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REPORT AND TRANSACTIONS

OP THE

DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION

FOR

THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE,
AND ART.

[DARTMOUTH, JULY, 1911.]

VOL. XLIII.

[VOL. Ill, THIRD SERIES.]

PLYMOUTH :
W. BRENDON AND SON, Ltd., PRINTERS.

1911.

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( «3

*•»

The Council and the Editor desire it to be understood that
they are not answerable for any statements, observations, or
opinions appearing in any paper printed by the Society ; the
authors only are responsible.

The Transactions of the Society are not published, nor
are they on sale. They are printed for Members only.

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[5]

CONTENTS.

Page

List of Plates ... 7

List of Officers . . ... 9

Places of Meeting . . ... 10

Rules . . . ... 11

Bye-laws and Standing Orders ... 15

Report of the Council . . . ... 20

Proceedings at the Fiftieth Annual Meeting 22

Balance Sheet . . . 32, 33

Selected Minutes of Council appointing Committees . 34

Obituary Notices . . . ... 36

President's Address . . ... 44

Twenty-fifth Report of the Committee on Devonshire Folk-lore 63

Twenty-fourth Report of the Committee on Verbal Provincialisms . 75

Thirtieth Report of the Committee on Barrows in Devonshire 95

Third Report of the Botany Committee 97

Twenty-ninth Report [3rd Ser.] of the Committee on the Climate of

Devon . . . . ... 105

The Borough of Clifton-Dartmouth-Hardness, and its Mayors and Mayor-
alties. E. Windeatt . . . ... 120

The Foundation and Early History of Dartmouth and Kingswear

Churches. Hugh R. Watkin . ... 149

Dr. George Oliver on Dartmouth and its Churches. E. Windeatt . .166

John Flavell: a notable Dartmouth Puritan and his Bibliography.

E. Windeatt . . . . ... 172

The Hundreds of Devon, XII. The Early History of the Hundred of

Colridge. Rev. Oswald J. Reichel, b.c.l. and m.a., f.s.a. . . 190

The Church Goods Commission in Devon, a.d. 1549-1552. Miss Beatrix

F. Cresswell . . . ... 287

Concerning Flies in Devonshire. Miss Mary F. C. Bridson 256

An Ancient British Trackway. T. J. Joce ... 262

" The Lord Dynham's Lands." R. Pearse Chope, b.a. . . 269

6 CONTENTS.

Page
Modern Science and Marine Wave- Action. Arthur R. Hunt, m.a.,

F.G.8., F.L.S. . . . . ... 293

An Inventory of Church Goods of Saint Kieran's Church, Exeter, a.d.

1417. H. Michell Whitley . ... 309

Rubus in Devon: some Account of its Distribution. W. P. Hiern,

M.A., f.r.s. . . . . ... 319

The Stone Rows of Dartmoor, Part IX. R. Hansford Worth, mem.

INST. C.E., F.o.s. . . . ... 348

Dartmouth as a Parliamentary Borough. J. J. Alexander, m.a. . 350

Tavistock as a Parliamentary Borough, Part II. (1688-1885). J. J. Alex-
ander, m.a. . . . ... 371

Pages from a Manuscript History of Hatherleigh, "Page 3" — Thomas

Roberts, Schoolmaster, Part I. John M. Martin, c.e. 403

List of Members . . . ... 419

Index . . . . . ... 434

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PLATES.

Report on Devonshire Folk-lore—

Old Cross, Manaton . . . . . To fact p. 74

Barrow Report—

Kistvaen, Joan Ford's Newtake ...... „ 95

„ Cuckoo Ball ....... „ 96

View of Ruined Kistvaen, Cuckoo Ball . . . . „ 96-

An Ancient Britihh Trackway—

Map 26*

Stone Rows of Dartmoor—

Plan ,,348.

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OFFICERS

1911-12.

yrrftftmt.
ROBERT BURNARD, Esq., F.S.A., J.P.

Ftrr*9rrftftmt*.
THE WORSHIPFUL THE MAYOR OF DARTMOUTH (E. LORT-PHILLIPS,

Esq., j. p.).

Rev. E. H. ARKWRIGHT, m.a., m.v.o.

C. E. ASHFORD, Esq., m.v.o.

J. BARTLETT, Esq.

A. H. BRIDSON, Esq., j.p.

JOHN BROWN, Esq., j.p.

Rev. H. BURTON.

F. ADAMS DAVSON, Esq., m.d., j.p.

Capt. HUGH EVAN-THOMAS, r.n.,

M.V.O.

S. W. FITZHERBERT, Esq.

A. GOODRIDGE, Esq.

Alderman W. J. GRANT.

A.ROOPE HUNT,Esq.,m. a. ,f.o.s. ,f.l.s.

Major L. F. KNOLLYS, c.m.o.

Rev. A. E. MOYS, m.a.

Councillor J. T. NANCE.

C. PEEK, Esq.

J. ARTHUR REEVE, Esq.

J. STEPHENS, Esq.

Rev. H. F. TRACE Y, m.a.

P. VARWELL, Esq.

J. WILTON, Esq., j.p., c.c.

E. WINDEATT, Esq., c.c.

R. HANSFORD WORTH, Esq.,

MEM. INST. C.E., F.O.8.

%on. <5nurtl Srraftttw.
J. S. AMERY, Esq., Druid, Ashburton.

' Hon. General Serretarp.
MAXWELL ADAMS, Esq., 12, South Parade, Southsca, Hmils.

Hon. 1,0 ral Stratum.
A. R. GREGORY, Esq., Lloyd* Bank, Dartmouth.

Hon. l,oral &rrrrtar$.
SYDNEY J. POPE, Esq., Town Clerk, Dartmouth.

Hon. attoftor.
ROBERT C. TUCKER, Esq., j.p., c.a., The Hall, Ashhurton.

ADAMS, MAXWELL.
ADAM8. 8. P.
ALEXANDER, J. J.
AMERY, J. S.
BARING-GOULD, Rbt. 8.
BLACKLER, T. A.
BODY, MARTIN.
BRIDSON. Miss M.F.C.
BURNARD, R.
CHALK, Rev. E. &
CHANTER, Rev. J. F.
CHAPMAN, Rev. C.
CHAPPLE, W. E. PITPIBLD.
CHOPE, R. PBARSE.
CLARKE. Miss K. M.
CLAYDEN, A. W.
CLIFFORD, Lord.
COLERIDGE, Lord.
CRE88WELL, Miss B. F.
CROFT, Sir A. W.
DAVIBS, W.
DOE, G. M.

DONALDSON, Rev. E. A.
DUNCAN, A. G.
EDMONDS, Rev.Cbanoellor.
ENY8, J. D.
EVANS, H. M.

ttounrtl.
EXETER, The Lord Bishop

or (Dr. ROBERTSON).
FOSTER, M. T.
FOURACRE, J. T.
GREGORY A. R.
HALSBURY, Lord.
HARPLEY, Rev. W.
HARVEY. T. H.
HIBRN. W. P.
HINE, JAMES.
HODGSON, T. V.
HUGHES, T. CANN.
HUNT, A. R.
JOCE, T. J.

JORDAN, Miss MARY H.
JORDAN, W. F. C.
LARTER, Miss C. E.
LAYCOCK. C. H.
LETHBRIDGE, Sir ROPER.
LOWE, HARFORD J.
MARTIN. J. M.
MORSHEAD, J. Y. A.
NECK, J. 8.
PEARSON, Rev. J. B.
PETER, C. H.
POLLOCK, Sir F.
POPE, SYDNEY J.

PRICKMAN, J. D.
PROWSB, ARTHUR B.
RADFORD, A. J. V.
RADFORD, Mrs. G. H.
REED. HARBOTTLE.
REICHEL, Rev. O. J.
ROBIN80N. C. E.
ROGERS, INKBRMANN.
8AVERY, G. B.
SAUNDERS, Miss H.
SKINNER, Miss E.
8TEBBING, Rev. T. R. R.
THORNTON, Rev. W. H.
TRURO, The Lord Bishop of

(Dr. STUBBS).
TROUP. Mrs. ROSE..
TUCKER, R. C.
WARD, Rev. J. H.
WATKlN. H. R.
WATTS, H. V. I.
WEBKES, Miss LBGA-.
WHITLEY, H. MICHELL.
WINDEATT, E.
WINDEATT, G. E.
WOODHOUSE, H. B. 8.
WOOLLCOMBB, G. D.
WORTH, R. HANSFORD.

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[ io ]
PLACES OF MEETING

or
THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION.

Place of Meeting.

1862.

EXETER

1863.

Plymouth

1864.

Torquay

1865.

Tiverton

1866.

Tavistock

1867.

BARN8TAPLE .

1868.

HONITON

1869.

Dartmouth .

1870.

Devonport .

1871.

BlDEFORD

1872.

Exeter

1878.

SlDMOUTH

1874.

Teionmouth .

1875.

Torrington .

1876.

ASHBURTON .

1877.

KlNGSBRIDGB .

1878.

Paignton

1879.

Ilfracombe .

1880.

TOTNKS

1881.

Dawlish

1882.

Crrditon

1883.

EXMOUTH

1884.

Newton Abbot

1885.

Sbaton

1886.

St. Marychurch

1887.

Plympton

1888.

Exeter

1889.

Tavistock

1890.

Barnstaple .

1891.

Tiverton

1892.

Plymouth

1893.

Torquay

1894.

South Molton

1895.

Okehampton .

1896.

Ash burton .

1897.

Kingsbridge .

1898.

Honiton

1899.

Torrington .

1900.

Totnrs

1901.

EXRTKR

1902.

BlDEFORD

1903.

SlDMOUTH

1904.

Teionmouth .

1905.

Princetown .

1906.

Lynton

1907.

Axminster .

1908.

Newton Abbot

1909.

Launceston

1910.

Cullompton

1911.

Dartmouth

President
Sir John Bowring, ll.d., f.r.s.
C. Spence Bate, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S.

E. Vivian, Esq., m.a.

C. G. B. Daubeny, m.d., ll.d., f.r.s.

Earl Russell, k.g., k.g.c, f.r.s., etc.

W. Pengelly, Esq., F.R.S., f.o.s.

J. D. Coleridge, Esq., Q.c, M.A., m.p.

G. P. Bidder, Esq., O.K.

J. A. Froude, Es<j., m.a.

Rev. Canon C. Kingsley, M.A., F.L.8., F.G.s.

The Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Temple).

Right Hon. S. Cave, m.a., m.p.

The Earl of Devon.

R. J. King, Esq., m.a.

Rev. Treasurer Hawker, m.a.

Ven. Archdeacon Earle, m.a.

Sir Samuel White Baker, m.a., f.r.8., f.r.o.s.

Sir R. P. Collier, m.a.

H. W. Dyke Acland, m.a., m.d., ll.d., f.r.s.

Rev. Professor Chapman, m.a.

J. Brooking- Rowe, Esq., F.8.A., f.l.s.

Very Rev. C. Merivale, d.d., d.c.l.

Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, m.a.

R. F. Weymouth. Esq., m.a., d.lit.

Sir J. B. Phear, m.a., f.o.s.

Rev. W. H. Dallinger, ll.d., f.r.8., f.l.s., etc.

Very Rev. Dean Cowie, d.d.

W. H. Hudleston, Esq., m.a., f.r.s., f.o.s., etc.

Lord Clinton, m.a.

R. N. Worth, Esq., f.g.s.

A. H. A. Hamilton, Esq., m.a., j.p.

T. N. Brush field, m.d., f.s.a.

Sir Fred. Pollock, Bart, m.a.

The Right Hon. Earl of Halsbury.

Rev. S. Baring-Gould, m.a.

J. Hine, Esa., F.R.I.B.A.

Lord Coleriage, M. a.

Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, b.d.

Lord Clifford, m.a.

Sir Roper Lethbridge, k.c.i.e., m.a., d.l., j.p.

Rev. W. Harpley, m.a., f.c.p.s.

Sir Edgar Vincent, k.c.m.g., m.p.

Sir Alfred W. Croft, k.c.i.e., m.a., j.p.

Basil H. Thomson, Esq.

F. T. El worthy, Esq., f.s.a.

The Lord Bishop of Exeter (Dr. Robertson).

Lord Monks well, j.p., d.l., ll.b.

The Lord Bishop of Trurp (Dr. Stubbs).

John D. Enys, Esq., j.p., f.g.s.

Robert Burnard, Esq., f.s.a., j.p.

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[ 11 ]

RULES.

1. The Association shall be styled the Devonshire Association
for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art.

2. The objects of the Association are — To give a stronger
impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific inquiry in
Devonshire ; and to promote the intercourse of those who cultivate
Science, Literature, or Art, in different parts of the county.

3. The Association shall consist of Members, Honorary Members,
and Corresponding Members.

4. Every candidate for membership, on being nominated by a
member to whom he is personally known, shall be admitted by
the General Secretary, subject to the confirmation of the General
Meeting of the Members.

5. Persons of eminence in Literature, Science, or Art, connected
with the West of England, but not resident in Devonshire,
may, at a General Meeting of the Members, be elected Honorary
Members of the Association; and persons not resident in the
eounty, who feel an interest in the Association, may be elected
Corresponding Members.

6. Every Member shall pay an Annual Contribution of Half a
Guinea or a Life Composition Fee of Seven and a Half Guineas.
But Members of Ten Years' standing and more, whose Contribu-
tions are not in arrears, may compound by a Single Payment of
Five Guineas.

7. Ladies only shall be admitted as Associates to an Annual
Meeting, and shall pay the sum of Five Shillings each.

8. Every Member shall be entitled gratuitously to a lady's ticket.

9. The Association shall meet annually, at such a time in July
or August and at such place as shall be decided on at the previous
Annual Meeting.

10. A President, two or more Vice-Presidents, a General
Treasurer, and one or more General Secretaries, shall be elected
at each Aiinual Meeting.

11. The President shall not be eligible for re-election.

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12 RULES.

12. At each Annual Meeting a local Treasurer and local Secretary
shall be appointed, who, with power to add to their number
any Members of the Association, shall be a local Committee to
assist in making such local arrangements as may be desirable.

13. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, the affairs of the
Association shall be managed by a Council, which shall consist
exclusively of the following Members of the Association, excepting
Honorary Members, and Corresponding Members : —

(a) Those who fill, or have filled, or are elected to fill, the offices
of President, General and Local Treasurers, General and Local Secre-
taries, and Secretaries of Committees appointed by the Council.

(b) Authors of papers which have been printed in extenso in
the Transactions of the Association.

The Council so constituted shall have power to make, amend,
or cancel the Bye-laws and Standing Orders.

14. The Council shall hold a Meeting at Exeter in the month
of January or February in each year, on such day as the General
Secretary shall appoint, for the due management of the affairs of the
Association, and the performing the duties of its office.

15. The General Secretary, or any four members of the Council,
may call extraordinary meetings of their body, to be held at
Exeter, for any purpose requiring their present determination, by
notice under his or their hand or hands, addressed to every other
member of the Council, at least ten clear days previously, specifying
the purpose for which such extraordinary meeting is convened. No
matter not so specified, and not incident thereto, shall be deter-
mined at any extraordinary meeting.

16. The General Treasurer and Secretary shall enter on their
respective offices at the meeting at which they are elected ; but the
President, Vice-Presidents, and Local Officers, not until the Annual
Meeting next following.

17. With the exception of the Ex-Presidents only, every Coun-
cillor who has not attended any Meeting, or adjourned Meeting,
of the Council during the period between the close of any
Annual General Meeting of the Members and the close of the
next but two such Annual General Meetings, shall have
forfeited his place as a Councillor, but it shall be competent for
him to recover it by a fresh qualification.

18. The Council . shall have power to fill any Official vacancy
which may occur in the intervals of the Annual Meetings.

19. The Annual Contributions shall be payable in advance, and
shall be due in each year on the first day of January; and no
person shall have the privileges of a member until the Subscription
for the current year or a Life Composition has been paid.

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BULBS. 13

20. The Treasurer shall receive all sums of money due to the
Association ; he shall pay all accounts due by the Association after
they shall have been examined and approved ; and he shall report
to each meeting of the Council the balance he has in hand, and
the names of such members as shall be in arrear, with the sums
due respectively by each.

21. Whenever a Member shall have been three months in arrear
in the payment of his Annual Contributions, the Treasurer shall
apply to him for the same.

22. Whenever, at an Annual Meeting, a Member shall be two
years in arrear in the payment of his Annual Contributions, the
Council may, at its discretion, erase his name from the list of
Members.

23. One month at least before each Annual Meeting each mem-
ber shall be informed by the General Secretary, by circular, of the
place and date of the Meeting.

24. Any Member who does not, on or before the first day of
January, give notice, in writing or personally, to the General
Secretary of his or her intention to withdraw from the Association,
shall be regarded as a member for the ensuing year.

25. The Association shall, within a period not exceeding six
months after each Annual Meeting, issue its Transactions, in-
cluding the Kules, a Financial Statement, a List of the Members,
the Report of the Council, the President's Address, and such
Papers, in abstract or in extenso, read at the Annual Meeting, as
shall be decided by the Council, together with, if time allows, an
Index to the Volume.

26. The Association shall have the right at its discretion of
printing in extenso in its Transactions all papers read at the Annual
Meeting. The copyright of a paper read before any meeting of
the Association, and the illustrations of the same which have been
provided at his expense, shall remain the property of the Author;
but he shall not be at liberty to print it, or allow it to be printed
elsewhere, either in extenso or in abstract amounting to as much as
one-half of the length of the paper, until after the issue of the
volume of Transactions in which the paper is printed.

27. The authors of papers printed in the Transactions shall,
within seven days after the Transactions are issued, receive
twenty-five private copies free of expense, and shall be allowed to
have any further number printed at their own expense. All
arrangements as to such extra copies to be made by the authors
with the printers to the Association. The Honorary Secretaries of

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14 RULES.

Committees for special service for the Association, provided they
are required, shall receive forty copies, free of expense, of all
Reports of their Committees printed in the Transactions.

28. If proofs of papers to be printed in the Transactions be
sent to authors for- correction, and are retained by them beyond
four days for each sheet of proof, to be reckoned from the day
marked thereon by the printers, but not including the time need-
ful for transmission by post, such proofs shall be assumed to
require no further correction.

29. Should the extra charges for small type, and types other
than those known as Roman or Italic, and for the author's correc-
tions of the press, in any paper printed in the Transactions,
amount to a greater sum than in the proportion of ten shillings
per sheet, such excess shall be borne by the author himself, and
not by the Association ; and should any paper exceed three sheets,
the cost beyond the cost of the three sheets shall be borne by the
author of the paper.

30. Every Member shall, within a period not exceeding six months
after each Annual Meeting, receive gratuitously a copy of the
Volume of the Transactions for the year.

31. The Accounts of the Association shall be audited annually,
by Auditors appointed at each Annual Meeting, but who shall not
be ex officio Members of the Council

32. No rule shall be altered, amended, or added, except at an
Annual General Meeting of Members, and then only provided
that notice of the proposed change has been given to the General
Secretary, and by him communicated to all the Members at least
one month before the Annual General Meeting.

33. Throughout the Rules, Bye-laws, and Standing Orders where
the singular number is used, it shall, when circumstances require,
be taken to include the plural number, and the masculine gender
shall include the feminine.

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[15]

BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.

1. In the interests of the Association it is desirable that the
President's Address in each year be printed previous to its
delivery.

2. In the event of there being at an Annual Meeting more
Papers than can be disposed of in one day, the reading of the
residue shall be continued the day following.

3. The pagination of the Transactions shall be in Arabic
numerals exclusively, and carried on consecutively, from the
beginning to the end of each volume ; and the Transactions of
each year shall form a distinct and separate volume.

4. The General Secretary shall bring to each Annual Meeting of
the Members a report of the number of copies in stock of each
' Part ' of the Transactions, with the price per copy of each ' Part '
specified ; and such report shall be printed in the Transactions next
after the Treasurer's financial statement.

5. The General Secretary shall prepare and bring to each
Annual Meeting brief Obituary Notices of Members deceased
during the previous year, and such notices shall be printed in the
Transactions.

6. An amount not less than eighty per cent, of all Compositions
received from existing Life Members of the Association shall be
applied in the purchase of National Stock, or such other security as
the Council may deem equally satisfactory, in the names of three
Trustees, to be elected by the Council.

