval; condyloid processes of
the occipital bone very slightly developed. |
Sternum very convex, broadest posteriorly; ridges to which the small pectoral
muscles are attached strongly marked; posterior margin perforated with two foramina.
Manubrial process well developed, turned upwards perpendicularly, flattened at the tip.
Keel extending to the posterior edge of the sternum ; its inferior edge slightly rounded ;
point prominent, produced as far as the manubrial process; anterior edge only slightly
curved inwards. |
Pelvis very strong; the outline of the sacral vertebra not traceable on its upper surface
except by some small foramina placed irregularly; a very slight cavity on its dorsal
aspect between the two sides of the ilium; more than double the width of its anterior
diameter posteriorly. Ilium extending far over the ischium and os pubis laterally ;
the posterior points of the ischium diverging. Os pubis not extending forwards beyond
the centre of the cotyloid cavity. Ischiadic foramen very large; obturator small.
ftibs narrow, thick ; styliform process long, the point directed very much upwards.
VOL. I. B
FALcoNnID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [FALconInz.
Furculum very strong, much arched forwards, the rami flattened laterally and broad,
with only a very slight tubercle at its ligamentous junction with the sternum.
Coracoids of moderate length, very strong, much expanded at their articulation with
the sternum, much hollowed out on the inside below their junction with the scapula,
and with a strong osseous strap confining the pectoral tendons.
Scapula strong, very slightly deflected, rounded on its outward side for its anterior
half, becoming flattened and expanded towards the tip, which is sloped to a point from
each margin.
Wing strong; posterior metacarpal bone flattened, broadest at its proximal extremity,
not arched, but with a large space between it and the anterior metacarpal.
Femur not much shorter than the tibia; trochanters not very largely developed.
Tibia rounded, with a slight ridge on its internal surface, and becoming slightly
triangular at its upper extremity.
Metatarsus very strong and short, the division between the three bones forming it
marked by two intermediate foramina at their proximal extremity; calcaneal process
highly developed, from which a strong keel is carried downwards on the back of the
mesometatarsal bone, gradually becoming obliterated at its distal extremity; anterior
side much flattened and slightly excavated at its proximal end; a well-marked knob on
the inner side, where the sheath confining the extensor muscles of the toes has its origin ;
central trochlea very prominent, the lateral ones bent backwards.
Vertebral column very strong; the lateral processes of the penultimate and next four
cervical vertebre strongly developed; the dorsal spine of the atlas long, and with a
transverse keel extending on each side from it to the lateral margins; the second
vertebra also with a slight dorsal spine; from the third to the ninth without any dorsal
spine; the tenth and eleventh with a flattened dorsal spine pointing forwards. Terminal
caudal vertebre very large, and highly developed perpendicularly.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . . . 28 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
Una... . « «oe a 2 « «32 | Breadth of anterior margm.of sternum To
Metacampus. 6 7 = we 2% = oe l) Wbengthvor pelvis Ss oes ea 27
Bem Pete et ke 4 eee Greatest breadth... «++ 4 4 = ake
Mba. 3S wk we. Ga ee OUD |) deenebimotmieads Ca cs meee Memes
Netitarens 2) 2. 20 ley ee oe By ew) Greatest breadth. . .. . . . 48
Leneth of siermum =~ 4. «= © 2)
Illustrations.
Skeleton of Falco peregrinus, Plate III. A. Coracoids, scapula, and furculum, Plate VII. A.
Metatarsus, Plate II. A. fig. 3. fig. 2.
Palatine bones, Plate VI. A. fig. 5. Base of the cranium, Plate IV. fig. 3.
Pelvis, Plate V. A. fig. 4.
2
FALCONID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ FALCONINA.
Fatco, Linn.
Gyrfalco, Linn.
I have only the sternum of this bird, which does not differ from that of Falco pere-
grinus except in size, and in the keel being deeper in proportion to the breadth of the
sternum.
- Since the above was written, I have obtained, from a skin, the head, wing, and leg
bones of this bird, and find them also not distinguishable from those of F. peregrinus
except in size and proportions.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 44 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 22
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 50 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 17
ieneth of metacarpus . . . . . 28 | Depth of keel. ay sos. rvey . « TD
enethroftemiure. =. 5. . n. Weemetieomitendss iy oe) an le LOU
enetntommbiag@: = we 2 7 . 44. J =breadthot Read. 6. % .° 2 « 2
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 26.| Length of pelvis .
Length of sternum . .. . . . 3805 | Breadth of pelvis .
Fatco, Linn.
Aurantius, Lath.
The skeleton of this bird does not differ, except in measurements, from F. peregrinus ;
the sternum is somewhat longer in proportion to its width.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 164 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 19 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
keneth of metacarpus. . . .. + It Depthiotelkeels Fo 4 we we | <A
ihensthotgemur . = °° Wah ilo Heneinor heats ten eS
Rene thot tubiash ta et iateawia e 22 Hicadiimeitheads!) WH ene. Whe eeAl
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 14 Hengtheot pelvisary .on i Ae rae 8 17
Henstheotstemum, , tos . . . J42 ) Breadth of pelvis. . . . . » . 9
HERPETOTHERES, Viel.
Cachinnans, Jinn.
The cranium agrees with Falco peregrinus in its great breadth in proportion to its
length, in the shape of the palatine bones, and in the septum being perforated by one
central foramen; the nasal orifices are also round and small, with the upper margin
slightly projecting; the lacrymal bones are similar, but rather broader. The tarsi
agree with Falco.
Ba . 3
FALCONID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ FaLconinz.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 31 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum
Length ofulma ... . . . . 33 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum
Lengthiot raditis'... -.f c . 2 329) eDepenjomiccele Sah eee
Length of moetacarpust:: afin apt O(n nfluenstheptheadiynue sods ofl-aseee
luenotheot tenure 2: pole? ae fakielc Breadth,of dead js) cht aul} Deeps
iLengtheot tibia — ... ...» ~ 9. 80. || Thenethvof pelsacce
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 23 | Breadth of pelvis.
Length of sternum
Tinnuncuus, Vell.
Alaudarius, Linn.
In every respect resembling Falco, except in measurements and proportions.
Measurements.
. Tenths. Tenths.
AeenothsoLUMerUs,. lees Ceres eal Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
enethsonulna. 9 = “ao 6) 24 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
enetieotoragiis .. tei. ky e 122 Depth of keel ie, sietomgh. =. wos
length of metacarpus,. 00)... . . 232 5) dieneth of head. oof ot. pda Touiasn eae
ewetasot tenuy 9. 6s) cen, Call Breadth ot Head -) tse at messin ee
Wkeneph-ortibiten, so 1 . we1ns 4 a0 Length of pelvis Ss fae Seal)
Length of metatarsus . . . . . -16 Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . 10%
Lenethwfsteraum . . ... . : Ids
Tinnuneuuus, Veerll.
Sparverius, Linn.
The bones I have of this bird were obtained from a skin, and do not differ from those
of Tinnunculus alaudarius except in size.
TinnunevuLus, Viell.
Chickera, Shaw.
Also typical.
leracriDEA, Gould.
Berigora, Vig. & Horsf.
Very similar to Tinnunculus, but larger and more powerful, the palatine bones covering
£
FALcoNnID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Crrcin a.
nearly the whole of the roof of the mouth, and the metatarsi longer in proportion to the
tibiee.
Sternum with a double foramen on the right side and a single one on the left.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 30 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Length ofulma ... . . . . 382 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
ICM UGG AGUS eo ee ee 3) | Wepthrof keel oo se ee
Length of metacarpus .. . . . 18 | Lengthofhead ........... 24
ienethsomieniumee es. |) Lens 24) | Breadth of head . . ... . . «6
Cutan e OS, | Leéeneth of pelvis.) os tke dete 24
Length of metatarsus . .. . . 25 | Breadthofpelvis. ...., .... Hl
Hhewethvotstermume 45 7 5 =. %, 20
Illustrations.
Sternum, Plate III. fig. 3. | Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 9.
Terax, Vig.
Bengalensis, Briss.
The only fragment of this bird that I have seen is one in the British Museum, sent
home by Mr. Hodgson. The sternum has, as represented in Plate III. fig. 9, two
fissures on each side of the keel, in that respect much resembling the sternum of some
Owls.
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate III. A. fig. 9.
Subfam. 2. Circinz.
ACCIPITER, Briss.
Nisus, Jann.
The head of Acctpiter is very similar to that of Falco, but has the lacrymals pro-
jecting more outwards from the skull, and the upper maxillaries without the notch on
their edge.
The sternum is narrower, with the foramina on the posterior margin not so large,
the manubrial process longer, and the horizontal plane more convex. The metatarsal
bones are longer in proportion to the tibiee, and are nearly without a calcaneal process,
and with a deep channel down them posteriorly; anteriorly they do not differ much
from falco, but are not so strongly marked. The bones composing the pelvis are
longer and narrower than in Falco. 13
3)
FALconip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Crrcin a.
Measurements. |
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . (28 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 11
dyeneth of mili gee an yes se nee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
Lencth of adits. 5 . «2 «4 op” | Weptimotikeelss . 2 9 ee
Length of metacarpus. . . . . I3 Wemethnotinead’ .. 4. . + 7 ee we
Dengehsormenmur ™ 0. oP ee a a Dreadtwotdhesd “.-. 4° sy a eae
Lictigthsorgibia= 2. 3 + ee. |e ea IseneGheOignelwise: (02 2 eon
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 24 DreadthcOlmpelvis..t.- 2 4. = as! as Se
Length of sternum. . ... . 23
Accripiter, Briss.
Badius, Gm. .
Has been made into a genus under the name of Micronisus.
are in the British Museum.
The bones of the body
It appears to be similar to Accipiter nisus, but with the sternum slightly longer in
proportion to its width.
Measurements.
Tenths.
Length of humerus .
Length of ulna
Length of radius .
Length of metacarpus
Length of femur .
Length of tibia
Length of metatarsus a
Length-or sternum .. =...) . di?
Astur, Lacép.
Magnirostris, Gm.
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Depthtot keels. «oot. eupe: ae cullen ne
Length of head
Breadth of head . pee)
encth<ougpelyis ss. oe. Soe
Breaubhsot pelvis 9.5 coe. a ele ed
The whole osteology very similar to Circus, but with the sternum not quite so convex.
Measurements.
' Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 29 | Breadthof posteriormargin of sternum 125
Length ofulma . . . . . . . .81:| Breadth of anterior margin of stenum 9 —
theneihy of metacarpUs.. 4 usqes ary ie WL er eOiCe) ee acon Faee ae
dheneth OfteniUitin. 1 <) io tee Glia al OCE ee EBS DRED EA ts atele euS acil)
Rensth oftibia, an. i. Sieeely a. Goes ebkeadtbs of lead. 0 err OMiien Sz:
Leneth-of metatarsus ....ynqs 4: of 2h, Leneth of pelvis a. eae ede od
Length of sternum. . . . . = 17 | Breadth of pelvis, 4 ~.- 4.5 \- «10
6
FALCONID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Minvina.
Circus, Lacép.
Cyaneus, Linn. ©
Type of Circine.
Cranium similar to Falco peregrinus, but with the frontal bones not so broad between
the orbits. Lacrymals large, extending more outwards than in alco, and further
lengthened by a small epilacrymal process articulated to their extremities. The orbital
septum perforated with a central foramen. Nasal orifices triangular. Palatine bones with
the hinder angles nearly square, and the dependent keel on their internal edges narrow.
Sternum small, very slightly convex, narrow anteriorly ; keel not so deep as in Falco ;
inferior edge arched, not produced to the posterior margin of the sternum, receding
anteriorly. Posterior margin of the sternum perforated by two small foramina.
Pelvis with the iliac bones much overhanging the bones of the ischium.
Metatarsus with the calcaneal process well developed, but with no ridge carried
downwards from it; the ento- and exo-metatarsal elements very much flattened, and
folding backwards, while the edge of the mesometatarsal projects forwards, forming an
anterior ridge.
The remainder of the skeleton is very similar to Falco.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
kenneth ot humerus. > =... «» 4, 4b Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 17
Tenetiramuliaes 2. 02 ee oe 4S Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 14
Hfeoepeon radius) We Ya ek ee 2G. Weptheok keel ak 4) a ae Oe
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 24 Heenethvotheddie 0 ee a)
engrheomicmur Se 7 sas py e232. | Breadth ot head) < .-. un m 17
Lenetholtibia... : . . » » . 40 engtheetipelyis © 2 . & = 30)
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 30 Ibreadtheompelvis, 2 . « » . «| wo
Lenethaokstermum . 2 2 2 . . 26 !
Lliustrations.
Sternum, Plate IIT. fig. 4. | Metatarsus, Plate IT. fig. 4.
Circus, Lacép.
AEruginosus, Linn.
I have the sternum only of this bird, which does not differ in form from that of Circus
cyaneus, except in being destitute of foramina on its posterior margin.
Subfam. 3. Minvinz.
Mitvvs, Cuv.
Regalis, Linn.
Type of Milvine.
Cranium similar to that of Falco peregrinus, but not so strong, and longer in pro-
7
FAaLconip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ MILvinz.
portion to its width; the space between the upper margins of the orbits much less. —
Lacrymals wanting. One large orbital foramen in the centre of the septum, and two
smaller ones posterior to it.
Foramen magnum rounded above, but with the lower side nearly straight. Atlar
tubercle oval. Palatine bones of similar shape to those in Falco, but rather broader.
Nasal orifices triangular, with the angles rounded.
Sternum convex, with two small foramina on the posterior margin; small pectoral
muscle impression very distinct; keel more arched on its inferior edge than in Valco,
receding anteriorly, and not prolonged to the posterior margin of the sternum.
Pelvis much broader anteriorly in proportion to its posterior diameter than in Falco.
ibs similar to Falco, but not so strong.
Metatarsus with the calcaneal process well developed, but without any elevated rib
proceeding downwards from it. The entometatarsal flattened, broad, forming a keel on
its inner edge.
Remaining bones very similar in form to Malco, except in proportional measurements.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 48 | Breadthof posterior margin of sternum 17
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 57 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 16
Menetaeot radius”. 6 4) coe. “Od | Wepritol keel © aug seme cmreroey
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 27 | Lengthofhead. . . ... . 31g
isenothortomur, & £ -2 fF} 27 | Breadth otiead. 9 4 ale pmeey
Igenethiof tibia. . 405 5. 7. 2 84-4 Tength of pels. ra G8
Length of metatarsus < .°. ._. 20 | Breadthofpelvis . .. .. , 6
Length of stemum - ... . .. + 30
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate ITI. fig. 7.
ELANus, Sav.
Melanopterus, Daud.
Some fragments obtained from a skin and a body in the British Museum are all I
have seen of the bones of this bird.
The cranium is similar in shape to MZilvws, but with the palatine bones broader and
the exterior hinder angles more rounded. Metatarsus similar in shape. ‘The sternum
short; the keel not reaching to the posterior margin, which is perforated by two small
foramina, and slightly excavated in the centre; the inferior edge of the keel but slightly
arched.
Furculum much arched for its anterior third, then nearly straight to the sternum.
8
FALCONID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ BuTEoNINA.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
hensthot humerus os Pe hf Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
eneth- ot ulna «se ie A) Sail Me Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 11
beneth: of raditisy. o. ©) Nh 4 Wepiivotekecle: -5 Hy Wyte TABS
heneth of metacarpus ». 4%) ~*~ Meng of liead .. «2 MOTT Se Io aepene
Reneth-ofiemmern s, «, . a read theot heads aa yar tae 10.1! Liew
ihen@eneoleubias A (ned \ ene Thies pelvis! HAM Wie, 10,0) De RG
Length of metatarsus . . . . : Breadth of pelvis ~2 4. « =» 4» + “AO
Kengthtof stermum <~*. 2 i. 5 6
Subfam. 4. BuTEoNIN».
Butero, Cuv.
Vulgaris, Bechst.
Type of Buteonine.
Sternum as described in Archibuteo, except in size. Metatarsi very similar to Circus,
but with the calcaneal process and the keel proceeding downwards from it highly
developed, and the fibula extending downwards for two-thirds the length of the tibia.
Palatine bones very similar to Circaétos, but more rounded on their outer posterior
margins.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . .°. 30 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 17
Length ofulna . .. . . . . 384 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Peongewormetacanpus 2 F - . WL Depth ordkeel. . ¢ ..« 4 sin ~~ 8
Hens he orremUimew ye sa fe oe oo | Mhenstiyoi head: <M 4) ew ek Oe
sibemepayome itm ee he ee eS een oth OL Els) gk eo OS
length of metatarsus . . . +. . 18 | Breadth of pelvis..-. . . . . , 14
AeCn oth Otesternum. =. a
ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm.
Aquilinus, Hodgs.
A body of this bird is in the British Museum, sent home by Mr. Hodgson. The
sternum is broad in proportion to its length, has two foramina on its posterior margin,
and is slightly hollowed out in the centre; the keel is not continued to within an inch
of the posterior margin.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Fenethcot humerus; 9. Alva ap) Length of radius .
hens ths oi altiagie ou oy Pate de cn: Length of metacarpus
VOL. I. C 9
=
FALCONIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ BurEoninaé.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
ikén eth of tenuiijejer: i end eat Depthyofkeel. . . SE Ry wean?
Len gthoof tibia gheent os sched WR Length of head
liensth ofmetavarsuss ... = Maa Breadth of head . iat 13
Lensthyotstemum . . bi eile 665; Lensth otpelyis.. pees. andaed ey eee
Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 20 | Breadth of pelvis. . . . . . . AT
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 18
ARCHIBUTEO, Brehm.
Lagopus, Briinn.
I have only the sternum, coracoids, scapula, and furculum of this bird, which do not
differ in shape from those of A. aquilinus in the British Museum, but slightly in their
proportions, the sternum being shorter in proportion to its breadth, and the keel deeper.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Meneth ior eas, oes ete wees Oe Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
_VSriqhi ene his ae! oe Sere ae Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 16
ensth ofgadias 5. hes wey fae Rater 9 Depthiof keel va scp. yale deren Rowe bs
Length of metacarpus . . . . . Length of head
Venethroid@emureg es: . EO 28 |e Breadth of head .
ikeupthvotstibia® «. . 5 4. y. 2% Length of pelvis .
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Breadth of pelvis .
Length of sternum . .... . 382
Pouiornis, Kaup.
Teesa, Frankl.
The body only of this bird is in the British Museum, sent there by Mr. Hodgson; the
sternum has two foramina on its hinder margin, and all the bones are very similar to Buteo.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus... .. . Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
Length of tina. qi aaiaiite se vk ae Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 11
Tenethofimadins) lig iy.) bi 2 G Jiepin, of Ieeeluen Accra alg ie ae be
ensthotmetacarpusiy.. gags! Ey & Length of head
iienethvot demux: 2 cole ious, 2 Breadth of head . itiae
rence of tibiae.) . «ir Reeee ee ee Lenoeh: of pelvis: att Caast we x jade 14.
Length of metataysus- ... 5 . : Breadth.of pélvisy. . seeaiet) 1 opel
henethvof sternum. «,) ceived te aed
10
FALCONIDZ. |
PrERNis, Cuv.
Cristata, Cuv.
The body of this bird is in the British Museum, sent there by Mr. Hodgson,
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ AQUILINA.
Sternum
short, without any fissure or foramen on its hinder margin; the inferior edge of the
keel rounded. Furculum very much arched. Pelvis of moderate length, and very much
expanded on its anterior extremity.
Measurements.
Tenths.
Length of humerus
Length of ulna
Length of radius .
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 16
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 15
Depenyor keels. Me eee
Length of head
Breadth of head ene i!
ene Gheonpelvise. 50 nce gy. OM
Length of metacarpus
Length of femur .
Length of tibia
Length of metatarsus ff tail BreackihvOrpelvists: 2. ald ye Sh
(hehethyior sternite 4. . ~ «7 « 2S
Subfam. 5. AQUILINA.
Aquita, Mehr.
Chrysaétos, Linn.
Type of Aquiline.
Cranium more elongated in proportion to its width than in Falco; orbits flattened
above, much rounded posteriorly; large orbital process of the frontal bone much
lengthened. Septum of the orbits with one anterior foramen. Foramen magnum of
moderate size, placed nearly horizontally. Upper surface of the skull depressed, with
a slight longitudinal impression on the vertex, and a strongly marked transverse one at
the junction of the nasal bones; occipital ridge and protuberance slight. Nasal orifices
posteriorly narrow and gradually expanding forwards, somewhat triangular. _ Upper
maxillaries very much hooked at their extremities, the lateral line slightly waved.
Palatine bones similar in general character to Falco, but more truncate posteriorly and
broader anteriorly in proportion to their hinder expansion; interarticular bones very .
similar to those of Falco, but more expanded; condyles of the occipital bones more
developed than in Falco.
Sternum more convex than in Falco; keel not extending to the posterior margin :
anterior edge receding considerably ; ridge for the attachment of small pectoral muscles
very small; that of the great pectoral well defined; posterior margin nearly straight; no
foramen or fissure. Manubrial process strong, short, slightly compressed laterally.
Pelvis similar to Falco, but with the posterior lateral ridge of the ilium more deve-
loped, and with a deeper impression above the cotyloid cavities.
C2 af
FALCONIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ AQUILIN 2.
ibs similar to Falco, but with the posterior end of the styliform process carried much
further downwards.
Coracoids and scapula very similar to Falco, but with the latter more expanded, and
the coracoids perforated with a large axillary foramen.
Furculum with a slight process at its junction with the sternum.
The metatarsal bones are without the mesometatarsal ridge extending from the calcaneal
process. ‘The remainder of the skeleton is very similar to Falco, except in measurements.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 175 | Breadthof posterior margin of sternum 25
Length ofulma . . .. . . . 86 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 244
dsenethofmadius « : ido. cag, On I) Wepthwoikeel 2) ee ae ie
Weneihvormietacarpus: 2 7a oy oe sca |) eWenorhmoieiend: lle 7 wees ues
» Aibneth-or femur. ok es we oe ee I ereadth Ob Wedd se. > Gig ce ar
eneth of tibia 7s. =. se oy 200 4 eneth ofipelyise fee 8 ee sie em ces)
icneth obmetatarus <7 = —. c= 0S eRreadth ot pelvis; 2o ee ess
Length of sternum < . - . . = “o0
Illustrations.
Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 6. | Sternum, Plate I. fig. 1.
AQUILA, Mehr.
Neevia, Gm.
Lacrymal bones very broad and long, extending half-way over the orbits, rounded at
their extremities. Palatine bones damaged.
Sternum with a small foramen on each side; in other respects similar to Aguela
chrysaétos.
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate IIT. fig. 14.
AquiLa, Mehr.
Imperialis, Bechst.
The body of this bird is in the British Museum; it does not appear to differ from
A. chrysaétos.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
ikenethvor-humetus o4 4% ees Length of femur .
enothiotalna heavy us alee A Length of tibia
Leneth ofwadiis™.< - us see ly ok Length of metatarsus
Length of metacarpus . . . . . Length of stemum . .... . 48
12
FALCONID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ AQUILINA.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 25 | Breadth of head . oa,
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 24 | Length of pelvis . . . . . . . 46
Wepivol ec wm wreeeg oy WOn ie breadth Of Pelvis... eo
Length of head
Aguita, Mehr.
Bonelli, Zemm.
A fragment only of this bird isin the British Museum. The sternum has two foramina
on the posterior margin, which is slightly excavated in the centre; the keel does not
reach the hinder margin of the sternum.
Aquina, Mehr. -
Audax, Lath.
The head and leg bones were obtained from a skin, and are precisely similar to those
of the Golden Eagle, but smaller, and not so powerful.
Panpion, Sav.
Haliaétus, Linn.
Craniwm broader in proportion to its length than in Aguila. Lacrymal bones large
and broad, tapering towards their points, which are rounded. Palatine bones wanting.
Sternum similar to Aguila, except in dimensions and in having the keel receding
more, with the point somewhat bifid anteriorly.
The coracoids similar to Aguila, but with the axillary foramen very small. Furculum
without any process at the junction of the rami. Scapula similar, but not so much
expanded. The whole skeleton weaker.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
iveneth of humeris.« 0 3. . . . 13 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 214
ensth of ulnaee Oe. sO Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 21
Wensthorradus 9.8. * S74 Bepunrotusecly™ 0% 2 oy +-% «= 8
Length of metacarpus... . . . 312)|%engthofhead. . . . . . . 42
Meneth. of temiunh ras.) StI 3 Breadth omheak! ari.vieielet, . 252
tenet chtibiaewee 2) AG Kenetheot pelvis <~ + 5 = 43% 39
_ Length of metatarsus . . . . . 353 | Breadth ofpelvis . . . . . . 19
Length of sternum. . .. . . 386
Llustrations.
Pelvis, Plate V. fig. 5. | Sternum, Plate III. fig. 9.
13
FALCONIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ AQUILINA.
Haiaitvs, Sav.
Albicilla, Linn.
Cranium scarcely distinguishable from that of Aquila; the whole head, however, is
larger and stronger, and the foramen magnum more square. ‘The sternum is much
longer in proportion to its width than in Aquéla, but in other respects similar. Pelvis
precisely similar, except in size, the present one being the largest.
In the remaining bones I cannot perceive any difference in structure between Haliaétus
albicilla and Pandion Haliaétus, except in the proportional measurements.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . . . 85 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 25
Length ofulna . . . . « . . 97 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 27
wens heotmmetacampus ce 2 6.9 4590) WDepthtoricecl™ ~ 2 (ee eee
iseneth otfemur =. = =. . . ; 49.1) Meneth-ofthead. <<" .” Ae iAy
heneth Of tibia“... : 2° = 95 = (65°77) Breadth*omhedd”.. jet: ahh 0S 20
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 40 | Lengthofpelvis. ... =. .. 582
Igeneth Ofstemum. . = . ~ ¢.0.) #00; J) Breadth ofpelvis 2-15) lean lied baa
Illustration.
Pelvis, Plate II. fig. 2.
Hauiaitus, Sav.
Leucocephalus, Linn.
Not differing in structure from the last.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 83 | Lengthofstemum .... . « 62
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 97 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 29
Length ofradius. . . . . . . 91 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 28
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 41 | Lengthofhead . . . . . . . 99
Length of femur. . . . . . . 46 | Breadthofhead. . ..... 27
Fengthof tina ©... 3): on | Length ofpelyis- yon i 0G
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 34 | Breadthofpelvis. . . . . . . 24
Illustrations.
Metatarsus, Plate IT. fig. 1. | Skeleton in Plate I.
Hawiaitus, Sav.
Leucogaster, Gm.
The bones were obtained from askin: the whole of the top of the head very much fiat-
tened, more so than in aldicilla; the other bones are precisely similar in form, but weaker.
14
FALCONIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [AQUILINA.
Hauiaiitus, Sav.
Macei, Temm.
Sunilar to Haliaétus leucocephalus, but with a foramen on each side of the posterior
margin of the sternum. In the British Museum.
Hauiastur, Selby.
Indus, Bodd.
Similar to the other Sea Eagles, except in measurements, and in having two foramina
on the posterior margin of the sternum. In the British Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 42 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 49 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 13
Hemet wOiradiuse, 6) 9% : 4. W428 | Depth of keel yn c.ap nae = 16
enepmeormetacanpus 4 =. . 22 |. Jkenethi of head ..° s,s. « ©... 28
Penetioieeinutoen ee eon), Breadthiofheard. .- 4, «2 sa. WO
jpEeneritotiibin. @) 9, — «. ta -.--.. "o2) | henethof pelvis... 9... <2 = «25
onethpotemetatarsus: > 2 +» ..\20.\ Dyeadthiompelvis. ..+..9) . . 2
Weneeworstermume . -. <9 . fs 2 22
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate ITI. fig. 13.
Cuncuma, G. &. Gray.
Leucogaster, Gm.
Similar to Halkaétus, but without any foramina on the posterior margin of the
sternum. In the British Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Henstivot humerisig, <9 . 5). . Fo Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 23
Wemecrhwomemiig == oe Pn nw OO Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 224
Mensthsonmetacatpus = . ... . 40 | Depthotkeel “9.7... . *. EE
Nensthtordemar Je. ee Wensth of head t- . 5 a * . = 4
Vensriroripia geal 2s t= 459 iipxeddtiheof head « “." . ©. 2 ei eee Qt
Leneth of metatarsus, 4! 9 'y >. ©. 38 Penotheotspelvice 5 Mt wey PAT:
Meneth of stermumy 2. 8s Ae AM? eae readthi of pelviss 2° to. 7 8 Bet
Icutnyaitus, Lafres.
Bicolor, G. &. Gray.
Similar to the other Fishing Eagles, but with the sternum very long and narrow ;
FALCONID. |
the posterior margin indented by two small foramina.
British Museum.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[AQuitina.
The bones of the body are in the
Measurements.
Tenths.
Length of humerus .
Length of ulna
Length of radius .
Length of metacarpus
Length of femur .
Length of tibia’
Length of metatarsus a
“Wensth ofstermmum . . . . . . 88
GERANOALTUS, Kaup.
Melanoleucos, Vieill.
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 17
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 18
Deptheotkeel oss us OS
Length of head
Breadth of head . Ne at Weiey
Length of pelvise PY Zveey WLM e ay Mee ae
iBicadth of pelvis.) . ©). . % SABES
Similar to the other Fishing Eagles; the sternum has a foramen on each side of the
posterior margin. The skeleton is in the British Museum, under the name of Haliaétus
aguia.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 60 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 25
Length ofulma .°. . . . . . 4% | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 21
ieneth of metacarpus: -. gee. . «4 || Depthiot kee. <1. 0) Lie el
Isength of femur. .. « «. +94) ta 42° | Miensth-ofshead® —. pat ai Ute fee et
enethiotmibia 5. =, = = 6. eno9) i abreadthofthead’ 6.) eae ceed
Leneth otmetatarsus . < ». ©. (Seo Mieneth oor pelvis. = 5 ee 5 oy ee
hength Orstermmmn =.) ss near eS Oem me oadiuh OF eLyiSiirees i. cu een eect
Hetorarsus, Smith.
Ecaudatus, Daud.
Similar to Haliaétus, but with the sternum and pelvis longer; a foramen on each side
of the posterior margin of the former.
The specimen is in the British Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 60 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 24
Length ofulma . . .. . . . 77 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 22
Length of metacarpus’. ©... 30)/) Depthivotckeel’: +... 2 2 Gemma 40
Ihength of femur ;~ . . . + » ¥ ‘88 | “length of head .. pagiem meee
Ikenethortibia 6. << 2 5. sa 49) SBreadthvot head eee O2e
Length of ametatargsus « (2. + 29 | lensth of pelvis [7 oe Se t0
Length of stemum. . . . . . 44 | Breadth of pelvis. . .'. . - . 18
16
VULTURIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | VULTURINA.
Spizantus, Vieill. |
Cirrhatus, Haup.
Cranium broader in proportion to its length than in Aguila. Lacrymals very long,
terminating in an epilacrymal process. Palatine bones similar in shape to Aguila, but
much narrower as they approach the hinder portion of the head; orbital septum with
one large central foramen.
Sternum similar in shape to ee My specimen, which is that of rather a young
bird, has two small foramina on the right side of the posterior margin of the sternum,
and only one on the other. In other respects the skeleton resembles Aguila; but some
of the measurements approach Circus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 46 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 17
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 62 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 16
fenctivoitaditicns es “2... . oli DepthofkeeP. « . 4 “. «5 6
Lenathyof metacarpus «©... . 924. \» Length of head « 29 > «(86
Seneueomilcni tt see te eee. to co fl readtheot heades.’ os 2 2) <1 20
Eevigihveridpee « se 50.) 2). + 49) Lengthiof pelvis) ©... 1, 84
Tevethometatarmsus) en os . 3S | Breadthof pelvis.«. .. ... . 16
Lengiimot spernumm. Gol ye) 0 coll
Lilustrations.
Sternum, Plate III. fig. 12. Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 8.
Metatarsus, Plate II. fig. 5.
Fam, 2. VULTURIDZE.
Subfam. 1. VULTURINA.
SARCORAMPHUS, Dum.
Gryphus, Linn.
Type of Vulturide and Vulturine.
The whole skeleton, as in Malconide, very strong.
Cranium longer in proportion to its width than among the Falconide. The process
of the frontal bones bounding the posterior portion of the upper part of the orbits
triangular and lengthened ; the orbital septum with a large anterior perforation occupying
nearly one-half of the septal plate, and a smaller one posteriorly. Foramen magnum
large, rounded, placed nearly perpendicularly. Upper surface of the cranium slightly
flattened on the vertex; no central longitudinal depression. Occipital ridge not very
much developed; occipital protuberance large. The whole of the bones forming the
anterior part of the head strongly anchylosed together; the nasal orifices are of an
VOL. I. D uy
VULTURID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ VULTURIN.
elongated oval shape; a deep transverse impression at the junction of the nasal with
the frontal bones. Upper maxillaries hooked at the point, and with the margins slightly
waved. Palatine bones extending far backwards to their articulation with the inter-
articular bone, broad for their whole length, but most dilated posteriorly; the outer
margin of the posterior portion bent downwards; the central plates placed nearly
perpendicularly, triangular, with the apex pointing backwards. Interarticular bones
with an expanded head at their articulation with the ossa quadrata, anterior to which
they are contracted into a small rounded neck, from which they become gradually more
expanded to their junction with the palatine bones. Condyloid portions of the occipital
bones very highly developed. Vertebrw very strong and powerful, very broad; the four
next to the atlas with the dorsal process strongly developed.
Sternum convex; inferior edge of the keel very much rounded, and deepest in the
centre; anterior edge receding considerably behind the manubrial process, which con-
sists of a strong, thick, quadrate tubercle; the pectoral muscular ridges prominent.
Posterior margin in a young bird with two indentations, which are nearly obliterated in
the old one.
Pelvinal bones very strong; the anchylosis between the sacral vertebre and the illum
marked with small punctures on the posterior portion of the pelvis; the ium does not
project far over the ischium, and the latter is placed nearly perpendicularly to the
former. Ischiadic foramen oval and large; obturator foramen consisting of a narrow
slit extending from the extremity of the ischium to within an inch of the cotyloid
eavity, where it becomes suddenly enlarged and oval.
Furculum very strong ; the rami broad, and laterally compressed for their upper halves,
then becoming narrower and more rounded, with a slight pointed process extending
nearly to the anterior edge of the keel of the sternum.
Coracoids much expanded at both extremities and at their articulation with the
sternum, extending beyond its lateral margin.
Scapula of moderate strength, falciform, with a slight depression on its external
surface.
Humerus of great power, and very much expanded at its proxmal extremity; muscular
ridges very distinct.
Ulna slightly triangular, at proximal extremity much enlarged.
Radius slightly flattened on its upper surface.
A large space between the metacarpal bones; the hinder one flattened horizontally at
its distal, and perpendicularly at its proximal extremity.
Femur with the trochanter highly developed; the distal extremity much enlarged.
Fibula anchylosed to the tibia for its whole length.
Metatarsus very much excavated in front at its proximal end, with two small foramina
marking the divisions between the metatarsal bones; calcaneal process of moderate size,
with a slight ridge continued from it down the back of the metatarsal bone for about
one-third of its length.
18
VULTURIDE. | ; OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ VULTURINA.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 110 | Breadthofposteriormargin ofsternum 37
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 130 | Breadthofanterior margin ofsternum 34
Length CLaiue wees iste | Depth of keel . .. sypeanres! Fe heel
Length of metacarpus. . . = © 80 | Lengthofhead. ..... . » « G2
thenethouiemmn, o.° -. 1. < fad-ty i e860: | —Beréadth of head . 6 6 ethene) ee. 2 yee
Depetiinortbia, = . + Seth ige®t | Length of pelvis. vagy pe 8
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 50 Breadth of pelvis . . wo... 38
Length of sternum. ..... 67
Lliustrations.
Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 1. | Sternum, Plate I. fig. 4. | Skeleton, Plate I. A.
SARCORAMPHUS, Dum.
Papa, ann.
Cranium similar to S. gryphus in shape, but with the foramina perforating the orbital
septum much smaller; the occipital ridge very slightly developed in the centre, more so
than on the sides; the protuberance also slight; the external edges of the palatine plates
bent more downwards than in S. gryphus. Interarticular bones wanting.
Sternum similar, but with the posterior margin indented with two large open fissures.
Pelvis and the remainder of the skeleton also similar. |
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 66 | Breadthofposteriormargin ofsternum 24
Length ofulma . ... . . . 83 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 21
enerieomametacarpuse = ate’ eee lm Deptheomkeel . 4 2 4 ee 4 OO
Eeneth oitemur, =. 4/2... «386 | Length of head. .
Wencth Oltibia 5 — a) Oe | Breadth of head . Dae hes 33
Henetivofametatarsus = =. 4 . . 30 | enethofpelvis . ... .9 ww 00
Renetuvciessermuiae ss ees 3 8. 42) 2 Breadth ofpelyis . . © 9. 2. 22
Lilustrations. |
Metatarsus, Plate II. fig. 6. Scapula, coracoid, and furculum, Plate VIT.
Pelvis, Plate V. fig. 1. ial:
Caruartes, JI.
Aura, Linn.
Cranium very similar to Sarcoramphus gryphus, but with the anterior angles of the
frontal bones projecting further; the nasal orifices more open in proportion to their
length, and with the orbital septum nearly perfect.
Sternum in general shape similar to Sarcoramphus, but with two large fissures on the
D2 19
VULTURID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [VULTURINA.
posterior margin next the keel, and two fissures exterior to them; the remaining
portions of the skeleton are very similar except in the measurements.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. ©. -,. 8, = O6il Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 22
Tenethyorsulma = me. 2 Se GS Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 18
Length of radius «i+. <9 ain 68 Wepthtotikecl vi... =. Vee SES
Length of metacarpus. . . . 4. 84 diensthrok heads: v2 \) «RP Pe ges
Length totiemur '..-. © pg YOR Meg Breadth of ieads. . Ans eheia hh OhiS
Hensthrotdibian. ©: 2° 4 4, Coes iene thsot pelvis® -. aimee PMS
Length of métatarsus . . 02 6 ~ 20g, eBreadthofpelyis . . . . . ; 18k
ensthvotistermmum.. 2 a, 2 el
Llustration.
Sternum, Plate I. fig. 2.
Catuartes, J71.
Foetens, J70.
The posterior margin of the sternum differs from that of aura in having only one
large foramen on each side of the keel; the centre is slightly produced and pointed ;
the whole sternum is also more convex. ‘The sternum is all I possess of this bird.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
LLeneth-otthumerts ¢-. 2 <5 5 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 24
enernot mina, <2.) 2 ee 4 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 22
enetiieot vadius'; + 2. ee ee epraot keel, 7). "Perey eee
Length of metacarpus “2. ua: Length of head
Renethvor temm: 26 2) 2 a © Breadth of head .
eneiieot toi) aa eee Length of pelvis .
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Breadth of pelvis .
Keneth or stern: <7 2 2 ara)
Lilustration.
Sternum, Plate I. fig. 8.
Neopuron, Sav.
Percnopterus, Lann.
The shape of the bones forming the cranium is very similar to those of the type of
the family, but the maxillaries are more slender. The palatine bones taper much more
anteriorly, are not so much deflexed on their interior edges, and have their hinder
extremities more angular; the foramen magnum is not placed so perpendicularly.
Sternum also similar to that of the type, but with two small foramina on its posterior
margin, the right one of which, in my specimen, is the largest.
20
VULTURID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ VULTURINA.
Scapula broader near its extremity, but in general form the same.
The coracoids have a small axillary foramen near their junction with the scapula,
which is not present in Sarcoramphus, and in which this bird resembles the Eagles.
The fibule also are more lengthened than in the type. |
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 59 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 22
Length ofulma . .. . . . . 66 | Breadth of anterior margin of stemum 21
Percumoiicius: v cee. | OMe Wepul of keel ye ye eS
igietieormemmeatpus. . . . POO | Weneth of head 0°", . . + . 40
Mensthectdemure: 6 2 os. oo | Gbreadth of head. 2 OT
ecaeiwoubia 2. a a0. | mene. Of pelvis’. . . s . « 4 46
ensiimotimenmtarsuss . . "5. ae | breadth of pelvis. . 5 . . ... 20
Hemet ok sucrmum <ul os «eu
Illustrations.
Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 3. | Sternum, Plate I. fig. 3.
NEOPHRON, Sav.
Monachus, Burch.
Sternum broad anteriorly, much narrowed posteriorly; the hinder margin much
scolloped out in the centre; keel not extending to the hinder margin.
Pelvis short, very broad, much more so than in any Vultures I have examined.
Furculum very rmouch arched.
The above fragments are in the British Museum, sent by Mr. Hodgson.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Iueupth of humerus 2 . . . J ; Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 35
| Feraror lokeos Sav ut\: ae ee rm Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 50
Hemeph otras ee Depry or keeles 6s Wii se hs ecto duel()
Length of metacarpus .... . Length of head
Menetheot femurs oa, Breadth of head . sont ctecte is
enetamotibiag me foc es Rensthtotpelvicm) © ay Ly mye hd
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Dbireadtheotpelvist.) eaewe hk ae s0
Length of stemum, .. ojo» i 10
Vouutur, Linn.
Cinereus, Gm.
Sternum with a large foramen on each side; the hinder angles much expanded ;
keel reaching to the posterior margin.
Lilustration. ‘,
Sternum, Plate I. fig. 6.
21
VULTURID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ VULTURINA,
Gres, Sav.
Fulvus, Gm.
Sternum similar to Vultur cinereus, but smaller; keel not extending quite to the
posterior margin of the sternum. ‘The divisions of the metatarsal bones are not so well
defined as in Sarcoramphus ; in other respects very similar. A skeleton is in the Museum
of the College of Surgeons.
Gypatitos, Storr.
Barbatus, Linn.
Cranium much broader in proportion to its width than in Sarcoramphus. Lacrymal
bones short and broad, placed very far forwards. Orbits large, and superiorly much
arched ; a very narrow space between their upper edges; septum perfect, with the excep-
tion of a small posterior foramen for the optic nerves; foramen magnum large, oval,
slanting upwards. Atlar tubercle of moderate size, oval. Vertex much arched and very
broad, much flattened from the vertex to the insertion of the nasal bones, where there is
a deep indentation, from which a longitudinal depression extends to the vertex. Superior
axillaries hooked, and only very slightly waved on their edges. Palatine bones extending
far backwards, in shape similar to Sarcoramphus, but with the dependent portion on their
internal edges not so highly developed, and gradually diminishing in breadth forwards.
Interarticular bones long, straight, slightly compressed, not articulated with the ale of
the sphenoid. Condyloid portions of the occipital bone moderately developed.
Sternwum convex; lower edge of the keel very much rounded, deepest in the centre ;
anterior edge receding very much from the manubrial process—much more so than in
Sarcoramphus. Manubrial process triangular ; the lateral margins of the sternum nearly
parallel; the posterior margin produced in the centre, and eradually receding in a
curved line to two large and externally straight projections; each side of the keel per-
forated by two large foramina.
Furculum, coracoids, and scapula similar in shape to Sarcoramphus.
The cranium above described was obtained from a skin; the remaining bones are
from a bird that died in confinement in this country, and was afterwards stuffed. A
perfect skeleton has just been placed in the British Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 83 | Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 30
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 94 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 34
Length of metacarpus’. . . « = 44 | Depth ofkeel. - . 0.8. 0878 7
Mensthiof femurs ae kg << » 43) dtenotinof head@ "rat eee eae
Length of tibia . . . + ... . 60: | ‘Breadth ofhead » . . 2. - . 30
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 33 | Lengthofpelvis. . . . . - . 61
Lenethof-stemum . 2 4) oa Breadth of pelvis. . . . . . . 27
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate I. fig. 10.
22
VULTURID. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ POLYBORIN2.
Subfam. 2. PoLtyBoRIN”=.
Potyporus, Vieill.
Tharus, Mol.
Type of Polyborine.
Cranium not so long or so much flattened in proportion to its width as in Vultwrine ;
a central depression continued only to the vertex. Lacrymal bones triangular, and only
continued about halfway over the orbital process of the frontal bone, similar to those of
Sarcoramphus. Orbital septum with a large irregular posterior perforation. Occipital
ridge well marked; protuberance well defined. Foramen magnum round, not quite
horizontal. Atlar tubercle small, rounded. Nasal orifices oval, much inclined down-
wards. Palatine bones very broad posteriorly and much narrowed anteriorly, with a
nearly central elevated and dependent ridge. Interarticular bones short, and similar in
form to Sarcoramphus.
Vertebre somewhat lengthened ; processes short.
Sternum convex, very slightly narrowed anteriorly; lower edge of the keel much
rounded; anterior part very slightly receding, the edge curved inwards considerably to
the manubrial process, which is long and flattened perpendicularly ; muscular ridge for
the attachment of the pectoralis minor well defined; posterior margin of the sternum
with a slight indentation on each side of the keel not well defined.
Bones of the pelvis weak in comparison with those of Vulturine; the ilium projecting
far over the ischium; the foramina as in Sarcoramphus.
Coracoids long; axillary foramen and channel well marked.
Furculum strong, flattened, indented at the junction of the rami instead of prolonged
into a process, as in Sarcoranyphus.
Scapula and wing-bones similar to those of Sarcoramphus, but of less power.
Femur with the trochanter slightly developed; the distal extremity much enlarged.
Tibia similar to Sarcoramphus.
fibula two-thirds the length of the tibia, and anchylosed for its proximal third to the
tibia, and again so at its tip.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus. . . . . . 48 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 44% | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 16
ihenethecicraduis: ©. 2 ee S94) Depth of keel Le ey one 8
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 28 enerk otheads” =e). Jenga Lok?
ken&ta circa, Gy Ne BT Breadth or head. “SPI eae SPF
ence ot tibiae te mee ot I Pe NEG emernorwerviy 6 hye 28. oS
Length of metatarsus . <. . 2.) 42 readtheot pelvise wee. ' = fe. ATL
enethtorsterntunn + evel eat 335
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate I. fig. 9. ~
VULTURIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [SERPENTARINZ.
Crrcaitus, Vieill.
Gallicus, Gin.
Craniwm as in Polyborus, but rather broader in proportion to its length; lacrymals
rounded at their extremities.
Sternum with the posterior margin scolloped out for its whole width, more convex
than in Polyborus; the keel not extending to within an inch of the posterior margin,
the anterior point receding slightly ; manubrial process small, but well marked.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 65 | Breadthof posterior margin of sternum 18
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 46 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 19
héngth tofradius wh es O0 rele yeehay7b: Wlbepthtor keel "Te a) eS 7
Length of metacarpus . . ~ .*. 388) Heneth*of head 7 Ae"siew, ef eae
Length offemtr...*. 1° SS eiebesadthvorheardie 1 eee yee O75
hengtheot bia Ne eye al PEO ee eteneth Grpelvis te Fee Wee ot
Length ofametatarsus” To woh ae OP Ss Breadiinet pelvis 1] SPs Fe EG
ibeneth tofistermumn + Si Pe eS
SPILORNIS, Gray.
Bacha, Daud.
I have the bones of the wings, legs, and head of this bird, taken from a skin; they
are precisely similar in shape to those of Circaétus gallicus.
Subfam. 3. SERPENTARIN.
SERPENTARIUS, Cuv.
Reptilivorus, Daud.
Type of Serpentarine.
Cranium broad in proportion to its length. Lacrymal bones broad, and not extending
far backwards over the orbits, which are very large. Orbital septum with a moderate-
sized rounded anterior perforation; foramen magnum placed nearly perpendicularly,
with the sides nearly straight, giving it a square appearance. Atlar tubercle large,
kidney-shaped. Upper surface of the cranium with a deep hollow between the orbits,
and a slightly-marked channel over the vertex to the occiput. Occipital ridge well
marked, with a deep impression below it on each side; upper maxillaries hooked at
their points, the edges very slightly waved. Palatine bones very broad posteriorly,
suddenly narrowed anteriorly ; inner edge bending slightly downwards from the posterior
angles, from which also arises a ridge slightly divaricating from the line of the inner
edge, and continued to the point at which the bones become narrowed. Interarticular
24
VULTURIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | SERPENTARINA.
bones short, flattened, articulated in the centre, with the ale of the sphenoid vomer
wanting. Condyloid portions of the occipital bones not very strongly developed.
Vertebre strong and broad, as among the Vultures generally.
Sternum very convex, inferior edge of the keel very much arched; the anterior point
not receding; the edge much scolloped out; the sternum narrower posteriorly than
anteriorly; the hinder margin produced into a point in the centre, from which it recedes
in a slight curve to the lateral edges. Manubrial process with the point triangular.
Pelvinal bones similar to Sarcoramphus, but with the ischiadic foramina larger and
more oval.
Furculum with the rami slightly rounded; the process at their junction well developed.
Coracoids very wide at their articulation with the sternum, and extending nearly to
its full width; axillary foramen situated low down.
Scapula long and strong, without any central depression, transversely expanded at its
junction with the coracoid.
Humerus moderately expanded at its proximal extremity, with the ridge to which the
pectorals are attached much bent outwards. Ulna much flattened, slightly triangular.
Femur with the trochanters highly developed, very short in proportion to the tibia
and metatarsus.
Tibia very long, with the head very large.
Fibula extending for two-thirds its length, and anchylosed to the tibia for its upper
third, and again at its inferior extremity.
Metatarsus similar in form to Sarcoramphus Papa, but much lengthened and more
slender.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 18 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
Length ofulna. . . . . =. =. 7 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 25
UGenoPheOmtAdiss 2m wk ws ee ee Wepthwol keeln 4 yy ee, gs LS
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 386 | Lengthofhead ...... . 46
Ibenoth-ortemut uy. 2. 40 | breadtinothead ~~. 0 2d
Wenothwondibi eee ef LOO | henethvon pelvis...) 2 ee a eae
Renagrhvotemetatarsus: =) =... = LI) Breadth of pelvis. “0.9 2. 5 25
Heneeh otsternum., 0. ~ ©: o4.. wl
Mlustrations.
Skeleton, Plate II. A. Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 2.
Metatarsi, Plate II. fig. 9. Sternum, Plate I. fig. 7.
VOL. I. E 25
STRIGID A. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ SrRIGIN A.
Fam. 3. STRIGIDZ.
Subfam. 1. Srriginz.
Nyorna, Steph.
Nivea, Thunb. type of Strigide and Strigine.
Cranium very broad in proportion to its length. Lacrymals wanting; upper surface
much flattened, with a central depression extending from the nasal bones to the occiput.
Occipital protuberance very slight ; muscular impressions also slight. Orbits very large,
septa without perforations; the process of the frontal bones bounding the orbits poste-
riorly much prolonged, and curved inwards at its extremity. Frontal bone at its
junction with the nasal gibbous, and with a deep transverse impression at the junction.
Upper maxillaries hooked, with the edges slightly waved; foramen magnum horizontal,
rounded. Atlar tubercle rounded, broad. Palatine bones for their anterior third con-
sisting merely of a narrow strip of bone, then expanded and bent outwards, and again
gradually contracted and bending inwards to their posterior extremities. Interarticulars
with a strong central process extending backwards, and meeting a similar process extend-
ing forwards from the posterior or basal portion of the sphenoid. Nasal orifices oval,
wider anteriorly than posteriorly. Condyloid portions of the occipital bone strongly
developed. Vertebr well developed and moderately strong.
Sternum not convex longitudinally; edge of the keel slightly rounded, the point
slightly receding, from which to the manubrial process the anterior edge is very slightly
curved ; manubrial process very small, consisting merely of a slight projecting edge;
posterior edge of the sternum indented on each side of the keel with two fissures, the
external one the largest. .
Pelvinal bones very strong, but with a few small foramina, showing the position of
the sacral vertebre. Ilium projecting very much over the ischium, the latter placed
perpendicularly to the upper plane of the former ; ischiadic and obturator foramina very
similar to those of Sarcoramphus; anterior part of the ilium very wide, nearly as broad
as the hinder portion; the points of the os pubis curved much inwards. |
Ribs narrow, very little broader at their junction with the vertebre than for their
whole length; styliform process very long.
Furculum weak in proportion to the size of the bird; the rami flattened and becoming
much thinner and narrower as they approach the sternum, and without any process at
their junction.
Coracoids strong, central portion somewhat triangular; axillary foramen large, the
channel well marked.
Scapula long, of moderate strength, with a central depression for one-third of its
posterior length, expanded slightly near its extremity, and sloped off diagonally down-
wards.
Humerus long, not very powerful, the superior ridge projecting much outwards.
26
STRIGID.A. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [STRIGINA.
Ulna and radius also weak. Metacarpals widely divided; the posterior or smaller one
broad at its proximal extremity, and much flattened for its whole length.
Femur with the trochanters moderately developed; distal extremity much enlarged ;
shaft nearly round; tibia triangular at its upper extremity, and rounded downwards.
Metatarsus much hollowed out posteriorly ; calcaneal process highly developed, blunt
at the extremity, and continued in the form of an edged keel a short distance down the
entometatarsal bone; anteriorly very deeply hollowed out on the inside of its proximal
extremity between the ento- and mesometatarsal bones, the former of which is provided
with a strong curved bony sheath, extending across the cavity through the extensor
tendons of the foot pass.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 61 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 22
Length ofulma . .. . . . . ‘V1 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 20
[Echo theolcradi sees eeecte sO We Denthionkecle, « «0 ee . a LO
length of metacarpus . . . . . 33 } Lengthofhead . . . . «4 » 38
EelecietheOigicmuteee ee, , . . § of | Breadth ofvhead 4 ew we ts AO
(eno hbolcbiiion kets oe 8 oe ASl) Lonethaot pelvis: 0 eee tence phe
Menpebsot metatarsuss Fi. os w- 220) breadth sot pelvis. . 9.5... .. 20
Length of sternum ... . . . Ad
IMlustrations,
Metatarsi, Plate II. fig. 7. Coracoid, scapula, and furculum, Plate VIT.
Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 10. fig. 3.
Posterior margin of sternum, Plate IV. fig. 2.
Srrix, Linn.
Flammea, Linn.
Cranium similar to Nyctea nivea; interarticular bones bent backwards in the centre
where articulated with the sphenoid.
Sternum with a rounded indentation on each side of the keel, very short, slightly
convex; keel very shallow. No manubrial process.
Metatarsi similar to Nyctea, but longer in proportion to the tibia.
Hinder metacarpal bone not arched, except at its proximal extremity.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 32 Length) of-femur; « anmlule «rule (19
Lenethsofmliays ...y feo ents oe we 6 BY Length of dibias.eteke) ile es eeiBd
Length of radius . . . . ... 854 | Length of metatarsus . ... . . 25
liefisth of metacarpus ...4, (aes & id Length of sternum. ... . . . 16
E2 On
STRIGID A. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [STRIGINA.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Breit of posterior margin of sternum 12 ibréadthnotaheatia yo! abe eel.
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12 itensthvofspelvisaits a B23
Depthrofikeel Wt wliler.as2a) Kowa 198 Breadthiofipelvis 9.) oc) eae 02
Weng thiofsheady. tauic aden hyaline AY .
Llustration.
Sternum, Plate IV. fig. 10.
Strix, Linn.
Pratineola, Bon.
I have only the sternum, coracoids, and furculum of this bird; the former i 1s - in shape
similar to S. flammea, but larger, and coracoids and furculum longer.
Strix, Linn.
Delicatulus, Gould.
Similar to S. flammea, except in size, but bears the same proportions.
Tlustrations.
Sternum, Plate IV. fig. 1. Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 11.
Metatarsus, Plate II. fig. 10.
Strix, Linn.
Capensis, A. Smith.
Similar to S. flammea, but the tarsus has not the annular process to confine the
tendons of the extensor muscles of the feet at its proximal extremity.
SyrNiuM, Sav.
Sinense, Lath.
All the bones I possess of this bird are the head and metatarsus taken from a skin;
the cranium is of similar shape to that of Vyctea; the metatarsus is without the annular
process, though in other respects similar.
ATHENE, Bove.
Marmorata, Gould.
The whole skeleton similar to Strix, but with the palatine bones terminating more
abruptly at their hinder extremities; the sternum has a very small manubrial process ;
its posterior margin has two large fissures on each side, the outer one larger, the inte-
rior one small; the metatarsi are very short, the head similar to Myctea.
28
SrRigiDm. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [STRIGINA.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 31 | Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 11
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 83 | Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 103
Menvtheorradimise ao he tee i Depth of keel. 2... 2.04 Une
Length of metacarpus:., 0. ome ~aG | qength of head 2) Wo eas
ThenethyOitemmm <r 2 GI We? |) Breadth of head . 2 212) OL HOES
Rentimormoia & .« ew esZ ||) Weneth of pelvis . . 6 i Mle ngs
ieenech ot metatarsus 2 71.0" yor. | (Breadth -of pelvis: Meteo 4 ee 10
iheneth-of sternumi |. °° . «1s « 16
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate IV. fig. 11.
ATHENE.
Hypudea, Bon.
Differs very slightly from A. marmorata, except in measurements. The central
channel over the vertex is not so well defined, and the back of cranium not so much
flattened ; the depressed posterior edge of the upper part of the orbits is not apparent ;
the channel for the masseter muscle is well marked; the sternum is rather longer in
proportion to its width, and the bones of the pelvis rather broader in proportion to
their length. |
The bird ought to form a different genus from Athene.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 20 | Breadth of posteriormargin ofsternum 8
Length ofulna . . .. . . . 22 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Hengthaot metacerpus & Ponce ce li i) “Depthvof keel . a AD
Beene thVormieniees st ee eee lo) of uuengtinof ead fi er ee: 2, 20)
Heemetneorioine ie Be wo, 2) Sbrcadth of tead. we
ensinsonmetatarsus “5, Also, to} Wensth of pelvis. . 7... . + 18
Nengihvoussermum .-. . . « « 12 } Breadth of pelvis . . «4. 8
NyctaLe, Brehm.
Tenymalmi, Gm.
Skeleton very similar to Athene, but with the sternum narrower in proportion to its
width; the posterior fissures deeper, and the anterior edge of the keel more receding.
No manubrial process; the coracoids proportionately longer.
29
STRIGIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Busonin am.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 19 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Tiength of miata, see wy iva tq ty AME Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 74
dseneth of radius) =. |. }.y 7 40 Keo Depthot keel, . | . swan Hye
Length of metacarpus. . . = 4. 92 | Lengthofhead . «1... + . 19
Hengthvortenun .. , gael Ye miglet Breadth of head. .. ~ 44 eth a digeko
deenieiiontibia-. .- . spony By eRe. ength-of pelvis. . . .pidig a dpoekO
length of metatarsus . . . . . 92 | Breadthofpelvis . ...... 8
ienethor sternum, ~ «28 dit
LMlustrations.
