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qnlumwiS^inwaaulvfw IvifteaiewwiNSwls ifiimi
u^am^iwi?riw^ui^uw^w'3^iJii«?i^^l'u^ a ija^i 6 iJiia^ y\
Trkamfem a^fiu iieist-nneiaaw UYiuvtaKiflu^iJYimi&mi nlvi
jjiiflwn^iJvlna^nauiiaKifiaqa^nuiiaimi.
^anm^a^^f^^a^m^Snii^'uiam^i.fl'U'jsiJijl'u^Q'ija^
mua^ ^lwwuim^ LLVMiHBTMjflfaiJitwffi ftmnhu n am Ha
fla-funt-Lftynn
mtwfljj&niEriaaanliJ nilnn^'i 'RajiJ^wifMiTiviifiuojflTJjJw
naiyi2ua«3^T3Jjl'ua'3RT334lviiyari^uviw Ha WsiiiiIgfsqfiTm uw
awi'JNfbTan Mawfrmtimij n am«3 Ha fiflmmy-ffafljj-fimi'ff'ili
vrcaifaramiu-&fiij-&m'waaij toI&qi fiu-fMfiii-irr»iin$i
a^^raajlviiyu mnla^vhlwkram? Halw^adl^^-ieffi
vmAtfiSuaa'iLluliJfl'j&Jfl m , ni'?t;iJijlvinj''ul'MaLjHl^i > iaQ nmnniiimA
^iHnjad^'u Ha milmwuim® m^mvmwiimz
, wviBftipfuiJja«3lan34a«3^n'5Qiavi?asja«3ff'5?vi^ay , i<iT > '5 ^Ki?Ejm'i
□
model vilaa^nuihiwi ^aiflvnuJimulvim^sja^ iiastMrvftmi
tfiviiijfmqfm m^^wwwujiiiJiJvi^viiiffifiuiJj&jTiWifw Marian
liJmyijnuniJi > m'i,miJ(?ii3Ji,m'i^^ s ija^(5i^'i'u?in
w^viiifnf(ui«wffmxfiQijjwiifM^vwviaiEivilQiJTSjJiri?i
%Q9i i'iifiu?t:iJiJiiwfni3J^3J , wuBam^Qnu (ilanifiuniffyMTi "izuu
Awtntm' nil")
auuiflmiui^^^usramv3<ini^nulrisniJimQ^^a^9i£;T'u9in m
ifiufifnuTi 9iE7U9in34a«3SJi^wyiiyri9ii«3viimiriBT5J4?ri9i imriad'iam™
U separate from nature BEi-vaviwiTlQiri&JllQWaQlJiaiJVIWWawwm?
^fmvijJiiiwvfftVBaifMiJ^wy (imsfisTiwin) vhaadamTmaiEJ&M'w
aasj fiaim^fb'i
Where did our attitudes toward nature
come from? Most historians exploring that
question have been primarily interested in the
origin of the view that humans are "apart from
and above nature" and "here to dominate it."
vral^niSu&waSwnyilvm ivmsviiMa^m^nii^inei
foantfnigflnuiiijijuwmi (u^afiQisjviEjn^grmCtfi'a'U'S'n'afiqjjfiiiJj
v!^iw^w^nsja«3J4^i*yiiyn^inBTJJ4^il^ , i^viinnuaamiJ'uu
^muta^ iim^WiiwM™um^a^ura {fo^mm mito'i
Daniel D. Chiras, Environmental Science: Action for a Sustainable Future
(Redwood City, Calif.: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.,
1991), p. 456.