7. At each of its Ordinary Meetings the Council shall deposit at
interest, in such bank as they shall decide on, and in the names of
the General Treasurer and General Secretary of the Association, all
uninvested Compositions received from existing Life-Members, all
uninvested prepaid Annual Subscriptions, and any part, or the
whole, of the balance derived from other sources which may be in
the Treasurer's hands after providing for all accounts passed for
payment at the said Meeting.

8. The General Secretary, on learning at any time between the
Meetings of the Council that the General Treasurer has a balance
in hand of not less than Forty Pounds after paying all Accounts
which the Council have ordered to be paid, shall direct that so
much of the said balance as will leave Twenty Pounds in the

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16 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.

Treasurer's hand be deposited at interest at the Capital and Counties
Bank, Ashburton.

9. The General Secretary may be authorized to spend any sum
not exceeding Twenty Pounds per annum in employing a clerk for
such work as may be found necessary ; and any sum not exceeding
Two Guineas for the preparation of an Index to each annual volume
of the Transactions.

10. Every candidate, admitted to Membership under Rule 4, shall
forthwith receive intimation that he has been admitted a Member,
subject to confirmation at the next General Meeting of Members ;
and the fact of the newly admitted Member's name appearing in
the next issue of the printed list of Members, will be a sufficient
intimation to him that his election has been confirmed. Pending
the issue of the Volume of Transactions containing the Rules of
the Association, the newly admitted Member shall be furnished by
the General Secretary with such extracts from the Rules as shall
be deemed necessary.

11. The reading of any Report or Paper shall not exceed twenty
minutes, or such part of twenty minutes as shall be decided by the
Council as soon as the Programme of Reports and Papers shall
have been settled, and in any discussion which may arise no speaker
shall be allowed to speak more than ten minutes.

12. Papers to be read at the Annual Meetings must strictly relate
to Devonshire, and, as well as all Reports intended to be printed
in the Transactions, and prepared by Committees appointed by the
Council, must, together with all drawings intended to be used in
illustrating them in the said Transactions, reach the General Secre-
tary's residence not later than the 24th day of June in each year.
The General Secretary shall, as soon as possible, return to the
Authors all such Papers or drawings as may be decided to be un-
suitable, and shall send the residue, together with the Reports of
Committees, to the Printers, who shall return the same, together
with a statement of the number of pages each of them would occupy
if printed in the said Transactions, as well as an estimate of the
extra cost of the printing of Tables, of any kind ; and the whole,
accompanied by an estimate of the probable number of Annual
Members for the year, shall be placed before the first Council
Meeting on the first day of the next ensuing Annual Meeting,
when the Council shall select such Papers as it may consider desir-
able to accept for reading, but the number of Papers accepted by
the Council shall not be greater than will, with the Reports of
Committees, make a total of forty Reports and Papers.

13. Papers communicated by Members for Non-Members, and
accepted by the Council, shall be placed in the List of Papers for
reading below those furnished by Members themselves.

14. Papers which have been accepted by the Council cannot be-
withdrawn without the consent of the Council.

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BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS. 17

15. The Council will do its best so to arrange Papers for
reading as to suit the convenience of the Authors ; but the place of
a Paper cannot be altered after the List has been settled by the
Council.

16. Papers which have already been printed in eoctenso cannot be
accepted unless they form part of the literature of a question on
which the Council has requested a Member or Committee to
prepare a report.

17. Every meeting of the Council shall be convened by Circular,
sent by the General Secretary to each Member of the Council not
less than ten days before the Meeting is held.

18. At the close of the Annual Meeting in every year there
shall be a meeting of the Council, and the Council shall then
decide what Reports and how many of the Papers accepted for
reading the funds of the Association, as reported by the Treasurer,
will permit of being printed in the volume of Transactions.

19. All Papers read to the Association which the Council shall
decide to print in extenao in the Transactions, shall be sent to the
printers, together with all drawings required in illustrating them,
on the day next following the close of the Annual Meeting at which
they were read.

20. All Papers read \o the Association which the Council shall
decide not to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be returned
to the Authors not later than the day next following the close of
the Annual Meeting at which they were read; and abstracts of such
Papers to be printed in the Transactions shall not exceed such
length as the General Secretary shall suggest in each case, and
must be sent to him on or before the seventh day after the close
of the Annual Meeting.

21. The Author of every Paper which the Council at any Annual
Meeting shall decide to print in the Transactions shall be expected
to pay for the preparation of all such illustrations as in his judgment
and that of the Council the said Paper may require. That is to
say, he shall pay for the preparation of all necessary drawings,
blocks, lithographic transfers or drawings on stone ; but the Associ-
ation will bear the cost of printing (by the Association's printers),
paper and binding; provided that should any such illustrations be
in colours or of a size larger than can be inserted in the volume
with a single fold, or be desired to be executed in any other process
than printing from the block or lithography, then in each and either
of these cases the author shall himself bear the whole cost of pro-
duction and printing, and should the Council so decide shall also
pay any additional charge that may properly be made for binding.

22. The printers shall do their utmost to print the Papers in the
Transactions in the order in which they were read, and shall return

VOL. XUII. B

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18 BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.

every Manuscript to the author as soon as it is in type, but not
before. They shall be returned intact, provided they are written
on loose sheets and on one side of the paper only.

23. Excepting mere verbal alterations, no Paper which has been
read to the Association shall be added to without the written
approval and consent of the General Secretary, or in the event of
there being two Secretaries of the one acting as Editor ; and no
additions shall be made except in the form of footnotes or brief
postscripts, or both.

24. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, all Meetings of
the Council shall be held at Exeter, unless some other place shall
have been decided on at the previous Council Meeting.

25. When the number of copies on hand of any Part of the
Transactions is reduced to twenty, the price per copy shall be
increased 25 per cent. ; and when the number has been reduced to
ten copies, the price shall be increased 50 per cent on the original
price.

26. After deducting the amount received by the sale of
Transactions from last year's valuation, and adding the value of
Transactions for the current year, a deduction of 10 per cent,
shall be every year made from the balance, and this balance, less
10 per cent., shall be returned as the estimated value of the
Transactions in stock for the current year.

27. The Association's Printers, but no other person, may reprint
any Committee's Eeport printed in the Transactions of the Associa-
tion, for any person, whether a Member of the said Committee, or
of the Association, or neither, on receiving, in each case, a written
permission to do so from the Honorary Secretary of the Association,
but not otherwise; that the said printers shall pay to the said
Secretary, for the Association, sixpence for every fifty Copies of
each half-sheet of eight pages of which the said Report consists;
that any number of copies less than fifty, or between two exact
multiples of fifty, shall be regarded as fifty; and any number of
pages less than eight, or between two exact multiples of eight,
shall be regarded as eight ; that each copy of such Reprints shall
have on its first page the words " Reprinted from the Transactions
of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science,

Literature, and Art for with the consent of the Council of

the Association," followed by the date of the year in which the
said Report was printed in the said Transactions, but that, with the
exception of printer's errors and changes in the pagination which
may be necessary or desirable, the said Reprint shall be in every
other respect an exact copy of the said Report as printed in the
said Transactions without addition, or abridgment, or modification
of any kind.

28. The Bye-Laws and Standing Orders shall be printed after
the ' Rules ' in the Transactions.

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BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS. 19

29. All resolutions appointing Committees for special service for
the Association shall be printed in the Transactions next before
the President's Address.

30. Members and Ladies holding Ladies' Tickets intending to
dine at the Association Dinner shall be requested to send their
names to the Honorary Local Secretary ; no other person shall be
admitted to the dinner, and no names shall be received after the
Monday next before the dinner.

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[20]

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

Presented to the General Meeting held at Dartmouth, 25th July, 1911.

The Council regrets to report the death of Dr. T. N. Brush-
field, a past President and one of the most prominent
members of the Association, which occurred on 28
November, 1910.

At the Winter Meeting of the Council, which was held
on 23 February, 1911, in addition to the usual routine
business, Messrs. Harbottle Reed and George Edward
Windeatt were appointed co-Trustees of the Association,
with the Rev. William Harpley, vice Messrs. Peter Fabyan
Sparke Amery and Joshua Brooking Rowe, deceased.
The following amendments to the Bye-laws were made, viz. :
In Bye-law 9 the annual allowance for clerical assistance for
the Hon. Secretary was raised from ten to twenty pounds,
and a sum not exceeding two guineas sanctioned for the
cost of preparing the Index to each annual volume of the
Transactions. In Bye-law 23 the word " footnotes " was
substituted for " notes," and the words " brief postscripts "
for " postscripts." Also, a small Committee, with Mr. W. P.
Hiern as Secretary (page 35), was appointed to revise the
Rules and Bye-laws of the Association, and with the object
of saving expense in the cost of printing the annual
volume of Transactions and of accelerating its passage
through the press, it was decided to discontinue the
practice of submitting slip or galley proofs, so that, in
future, authors will receive for correction a proof in page
form only, which will be in triplicate.

A copy of Vol. XLII of the Transactions has been sent to
every member not in arrears with his or her subscription,
and to the following societies, namely — the Royal Society ,.
the Society of Antiquaries, the Linnean Society, the Royal
Institution, the Royal Anthropological Institute, the
Geological Society, the Library of the British Museum,
the British Museum Natural History Society, the Bodleian

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EBPOBT OF THE COUNCIL. 21

Library, the University Library, Cambridge, the Devon
and Exeter Institution, the Plymouth Institution, the
Natural History Society, Torquay, the North Devon
Athenaeum, Barnstaple, and the Royal Institution of
Cornwall, Truro,

The stock of back parts is now : —

1902 Transactions, Vol. XXXIV
Wills, Part IV .
Index to Vol. XXXIV

1903 Transactions, Vol. XXXV .
Wills, Part V

1904 Transactions, Vol. XXXVI .
Wills, Part VI .

1905 Transactions, Vol. XXXVII
Wills, Part VII . .

1906 Transactions, Vol. XXXVIII
Wills, Part VIII .

1907 Transactions, Vol. XXXIX .
(No Wills issued)

1908 Transactions, Vol. XL .
Wills, Part IX . . .

1909 Transactions, Vol. XII
(No Wills issued)

1910 Transactions, Vol. XLII
Wills, Part X

Max,wbll Adams,

Hon. General Secretary,

59
64

copies

26
27

99
99

42
43

99
99

59
61

99
99

22
25

99
99

69
68

99
99

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[ 22]

PROCEEDINGS AT THE FIFTIETH ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION.

Held at Dartmouth, 25th to 28th July, 1911.

After an interval of forty-two years the Association
has again visited Dartmouth, the last occasion on which
an Annual Meeting was held here being in 1869, with the
late Mr. G. P. Bidder, the famous mathematician and
engineer, as President. It may be of interest to note in
passing that on 22 July, 1869, in the seventh year of its
existence, the total membership of the Association was
246, while on the same date in the present year it
was 568, and of the names in the list for 1869 only nine
are to be found in the list for 1911. The popularity
of Dartmouth as a place of meeting was amply testified
by the large attendance of members this year, -the
gathering being perhaps a record, especially on the
first day.

The Council Meeting was held at the Guildhall, at
2 p.m., on Tuesday, 25 July, followed by the General
Meeting, under the presidency of Sir Roper Lethbridge,
who drew attention to the satisfactory condition of the
funds of the Association, remarking that the members
had been given last year a larger volume of Transactions
than usual, and that there was still a balance in hand
of over £75. Sixty -three new members were also
elected.

At 4.15 p.m. the members adjourned to the large hall
of the Subscription Rooms, where the Mayor and Corpora-
tion held a reception. His Worship was supported on the
platform by his chaplain, Rev. H. F. Tracey, Aldermen
W. J. Grant, R. Row, F. Follett, Councillors W. H. Burt,

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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 23

R. Palfrey, J. Scammell, P. Finlay, J. T. Nance, C. N.
Ffolliott, and the Town Clerk.

The Mayor, in his robes and chain of office, before whom
were arranged the ancient Maces and the historic Silver
Oar, addressing the members, said : "Mr. President, Ladies
and Gentlemen, — In the name of the Corporation I have
great pleasure in bidding you all a hearty welcome to Dart-
mouth. It is now many years since our ancient borough
received the honour of a visit from the Devonshire Associa-
tion, but if there be any truth in the old adage that ' ab-
sence makes the heart grow fonder ' I venture to hope that
this visit, so long delayed, may prove especially en-
joyable, and that the memory of it may be fondly
cherished."

Sir Roper Lethbridge said as the senior ex-President
of the Association present, he had been asked to express
to the Mayor and the Corporation and the inhabitants of
Dartmouth their warm appreciation of the honour done
their Association in inviting them so cordially to the
borough. It was, as his Worship had remarked, some
years since they last came to Dartmouth, but he was sure
they would find it was, as he had hoped, a case of absence
making the heart grow fonder. They had longed to come
back to Dartmouth, and their ambition had been gratified.
There was no doubt there was no other town in Devon
with the exception of the ancient capital Exeter, that
appealed more strongly to the members of the Association.
They had one of the finest ports on the coast of England.
They were at the entrance to the most beautiful river,
perhaps, in all the world. They had an unrivalled situation
in many ways, but the chief thing that appealed to them
was the extraordinary historical importance that attached
to their ancient borough. The annals of Dartmouth were
the annals of the navy of England, and that, especially
at this moment, warmed their hearts. They came there
and they found Dartmouth, as in the old times, was
always ready to stand by her King and her country ; so
they had now the same spirit that appealed to the hearts
of the real, sound Dartmouth men of old. Long, long ago,
in the early French wars, Dartmouth contributed some
of the finest seamen of the whole of the British Empire.
The names of our great sailors were associated with the
port, including Ralegh, Drake, and the other old sea-dogs

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24 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.

of Devon. They knew and loved their Dartmouth. They
were delighted to come to the town to renew all those
associations. In some of the papers which would be read
to them they would go back through the ages and consider
those historical events that made Dartmouth of such
infinite importance to the British Empire. In the old
French wars Dartmouth was burnt, but Dartmouth burnt
in return, and wherever the enemies of England were, there
the Dartmouth sailors and the ships followed them, and
they took care to destroy their country's enemies wherever
they met them. In the spacious times of the great Queen
Bess the men of Dartmouth largely furnished the New-
foundland fleet, and followed the Spaniards of the great
Armada all the way up Channel and helped to destroy it,
and no port in England did more in that connection than
did Dartmouth. And that was a sufficient reason for the
Association to be grateful to the Corporation for inviting
them there. And in the later history of England, in the
reigns of Queen Victoria and King Edward, and now in
the reign of King George, Dartmouth was admirably
playing her part in the navy. In the old days Dartmouth
was the cradle and nursery of the sea-dogs of Devon, and in
these days she was the cradle and nursery of the finest fleet
and sailors in the whole world in the great college that
was in her midst. Dartmouth had done her duty in the
past, both herself and in the person of those young navy
men who were trained there for the great work that was
before them. They were proud to think that those who
were now being trained at Dartmouth would admirably
fulfil the old traditions, and were determined that the sun
should never set on the British Empire, and that wherever
the enemies of Great Britain were found they would follow
them and destroy them.

The members then drove to the Royal Naval College,
where they were entertained at tea by Capt. Hugh Evan-
Thomas, b.n., m.v.o., in the Cricket Field, and after tea
conducted by him and the officers of the Royal Naval
College over the Grounds and College Buildings. The
kindness and hospitality of Capt. Evan-Thomas and his
officers, who were most assiduous in their attentions and
who explained everything with the greatest courtesy, were
much appreciated. The visit to this great Naval College
proved of the highest interest, and the best thanks of the
Association are due to Capt. Evan-Thomas for according

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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 25

the members a privilege which will leave many lasting
-and pleasant memories.

Later in the afternoon some of the members visited
St. Saviour's Church, Dartmouth, where they were re-
ceived by the Vicar, the Rev. H. F. Tracey.

At 9 p.m. the President, Robert Burnard, Esq., f.s.a.,
who was introduced by Sir Alfred Croft, delivered his
address in the Subscription Rooms (see pp. 44-62).

On Wednesday, 26 July, the reading of the Reports
and Papers printed in this volume was commenced, at
10 a.m., with the President in the Chair.

At 3.30 p.m. the members drove to Dartmouth Castle,
where Mr. Maxwell Adams read a short paper on The
Manor House, St. Petrols Church, and the Castle. 1 The
visitors inspected the interior of the Castle, the story of
which was eloquently told by Sergeant T. Lawson, b.g.a.,
the custodian. Afterwards members proceeded to the
beautifully situated residence of the Mayor and Mayoress
♦(Mr. and Mrs. E. Lort-Phillips), Gunfield, where a garden-
party was held. The Borough Band played selections
whilst the party was in progress. After the garden-party
the visitors embarked in boats to inspect Brookhill Gardens,
Kingswear, and Kingswear Castle, by permission of Mrs.
Wilkins and Rev. Harold Burton, respectively.

At 9 p.m., in the Subscription Rooms, Mr. R. Hansford
Worth, MEM.INST.O.E., f.g.s., who was introduced by
the President, delivered his lecture, illustrated with
lantern slides, on The Stannaries : the Story of the Western
Tin Miner, his Privileges and his Methods, in the course of
which he said : —

" The beginnings of tin-working in Devon and Cornwall
are lost in prehistoric obscurity. There is evidence that
tin was being sought and smelted at a time when the
land was 30 feet higher relative to the sea than at the
present. And there is no evidence that within the historic
period land and sea have ever appreciably varied from their
•existing relative levels.

" In Roman times we have knowledge of an oversea
•commerce in the metal, but none of any Roman dominion
or control. In Saxon days the tin works were certainly
continued, as shown by the discovery of Anglo-Saxon

1 See Trans. Devon. Assoc., Vol. XXXII, p. 503 (1900).

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26 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.

ornaments in some of the old workings. But of the
status and privileges of the tinner himself, the growth of
his customary law, we know nothing until the Stannaries
emerge as an institution already well founded in the
year 1197.

" It is of the Stannaries as an institution, rather than
of tin-working as an industry, of customs and privileges
rather than of methods and technic, that the present lecture
takes cognizance.

" The subject is appropriate to the locality. The valley
of the Dart has always been a centre of the industry in
Devon. In 1 198, when William de Wrotham made inquiry,
on the oaths of twenty-six wise and discreet jurors, con-
cerning the weights by which the tin was weighed, and
the custom due to the King— one of the jurors was Osbert
Prigge of Ashburton, and another was Walter le Bon of
Totnes.

" In 1305 Ashburton was one of the three towns in
Devon where tin, white or black, was to be weighed and
coined, and we know that as early as 1199 tin had been
coined at Ashburton.

u For one year, 1391, Dartmouth was the staple port
for the exportation of tin.

" In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries tin works
must have been many and busy in the valley of the Dart,
since Dartmouth is one of the ports specifically mentioned
in Acts of Henry VIII and Elizabeth as being in danger of
silting up consequent on the waste sand or tailings of the
tin borne down by the rivers of Devon.

" In 1706 one piece only of tin was coined at Ashburton ;
the end was near, but Stannary Courts were held for many
years subsequently, and even now tin is worked at Birch
Tor, Golden Dagger, and Hexworthy.

"The Commission of de Wrotham in 1197-8 was to
inquire into usages and customs already existent ; its find-
ing and his recommendations alike show that a privileged
class of tinners had already come into being, whatever was
taken from or added to these privileges by Charters, Royal
or otherwise, the origin of the Stannary jurisdiction was
customary and not by charter. Its growth was already
advanced when the feudal social order was but young.

" Villeinage, the attachment of natives to the land and
villeinage at large, the attachment to the persons of their
lords as chattels, were features of early society to which

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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 27

the manorial lords clung as to precious privilege. The
manorial ideal was never perfected, since free tenants
there always were. But within the Stannaries of Devon
and Cornwall there was set over against the rights of the
lords of the soil the privileges of the tinners.

"Any lord's villein could become his own master by
laying out a tin bounds and properly registering it. He
might even lay his bounds within his own lord's land, and
there work without let or hindrance. ' Poor as a tinner '
came in after-times to be proverbial, but freedom at least
attached to the occupation.

" Your tinner was the Bang's villein and no serf ; he
might dig tin and turfs for smelting it at all times, freely
and peaceably, and without hindrance from any man,
everywhere on the moors and in the fees of bishops,
abbots, and counts ; he might buy faggots and divert
streams for his purpose, and he need leave his work at the
summons of no man unless the Chief Warden of the
Stannaries or his bailiff. He owed suit to no court but
that of. the Stannaries, none but a Stannary writ ran
against him except in pleas in life or limb. He was quit
of all tolls, stallages, ayds, and other customs in the
towns, ports, fairs, and markets. He must be arrested
by his own warden and imprisoned in his own prison. In
the event of a dispute on any matter arising within the
Stannaries the determination lay with his own court,
although the other party might be no tinner but a
' foreigner.'