Sternum, Plate IV. fig. 6. | Metatarsus, Plate IT. fig. 8.
Subfam. 2. BuBoninZ.
Orvus, Cuv.
Brachyotus, Gm., type of Bubonine.
The skeleton much more powerful than among the Striginw; sides of the cranium
much flattened; the palatine bones broader at their hinder extremities. Interarticular
bones very small, and not articulated to the basal portion of the sphenoid. Nasal orifices
oval. Sternum with the manubrial process rudimentary. Posterior metacarpal bone
not arched, except very slightly at its proximal extremity, where it is also flattened.
Metatarsus without any annular process. Head of the tibia with the anterior processes
much developed.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . .... 382 | Breadthof posterior margin of sternum 10
Length ofuma .. . . . . . 85 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 107
Mensivomrediss wy) 5 mee bepenorikcecle a) Yee Foe ode
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 17 | Lengthofhead. . . ... . 22
ienethottemiur ss ; +. . «= al We aereadth of ead | > EP iy @s m0
Tenethof tibia) SO 33 1 oneth ofpelvis "3 on ea
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 15 | Breadthofpelvis . . . . . . 103
ieneth or stermuit e 2 e Ss ey eee ho
Mlustrations.
Palatine bones, Plate VI. fig. 12. | Sternum, Plate IV. fig. 7.
Orvs, Cu.
Maculosus, Veil.
Very similar to Vyctea nivea; the sides of the head above the orbits not flattened as
30
SrRIGID&. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Busonina.
in Otus; brachyotus and the palatine bones rather more curved; interarticular bone
articulated with the sphenoid hinder metacarpal bone much arched.
Buso, S200.
Maximus, S200.
Similar to Bubo Bengalensis, except in measurements. The skeleton is in the College
of Surgeons.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 59 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 18
Length of ulna . . . . . . . 66 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 17
Liensthsotimetacarpus .). . ..' 90 | Depth of keel. ~. 0°. +98
Peiceonnemitee a ae, 44ee Wenotheot head@ 200° eu |. a a ee
Tenet Oltibiat =a. A kes = 6; = OO | Breadtm of head 2. (1) % . . 29
Henethpotanetavarsts 9 . wi . vol | Wengthot pelvis. 7. 8 Pak
Weneiiolstermum 4 2. «se 348) Breadth of pelvis: « . To 7} 20
Buso, S760.
Bengalensis, Frank.
Nasal orifices slightly oval; the remainder of the cranium much damaged.
Sternum with a large manubrial process pointing upwards; the anterior edge of the
keel receding, not scolloped out.
Pelvis with the iliac bones as broad anteriorly as posteriorly.
Posterior metacarpal bone much arched, flattened at its proximal extremity, and
widely separated from the anterior one.
Measurements.
Tenths. . Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 45 | Breadthofposteriormargin of sternum 18
Length ofulma . . .. . . . 52 | Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 154
Length ofyadius. . . . 08 & WVea49odeDepthlofckeel) 2 cin )l eed acyl og
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 22 | Lengthofhead. . yt) Mh eh BBE
Lengthiof femur. 2.0)... 98004 oBreadth.ofthead. 2 ue a 4
Lengther tiie) see! . io opedbed) dieneth of pels, 6.) cual BA
Length of metatarsus . ... ... 25 } Breadthofpelvis ©. . 2. . .. 18
Renethsoistermum —. 4 ame. . 27
Llustration.
Sternum, Plate IV. fig. 9.
al
STRIGID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Busonin a.
Buso, Si60.
Coromandus, Lath.
The bones of the body of this bird are in the British Museum; they are similar to
those of Bubo bengalensis.
Ketupa, Less.
Javensis, Less.
Cranium like that of Nyctea nivea; orbital septa with a large perpendicular foramen.
Palatine bones with the hinder exterior angles produced to a point. Interarticular
bones with a central process, which does not quite reach the sphenoid.
Sternum narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, indented on each side of the keel, with
two fissures, the exterior one larger; manubrial process well developed. The anterior
edge of the keel receding. Pelvis as broad anteriorly as posteriorly. Coracoids long ;
hinder metacarpal bone much arched and flattened for its whole length. Calcaneal
process large, narrow, a ridge continued from it down the whole length of the entometa-
carpal bone.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 48 | Breadthof posterior margin of sternum 174
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 52 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 16
venethrotwadhige. (cf =. . ~ 30S Depthorkeelt" ae. teramess omc
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 20 | Lengthofhead. . . .. .. 34
Length of femur. . . . . . . 80°| Breadthofhead. . . . . « « 24
length oftibia . . . . . . . 49 | Length ofpelvisy ie .5G 2) i838
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 28 | Breadthofpelvis . . . ... 14
Length of stemum ... . . .. (27
Illustrations.
Sternum, Plate IV. fig. 3. | Skeleton, Plate IV. A.
Epuiattes, Keys & Bi.
Lempiji, Horsf.
All the bones I have of this bird were taken from a skin.
Crown of the head very much arched down to the nasal bones, and laterally flattened
immediately above them. Orbital septum entire; interarticular bones long, articulated
in their centre by a projecting process to the sphenoid. Palatine bones produced into
a bony spine at their posterior angle. Metatarsi similar to those of Nyctea nivea.
EPuIALtes, Heys & Bl.
Grammicus, Gosse.
I have only the sternum of this bird, which is very broad in proportion to its length,
32
STRIGIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Busonin a,
indented with two fissures on each side of the keel; the outer one largest, and the inner
one placed rather obliquely; anterior edge of the keel receding very much; manubrial
process rudimentary.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of sternum . . . . . . 15 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Number of Vertebree and Ribs in Raprorss.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
Falconide.
ACCEMPILEH MIBUS: 0.84054 .148 ceonelies’ 11 9 13 7 5 3
HAICOGPELCSTIMUS incwaigeness asses 11 10 10 8 5 3
DVETIWUIS TAISTANS }o. oo. 5.cs.. 0.0. vos 11 10 10 7 6 3
ED crete We She talons ced ogneae 11 8 12 7 6 3
EASON OEE VAG ou 9 his etels ests sn, c Shell 11 9 10 8 7 3
Haliastur ponticerianus ......... 11 10 11 8 7 3
_| Cymindis uncinatus ............... 13 10 10 8 6 3
Teracidea berigora..........s.sceees 10 12 12 a 6 3
Pandion haliaétus...............6+ 12 8 12 8 6 3
Circaétus brachydactylus......... 12 8 12 7 6 3
Accipiter torquatus ............... 11 9 10 8 6 3
Malcorgesallom. 245 9..55244,pyniinsises «+ 12 8 11 8 6 3
Falco, subbuteo ..........0.cccenees 13 9 12 9 5 3
Tinnunculus alaudarius ......... 12 10 11 8 6 3
Haliaerus ACUIA, t.nsciy.saGsseee nee 13 8 11 9 6 2
Helotarsus ecaudatus ............ 12 $) 12 9 6 3
Paleo aurantius ...............500066 12 8 11 8 6 2
Asturina magnirostris ...........- 11 10 12 7 7 2
Astur palumbarius ............... 12 9 10 8 6 3
Buteogmlsanis) ic ekee 12 9 12 8 6 3
Vulturide.
Sarcoramphus Gryphus ......... 13 9 10 7 5 4
Sarcoramphus Papa ............... 13 9 10 7 6 3
CWADHATECS AUNA ssivediecscecetsss ec 13 7 12 6 5 3
Serpentarius reptilivorus ......... 13 8 12 6 6 2
Neophron percnopterus ......... 12 8 12 8 6 2
Polyborus tharus' ...........s...... 10 8 12 9 6 2
Cys vrmkyys 4) FC ka. Pwd ass 16 8 14 7 5 3
Gypaétos barbatus ............... 15 a 12 8 6 il
Strigide.
Ketupa javanensis..............000 12 9 13 ve 5 3
ING ye bed nyc Brennen te cea ee setae cl 12 9 18 8 5 3
Otus brachyotus ................08 10 8 11 See 5 3
Buboxvbengalensisy « .cs.eeedepoen 11 9 12 8 5 3
Athene marmorata ............... 12 8 18 8 5 3
Siri dammed. qyas\sacidessaens edeeices 9 8 14 7 5 3
Nyctale Tengmalmi ............... 12 7 12 8 5 3
Strix.dehicatulus ..........0.s0.08: 12 fi 13 7 4 3
Athens shy Mded massa s castes, care 13 7 10 8 5 2
ASAE) Omni MUTOMUUS! Ween vgeckies anh oot ee 12 7 12 wanting 5
VOL. I. F 33
STRIGIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [| BuBoyinz.
Remarks on the ORDER RAPTORES.
The Order Raptores is well distinguished from other Orders by its external structure,
being that adapted for preying on other animals; as, however, it is my object in this
work merely to point out osteological characters, I shall not go into those which may
be made out by external examination, such as the bill and claws. The cranium of
Raptorial Birds is remarkable for its breadth in proportion to its length, and the hooked
form of the upper maxillaries; the lacrymal bones are always long, and extend back-
wards over the orbits; the orbital septum is in old birds quite, or nearly, perfect; there
is always an indentation more or less apparent at the base of the nasal bones; the
upper maxillaries cover a very small portion of the roof of the mouth; the palatine
bones have invariably a downward fold on their interior edges, and do not approach to
one another except at their posterior internal angles; they are always articulated to
interarticular bones intervening between them and the ossa quadrata; there is always a
well-marked muscular impression above the aural orifices, in many instances amounting
to a channel for the reception of the masseter muscles; the nasal orifices are generally
small, particularly in the typical species of Falcons. The skeleton generally is very
strong and powerful; the sternum is very slightly narrower on its anterior, than on its
posterior margin, and either approaches the form of a parallelogram,—the breadth of the
posterior margin being equal to two-thirds the whole length, as among the Falcons,—
or that of a square, as among some of the Owls; it is always more or less convex longi-
tudinally and transversely; the keel is deep, and its inferior edge is more or less arched.
The pelvis is large and broad, and the ilium from the cotyloid cavity backwards always
overhangs the edge of the ischium, which is placed nearly perpendicularly to the
superior plane of the former. The ischiadic foramen is large and rounded, the obturator
foramen is composed of a slight fissure between the os pubis and the ischium, ending
anteriorly in a rounded opening just behind the cotyloid cavity. The rami of the
furculum are either broad and laterally flattened for their whole length, as among the
Falcons; or else narrowed as they approach the sternum, as among the Owls and
Vultures. In the latter family, the furculum, instead of being united to the sternum
by a ligament near the point of keel, is united to that bone very near the manubrial
process. ‘The coracoids are very strong and short, nearly triangular in the middle, and
very much expanded at their articulation with the sternum, which is always by means
of a shallow transverse groove in the latter bone; the scapula is much expanded at its
distal extremity, and obliquely sloped on its upper edge to a point at the tip; the
proximal half is narrower than the distal, not so much expanded; it is very slightly
bent downwards for its whole length; there is a depression on the outer surface near
the tip extending for about one-third of its length. The humerus is very strong; the
ridge for the attachment of the pectoral muscles very highly developed; the ulna is
somewhat triangular; the posterior metacarpal bones are nearly straight among the
Falcons, and more or less arched among the Owls and Vultures; throughout the whole
34
STRIGID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Busoni.
Order they are always transversely flattened. The proportional length of the humerus
to the ulna is, with very slight variation, as 134 to 154 among the Falcons, and as 10
to 184 among the Owls and Vultures. The femur is of moderate length; it varies con-
siderably in its proportion to the tibia in different families of Raptorial Birds, among
the Falcons being about 124 to 15, among the Owls and most of the Vultures as 153
to 23, and in Serpentarius as 10 to 25; the fibula is in no instance that I am aware of
united to the tibia for its whole length, but generally at its distal extremity, and at
about one-third of its length.
The metatarsus is always more or less excavated in front, and among some of the Owls
has a bony band near the upper extremity of the cavity, for the purpose of confining the
exterior longus communis digitorum muscle, a little below which is a small tubercle to
which the tibialis anticus is attached.
The hallux, or hind toe, has always an intervening split between it and the metatarsus.
The calcaneal process is well developed among the Falconide and Vulturide, and
among some of the Strigide ; while in others it is rudimentary.
The vertebral column is strong throughout the Order, but most so among the Vultures,
many of which family, as Sarcoramphus, have the vertebre nearly as broad as long; the
three or four upper cervical vertebre have the posterior processes more highly deve-
loped than is the case with the remainder of them. The terminal caudal one is much
flattened laterally, and somewhat triangular.
PQ 35
TROCHILIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | MELLISUGINA.
Order Il. VOLITORES.
Fam. 1. TROCHILIDE.
Subfam. 1. MELLISUGINA.
Patacona, G. R. Gray.
Gigas, Vieill.
Type of Volitores.
Cranium of moderate size; a deep and broad depression between the orbits, which is
carried backwards to the occipital protuberance, where it divides and is carried down-
wards on each side to the base of the skull. Orbits large, slightly oval; the edges entire ;
the margins slightly reflexed; orbital septum entire. Palatine bones consisting merely
of two elongated and narrow plates, pointed posteriorly at their junction with the inter-
articular bones, with the edges slightly bent downwards, united for their anterior half,
and then divaricating. Interarticular bone slightly bent backwards in the centre;
occipital protuberance very large. Foramen magnum round, placed obliquely.
Sternum long, of moderate width posteriorly, ‘very narrow anteriorly, very slightly
longitudinally convex; a spinous process behind the junction of the coracoids. Keel
very deep; inferior edge arched, and carried to the extremity of the sternum; anterior
edge much excavated, not receding; articulation with the coracoids effected by means
of a ball and socket jot, the ball of which is upon the sternum. Posterior margin
entire, rounded.
Pelvis very broad and short, but narrow; the ilium not overhanging the ischium,
which inclines outwards and downwards from the ilium to the os pubis; obturator and
ischiadic foramina of moderate size; ribs long, placed very obliquely, and carried far
backwards.
Humerus very short and strong; muscular processes very highly developed; ulna
short, nearly straight; radius slightly bent. Metacarpus very long; division between
the two bones composing it very slight; the posterior one anchylosed to the anterior
for the anterior third of its length; first phalanx narrow at proximal extremity, and
expanded at its distal by reason of the divarication of the two bones composing it; a
bony plate unites them together; terminal phalanx long; furculum very small, not
approaching the sternum, slightly flattened; coracoids straight, slightly flattened,
expanded at their lower extremity, and furnished with a socket, which corresponds with |
the ball on the sternum. Scapula very long, flat, expanded and bent downwards at the
extremity. Leg bones weak; femur very straight; radius extending for about one-third
36
TROCHILID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. ( TRocHILIN a.
the length of the tibia. Vertebral column of moderate strength; the cervical vertebre
rather flattened horizontally; terminal caudal vertebra triangular, with a slight crest
pointing backwards.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . .... 4 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 53
ensthtoruiinae eh fe oe lO Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 2%
Length of metacarpus . 6 Weapon keel) usyiul «el ower S
Length of femur eine Ja mG Hengthwotihead Vitam ot iy aly 122
Lenethrer tibia 21 928 ;somoy)) weSku|. Breadthrof-headiu. er. ou cl) wc 6
Length of metatarsus . 4 veel Length of pelvis. sd Gi). edd vid
henge thvofsterntml !..c9 yn cers) + Jone h2 Breadthyofspelvis a saci) fue ge bd
Llustrations.
Skeleton of Patagona gigas, Plate I. dis, fig. 1. Metatarsus, Plate I. dzs, fig. 4.
Palatine bones, Plate I. dis, fig. 2. Sternal apparatus of Petasphora jolata,
Pelvis, Plate I. dis, fig. 3. Plate I. dis, fig. 5.
Subfam. 2. 'l’RocHILIN®.
» THaumastura, Bon.
Vesper, Less.
The whole family of Trochilide differ so little, except in measurements, that the
description of one will serve for that of all. I have in my collection the following
skeletons: Cephalepis Lalandti, Gouldia Langsdorfii, Clytolema rubinea, Florisuga ater,
Thaumatias cyaneus, Thalurania glaucopis, Hylocharis Wiedii, Lophornis magnificus,
Aphantochroa cirrochloris, Glaucis hirsutus, Thaumatias albicollis, Thawnastura Linnei,
and Petasphora jolata.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus. . . . . . 24 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 34
Length ofulma. . . . . . . 24 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 2
Length of metacarpus. . .. . Pluebepinror keel 1. 2. Ue
Mengihrotstiemuen (7 ee SS ienetneot bead 7 OOS
Length of tibia . aa ae a Breadth of head . ant ea
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 24 | Lengthofpelvis. . . . ... 44
Length of sternum . if Breadth of pelvis 3
VOLin . G 3%
CYPSELID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ CYPSELINZ
Fam, 2, CYPSELIDZ.
Subfam. CypsELINa.
Cypse.us, Ll.
Apus, Linn.
Type of Cypselidee.
Cranium with a large occipital protuberance ; mouth wide; a deep excavation be-
tween the orbits, as among the Trochilide, but it is not carried backwards farther than
the vertex; the orbits large; septum with a posterior foramen ; there is, however, every
indication that ossification was still going on. Palatine bones expanded anteriorly, then
contracted, and having a lateral spine on their external edges near their junction with
the interarticular bones, united for their whole length. Interarticular bones straight.
Foramen magnum large, rounded.
Sternum very similar to that of the Trochilide, but with the hinder margin nearly
straight, instead of rounded; the anterior furnished with grooves for the articulation
with the coracoids.
Pelvis as among the Trochilide, but broader anteriorly. Ribs projecting far back-
wards, but not placed so obliquely as among the Trochilide.
Furculum small, but much larger than among the Trochilidw, and united to the
anterior edge of the keel near the tip by a ligament; coracoids of moderate size, not
much expanded at their junction with the sternum. Scapula long, slightly deflected near
the point. Wéng bones similar to those of the Trochilide. Leg bones also similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus. . . . . . 9 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 63
censors e = eee ee eee) Pay Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 35
Length of metacarpus. . . . .- 8 Depth of keel ee De
ltenetheottemure «wt Ge) ane Lenethvoftiead!) 2 2%. S eeee FZ
Henoumottibia oe, 7 se eee ee Breadth of head ls
Length of metatarsus . . ... 4 Tyength of pelvis) < e
Length of sternum. . . . . . 114 | Breadthofpelvis . ....- 9
Ilustrations.
Skeleton, sternum, pelvis, and metatarsi, Plate I. dzs.
Crerse.us, J7.
Melba, Linn.
Similar to C. apus, only larger. In the British Museum.
38
CYPSELID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ CYPSELINA.
Measurements. |
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . ... .. 9 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
isenethrotulnags hate suki! Ss) Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . .. 9 AE UNRORACOL 4% Gy oh ak Ye ge
Lenethoffemur «6 oy hus Menstioilnad . . 2. . 4» TOR
Lenatinofvtibiaa ee er tseyee a LO Breadth Ob headin. ey ae GS
Length of metatarsus . . . . . i | Lengthofpelvis ...... 12
Length of stemium jus a Gen 2 12 iBreadthyonpelvisst 4. lly cy amet
ACANTHYLIS, Bove.
Nudipes, Hodgs.
The body is in the British Museum: similar to Cypselus.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . all Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
ene or alana Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
“Dest ofradius "2.059" “21% Depuaivol keel Bl Prey | PP Mesos
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Length of head .
henetivor tema” Sie Breadth of head . b ane
_ Metechirotsniige. > ee Fn Menetnotpelvism 1) me PMNS 9 TES
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Breadtisor pelvis Pt ye Pat Oreo
Length of sternum. . ... . IV
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs of Vouttorss.
| Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
PEAR OMA CIES .coresescdessecees eee 12 9 9 6 7 2
Thaumastura vesper .............0- 12 aay 9 8 6 7 2
CY PSMA MAUS <is<0. soe .5e a esiees or 12 9 9 6 a 2
General Remarks on V OulvtoREs.
The whole structure of this Order is very remarkable. Throughout the Trochilide a
remarkable similarity prevails in the skeletons, so as to render the description of more
than one unnecessary, the only differences being those of measurement. I had some
doubts at first whether or not to place the Cypselide in this Order; but this family
differs so much from the members of any other Order, and agrees in so many particulars
with the Trochilide, that I have little doubt that they properly belong to this. The
structure of the wing, the great depth of the keel of the sternum and its being so very
much narrowed in front, the broad pelvis, and the position of the ischium and os pubis,
will at once distinguish the birds forming this Order from those of any other.
G2 39
CAPRIMULGID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ STEATORNINA.
Order III]. OMNIVORES.
Fam. 1. CAPRIMULGIDA.
Subfam. 1. STHATORNINA.
Popareus, Cuv.
Humeralis, Vig. & Horsf.
Type of Omnivores and Caprimulgide.
Cranium large, much depressed, very broad in proportion to its length. Malar bones
arched outwards; a deep impression at the base of the nasal bones, from which pro-
ceeds a central impression over the vertex nearly to the occipital ridge, which is promi-
nent and well defined on each side, above which are two broad channels or deep
muscular impressions for the masseter muscles, arising on the occiput, where they are
shallowest, and proceeding to a little above the auricular cavity, where they are nar-
rower and deeper; between them, at their origin, is a slight ridge, which is carried
downwards to the foramen magnum. Orbits large; the superior margins slightly re-
flexed ; septum not quite filling up the whole of the space between the orbits anteriorly.
Lacrymals small, pointed; an elevated ridge arises on the end of the central portion of
the bill, which is hooked, and is carried backwards over the nostrils to the base of the
nasal bones. Nostrils elongated, somewhat triangular, with the apex of the triangle
placed backwards; superior maxillaries very broad, extending backwards to the palatine
bones, and covering the whole of the upper surface of the mouth to that point; laterally
they are pointed, and anchylosed to the malar bones. Palatine bones broad, short, united
for their posterior half, and produced to a point at their articulation with the inter-
articular bones, and with a strong lateral process pointing backwards on their exterior
margins. ‘The transverse or basal portion of the sphenoid bone is wanting. Interarti-
cular bones triangular, with a pointed process extending over and articulated with the
palatine bones; at their articulation with the ossa quadrata flattened perpendicularly.
Foramen magnum nearly square, with the angles aiehtlyy rounded, slightly starting
upwards. Atlar tubercle rounded.
Sternum nearly as broad as long, the horizontal portion slightly longitudinally and
horizontally convex, with two fissures on each side of the keel generally*, the outer
one very large, the inner small. The lateral margins much constricted just behind the
junction of the ribs, and again expanding backwards; keel deep, slightly arched on its
inferior edge, not receding on its anterior margin. No manubrial process.
* TI have two specimens of the skeletons of Podargus humeralis, and have also seen another ; one of them
has two fissures on one side and one on the other.
40
CAPRIMULGIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ STEATORNINA.
Pelvis broad in proportion to its length ; ilium not expanded anteriorly, or projecting
beyond the edge of the ischium, which starts outwards to the os pubis; the posterior
margin with a rounded spine just below the junction of the ilium and ischium. Obtu-
rator foramen consisting of merely a slit, slightly enlarged anteriorly. Ischiadic fora-
men large oval. A strong and lengthened spinous process projects posteriorly from the
ischium at the junction of its upper edge with the ilium *.
Ribs weak, with the styliform processes short, scarcely reaching to the adjoining rib.
Furculum with the rami widely divaricating, flattened, without any process at their
junction, which reaches as far as the point of their ligamentous junction with the keel
of the sternum.
Coracoids rather long, slightly flattened.
Scapula narrow, very slightly compressed at its proximal extremity, more so at its
distal, where it is cut off obliquely downwards to a point.
Wing bones of moderate strength, the muscular ridges distinct; the posterior meta-
carpal bone much arched.
Femur very slightly bent downwards at its distal extremity. Trochanters small.
_ Fibula extending for about half the length of the tibia, and anchylosed to it at both
extremities. .
Metatarsus short, triangular, slightly excavated in front, at its proximal extremity ;
calcaneal process well developed ; a slight ridge extends from it to the articulation of
the hallux.
Vertebral column strong, broad; the three penultimate cervical vertebre with the
dorsal spine well developed.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Penethcon umaertign oa. 22, = 29 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
demeeioteilitay Be Us eee. 8D Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 104
Hens On taawis. Ve 2. up, te, StL | Menthvot-keel |e uf a a ty. win, @ AE
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Jl | Lengthofhead: . . .. . . 30
Bemeatimotatemuim 5. . - . 5 4 ie Breadth-ofitead. 2. kg tol
Dienethvotiiia s BP .s 2nat a) yb Meneth- ot pelvis, "7 . .« « «* = 20
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 113 | Breadthofpelvis . . ... . 12
ene phpotrs termine pen hl bas seats helo
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate I. B. Palatine bones, Plate XIT. fig. 1.
Cranium, Plate IV. Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 1.
Pelvis, metatarsus, furculum, coracoid,
and scapula, Plate IX. fig. 1.
* Probably this spine is partly composed of portions of the ischium and ilium.
4]
CAPRIMULGID&. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ CAPRIMULGINA.
Subfam. 2. CAPRIMULGINA.
AEGOTHELES, Vig. & Horsf.
Cristatus, Lath.
Type of Caprimulgine.
Cranium not so much depressed as in Podargus; space between the orbits on the
upper surface of the cranium very narrow. Maxillaries curved downwards.
Palatine
bones similar in shape to Podargus; intermaxillaries not expanded. ‘Tarsi longer in
proportion to the tibia than in Podargus.
fissures on each side of the keel.
Sternum much damaged, but with two
Remaining bones as in Podargus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . 10 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum
ekeiiconiing 2) ase? ee me abe Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Length of radius . . 13 Wepsh: OL-KGeh ss scat ee os 2
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 7 Mengthor head. We ee te
eroth oiiemur . «eS PSTCACCHNOL NGAUS 5 ee segs eae 9
ene thvot-tibia fo: oo et, a IE Wenethoot pelvis, oc Fw peat
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 1034 | Breadthofpelvis . . . . . ° 8
emotieor sternum «+ fy
CHORDEILES, Sw.
Virginianus, Briss.
Cranium much depressed, and in shape similar to Podargus, but without the tem-
poral impressions for the masseter muscles. Maxillaries not expanded over the roof of
the mouth, which is merely defended by a narrow strip of the palatine bones carried
forwards posteriorly ; the palatine bones are more expanded laterally than in Podargqus,
and with the angles rounded; interarticular bones long. Sternum with a single wide
and open fissure on each side of the keel. Coracoids, furculum, and scapula similar
to Podarqus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 74
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 64
Length of humerus .
Length of ulna
Length of radius . Depth of keel . "4 . 2 QM 5
Length of metacarpus eneth of head: a P path eR “LG
Length of femur . Breadth. of head’ » ESR Geese” 11
Length of tibia
Length of metatarsus
Length of pelvis.
Breadth of pelvis
Lenetheof sternum 67 s0s eat cperidlll
42
TROGONIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | TRoGoNIN A.
Nyctesius, Vell.
Jamaicensis, Gm.
Sternum as in Chordeiles, with two broad shallow fissures on each side. Coracoids
long. Furculum also long, very much arched transversely. Scapula similar to Podargus.
I have only a fragment of this bird.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
iueneth of bunmerus . 9s . os . Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Meme U OTC ae ad oe te Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Wbemet Ol TOOMIS ao eg 4 eee DepthcOh Reel eR ty dete cD
Length ‘of metacarpus .—... . .. | Length of head
Ihenethoontemup . «fe Breadth of head .
Kenethvotem@bia 2. ak Length of pelvis .
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Breadth of pelvis .
Lienoth otstermmum ~ « =... 12
_Caprimuieus, Linn.
EKuropeus, Linn.
Cranium and sternum similar to Chordeiles, but the latter narrower anteriorly.
Pelvis much broader than in Podargus in proportion to its length; in other respects
similar ; a spine on the posterior margin.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . . . 144 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
Henetheouumlina . ee ako Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 63
Wsenetheotradiusiea, «=. 2. = © lil DepuNuOlkeclt gum © y= 2 Ge sue
Length of metacarpus . ... . 9 ihenethof heady es -. 37s 2 . lA
Menethiontemur . = s 2 5 . speed ibreactnror head." S . 2 . © ib
ene noiebia ges sonia en 4 beta Meneth of pelvis: « 5 4... . « 12
Leneth of metatarsus; 2.4. «t+ h «Gi | Breadth of pelvis. . . 4-50.58 8
Dens ossstemn ies cir ecru Ag. bho bated |
Fam, 2. TROGONIDA.
Subfam. 1. TRoGoniIn&.
Harpactss, Sw.
Reinwardtii, Zemm.
Type of Trogonide and Trogonine.
Cranium slightly depressed, but not nearly so much as in Podargus, and the malar
43
TROGONID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TRoGONINA.
bones not so much arched; the space between the orbits above narrower; upper edges
of the orbits much reflexed; a depression from the base of the nasal bones over the
vertex well defined ; occipital ridge scarcely perceptible; the masseter impression deep,
but not extending backwards to the occiput, as in Podargus. Orbital septum as in
Podargus. Upper maxillaries covering the roof of the mouth for one-fourth of their
length. Palatine bones narrow anteriorly, slightly expanded at their junction with the
maxillaries, posteriorly with the interior edges much deflexed, not united, except at
their articulation with the interarticular bones, which have a process in the middle
uniting with the base of the sphenoid, which is extremely rudimentary, and does not
expand as far as the os quadratum. A deep, transverse, and horizontally arcuated de-
pression at the base of the nasal bones; nostrils very slightly oval, placed nearly hori-
zontally, with a ridge between them. Lacrymal bones wanting.
Sternum with the posterior margin considerably broader than the anterior, indented
on each side with two deep fissures, the strip of bone bounding the external fissure on
each expanded at the tip, thus partially enclosing the fissure ; the lateral margins of the
sternum much constricted in the centre behind the ribs, convex longitudinally and trans-
versely; keel with its lower edge slightly arched; the anterior edge much excavated,
not receding. Manubrial process laterally flattened, widest at its extremity.
Pelvis very wide and short; a knob on the posterior margin where the ischium and
ilium unite; the ilium does not overhang the ischium, which starts outward from the
plane of the former bone.
Coracotds rather long, very broad at their articulation with the sternum.
Rami of the furculum long, slightly arched.
Ribs weak, expanded for their upper halves; styliform process long, narrow.
Pelvis very broad and short, the ischium starting very much obliquely outwards to —
the os pubis. Ischiadic foramen very large; obturator small; fibula extending down-
wards only one-fourth the length of the tibia, and anchylosed to it at both ends.
The remaining bones similar to those of Podargus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 135 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 113
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 14% | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
enethomeradtitye 4; oe vp ae We Mepth-op keel Wi ess Ga yee hae
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6% | Length CHPTCT Tr and cee suite MS
flengthoffemur . . . . . . 9% | WByreadthofhead . + + 2, as 10
Lenath<ottibiag. « 4. <Sereen2 Lenetitofpebs . . . ee « 14
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 6% | Breadthofpelvis . . . . - . 11
Length of sternum. . . .. . 12
Lilustrations.
Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 2. | Palatine bones, Plate XII. fig. 2.
44
TROGONIDE. |
Trocon, Mehr.
Melanocephalus, Gould.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[CaPITONIN#.
In every respect with the bones of a similar shape to those of Harpactes Reinwardtu.
Lacrymal bones triangular, with the points not turned quite so much backwards as in
Podargus. 1 have also in my collection Trogon viridis and Trogon aurantius.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
duenetheotinumenis a. . 2 2 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 103
Lenstht oclndarwh ont egy) o dene Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Len stheot tadibisul prewwwe he alien ls Wepihpotkeelit tweedda sew lipitks
Length of metacarpus, .—. . . 6 Length of head. .-. . aaah 16
iensitcortemiit ne 4 3 Breadth of head 2. 2s » « OF
HeenetneOualOiae ts 2 bo 4 allteiieleneth of pelvis 2 2 . 1. « « 14
Length ofmetatarsus; ). «s0eha ) bt eed Breadth of pelvis. ... weetctie Gu Jey
Ieneth ofstemumiy; 1 wdc ny Ve ile
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate IV. B.
CaLurus, Sow.
Fulgidus, Gould.
Similar to Harpactes ; in the British Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 16 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 13
Length ofulna . . . . . . , 20 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Lenstheotmeracarpus . 0. . .. .l0se! Wepth of keel. go gp ge pee O
Menctmeontenine Geo oa « « «ly | ueneth of head i ge yg DO
HeneregoiMioig es ws | 6a || readthvet bead 2 6S. ok a’ LO
Length of metatarsus . . . . . ie, henge otpelvis: Se Sf ee pen EG
Eenetimorstemume. . % . . . ‘L6 | Breadthtof pelvis. 5. .y EL
Subfam. 2. CAPITONINA.
Meeataima, G. R. Gray.
Corvina, Temm.
Cranium more flattened than among the Picide, with which it has been classed; no
foramen in the orbital septum, except that through which the optic nerve passes; channel
for the masseter muscles large, extending to the occiput; occipital ridge well marked.
VOL. 1
45
TROGONID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [CaPITONINa.
Sternum broad ; fissures on the posterior margin very deep, extending for more than
half the length of the sternum ; the anterior edge, behind the junction of the coracoids,
very much prolonged; lateral edges constricted behind the articulation of the ribs, which
is very far forwards; keel very shallow; inferior edge quite straight; anterior edge also
straight, produced nearly to the end of the manubrial process. Pelvis with the ischium
slanting very much outwards, the line of demarcation along the junction of the ilium with
it nearly obliterated ; two spines are apparent on its posterior margin, one on its inner
edge, the other near the centre; obturator foramen similar to the Picide, but narrower ;
ischiadic foramen also smaller.
Ribs narrow; styliform process very broad; coracoids longer than among the Picide ;
furculum weak, the rami merely united by a ligament. Wang- and leg-bones similar to
the Picide.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Lengthcof humerus... ew Fe Gale Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Ineneth cfailnd a\gese pe s Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 83
Length of metacarpus. . . . « 7 Depthvetjkeel, ~~ gas u x oes
dhensth tof femur! 4 .ee eel. .< sie. Asenstivol head ¢ , ce aeg ey Pe 1700
Mencthwortibiie.w A jo. 2 . ¢ 922 breadth of ieads, am a We be gle
length of metatarsus . . . . . 12 Length of pelvis. + 9. Ga eiagls
Lengthotstemum. ..,... 4 Breadth of pelvis oss. nirig-~ % lO
Lliustrations.
‘Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 3. | Palatine bones of M. virens, Plate XII. fig. 3.
Meaanaima, G. RB. Gray.
Calva, Lafr.
This bird has been made into a genus under the name of Gymnoducco ; its structure,
as also that of Bucconodon formosus, is precisely similar to that of Megalaima.
PsLorocox, Mill.
| Pyrolophus, Mi//.
Similar to Megalaima corvina except in measurements; the ulna much longer in pro-
portion to the humerus than in that bird; the anterior portion of the obturator foramen
nearly obliterated.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus. . . .-. 12 Meveth of femur of a emo, sean. bd
Benet of tinas) te oe eee Renotheol tiple Miiee eee het. ark
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9 Length of metatarsus . . . . . Il
46
TROGONIDA. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[CaPITONIN al,
Measurements (continued).
Tenths.
Length of sternum. .... . 10
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Weptinon kecl ees csi ass ee
Capito, Vieill. ,
Purpurata, Ver.
Tenths.
Gentle GL INCAG 6 3 i oe ae te ee
Ipreadtn Oiedd. -.* 2. ew EO
Htemethe Oh pelvis. «kw Re
Hreadth of pelvis . . 2... OLY
Similar to Megalaima, but with the obturator and ischiadic foramina larger and more
open, and the impression of the masseter muscles not so large.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 12 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
Length ofulma. . . . . . . 12% | Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 7
Length of metacarpus. . . .. 9 Depthref keel’ « ‘Swi chert tal Lieee
benegiofaemur =. . . «~°. ¢ 2 Menethy optead aie eet LS
Tenet ofstiliay ie ee es te LB Brecon Medien 0 eee
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Il Hemet nO Peis, cue ch gs pe ok:
Lensth of stemum , : . . . . Il Breadtu Of pels ye 8 4
Capito, Vieill.
Swainsonil, Bon.
Very similar to C. purpuratus, but with the hinder angles of the palatine bones trun-
cate, the sternum broader, the fissures more open, the pelvis broader in proportion to
its length, and the channel for the masseter muscles more strongly marked.
Tenths. Tenths.
Lenothiot humerus .» ... .-.. 12 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 143 | Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 63
Length of metacarpus . . . . 6 Deptt keels wel yn ef en ee
Lenetinom icine. fe co Pal. a ooh, enethvof headys 9... 3 vex 4 26
Reneehvot(ipiage ee ee 1B Breadghvats beads :: 5 ee me. 1:
Length of Metaaacer ee es sole iG ei ebenothiok pels... . 2 =. 4, 12
Lenath¥oistemum. . . «95 + 10 preadth- oles. + ese. LO
Llustration.
Skeleton, Plate VII. B.
4T
TROGONIDE. |
Monasa, Véeddl.
Torquata, Hahn.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ CAPITONINE.
Very similar to Capito, but with the upper edge of the orbits approaching nearer to
one another, and with a slight channel between them. Sternum broader, and the
fissures more open.
Measurements.
Tenths. ; Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .... . Ii Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
eneunvorulmar. o « |. 1? ta 0s gle Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9O Depeomecel? ar. ah. so Re
dceneth or tenure 1 tS Keneth’ othead™ Pa wees LAR
iecetnser tibial. +. Weer eee Bréadtior ead: ier paek Seb aan toe
Length ormetatarsus . «4, 9) Go Lenethvetpelvis: . «2 47%. 2 Rke
Lencth ofstemum. . . . .- . @ Breadth of pelvis . . « 2) 4). 85
CHELONIDERA, Gould.
Tenebrosa, Pall.
Similar to Capito, but with the tarsi much shorter; the inferior edge of the sternal
keel arched; the anterior edge scolloped out, and not extending over the manubrial
process; the upper edge of the orbits approaching nearer to each other, and with a
distinct channel between them.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Lenethsof humenign al Sy sluceeenlic Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
Length of ulna Sas and giadiaae: “a gtte ale Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . .. 9 We pts eel pen We tee ee cote at 2
Wenethsotdenmur, 7 ie oe ae Length of head, , .% « . . Ul
Senetholtibia | 9. es | Uereadtinot head) 276. a tee 7
Length of metatarsus. . . . . O enethvotmmeciia® 8 Qe seuee aeeeLe
Length of sternum’. . . . , . 9% | Breadthofpelvis . . .. + -. 8
Illustrations.
Sternum, Plate VIJI. fig. 4.
48:
Palatine bones, Plate XII. fig. 4.
TROGONIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ HuRYLAIMA.
Subfam. 3. EurRYyLAIM.
Evurytaimvs, Horsf.
| Sumatranus, Raff
Type of Eurylaime.
Cranium similar to Trogon, but with a slight ridge in the centre of the depression
between the upper edges of the orbits, the depression extending to the vertex; the mus-
cular impression of the masseters very deep and broad, but not continued so far back-
wards or so deep as in Podargus. Maxillary bones covering the roof of the mouth for
one-third of the length of the head. Palatine bones consisting for their anterior two-
thirds of a narrow strip, at which point a rounded process projects from the external
edge, and another narrow strip is thrown off from the internal edge, uniting with a
dependent lamina, which is carried backwards and articulated with the interarticular
bone and the vomer. Interarticular bones straight, rounded, very slightly expanded at
their junction with the palatine. Sphenoid as in Podargus. Orbital septum with a
foramen on the upper edge. A very strong arcuated depression at the base of the nasal
bones, from which extends a strongly defined ridge over the culmen of the bill. Nasal
orifices large, somewhat triangular, with the base of the triangle placed backwards.
- Orbits slightly reflexed.
Sternum longer in proportion to its breadth than in Trogon or Podargus, posteriorly
with a lateral foramen on each side, narrowest anteriorly, and constricted behind the
junction of the ribs ; keel of moderate depth, inferior edge very slightly arched, anterior
much excavated ; manubrial process very long and horizontally flattened. Ribs weak ;
styliform process long.
Pelvis with the bones of the ilium not so broad as in Trogon, but more resembling
Podargus. A spinous process extends far backwards on each side of the sacral vertebre.
Ischiadic and obturator foramina very large. Furculum arched; a perpendicularly
flattened process at the junction of the rami. The remaining bones similar to Trogon.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 13% | Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 10
envahor Gia a ses a, Se LS Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Reneth orranies se Ok NE Wepthmorisesly= 8 ~ in Meer? Tee at
Length of metacarpus. . .. . 2a “Weneth oniead-.- 1 2° 2) S22
Rengtheotfenmr 9. "4. e, eae breadth Of héead™ =- 9 Sar Wy > eel
ienethyol tibiats Katee. ee eke Menotheoipelyis, <=.) a kG
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 Breadth of pelvis, TSE end
enethotsterrume, eens lo:
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate VIII, B. Palatine bones, Plate XII. fig. 5.
Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 5.
49
TROGONID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ KURYLAIM&.
Psarisomus, Sw.
Dalhousie, Jam.
Sternum very similar to Alcedo, with two foramina on each side; the edge of the keel
nearly straight; coracoid and furculum long. Some fragments are in the British
Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus: 2. 2... 6 4 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 74
Lenpthvotulnai.) wi... oars Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 65
lienpthroiiadms’! 2 9.) woe epbl. ohiveel te ritle Seviria hte. ele
Length ofmetacarpus. . . . . Length of head .
Imenpthioiiemux) Clie cssiu.lae Breadth of head . eftunt tines
Thenethiveiiibiatig ns phys ./enryr Ikenethtotspelyisn? «.cmeny af) Gey old
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Bieadth afijelyas 9!) stia molhami 18
Lengthrofistemmumel. ys be) gy) Miee
Evrystomus, Vieill.
Orientalis, Linn.
Cranium very similar in shape to Trogon, but the space between the upper margins of
the orbits wider. Orbital septum entire. Maxillaries covering the roof of the mouth
for nearly one-half the length of the cranium, with the exception of a slight slit
between them. Palatine bones very broad, short at their junction with the maxillaries,
truncate on their hinder margin, with a narrow dependent flap on their internal margins.
Sphenoid as in Ewrylaimus. A deep channel for the masseter muscles, as in Podargus ;
a deep depression at the base of the nasal bones, but not so deep as in Hurylaimus.
Sternum and pelvis similar to those of Trogon, but the latter has the posterior spine
strongly marked.
Measurements.
: Tenths. Tenths.
genet wotsiAMOBUS cas wobolene, 17 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 114
Lensth of radius . 4 7 (, ©) ee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Il Pepphiotaweels os Uae dace Sey een:
Length of femur . . . . . - 105 | Lengthofheadd. . . .. . . 24
Tepneth of dba, a 2 0 eomige en ue Breadth of head «~ . . see, «23
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 8 fuencth of pelvis. a ee ae 208
heneth of stemmum . 2 5% <= #e eadth of pelvis + ee ge IT
Lllustrations.
Skeleton, Plate III. B. Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 6.
50
ALCEDINID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.. | ALCEDINZ.
Fam. 3. ALCEDINIDA.
Subfam. 1. ALCEDIN AE.
ALcEDO, Linn.
Ispida, Linn.
Type of Alcedinide and Alcedinz.
Cranium much longer in proportion to the width than in Trogonide or Caprimul-
gid, flattened on the vertex; impression for the masseter muscles well defined, and
continued backwards to the occiput; orbits with the superior edges sharp and well
defined, but not reflected. A large foramen on the hinder part of the orbital septum.
Maxillaries covering the roof of the mouth for nearly one-half the length of the head.
Palatine bones similar to Harpactes, but with a long thin spine pointing backwards on
the exterior angles. Interarticular bones very long, slightly bent mwards in their ~
centre. Sphenoid as in Trogon. Lacrymals small, broad; a depression between the
orbits ; nasal orifices of an elongated oval shape; occipital ridge well defined, the pro-
~ tuberance small. :
Sternum similar to Trogon, but not so broad in proportion to its width, and with the
inferior edge of the keel less arched.
Pelvis similar to Trogon, but with the posterior spine more strongly marked. Furcu-
lum without any process at the junction of the rami, which are laterally flattened, and
much expanded at their articulation with the coracoids, which are similar to Trogon.
Scapula flattened, deflexed at the tip, not cut off so abruptly as in Zrogon.
fiibs weak ; styliform process long.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
iensthoot humerus’ 5 77, 9: 9 20 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum §
enstieo Winaes | 2. 5 lS Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Wengthormetacarpus “7 © . . 8 Depth of keel ee ee
enciheoitticmut =. — . -. -) 8-0 Benctheouheades. 2yeowe ok 2 20
Wenethvoteripia. . 9 ~P Sh O Breadth of head ee i,
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 4 Wenothompelas: o.h 3 << = o
Lengtivorsternmm | . | « + 10 Breadth of pelvis 8
Llustrations.
Skeleton, Plate V. B. fig. 2. | Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 7.
51
ALCEDINID®. |
ALCYONE, Sw.
Azurea, Lath.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
_ [ALcEDINA.
Similar to Alcedo ispida, but with the impression for the masseter muscles more
strongly marked, and with the anterior edge of the sternal keel more excavated,
Tenths.
iuenethcot humenis, “02 2 5 eeeo
Wenethvobalnas es 7 5. ge eagle
Length of metacarpus. . . .. 9
ikenethoiiemur o,f
Kenetottipia . 2 4 we ee
ibeneth of metatarsus 7 °°. . |. | 45
Length ofstemum . 9... . . . 10
CrryLeE, Bote.
Alcyon, Linn.
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5%
Depthtotekeete oy Ps a
luenethcot head ae a OP ea
Breadth ofheaad . ... . . 7
Ihenstimor pelvis "ys Oe
breadtntor pelvis i pee eo
Similar to Alcedo ispida, but with the anterior edge of the keel sloping much for-
wards towards the point, and not excavated, and having the scapule not so much
deflected at the points.
Measurements.
Tenths.
Length of humerus
Length of ulna .
Length of radius
Length of metacarpus
Length of femur
Length of tibia .
Length of metatarsus . daa
‘Lengthvorsternum ! 9 ae i neds
CERYLE, Bove.
Rudis, Linn.
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Depth of keel
Length of head .
Breadth of head
Length of pelvis
Breadth of pelvis
Similar to Alcedo, but with the sternum rather longer in proportion to its width.
Some fragments are in the British Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. Length of femur
Length of ulna . Length of tibia .
Length of radius Length of metatarsus . ;
Length of metacarpus . Length of stenum ... . - 153
52
ALCEDINIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ HaLcvonin a.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8 Breadth of head . amare
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6 Wene th Ole Pelvis ee ae’ 5, ES
Devinotkechews aes o 7 «6a | Breadth ofpelvs 2 . . . ww 20
Length of head .
CERYLE, Bote.
Americana, Gm.
Similar to Alcedo.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
heoth of bumeris.~ .~. 2. 10 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
Hccuetivolng oe a we. ee ho Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 4
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 98 SOUL Oi cCe li we Coie! oF iar ah ge soe ete
ienotvon emi 9 fe 2 O dhenetiy ofhedd.. 3) « Si wee 20
Heme cheormbiay ee Breadth of head i
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 4 Length of pelvis a
Tenet ol serum. . . . . . 10 Breadth of pelvis - . if
Subfam. 2. HALGYONINA.
Haxcyon, Sw.
Capensis, Linn.
Type of Halcyonine.
Cranium similar to Alcedo; indentation for the reception of the masseter muscles
very deep, extending over the occiput; occipital ridge very prominent.
longer than in Alcedo, and pointed; nasal orifices oval.
keel projecting on the middle of their upper side.
Lacrymal bones
Interarticular bones with a
Scapule suddenly expanded near
their extremities and sloped off very abruptly at their tips.
Sternum with the edge of the keel nearly straight.
skeleton resembles Alcedo.
In other respects the whole
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Keneth of humenmig. ep 20 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Ceneth on niliiverw ea sis oe 25) Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Waenthe ct keel he eee eee 8
Imemethcotstenmur 9. te iemoth of heady, wie < gegie 46
daeneth-ot tibia. 1 5. :. I eons Breadth of head... RIS el “5 S2SebT
Meneth-ot metatarsus . 278.5 We, Henethvot pelvis, «5... 4 sy eos
Kengtheof sternum. 2) Fe PG breadth of pelvis . ATs ho iM
VOL. I. . 53
ALCEDINID&. |
Haucyon, Sw.
Senegalensis, Linn.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ HALCYONINA.
Very similar to H. capensis, but with the head more convex than in #. capensis, and
the points of the lacrymals rounded instead of being sharp; the masseter channels over
the occiput do not quite meet.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 12 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 16 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Lengthsofmetacarpus . . . ~ wy 6 WeeDepthjotekecs 2 20. = = sae
iensthottemur: . « . | » + » S aglenotheotherd 9. . = 5 95 G23
Ineneth<ot tibia... 2 We te Se readticoiicad.” Gh fo oun Sa Oe
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 6 | Lengthofpelvis. . .... .
daeneth orstemum << . “\.¢ ope. <) fo |) soueadtheot pelvis: “Gao eee
Hatcyon, Sw.
Macleayii, Jard. & Selby.
Precisely similar to H. capensis, but with the sternum shorter in proportion to its
width, and the metatarsus longer in proportion to the tibia.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus. . . . . . 12 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Length of ulna . . . . . . . 153 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6 Depthrobikecl 4. 2.5) 2, Glee wee Ze
enothvomtemur 4) . = 2 8 Lenpthothead . 62 eo asneeen
onetheorsiibig™. os 2)! Serre ea, oashy IpKeadiholdecad > 7 te, eee 8
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 6 Dengthzof pelvis” “eee eee
Lene th of'stermunm vee. a. Fe Breadth of pelvis Ae PERS
Daceto, Leach.
Leachii, Lath.
Cranium similar to H. capensis, but more convex on its upper surface, rising more at
the base of the nasal bones, and with a much deeper impression between the upper edges
of the orbits; the impressions for the masseter muscles with a slight ridge between them
posteriorly ; inferior edge of the keel very slightly arched; the remainder of the skeleton
similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 24 | Lengthoffemur. ..... . 16
Length ofulna . . . ... .,. Bl | Tength of tibia. 6) iy i 22
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 11 | Length of metatarsus . . . . . 10
o4
ALCEDINIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. _[MeroPina.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Weewvomscmumuneene = i . FS | Bensthofiead . . . . . . « 4
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12 | Breadth ofhead . . ..... Ii
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 11 | Length of pelvis. . . . .. . 19
Depirokeeet a ee | Dreddth of pelvis. .° O° 8 8 dg
Llustrations.
Pelvis, coracoids, furculum, and meta-
tarsi, Plate IX. fig. 2.
Palatine bones of Dacelo gigantea,
Plate XII.
Subfam. 3. GALBULINA.
GALBULA, Mehr.
2
I have only one skeleton of Galéula; the feathers were all rubbed off when it arrived,
so that I am unable to make out the species.
The craniwm very convex on the vertex; orbital septum entire.
Palatine bones
broader than in Alcedo, without any spine projecting from their external posterior angles.
Sternum much shorter in proportion to its width than in Alcedo, with two large
fissures on each side extending nearly to the articulation of the ribs.
The metatarsi are
longer in proportion to the tibia than in Alcedo. The remaining bones are similar to
Alcedo.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
engthof humerus. 6 2 be 0g Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 53
Penstivot nina: We, gee Lo Ue wag Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 53
Length of metacarpus . 4
Length of femur JME DARE
Henoth of tibia. . 1. - ey) A) V2eees
Length of metatarsus . 5
Length of sternum . 7
Depth:ofkeel™. - . 2 espinal. Gipeas
Weneth of headh!) -.2. Whale £130
Breadth of head.
Length of pelvis
Breadth of pelvis
a> © =I
Subfam. 4. MEropinz.
Meroprs, Linn.
Ornatus, Lath.
Cranium more convex than among the Alcedine, and maxillaries bent downwards, and
not extending for above one-half of the length of the cranium over the roof of the
mouth. Palatine bones longer and narrower, and without the spine on their posterior
lateral angle; a much deeper impression at the base of the nasal bones. Impression for
the masseter muscles much fainter, and not united at the occiput; occipital protuberance
T 2 : 59
ALCEDINIDA. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[MERoPIn a.
large. Sternwm longer in proportion to its width; anterior edge of the keel excavated,
inferior edge slightly arched ; tarsi longer in proportion to the tibia. Pelvis similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 12 | Breadthofposteriormargin ofsternum 8
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 16 | Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus . .--~ . . MaMWenthiotikee: 2 >. 5 2
Lensthzotatemurmsy t.le mot wal =|) henethigetsheadaraeit ) ne Ree meine 2
Lengthvotaibia ... ..Me ee 9 10) Breadthtoiieade= 4" 6° eae eee 8S
dcensthyohmetatarsus . i s 4 2) So ipiGenothvotspelyiss .9 . 2 4 «ie
Lensth-orstemum . . . Sea Al ireadthvoispelvis « . =. . 6. , 3
Lilustrations.
Sternum of Merops bicolor, Plate VIII.
fig. 8.
Merops, Linn.
Albicollis, Véeiil.
Palatine bones of Merops bicolor, Plate XII.
fig. 7.
Similar in every respect to IZ. ornatus, except in measurements.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Lencthyorshnmerus A yieay ts ne Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
dhenethyotsultia 2 tank fh 2 eel Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 44
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 95 Depthsof keel o.- _.preudeutiir hy fans
Length of femur 6 Length of heady. ~ singh ty els
Length of tibia . 8 Bréadth-of head... . -. ..ghpt, aiente
Length of metatarsus . 4 Ibength of pelvis: .. aguyetallen: Se chekos
- Length of sternum . 9 Breadth of pelvis: .. .. «cut Gy thon’s
Nyctiornis, Sw.
Athertoni, Jard. & Selo.
Some fragments, consisting of a sternum and pelvis, are in the British Museum.
They are similar to Merops, but larger.
Measurements.
Tenths.
Length of humerus
Length of ulna .
56
Tenths.
Length of radius
Length of metacarpus .
ALCEDINIDE. |
Length of femur
Length of tibia .
Length of metatarsus .
Length of sternum .
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Coracin a.
Tenths.
16
Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 11
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Topas, Linn.
Viridis, Linn.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths,
Dep lig Ole AS olny an beint e he 7 tue
Length of head .
Re reble OL NCAT hay typed hss soy ol
Wertothe of POLST smb alps yeh ae)
rend th of pelyiss tA). dane tis de Ul
Subfam. 5. Top1n .
Cranium similar in shape to Merops ;
roof of the mouth for nearly one-half the length of the cranium; impression for the
masseter muscles very slight; a deep impression at the base of the nasal bones, from
which a ridge proceeds over the top of the bill. Palatine bones similar in shape to
Merops. Interarticular bones long, bent backwards in the middle.
Sternum, pelvis, and other bones also similar.
Length of humerus.
Length of ulna .
Length of metacarpus .
Length of femur
Length of tibia .
Length of metatarsus .
Length of sternum .
the maxillaries much flattened, covering the
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
6 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 44
8 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 4
Z| Wepunvotikecl: (2 Yoox atts te oe
4 Pensthromheacke) Heh) sf eee S14
7 Breadth of head . 5
6 | Length of pelvis. 5)
5 Breadth of pelvis 4
Lilustrations.
Skeleton, Plate V. B. fig. 1.
Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 9.
Coractas, Linn.
Garrula, Linn.
Palatine bones, Plate XII. fig. 8
Subfam. 6. CoraciIn«.
Cranium not quite so much depressed as in Zrogon, more lengthened in proportion ,
to its breadth ; masseter channel very distinct, and continued nearly to the occiput.
Oo”
°
ALCEDINID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Coracina.
Occipital ridge distinct ; the space between the orbits, which are reflected, is of moderate
width, with a depression between them ; an arcuated depression at the base of the nasal
bones. Maxillaries covering the roof of the mouth for one-third the length of the
cranium. Palatine bones consisting for a little more than their anterior half of a narrow
strip, then suddenly widened and truncated posteriorly, with a slight central dependent
lamina. Interarticular bones straight, slightly twisted on their axis. Sphenoid similar
to that of Zrogon. Orbital septum nearly entire. Nasal orifices oval.
Sternum of moderate length, broadest on its posterior margin, indented with two
fissures on each side; lateral margins constricted in the middle; keel slightly arched,
the anterior edge excavated. Sternum not convex longitudinally ; manubrial process
moderately developed. Coracoids and furculum as in Trogon. Pelvis precisely as in
Trogon, but not quite so broad in proportion to its length, and with the posterior spine
strongly marked.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Leneth of humerus. 2 . 2; .»-.,21 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Tuenethrof wine. =e et ee 28 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Tengthtofzadius . = . z= « 29d Depibofeeel Fe ie Cee
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 12 Length OM Cad eo eens a ated
igenpth of femur «, . 5. . 4 . HS Breadth-Giehead.o, ss... 20 Ga. Seem eee
Imeneth-oftipia. 4: Ge .- Bk Weneth of pelvis: . . =. » «> » 29
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . 10
Length ofstenum. . ... . 1d
Illustrations.
Skeleton of Coracias indica, Plate II. B. Palatine bones of Coracias indica, Plate
Sternum of Coracias indica, Plate VIII. XII. fig. 9.
fig. 10.
Coractas, Viedll.
Afra, Lath.
This bird has been placed with Eurystomus ; but it is a true Coracias, although the bill
is rather shorter than in Garrula; the whole skeleton is precisely similar to that bird,
with the exception of the measurements.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Teneth of menus. . « . © Ee enethwof tibik c. ogi paeeegees oo oe
iheneth of ulna. 2 0: = © 6 Mae Length of metatarsus . . . . . 7%
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Pencth of sternunt. OS PS Oe A
Thenethot femur 24, Pe eee Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
68
BUCERID”. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Momorin.a.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8 eRe ap OL CAC pce te ne eee uetee
LOCA RC LM Coe ee ee ee PS em TOF DSS ten os are eel mee:
Pemeth Of Wea eh seeped bier AU. Breadth of pelvis as %., vinsyoy on Oe
Fam, BUCERIDA.
Subfam. 1. MomorTin.
Mowmotus, iss.
Brasiliensis, Lath.
Head very similar to Coracias Garrula, but with the impression at the base of the
nasal bones straight ; the space between the orbits nearly flat. Palatine bones similar,
but rounded at their exterior posterior angles, and broader anteriorly, where they join
the maxillaries, which cover the roof of the mouth for rather more than one-half of the
_ length of the cranium. Interarticular bones slender; nasal orifices long, oval ; orbital
septum perfect; impression for the masseters well defined, but not deep, and not ex-
tending to the occiput. The bones I possess of this bird were taken from a skin.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Reneth of humeris "LL: 2! 16 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum
enotomulaa lh). a Aa Breadth of anterior margin of sternum
Menesthvofmetacazpus ." . Pe 7 Depth of keel Rett ch Pl:
Hewethtoitcumim ts ft se Penstheoh headt fey aa le oe ee 128
Tens thot tibiaey va 4. We 7) Loris bnenduheok beads “2. ce
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 12 Length of pelvis
Rensth of sternum: = . 1). . . Breadth of pelvis
Illustration.