□
^&mifleiaN^1flfnlYiuimmwjj ivkn^lulsmmma^ ^niln^
"environment" liasdauUUTl "surroundings" fiaifium?Wfl«raillJlJ
em^iiFi'njnfia ^J^SuuQ^^'ni.'iJii.a^yajJiiJus^mMm^au
pjTj«ianuiQ'jlvfiflTiy«tifliifl«lviiiJlEiwliJi^Ei uwUfliiuifiwvijjfl'j
uuumtmQwtmuviin Im^ifraiw^fitm^'iei <srafhiia^im'i
nature uu pJ^sj a^liJri mtL^T unm isjsmian astamntiJ iwmjyjjjfu
jjijwaflfl?r3wnifM (^ulyiyff^unTu^ia^Muri^^^^a^amvjpJ^)
tf&jLjiifiviu wan^in«fl^»hi&JiiEin»h'jviiTwiniJTSjjiriliii?r3
ifa^un^^^^in^um^^^iSua^l'u^'ui^'u^a^rai'Mfjnsi^^f
Cjumquu^ ^Tiilraa^us^^^(?iaB?^ 8 5i^vi'unM'u^i'usiJ ftaifru
iJfjiJnw hIuti mmimimtium\w\,r)miim®amn ifiuay'uefwsmn
aiuin wtigviwniiviijljj«Qsl'WKnu rmra&huwwiqmiiiWw«i uvru
qEiai^flUiTaei UOT^u&^n^^u»?jl'il(riai'u^ s ua^£j'u vhlviiTi&M
flaavhenajmj, il^ri^uviWQUSi ^anmnM(fi "waviunn^wviatj
aiffulviw amlvfejjiihiujiiwwiifiaiws uphnvnanvnirMw wenwiIejjj
nnwuaivmT.Qria'u iiOTnwwiBliiwtigTim^^nwifwnwfll^w
imiaQ 3JUT*mKvinasjli Ma^uniirnajinfflilviajei ufinlmSI
rfmm«ifi9iiEiQ8iiEi8Qn «v^n«wiiiTiuignim«^iJumi.viunviwi
aiinmuflaifm iTi^a^vnrm^mi&uira
^inuu (Fm3J^^i s ija^^n9i^'i'u?innnn(ria v Lilfimfl m raiuw
□
manwmtuimui (d. a. dtiwh) ^
^vwiEJuadflfriiNvm flflinwiiwifiwmjjm iriiftp«]fn34TnraemTj
vnwi^mi^miu^mmmi^ emu ^mmimvusmmnim^m
mvipJ^uyjjl'jf^imiJ^afmjJvijjiy'U fi m Hi Ha conquest of
nature (WWlETJWlfi); mastery of nature/mastery over nature (ulu
U1tnmJJin?i); dominion over nature (fnaufrnwimutflfi)
vn3wfa&lftlfl34Vriwfo A Green History of the World Vi
i^alMuQiuniJii^iyussi^iffuiiJ^iiJi^ia^rai^^amvjli^'aB^sj^l
ffaflflaa^ifluauifi^imffiJN'ni ^a^riiJilTManmiKFmi'ff'ili Ha
atil-J Iflfm^ (Rene Descartes) UfiKHIfiaU (Francis Bacon) fTJUVNllu
ffifcAn&i u ■mpJiy^ifijj'uyjjfiajjSiUff^ wE-hylfmiefl fMiuuifim
TOm^ltw^ftu^adl^WH Ufl en riTU Ha Francis Bacon,
1561-1626; Rene Descartes, 1596-1650 ('them' vmn&JtVWTlJjfYra
TKIEnfrifffon); LLSKUniJ^KTlifnffW'fWtQy^a M.N. Pokrovskiy, 1931
enNAIflij fain A Green History of the World, pp. 148, 158 flaUJ&H
wiwharsnan)
Nature being known, it may be master'd,
managed, and used in the services of human life.
Clive Ponting, A Green History of the World (New York: St. Martin's Press,
1991), xiv + 432 pp.
□
... we can ... employ them in all those
uses to which they are adapted, and thus
render ourselves the masters and possessors of
nature.