" In short, he was a pestilent blot on a system otherwise
admirable for those in power, and the conflict was constant
between the tinner using and sometimes misusing his
freedom, and the manorial lords and ' foreigners ' seek-
ing to restrict his license and reduce him to villein's
place.

u The complaints of the ' foreigners ' are constant ;
they adduce terrific evidence of evil, the tinners even
seize and imprison the King's bailiffs sent to levy his
debts, and hold them to ransom ; they dig up gardens,
appropriate the lords' dues, persuade others to abstain
from attending the Hundred courts and distrain the very
tithing men that they do not attend and make present-
ments as they should.

" All was not well with feudalism in the West, and the
worst fact, and one which rendered the feudal plaints of

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28 PEOCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.

small avail, lay in the Crown's advantage derived from
the attraction of tinners to the works. The more tinners
the more tin, consequently the more dues and an en-
hanced exchequer. The enlightened self-interest of the
Crown was with the Stannaries.

" The conflict was long and its fortunes varied, but in
the end absolute triumph was with the Stannaries.

" The financial methods of the early tinners have left
their trace on local mining even to the present, and
instances are given which cannot well be set forth in
abstract.

" A manuscript book, the property of the late Dr.
Brushfield, f.s.a., is an important record of wages and
working agreements in the latter part of the sixteenth
century. The average wage of a tinner working by the
year was £4 6s. 8d. By the week he received, in 1579, 2s.
He frequently made contracts to work half tin, half wage,
in which case his earnings depended on the richness of the
work. In some cases he took the work and agreed to
pay a certain proportion of the tin raised to the master
tinner.

"The profits of his working were not large at this time.
But the Church itself speculated in it, and at Chagford
the wardens in sixty-nine years, between 1480 and 1597
(the complete accounts have not been preserved), paid
out in respect of tin works, £116 19s. 7jd., and received
£194 13s. l£d., leaving a balance in favour of the parish of
£77 13s. 5£d., or an annual profit of about £1 2s. 6d.

" With the exhaustion of the stream works Devon
ceased to produce the metal on any important scale, and
now is practically negligible as a tin-producing district."

At 10 a.m. on Thursday, 27 July, the reading of Papers
was resumed, followed by the General Meeting, at which
Sir Alfred Croft moved that the best thanks of the Associa-
tion be accorded to the Mayor and Corporation and the
Local Reception Committee for the excellent arrangements
they had made for the comfort and entertainment of the
members, and said they owed special thanks to the Mayor
and Mayoress for the graceful hospitality Mr. and Mrs.
Lort-Phillips had extended to them. He understood
Mr. Lort-Phillips had travelled much and had won fame
by many encounters in various parts of the world with
savage beasts, but they were glad to see he had returned

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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 29

with health and vigour unimpaired to enjoy his well-earned
leisure in what he thought was one of the most beautiful
corners in the county of Devon. The members would all
long remember the hospitality which they enjoyed the
previous day at Gunfield. He would also like to extend
a similar tribute of thanks to the Eev. Harold Burton for
his kindness. Major Tucker seconded, and the vote was
carried with acclamation.

Mr. Hansford Worth proposed a vote of thanks to the
local hon. secretary (Mr. S. J. Pope) and the local hon.
treasurer (Mr. A. R. Gregory) for their efficient services,
Mr. Worth mentioning that he believed it was the first
time that a local secretary had to combine a knowledge of
Alpine climbing with that of naval manoeuvres. Mr.
Edward Windeatt seconded, and expressed his personal
thanks to the Town Clerk for having induced the Corpora-
tion to lend him the index of charters prepared by Mr.
Stuart Moore.

Sir Roper Lethbridge moved a vote of thanks to Capt.
Hugh Evan-Thomas, r.n., m.v.o., and the officers of the
Royal Naval College " that was now set up for the training
of the future heroes of the British service." Sir Roper
spoke of the hospitality which the captain and officers had
extended to them, and expressed the opinion that the
cadets were receiving the finest training in the world.

The Council Meeting followed, and in the afternoon the
members went for an excursion up the River Dart to
Totnes. On reaching Sharpham some of the party landed
at the boat-house and were hospitably entertained by
Mr. and Mrs. Oxley Durant-Parker. In the house the
splendid oval staircase, the magnificent Dresden china
and old furniture were much admired, while in the gardens
and grounds the botanists of the party noted the fine
avenue, a cork tree with a superb trunk, a Scotch fir that
can scarcely be equalled, a liquidamber gum tree, five feet
high (exceeding those at Kew), and the polygala, a re-
markable flowering shrub. The remainder of the party
proceeded to Totnes, where tea was awaiting them at the
Seven Stars Hotel, after which the return voyage to
Dartmouth was made, stopping en route to pick up the
Sharpham contingent.

In the evening the members were entertained at a Con-
versazione in the Subscription Rooms, given by the Local
Reception Committee, with the Mayor as Chairman. The

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30 PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.

large hall was gaily bedecked with flags and the borough
banners, and on the platform were arranged choice plants
from the Corporation gardens. There was a large number
of guests, who were individually received by his Worship*
While the guests were assembling the band of the Royal
Naval College, under the conductorship of Mr. R. Castle-
man, played a delightful selection, " The Chocolate
Soldier " (Straus), and three dances, " Nell Gwyn "
(German). The next item of the programme was productive
of much interest, Mr. W. Lloyd Price, -m. a., contributing
some Devon vernacular. The next — a vocal item — was
peculiarly appropriate at a gathering of the Devon Associa-
tion, and Mr. W. R. Wedlake treated the audience to a very
fine rendering of " Glorious Devon." That the song was
vastly appreciated and appealed to the gathering was
made apparent by the hearty applause which was ac-
corded it. The next number was a violin solo, ad-
mirably played by Mr. Lawrence. A delightful recital
of folk-songs and chanties by Mr. Charlie Coombes and the
Bayard's Cove Mission men, respectively, followed, Mr.
H. E. Piggott contributing some introductory remarks.
Mr. J. W. Mercer delighted the audience with a recitation,
and Mr. W. R. Wedlake was heartily applauded for his
rendering of " Drake's Drum." The College band con-
cluded the programme with the National Anthem. Miss
E. Whittle accompanied.

On Friday, 28 July, a large party started in brakes,
motors, and other vehicles from the Royal Castle Hotel,
Dartmouth, at 10 a.m., professedly for Slapton village ;
but owing to some mischance some of the conveyances
missed their destination and proceeded to Torcross and
even to Stokenham. An excellent lunch was provided in
the Slapton Village Schoolroom, after which some sections
of the party were hospitably received by Miss Packe at
Asherne, and by General Stokes, in whose grounds are
situated the ruins of Slapton Priory ; while others pro-
ceeded to Widdicombe House, Stokenham, where they
were welcomed by Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Holdsworth and
entertained at tea. On the return journey, all parties
having united by this time, a halt was made at Deer Park,
Stoke Fleming,, the residence of C. Peek, Esq., where they
were again regaled with tea, which proved very welcome
after a hot drive and the many adventures of the day,
which, in spite of all, proved a very enjoyable one.

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PROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING. 31

The party returned to Dartmouth about 7 p.m., and
80 the meeting of 1911 was brought to a close. It was
remarkable for the high merit of the Papers submitted and
a large attendance, and on the whole was a successful
meeting, being favoured with very fine weather.

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[32]

Treasurer's Report of Receipts and Expenditure

•Recetpte.

£ M.

£ t.

By Subscriptions : —

1908-9(16)

8 8

1910(402)

. 211 1

2 Life Compositions at £5 5s.

•

10 10
219 9

,, Dividends — £350 India 3 per cent

9 16

„ „ £300 Consols

7 1

„ „ Bank Interest

2 14 11

19 12

Authors' Excess under Rule 29 : —

„ Mr. T. Foster

„ Mr. H. Montagu Evans

12 10

,, The late Dr. Brushfield

„ Mr. G. B. Savery .

,, The Rev. O. J. Reichel

2 11

„ The Rev. E. S. Chalk

2 10

,, Mr. J. J. Alexander

1 2

9 6
10 8

„ Discount from Messrs. Brendon

,, Sale of Transactions

•

3 16

273 2

„ Balance from 1908 account

35 5

„ Balance from 1909 account

. 50 5

85 11

358 13

Balance brought down

£85 18 6

JOHN S. AMERY, Hon. General Treasurer.

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[ 33]

for the Year ending Zlst December, 1910.

£ m. d. £ s. d.

jesptttDtture,

To Messrs. Brendon and Son, printing Notices,

Cards, etc. . .670

„ Messrs. Smith, 6s. 4d. ; Dent, 6s. 6d. ; Pearse,4s. 16 10

„ Secretary's Expenses 15 12 5

and Assistant . 10

7 3 10

25 12 5
,, Treasurer's Expenses 2 15

»> Wright, Illustrating Lecture

,, Record Society, Devon Wills, Part X .

„ Messrs. Brendon and Son, Ltd. : —

Printing Vol. XLII, 575 copies, 587 pp.
Authors' Reprints, 25 Copies each
Addressing, packing, and postage

„ Insurance of stock to 31st December, 1911
Balance ....

28 7

. 1 4

•

. 10 10

L92 7

13 14

18 7

— 224 8

•

. 1 1

272 15

. 85 18

£358 13 6

Life Composition to be invested in India 3 per cent

or Consols . . . . . 10 10

Actual Balance . . . 75 8 6

85 18 6

Examined with Vouchers, and found to be correct, vrith a balance of
£85 18*. td. in favour of the Association, this 14£A day of July, 1911.

{Signed) ROBERT C. TUCKER,

Auditor.

VOL. XLI1I.

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[34]

SELECTED MINUTES OF OOUNCIL APPOINTING
COMMITTEES.

Pasted at the Meeting at Dartmouth, 25th July, 1911.

That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. Robert Burnard, Sir A. Croft,
Rev. W. Harpley, and Sir Roper Lethbridge be a Committee for
the purpose of considering at what place the Association shall
hold its Meeting in 1913, who shall be invited to be the Officers
for 1912, and who shall be invited to fill any official vacancy or
vacancies which may occur before the Annual Meeting in 1912;
that Mr. Maxwell Adams be the Secretary ; and that the Committee
be requested to report to the next Winter Meeting of the Council,
and, if necessary, to the first Meeting of the Council to be held in
July, 1912.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. Robert Burnard, Mr. E. A. S.
Elliot, Mr. H. Montagu Evans, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. C. E.
Robinson, and Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse be a Committee for the
purpose of noting the discovery or occurrence of such facts in any
department of scientific inquiry, and connected with Devonshire,
as it may be desirable to place on permanent record, but which
may not be of sufficient importance in themselves to form the
subjects of separate papers ; and that Mr. C. E. Robinson be the
Secretary.

That Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. G. M.
Doe, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. J. S. Neck, Mrs. G. H. Radford,
Mrs. Rose-Troup, and Mr. H. B. S. Woodhouse be a Committee for
the purpose of collecting notes on Devonshire Folk-lore ; and that
Mrs. G. H. Radford be the Secretary.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. J. F. Chanter, Mr. R. Pearse Chope,
Miss C. E. Larter, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. G. D. Melhuish,
Rev. 0. J. Reichel, Miss Helen Saunders, and Mrs. Rose-Troup be
a Committee for the purpose of noting and recording the existing
use of any Verbal Provincialisms in Devonshire, in either written
or spoken language; and that Mr. C. H. Laycock and the Rev.
0. J. Reichel be the Secretaries.

That Rev. S. Baring-Gould, Mr. R. Burnard, Rev. J. F. Chanter,
and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect and record
facts relating to Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps, where
possible, for their investigation ; and that Mr. R. Hansford Worth
be the Secretary.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. A H. Dymond, Rev. W.
Harpley, and Mr. R. C. Tucker be a Committee for the pur-
pose of making arrangements for an Association Dinner or any

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RESOLUTIONS APPOINTING COMMITTEES. 35

other form of evening entertainment as they may think best in
consultation with the local Committee ; and that Mr. K. C. Tucker
be the Secretary.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Mr. Thomas
Wainwright, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Committee to collect
and tabulate trustworthy and comparable observations on the
Climate of Devon ; and that Mr. R. Hansford Worth be the
Secretary.

That Sir Roper Lethbridge, Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Mr. William
Davies, Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, B.D., and Mr. E. Windeatt be a
Committee for the purpose of investigating and reporting on any
Manuscripts, Records, or Ancient Documents existing in, or relating
to, Devonshire, with the nature of their contents, their locality,
and whether in public or private hands ; and that Mr. E. Windeatt
be the Secretary.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. R. Burnard, Rev. S. Baring-
Gould, Mr. J. D. Pode, and Mr. R. Hansford Worth be a Com-
mittee for the purpose of exploring Dartmoor and the Camps in
Devon; and that the Rev. S. Baring-Gould be the Secretary.

That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. Professor
Chapman, Sir Alfred W. Croft, Mr. C. H. Laycock, Rev. 0. J.
Reichel, Mrs. Rose-Troup, Dr. Arthur B. Prowse, Mr. William
Davies, Miss H. Saunders, and Mr. W. A. Francken be a Com-
mittee to consider the matter of preparing, according to the
best methods, an Index to the First Series (Vols. I-XXX) of
the Transactions; that Mr. J. S. Amery be the Secretary; and
that this Committee have power to add to their number.

That Mr. Maxwell Adams, Mr. J. S. Amery, Rev. G.
Goldney Baker, Rev. Chancellor Edmonds, Mr. T. Cann Hughes,
Sir Roper Lethbridge, Rev. 0. J. Reichel, Mr. A. J. V. Radford,
Mr. Harbottle Reed, Mr. George E. Windeatt, and Rev. J. F.
•Chanter be a Committee, with power to add to their number, to
prepare a detailed account of the Church Plate of the Diocese of
Exeter ; and that Mr. Harbottle Reed and the Rev. J. F. Chanter
be the joint Secretaries.

That Miss Rose E. Carr-Smith, Honble. Mrs. Colborne, Sir
Alfred Croft, Mr. W. P. Hiern, Miss C. E. Larter, Mr. C. H.
Laycock, Dr. H. G, Peacock, Miss C. Peck, Dr. A. B. Prowse,
Mr. C. E. Robinson, Mr. A. Sharland, Miss Helen Saunders, and
Mr. T. Wainwright be a Committee, with power to add to their
number, for the purpose of investigating matters connected with
the Flora and Botany of Devonshire, and that such Committee
report from time to time the results of their investigations; and
that Mr. W. P. Hiern be the Secretary.

That Messrs. Maxwell Adams, G. M. Doe, W. P. Hiern, and
E. Windeatt be a Committee to revise the Rules and Bye-Laws of
the Association ; and that Mr. W. P. Hiern be the Secretary.

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[36]

Obituary Notices.

Thomas Nadauld Brushfield. By the death of Dr.
Brushfield the Association suffers an irreparable loss.
One of its most active and prominent members, he was a
regular contributor to its Transactions, and a constant
attendant at its Annual Meetings, where his genial presence
and good-humour will be greatly missed.

Dr. Brushfield belonged to an old Derbyshire family.
His father, Thomas Brushfield, was born at Ashford, in
Derbyshire, and subsequently became Deputy-lieutenant
of the Tower of London and a magistrate within its
Liberties. Dr. Brushfield was born in London on 10
December, 1828, and was educated at Buckhurst Hill,
in Essex. He matriculated at the London University
with Honours, and entered the London Hospital as a
Student in 1845, where three gold medals were awarded
to him ; one for medicine in 1849, given by the Governors
of the Hospital ; another for Chemistry in the Session of
1846-7, and the third for Physiology in the Session of
1848-9, the two last being given by the School of Medicine.
He became M.R.C.S. and L.S.A. in 1850, and was ap-
pointed House Surgeon at the Hospital in the same year.
In 1851 he was appointed House Surgeon at the Chester
Lunatic Asylum, having gained his first experience in
Lunacy at the Bethnal House Asylum under Dr. Millar.
In 1854 he became Medical Superintendent of the Chester
Asylum and was the first to be made Resident there.
In 1862 he took the degree of M.D. at St. Andrews
University, and in 1864 resigned his post at Chester to
take up the appointment of Medical Superintendent of
the Surrey County Asylum at Brookwood. As at this
date the building of that institution had not been com-
menced, Dr. Brushfield was able to advise in the matter of
its arrangement, so that the plans were drawn up mainly
after his own ideas and to a great extent under his super-
vision. Later on a Cottage Hospital was erected in the

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OBITUARY NOTICES. 37

grounds on a plan devised entirely by himself. By this
time he was a recognized authority in Lunacy and one of
the pioneers of the non-restraint system. While at
Chester he abolished the use of straps, collars, strait
waistcoats, and other apparatus of a like nature, all being
burnt in the Asylum yard by his orders. He also intro-
duced amusements for the patients, brightened the wards
with pictures and inaugurated dances, concerts, and
theatricals for their benefit ; and as he himself excelled in
/these accomplishments, he often took part in the per-
formances.

In 1882 he resigned his appointment at Brook wood
and settled at Budleigh Salterton, where he purchased
the house called " The Cliff," which he enlarged, and there
was collected his magnificent library of over 10,000
volumes, one of the finest in Devonshire. Here, too, after
his retirement, he devoted himself to literary work. His
chief medical works were Medical Certificates of Insanity,
which appeared in The Lancet in 1880, and Some Practical
Hints on the Symptoms, Treatment, and Medico-Legal
Aspects of Insanity, a Paper read before the Chester
Medical Society in 1890.

But archaeology claimed the greatest share of his atten-
tion, as his numerous contributions to the Journals and
Transactions of various learned and scientific societies
testify. The chief of these was the Transactions of the
Devonshire Association, scarcely a year passing without
one or more papers from his able pen appearing in the
annual volume. He was also a frequent contributor to
Notes and Queries, The Western Antiquary, Devon Notes
and Queries, Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries, and
other kindred publications.

His chief contributions to the literature of Devonshire
were : A Bibliography of Sir Walter Ralegh (1st ed., 1886 ;
2nd ed., 1908), and the following papers which appeared
in the Transactions of the Devonshire Association, viz. :
A Bibliography of the Rev. Oeorge Oliver, D.D., of Exeter
(1885) ; The Bishopric of Exeter, 1419-20 : a Contribution
to the History of the See (1886) ; Andrew Brice and the
Early Exeter Newspaper Press (1888) ; Who wrote the
" Exmoor Scolding and Courtship " ? (1888) ; The Literature
of Devonshire up to the year 1 640 ( 1 893) ; Richard Izaclee and
his "Antiquities of Exeter" (1893); Devonshire Briefs,
Parts I and II (1896-6) ; Description of a Perforated

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38 OBITUARY NOTICES.

Stone Implement found in the Parish of East Budleigh
(1890) ; Notes on the Parish of East Budleigh (1890) ;
The Church of All Saints, East Budleigh, Parts I-III (1891,
1892, 1894) ; The Churchwardens' Accounts of East Bud-
leigh (1894) ; Raleghana, Parts I-VIII (1896, 1898, 1900,
1902-7) ; The Birthplace of Sir Walter Ralegh (1889) ;
Notes on the Ralegh Family (1883) ; Sir Walter Ralegh : a
Plea for a Surname (1886); Sir Walter Ralegh and his
''History of the World" (1887); Ralegh Miscellanea,
Parts I and II (1909-10) ; The Destruction of Vermin in
Rural Parishes (1897) ; John Sixtinus, Archpriest of
Haccombe, Sixteenth Century (1902) ; Aids to the Poor in a
Rural Parish (1899) ; The Financial Diary of a Citizen
of Exeter, 1631-43 (1901).

His contributions to the Journal of the British Archaeo-
logical Association were : On Norman Tympana, with
especial reference to those of Derbyshire (1900) ; Derbyshire
Funeral Garlands (1899) ; Arbor Low (1899) ; Britain's
Burse, or the New Exchange (1903) ; Notes on the Punish-
ment known as "The Drunkard's Cloak" of Newcastle-on-
Tyne (1888) ; Ashford Church (1900).