Palatine bones, Plate XII. fig. 12.
Subfam. 2. Upupinz.
Upupa, Linn.
Epops, Linn.
Cranium with the vertex convex, broad between the orbits, and with a deep indenta-
tion continued to the vertex; impression of the masseter muscles very slight; nasal
orifices rounded. Orbits rather oval; septum with a foramen on its upper posterior
edge. Maxillaries covering the roof of the mouth to about half the length of the
59
BucERID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [BucErin az.
cranium. Palatine bones long, narrow, their posterior points turned inwards. Inter-
articular bones flattened horizontally; sphenoid as in Alcedo.
Sternum constricted just behind the junction of the ribs, with the posterior edge in-
dented by one very wide fissure on each side of the keel, and with a slight indentation
on the margin of the central portion not occupied by the fissures; keel very deep,
rounded on its inferior edge. Manubrial process large, broad, flattened perpendicularly,
the inferior edge sloping slightly upwards. Furculum very light and narrow; the rami
flattened laterally for their upper two-thirds, and in the opposite direction for their
lower third; they meet each other with a very wide curve, giving a rounded appear-
ance to the lower portion of the furculum. Coracoids of moderate size and length,
having a process on their internal edges, just above their junction with the sternum,
for the attachment of a ligament, the opposite extremity of which is attached to the
lower portion of the manubrial process. ['The ligament is possessed by all birds, but I
am at present unable to find out any name for it; its action is to hold the coracoid
bones in their places. |
Pelvis very similar to that of Alcedo, but with the obturator foramina very large.
Metatarsus with a deep channel down the centre anteriorly; the calcaneal process very
large; the ulna very long in proportion to the humerus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
lene thsotsammenis 6. Geo x» ebZ Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
LES HNS ACh eS a ee ee a eo) Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Leneth of metacarpus _.. . «. »» 8 Depth of keel 2. £ . = ue a Oe
Weiet OF MCR st eee Weeneth Of Read oo i ie ie
I Brereiciile moan) a a ee/ vane eB: Breadthvot head ete ee
Length of metatarsus . . ..... 8 Lenethiof pelvis; iat we hae ae
Length of sternum . . . . « 14 Breadth*of pelvis! oo pi te ee
Illustration.
Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 11.
Subfam. 3. BucERINa.
Buceros, Linn.
Plicatus, Lath.
Type of Buceride and Bucerine.
The anterior portions of the cranium as far as the nostrils among the Bucerine take
a great variety of forms, which constitute some of the principal characters by which the
different species are distinguished. The curious excrescences on the bills are filled up
with cellular bony matter. The vertex of the cranium is on nearly the same plane with
60
BucERIDs. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Bucerin a.
the nasal bones, and has a transverse depression between, as among the Alcedinide.
The impressions for the reception of the masseter muscles are deep and well marked,
but do not meet, having the strongly marked and very much arched occipital ridge
rising up between them. Orbits somewhat rounded ; septum between the orbits entirely
wanting. Palatine bones very broad anteriorly at their junction with the maxillaries
and pointed posteriorly, forming an elongated triangle, with the sides slightly bending
inwards. Sphenoid bone entirely wanting, except in so far as it is represented by the
interarticular, thus agreeing with the whole of the Order Omnivores, throughout which
it is never more than rudimentary. Interarticular bones strong, somewhat triangular.
Maxillaries covering the roof of the mouth for two-thirds the length of the skull.
Foramen magnum large, somewhat square, with the angles rounded. Atlar tubercle
much flattened on the side next the foramen magnum.
Sternum very slightly convex longitudinally, more so transversely, of moderate length,
the lateral margins very much constricted at the junction of the ribs. Posterior margin
with a shallow but broad fissure on each side; the inferior edge of the keel very slightly
rounded, and rather produced in front; the anterior edge not excavated. Manubrial
process small.
Pelvis broad ; the bones of the ischium inclined obliquely outwards from the plane of the
ilium to the os pubis. Obturator and ischiadic foramina very large. No posterior spine.
fiibs of moderate strength.
Coracoids of moderate length and strength.
Furculum of precisely the same shape as in Upupa, and no stronger in proportion to
the size of the bird, Scapula strong; a depression near the point, which is slightly
deflected. Ulna long in proportion to the humerus; metacarpus with the posterior
bone flattened horizontally, anchylosed for the proximal third of its length to the ante-
rior one, which has a deep groove arising on the upper part of the anterior edge, and
terminating on the upper surface of its distal extremity.
Femur straight. Fibula one-third the length of the tibia, anchylosed to it at both
extremities. Metatarsus broad, strong, deeply channeled in front, the divisions between
the bones forming it well marked near its proximal extremity by two intermediate
foramina ; calcaneal process large, from which a keel proceeds down the mesometatarsal
bone for two-thirds of its length.
Vertebral column very strong; the vertebrae very broad; the dorsal processes well
marked on all; terminal caudal one very large, posterior, triangular.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus. . . . . . 48 | Lengthoftibia . . . . . . . 45
Letigth oftiing . = + 2 ays +4 70) |, Length of metatarsus . . 0. « a 21
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 25 Length of sternum . . . . 37
ener offemin: .. . 2 cs jaab4oise Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 22
VOL. I. K 61
BuCcERIDs. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Bucerinz.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. | Tenths.
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 17 Breadth of heads <i scl Peorton of 20
Depth,of keel. (¥yehsing- mayan x8 Lengthsot pelvis ..uaei- >a alyeagtt
heacth of heads 45 qelrtiuet Vode 80 Breadth of pelvis. . . . . . . 28
Buceros, Linn.
Pica, Scop.
Precisely similar to B. plicatus, except in the form of the excrescence on the bill, and
in having the scapula straighter, and the dorsal processes on the cervical vertebre not
so well marked.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Heneth or humerus ee, Oe Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 19
Denegi Or ina ts se A 8 | eer ce Ol Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 15
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 18 Depth-otkcecl. =, Soo een ah
deen theOk ACMIUT gi Soh ce eat eee enothlot head 9... pane waren ©
engeth vol tibia. a ee ee OO preadth Of Meade e G0 fo. aware eke
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Zi Leveth Of pelas.. . = =.) se ene
Iseneth ofisternum . ... .-. . 29 Breadthof pelvis. .: 4 so + whe
Buceros, Linn.
Fasciatus, Sh.
This species has been made into a new genus by the Prince Bonaparte, under the
name of Granunicus; it is one of the smaller and weaker species of Hornbill, but pre-
sents the same characters as the larger ones, from which it differs only in the following
respects :—the pelvis approaches nearer to the form of that of the Kingfishers, the ridge
- at the junction between the ilium and ischium being nearly obliterated ; and in having
a spine projecting backwards on the posterior margin of the pelvis at the point of their
junction. Only the three penultimate of the cervical vertebree have the dorsal spine
developed.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 24 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Deneth ofulna. . ~ «| = 4 +900 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 12 Depeitiof keel . ¢ 6 a» 2 Be 45
Geasth-oftemur 6-45 ee eo Rength of head.» LAveae Ih ale
Moastiror tibia ¢-< Wne aRS Breadth of head. . . . . . - 125
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 123 | Lengthofpelvis . . - - .- - 16
Length of sternum. . . . . . V9 Breadth-of.pelvis. . >, Fh) Seghey
62
BuUcERID&. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ BuceRIn&é.
Buceros, Linn.
Panini, bodd.
I have the head-, wing-, leg-, and palatine bones of this bird; they take precisely the
same form as the larger species.
Illustration.
Palatine bones, Plate XII. fig. 11.
Buceros, Linn.
Elatus, Zemm.
This bird has been made into a new genus by the Prince Bonaparte, under the name
of Ceratogymna ; it is, however, of precisely the same form as the other large species.
Bucorvus, Less.
Abyssinicus, Gm.
General form of the skeleton very similar to Buceros plicatus and the larger species
of that genus, but has the keel of the sternum more arched, the metatarsi with only
a very slight channel in front, which does not extend for above half their length,
and the vertebre of enormous size and strength ;—I believe nearly, if not quite, the
strongest among birds, particularly in the cervical region, some of them being more
than an inch and a half in diameter, and only three-quarters long ; the dorsal processes
are not highly developed, except in the three upper ones.
Measurements.
- Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 585 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 16
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 6 | Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 23
Weeripah eae MetaCar PHS eye ot mt we Yiteelh Menthsor Keech tte gcrbie Mtypres-ndeyil evlel
ee OE Leas 8 ods eet ee eet On ee eenpt hol head» dn sel mcta-w toniy dyes poke
RCM DUOU MAR So ss. Si ie oe ON We Dreadt Neo headin stole yrl> seristli Zo
Teeneth of metatarsus oo. 0.04 «ay 90. | eneth.of pelvisi-snnc onl. onleoun en 48
Terie Oi SGT UNA Te. were ce pei etme trey Drcadthyot pelyisiany ull « iaral alp20
Lllustrations.
Skeleton, Plate VI. B. Sternum, Plate VIII. fig. 12.
BUCERID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Bucerina.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in OMNIVORES.
| Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
| Harpactes Reinwardtii............ 12 8 10 5 5 3
Podargus humeralis .............+ 10 8 11 7 5 3
Coracias Garrula .... si. c0ssseee- 11 8 9 8 5 3
Eurylaimus Corydon ............ 10 9 12 7 6 3
Trogon melanocephalus ......... 11 8 10 6 5 3
AXgotheles cristatus .............+. 10 8 10 6 5 3
Caprimulgus europeus............ 10 8 10 6 5 3
Halcyon capensis ............00006 10 8 10 7 4, 4
CYNE WAT OM ie ec c5.c vee een tete ooy 12 8 10 8 4 4
| Merops Ornatus. 22... .00cseeenees 12 7 11 7 4: 3
Buceros plicatus ...............-.. 12 8 10 - 6 5 3
HSICOVOS BICA 23 se siesdadiua syiegeists a 12 8 10 7 5 3
Uigoupa POPs tages -nssseeee see dae 12 8 9 6 5 3
Al Cedo Mspielastess: aust bese6 ese 11 8 10 6 5 3
Buceros fasciatus ....006..26-.0604 11 8 10 6 5 3
Bucorvus abyssinicus ............ 11 8 13 6 5 3
Meropssbicolom aes ..2cereisssdeues 12 8 13 7 5 3
Merops Sonmini ...............004 12 i 12 7 4 3
Merops albicollis .................. 12 7 12 ih 4 3
Trogon aurantiUs .................. 11 7 9 7 4 3
TOPOM WALIGIN, pce sucBhs tech sanne 11 7 10 7 4: 3
Ceryle americana ...............06 bat 8 10 wanting. 5 3
Chelonidera tenebrosa ............ 11 7 11 ih 4 3
Monasa torquata ........cseeeseeee 10 7 Ik 7 4 3
Capito Swainsonil.................. 11 7 13 8 4 3
General Remarks on OMNIVORES.
The following, from an examination of the skeletons described, appear to be the
distinctive marks of Omnivores:—The maxillary bones covering half or more of the roof
of the mouth. The sphenoid rudimentary, in some instances no part of it being
apparent except the interarticular portion. The sternum always constricted in the
middle, or nearly so, of its lateral edges. The keel very slightly arched. The ischium
always extending obliquely outwards and downwards from the plane of the ilium, and
there being no distinct ridge to mark their junction, but in general a spine, more or less
apparent, projecting backwards; the ilium in no case projecting over it ; ischium as among
Raptores. The pelvis broad and short, and generally with two fissures on its pos-
terior angles. The metatarsus with a furrow down the front, more or less deep for its
whole length. The rami of the furculum never meet at an acute angle.
The Trogonid@ have the sternum very short and broad, with generally two fissures on
the posterior margin, except in one species of Ewrylaimus, which has only one; the
sternal fissures are both very broad, the central fissure pointing outwards; the keel has
its anterior edge excavated. The pelvis is extremely short, and very broad. The furculum
has a slight process at the junction of its rami, and is, like the coracoids, rather long.
The Alcedinide have the sternum rather longer than in Trogonide, and the fissures
on each side pointing directly forwards; the pelvis is similar to Zrogonde.
The Buceride resemble the Kingfishers in the form of the pelvis, particularly among
64
BUCERIDZ. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ BucERINz.
the weaker species, such as Buceros fasciatus, the skeleton of which bird would be
scarcely distinguishable from that of a Kingfisher if the head were removed, were it
not that it has only two broad but shallow fissures on the posterior margin of the
sternum. In the larger species considerable differences exist: Buceros plicatus, for
instance, has the ridge well marked where the ischium joins the ilium, and no spine on
the posterior margin at that point; Buceros abyssinicus has a very slight ridge, and has
the metatarsus without the deep channel extending down the front, so distinctly marked
in the former species; the keel of the sternum also is more arched.
PSITTACIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PSITTACINz.
Order IV. PREHENSORES.
Fam. 1. PSITTACIDA.
Subfam. 1. Psrrracin.
Psirracus, Linn.
Erythacus, Linn.
Type of Prehensores, Psittacide and Psittacine.
Cranium gradually arched from the base of the nasal bones to the occiput, without
any central longitudinal depression ; occipital ridge and protuberance slightly marked.
Orbits well defined; the antorbital processes bounding them anteriorly with the points
curved backwards. Septum perfect, except where perforated by the optic nerves.
Nasal orifices of moderate size, rounded; a moderate transverse depression at the base of
the bill. Palatine bones placed vertically, except at their anterior extremities, which
are horizontally flattened, and expanding gradually for their anterior half; the hinder
exterior angles projecting backwards, and armed near their extremities with a strong
spine, from which the posterior margin slopes gradually upwards and forwards to the
junction of the interarticular bones. Interior margins united by a ligament posteriorly,
anteriorly diverging and terminating with a blunt spine; a blunt, but somewhat
lengthened spine, pointing backwards, arises on their inferior surface just below the
junction of the interarticular bones; zygomatic bones very long, articulated with the
ossa quadrata and the maxillaries, which, with the nasal bones, are not anchylosed to the
frontal bone, but have an elastic ligament between them, thus allowing a considerable
upward motion to the upper jaw. Sphenoid without any transverse or basilar portion.
Foramen magnum large, its inferior margin straight, the lateral margins eradually arched
upwards, placed somewhat obliquely. Inferior maxillaries very broad and strong, broadest
at about one-third of their anterior length; posteriorly with the superior edges rising
much above their articulations with the ossa quadrata; posterior end sloped from the
articulation downwards and backwards to a point.
Sternum of nearly the same breadth posteriorly as anteriorly, the lateral edges con-
stricted just behind the junction of the ribs; posterior margin rounded, and having a
somewhat oval foramen on each side; keel very broad, continued to the posterior margin
of the sternum, the inferior edge very slightly arched, the anterior point very much
rounded; the anterior edge slightly excavated below the manubrial process, which is
bifid at its extremity. |
66
PsITTACID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Psrrracin.é.
Furculum small, short, not reaching to the sternum, flattened obliquely, with a slight
process at the junction of the rami.
Coracoids rather long, with a strong process projecting from the exterior edges just
above their junction with the sternum, and with a rounded knob projecting forwards at
their junction with the furculum.
Pelvis rather broad ; the ischium placed nearly perpendicularly to the upper plane of
the ilium, the anterior half of the latter-scolloped out on the sides; ischiadic foramen
large, oval; obturator very wide for its whole length; at the junction of the os pubis
with the ischium a small blunt spine projects from the latter.
fiibs projecting far backwards, of moderate strength ; the styliform processes short and
broad.
Wing-bones short and weak ; metacarpal bones anchylosed together at both extremities,
posterior one much arched; scapula bent downwards to a point and flattened at its
extremity.
Femur with the trochanters small; tibize above twice the length of the metatarsus ;
fibulee half the length of the tibiee, not anchylosed to the latter for the first half of their
length. Entometatarsal bone elevated into a ridge in front; the two other bones form-
“ing the metatarsus projecting backwards behind it, and having a channel between them ;
caleaneal process extending over the whole width of the metatarsus, and slightly excavated
in the centre. Vertebral column of moderate strength; the penultimate and three next
vertebree with the dorsal spines well developed.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
densiheothiumeris = , os 7. e Sil Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
Hhenetheotgulga Fs & . 2. 4 20 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Woneihotamoiaciwwpuss. «9. 2 = Lose DWeptmonkech “2 29. 2 s 9
eneth-ordemur so 2 . 2 «19 ence otsheades 3 S49... 5. 29
ihensth-ot tibia > =. . . 4. 640 Breadth of head ~. “FF. eins
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Y enetheot pelviss "72 55°.” fF = 626
Length Giesteuaiid ee Me ey Dreadia otpewis "2 6 =... erko
Lilustrations. |
Base and section of cranium, Plate XI. Sternum, coracoid, scapula, furculum, pelvis,
fig. 1. and metatarsus, Plate X. fig. 1.
Psitracus, Linn.
Melanocephalus, Linn. |
Cranium with the antorbital process extended backwards, so as to meet the cranial
portion of the sphenoid, to which it is anchylosed, thus completing the bony ring round
the orbits; in other respects the cranium is similar to that of P. erythacus. |
67
PSITTACID&. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ PsITTacIn a.
Sternum longer in proportion to its width than in P. erythacus; the remaining bones
similar except in measurements.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus’ .-: 9. .« .*43 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 84
‘Length ofsilna 92) a* ef fei. 2 6 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Depth Giikeel qicd testes ety mel fee
Length offemiitgetss | «t) teens ees 1 Men chigomcad y sab orgies © len ee
Length oftibia . .. . hee ptpullls Breadthyot dead [Be «0 illitees Goth abe
Length of metatatsus.¢ \.:, «46. Ge) OR 4) bengthrotepelis’ acy): oajineh oy EGO
Henorhtot stemmum «=. 7, % 0 Breadth-ot pelvis=", vA ca so . Siig
Psirtacus, Linn.
Albifrons, Sparm.
Psrttacus, Linn.
Leucocephalus, Linn.
I have the sterna, coracoids, furcula, and scapule of the above two birds; they
resemble in every respect those of the two last-mentioned species.
Psritracus, Linn.
Guildingii, Vig.
Foramina on the posterior margin of the sternum néarly obliterated; in other respects
similar to P. erythacus, in the British Museum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 274 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 16
Wenethoralna* a “Oe ooo Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 18 Depth wrkedl Fe et
iengthwotdtemiry oe). Se Wt ideneth of heady Fo ees ). aie
Length of tibia . .. . . . . 88% | Breadthofhead. . . . . . . 26
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 9 Length of pelvis... . . =. 4.88
Length of sternum... . . . 27 Breadth of pelvis’ . . . ..™ 98 ‘h
CHRYSOTIS, Sw.
Ochrocephalus, Gm.
“Very similar to Psittacus, but with the pelvis narrower; the bony ring round the
orbits not quite perfect; the sternum not so much rounded on its posterior margin, and
the lateral margins not so much constricted behind the junction of the ribs.
68
PSITTACID&. |
Length of humerus .
Length of ulna .
Length of metacarpus .
Length of femur
Length of tibia .
Length of metatarsus .
Length of sternum .
Curysotis, Sw.
Amazonicus, Gm.
Similar to ochrocephalus, in the British Museum.
Length of humerus .
Length of ulna
Length of metacarpus
Length of femur .
Length of tibia
Length of metatarsus
Length of sternum
CuHRYSOTIS, Sw.
Brasiliensis, Jann.
Similar to ochrocephalus, but with the bony ring round the orbits complete.
Length of humerus .
Length of ulna
Length of metacarpus
Length of femur .
Length of tibia
Length of metatarsus
Length of sternum
VOL. I.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Psrrracin.a.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
19 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
23 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
114 | Depth of keel T
16 Length of head . 20
21 Breadth of head . 10
74 | Length of pelvis 22
20 Breadth of pelvis 104
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
22 | Breadthof posterior margin ofsternum 16
28 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
13 |. Depth of keel 8
19 | Length of head 26
26 | Breadth of head . 15
8 | Length of pelvis . a5
25 | Breadth of pelvis . 13
Measurements.
Tenths. ; Tenths.
22 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
27 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
14 | Depth of keel if
17 | Length of head . 25
24 | Breadth of head. 122
7 | Length of pelvis 24
24 | Breadth of pelvis A 14
Lliustration.
Skeleton, Plate I. C.
69
PsirTaciD&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [CacaTUINa.
PaL@ornIs,. Vig.
Columboides, Vig.
Very similar to Psittacus, but with the keel of the sternum deeper in proportion to
its width, which is the same posteriorly as anteriorly, and the pelvis narrower in pro-
portion to its width; the bony ring round the orbits not quite complete. Palewornis
ponticerianus is similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 124 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
ibenigthiofmlnas: « . wes 6, > le Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9 Deptlivof Keel *. . * ue es Ee tS
Henoth ofetemui « % « 4 be =» | io ‘Length ‘of heagdae) qari 3 Lo
Wenotioteiivia 2 be om ele Breadth of head. oi. =. 00h <«t eaten”
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 6 Length:of pelvis: < -s = «asa, Le
Diengtitofetermum . < 41. . 9g as preadthoof peélnag:' + og. 3) bp a GE
Subfam. 2. CacaTuINa.
Cacatua, Briss.
Galerita, Lath.
Type of Cacatuine.
Cranium stronger than in Psittacus ; the vertex very flat nearly to the base of the
nasal bones, where there is a deep transverse impression ; orbits round; the anteorbital
process united to the cranial portion of the sphenoid; posterior ends of the inferior
maxillaries sloped downwards and backwards to a point.
Sternum entire, without any foramen or fissure on its posterior margin, similar in shape
to Psittacus, but with the keel more arched and the manubrial process broader. Coracoids
strong, projecting far forwards beyond the glenoid cavity. Furculum similar to Psittacus, |
but much stronger. Scapula short, much more bent downwards at the extremity than in
Psittacus. Pelvis similar to Psittacus, but with the obturator foramen not above half the
width. The remaining portion of the skeleton also similar, but much stronger.
Measurements.
Tenthg. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 85 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 15
Length ofulma . .. . . . . 48 | Breadthofanteriormarginofsternum 14
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 23 | Depthofkeel . . . ... . 10
Leneth of femur... . 4). epe25 | Bength of head ~~. soeches > (3?
Lengtlof tibia, & 4+...) a0.) 28 qi Breadth of head): 4 maps =: 4
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 12 Length of pelvis . ... . «. + 30
Lieneth of sternum ~. ... +” .. .fee Breadth of pelvis ...... 14
70
PSITTACIDZ. | . OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [CacaTUINz.
Cacatua, Briss.
Moluccensis, Gm.
Sternum rather shorter in proportion than in galerita, and the manubrial process
rather longer ; anterior edge of the keel not extending to the end of it. Cacatua sul-
phurea and citrinocristata are similar to the above. All are in the British Museum,
. Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 18 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 15
ikeneth offulna™ 7. 5 6 os 4 39 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 14
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 20 Depthromiwech= Fat ha yy oe 8
Renew orienur 2 4. | ae | Oheisth of head EN, 88
Thenegth-oftibia-. 2. < . . # ~ ‘a4 Breadth-ot head. ~ . & « wy « “19
Length of metatarsus . . . . . It Length of pelvis, . . . « . . ddg
Lenetheorstemum 42. . + . » Ii, | Breadtieof pelvis “CTP. . 17
Cacatua, Briss.
Eos, Kuhl.
Similar to the preceding.
Measurements.
; Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 19 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 11
Length ofulna ... . . . . 22 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Dengih of metacarpus: yh at. Wein dis «t= Depth of keel. () (ey ceenc hn) 8
licaegiomicnmuc oe ey . se olOoe Lenethotheadee i. - « « « 21
Renzi dibiogen. = tea.) -. Pose Breadtiathead, 2...) yar.) Le
Mensch ofmetatarsus’ 5. . * . “f | (eneth of pelvis’. 2 ".A.@eny.... 24
Kencthotstemum™ “F 5 4 .« . 9 “19. | "Breadth of pelyis) 20 2.9. ., . Lg
CatyproruyncHus, Vig. & Horsf.
| Baudinii, Temm.
Cranium of enormous size and strength; the vertex not quite so flat as in Cacatua;
the nasal bones much elevated above the frontal, forming a transverse ridge, highest in
the middle, the bill bending very abruptly downwards; orbits entirely surrounded by
bone, as in Cacatua; impression of the masseter muscles large; hinder margin of
the inferior maxillaries truncate. Skeleton very strong. Remaining bones similar to
Cacatua.
L2 71
PSITTACIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. - [StRIGOPSINZ,
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Lengthof humerus . . . . ... 80 | Breadthof posterior margin of sternum 12
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 37 | Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 114
hensth of metacarpus 9. < 4 9 24. | Weptict keel... | «yee LO
Leisth-oftemime =. & = .« ., 21 i Mtensthonhead...°. «9 m Se
engthioftipia 8: 5°... ogi breadth of head... . . . = « W
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 10 Weenoih orpelvis. 3 2 8) Fy eral
engthtof sternum’ 1) ees ed, 27 Breadth of pelvis . . . . . « 18
Illustrations.
Sternum, coracoid, scapula, furculum, pelvis, and metatarsus, Plate X. fig. 2.
Nestor, Wagl.
Australis, Sh.
Very similar to Cacatua, but having two fissures on the posterior margin of the
sternum, the anterior edge slightly receding, and the tarsi rather longer.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
henethvor humerus “= . %'. . 22 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum11
engtii-of ulna’ 22 fs. Ye 5 eo Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Length ofmetacarpus. : . . © is Depthrofekeel FO. a Le
fxenoth Of femur” 22 2 see. C7 20 Leneth of head”: os . =: = 2 BOE
Heneth wor ibiae se rere er Eee Breadth ot head= ~ Tee" I" ats
Length‘of metatarsus-. . . . . 14% | Length of pelvis. ... . 1. ) 927
Keneth of sternum’, - . I. 823 Breadth of pelvis? 4 set so mee
Subfam. 3. STRIGOPSINA.
Srricops, G. BR. Gray.
Habroptilus, G. RB. Gray.
Cranium regularly arched from the occiput to the tip of the bill; transverse impres-
sion at the base of the nasal bones very slight; nasal orifices large, slightly oval; the
remaining bones of the head similar to the other Psiétacide.
Sternum broadest posteriorly, and gradually narrowed anteriorly ; ; the hinder margin
very much curved from the centre to the lateral margins; the keel consists of a very
slight rib, which does not quite reach the posterior margin, which has a small foramen
on each side; anterior edge of the sternum bifid, but without any manubrial process.
Coracoids short and strong. Furculum rudimentary, the rami not meeting.
Metatarsi with the divisions of the bones forming it distinct ; the entometatarsal one
the smallest ; the ectometatarsal trochlea much shorter than the mesometatarsal one.
72
PsITTACID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | ARINA,
The skeleton from which the above description has been taken is in the British
Museum, and is very much diseased, having probably died in confinement of mollities
ossium.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 21 | Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 20
Length ofulma . ... . . . 25 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 15
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 14 | Depth of keel a
LLeneth ohtemur: 9 . .'. . + 30 | Length of head... © Qo. syria, 34
denne orbs. 7 1... ., (88%) -Breadthothead “°..... 5... 49
iheneth of imetatarsns * . . . . LS | “lhensthofpelvis , ©. ... . . 88
ienethof sternum: 9. Seas 2° |) readth of pelvis". 2 182. 6: 218
Subfam. 4. ARIN«z.
Ara, Briss.
Macao, Linn.
Two specimens of this bird are in the British Museum: one has the foramina near the
posterior margin of the sternum perfect ; the other, evidently a younger bird, has them
open, forming fissures. The form of the bones is very similar to Cacatuine; but the
sternum is more constricted behind the junction of the ribs; keel of the sternum carried
forwards to the end of the manubrial process, which is bifurcate and bent upwards.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus ... . . 39 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 18
Ten OL Wa ii ee et AD Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 16
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 28 Deprhcomiee!) 8 yy yh vie dnl a We
Menopayoimcnitees the ee ZOsg| a puenetheOf head. te. ewe. peas fh Ae
eweth jotatibiane~ woes 88 Breagth Omen - A 2. satan 29
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 14 ihenethvofpelyis =. 2 ~ . . : 404
Henethofestemum=. 5. 9 i. 2 or Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . 19
ARA, Briss.
Hyacinthina, Lath.
Similar to the last, but with the manubrial process more bent downwards, and not so
deeply bifurcate.
Measurements.
Tenths. . Tenths.
eneth ot dumerus Vite. “es 2 935" |) Leneth of femur... 29+ + . . 28
ienevoeouatma 0 2 ee AY ) leneth oftibias i... 05 .-. ~.7. 88
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 27 | Length ofmetatarsus . . ... 14
73
PSITTACIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths.
ensth of steraumyay, = = -,.) 42
Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 19
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 19
Deépunof eelt, Many 2s he Tee
Enicoenatuus, G. A. Gray.
Leptorhynchus, King.
Length of head .
Breadth of head.
Length of pelvis.
Breadth of pelvis
Very similar to Ava, but much smaller and weaker.
[ARina.
Tenths.
50
28
46a
202
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
Measurements.
Tenths.
Length-otbumerus4. 7 =. ALS
ihengehyofiinae oy fae eee i en 22)
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 14 | Depth of keel
Length of femur . FO a Ne Length of head .
Meneih-oriibin 2% © . . oan | breadth ot head
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 7 | Length of pelvis
Length of sternum . . . ... . 22 | Breadth of pelvis
Conurus, Kuhl.
Tiriacula, Bodd.
8
13
12
24
123
Similar to Ava, but with the bony circle round the orbits not complete; the sternum
longer in proportion to its width, and the anterior edge of the keel carried forward to
the end of the manubrial process, the point not so much rounded; furculum very small,
but perfect.
Measurements.
Tenths.
iasacth ofehumeriss 4 ol. te ne eu
Teng theotmlngs Oy): te oh ay
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 8 | Depth of keel.
Length of femur. . . . . . . 10.| Length of head
Length of tibia . . =.» . « 414 | Breadth of head .
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 4 | Length of pelvis .
Length of sternum . . . . . . 15 | Breadth of pelvis .
74
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
5
15
PSITTACIDZ. | _ OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PEZOPORINA.
Convrus, Kuhl.
Virginianus ?, Mus. Brit.
A skeleton marked as above is in the British Museum, and is similar in form to Ara.
I have also the sternum of Conurus flavicollis, which is also similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
ibenethof humerus; yy <i ied 12 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
ikenpiivotwulnteem . 9. .-.. 9: .. AC Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
lleneth of metaearpus'. . . . . 02d Depth ofkeel . . . . ;% . 6
Length offemur .. .. .. 10 pienepieoihead 2°. . 2. » 18
frenetnrcolsibies uur woasd ter a FP od Breadth of head. . a4: «© YF
» Rensthoot metatarsns . sae |.) of |, Length of pelvis... .. 0 . de 49 16
* Eenethof stemmume., ~) * toi 9h ete | Breadth of pelvis: . femteaten be He 8
Subfam. 5. Lorinz.
Ecuectus, Wag.
Ceylonensis, Bodd.
Sternum with the anterior edge of the keel carried forward to the end of the manu-
brial process, with a very slight excavation below it, and very little constricted behind. the
junction of the ribs.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
lene¢hror humerus. Wt.) 29 2-9) 23 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Heneiheomulity ss AS <7. 2 ye 380) Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 114
Lenethvor metacarpuss ~ 1.52 » fiE |" Depth of keel 3. . . ... » oT
dheneth-otstemunts "8 < 2 a 48 Length ofhead . . . . .. °. 24
enon Gilder. a Gea “ay oO Breadthrotiead! ss 904s, % 4, ie
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 9 Bevatheotepelviss “0 5 a 2s eso
- Lengthvofstemmum. ...« , ~ 234 | Breadth of peWis .... ... . 1
Subfam. 6. PEzoporin&.
TricnoeLossus, Vig. & Horsf.
Versicolor, Vig.
Type of Pezoporine. |
Cranium similar to Psittacus, but slightly more arched over the vertex, with a very
slight depression above the nasal bones; anteorbital process not uniting with the
sphenoid.
Scernum much attenuated anteriorly ; keel very deep in proportion to the breadth of
75
PSITTACIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PEZOPORIN.
the horizontal plane ; two large foramina on the posterior margin, which is much wider
than the anterior ; anterior edge of the keel carried forward as far as the extremity of the
manubrial process, which is very small and slight. Coracoids as in Psittacus. Furculum
represented by a narrow and thin strip of bone, and extending downwards on the inside
of the coracoids for about half their length.
Pelvis similar to Psittacus, but proportionately longer and narrower; obturator
foramen consisting merely of a narrow slit between the os pubis and the ischium.
Tarsi \onger in proportion to the tibie than in Psittacus; remaining bones similar in
form.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
iseneth of humerus -. fez) ey amet Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
fnethnofiina ss 2.5; Ewe) } 16 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Depth of-keel’ =...) Selah a) ean
ensthaottemune 2 i eas Ivenethofsheddys tar "hb, Seger Ble
eengthsofaibin 2 ee Paes ye ee Slee breadtheot heady 12.9.) ae Ba ae
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Foal HCnetheOt CRIS. oy". SRN Vet dae
denothaotstemmim ay oe a. Wy Dieadreorgpel vise. a ce hen en
Trichoanossus, Vig. & Horsf.
Heematodus, Linn.
In general form similar to the foregoing, but with only a very rudimentary furculum,
and the keel of the sternum not so deep; the tarsi shorter in proportion to the tibie.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length-of humerus. . | ... ., 10 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
enothieot tina EP ee oe mee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Wewsthometacat pis @ 2 eames Ne epthiect lcocll srs erm ima ee)
renciisoidenar | byl. eee eek Geneth oflicad .- 49 Bee oe Vek
Isensth oftibiag.. «1+ >; = - % 16 BCA HOT TCAG ee ee.s Ente eae
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 6 Length of pelvis . . .. . . 16
Lenesth olasternmums 95 1. Go. 4) io "ale Breadthrotimelyis.. snes: “4 =. «2
Puatycercus, Vig.
Zonarius, Sh. .
Cranium with the inferior maxillaries much stronger and broader than in Tricho-
glossus versicolor; manubrial process bifurcate ; no furculum; the remaining portions
of the skeleton similar in form, but larger.
76
PsITTACID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PEZOPORINA.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 16 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 94
Hene Gi Ol Wid oe ec ee ek Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
(ener Ol metacatpass 6. CU. Depthvot keel Ys. kk
Densth-of femut® G4 a © . » t4 ength ofhead, . . . . 4. . 19
Rensth ofdibigg. fae 4 « » Bl Breadth ofhead. . « . . . . 104
Length-of metatarsis ..... . « 10 theneth of pelvis, «2. ips » 20
Rengih of siemum «> « ‘e. Aly | dBreadth of pelvis ... «.0¢ «+ «10
PLATYCERCUS, Vig.
Icterotis, Zemm.
Similar in form to Platycercus zonarius, as are also Platycercus Barnardi and Brownii ;
all agree in being destitute of clavicles. Platycercus erythropterus and scapulatus,
although in other respects agreeing, have weak, but perfect clavicles.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ... . . 104 Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 7
Lenstheor mina B.S FA Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9 Wepiivorkeeien tls «8
enetmoemremm= Mea 82 = be | 027) Theneth of headay. . .'. « » 14
enctvot iba. « : + «be, & 16 iBreadtivoi ead... < Lila. wean
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 4 Length of pelvis)... 2... .° 144
PienetheoLstermium = Go ee D4 5) Breadth of pelvis. pee ue eng z=
PsitTacu.a, Briss.
Pileata, Scop.
Similar to Trichoglossus; the bony ring round the orbits not complete. Furculum
perfect, but very small and weak,
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Eenethvor hnmeruss = Fae Geel Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Lensth-ofuinga =, . _., Waae seit Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 64
Keneth of metacarpus: > yea! 1 fenkO |) Wepth.of keel » over weto lire
Eeneth oftemur . ~. -aerteaiieels |; Mensth ofhead.. . (ane e py icky
length oftibia 2 ¢ tee Seeiuees?0 picadtaontiead= 2 . «A w « «) 8
Leneiinonmetatarsus . = yas vay 7 «| Leneth of pelvis. ... «9 i. 18
Bencthio£ stermum 5... + .. woe 1s ireacth ot pelvine isms A: 4 | 9
VOL, 1, M 7 TT
PSITTACIDS. |
Psitracua, Briss.
Passerina, Linn.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ PEZOPORINE.
Cranium with the anteorbital process joined to the sphenoid; without clavicles; the
keel of the sternum not quite so deep as in Huphema, but in other respects similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. , Tenths.
Letethvommimeriss: fi ea 2s Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 9% | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 44
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 54 Wepthnor keelow.s qwrt ess BS Se
PENStATOLeemaMi? s.0 ow oh ey mt iength of head”. -. sate | Qe anrvi
iene thOPtibiag. 4... p&-2¢ 3° 2025 | Breadth of head ceall. aiamemal = . G
Kengthyonmetatarsus 7 2 an 0 Leneth-of pelvis tey sy. ay ee ee Te
Leneth orstermum ew NT Breadth-ot pelvise .. «las 4
PsirtacuLa, Briss.
Pullaria, Linn.
' This bird has been placed in a different genus under the name of Ayapornis, but does
not differ in its osteology from Psittacula passerina. Psittacula galgula and rubricollis
are also similar, except that the former has a very slight, but still a perfect furculum.
Evrenema, Wag.
Elegans, Gould.
Cranium broader in proportion to its length than in Trichoglossus, without a furculum ;
and in other respects similar to Trichoglossus versicolor, except in measurements.
Euphema chrysostoma is also similar.
Measurements.
Tenths Tenths.
Weneth ot bimnmerusi << a. . =<) 80 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 64
ikemeth jot mImass aes 5 eo ay atl Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 Deptheof keel §, . a s « « « pid
Length, offemuriteey sol etaoe to hie! Hdneth of head) :... <rwntotto ae
Lenethofstibia, «veges salervia te ayhd2 Hreadth of-head.. .. .. . #i0 do aihpeé
Length of metatarsus . . . . . +4 4 Meneth of pelvis’. :qyenerearte eagh2
hevsth ofstemum {. |. - hawie dbelsa |) Breadth of pelvis, .. .. Sap Jo -eiené
78
PSITTACIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [| PEZOPORINA:.
Pxzoporus, L7/.
Formosus, Lath.
Cranium similar to Psittacula. Sternum with the keel deeper. Metatarsus much
longer in proportion to the tibia; the remaining bones similar; ulna and humerus of
the same length.
Measurements.
Tenths. , Tenths.
Length of humerus... . . Il | Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 8
Wenethworuliae eee PY TEL Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8% | Depth of keel OLS AO
(engtneottemar oo. | . « « Il Wengthrothead . . =... « Slee
Leusth ori teem = NG Breadth of head 7
Lheneth of metatarsus.. ., ... . 9 Ecngtimompelyiss 2 4 « Sea. 13
inength of stemmum . .+. . . . 4 Breadth of pelvis ... . 6
Illustrations.
Sternum, coracoid, scapula, pelvis, and metatarsus, Plate X. fig. 3.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in PREHENSORES.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
Psittacus Guildingii ............ 9 wanting. 6 3
Nestor nove zealandis 8 6 5 3
Conurus virginianus ............ 8 6 4, 4
PAT ARTINACHO” | 6 techn dicenws tance 146 9 7 5 4
Hielectisterandise. o/c. .checks 9 wanting. 5 3
Cacatua sulphurea ............... 8 7 5 3
citrinocristata............... 8 6 5 3
Psittacula pullaria ............... 8 6 5 3
PASSETIN AN eet. dad 8 6 5 3
Pezoporus formosus ............ damaged. 8 6 6 3
Psittacus erythacus............... 11 9 6 6 3
Calyptorhynchus Baudinii ...... 11 9 6 6 3
Plyctolophus galeritus ......... 11 9 6 6 3
Trichoglossus versicolor ......... 10 9 i 6 3
Palzornis columboides ......... teh 9 6 6 3
Euphema chrysostoma ......... 10 9 6 6 3
Platycercus Brownii ............ 11 9 5 6 3
Euphema elegans.................. 11 9 6 6 3
Trichoglossus hematodes ...... 11 9 7 6 3
Platycercus zonarius ... ........ i 10 6 7 3
CHORD. LIS Pee ear et andes oe 11 9 6 7 3
Sau ardins Avie, haste ...! 11 9 6 7 3
Strigops habroptilus ............ 14 9 7 7 2
General Remarks on PREWENSORES.
The Order Prehensores is one of the best-marked groups among Birds. They are
easily distinguished, independently of external characters, there being no group that
M 2 | 79
PSITTACID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Pezororin a.
resembles them in the form of the palatine bones, except one among Insessores, and from
that they are easily distinguished by the other parts of the skeleton. The great motion
of the upper mandible is peculiar. The form of the sternum, in general having great
depth of keel in proportion to the breadth of the horizontal portion of it, has nothing
like it, except among Volitores. The furculum is either, although perfectly formed,
very weak, rudimentary, or entirely wanting; the ribs are continued very far backwards
over the sides of the abdomen: ‘The branches of the os pubis are generally very much
turned inwards at their points, and the posterior margin of the ischium is gradually
rounded towards them, from its junction with the ilium. The wing-bones are short, as
are also the metatarsal and other leg bones.
80
Prcip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ GECININA.
Order V. SCANSORES.
Fam. 1. PICIDA.
Subfam. 1. GEcININ«.
Gecinus, Bove.
Viridis, Linn.
Type of Picidee and Gecinine.
Cranium of moderate size; vertex very convex; occipital ridge moderately defined ;
orbits slightly reflexed, nearly round; septum perforated with a single small foramen ;
anteorbital process bent much backwards, but not united with the sphenoid. Palatine
bones long, much attenuated posteriorly for about one-fourth of their length, and united
at their articulation with the interarticular bones, carried forwards in the form of a
gradually narrowing strip to the maxillaries, which are perforated on their inner edge
at about half their length by an elongated oval foramen; the internal edge of the
posterior third slightly deflexed. Interarticular bones flattened, with their edges slightly
deflexed, broadest in their centres; channel for the masseter muscles small. Foramen
magnum large, placed nearly horizontally. Nasal orifices oval; a deep indentation at
the base of the nasal bones, from which proceeds a ridge, very apparent in front, and.
gradually losing itself in the vertex, on each side of which is a channel for the reception
of the hyoids.
Sternum transversely convex, much constricted behind the junctions of the ribs;
anterior margin narrower than the posterior one; manubrial process long, bifid at the
extremity ; posterior margin indented with two large fissures on each side of the keel,
the inner one largest; the central portion of the sternum between the two inner
fissures not projecting so far backwards as the strip of bone separating the two foramina.
Keel shallow, with the inferior edge nearly straight; anterior edge also straight, and
carried forwards as far as the end of the manubrial process, to which it is united.
Pelvis of moderate length and breadth; the ilium projecting angularly over the
cotyloid cavities, from which point backwards the edges are nearly parallel; the two
sides of the ilium anteriorly divaricate, and are not united for one-third of their length ;
ischium inclined much outwards; from the edge of the ilium a process projects back-
wards at the junction of the ilium with the ischium. Obturator foramen divided, the
posterior portion large and oval, the anterior portion small and rounded ; ischiadic fora-
men large, oval. Coracoids very long. Furculum weak, without any process at the
| 81
Piciz. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[GEcININA.
junction of the rami, arched transversely. Scapule flattened, blunt, and much deflected
at their extremities.
ibs projecting far backwards ; sternal ones long.
Wings short, the radius much flattened.
Leg-bones of moderate strength; fibula half as long as the tibia, which has a keel
projecting on its internal upper half. Metatarsus with the divisions of the bones com-
posing it not traceable; a slight excavation anteriorly on the inner side, posteriorly
flattened.
Vertebral column with the penultimate and three next vertebre having dorsal spines ;
terminal caudal vertebra pointed and somewhat elongated.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . . . 16 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 11
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 20 | Breadthofanterior marginofstemum 8
Length.of metacarpus.. . . . . 8 | Depthofkeel,. . . . 1... 4
Lengthyof femurs, i().,\)ke boys 4y-] Sbengtof Heads tead ser) .feth han 28
Lengthyof tibiags! « os) oy ajrecleos 7 LYls po Bréadthsof- headin %in some sum! eed
Length,of metatarsuspye pe jody ay eo ch2 aol hengthof pelvishin a Aolwues aioe 22
Length. of sternum, & leno: oe 4 L6 sbi Breadth of pelvisiny.cohecrm lewd?
Illustrations.
Coracoid, scapula, furculum, palatine bones, sternum, and pelvis, Plate XI. fig. 2.
Gecinus, Bove.
Dimidiatus, Temm.
Similar to G. viridis, but with the hinder exterior angles of the palatine bones pro-
duced into a blunt spine, and the keel of the sternum not so deep.
Measurements.
Tenths Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 14 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 16 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Lenethiotimetacarpussy oF Janeng: Jain) eDepthhotizeeh) om tal ey Alriew tet bates
Lengthvofifemusss weteolong col) 12 jsidiengthlofheade omvlem wo W126
Jucnethy of ttilbiamy. (ws eet ago wll Sb eeBvend throfihéadiv’ nic’, eotltre. Te
Length ofsmetatamsus-am 4) 210.) 70rd fengthiofpelvissietin seo.) a.
Lengthiofisternumou; uti. ct & »1B9 je Breadth ofwpelvis)..c., eles, 9 10
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate I. D.
Picip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ MELANERPIN A.
Hemi.oruvs, Sw.
Validus, Reinw.
Cranium with the orbits more rounded than in Gecinws. Palatine bones similar in
shape to those of Gecinus dimidiatus, but narrower.
Sternum broader in proportion to its length, and much curved outwards posteriorly to
the junction of the ribs; fissures not so large, and differing very slightly in size. Infe-
rior edge of the keel very slightly arched; anterior one with the point produced, and
with a slight excavation between it and the manubrial process. In other respects the
skeleton is similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . ... . 15 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 17 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 84
(ietMeO tine aCanpUSsIs wea ere lola Weptivot lec . =: 42 ww « (Pe
Length offemur 2 5... .* 5 sablowielensth of head. «. 2. 2. & « Sh
Lenothvon tibia, = 2 - . « « « LF Breadth of head: “4 : 2 2 2.4) LOE.
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 12 Heneth of pelvis « . « Seve Be 202
Lenethofstemum: . . 20. 9. lf | Breadth of pelvis .).. +.) 9 2) 2 11
CaMPETHERA, G. &. Gray.
Brachyrhynchus, Sw.
Cranium similar to Gecinus. Palatine bones with a slight notch on their posterior
external angles.
- Pelvis very large and broad. Remainder of the skeleton very similar to Gecinus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Viens phvoriimierus es Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
Length ofulna . . . . . . . II | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Meneth or metacarous . 00 J 2 6 sO Pep rnpOR keel a ets oS cites terra co
Length OigleMO Us wie ee OS Senet OCA sec uitensm Sarvralin bo
Peo rbOlnOlA gr. wl ec eds eo lee readthvot heddot. ait ke wala =i6
Menethsotmetatarsus: . 2 of .- 02» | Weneth of pelis . -. . 9. ~ « "14
Lenethvofstemmm. 2 4 6. . eee ipteadth of pelvis . 2 «9: . . 9
3 Subfam. 2. MELANERPINA.
CHLORONERPES, Sw.
Aurulentus, Licht.
Type of Melanerpine.
Cranium with a distinct central channel between the upper margins of the orbits.
Palatine bones similar to Melanerpes, but narrower. Sternwm very short.
83
Pica. |
MELANERPES, Sw.
Flavifrons, Vell.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ MELANERPINA.
Measurements.
Fenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 12 | Breadthof posterior marginofstenum 8
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 15 | Breadthof anterior margin ofsternum 6
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 6 Deptheordsee!.. 5. x; «tabi Baer ee
Leneth-or femurs) a .7/) . % o) 0) Wi dheneta ofhiend en 1 ey ein
hengthof abate se: eh ae, AS) endtipoisedd: sac a gem ee
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 8 | Lengthofpelvis. . ...,.
Length of sternum ss, <, 2 & Oi) Boreadtnioigpelyise. \. waa alse eins
CHLORONERPES, Sw.
Chlorocephalus, Gm.
Similar to the preceding, but smaller.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths:
Length of humerus. . . . . . 9% | Breadthofposterior marginofstermum 9
Lenethiofulna .. . . tea xy Be eels Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 4
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 4 Depth ofkeel ses 4 “homes Bl ae a8
iceneta of temur: 4... 7s Lencth of head 28-5 Seon eee
dencsth ofaibia nls.) 62. | ye RE Breadth. of heade 4 ye Ney ee. ok
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 6 Length of pelvis.) ofveu a sei h0}
-Length of sternum. . .... @Q Breadth of pelvis . , . 9. We 40%
Palatine bones with the external edges on their posterior portion much bent down-
wards; this flap is carried forwards down the inner margin of the central portion of
the bone, giving it the appearance of being twisted on its axis; central portion with
the external angles square, without any spine. Occipital protuberance well defined.
The remainder of the skeleton similar to Gecinus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Gength of humerus. . . 4 4 12 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
eneth on mina 7 fA A 4 ay melee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6 Depth of kek. on so tests «me
dencth of temut -*) «s 08) gees Beneth of head... ou ies) oa
Sienoth vot tibia.) 5 = 9) 4 ane Breadth of head ee ee OS
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 8§ | Lengthofpelvis. . . ..-.- - 13
Length of sternum. rn ean ekt_. 214 Breadth of pelvis’ . . 9: . . «10
84
Pic &. } OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Pictna.
MELANERPES, Sw.
Formicivorus, Sw.
I fons only the head, wing, and leg bones, taken from a skin, which are similar to the
preceding.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 13 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum
Length ofulma ... . . . . 16 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 8 Depth of keel ae Pe ae
Meme Or teMmur ys ou Henetheot head 2» 54. eo Ls
Wenstheor mains ee. 2 Sete 4s 4) Breadth of head . . | « ... © V8
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 8 | Length of pelvis .
Kenothof sternum > cl. 6 Breadth of pelvis
Crnturvs, Sw.
Subelegans, Bon.
The bones also taken from askin. The palatine bones not quite so angular as in
Gecinus on the external posterior angles. Head more flattened.
CrentTuRuS, Sw.
Radiolatus, Wagl.
1 have the sternum only of this bird; it is much broader in proportion to its length
than in Gecinus, and has the fissures deeper, narrower, and more oval.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
ensthorsrernum 29 yo 2 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
Subfam. 3. Picinz.
Picus, Linn.
Major, Linn.
My skeleton of this bird is much damaged. Sternum with the fissures next the keel
much larger than the outer ones; the margins very much curved outwards behind the
ribs; keel deeper in proportion to its length than in Gecinus.
VOL. I. N . 85
PIcIDé. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PICUMNINA.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . .. . 12 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 84
Length ofulma . . . . . . . 16 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Lengtl, of metacarpus . . ... .° 6 | Depthwotkeel ....° . | ro!
Lengih.oftemur< . 5 . ~ ; -. “Otero demmead .
Length of tibia .-. . . . . . 14 | Breadth of head oy a
hengthorimetatarsus 8 | eneshigiepelvis” . . . AG
Lengthor stemum . ." 2°...” 18 } WBreadthotpelyis . 2. - =..." 9
Subfam. 4. PrcuMNIN&.
Picumnus, Zemm.
Temminckii, Lafr.
Differs from the preceding Subfamily in having the inner fissure on the posterior
margin of the sternum the largest, and in the anterior edge of the keel being square, and
not receding; furculum very weak.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 6 | Breadthof posterior margin ofsternum 4
Length of ulna 7 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 3
Length of metacarpus 3°, iDeptheopacel . .' ee vi. Gl aw ee
Length of femur . 6. | Hengthvofihead! . . 7 i eras lh
Length of tibia 8 | Breadth of head . 6
Length of metatarsus 6 | Length of pelvis . 6
Length of sternum 7 | Breadth of pelvis . 6
Picumnus, Temm.
Exilis, Licht.
Cranium with the hinder exterior angles of the palatine bones narrow, and pointed
posteriorly.
Sternum with two fissures on each side of the keel, the outer one much the larger ;
the anterior part of the keel receding. Remaining bones similar to the other Picide.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
héaeth of humerus). -. . + 6s 8 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 5
Length of ulna 9 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 4
Length of metacarpus See 2: Weptniotikeel = «_. fy ae “oR
densth of femur :.1.. »'. 4 . Sgr Meength of head < wees magma It
Length of tibia 9 Breadth of head. ehit ew ies te ir 6
Length of metatarsus 5 Tncagth ,ofmeliisn |) 5ue: niet? souwenl+ aod
Length of sternum Giy dhubneadthofpelyisep, ut pene) Geek rab
86
Pipa). _- OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Prcumninz.
General Remarks on SCANSORES.
The only group of birds that this Order comes at all near are some of the members of
the Order Omnivores, namely the Capitonine. At first I placed this group in Scansores ;
but the great length of the fissures in the sternum, the exceeding shortness and square-
ness of the sternum, and the form of the pelvinal bones agreeing precisely with Tvo-
-gonide, at once point them out as belonging to the same Order.
N 2
CucuLID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ CenTROPINAE.
Order VI. ERUCIVORES.
Fam. 1. CUCULIDE.
Subfam. 1. CenTRoPIN«.
Crntropus, LU.
Phasianus, Lath.
Type of Cuculide and Centropine.
Cranium slightly hollowed out between the orbits, which are very large; the septum
with a very large central foramen; channel for the masseter muscles deep, and carried
backwards to the occiput, which has a well-marked ridge. Palatine bones united at
their internal posterior angles, slightly sloped to their external angle, where they are
broadest, and from which point they gradually taper anteriorly, the central and lateral
edges turned downwards. Interarticular bones slightly flattened. Inferior maxillary
bones hollowed out on their external side for a little more than one-half their length,
near the centre of which is a foramen of an elongated oval form, being an unossified space
left at the place of union of the symphysial with the angular, supra-angular, and splenial
elements *. Nostrils large, oval. Lacrymals small, rounded.
Sternum with the lateral margins curving from the junction of the ribs gradually out-
wards; posterior margin with a moderate-sized fissure on each side of the keel; the central
portion between the fissures projecting further backwards than the lateral ones. Keel of
- moderate size, very slightly arched on its inferior edge, and continued to the posterior
margin of the sternum; the anterior edge scolloped out from the junction of the fur-
culum to the manubrial process, which is small, consisting merely of a projecting blunt
spine; above the coracoids a lengthened plate projects from their articulation, to which
the ribs are articulated. Coracoids of moderate length. Furculum with the rami
rounded, slightly arched anteriorly when viewed laterally, when from the front appearing
nearly straight to within a short distance of their junction, where they curve inwards, a
thin plate at their articulation with the sternum extending downwards and backwards.
Pelwis of moderate size, with an elevated central keel extending down the whole length
of the ilium ; the anterior edge of the ilium curved upwards, from which point to the
cotyloid cavity it is gradually curved inwards; a transverse ridge a little behind the coty-
loid cavity, extending about halfway over each division of the ilium. The upper plane
of the ilium projecting very far over the ischium, the edges rounded gradually inwards
* See Owen, Encyclopedia of Comparative Anatomy, Aves, p. 277.
88
CucuLID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ CENTROPIN2.
from the cotyloid cavity to the caudal vertebree, where it projects on each side of the first,
and is slightly turned upwards; ischium broad, consisting of a triangular plate on each
side; the posterior margin nearly straight, projecting slightly backwards at its inferior
angle. Os pubis posteriorly to the cotyloid cavity consisting of a narrow strip of bone
projecting very slightly beyond the posterior angle of the ischium, to which it is anchy-
losed for nearly its whole length, the obturator foramen being represented merely by a
small oval foramen near its extremity, and a small rounded one behind the cotyloid
cavity. The anterior extremity of the os pubis is prolonged beyond the cotyloid cavity
in the form of a flattened blunt spine projecting forwards and downwards.
Ribs of moderate size, narrow at their sternal extremities, and gradually widened to
their junction with the vertebre ; styliform appendage rather long.
Wing-bones short; the posterior metacarpal bone much arched and perpendicularly
flattened.
Leg-bones rather long ; the femur rounded, bent downwards, long in proportion to the
tibia; metatarsus and femur nearly equal in length. Metatarsus flattened in front, with
a shallow excavation at its distal extremity ; two indentations just above the trochlea
mark the divisions of the three bones composing it; posteriorly rounded at its distal
extremity, flattened at its proximal, with a slight central keel extending downwards for
about half its length from the calcaneal process, which is rather prominent and blunt at
its extremity.
Vertebral column strong; the penultimate vertebra and the two next with a dorsal
process.
Measurements.
Tenths. j Tenths.
Tenethrot himernis! |. = ya es 226 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
Mencrnrol tia Ys ka en. ae BZ Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 11
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 12 Depuaromkcel™ see dy Oe
Vcwetincisicmmiiee 7 oN. 2 6 « ete | Wenetheorhead . . 2 . # . . 30
eneth of tibia . . . . . . . 34 Breadtheommnead= 2 4) pl
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 22 ECuetueOhpeluiss etn ee 2 20
Penethrotstermunm Lit 4 leiin S.ch Breadth-of pelvis yo -. 4 2 a Fb
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate I. E. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and meta-
tarsi, Plate XIII. fig. 1.
CroroPHaGa, Lann.
Ani, Linn.
Cranium similar to Centropus, but rather flatter on the vertex.
Sternum rather shorter in proportion to its width. Remaining bones similar. The
anterior end of the os pubis slightly projecting.
89
CUCULID&. | 7 OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ CoccyzIna.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus... .. 14 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
- Leupthpot ulnay yore & Je teaches Ll Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 54
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 64 Depth Oikech wg. ylides Meena bers
Length (Ofsteraiiay ysaiavwr an til-negtiek23, || deenethiotinead y «| +l 4 ot «ie gob BO
Héneth ofan Ahad “s.r beh gicue JZ bréadthyof head. e.r waniel) Teves US
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 14 Heng th OF Pelyasis » we ivaky omg hd! cop gh
Deng th’ of sternum: pels eet eases Breadth of pelvis . . . . «. . 64
Subfam. 2. Coccyzina.
Piaya, Less.
Circe, Bp.
Type of Coccyzine. |
Cranium similar to Centropus, but not nearly so strongly marked, and the foramen in
the orbital septum smaller; the lacrymals larger, rounded.
