Regulatory Barriers To Affordable Housing

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Office of Policy Development and Research

A Resource Quide

ir

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

Office of Policy Development and Research

Requlatory

Barriers

TO AFFORDABLE HOUSINQ

Table of Contents

Page

Introduction . v

Section 1. Fees . 1

Section 2. Qrowth and Qrowth Control Policies . 3

Section 3 . Environmental Regulation . 11

Section 4- Special Issues . 15

Section 5. Promising Alternatives . 19

Section 6. Resource Organizations . 27

Order Form . 29

Introduction

T he impact of regulatory barriers on housing affordability has been a

concern among housing professionals in recent years. Regulatory barri¬
ers are the burdensome, often duplicative Federal, State, and local reg¬
ulations that unnecessarily inflate the costs of construction and reha¬
bilitation, and ultimately exclude many Americans from homeownership and rental
housing opportunities. Those who have studied the issue believe that housing can
be made more affordable by reforming excessive regulations, thereby lessening
development and construction costs and thus the price to consumers.

In March 1990 HUD Secretary Jack Kemp established an Advisory Commission on
Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing. The 22-member Commission included
public policy experts, builders, low-income housing advocates, and elected and
appointed officials. The Commission held hearings across the country to review,
among other things, zoning, impact fees, subdivision ordinances, codes and stan¬
dards, rent control, permitting and processing, and Federal, State, and local envi¬
ronmental regulations. Their conclusions are contained in a final report, “Not In
My Back Yard": Removing Barriers to Affordable Housing, which was issued in July
1991. The report advises Secretary Kemp on the nature and impact of Federal,
State, and local regulations that govern construction, rehabilitation, and manage¬
ment of single- and multifamily housing and makes recommendations as to possible
Federal, State, and local actions that can be taken to eliminate rr modify excessive
or unnecessary regulations that increase the cost of housing.

This Resource Guide includes selections from materials reviewed by the Advisory
Commission, several of which are available from HUD USER. Transcripts of the
meetings and hearings held by the Commission are also available from HUD
USER. For selected items in the Resource Guide, summaries are provided to afford
the reader a glimpse of the subject matter within each section. Bibliographic and
availability information (as applicable) are provided for each item.

The Resource Guide is organized into six sections. Brief section descriptions are
as follows:

Section 1. Fees —outlines the effects of development and impact fees, develop¬
ment exactions, and linkages.

Section 2. Qrowth and Qrowth Control Policies —examines the effects of
unregulated growth in suburban areas and the view that affordable housing deficits
are not caused by unregulated growth, but by government regulation of growth,
such as inclusionary and exclusionary zoning and subdivision controls.

Section 3. Environmental Regulation —covers protection of wetlands and other
environmental features and its effect on housing costs.

Section 4. Special Issues —reviews materials dealing with rehabilitation, acces¬
sory apartments, and the impact of rent control on affordable housing.

Section 5. Promising Alternatives —discusses how reforming local regulations,
such as zoning ordinances and construction review procedures, may promote afford¬
able housing development. This section also includes case studies that offer a vari¬
ety of proven approaches to increasing the supply of affordable housing, including
the Joint Venture for Affordable Housing (JVAH) demonstrations.

6. Resource Organizations —facilitates information sharing among
advocates, developers, planners, and State and local government officials.

This Guide does not contain an exhaustive listing of publications on the subject of
regulatory barriers to affordable housing. Rather, its purpose is to present samples
taken from the subject literature and other resources in the hope that readers will
find it useful in researching barriers and implementing solutions to their affordable

SECTION 1

Fees

Development Impact Fees:
Policy Rationale, Practice,
Theory, and Issues

Nelson, Arthur C.

1988, 398pp.

Available for $28.95 from the American

Planning Association Bookstore, 1313 E. 60th
Street, Chicago, IL 60637,

(312) 955-91 CM).

This comprehensive discussion of devel¬
opment impact fees and related issues
addresses policy rationale, practice, and
theory. Impact fees are defined as single
payments required to be made by builders
or developers at the time of development
approval and calculated to be the propor¬
tionate share of the capital costs of pro¬
viding major facilities (arterial roads,
interceptor sewers, sewage treatment
plants, regional parks, etc.) to that devel¬
opment. Chapters pertaining to the poli¬
cy rationale fat such fees cover patterns

ot impact fee use, current practice bf
local governments in the Southeast in
the use of water and sev
community approaches to i
and the use of developn
Ontario, Canada.

Two chapters discuss the attitudes of
public officials and developers toward
impact fees. Three chapters address legal
issues in the policy and implementation

of development impact fees. Other
major sections of the book cover model
enabling acts and ordinances, the calcu¬
lation of development impact fees, link¬
age fees, issues associated with impact
fees, and the implementation and admin¬
istration of impact fees. Fifty-four tables,
twenty-one figures, and a subject index
are provided.

Private Supply of Public
Services

Afterman, Rachelle (ed.)

1986, 273pp.

Available for $55 (or $28 in paperback)
from the New York University Press,
136 S. Broadway, Irvington, NY 10533,

( 212 ) am- asrs.

opment pactions i _ p u ^ ic

In considering the context and concepts
for evaluating exactions, one paper con¬
cludes that a proper evaluation of exac¬
tions requires an examination of their
legal, political, social, and economic

Tunu^vut;* i> i' »eil an international
company n . t the division of labor be-
iwetri the public and private meters.
Papers about exaction evaluation address
public finance, legal issues in capital fa¬
cilities funding, the emerging exactions
law of New York State, the implications
of exactions for social justice, and the
politics of exactions.

Papers pertinent to the exactions plan¬
ning and design process consider the use
of exactions in managing growth and the
design of proportionate-share impact
fees. Two papers address developers per¬
spectives on impact fees and housing
linkage programs.

Overseas comparisons consider the
financing of public facilities in Great
Britain, France, and Israel. Papers on
alternatives and variations discuss the
reframing of the rationale for downtown
linkage programs, the negotiation of
exactions through development agree¬
ments, exactions through annexation

agreements, and land readjustment a* m
alternative to development exactions.
Chapter references and a subject index
are provided.

Other Resources

Frank, James E. and Robert M. Rhodes

(eds.), Development Exactions* 1987, 202pp.

Available for $29.95 for $26.95 for members)
from the American Planning Association
Bookstore, 1313 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL

60637, (312) 955-0100.

Smith, R. Martin, “From Subdivision Improv¬
ement Requirements to Community Benefit
Assessments and Linkage Payments: A Brief
History of Land Development Exactions,” Law

ami Contemporary Problems , Vol. 50, No. 1,

Winter 1987, pp. 5-30.

Snyder, Thomas P. and Michael A. Stegman.
Paying for Growth: Using Development Fees
To Finance infrastructure* Urban Land Insti¬
tute, Washington, IX), 1986,133pp. Available
for $47 (or $38 for members) Iran the Urban
Land Institute, 625 Indiana Avenue NW. f
Washington, DC 20004, (202) 624-7000.

SECTION 2

Qrowth and Qrowth
Control Policies

“Local Land Use Controls:
An Idea Whose Time Has
Passed”

Maine Law Review

De logiL Orlando E.