To the tjhester Archaeological Society's Journal he
contributed: On Obsolete Punishments, with particular
reference to those of Cheshire : — Part I, The Brank, or Scold's
Bridle (1858), Part II, The Cucking Stool and Allied
Punishments (1861) ; The Rows of Chester (1893) ; The
Roman Remains of Chester, with a particular Description
of those discovered in Bridge Street in July, 1863 (1868) ;
The Salmon Clause in the Indentures of Apprentices (1896).

His other archaeological works were : Tideswell or
Tideslow (Derbyshire Archaeol. Soc., 1905) ; Photograph
of a letter of Sir Walter Ralegh (Pros., Soc. Antiquaries,
1889) ; Discoveries in East Budleigh Church, Devonshire
(ibid., 1892) ; The Origin of the Surname of Brushfield
(" The Reliquary," 1886) ; Tew Trees in Churchyards
" Antiquities and Curiosities of the Church," ed. by
W. Andrews, 1897).

Dr. Brushfield was also one of the principal readers for
Dr. Murray's New English Dictionary, and contributed
no less than 72,000 references for that work.

Dr. Brushfield was a great admirer of Sir Walter Ralegh,
and devoted a great part of his life to researches into
matters connected with the life and history of that
unfortunate knight, whose character he succeeded in

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OBITUARY NOTICES. 39

completely vindicating. He became the greatest living
authority on Sir Walter Ralegh, and was recognized as
such by the authorities of the British Museum.

He joined this Association in 1882, and held the office
of President in 1893, when he delivered his Presidential
Address on the Literature of Devonshire before the year
1640, which is a monument of research and erudition.
He was a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and a local
Secretary of that body. He was also ex-President of the
Devonshire Branch of the British Medical Association,
and a member of the Chester Medical Society ; of the
Medico-Psychological Association ; of the British Archaeo-
logical Association ; the Chester Archaeological Society,
the Derbyshire Archaeological Society, the Teign Natural-
ists' Field Club, and the Torquay Natural History Society.
. In the local affairs of Budleigh Salterton he took a
great interest, and was at one time a member, of the Urban
District Council, and took a leading part in the building
and organization of the Cottage Hospital, of which he was
Vice-Ptesident and one of the Trustees for the first ten
years. He was also a Director of the Budleigh Salterton
Railway Company from its inception to the day of his
death.

Local amusements also claimed a share of his attention.
He was for many years Hon. Secretary of the Tennis Club,
and took an active part in promoting concerts and amateur
theatricals.

He married on 5 August, 1859, Hannah, daughter of
Mr. John Davis, of London, by whom he had issue five sons
and four daughters. His wife, three sons, and three
daughters survive him.

Dr. Brushfield died on 28 November, 1910, in his eighty-
second year, and was buried at Budleigh Salterton.

Rev. Roger Granville. The Rev. Roger Granville
was the fifth son of Mr. Bernard Granville, of Wellesbourne,
Warwickshire, by his second wife, who was the younger
daughter of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, and was born on
6 February, 1848. Educated at Wellington College and
Durham University, he took his B.A. degree in 1869 and
proceeded to M.A. in 1874. He was ordained deacon in
1871 and priest in 1872. He was Vicar of Charlecote, 1875
to 1878, when he became Rector of Bideford, where he
remained till his retirement in 1896. He was appointed

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40 * OBITUARY NOTICES,

Prebendary of Exeter Cathedral in 1902, and upon the
death of the Rev. Preb. Tudor, in 1907, became Sub-Dean.
He was a descendant of Sir Richard Grenville of the
Revenge, and was author of a History of the Granville
Family and of The Orenvilles, a Race of Fighters, and was
associated with the late Mr. W. E. Mugford in the pro-
duction of a valuable work, viz. Volume I of the Abstracts
of the Existing Transcripts of the Lost Parish Registers of
Devon, 1596-1644, published in 1908. He joined the Asso-
ciation in 1893, and contributed to the Transactions a
paper on A History of the Church of St. Mary, Bideford,
and some of its Rectors, in 1902.

He married, in 1870, Matilda Jane, daughter of Mr.
Alexander Liebert, of Swinton Hall, Lancashire, and by
her had issue one son and one daughter.

He died at his residence, Pilton House, Pinhoe, on
16 July, 1911.

Alexander Henry Abercromb y Hamilton. Mr. Hamil-
ton, of Fairfield, Exeter, was the third son of Mr. Alexander
Hamilton Hamilton, j.p., d.l., of The Retreat, Topsham,
and Hullerhurst, Ayrshire. He was educated at Exmouth,
Eton, and Christ Church College, Oxford, taking the degree
of B.A. He married, in 1854, Sophia Anne Adelaide,
daughter of Sir Robert Abercromby, of Forglen, Aberdeen-
shire, and had two sons — Rev. Robert Abercromby
Hamilton, m.a., St. John's College, Oxford, until recently
Vicar of Cranbourne, Berks ; and Captain Douglas
Abercromby Hamilton, captain, East Kent Regiment. Mr.
Hamilton, in 1869, married, secondly, Flora Henrietta
Maria, daughter of Mr. C. E. Macdonald, Madras Civil
Service, and widow of Major G. J. Condy of the Indian
Army, who predeceased him.

He was one of the oldest members of this Association,
having joined in 1862, and was President in 1892 when the
Association held its Annual Meeting in Plymouth.

Formerly he took a leading part in county affairs,
and had been a Justice of the Peace for nearly half a
century, being also a Deputy-lieutenant for Devon.
From 1899 to 1901 he was also on the County Council,
this being a continuation of his labours in earlier years,
when Quarter Sessions was the chief county authority.
For very many years he was Chairman of St. Thomas^
Board of Guardians, and in this capacity brought to

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OBITUARY NOTICES. 41

bear a dignity and tact that were of the utmost service to
the district. Education was with him a lifelong interest,
his offices in this connection including a Governorship of
Exeter School and a place on the Committee of the Diocesan
Board of Education, the controlling body of St. Luke's
Training College. He was a frequent contributor to
Fraser's, Longman's, Household Words, Chambers's Journal,
and other magazines, in addition to publishing pamphlets
on English and Italian history. A series of valuable articles
on the county records were republished by Sampson, Low
and Co., in 1878, under the title of Quarter Sessions from
Queen Elizabeth to Queen Anne. He also published The
Note-book of Sir John Norihcote, containing much interesting
local information, in 1877. Ballads from Hebrew History
was another of his works.

He died on 2 April, 1911, at the age of eighty-two, and
was buried at Countess Weir.

Thomas Buckland Jbffeey. Mr. Jeffery was born at
Stoke, Devonport, on 5 February, 1845. In 1863, at the
age of eighteen, he emigrated to America, and, settling in
Chicago, founded there the firm of Gormully and Jeffery, a
large manufacturing company, in partnership with Mr. R.
Philip Gormully, also a native of Stoke, and eventually
became one of the most conspicuous figures in the American
automobile industry. He joined this Association, as a
life member, in 1907, and was also a member of the Chicago
Union League, the Chicago Athletic and Chicago Auto-
mobile Clubs, and a director of the Art Institute. In 1874
he married Miss -Kate E. Wray, of Chicago, and had issue
two sons and two daughters, who survive him. He died
at Pompeii, Italy, on 2 April, 1910.

Walter Pmng. Mr. Pring, of Northlands, Exeter,
belonged to a West Somerset family, and came to Exeter
about forty-five years ago to join Mr. John Norman, of
Montpellier, as partner in the City Brewery. He was
elected to the Exeter City Council in 1875, and was an
Alderman of the city from 1878 to 1893 ; Mayor in 1880,
and chairman of the Water Committee. He was appointed
a magistrate by Lord Halsbury in 1885, and was one of the
most regular members of the Bench. In all public work,
as well as in philanthropic and charitable movements,
he took an active part, and was also a keen politician. He

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42 OBITUARY NOTICES.

joined the Devonshire Association in 1901. He had
four sons, who survive, and one daughter, who predeceased
him. He died at the age of seventy-nine on 21 December,
1910, and was buried in the family vault at St. David's,
Exeter.

Tbelawnby William Saunders. Mr. Saunders was.
born at Plymouth on 16 April, 1821, and at the age of
eighteen went to London to join the famous firm of Samuel
Bagster and Sons, travelling by coach as an outside
passenger and being nearly frozen to death while grossing
Salisbury Plain in a snowstorm. In 1846 he set up shop
at No. 6 Charing Cross, and was the first mapseller in
London to issue a classified catalogue of the best foreign
as well as English publications. In 1851 he produced a
weather chart of the British Isles and the neighbouring
coasts, and in 1852 he was joined by Mr. Edward Stanford
as a partner in his business, which partnership, however,
was dissolved in the following year. In 1853 Mr. Saunders
published a book on The Asiatic Mediterranean and its
Australian Port, in which he advocated the establishment
by the British Government of a settlement on the Gulf of
Carpentaria — a scheme supported by Captain Lort Stokes.
b.n., who had surveyed the Gulf when in command of
H.M.S. Beagle. In 1857 he propounded a scheme for a
National College at Gnoll Castle, in the Vale of Neath, one
of its objects being " the practical application of Science to
the public service." Owing to insufficient support the
scheme failed, and Mr. Saunders accepted an offer from
Mr. Edward Stanford to organize and superintend a
geographical department in his business. While with
Mr. Stanford he edited a series of library maps, which
were drawn and engraved by Dr. Alexander Keith Johns-
ton, of Edinburgh ; a series of school wall maps which are
still in favour ; he superintended a survey of London,
plotted on the scale of twelve inches to the mile, and in
collaboration with Sir George Grove he prepared a series
of Biblical maps for Dr. Smith's Atlas of Ancient Geography.
In 1868 Mr. Saunders was appointed Assistant Geographer
to the India Office, and retired from thqpost in 1885, after
seventeen years' service. While holding this appointment
he classified the valuable collection of maps, etc., of the
India Office, publishing, in 1878, A Catalogue of Manuscript
and printed Reports, Field Books, Memoirs, Maps, etc., of

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OBITUARY NOTICES, 43

Indian Surveys (672 pp., 4to), a work so successful that it
was adopted by General Walker as a model for the
Catalogue of Surveys in the head office at Calcutta. Also,
maps in the possession of the Government of India were
made available to the general public, and, in collaboration
with Sir Clements Markham, a valuable critical series of
maps of India was produced and published in 1885 as an
atlas. In 1870 he published his famous Sketch of the
Mountains and Rivers of India, in which he described
a range of mountains on the north of the Indus-
Sampu Valley, which he called the Gangri Mountains.
Forty years afterwards his prophetic vision was con-
firmed by the travels and researches of Dr. Sven Hedin.
He also wrote many papers and articles on Biblical
Geography, one of which, An Introduction to the Survey of
Western Palestine, was published by the Palestine Explora-
tion Fund in 1881. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society in 1846, and became an officer of that
society in 1854, and was well known as a geographical
expert at the meetings of the British Association and other
learned societies. He joined the Devonshire Association as
a life member in 1887. On 1 October, 1844, he married
Catherine Ann, second daughter of Commander Thomas
Edward Knight, R.N., and had issue six children, five
of whom survive him. After his retirement from the
public service he lived at Newton Abbot, where he died
in his ninetieth year on 22 July, 1910, his closing years
being saddened through blindness and loss of memory.

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ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT,

MR. ROBERT BURNARD, F.S.A., Hon. F.S.A.S00T.
25th JULY, 1911.

Ladies and Gentlemen, — Your President has the honour
to submit for your consideration this evening a sketch of
the primitive condition of Devon and the south of England
during the prehistoric period, comparing it with a more
advanced country during a more or less corresponding
epoch. There is nothing new to bring to your notice, but
the end will be served if the effort of rendering within a
short time some useful reminders meets with some approval
at your hands. A Presidential address is not an easy thing
to write, and to convey even a sketch of the subject
selected with the requisite amount of compression is still
more difficult. For all faults and defects I must crave
your indulgence.

The exploration of Kent's Cavern threw a flood of light
on the subject of early man in Devon. It furnished us with
the knowledge that palaeolithic man — represented by an
earlier and a later epoch — roamed the district we know as
South Devon in the company of a now extinct fauna.
We are also aware, from the study of the strata of the
cavern, that after the disappearance of the earlier types
of men and animals, this retreat was occupied by a superior
race who possessed the same kind of domestic n.nimfl.1«
as we have to-day, who had a knowledge of metals and
adorned their persons with amber beads.

This knowledge, and comparative refinement, was
vastly increased when the Celts arrived, and again rein-
forced when these came under Roman influence.

The study of Kent's Cavern discloses no period of
transition between the deposits associated with the early
cavemen and the arrival of the immigrants or invaders
of superior culture.

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JIB. B. BUBNABD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 45

Whether generally there was a break of long duration
is at present unknown. It is difficult to imagine that the
palaeolithic age abruptly terminated either by migration of
the primitive people or the dying out of the race. It is
reasonable to suppose that some were merged with the
neolithic people, who came to Britain during the period
when it was losing, or had lost, its continental character,
and was becoming, or had become, insular. This sub-
sidence of the land brought climatic changes — the great
cold was ameliorated with a greater warmth and rain-
fall, so that the soil of Britain became more fruitful and
capable of carrying a larger population on extended areas.

There is no evidence that the palaeolithic men of South
Devon visited Dartmoor — they probably preferred to hunt
in the lower valleys, and doubtless roamed the now
submerged forests which fringed our present southern
coast.

How long after the waning of the palaeolithic age the
neolithic men arrived, probably from Northern Gaul, is
quite unknown.

From whence they originally came is doubtful.

They were dolmen builders, and the track of their
wanderings along the seaboard may be traced from Britain
through France, Portugal, and Northern Africa to Syria.
The fact that dolmens exist much further east in India
and Japan obscures the impression that the race in its
migration westward originated in Asia Minor.

They practised inhumation, placing the remains of their
dead in dolmens and later in chambered long barrows.

The examination of neolithic skeletons found in Britain
demonstrates that the skulls were long and narrow, and it
is surmised that their appearance in the flesh could not have
been unpleasing, for their faces are described as being oval
and regular with aquiline noses.

In figure they were rather delicately moulded and usually
of middle height.

Few of their tombs have remained, but their stone
implements are found all over Britain, and beyond.

The only neolithic grave known in Devon is the dolmen
or cromlech near Drewsteignton.

Not a single long-chambered barrow has been found
either in Devon or Cornwall. If any previously existed
they have disappeared through the stress of many centuries
of cultivation and destruction.

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46 MB. B. BURNABD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS,

That neolithic man visited Dartmoor is evident, for
ground and polished celts have been found at Prinoetown,
Walkham Head, Cosdon, Runnage, near Postbridge, and
across the West Dart, opposite Hucoaby House.

Stone hammers of the same period have been discovered
under Crockern Tor and at Vitif er.

No sites of neolithio dwellings have been found on the
Moor, and their relics are probably due to hunting expe-
ditions, or to temporary summer occupation.

There is a preponderance of opinion that, as far as
Britain is concerned, there was no period which could be
described as a copper age. Objects in copper have been
found in Britain, and some are recorded as appearing in
Devon, but not under such conditions as to warrant a
separate assigned age.

From the late neolithic condition the inhabitants of our
island glided into the partial use of bronze.

It must, of course, be understood that there is no sharp
line dividing the periods, for the use of stone overlapped the
employment of bronze, just as this alloy ran well into the
Iron Age.

It should also be borne in mind that the periods, known
as stone, bronze, and iron, were not universal at the same
time.

When Britain was emerging from the Stone Age, bronze
had long been in use amongst more advanced communities
in Europe.

The Tasmanians, who only disappeared within memory
under contact with civilization, were living, before dis-
turbance, in a palaeolithic condition.

A very great step in early metallurgy was made when
a small admixture of tin and copper was found to make an
alloy which was far superior to either metal when used
singly, for copper, whilst tough, is soft, and tin, though hard,
is brittle. It must have been a master mind that first
succeeded in alloying the two metals in such proportions
as to produce bronze.

Where did the invention, if an invention it was, originate ?

It has been suggested that an exploration of the virgin
fields of the Far East may one day prove that the Chinese
were in advance of all countries in the use of bronze, for
in China both copper and tin abound. 1

1 Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cc&ar, p. 125. By Rice
Holmes. Oxford, 1907.

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MB. R» BTTKNARD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 47

It is quite possible that, like many other great discoveries,
it was due to accident wherever it originated.

Professor Gowland has pointed out 1 that bronze can be
produced by smelting copper and tin ores, or by smelting
copper ores containing cassiterite (binoxide of tin), and that
if this be carried out in a primitive " hole-in-the-ground "
furnace the tin alloys with the copper, and does not pass
into the slag as it would do in a more modern and perfect
furnace.

The mixture of ores may have been accidental or even
experimentally designed, but however that might be the
production of bronze marked an advance in culture which
revolutionized mankind.

The oldest known piece of Egyptian bronze is supposed
to possess an age of 3700 years B.C. There is a superb
statue of Pepi I, sixth dynasty, about 3000 B.C., in the
Cairo Museum, which illustrates in a most striking manner
the high degree of excellence of the metal-workers of Egypt
at that remote period.

It is life-size and of compound workmanship.

The bust, arms, and legs are made of copper plates,
hammered, when hot, into shape, then welded and riveted
at the joints without any trace of soldering. The face,
hands, and feet are cast in bronze.

The head-dress was inlaid with lapis lazuli. The eyes
are enamelled and give the mask a singularly life-like
expression.

According to the late Sir John Evans, the Bronze Age
commenced in remote and backward Britain about
1400 B.C., and coincident with this, or soon after, a new
race of men descended on our island, it is supposed from
Northern Europe.

The physical characteristics of these bronze-using in-
vaders were the opposite of the neolithic race they found in
Britain, for their skulls were short and round, with massive
jaws, prominent brow ridges, and receding foreheads.
Their appearance was apparently not prepossessing.
Physically superior and armed with more effective weapons
of bronze, the new-comers ousted and subdued the neolithic
race, who either retreated inland or became the slaves of
the conquerors.

In process of time the races intermingled, for the neo-

1 Presidential Address, Journal Royal Anthropological InstUuU % Vol.
XXXVI.

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48 .MR. B. BUBNABD's FBBSIDBKTIAL ADDBB88.

lithic women must have been comely, and doubtless found
favour with the invaders.

It is during the overlapping of the late neolithic and
early bronze that interest in Dartmoor is concentrated,
for the bulk of the stone remains on its surface appertain
to that state of culture.

All the evidence obtained through exploration of the
prehistoric graves on the Moor demonstrates that cremation
was practised, a custom which is supposed to have com-
menced in Britain before the close of the purely Neolithic
Age, and which it is surmised was introduced, together with
round barrows, by a non-metal-using and intrusive alien
race, who arrived before the advent of the round-headed
bronze folk.

With the incoming of the latter cremation became
general and, as far as Devon is concerned, almost universal.

The general aspect of Dartmoor in the Bronze Age was,
doubtless, much as it is now, but in detail there was some
difference.

There were stunted oaks in many of the valleys which
are now covered with bogs. Turf-cutters come across oak
as well as the remains of alder and furze, and hedge-
nuts have been found deep down in the peat at Gawler
Bottom, Postbridge.

An oak thicket formerly existed near Fice's Well,
Princetown, and boles of the same kind of tree have been
found in bogs at high elevations.

These were overwhelmed by bog growth.

Wistman's Wood is a remnant of the old Dartmoor
thickets ; here the dwarf trees, safe from such intrusion,
are still growing in the boulder-strewn slope running up
to Longaford and Littleford Tors.

There is little doubt that the boggy area of Dartmoor
is subject to changes.

These occur from time to time, due not so much to any
general variation in the rainfall, but to the drains, or
channels, which are naturally formed in the bogs.

What circumstances induce the formation of draining
channels is not quite clear ; it may be the result of tem-
porary droughts, or the cessation of work by bacteria —
the tiny instruments, which preserve the carbonaceous
matter of bog vegetation and reduce it to peat.

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MB. B. BUBKABD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 49

It is clear that certain bogs on Dartmoor are at the
present time being reduced in area by natural drainage.

Broad Marsh, near Postbridge, has visibly decreased
within the past forty years ; areas which were then im-
passable can now be traversed by horsemen and, to a con-
siderable extent, by carts.

Observant Moormen generally concur in this shrinkage,
but are unable to account for it.

There is no reason to suppose that bogs were non-
existent in the Bronze Age — indeed, the evidence of the
position of the hut circles indicates the contrary.