Sternwm very short, with two fissures on the posterior margin; inferior edge of the
keel straight.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .. . . . 13 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 123 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6 Pepin Otkeeleeik + To Se Bh we eae
Atensgh or temur 32 te Meneth of head) =. ~s) 2 = a @2t
Lenetheot tibiae. 8 a ee) ee pelereadt On cach, yuu. heee me eames
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 1d Dength of pelvis «© ., reo eoeeoe
Length of sternum’. . . . . . 10 Breadth of pelvis, “"" "1s =) semte
Praya, Less. —
Mehleri, Bp.
I possess the sternum, coracoids, scapula, and furculum of this bird ; they are precisely
similar in form to the foregoing.
Puanicopuaus, Veeill.
Curvirostris, Sh.
In every respect similar to Piaya Circe, but larger, and the bones stronger.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of Humerus. . #01? Wo) ay Ue Weenathvef femumcs 2 aes ee L7
Beneth of tule ened joleneett. a Nisei bengthioftghia Type RD pk 25
Length of metacarpus . . . . . 6 | Length ofmetatarsus. . . . . 154
90
Cucuupa.] - OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Cucunina.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Lenethot stcrmUmew ees nc 0 | Ieneth of head . .. . . - «5 26
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10 Breadth, Or Wead oc. 0. a en
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8 Ment OF PELVIS. a a nt ne Bee
Depth of keel ~ . wy ee PRCAOUM OF PELVIS. ten ae ea ee
Subfam. 3. SAUROTHERIN.
Gxrococerx, Wagl.
Mexicanus, Gm.
Type of Saurotherine.
Cranium nearly similar to Centropus; the masseter-muscle impression not extending
to the occiput, and the occipital ridge not so prominent.
Sternum very small in proportion to the size of the bird; the central portion of the
posterior margin produced far backwards beyond the lateral ones, with the fissures on
each side the interior ones very large, the exterior ones small, the strip of bone dividing
the two fissures shorter than the exterior or bounding strip of the outer ones; the
inferior edge of the keel slightly arched, the anterior one very much scolloped out.
Pelvis with the ilium projecting more over the ischium than in Centropus; the posterior
margin of the former turned more upwards; central keel not so prominent. Os pubis
as in Centropus.
Wings very short. Remaining bones similar to. Centropus.
Measurements.
~Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 17% | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
enetheoteulmas ) 4 .« =~. ! % Lo Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9 Depenot keel. i sien Es fue
THenech .or-temurerrss: 25 ot Jy 132 Weneth of head 2) 1 =, aul, WH pan Sd
Henetinor toia = «+ beable pot ibreadtiottead: | iiemeeinnc tes fe) me
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 26 AnenS chon Pelvis® ae. ape 95 Oh. ito
Length of sternum = best de ofteed’5 Breadth of pelvis ... . . . . 16
Lllustration.
Skeleton, Plate V. E.
Subfam. 4. Cucunina.
Cucutus, Linn.
Cinereus, Viezd/.
Type of Cuculine. .
Cranium with the orbital septum nearly entire; in other respects similar to Centropus.
91
CucuLipé. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM: . [ CucULINA.
Sternum larger in proportion to the size of the bird than in Centropus; the posterior
margin with two fissures on each side of the keel, the outer ones largest; the keel
much deeper than in Sawrotherine, and the anterior point produced far forwards. Pelvis
broader in proportion to its length than in Centropus, the ilium not projecting nearly so
far over the ischium, and the latter not placed so perpendicularly ; os pubis projecting
farther posteriorly, terminating in a small tubercle anteriorly.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . «6 y . 94s Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
icneth obulnd io. %-6: 3 See ae Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 63 Went tor keel”. sew ge! Oy Res sade
encth-ortemute 9s, 0) a) eee el Pength-Ofehead<;- uh. eae ake
Lenpth of ibm eee) BLE loa) Breadmioredd, ou. Seen:
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 9 Length-of pelvis “. . #2. 3. FE
Lengel Gf sternum = cosas ag ge Oe Breadth pelvas “Te no ae
OXxYLOPHUS, Sw.
Glandarius, Zinn.
Cranium with the orbital septum nearly entire.
Sternum with two fissures on each side of the keel on the posterior margin, the inner
one larger; anterior margin of the keel much scolloped out, and the point much pro-
duced; remaining bones similar to Cuculus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus. . . . . . 18% | Breadth of posteriormargin ofsternum 11
Reneth of ulna +. + s+ a Fs Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Length of metacarpus. . ..°. 9 Depth-of-keel.:° 7 « ja PENRO
Lenethoftemur ... % .!. de Iensth-of head .« ere % ea 28
iteneth et dibia. -.-1.~ 2f8 fk, Pe e2 Breadth of head... . 25 4 tee Tg
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 138 Tenethvofspelis fos) 2 a or. ye es
Lsenoth-of Stemmum je ew os EE Breadth of pels. °°. « . 2 3 Leg
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate IV. E.
CxHALcITES, Less.
Aéneus, Vieill.
Similar to Cuculus.
92
RHAMPHASTIDA. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ RHAMPHASTIN i.
Fam. 2. RHAMPHASTID.
Subfam. RHAMPHASTIN #&.
Ruampuastos, Linn.
Erythrorhynchus, Gm.
Type of Rhamphastide.
Cranium with the orbital septum entire; impression of the masseter muscle not so
distinct, or carried so far backwards, as in Centropus; inferior mandible not perforated by
a foramen; nostrils very small. Palatine bones similar in shape, but with the posterior
portion more elongated.
Sternum rather small; the posterior margin with two fissures on each side, the outer
one larger; the inferior edge of the keel nearly straight; anterior edge produced to the
end of the manubrial process, very slightly scolloped out ; lateral margins much produced
anteriorly. Furculum with the rami not united, consisting merely of a tapering strip of
bone. Coracoids long. Scapula rather broad, curved downwards.
Pelvis with the ilium not projecting over the ischium at their hinder extremities, but
projecting over it for the anterior half of the space between the cotyloid cavity and its
hinder margin, without any dorsal ridge. Ischiadic foramen large, oval; obturator
foramen more open than among the Cuculide; the os pubis not being united to the
ischium except at its extremities, and projecting in front in the shape of a small knob.
Remaining bones similar to the Cuculide.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
fheneth of@humerus. . . . . . 22 Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 12
Ihenothaemuinds . 8 Se 2 + BA Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Kenathrotmetacarpus. “ “=. . 112) “Depthor keel. ye oa yh.) 4
Mensiie ottemimrs ¢) 2. et a 2 Henesthy of headin. = MP" Be
Heusthro: tepia, oA) Pe 4 readin of heady.’ SN" ae 2S EG
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 20 engi On pelvis a veer ee 11529
Length of stenum. . ... . 20 breadth or pels, 6 279. 8 9.213
RuAMPHASTOS, Linn.
Tucanus, Linn.
In structure precisely similar to the foregoing.
Prmeroeiossus, L721.
Bailloni, Viezdv.
The only distinction between this genus and the foregoing appears to be in the
position of the nostrils, and in haying the furculum perfect, although small.
VOL. I. | 0 93
MUSOPHAGID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [MusoPHaGina.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Léneth-ofdhhumeniss) Oo. ae er oe Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
eneth ‘of ulin see ee we) LD Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Length of metacarpus<. © .ot»..- 6h. |) Depticoiskech bn omnes 8S 3
Lens thvoitetinre — 5..0.» wy & l3p |) dienethgothecad’ 2. 4 ae ee too
Lienethionawisier 4 os a Ge ee Bréadtheot head... 2 <a fos ie
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 13 Length of pelvis. . . . . .. If
Dene thor sieraum 1. ee ee thie Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . U1
Lilustrations.
Skeleton, Plate III. E. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and meta-
tarsus, Plate XIII. fig. 3.
SELENIDERA, Gould.
Maculirostris, Licht.
In form precisely similar to Rhamphastos erythrorhynchus, except that the fissures
next the keel of the sternum are larger than the outer ones, and that the furculum has
the rami longer, but not united.
Fam. 3. MUSOPHAGIDZ.
Subfam. MusopHaGiIn&.
Turacus, Cww.
Gigas, Steph.
‘Type of Musophagidee.
Cranium with the orbital septum nearly entire. Palatine bones consisting merely of a
strip of bone, broadest anteriorly, tapering gradually to their articulation with the inter-
articular bones, and having their internal edges slightly bent downwards. Interarticular
bones flattened, slightly twisted on their axis, short ; lacrymal bones small, rounded at
their edges; in other respects similar to Centropus.
Sternum very similar to the smaller Cuckoos; the posterior margin with two fissures
on each side: keel shallow; the inferior edge straight, the anterior straight, and pro-
duced to the end of the manubrial process. Furculum with the rami merely united by
a ligament ; coracoids flattened, of moderate length.
Pelvis similar to Centropus, but with the central ridge not so prominent, and the ob-
turator foramen larger. |
Ribs similar to Centropus.
Wing-bones short, strong.
Leg-bones similar to Centropus, but stronger. Fibula three-fourths the length of the
tibia. Calcaneal process similar in form, but not so prominent as in Centropus.
94
MUSOPHAGIDZ. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ MUSOPHAGINA.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . . 30 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 15
Length ofulna ... . . .-. 27 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 15
iuength of metacarpus is). 05°. SL Wem rar Ol aceell Sater jee ee ees
Ieneth cinemas pore cole ielnenoth of head. wii. calubh vote Aes
Hengeh ofdibidg =) = ha ao 40rMimebreadth of head .- 0 2... 8
Lenstm of metararsus . 2. vst . ©. 24 Eenoth: of pelvis: amie Fn 3. es ee
Length of sternum . .%. 14 238 readtheof pelvis... swten gy eluniete 20
Llustrations.
Skeleton, Plate II. E. , Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and meta
tarsus, Plate XIII. fig. 2.
CorytHarx, J/1.
Verreauxii, Sp.
Cranium with a moderate-sized foramen in the orbital septum. Palatine bones
similar to Turacus,.but bent outwards from one another from their anterior points to
their junction with the interarticular bones, leaving a space between them in the middle.
Furculum perfect. Remaining bones similar to Twracus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 164 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
ihewe un Onna Pm we gee LO Breadth of anterior margin of sternum. 8
iRength ommetacarpus;. = = . ~. & Wepehwotewecle Fae, eI) a a eS
enerheor emu es) 2 oe ee ea | Lo benethectheadee t= 4 ee = 20
enotiwottibian. 9 2 oe) 20 preadtin Om head pe) oa: ean... oo OF
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Id Wenoth of pclviswes ae.) ele ea
Kengthsomstermuny — 2) 0) ¥) h 12 ‘Breadthror pelvis” — ira. 10
Coryruaix, JI.
Persa, Linn.
Similar to the preceding.
95
MUSOPHAGID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ MusoPHAGIN.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Envctvorzs.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs.
Cuetlus canoris Wa 12 7 11 6 A 3
GONUMOSLIS.csmeee tenors oes 12 7 12 6 4 6
Centropus phasianus ............. 10 8 12 6 5 3
Pheenicophaus tricolor ......... 9 7 12 5 4 3
Crotoph sean restorer scsse cu 9 8 12 5 5 3
Pidvia (Om cCorarm erm en tock. 10 7 12 6 4 3
Geococcyx mexicanus............ 12 6 10 6 4 2
Cuculus glandarius ............... 10 7 12 7 5 2
Chalcites neus .........2....0054. 10 8 10 6 5 3
Rhamphastos tucanus............ 12 9 13 7 6 3
—— erythrorhynchus .......... 12 8 11 8 5 3
Selenidera maculirostris ......... 12 8 10 8 5 3
Pteroglossus Bailloni ............ 10 9 11 8 6 3
(UPACTIS C1'aS siee cee eee ee 12 8 13 6 5 3
Corythaix Verreauxil............ 12 8 13 7 5 3
SS UEOIU Rev ste tesnasefeen nar 12 1 13 a 4 3
General Remarks on ERUCIVORES.
The birds belonging to the Order Erucivores are easily distinguished from those of
most other Orders by the elongation of the os pubis, forming either a large spine, or else
merely a small tubercle or knob, by the length of the coracoids, the smallness or rudi-
mentary state of the furculum, the shortness of the sternum, the shallowness of the keel,
and the shortness of the wings. I have not seen a skeleton of Opisthocomus, which is
supposed to belong to this Order.
96
MENURID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | MENURIN”.
Order VII. INSESSORES.
Fam. 1, MENURIDZ.
Subfam. 1. MenurRINzE.
Menura, Dav.
Superba, Dav.
Type
Cranium rather small in proportion to the size of the bird; much rounded at the
occiput, and flattened between the orbits; a slight transverse depression at the base of
the nasal bones; occipital crest not very prominent. Nostrils oval. Lacrymal bones
wanting. Orbits very large, their edges recurved. Orbital septum perforated by a
large, somewhat oval, foramen. Malar bones nearly straight. Palatine bones long,
consisting of a strip of bone gradually widening externally to about two-thirds of their
length, then suddenly narrowed, forming, as it were, two lateral projecting phalanges,
the posterior portions much narrowed, and united at their extremities to the inter-
articular bones, which are also very small and straight.
Sternum elongated, much constricted near the centre ; the anterior part of the hori-
zontal plane concave for a little more than its anterior half, the hinder portion
convex; a prominent ridge of bone, to the edge of which the pectoralis minor is
attached, extends along each side of the sternum from the base of the coracoids to the
anterior edge of the convex portion of the sternum ; posterior margin projecting, much
rounded, and having two large open and shallow fissures on each side. Manubrial
process very large, triangular, and expanded anteriorly; keel, with its lower edge
slightly arched, continued to the posterior margin of the sternum, anterior point
curved backwards; the anterior processes behind coracoids much lengthened.
Pelvis of moderate size ; iliac bones anteriorly to the femora much curved outwards,
and not united along the dorsal line; a ridge extends from this point, a strongly
marked ridge diverges outwards along the outer edge of the upper plane of the pelvis, forms
a strongly marked projection just behind the acetabula, and is continued backwards,
projecting over the ischium, and forming two elongated spinous projections on each side
of the caudal vertebre. Ischium nearly perpendicular to the horizontal plane of the
ium, which projects very far over it. Ischiadic foramen very large, slightly oval.
Os pubis gradually curved upwards towards the point, and forming with the ischium a
divided obturator foramen, the anterior portion rounded, the posterior oyal.
VOL, I. 2 97
MENURID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [MENURINZ.
Ribs broad at their upper extremities, and gradually becoming smaller towards
their lower ; styliform process broad at its attachment to the ribs, narrowed to the
point which projects over the rib behind it.
Furculum arched anteriorly, slightly flattened, the rami widely divaricating without
any process at the junction of the rami, united to point of the sternum by a ligament.
Coracoids of moderate length and size, somewhat triangular in the centre.
Scapula short, falciform, slightly expanding near their extremities, which point
downwards.
Wing-bones short, strong, the humerus very slightly longer than the scapula;
metacarpus long in proportion to the humerus, radus, and ulna, the two bones forming
it only united at their extremities.
Femur very straight; trochanters small, not projecting much upwards. Tibia
slightly bent downwards in the centre, an elongated projection on the inside near the
upper extremity, from which a small angular ridge proceeds downwards for about two-
thirds of the tibia. Metatarsus with the hinder part strongly edged on its external
and posterior margin, and also channelled posteriorly.
Vertebral column of moderate strength, the penultimate and two following cervical
vertebra with dorsal processes; the terminal caudal vertebre very large, triangular.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus ... . . 28 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 14
eneth-oruaawn SO eS eae 7 soe Breadthof anterior margin of sternum 11
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 14 Depth ose in na tak ee
Length of femur . «em «20 Length ofhead. . . . .. . 82
den othol (play a ae ce aU Breadth ofhead . . .«. . ... 18
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 41 Length of pelvis . . . . .. 28
Length of sternum. . . . . . 80 Breadth of pelvis... ss ew eee lh
Iilustrations.
Skeleton, Plate III. I. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and.
metatarsi, Plate XIV. fig. 1.
Preroprocuos, /tittl..
Tarnii, King.
I have only portions of the skeletons of this and the following species.
Cranium very similar to that of Menura, but not so wide between the eyes; occipital
ridge not ‘so large; occipital protuberance (which was broken in my skeleton of
Menura) large, from which, to the hollow at the base of the nasal bones, there is a
slight channel ; foramen magnum rounded. Palatine bones similar to Menura, as are
also the interarticular ones..
98.
MENURID&. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
| MENURINA.
Sternum anteriorly similar to Menura, but not so concave on its lower horizontal
plane; posteriorly it differs very much, being not so convex, broader, and with two
very deep fissures on each side; the central portion of the margin is also straight ;
keel similar.
The pelyinal bones were completely destroyed.
Ribs and metatarsi similar to Menura.
Furculum similar to Menura, but with a very slight notch at its junction with the
sternum.
Coracoids, scapula, wing-bones, and leg-bones also similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .... . 12 Length of sternum ... . . 12%
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 12% | Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 8
Length of metacarpus .. .. 6 Breadthof anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of femur (damaged ) Depehrohkcele Fuk, Ma he 4+ Toe a Bee
Menstaoliblaws” Kpee we! se 20 ihenethrot ead: .” 6 “ee oe Le
Length of metatarsug. . . . . 18 readies Cf heats So eae se tn ce pee
PreroptocHos, Aitél.
Albicollis, Avitzl.
All the bones I possess are similar to the last.
I have, however, the pelvis of this
species, which is precisely that of Menura in miniature.
Measurements.
‘Tenths. Tenths.
Length of sternum), 44 «is 2 2h 8 Depustotikceh . §. appsampcal 9p Ga ees
Breadthof posteriormarginofstenum 52 | Lengthofpelvis . . ... . II
Breadth of anterior marginofsternum 5 Breadth of pelvis 24405 wei 58
Illustrations.
Pelvis, sternum, and metatarsi, Plate XIV. fig. 2.
Troaiopytes, Vieill.
Europeeus, Cuv.
Cranium much rounded; occiput with a moderate ridge and protuberance; space
between upper part of the orbits small; margin not reflected; orbital septa with two
large foramina; nasal depression moderate ; nostrils oval. Palatine bones consisting
of two elongated strips expanding to about two-thirds of their length, when they are
abruptly truncated, and haye a spine on the external points of each truncation; the
P2 99
MENURID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Menvrin#.
inner margin of each is continued back to the interarticular bones, which are very
slender, but rather elongated.
Sternum very slightly convex, broad posteriorly, the margin nearly straight, with
two fissures, one on each side; the end of the external strips of bone expanded poste-
riorly; the lateral margin slightly contracted at the sides at about one-third of its
length; devoid of any manubrial process. Keel with the inferior margin slightly
curved, not reaching to the posterior margin of the sternum.
Pelvis broad in proportion to its length, the acetabula placed rather forward ; upper
plane slightly convex; ilium overhanging the ischium slightly at the sides. Os pubis
and ischium elongated very much beyond the iliac bones. Obturator foramen of
moderate size; ischiadic foramen very large.
Ribs weak, styliform process broader at its Junction with them than at its tip, which
projects beyond the next rib.
Furculum with the rami very slight; a very slight tubercle at its junction with the
sternum.
Coracoids long in proportion to the length of the sternum, and not much expanded.
Scapula long, narrow, longer than the humerus, reflected at their points.
Wing-bones very short; humerus not so long as the ulna; metacarpal bones long,
united.
Femur slightly bent; tibia without any process on their inner side ; fibula very short,
not extending for above one-fourth of the length of the tibia.
Vertebral column of moderate size; the penultimate and three following vertebree
with dorsal processes; the terminal caudal one triangular.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . .- - - 9 Breadth of posteriormarginofsternum 4
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 5% | Breadthof anterior margin of sternum 3
Length of metacarpus . . .. 38 Deptinoikeelty iy ew, Mews ees
Length of femur... . . . 5% | Lengthofhead. . . ... . 1143
fienethoftibia.. . 22 5 <0 0 Breadth of head 5
Length of metatarsus . . . . 8% | Length of Pelvic ced ak ae
Length of sternum .....- 9 Breadth of pelvis 5
Illustrations.
Sternum, pelvis, metatarsi, Plate XV. fig. 2.
100
CERTHIADS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [DenpRocoLarTiné.
DENDROCOLAPTES, Herm.
Platyrostris, Spix.
Cranium much rounded from the vertex to the occiput; occipital ridge very
apparent ; channel for the masseter muscles very distinct ; occipital protuberance also
well marked, from which a slight channel proceeds over the vertex to the transverse
channel between the nasal bones, which is deep. Space between the orbits moderate ;
orbits large, margin not reflected; septum entire. Palatine bones and interarticular
as in Troglodytes.
Sternum similar to Troglodytes with the exception of having a very well-defined
manubrial process, and the plane of the sternum nearly flat, and near its hinder margin
concave; keel with the inferior margin nearly straight.
Pelvis similar to Troglodytes, but with the anterior portion of the iliac bones rather
‘more divided.
Ribs similar to Troglodytes.
Furculum arched, the branches flattened laterally, a slight process turning back-
wards at their junction with the sternum.
Coracoids similar to Troglodytes.
Scapula not so long in proportion to the humerus, they ore of nearly equal length,
and curving so much downwards.
Wing-bones of moderate strength, the bones forming the metacarpus not
united.
Femur nearly straight; fibula more than half the length of the tibia.
Vertebral column of moderate strength, the penultimate and three next vertebre
with dorsal processes, the terminal caudal one large, triangular.
Measurements.
Tenths. | Tenths.
ieneth ol humerus; . . =. . Ii Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 8
HPeM@oUMOm Ula, oo ue 2 oe we ae LE Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 64
Wensth of metacarpiss | -. 1 . . ii HEP ONe ORM kCcltt mm. Stora ses oS
TecomMmomemnlres. 2 2 wes, LOD a Renath of head 10-4 bo. S85
Keuethvotstibiay, 0.) 1) o- Fo. 15 Breadth ofhcadm 4. A. ihe ES
Length ofmetatarsus . . . . I1 Hensthrot pelviss = . en iS
iensthofstemum 2 = =. . | bl Breadthof pelvis ~ 2 . 4 “2 LO
Picouarres, Less.
Tenuirostris, Licht.
Precisely similar to the preceding, except in measurements, and in haying the
scapula rather longer in proportion to the humerus.
101
CERTHIAD &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [SrTTinz.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Lenethionhumertiss ae eye a 18 Breadth of posteriormarginof sternum 5
Tength or wing.” yao ara. oe.” aes, EO) Breadth of anterior marginof sternum 4
,luength of metacarpus” ... . . 0 Depeotoniscels 2) uw. a) oak epee ia
" Leneth otvflemur gris. 8.) ees tor |, Weneghaormiengs | fo 0. een em
Wenegh Oras iam, [on a0. aimee wal) Breadthivordiead- =... ee
Length of metatarsus . . . . 8% Lense rolspelvasat Wo. A ee
ieeneiigorsternum <<». ue ee Breadth iotypclyise oo a Te aa
XIPHORHYNCHUS, Sw.
Trochilirostris, Licht.
Distinguishable from the two former only by the elongated bill and measurements.
Illustration.
Plate I. F.
ANABATES, Temm.
Leucopthalmus, Maz.
There is no distinctive mark between the skeletons of Dendrocolaptes and Anabates
that I have been able to discover, except in the lateral processes of the palatine bones
being longer, the shape of the bill, in the nostrils of the former being oval, while in the
other they are rounded, and in the ulna being very slightly longer in proportion to the
humerus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .. ..., 8 Breadthof posteriormarginofsternum 5%
Iienopnrotewlne cory ee AO Breadth of anterior marginof sternum 4
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 44 | Depth of keel I Meader at Pern
eapthof femur“) . 2. .. Mee |) Tengthcotheade oP) eee
Hhenothwol-tibiaGese ss de Breaatiuorbend. -. 0". oo an eee
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 8% | Lengthofpelvis . . . . .- ./ 10
Izenethvorstemum |. 6.0 — oe IBKenGtn Ob pelvis. 9, 9 su eeeevou eed
Sirra, Linn.
Velata, Zemm.
Cranium with the occipital portion much rounded; channel for the masseter muscles
scarcely perceptible ; occipital ridge and protuberance distinct, from which proceed a
channel open from the occiput to the base of the nasal bones; space between the orbits -
102
CERTHIAD. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ FURNARINZ.
of moderate size ; orbits with their upper edges reflected; septum with one very small
foramen ; nostrils oval.
Palatine and interarticular bones wanting.
Sternum of moderate size, indented posteriorly, with two wide fissures transversely
convex ; the lower edge of the keel slightly rounded, moderately deep, with a slight
manubrial process.
Pelvis similar to Dendrocolaptes, but with the obturator foramen much larger.
Ribs rather weak.
Furculum long, without any process where it is united to the sternum ; yery little
rounded anteriorly.
Coracoids rather long, rounded in the middle.
Scapula long, the tip much deflexed; nearly as long as the humerus.
Bones of the wing of moderate strength, the humerus bent, the ulna much shorter
than the humerus.
Femur straight.
Measurements.
. Tenths. Tenths.
jkeneth of humeise eee. oe IT Breadthof posteriormarginofsternum 44
drenetn On UMM oe a GD Breadth of anterior marginof sternum 4
Length of metacarpus . . . . 42 | Depth of keel 2
Length of femur 6% | Length of head . 13k
Length of tibia . , ee, Breadth of head 5
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 7 Length of pelvis 8
Length of sternum . 7 Breadth of pelvis 6
SITTELLA, Sw.
Chrysoptera, Lath.
In every respect similar to Sttta.
Fornarivs, Vieill.
Cunicularius (?)
Very similar to the other Certhiade, but with the keel of the sternum much deeper;
the process at the junction of the furcular branches larger and the pelvis broader in
proportion to its length.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Hhength ‘et humerus? Ge Pe enechrorainia io. t AEE Nay e297
Length ofulna. . .. . . . 123 | Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 Length of sternum .. . LG,
7
Length of femur
Breadthof posteriormarginofsternum 6
103
MELIPHAGID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ MELIPHAGIN &.
Measurements (continued. )
Tenths. Tenths.
Breadth of anteriormargin of sternum 43 | Breadthofheadd . .... . 6
Depth ofkeel (oh vy eMreho.4 fekowis Kensthiofmelvis at syco! at oy ad
emetivor heads a = - . 16 Hreadthotmpelyis . < Gichie peal
Antuocumra, Vig. & Horsf.
Carunculata, Lath.
Cranium rounded above occiptal ridge; protuberance prominent; space between
the orbits moderate, much depressed in the middle; orbits of moderate size, the upper
edges reflexed ; septum pierced by two foramina, which are merely divided by a narrow
strip of bone. Palatine bones broad, covering the roof of the mouth for two-thirds of
their length, where they are truncated, and terminate in two narrow strips of bone
to the interarticular, both edges deflexed; interarticular bones short, a little bent,
rounded. lLacrymal bones pointing backwards.
Sternum of moderate size, constricted in middle, a little rounded on the posterior
margin, with a fissure on each side; the strip of bone forming the outer edge of each
fissure much expanded at the end, so as nearly to convert the fissures into foramina ;
keel very broad, the lower edge rounded, the point receding; manubrial process of
moderate size, and turned upwards; bifid at its extremity.
Pelvis small, narrow ; anterior edges of the iliac bones not united, leaving a channel
between them as far as the acetabula, when the upper edges expand and leave a broad
open space to the first caudal vertebre, being only anchylored to the lateral processes.
Ischium very slightly inclined outwards, and much overhung by the pubis, which is
carried backwards to a point opposite the third caudal vertebre, the ischium being
united to it as far as that point. Ischiadie and obturator foramina large, the former
round, the latter oval; points of the os pubis pointing inwards.
Ribs of moderate strength; styliform process much turned upwards.
Furculum with upper points ef the rami not much expanded, and running in an
almost parallel direction to near their junction, where they curve inwards to meet each
other ; process uniting them to the sternum very large, and turned upwards ; the rami
flattened, and slightly arched anteriorly.
Coracoids rather long, rounded in the middle.
Scapula nearly as long as the humerus, very slightly deflexed.
Wing-bones of moderate length, the ulna longer than the humerus.
Femur very slightly bent; fibula about one-third the length of the tibia. Metatarsus
with a very deep keel arising on the calear protuberance, and continued, gradually
narrowing to the lower extremity of the metatarsus.
Vertebral column of moderate strength, the penultimate and three next vertebre with
plunt dorsal processes; the terminal caudal yertebre triangular and large.
104
MELIPHAGID. |
Length of humerus
Length of ulna .
Length of metacarpus .
Length of femur
Length of tibia .
Length of metatarsus .
Length of sternum .
AntHoocuara, Vig. & Horsf.
Lunulata, Gould.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [M ELIPHAGIN Z&.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
15 Breadthof posterior marginofsternum 9
18 Breadthof anterior margin of sternum 7
9 Weptinomiede . ty wl ys oO
13 Menethoorhedda.. 5. ~*, . . «oo
20 Dieadthsotnende . ; .e/. .. em
17 Hemethvotepelvise . 9.) 5 . «TS
16 Drepdthyofpelyiss. . . 9... . 9
Precisely similar, except in measurements, to the preceding.
AntHocHara, Vig. & Horsf.
Lewinii, Vig, & Horsf.
Similar to the preceding. —
Tropiporuyncuus, Vig. & Horsf.
Corniculatus, Lath.
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate II. F,
Also similar to Arthochena Carunculata, with the exception of the horn on the upper
mandible, and the sternum being slightly shorter, broader in proportion to its length
bd]
and having the hinder part of the fissures closed becoming foramina.
Length of humerus
Length of ulna . ©
Length of metacarpus .
Length of femur
Length of tibia .
Length of metatarsus .
Length of sternum .
Tropiporuynouus, Vig. & Horsf.
Argenticeps, Gould.
Similar to the preceding.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
13 Breadth of posteriormarginof sternum 10
17 Breadth of anterior marginof sternum 7
9 DCH Uno lcGeh! 1 ree en aml
13 Heenathvotvead: iy 4. fe) oy n Pues OT
21 Breadth of head .. . 9. on :,. 8
13 Weneth of pelvis . . 1 & ) . KG
14 Breadthof pelvis . .., . ., 8%
IMlustrations.
Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and metatarsi, Plate XV.
Q
105
MELIPHAGID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [MELITHREPTIN &.
Manoruia, Viel.
Garrula, Lath.
This group is very similar in its osteology to the Meliphagine, but differs in the
greater breadth of the pelvis and sternum in proportion to their lengths, and in having
the ischium and pubis more laterally expanded ;, or, in other words, not being so perpen-
dicular to the plane of the ilium.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Length of humerus . . . . . 6 | Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 6%
enesth of ulna 9. 2 eee Breadth of anteriormargin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus . . . . 648 Depth oftktel Wee) celia. 2 °-3
Length of femur . . . 3)... 10 Eeneth of head: 25.4 arrose Ohashi |
Length of tibia oe SMa NEE eB resdtbeoishesd® roo 2 eee Pee es
Length of metatarsus . . . . Id Length of pela) fi amt Asn de
Length of sternum. . .-. . 5 10 Breadth of{pelwiss’ oro he pon eo Oe
SPHECOTHERES, Vievll.
Viridis, Vig. & Horsf.
Very similar to the preceding. This bird has generally been placed among the
Oreolide, but the only specimen I have dissected has a brush tongue. The metatarsi
are shorter in proportion to the tibia in this bird than in most of the Meliphagide,
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Eength ofhumerus ... . . Id Breadth ofposteriormarginofsternum 8
ene hor ulme, jg i a oe ee he Breadthof anterior margin of sternum 7
Length of metacarpus . .. . 8 Depth of Keele i ee ca rer ee
Ben etir OL bem acs pall Henothof heads 6 dence ea
Weneth ob bla .* =) ki bone ed Broadthvor head ~ss-(e a etate ak nO
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 98 ensth of pelvis. 2. ean eee oe
Length ofsternum ... , . . 13% Breadth sof pelvis: 6 ose) wy pe
Psopnopges, Vig. & Horsf.
Crepitans, Lath.
This bird may be easily distinguished from the other Melithreptine by the extreme
shortness of the ulna in proportion to the humerus, only just equalling it in length ;. the
metacarpus is also short ; the obturator foramen is not so large in proportion to the size:
of the bird, and the keel of the sternum yery shallow..
106,
MELIPHAGID. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Myzomeninz.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . .. . . 10 Breadthof posteriormarginofsternum 6
Eeneth of ula oe ae Breadth of anterior marginof sternum 5
Length of metacarpus .... 4 Wepun orkecls oer Ba ere
Tengivottemir wa. « LIE Heieuor head... ta ss nO
AUCH SOL MDidee sl ee LO BREA Oi Meade se
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 14 | Lengthofpelvis’. . . . . . 14
Length ofstenum. . ... . 10 iereadth of pelvis’. ea ees
Myzometa, Vig. & Horsf.
Nigra, Gould.
Similar to the Melithroptine, but of smaller size, and having the ulna much longer
than the humerus, the scapula not so abruptly cut off at its posterior end. In this group
ought to be included Acan, Thornhychus, Gould; Acanthisa, Gould ; and Hematops,
Gould ;—all of which have brush tongues, and of all of which I have specimens.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . ... . 453 Breadthof posteriormarginof sternum 3
Length of ulna . 7 Breadthofanterior marginof sternum 2%
Length of metacarpus . 25 Dencheotskecle th. oe ae =
Length of femur 5 Wength of ead’. cur. “rays Le
Length of tibia . 8 Dreagth Ol heads | os i ee 8
Length of metatarsus . 6 Penethvot pelvis «5212 5 . «a
Length of sternum 6 Breadth ofpelvis .-. . . . . 44
Metipuaca, Lewin.
Chrysotis, Lath.
Similar, only smaller, to Anthochera carunculata, but the pelvis is slightly broader in
proportion to its length.
Measurements.
Tenths. ‘Tenths.
Length of humerus . ... . 8 Breadth ofposteriormarginofsternum 42
Length of ulna . 9 Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 4
Length of metacarpus 3 Pepth oftkeel, . <) NR RISe Olyhe2
Length of femur 6 Length ofhead - . 1. 0.0) . 1 14
Length of tibia . 7 Breadth ofhead . . . . . . 8%
Length of metatarsus 9 Hengthoft pelvis Waie. .'*...— 6
Length of sternum 8 Breadth of pelyiss=s*. 4k a. 42
Q 2 | 107
MELIPHAGIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [NucTARININA.
Necrarinia, Jl.
Javanica, Horsf.
The skeleton of this family is scarcely distinguishable from that of the other Meli-
phagide, were it not for the structure of the palatine and interarticular bones; the
former of which, instead of being truncated previously to their being suddenly narrowed
before their articulation with the interarticular bones, have a long lateral spur pointing
backwards, and the exterior edge bent downwards. The interarticular bones, instead of
being straight, are bent. The depth of the keel also is slightly greater.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ..... 6& Breadth of posteriormarginofsternum 4
Length of ulna . 14 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 3
length of metacarpus.. wis. 8. , Coto Keel es ee Ot ee Pt wee
Henctheot emir, tia 1. Ui gO Tepeth ofbead ve ere a ee te a he
Length of tibia . 9 Breadth of head a
Length of metatarsus 6 Length of pelvis 7
Length of sternum 6 Breadth of pelvis 4.
Illustration.
Plate XY. fig. 5.
ARACNOTHERA, Temm.
Longirostris, Lath.
This genus may be distinguished from the foregoing by larger orbital foramen, the
ereater depth of the keel, of the sternum, and the great length to which that bone is
prolonged at its anterior angles, the longer coracoids, and furculum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Length ofhumerus ..... 7 Breadth of posteriormarginofsternum 4
Length ofulma. . . . + + - 10 Breadth of anterior marginof sternum 7
Length of metacarpus . . . - 43 HWenun-Otmecl: 3) . A [eke ey meee
Length of femur haces Sed Length of head eles he hoes
Fengthyof tibiae esr) to tlie eee Breadth of head 5
Length of metatarsus . . . - 53 Length of pelvis 9
Length of sternum ...-. - 74 Breadth of pelvis 5
108
ParRip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Parinz.
Parus, Linn.
Ceruleus, Linn.
Cranium very round; occipital impression and protuberance very small; space
between the orbits narrow, slightly hollowed out; orbital septum nearly entire. Pala-
tine bones truncate previously to the narrow portion going off for articulation with the
interarticular, the outer angles armed with a sharp spine, the outer edges bending
abruptly downwards.
Sternum of moderate length, much narrowed anteriorly, much constricted in the
middle, with two posterior fissures very much rounded at the upper part; keel deep,
inferior edge rounded, anterior edge scolloped out ; manubrial process long.
Pelwis very short; the anterior points of the ilium very far apart, approaching rather |
nearer at about half the length of the pelvis; posterior edge of the ilium, at the junction
of the caudal vertebre, with two spines on the outer edges, which are very straight,
and are united to the upper edge of the ischium, which, with the os pubis, points out-
wards; ischiadic and obturator foramina of moderate size.
Furculum slightly arched, the curve increasing towards the lower junction of the
rami, the branches nearly parallel to near their junction, where the inward curve is
abrupt; process at the junction large, flattened, and turned backwards.
Coracoids rather long.
Wing-bones with the humerus not as long as the scapula; ulna much longer than the
humerus.
Vertebral column having the penultimate and two next vertebra with dorsal processes.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length of humerus... . . 54 Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 5
Tengthofulna. . ... .. 8 | Breadthofanteriormargin of sternum 3
Length of metacarpus .... 4 Deptheotikecl, ~AthWu) BART terres
Vencth oftenuten-| WWerso cer | Wises Length of head 9
frensthiottibia soi oo). oft 20 Breadth of head 5
Length ofmetatarsus. . . ... 6 Length of pelvis | 6
Henethsofstemums) nn) .. tk kon) #8 Breadth of pelvis. 5
Mlustrations.
Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and metatarsa, Plate XVII. fig. 4.
Axaupa, Linn.
Arvensis, Linn.
Cranium narrow between the orbits, and deeply channelled, channel only extended
backwards as far as the vertex ; transverse groove at the base of the nasals very deep;
109
ALAUDID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ ALAUDINA,
arcuated nostrils wide, oval; orbital septa, imperforate, but slightly broken into on its
posterior edge by the foramen admitting the optic nerves. Palatine bones, with their
outer edges only, bend downwards, truncate at two-thirds of their length, or at that
point from which a narrow strip of bone from their internal edges proceeds to the inter-
articular bones; a double spine on the external edge of the outer angle, pointing
backwards. Interarticular bones slender, straight.
Foramen magnum transversely oval; occipital ridge and protuberance very slightly
marked.
Sternum as broad anteriorly as posteriorly, very slightly constricted in the middle,
posterior to the junction with the ribs; anterior edge scolloped out, point retreating;
the hinder margin with a very large fissure on each side, which extends upwards to
nearly one-half the length of the sternum ; a bony rib bounds them externally, abruptly
expanded at the end, and is carried on forwards to the junction of the coracoids; the
internal edges are also thickened and expanded towards the mouth of the
fissures in the same form as the external one, inclining very much inwards, thus
causing the central part of the sternum to be very narrow. Keel very deep anteriorly,
straight ; manubrial process long, bifid, turned upwards, triangular.
Ribs weak; styliform process long and narrow, extending over the rib behind it.
_ Furculum with the rami nearly parallel to a little above their junction, where they
curve suddenly inwards, rounded at their junction with the sternum; a flattened pro-
cess, pointed backwards, to the lower edge of which the ligament is attached which
unites the furculum and sternum.
Coracoids of moderate length, somewhat triangular in the centre.
Scapula very long, narrow, straight; the tip deflected, and sloped off to a point from
above very obliquely.
Wing-bones of moderate strength; humerus not longer than the scapula; ulna only
slightly longer than the humerus, very straight; metacarpal bones with very little
interval between them.
Femur very slightly bent; metatarsus with a very large calcar process.
Pelvis broad between the acetabula, the points of the pubic bones projecting very
slightly beyond them; ischiadic foramen short, oval; obturator long; a swelling,
bulbous appearance on the lateral portions of the iliac bones posterior to the acetabula.
Vertebral column with the penultimate and four following yertebre furnished with
dorsal processes; terminal caudal vertebre, triangular.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Length ofhumerus ... . . 8% Leneth of femut™ s £9Pee. . 8
Lencth.of ulna...) /ah- hotlsnnaliytebl leneth efitibiay «xi oles lent 1s
Length of metacarpus . . . . 9 Length of metatarsus. . . . . 9
110
ALAUDIDE. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ ALAUDIN#,
Measurements (continued. )
Tenths. Tenths.
iene ol sternunt Ao. «| CO eneth of head’. eA
Breadth ofposteriormarginofsternum _ 6 IBreGwen-On eau tt Se aN EEG
Breadth of anteriormarginofsternum 4 emethror pelvis. 0920s eee
Depiiiroukcey=. gat Gee Ae lh Oe Pence Ol pelvic) > 2 ake + PT BG
Avaupa, Linn.
Arborea, Linn.
There is no distinctive osteological character that I can discover between this bird
and Arvensis, except measurement.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus ..... 9% Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 6
Heneth of ulna. .-.9 . NOM?) Saige Breadthofanteriormargin of sternum 4%
Length of metacarpus . ne ue Depth-of:keel .-; sleet jo Nyse
Length offemur . .... . 8 Length ofhead . 2). 2). . (188
Renethvottipiac, £ yo os. . » %I3 Breadth of head . . ... . «6
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 Kength of pelvis® ". «ges. so. 1h
Length of sternum. ... . . 10 Breadth: of pelvis -, .yi 2. . %
Otocoris, Bon.
Alpestris, Linn.
In general similar to Alanda, but differs in the external edges of the fissures on the
posterior margin of the sternum being broader, and gradually tapering forwards, con~-
sequently making the fissures rather narrower; and in there being a distinct im-
pression on the upper plane of the iliac bones over the sacral vertebre to the first
caudal one, with a ridge on each side; and also in having the bulbous appearance on
each side of the ilium ; posterior to the acetabula more distinct, the obturator foramen
narrower, and the seapula more massive and more expanded towards its tip.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . 9. . . . 10 Breadth of pesteriormarginofsternum 7$
Benetheor mia. = . 1 . + » Lex Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 65
Length ofimetacarpus’ * “fo. Ve Depchtomivecliaeg 2) Pee hE Pee:
Benpthiattenrncs > hp See Ad eugthtan toads. FV 1 yee seen e ee ST
Eenethwon.tibia es A Mere viel Te: Breadth: of head’ ©" ht Sie Big
Length of metatarsus . . . . 104 iengthtofpelyis ... 3) > SveewaRe
Length of sternum’ .. 1°. +10 Breadth of pelvis .. 1.9. 2.) 5 8
Lilustrations.
Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, metatarsa, Plate XVII. fig. 1.
11k
MOorAaciILLip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [MoraciLiin.a.
Me.anocorypHa, Bore.
Tartarica, Pall.
Cranium with orbital septum entire.
Sternum similar to Otocoris, but with the manubrial process much longer; the ante-
rior lateral edge of the sternum to which the ribs are articulated, very much produced.
Remainder of the skeleton similar to Alauda.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ..... Il Breadth ofposteriormarginofsternum 8
Length of ulna Se mea Foe a aL) Breadthof anterior margin ofsternum 54
Length of metacarpus .... 7 epee ot keel! = or “Fa a5 we
Kengthrofderiuties spa vo inte’, oie ys Tenpthoftiead ~ . zynsiaial Se ete
Length of tibia fullfekzeot an Vertes Breadth of head . .. TWitp Su tigeecs
Length of metatarsus 2 (alte. style Length of pelvis > se cpeeel ta Sikes
eneth of sternum _. aen to Wied Breadth ‘of pelvis |. = shel i) Gree
Moracitia, Linn.
Alba, Linn.
Cranium rounded, a slight channel proceeding from the nasal channel to the vertex ;
occipital ridge and protuberance not very distinct; orbits, and space between them, of
moderate size; septum with two fissures. Palatine bones truncate where they join the
sphenoid, to which they are anchylored, the outer edges slightly deflexed ; interarticular
bones slightly bent.
Sternum large, the central portion broad, with two posterior (not very deep) fissures,
the bony rib bounding them triangular at the tip; keel very deep in proportion to the
length of the sternum, the point carried as far forward as the end of the manubrial pro-
cess, scolloped out in front, rounded below; manubrial process long, turned slightly
upwards.
Pelvis similar to Alauda, but much broader in proportion to the size of the bird ;
the anterior portion of the iliac bones in particular; ischiadic foramen small; obturator
of moderate size.
Ribs of moderate strength; styliform process of nearly equal size throughout.
Furculum very much arched in front ; the upper extremities of the rami long, divari-
cating more than in Alauda, the process at their junction flattened and large, turned
backwards.
Coracoids rather long, bent a little outwards at their upper extremities.
Scapula longer than the humerus, slightly widened at the point from which it is
sloped off to the tip.
112
Moracitiip&. | ; OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Mora cinLinz.
Wing-bones. Humerus short; ulna longer than the humerus.
Vertebral column having the penultimate and two next vertebree with dorsal pro-
cesses.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
HLenethrer immeris. Fy OT Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 6
iReqeehmommitc. 2s. . os 3s 10 Breadth of anteriormargin of sternum 4
Length of metacarpus) 2 fs 5 Beprivomkece! SHORTY WANs OF A gF
Bengtiorreman ft swasarritjenan sy Meret omer BED Ai, eS
Heteonmmoriila se o> SU ORR a gS Dreaun omnes & . METS TNONAIN Co
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 Length ot pelvis! Qvyvev re ioy soiesgk
Lieneth°of sternum? PF? eI, eg IBreadthrom pelvis: 28 12 0u vbr ean 7
Moractiia, Linn.
Flava, Linn.
Similar to Alba, but smaller.
Enicurus, Zemm.
Velatus, Temm.
There is no perceptible difference between this bird and Motacilla, with the exception
that the leg-bones are rather longer; and the same may be said of Enicurus maculatus.
GraLuina, Viell.
Melanoleuca, Vieill.
The cranium differs from Motacilla in having only one interorbital foramen, the
sternum in having very small, comparatively speaking, foramina on its posterior margin,
the manubrial process shorter, the humerus in being longer than the scapula, and
‘the pelvis in being narrower.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 13 Breadthofposteriormarginof sternum 7
Length of ulna Sy oe See Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 64
Length of metacarpus ee ose. =9 9 Depibyomkcelee™ i. ake
ieneth-ontemur ag. 9) 10 Length of head i SMA 19
Length of tibia Mei Es Fe, Cn aiernne dS Breadthvotheade ". aatames -... -&
Length of metatarsus pu se UG Length of pelvis ss eaten
Length of sternum ig OE ee DECAGtIRON Pelyick ae et OL
R 113
MorTacit1ip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ANTHINE
Antuus, Bechst.
Obscurus, Gm.
Similar to Motacilla, but with the metatarsi shorter in proportion to the tibie.
Anthus Australis and Pratensis are also similar.
Sytyra, Lath
Hippolais, Linn. |
The Sylviade present very few tangible characters to distinguish them from the
Motacillide, and one description, independent of measurements, will almost serve for
the whole of the family ; they may, however, be distinguished from the latter family by the
greater proportionable breadth of the pelvis and sternum, and the very small amount of
devarication between the branches of the furculum. Between the members of the family
the form of the skeletons run still nearer; there are, however, a few that may be pointed
out. It would be useless to go through a series of measurements and take up a large
space, I shall, therefore, merely give a list of the species belonging to the family which
I possess, and mention where any characters occur differing from the bird above-
named.
Ilustration.
Skeleton, Plate V. F.
Lucinia, Linn.
Philomela, Bon.
Illustrations.
Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and metatarsi, Plate XVIT.
Saticaria, Selby.
Locustella, Penn.
Saricaria, Selb.
Phragmitis, Linn.
Ruricitta, Brehm.
Pheenicurus, Linn.
The pelvis is rather broader in proportion to the size of the bird.
Rouricitia, Brehm.
Tythys, Scop.
Recutus, Linn.
Auricapillus, Linn.
114
SYLVIAD&. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Synvinz.
SYLVIA.
Trochilus.
SAXICOLA.
Cinanthe.
Parva, Bon.
Braziliana.
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate V. F.
Pelvis rather broader than the type.
Illustration.
Plate V. F. fig. 2.
Tricuas, Sw.
Velatus, Vieill.
Both sternum and pelvis rather broader than the type.
Accentor, Temm.
Modularis, Linn.
The pelvis is much larger in proportion to the sternum than is usual in the family.
Mauurvs, Vieill.
Cyaneus, Gm.
The group in which the three following genera have been placed is rather an anomo-
lous one. I have doubts whether they ought not to be classified with the Motacillide,
judging from the greater proportionate width of the sternum and pelvis in comparison
with the true Sylviade. One genus, which has been usually classed with it, (Megalurus, )
differs materially from both in haying a narrow sternum, less depth of keel, and also a
much narrower pelvis. I have, however, classed it with Malurus, although confident that
it is not its true place. None of the three genera that I have before me—Malurus,
Stipiturus, and Megalurus—have that bulbous appearance on each side of the ilium,
posterior to the acetabulum, common to the Motacellide and true Sylriade.
Illustrations.
Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, metatarsi, Plate XVII.
Muscicapa, Linn.
Grisola, Linn.
Cranium rounded from the vertex to the occiput; occipital ridge and protuberance
RQ - 115
MuscicaPip.. | . OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [MuscicaPin a”.
distinct; space between the orbits rather broad; a channel proceeds from the nasal
depression, which is very deep, to the vertex. Palatine bones consisting anteriorly of a
narrow strip of bone on each, equidistant between the sphenoid and the maxillary, and
not united for their whole length; a little before their posterior termination a styli-
form process goes off from the inner side of this strip towards the sphenoid, when it is
expanded forwards and backwards, the latter portion being united with the inter-
articular, and the former extending an equal distance with the latter along the side of
the sphenoid ; interarticular bones straight ; nasal orifices very large.
Sternum similar in general shape to the Sylviade, but broader; the manubrial process
very large, and with a very wide bifurcation at its extremity. Point of the sternum
receding; two large fissures on the posterior margin; lower edge of keel slightly
arched.
ftibs of moderate strength; the styliform process long, and very narrow.
Pelvis very similar to the Sylviade, but with two parallel depressions along its whole
length on each side of the sacral vertebre, the lateral processes of which are distinctly
seen. Ischiadic foramen: rather large; obturator of moderate size; ischium slanting
much outwards.
Furculum much and regularly arched anteriorly; upper extremities of the rami
divaricating to a moderate extent, not compressed towards one another in the middle.
Coracoids of moderate length and strength.
Scapula longer than the humerus, the point slightly deflexed, of nearly equal width
throughout. |
Except in the measurements there is nothing remarkable about the wing and leg-
bones.
Vertebral column. ‘The penultimate and three next vertebre with dorsal spines.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths,
Wength or humerus, <.: 2). a» . Oo Breadth of posteriormarginofsternum 54
enethvotiulna” “Ok a Breadth of anterior marginofsternum 4
Length of metacarpus 34 DCD UMMOL eCls gg wel ate ke meer
Length of femur 5S Tenet Orpead 3) ey ks. aap odes
Length of tibia. 8 Breadth of head . | oe june Sree
Length of metatarsus 6 VewsincOL pelvis... 2 wie ee ee
Length of sternum v Breadth of pelvis 7
Rarpuipura, Vig. & Horsf.
Flabelifera, Gm.
Cranium similar to Muscicapa, but more rounded on the vertex.
116
MusctcaPip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [MuscicaPin x.
Sternum longer, and with the fissures deeper and narrower than in Muscicapa ; lower
edges of the keel much rounded.
Furculum with the rami compressed towards one another near their centre. Re-
mainder of the skeleton as in Muscicapa.
Metatarsi nearly as long as the tibie.
Motaciloides is similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. | Tenths.
ihenstivoihumerts 8". / . . 6 Breadthef posteriormarginofsternum 4
Leneikeoruiial soe 4 | Be Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 3
Length of metacarpus sed Depth of keel 24
Kensthtormomnr’ . 2 8 Bis 5 Length of head . 7
Length of tibia . 8 Breadth of head 44
Length of metatarsus Mtg eds Length of pelvis 7
Length of sternum ... . . 7 { Breadth of pelvis 5
Piatyruynenus, Desm.
Cancromus, Temm.
Cranium very much flattened on the vertex.
Furculum very slightly arched in front.
Sternum broad; posterior margin slightly indented in the centre; fissures very small ;
lower edge of keel very much. arched.
Metatarsi nearly as long as the tibie.
Pelvis with the upper side of the ilium very much rounded transversely ; ischiadic
and obturator foramina very large. Ischium and pubis placed nearly perpendicularly
to the plane of the ilium. |
- Vertebral.column with the penultimate and two next cervical vertebree with dorsal
spines.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus... . . 65 Breadthofposteriormarginof sternum 4
enorkaotningaee 5". 9 a Bey Breadth of anterior marginof sternum 3
Length of metacarpus . 3 Wepiueomiccel em ee
Length of femur 5 Mengih ot heads? 34." 72> «Tl
Length of tibia . g Breadth of head 5
Length of metatarsus . 7 Length of pelvis 5
Length of sternum . 6 Breadth of pelvis 4
Illustration. |
Skeleton, Plate VIII, F.
117
MuscicaPip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM, [ TYRANNINZ.
Monarcua, Vig. & Horsf.
Carinata, Sw.
Similar to Muscicapa, but with the tarsi longer and the orbital foramina very small.
Tcucrrea, Less.
Melanopyga, Ver.
Similar to Muscicapa, but with the ischium placed more perpendicularly to the plane
of the ilium, the latter of which is broader in proportion to its length.
Illustrations.
Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and metatarsi, Plate XVI.
Myiacra, Vig. & Horsf.
From W. Australia.
Similar to Muscicapa, but with the humerus rather longer in proportion to the
scapula.
Tyrannus, Cuv.
Melancholicus, Vievll.
Differs very slightly from Muscicapa, except in size. The sternal fissures, however,
are not quite so wide in proportion, the manubrial process not so long, and the ischium
is placed more perpendicularly to the plane of the ilium, and the humerus is longer
than the scapula, which is expanded slightly near the tip.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Ibensth-ofhumerus...) sai sig ar LO Breadthof posterior marginof sternum 7
ength of-ulna 2... © © +: slo Breadthof anterior margin ofsternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 12 Depthiotkeclyy iver reign
fenethsoitemur .- .2 "5. % «ge Length ofhead?. 2 Av. ee a
Weneth olwtibia . bo. i ek Boies Hyeadth-othead 5 ee: hee, St
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 7 Levetheot pelvis. -f-5). - 2
Theneth of sternum sq -agtedae 9s) bl Breadth of pelvis . . . . patie
Tyrannus, Cuv.
Verticalis, Say.
Similar to the preceding ; as is also Candifasciatus, D’ Orb.
Mytosius, G. R. Gray.
Superciliosa, Bon.
Similar to the foregoing.
118
MuscicaPip &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TiryRiIn az.
Hirunpo, Linn.
Riparia, Linn.
Cranium shorter and more rounded than in Muscicapa ; palatine bones of nearly the
same form, but sloped more on the inner sides towards the interarticular ones, which
are very short.
Sternum similar to Muscicapa, but rather longer in proportion to its width.
Pelvis similar.
Scapula very long and thin, very slightly expanded towards the tip, not much
deflexed.
Wing-bones with the humerus much shorter than the scapula, not being above three-
fourths of its length; ulna nearly twice as long as the humerus.
LT have also portions of the skeletons Progne purpurea, Hirundo peciloma, and Domestica,
all of which agree in form with the foregoing.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .... . 4% Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 5
ence Oma cept teevenat wi 0S Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 3%
Length of metacarpus Sects Depthnotkeel ir hi re ale
deenath offfemur wees, knofd tnd Length of head 9
HeuethOlibiay. ate Bioret: tapSy ll Breadth of head i)
Length of metatarsus . . . . 3% Length of pelvis 8
Kenstircisternum™ ©. 1s) ovo. 2 Breadth of pelvis 7
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate VIII. F. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and
metatarsus, Plate XV.
Tiryra, Vierll.
Cayana, Linn.
Cranium with the palatine bones similar to Muscicapine, but more massive, and with
their inner edges slightly deflected; intertarcular bones expanding slightly at their
distal extremity ; masseter impression strongly marked.
Sternum with the marginal fissures small, nearly closed; manubrial process of
moderate length, with the distal extremity widely branched.
Pelvis similar to Tyrannus.
Furculum much arched anteriorly ; rami divaricating considerably from their junction,
afterwards nearly parallel.
Scapula as long as humerus, expanded towards the tip, gradually deflexed.
Vertebral column with the penultimate and three next vertebre with dorsal processes.
119
MuscicaPip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Tiryrin z.
I have also a specimen of Tityra inquisitor, which does not differ in form from the
foregoing.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . .-. . 12 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Leneth of mifawae Telipgye it Ty Depthief keel, ol none see:
Liengchot femur ny oe a NO Tensth ofhead ... . .. 0 ian 21
henethiottibia 1 UT a. Wnegaos breadth ofdhead@yn aud ieee Pens
Length of metatarsus . . .. 12 Leénsth ofpelyis . : . « . amas
Length of sternum. . . 12 Breadth of pebyis! 20 Lay wemoe-Hgeyed
Breadth of poster iormargin ae sternum 9
Ampe.is, Linn.
Cedorum, Vieill.
Type.
Cranium very broad in proportion to its length, much more so than among the
Muscicapide, which in many respects it resembles; interarticular bones of moderate
length. Palatine bones consisting of a narrow strip on their outer edges; at about
half their length there is a strong, flattened, and blunt styliform process, pointing
inwards and backwards, from about two-thirds of their length the points are bent
suddenly inwards towards the interarticular bones, and are expanded at their junction
with them.
Sternum and Pelvis similar to the Muscicapide,
Coracoids shorter than in Muscicapa.
Furculum at the junction of the rami with a long, somewhat triangular, process,
pointing backward.
Wing-bones short; ulna longer than the humerus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . .- - 84 Breadthofposteriormarginofstenum 9
Lensthvofmlnas i ' 7 7- + oe: Breadthof anteriormargin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6 Depthcof keelgrney wi cher aneste.
Leneth of femur Se .- Labs ae? lienathiofdieadoe! (ih .c past edygeics
Tieneth of tibias pe ee iE} Breadth of headset) o: whine my 16d
Length of metatarsus- «© . . + 8 Length wefspelvis oye Copa mena see tO
Length of stenum. . .... 12 Breadth of pelvisticet Cos Ses
120
AMPELID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [AMPELIN®.
Carpornis, G. R. Gray.
Rubrocristata, D’ Orb. & Lafr.
Cranium similar to the last, but with the nostrils smaller, and the bones composing
the skeleton more massive; the edges of the orbits much recurved.