1984, Vo!. 36, No. 261,49pp.

This article argues that local land-use
controls, as currently used, have outlived
their usefulness. Local land-use control
powers are being abused at worst and are
too restrictively used at best, leaving
areawide problems unresolved. Reform
has been ineffective; local governments
should be stripped of all power to enact
any land-use control ordinances. In lieu
of these ordinances, a range of private,
market-oriented supply-demand factors,
along with private control mechanisms
(covenants, easements, deed restric¬
tions), should be allowed to shape devel¬
opment activity. These would be coupled
with an expanded array of State perfor¬
mance standards and State or regional
development-review processes.

State governments mav desire to identify
and protect fragile land areas, prime

farmland, and historically or physically
unique areas or structures. The local role
in determining land use should be limit¬
ed to include only providing informa¬
tion, raising questions, and monitoring
compliance with development approvals
granted by higher governmental bodies.
A total of 137 footnotes is listed.

“Reflections on Euclid :
Social Contract and
Private Purpose”

Zoning and the American Dream

Haar, Charles M.

1989, 21pp.

Available for $39.95 (or $36.95 for members)
from the American Planning Association
Bookstore, 1313 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL
60637, (312) 955-9100.

This analysis of the assumptions underly¬
ing the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in
Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.
(1926), which upheld the constitutional¬
ity of local zoning ordinances, concludes
that Euclids assumptions are no longer

applicable i *r relevant t»» modem urban
development patfem^. Euclidian assump¬
tions do net encompa** the growing so¬
phistication of planning methodology’
associated with the new social and spatial
forms of the posnndustnal society. Nei¬
ther do they address the complexity’ of
urban land-use problems stemming from
a private market system. Other factors
undermining Euclidian assumptions are
the decline of savings and loan associa¬
tions as the source of capital for housing
development and the ascendancy of new
types of national developers and innova¬
tors in the field of capital formation.

These hallmarks of the modem city
make traditional zoning, universally
adopted after 1926 as the model for
regulatory land control, subject to ques¬
tion and debate—if not to repeal. The
best evidence of the inadequacy of tradi¬
tional zoning is the emergence of numer¬
ous non-Eudidian devices within the
framework erf the ordinary zoning ordi¬
nance. The devices allow for greater
freedom within an area by introducing a
range erf heterogeneous uses or by phas¬
ing growth when the private market indi¬
cates the time is ripe. Suggestions are
offered for devising new structures for
land~use control more appropriate to
modern urban development patterns.
Stay notes are listed.

Expectations and
Opportunities: Growth
Management in the Late
Eighties

Sinclair, Susan M.

1988, 40pp.

Available for $15 from the National
Governors’ Association, 444 N. Capitol Street
NW. f Suite 250, Washington, DC 20001,

(202) 624-5300.

This report discusses the characteristics
of State involvement in growth manage¬
ment since the 1970s and examines re¬
cent initiatives in Florida, Georgia,
Maine, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and
Vermont. Although these States have
diverse characteristics, they have all ex¬
perienced the shock of unprecedented
population growth due to proximity to a
metropolitan center or attractiveness as a
recreation and retirement area. The
growth in these States exceeded the
capacity of the existing land-use control
systems, and the States needed new strat¬
egies for managing growth that would
enable them to maintain their economic
health while preserving their quality of
life.

The six States adopted programs that
share the following key characteristics:

4

land-use regulation, infrastructure
^pending, and economic development
strategies at all governmental levels.

■ Programs are applied statewide and to
all types of development.

■ Planning at each governmental level
must comply with State goals and
must he integrated with planning at
other levels.

■ Planning must also be integrated with
the implementation process.

■ States are committing significant
resources to planning and to the
development and support of the
local planning process.

Fifty-one notes are listed.

Trouble in Paradise: The
Suburban Transformation
in America

Baidassare, M.

1986,251pp.

Available for $29.50 (or $15.50 in paperback)
ir c~ Cc umbia University Press. 136 S.
3'cadway, I'v ngton, NY 10533, (914)

591-9111.

This book reviews sociological theories
regarding suburban communities, trans¬
lates these theories into testable hypoth¬
eses, and then tests them empirically to

develop a contemporary profile of subur¬
bia and its residents. Sources of informa¬
tion include published reports from the
U.S. Census, other government publica¬
tions, and scholarly papers. The primary
source of information, however, is the
Orange County Annual Survey, (Cali¬
fornia), a study of a major suburban
community in California. The survey
contains interviews with more than
1,000 randomly selected residents during
1982 and 1983. Among other things,
they were asked about housing, trans¬
portation, government services, and the
quality of life.

Six challenges facing suburbia are dis¬
cussed. One is the suburban housing cri¬
sis caused by the demand for land in a
rapidly growing and industrializing subur¬
bia, which has driven up housing costs.

A second challenge is the growth contro¬
versy, fueled by growth itself and the
changing landscape of suburbia. Trust in
local government is a third challenge, as
fragmented suburban governments
without central authority hinder strategic
planning and nurture a lack of confi¬
dence. Other challenges are the tax
revolt and fiscal strain, the need for ser¬
vices, and increasing social diversity. A
total of 207 references, the survey ques¬
tionnaire, tabular data, and a subject
index are provided.

Financing Growth:

Who Benefits? Who Pays?
And How Much?

Robinson, Susan G. (ed)

1960,213pp.

Available fcr $30 (or $25 for members) from
t» Government Finaroe Research Center,
ISO N, yidiigan Avail®, Suite 800, Chicago,
1L 60601, {312) 977-9700.

This hook, basal on papers presented at a
national conference on the financing of
community growth in Orlando, Florida,
March 1989, addresses methods for fund'
mg the infrastructure and government
services that accompany growth. Topics
include:

■ The financial challenges of develop¬
ment and ideas for addressing them.

■ Florida’s approach to financial man¬
agement in a growth situation, includ¬
ing a State plan and regional policy
plans that link the State plan to local
plans.

B Techniques and programs for increas¬
ing the supply of affr riarle housing
and maintaining exi-tina units.

■ Effons to address traffic congestion in
metropolitan area).

■ Current literature on the scope, proce-
dures, and changing topics or fiscal

■ Financing alternatives.

■ A fair share framework for impact fees.

■ The implementation and administra¬
tion of impact fees.

■ The financing of infrastructure in
special districts.

■ Techniques for assessing public/private
development projects.

■ Building an economic development
team.

■ Resolution of development disputes
through collaborative problem¬
solving.

Chapter notes and a 32-item bibliogra¬
phy are provided.

Good-Bye, Ozzie and
Harriet: Suburban
Growth and the Slow-
Growth Movement

Goldman, Leslie Ann
1989, 41pp.

Available free from the House Wednesday

Group, 386 Annex 2, Washington, DC 20515,

(202) 226-3236.

This review and assessment of the
causes of suburban growth, growth prob¬
lems, and the emergence of the slow-

growth movement consider such issues as
growth-control methods, the legality of
limiting growth, and the framework for
growth policy development. Suburban

growth has been fueled by a vision of the
suburbs as a place with preferred housing,
peaceful neighborhoods where children
can safely play, and communities that are
locally controlled. Low commercial taxes
and a preference for low-density living
have also helped suburbs grow rapidly.
Problems with suburban growth include
traffic congestion and a strain on the
infrastructure.