None of these would have been built in boggy land;
they are usually found either on dry slopes on the commons
and valleys which run up from the low country, or on the
tracts of summer pasturage locally known as " lairs."

There are instances where boggy ground has invaded
hut-circle sites, but this alteration of surface is palpable
and easily understood.

If there was much difference in climate between the
present and the Bronze Age, it was in the direction of the
latter being drier, but apparently it was not great ; for,
according to eminent observers, the climate of Britain
has not altered much for many centuries.

There are at the present time a very large number of
hut circles on Dartmoor — an estimate of two thousand
is not unreasonable, for about half of this number are
indicated on the Ordnance Maps ; there yere doubtless
many more, for hundreds have been destroyed from time
to time.

A large number have been explored, and the general
results may be thus summarized.

. The greater number have served as habitations, but
a considerable total possessed no sign of human occupancy,
and these are supposed to have been storehouses, or pens
for domestic animals.

In the large settlement of Watern Oke one-third of the
hut circles yielded no sign of charcoal, a sure indication
when present of human residence.

The hut-circle dwellings are so numerous that it is
more than doubtful whether they were all concurrently
occupied.

It is possible that summer herdsmen made use of varying
settlements, for although the foundations of the huts are
so durable the superstructure, consisting of an easily

VOL. XLHI. D

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50 MB. B. BUBNABDS PRESIDENTIAL ADDBESS.

made roof of rushes, heather, or skins, could be quickly
added.

That the occupants were pastoral is indicated by the
"pounds," which either include the dwellings or lie
detached close at hand.

Some of the settlements possess a ramification of walls
connecting the huts one with the other — a good example
of this is on Standon Down, Tavy Cleave.

The large number of hut circles on Dartmoor does not
indicate a large permanent population, for if the subject
be considered it becomes evident that the grazing area
could not carry winter and summer any considerable
number of human beings.

The population in the winter was strictly limited to
the number of beasts which could be maintained on forage
collected and stored during the summer.

Even to-day, with improved cultivation, roots and
artificial food, the winter stock is small, and the limit
of agricultural population, when the first census was taken,
in March, 1801, only reached a little over two hundred
persons in the Forest proper.

This was the modern limit with a vastly increased
population in Devon and improved means of communi-
cation.

The summer population of Dartmoor has ever been in
excess of the winter, and there is no doubt that this was
the case in prehistoric times. Then, as now, the herdsmen
of Devon drove their beasts to the Moor for summer
grazing, returning to the lowlands in the autumn.

Summer migration, and the shifting of the grazing
ground on the Moor, and the fact that the ruined hut
circles cover an unknown period of pastoral occupancy,
account for what at first appear to be indications of a
huge population altogether in excess of the capabilities
of the Moor for maintaining same.

The exploration of the hut circles has disclosed no
evidence that the early folk were tinners, or smelted the
alluvial tin ore of Dartmoor.

If streaming had been general at such an early period
some evidence would have been discovered.

If such exists it can only be assumed that it lies buried
under the debris of comparatively modern stream works,
or in hut circles yet unexplored.

The latter is not very likely, as the exploration has

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MB. B. BUBNABD'S PBESIDENTIAL ADDBBSS. 51

practically covered examples of single huts and settlements
all over the granite area.

The most ancient " blowing " house is in Deep S win-
combe, near Hexworthy ; this, on exploration, yielded
potsherds of the medieval type, probably as early as the
tenth century.

The Romans were eager exploiters of mines ; but
although keen in their search for gold and lead in remote
parts of Britain and in Wales, they never appeared to have
troubled themselves about Dartmoor, although at Exeter,
only some twenty miles away, they possessed an important
station.

The same neglect appears as regards Cornwall — a county
with undoubted evidence of a tinning industry going
back to early times.

This is difficult to understand, for the Romans must have
known that tin was abundant in the extreme western
county.

One can only suggest that they obtained it second-hand,
as far as Cornwall is concerned.

In the absence of any definite mining remains on Dart-
moor of sufficient age, one is driven to the conclusion
that the winning of tin in that district came after the
Roman occupation.

The " finds " that have been made in Dartmoor hut
circles are but few — flint implements, rubber stones,
sherds of hand-made pottery (in two instances almost
perfect cooking- pots), and pebble pot-boilers nearly
compose the total. No bronze has been found in a hut
•circle, and no iron, excepting, of course, palpable modern
intrusions.

The absence of bronze is not to be wondered at, for it
was precious and carefully kept.

The lack of any iron object is significant, and its per-
sistent absence, together with the character of the hut-
circle pottery, indicates that these dwellings represent
a period of culture when iron was unknown on Dartmoor,
and bronze and stone — especially the latter — were the
materials used for the fabrication of implements and
weapons.

Iron is easily oxidized, but it cannot totally disappear —
lumps of oxide would remain for a very long period.

It is true that Dartmoor was probably a remote and
backward region in those days ; but remembering that it

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52 MB. B. BURNABD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

received herdsmen and flocks each summer, it oould only
be isolated in the same manner that it was, say, a century
ago.

How much earlier than, say, 500 to 800 years B.C. (when
iron is supposed to have been introduced) the bronze and
stone-using people occupied the hut circles we cannot
tell ; probably a long way back, for we possess on Dartmoor
sepulchral remains of considerable antiquity, even if
compared with monuments in more favoured countries
which possessed a high state of culture long previous to the
time when Britain was yet plunged in the gloom of pre-
historic times.

You are all familiar with the Dartmoor menhirs, stone
rows and " stone " circles, cairns and kistvaens, and you
know that, generally speaking, they have something to
do with the interment of the dead.

There is always an exception to the rule, and that is
the solitary menhir known as Beardown Man, near Devil's
Tor, for this stands close to boggy land, and with no
apparent connection with other remains.

The menhir at Merivale, which stands in the centre
of a small ruined circle, may seem to be another, but it is
really a member of a group of monuments of a distinctly
sepulchral character.

The exploration of the " stone " circles disclosed a
definite floor of " calm," or subsoil, strewn with fragments
of charcoal, and with interments outside the circle or within
sight of same.

These " stone " circles may be the places for cremating
the dead, or the site of the funeral feasts, or both — at any
rate, they have some connection with burial observances.

That the people who committed the ashes of the dead
to the kistvaen had some idea of a future life is demon-
strated by the occurrence in the graves of articles useful
in life, such as flint implements, small vessels of pottery,,
and in one instance an archer's wrist-guard. The evidence
is feeble, but it exists.

The actual significance of the stone row is not at present
known ; when at all perfect it connects interments one
with the other, or starting from a cairn or kistvaen, ends
in a blocking-stone.

Some of the sepulchral monuments thus rapidly indi-
cated are of considerable magnitude, and could only have
been erected during a lengthened occupancy, whether

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ME. R. bubnabd's presidential address. 53

casual or permanent, of the region we now know as Dart-
moor.

The best find made by the Dartmoor Exploration Com-
mittee was that of Fernworthy, where a previously un-
disturbed cairn yielded a small hand-made pottery vase
of the food-vessel type, together with a fragment of
bronze, a flint knife, and a horn dress-fastener.

Sir Norman Lockyer contends that the stone rows
(there are over fifty of them on Dartmoor, pointing in all
directions of the compass) were erected as observation
stations by astronomer priests for the purpose of deter-
mining the proper season when seeds should be sown.

In addition, he contends that dolmens are really the
huts of these mysterious beings, and that if burials took
place in them, it was after the said priests had vacated
them. As previously mentioned', the only existent dolmen
near Dartmoor is that at Drewsteignton, which has a roof
weighing some sixteen tons, supported on three upright
stones, and enclosing a space of, say, six feet by five feet :
this is all the area the priest had to live in, and unless his
house was protected in some way, he had to exist in a very
draughty residence.

In Finistere alone there are hundreds of dolmens, some
above ground and some subterranean, and it has been
amply demonstrated that these represent tribal or family
ossuaries.

All the above-ground examples were covered by mounds,
and there is no doubt that the Drewsteignton cromlech
was so provided, and that it is of a similar character.

Any one who is familiar with Dartmoor will know that
even now, beyond a very few acres in cultivation, and a
larger area under meadow grass, its great bulk is the same
to-day as it was thousands of years since.

No astronomer priests were wanted to direct the culti-
vation of mere patches on this great primeval waste.

The farmers of that day had accumulated experience
as to the period when they should sow or gather their
meagre crops, and they wanted no priestly guidance.

This is but an imperfect representation of Dartmoor
during a time which may be measured by several centuries
before our era. Remote as it was, and even somewhat
remote as it still is, this sketch of Dartmoor is practically
that of Devon during the corresponding period.

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The prehistoric graves of the south-west of England,
like the Yorkshire Wolds, have yielded but few articles
of personal adornment ; they were apparently the burial-
places of persons of more humble circumstances. The
prosperous people of the period lived further afield.

Graves in Wiltshire and Norfolk have yielded gold and
amber beads, and bluish-green glass beads have been found
in Wiltshire and Dorsetshire.

In some parts of the north of England and Scotland
kists and barrows have been prolific in ornaments.

Although there was apparently greater wealth and a
corresponding higher state of culture outside Devon
during the Bronze Age, the main conditions were the same.
There was just the difference, as we have to-day, in
a remote rural district as compared with a more populous
centre.

No brief account of the state of culture in Southern
Britain could be considered at all adequate unless some
reference was made to Stonehenge — a magnificent ruin —
beside which our monuments on Dartmoor appear quite
pigmy in comparison.

In fact, they cannot be compared ; for whilst Stonehenge
may be claimed as a temple for the observation and
veneration of the sun, we cannot assume that such feeble
imitations as the stone circles of Dartmoor were either
temples or astronomical stations.

An absorbing question is — when was Stonehenge built ?

Some ten years since Sir Edmund Antrobus, the owner
of the monument, decided, on the recommendation of
the Society of Antiquaries, to re-erect the great " leaning
stone," which leant over the altar-stone at an angle of
sixty-five degrees. It was a delicate and somewhat diffi-
cult operation, but was successfully carried out by Pro-
fessor Gowland, with suitable engineering assistance.
During the process of the work some excavation was
necessary so that the great monolith should stand in
concrete. This resulted in the following finds : —

Many flint implements, including roughly chipped axes
with fairly sharp cutting edges, and hammer-stones much
battered by use. In addition, hammer-stones of hard
quartzite sarsen, weighing from one up to six pounds,
and ponderous mauls of the same material, up to sixty-
four pounds.

There is little doubt that these objects were the dis-

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MB. B. BUBNARD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 55

carded tools of the builders — implements used for the
dressing of the surfaces of the sarsen monoliths composing
the building — which, when done with, were thrown into
the pit in which this particular specimen stood.

No bronze was found, and Professor Gowland guardedly-
placed the period of erection near the termination of the
Neolithic Age, with an estimate of a probable date of 1800
years B.C.

Sir Norman Lockyer, on astronomical grounds, had,
previously to this excavation, estimated the age at
1700 B.C.

Too much importance should not be given to the absence
of bronze, for that alloy in early times must have been
a precious metal, and the builders would not be likely
to lose much of it when erecting ; indeed, it is possible for
Stonehenge to have been entirely constructed without the
use of a single metal tool.

As previously stated, the late Sir John Evans placed
the commencement of the Bronze Age in Britain at 1400
b.c. Dr. Oscar Montelius carries it back much further —
even beyond the estimate of the age of the construction
of Stonehenge by Professor Gowland.

Nothing short of a careful and thorough exploration of
the ruin would settle its age in anything approaching a
satisfactory manner. One thing is certain — it is of great an-
tiquity, whether built before or after the advent of bronze.

It is well cared for by its owner, but still it is in private
hands, and might suffer if such ownership was changed.

In any other country in Europe such a unique monu-
ment would be either owned or protected by the State.

It is difficult to form an estimate of the age of the Dart-
moor monuments, and reduce such to measurement of
years, but it is reasonable to assume that many of them
were built in the Bronze Period, and whether early or late
they must possess an antiquity of at least 3000 years.
Some of them may be far older.

It is evident from this brief and' imperfect sketch that
the people of South and South- Western Britain had at-
tained to a certain level of culture, say, 1500 to 1600 years
before our era.

They lived far removed from the superior civilization
of more favoured climes. If there was distant trading
of any sort, either direct or through intermediaries, such
intercourse appears to have had but little effect.

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Britain was beyond the pale of influence of the great
power on the Nile.

Whilst the people of Britain were living in the condition
so rapidly described, Egypt was passing through its zenith.

Thothmes III, the great warrior king, had lived and died,
and the land of Egypt was filled with slaves and much
treasure, due to his conquests in Western Asia. Of Britain
this king could have known nothing.

The opinion that the Phoenicians traded with our island
for tin at this early period rests on the slenderest evidence
— so slender that some competent authorities decline
to admit that any exists.

It is more likely that the Egyptians obtained this metal
from the Far East ; for although the use of bronze in
Egypt goes back to a remote period, it recedes to a remoter
one still in China.

The influence of ancient Egypt was extended south and
east — it crept westward as far as Malta.

From Thothmes III back to Menes, the first dynastic
king, is a long period, probably as much as 3000 years,
and yet, at that far-away time, Egypt had a superior
civilization, when the inhabitants of Britain were in all the
primitive conditions appertaining to a neolithic condition.

How long, previous to this first king appearing in history,
this civilization existed is unknown — it was doubtless
built up during centuries of progress.

In directing your attention to the state of Egypt, and
that of Britain during the same approximate period,
there is no necessity to deal with the temples and other
great monuments, on the Nile and contrast them with,
say, Stonehenge, nor to refer to the history and literature
of that ancient country.

All that one need do is to select one or two instances
as illustrations of the position of Egypt at a time when
the people of Britain could only just see the glimmer of
the dawn of civilization.

Thothmes III had a son by a negro princess, who grew
up to be a mighty man of valour ; he was named Maherpra
— the lion on the battlefields. In 1899 Loret discovered
his tomb in the Biban-el-Moluk, Thebes. It had never
been previously disturbed, and the whole contents were
transported to and placed on exhibition in the Cairo
Museum.

There is a large sarcophagus of wood, nearly ten feet

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MB. R. BURNARD S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 57

long, covered with pitch and decorated with figures and
inscriptions in gold.

Inside was a huge mummiform coffin, which never con-
tained the mummy. This was found in another of gilt
wood, and the supposition is that he was thus doubly
provided for in case he should want a change.

He was furnished with a fine wooden chest, covered with
pitch, mounted on a sledge with the funerary figures and
legends drawn with a gold varnish — this contained the
canopic vases or receptacles for the entrails of the deceased.

In addition, there are terra-cotta and alabaster vases
in great variety of form, and most of them still sealed up,
containing what remains of the fats and perfumes poured
into them at the time. of the burial.

Wooden boxes containing provisions for Maherpra —
ducks, pigeons, cutlets, haunches of game and beef, all
mummified and wrapped in linen, and large jars still sealed,
containing the remnants of the perfumes and salts used in
embalming.

An interesting example of the Egyptian idea of life
springing from death was found in the tomb. On a low
bedstead coarse linen had been stretched, seeds of wheat
or barley were placed in such a manner as to resemble the
mummified figure of Osiris. The seeds were kept moist
until they sprouted, and on reaching a height of a few
inches the growth was flattened down and the whole
artificially dried.

One case in the Museum contains the finest objects of
the tomb outfit of Maherpra. There are his quivers —
two of them — of embossed leather, the sporting arrows for
same, tipped with hard wood or flint, two pink leather
collars of his favourite dog, remains of a funeral bouquet,
and some bread with plenty of bran in it. What we should
call a Standard loaf.

In order that his Ka, i.e. his bodily spirit, might have
some distraction, a complete draught-board in wood and
ivory, containing thirty squares, and a set of thirteen
playing pieces in white and blue glaze, were placed in
the tomb.

His articles of personal adornment were not forgotten.
Bracelets of ebony, inlaid with metal or glass ; a clasp of
gold and polychrome enamel in the shape of a half-blown
lotus flower ; anklets in blue enamel, and necklaces of
coloured glass beads.

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There are also a fine blue glaze bowl, small terra-cotta
pots, and a beautiful vase of coloured glass with a turquoise-
blue ground, its neck still wrapped around with linen, and
yet containing some perfume.

A copy of the Book of the Dead was buried with Maherpra
— written in hieroglyphics with black and red ink, and
decorated with vignette portraits of the dead prince.
He is depicted as a mulatto with woolly hair, and is dressed
in a short skirt with the triangular apron, and over this
is a transparent tunic with short sleeves. His mummy,
which is in good preservation, confirms the accuracy of
the artist.

The contents of the tomb of Maherpra convey a vivid
impression of the state of culture existing in Egypt some
3500 years ago. Even so long since the Egyptians were
skilled workers in metal, glass, and faience. Some of
the objects found in the tomb would do credit to, and
indeed could hardly be excelled by any art-producing
centre of the present day.

The contents of this tomb are by no means unique — there
are other exhibits in the Cairo Museum which cast it wholly
in the shade.

It has been selected as a contrast with the state of
Britain during the Bronze Period ; first, because the tomb
when found was inviolate ; and secondly, because whilst
having no Pharaoh in Britain, the position of Maherpra,
as a semi-prince and important Court official, might be
considered to more closely correspond to the status of the
Bronze Age chieftains in our own country.

Yet one cannot refrain from saying something about
one of the Pharaohs, for your President was fortunate
enough to recently visit on several occasions the excava-
tions which have lately taken place on the site of the palace
of Amenhotep III, the Memnon of the Greeks, the original
of the Colossi, the husband of his best-beloved Tiyi and
the father of Akhnaton, the most remarkable of all the
rulers of Egypt.

Directly a Pharaoh ascended the throne his first thoughts
were to provide himself with a suitable tomb, and then to
see what he could do to glorify the gods. We are not now
concerned with either of these aspirations ; we are familiar
with the royal tombs, and with the great temples of Egypt.

Whilst nothing could exceed the magnificence and the
enduring character of the temples, the visitor to Egypt

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MB. R. BURNARDS PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 59

is puzzled to know where, amidst all this splendour, the
great Pharaoh lived.

At the temple of Medinet Habou there is a royal lodge
at the entrance of the fore-court, known as the pavilion
of Rameses III.

It contained lodgings for the Pharaoh, and is built
after the model of a Syrian fortress.

It cannot have served as a residence, but rather as
retiring-rooms when the King visited the temple. His
palace was situated hard by, but any remains have dis-
appeared, and have been covered up with later buildings
of mud brick which are now a heap of ruins.

The palace of Amenhotep III lay about one mile south of
Medinet Habou, just on the edge of the desert.

The site was partially explored in 1880 by Gr6baut,
again taken in hand by Mr. Newbury in 1900, and finally
laid bare and planned in all its detail during the past
two years by the New York Museum at the cost of Mr.
Pierpont Morgan.

These various explorations enable us to see how the
Pharaoh was housed, and, considering the magnificence
of the temples, one is struck with the moderate character
of this royal residence of one of the most illustrious sove-
reigns of the eighteenth dynasty.

Amenhotep III does not appear to have been a great
conqueror ; for apparently he undertook no great wars
after the Ethiopian Campaign, which took place in the
fifth year of his reign, when he was twenty-one years
of age.

The supremacy of Egypt was acknowledged abroad,
so his energies went in the direction of peaceful develop-
ment at home, commercial extension, and the cultivation
of the arts.

He was a great builder.

His activities in this direction are visible in the temples
of Karnak and Luxor. The great temple he erected
behind the Colossi has disappeared, and so has a most
perfect and beautiful example which Amenhotep erected
on the island of Elephantine.

This Pharaoh was the first to prepare his tomb out of
sight of the Nile. He selected a wild and desolate gorge
in the desert, and hewed out hundreds of feet of galleries
in the limestone for his sepulchre, a new departure followed
for many centuries by succeeding monarchs.

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60 MB. R. BUBNABD's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

The whole of the ground plan of the palace of Amen-
hotep III is now visible, and consists of a great number of
comparatively small apartments covering some four acres.

The walls were of sun-dried brick, plastered inside and
decorated with frescoes of brilliant colouring.

There is * large throne-room with a dais, and fair-sized
apartments for the King and Queen, bath-rooms and
numerous smaller rooms for the suite in attendance — for
servants, artisans, and slaves.