Sternum broader in proportion to its length, and the posterior fissures not so large ;
the keel not so deep.
Pelvis broader and stronger, particularly the anterior portion of it. In other respects
very similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .. 2. 20... I Breadth of posterior marginofsternum 9
Length of ulna - . . « . . 135 | Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 64
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 Depunoikecle = 2) 0 Fs ae 4
Length offemur .. . . . . 10% | Length of head Re Me ia fal,
Menethvot tibia, = . 4 .. 2. 16 Breadth ofhead "ee a= 9. as
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 9 ienotit offpelviseo ne Ae. . Selene?
iiengvaor sternum, . . % . + . Il Breadth of pelvis . . . . ..: 4
Carpornis, G. R. Gray.
Melanocephala, Pr. Maw.
Does not differ in form from Rubrocristata, except that the pelvis is smaller in pro-
portion to the size of the bird.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length of humerus ... . . 103 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
engthy ofeulng J) 6 260 Pots Ses) We ES Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Length of metacarpus . . . . 7 Depthrot-keel =) =. ,, -. aay Ap deck
Fength offemur . . . io % eid Length of head. eon id
Length of tibia: . . 2 e..e)s Breadth of head Ge. owes 18
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 82 | Lengthofpelvis . .. .. 2... 15
Length of-sternum. . 28/99, 20.8712 Breadth. of pelvis... Si.2.)% SoG
Tersa, Vieill.
Ventralis, 17.
Cranium much broader in proportion to its length than in the foregoing ; in other
respects very similar. Palatine bones with the lateral shafts much bowed outward in
8 121
AMPELIDS. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ AMPELINZ.
their centres, and having a triangular spine projecting inwards at their anterior
extremities; space between the orbits much broader.
Sternum much narrower in proportion to its width.
Pelvis similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
engthrordhiumerus: go 2 0 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 10% | Breadthofanterior margin ofsternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . .. 4 Depthiofikeel-~.. . . . cS Me
Genethoffemur . =... . ..wiibenwigemm@ihotheads: : - . . = de
Menecisot tibia. .95 « & 2 sy ae Bueadth of liesd ~. ¢ . 4 2... O8
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 6 Lefigth of pelvis ..> aucad ie aad
Length of sternum ... .. 10 Breadth of pelvis .. .. -- slate die
Lipaneus, Bote.
Plumbeus, Licht.
Similar to the foregoing, but with the ulna rather longer in proportion to the
humerus.
Puisatura, Vieill.
Flavirostris, Vell.
Cranium similar to Ampelis, but with the hinder extremity of the palatine bones very
much expanded.
Sternum very broad in proportion to its width.
Pelvis narrower in proportion than in Ampelis ; ischiadic and obturator foramina
very large.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus -. . . . . 10 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Tieneth of ulna... .. loot Vegi Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 64
Length of metacarpus Sy |) Depthcofkeel’- ... » . “aad de sheat
Length of femur Sh | leneth-ofheads. 9. <2, whllide dade
Length of tibia . 8 Brdadth of head... ... ap0naetont Salaiaat
Length of metatarsus 7 iheneth of pelvis. ~. = poset elo
Length of sternum . 10 Breadth of pelvis. |. —.. .. st wee
Trena, Horsf.
Puerta, Lath.
Cranium long; interorbital foramen much smaller in proportion than in Ampelis.
Palatine bones very much elongated on their lateral posterior margin.
122
AMPELID A. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[DroruriInz.
Sternum broad in proportion to its length; lateral fissures nearly closed; keel deep.
Pelvis very broad in proportion to its length.
In ether respects, as in Ampelis.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus ©. .°. . . U1 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 94
enenvonulniae eo. Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 64
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 Wepih ot-keele.,, Senin pe etned
Length offemur . .. . . . 98 | Lengthofhead. .. . . . . 18%
itenopmettibiagse = ~ . » + © Lda Breadth of lead... e- . 2 fof
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 6 ensihtoPpelvise 2 5 feu 5) yk?
Length ofsternum ..... 12 Brendthiotepelyise “0x 0. 4) ee
Artramus, Vieill.
Leucogaster, Valence.
Cranium much more convex than in Ampelis and Irena ; orbital foramina very large.
Palatine bones damaged.
Sternum not nearly so strong as in Irena, but with the posterior fissures nearly
closed; keel deep.
Pelvis of moderate depth, the obturator foramen very large; humerus short.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Lenethjof hume;rnsy jy pe Sol endy iwes Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 62
ikeneinvor uliay 1) Panda late Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
{genethtor metacarpus’: “<yne<puyeGh 4 Depthofkeel”. . . ww BE
Wenothreratemun (9° Of dal aa.stieeGer|| duensthofheads 2 0-3 ye ceo ee 16
Ienetheortibia..... . bylaw, drepbl Breadth of head RT ees
Iiength of metatarsus . . . . . 7% | Lengthofpelvis ...... 9
enethofstemmum . . 2. . %. * <9 Breadth of pelvis ome Oe
Dicrurvs, Vieill.
Densus, Temm.
There is scarcely any distinction between this genus and Artamus; the above species,
however, differs in having two foramina on the posterior portion of the sternum, instead
of fissures. The other that I possess (Coracinus Verr) has fissures on the margin, as
in Artamus; the hinder margin of the sternum is also much wider than in Artamus, in
proportion to the breadth of anterior edge; the pelvis is also as long as wide.
D. Ballicarnassius is similar to Densus.
123
AMPELIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Pirin .
Measurements.
Tenthis. Tenths.
Length of humerus; ...° «.. . 12 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 14% | Breadthofanterior margin ofsternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6 Depeavofikeel .. . . = oe eee
Henethrof temurweay coals g DELO Hengtheoricad -- . 0a ws Bee
Length oftibia wis: soheiue to fofebes | Breadthvoftiead . >.> + Ta. est
Length of metatarsus ... . ..-.| 9 lbene thier pelwis= “.yeck. Sees PA Lae
Heneth of sternum |. . .ben * Mp apyl?d- | Breadth orpelvis, . - . 25% me
PACHYCEPHALA, Sw.
Gutturalis, Linn.
Cranium slightly flattened from the vertex to the nostrils; orbital septum nearly
obliterated. Palatine bones with a spine on the outward edge, near their posterior
extremities, projecting backwards.
Sternum very broad; fissures on the posterior margin very large.
Pelvis broader than long; foramina of moderate size; ulna longer than humerus.
Metatarsi long, with a keel on their posterior edge.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Menethwofhuniertis 2. 2.5. 8 Breadthof posterior margin of sternum 7
Kerehorumats a ee MO Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Lengthvormetacaspus’. . 1). |. . age | Wepth or keel” ©) Sir Mee Sere
Length of femur eee eee iiength of head 9 “ase te ee
Ienethof tibia’, °° 27 8 eee Breadth of head.» .+ 7 FP Meee ee ereanGs
Length of metatarsus . 9 Wensth of pelvis >... - sees Se eae
Length of sternum . 8 Breadth of pelvis = Steere Seer
Copurws, Strick.
Filicauda, Spiz.
Cranium convex; palatine bones very short, with a spine projecting backwards on
their outer posterior edges; orbital septum with a moderate-sized foramen.
Sternum of moderate size, not so broad as in Pachycephala.
Pelvis very broad; both obturator and ischiadic foramina very large; vertebra dis-
tinguishable on the upper surface.
Metacarpus long.
124
In other respects similar to Pachycephala.
AMPELID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [PipRin x.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
fueneibot hummer 2 2. i. 7% Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 5
Peaemn Gi Mina ok eC. LO Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 4
Teneth of metacampis. . . . . O Depth of keel happen tee Caters = 2)
duensth offemur oo... =. =. «=. ~ 6 Hpemet OL Meat. nv ey ee
Tenstheot tibia. . 2. 8. WO Breadth of head a oe
iLeneosi es Mermarsus . . % Y.”. 6 | MOL MRength or pelvis "he Soyo, Meee FT
Length of sternum. . . . . . 64 | Breadth of pelvis 64
Pipra, Linn.
Caudata, Shaw.
Similar to the foregoing, but with pelvis broader, and the sternwm with a deeper keel.
P. Manacus is also similar.
Rupicouia, Briss.
Crocea, Bon.
Cranium flattened from the vertex to the nostrils, where there is a strong transverse
groove; orbital septum with a small foramen. Palatine bones very broad for their
whole length, their lateral posterior edge with a blunt process slightly pointing
outwards.
Sternum of moderate size, the process to which the ribs are attached very broad,
Pelvis of moderate size, longer than broad; obturator foramen large; the ischiadic
narrow.
Ulna much larger than humerus; metacarpus long.
Metatarsi and legs generally rather short, the former with a very slight keel on the
hinder edge.
Measurements.
Tenths. | Tenths.
Pens omumerus =: . . . . 19 Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 11
dcenothmotultiae 2 hE. 4 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 94
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Ii Bepthcomkeel se ft ge ed
ensihvoitemur 8.2 9. wo. 4 Hrencthotnedd) a. 6 4 ta we Ol
Henechvor tipkae) Fel A OY QT ipreadth op heady 1 SAI ee 9
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 14% | Lengthofpelvis. . . . . . . 21
Ibengthot-stermum: - < (tayhah ie yak6 Breaeduh) Of Welvasty; 11) eekkaeel easel 1
Ilustrations.
Sternum, metatarsi, and pelvis, Plate XVI. fig. 2.
125
LAND. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Lantn az.
Lantus, Linn.
Collurio, Linn.
Cranium with a very slight depression across the nasal bones, and sloping very
gradually from the vertex to the nostrils; central channel small; orbital septa with a
small foramen. Palatine bones not divaricated at their hinder extremities, but merely
spatulate and rounded.
Sternum nearly as wide anteriorly as posteriorly; the posterior marginal fissures of
moderate size, and the edge of the sternum nearly straight.
Os furcatum very much curved in front and bent much inwards at its junction with
the sternum.
Pelvis longer than broad ; ischiadic foramen large and oval, about half as wide as
long in some; obturator foramen of moderate size; genera much narrower in propor-
tion to its length than in others.
Metatarsi rather long, with a projecting rib down the hinder margin.
Ulna short in proportion to the humerus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .. . . . 53 | Breadthofposterior margin ofsternum 6
Bencthiot Wits jute sis afte Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 44
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9 Depthiot Keel 9 as ee
Hen seiot tenure owe ye desl elnene tht OL eddy fae ae ee
Meno ORDA rw bey: ee Breadth ofhead. . . . . . . OF
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 9% | Lengthofpelvis. . . . . . . 10
Length of sternum. . .. - - , 8g.\ Breadth ofpelvis . . . . 1... 7
IMlustration.
Skeleton, Plate XI. F.
Cyctoruis, Sw.
Guianensis, Gm.
Cranium concave on its vertex; orbital septum with a large foramen. Palatine
bones broader at their hinder extremity.
Sternum broader in proportion to its length than in the last.
Pelvis similar.
Metatarsi longer in proportion to the tibia.
126
Lanrip&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ Laniin az.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .. . . . 8 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
Length ofulna. . . . . . . Q9& | Breadthof anterior margin ofsternum 44
Length of metacarpus. . . .. 4 Depticofiocle tl, ale
Lenstiiveidemun o- % 4. 2. + 8 Hemeth or iveads .- 4 2. nn! oy is
Lenethsof Hbigneim. OY Ae teas Bde Breadth oFhedd’: tye sey eoreelg
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 10 kenethy of pelvis.) a) Yi. w OO
eneth-ostemmum: . fii y 8 Ipreadth.of pelvis, i... +... -8
Illustrations.
Sternum, pelvis, and tarsi, Plate XVIII. fig. 2
Pycnonotus, Awhl.
Ashanteus, Stric.
Cranium very convex ; orbital septum with a moderate-sized foramen ; humerus as
long as ulna.
Remainder of the skeleton similar to Lanius.
Measurements.
Tenths. | Tenths.
Lengthofhumerus .. .. . 10 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 64
Wenotheotuima sa 4 . + . dO Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 5
Isensth iofametacarpus igh Jaw Grootgt| Depth of keel. 21 to onion po gl 8
enethoortemur =... . « .- 9 deengthyof head sir jaune) 3H ghd
eustheottibia © 2. 2 s +e . iBreadtheot heade =i. 29) ye Gs
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 9 Rength. or pelvis = * ) 0 ele
Length of sternum: ~. . . . 1 + 10 Breadth of pelvis’ <. « “. Siac dl. aya
CriniGER, Temm.
Nivosus, Temm.
Similar to Lanius, but with the ulna rather longer in proportion to the humerus.
THaMNopPuHitus, Viel.
Undulatus, Mik.
Cranium similar to Lanius, but with orbital septum nearly obliterated ; indentation
for the massiter muscle very deep; vertex convex.
Pelvis much narrower, especially anteriorly, than in Lantus, and much longer in pro-
portion to its greatest width; the two sides of the ischium not united, so that the
127
LANIID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [THAMNOPHILIN A.
whole of the vertebree to which they are anchylored can be seen from the upper sur-
face; ischiadic foramen very large, oval.
Sternum nearly as broad anteriorly as posteriorly; posterior fissures larger than in
Lanius, and the keel not so deep,
Metatarsi long.
Uina shorter than the humerus. Metacarpus more than half the length of the ulna.
The upper five vertebree next to the Atlas with the dorsal spines apparent.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths-
Length of humerus . ..: . 13 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 73
Length ofulna . . . . . . . 12% | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Length-ofimetacarpue” . . << 9a Wepidvotikee 7 - 7RRaN.was tenis
Length of fentur =". =. . < . 26% | Mength ef head Apu aaieenee ~~ 927
Lengihyof tibia yea a}: hasis.d sel gere. Bieddth of head, - «yo -r Besy cael
inength ofmetatarsus... .. . -.% 49 length offpelyis” =< 2 tate ee See
Length of sternum co, a Ym D2 gla Breadlth, sofane | ois ee ii ies if ll ee
TuHAmMNopuitus, Vieill.
Severus, Licht.
I have a specimen of the above, and also Meleagris and Doliatus, Licht, neither of
which differ, except in size, from Undulatus.
~Vanea, Vieill.
Nigrogularis, Gould.
Cranium rather flattened on the vertex; palatine bones bifurcate at their hinder
extremities; impression for the massiter muscle not so large as in Thamnophilus ;
orbital septum perforated with a large foramen, but not so rudimental as in Tham-
nophilus.
Sternum broader posteriorly than anteriorly; keel shallow; posterior fissures of
moderate size. |
Pelvis nearly as broad as long; vertebre scarcely traceable on the upper surface ;
obturator foramen very large; ischiadic foramen oval, very wide.
Ulna much longer than humerus; metacarpus long.
Metatarsus not so long in proportion as in Thamnophilus.
128
TurpIp=. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TurpIn.«,
Vanea, Viel.
Torquatus, Lath.
Similar to the foregoing, but smaller,
Lanarivus, Vieill.
Peli, Bp.
Cranium with the vertex very convex; orbital septum very nearly obliterated, con-
sisting merely of a slight strip of bone. Palatine bones with their external edges bent
much downwards, and having a spine near their hinder extremities, pointing back-
wards ; masseter impression small.
Sternum much narrowed behind the coracoids ; process for the attachment of the
ribs very long. |
Pelvis as broad as long; vertebra on the anterior half visible; obturator and ischi-
adic foramina both very large.
Ulna slightly longer than the humerus; metacarpus short.
Metatarsi long.
Os furcatum and coracoids long, the former much laterally compressed ; process at
its Junction with the sternum very large, flattened, and pointing backwards.
Measurements,
Tenths. j Tenths,
Lenetheotphumerus, . . . =~. 10 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 64
lkensthofeitina = 2°50. « . ., El Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Henei i ofemetacarpus way i wt). $440\e Depth of keel. 4 wast tpt. ante
Meneiomicmure sa 25 | =) LOR Lenethiomhead - 1. sttvtyepcpee LO
Dene omit wee a. © Vo i) Breadth of headi: -, , . «7+. «8
Length of metatarsus . . . . . Il Hength ofspelyisiy mF. pig) in) a OS
Length ofsternum .. . . . 105 | Breadthofpelyis .-... ..... 9%
Laniarius, Viel.
Leucorhynchus, Harti.
Similar to the foregoing,
Turpvus, Linn.
Musicus, Linn.
Type.
Cranium very convex, with a slight channel running from the base of the bill, where
there is a deep transverse channel to the occiput; orbital septum with a moderate-sized
T 129
Turpin. |
foramen ; masseter impression very slight.
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM,
[ Turpin».
The palatine bones consist of a slight strip
of bone expanded near their hinder extremities, and slightly bent downwards.
Pelvis very broad; obturator and ischiadic foramina large.
Sternum with the posterior margin very much rounded, with two large fissures, one
on each side; the strips of bone bounding the outer edges of the fissures do not project
so far back as the edge of the central portion of the sternum. |
Wing-bones very short; the ulna longer than the radius.
Metatarsi of moderate length, with a slight keel down their posterior edge. Altogether
the skeleton of Turdus very much resembles that of Lantus.
Measurements.
Tenths. , Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 9% | Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 83
Length of ulna .. . . . . 114 | Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metadarpus ;°!.-. So" m6e) Depth Of kéely i Q99t 48 Le a9 ate!
ienethyotdemur® =. 9 . Gees 2 gl® Length of head 8% HINO aie ae
Length of tibia. =<. ._ . 1 PE Seg Breadthver header) 2950 10 Vag
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 13 Length of pelvis’ . ¢ .@ite reat
Length ofsternum 29 tie Se) teal Breadth of pelvis 1.9.0. YoY. 8%
Illustrations.
Turdus, Chochi, Plate VII. F.
Torvus, Linn.
Torquatus, Linn.
Turdus, Chochi, Pilaris, and Carbonarius are all similar to ‘the foregoing, except in
measurements.
Cortiuriocincia, Vig. & Horsf.
Selbii, Gould.
Cranium slightly more flattened from the vertex to the bill than in Turdus. In other
respects similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Length of humerus . . ... H Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
ener ulna . "he + so 3. ae Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6 Depth-ofkeele «yoke ee ees:
beneath oftemir 9s ty. «aes [Leneth ofheady. “. 1. a ee aeee
ieneth ofstibia si Sepses 28 Breadth of héad.“. 5 SES
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 18 Léneth of pélvis 7 290" YT) oe 2
Length of sternum. . . . . . L1§ | Breadthofpelvis . . 1... . 103
130
Tourvip. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TIMALINA,
Donacosivus, Sw.
Atracapillus, Linn.
Cranium with a large foramen in the orbital-septa.
Pelvis and sternum smaller; metatarsus longer.
Wings very short; humerus as long as ulna. In other respects similar to Turdus,
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Jneneth ofshumerus 9... 0. 9 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 54
LenomOn Mma Ve icia. sw Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 43
Length of metacarpus ... . 43 Wepencomkccme a xG sm. a LD
ikenethof femur “.=, wo » a 9 Tength ofthead) 2 syed vytenen ee
Henstivol tibia, .. 5 5 «4 + I6 Wreadtin of med dy sure
Length of metatarsus . . .. 12$ Mencthrofpelviss >. 5 EO
iemeth, or suerte Om ReaCUAROMVCIVIS. 40 cn nO
Hyprozata, Viel.
Cinclus, Linn,
This bird does not differ from Turdus, except in having the posterior margin of the
sternum nearly straight, and in the fissures being smaller,
Measurements.
Tenths. | Tenths
Length of humerus <. . . - .='9 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum. 9
Mengihovulnay . *. 3 io. + s., 10 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
ienstueormetacarpus — '29y PELL SF. |. Depth ofikeel - — 5 Me ONS ps ies
Kenetmtorrenrurs 6 The 05 2 tee el. | Wensth of head .- .- . 286 D> yk
Genet oftibia °.. 9 w 3 4360-80 Bello Breadtheor head! + == (Sree 9h EGREG
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 12 Veneth of pelvis .- 9. . See iy ey
Ibength of sternum 2+ .- OY (2. S816 Breadth of pelvis...) (92 2 6.5 8%
GarruLax, Less.
Rufifrons, Less.
Cranium with a very large foramen in the orbital septum. Palatine bones very
similar to Turdus, but not extending so far backwards. Masseter impression very
slight. ;
Sternum with a very narrow keel, and with the fissures on the ages margin very
slight ; as wide anteriorly as posteriorly.
Pelvis broad ; ischiadic and obturator foramina very large. In other respects similar
to Turdus.
Ulna longer than humerus.
lol
Phi, we aa
Turpip&, | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ForMICARINE.
Measurements.
Tenths, ‘ Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .... . 12 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 6
Length rot alnas 7” Fi .. + Geape at Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 6
Lengthjof:metatarpiis. ... .._ 6 |) Depthwotikeel . 0%. 48 i. ue
Wength of denmre ee 4. Gok AS enetiaetead-. . 5 us ae ew
Lieneth ofdibinet Ge P.O ES Dicadtigomnend 6. Wy ie ne ed
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 13 Lenethreipelvis ) lu! oes
Henetivor sternum =. | a Dol Drcadthappelvis . «4 a) ae SOE
Myornonus, Temm.
Cyaneus, Horsf.
Cranium with the vertex moderately convex}; orbital septum nearly obliterated.
Palatine bones similar to Turdus; upper edges of the orbits recurved.
Pelvis rather narrow, much more so in proportion than in Turdus; obturator
foramen large; ischiadic foramen almost obliterated. |
Sternum with the hinder margin nearly straight; a large fissure on each side on the
posterior margin; keel shallow. :
Ulna much longer than the humerus,
Metatarsi long.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Leneth of humerts . . . . . 94 | Breadthof posterior margin ofsternum 84
Bength of ulna...) fs ee > 144 | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Length of metacarpus. . . . - 6 Dapth of keel .. .. +, nik) Agee
Length offemur .o. + + 112 || Jeength of head . sihatielaa to Hiyiet
Length of tibia... 4) 4 ie 20 Breadth of head. .. wyatt Bad
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 18 Lengthofpelvis . aot. . « 9p
Length of sternum... ..- . 11 Breadth of pelvis . .9¥....5- F710
Gratiina, Vieill.
Imperator, Natt.
Very similar to Myophonus, but differs in having very large fissures on the posterior
margin of sternum, which is very slightly rounded; the process at the junction of the
branches of the furculum is broad, flattened, and points downwards, while in Turdus it
points backwards. The leg-bones are very long, the wings short, the ulna only being
slightly longer than the humerus.
132
TuRDIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ ForMICARIN Zz.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 1384 | Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 8
densi ofulndnty Wir s0lssh ie bo) 1G Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 7 Wepth of keel) .. % noses hy dye
iteneth of femur .. «/ Sasi ks studs Weneth ot head .. ..° « vcrgh Hee
Tgength of tibia, |. . bad hs stint Breadth of head Hi ko
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 21 Length of pelvis «0... . . des
Micneth ohetermum - . smi to des | Breadth of pelvis... onary & Hioh
Grawuaria, Vieill.
Marginata, Pr. Maz.
The only difference in form between this bird and the foregoing is that the pelvis is
broader; it still, however, has the same linear form of ischiadic foramen, and the pro-
cess at the junction of the rami of the os furcatum points backwards.
~ Cinctorampuus, Gould.
Cruralis, Vig. & Horsf.
This bird has been classed with Malurus, but the skeleton is precisely that of
Grallaria, with the exception of the ischiadic foramen being rather more open. —
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . .. . . 114 | Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 8
Length ofulna . . .. . . . 138% | Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 6 Depth of keel ee:
WLenoth on fem mse ey op ae LT ILen Ose ES
Meus ot tibia. . . © 4 st . 20 Breadtineot head = ye uA ae
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 16 Renorheot pelyist = viel cece seta
ienstivor stermamt |e a 2 Breadth of pelvis 64
Formicryora, Sw.
Grisea, Strick.
Cranium with the vertex very convex, orbital septum nearly obliterated. Palatine
bones with the lateral spines pointing backwards, and very long.
Sternum very broad in proportion to its length.
Pelvis broad, the ischiadic foramen very large.
Humerus as long as ulna.
Leg-bones long.
I have great doubts as to whether or not this is the right family for this bird.
133
OrI0LID &. | OST EOL OETA Sey eM. [OrIoLIN &.
Measurements.
f Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus >. . . . . 5% | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 5
Lengthofulna . . . . . . . 5 | Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 4
ensth ofimetacanpus . . “Se. 2s Depth-of-keek . . :0\ elon Ey Oey
-dieneth obtemture ga. ; — Lite Io Reams Ikength ofhead . .. . wee Bigd
Isnoth oftibia,?, .°. Jon Rawhe Breadthvofhead . .- .. J Re Hoes
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 8 Length -ofpelvis . t-./eagt ems
enethvotstemun . . MYR eee isteadth of pelvis... pw Ma Eros
Illustration.
Drymophila (Formicwora) loricata, Plate XI. F.
OrtoLus, Linn.
Intermedius, Temm.
Type.
Cranium much depressed anteriorly to the vertex, and slightly hollowed out between
the orbits; edges of the orbits not reflected; septa with a moderate-sized foramen.
Palatine bones rather strong, expanding at their posterior extremities abruptly ; the
outer margins elongated backwards in the form of a blunt spine; interarticular bones
rather short; nostrils rounded.
Sternum broad on its posterior margin, which is nearly straight; anterior margin
two-thirds the width of the posterior; the fissures on the posterior margin of moderate
size, and much contracted posteriorly; keel of moderate depth, slightly arched.
Pelvis of moderate size, nearly as broad as long; channel very deep between the
ischium and the anterior sacral vertebre, leaving their dorsal spine apparent; ischiadic
foramen broad, oval, divided into two portions by a small strip of bone, the anterior
portion very small; obturator foramen large.
Furculum with the rami much compressed laterally at their junction ; furnished with
a flattened process pointing backwards. .
Coracoids rather long.
Metatarsi slightly channeled down the front, without any posterior keel.
Wing-bones with the ulna longer than the humerus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . ... Il Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
leengthvot wina: 3. aetoe Ser 13 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Leneth of metacarpus: <0. . . MggntRepth of keeltsyy, 1) yene. 8 ae ee
Berotiotfemur .§ 2. > Fag enathxofiheadsty i) 0. wae ee LS
Ikenethcofitibia a 8)4.° SS 2s Breadth of head :
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 9 héngth of pelvis” < are eee ais
“Length ef'sternum’: =. 2). 20.) 10 Breadth of pelvis
134
OrIoLID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Srerniw x,
OrtoLus, Linn.
Nigripennis, Verr.
Similar to the foregoing in all respects but in being rather smaller.
STernvus, Linn.
Vulgaris, Linn.
Type. |
Very similar to Oriolus, but differs in having the sternum longer in proportion to its
width, and the keel deeper, the ischium more perpendicular to the plane of the ilium,
and in the tibia being longer in proportion to the femur.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 103 | Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 83
Revethrofulbas: Go. . oe 12 Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 6
-Length of metacarpus .... 7 Dentinomi<ecie ur min veo we
ienethrortemur 2 7 1.1, 2) L0ee | Length of headiMio pamsevepm) . -18
hhengthyof tiltiass aysursi) xiocdiiei ock6gd siBreadth:ofthead) . in mo ft. holelaanitel6S
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 11d | Lengthofpelvis . . . . : . 18
Llengtarot stenmine eo) yw 2 Bread thiofipelwisenivtg of eivlog to dyad
Lamprotornis, Temm.
Cantor, Gm.
Similar to Sturnus, but has the palatine bones broader, and the manubrial process of
the sternum shorter.
Lamprocoius, Lund.
Purpuriceps,. Verr.
Similar to the foregoing, but with the sternum rather longer in proportion to its
width, and the pelvis broader.
Pastor, Zemm.
W. Australia.
Very similar to Sternus, but has the manubrial process much shorter, the inferior
edge of the keel more arched, and in the ischium not being placed quite so pérpen-
dicularly to plane of the pubis.
135
ORi0LID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [SrerNinz.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
IEeHSth Of WimMeriss) we eee Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
Length of ulna: . . . . . . 18 ‘| Breadthofanterior margin ofstenum 7
Length of metacarpus . . . . 10 Depih Oreck « . sw A Geer “ae
Venethsot femar Se". . 2 2 a2 Teneth ofhead - .. . . -MOld 7628
iheneth crittbiale — © © = | = 20 Breadth of head yey l. skhowe¥ ~° S
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 11% | Lengthofpelvis . . .. . ., 16
Wenethsolstermum 2. — 1. 3, a. Bele) Breadth oipelvis 0 5 a
STeRNopastor, Hodgs.
Jalla, Horsf.
The bird may at once be distinguished from the preceding by the shortness of the
sternum in proportion to its width.
STERNELLA, Vieill.
Ludoviciana, Linn.
Distinguished from all the other Sternine by the enormous fissures on the posterior
margin of the sternum, the greater proportionate depth of the keel, and the great
breadth of. pelvis in. proportion to its width.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
ikeneon ot humerus 9.8 he 4 Gd Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
eemeth of Wa el es i ae Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 7
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 Depth ot keel ocean
Lsneth of demir) oS a ay Lengthvetthead ”. .- ¢, Aves: eee
Genet rotaibia. sy. bee Ee Breadth ot head), Ay 5. 4 a eee
Length of metatarsus . . . . . IT enethoof pelvis’ «,.- 7s eee se
eneth or sterum se | 4 «| . aa Breadth of pelviss .sssomeint . 11
Cassicus, Cuv.
Bifasciatus, Spix.
Cranium with the vertex very flat, with a protuberance behind the nostrils; occiput
with a very distinct occipital ridge ; upper edge of the orbits slightly recurved ; orbital
septa with a large foramen.
Pelvis similar to Sternus.
Sternum with the posterior foramen rather small; manubrial process ree shorter
than in Sternus, but shallow.
136
Ortop BE. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [IcTERIN R,
Coracoids rather long.
Femur longer in proportion to the tibia than in Sturnus. Metatarsus with a
slight keel.
Measurements.
Tenths. . Tenths.
Length of humerus > Seal Wy iybertg Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 11
ienctncon ulna es. SEMA LO ASR Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Il Depth ot: keeb™ +. » PPM tees
drength oitemur .. . . .,. ~ 16 Eength ofhbead-, 2G. 6. 80
Heneuieot bla = a eS 28 Breadth of head. Y 0... 2 ...- EE
Length of metatarsus. . ... . 17 Length of pelvis’ (U"* «le. . 18F
Length of sternum... . . . . 17 Breadth of pelvis . . . .. . Wig
Illustration.
Plate X. F,
Cassicus, Cuv.
Cristatus, Gm.
The only difference I can detect between this bird and the foregoing is that the
fissures on the posterior margin of the sternum are smaller, and the pelvis rather
shorter.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Leneth,of humerusin; sowel ole be obl Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 74
Genschevotulnad’ os ecw) ci-aelen elke Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 54
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 7 Depth-otikeelinrstnl. ma Min. bay slat
Eeneth, of femirix od). eon ail) .)20 Lengthrof-headsywt gi miosis Gawd
Henetmobibias. Beal ks Breadth of headeou) wo ee 8
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 13 Hength of pelvistiwiwia co taesk wlvAZ
Lengthiofisternmmy,; a))} ic avswoony, 28 Breadth of pelvis. <) 40.0. owe Th
Icrerus, Briss. .
Melanocephalus, Wagl.
Very similar to Cassicus, but with the posterior marginal fissures of the sternum
smaller and nearly closed, the sternum of the same width both before and behind, and
having the ulna and humerus yery nearly the same length,
U 137
ORIoLID z. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [IcTERINz.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length of humerus ....-. 10 Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 6
Mheaethotminiae aye ok we A LD Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 5 egmtimoriccel .. 4). yl) See ee
Pen ihporemuUrey. . (2 44 6 4) 69 ienethwe: mead... .° San Be oe see
IES GIRO TL oes ee en TEE Breadth ofthead © — «ged y doable
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10% | Lengthofpelvis . . .. . . 104
Eength ofsternum. . . faigejy.eeb0% | Breadth of pelvis sy jaa ceisey by Hees
Quiscatus, Vieill.
Major, Vierll.
The form of the skeleton of both the above bird and Quiscalus crassirostris are not
distinguishable except in size from Cassicus.
Illustrations.
Sternum, pelvis, and metatarsus, Plate XVIII.
AGeELaius, Viedll.
Chopi, Bp.
Very similar to Icterus, but has the posterior sternal fissures more open, the manu-
brial process longer, and the keel deeper; the hinder part of the sternum also wider
than the anterior, and the metatarsi longer in proportion to the tibia.
Piocrus, Cuv.
Erythrops, Har.
Cranium rounded, with a depression at the base of the lower mandible; deep nasal
septa, with two small foramina. Palatine bones similar in form to the Sternide, but
shorter, and with the lateral processes more developed. Occipital ridge well marked.
Sternum similar in form to the Sturnide, but with the apex of the keel receding, and
the plain of it being broader in proportion to the length.
Ribs similar to Sternide.
Furculum similar to the Sternide, but with the process at the junction of the rami
turned more abruptly upwards, not touching the sternum.
Coracoids long, nearly as long as the sternum.
Scapula longer than the humerus, slightly expanded towards the tip.
Wing-bones with the ulna longer than the humerus.
Vertebral column well developed.
Pelvis of moderate size, with the ischiadic and obturator foramina rather large.
Leg-bones not differing in form from other insessorial birds.
138
FRINGILLIDS. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PLocin 2
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . .. . . 54 | Breadth ofposterior margin ofsternum 6
meet ol ilies | Ale ir ge yy. ti Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 4 .
Weneth Guanetacarpus, wobiot a ede I Pepth ot Keck ek i ene ee oe
Menseor caine see .. we ey b length of bead. os 1S apy edd
Lenore me |. i) ) “Breadth of head 2, 2 4. a «78
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 7 emeth of pelvis! “yes a a afta). GE
Lenetarotermiin. Si i Ve OS Breadth of pelvis'*.- 2°. Se "6
CoccotHraustss, Briss.
Cayanensis, Briss.
Cranium orbital septa with only one small perforation; upper edge of the orbits
recurved ; occipital ridge well marked; indentation at the posterior margin of the
upper mandible well marked.
Sternum with the foramina on the posterior margin not so large as in Ploceus. The
whole skeleton in other respects similar to Ploceus.
Measurements. |
Tenths. ee Tenths.
Lenetinot humerus -. . des! to ned Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7 |
Menewmirouilnas as, ae! i) ited? Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. 6 Veptn oikeclat. .. aeenciemn to igus
Length of femur 2) Wenotiwomheads 2) Apatite gas
Length of tibia . be io Jovenckthvot Werde . . -ie ey 8 Be
Length of metatarsus . Jie Heneth ofpelyise’ 2), -ASet: ele hO
Length of sternum 10 Breadth or pelvistaaay :itwural> «| oO
Frinaitua, Linn.
Celebs, Linn.
Cranium rounded, a slight channel extending from the slight depression at base of the.
bill to the occiput; orbital septum with theforamina. Palatine bones with the exterior
edges slightly deflexed ; occipital not well marked. :
Sternum and other bones similar to Coccothraustine
Measurements.
Tenths. | . Tenths.
dhenethyeh humerus. snus aNiaesm 48 Lenethpof fem tite fee. dis WAS LG
Pength.ofalpa nts wove ols eee eued enechnotstibiag-pey ake. yoe))aaierhl
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 5 Length of metatarsus. . . . . 7
139
FRINGILLID &. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
Measurements (continued. )
. Tenths.
deneth, Of Sserau ee eS
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 54
Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 3
WWepUNCOLCClen ie ce tee ne
Frineiuia, Linn.
Montifringilla, Linn.
[ FRINGILLIN &,
Tenths,
Leneiagommnecad.. “) 9. same eames bbe
Breadiivoieiead —". Te en ae aera
COS CMTOLCLVIS:. \. fy ie ee iene
IbLeadithioL pelvis“, “. Japa. 2 SeueaD
Cranium with the occipital crest, not much more marked than in Celebs ; one
fissure in the orbital septa, a very slight channel only proceeding backwards from the
base of the upper mandible.
Sternum longer in proportion than in the foregoing, and not so wide; in other
respects similar, except in measurements
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .. . . . 63 | Breadthofposterior margin ofsternum 5
Length ofulna. . . . . . .. 8$ | Breadthofanteriormarginofsternum 4
Length of metacarpus . ... 39 Daf OCC) ue ny ss oh eal at)
Lengthiof femur ianiiolee a oi 6 | Length ofhead.. . soany 9 + M0
duenothrofstibia t)4 aim tal iter tones ahO Breadth of head 5
Length of metatarsus.. . . . . 7 Length of pelvis 8
Tehsthiof.sternum .. bead to dime Breadth of pelvis 6
Linaria, Selby.
Borealis, Vievll.
Does not appear 'to differ from Fringilla in any respect except in size,
CarpvueE.is, Briss.
Elegans, Steph.
Similar to the last.
CuRYSoMITRIS, Bote.
Magellanica, Vievll.
There is a very slight difference in form between this genus and Carductis ; the
intermaxillary bones are smaller in the former than in the latter.
The os furcatum ‘is
longer in Fringilla, in proportion to size, than in Chrysomitris.
140
FRINGILLID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ EMBEREZIN &.
Emperiza, Linn.
Citrinella, Linn.
The same general form exists in this family as in the last.
of Plectrophanes nivalis.
I have also a skeleton
Pyreruua, Mehr.
Vulgaris, Temm.
Cranium robust, with a deep impression, broader in proportion to its length behind
the nostrils than in Fringilla; occiput with a small protuberance and a deep impres-
sion on each side upper margin of the orbits, slightly recurved ; orbital septum with
only one foramen; channel for masseter muscles moderately developed. Palatine
bones broad at their hinder margins, and strong.
Sternum with the foramina on the posterior margin wider than in Pringilla, and the
sternum broader in proportion to its length.
Ribs stronger than in Fringilla.
Pelvis similar.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
Weneth ofinamertss 2. i 4 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
enethorita,. 2 29s 4 = 8 Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 4
Length of metacarpus. . . .°. 4 Depthroi keel i ei lee cease ese ean
iGenctnoeteemurs 0 tek ee ca imenorhvot head: .y yl lcr eine tae ld
dtensemonioige, er 8 ar dams) “Breadthvothead: 1). ye a) 8
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 8 Lenethvotjpelyis® 4) 2. 4a ee yh oe
Kengthiok stermmum. . .«. . + (Sa: ), Breadth of pelvis 2 4 5. 4 16
Loxia, Linn.
Curvirostra, Linn.
‘I have two specimens of this bird in my collection; one I shot myself in Shropshire,
the other was killed in Yorkshire. The form of the skeleton of each is the same,
therefore the description of one will be sufficient; but I shall call them “1,” alluding
to the Shropshire specimen, and “2” to the Yorkshire one. ‘The differences in size
may probably be sexual, but I have no means of determining that point at present.
Cranium robust, very powerful, agreeing with Pyrrhula in the formation of the
occiput, and in having the depression behind the nares; the impression for the masse-
ter muscles very highly developed, much more so than in any Insessorial bird with
which I am acquainted. Palatine bones strong, broad, depressed at their lateral
Vv 141
FRINGILLIDA. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
[ Loxtan&.
edges, and with a long deflexed process, blunt at the tip, arising from the anterior
portion of them. Inter maxillaries also strong.
Sternum more massive than in Fringilla ; the lateral foramina not so deep in propor-
tion to its size as those found in the last mentioned genus.
Pelvis similar to Lowvia.
Furculum with a very large flattened process extending backwards and upwards at
the junction of the rami.
Measurements.—-(Specimen 1.)
Tenths.,
Tength of humerus ..,.. 0... +7
aren oth ot Wid ako. 0-4) ..ce eeciey 2 wate,
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9
Leneth offemury is) 2 op. nc ose
lkenstarotutbia vy" neues ge ok wl
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 64
enethtotsternuta .) . \,-.5 1. 4) dlOF
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 6
Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 5
‘Depth of Keel 5 ce 2 yp alae ey &
Tene thyor heads. tu Woo. lee lamer
Breadtheot head. 7% Jol ere aed
Leneth of pelvie os. 1) + need) 2h 10
Breadth of pelvis ... s+ - “6%
Measurements.—(Specimen 2.)
Tenths.
dueugthiot humerus, 4 1,5: + 6
Hieneib Orla, Aus eee, 9 02 Se
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 5
Length of femur Pala. 1 Oe
gene tnsot tibia sm = ee ee ke
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 83
iseneth of sternum) 4, 9% «6 +) 29
Tenths.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 44
Depth of keel tee ee cee ee
Lenothsothegd ss pues. see pee eee
Breadth of head ee ts
Length of pelvig : > 3 = 4) ee
Breadth of pelvis 7
From the above measurements there is but one conclusion to be come to—that
No. 2 specimen is made up: the head and body belong to Lowia curirostra ; the legs
are those of the common chafiinch.
SrroBiLopHaGa, Viel.
Enucleator, Linn.
Except in the external character of the bill, very similar to the preceding.
Cranium broad and strong; nostrils very large ; orbits larger than in the preceding.
Sternum similar in form.
Pelvis with the foramina large.
Ribs, furculum, coracoids, scapula, wing and leg bones similar.
142
TANAGRID&. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TANAGRINZ.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 9% | Breadth ofposterior margin ofsternum 8
Teneth of ulna ee eye es Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus .. . . 6 Depth ofkeel . . . . . . . 38%
Kensthtomtemun Va a9 7) 2 + «= 10 Tength ofhead. . . . . . . 18%
Lenethsortibide Gow s .,< « 14 Breadth-ofhead) *2 . «9. ') . “wh
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 hemeth of pelvis’ ss.) 2. c. 2 Me
Length of stemum =: ~~ » ...' ll Breadenvor pelyiseie ew s . 0
TacuypPuonus, Vieill.
Quadricolor, Viedll.
Cranium with a slight channel from behind the nostrils to the occiput ; nostrils
large, oblong ; orbital septum with a large foramen below, and a very much smaller
one above it; occipital protuberance well marked. Palatine bones consisting of a
single thin strip of bone on each side, elongated into a sharp spine at about one-fourth
their length from the hinder extremity of the lateral strips ; a styliform process extends
from them to the spheroid bone twice as broad at its junction with that bone as at the
opposite extremity.
Sternum similar to the Fringillide.
Pelvis with three distinct foramina: the ischiadic, which is slightly oval; the
obturator, which is also an elongated oval, anterior to which there is a small rounded
foramen immediately under the head of the femur, and divided from the obturator
foramen by a small strip of bone.
Ribs slender styliform process, pointed.
Furculum and coracoids similar to that of the Fringillide.
Scapula with the hinder extremity turning more downwards than among the
Fringillide.
Remaining bones similar.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths,
Length ofthumerts- 8) Jee sas) 88 Breadth of posteriormarginof sternum 6
Bengthiofulna Wi. Se) go Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 4 Be pthiyOr eels. 4 scm Geen Iames
kenethi ot temin” \ ey a ceeded Renethyeteheac | ec) .0 Samm omelet 4,
luenothcor tibia: .. ee) ao ewe? Breadvheom head yaa ewes Blan vO
Kenethvotmetatarsis), iw eeecs || Length of-pelvis --5 Wo as) } In 48h
Length of sternum. ... . . « 11 Brcadth of pelyis) ss een 4)! ah 1) 108
148
TANAGRID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TANAGRIN&.
TacuypHonus, Viel.
Corypheens, Licht.
This species has been divided from Tachyphonus by Bonaparte, in his Conspectus,
under the name of Pyrrhota, but the osteology is not distinguishable.
Tanacra, Linn.
Ornata, Sparr.
Cranium with the upper foramen in the orbital septum largest.
Sternum with the fissures on the posterior margin deeper than in the preceding.
In other respects similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Mength-of humertse, 60 oar. Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
Length of ulna . 81 | Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 5
Length of metacarpus . BL. i aDeptheot Keely 6. 70s ly oa eee
Length of femur 8 engthothead 2 4 ea. 7 2) ge. ee
Length of tibia . 12 Breadth:othedd.- x. Se je Oe
Length of metatarsus . 8 enethiot pelvis, <s t.1 sersies a. LO
Length of sternum . 10 Breadthvor pelyist Mae, ie pene a
Lamrrores, Sw.
Viridis, Spiz.
Differs slightly from Tachyphonus in having the branches of the furculum more com-
pressed, and the process at their juncture not so long.
Nemosia, Vieill.
Flavicollis, Viedll.
Differs from the other Tanagrine by the greater proportionate length of the
metatarsi, and in the orbital septa being divided by a very narrow strip of bone.
Nemosia ruficapillus, Vieill, is similar to the above, but rather smaller.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus); +5). .9 5 6 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 5
Tengihvor ila) pw pieha Wy. Dessay t Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 43
Lengthvor metacarpus,, “. Ls Wiehe | aDepthofkeel 5, 2) aire ene
Wueneth of remurn tae Wh eee Length ofhead. . . w. . » HI
TGeneth of tibia. ©, Lay vebwtas ua en Bréadth of head . -< Whe). ss, 88
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 9 Teneth-of peliis eee, & sd
Length of sternum . . . , . 6% | Breadthofpelvis . . . ...:. 6
144
TANAGRID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM, [TANAGRINA.
CaLuistTE, Bove.
Tricolor, Gm.
Besides the above, I possess two other species of this genus,—namely, Festiva, Sh.,
and Thoracica, Temm., none of which differ in any respect that I can discover from
Nemosia.
Evupuonta, Desm.
Pectoralis, Lath.
T have also a specimen of Aureata, Vieill ; neither of them differ from Calliste, except
in not having the spine on the hinder portion of the palatine bones so much
elongated.
Satrator, Vieill.
Magnus, G'm.
The Saliaiorine do not appear to differ from the Tanagrine in the form of the skele-
ton, but may be distinguished by their large and robust bills. I have the following
species besides that named above :—Cyanopterus, Vieiil ; Cerulescens, Vieill ; Pytylus
Gnatho ; Pytylus torridus ; Pytylus, from Honduras; Arremon semitorquatus ; and
Diucopis capistratus, Bp.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
onethorimmerwsn) 9 la ees yuh Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
enaisotraliein iii. pe) aw Gil? Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 5 Depth ot lseehe yo). <i a Sei errc sy
Pengiomtiemum Gey Mo |) os a Oe ot hensth of head 2 a.) yh) ewe tes) EG
Meneiot tibia. 3) 0° 2 ey ee 15 Breadch ot heads. 0 gn le. hen
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 Benothrofepelvis:, ease e ib! ea) Tene
Length of sternum. . 7 . . .- 10 Breadth of pelvis... 4) vy 8
Illustrations.
Skeleton Pl 12 F, fig. 1. Details Pl 19, fig. 1.
Corvus, Linn.
Corax, Linn.
Cranium and whole skeleton very strong and powerful, two small foramina perforat-
ing the orbital septum ; occipital ridge well marked. Palatine bones very strong, the
lateral splints rounded and blunt at their hinder extremities, not extending far back-
WwW 145
Corvin 2. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Corvin zs.
wards, processes uniting them with the sphenoid very broad, broadest at their junction
with the lateral splints; orbits large, upper edges slightly recurved ; deep transverse
indentation behind the nostrils.
Sternum rather short in proportion to its length, and altogether very much resembling
that of a Raptorial bird, slightly rounded on its posterior margin, broader posteriorly
than anteriorly ; hinder margin indented with a shallow fissure on each side, rounded
anteriorly, and only very slightly contracted posteriorly ; keel deep in proportion to the
breadth of the sternum. Manubrial process much shorter and more robust than
among Insessores generally.
Pelvis, as in many other of the Insessores, with three foramina,—the ischiadic,
the obturator, and one situated below the femoral joint, and which is divided from
the obturator foramen by a much proportionately stronger septum than in the other
families of Insessores.
Ribs with the styliform processes pointed rather abruptly upwards, bluntly rounded
at their extremities, very clearly expanded between the styliform process and their
upper extremity.
Furculum much rounded at the junction of the rami, the process extending back-
wards from their junction towards the sternum very slight.
Coracoids strong, deeply articulated into the sternum.
Scapule only slightly recurved at their hinder extremities.
Wing-bones strong; metacarpus long in proportion to the ulna, and the latter long
in proportion to the humerus.
Vertebral column, the first four or vertebre next the atlas with strong and somewhat
lengthened dorsal processes, the fifth with a much slighter one, the sixth rudimental.
Leg-bones, tibia long in proportion to the femur, the fibula continued for its whole
length. |
Measurements. |
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .. .. . 38 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
Wensthofulna. . 1 . « 5) 4 26 Breadth of antefior margin of sternum 13
Length of metacarpus . . . . 28 Dantieor Well kh |S wilern <i A en aes
denota Or femurs GW <A ceois, 4) 28 Tength ofhead. . . . « = .f 00
hesoth cttibia eae ees pba ts Breadth Omiedd oy.) i.0 edly ee
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 25 Length of pelvis, . « . «9 = 40
Length of sternum . .. . . 382 Breadth of pelvis . . . . .. 19
Corvus, Linn.
Corone, Linn.
In every respect similar to the foregoing.
146
Corvin. ] | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Corvin.z.
Corvus, Linn.
Frugilegus, Linn.
Very similar to Corone, but has the dorsal processes of the vertebrae less marked ;
only one foramen in the orbital septum, and the foramina on the posterior margin of
the sternum nearly closed at their hinder extremities by the expansion of the lateral
splints.
Corvus, Linn.
Monedula, Linn.
Skeleton altogether much slighter than in the other species of the genus Corvus
mentioned.
Cranium. The orbital septum with two foramina.
Sternum with the posterior foramina very open, the lateral splints not reaching the
posterior margin.
Pica, Briss.
Candata, Ray.
Very similar to Corvus, but with the four vertebre next the atlas only having dorsal
spines; lateral splints on the posterior margin of the sternum expanded at their
extremities, partly closing the fissures, which are deeper than in Corvus, and not so
rounded at their anterior end.
Pelvis without the third foramen anterior to the obturator, which, as well as the
obturator, is large. Manubrial process very small; scapula more recurved than in
Corvus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Weneth of humerus) 2. 2) 719 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 114
enotinomulma ts so iy iis sionals Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
ilenetionmetacarpus,.. 28 3) 0) bl Deprhiioli keel Ly AMA autn eiaur ses nie to
Htenommot tommy ey ee ys.) ty) 2 | LO Hensthrof heady ei ue ee yn) ei
Wenetioniiotte ah ee gia ia. 1 29 Breadth, of head, 40/0) ) sean) ae LQ
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 21 enpthotpelvigg ite ay) ANOS
edethrotstermmmes 202 9. | iy NT breadth: of pelyisy ssi.) ia te
Nucirraca, Briss.
Caryocatactes, Linn.
Cranium with the mandibles rather straighter than in Corvus, the upper one extend-
ing forwards in a nearly straight line beyond the lower, and only very slightly bent
downwards at the tip; orbital septum with two small foramina.
147
Corvipz.] OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [GARRULINE.
Sternum more elongated than in Corvus; the fissures on the posterior margin
narrowed anteriorly to a point, the splints bounding them exteriorly, slightly expanded
at the tips; manubrial process widely bifurcate at the extremity; remaining bones
similar to Corvus, but not so powerful.
Measurements, |
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus ... . . 16 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
dicnethcot ina > A Gea 2S eS Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Depth of keel . . Le oe ee
luenoth offemur io: oft. oe ap do Iseneth of heads, 29, «= 4 = a2
ltenothof tibia hare es Breadth of héad “. Geo. 2 ee gels
ibength of metatarsus . 27 27 7» Gb heneth ot sielyis) #2 ts see. aoe WES
ibenstimotysteriiimy 2") Fe ye 14 Isreadthy oLspelvis ws gas eens ene oat
CEPHALOPTERUS, Geoff.
Penduliger, Selater.
I have only fragments of this bird, taken from a skin sent home by Mr. Fraser.
Sternum very wide on its hinder margin; foramina small, rounded. lateral splints
very broad, very slightly expanded at their tips; keel deep; manubrial process short,
widely bifurcate, hinder margin indented in the centre,
Pelvis with the ischiadic foramen very large; obturator foramen very small;
os pubis very much elongated backwards.
Ribs with the styliform processes long, rounded at their extremities.
Furculum in shape similar to Corvus, and with the coracoids very long.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Ihenethdotafemury ki ay ae 22 Depth of keel | 4, -aetegegl ee se
Length of sternum. . . sy eee Length of pelvis 20
Breadth of posterior margin § sternum 18 Breadth of pelvis 16
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 14
Illustrations.
Sternum and pelvis, Plate XVIIL, fig. 3.
Cissa, Boie.
Sinensis, Bodd.
Very similar to Corvus, but with the whole of the skeleton much lighter, and not so
strongly formed; the sternum has the splints bounding the outer margin of the poste-
rior foramina slightly curved gVAEE : the obturator foramen large; os pubis not
much elongated.
148
Corvipx.] OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [GaRRULINE,
Cissa, Bote.
Thalassina, Zemm.
Does not differ from the preceding except in size.
Lopuocitta, G. R. Gray.
Galariculata, Cuv.
Differs very slightly from Garrulus, but has the foramina at the hinder extremity of
the sternum much more contracted, and the outer strip expanded at the point.
Garru.us, Briss.
Rufulus.
Very similar to Cissa.
Coracias, Briss.
Garrula, Linn.
Very similar to the other Corvide.
Sternum very slightly indented on the posterior margin opposite the end of the keel ;
foramina contracted at their hinder margin; manubrial process very wide, bifurcate,
with the branches pointing upwards. Pelvis with a small foramen anterior to the
obturator, and divided from it by a strong strip of bone; obturator wide. Palatine
bones nearly truncate at their hinder ends; a blunt, broad, but very short spine, only
projecting at their outward edge.
ParapisEa, Linn.
Rubra, Vieill.
I have only the sternum, furculum, and coracoids of this species, brought home by
Mr. Wallace. The sternum is much longer, in proportion to its width, than among
_ the Corvide generally ; the lateral splints exterior to the foramina on the posterior
margin are very much expanded at their extremities; manubrial process of moderate
length, and widely bifurcate.
GymnorHina, G. R. Gray.
Tibicen, Lath. .
Cranium, orbital septum with two foramina, the anterior one much the largest. The
process uniting the palatine bones with the interarticular not so strong as in Corvus.
Sternum with the posterior foramina rather deep.
x 149
Corvipm.] OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Gymnornina.
_ Pelvis with three foramina, the one immediately below the acetabulum only divided
from the obturator foramen by a very narrow strip of bone; ischiadic foramen very
large, slightly oblong.
Ribs having the styliform processes much the widest at their junction with the ribs,
and gradually tapering towards their extremity, which is rounded.
Neromorpua, Gould.
Gouldii, Gray.
Cranium, orbital septum with two foramina, the hinder one much the smallest ;
nostrils very large ; occipital ridge well defined, protuberance large, hollowed out in
the centre.
Sternum with the posterior foramina closed ; keel very shallow.
Pelvis rather short; foramina as in the Corvide generally ; ilium with two foramina,
one above the other, on the hinder margin, the lower one largest.
Furculum with the rami very wide apart; process at their junction very small.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 18 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Length ofulma. . . . . . . 193% | Breadthofanteriormarginofsternum 93
Length of metacarpus: . . - . © 9% | Depthofkeel . . . . 2... 9
Dengthiot fenmr ye Meas; a) 40 120 Rength of healt) Lo 1 Seat
Densth of tibia. )iioy, «4. |. 22898 |) WBreadth ofhead 4..aeehi. Ee aya’
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 31 benethiofpelvis tts. eo iene
Leneth-or stemum ~~. 4. .. ..7,) 16 Breadth of pelyis . . . . . - td
Illustration.
Skeleton, Pl. IX. F.
150
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in INsEssor4s.
Chlorophanes atricapilla
Oxyramphus flamiceps
Sitta velata . : A
Dendrocops platyrostris .
Picolaptes longirostris ‘
Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris -
Furnarius rufus. :
Anabates leucopthalmus .
Troglodytes europeus . .
Tropidorhynchus argenticeps -
Tropidorhynchus corniculatus .
Anthochera carunculata .
Anthochera lunulata
Anthochera Lewinii
Aracnothera longirostris .
Dacnis cyanocephala
Myzomela nigra
Ptilotis chrysotis
Acanthorhynchus superciliorus
Acanthiza diemensis :
Heematops atricilla
Myzantha garrula .
Nectarinia javanica °
Menura lyra .
Alauda arvensis
Melanocorypha tartar ica.
Alauda arborea
Motacilla flaveola .
Motacilla alba .
Enicurus velatus
Grallina melanoleuca
Phenicura tithys
Sylvia Hippolais
Philomela lucinia
Salicaria locustella .
Parula Braziliana . :
Megalurus palustris
Regulus atricapillus .
Saxicolacenanthe .
Muscicapa grisola .
Rhiphadura flabilifera
Myiagra W. Aust. .
Tchitrea melanopyga
Couopophaga lineata
Platyrhynchus cancromus
Tyrannus melancholicus .
Tyrannula supereiliosa
Tytyra inquisitor
Hirundo riparia. :
Ampelis cedorum
Ampelis rubrocristatus
Carpornis melanocephalus
Procnias ventralis .
Phibulura flavirostris
Lipangus plumbeus
Campephaga griseus
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral.
10 6 8
12 7 8
10 7 _
11 6 9
11 6 10
11 6 9
it 6 9
12 6 8
11 6 —
12 7 9
12 7 9
13 6 10
12 6 9
12 6 10
12 6 10
12 6 Il
ll 6 —
nL 6 —
12 7 —
Il 6 _
iB} 7 —
11 a —
11 — —
13 7 12
11 7 17
12 6 11
11 6 9
La 6 10
13 6 8
13 6 10
14 6 —
12 if 10
1 6 10
12 6 12
11 8 —
ie 7 13
12 i) 12
11 7 12
ll Zi —
12 7 10
ll 7 —
12 7 —
12 a 10
11 7 10
12 6 —
11 6 10
12 7 “=
11 7 10
ll 6 —
9 8 12
ll a —
12 i 10
13 7 10
13 7 ll
13 8 11
13 7 —
Caudal.
True ribs.