The slow-growth movement, with its
roots in the 1960$ and 1970s, links the
interests of environmentalists and home-
owners who want to protect their proper¬
ty values. Controls designed to limit
growth may have the effect of reducing
housing for low-income and moderate-
income households, which in turn
reduces their access to the advantages of
suburban communities and jobs.

The exclusionary effects of growth con¬
trols have been challenged under the
equal-protection and due-process clauses
of the 14th amendment, but the results
are mixed. Policies that manage growth
must strike a balance among the tradi¬
tional American values of the right to
private property, the expansion of eco¬
nomic opportunities, and the need to
protect the environment. Ninety-nine
footnotes are listed.

How Slow-Growth
Policies Would Affect
Economic Growth
in the Inland Empire

Hayward, Steven
1988, 16pp.

Available for $5 from the Claremont Institute,
4650 Arrow Highway, Suite D6, Montclair, CA

91763, (714) 621-6825.

This study assesses how proposed slow-
growth policies would affect economic
growth in the Inland Empire, which is
the valley area between Kellogg Hill in
Los Angeles County and Banning Pass.
Most of the government economic data
used for this study is for the Riverside-
San Bemardino-Ontario Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area.

While the rapid growth of the Inland
Empire has fueled some sentiment for
enacting slow-growth policies for the
region, this study argues that growth-
control policies affecting the building
industry would have a significant nega¬
tive effect on the entire area’s economy.
A U.S. Department of Commerce model
for regional economic activity, RIMS II,
demonstrates that building activity is the
linchpin o: the Inland Empire’s develop¬
ing economy. A survey of other studies
on the impact of slow-growth policies on
housing prices shows a consensus that
slow growth generally contributes to
significantly higher housing prices.

An < 1 *: i i t,*c il -T.-itu-, t >t *Tl jhJ
z> wmiucnr cnr Jude :h n Mart*
gi-tu-mmeni, .uriwigh zir^mc npiJK.

ha* n-n hulk Mittiaent new road* to
match the area'* growth. Local govem-
menu are nut able to make up the Jitter"
ence due to revenue shortages.

Study suggestions include reform of the
State and local fiscal structure, Hock
grants to counties and cities, and innova¬
tions such m toll-road financing tor new

highways. Twenty-three footnotes and
five figures are provided.

Land Economics

%edfil Issue: Lm^Use Controls

Fiscbel Wiliam F. (guest ed.)

August 1990, Voi. 66, No. 3, 357pp.

The 10 articles presented in this special
issue of Land Economics reflect current
economic research on land-use controls.
The introduction is followed by a series
of articles that make four main points:

■ Locally established land-use regula¬
tions (zoning) must be viewed as a
flexible uni decentralized network erf
restrictin', ne: a Angle-valued con¬
straint on all building activity.

■ Zoning confers both benefits and
that are capitalized as increase?* or
decreases in property’ values.

■ Zoning is the product of economically
rational political activity.

■ Not much is known much about the
efficiency of zoning, but aggregate

community land values may be the key

to measuring it.

An article by Henry Pollakowski and
Susan Wachter discusses the effects of
land-use constraints on housing prices
and concludes that land-use regulations
raise housing and developed-land prices
within a locality, spillover effects exist
across localities, and the effects of zoning
and growth management controls taken
together exceed their impact when mea¬
sured separately.

Other topics covered in this special issue
are the price effect of exclusive agricul¬
tural zoning rights and land development
timing, the economic theory of zoning,
the National Flood Insurance Program,
affordable housing and municipal choice,
and the integration of land-value taxa¬
tion with the internalization of spatial
externalities. Chapter references and
tables are provided.

Do Growth Controls
Matter? A Review of
Empirical Evidence on
the Effectiveness and
Efficiency of Local
Government Land Use
Regulation

Fiscfoei, Wiliam A.

1989, 67pp.

This study reviews empirical evidence on
the effectiveness and efficiency of local
government land-use regulation. The
regulation reviewed encompasses tradi¬
tional zoning laws, moratoriums on the
extension of water and sewer lines, non¬
price rationing of building permits, and
tying development permits to the provi¬
sion of new public facilities. The paper
concludes that empirical evidence indi¬
cates that local land-use regulations
aimed at reducing growth do indeed
affect land values and housing prices.
Growth controls tend to raise the value
of existing housing and sites on which
development is still allowed, and lower
the value of undeveloped land and prop¬
erties that might be profitably redevel¬
oped. Local spillover effects, which
economists traditionally use to justify
land-use controls, also affect property

values, although these effects are compli¬
cated and difficult to detect in conven¬
tional research designs. This report
advises that these findings do not by
themselves imply that growth controls
are efficient or inefficient. The major
costs are wasteful decentralization of
firms and too much commuting by
households. A 153-item bibliography
is provided.

Available for $7 (plus $3.50 for shipping
and handling) from the Lincoln Insti¬
tute, c/o PBS, P.O. Box 447, Brookline
Village, MA 02147,1-800-84S-7236.

Other Resources

Amn, Larry P., The No-Growth Movement am!

the Transfxxtation Crisis: The Bitter Legacy
of Jerry Brown, Claremont Institute, 1988,
12pp. Available for $5 from the Claremont
Institute, 4850 Arrow Highway, Suite D6,
Montclair, CA 91763, (714) 621-6825.

Brower, David J., David R. Godschaik, and
Douglas R. Porter, Understanding Growth
Management: Critical Issues am! a Research
Agenda, Urban Land Institute, Washington,
DC, 1989. Available for $42 (or $33 for mem¬
bers) from the Urban Land institute, 625
Indiana Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20004,
(202) 624-7000.

CNrwSz, Beniamin, “Growth Management:
Good far the Town Bad for the Nation," APA
Jol^W Wvte* 1 S§0, pp 3-8

DeGrove, John M , Land Gn^i and Politics,
Ptanners Press, Amerxan Planning Asso¬
ciation, 1904,454pp. Available fa $34.95
($32.95 fa members) from the American

PUvmng Aaa^w Bookstore, 1313 E. 60th

Street, Chicago, IL 60637, (312) 955-9100.

Downs, Anthony, ‘The Real Prctton with
Stttowtwi Policies," 77» Brook¬

ing* Review, Voi. 6, No. 2, Spring 1988,

pp. 23-29.

Eltdsson, Robert C„ The bony of Inchjsion-
ary Zoning," A chapter from R©sofwtrig tf»

Housmg Casks: Government Policy, Decon¬
trol, and the Pubfic Merest Pacific institute
fa Pubic Policy Research, San Francisco,
CA, 1902, pp. 135-107. Available fa $34.95
($13.95 m paperback) plus $2 shipping and
hawing from fie Padc institute fa Public
Foley Research, 177 Post Street, Suite 500,
Sen Franctoo, CA 94100, (415) 909-0033.