Scoriae of coloured pastes and enamels indicate the
location of the glass-makers, and the whole site was
sprinkled with potsherds in blue and buff, with fragments
of cups rendering the calyx of a full-blown lotus flower,
drinking-vessels representing a pond filled with aquatic
plants and fishes, flower vases, amulets, scarabs, brilliantly
coloured beads, porcelain rings and gold rings set with
gems, and bracelets. All most beautifully made, and frag-
mentary as they mostly are, they fill the mind with longing
to recover some .perfect specimens so as to appreciate
the original loveliness of the work of the clever artificers
whom the Pharaoh employed in and about his royal
villa.

Whilst the general appearance of the palace must have
been much after the style of the fellaheen dwellings of
to-day, the bulk of the rooms were more spacious, with
highly decorated interior walls and ceilings. Vultures
with outspread wings and flocks of birds decorate the
latter, and conventional representations of the lotus and
sacred emblems the former.

In the vicinity of the palace were beautiful gardens,
irrigated from the Nile, with a large lake on which Amen-
hotep and his well-beloved Tiyi took their rest and pleasure
in the cool of the evening in a magnificently appointed
dahabiyeh, which was called Aton-gleams, attended by
musicians and all that appertained to the luxury of a
brilliant Court.

There is every reason to suppose that Akhnaton was
born in this palace. In some respects the most distinguished
monarch that ever sat on the throne of Egypt — a king who
attempted to lead his people in the worship of an Almighty
Deity, who abolished all human and animal sacrifices,
and treated his prisoners, slaves, and those under him in
a humane manner.

All this luxury and splendour of Amenhotep the Magni-

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MB. B. BUBNABD'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 61

ficent, and his Queen Tiyi the Beautiful, was being enjoyed
in a highly civilized and contented Egypt about 1400
years B.C., when we in Britain had either just entered, or
had not long enjoyed, the advent or use of bronze.

We are rightly proud of Stonehenge, but when we
compare it with the monuments of Egypt — some of them
going back to a very remote period — we can but consider
it insignificant.

One has only to gaze on the Great Pyramid, built simply
as a tomb by Khufu nearly 6000 years ago, to realize the
massive ingenuity of a people who were then far advanced
on the path of civilization.

It is not only the great works of the early Egyptians
that strike one almost with awe— one can realize their
consummate cleverness in smaller objects.

In the Cairo Museum is a seated figure of Men-Kau-Ra,
the Pharaoh who built the third pyramid at Giza about
3600 years B.C. It is hewn out of diorite, an exceedingly
hard stone, and, considering the obdurate character of
the material, is well executed — the head and bust would
do credit to a skilled sculptor of to-day.

It is puzzling to explain how such work was executed.

Iron was either unknown, or not in use, bronze was
useless, so Egyptologists fall back on copper, and presume
that chisels of this metal were, by some unexplainable
method, so hardened as to render them effective.

Where time was of no object much might have been
done by rubbing, but even then preliminary tool-work was
necessary.

There is another diorite statue in the Museum — that of
Khafra, the builder of the second pyramid.

This is even finer than that of Men-Kau-Ra, for it is
modelled with much delicacy and skill, and the seated
figure is full of the grandeur of repose and strength.

Of even finer work are the statues of Prince Rahotpu
and his wife, the Princess Nofrit — in this case the material
is limestone, painted in water-colour.

According to Maspero, on no other statue yet discovered
in Egypt is there so subtle and exquisite rendering of the
modelling of the neck and bosom under the light garment
with which Nofrit is clothed.

These instances of skill and advanced civilization could
be multiplied many times.

Time will not permit of further examples.

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62 MB. b. bxtbnabd's pbbsidential addbbss.

The few instances selected are sufficient to bring home
to our minds the advanced state of culture existing in
the valley of the Nile whilst we in Britain were in the
Stone Age ; and yet a higher degree of civilization when
we had left that primitive condition behind us, and were
commencing the use of bronze.

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TWENTY-FIFTH REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE
ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE.

Twenty-fifth Report of the Committee — consisting of
Mr. R. Pearse Chope, Rev. 8. Baring-Gould, Mr. 0.
M. Doe, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. J. S. Neck, Mrs.
Radford (Secretary) Mrs. Troup, and Mr. H. B. 8.
Woodhouse.

Edited by Mks. Radford, Honorary Secretary.
(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1011.)

There has been a gap in our Folk-lore reports, partly
owing to the difficulty of finding fresh material in our
increasingly matter-of-fact age, and partly to emphasize
our loss of all that rendered the reading of the Report
of the Folk-lore Committee so delightful. The cheerful
face, that let no glint of humour pass unnoticed, and the
Devon voice and accent that made the stories so real and
actual, can never be repeated. Still, the Committee has
tried to carry on its work, and some of its members have
sent in notes, mostly culled from the daily newspaper,
instead of from the mouths of the people, but interesting,
as showing how old belief s still linger, even in the twentieth
century.

It is to be hoped that other members of the Associa-
tion will help the Committee by sending any scraps of
folk-lore that come under their notice.

ALLEGED WITCHCRAFT.

STRANGE STORY FROM MORCHARD BISHOP.

Allegations of witchcraft were made at Crediton County
Court on Tuesday in a case in which Edith Patten, a single
woman, residing with her aged father at Lapford, was

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64 TWENTY-FIFTH BBPORT OF THE

sued by George Ford, grocer, of the Green, Morchard
Bishop, for £2 17s. 0$d. for goods supplied.

Defendant admitted the debt, but told an extraordinary
story respecting plaintiff's wife. She read a written
statement to the effect that on 6 December she was shop-
ping at Mr. Ford's, when Miss Vera Ford, Mrs. Ford's
daughter, brought a cup of cocoa and gave it to her mother,
who placed it on the counter, telling her (defendant) to
drink it ; it would warm her and do her good. Defendant
said she was feeling quite well and comfortable at the time.
Mrs. Ford then got a few biscuits and placed them on a
biscuit-tin cover, and walked inside the counter, placing
the cocoa before her, again asking her to drink it. Defendant
gave the same reply, and Mrs. Ford looked somewhat
confused, and her lips were moving. Presently Mrs. Ford
spoke aloud, and said, " Stir it up." Defendant took a
spoon and did so. Mrs. Ford said, " Go in, go in," when
defendant was drinking the liquid, and Vera Ford said :

" Make them hot, make them swell, make them thin,
walk them away, and work them away. Put it in the
arms and in the legs, and in the feet. Put it in the face ;
fill up with neuralgia, toothache, and more. Put it inside
to do good, and put it in, in dry weather, to do good.
Her have drinked it. Her have drinked it. Very well, and
don't know what her have drinked, and will go to her
grave. Who her got will think her faint."

Defendant said to Mrs. Ford, "It would not do for you to
indulge every one with a cup of cocoa who came to shop,
Mrs. Ford." Mrs. Ford replied, " I could not you, if any one
was here, nor yet if it had not been dinner-time. Now
you have drinked this you won't go back Calves Bridge
way. You won't leave it very long before you come up
again. There will be some little thing you will want."
Defendant replied, " No, Mrs. Ford, I shall not be coming
up for a fortnight." Then Mrs. Ford's daughter said,
" We did not ought to have given it to her, now, if she is
not coming for a fortnight." Seeing a Morchard Bishop
labourer coming, Mr. Ford said to his daughter, " You
might just as well put away the cup." The tradesman
entered the shop. As defendant was leaving she heard
Miss Vera Ford say, " Doing good." The tradesman said,
" Doing somebody else good. You " (Miss V. Ford) " should
have drinked that." Mr. Ford said, " You won't say
anything about it." Defendant went home, and in the

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COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LOBE. 65

evening she became very hot and was very thirsty, so
that she drank three quarts of tea, and half a breakfast-cup
of vinegar. She felt very queer, and got very faint and
funny. Her face felt like wax, and she thought she was
dying. She still continued to be very hot, and went to Mrs,
Ford on Tuesday 10 December last year, and asked her
what she gave her in the cocoa to make her throat hot.
Mrs. Ford said, " You did not have any cocoa." Defendant
said, " What was it you gave me ; poison ? And what was
in the petroleum ? " Mrs. Ford said, " I don't keep poison,
you nasty hussy, you nasty faggot. You leave my shop.
Dare you ever come in again ! " Defendant said, " I
will go to the police for you." Defendant went to P.C.
Phillips and told him what had happened, and showed
him a bottle of petroleum she had bought at the same time.
He agreed that the liquid did not look like petroleum,
as petroleum should be white.

Defendant proceeded to say that Mrs. Ford had done
her very serious harm. She was getting thinner every day.

His Honour told defendant there was nothing to prevent
her bringing an action against anybody if she thought
she could maintain it. He strongly advised her, before
doing so, to consult a solicitor of position, and let him
go into the facts, and take the best advice he could on the
matter. It seemed an extraordinary story that she told
them. She had much better take good advice before
commencing any proceedings.

His Honour asked Mrs. Ford if she objected to answering
a question. Mrs. Ford replied that she did not.

Mrs. Ford having been sworn, the Judge asked her,
Did you give anything to this defendant to drink ?

Mrs. Ford : A cup of cocoa, sir.

Did you say what she alleges you said to her ?

Defendant (interposing) : You said : " Stir it up."

Mrs. Ford said the defendant had brought similar
charges against other people in the neighbourhood, adding :
" And I am not the only person she has said things about.
She has said that the people at Lapford put something in
the butter."

Mr. Ford (to defendant) : Did you not say your aunt
had witched you ?

Defendant : No. I have not named such a thing.

Mrs. Ford : It is a trumped-up thing.

Mr. Ford : It is a lot of lies from beginning to end.

VOL. xliii. E

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66 TWENTY-FIFTH REPORT OF THE

Defendant : I want you to own up to what you have
given me, and hurt me. If I had not received an injury
from your shop I should have been dealing there until this
<Iay.

His Honour : Do you suggest that they gave you some
poisonous stuff ?

• Defendant : I don't know whether it was in the cocoa
or in the words.

His Honour : Do you think they bewitched you ?

Defendant : I don't believe in that. I am gradually
getting thinner and thinner.

His Honour said it was impossible for him to form any
opinion, and he thought defendant ought to consult the
very best lawyer on the matter. There was no defence to
the debt. If defendant had counter-claimed they could
have gone into the matter.

Defendant : I don't deny the debt.

His Honour suggested that defendant should pay off
the debt in monthly instalments, but she intimated that
she would go to the bank and settle the debt at once.

His Honour, replying to defendant, said he could not
adjourn the case for defendant to commence an action.
She might have put in a counter-claim, and had failed
to do so.

Crediton Chronicle, 12 December, 1908.

The Registrar of the Crediton County Court states this
report to be perfectly accurate. G. M. D.

POWERS OF ELECTRICITY.

REMARKABLE BOVEY TRACEY CASE.

At Newton Abbot yesterday, before Mr. A. J. Murrin
(chairman), Dr. J. W. Ley, Col. Bradford, and Mr. H. A.
Bentinck, Richard Clarke, pottery employ^, of Bovey
Tracey, who had his left eye bandaged, was summoned
by John Payne, labourer, to show cause why he should
not be bound over to find sureties to keep the peace.

Mr. J. H. Hutchings, for complainant, said he went
in bodily fear of defendant. The parties were before
the Bench nearly two years ago, and the matter had
now become somewhat serious. Defendant was either

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COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIBE FOLK-LORE. 67

suffering from very serious delusions or some kind of
delusion occasioned by drink, because he had in his head
the idea that complainant was able to exercise an unnatural
influence over him by the aid of some mysterious electrical
or musical instrument, and he had said on many occasions
that, if he could get complainant alone, he would murder
him. Defendant had also expressed to complainant's mother
his sorrow that he must kill complainant because he threw
electrical powers over him. It was difficult to know
exactly what could be done under these circumstances.
Defendant was either mad or very wicked. If he was
mad there was a place for him, and if he was wicked
there was another, but there was no doubt that unless in
some way or another defendant was put under restraint
something serious would occur. The parties lived near one
another, and on 7 January complainant was going home,
when he met defendant, who threatened to " do " for
him that night. Complainant said nothing and went on.
Later in the day complainant's mother was standing by
her door, when defendant passed and told her that, on
account of the annoyance he had to put up with owing to
complainant's unnatural power, he must *' do " for him.

Defendant caught hold of complainant by the throat,
and complainant's mother and wife jumped at defendant
and made him release his hold, defendant receiving the
injury to his eye through being pushed up against some-
thing hard. But for the pluck of complainant's old mother
and his wife he might have been seriously injured. Mr.
Hutchings suggested that defendant should not 'be bound
over in his own recognizances only, but should also be
required to find a substantial surety to keep the peace.
If he did not find such a surety he would go to a place
where he would be medically examined. If his delusions
were the effects of drink, he would be put in a place where
the supply of this would be cut off from him. This delusion
as to the power of one man over another was a very bad
sign.

Complainant said defendant had molested him nearly
every week, and threatened him because of his " powers
of electricity." He had given defendant no cause for this.
Defendant was under the influence of drink at the time
of the assault.

Complainant's wife gave corroborative evidence, and
said defendant had threatened her with a hatchet.

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68 TWENTY-FIFTH REPORT OF THE

Elizabeth Payne, complainant's mother, said in August
last defendant said he would kill hex son because the
latter had an electric battery with which he was sending
electricity down into his boots. She told defendant that
if he would come with her she would see if her son had
an electric battery. Defendant then took a small india-
rubber doll out of his pocket and said there was poison
in it, and he pricked the doll with a pin and said poison
was coming out of it. On 5 September defendant told
witness he would be in better health if her son did not
use his battery upon him so that he could not sleep da}' or
night, and that he intended to kill him that night. In
consequence of this witness got three men to guard her
son. At the time of the assault, after threatening to
murder her son, defendant jumped at him and caught him
by the throat, whereupon witness jumped at defendant
and pushed him against the wall, and this was how he
sustained the injury to his eye.

P.C. Finch said complainant and his wife complained
to him of having been assaulted by Clarke, and about the
same time defendant said he had been struck in the eye
(which was bleeding) by complainant with a hammer.
Witness afterwards saw complainant's mother, who said
no hammer was used. Payne had complained to witness of
Clarke many times. He (P.C. Finch) had known Clarke
for twelve years, and during the last two years he had
complained to him on several occasions of Payne having
an electric battery, which he kept in his house, adding
that when he (Clarke) was at work in the pottery, Payne
turned his battery upon him and caused fumes to rise
around him, which caused a choking sensation. Witness
made a report of this, and Mr. Clemas, relieving officer,
came out about the matter, but, as Payne and his relatives
then said they were not afraid of Clarke, no action was
taken. In December last Clarke complained to him of
Payne buying mercury and other ingredients at the
chemist's, which had caused him annoyance, and he asked
witness to warn the chemist not to supply Payne with any
more of these things. Clarke was perfectly sober when he
ipade this statement. He had been a very heavy drinker
ever since witness had known him, but he had not drunk
much during the last two years. Witness had never had
any knowledge of Clarke having had delirium tremens or
anything, of that kind.

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COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE. 69

For the defence, Eliza Clarke, wife of defendant, said
she saw Payne strike her husband in the eye with a hammer,
after he had said he would give him his death-blow.

George Mountford was also called by defendant, but
he only said he saw Payne running away from Clarke,
and that he knew nothing about the alleged assault.

Defendant stated that Payne struck him with the
hammer.

The Bench bound defendant over to keep the peace
for six months in his own recognizances of £10, telling
him that if he failed to keep the peace he would render
himself liable to be sent to prison for a month. He was
also ordered to pay the costs, 19s. 6d.

A cross-summons was then heard, in which Payne was.
summoned for assaulting Clarke.

Clarke repeated his statement that Payne struck him
with a hammer.

Mr. Hutchings : What is it you complain about the
electric battery ? — I have made no complaints ; that is
all over. I have never made complaints about any battery.

Did you not make complaints to P.C. Finch ? — I did
not complain that Payne had used the electric battery
on me. I thought so then, but I have not thought so
now for a long time.

Did you not ask P.C. Finch to speak to the chemist ? —
I told him if he went to the chemist to ask him to stop it.
I don't remember how this affected me at the time.

Clarke'* wife also repeated her statement that Payne
struck her husband with a hammer.

Mr. Hutchings submitted that the magistrates could
not believe this evidence,, and asked them to dismiss the
case.

The case was dismissed, Clarke being ordered to pay
an additional 8s. 6d. costs.

Western Morning News, 18 January, 1911.

The remarkable case heard at Newton Abbot Police
Court yesterday, in which a Bovey Tracey potter was
summoned by a labourer of the same village to find
sureties, shows how, in spite of modern education, the
strangest delusions may still prevail in the minds of
ignorant and superstitious people. In the country districts
of Italy and Spain the belief in the " malocchio," the
"evil eye" of mediaeval superstition, is still rampant,

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70 TWENTY-FIFTH BEPOBT OF THE

and we are not sure that in some of the remoter villages
of Cornwall it may not be possible to find people who still
believe in the possibility of being " ill-wished " or " pixie-r
led." All these superstitions are of the same character
as the delusions which beset the Bovey potter, who was
bound over to keep the peace at Newton Abbot yesterday,
and who no doubt firmly believed that the complainant
in the case had exercised a mysterious and malignant
power over him. To say that people holding such delusions
are insane would be a harsh conclusion. Frequently they
are quite capable in all the ordinary relations of life, but
upon this one point they seem obsessed by an apparently
invincible conviction of the existence of some occult power
.malignantly wielded to their detriment. We ought not,
perhaps, to be surprised at this when we recall the fact
that the belief in witchcraft was general in the United
Kingdom in the seventeenth century, that as late as 1722
a witch was burnt in Scotland by judicial sentence, and
that even in 1863 a poor old Frenchman died as the
consequence of being ducked as a wizard at Castle Heding-
ham, Essex ; that in 1875 an old woman named Ann
Turner was killed as a witch by a half-witted man in
Warwickshire, and that even as recently as 1895 a young
woman was burnt as a witch in Tipperary with the full
consent of her husband and family ! Popular superstitions
die hard, and this belief in the supernatural powers of
some individuals to bring occult and malignant powers to
bear upon neighbours or enemies is evidently one of the
most tenacious of life amongst them, and defies even the
powers of the Board schools to banish it from the minds
of the ignorant and superstitious.

Western Morning News, 19 January, 1911.

H. B. S. W.

BUCKFASTLEIGH BOUNDS.

A large number of tenants of the Earl of Macclesfield
met at the Rowden Cross on Saturday to beat the bounds
of the Manors of Buckfastleigh, Brook, Button, Mainbow,
and Holne Bozom. The last beat was on 17 July, 1902.

After being photographed, a start was made at 9 a.m.,
in a westerly direction, through hedge and ditch, to New
Bridge, where the party were joined by Mr. Frost, repre-

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COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE. 71

senting the Hon. R. Dawson. At the east corner of Odey
Bridge meadow they crossed a road leading to Holne,
where a large bondstone was found. Three of die youngest
boys of the company stood on their heads on this bondstone
and were presented with new copper coins, and a general
scramble for pence and halfpence took place. A thick
drizzling rain came on, and a very woe-begone party they
looked as they travelled up by the right side of the stream
outside of Scorriton Down hedge to a bondstone, and then
to Sitting Down End. Here they found a cart laden with
welcome refreshments. Tracks were then made for the
moor, over which was hanging a thick, heavy rain mist.
At Bourne's Pit they were joined by the representatives
of the " Duchy," Mr. A. E. Barrington, of Princetown,
the steward, and his reeve, Coaker, with two others.
At " Peter on the Mount," 1692 feet above the sea-level,
another bondstone was reached, and the youngsters 9
heads were again bumped and their pockets made heavier
by coppers. At the outer Puper's Rock the moor was
very boggy, and one of the horsemen was thrown, owing to
his horse getting into a deep water-hole, but no damage
occurred to horse or rider. After refreshments and a rest
at Wallaford Down, racing was indulged in, the chief event
being a horse race, which Mr. W. Rogers' Miss Marsh won
easily. There were also foot races. Another start was then
made, and Rowden Cross was again reached at about
7 p.m. Here again refreshments were served, and coppers
scrambled for. In conclusion the Steward, Mr. A. Mitchel-
more, thanked all those who had " beaten the bounds,"
and three hearty cheers for the King concluded the day's
work. It was estimated that the total distance covered
was neariy thirty miles.

Western Morning News, 2 August, 1909.

The ancient custom of " driving Hatherleigh Moor "
for cattle, was carried out by the bailiff (Mr. H. Cudmore)
and his men on Tuesday morning, and fees from seventy-
two " pot-boilers " were collected.