False ribs.
aeRO es el ee eps ee ee any rT pies rare hein gate abr paste rg ay on oe CNG] pote a ere eevee’ OD |
151
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
Campephaga larvatus . . 11 7 10 6 6 1
Dicrurus Hallicassius . . 14 8 12 6 6 1
Trena puella . AA — 6 10 6 6 1
Artamus leucogaster . . 1 6 10 1 6 1
Pachycephala gutturalis. 11 7 — 6 6 1
Ptilochloris virescens _. - 11 7 7 6 6 1
Copurus filicaudus . : A 11 ‘7 9 6 6 1
Manacus guttatus . : : 12 6 9 6 6 1
Rupicola aurantia . : 11 7 12 6 6 1
Parusceruleus . . . 11 7 10 6 6 1
Laniuscollurio . . . 10 7 10 6 6 1
Thamnophilus undulatus. . 11 ef 12 6 6 1
Thamnophilus meleagris. . 12 6 11 6 6 1
Vanga destructor . . . 13 Hee 10 6 6 l
Vanga nigrogularis : : 11 y| 10 6 6 1
Laniarius peli a ite 12 6 10 6 6 1
Laniarius leucorhynchus , : 12 6 10 6 6 1
Pycnonotus ashanteus . ‘ 12 6 9 6 6 1
Pycnonotus nivosus A a 12 a 9 6 6 1
Bardusscliokiae tp mee | llpsy ) aes 12 7 11 ff 6 1
Turdus musictus . . . 12 of 12 6 6 1
Turdustorquatus . . ° 11 6 11 6 6 1
Cinclus aquaticus . 2. Sts 12 6 12 6 6 1
Grallariaimperator. . . 10 6 11 6 6 1
Chameza marginata . . 12 6 13 6 6 1
Garrulax rufifrons. «ts 12 6 11 7 6 1
Myophonus glaucinus . : 12 6 12 7 6 1
Donacobius atricapillus . 12 6 6 6 6 1
Drymophila loricata 7 : 12 6 8 6 6 u
Formicivora grisea. . ; 12 6 10 6 6 I
Sternus vulgaris -. . . ipl 7 9 9 6 1
Lampostornis cantor . : 12 6 if 6 3) 1
Sternella Ludoviciana . . 11 7 11 6 5 1
Pastor — Australia : 4 12 6 9 6 6 1
Sternopastor jalla . . . 12 7 1 6 7 1
Agelaiugschopi . . . 10 6 11 6 6 1
Oriolus intermedius ; : 12 6 = 6 6 1
Cassicus bifasciatus : : 12 6 11 6 6 1
Cassicus cristatus . ; . 12 6 11 6 6 1
Icterus melanocephalus . : 12 6 aa 6 6 1
Molothrus sericeus . : : 12 6 10 6 6 1
Hyphantornis brachypterus . 12 6 9 6 4 2
Ploceus erythrops . : : 12 6 9 6 4 2
Textor melanocephala_ . : 13 6 10 6 6 1
Fringilla montifringilla . | 11 6 9 6 4 1
Fringilla spinus —. 5 : 12 5 8 7 4 1
Peospisa thoracica . : ; 12 6 10 6 as 2
Plectrophanes nivalis . . aki 6 9 6 5 2
Zonotrichia matutina =. : 12 6 + 6 6 1
Amadina nitens 2 : 12 6 Tee 6 4 1
Chrysomitris magellanicus . 12 6 10 6 9) 1
Spermestes poensis . : : Il 6 = 6 <> a
Caryothraustes cayanensis 1] 6 1] 6 6 1
Strobilophaga enucleator : 12 6 11 6 6 1
Cocothraustes hematina. . 10 6 11 6 6 1
Emberiza milaria . : - 10 6 9 = 6 | 1
Emberiza citrinella : . 11 6 9 6 6 1
Loxia curvirostris . : : 11 6 9 6 6 ]
152
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs, False ribs.
Aremmon semitorquatus. . 11 7 9 6 6 1
Pytylusgnatho . . . 12 6 9 6 6 I
Saltator cerulescens . . 11 6 9 6 6 1
Stephanophorus czeruleus : 11 6 9 — 6 1
Diucopis capistratus ° : 12 6 10 6 6 1
Lamprotes viridis . . . 12 7 10 6 6 1
Tanagra ornata sy. , Ii 6 9 6 6 1
Tachyphonus quadricolor : 12 6 9 6 6 1
Nemosia flavicollis . : : 11 6 S) 6 6 1
Calliste tricolor . ; 4 ll 6 9 6 6 1
Euphonia aureata. wt 12 6 9 6 6 2
Corvus corax : : ' 12 7 10 8 6 2
Corvus corone : : : 12 6 9 8 6 1
Corvus frugilegus . : ‘ 11 6 9 7 6 1
Corvus monedula . . 12 6 10 7 6 I
Pica caudata . y x : 12 6 7 6 6 1
Coracias gracula . : . 12 6 10 6 6 1
Nucifraga caryocatactes . 11 7 9 6 6 1
Cissa thalasina =, : 5 12 6 9 6 6 1
Crypsirina leucoptera . 4 12 7 10 8 6 1
Lophocitta galericulata . i 12 7 11 — 6 I
Gymnorhina tibicen : : 12 6 9 7 6 1
6 11 7 6 1
Neomorpha Gouldii : 13
Remarks on the Order InsEssoreEs.
There is less difference between the skeletons of the different families constituting
this order than in any other ; so much so, that it is almost impossible to point out any
well marked characteristics of each, except measurements.
The Menuride are distinguished more distinctly perhaps than any others by the
claws, the sternum, and the arrangement of the pelvinal bones.
The genus Péeroplochos has the same form of claw as Menura, but has two foramina
on each side of the sternum.
The Certhiade may be distinguished from the Menuride by the form of the sternum,
the palatine bones, and the pelvis, and in not having the edge of the orbits
recurved.
The Dendrocolaptine have the orbital septum nearly entire.
The Sittine differ from the Certhine in haying the sternal keel deeper, and the
Furnarine from all the foregoing by the greater breadth of the pelvis 1 in conjunction
with the greater depth of keel.
The Meliphagide may be distinguished from the Certhiade by the narrowness of the
pelvis, the deep indentation down the centre, and the manner in which the ilium over-
hangs the ischium, the rami of the furculum being much compressed towards one
another, and for a great portion of their length being nearly parallel one to the other;
the manubrial process turned upwards, and the palatine bones with the edges turned
downwards.
“ 153
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
The Paride may be distinguished by the form of the head of the furculum, by the
very short pelvis, and by the humerus being shorter than the scapula.
Alaudide have two foramina in the orbital septum.
The Motacillide may be distinguished from the Sylviade by the larger sternum, and
pelvis, the more arched furculum, and longer manubrial process.
The Sylviade are so closely allied in form to the Motacillide as scarcely to be dis-
tinguishable from them, except by the structure of the hind toe.
The Muscicapide have a very large and strongly bifurcate manubrial process, a very
great depression at the base of the nasal bones, very short leg bones, and the occipital
ridge and protuberance very distinct.
The cranium in the Ampelide differs from the Muscicapide in having the branches
of the palatine bones further from one another, and being armed with a blunt spine
on their hinder extremities.
The form of the palatine bones in most of the species at once distinguishes the
Laniide from the typical Ampelide ; the sternum also is smaller, and not so broad on
the posterior margin in proportion to the anterior; and the ischiadic foramen instead
of being a mere slit, as among the Ampelide, is oval.
She Oriolide have the sternum in the typical species with the edge of the posterior
margin very slightly rounded; the palatine bones also differ in form from any of the
preceding ; the ischiadic foramen is divided by a long splint, forming a third small
foramen in the pelvis, near the acetabulum.
The Fringillide have the sternum longer in proportion to its width than it generally
is among the Oreolide and Sternidw; the cranium is shorter in proportion to its width ;
the nares are larger, and the coracoids shorter.
The Tanagride are very closely allied to the finches; but the form of the palatine
bones appears to form a distinctive mark, and to draw a distinction between the two
families,
The Corvide differ considerably among themselves, and also from the other Insessores.
Taking the typical species Corvus corav, or our English raven, the carnivorous crows
approach towards the Raptores; but another division, which feed chiefly on fruits,
and also molusca on the sea shore, have a weaker skeleton, and generally a quicker
flight. In no instance that I am aware has any member of this family more than one
foramen on each side of the posterior margin of the sternum; the cranium has
invariably an indentation posterior to the nares. ‘The palatine bones are always strong,
but vary slightly in form, and the posterior spine is always blunt.
154
CoLuMBID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. {GouRINz,
Order VIII. BIPOSITORES.
FAM. 1, COLUMBIDA.
Subfam. Gourinz.
Goura, Flem.
Coronata, Lath.
Cranium with the vertex very convex; occiput from the vertex flattened ; occipital
ridge and protuberance well marked, but rounded, the outline not being sharp ; orbits
large; septum with one rounded foramen. Palatine bones consisting of a narrow strip
of bone expanded at the hinder part into two broad and oval plates, the margins bent
downwards, the inner edge terminated anteriorly by a strong spine. Intermaxillary
bones divided, except at their anterior extremities, not anchylosed to the zygomatic
bones, but having a large elongated slit between them. Zygomatic bone bifurcate near
its middle, throwing off a branch backwards, which is anchylosed to the anterior end of
the frontal bones, thus much strengthening the upper mandible. Lower mandible
curved downwards, with a well-marked groove extending backward from the tip for
about half its length, and much elongated behind the capsule, articulating it with the
os quadratum.
Sternum with the keel very deep, the lower edge much rounded from the front
backwards. Central portion much narrowed towards the hinder extremity, near which
there are two small fissures; the external strips of bone forming them are weak and
narrow, do not extend quite even with the posterior margin, and are expanded at their
extremities ; anterior to these two posterior fissures are two other very large and
patent ones, formed by projecting strips of bone arising from the body of the sternum
at two-thirds of its length from the hinder extremity, their outer extremities much
expanded, the anterior extending forwards as far as the second rib, and the posterior
point elongated to opposite one-third the length of the sternum from its hinder
extremity ; manubrial process very small, consisting merely of a small knob; anterior
edge of the keel excavated,
Pelvis large and broad, very broad anteriorly in proportion to the portion behind the
acetabulum. Ischiadic foramen oval; large obturator consisting of a long slit. Os
pubis of equal breadth throughout, projecting only very slightly beyond the ilium,
which has a broad open fissure on its hinder extremity.
Ribs very strong, five furnished with a strong and broad styliform process, blunt,
and rounded at the extremities,
155
CoLuMBID 2. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [GourInaz.
Furculum weak, without any process at the junction of the rami, not united to or
touching the sternum, flattened transversely for its lower half, and triangular near its
junction with the coracoids.
Coracoids strong, with a slight keel running down the middle of their lower half; a
strong spine projects from their outer edge just above their articulation with the
sternum.
Scapula much expanded towards the hinder extremity, which is rounded and slightly
deflexed.
Wing-bones short and strong. Proximal extremity of the humerus with a large
process projecting outwards and horizontally at its upper and outer angle.
Leg-bones of moderate length; femur rather short, with the condyles at the distal
extremity very distinctly developed. Fibula extending for half the length of the
_ tibia.
Metatarsus is of moderate length, slightly flattened, and for two-thirds of its length
in front indented by a channel, deepest at the upper extremity, slightly twisted inwards
as it proceeds downwards, and becomes gradually obliterated; calcineal ridge well
marked at its upper extremity, but gradually becoming obliterated as it proceeds down-
ward ; adjoining it, on the inner side, is a channel, down which the flexor muscles of the
toes pass to the accessory metatarsal bone by the-side, which they pass down a channel
formed by that bone being twisted on its axis so as partly to enclose them.
Vertebral column, the four penultimate vertebree with dorsal spines.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . ... . 39 Breadth of anterior margin nae sternum 17
Hemme heok Uiiatrss ad © 2 lee ue ition wed Depth of keel. tay tae ave Saree ELS
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 24 Theneth of-head. = ela, Joe
Tteneth offemur « we 4 & i eel || readth-or head) geo eee
drenetkyotuioia, .. <2 =e, Se pO Length of pelvis . . Seo
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 395 Breadth of pelvis 1 tctionly, ip ae
dzeneth of sternum .. 7. Ao Breadth of pelvis anteriorly . . 16%
Breadth of posterior margin of
sternum, including lateral Pana ¥
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate I. G.
Sternum, pelvis, and palatine bones,
Plate XX. fig. 1.
PerisTERA, Sw.
Jamaicensis, Linn.
Cranium similar in shape to that of Goura. Orbital septum perforated in the centre
by one large round foramen, and above and posterior to it another one somewhat
156
CoLuMBID Zz. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PERISTERINZ.
elongated, so as nearly to obliterate the septum, a small bony ring and a small
strip of bone dividing the foramina only being left. Palatine bones similar to
Goura coronaia. Near the centre of the inner edge of the interarticular bone a rounded.
protuberance projects, and is articulated with a similar protuberance projecting from
the sphenoid. In Gowra the interarticular bones are somewhat expanded for their
anterior half, but have no similar projection, Remaining bones of the head similar to
Goura.
Sternum with the strips bounding the postericr fissure expanded at their tips; the
strips bounding the large anterior fissure, instead of being expanded at their tips, as in
Goura, are more elongated and pointed, with the terminal portion bent inwards.
Manubrial process small, but longer than in Goura.
Pelvis short, very broad in proportion to its length, particularly in that portion
before the acetabulum ; in shape similar to Goura, as is also the remaining part of the
skeleton.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .... . 15 | Breadth oe anterior margin ofsternum 8
ensthGeutiagwes eos 2. ia | Depthot keeh ory: 20. |. OG
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 encthvoimherds: = & 9s 4 err obo
Kengthhortemme . 2 . . 15 Breadth CL head wees Aten . (6
Penetimote tibia. A hrm td. i jfs. 222 Length of pelvis . . ope ame
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 12 Breadth of pelvis Heriot.) iletg EO
enmeth obstermums < - -. i. “25 Breadth of pelvis posteriorly . . 114
Breadth of posterior margin of ;
sternum, including lateral strips
CHAMPELIA, Sw.
Passerina, Linn.
Does not differ in structure in any respect from the preceding genus, but is much
smaller in size.
CoLumsBa, Linn.
Palumbus, Linn.
Cranium similar in shape to Goura, but with a slightly more protruding occiput.
Orbital septum with three foramina,—one rounded, situated at lower part, one at the
top over it, and another smaller one anterior to both; occipital protuberance and ridge
both more prominent than in Goura. Interarticular bones with a process on their
internal edges, but not reaching quite to the sphenoid bone.
Z al 167
CoLuMBID =. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ CoLuMBIN &..
Sternum with the hinder splints bounding the fissures expanded at their tips ;
anterior splints also expanded at their tips posteriorly.
Pelvis with the obturator foramen very narrow. Ischiadic foramen oval, much
smaller than in Peristera and Goura, but quite as broad.
Ribs with the styliform process broad, the former broadest where the process joins
them, the latter rounded at their extremities.
Furculum and remainder of the skeleton as in Goura.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths..
Length ofhumerus ... . . 18 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Weneth ob alta ls) yp 4) ts El pe tae ee Depth of keel . . ee Pa
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 12 Length otthead .) acoh eal se wk we eeeO
Length of femurs ey ue) oh 2, eo breadth ior Head «6 aia) eee ae
length of tibia’... ts) 222 | Length of pelyis . . ot oO
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 13 Breadth of pelvis ales. Mg se Slee
Length of sternum. . . 26 Breadth of pelvis posteriorly . . 16
Breadth of posterior margin of ite num 11
CoLumsBa, Linn,
Magnifica, Selby.
Cranium similar to that of Palumbus, but with the anterior foramen through the
orbital septum as large as the one posterior to it; the intermaxillaries articulated to:
the sphenoid ; lower mandible curved downwards.
Sternum with the keel not so deep as in Palumbus, but of similar form.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths,
Leneth of humerus . . . « «20 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 104
dienethwot mina.) 275) 8: + “acer Depth obkech a name rh. cla
Length of metacarpus . . . . 15% | Lengthofhead. . . ... . 2%
Length offemur . ....°. 21 Breadth:ofhead .. ... . §
TuensitsofAtbint ys iruet melee «ree Length of pelvis . . . » +f 3d
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 14 Breadth of pelvis achat s domke
Length of sternum . . 25 Breadth of pelvis posteriorly . . 17%
Breadth of posterior margin of nel num 1 13
Illustrations.
Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and metatarsi, Plate XX. fig, 2.
Besides those already mentioned, I have specimens of C. Livia, C. Capistrata, and
C. Alba, none of which differ materially in form from the preceding.
158
CoLuMBID. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. (TuERoninz.
Turtur, Selby.
Auritus, Ray.
I have the following species of this genus, all of which are similar to Columba,
except in size:—Z! Erythrophrys and Tamboiensis.
Truron, Vieill.
Aromatica, Gim.
Cranium similar in shape to the foregoing pigeons; the orbital septum perforated by
three small foramina; interarticular very small and weak, with a process on their
internal edge, which does not reach as far as the sphenoid bone.
Sternum either with foramina on its hinder edge, or with the fissures nearly closed
by the expansion at the tip of the strips on their hinder ends; anterior strip bounding
the large lateral foramen much expanded at its tip, most so in a downward and back-
ward. direction.
Remainder of the skeleton similar to Columba.
Measurements.
Tenths. | Tenths.
Mengthiofbhumeris . . 2. « 13 Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 7
HReHe chon URevers es a Got irs 5 Le De pthioh keel em ne i). Mean mink
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Menethtot neade cn mesic Oc ea en aS
eneiaeOktenmuty a. a sowie te hs bveadtintob ead: sy te iy wee al eye ve
igeniethvor-tbia v= 4) 4 4 «|. 19 Length of pelvis . . SP het Doscie
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 9 Breadth of pelvis aitanionly SH ie HL
Length of sternum. . . 194 | Breadth of pelvis posteriorly . . 11
Breadth of posteriormargin of stent gi
Pritonopus, Sw.
Cinctus, Tem.
Does not differ from Treron, except that the keel is slightly narrower. Pitilonopus
melanocephalus is also similar.
Illustrations.
Palatine bones, metatarsus, pelvis, and sternum, Plate XXI. fig, 2,
PHALACROTRERON, Bp.
Nudirostris, Sw.
Not differing in any way from TZreron.
Illustrations:
Palatine bones, sternum, metatarsi, and pelvis, Plate XXI, fig. 1.
159
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in BiposiToREs.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral, | Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
Goura coronata ° ; j 13 6 13 6 4 2
Champelia passerina ° : 12 6 _ _ 4 2
Columba palumbus . ‘ ; 13 6 12 7 5 1
——--— magnifica. . : 12 6 13 6 4 3
——--— capistrata . : : 12 6 12 6 A 3
Ptilonopus melanocephala ; 12 6 12 6 4 2
Treron aromatica . : : 11 5 12 _ 5 1
Remarks on BrrositToreEs.
The great breadth of the pelvis, the depth of the sternal keel, the process on the
interarticular bone, and the absence of any process at the junction of the rami of the
furculum, will at once distinguish this order from others. The Francoline perhaps
approach nearest to it. Not having any bones of the Dodo, I am unable to say how
nearly they coincide in structure with the pigeons; but the form of the accessory
metatarsal, although general among pigeons, is not by any means peculiar to them.
160
TETRAONIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PrEROCLIN#.
Order IX. RASORES.
FAM. 1, TETRAONIDZ.
Subfam. PTERocLIN-.
Prerocies, Zemm.
Arenarius, Pail.
Cranium. Vertex, and occiput rounded regularly, and not projecting, as in the
pigeons; occipital ridge and protuberance not large, but distinct. Palatine bones
consisting of a narrow strip forwards, and slightly expanded posteriorly near their
junction with the interarticular bones; interarticular bones joining the sphenoid, as in
the pigeons.
Sternum large in young birds, with two large fissures on the hinder margin, which
are obliterated in old birds. I have an old specimen with only a very small foramen
on one side; keel very deep, anterior edge much scolloped out, and channelled for
the upper half; the strip of bone bounding the anterior fissure expanded at its tip
in a downward direction.
Pelvis broad bebind the acetabulum; the divisions of the vertebre well marked on
the upper surface, a large foramen on each side caused by the transverse vertebral
processes not being prolonged so as to anchylose with the ilium; this foramen is in both
young and old specimens, and is also to be seen in P. alchata, Ischium with a pro-
jection near the posterior edge, and above the ischiadic foramen.
Ribs of moderate strength, the styliform process very broad for its proximal half,
turning upwards and pointed at its extremity.
Furculum very small and very short, not reaching to above one-third of the distance
from the coracoids to the point of the sternum, with a very slight process at the
junction of the rami transversely flattened for its lower half, then twisted on its axis
and flattened longitudinally, and slightly expanded at its junction with the coracoids.
Coracoids very short, extending slightly beyond the edge of the sternum, with a
slight spinous process on the inner edge a little above their articulation with the
sternum. .
Scapula regularly and much arched for two-thirds of its distal extremity, and
rounded at the tip.
Wing-bones short; humerus much shorter than the ulna, with a process similar to
that in the Columbide on its upper proximal margin.
2A 161
TETRAONIDS, | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | TETRAONINE.
Leg-bones. ‘The tibia very long ; metatarsus very short; calcineal ridge very deep at
_ the upper end, and gradually tapering off to a short spur at the junction of the
accessory metatarsal bone, which is not twisted over the flexor tendons as among the
pigeons.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 2045 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Lenethroh wing > ons eee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 12 Depthtoiie a Oe <- » wy Be
heneth tol temurs' = fk. ee aS Leneth-of head.» We. sk 4 20
gene thyor tibial.) oh. a e\ealaie 28 reach seh Mead sank As CA cee Os
Length of metatarsas. . ~ 2) '« © 92 4) Tength offpelvis “67 2. 8) e080
Denethof stemuam™ 2) \.. 2S) 2B react Otepelvisn Me Mm Tew ie
Prerociss, Lem.
Quadricinctus, Temm.
My specimen of this bird is a young one, but is without the foramina in the pelvis
between the ilium and sacral vertebree; has the spur on the metatarsus articulated to a
calcineal bone, situated about the same height up the metatarsus as the spur is in
P. arenarius ; and the posterior margin of the sternum is without foramina.
Prerocies, Zemm.
Alchata, Linn.
Similar to the foregoing, but with the foramina on the upper surface of the pelvis,
as in P. arenarius. Metatarsal spur articulated to a very small flat calcineal bone.
Sternum with two foramina on its hinder margin.
Syrruarpres, Il.
Paradoxus, 11.
Similar to the foregoing, but without the metatarsal spur.
Terrao, Linn.
Urogallus, Linn.
Cranium. My specimen is that of a female. Cranium much elongated behind the
orbits; occipital crest and protuberance well marked, the latter with a deep inden-
tation on each side; a deep indentation extending over the vertex. Palatine bones
consist of narrow strips of bone flattened perpendicularly, and very slightly wider
towards their hinder ends. Orbital septum with two small foramina, the upper one
somewhat elongated, the lower one rounded; the ethmoid bone appears in the shape of
162
TETRAONIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. (TETRAONINZ,
an elongated strip between the nasal ones. Lower maxillaries with a very large
foramen, and much elongated by a spine projecting from the lower part of its hinder
edge. .
Sternum. The body or central part very narrow, with two very large foramina on each
side, the first or innermost bounded by a long strip of bone extending almost as far back-
wards as the hinder margin of the sternum, expanded at the tips both upwards and
downwards, and continued forward nearly to the junction of the ribs, until if joins
another strip of bones forming the boundary of the outer foramen, which is also
expanded at the tips, and pointed upwards. Manubrial process very large and broad,
not bifurcate, truncated at the anterior extremity; keel very deep, slightly rounded on
its lower edge, and curved inwards on its anterior edge, which for one-half of its length
has a channel proceeding from the manubrial process.
Pelvis broad ; obturator foramina very narrow, with another small rounded one at
its terminus under the cotyloid cavity, and divided from it by a slight strip of bone ;
the ilium projects considerably over the ischium, particularly behind the acetabulum ;
there is a very deep indentation on the upper surface at about one-third of its length
_between the ilium and the sacral vertebree, in the same situation that a foramen exists
in some species of Pierocles.
Ribs of moderate strength ; styliform process rounded at the extremity.
Furculum of moderate strength, with a very large triangular process at the junction
of the rami, truncate at the lower extremity, and with the sides compressed.
Coracoids of moderate length, with a rounded process on the outside at their
proximal extremities, beyond the articulation with the sternum.
Scapula strong, slightly arched; expanded at the hinder extremity, which is blunt,
and slightly rounded.
Leg-bones of moderate size.
Metatarsus with a large calcineal bone extending to the accessory metatarsal bone,
which is slightly twisted on its axis, but not so much as among the pigeons. Tetrao
saliceti, T: sioticus, T. tetrix, T. cupido, and Islandorum are all very similar in structure.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ... . . 388 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 22
Lengtheoruitiains 2. 4. 2k 2 2 8t Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 18
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 18 Mepenot keel 0 Pes Vibes (ENG
Lensthwottenus ©) ae eme tec -Oe Tnenethvof head... 4.0 227". 32
ineneshtortiblag. «1 Sa oy iw, °40 Breadtheot- head. 4 we een Ee
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 22 enctlimaiipelvisn . +o: sas. . eal
Length of sternum. . .. . . 49 Breagii-on pels. Aap ou 4
Illustration.
Plate I. H. Skeleton.
162
TETRAONID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ ODoNTOPHORIN &.
Bonasa, Steph.
Sylvestris, Brehm.
Cranium similar to Tetrao in general shape, but having the palatine bones more
arched outwards.
Leg-bones. Accessory metatarsal extending upwards, but very slightly twisted;
calcineal ridge very small.
OpontorHorus, Viell.
Nigricollis, Gould.
I have only the sternum and pelvis of this bird, both of which agree in shape with
the other Tetraonide, except that the two fissures next the body of the sternum are very
large and deep; and there is scarcely a trace of the outer fissures, the splint bounding
them being very short.
Prrpix, Briss.
Cinerea, Linn.
Cranium rounded ; occipital ridge very large. Palatine bones flattened perpendicu-
larly, expanded at their junction with the interarticular bones, and almost touching one
another. Orbital septum with three foramina; nostrils large, rounded.
Pelvis much narrower in proportion to its length than in Tetrao ; the central
depression at the junction of the ilium, with the vertebre very deep. Ischiadic
foramen rounded; no obturator foramen is apparent.
Sternum with the internal fissures very large, and a slight notch near their anterior
extremities; the central portion of the sternum very narrow; splints bounding the
outer cavity short, and expanded at their extremities; anterior edge of the keel very
much excavated. The remainder of the bones similar to Tetrao.
Measurements.
Tenths. ; Tenths.
Length of humerus . .. . . 20 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
iene r Or gnae. cote oe be) ieee ehe Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 8
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Depiheomieel ye. ie. «a oo Oe
Lemeth of demure ise 6 vy healc. mete Reneiinmot beads) "a 04G PS eae
[en Sth Ortigia ee tas hire siees hy eeekOe Breadth otdhead 12)... wae ekg
Iueneth of metatarsus..' «(oq s eet Benpth of pelvis, .w- 2 42°.) oe ee
Leneth“of sternum 9. 69.4, Wee, | Breadth of pelvis: ~ w]e ee eet
Francouinus, Steph.
Capensis, Gm.
Cranium similar to Perdix, but with the nostrils more oval. Palatine bones similar,
but much flattened laterally.
164
PERDICINS. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [OponToPHORIN &.
Sternum similar, but with the splints enclosing the outer fissure on each side longer,
and much more expanded at their tips.
Pelvis with the central channel at junction of the ilium with the vertebre not
nearly so deep as in Perdiz.
Metatarsi with the calcineal ridge very prominent, armed with a spur; the
supplementary metatarsal bone similar to the Columbide.
Remaining bones as in Perdia.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . . 26 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 11
ihenoth ofulna 7". 4. OF Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 12 Wepth-ot Keele. Foti) vet ed
enetivel femur ©. 6.7 I oe end Eeneth efthead 0h Goer y. oy Fe
Hiengthvor tibia: (ek, esd Breadth of head. . 9. 4. 5.00) OYE
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 25 Eengthof pelvis . 4. . 3). 37
Length of sternum. . . . . . 30 Breadtivor pelvis... . . .>. + £5
Francouinus, Steph.
Ponticerianus, Gm.
The bones are precisely similar to the foregoing, but smaller.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ... . . 16 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Beneth oftulnas ages « <joseech vert Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus .... 9 Depth of keels) cp) ol. Ao-tice wh £8
Menet hor denier you soretie oy ) al Lop anhpbensta of headysi) weyers phd
denethvotdibia. 6 v.00 ow ee RM Breadthvothead . 1... . . 8
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 17 Menethsof pelvis usd, sie bu Nye 2k
‘Length of sternum .... . 24 Bread theo pelVvisves.: (|) <a Selo GO
CaturrerLa, Wagl.
Californica, Lath.
Pelvis similar to Francolinus; in other respects it does not differ from Perdizx,
except measurements.
2B 165
PHASIANIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [| PAVONINZ.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . .. . . 12 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 64
Lenpthotuing 5 « . s , (18 Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . .... 5 Depwieoimsecl os! Been a e eoe
length ot temargey 4) . “iy. lo Eencotiworiead; . os oe af A
Wienethcot tillage. 4. Lola. 4 kn see Bieadthyoratends -. . ee
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 12 Lenethvotwetviey .) 4. ~ <". (Ak
Length of sternum. ... . . 20 Breadth of pelvis . . . ... 8
Illustrations.
Palatine bones, sternum, and pelvis, Plate XXII. fig. J.
Pavo, Linn.
Muticus, Linn.
Cranium small in proportion to the size of the rest of the skeleton. Palatine bones
laterally flattened ; interarticular bones small in the middle, and expanded at the two
extremities. Orbital septum with one foramen; nostrils oval.
Sternum with a very deep keel, much excavated in front; manubrial process very
large, and perpendicularly flattened; sternal posterior fissures of about a proportional
size in comparison with other gallinaceous birds; the extremities cf the splints border-
ing the fissures very much expanded.
Pelvis precisely similar to Perdix ; ischiadic foramen very large and oval; obturator
anteriorly oval, with a slight slit proceeding backwards, between the ischium and
os pubis. Pelvis much shorter, in proportion to its width, than in Perdix; the
divisions on the vertebree on the upper surface very distinct; a strong spine projects
from the end of the ilium forwards before the acetabulum.
Ribs very strong; styliform process broader in the two anterior true ribs than in the
others.
Furculum very short, flattened for two-thirds of its length, and gradually becoming
more rounded to the junction of the branches; process at the junction triangular, the
broadest end pointing towards the keel and turned backwards, as among the Perdicine.
Coracoids very strong, somewhat triangular
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a strong calcineal process, armed with a spur and
anchylosed to it to nearly its junction with the tibia, where there is an elongated
fissure between the two bones; supplemental metatarsus twisted on its axis, like
that of many other gallinaceous birds.
166
PHASIANIDS. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [PHASIANINE.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . . 56% | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
deen thiof ulin a. Od Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 19
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 22 Wepun of keel =) So yA hear 2a
henetanomsemur Gas! ke. . 48 Wensth of head | Fe" .). 3.) haf ae ds
Hength of tibia. es =. 88 Preah or fed, =. im 15
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 66 Wensth of pelvis, sl ., & G4
Length of sternum ... . . 7 Hkeadule Of Pelviss . 6s ae 5 we ee
Puasranus, Linn.
Colchicus, Linn.
Cranium. Orbital septum with two foramina—one situated at the top of septum,
the other below it and on the hinder portion. Palatine bones flattened, with the
upper edges not placed so perpendicularly as in Perdix, but inclining inwards; nostrils
large, oval. The foramen lacerum posterius very large.
_ Sternum similar to most of the foregoing gallinaceous birds. -
Pelvis similar to Pavo, but having the process projecting before the acetabulum
much longer.
Scapula expanded in the centre, and blunt at the ends.
Ribs of moderate strength, the styliform processes turned much upward, and having
a projection on their lower edges.
Os furcatum with the rami rounded at their junction, a large triangular process
turned slightly towards the sternum.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Leneth of humerus ... 4 *:. 28 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 15
i Bresivetil UY a) fu 60s ae 19) Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
as Mevetineianetacarpus. . . . «> © Wepuheot keeh@ervc pie tat! oe Le:
eueeOrenur os. oo. BO eno cneOnbeadie vr i) Ol es cil 26
enedwettibianc . «.. . . . 42 Bceaceherient@im's lh alas tek 2
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 25 Mensthvot pelvis sf) iw edd
Length of sternum. . ... . 46 Breadth oe pelvicy Late. te tian Lo
Puasianus, Linn.
Nycthemerus, Linn.
Similar to the foregoing.
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate III. H.
167
PHASIANIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [| PHASIANINZ.
THavumetia, Wag.
Picta, Linn.
Also similar to Colchicus, except in size.
Arcus, Temm.
Giganteus, Temm.
Cranium with the occipital ridge well marked; orbital septum with the foramina
very small. Palatine bones similar in shape to Phasianus.
Sternum with a very deep keel, the end of splint bounding the outer fissure very
broad, the inner one with the tip turned inwards.
Pelvis similar to Phasianus, but with the notch anterior to the acetabulum very
strong.
Furculum with the process at the junction of the rami triangular, but not so large in
proportion as in Phasianus ; the other parts of the skeleton also similar to Phasianus.
Metatarsus without a spur.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Lensth of humerts “2 7. 39 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Wensuhsormine se ee ee ek Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 15
Heusthvor metacarpus, 2 te Depth or keels ae cached mid
Length offemur . .°. ° i! . 42 Length ofthead "yo 2 eae
enethiontibit ee in St LOS Breadth ‘of-head “9 ae. as athe
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 42 Length of pelvigi, fo) ore bette eek
hength of sternum 1.9. % | 52 Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . 26
Areus, Zemm.
Pavoninus, Vieill.
Similar to the foregoing, but with process at the junction of the rami of the furculum
turned much more inwards; the depression on the centre of the pelvis deeper. Meta-
* tarsus armed with a double spur.
Gatuus, Linn.
7 Bankiva, Zemm
So exactly like Phasianus in character I am unable to distinguish the jungle fowls
from it. Ihave also specimens of Gallus furiatus, Gallus sonneratii, and Gallus furcatus.
Noumipa, Linn.
Gallopavo, Linn.
Similar to the other Phasianide, but is deyoid of spurs.
168
Cracips. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Cracinz.
Mrcapopius, Quoy & Gaim.
Differs from the Phasianide in having a much shorter sternum, and the fissures not
nearly so deep; the outer splint of the sternum is very much expanded, and the keel
very deep and not so much excavated, and receding in front ; it is also destitute of spurs ;
the manubrial process is small; the pelvis has a very large ischiadic foramen; the
rami of the os furcatum are flattened, and the process at their junction is small in pro-
portion to other gallinaceous birds.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus... . . 86 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 9
Keneth of alnays sn 4 GO. $0. 85 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 13
Length of metacarpus... . . . 17 Depron Keck Piet ne sf) ~ulbilee
Ee@aeunQOLtenmh iw, 4 « « oO Benmsthok head =< ~, -aetre ts eobe-sp of
Jerieth of tibia. -) . . « . 4 48 Breadth ofhead . ... . . 10
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 35 Length of pelvis: wa() ai 2) a6 £138
Length of sternum. . . . . . 80 Breadth: of pelvise «). ..sadyai) =" 19
Lerpoa, Gould.
Ocellata, Gould.
I have only a portion of the sternum of this bird, given to me by Mr. Gould; it
seems to take the same form as Megapodius.
Ortatipa, Merr.
Montagui, Bp.
Cranium. The occiptal ridge prominent, the upper surface of the skull with two
rounded protuberances over each orbit. Orbits large; septum with a very large
elongated foramen at the top, and two smaller ones below. Palatine bones very broad
at about one-third their length, and gradually tapering backwards to the interarticular,
and tapering more gradually forwards; interarticular bones thin in the middle, but
gradually thickening at their ends. The foramen lacerum posterius very well marked.
Sternum formed much like other gallinaceous birds, but with the exterior splints
very broad, and expanded at their extremities.
Pelvis with the divisions of the vertebree very apparent on its upper surface; ischiadic
foramen of moderate size, oval; obturator narrow, but slightly expanded posteriorly ;
notch in frent of the acetabulum small, but well marked.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus without any spur; calcineal process yery small. Supple=
mentary metatarsus as in the pigeons.
ibs of moderate strength ; styliform process small.
26 169
Cracipa. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Cracnva,
Furculum slightly rounded; process at the junction of the rami very small, and
triangular.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. . Tenths
Length ofhumerus ... . . 24 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Hens tt Ol Uae Fak te Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 11
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Il Depth of kéelan, sina Lees
Length of femur. 2). es a ay 20S, |p Leen ethponihedd Jon auerere tae ek SOE
Petietiwortibig , . G. 29 Re Breadth offhand gevser:itan, ve) et BLOZ
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 238 Tenet of melvis fy. sg 1 BOS
Length of sternum. ... . ,. 80 Breadth OfPelvis . 4. i 4 on 1D
OrtTaLipa, Merr.
Poliocephala, Wag,
Similar to the foregoing, but smaller, I have also the skeleton of Ortalida katraca,
which is also similar.
Ornzopuasis, G, R. Gray.
Derbyanus, G, R, Gray.
I have only the sternum. In general form, it comes intermediate between Crax and
Ortalida, but is much more powerful than the latter, and has the fissures on the posterior
margin of the sternum of the same shape as both. It agrees again with Ortalida in
having the manubrial process short and thick, and the same foramen through it, as
in Craw and Ortalida, only much smaller. The furculum is strong, slightly flattened ;
the process at the junction of the rami of the same shape as in Ortalida, but more
elongated, and narrower; the scapula is very broad at its distal extremity, and bluntly
pointed at the end.
Illustrations,
Plate IV. H. (Taken from a specimen brought home by Mr. Salvin.)
Crax, Linn.
Globicera, Linn.
Cranium rounded ; occipital ridge marked; a lump at base of the bill caused by
the intermaxillary bones being much arched, Palatine bones very much expanded
towards their hinder extremities, and rather abruptly diminishing at their junction with
the interarticulars, which are also much expanded at the two ends.
Sternum large; keel deep, the lower edge nearly straight ; fissures of moderate size,
the splint bordering the outer one expanded at the extremity, the inner bifid throwing
a small branch off at about one-third of its length from the hinder extremity ;
170
MELAGRID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [MELAGRINE.
manubrial process thin, much flattened, perforated at its base horizontally, with a
foramen, which is also continued downwards.
Pelvis with the process before the acetabulum small; the os pubis expanded at
about half its length, forming a perpendicularly flattened notch; obturator foramen
large, oval; ischiadic consisting of a small oval foramen under the acetabulum, and
small slit between the os pubis and ischium; the vertebre on the hinder half of the
. pelvis well defined.
Ribs strong, the styliform process short, and turned upwards,
Furculum strong, with an elongated process at the junction of the rami, the sides of
which are parallel, blunt, and rather rounded at the extremity, Scapula much
expanded for its posterior half, blunt at end, but narrowed from the centre,
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with well-marked calcineal process, which diminishes as it
descends, destitute of a spur; supplementary metatarsal much elongated, and twisted
on its axis,
Measurements,
Tenths, Tenths,
Length ofhumerus . ... . 48 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 15
henath of minag | . No. %, 844d Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 17
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 22 Depthvofkcelew. . Tee Leen her 7
Ihenethvoftfemum: . . 7 . Y . 45 Kengthsofhead - 3... ¥ 4 wees
Eevstavottibing. < sy = 4 4 ai60 Breadthratinead ae. 8" > We Feoeto
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 40 Length of pelvis . . . , ao 49
Length ofsternum .... . 53 Breadth ompelvisie) ef ve Ce 39
Ilustrations.
Skeleton, Plate II. H. { Sternum and pelvis, Plate XXVIII.
Pavuxt, Temm.
Mitu, Linn.
T have only the sternal portion of this bird. The sternum is similar to the last, but
without the bifid extremities to the inner splints; the ribs are without any styliform
process. ‘The scapula and furculum are also similar. |
Meaeris, Linn,
Gallopavo, Linn,
Cranium with the nostrils large, oval; orbital septum with two foramina, one—an
elongated one—situated at the top, and the other posteriorly. Palatine bones similar
to Craw, but not widened so much; occipital ridge strongly marked.
Sternum similar to Crax, but without the foramen in the manubrial process, which
is much stronger than in Crav, and much broader at the. base.
171
MELAGRID2. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Menacrinag.
Furculum lying almost flat against the coracoids; very thin and light process at the
junction of the rami transverse, and closely attached to the sternum.
Pelvis with a large oval ischiadic foramen; obturator foramen very well defined,
with a small rounded one anterior to it. Vertebre of the hinder portion of the pelvis
-not so distinctly marked en the upper surface as in Crax ; process before the acetabulum
well developed.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a strong calcineal process, armed with a spur; supple-
mental metatarsus not nearly so much twisted on its axis as among other gallinaceous
birds.
Ribs flattened; styliform process broad. Scapula very broad for its whole length,
and blunt at the hinder extremity.
The above observations were taken from a domesticated specimen, so that probably
no measurements would be correct for a wild one.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Rasorzs.
Cervical. | Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs, False ribs,
Pterocles arenarius . ie 13 6 12 6 5 | 7
- Pterocles quadricinctus . . 13 7 13 6 6 2
Tetrao urogallus . .« . 14 7 18 6 6 2
Tetrao scoticus. ‘ : 3 14 6 13 6 6 2
| —--—— saliceti . : ’ : 14 6 13 6 5 2
—--— tetrix . : : ‘ 13 6 16 6 5 Ye
—--—islandorum . 3 ; 12 6 15 6 6 2
Bonasa sylvestris . ~~ , 14 6 14 6 5 2
Perdix cinereus ; , : 12 6 13 6 5 2
Francolinus capensis é , 15 7 14 6 5 2
Callipepla Californica . : 12 6 13 6 6 2
Pavo muticus . 5 ; ; 13 6 13 5) 3) 3
Phasianus colchicus . : : 12 6 13 6 6 i
Phasianus Nyethemerus . é 14 3) 13 5 5) 3
Thaumelia picta . . ; 13 7 15 5 5 3
Megapodius . : : ‘ 13 8 14 5 6 2
Ortalida Montagui . age pet 14 7 14 6 4 2
Argus giganteus . i ; 12 8 12 5) 5) 2
Crax globicera . : “ ; 15 7 17 9) 5 2
Remarks.
The Phasianide, and, indeed, most of the order, have a process projecting from the
ilium in front of the acetabulum, which I am not aware to have been previously
observed; many of the cuckoos have a similar process. The Perdicine have this
process yery small; and in very young birds I suspect it is not anchylosed to the
ilium. The Tetraonide may be distinguished from the Phasianide by having a much
broader pelvis; the Phasianide have the fissures at the hinder margin of the
sternum much deeper than among the Cracide; and the latter may be distinguished
from the Melagridé by the position of the fureulum.
172
STRUTHONID&. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [STRUTHIONINA.
Order X. CURSORES.
The birds constituting this order have been so amply treated of in the first four
volumes of the transactions of the Zoological Society that there is nothing more to be
recorded.
Measurements.
Inch. Inch.
Length of humerus . . .. . 18 Breadth of posteriormarginof sternum 5
Lengthofulna. . . . . . . 82 | Breadthofanteriormarginofsternum 9
ensth obmetacarpus, .-. ". ., 23 Hep nOmbcehee rie me) None
Heche thy Ol tenis Mt oe ie we tL Memon or Mead. ay falas vw OO
Men et OltbIa eee? ety LO) Breadtin of Wea yee ati ie ae re reer
Tength.ot metatarsus >. . 0, . Iie | Length of pelvis, . « . .-..:, 282.
Deneeotsteemimy St Breadth of pelvis. ek 8
Illustrations. |
Séruthio camelus, Plate II. Details, Plate XXIII. | Casuarius Emu. Details, Plate XXIV.
APTERYX, Shaw.
Australis, Shaw.
Also fully treated of in the first four volumes of the Zoological transactions.
Illustrations.
Details, Plate XXV.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Cursors.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
Struthio camelus y ‘ i 16 iF) 18 6 5 3
Dromarias Emu ; ’ : 20 8 15 oF 6 5.
Casuarius Emu : ; : 15 9 — 6 6 3
Apteryx Australis. : ; 18 6 15 7 6 3
Remarks.
The cursorial birds may be at once distinguished from the other orders by the absence
of any keel to the sternum, the shortness of the wings, and the peculiar form of the
pelvis,
2D . 178
OTD &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [OrTInaz.
Order XI. LITTORES.
Fam. 1. OTIDZ.
Subfam. Orin &.
Ot1s, Linn.
Houbara, Gm.
Cranium with a depression down the centre to the occiput; occipital ridge prominent;
foramen magnum very large. Palatine bones, for their anterior two-thirds, consisting of
merely a somewhat flattened strip of bone, the remaining third very much expanded,
divided longitudinally by a sharp ridge, which extends from the junction with the inter-
articular bones to the outer margin of the expanded portion ; interarticular bones flattened
and twisted on their axis near the centre, the inner half being horizontally flattened,
and outer perpendicularly. Orbits very large; septum with one foramen on its hinder
portion. The lateral processes of the parietal bones very long.
Sternum broad, with two shallow but wide fissures on the posterior margin, the
outer splint much wider than the inner one; keel very deep, scolloped out on its anterior
edge and on its lower edge. No vestige of a manubrial process.
Pelvis broad, the lateral processes of the sacral vertebre easily traced when held up
to the light; very long, as also are the caudal ones; ischiadic feramen large, oval ;
obturator an elongated slit, slightly widened in the middle; os pubis extending tar
beyond the posterior edge of the ischium.
Ribs strong, narrowed towards their distal extremities, but blunt.
Furculum with the rami much laterally flattened; no process at their junction,
which is very near the sternum, although not quite touching it. Scapula long, not
much arched, gradually widening towards the tip, which is somewhat rounded, and
blunt.
Wing-bones long; ulna much longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones long, the calcineal process only extending about half the length of the meta-
tarsus from its articulation with the tibia. I have also the body portion of O. tetrax,
which is precisely similar, except in size, to the foregoing.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length of humerus .... . 47 Length of femar- .. p98. sen 8
Wemeth ot uiia ve wea. + oe oe Oe Kength oftthig te.) a eee Rad
Length of metacarpus . . . . 26 Length of metatarsus. . . . . 88
174
Or1p&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Tinaminz.
Measurements (continued ).
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of sternum ... . . 39 Weneth- of head. fe the we ow, 089
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 23 Dredly Ol NCAGs We ee oc: ho
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 20 sbcnethob pelvis’ . . 2 aw » 30
Weantieotwchees . ces o> og .y LOset Sbreadif of pelvis = . 2 « . 2 30
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate I. J. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and metatarsus,
Plate XXVI. fig. 1.
Trnamus, Lath.
Major, Linn.
Differs very much in the form of the skeleton from Otis. I have not, however, all
the bones.
Cranium with the parietal bones somewhat abruptly elevated above the occipital.
_ Palatine bones similar to those of Otis, but with anterior portion broader in proportion.
Interarticular bones long, flattened perpendicularly. Orbital septum with two
foramina—one large one at base, another elongated one at the upper part.
Sternum very long; two very large foramina extend almost for the whole length
of the sternum, bounded exteriorly by two long, narrow splints, which are much curved
inwards to their tips, and nearly meet; central portion of the sternum very narrow ;
keel not scolloped out on its anterior edge. Manubrial process triangular, broadest at
its junction with the sternum, pointed at its extremity, a slight ridge along the upper
surface; lower edge of the keel slightly arched, rather shallow.
Pelvis broad, of a very peculiar form, the divisions of the vertebre distinct when
held up to the light; upper surface rounded, broad. Ischium divided from the ilium
by a broad and deep fissure extending almost to the acetabulum; ischiadic foramen
bounded below by the ischium, which is represented by a narrow strip of bone, gradually
expanding towards the tip; os pubis consisting of a long thin strip, broader at anterior
part than at its posterior, and extends beyond the ischium; a large blunt spine anterior
to the acetabulum.
ibs. The few I possess have the styliform process broad and short, and are rather
weak.
Furculum flattened perpendicularly at upper extremities, and gradually rounded to
the junction of the rami; they approach one another with a very wide semicircular
sweep ; there is no vestige of a process at their junction.
Scapula long, arched slightly, expanded in the centre, and blunt at the extremity.
Wing-bones short; ulna much bent, which gives a large space between it and the
radius.
175
CHIONIDS. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [CuionIn z.
Leg-bones. Femur rather long in proportion to the tibia; metatarsus with a very
rudimentary hind toe.
Neurone
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . ... . 19 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 3
Renethuotnaliiguee i ce oe gee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 104
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 12 Depthifek keel . . . 2 ok a We
Wensthtoig@enmtee Soo. 9.) . Ae gee Meaothvoitiead, . . .| © ge «eee
Length tibia.» aac. cog abated Breadth-ofneads & let? sine °F
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 21 Teueth ob pelvis ©. ¢ 2) . . 2" Rel
Length of stemum. ... . . 40 Breadth.of pelvis . . . . . . QT
Illustrations.
Palatine bones, sternum, and pelvis, Plate XXVI. fig. 2.
Cuionis, Forst.
Alba, Forst.
Cranium with a very small cavity for the brain; occipital ridge very prominent; at
the base of the bill two tuberosities, with large foramina behind them, communicating
with the orbits; a sharp ridge between these foramina. ‘The proper name of these
foramina, or their use, I do not know; I have never seen a recent specimen. Palatine
bones very broad for their hinder halves, turned somewhat downwards on thelr inner
edges; hinder edges rounded on the exterior margin; ridges for the attachment
of the masseter muscles strongly-marked ; nostrils large, oval ; orbital septum with one
large nearly central foramen.
Sternum rather long; posterior fissures small, the outer one largest; keel very deep,
scolloped out in front, arched on its interior edge. Manubrial process small, and short,
bifurcate at its upper extremity.
Pelvis with the processes of the central vertebre not covered by the ilium, rather
narrow ; ischiadic foramen very large, oval. Obturator large in the centre, diminishing
into a mere slit behind; a slight indentation on the posterior margin of the ischium.
Os pubis extending beyond the ischium.
Ribs slender; styliform processes long.
Furculum very similar to that of Tinamus, but quite circular at the junction of the
rami, without any process, and not approaching very near the sternum, and rather
more flattened.
Coracoids very short.
Scapula of moderate length, very slightly expanded near the centre, the tips rounded,
Wing-bones of moderate length; the ulna slightly longer than the humerus; meta-
carpal bones long.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a small hind toe; calcineal process quite rudimentary,
176
CHIONID ®. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ TINOCHORIN2.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ... .. 3&l Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Length ofulma. . . . . . . 385 | Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 14
Length of metacarpus. . .'. . 21 Wepiof keel 6. ee oe
Hensthraricmium Fea < fe iheneth of head... we, RG
Iichaeohtdbigese 4 st . 2 28 Breadth ofhead . . . .. . 10
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 19 PU Pirnetnorpevwse . | 5... 24
Length of sternum ..... 27 Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . Jd
Attaais, Less.
Gayu, Less.
Cranium rounded, a slight channel between the orbits; nostrils oval; occipital crest
and protuberance very well marked, Palatine bones not expanded for so long a dis-
tance as in Chionis, but only for a short distance beyond their junction with the inter-
articular bones. Orbital septum with two foramina, a large one below, rounded, and
“narrow one immediately above it. .
Sternum broad, with a single, rather broad but not deep, fissure on each side of the
keel; strip of bone bounding them slightly expanded at the tip; keel deep, scolloped
out, particularly near the point, lower edge rounded; manubrial process similar to that
in Chionis.
Pelvis also similar to Chionis, but much broader.
Ribs weak, with styliform or pleural processes pointing upwards.
Furculum similar to Chionis, but with a very slight process at the junction of the
rami.
Coracoids very short.
Scapula slightly expanded towards the tip, which is rounded, and blunt.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a hind toe; calcineal ridge scarcely perceptible.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . ... . 2l Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
Igenethgetulta . Sou . » . pad Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 11
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 138 DeniieOikeel slams jy ih) w-pit AO
Theneth.offemur 2.4 . . + @ 2 encthcothiead:. £2: awbivlh id dangle
Eeneth, of tibia: 6. 1. 5) -:) oabeee2 Breadthsomhend . bs i: siahe alls
Length of metatarsus. . . . . II Thensthwol Pelvis: «| +:pueTeh aes co)
Length of sternum. . . . . . 26 | Breadthofpelvis ..... . 16
Illustrations.
Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and metatarsi, Plate XXI. fig. 3.
25 | 177
CHARADRIID4. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [CEpICNEMIN &.
Tinocuorus, Esch.
Escholtzii, Less.
The anatomy of this bird was formerly described by me in the voyage of the Beagle.
The bones of the specimen are much damaged.
Cranium similar to Attagis. ‘The palatine bones destroyed.
Sternum, which is perfect, also similar to Aétagis in all particulars, except size.
Furculum similar to Atiagis ; as are also all the other bones.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .... . 12 Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 9
(Men@th voting? 0S Mere ea gee ou Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 PMepthrot keel. kone Bee
Ibength- often. oh we fc ai Length ot heady es, sla ie eae lee
enethvet tibia: 2: ee a aS Breadth ofhead . ..... 6
Length of metatarsus - 2. OT Heweth ob pelvis. 90. "ne re
Length of sternum. . .... 17 Breadth of pelvis . . . ... 8%
(Epicnemus, Vievll.
Longirostris, Viedll.
Cranium rounded ; a deep channel arising at the vertex is carried forward between
the orbits to the base of the nasal bones; occiput narrow, ridge and muscular impres-
sions very distinct; channel for the reception of the masseter muscles deep. Orbital
septum with three foramina. Palatine bones very broad, for two-thirds of their length
placed at an angle to the plane of the skull, the outer edges being lowest, the hinder
margin rounded; interarticular bones slightly twisted on their axis.
Sternum of moderate size, with two small fissures on each side of the keel, on the
posterior margin; keel deep, scolloped out on the anterior edge. Manubrial process
perpendicularly triangular at the base, tapering to an edge in front.
_ Pelvis of moderate size, not differing from Chionis in form.
Ribs of moderate size, styliform processes broad.
Furculum with the rami flattened, much arched, and with very rudimentary process
at their junction.
Coracoids short.
Scapula of.moderate breadth, pointed at its extremity.
Wing-bones with the ulna much longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones. Femur very short; tibize and metatarsi very long; calyx rudimentary,
without any hind toe or spur.
178
CHARADRIIDS. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ HEMATOPODIN ZA.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
hength of humerus . «. . .. . 20 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 11
Heenc tii, Of init lays oa el Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 16 Wepel Oeekccly a, | ema yo
henetiomenmur oc . . . . w 22 Meneth-of head 6... ee, aE
Wbenerir Olt es ee x) OO Breadth ofhead. . . . . . . 18
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 82 Teeneth of Pelvis os is eis yy BO
Length of sternum. ..... 3l Breadthof pelvis oi =. sor) La
| Lilustration:
Skeleton, Plate XV. K.
Hamatorus, Linn
Ostralegus, Linn.
Cranium rounded, a depression on each side over the orbits, and a ridge between
them; interarticular bones expanded at their hinder extremities, and, as in
Cidicnemus, sloped downwards, but not extending so far forwards; occipital ridge
prominent.
Sternum, pelvis, furculum, and scapula similar to Gidicnemus, but stronger.
Wing-bones with the ulna not so long in proportion to the humerus.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with the calyx rudimentary, without any hind toe.
Ribs with a long, thin styliform process.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 29% | Breadthofposterior marginof sternum 13
Leneth of ulna. 32 1 siete Gy feet Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 11
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 1d Pepthy or Keely Bie og Syne pa eye
isenoth opfemur ’. . - . . . 49 Wenetht offhead. ©)" bo. a5... 748
mlbens tac ofthe os) e Gomn +. |, Je breadth ot head, Wiig. toe ae FO
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 22 enati.of pelvis. Wi.) vs Hae ta 82
Length of sternum ......17 Breadtiy ofpelvish 8. po. y. EE
Hamatoprus, Linn.
Capensis, Licht.
Similar to the foregoing in form.
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate XI. H.
179
CHARADRIID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [CursorIn&.
Cursorius, Lath.
Gallicus, G'mel.
I have only fragments of this bird.
Cranium rounded ; occipital ridge prominent. Palatine bones broad and truncated
at the hinder extremity, and gradually tapering forwards. Orbital septum with one
large foramen.
Sternum of moderate size, with two foramina on its hinder edge; on each side of the
keel the strip of bone bounding the outer ones not extending so far back as those bound-
ing the inner ones; keel very deep, scolloped out in front, but not regularly curved,
the lower portion being projected beyond the upper, which is nearly straight, but
receding, the lower edge much curved. Manubrial process small, bifid.
Pelvis similar to other Charadride.
GLARCOLA, Briss.
Pratincola, Linn.
Cranium. Occipital ridge well marked. Orbital septum with three foramina.
Palatine bones similar to Cursorius. |
Leg-bones. Metatarsal bone with a hind toe; calyx rudimentary.
Wing-bones. Ulna long in proportion to the humerus. Other bones similar to
Cursorius.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ..... I7 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 20% | Breadthofanteriormarginofsternum 53
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Depth or keel ey Pe ere mere
Heneth-of femur .). . . 5 + 10 Teneth, of head > 555 sw ee
dene of Tibiaws ss. et dey Breadth ef Wead “1 SU a eae
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 12 Length of pelvié .. . <9 2 1." 7 0ao
isensth-orsrerpum. =. fom Breadth of pelvis .@ <> elite) pees
Mlustrations.
Skeleton, Plate XIII. K. Sternum, palatine bones, pelvis, and meta-
tarsi, Plate XXXYV. fig. 2.
VANELLUS, Linn.
Cristatus, Meyer.
Cranium. A deep channel between the upper edges of the orbits. Orbital septum
merely consisting of a narrow strip of bone, dividing it into two foramina. Palatine
bones as in the foregoing.
Sternum and pelvis similar to those in Cursorius.
Metatarsi with a small hind toe.
180
TRINGID4. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Trincinz,
Cuaranprius, Linn.
Pluralis, Linn.
Similar to the foregoing, but devoid of the hind toe. I have also specimens of
Charadrius praticula, Vociferus, Melodus, and Rufipes, all of which are also similar.
Sauararota, Cuv.
Helvetica, Linn.
Generally similar to Vanellus, but with the furculum not so much arched at the
junction of the rami, and the palatine bones not nearly so wide.
Hopriorterus, Bon.
Spinosus, Linn.
Similar to Charadrius, but having longer legs, and a large spur on point of the wing.
Cincius, Mehr.
Interpres, Linn.
Cranium. Occipital ridges well marked. Orbital septum with one large foramen.
Palatine bones damaged, but apparently similar to Charadrius ; no channel between
the orbits. |
Sternum rather large for the size of the bird, with two fissures on each side of the
keel, on the posterior margin, the outer one largest, the inner one very small, almost
rudimentary, the strip of bone bounding the outer fissure extending nearly as far as
the hinder margin of the sternum; keel deep, anterior edge scolloped out. Manubrial
process small, bifid.
Pelvis similar to Charadrius.
Furculum similar to Charadrius, but the rami not so much expanded at their
junction.