Pluck, Timothy A., m EocM v. Ambler—A

Ram xpecthm* Journal of the Amettesm
Planning Association, Voi. 52, No. 3,

Summer 1906, pp. 328-337.

Fulton, Wiliam, The Trait* With Stow-

Growth Voi. 3, No. 7,

Haas Jane Gienm “Am.-Versus Pro-Growth
Foxes " SouVe^ Ca fa^-a- A Ba tot Box
Battle." Oman Lana , Octobe r 1988. pp. 2-5.

Hayward, Stever. The New American
Revolution? How Growth Controls Change
Tne Way We Are Governed. Claremont
Strategy Group, 1988,11 pp. Available for
$3.50 from the Claremont institute, 4650
Arrow Highway, Suite D6, Montclair. CA
91763, (714) 621-6825.

Jacobs* Harvey M„ "Localism and Land Us©

Planning,* Journal of Architectural and Plan¬
ning Research, Voi. 6. No. 1, Spring 1989,

PP* 1“13,

Johnston, Robert A., and et ai, “Selling
Zoning: Do Density Bonus Incentives for

Moderate-Cost Housing Work?" Washington
University Journal of Urban and Contem¬
porary Law, Voi. 36, No. 45, 1909, pp.45-61.

Katz, Lawrence, and Kenneth T. Rosen. The

Interforisdfafaia] Effects of Growth Controls
on Housing Prices," Journal of Law and Em-
nornics, Voi. XXX, April 1907, pp. 149-160.

Koenig, John, “Down to the Wire in Florida,"

Planning , Voi. 56, No. 10, October 1990,
pp. 4-11.

Logan, John R. and Min Zhau, “The Adoption
of Growth Controls in Suburban Commo-
reties,* Social Science Quarterly , Voi. 71,

No. 1, March 1990, pp. 118-129.

McDougali, Harold A., “From Litigation to
Legislation in Exclusionary Zoning Law,*
Harvard CM.i Rights-CMi Liberties Law Re¬
view, Vd. 22, No. 623,1987, pp. 635-663.

Merriam, Dwight, David J. Brower, and Philip
D. Tegeler (eds.), Incktsionary Zoning Moms

Downtown, 1905,223pp. Available fa $33.95
($29.95 fa members) from the American

Planning Association Bookstore, 1313 E. 60ti

Street, Chicago IL 60637, {312) 955-9100,

OTlellly Brian “The War Against Growth
Heats Up." Fortune , Vo-. VS. No. “3,
December 5,1988. pp.«19-130.

Schultz, Michael M. ana Richard Kelley,
“Subdivision improvement Requirements ano
Guarantees: A Primer," Journal of Urban ana
Contemporary Law, Voi. 28, No. 3,1985,

ic

SECTION 3

Environmental

Regulation

Developer’s Guide to
Federal Wetlands
Regulations

Ltebesman, Lawrence R.

1990,217pp.

Availed for $60 (or $44 for members) from
MAHB Environmental Regulation Department,
f Sti and M Streets IMW., Washington, DC
20005, 1-800-368-5242.

The Clean Water Act’s Section 404
permit program regulates the discharge
of dredged or fill materials into the navi¬
gable waters of the United States or
their adjacent wetlands. This manual is
designed to help builders and developers
understand the complexities of the Sec¬
tion 404 permit program, their responsi¬
bilities under the program, and its impact
on the development community.

The manual, which is divided into 11
chapters, begins with an everview r and
description of the program. It then

describes the regulatory standards the
Army Corps of Engineers uses to judge
individual permits, the EPA’s veto
authority, and each States veto power
via the water quality certification pro¬
cess. Some of the most common nation¬
wide permits involving minor alterations
to wetland resources are also discussed.
Subsequent chapters cover the relation¬
ship between the National Environmen¬
tal Policy Act and the Section 404
process, the advance identification pro¬
cess, the permit process paperwork flow,
and enforcement. The manual concludes
with practical suggestions for dealing
with the Section 404 process.

Three appendixes include relevant legis¬
lation; executive branch documents;
contact information for the EPA head¬
quarters and regional offices; and contact
information for the Army Corps of
Engineers headquarters, district, and
division offices. A glossary of useful terms
is also provided.

11

■■■

M■

Wetlands: Mitigating and

Regulating Development

Impacts

Sataesen, DareI
1W» 117pp.

Available for $38 (or $30 for masters) plus
$3 shipping and handing from the Urban
Land fensttufee, 625 Indiana Avenue MW.,
Washington, DC 20004, (202) 624-7000.

Tins book explores many of the current
issues regarding reducing land develop-
merits negative impact on wetlands {soil
that is at least periodically saturated or
covered with water and containing plants
that can tolerate such conditions). It
examines Federal, State, and local wet¬
lands regulations; describes wetlands
mitigation strategies; and provides sever¬
al examples of recent mitigation efforts.
Although a relatively small, but growing,
share of wetlands losses on lx attributed
to real estate development, the discus¬
sion highlights what developers have
done to reduce wetlands losses and to
compensate for wetlands fills.

Ikckground information on wetlands
describes what they are, where they are

located, the extent of wetlands losses,
and whv the* are worth saving. Federal

wetlands regulations particularly the
regulations under the Clean Water Act,
are described. Another issue considered
is when, if ever, wetlands regular u ms
violate the U.S. Constitutions fifth
amendment by taking private property
without compensation.

An overview of State wetlands regula¬
tions includes a brief synopsis of six
State programs, and case studies illustrate
several wetlands mitigation strategies.
General guidelines for successful wet¬
lands mitigation are based primarily on
discussions with regulators and develop¬
ers. Chapter notes and a 55-item bibliog¬
raphy are provided.

Protecting America’s
Wetlands: An Action
Agenda

Conservation Foundation

1988, 69pp.

Available for $10 plus $2 shipping and han¬
ding from the Conservation Foundation, P.O.
Box 4866, Hampden Station, Baltimore, MD
21211,(301)338-6951.

This report by the National Wetlands
Policy Foram presents recommendations
for improving wetlands protection, which

,src based on several months of consulta¬
nt n among wetlands experts and public

officials The primary recommendation is
that the Federal Government establish a
national wetlands protection policy that

will allow' no overall net loss of the
Nations remaining wetlands and will
proactively restore and create wetlands.

Recommendations for cutting losses
include the provision of improved incen¬
tives for private wetlands owners to
protect these resources for the public
benefit, expanded and cutting acquisi¬
tion and preservation programs, and
more effective and evenhanded regula¬
tory programs.

Recommendations for improving the
protection and management process
involve planning for protection and
management, information and educa¬
tion, and improved regulatory programs.
The Fomm emphasizes establishing the
goal of wetlands protection and restora¬
tion as a national goal, delegating
Federal wetlands regulatory responsibili¬
ties to qualified States, and requiring the

President to report to Congress every 5
years on progress in achieving the wet¬
lands preservation goal. Twenty-four
references are listed.

Other Resources

Coins, Beryl R., and Emily W.B. Russell,
editors, Protecting the New Jersey Pineiands:
A New Direction in Land-Use Management,
Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ,
1988, 344pp. Available for $13 from the
Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers
University Press, Building 4051, Kilmer
Campus, New Brunswick, NJ 08903,

(908) 932—1766.