It is easy to see that in future, when
science and technique have attained to a
perfection which as yet we are unable to
visualise, nature will become soft wax in his
[man's] hands which he will be able to cast into
whatever form he chooses.
m^L , iii'3QiJ'?Qjj<fni^^(?i(?inu(?inl'ua^(?i3Jii,^wu nraa^
u^mTua^mt; liamuanajidiwniTOW'iwei mwa^M-sJii^ri
eh-wnn^nnsmitfifi iifhnfimfiuiJJjjilni^amjJ'ff'ifi UAin^^ilTiiJ
lJTIJJIQIIfUSDTOJinIi
ffiefrausjimwaasta nma^lflen^Tisjmj^maj'ff'ili ha^Ia
ianfiQiwflwfiQnwaiJfla^BTJ^^Iivivi^n^nn , jniJSTJ3Jinli wnnma^
uiyfiuviw^iy^ajjSQUff^ynmlw^i^iJUiiai^ifiyuiJanmi ma
iviyi^iff^miaEiviftluIa&lw^S^iuliJmiuluriyviwi rnajtfiwaKifiu
iraaulMurraa yijJij^B^'ulvfifl'uayi^inlw iifblil gyiniuiifiau
u^yhu^ipm^nta'mi ^QUi,i,(?i^(?i^t;i 1 eiu^iuti?'?3J 6 5i^w'U'uifiEJ
ifluavrin ^du^n^iilivi^iEJ^^u'U'i^^^^'U'M^i^i.aif'u^fj'?^-
mftaaawaiffawunTifl iflwiuifiwwiwiTiTTiJJiiaEi ii&aminifiuiiw
fminjiu^a^ai?yTm^a^£TU<?in vmilifanum^ty^uifiu
am^fk^mm
□
qinuuQftavifla^mtiamBifluunumNinfi (mastery over
nature) ^Yhlwn^^fmmnijm^ifi &Sfa™u«iuiiiflunwM
fni^jmjTja^B??^^^ iJjafflTiajmjTja^FmiTnli (science) iifh mmz
IQllfUKDTSJJiriWU'U n*m<3¥ftWWWU1lYimulfit] (technology) mi
^m^a^uwj I^EJiaiiviftluIay'uliJ'ww'UiawffiviriTJjj (industry)
TwmqwfnvinTjajninflmttn i5wvw«m?ifliinwiriw«iifluT'9it)liiJiih
Tiotu ii&nwfifl&iswinlnfl ^a^miwlia^mm^iJ?In<fi 8 ija^3J'UTO
Ivfjji^wyflfmjjfj'ii piTyift?w|n^vii^?iy^i?a^ (prosperous
economy/economic prosperity)
flfiaiEuuaniuimusnsn'usfin fi im?v ejh ejIlI ii5uTani/iT?iulu
iI^ijul«i%WKyiuuysJiviiu'U'Ut! wn'fraaiirasjvmei wvnm^mefl List;
Safljjuajjflaufliwlw ay/iialwfiTOiwiiiwiiwfl«wwmi fia mm
mminmmmfiXuXau irmMaMeuuidinamnssii qmawnssuasij
fijwwstunmrtsvgnv ^hmmMnu^l^^mmin^mi^ep
wuviflSTCiJiJii&JimifluaEi'MU ^ifimla^a^mirauwmjaAj
phuiliEJi Ipiyntin9fi9ii«3vnn^nnBTJ3J^i9i UASwmm^wwiEmiTnfi
H3i<jna3JnwiI^^iiunliJl3J?a5i IflEiijwafiriaiJTi mTWEJitimamiSBTHJ
infmu «fMfln^wnwyifium?TaJuja«uj^iiifliaimj4irili wasmi-
fflfuffesjImNtNliJ mwemix uatriwmmmawiiHayvii-a nnenu
ySuiliyvnUnau yinlw^u-mHa^fawuiinu^^adM^i mp^jniaEjleilifl
^iQ^QU^n^a^iefawmlvd ii&ninefiYimffiffon&ii'jfl
aaw vipJ^JWEimi Environmental Science HflSinWKtllJTJjAvijJ fia
^EJEmi^ailQAPiajJ {lUmi Environmental Ethic YlffaullfllJJjjlJflfl'a
□
l3uebuVOMTia>JfiT534tfl0i
k?. Mrariivii,9uiJpnwniiff3'33j'?n^ iwilwMmffaimainw
en. i.mnmzm&nnz'sumi® nli^ihsenurmijniuaLi
a m«3 inananufwraitfifi
uuDflcimoiaon
amsiinOrymaoooisasssunpi^OTiu
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as ITU 39i asmiNeftrciawTia^ iwaaaNltfmjJtfiflaalfl rua&jnan&j