Coracoids short.
Scapula not much arched, sharply pointed at its extremity.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a hind toe; calx rudimentary.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus. . . .. . 16d Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 84
Wensthiormma es | tT Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 7
Length of metacarpus . . .. 5 Depthvordscel Py 2 0s 6 ce cee
Heneth onfemar 9. 10. 5}. 12 Henetheommende.: 4. . si araienesl’
enethwof tibia”, 4 =e (2 ay bo Breadth omheady . s,s Ey naycici gl O8
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 Lengthvopmelvis . «9. . 92) "ii
Lengthot sternum, - . «|. . 16 Breadtimorpelvyis so 2s . a 10
TRINGID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TRINGINZ.
Trinca, Linn.
Canutus, Linn.
Cranium. A slight channel between the orbits. Orbital septum with two foramina ;
occipital ridges well marked. Palatine bones similar to those of the Charadriide.
Sternum similar in form to Sfrepsilas, but with the posterior fissures deeper.
Pelvis similar to Strepsilas.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a hind claw.
I have also specimens of Tringa cinclus, and Alpina, which are similar,
Puitomacuus, Mehr.
Pugnax, Linn.
Cranium. A slight channel between the orbits. Palatine bones as in T. canutus ;
interorbital septum with two foramina; occipital ridge not very distinctly marked.
Sternum with only one fissure on each side of the keel, which is larger than in
Tringa.
Pelvis with the hinder portion to the junction of the caudal vertebra excavated
longitudinally, and with the hinder half bent downwards. Other bones similar to
Tringa.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . ... . 19 Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 95
Menethtomulia wo ee og) a eee Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 18 Depth or keel “ee ei
Length of femur”... ... . to Reneth othead oy Gees) ‘ove ownaet
enetnwol tibia. 4." 5. a «4 we ‘Breadth.oreads='. 0 us eye uute ae
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 20 Theneth:ofipelyig ks te
Lensth of sternum. . .. . ., 20 Breadthol-pelvig: 9. et ee ee
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Lirrores.
Cervical. Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. | True ribs. False ribs. |
Otis houbara . } : : 12 8 13 6 5 3
Tinamus major . : ; — — 14 a — —
Chionis alba. : : 12 7 15 6 6 ]
Attagis Gayii . : ‘ : 13 7 13 6 6 1
Tinochorus Escholtzii : : 12 — 13 6 — —
Hemapodius ostralegus . : 13 6 18 7 7 uf
CEdicnemus longirostris . : 13 6 12 6 6 —
Glarcola pratincola . : ; 12 6 11 8 6 1
Vanellus cristatus . ; - 11 8 12 6 7 1
Squatarola cinerea . “ .| 12 7 13 8 6 1
Hoplopterus spinosus “ : 14 6 12 6 6 1
Charadrius puvialis . : ; 14 6 13 8 6 2
Cinclus interpres. ‘ ; 10 6 12 7 6 1
Tringa canutus ; 4 : 13 6 12 7 6 1
| Philomachus pugnax : \ 14 8 ie 8 7 2
182
TRINGID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TRINGINA.
Remarks.
The Order Littores is rather an heterogeneous one, and it is difficult to say where to
place the different families and sub-families. It may be objected to the present
arrangement that the Ovtide are placed in it, not having a hind toe, but in the
Tinamine we find the rudiments of one; thus, as far as this character is concerned,
they constitute a transition group from Cursores to Littores. The Chionide—-particu-
larly Chionis—is peculiar in the formation of the cranium; the sternum is not much
dissimilar to O. tetrax, but the pelvis of O. tetrax comes nearer to that of Attagis, while
the pelvinal form approaches that of the Charadriide. Tinochorus is closely
related to Attagis, In all the Charadriide there is a great similarity of structure;
the sternum is always furnished with two foramina; the manubrial process
is small and bifid; the splint bounding the outer foramen does not extend so
far backwards as the inner one; the furculum is always much arched at the junction
of the rami, and has generally a rudimentary process at that point.
188
SCOLOPACIDE. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Toronin&.
Order XII. GRALLATORES.
Fam. SCOLOPACIDZ.
Subfam. ScoLOPACINA.
Totranus, Bechst.
Glottis, Linn.
Cranium with a slight depression proceeding from the occiput between the orbits ;
occipital ridge slightly marked. Orbital septum with one small foramen. Palatine
bones thin and narrow, accuminated at the hinder extremity; inferior mandible
much prolonged behind the condyles, forming a blunt process extending downwards
and backwards.
Pelvis very similar to the Tringide.
Ribs slight, with very long styliform processes.
Furculum not much arched at the junction of the rami, and with a slight process.
Coracoids short.
Scapula slightly arched, pointed at the extremity.
Sternum with two fissures on its hinder margin on each side of the keel, the outer
ones largest ; keel deep, scolloped out on its anterior edge. Manubrial process small
and thin.
Leg-bones. Calx rudimental; metatarsus with a hind toe.
Besides the above, [ have the sterna of JT: flavipes and Hypoleucus ; the latter has
only one fissure on each side, the former two,
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
engthiof humerus... . « « . 16 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 18
encom oles n . Sd kien ee cU Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 64
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 9 Deptimotikvee! Xe. «ci 4 yee
denoth ot femurg ees) se a - ie pele Wenetieor Gad | o) 95 -. on f= eee ee
Trenethvort tibiaer O- 2.) a BF a 928 Bieadth of head” . . «li: -2 i982
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 18 Length of pelvis. . «9: «5 = 0
Length of sternum ... . . 20 ‘Breadth :of pelvis) 4, 4 shee eee
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate 8. K. oe mcrae and pelvis, Plate XXXIV.
g.
184
ScoLoPACID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PHALAROPINE.
Puatarorus, Briss.
Fulicarius, Linn.
Cranium similar to Tringa. Palatine bones much narrower than in Tringa, but of a
similar shape.
Sternum with only one fissure on each side, the strip bounding the fissure not reach-
ing as far as the hinder margin of the sternum; keel very deep, scolloped out in front.
Manubrial process compressed perpendicularly, not bifid.
Pelvis similar to Tringa.
Ribs small, and light; styliform process just reaching as far as the next rib.
Furculum. Rami meeting rather acutely; process at their junction very small.
Scapula pointed at the extremities.
Wing-bones. The ulna only very slightly longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones. Calx rudimentary ; metatarsus with a hind toe.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
length of humerus ..)..... . 13 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 6
Dbenetn onminah. «wert 4S oti 24 Breadth ofanteriormargin of sternum 5
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 Depibyot.Keeb i507 -ygh edhe 4
liane ieotienuiae: wince Ways Clny|| WenpthioM head jy, oe ayia 8
Wenethy ofetibia; esi ES slew ie EO breadtheos heady ese syl tstae Tal p 4
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 9 Lenoth:ofjpelyiss te. yi. ae) Soke el 12
kenetheot sternum. |. «9. wense log i pbreadthyol pelvis (joey 4) 2) 4108
Limosa, Briss.
Rufa, Bechst.
Cranium. A rather deep channel between the orbits; occipital ridge only slightly
marked; orbital septum with one large foramen. Palatine bones narrow, with both
the inner and outer edges turned downwards, pointed at their hinder extremities; -
inferior maxillary with a process pointing downwards and slightly baekwards from
below the condyles.
Sternum of moderate size; keel deep; posterior margin with a large fissure on each
side, interior to which there are two very small ones nearly closed on the margin;
anterior edge scolloped out. Manubrial process triangular at the base, compressed
forwards, and ending above in a bifid process.
Pelvis similar to Totanus.
Furculum much arched longitudinally for its whole length; at the junction of the
rami not much arched transversely ; furnished with a small process.
Leg-bones. Calx rudimental; metatarsi furnished with a hind toe.
2G 185
ScoLoPACID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ScoLopacin m.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Teneth or uments sie. we be LG Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 10
Sseusthor tities. a, se te OU Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 114
Length of metacarpus. . .. . 14 Wlepehiataecel oe eee pee, ae
Leneth of femur ys"... - p. Ale | dhenptnsoiigend 2 5 So ee tas
ibewethsol gibidie. . + ‘ae aawase lL DECACGHEORMESO dt ae OD
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 82 LienSth- Gt pelviss sms 3 os oe ay peO
Ilengtihvot stemmum ... ~.5 3 v4 S20 Breadth of pelvis . . . . .. 2
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate X. K. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and meta-
tarsi, Plate XXXV. bis. fig. 1.
ScoLtopax, Linn.
Rusticola, Linn.
Cranium rounded, a depression between the orbits; occipital ridge slightly marked ;
orbital septum with one foramen. Palatine bones similar to Limosa ; processes behind
the condyloid part of the lower mandible very long.
Sternum large, with the keel very deep; anterior edge scolloped out; hinder margin
rounded, with one fissure on each side, the splint bounding it not extending so far as
the hinder margin of the sternum. Manubrial process very small.
Pelvis rather narrow, but similar in shape to Limosa.
Furculum much arched in front, with a small tubercle at the junction of the rami.
Scapula not much arched, pointed at the hinder extremities.
Wing-bones. The ulna only slightly longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus very short, furnished with a hind toe; calx rudimentary.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus... .. « » 20 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Wenetano mula. wet sil sof 4 ous) ie eee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 14 Depo OLE) 3. ads teray be geeteneeo
THensthrof femur’ lage’ chase vuwe’ EEF Leneth of head. ¢- jks!» 2) eubedee c28
Lenstlivat tibian) Ot) Jn. e4 uote 2 Breadth. of head, {nepittowwe aulve qeeeeiees
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 12$ | Lengthofpelvis . .... . 2
Length of sternum. . . . . . 20 Breadth of pelyises ey ay aaenars wien >
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate IX. K. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and metatarsi,
Plate XXXYV. fig. 1.
186
ScoLoPaciD®. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TanraLin a.
Scotopax, Linn.
Gallinago, Linn.
Similar to the foregoing, except in size.
Ruyncu ma, Cuv.
Semicollaris, Veevll.
I have not a perfect skeleton of this bird. It is similar to Scolopav, but has the
sternum narrower, and a larger process at the junction of the rami of the furculum;
the palatine bones have been destroyed.
Noumenivs, Linn.
Arquatus, Linn.
Cranium. A raised ridge on the upper part between the orbits; orbital septum
with two foramina. Palatine bones broad at the hinder extremity, and with the edges
bent downwards, tapering towards the interarticular bones; the expanded portion
- does not extend for more than five-tenths, after which they become a mere strip of
flattened bone. Occipital ridge well marked, but not very prominent.
Sternum with two fissures on each side of the keel, on the posterior margin, the strip
of bone bounding the outer ones not extending so far backwards as the inner one, and
neither extending as far as the hindermost edge of the sternum ; keel very deep, scol-
loped out on its anterior edge, and much arched on its lower edge. Manubrial process
rather large, laterally compressed, thin, truncate at its upper and lower extremities,
and slightly arched in front.
Pelvis rather narrow for its length; obturator and ischiadic foramina very large, the
hinder margin of the iliac bones curved from the sacral vertebra outwards, and pro-
jecting backwards as far as the third caudal vertebra; ilium very small and narrow,
the lower edge projecting in the form ofa tapering spine nearly as far as the end of
the os pubis, which is prolonged to opposite the last caudal vertebra; a projecting
ridge down the upper surface of the pelvis.
Ribs with very long styliform processes projecting much beyond the following rib.
Furculum laterally flattened; process at the junction of the rami small, triangular.
Scapula slightly expanded near the tip, and tapering slightly towards the end, which
is blunt.
Leg-bones. Calcineal process rudimentary ; metatarsus furnished with a hind toe.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Lenetinefihuneris, (5 ue). 292132 Reneiinoitemuriy Ay Wee We an 21
Leugtiyef alta! & 4 4 9 Foyle 43 | dieneth Giktibict sie res. ice AL
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 21 | Lengthofmetatarsus. . . . . 30
137
SCOLOPACID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TaANTALINA.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of sternum. . . . ., . 380 lhencthvoriead = . 5 i ce ea kot
Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 13 Breadtheatiiead..... . Sie Alen ae EO
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 13 Length of pelvis . . . . . . 86
Depthwotkecl) wee 2 fi lie Breadth of pelvis . . , . ,. . 16
Izis, Mohr.
Falcinellus, Linn.
Very similar to Numenius, but may be distinguished from that genus by the very
small size of foramina in the orbital septum, there being no depression or ridge down
the centre of the forehead between the orbits; the manubrial process on the sternum
and the fissures on the posterior margin being much smaller, the ischiadic foramen
amounting toa mere slit, the obturator much smaller, and the furculum stronger
in proportion to the size of the bird.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 38 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
Menethorulads. OPE ey fe aleeo Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 19 Depth of keel Jhit aneed
henst oftemur’ "4" 2 OTL. 0 ensthvof heddy i! 48 ssn ae
enetihver tibiae a eV) BBG Bréddth of head® °.7 4. 8. ah Puy 8
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 33 Length ofpelvis’ . [sil "peas 682
Lengsthobstermum Wiest oc. iseG 2 Breadth of pelvis’ , +," .0~« © a) 418
Harpiprion, Wagl.
Hagedash, Sparm.
Cranium with occipital crest well marked, but the space of the occipital bone
narrow. Orbital septum with one large foramen; a slight depression on the upper
surface of the cranium between the orbits. Palatine bones of moderate breadth, the
edges of the hinder portion bent downwards, and gradually sloped to their junction
with the interarticular bones, gradually narrowed anteriorly to a thin strip of bone.
Interarticular bones broad at their junction with the palatine bones, and much flattened
horizontally, gradually narrowed backwards ; hinder portion of the inferior maxillary
bone prolonged far backwards beyond the condyle, blunt and rounded at the end; a
deep cavity at the end on the inside of this, into which the processes projecting on
each side at the lower part of the occipital ridge fit when the jaws are open, and from
which a small muscle extends to the inner edge of the cavity in the lower maxillary
bone.
188
ScoLoPACcID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [TANTALINZ.
Sternum similar to that of Ibis.
Pelvis with the foramina very large, and also in shape similar to Numenius.
Leg-bones. Supplementary metatarsal bone twisted on its axis; calcineal process
very short.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length of humerus .... . 40 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 16
Hength ofulnaniy .ccel- Wie. . 400 Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 25
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 26 Depthi.ot keelosten lilat hott hat 2
Leneth of femur) hyn ce tou eo) 4 2T Lengsthofihead\e i:6) 4) sal iecie vis et66
iveneihy, ofMibiad.~ os kt AD Breadth: ofhead 1. <= malt) 12
Length of metatarsus- . . . . 29 Length of pelvis . . . . . . 48
ength-ofistemmum,.. . «o) hati! . (182 Breadth of pelvis... .%. .19
Mlustrations.
Skeleton, Plate VII. K. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and meta-
tarsi, Plate XXXIV. fig. 2.
Tureskiornis, G. BR. Gray.
Melanocephalus, Lath.
Cranium similar to Harpiprion Hagedash, but with the inferior maxillary not so much
prolonged backwards ; in other respects similar. Rami of the furculum much arched,
and uniting at a very blunt curve, with no vestige of a process at their junction.
Pelvis similar to Hagedash, but with the foramina not so large.
TantaLus, Linn.
Ibis, Linn.
I have only the cranium of this bird. ‘The occipital ridge is very prominent, the
impression for the masseter muscles very deep. Palatine bones with the lateral edges
very much turned downward, very strong, only widened for about an inch of their
length from the interarticular bones, afterwards becoming a straight, flattened strip of
bone. Interarticular bones slightly twisted on their axis; nostrils very small. Inferior
maxillary bone truncate, and triangular on its proximal end, not prolonged beyond
the condyle; processes on each side of the foramen magnum similar to those in
Hagedash.
Psopuia, Linn.
Viridis, Spixr.
Cranium. Occipital ridge small, but well defined; orbital septum with two
2H 189
ARDEID &. | . OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [PsopHin =.
foramina. Palatine bones broad, the outer edges turned downward at an angle, the
inner edges slightly turned down ; hinder margin rounded from the outer margin to
the interarticular bones, gradually diminishing in width forwards; hinder margin of
the inferior mandible, and process at the termination of the occipital crest, as in
Tantalus.
Sternum very long in proportion to its width, much narrower behind than anteriorly ;
hinder margin rounded, lateral edges much compressed laterally behind the junction
of the ribs; keel shallow, much scolloped out in front, lower edge very slightly
rounded. Manubrial process rudimentary.
Pelvis similar to the Tantaline, but the os pubis is not so much elongated beyond
the ischium.
Wing-bones rather short ; humerus longer than the ulna.
Leg-bones. Calx rudimentary ; metatarsus with a hind toe.
Coracoids of moderate length, longer than among the Scolopacide.
Scapula much arched, particularly towards the top, which is pointed.
| Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Meneth ofhumemis” . 2 2... . 80 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 104
Wengthgotuilna - . 1. . . . + 29 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 13
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 15 Depthvort kecl a. ott.qs-codtnvin eee
Heneth of tenure ay at at hy tert 0 Leusth.ot bead «§ » ahenestont) Seen oo
Hens tiwOl gia coekt Beene hs HOD Breadthof head WH.wer & to waltleor be
Length of metatarsus. ... . . 40 Length of pelvis 2% 24 sylinle aul O25
length of sternum™ . . . . . 40 ‘Breadth otpelvis® af 7 2 ae eG
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate V. K. | Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and metatarsi,
Plate XXXIX. fig. 1, on the left-hand
side of the plate.
CariamMa, Briss, Linn.
Cristata, Linn.
Cranium. A slight depression between the orbits; orbital septum with two foramina.
Palatine bones and interarticular bones similar to Psophia, but broader and stronger.
Sternum short; posterior margin very narrow, rounded at its end, expanding gradu-
ally forwards for about an inch and a half to two short splints about half an inch long,
which bound a shallow fissure. Manubrial process small, but distinctly marked ; keel
deep, anterior edge scolloped out, arched on its lower edge.
Pelvis broad; very similar to Prophia, but with the points of the os pubis, which is
much longer than in Prophia, turned much inwards.
190
;
ARDEIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [CaRraAMIN2.
Ribs similar to the last.
Furculum thin and light; the rami nearly straight, very slightly arched at their
junction, without any process.
Coracoids as in Psophia.
Scapula very strong, regularly bent, blunt, and rounded at the Comme
Wing-bones. Humerus rather longer than the ulna.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus nearly as long as the tibia; calx rudimental, a groove run-
ning for nearly the whole length of the metatarsus, both in front and behind.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus ..... . 40 Breadth. of posterior margin of sternum
Wenerisonulta ya ee ye DO (including splints) . . . . . 18
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 17 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 15
enethOmtemur ". . . . « oe epuieon cel 7s ire a Sune | eo
drenscieoletiOic ee OU iLensthVofheadyye).0 see Geer
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 75 breadth of ead Ae 5 UE ee eee hT
—ensthror sternum”) “F) P= 40 Length of pelvis 2°... . . «48
Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . 19
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate III. K. | Sternum, palatine bones, pelvis, and meta-
{ tarsi, Plate XXVIII. bis. fig. 1.
Scors, Mehr.
Virgo, Linn.
Cranium. Occipital ridge not sharp, but well marked; protuberance very large;
orbital septum with three foramina. Palatine bones with hinder portion for one and
a half inches widened, with both edges turned downwards for the distance of half an
inch, then horizontally flattened and becoming a thin strip at their anterior ends;
hinder ends with the central portion truncate, the outer portion gradually sloped to
join the interarticular bones; hinder extremity of the lower maxillary bone truncate,
with a slight projection at its lower side, pointing downwards and slightly backwards.
Sternum long and narrow, much compressed behind the last rib; the hinder margin
nearly square, with outer portions rounded; keel very deep, penetrated by the trachea
to the depth of seven inches, the anterior edge of the sternum filling up the whole of
the space to the furculum, lower edge slightly arched.
Pelvis long ; os pubis prolonged in a curve beyond the ischium ; ischiadic foramen
of moderate size, opening into the foramen beneath the acetabulum; obturator open
behind.
Remaining portion similar to the other Ardeide.
191
ARDEID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Gro IN.
Measurements.
Tenths., Tenths.
Length ofhumerus:. .. . . 90 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 17
Mengsihcot wine aes =e... s “U6 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 26
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 47 Depiieee keel; |) oe ue, | cece
Ihength of femur. . . 4. ...4@ Length ofhead. . . .°. 4 . 04
denstheot tijtagiee tee se LO ITCACtROM GAC Aad ee)
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 100 Length of.pelis. . .. 5 de
Length of sternum. . .. . . 75 Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . 28
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate IT. K. Pelvis, sternum, palatine bones, and metatarsi,
Plate XXXI. fig. 1.
BaEarica, Briss.
Pavonina, Linn.
Cranium similar to Scops, but with a large protuberance on the forehead.
_ Sternum narrow; keel very deep, lower edge arched, anterior edge slightly scolloped
out. Manubrial process small, bifid; the lateral edges of the sternum not contracted
behind the ribs ; posterior margin without fissures, and nearly square, with the hinder
edges on each side rounded.
Pelvis large, wider in proportion to its length than in Scops; ischiadic foramina
large; obturator a mere slit, opened at its hinder terminus, divided from the foramina
below the acetabulum by a narrow strip of bone; the os pubis continued backwards
beyond the ischium.
Ribs of moderate strength ; styliform process broad.
Furculum very strong, broad horizontally at the junction of the rami, and the inner
edges twisted inwards at their junction with the sternum.
Scapula very strong, gradually tapering to its hinder extremity.
Leg-bones. Calx rudimentary, the articular eminence for the inner toe placed very
far backwards, consequently causing the front of the lower end of the metatarsus to be
very convex in front; a strong keel down the front of the metatarsus.
Wing-bones. Ulna slightly longer than the humerus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 83 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
Dengthrofulial..coh > een of igRD Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 18
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 388 Depthvofikeel | copies! delet Lanett
Tiength of'femur!) oe te ces age Leneth ofhéad: eilunns7 qth ree
_ (enethof tibia. wey ad OF Breadth. of heads. 2. «1 2 cee 19
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 79 Length of pelvis . . . . - + 90
Length of stemum ... . .- 40 Breadth of pelvis . . - - . . 30°
192
ARDEIDE. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Croom x,
Illustrations,
Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and metatarsi, Plate X XIX. fig, 2.
Ciconta, Linn.
Alba, Briss.
Cranium. Occipital ridge sharp and prominent; impression for the reception of the
masseter muscles very well marked ; orbital septum with one foramen. Palatine bones
broad, posterior part for the length of one inch with both edges turned downwards ;
posterior edges curved abruptly to the interarticular bones, the anterior portion flat-
tened horizontally, and gradually tapering; the ethmoid bones plainly visible through
the orbits; nostrils small; inferior maxillary bone truncate, and triangular at the
hinder extremity, and not prolonged beyond the condyle.
Sternum much broader and shorter than among the Gruine, with a large, open,
shallow fissure on the posterior margin; keel deep, arched below, the anterior point —
projecting very much forward to the junction with the furculum; anterior edge
slightly scolloped out. Manubrial process wanting.
Pelvis similar to that of Balearica, but with the anterior portion much broader ;
obturator and ischiadic foramina large, without the rounded foramen below the
acetabulum ; os pubis continued beyond the ischium.
Ribs of moderate strength ; styliform processes nearly horizontal, blunt at the ends.
Furculum strong, very much arched; a process at the junction of the rami, which
appears to be anchylosed to the sternum, flattened perpendicularly.
Scapula slightly arched, tapering towards the hinder extremity, which is blunt.
Wing-bones long, the ulna much longer than the humerus; metacarpus also very
long.
Leg-bones similar to those of Balearica.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus , . .. . 79 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 21
eneth-Of uns «= h\ leon, 12 9 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 22
_ Length of metacarpus. . . . . 48 Depthvofskéelk ses kin 2h 2 eh9
Length offemur . .... . 37 Menethsot headtait 2) Yeee | + LOS
Ihensth of tibia . » sgh. .. 96 pBreadth; of heads b+ sus eo Mew LATE
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 90 Length of pelvis.) . 4* rye) end?
Length of sternum. . . .. . 47 Breadth of pelvis. 2oc.55 | hv. | ey 29
- Illustrations.
Metatarsi, palatine bones, sternum, and pelvis, Plate XX XT. fig. 2, 3,
Lertopuitus, Less.
Argala, Lath,
ARDEID &. |
OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ARDEIN&.
Cranium similar to Ciconia in every respect except the much larger sternum.
Pelvis and other bones also similar.
I have also the head of Leptophilus nudifrous, which is similar to the above.
Measurements.
Inch. Inch.
Length of humerts’ ("0s |. © 912 Breadth of posterior marginofsternum 3
dens th-or Una ee. 2 a Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 44
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 64 Depth of Keelh te Lor Org, Waa
heneth of femur, ©.!-. “he ae oetaz Heneth Gihead. paw). i Oe, ARES
Length of tibia . . 152 Breadth of head 32
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 112 | Length of pelvis Sen te « uted:
Bengthofstermam’ a 002) Gee? |) eBreadihvofpelyiss sus Ooeer eS
Lilustrations.
Skeleton, Plate I. K. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and meta-
tarsi, Plate XXX, fig. 1.
Mycreria, Linn.
Senegalensis, Shaw.
I have only the cranium of this bird, which has the indentation at the base of the
nasal bones much shallower than in the foregoing.
Eurypyea, Illiger.
Helias, Pall.
Cranium with a slight depression above, between the orbits, rather elongated, inde-
pendent of the bill; orbital septum nearly obliterated. Palatine bones truncate at the
_ hinder extremities, broad, a very small portion of the inner edge turned downwards,
and the whole of the outer expanded part rather Jong, ending in a narrow strip of
bone ; occipital crest and protuberance well defined; the impression of the masseter
also well marked ; inferior maxillary bone truncate at the hinder extremity, the end
of the ethmoid bone just visible through the orbits.
Sternum long, slightly narrowed just behind the ribs; a deep fissure on each side of
the keel, and another very small one inside of it, nearer the keel, the splint bounding
the external one reaching as far as the posterior margin of the sternum, which is
nearly square. Manubrial process small, and pointed; keel not deep, slightly arched
below, and scolloped out on the anterior edge.
Pelvis similar to Rhynchea.
Leg-bones, Metatarsus with a rudimentary calx, and furnished with a hind toe.
194
ARDEID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ ARDEINZ.
Ribs with a long, thin styliform process.
Scapula slightly expanded at about two-thirds its length from the tip, then tapering
to a point.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus... . . 20 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 7
duenethofuluay.” to. Bele “We a2 Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 8
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Ii Depth of keel . « soa ee
ihengtivohiemtr 5%. os . 1S Menathrof heads 2 a me dil
ousuinortibin. , 8 sia ts BOg0| ‘Breadth ofhead . -. - . . wan
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 19 Length of pelvis . . . . . . 20
Length of sternum. .. . . . 173 | Breadthofpelvis . . . . . . 10
Ilustrations.
Skeleton, Plate XII. K. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and metatarsal
| bones, Plate XXXV. bis, fig.’ 2.
ArvEa, Linn.
Cinerea, Linn.
Cranium with a depression between the orbits; orbital septum nearly obliterated ;
occipital crest large, protuberance scarcely marked; masseter impressions very large ;
ethmoid bones just visible. Palatine bones truncate at their hinder extremities, with
both edges turned downwards, and gradually narrowed from the hinder extremity
forwards; inferior maxillary bone projecting backwards beyond the condyle, flattened
on the hinder edge perpendicularly, and bent slightly inwards.
Sternum rather small, of moderate breadth, with two rather broad shallow fissures, one
on each side of the keel, on the posterior margin, the splints bounding the outer sides
of the fissures carried‘as far backwards as the point of the sternum; keel deep, the
lower edge much arched, anterior deeply scolloped out. Manubrial process of
moderate size, rounded on the anterior edge, and flattened perpendicularly.
Pelvis similar in shape to most of the larger waders; obturator and ischiadic
foramina large; os pubis continued beyond the ischium.
‘Ribs thin, styliform process of moderate length.
Furculum long, the rami flattened, anchylosed to the sternum, a transversely
flattened process turned inwards between them.
Scapula long, thin, sloped off at the hinder end to a blunt point.
Leg-bones with the calcineal process well marked, but not continued down the meta-
tarsus; furnished with a hind toe.
195
ARDEIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [PLATALINZ,
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ... . . 10 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Lensth or ting yee eee «) te Gemoe Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 17
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 35 DepsieOniccel: * ESO ae SOU
heneth joriemureen te dienethvorthegd + . | if 2 a a
Hengily Of tira he eesO Breadthvotshead. ..- (Rte Melee
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 61 Length-of pelvis o-._ =. ew SAG
Length ofsternum. . . . . . 39 Breadth robpeivis =. shay ee
ARDEA.
Exilis.
Besides the above I have specimens of A. visrescens, Nivea, Candidissima, Cerulea,
Rubicollis, and Purpurea, all of which are similar.
Botaurvs, Steph.
| Stellaris, Linn.
The principal distinction between this genus and Ardea is the comparative lengths
of the metatarsus and tibia.
Nycrycrorax, Steph.
Griseus, Linn.
Also similar to Ardea.
Cancroma, Linn.
CocutEaria, Linn.
I have only an imperfect cranium of this bird: it has a channel on the vertex, and
an elevated ridge over the top of the bill; nostrils small; orbits large, and elongated.
Palatine bones broad, placed horizontally, the hinder portion missing; inferior
maxillary very slightly elongated beyond the condyles, the edge curved much down-
wards.
PrataLza, Linn.
Leucorodia, Linn.
Cranium with a very slightly marked depression between the orbits, without any
depression at the base of the nasal bones; occipital ridge slightly marked; orbital
septum with two small foramina. Palatine bones with their edges for the first half
196
ARDEID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PH ZNICOPTERIN A.
inch slightly deflexed, broad, and flattened forward; interarticular bones broad at
their junction with the palatine bones, gradually narrowed backwards; posterior
portion of the inferior maxillary bone much bent downwards, truncate, but with a
slight hollow in the middle behind the condyles; anterior portion flattened.
Sternum similar in shape to Ardea, but with two shallow fissures on each side of the
keel, the inner ones largest; manubrial process wanting; anterior edge of the keel
slightly scolloped out, inferior edge-much arched.
Furculum widely expanded, the rami meeting in a wide curve, and having no pro-
cess at their junction.
Scapula slightly arched, sloped off towards the hinder end.
Wing-bones long, ulna much longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones with metatarsus long ; calx small.
Pelvis similar to Ardea.
Measurements.
Tenths, Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . .. . 58 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum18
HeonstneOn RMA es AiettR ¥ (e\. 68 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 20
Length of metacarpus . . . . 30 Depthroekecls 5. Jere fy ahebe
Eenethoottemur .~. 2 . = + 32 dhensthroiheatre 4. 0. an <5, © -96
Jereth Olean ok UO TD prea tieOlieadie mae eG ye ieee
Length of metatarsus. . . . >. 55 Rengthvofpelvis-” ..) 285" 2s 52
Length ofsteriam! * or). 2 . 35 Breadthsotipelvicu omens a 6s eek
Illustrations.
Pelvis, palatine bones, sternum, and metatarsus, Plate XXX. fig. 2.
PHANICOPTERUS,; Linn.
Ruber, Linn.
Cranium. Occipital ridge slightly marked, protuberance very large; foramen
magnum very large; space above, between the orbits, very narrow, a ridge down the
centre, which is bifurcate at the base of the nasal bones; ethmoid bones visible through
the orbits ; orbital septum with a large anterior foramen, and two small ones behind;
nostrils large; upper maxillaries thin, much curved downwards; a ridge extends along
the roof of the mouth from the palatine bones to the tip of the bill. Palatine bones
with the edges deflexed, a small spine on the point of the outer angles, the inner
deflexed edge carried backwards to the interarticular bones, and truncate at the ends ;
interarticular bones broad at their junction with the palatine bones, and narrowed
backwards ; inferior maxillary bone much prolonged backward beyond the condyles,
curved upwards, very broad, and turned downwards towards the anterior end, the
upper edges turned much inwards, very vascular. |
2K 197
RALLID BR. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. {P ARRIN&.
Pelvis similar to the Ardeine.
Furculum similar to Platylea, but with a small notch at the junction of the rami.
Sternum with one rather large fissure on the posterior margin on each side of the
keel, in shape similar to the herons; keel of moderate depth, slightly bifid, strong; a
small manubrial process.
Scapula arched, tapering gradually to the hinder extremity.
Wing-bones having the ulna longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones with a groove extending for the whole length both in front and behind ;
calx small; hind toe very small.
Measurements.
‘Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus . . . . . 72 | Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 20
dene tivofmalina 5 gw. 5 t. lee eT URS Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 26
ijeneth of metacarpus. .;-.. .. weeneyeebepth-cf keel ~ = 8 Se Bae?
onethwottemur 78". ios + see Length iofihedd’ <4) pease we Sirk
Tiensthvottibia a’ 2 9) Se 225 Breadtheot heads yh". ee
Length of metatarsus .° . .°. . 115 Leticth ot pelvis, age — | Peon
ikeneth of sternuny. ;..>. “ . . 47 Breadtiworpelyis: <= 4 ce wee
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate IV, K. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and meta-
tarsus, Plate XXVIII. bis. fig. 2.
Parra, Linn.
Cordifera, Less.
Cranium. A slight channel above, between the orbits, and a transverse one imme-
diately behind them ; orbital ridge well marked, the protuberance slightly so; orbital
septum represented by a slight strip of bone intersecting it horizontally. Palatine
bones of moderate width, the margins deflected, rounded at their junction with the
interarticulars, and gradually narrowed forwards.
Sternum rather long, narrow for about half its length, then suddenly expanded to
the hinder margin, which has two fissures, one on each side of the keel, the end of the
splint bounding the fissures expanded; keel deep, slightly scolloped out on the anterior
edge, with a small manubrial process. ,
Pelvis small, narrow; ischiadic and obturator foramina large, os pubis projecting
only very slightly beyond the ischium.
Furculum having the rami, which are flattened, compressed towards one another,
with a very small process at their junction.
Scapula slightly expanded near the distal end, and then sloped off to a point,
198
RALLIDE. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [RaLuinz.
Wing-bones. Humerus nearly as long as the ulna.
Leg-bones. Tibia very long; calx small; a channel down the upper half of the
hind part of the leg ; supplementary metatarsal slightly twisted on its axis.
Measurements. —
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerns . ... . IL7 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 8
Lene uicOmuiaamee. 2 GAS RY Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 10 Deemuicet eS a 4 ed ey ol ys
Whenethsortemuy foe uw uy ES ikenmthon head es. Mr. 3) Oe
Heweeneor tibia 2. 6 os 3. yw (82 Breadth of head ws
Length of metatarsus.-.- . . . 21 Kengthcot pelvis. 4° = .aam *. ave we
Leneth ofsternum .. . . . 17 Breadth of pelvis
Parra, Linn.
Melanochloris, Viel.
I have only some fragments of this bird taken from a skin, but they appear to be
similar to the foregoing.
Ratuus, Linn,
Aquaticus, Zinn.
Cranium with the occipital crest very slightly marked ; a triangular indentation at
the base of the nasal bones ; orbital septum very slight; inferior maxillary bone with
a process pointing downwards below the condyles.
Sternum long and narrow, with a narrow and deep fissure on each side of the keel,
the strip of bone bounding it projecting beyond the end of the keel.
Pelvis similar to Parra.
Furculum rather long, but very small and weak.
Scapula narrow, pointed at the hinder extremity.
Wing-bones. Ulna not so long as the humerus.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a channel down the front; calx small.
la Measurements.
, Tenths. Tenths.
dhenetieoimhumers: cys ay re LO Breadth of posterior margin ofsternum 5
Baneiln Oke laas ey SE nde” ek Breadth ofanterior margin of sternum 4
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 8 Beptiwotsceclh 5, wwii, eo
dnoneth oftemutte . 2p on 1G Reneviomhead: . es pone ek 8
nero tOMtibi «4. Couples mes 27 readeion herd, .« 2) 2 ee 3G
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 18 Wenetheot pelvis wee 4 « 4-16
Lenegheomerenhi- see ceee ene LO) | “breadth of pelvis 7 feed) 4-0 «> 6
199
RALLID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ARAMINZ.
Ratuus, Linn.
Longirostris, Bodd.
Very similar to the foregoing, but has the clavicle and coracoids much longer.
I have also the sternum of R. concolor, which is also similar.
Ostycometra, Linn.
Lateralis, Licht.
So like Rallus as not to be distinguishable.
I have also specimens of O. crew and Pulchra, which are also similar.
Aramus, Vieill.
~ Scolopaccus, Gm.
Cranium with occipital erest very indistinct; a depression at the base of the nasal
bones ; orbital septum with one large foramen; condyloid portion of the inferior max-
illary bent downwards, truncate at the end, and with a process pointing downwards
immediately below the condyle. Palatine bones consist of a flattened strip, broader at
the hind portion, where both edges are turned downwards, and sloped off to the inter-
articular bones. .
Sternum long, narrow, without any fissures on the hinder margin, which is slightly
indented opposite the end of the keel, which is arched on the lower edge, and also
scolloped out in front. Manubrial process very small.
Pelvis similar to the rails.
Furculum of moderate strength, without any process at the junction of the rami,
which are widened on their inner edge at their lower extremities, thus filling a small
portion of the space left between the lower part of the furculum. ;
Scapula of moderate size, pointed at the end.
Wing-bones with the ulna longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a groove down the front, and a slight one at the back ;
calxcontinued for a short distanee down it.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . . . . . 42% | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum114
Rene timorailia. 2, yeaa ©. ops ee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 14
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 19 eprnior keel 5... 2 0 Sat eee ee
enerhot femur =) 9s . oe ee Isemoth-of heads; <4 -.7 "20 is aee
Penothisortinian. fs 4% 7 a eae Breadth ofinead- ~<" A = ee oh
Length of metatarsus. . . . . d0 Leneth of pelyis 42% 2 “gee a Se
Rencth of stémunnts 60 7 7 a. a Breadth ofpelvis 9. \. Ln 2 |. 14
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate XIV. K. Palatine bones, Plate XX VII. 3-
200°
RALLID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [| GALLINULINE,
GALLINULA, Briss.
Chloropus, Linn.
Cranium. Occipital crest and protuberance well marked; orbital septum with one
large foramen. Palatine bones broadest at their hinder extremities, and gradually
sloped to their junction with the interarticular, gradually narrowed forward, both
edges bent downward for more than half their length; interarticular bones broadest at
their junction with the palatine, and narrowed backward; lower maxillary bone trun-
cate at the hinder end, with a slight tubercle below the condyles.
Sternum narrow, with a very deep fissure extending nearly to the ribs on each side
of the keel, slightly constricted opposite to the last rib; keel arched below, rather
shallow, scolloped out in front, with a small manubrial process.
Furculum weak, a small process on the inside, opposite the junction of the rami,
Scapula long, narrow, pointed at the hinder extremity.
Pelvis similar to Rallus.
Wing-bones with the humerus longer than the ulna.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus without any groove down the front or back; calx small.
Ribs with a very long styliform process.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
leneth of humerus. .. . ay. 20 Breadthof posterior marginof sternum §&
eng iheon mina te vs ees lS Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 4 Depthieos keeles ay) "ew orng war! a’ AiO
Length offemur . . . . . . 20 benoit of mead a wt: ot a Sal 2
Heme th Ob iioiie oe eres cous od ibreadiaom mead: pala yi iia ork
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 19 ihenethtofpelvisd nc) = ec Gy ols (225
dgoneth of sternum oa seu gat a Hayek: Breadth of pelvis Sf
Porpuyrio, Briss.
Veterum, Gmel.
The whole skeleton very similar to Gallinula, but larger, the fissures at hinder edge
of the sternum not so deep, the point of the keel receding very much, the manubrial
process longer. 3
Ribs like Gallinula, with the styliform processes very long.
I have also the skeleton of P. Madagascariensis, which is similar,
Fuuica, Linn.
Atra, Linn,
Very similar to Porphyrio, but the fissures on the sternum are much deeper ; in that
respect resembling Gallinula. .
2 1 201
Raiiw.z. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. (GaLunuLina.
Numbering of the Vertebre among GRALLATORES.
Cervical. Dorsal, Sacral, Caudal. True ribs, False ribs.
Limosa rufa. * ‘ ; 12 7 15 6 Fi i
Totanus glottis . : 3 .| 14 8 13 ri 7 1
Scolopax rusticola . 2) eM 44 6 13 6 7 1
Numenius arquatus . : , 14 6 14 6 7 1
Ibis falcinellus . , : : 15 6 15 6 6 ]
| Harpiprion Hagedash .- 15 6 15 6 6 1
Threskiornis melanocephalus_ « 16 7 15 6 6 1
Psophia viridis. : , ; 16 8 14 6 7 2
Cariama cristata Q : ; 13 6 15 6 6 2
Ciconia alba . 4 f : 17 6 13 7 8 1
Leptophilus argala . ‘ ; 15 6 14 6 5 1
Platalea Leucorodia 5 16 6 14 6 6 1
Pheenicopterus ruber i ‘ 16 6 13 7 6 I
Parra ecordifera 4 ; : 15 7 12 7 6 1
Rallus aquaticus : : 15 8 — 6 7 1
Aramus scolopaccus . : : 15 7 — 7 7 1
| Gallinula chloropus . : .| 14 9 14 f 8 1
Fulica atra 4 : ' J 14 8 15 6 7 1
|
Remarks.
The Totanine are nearly allied to the Tringine, but have longer leg-bones, thus
being able to wade in deeper water; the process on the under side, at condyloid end, of
the lower mandible is also more developed, but most so in the Scolopacine. The Limosine
is distinguished from Totanine by the small size of the inner fissure of the sternum.
The Phalaropine are very similar to the Totanine. ‘The Scolopacine have only one
fissure on each side of keel of the sternum. The Tantaline have, besides the develop-
ment of the bill to distinguish them, no process at the condyloid end of the inferior
maxillary bone bent downwards, but in many instances it is prolonged backwards in the
same line as the rest of the bone, although not in all. The Psophine have the hinder
end of lower maxillary terminated abruptly, as it is in Threskiornis ; the expanded
portion of the palatine bones is very long; the humerus as long, or longer, than the
ulna; the hinder margin of the sternum entire. The Cariarmine may at once be dis-
tinguished from Psophine by the shape of the sternum. The Giruine have the toes
much shorter than in Ardea, the sternum without fissures on its posterior margin, and
the sternum very long in proportion to its width; on the contrary, Ardeinw have
invariably, as far as my specimens go, not less than two fissures on the sternum, and
sometimes four; the sternum is also much shorter in proportion to its width. The
Ciconine have the keel of the sternum much deeper than in Ardea, and the palatine
bones much broader and more highly developed. I had some hesitation in placing
the Phenicopterine among the herons, but it presents many similarities to them. The
Platalwine are a well-marked group, as are also the Phenicopterine. ‘The sternums
in the Rallide, with the exception of Aramus, have all a very deep fissure on each side
the keel.
202
ANATID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [PLECTROPTERINA.
Order XIII. NATATORES.
Fam. 1. ANATIDZA.
Subfam. PLECTROPTERINE.
Prectroprerus, Leach.
Gambensis, Linn.*
Cranium large, an oval knob on the forehead ; occipital crest and protuberance very
prominent. Palatine bones rather small for the size of the head, the outer edge much
inclined downwards, bifid at the hinder and lower extremity, narrowed and twisted
on their axis near the centre in an horizontal direction, expanded at their anterior
ends; nostrils large; inferior maxillaries much prolonged backwards; behind the con-
dyles a large flat process, with a spine at its base, which arises anterior to them, and to
which the maxillary muscles are attached.
Sternum long, much broader at the anterior extremity; keel of moderate depth ;
posterior margin with two large fissures nearly closed at their hinder extremity, the
hinder edge of central portion curved inwardly at the centre, lateral strips of bone
bounding the fissures not projecting beyond the central portion of the sternum;
anterior edge of the keel straight, the point rather advanced, lower edge slightly
arched. Manubrial process wanting.
Pelvis long, depressed in the centre for the posterior half; ischiadic foramen very
large; obturator widest posteriorly, and gradually tapering forwards; os pubis pro-
jecting beyond the ischium, and much curved inwards at the points.
Ribs of moderate strength ; styliform processes long, and blunt at the extremities,
Furculum flattened, the rami meeting: each other in a wide arch, a very slight
tubercle at their junction.
Scapula strong, narrowed at the end to a blunt point.
Wing-bones long ; humerus longer than ulna, armed with a long spur.
Leg-bones very strong.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus... . . 69 Eemeth-on tents: (y) = Tae no
ikenethrot ulna’, 9: = 2 4 60 Renathtrortitiae. 2. vy eon. 22 67
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 84 Eensth of metatarsus .° 5! . 2 (385
* Having figured many of the skeletons of the Anatide before in my work on the Anatide, I have not thought it
necessary to re-figure them in this work.
203
ANATID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ ANSERINZ.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. . Tenths.
Heneth of stemum +, se; - 4 206 iienigthvottiead. . = ARS
Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 23 | Breadthofheadd .... . . 1%
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 29 Lensthiotipelyis =) i") Se | SBS
Deptieof keeles. |.’ |. ee Dicadtiwetypelviss co, «5 a) en et
CHENALOPEX, Steph.
/Egyptiacus, Linn,
Similar to Plectropiterus.
Crrropsis, Lath.
Nove Hollandize, Lath,
Cranium. Nostrils very large ; a deep impression on the edge of each orbit, and a ridge
between them ; orbital septum with three foramina. Palatine bones very broad near their
posterior extremity, bifid on their hinder edge, suddenly narrowed at about half of
their length, and again expanded anteriorly ; a ridge extends down the centre of the
hinder part of each. Inferior maxillary bone prolonged much backwards behind the
condyle, the hinder points turned upwards; a flat process, as in Plectropterus, anterior
to the condyles.
Sternum with the anterior point of the keel projecting more forwards than in
Plectropterus, the anterior edge scolloped out, and the lower edge more arched ; but,
as in Plectropterus, devoid of a manubrial process.
Pelvis similar to the foregoing.
furculum and remaining bones also similar.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths,
ienethrorcdamens 0-2 oe aU Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 26
Deneth of ne es is ot ee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 27
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 40 Dept bsOrAsee ye eee? ae RTD
Tenens tacit as eet oes EO Penoth-of Read. i 644, geist aaa dL
duengthOr- tibiae ye sue. Se So oemmoe eeadit hot heads ety) <..il | ee.. abe
Length of metatarsus . . . . . 42 enoth “of pelaas. 1... i ee aS
Isength of sternum. .. o. % %.19, 9 Da Breadth of pelvis: .. .0 .7 eeu ees co
BERNicia, Steph,
Brenta, Poll.
Cranium similar to Plectropterus gambensis, but smaller; interarticular bones very
204
ANATIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. | CYGNINZ,
broad at their junction with the palatines. Lower mandible and other bones also
similar.
Sternum with a manubrial process.
Bernicia, Steph.
Magellanica, Gmel.
Similar to Brenta, but with the fissures at the posterior margin of the sternum
generally closed by a thin strip of bone, thus converting them into foramina; anterior
edge without a manubrial process.
ANSER, Barm,
Cygnoides, Linn,
Similar to the foregoing except in size, and having a knob at the base of the bill ;
the sternum with a distinct manubrial process.
I have also a specimen of A. segetum, which is similar to Cygnoides, but without the
~ knob at the base of the bill.
Crenus, Linn,
Coscoroba, Moll.
Cranium with a deep depression at the base of the nasal bones; orbital septum with
two foramina; occipital crest and protuberance well marked; foramen magnum very
large. Palatine bones similar to Plectropterus, but much broader and stronger;
inferior maxillary much prolonged beyond the condyles; a slight channel from the
vertex to the nasal depression.
Sternum large, broad, similar in shape to Plectropterus, but the lower edge of the
keel very slightly arched, with a short, thick manubrial process, pierced perpendicularly
with a foramen.
Pelvis not differing from the geese.
Furculum also similar to the Anserine, but much stronger,
Scapula very long.
Wing-bones with the ulna shorter than the humerus. Terminal joint of the caudal
vertebre very long.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Hength of humeruss 4, = . w . 80 Hencrivortemur. |.) > 2 Wane) au 32
Renceneofuln a... See, lo. 4 lea) LO Reneih¥ot tibiae satin pli. “64:
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 38 | Lengthofmetatarsus. . . . . 36
2M 205
ANATI DE. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ANATIN&.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Leng thoof stermmunr io. 20) 66 Lengintoimiead 2A. Weeo1.
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 29 Breadthiyomuead ue 7, Te eG
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 35 Length of pelvis . . 1. ... 82
DepiMrOlKkeel p kta Nee eer) Breadtheat pegs) ..-. Meanie. foe
Cyenus, Lath.
Atratus, Lath.
Similar to the foregoing; as are also Minor, Pall, and Ferus, Ray, except that the
two latter have the sternum perforated by the trachea.
Taporna, Leach.
Vulpanser, Fenn.
Cranium similar to Anserine ; orbital septum with two foramina; lower maxillary
only slightly expanded for the attachment of the masseter muscles, and with a slight
spine or protuberance between it and the condyle; hinder end, beyond the condyles,
turned inward, and broader than in Plectropterus and other geese.
Sternum similar to the Anserine, with a slight manubrial process.
Pelvis similar in form to Anserine, but not so long in proportion to the size of
the bird.
Wing-bones with a knob in place of a spur on the point of the carpal joint.
Leg-bones. Metacarpus with a groove in front.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .. . . . 42 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum21
PLewgihotsalna sy. ae Ss) a fy _ Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 20
iensth of metacarpus . . . . 26 Depshives keel pict ate Se ey <8
NgeretG femur Yo. LG. “nwa ta ated Length, of headers sont ye + os BS
Tenet Ortibiance hee se ess Breadthotnéad ~. yL.'. fr pla EGE
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 28 Lenet iver -pelyiss al”) 27 plea. Re PES
Length of sternum ~~... 2 . 48° | dreadth of pelvig *. «24 Sesame ueee
Casarka, Bon.
Rutila, Pall.
Very similar to Zadorna, but with the fissures on the hinder margin of the sternum
larger. C. Radjah is also similar.
206
ANATIDZ. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. . [ANATIN®.
Denprocyena, Sw.
Arcuata, Cuv.
Cranium. The space between the upper edges of the orbits much wider than in
Tadorna ; orbits very small. .
Pelvis. Ischiadic foramen small; obturator very large, oval.
Sternum similar in shape to Tadorna, but narrower in proportion to its length.
Wing-bones much longer in proportion to the size of the bird.
Furculum very broad and strong.
Measurements.
ae Tenths. Tenths.
Isehgth of humerus .. «9. 4 49 38 Breadth of posteriormarginof sternum 14
ienoth of ulna. os Awa we ol all Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 14
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 18 Teptheot keels semen Vi stig 16
Length oftemar sh oo. Say 8 28 iene th of Meade. ho. dati a) er plod:
dhemethy Gitibiay i sles se au, - 80 ireadtin ak heads) 555. Gisele al)
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 22 ene thiol pelvist pave Bop e es
Renepwotectetiuin weaned. poole Breadthvot pelvis: gory. pte leg
DENDROCYGNA, Sw.
Autumnalis, Linn.
Very similar to the foregoing; the palatine bones are, however, much narrower, the
sternum much broader on the posterior margin than on the anterior one, and the
obturator foramen is also much narrower.
T have also the sternum of D. arborea, which is similar to the above.
Awas, Linn.
Boschas, Linn.
Cranium. The space between the upper edge of the orbits of moderate breadth ;
orbits with two foramina, one placed over the other, at the hinder margin. Palatine
bones widened anteriorly ; interarticular bones very broad at their junction with the
palatine, and gradually tapering backwards.
Sternum broader on its posterior margin than on the anterior; marginal fissures ;
large manubrial process; small triangular keel, deeper in proportion to the length of
the sternum than in Tadorna, the anterior point projecting far forwards, the anterior
edge slightly scolloped out:
Pelvis similar in shape to Tadorna ; foramina of moderate size.
207
ANATID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ ANATINA,
Furculum of moderate strength, with a very slight process at the junction of the
rami.
Coracoids long.
Wing-bones of moderate length, but not nearly so long in proportion to the size of
the bird as in Dendrocygna.
Leg-bones, Metatarsus with the calcineal ridge not carried down the back.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Tensth of humerus . . . . . 98 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 20
dvenethsor ming kya aS 4) ae Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 19
ihenstheof metacarpus..0.- 18% 1 Sel Deptitefikeel, . «eS. ."o iwere eee
Leneth offenun) are 20k 4) Weneth of head. se yo ie
Mensthtor bia a ee he Byes? Breadth-ofhead: . - 9a Wee Tera
liength of metatarsus . . . . . 17 Beneth oftpelvic® Saueaeg a) Bees
Geneth-of stemum.:..-..) 0 & .a414_ 1) Breadth ofpelyis (1 quill gee ants
Daritia, Leach.
Acuta, Linn,
Similar in every respect, except in size, to Anas,
MAtacorHyncuus, Sw.
Membrinaccus, Lath.
I have only some fragments of this genus taken from a skin. The bones of the
cranium are very light and thin, in comparison with Anas ; in shape, however, they
are very similar.
I have also fragments of Querquedula, Creeca, and Erythorhyncha, all of which are
similar in form to Anas.
Ax, Bote.
Galericulata.
Cranium broad between the upper edges of the orbits; orbital septum perforated by
three foramina. Palatine bones broad posteriorly, and inclining outwards and down-
wards on their exterior margins; a short central ridge united with the interarticular
bones, the anterior portion abruptly pointed on the inner edge; foramen lacerum pos-
terlus very large.
Sternum with the anterior edge of the keel projecting much forwards, straight, and
not scolloped out. In other respects, except in size, similar to Anas,
208
ANATID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ FULIGULINZ.
CHauLeLasmus, G. R. Gray.
Strepera, Linn.
Cranium narrow between the upper edges of the orbits; orbital septum with two
foramina. Palatine bones similar in form and position to the last, but contracted in
the middle.
Sternum as in the last.
Pelvis with the ischiadic foramen very large, oval; immediately behind it another
foramen, divided from it by a strip of bone, rounded; obturator foramen large,
broadest at the hinder extremity; hind toe very long.
Other bones similar to Anas.
SPATULA, Bote.
Clypeata, Linn.
Sternum very short, but in form similar to the preceding.
Pelvis similar, and has the same three foramina.
_ Prrrocyanea, Bon.
Cerulata, Licht.
I have only the sternum of this bird, which is not so broad as in Spatula in propor
tion to its length, and has a long triangular manubrial process, blunt at the extremity
In other respects similar.
OipEmia, Flem.
Nigra, Linn.
Cranium. Space between upper edges of the orbits; narrow orbital septum with
one foramen. Palatine bones narrow for the hinder half, then becoming gradually
broader, and bent outwards ; interarticular bones broadest. at their junction with the
palatines, and gradually narrowed backward.
Sternum broad and long, with a xiphisternal piece projecting between the two
fissures, which are broad, but not very deep, the strip of bone bounding them
externally bent inwards at the tips, and ane very slightly scolloped out; lower edge
of the keel arched anteriorly.
Pelvis long; ischiadic foramen large, oval; obturator of moderate size; os pubis
long, expanded at the tips, and bent much inwards.
Wing-bones. Tumerus longer than the ulna.
Leg-bones. Fibula extending for nearly the whole length of the tibia; calcineal
process small; toes long; metatarsi short.
2N 209
ANATIDE. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ FULIGULIN &.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .... . 34 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 22
Length ofulna. . . . . . . 38224 | Breadth ofanterior margin ofsternum 18
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 22 Depth oitecer) 0) OL Taas Ae
ene tOldeniat amie ies ote See RenethitchmicaG «7 ald sonar
Length of tibia gan a. Fae ay de Breadth Ginend* ©) Sew eee) ee
Length-of metatarsus ).. °.7/. 227 16 Denpth or pes) "40
Juengih ef stermuia (ty ay Bo brcadun Grpenyae at. >. Sane eee
Furicuia, Steph.
Marilla, Linn.
Similar in form to the foregoing, but with the sternum broader on its posterior
margin iu proportion to the anterior, and without any xiphisternal process.
Nyrroca, lem.
Leucopthalmus, Bechst.
Also similar to Oidemia, but with the pelvis broader in proportion to its
length, and both the ischiadic and obturator foramina larger; hinder margin of the
sternum without any xiphisternal process.
CLANGULA, Elem.
Glaucion, Linn.
Cranium very deep in proportion to its length; orbital septum with one foramen.
Palatine bones placed horizontally, broadest at the extremities.
Sternum of moderate size; instead of fissures on the posterior edge, it nee two large
foramina; xiphisternal process large, point of the keel projecting very much forwards ;
without any manubrial process.
Pelvis of moderate size ; ischiadic foramen large ; obturator narrow.
Metatarsus with the calcineal process very small.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
ensth-of numerig= 49) Sse be Jad Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 25
Aenethisot ulin... ee en Seer ee Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 17
Length of metacarpus.. .-- . , 418 Dicpth Otecch,. i nat os ale, Senne
eneth-of femur’ V-. Sf aes Lensth-of head 2.5 ¢h, ..0 4eame ne eee
daenoth-ot tnbiar’. i= gee eee ey Breadth of bead. .“<accll: Ue ern Oot
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 18 Length-of pelvis =. 4.120) 2 he 26027
Length of sternum. .;,; . « . 40 Breadth ot pelvis. aq alae ae kbs
210
ANATIDE. | | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [FuLievLinz.
Somaterra, Leach.
Mollissima, Linn.
Cranium very strong. Palatine bones very similar to Nyroca, the hinder and outer
angle bent downwards, placed far apart, and slightly bent inwards in the centre.
Nasal bones are terminated by a sharp spine projecting upwards and backwards, and
another projecting downwards in the place where the lacrymal bones usually are; but
I can trace no vestige of anchylosis between this process and the nasal bones. The
skeleton I have, however, is that of a very old bird. |
Pelvis broad, similar to Clangula.
Sternum very large and strong; anterior edge of the keel scolloped out, the point
not projecting far forwards before the rest of the sternum, the strips of bone bounding
the foramina on the outer sides very broad.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .... . 40 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 30
Wenethcofulna ... 9. «= . » + ‘86 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 25
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 238 Depthromkrel — a oe ees
isenetheor femutils, 25 So.) 20 Ihengthaofiheadh. 4. ince). 4
engthseb tibia «ifs is ¢ ut) 6 988 Breacdemok nead re 25. wasn Whe
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 214 | Lengthofpelvis . . ... . 850
Length of sternum ..... . 48 Breadtivof. pelvis." “ses. as a ay 24
ErisMAtTura, Gon.
Leucocephala, Scop.