Saivesen, David, Three Approaches to
Development in Wetlands,” Urban Land ,,
August 1989, pp. 34-35.

Want, William L, Law of Wetlands
Regulation, Clark Boardman Company, Ltd.,

New York, NY, 1989, 688pp. Available for

$110 from Clark Boardman Company, Ltd.,

375 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014,
(212) 929-7500.

SECTION 4

Special Issues

Rehabilitation Guidelines:

1986

Volumes 1-10 were prepared by National
Institute of Building Sciences. Volume 11
was prepared by Building Technology
Incorporated.

Available for $3 per volume ($25 for the set)
from HUD USER, P.O. Box 6091, Rockville,
MD 20850.

Rehabilitation and conservation are
cost-effective ways to add to and main¬
tain our Nation’s housing supply. To
facilitate these methods of maintaining
older building stock, HUD published
this rehabilitation guideline series. The
guidelines were developed so State and
local officials could use them in conjunc¬
tion with existing codes.

The 11-volume set covers the following
topics:

1 * Guideline for Setting and Adopting
Standards for Building Rehabilitation
describes methods for identifying
regulatory' problems in a community,
and recommends ways to amend,
modifc or suDDlement existing remila

2 . Guideline for Municipal Approval of
Building Rehabilitation examines the
inherent differences between regulat¬
ing new construction and regulating
rehabilitation, and presents specific
strategies for rehabilitation approval
process.

3.Statutory Guideline for Building Rehabi¬
litation contains enabling legislation
that can be directly adopted by com¬
munities to provide more effective
regulation of building rehabilitation.

4. Guideline for Managing Official Liability
Associated with Building Rehabilitation
addresses the responsibilities of code
officials to properly administer and
enforce rehabilitation.

5. Egress Guideline for Residential Rehabi¬

litation lists design alternatives for
the components of egress (means for
exiting) that are regulated by current
codes such as number and arrange¬
ment of exits, corridors, and stairs,
travel distance, degdUapi IWPGl* Hid
exit capacity and width. - , > ■

6. Electrical Guideline for Residential Reha¬
bilitation outlines procedures for con¬
ducting inspections of electrical

titJ r?crh« d- ?* r and tat-

m4 au-imc drain, w.i^te, mi \ cm,
iPWV! rd* cjtinc fixture*,

adding new fixtures n* exiting PW\
nMem*, and installing new L'NX V
systems in existing building*.

»'iu ‘'Bip fnents intent *r u >mp» «nenis
and structural, electrical, plumbing*

healing, ventilating, and air condi¬
tioning systems.

Each volume is approximately 80 pages.
Appendixes, chans, and photographs are
included.

$. Guideline tm Fire Ratings of Archaic
Materials and Assemblies contains the
tire ratings of materials and assemblies
that are no longer listed m current
building axles or related reference
standards. Intnxiuciorv matenal Jis-
cu»*e* flame spread, the effects of pen-
etratuins (usually wires or pipes passed
through hides in an assembly), and
methtxis tor determining the ratings of
assemblies not listed m the guidelines,

9. Guideline /or Stmcmrd Assessment

addresses the methods and approaches
used to evaluate structural systems in
existing buildings. It covers masonry,
wood, steel, and concrete structural
systems and components.

10. Gtddelme cm the Rehabilitation of Walk,
Window, and Roofs recommends pro¬
cedures for rehabilitating and preserv-

Residential Rent Controls:
An Evaluation

Downs, Anthony
1988, 67pp.

Available for $26 (or $21 for members) from
tie Urban Land Institute, 625 Indiana Avenue
NW., Suite 400, Washington, DC 20004, (202)
624-7000.

This study identifies the economic costs
associated with rent controls and the
circumstances in which rent control may
be a sound policy. It combines a theoreti¬
cal analysis of how rent controls affect
housing markets with a review of the
curcemtf oMdMrifo Wideace of their

ing walls, windows, and roofs in

historic 1

have been

m the United States
the

the demand tor rental units rises sharply
at the same time that new construction

of such units has been legally restricted
to conserve resources, as during wartime.
Absent these conditions, unconstrained
rent movements are the most efficient
and perhaps the only effective means of
ensuring an appropriate long-term bal¬
ance of supply and demand in housing
markets.

The appendix provides information
on the effects of rent controls on various
factors. A 21-item bibliography is
included.

Reforming Residential
Rent Regulations

Citizens Budget Commission, February 1991,

30pp-

Available for $2 postage and handling (free to
government agencies) from Citizens Budget
Commission, Inc., 36 West 44th Street, Suite

316, New York, NY 10036.

This report identifies, assesses, and
makes recommendations for reforming
N’ew Ycrk City’s rent regulations and
estimates the increase in property tax
revenues that would result from the
reforms. The authors suggest that the
long-run goal should be the gradual elim¬
ination of rent regulations in such a way
as to avoid adversely affecting lower
income households.

The report discusses three strategies
for eliminating controls: (1) decontrol
units occupied by higher income house¬
holds, (2) decontrol units with relatively
high rents, and (3) decontrol units as
they become vacant. If implemented
immediately, these strategies would affect
between 372,000 and 446,000 units—
a significant portion of New York City’s
housing—and generate substantial new
taxable rental income ($598 to $745
million). Implementation of the reforms
would require that the city create defini¬
tions of income categories and require
households to be certified as lower
income to be eligible to retain rent
protection.

The first step in achieving the goal of
eliminating rent controls is to remove
rent controls for households who do not
require subsidy. Households that require
subsidy should receive it from govern¬
ments, not from landlords.

Other city actions, such as overly re¬
strictive zoning and building codes also
should be gradually relaxed. Addition¬
ally, the authors recommend that the city
work with the construction industry and
labor unions to reduce construction costs
and constraints.

Fourteen tables, forty-one end notes, and
four appendixes are provided.

Accessory Apartments:

The State of the Art—
Continually Updated
Access to Experience,
Second Edition

Hare, Patrick H
June 1991,150pp.

AwwMM m four components from Fait*
fri Ham® Planning and Design, 1246 Monroe
Stmt NE., Washington, DC 20017, (202)

2S9-S334. Itetofo to Accessory Unite
is available for $20. Resource Guide to
Accessory Urwts is available for $15. Sample
mvi Mxmmxy

Umte is available tor $20. Guide to Mapr
Etibris ft? Promote Accessory Unite is avail¬
able for $20.

This four-part resource, which is updated
even’ six months, synthesizes the experi¬
ence of local governments that have
amended their zoning law s to permit
accessory apartments ■—separate housing
units typically created in surplus space
in single-family homes.

Accessory apartments can he a cost-
effective way of increasing the supply of
affordable housing. Zoning amendments
to pennit accessory apartments should
address concerns about the impact of
accessory apartments on the community

and homeowners’ needs for rapid and
simple processing of applications.

The materials also discus KkjI experi¬
ences after :< rang ha* been amended.
This includes why many homeowners
need help with installations; how home-
owner? can pay for technical assistance;
how non-profits, remodelers, and real
estate agents can succeed with accessory
units; and the problems with subsidized
loan programs.