Western Morning News, 18 August, 1910.

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72 TWENTY-FIFTH REPORT OF THE

DEVONSHIRE CUSTOMS.

Sir, — Your London Correspondent seems to doubt
the truth of what has appeared in the Treasury re
some Devonshire customs. As no one else has taken
up the cudgels in favour of the writer in that monthly,
I do so.

The " stretcher (or stratcher) forth '* (who is evidently
referred to, though the name is misspelt in the Western
Morning News) is well known to readers of old registers
and churchwardens' accounts in North Devon, and only a
few years ago, when officiating at a funeral at Little
Torrington, the " stretcher forth " walked before the
coffin. Henry H. Harvey.

Abbot's Bickington, 7 July.

Western Morning News, 9 July, 1910.

PRETTY MAID OF HOLSWORTHY.

A UNIQUE BEQUEST.

On Monday, at the opening of St. Peter's Fair, Hols-
worthy, the sum of £2 10s. was handed to the " pretty
maid " for the year, in accordance with the bequest
of Rev. Thomas Merrick. This year's recipient was
Miss Ethel Risdon, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. W. Risdon,
of North Road, Holsworthy, and she is the fourth of the
family to receive the gift. The selection was made by a
sub-committee of the Speccott's Charity trustees, con-
sisting of Rev. T. S. Kendall, Messrs. H. Higgs and
C. Wickett. Following is an extract of the will relating to
the bequest : —

" Also, I give in like manner to the said society the
further sum of £100 in the said new £3 10s. annuities in
trust to pay the dividends, £3 10s. annually, to the
churchwardens of the parish of Holsworthy, in the
oounty of Devon, who shall, on the Monday following,
openly give £2 10s. of that sum to the young single woman
resident in that parish, being under the age of thirty, and
generally esteemed by the young as the most handsome
and most noted for her quietness and attendance at
church."

The will was proved on 21 June, 1841. The presenta-

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COMMITTEE ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LOBE. 73

tion was made in the church porch at noon, when many
people assembled to witness the proceedings.

Under the same will 5s. should be given every year
to the spinster over sixty years of age " who is noted for
like virtues, and is not in receipt of parish pay." Spinsters
of the specified age being very scarce at Holsworthy,
this presentation very rarely takes place, but it is under-
stood the committee have succeeded this year in finding a
suitable candidate for the gift, and the presentation will
take place to-day. The last recipient of the gift was a
Miss Mason, of Staddon.

By the afternoon the pleasure fair was in full swing.

Western Morning News, 13 July, 1910.

H. B. S. W.

A DEVONSHIRE SAYING.

" When you've finished tea put the cup upside down,
*nd the first that turns it up will be master." G. M. D.

MANATON CROSS.

In the Eighth Report of our Committee (1885) is an
account of the Churchyard Cross at Manaton, sent by the
Rev. R. C. Douglas, Rector.

" In the churchyard of Manaton, near the church door,
the base of an old granite cross may be seen. The following
account of the destruction of the upper portion has been
given me : ' In days gone by it was the custom at funerals
to carry the corpse three times round the cross before
taking it into the church. The Rector wishing to stop
this practice, used all his powers of remonstrance and
persuasion in vain. He at last determined to destroy the
cross, and accordingly one night it disappeared. No
trace of it was to be found, and the secret was so well
kept that no one from that day to this has been able to
discover what became of it.' " R. C. D.

Mr. William Crossing in his Stone Crosses of the Dartmoor
Borders (1892), pages 131-2, corroborates this on the
evidence of " William Durgess, sexton for forty-two years
. . . who remembered the searchings for the missing cross.
It was thought that it might have been buried, and all
likely spots were carefully probed, the result being nought

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/
/

74 . REPORT ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LOBE.

but disappointment. The Rector had done his work too
well."

The Rector alluded to was the Rev. J. C. Carwithen,
" instituted in 1841, remained in the parish until 1848,
the eighth Rector of that name."

The present Rector of Man a ton, the Rev. J. C. D.
Sanders, writes under date 19 June, 1911 : "The old
cross was accidentally discovered, now about a year
or more ago, by Mr. Aggett, of Chagford. He was engaged
in repairing the church bells, and, taking a morning walk,
the * cross ' cut in the stone at the top caught his eye.
It formed the foundation of the wall, crossing a brook,
about quarter of a mile from the church. He reported it
to me, and I had it removed and replaced in its old socket.
The former Rector protested against the custom you
speak of, but in vain, so he had it taken down. Who
placed it where I have described, I do not know. The old
custom you name has never been renewed. The cross
has one arm cut or dropped off."

Mr. Sanders very kindly enclosed a photograph of the
old cross.

E. JL. XV.

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OLD CROSS, MANATOX.

Rkport on Dbvonshire Foi.k-lork.— To face p. 74.

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76 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE

a copy, the Editor will be glad to supply him with one on
his application.

CONTRIBUTIONS.

Each provincialism is placed within inverted commas,
and the whole contribution ends with the initials of
the observer. All remarks following the initials are
Editorial.

The full address of each contributor is given below,
and it must be understood that he or she only is responsible
for the statements bearing his or her initials.

CONTRIBUTORS.

J. J. A. = J. J. Alexander, Grammar School, Tavi-
stock.

M. A. == Maxwell Adams, 12 South Parade, Southsea,
Hants.

J. F. C. = Rev. J. F. Chanter, Parracombe Rectory,
Barnstaple. •

R. P. C. = R. Pearse Chope, 107 Ledbury Road, Bays-
water, W.

W. G. H. = W. G. Hole, Grimspound, Newton Abbot.

C. E. L. = Miss C. E. Larter, 2 Summerland Terrace,
St. Marychurch.

C. H. L. = Charles H. Laycock, Cross Street, Moreton-
hampstead.

H. J. L. = Harford J. Lowe, Barne House, Christow.

G. D. M. = Rev. G. D. Melhuish, Ashwater Rectory,
Beaworthy.

O. J. R. = Rev. 0. J. Reichel, A la Ronde, Lympstone.

H. S. = Miss Helen Saunders, 95 East Street, South
Molton.

G. D. W. = Gerald D. Woollcombe, Cranmere, Newton
Abbot.

" A-crook =hooked. Arm-a-crook =arm-in-arm. ' He
meet 'em full butt walkin' arm-a-crook.' Jan Stewer in
Western Weekly News, 17 July, 1909. R. P. C."

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 77

More usually arm-in^crook.

The word crook in Devonshire always takes the place
of the literary English hook, which latter is used in the
dialect only for an implement, such as a bill-hook for
chopping wood, or a paring-hook for trimming hedges,
etc.

" Apple-drane =a wasp. * The baby bin sting'd by a
appledrain.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 14 Aug.,
1909. R. P. C."

Very common still, though " wapse " is taking its place
among the " educated " who think it vulgar to use pro-
vincialisms. The spelling apple-drane is correct ; it is no
doubt really apple-drone, but drone is always drane, or
rather dredn, in the dialect.

That it should be written apple-drain, as in the above
example, because, as some say, the insect drains the apples
of their juice, is too far-fetched ; besides which the pro-
nunciation dredn is against this theory, as drain is pro-
nounced draain in the dialect, not dredn.

Hal. has apple-drone^ a wasp. West.

" Artful =clever at looking after oneself. c 'Er's a art-
ful maid.' This does not mean a cunning or designing
girl, in the way in which the word is used in literary
English ; but one who is able to prevent herself being
imposed upon. Perhaps the literary use of ' artful,' as im-
plying something of reproach, arises from a similar degenera-
tion as that of * knave ' from knabe, a boy ; and as of
4 cunning ' itself, which in the Yorkshire dialect is still an
adjective of approbation. ' She's a cunning woman, she's
worked that trimming fine and neat.' C. E. L."

The word artfvi is often used, simply in the sense of
clever, intelligent. 4 He's a artful little feller vor he's age,'
was said to me by the proud father of a little boy of seven ;
he meant simply that the child was wonderfully intelligent
for his age.

" Bazzomed =turning brown. Servant, middle-aged,
at Torquay, of a bruise : ' He's a little bit bazzomed.'

* What is bazzomed ? ' I asked. ' Oh, turnin' brown.'

* But why is turning brown called bazzomed ? ' ' Oh, 'tis
a ole-fashioned way o' spaikinV C. E. L."

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78 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OP THE

This is a very interesting word. Its history is as fol-
lows : —

The plant broom (Cytisus scoparius) has for many cen-
turies been used for making besoms, locally pronounced
" bizzums," and so the plant itself has come to be known
by that name, " bizzum."

From a similar use, viz. that of making besoms, the
various species of heath, principally Erica cinerea, have
also received the name of the article manufactured from
them ; but in the case of the heath plant, the usual pro-
nunciation is " bazzam," possibly to distinguish it from
" bizzum " as applied to the broom plant.

Now the colour of the flowers of the heath is usually a
rich purple-red, hence the application of the name to a
bruise.

People of the farmer class, especially the women, if
much exposed to the sun and wind, often have very red,
almost purple, complexions ; and this is called " bazzam-
ohuck6d," i.e. with cheeks like the " bazzam " or heath.

Hal. has Basam, the red heath bloom. Devon.

" Bib =to bob. * Daun' kip on bibbin' up-m-down like
a jack-in-the-box.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News,
15 Jan., 1910. R. P. C."

Probably the first half of an alliterative phrase " bib-
bob." Cp. "nid-nod," "bim-bom," "ding-dong," "jig-
jog," etc.

"Black- elder =hemp-agrimony (Eupatorium carina-
binum). Used at Ashwater. Q. D. M."
Not previously recorded.

"Bod white =to turn deadly pale from fright or
astonishment. * When I yeard about it, if yii'd a-stick'd
me wi' a knive I'd 'a blid white.' Said by a Dartmoor
farmer. G. D. W."

This not uncommon saying implies that the shock was
so great, on hearing the news, as to have turned the man's
blood white.

" Brandis or Brandires =an iron stand for a crock or
other cooking utensil over a hearth-fire. It consists of a
flat piece of iron usually in the form of a ring, but also

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 79

commonly in the form of a triangle, and it is supported
on three iron legs, the whole standing about one foot from
the ground. Occasionally it is made in the form of a
square, in which case it has four legs instead of three. The
article is found in almost every farm-house where a hearth-
fire is still used. The word probably means the iron which
is placed over the brands or logs of wood. C. H. L."

Hal. has Brandreth, an iron tripod fixed over the fire.
North.

But this form of the word is unknown in Devon.

Nor is it correct to say that a brandis and a tripod are
synonymous ; a tripod, from its very name, can have only
three legs, while a brandis can, and sometimes does, have
four.

" Buckman's quick =a dish of cabbage and potato fried
together, with or without bacon or meat. So called by
a servant, middle-aged, at Torquay. * Who is a buck-
man ? ' I asked. * It must be a farmerin' man, a hind.
'Tis a very old saying : " Us'll 'ave buckman's quick vor
dinner " ; some cold meat wi' taties an' cabbage vried up
together.' The plateful on which I had made the remark
* It looks nice,' and was answered by * Yes, 'tis buckman's
quick,' was one of hot bacon with the cabbage-potato fry.
C. E. L."

This is no doubt a corruption of " Bubble-and-squeak,"
the common name for this dish. Squeak is always pro-
nounced squick in the dialect.

" Butt, adv. =face to face. * He meet 'em full butt.'
Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 17 July, 1909.
R. P. C."

Butt, in this sense, means the end of a thing ; so it
comes to mean an object to aim at, a mark to shoot at.
Cp. rifle-butts.

Pr. Boter — to push, strike.

" Butt =a cart. Supplied by W. P. 0. J. R."

Also frequently pronounced Putt.

There are many types of Butt ; that usually met with
in North Devon, though less commonly of late years than
formerly, is a two-wheeled cart, which is so constructed
as to be turned up at the axle to discharge the load.

There is also the Dree-whed-butt or Dung-butt, a cart

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80 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE

with three wheels, resembling a large wheelbarrow in
shape, and used principally for carting manure. Called in
some parts of the county a Gurry-butt. Sometimes the
barrow is in the form of a sledge, without wheels. Cp.
Welsh Bwt — a dung-cart.

" Bye-words =word8 out of the common, not familiar
to the speaker. Servant, middle-aged, at Torquay :
4 'Er turned Queen's evidence, or zummot ; I don't under-
stand they-there bye-words.' C. E. L."

• * Cast on =to count upon. ' Yii mustn't cast on
chicken before they'm hatched.' Used by a middle-aged
servant at Torquay, in reference to some ripening vegetable-
marrows. When I questioned her as to its meaning, the
whole story of the girl and the basket of eggs was related
for my information, concluding as above. Has this com-
bination any connection with the ' casting up ' used of
accounts ? C. E. L."

The old meaning of cast is to " heap up." Hence in the
above example, as well as in the " casting up " of accounts,
the word is used in its original sense, rather than its more
modern one, " to throw."

"Conquer, used in the sense of to revive or come
round. Servant, middle-aged, of Torquay, said of a fern
which showed signs of reviving after being in an unhealthy
condition : * He was nearly dead, but he's conquerin' his-
self.' C. E. L."

A reflexive use of the verb.

" Cow-pine =a milking shed. Supplied by W. P.
0. J. R."

The word pen, meaning an enclosure for sheep or cattle,
or as a verb, to enclose, is usually, pronounced pine by the
true West-countryman ; " Pine up they-there sheep,
will 'ee ? "

But the more usual word for a cow-shed is " shippen."
Anglo-Saxon Scy-pen — an enclosure.

" Contraption = a contrivance. 'Avore another vive
minutes was auver they was puttin' a pair o' thaise yer
contraptions [skates] on to my veet.' Jan Stewer in
Western Weekly News, 27 Nov., 1909. R. P. C. r

i »

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 81

Very common. The word rather implies a touch of
scorn on the part of the speaker.

" Cricket =a small stool. Used at Ashwater. G. D. M."

Hal. has Cricket, a low stool.

It usually has three legs, but I have heard the word
applied to a four-legged stool also. It is as common in
the Northern dialects as in ours.

" Dead-in-law =one practically non-existent. Servant,
middle-aged, at Torquay ; of some one from whom no news
had lately been received : * She's a dead-in-law.' ' What
do you mean ? ' I said. * Oh, somebody you don't hear
nothing about.' C. E. L."

" Ditty =a story. * Wat reminded me o't was yerrin'
Enoch tell up thic li'l ditty 'bout th' insurance.' Jan
Stewer in Western Weekly News, 23 Jan., 1909. R. P. C."

This is the original use of the word.

It now always implies a musical setting,

" Dun-flies =horse-flies. Driver of waggonette, on the
way from Culmstock to Bradninch, July, 1910. C. E. L."

These flies are more commonly called " Horse-stingers,"
which term is also applied, though erroneously, to the
dragon-fly, which has no sting.

" Ewet or Ebbet =a lizard. 0. J. R."

This is the dialectal form of the literary " eft." West-
country folks find it hard to pronounce two consonants
like ft when they come together, so to get over the difficulty
they make another syllable of it, by inserting a short vowel
between the two consonants.

The word " ewet " is used for both the lizard and the
newt, but if the speaker wishes to distinguish the one from
the other, the newt is called a " water-ewet," and the
lizard a " dry-ewet."

" A newt " in literary English stands for " an ewt,"
or " an eft." Anglo-Saxon efeta, a lizard. Thus showing
that our West-country " ewet " comes far nearer to the
original form of the word than the modern English " newt."

" Facum, or Vacum =a thing made up to serve the pur-
pose of something else. Seeing some children playing at
vol. xliil ?

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82 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE

riding on stioks, a maid said to me, * Idd'n that a purty
facum ? ' I asked if that was a real word, or one of her
own making. She replied that her mother often used it.
H. S."

The more usual word is " Fakement,"

It also implies a muddle or confusion.

" Flasket =a large oval basket, of special shape, used
for carrying linen. * Nick hold up he's 'ands var 'nuff 'part
to make a cloase-flasket.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly
News, 21 Aug., 1909. R. P. C."

The invariable word for this particular kind of basket.

It has a handle at each end.

" Flibbits =small pieces. 'He brauk en [a letter]
abroad into tiny li'l flibbits an' draw'd min een auver
tha 'adge.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 21 Nov.,
1908. ' 'Spoase zome furrint country was to come auver
an' was to knack our ships to vlibbits, where sh'd us be to
then ? ' Ibid., 27 March, 1909. R. P. C."

Can this be a corruption of flea-bites f 0. J. R.

I think it is more probably merely a variant of the
common word libbits, which in its turn is probably a
shortened form of little bits.

"FLmK=a passion, violent fit of temper. 'When he
yeard it he flew into a proper flink.' Said by a farmer.
W. G. H."

" Flink " is the dialectal form of the literary " flick,"
and implies quick action, to fling, toss, jerk, to shake off
lightly, etc.

So in the above example the word implies that the man
flew into such a rage that he flung everything about that
he came across.

The word is derived from the sound.

" Flip =to run quickly. * If you was to flip in an'
enquire.' 'Aunly to aup'm doar an' flip out.' 'Bessie
flipped up to her awn room.' Jan Stewer in Western
Weekly News, 21 Nov., 1908. R. P. C."

A man said to a boy at Moretonhampstead not long ago
in my hearing, " Now then, look sharp an' flip along."

It is common also as an adjective, meaning nimble,

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 83

flippant, or pliant. " He's a flip little feller." " That's a
proper flip stick."

" Flummox =fluny, a state of nervous excitement*
' In me hurry an' flummox I ciid'n mind vor certain whe're
I 'ad or no.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 7 Aug.,
1909. R. P. C."

" I was all of a flummox" or " I was fair flummox'd"
are very common expressions for I was quite overcome,
or bewildered.

" Grutiss =the mould-board of a plough. Supplied by
W. P. O. J. R."

The word is really " grute-rest." Formerly it was
always made of wood, but in the modern ploughs it is made
of iron.

See " Groot," 22nd Report, Vol. XLI, p. 74.

" Handy, as an adverb of time =nearly, approaching,
close on. ' 'Er was 'andy fowerty wen 'er married Jim
Balcome.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 21 Nov.,
1908. R. P. C."

Equally common as an adverb of place. " He lives
nigh 'andy the church."

" Heaval =a four-toed pitchfork. Supplied by W. P.
O. J. R."

A fork used for " heaving " dung. Usually written
" evil," or " dung-evil " in sale catalogues, etc. Very
common on Dartmoor.

See "Heable," 11th Report, Vol. XXI, p. 95. "B"
and " V " are interchangeable in our dialect.

" Heft = weight. * The heft o' wan o' they machines
be'ind a pair o' 'osses.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly
News, 16 Jan., 1909. R. P. C."

" Heft " is used also as a verb, meaning to weigh,
" 'Hef that-there bag o' taties avore 'e zend en off," was
said by a farmer near Moretonhampstead in my hearing ;
he meant that the bag of potatoes must be weighed to see
that the weight was correct, viz. 160 lbs. or " eight score,"
as it is usually termed, before it was sent to a customer.

Again, " heft " is used for to heave. " I'll hef a stwoai)

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84 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OP THE

in an' zee whe'er I can't bring en back," was said in my
hearing at Torquay a short time ago by a boy who was
trying to get back a stick which he had thrown into the
sea, and which was too far out for him to reach.

In this latter sense, it is an instance of what is termed
back-formation, that is, the past tense of the verb used
for the present. We have certainly two, if not more, other
well-known instances of this in our dialect : Lost for lose,
and lef (i.e. left) for leave.

" Hefty =heavy. ' Tha eggs down wan cornder [of the
basket] be more heftier 'n the butter down t'other.' Jan
Stewer in Western Weekly News, 25 Dec, 1909. R.P.C."

The adjective formed from the noun heft.

Cp. Clefty, meaning steep, like a cliff, from cleave which
is our common pronunciation of cliff, and which is also
used for the steep side of any hill, whether inland or on
the coast. Cp. Lustleigh Cleave.

" Inkle =tape. Used at Ashwater. G. D. M."
Hal. has Inkle, inferior tape.

"JosBY=a young mackerel. Servant, middle-aged:
' They herrins idd'n so big as a josey.' C. E. L."
Not previously recorded.
Eng. Dial. Diet, has Josey, an owl. Devon.

"Kain, Keen, or KAiNEY=to look, or peer about.
' 'Er zeed Gearge Berry keenin' around.' Jan Stewer in
Western Weekly News, 22 Jan., 1910. * 'Bout a vive
minutes afterwards, he come kainin' along makin' wise
he was lookin' all auver the place vor us.' Ibid., 14 Aug.,
1909. R. P. C."