Cranium strong. Palatine bones broad at their anterior extremities, and gradually
narrowed to their junction with the interarticular bones, where they nearly touch ;
interarticular bones broad at their junction with the palatine bones, and narrowed
rather suddenly backwards.
Sternum with the keel very narrow; hinder margin with two foramina, rather small;
posterior margin much broader than the anterior ; anterior edge of keel scolloped out.
Pelvis with the ischiadic and obturator foramina very large, the os pubis not turned
inwards. .
Leg-bones. Metatarsal bones flattened, a rather deep groove in front.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
“Shéenethofhumerus, . 2 0 925 enethyofienmr 2°. 4 SYNE ES
emethiot nina, . tlh Fos 28 Lenothtotstibian.” 7 Wes 3 ee t25
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 124 | Lengthofmetatarsus. . . . . Is
all
ANATID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ FuLiguLin z.
Measurements (continued).
Tenths. Tenths.
Hemet Of Stern | sueeee: ta be ioe Length doishead . -..0sa gone wee!
Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 15 Breadthof head oi. sere dre BO
Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 13 Length or pelvis» « -.) pag ae gael 1eeo
Depitivor deol e Wae eee os ees Breadth af pelvag .. o«:-f,- estos aeaer ate
Biztura, Leach.
Lobata, Sh.
Cranium very strong. Palatine bones broadest anteriorly, contracted in the middle,
and again widened at their junction with the interarticular, which are widest at their
junction with the palatine bones.
Sternum similar to Erismatura, but with two wide, open fissures on the posterior
margin.
Pelvis with the foramina very large.
Remaining bones as in Hrismatura.
Mereus, Linn.
ALBELLUS, Linn.
Cranium of moderate strength. Palatine bones slightly pointed at their anterior
extremities, very short; interarticular bones very long, curved inwards.
Siernum with the keel narrow, the point projecting very much. forwards; posterior
margin with two foramina, and a well-marked xiphisternal piece between them.
Pelvis, Obturator and ischiadic foramina large, rather narrow.
Coracoids rather long; metatarsi rounded.
I have also fragments of M. castor, which are similar.
Measurements.
Tenths. | Tenths.
Length ofhumerus . .. . . 314 | Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 19
Gengih of ulna... 2 3 Wet oe Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 15
iengthormetacarpus:. <4. 0s a9 Dopehcot-keel << ° vsy-cuet wu. = onc ae
dkeneinsciiemune =. 4° a. 42 2) ime ensth.eb eddy, «.* 2.1 saci ees
= (Sva7 9 ae 0) de alle) (eee Are es Breadth of head, .. adhe ae ae
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 14 ensthvof pelvis: ... 4. .9aRe3s
Length of sternum. . .. . . 36 Breadth: of pelvisy-. pice poke. Us! SAS
212
CoLyMBID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [(Cotymain a,
Cotymsus, Linn.
Glacialis, Linn.
I have only the sternum and pelvis of this bird.
Sternum large; keel slightly arched on its lower edge, point projecting slightly
beyond the anterior edge of the sternum; hinder margin with two large fissures ;
xiphisternal portion very large, and projecting far backwards; hinder margin wider
than the anterior margin.
Furculum very broad at its junction with the coracoids, and gr adually daskortd to its
junction with the point of the keel.
Coracoids short, very strong.
Pelvis narrow; ilium and ischium much bent downwards, and with a long spine
proceeding from the former on each side of the ischiadic and caudal vertebre ; os pubis
very broad at its extremity ; obturator foramina very large.
Cotymsus, Linn.
Septentrionalis, Linn.
Cranium. Palatine bones broadest a little anterior to the interarticulars, both turned
downwards, gradually sloping off forwards; interorbital septum with two foramina ;
impressions of the masseter muscles very strong. Inferior maxillary bones slightly
prolonged beyond the condyles, cup shaped, a deep groove on each side over the
orbits.
Sternum, pelvis, and furculum as in Colymbus glacialis.
Ribs with very long styliform processes.
Wing-bones. Tumerus much longer than the ulna.
Leg-bones. Tibia very much prolonged at its proximal extremity ; femur very short,
calcineal bones projecting far backwards at the upper part of the metatarsi, a foramen
through them for the passage of the contractor muscles, and a channel both down the
front and back of the metatarsus.
Measuremenis.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .. .. . 54 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 234
Lenetinemulna + 2). — . .. 44 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 21
Length of metacarpus . . . . 28 Beptiinoiikeel 9s Fe OS
Weneth offémum — - ... afi ales eretheofhead®. .-. 1 v « 48
Lenoinvor tibians |S) .)<2 = eiee 00 Breadthvon head) LV. neat ae?) bE
Length of metatarsus. . . . 9. 27 Length of pelvis: .) . 2 ge 08
Length of sternum... . . 45d Dreadie of pelyise= eee. SS. LG
20 ~ 213
CoLyMBID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. PoDICcEPSIN &,
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate I. L. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and meta-
tarsus, Plate XL. fig. 2.
Popicers, Lath,
Minor, Linn.
Cranium. Palatine bones broad at hinder ends, and bent downwards at their edges,
gradually tapering forwards; interarticular bones slightly bent outwards.
Sternum very broad behind, with two very large and open fissures; keel narrow, not
carried forward beyond the anterior edge of the horizontal portion of the sternum;
without any manubrial process.
Pelvis similar to that of Colymbus, but with the ends of the os pubis not widened.
Leg-bones. Tibia long, anterior process elongated forwards and inwards to a point ;
calcineal bones short.
Furculum slight, without any process at the junction of the rami.
Coracoids short.
I have also the skeleton of Podiceps cristatus, which is similar to the foregoing,
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
iieneth ofumeris’ 25 « . +, 20 Breadth of posteriormargin of sternum 14
Wiener oil gees ps pies iw ekd Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 10
Length of metacarpus. . . .. 9 Wepthiot keels vo. 5 4.0 as Chee!
Length of femur . .. . . . 10% | Lengthofhead. . ..... IW
Weneth Of tibiae) i tao liye ae. ee Breadth of Weadas ey Ga gh) onan
Length of metatarsus. . . . , 14 Eenetheotpelvis m0 3 Geogeeeaees
Length of stemum, .., . , 16 Breadth of pelyis “ss 4)» 1 abe | ob
Popicers, Lath.
Cristatus, Linn.
Similar to the foregoing, except in size, and distinguished as in Colymbus by a long
spine on each side of the caudal vertebre.
Illustrations.
Skeleton Plate XXIV. Skeleton, Plate X XI.
Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and Sternum, palatine bones, metatarsi, and
metatarsi, Plate XL, pelvis, Plate XL, fig, 1.
214
Axcip 2. ] OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Atcrn a.
Aca, Linn.
Impensis, Linn.
The skeleton of this bird has been lately fully described in the transactions of the
Zoological Society. The paper was read June 14th, 1864, by Professor Owen.
Auca, Linn.
Torda, Linn.
Cranium very similar in shape to that of the foregoing.
Sternum also similar, but furnished on each side with lateral fissures; post orbital.
process pointing downwards.
Pelvis also similar.
Wing-bones slightly flattened, but not so much so as in A. impensis. Metatarsal
bones anchylosed together.
Remaining bones very similar.
- Fratercota, Briss.
Arctica, Linn.
Cranium in some respects similar to the genus Alca. The space between the upper
part of the orbits very narrow, the orbital septum almost entirely wanting; orbits very
large, thus allowing a very small cavity for the brain; the post orbital process very
long, and pointing upwards.
Sternum with a slight foramen on each side of the keel, near the hinder margin, the
xiphisternal portion extending far backwards ; keel deep, much excavated in front, and
arched on its lower edge.
Pelvis very similar to Alca torda.
Wing-bones slightly flattened. ;
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a slight groove down the front.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Heng thror humeniss >" Yt) 1 y 22 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 14
Renetheonulnae 9 0) ot es. 7220 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 9
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 15 epi of keeles. aa) ) tame eae
Meusthportemur) 7 peal ee ei? Eengtheon heady. 4 -. | “/ieey ave soo
Henoun.Dhdipia se 5. wha eS Breadth of heady 3. 7 Sete Tt
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10 Reneth of pelvis: +; See ears 530
Length of sternum. ... . . 8il Dreadtiof pelvis: nie tts Et
215
ALCID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [SPHENICIN &.
Spueniscus, Briss.
Minor, Forst.
Cranium large, strong, with the upper edges of the orbits much depressed, and
roughened space between the orbits rather narrow; orbital septum with one large
foramen, the post orbital processes pointing downwards, blunt at the extremities ;
occipital bone with the ridges prolonged into a projecting keel; occipital protuberance very
large. Palatine bones very broad, sloped at their posterior outer edges towards the
interarticular bones, and gradually narrowed anteriorly; interarticular bones battle-
dore shaped, with the broad end placed towards the palatine bones.
Siernum long, without any xiphisternal process, with a large elongated fissure on
the posterior margin on each side of the keel, the strip of bone bounding them on their
outward edges widened and turned inwards posteriorly, the central portion of the
sternum between the fissures not so long as the strip; keel with the lower edge nearly
straight, anterior edge slightly curved, the point projecting beyond the anterior edge of
the horizontal portion of the sternum; manubrial process well marked.
Pelvis very similar in shape to Alca torda, but with os pubis not so much prolonged,
and the spines projecting on each side of the ilium not so long.
Ribs with the styliform process long, broader at their hinder extremities than at
their junction with the ribs.
Furculum broadest near its junction with the coracoids, and gradually narrowed to
the junction of the rami, where there is a slight process projecting backwards.
Coracoids of moderate strength.
Scapula shaped very much like a shoulder of mutton, with the small end towards
the coracoids, which is not above one-fourth the width of the hinder end, the edges
much curved, the hinder edge truncate.
Wing-bones much flattened ; very similar to Alca impensis.
Leg-bones with the metatarsus very short; fibula strong, extending down the side of
the tibia for three-fourths of its length, the proximal end of the tibia not elongated, as
among the Colymbide ; metatarsal bones much flattened.
Measurements.
Tenths, . Tenths.
Length: ofthumens; 2 ©. 2... 4 18 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 15
henethvotsaliia, 3: 8 2° re oe lee Breadth of anterior margin ofsternum 16
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Il Depth of keal-. 4 Wee ala
tenethioffemur . « aPwea).vas Length of head.. . . 5) 2) 4) 39
eneth of tibia... A. ene, 28 Breadth of head, .. a.
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 12 Length of pelvis ... . . . . 38d
Lensth-ofsternum-) .= jes se) Feo Breadth of pelvis .....6 = . + 44
216
Aucr#.] OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. (Unin a.
Eupyetes, Vieill.
‘From Vandieman’s Land.
Precisely similar in every respect to the foregoing, except in measurements.
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate IV. L. Palatine bones, sternum, pelvis, and meta-
tarsi, Plate XX XVIII. fig. 1.
Urnia, Mehr.
Grylle, Linn.
Cranium. Orbital septum nearly obliterated, the space between the upper edges of the
orbits narrow, with a well-marked ridge down the centre. Palatine bones very similar
to Alca torda, but not so strong; occipital ridge well marked and edged; masseter
impression of moderate size; occipital protuberance large.
Sternum narrow, and very long, without any xiphisternal continuation, the outer
edges thickened for the whole length; the posterior margin furnished with a narrow
fissure on each side, central portion projecting beyond the strips of bone bounding the
fissures slightly indented in the centre, opposite the end of the keel, which is deep in
proportion to the width of the sternum, slightly arched below, and much scolloped out
in front, point projecting beyond the plain of the sternum; manubrial process perpen-
dicularly compressed, edged anteriorly.
Pelvis similar to A. torda.
Ribs light, with very long styliform processes.
Furculum very much arched, flattened laterally; a small process at the junction of
the rami. |
Scapula thin, narrow, pointed at the end. —
Wing-bones much flattened ; humerus much longer than the ulna.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus slightly flattened transversely ; calx small.
Measurements. |
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus .... . 382 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 114
eneihrot imi 5 4 2 eA Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 14
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 14 Depinonkech 4 2 a 4 .. ml
Eenzeuroticniur Gy +.) = 2 2 818 Memeimommeadi | oie.” u,b, ma
Tengsthrot tibiae, ss. 2 = 2 38 Breadth ot lead) 7... 1, aes
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 18 Lengthotpelviss % 2’ . 2a". 88
Length ofstenum. . .. . . 48 Breadtheotpelviss 3 .9 2 e". . | 9
Ilustrations.
Skeleton, Plate III. L. Sternum, pelvis, metatarsi, and palatine
bones, Plate XX XIX. fig. 2.
2P 217
PELICANID &. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [PLotin z.
Protus, Linn.
Nove Hollandie, Gould.
Cranium lengthened, without any orbital septum; space between the upper edges
of the orbits rather narrow; post orbital processes small; occipital bone with a slight
ridge, projecting most at the centre of the upper edge, and terminating below on each
edge, with two strong but blunt spines projecting backwards; the foramen magnum
very large; a large, but not very well defined, depression for the masseter muscles.
Palatine bones truncate on their hinder angles, with a slight spine in the centre, and
gradually tapering forwards; interarticular bones thin, and rounded.
Sternum short, broad, with a wide fissure on each side, on the posterior edge; keel
not extending for above two-thirds of its length, anterior edge slightly scolloped out,
the point projecting far forwards, lower edge very slightly arched; a very slight
manubrial process; the lateral edges of the sternum much constricted in the middle.
Pelvis with the ilium very much expanded for its anterior half before the acetabulum,
then much narrowed, the upper surface of the hinder portion having a central rib, and
projecting as a ridge over the ischium, and terminated by a spine on each side, the
boundaries of the vertebre plainly visible; ischiadic foramen very large; ischium
expanded outwards on its lower edge; os pubis with the ends projecting downwards.
Furculum broad, and very much arched backwards, and broad at its upper extremities,
afterwards nearly straight, and anchylosed to the point of the sternum.
Coracoids very long.
Scapula long, of moderate width, blunt at the ends.
Wing-bones long ; ulna and metacarpal bones nearly triangular.
Vertebral column having the upper cervical vertebrz very much elongated.
Metatarsus short, flattened.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Teneth ofhumerus . ... . 54 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 21
Meme tp h1ee wise np eo! OO Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 19$
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 27 Demtisoteleeel: |= i 7 tad
Length of femur . .. .. . 235 | Lengthofhead. - . . . , . AG
evecator tila, ee «eos I Eee, Bircadtiotaead "6.8 fac ee ie
Length of metatarsus. . . . - 20 heneth -of;pelvis) fo. 4 Peed
Length ofstenum . . . . . 25 | Breadthofpelvis . ..... Jb
Gracutus, Linn.
Cristatus, Fab.
Cranium similar in shape to Plotus, but with the end of the maxillary bones bent
downwards; the tubercle on the upper edge of the occipital bone has a pointed,
218
PELICANIDZ. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PELICANIN &.
movable, triangular process attached to it, which, I suspect, has also been the case with
my specimen of Plotus, but has been lost.
Sternum similar to Plotus, but with the posterior fissures not so deep, but wider.
Pelvis also similar, but with the foramina larger.
Remainder of the skeleton also similar.
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate V. L.
Puarton, Linn.
Rubricauda, Bodd.
I have only some fragments of this bird obtained from a skin.
Cranium. ‘The occipital bone is without the processes on each side and at the top
so prominent as Ploius and Graculus, but the post orbital processes are longer: the
whole is much broader, the lachrymal bones point outwards and downwards, and are
much more highly developed than in the above-mentioned genera. Only the anterior
portion of the palatine bones remains, which is of the same shape as among the
cormorants. ‘The masseter impression is large, and the upper surface of the cranium
between the orbits broad. ;
Wing-bones. ‘The humerus is nearly as long as the ulna.
Leg-bones with the divisions into three bones distinctly visible anteriorly and
posteriorly, all anchylosed together with a slight groove at the lower part.
Pricanus, Linn.
New Holland.
Cranium. Orbital septum without any foramen; occipital bone similar to Phaeton.
Palatine bones anchylosed together for their whole length, the hinder portions with a
_ strong central keel between them for one inch and a quarter of their length, arcuated
on its lower edge, and a quarter of an inch deep, lateral portions bending downwards,
broad anteriorly, and gradually narrowed towards the interarticular bones, which are
very strong, and broadest at their junction with the palatine bones.
Sternum similar to Graculus.
Pelvis very long; ilium continued forwards, and anchylosed to the third rib and
all the ribs posterior to it; a deep fissure on each side of the dorsal process of the two
anterior sacral vertebree; hinder margin very similar to the cormorants, but with a
blunt and broad projection instead of a spine on each side of the caudal vertebre ;
foramina very large. .
Furculum similar to the cormorants, anchylosed to the sternum.
Scapula straight, bluntly pointed at the end. .
219
PELICANID. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Sum z.
Wing-bones. Ulna much longer than the humerus.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus in the centre, nearly triangular; calx large, but not extend-
ing far down.
Measurements.
Inches. Inches.
Length of humerus . . . . . 114 | Breadthofposteriormarginofsternum 3}
Rength oralitae . . . .oe @ ie Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 4,5
Lhensth-of metacarpus... . . . + | Depth otkeelse . .. . .. He
luenethwordemur ... ©... & . of | Glenptheot Meads o. 2 ie a esa
WGensthvor tibia». 4 «4... eet «HOS el) Dereadttitordicad oo. a Hs
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 4% | Lengthofpelvis . ... .. 9
length of stermum, 4.) ms, dg. || SDLCAGUE OLapelyiS” cue eee) a eo
Tilustrations.
Skeleton Plate VII. L. Pelvis, sternum, metatarsi, and palatine
bones, Plate XX XVIII. fig. 2.
Pruicanus, Linn.
Fuscus, Linn.
I have the sternum, coracoids, scapula, and furculum of this bird, which, except in
size, are precisely similar to the foregoing.
Suna, Briss.
Bassana, Linn.
Cranium very strong; occipital bone with a strong ridge on its anterior edge,
inclining forwards ; occipital prominence very large, the hinder and lower edge termi-
nating in a truncate projection; masseter impression strong; post orbital process bifid,
pointing outwards and slightly downwards; orbital septum with one large foramen.
Palatine bones broad, slightly recurved at their outer edges, anchylosed together, and
with a slight ridge down the centre; hinder edge at their junction with the inter-
articular bones, somewhat truncate, with a slight spine on their external edges. Inter-
articular bones flattened, united to the ridge between the palatines.
Sternum much longer in proportion to its breadth than in Pelicanus, the keel
extending only to one-half the length of the sternum, the point extending far forwards ;
manubrial process large; posterior edge of sternum with two shallow, broad, and open
fissures, the outer edges extending beyond the central portion of the sternum.
Pelvis extending to the three hinder ribs, similar to Pelicanus, but not so broad,
and with the obturator foramen much narrower.
220
PELICANID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PROCELLARINZ.
Ribs with the styliform processes longer than in Pelicanus.
Furculum anchylosed to the point of the sternum on its anterior aspect, much arched,
laterally flattened, the hinder portion widened.
Scapula strong, widened near the hinder extremity, and sloped to a point.
Wing-bones. Ulna much shorter than humerus; thumb half the length of the
metacarpus.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus flattened ; a deep groove at the back.
Measurements.
Inches. Inches.
Length ofhumerus . .. . . 8 | Breadthof posterior marginofsternum 2%
Length ofulna. . . . . . . ‘VE | Breadthofanterior margin of sternum 24
enti oremetacaniicteass | foi | Wepthot keel. Fy a | ES
Hensthugisenar 2.0, 405). 9s —o Renstheoftteadke <<». 4 5. ee
ensthecnibide. ) . . al. % om | breadthofhead =. . . . . . | Qe
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 22% | Lengthofpelvis . . .... 6
Henethrorsternume 9.92 ht) 68 | Breadth of pelvis’. sof) sos Tg
Illustration.
Skeleton, Plate VI. L.
Procettaria, Linn.
Gigantea, Gm.
Cranium very strong, two deep indentations extending over each orbit; masseter
impression also strong; orbital septum with one rounded foramen ; post orbital pro-
cesses of moderate size. Palatine bones broadest about a quarter of an inch from the
interarticular, to which bones they are gradually sloped off on their outer edges, the
interior edge of each palatine bone much bent perpendicularly downwards, and
narrowed. gradually forwards.
Sternum similar in general form to Pelicanus, but differs in having the anterior edge
of the keel scolloped out, and point not much advanced beyond the horizontal portion
of the sternum, which is also more convex; on the anterior edge of the keel is a
flattened but large and triangular manubrial process.
Pelvis truncated on anterior extremity, and not extending beyond last rib.
Wing-bones with the ulna not so long as the humerus ; thumb three-parts as long as
the metacarpus. ;
Leg-bones. Extension of the tibial crests reaching even with the femur, and very
broad ; the metatarsus rather long for a water bird, in proportion to the tibia; a spur
on the hinder edge; calx very small, a channel both before and behind.
Ribs with very long styliform processes.
2Q | 221
PELICANIDE. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [PROcELLARINZ.
Measurements.
Inches. Inches.
Length of humerus ... . . 9% | Breadthof posterior margin ofsternum 3,
Length ofulna... . . . . . . 9% | Breadthofanteriormarginofsternum 3,
Tiengsth of metacarpus.’ soit (ows hel. eDeptinetieeds |... .0e Fs eae ee
Tenethof feémur®, . . G % . Wu) Geengthorhierd:. -. = eee eee
Length of tibia 2. .-fo.w0 1 tae cOihy IppBreadth otitead...-. «$2 . gah ae 4p
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 43 | Lengthofpelvis . .-. . . . 6%
Lensth-ofstermum, .. . ..4. 7 © Breadth of pelvis . . . . «© - 2%
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate VIII. L. Sternum, palatine bones, pelvis, and
metatarsi, Plate XX XVII. fig. 2.
Purrinus, Briss.
Vandieman’s Land.
Cranium very similar to the foregoing. "When the horny covering of the bill is cleared
away (which it is in this specimen), the nares are found to penetrate under the tube
directly backwards, with a distinct septum between them, the upper part bony, and
the rest cartilage. The nares are terminated by an orifice, turned upward, which is of
soft cartilage, and which, I suspect, the bird has the power of expanding or contract-
ing, and the whole is covered by a hollow horny tube. The palatine bones are similar
in shape, but with the outer edge of the hinder portion turned more downwards; the
post orbital processes are very broad at their extremities, whereas they are pointed
in the foregoing.
Sternum short, broad, with broad and shallow fissures on each side of the keel
externally, to which are two small oval foramina. Remainder of the sternum similar
to the foregoing.
Pelvis with a keel between the anterior half of the ilium, and not anchylosed to it.
Remainder similar to the foregoing.
Wing-bones. Ulna longer than the humerus; thumb very long, reaching to more
than half the length of the metacarpus.
Leg-bones. The extension of the proximal end of the tibial crests reaching beyond
the end of the femur, and very broad.
Remaining bones as in the preceding.
Measurements.
Inches. Inches.
Length ofhumerus . .... 9 Deneth offemun! i) 7G. wet 2.08 1,
ensth of ulnad.!ow Lee ee yd aegeieength odie. 0); cae ee S27,
Length of metacarpus. . . . - 2% Length of metatarsus. . . . - 2,
222
PELICANID. | | - OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ PRocELLARIN 2.
Measurements (continued).
Inches. Inches.
ieneinvo: stermunmrs Wee. 4.0. 25 | Length ofhead. . . . . . . 4%
Breadth of posteriormarginofsternum 2;, | Breadthofhead. . . . . . . If
Breadth ofanterior marginofsternum 2 Hemet Gk Pelvis: «.) avs. nd w= OKs
EURO KCC™ . es ry ce vem Ly6 Leth GE PEWS, = Awe ah. Ly
Purrinus, Briss.
Major, Fab.
Cranium similar to the foregoing.
Sternum also similar, with the exception of having two broad shallow fissures on
each side of the keel, on the posterior margin.
Scapula expanded at the tips.
I have also a specimen of P. capensis, P. griseus, and two other unnamed species
from the South Seas, all of which are similar.
THatassiproma, Vig.
Oceanica, Kwhl.
Cranium very much the same in shape as in Procellaria. Palatine bones also
similar, but the edges not deflected. Post orbital processes small, projecting slightly
upwards.
Sternum with the posterior margin entire, projecting slightly at the terminus of the
keel, in the centre, lateral margins bending much outwards;~a slight manubrial
process.
’ Pelvis and other bones similar to Procellaria.
Furculum not anchylosed with the sternum ; tibia very long; humerus as long as
ulna; os pubis turned much outwards.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length ofhumerus ..... 9 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 7
Pbcnethroiinae a lis 6h ila ok 9 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 6
length of metacarpus.-. . . 2 7 Depthrotkeel 9-4 yo a he ws Tims
Pichiotuyoltcomtne <y o.4 fy oy Aye lhenet.of head’. yar huiiivs 1h (is eh?
Wenothoof tibial. 40% “Seed, fash Breadtheot head | = -. Hine) va. Gsos
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 10d Beneth ofpelvis 9.) Svs. failed
Kienetheomsremum, . iit Sees Breadth ot pelyis, Aceh oo ened
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate X. L. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and
metatarsi, Plate XXXIX, fig. J.
8 223
PELICANIDS. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ DiomEDINz.
Diomepia, Linn.
E.xulans, Linn.
Cranium with two very deep channels above the orbits, but not continued to the outer
edge, as in Procellaria, terminating with two large foramina behind the lacrymal
bones; masseter impression strong; post orbital processes turned slightly downwards,
and broad in front. Palatine bones similar to Procellaria gigantea ; lacrymal bones
curved backwards, thus forming one side of the foramen terminating the muscular
impression above the orbits; nares placed on each side not having a joint sheath as in
Procellaria, but each having a separate one.
Sternum very broad and short; keel rudimentary as it approaches the central portion
of the posterior margin; lateral portions projecting furthest on the posterior margin,
and sloped gradually towards the indentation in the centre, perforated by a small
foramen in the centre; manubrial process very small; keel arched below, and not
anchylosed to the sternum.
Pelvis similar to that of Procellaria gigantea.
Furculum of moderate strength, regularly arched on its anterior aspect from its
junction with the coracoids, slightly flattened at junction of the rami.
Coracoids very broad at their articulation with the sternum, very short, and
strong.
Scapula long, of nearly equal breadth until near the extremity, when they are
gradually widened, rounded at their points.
Wing-bones very long; ulna longer than humerus; thumb reaching for two-thirds
the length of the metacarpus,
Leg-bones. Fibula reaching for two-thirds the length of the tibia, end of which is
prolonged beyond its junction with the femur, and forming a broad horizontal plate
downwards.
Metatarsus with a channel extending for its whole length down the front, and for
about half its length down the back from the calx, which is very small.
Measurements.
Inches. Inches.
Length of humerus ... . . 16 Breadth of posterior marginof sternum 4, .
tenet of ulnar gh 5 aoe es Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 45
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 51 Wenthezoklceel ~» « . GPWihaty weeps
Length offemur . . . . . . 3% Iength of head: .. . = AA e. pommel,
Length of tibia: . . . . . . 81 breadth of head . a 2° 4) 4. i 86s
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 4p Itength of pelvis, «. 20 2ie eo ees
Length of sternum. . .... 7 Breadth of pelvis . . . . . . 3%
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate IX. L. Pelvis, sternum, palatine bones, and metatarsi,
Plate XXXVILI. fig. 1.
224
Larip..] OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [Larinz.
Diomepia, Linn.
Fuliginosa, Gm.
I have a sternum of this bird, sternal apparatus, and pelvis. The distinction is in —
the form of the posterior margin of the sternum, which is scolloped out for its whole
width. I have also the skeleton of D. melanophrys, which is similar.
Larus, Linn.
Ridibundus, Linn.
Cranium with a deep indentation upon each orbit, and a narrow ridge between them ;
masseter impression very distinct ; occipital bone slightly projecting on each side in the
form of a blunt spine, pointing forwards; post orbital processes narrow, pointing
downwards and backwards. Palatine bones narrow, the outer edges recurved for
_ about half of their length, sloped backwards from the broadest part to the inter-
articular bones, which are rounded, and have a slight keel on their upper edge,
broadest anteriorly ; orbital septum with one foramen.
Sternum of moderate length and breadth, with two fissures on each side of the keel,
the inner one largest; keel rather broad, arched on its inferior edge, anterior edge
scolloped out, with the point projecting. Manubrial process flattened perpendicularly,
upper portion thicker than the lower.
Pelvis similar to the Procellarine, but with the os pubis projecting further backward.
Ribs slender, with very long styliform or pleural processes.
Furculum much arched on its anterior aspect, transversely flattened; a small
flattened process, pointing backwards, at the junction of the rami.
Coracoids of moderate size and length.
Scapula light, and of the same breadth until very near the hinder extremity, where
it is slightly widened, and afterwards sloped off to a blunt point.
Wing-bones with the ulna longer than the humerus; thumb one-third the length of
the metatarsus. .
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a groove down the front; calx small, a slight splint
proceeds from it a short distance down the back of the metatarsus.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths,
Length ofhumerus ... . . 36 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 12
Mewath-ofulma : +» § 4 . «2 41 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Length of metacarpus. . . . . 22 Depihtokkeeks po | oF wae
mensumorremnr +o !* ey Pah 1G Mength of beadthi’ 2)", | >= VRRP Y! 335
Heacihror tbr. . \. .' PR 238 Breadth of head’ .) 5 yf 9)! 14
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 19 length of pelvis . .-. . . . 28
Length of sternum . .. . .. 24 Breadthivor pelvis Seg Oey fi 14
QR | 225
LARIpD z. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [SteRNIN i.
Tlustrations.
Skeleton, Plate XI. L. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, and meta-
tarsi, Plate XXXVI. fig. 2.
Larus, Linn.
Marinus, Linn.
Precisely similar to the preceding, but there is a variety in the outer fissure on the
right side being closed and converted into a foramen, and not on both sides.
I have also specimens of Larus cinerea and Argentatus, which are also similar.
Sterna, Linn.
Macroura, Naum.
Cranium similar to Larus. Palatine bones not so much sloped on their hinder
margins towards the interarticulars.
Sternum similar to Larus, but shorter in proportion to its length, and the keel
deeper.
Pelvis similar, but broader in proportion to its length.
Furculum and Coracoids similar to Larus.
Wing-bones. Ulna much longer than the humerus; thumb reaching for about one-
third the length of the metacarpus.
Leg-bones. Tibia not elongated beyond the femur, but flattened and bent down-
wards.
Measurements.
Tenths. ‘ Tenths.
Length of humerus’. 2.2 2 7 8 Breadth of posterior marginofsternum 7%
ener avon ulna e. © ne Slee G22 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 64
Length of metacarpus. . . . . Il Depth oftkeek\ 4. «.) ion woe OF
Iengtarofiemur 2 7 a> ay 28 Length ofhead. . . . . . 1 #24
ensthiof tibia 04 <S-: f.00r) SEBS *Breadth ottheadya 210-0" eee 7
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 6 Length ofpelvis 0. 9 © jv aeed6
Length of stenum ... . . 14 | Breadthofpelvis ...... 9
~Srerna, Linn.
Melanocephala.
This bird does not differ from the preceding. I have also a specimen from Australia,
which I believe to be Anous stolida, which differs from the other Terns in having
on each side of the hinder margin of the sternum one outer moderate-sized fissure, and
a very small foramen between it and the keel.
226
LaRID&. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ RHYNOOPSIN.Z
Ruynoops, Linn.
Nigra, Linn.
Cranium. A slight groove above the orbits, and a slight channel over the centre of
the head to the vertex, and very deep transverse channel at the base of the nasal
bones; occipital ridge prominent, and terminated by a spine on each side pointing
downwards and forwards; post orbital processes perpendicularly flattened, pointing
outwards, and slightly bent downwards at the points; masseter impression large, down
the centre of it a slight ridge; orbital septum with one small foramen. Palatine
bones very broad, and sloping gradually downwards, the hinder edge sloped gradually
to the interarticular bones, anterior portion gradually diminishing in breadth ; lacrymal
bones anchylosed to the frontal, with a foramen through them; inferior maxillary at
the attachment of the masseter muscles much widened.
Sternum similar to the Sternine.
Pelvis also similar, but longer in proportion to the size of the bird.
Wing-bones very long ; ulna much longer than the humerus; thumb one-third the
length of the metacarpus.
Leg-bones. Metatarsus with a groove down the front; tibia not prolonged, but
having a slight projection in front.
Measurements.
Tenths. Tenths.
Length of humerus .... . . 9. 35 Breadth of posterior margin of sternum 114
hewethronuina,. 0 ee so. ge 44 Breadth of anterior margin of sternum 12
Length of metacarpus . . . . 213 | Depthofkeel . . . . ... 8
ihensthottemur . = . 4 ve: 15 Wematiofheadi ys 2. inon ahi MOS
Wemsthyouwiiaws «a fe ak. os 26 Breadimomhead 9 ...4 « «bk wile ey wale!
Length of metatarsus. . . . . 144 | Lengthofpelvis . . .... 29
hensthcot sternum. . 4 . . «, Qt Breadth of pelvis ... . . .. Jb
Illustrations.
Skeleton, Plate XII. L. Sternum, pelvis, palatine bones, ‘and
metatarsi, Plate XXXVI. fig. 1.
227
Lari. | OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM, [STERNIN Zz.
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Naratorzs.
a ———
Cervical, Dorsal. Sacral. Caudal. True ribs. False ribs.
Plectropterus Gambensis . ; 15 7 16 6 7 2
Cereopsis Nove Hollandiz V7 8 17 6 5 1
Bernicla Brenta : i ; 17 7 18 6 9 2
Anser cygnoides A s . 17 6 19 6 9 2
Cygnus coscoroba . a : 20 7 19 8 9 2
atratus : ‘ ; 21 8 ibs) 8 9 2
ferus . A f f 23 6 OT 7 8 2
Tadorna vulpanser . . 16 6 15 7 8 2
Casarka rutila . : : : 16 6 17 7 7 2
Dafilla caudacuta . ! 16 7 16 6 8 2
Anas boschas . : ; . 15 6 16 6 7 2
Dendrocygna arcuata : ; 15 6 18 6 7 2
Chaulelasmus strepera . . 14 7 16 6 7 2
Oidemia nigra . ‘ : ‘ 14 6 16 6 8 1
Fuligula marilla 15 6 16 6 8 1
Clangula Glaucion . ; : 15 6 16 6 8 5
Erismatura Leucocephala, 13 6 13 7 6 2
Biziura lobata . . ; i 14 6 15 6 9 1
Meregus albellus A } d 15 6 15 6 7 2
Colymbus septentrionalis . —.. Il 7 16 6 8 1
Podiceps minor ; Y , 16 5 13 6 6 1
Podiceps cristatus . 3 5 19 7 17 6 fe, 1
Alca torda : ; : ‘ 13 | 7 17 7 8 1
Fratercula arctica . : : 14 7, 12 7 7 HN
Spheniscus minor . ‘ i 13 7 14 7 7 1
Eudyptes Van Diemen’s Land . 12 7 15 6 7 2
Uria troile . 5 e f 13 6 12 “4 8 ji
Plotus Nove Hollandiz . ’ 17 5) 10 = = —
Pelicanus N. H. . 5 3 19 3) 14 7 5 1
Procellaria gigantea . 5 4 12 8 14 7. 7 1
Puffinus fuligenosus , d 12 7 12 6 1
Thalassidroma Wilsonii . d ih 6 12 6 6 1
Diomedia exulans . “| . 13 8 13 7 7 1
Larus ridibundus . . , 14 7 12 iz 7 i
Sterna arctica . ‘ : : 13 6 12 6 7 ¥
Rhyncops nigra yj. coe 13 6 12 8 7 1
Remarks.
There is a great similarity among all the Anserine in their osteological characters.
They may be distinguished, however, from the Cygnine by the much greater propor-
tionate length of the pelvis in the latter. The Colymbide have the lengthened meta-
tarsus, and the xiphisternal process, besides the very much lengthened sternum and
narrow pelvis, to distinguish them from the Anatide. The Alcide have the ribs pro-
jecting very far backwards, the keel of the sternum broad, and the hinder margin much
rounded and with very small fissures ; the pelvis is narrow for its posterior half, and
the palatine bones broad, and a strong spine projecting from the ilium on each side of
the caudal vertebre. The Pelicanide have generally the sternum very short, and in
many instances the furculum is anchylosed to it; the keel also is seldom continued to
228
LaRip&. | ; : OSTEOLOGIA AVIUM. [ STERNIN &.
the posterior margin, the pelvis is generally long, and the os pubis is not continued
far backwards beyond the ischium. The Laride has the sternum long, the keel deep,
and the hinder margin indented by two fissures; the pelvis is short, but the os pubis
is much elongated, as well as the hinder end of the ischium. )
eRe Sy
229
PREFACE = : . f
BIBLIOGRAPHY : 5 ‘ :
INTRODUCTION - - f
RAPTORES.
FALCONID#.
FALCONINA.
Falco peregrinus - - i
Falco Gyrfalco - 2 :
Falco aurantius - - 3 :
Herpetotheres cachinnans~ - -
Tinnunculus alaudarius - : s
sparverius - -
chickera = - és 2
Teracidea Berigora - :
Terax Bengalensis - - E -
CIRCIN &.
Accipiter nisus - - -
——-—— Badius - - - -
Astur magnirostris - - E
Circus cyaneus’~ - - - -
zruginosus - - -
MILVIN &.
Milvus regalis - - - -
Elanus melanopterus - -
BUTEONIN &.
Buteo vulgaris ~ = & Fs
Archibuteo aquilinus - -
-—— lagopus - - -
Poliornis teesa, e : r
Pernis cristata - = = -
AQUILIN A.
Aquila chrysaétos — - : L
——-— Nevia - - - -
—-—— imperialis - - -
——-— Bonelli . : é, r
—-——audax- = - - -
Pandion Haliaétus = . .
Haliaétus albicilla - w é
leucocephalus - 2 "
leucogaster - :
Macci - e A
Haliastur Indus - : :
‘
INDEX.
PAGE
ili
Vv
bi
oP RP PP OH OO WH
NN DD SD OO
Cuncuma leucogaster - - -
Ichthyaétus bicolor - - -
Geranoaétus melanoleucos - -
Helotarsus ecaudatus - -
Spizaétus cirrhatus - é a
VAG ti UO) Ri Deas
VULTURIN A.
Sarcoramphus gryphus : -
papa a S :
Cathartes aura f :
foetens - 2 2 2
Neophron perenopterus - -
monachus “ s
Vultur cinereus — - : b
Gyps fulvus : : a .
Gypaétos barbatus - = i
Polyborus tharus - = i :
Cireaétus gallicus : ‘
Spilornis Bacha _ - s 3
SERPENTARIN At,
Serpentarius reptilivorus — - -
STRIGIDZA.
STRIGIN &.
Nyctea nivea - - : -
Strix flammea - 2 x
—-pratineola - - 2 F
——- delicatulus = 2 .
——- Capensis - - “< :
Syrnium sinense : E <
Athene marmorata, - : :
—— hypudea - S :
Nyctale Tengmalmi— - 2 a
BUBONINA.
Otus brachyotus 2", as
—---maculosus - - S 2
Bubo maximus = = "
Bengalensis - : = 3
Coromandus - i
Ketupa javensis - : : A
Ephialtes lempiji - = i
— grammicus = A a
Numbering of the Vertebree and Ribs
Remarks on the Order Raptores - =
24
i
VOLITORES.
TROCHILID&.
MELLISUGIN A.
Patagona gigas F 2 z
TROCHILINA.
Thaumastura vesper - -
CYPSELIDZE.
CYPSELINA.
Cypselus apus - - : =
—— Melba - 2 2
Acanthylis nudipes - s 2
Numbering of the Vertebree and Ribs
Remarks c z < r
OMNIVORKES.
CAPRIMULGIDS.
STEATORNIN 4.
Podargus humeralis = -
CAPRIMULGIN &.
Aigotheles cristatus - - -
Chordeiles virginianus - -
Nyctibius Jamaicensis - -
Caprimulgus Europeus - -
TROGONIDEA.
TROGONINA.
Harpactes Reinwardtii - :
Trogon melanocephalus -
Calurus fulgidus - c :
CAPITONIN &.
Megalaima corvina « -
— calva rhe : <
Psilopogon pyrolophus « -
Capito purpurata - : -
Swainsonii - - -
Monasa torquata - -
Chelonidera tenebrosa = - -
EURYLAIMA.
Eurylaimus sumatranus - -
Psarisomus Dalhousie - -
Eurystomus orientalis 5 -
ALCEDINID&.
ALCEDIN A,
Alcedo ispida - 2 :
Alcyone azurea -
Ceryle alcyon - - S
- rudis_ - . . -
——— Americana . -
PAGE
36
37
38
38
39
39
39
40
42
42
43
43
43
45
45
45
46
46
47
47
48
48
49
50
50
51.
52
52
52
53
INDEX,
HALCYONIN 4.
Haleyon capensis - -
Senegalensis -
Macleayii_ - =
Dacelo Leachii - 5 b
GALBULIN &.
Galbula a - F
MEROPIN 4,
Merops ornatus - “ 5
albicollis = E z
Nyctiornis Athertoni - »
TODINA.
Todus viridis - c e P
CORACIN 4.
Coracias garrula - c "
Afra, - = a 2
BUCERIDSZ.
MOMOTINA.
Momotus Braziliensis - -
UPUPINA.
Upupa epops - - : :
BUCERIN A.
Buceros plicatus - “ <
-— pica - - 5 -
fasciatus - - -
——_—— Panini - - -
elatus - - -
Bucorvus Abyssinicus - -
Numbering of the Vertebree and Ribs
General Remarks = - : -
PREHENSORES.
PSITTACIDSA.
PSITTACINA.
Psittacus erythacus -
melanocephalus - -
albifrons - - -
leucocephalus - -
Psittacus Guildingii - -
Chrysotis ochrocephalus . -
-— Amazonicus - -
—— Braziliensis - - -
Paleornis columboides’ - -
CACATUIN A.
Cacatua galerita - Z :
Moluccensis : -
Eos - 2 r e
Calyptorhynchus Baudinii -
Nestor Australis - ‘ ‘
55
55
56
56
57
57
58
59
59
60
62
62
63
63
63
64
64
66
67
68
68
68
68
69
69
70
70
71
71
71
72
STRIGOPSIN A.
Strigops habroptilus - : -
ARIN As,
Ara Macao - - 3 =
—-- Hyacinthina - : é
Enicognathus leptorhynchus - :
Conurus tiriacula - - -
virginianus ? - : -
LORIN A.
Eclectus Ceylonensis - :
PEZOPORIN 4.
Trichoglossus versicolor - -
-——hematodus - -
Platycercus zonarius - -
—-icterotis - - Los
Psittacula pileata - - -
—— passerina - - -
pullaria - -
EKuphema elegans - = :
Pezoporus formosus = 3
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs
General Remarks - “ 3
SCANSORES.
PICIDZA.
GECININZ.
Gecinus viridis - = r
dimidiatus - -
Hemilophus validus - 2 :
_ Campethera brachyryhnchus -
MELANERPIN A.
Chloronerpes aurulentus : -
chlorocephalus -
Melanerpes flavifrons - : 3
———-—— formicivorus - -
Centurus subelegans - - cS
- radiolatus - -
PICIN 2.
Picus major - - 2 2
PICUMNIN.
Picumnus Temminckii = - -
exilis - és 2
General Remarks of Scansores -
ERUCIVORES.
CUCULIDS.
CENTROPIN A.
Centropus phasianus + = :
Crotophaga ani - : :
PAGE
72
73
73
74
14
75
75
75
76
76
7
7
78
78
18
79
79
79
81
82
83
83
83
84
84
85
85
85
85
86
86
87
88
89
COCCYZIN A.
Piaya Circe - - - : -
- Mehleri - - - - -
Pheenicophaus curvirostris - - -
SAUROTHERIN 4,
Geococcyx Mexicanus - ei 5 R
CUCULINA.
Cuculus cinereus . c < h
Oxylophus glandarius = - : : t
Chalcites zeneus - - - 3
RHAMPHASTID.
RHAMPHASTINA.
Rhamphastos erythrorhynchus - - =
tucanus - - a
Pteroglossus Baillonii = 4 c ‘
Selenidera, maculirostris : 2 :
MUSOPHAGIDA.
MUSOPHAGIN Zi,
Turacus gigas : - 2 : F
Corythaix Verreauxii - : - -
Persa - - 4 : Z
Numbering of Vertebre and Ribs in Hrucivores
General Remarks - - 6 P :
INSESSORES.
MENURID&.
MENURIN&.
Menura superba - 2 é -
Pteroptochos Tarnii - c “ "
— albicollis : 2 F
Troglodytes Huropzus - - 2 ;
Dendrocolaptes platyrostris - - :
Picolaptes tenuirostris - z . :
Xiphorhynchus trochilirostris - :
Anabates leucopthalmus -
Sitta velata - = z B 2
Sittella chrysoptera - - = :
Furnarius cunicularius ? - - ~
MELIPHAGIDA.
MELIPHAGIN A.
Anthochera carunculata - : 5 e
lunulata - - - :
——— Lewinii - - = :
Tropidorhynchus corniculatus - -
argenticeps = - < +
Manorhina garrula_ - s 2 F
Sphecotheres viridis - > é <
Psophodes crepitans - - - are?
——
MYZOMELIN&.
Myzomela nigra - - és P
Meliphaga chrysotis - - A
91
91
92
92
93
93
93
94
94
95
95 *
96
96
97
98
oe
99
101
101
102
102
102
103
103
104
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
107
107
iv INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
; NECTARININA. AMPELIDSA.
Nectarinia javanica pie - - - 108 AMPELINA,
Aracnothera longirostris - = 4 - - 108 Ampelis cedorum - a > : i 120
Carpornis rubrocristata - - - ae bar
PARIDA. melanocephala - - - - 121
PARIN &. Tersa ventralis - - - - - 121
Parus ceruleus — - a -- = - 109 Lipangus plumbeus a : 122
Phibalura flavirostris - - - - saugl22
ALAUDINA. Irena puella - - - - - 122
Alauda arvensis - - - - - 109 ;
- arborea - 7 - - - 111 DICRURINA.
Otocoris alpestris —_- 4 ; ‘ - ii Artamus leucogaster - - - - - 123
Dicrurus densus_ - - - - - 123:
MOTACILLIN 2.
Melanocorypha Tartarica - : - - 112 PIPRINA.
Motacilla alba - - i jl 7 - 112 Pachycephala gutturalis —- 5 Lae
; apy 7 3 7 : 113 Copurus filicauda - - - - - 124
Enicurus velatus - 7 = - ieee te} Pipra caudata - : n a - 195
Grallina melanoleuca - - - - 113 Rupicola crocea - f A : 4 195
Lanius collurio - - - - - 126
ANTHINZ, Cyclorhis Guianensis - - - - 126
SSDGMEETO UNH [ i. i x -. il Pycnonotus Ashanteus : - 3 = 12%
Criniger nivosus - - - - - 127
SYLVIADA.
SYLVINAL. THAMNOPHILIN A.
Sylvia hippolais - - - - - 114 Thamnophilus undulatus = - - = 3 iy
Lucinia Philomela - : - - - 114 fe Severus - 3 £ 128
Salicaria locustella - - - - 114 Vanga nigrogularis - 2 ‘ “ = TG
———— Phragmitis - - - - - 114 , torquatus - : ! : - 129
Ruticilla phcenicurus - - - - 114 Lanarius peli - s “ - 4199
——— Tythys i 3 ; r - 4 ———— leucorhynchus - - - - 129
Regulus auricapillus - - - - 114
Sylvia trochilus = = = a > 115 T 10) R D I N A "
Saxicola cenanthe - - - - - 115
Parula Braziliana = - - + - UB POEL e
Trichas velatus - E : - > 115 Turdus musicus ‘ - 2 7 Pape’
Accentor modularis - - - - - 115 eorea as " : 4 . : Ae
Malurus cyaneus - i : * . 115 Colluriocincla Selbii_ - - - - - 180
= TIMALIN A,
MUSCICAPID A. Donacobius atracapillus - - - ~ 131
MUSCICAPIN AE, Hydrobata cinclus” - - - - - 181
Muscicapa grisola —- : P : Eade Garrulax rufifrons - - . - : 131
Rhiphidura flabelifera = - - . -. 116 Myophonus cyaneus - ¢ E : iby
Platyrhynchus cancromus’ - - tie - 117:
Monarcha carinata - - - - 118 FORMICARIN A.
Tchctrea melanopyga - - - - - 118 Grallina imperator - - - - 132
Myiagra W. Australia - - - - 118 Grallaria marginata - - - - - 133
Cincloramphus cruralis - - : : 133
TYRANNIN A. Formicivora grisea - - . - ~ 134
Tyrannus melancholicus - - - - 118
verticalis - - - - 118 ORIOLIN &.
Myiobius superciliosa - - - - 118 Oriolus intermedius - - - - 134
— nigripennis - 7 - - - 135
HIRUNDINIDA.
Hirundo riparia - - - = - 119 STERNIN &.
Sternus vulgaris - - - - - 135
TITYRIN A. Lamprotornis cantor - - - - = 9135
Tityra cayana - - - - - = § 2t19 Lamprocolius purpuriceps - - : 135
Pastor W. Australia - = ri
Sternopastor jalla - < 2 :
Sternella Ludoviciana - -
ICTERIN A,
Cassicus bifasciatus - - -
cristatus - - -
Icterus melanocephalus_ - - -
Quiscalus major by se =
Agelaius chopi - - - :
PLOCIN A.
Ploceus Erythrops’ - E 2
FRINGILLINZ~.
Coccothraustes Cayanensis : -
Fringilla coelebs = ‘ E
montifringilla - 2 4
Linaria borealis 5 E r
Carduelis elegans - - s
Chrysomitris magellanica - -
EMBERIZIN 2.
Emberiza citrineila Z s ?
Pyrrhula vulgaris —- : *
LOXIN A.
Loxia curvirostra - = ate F
Strobilophaga enucleator - -
TANAGRID&.
TANAGRIN &.
Tachyphonus quadricolor - = =
Coryphens
Tanagra ornata’ — - : :
Lamprotes viridis = Z 7
Nemosia flavicollis - = :
Calliste tricolor : s :
Euphonia pectoralis - : 4
Saltator magnus - 2
CORVID&.
CORVIN Zi.
Corvus corax - : Z Z
corone - + : 4
—— frugilegus - - - -
——— monedula : 3
Pica caudata - : 5 :
Nucifraga caryocatactes - -
Cephalopterus penduliger - -
GARRULINA.
Cissa sinensis - 2 F .
——- Thalassina - - = m
Lophocitta galariculata - -
Garrulus rufulus - a 2 e
PARADISEIN 2.
Paradisea rubra + a .
b
PAGE
135
136
136
136
137
137
138
138
138
139
139
140
_ 140
140
140
141
141
141
142
143
144
144
144
144
145
145
145
145
146
147
147
147
147
148
148
149
149
149
149
INDEX.
GYMNORHIN 4A.
Gymnorhina tibicen - - -
Neomorpha Gouldii - - - - 4
Numbering of the Vertebrze and Ribs in Insessores
General Remarks - - é -
BIPOSITORES.
COLUMBIDA.
GOURINA.
Goura coronata’- : 2 i f
PERISTERIN A.
Peristera Jamaicensis = &
Champelia passerina - : :
COLUMBID£.
COLUMBIN A.
Columba palumbus . - 3 A
magnifica ‘ - = 3
Turtur auritus 2 : 3 ;
TRERONIN A.
Treron aromatica - 5 3 :
Ptilonopus cinctus _ - 2 : - :
Phalacrotreron nudirostris - - -
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Bipositores
General Remarks - 5 ¥ = “
RASORES.
TETRAONID &.
PTEROCLIN &.
Pterocles arenarius - 5 A : y
quadricinctus -— - - 4 i
—— Alchata - : . t
Syrrhaptes paradoxus - : , A
TETRAONIN A.
Tetrao urogallus - : : °
Bonasa Sylvestris - he z 5 :
ODONTOPHORIN 2.
, Odontophorus nigricollis - 2 4 -
PERDICIN~A.
Perdix cinerea. i aS - .
Francolinus Capensis - - 5 - 3
Ponticerianus - s ¥
Callipepla Californica - : “ i
PAVONIN.
Pavo muticus - : & E Hs
PHASIANIN A.
. Phasianus colchicus - = 2 = 2
—-—nycthemerus - : : P
Thaumelia picta - - 2 : £
Argus giganteus - 2 = “ A
164
164
164
165
165
166
167
167
168
168
Vl
Argus pavoninus - = : =
Gallus Bankiva - : 3 " b
Numida gallopavo - - 2 :
CRACID &.
CRACIN Ai.
Megapodius 5 - J 4
Leipoa ocellata - : : 2
Ortalida Montagui - ; = j
poliocephala E 4 r
Oreophasis Derbyanus - - - =
Crax globicera - - 2 : E
Pauxi mitu - ‘ 3 - 5
MELAGRIN &.
Melagris gallopavo - Z A kL
Numbering of the Vertebree and Ribs in Rasores
CURSORES.
Sel RG a OND Ae
STRUTHIONIN &.
Struthio camelus - - - 2
Apteryx Australis - : 2 é i
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Cursores
General Remarks - - a = a
LITTORES.
OL TD As.
OTIN Ai,
Otis Houbara - : z 2 a
TINAMIN A,
Tinamus major - - . 2 .
CHIONID A.
CHIONIN 2.
Chionis alba - = 2 5 2
TINOCHORIN A.
Attagis Gayii - - 2 2 £
‘Tinochorus Escholtzii 2 2 é
CHARADRIDA.
CEDICNEMIN i.
(Hdicnemus longirostris - - - -
HAMATOPODIN &.
Hematopus ostralegus - 2 rs
Capensis - : 2
CURSORIN 4.
Cursorius Gallicus = - : E 3
Glarcola pratincola - . : :
Vanellus cristatus - 2 E 3
Charadrius pluralis - 2 : B
Squatarola Helvetica - : 2 :
Hoplopterus spinosus - : ee “
INDEX.
PAGE,
168
168
168
169
169
169
170
170
170
171
171
172
yas
173
173
173
174
175
176
177
TRINGIN A.
Cinclus interpres - 2 E :
Tringa canutus = - - 2 E .
Philomachus pugnax - - : si
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribs in Littores
Remarks = Z x b
+
GRALLATORES.
SCOLOPACIDA.
TOTANIN Zt.
Totanus glottis - = 2 :
PHALAROPIN &.
Phalaropus fulicarius - : ie .
Limosa rufa - 2 - cS 7
SCOLOPACIN &.
Scolopax rusticola = - : : ‘
Gallinago - = E ,
Rhynchea semicollaris - - -
TANTALINA.
Numenius arquatus - - 5 :
This falcinellus - : 3 7
Harpiprion Hagedash_ - 2 F =
Threskiornis melanocephalus - -
Tantalus ibis - : - ‘
PSOPHIN 4.
Psophia viridis - 2 2 3
CARIAMINA.
Cariama cristata - = ike f
GRUIN A.
Scops virgo. - - : . u
Balearica pavonina - : = 7
CICONINA.
Ciconia alba - - 3 é 3
Leptophilus argala - 2 z 4
Mycteria senegalensis - z =
ARDEIN &.
Eurypyga Helias - - : t c
Ardea cinerea - - “ HM
exilis - - - - -
Botaurus stellaris - - - -
Nyctyceorax griseus - - “ -
Cancroma cochlearia - - - -
PLATALIN 4.
Platalea leucorodia ; a * ‘
PHAINICOPTERIN &.
Phenicopterus ruber - = : -
PARRIN 2.
Parra cordifera - _ - :
melanochloris - ‘ ~ .
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184
185
185
186
187
187
187
188
188
189
189
39
190
191
192
193
193
194
194
195
196
196
196
196
196
197
198
199
RALLID.
RALLINA.
Rallus aquaticus - S - a
Rallus longirostris - :
Ostygometra lateralis _—- -
ARAMIN A. —
Aramus scolopaccus - - “
GALLINULIN A.
Gallinula chloropus - 2 =
Porphyrio veterum - = _
Fulica atra - - - - -
Numbering of the Vertebre in Grallatores -
Remarks - - yi 2 a
NATATORES.
ANATIDZA.
PLECTROPTERIN A.
Plectropterus gambensis - -
ANSERIN 4.
Chenalopex Aigyptiacus - E
Cereopsis Nove Hollandie - -
Bernicla Brenta_ - E . :
Magellanica - -
Anser cygnoides. - - -
CYGNINA.
Cygnus coscoroba : s P
-atratus - + F
ANATINA
Tadorna vulpanser - -
Casarka rutila - : : -
Dendrocygna arcuata - -
autumnalis - . =
Anas Boschas - - - .
Dafilla acuta - - =
Malacorhynchus membrinaceus -
Aix galericulata - - - =
Chaulelasmus strepera - -
Spatula clypeata - - - =
Petrocyanea cerulata - =
FULIGULINA.
Oidemia nigra - - : :
Fuligula marilla : 7
Nyroca leucopthalmus = -
Glangula glaucion = - : E
Somateria mollissima 2 3
Hrismatura leucocephala
Biziura lobata - -
MERGIN 2.
Mergus albellus - a :
INDEX.
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199
200
200
200
201
201
201
202
202
203
204
204
204
205
205
205
206
206
206
207
207
207
208
208
208
209
209
209
209
210
210
210
211
211
212
212
COLYMBIDZ.
COLYMBIN 4.
Colymbus glacialis . - -
—septentrionalis - -
Podiceps minor - - - ci
—cristatus - - -
ALCIN A.
Alca impennis - 2 “i “
=—-torda - - - -
Fratercula Arctica - : ,
SPHENISCIN A.
Spheniscus minor - - *
Eudyptes Van Diemen’s Land - -
URIN i.
Uria grylle -
PELICANIDA.
PLOTIN At.
Plotus Nove Hollandiz - = A
Graculus cristatus = - “ 2
Phaeton rubricauda 2 x ts
PELICANIN A.
Pelicanus New Holland 5 5
fuscus - = 2 A
SULINA:.
. Sula Bassana - : 2 2
PROCELLARIN &.
Procellaria gigantea - - -
Puffinus Van Diemen’s Land
———- major - - - -
Thalassidroma oceanica -
DIOMEDINA.
Diomedia exulans - = \
—-fuliginosa - - _
LARINA.
Larus ridibundus - -
——- marinus = E Z
STERNIN At.
Sterna macroura - -
melanocephala - -
RHYNCOPSIN.
Rhyncops nigra - = = y
Numbering of the Vertebre and Ribsin Natatores -
General Remarks - : = 2
Vil
PAGE
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213
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218 .
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226
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