Other Resources

Geflen, Martin, Accessory Apartments in
Single-Family Housing, University of Cali¬
fornia, Berkeley, Committee on Research,
1985,204pp. Available for $9.95 plus $3.00
shipping and handing from the Center for
Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University,
Building 4051, Kilmer Campus, New Bruns¬
wick, m 08903, |908) 932-1766.

Hare. Patrick H., Installations of Accessory
Unite in Communities I ¥lmm They Am legal,
April 1990,31pp. Available for $13 ($10 pre¬
paid) from Patrick H. Hare Planning and
Design, 1246 Monroe Street ME., Wash¬
ington, DC 20317,1202) 269-9334.

Smith, Richard and Jucith Blocker, “Control¬
ling Rent Control," Journal of Property
Management, Vol. 53, No. 6 , November/
December 1988, pp. 6-9.

SECTION 5

Promising

Alternatives

Building Better
Communities Through
Regulatory Reform:

A Guide to
Regulatory Change

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development, 1987, 84pp.

Available for $3 from HUD USER,

P.O. Box 6091, Rockville, MD 20850,
1-800-245-2691.

Many builders seek relief from overregu-
ktion caused by outdated regulations,
lengthy development approval processes,
and archaic land use patterns. This man¬
ual provides State and local builders
associations with strategies and general
guidance for establishing and managing
regulatory reform programs to combat
overregulation.

A range of strategies and techniques that
can be tailored to State and local needs is
highlighted. Appendixes present discus-
sions* diagrams, and references on 38
topics relating to construction specifica¬
tions, infrastructure, zoning, and siting

issues. They also include questions and
answers about common objections to

regulatory reform, the agenda for a sug¬
gested seminar, and a summary of sug¬
gested media strategies and public affaire

techniques.

Affordable Residential
Land Development:

A Guide for
Local Government
and Developers

Schaake, Carol Baker
1987,125pp.

Available for $3 from HUD USER,

P.O. Box 6091, Rockville, MD 20850,
1-800-245-2691.

This is the first in a two-volume set
of “Affordable Housing: Challenge
and Response” publications, and it de¬
scribes the land use, site development,
and administrative and procedural
changes used in HUD’s Joint Venture
for Affordable Housing (JVAH) projects.

19

iv ff t * ; * / ^ t*'. <! * :v m lt > c. p-
ha-tit* *t tv t mI/ -r« 2*" mJ *• mi ;.><-

r:* fc * r 24 <*** $**.* ^ r ^3 f 3e
United >uh*% *irh li\Si puvhc , fnu h*

,mJ Hidden*. c^ fimr^ to reduce the
c* ‘at of mpleted U me-.

The JVAH experience showed that
improved zoning and subdivision price-
dares promote affordable housing.
Recommendations are made for several
local government actions in this area,
including planned unit development,
mixed-use development, zero-lot-hne
zoning, and densitv transfers. Suggestions
are also made regarding wavs in which
local jurisdictions can expedite proce¬
dures regulating land use and housing
construction. The JVAH projects
revealed that, of the major cost compo¬
nents of new housing, land cost is the
most influenced by local government
policies.

After stating that high-density develop¬
ment is a public necessity, factors in
planning and developing land for resi¬
dential use are examined. They include
site planning, streets, parking, sidewalks
and walkways, curbs and gutters, storm
drainage systems, sanitary sewers, water
supply, and utilities easements.

Examples from the JVAH sites illustrate
reammendatk^ Drawinp, photo¬
graphs, references, and a list ofJVAH
sires are included.

Affordable Residential
Construction: A Guide
for Home Builders

Fisher, E. Lee

1987, 92pp.

Available for $3 from HUD USER,

P.O. Box 6091, Rockville, MD 20850,
1-800-245-2691,

This guide describes methods to reduce
cost> in most phases of direct construc¬
tion of a house, based on techniques
proven effective in HUD s Joint
Venture for Affordable Housing (JVAH1
demonstration projects. Some methods
discussed in the guide may not be ac¬
ceptable under certain local regulations,
so readers are urged to check their local
code or consult local building officials
before adopting any new techniques.

This manual is organized to reflect the
process of building a house. It begins by
discussing design, and moves into foot¬
ings and foundations, floors, walls and
partitions, firewalls, and roof framing.
Also covered are plumbing, electrical,
heating, ventilation, air-conditioning,
business practices, and marketing.

Each section contains a general discus¬
sion of the topic followed by sped:::c
cost-saving innu\ a:mn> and JVAH ca*e
experiences. Photographs, draw-
mgs. references, and a list of JVAH par¬
ticipants are provided.

Streamlining Local
Regulations: A Handbook
for Reducing Housing and
Development Costs

Hershey, Stuart S. and Carolyn Garmise
1983, 59pp.

Available for $10 plus $4.30 for shipping
and handling from the international City
Management Association, 777 N. Capitol
Street ME., Washington, DC 20002
Attn: Order Department (202) 289-4262.

Reforming local regulations may promote
affordable housing development by:

■ Reducing procedural delays.

■ Speeding up the application and
review process.

■ Increasing efficiency.

■ Saving costs in city government.

■ Clarifying regulations so that develop¬
ers can understand them without
hiring special consultants.

Local governments can modify zoning
ordinances to allow well-designed
increased-density development, create
new subdivision regulations that reflect
new technology in construction materi¬
als, and streamline inhouse review
procedures. Communities can begin the
regulation reform process bv first deter-

making sure that regulations are consis¬
tent with the community s development
objectives.

Among the innovative approaches dis¬
cussed are infill development, manufac¬
tured housing, and performance zoning.
A land development guidance system
and about 50 references are appended.

Subdivision and Site
Plan Handbook

Listokin, David and Carole Walker

1989, 438pp.

Available for $49.95 plus $3 shipping and
handling from Center for Urban Policy
Research, Rutgers University, P.O. Box 489,

Piscataway, NJ 08855, (201) 932-3133.

This book provides a model subdivision
and site-plan ordinance, along with
explanatory text and a reference section
that reflects state-of-the-art land-use
regulation. Designed for use by govern¬
ment administrators, developers, plan¬
ners, attorneys, and others interested in
land-use regulation, the model ordinance
reflects current perspectives on land use
and site control. All components of sub¬
division regulation are covered: general
provisions, definitions, administration,
procedure, design, improvements, and
necessary documents.

* r j • * * . ’ 1 .* r c*. ^ M

* cr/ irJ r„*.p <v • i t v ** Jr> n-

the* »*.•» j f * * ou *. v *> mu >.ncV* ,^n
t?\p 3 ir.it« n n in’ uiw t* r e ivh p:\ \ jv n
describe? the h u.k*j unJ, ran* nak\ ind
intent of each requireirent. Intr yya >r\
chapters provide m owrvieu t1 the frn-
ti rv of subdivision reguhtu n in the
United States, trace the ewlunnn of
bnd-u^e regulation through vara >iis
stages, and Ji*cu^ legal issues pertinent
to current land-ibe regulation. Chapter
notes. a 312-item bibliography* and a
subfect index are provided.