iflvwiawwifoau A0q?EJfimiumj negative Hawii&jfi&JEiQjjyinfl
ira IpiEJ^il^Ejajj^laiffsJiljjv! malmT^'infi adldi
^?aim«iiiiiiuliJljJTQW MTis^uw^a^uU Eiajjlvhrraj
^iia^nraYi™^<fia^a3^ m as mzmwm iflvraiEJimiJiiiJij
Cim&vhajaj'ilia*] iliifiufcluU 1.ajHni? , Muuiiiu&?j
m&wimiiuYimmi qsiSum^nnliJlwnaiiimwwui
™^j vkikniiibsamaa^aa^nasjnauriu lia jjiji««sw&aj3fmjj
aiufm l^vmw^uummmu'BTiimmimfiii \,iu mamrmilvi
ffnjjmwwnsjffMij'jm mnau masjwihsa'mnija^^ am^vnim
ff^i wnnflnwiy mvhlvbia^i intHffti aslTKhuaw VWt'i irresffti
□
vrssvnvmfjiuvrstu (d. a. iltieih) g-g-
v\m ia-anauilizuilizuamu adi^ufluU tfumimilvn
mflnuflnNimwTau liamwa^Mmi^ymmf^Li uircn
innuanTi vjvuffnefwunilnjvnl^ivi^^i^ufayisy intuitu
VH&jflT3JjlvitiJiifl»&3flT3J4ian awSm^nnliaf^a^TTU yhsuj
wem ^mwwuiii^u^wuOTiijIaririy'uari w&iU'iiieiwei'U iiairwwui
iu?miJnjnji feimavi^u^fmiiaKnul'Uvii^vill
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vi ,A * A * Am
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i9um?mavi^u^nuiiPi5irm nraimilufilih/i^
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ti ^w'tujjh t^nl^m^I'uIfiSma^m'jniJBTJjj^^ enaJiiuiftavRs:
■mtoiirrnjtfifi iifhniaainwTvii* ^suirfawiwunlvf
rauuiTOinwi l^mflluIeiS RaaflmiawmwaflenvirimM
environmentally friendly Wniflum^la^VlW lwfWlflQll§unmffttyvri
uuiJiiEjnfh'u AQflwTiJwiiJRiMiaw^iiawisnTOl ntwKMiiwjflwwwfm
^a«3fiuvliJflii'9iai^Efi«3ay , aEj , i<ii9i3j lia&fi^mitm^w^Tyr^Tifi
wumTi^xiiii^^i^^^^mi^a^ai?EJS?^&^m^^ummaEjW'i
□
uwa^nw niii^KSJa«3iia!ol^iiJayufml'MWjiU'ii antarrn^tTuein
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yHtu emsffifiiyflfia lmi«MWiiiimj4vi?Q?siJiJfr3iJj^ w
upifieiamMj T3349iaa5ilann3vw49i QiLilu^iJiJ^mnu ra<?raTin^
yijj&juanifliJjijwEiflQnjjiiilvBnflEi'Mviw
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iflulntiJifiuguEJTifl'M
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ILUQfiwuifluilU'M'il^l^aanjJIlflu FlflimfchlMimifl'U A3 frontier mentality fkeiu
\u%Wmursf\U WWfful^a^lllflnWflS frontier (ranifam frontier expansion)
□
vrssmvaifjiuvrstu (d. a. iliieih) g^
mivi id iTiw&jw^sviunwfliijj^vHi jjipifliilu&rimfto vi
mpravm ItfifiusNmbsnaiJvllw'ijj foumwwuifiTiNifiuay'flaififl
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viTCTijymfnfluiaj&aTaw ifluauiwEnffu
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flnuflnmjwmtfiefuineraima^^
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□
vrssmvaifjiuvrstu (d. a. iliieih) g^
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ra ifiurmjjvl tfluriffei u$w\
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