Design Strategies for
Affordable Housing

DiPasquale, Denise and James McKeHar
1987,59pp,

Available tor $10 as Working Paper No. 8
from PyMtcatlofis, MfT Center for Real Estate
Developmenl, Bolting W31-310, Cambridge,

m 02139, (617) 253-4373.

This paper explores affordable housing
alternatives that address the issues of
escalating land costs and the impact
of zoning and subdivision regulations on
homing size and type. It explores design
strategies for smaller lots and smaller
detached houses as a means of providing
avoidable houses. The analysis provides
three alternative plans for detached
Houses on small lots. It applies one of
these plans to a hypothetical site and

vi lop iiv* rmdn ?im t'inhi plan
t r ipx -iine -ite. Financial pr »furniiO

ne developed for both detached and
lemnhruse design? To compare the finan¬
cial ? * labilin of the mu alternative

approaches.

The *tudy concludes that single-lirailv

detached designs may significantly
increase the willingness of local cummu'
nines to accept affordable housing devel¬
opment within their boundaries. The
small lot introduces a density level be¬
tween that of a typical detached house
and that of various multifamily designs. It
also provides sufficient flexibility with
respect to lot frontage to accommodate a
range of unit designs. Furthermore, de¬
tached units are generally preferred by
the homebuyer. Tables and appended
data are provided.

Partnerships for Affordable
Housing: An Annotated
Listing of City Programs

United States Conference of Mayors

1909,43pp.

Available free from the U.S. Conference of

Mayors, 1620 Eye Street MW., Washington,
DC 20006, (202) 293-7330.

This report ie>cribe> 123 locally initiated
affordable housing partnership? in S2
cine> across the United States. Each

program is briefly described, followed by
the name, position, address, and phone
number of a eontacr person.

Thirty-eight programs involve homeown-
ership opportunities, and 31 programs
focus on affordable rental housing.
Twenty programs involve home improve¬
ment and rehabilitation programs. Four
of the described programs provide hous¬
ing for senior citizens, and 10 programs
offer transitional housing. Five single-
room-occupancy housing programs are
presented, and five programs providing
housing for homeless persons are includ¬
ed. Seven programs are classified as com¬
prehensive approaches to affordable
housing, and eight programs are classified
as miscellaneous.

Raising the Roof:

A Sampler of Community
Partnerships for
Affordable Housing

United Way of America
1388, 122pp.

Available for $10 phis $2.50 from the United
Way of America, 901 N. Pitt Street,

Alexandria, VA 22314, (703) 519-7314.

To expand the pool of affordable housing,
the public, voluntary, and private sectors
can form a variety of highly effective
partnerships. This publication explores

subsequent cost savings in the acquisition
of property, labor, and equipment and
discusses the following:

■ Adaptive reuse of property.

■ Land banks/land trusts.

■ Land donations and bargain sales.

■ Manufactured housing/mobile homes.

■ Receivership.

■ Resource banks/donated materials
warehouses.

■ Single-room-occupancy hotel
rehabilitation.

■ Skills bank/voluntarism.

■ “Sweat-equity” housing.

■ Tool-lending library.

The authors describe 12 types of financ¬
ing mechanisms that contribute to
affordable housing, including bank com¬
munity development corporations, city¬
wide housing partnerships, community
loan funds/revolving loan funds, housing
trust funds/linkage programs, and State
housing programs. Other financing
mechanisms are mortgage/rental assis¬
tance pools, neighborhood assistance
programs, share-equity financing, and
tax-exempt housing bonds.

Options for linkages with others that can
facilitate affordable housing are home-
ownership counseling, lease-purchase
homeownership, limited equity housing,

i - per :L . 4 i ,2 w.' 1 * i r , 's .-rJ
pjernenh it* w oh ntuchh rn » J dc\ trli *p-
ntenr. re mcvtt n* The vp peiijhx

de-cnh> the L mtri Wa\ ’<■ r ^k m ad-
Jr e**ing fow-income hewing. Chapter
hibh ^graphics are pfi aided.

Small Solutions:

Second Units as
Affordable Housing

San Francisco Development Fund
1908.96pp.

Available for $15 tom the Bars Francisco

Fund, 1107 Can Street, San
Francisco, CA 94117, (415) 863-7800. An

eight-page Exactilwe Summary is available

for $5,

The Double Unit Occupancy f DUO)
Program was initiated by the San
Francisco Development Fund in 1985 as

a 3-year demonstration to create 50 new
accessory apartment units and to develop

a replicable model for a second program.

The program has resulted in the comple¬
tion of a total of 43 new, affordable sec¬
ond units by the end of the 1988
building season. The median rent for
these second units was approximately
$100 Wow die arm’s market rent for
comparable units. Permits, fees, Mid
assessments added 7 percent to second
unit costs. Half the DUO units were
rented to families.

Band on its experience, the San

Francisco Development Fund discounts
the following criticism* of second units:
that they destroy the family character of
neighborhoods, lower property values,
arid are unattractive.

Rather, the San Francisco Development
Fund argues, these second units increase
the property 7 tax base, pay more than

their share for local infrastructure, and
create a modest amount of affordable
housing. Making the local government
approval process simple, flexible, fast,
and inexpensive is the most direct way to
encourage the legal development of these
units. Assistance should be provided
during planning and approval, and finan¬
cial assistance should be provided for
units that benefit low-income and mod¬
erate-income households. Figures, tables,
and notes are included.

HUD/NAHB Case Studies

The U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development together with the

NAHB (National Association of Home
Builders) Research Foundation, Inc.,
issued case study reports on affordable

housing in a wide variety of U.S. cities

and counties throughout 1985 and 1956.
While each case study varies according

to its rejective location, information
about regulations and building

24

requirement is generalh included. Often
photographs, references, plans, illus¬
trations, cost tables, and/or site diagrams
are provided.

Mow is a list of locations where case

studies were conducted. See the order

form at the end of this guide for full
bibliographic citations and ordering

information.

■ Crittenden County, Arkansas

■ Fairbanks, Alaska

■ White Marsh (Baltimore County),
Maryland

■ Charlotte, North Carolina

■ Greensboro, North Carolina

■ Christian County; Kentucky

■ Blaine, Minnesota

■ Boise, Idaho

■ Broward County (Coral Springs),
Florida

■ Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

■ Portland, Oregon

■ Birmingham, Alabama

■ Knox County, Tennessee

■ Lincoln, Nebraska

■ Sioux Falls, South Dakota

■ Mesa County, Colorado

■ Phoenix, Arizona

■ Elkhart County, Indiana

Other Resources

Bookout, Lloyd W., “Jobs and Housing: The

Search for Balance,” Urban Land ,, October
1990, pp. 5-9.

Lamar, Martha, Alan MaSladi, John M. Payne,
“Mount Laurel at Work: Affordable Housing in
New Jersey,” 1983-88, Rutgers Law Review ,,
Vol. 41, No. 4, Summer 1989, pp. 1197-1277.

Landis, John D., “Land Regulation and the
Price of New Housing,” The Journal of the
American Planning Association f Vol. 51, No.

2, Winter 1986, pp. 9-21.

Wheeler, Michael, Resolving Local Regulatory

Disputes and Building Consensus for

Affordable Housing , MIT Center for Real

Estate Development, Cambridge, MA, 1988,
pp. 1-35. Available for $5 from the MIT
Center for Real Estate Development, Building

W31-310, Cambridge, MA 02139, (617)
253-4373.

A

Resource

Organizations

Resource Organizations

The following organizations can provide
information on issues related to regulato¬
ry harriers. The list, which was compiled
from referral sources from HUD USERs
professional reference staff and supple¬
mented by suggestions from experts in
the affordable housing field, is not
exhaustive. In particular, organizations
are not necessarily listed here because
they are the sponsors or producers of
materials included elsewhere in the
guide.

American Institute of Architects (ALA)
1735 New York Avenue NW.
Washington, DC 20006
(202) 626-7300

American Planning Association (APA)
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, IL 60637-2891

Center for Urban Policy Research
Rutgers—The State University
P.O. Box 489

Piscataway, NJ 08855-0489

(201) 932-3101

Claremont Institute

4650 Arrow Highway, Suite D6

Montclair, CA 91763

(714) 621-6825

Conservation Foundation
P.O. Box 4866
Hampden Station
Baltimore, MD 21211

(301)338-6951

Council of State Community
Development Agencies
Hall of the States

444 North Capital Street, Suite 251

Washington, DC 20001

(202) 393-6435

‘ ,-?a- ■ •

. WM

/

HUD USER
ECUS xCC

Rockville. MD 2085C
i!CIt 251-5154

t-SCO-245-2f?91

International City Management
Association (1CMAI

777 North Capitol Street, Suite 500

Washington, 1X0 20002
1202) 289-4262

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy
26 Trowbridge Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
(617) 661-3016

National Governors’ Association

444 North Capitol Street NW., Suite 25*

Washington, DC 20001

(202) 624-5300

National Council of State Housing
Agencies (NCSHA)

444 North Capitol Street, NW., Suite

412

Washington, DC 20001
(202) 624-7710

Patrick H. Hare Planning and Design

1246 Monroe Street NE.

Washington, DC 20017
(202) 269-9334

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Center for Real Estate Development

Building W31-310

Cambridge, MA 02139
(617) 253-4373

National Association of Home Builders

CNAHBI

Environmental Regulation

Urban Institute

2100 M Street NW.

Washington, DC 20037
(202) 833-7200

Urban Land Institute (ULI)

625 Indiana Avenue NW., Suite 400
Washington, DC 20004
(202) 624-7000

Department

15th and M Streets NW.
Washington, DC 20005
-520-368-5242

Virginia Center for Housing Research
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University
404 Clay Street

Blacksburg, VA 24061-0539

(703) 231-3993

Ltion of Home Builders

Order Form

Indicate the requested number i •! cepes m the column marked “Quinisn," muluph fv she per-copy cmt indicated
under "Price," .mi enter the total c£*i Dr e^eh item. Aid these ti * determine the “T.nal Due HUD USER,”

Document

Affordable Residential Land Development:

A Guide for Local Government and
Developers, 1987

Affordable Residential Construction:

A Guide for Home Builders, 1987

Building Better Communities Through

Regulatory Reform: A Guide to Regulatory
Change, 1987

Directory of Information Resources

in Housing and Urban Development, 1989

“Not In My Back Yard”:

Removing Barriers to Affordable Housing, 1991

Transcripts of the Advisory Commission on
Regulatory Barriers to Affordable Housing

Meeting, May 19%, in Washington, DC

Hearing, July 11, 19%, in Trenton, NJ

Hearing, July 31, 19%, and meeting,

August 1, 19%, in Chicago, IL

Hearings, September 12-13, 19%,

in San Francisco, CA

Hearings, September 25-26, 19%,
in Washington, DC

Meeting, December 14, 19%, in

Washington, DC

HUD/NAHB Case Studies

Affordable Homing Demonstration:

A Case Study, Crittenden County,

Arkansas, 1985

Affordable Housing in Arkansas: Sequel
to the Crittenden County Demonstration
Project, 1985

Affordable Housing Demonstration,

Two Case Studies: Fairbanks, Alaska;

White Marsh (Baltimore County)

Maryland, 1986

Price Quantity Total

$3

$3

$3

$25

$3

$15

$15

$25 as a set

$35

$40

$15

$3

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29

Price

Quantity

111 D \ *\hB can* u* nt.rued)

\*t r L 1 * H 1 : . ,f t * f ^ * u

^*4 * y 4 i, C* i :» U r *t

N- Hh 4 iJi bn>- 4 .

N» ph i itO mi l $3

Affi^jjHt Hi IV: v r.-Trtt, r

A 1 A«e Study, i.l rist . in unr .

Kentucky, W.*5 S3

Four Ca?e Studies, Bl a me, Minnie >ta;

Boi*e, Idaho; Rr.wjrd Cuunrv
i Coral Spnnjyd, Rond r Oklahoma City,

Oklahoma, i9S5 $3

Affordable Housing Demonstration:

A Case Study, Portland, Oreg**n, 1985 S3

Affordable Housing Demcn>rranon:

Four Ca^e Studies Birmingham, Alabama;

Knox County, Tennessee; Lincoln,

Nebraska- Sumx Fails, South Dakota,

1985 $3

Affordable Housing Demonstration:

A Case Study, Mi\s County 5 ,

CHoraJo, 1984 $3

Affordable Housing Demonstration:

A Case Study, Phoenix, Arizona

1984 $3

Affordable Housing Demonstration:

A Case Study, Elkhart County, Indiana,

1984 $3

Total Due HUD USER

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Know the Sources of
Housing Information...

With HUD USER’S
Directory’

7 k obtain HvaJ overview of resources in
h* iisinc and urhin development, the second
edition of HUDb Dvrtcurrs of Information
Rto irccs in Housing and Urban Deieiopment
m a\ be \our kev to information on community
and economic development, public-private
teamwork, urban planning, and networking
with organizations in the field.

The Directory includes:

■ Information on 150 housing and urban
development organizations that are national

in scope, such as edu¬
cational institutions,

libraries, and public
agencies. Compre¬
hensive entries

describe each organi¬
zation's purpose,
information services
provided, and avail¬
able publications.

■ Descriptions of 54 online databases that
provide scope of the file and the number of
records, update frequency , sources of data,
and related user aids.

■ Contact information for ail entries.

The Directory is available for $25. Please use
the order form to obtain copies or call HUD
USER at 1-800-245-2691.

Eliminating Barriers to
Affordable Housing—
Findings and
Recommendations

**Noi in

My licit h Yurt!"

The American dream for every family starts
with a comfortable home in a safe neighbor¬
hood reasonably close to the wage earner's
place of work. Rut excessive and unnecessary*
government regulations are driving up the cost
erf homing. In response to these issues, a
report was released entitled “Not In My
Backyard T* Remoim? Remdatmv Barriers to
Affordable

The Commission
then presents 31
recommendations

for Federal, State,

and local government

action and for initia¬
tives by local group _
and citizens

[ ’ V ~'V V’