" Aul ta wance es wiz kainirC up auver tha ski
An' zeed a quare thing gwain up winderful hi."

Nathan Hogg, 'Bout the Balune.

" Keepness =a kept mistress. ' Her's a keepness ' or
' Kgpness.' The sound of the first syllable seemed to be
between the two. C. E. L."

Long " e " or " ee " is sounded in our dialect more
like the literary short " i " than short " e " ; sheep*

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 85

becomes " ship," meet, " mit." The true dialectal sound
is that of the " i " in the French " fini," it has no exact
equivalent in literary English.

" Long bidebs =good keeping apples. Man, aged sixty,
at Torquay : ' They apples bean't long biders.' C. E. L."

" May-games =frolic, practical jokes, skylarking.
4 Think I'd lat a man o' mine carr' on jis' whatever ole
May-games he was a-mind to ! ' Jan Stewer in Western
Weekly News, 4 Dec, 1909. R. P. C."

Very common. So called, no doubt, from the various
pastimes of fun and frolic held on 1 May.

" Mazed =half-witted, distracted ; also infatuated. ' 1
be properly maazed wi' the pain.' Jan Stewer in Western
Weekly News, 21 Nov., 1909. * Maazed about shettin',
Squire Norrish was.' Ibid., 30 Jan., 1909. R. P. C."

One of our commonest West-country words ; and one
of the comparatively few words of Scandinavian origin
to be found in our dialect.

We find the word in Middle English : —

" For now I pleyn, and now I pley,
I am so mased that I dey."

Chaucer, Andyda and Arcite.

The original meaning seems to be "lost in thought,"
and so perplexed.

So literary English " amaze," which is simply maze
with prefix " a," like " asleep."

" Meat-nut =the sweet or Spanish chestnut (Castanea
vesca). The name ' chestnut ' is limited to the fruit of the
Horse Chestnut, and where the edible chestnut is meant,
the above designation is used. ' Meat ' being used in the
old sense of ' food.' Our grocer's man (at Torquay) knew
what was meant I found, as I let the order go as it had
been written by my maid, ' Meat-nuts,' only suggesting
that the explanation should be given him. But that was
quite unnecessary. He said at once, 'That's an old-
fashioned name, us calls 'em chestnuts now.' C. E. L."

" Merry- anders = Merry- Andrews, play-actors, per-
formers at circuses, etc. 'I shid 'ardly think they'd be

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86 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE

there stappin' 'long o' the squire an' he's lady same's they
be, if they wadd'n nort but merry-anders.' Jan Stewer in
Western Weekly News, 1 Jan., 1909. R. P. C."

" Monstrous, used peculiarly. An old man of eighty-
seven, describing how he kept his garden always in a very
tidy state, added : * I was always a monstrous man for
taking pride in my work.' G. D. W."

This is a good old English use of this adjective. At the
present day it is generally used only in a bad sense. "A
monstrous thing " implies a very bad thing, but formerly
it might as easily have implied a good thing.

"Mump-head, MuMP=a stupid, thickheaded person.
* Where be gwain tu, mump'aid ? ' * Then Josep, like a
mump, let the cat out o' the baig.' Jan Stewer in Western
Weekly News, 21 Nov., 1908. R. P. C."

A common term of abuse. Cp. Chuckle-head, dunder-
head, etc.

See Mump-headed, 13th Report, Vol. XXV, p. 197.

Mump is an emphatic form of mum ! Silence !

" Murchy = mischief . ' Up to zome murchy or duin' o'
zummut wat they did'n ought to.' Jan Stewer in Western
Weekly News, 6 March, 1909. R. P. C."

More usually " Mirschy," though Hal. gives " Murchy."

This insertion of " r " after short vowels is common in
the dialect ; much is often sounded murch. A man said
to me only a few days ago, when thanking me for some-
thing I had given him, "Thank 'e vurry murch " ; the
" r " was very distinct.

Cp. also bort, thort, etc., for bought, thought.

" No-tanaby. A term expressing doubt, disbelief, no
knowledge of ; also implying indifference. It means
' not that I know of,' or * nothing I know about.' Used
by a yeoman of reserved character, whose family have
long been connected with the village of Christow, near
Exeter, in reply to a question as to the weather prospects.
Confirmed as a nearly obsolete expression by several other
villagers. H. J. L."

Better written, and more usually pronounced "No-*

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 37

Tftnoby," which is a shortened form of " Not-that-I-know-
by," or more probably, " No, that I know by."

It is still commonly heard in many districts.

See u No Tino," 23rd Report, Vol. XLII, p. 79.

" Oak-mas =acorns. One of our maid-servants at
Parracombe always calls acorns 'oak-mas.' J. F. C."

" Mast," usually pronounced mace, is the common term
for the fruit of both oak and beech in our dialect ; they are
distinguished from one another as " Oak-mace," and
" Beech-mace."

Anglo-Saxon Mcest.

" Oaves (pronounced auvis) = eaves. * The conkibles
was hangin' to tha auvis a yard long.' Jan Stewer in
Western Weekly News, 20 Feb., 1909. R. P. C."

See Office, 1st Report, Vol. IX, p. 135.

Hal. has Office, Owis, and Oavis ; the eaves of a house.

Anglo-Saxon Efese, the clipped edge of a thatched roof.

Original sense, " that which projects, or is ewer." Skeat.

" Oyster =the Lilac (Syringa vulgaris). This is a very
common name about Parracombe, but I do not know the
reason or the spelling. J. F. C."

Friend, in his glossary of Devonshire Plant Names, re-
cords this as a common name for bunches of lilac in North
Devon.

In the district around Newton Abbot, the almost in-
variable term for the lilac is " May." See 22nd Report,
Vol.XLI,p. 75.

The woni " Oysters " is also commonly used for fir-
cones in Devon, the scales of which, with the seeds, nearly
enough resemble oyster-shells to suggest the name ; and
Friend suggests that owing to a fancied resemblance to
a fir-cone, the name of " oysters " was also applied to the
spikes of the lilac bloom.

"Pick along =to move along. 'Wull, I better-way
be pickin' along, I s'poase.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly
News, 25 Dec., 1909. R. P. C."

Very common.

A man at Moretonhampstead, after we had been out

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88 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE

rabbiting until it was getting late, said to me, " Willi, I
reckon us better picky 'way 'ome-'long now."
Hal. has Pick, to go forth from a place.

" Prang =a pitchfork. Literally Prong. Supplied by
W.P. O.J. R."

Very common. We have the " two-prang," " dree-
prang," and " vower-prang," according to the number of
prongs on the fork.

Literary short " o " very frequently, indeed usually,
becomes short " a " in the dialect.

" Prayle. A courtyard or small meadow, near Tavi-
stock. Latin — pratvlum. French — preau. O.F. — pratd.
J. J. A."

Prayel — prateUus. A little meadow, from the old
French praid. Caxton says, in the Boke for Travellers,
" Rolande the handwerker shall make my pryelle (prayd,
Fr.) an hegge aboute." Promptorium ParwUorum.

Hal. has PrayeU, a little meadow.

" Pug or Pog, v. and sb. =to prod, poke. ' A giide many
o' the vokes wid gie 'em [babies] a bit of a pug to zee if they
was solid or no.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News,
11 Sept., 1909. R. P. C."

" I'd quickly pug their guts."

Peter Pindar.
Hal. has Pog and Pug, a push or blow.

" Rasome =resin. Braunton Churchwardens' Accounts.
J. F. C."

Resin is still pronounced rozzum by the Westcountry-
dialect-speaker.

" Ridges and Fores, or Batts and Fores. When a
field is ploughed so as to leave a gutter to carry the water
off every three or four paces. G. D. M."

See Bat, 14th Report, Vol. XXVII, p. 44.

Hal. has Bats, the short furrows of an irregularly-
shaped field. The second word is always pronounced
votes in the dialect, with initial v, as indeed are almost all
literary words beginning with / which have an Anglo-Saxon
origin, though / is sometimes retained when great emphasis
is laid on the word.

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 89

" Rio =frolic, game. * You never zeed jis rigs in all your
born days.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 10 April,
1909. R. P. C."

The word implies wantonness.

See Hal., also 22nd Report, Vol. XU, p. 79.
. It is really wrig, and allied to " wriggle " and " wring."
. Anglo-Saxon voringan, to twist.

" Rizzled =shrivelled. c Eef they pears bain't cook'd
ziine, they'll git aul rizzled.' Used by John Long, aged
seventy-five, at Axminster, Aug., 1910. N.B. Axminster
being near the borders of Somerset and Dorset, a great
number of words and their pronunciation appear to come
from those counties. M. A."

Eng. Dial. Diet, gives this word as in use only in the
north of England.

"Saller= softly. Servant, middle-aged, of a public
speaker : ' He spoke too sailer vor to be heard.' What
can this represent ? Is it some word the user has caught
wrongly ? On my re-using what I had thought was the
word, I was told : ' I zaid he spoke too sailer. C. E. L."

This is probably the dialectal pronunciation of the
literary word " sallow." Although in the literary language
its meaning is limited to a pale, wan, sickly appearance,
it might easily be stretched in the dialect to imply a poor,
thin, weak voice.

Nearly all words ending in -ow have this suffix changed
into -er in the dialect ; hollow becomes " holler," window
" winder," swallow " swaller," etc.

" Scamble-hocks =large, awkward feet. 'The gurt
zawny-lookin' sauft, wai' the shoulders o' en up auver's
yurs, an' he's gurt scammel-'ucks takin' up all the rawd,
an' spread out like a quarter arter nine.' Jan Stewer in
Western Weekly News, 22 Jan., 1910. R. P. C."

See Scammel, 10th Report, Vol. XIX, p. 78.

Hal. has Scamble, to scramble, shift.

" Scamblingly, catch that catch may."

Cotgrave.

Scambling-days, days in Lent, when no regular meals
were provided, but every one scrambled and shifted for
himself as he could.

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06 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE

44 Scammel =to scamper, move quickly. c Course, you
mus' understand us was into Ex'ter 'vore tain o'clock,
zo you mus' think 'ow I 'ad to scammel aroun' in the
mornin' vor to get thic lot in raddiness.' Jan Stewer in
Western Weekly News, 7 Aug., 1909. R. P. C."

A different use of the word from that recorded in the
10th Report ; but as there stated, it always implies,
slovenliness of action. It is often heard as a noun.
44 You've bin an' made a proper scammel o't," i.e. you
have made a mess of the job.

" Keepe threshing for thresher, til maie be come in,
To have to be suer fresh chaff in the bin ;
And somewhat to scamble, for hog and for hen,
And work when it raineth for loitering men."

Tusser, 51. 7.

" Scrutoh =a scratch. Servant, middle-aged, at Tor-
quay, of an abrasion : * There's only a scratch,' and later,
4 There's a little flur (? flaw) on the skin.' I fancy these
are both but mispronunciations. C. E. L."

Short " a " and short " u " are frequently interchange-
able in the dialect. Cp. " clam " and " clum," meaning
to maul or handle roughly, both equally common ; while
the " scab " which forms over a wound when healing is
almost invariably pronounced " scud."

" Sedges =seats. Braunton Churchwardens' Accounts.
J. F. C."

This is an Anglicized form of the French siege.

44 Smother =fumes of burning weeds, etc. Man, at
St. Marychurch, when the air was thick with the smoke
from a garden rubbish-heap : 4 What a smother there is ! '
Aug., 1909. C. E. L."

Very common, though more usually pronounced 4< smvd-
der." See 3rd Report, Vol. XI, p. 141.

Cp. literary Smoulder.

Anglo-Saxon Smorian.

44 Soo (pronounced zwg) =a bog. 4 1 mind he got stogged
in the zugs wan taime, an' 'ad'n got sufficient strength to
get out.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 1 Jan.,.

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 91

1910. The introduction of the literary " sufficient " is a
curious lapse on the part of Jan Stewer. R. P» C."

Hal. has Sog, a quagmire. Devon.

No dotibt allied to literary " sag," to sink down.

Scand. sacka, to settle.

" STADDLE=the bed of a rick. O. J. R."
It is a framework of wood, usually placed upon large
upright stones, called staddle-stones ; its use being to
keep the hay or corn rick off the damp ground and out of
reach of rats and mice.

" Sterling =starling. Man, aged sixty, native of Tor-
quay : * They sterlin's 'ave been at th' apples agean.'

0. jQj. Li.

The " ar " of literary English is frequently sounded
as " er " or " ur " in the dialect. Dark is usually durk,
and a dog always burks, though the bark of a tree is pro-
nounced as in the literary language.

" Strads =gaiters. Supplied by W. P. O. J. R."
Strads are not ordinary leggings, as they are only worn

over the front part of the leg, and do not cover the calf.

They are made of very stiff leather, and are much used

by hedgers and rabbit-trappers.

" Stiff as a strad " is a well-known saying.

" Swelt =to die down. Of a heap of garden rubbish
burning : ' When he begins to swelt, he won't scorch the
brocola,' a row of which was growing near by. 4 What do
you mean by swelt ? ' I asked. * When 'tis smoke without
any fire.' Chambers's Diet, gives 'swelt' as an intrans.
verb used by Spenser in the sense of ' swelter.' Of course,
' swelter ' ordinarily means to languish or perspire from
heat. But the use of the word given above seems to come
nearer to the original signification of the Anglo-Saxon
Sweltan, to die. C. E. L."

" Terrify =to tease, worry ; to importune. * Aw, ees,
yii likes vor to come turrifyin' me, yii rascals, daun' 'e ? '
Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 30 Jan., 1909. * They
was auvez turrifyin' ine to .'point a mittin'.' Ibid., 27 Feb.,
1909. R. P. C."

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92 TWENTY-FOURTH REPORT OF THE

To terrify in the dialect does not mean to frighten or
cause alarm, but rather to annoy or worry.

44 Treffy = 4 jiffy,' moment. Servant, middle-aged :
* 'Er did it in a treffy.' I suggested as equivalent the
slang term ' jiffy ' ; but she said, * No, I never yeard that ;
they always says treffy ; it mains in a minute.' C E. L."

" Truckle. A truckle for the little organ. Braunton
Churchwardens' Accounts. What was this ? J. F. C."

This was probably a sort of trolly on castors or "truckles,"
on which the organ could be shifted.

As a verb, " truckle " is the dialectal equivalent of the
literary trundle.

" Tuck =a blow. * He told missis to gie en a glide tuck
on the yer.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News, 21 Aug.,
1909. R. P. C."

See Hal.

Possibly a variant of Tack. See 23rd Report, Vol. XLH,
p. 85. Cp. Scrutch as a variant of scratch.

" Two-eyed Steak =a bloater. ' Yii can git a two-
eyed steak, but 'e can't git a taller candle.' Used by an
under-gardener, Albert Silk, aged twenty-five, at Ax-
minster. Aug., 1910. M. A."

Eng. Dial. Diet, gives this expression only as in use in
the north of Ireland.

" Tynning =tin ; an adjective. Braunton Church-
wardens' Accounts. * A tynning bottle.' J. F. C."

This is the scribe's idea of spelling the common adjec-
tive " tinnen," i.e. made of tin. Cp. literary golden.

44 V-AKE=spite, revenge. Used thus, 4 He did it to 'ave
his vake out.' H. S."

Eng. Dial. Diet, has Veak, a fit of ill-temper ; a passion,
rage ; a whim or vagary.
See also Veak, 1st Report, Vol. IX, p. 141.
Hence the adj. 44 Veaking" or "Vaiking," fretful,
peevish.

44 Oil the neighbourhooden knaw'th thee to be
A veakin' . . . hussey."

Exm. Scold., 1. 42.

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COMMITTEE ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 93

" Villum =veil. Used, in the example I heard, of the
soft, woolly membrane {alburnum) that enwraps the seeds
in the pod of French beans, before they are quite ripe.
' There's a villum, as us calls it, over the seeds.' ' A villum,
like some children is born wi', a veil like all over the head ;
one o' my aunt's boys was born wi' a villum, an' they zaid
he wouldn't never be drownded.' The * villum ' here, of
course, answers to * caul.' C. E. L."

The dialectal form of the literary " film," which means
a thin skin.

Anglo-Saxon fel, a skin. Pronounced veil in our dialect.
So we get our word " Pell-monger," one who deals in
skins.

" Whip and turn =every now and again. * Nobody
can't be the same wi' lumbago stickin' into he's back ev'ry
whip an' turn.' Jan Stewer in Western Weekly News,
30 Jan., 1909. R. P. C."

" Whip and trip " is also heard, and " Whip's-while "
is still commoner.

The metaphor is probably taken from a carter cracking
his whip, and the expression means literally the period of
time between one crack of the whip and the next.

" WoRRYTAiL=a troublesome person. * Her's a proper
ole worrytail, 'er is.' Said by a nurse of a fidgeting child.
C. E. L."

Very expressive.

" Wug ! or Woo ! =the word used by carters when they
want their horses to go to the right or off. G. D. M."

Probably from Anglo-Saxon Wdgian, to move to and fro.

Carters, when leading their horses, always walk on the
near or left side, hence Wug ! Wug off ! or Gee Wug !
means go to the right, away from the driver.

The opposite to this is Come-yer ! or Come-'ether-way !
that is, come to the left, or towards the driver.

"Sayings. 'If 'tisn't in the sack, 'tis in the pig's
back.' This means, you will get, one way or the other,
your money's value. What you cannot show for it in the
meal left in the sack, you will see in what you gain for the
fat bacon you have to sell in return for the money spent
on the sack's contents. C. E. L."

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94 REPORT ON VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS,

" ' As right as ninepence.' A phrase used of anything
absolutely accurate. Is ninepence the accepted correct
price for some well-known article ? Or why is the nine-
pence chosen to represent a statement beyond dispute ?

\j. £j. Jit.

"So neat as ninepence" is the common superlative
absolute of neatness. No doubt this is one of the alliter-
ative phrases so common in our dialect, and the word
*' ninepence " has been transferred to the adjective "right "
in the above instance, in place of the more usual word
"rain/ 9 "so right as rain," which keeps up the allitera-
tion.

" A maid, stooping to pick up a pin off the carpet, said :
* Pick pins, pick sorrow.' That's one old saying. But
then they says, 'See a pin an' let en lie, yii'm sure to want
en 'fore yii die.' C. E. L."

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' ' \ \'

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JOAN FOPDS NEWTAKE

VIEW z oo/r/*/c nt &y s.

PLAN

Z/WI2 9 6 3 O

'■■'"'"'■■»

3 ^T£T

Barrow Rbport.— To ftu» p. 05.

SCALE

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THIRTIETH REPORT OP THE BARROW
COMMITTEE.

Thirtieth Report of the Committee — consisting of the
Rev. 8. Baring-Gould, the late Dr. Brush field, Mr. R.
Burnardy the Rev. J. F. Chanter and Mr. R. Hansford
Worth (Secretary) — appointed to collect and record facts
relating to Barrows in Devonshire, and to take steps,
where possible, for their investigation.

Edited by R. Hansford Worth, Secretary of the Committee.
(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

Your Committee records with sorrow the death of its
senior member, Dr. Brushfield, who was first appointed to
the Committee in the year 1890, and served continuously
to the last. His many-sided ability, his industry, and his
endearing personality will find more adequate reference
elsewhere in the volume, but his colleagues in this particular
work wish to express their sense of the loss which has
befallen them.

joan ford's newtake, swincombe valley.

Mr. R. Burnard has discovered in Joan Ford's Newtake
a fine kistvaen, lying 14 feet inside the north wall of the
enclosure, in long. 3° 55' 53 -4", and lat. 50° 31' 57-25"
(O.S. Devon. Sheet CVII, N.W.). This kistvaen has
been opened and rifled at some unknown date ; the cover-
stone is intact and lies partly resting on one side and end
of the kist. The length of the kistvaen is 3 feet 4 inches,
its width at the centre is 1 foot 11 inches, the present
depth from top of the sides to grass in bottom being 2 feet
1 inch. The south-west side stone is the longest and the
most certainly undisturbed; the direction of its length
is N. 48° W.

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96 THIRTIETH REPORT OP THE BARROW COMMITTEE.

Two hundred and fifty-two feet from the kistvaen, and
west by a little north from it, is a stone circle touching
the wall of the enclosure. Its diameter is 28 feet.

Within Joan Ford's Newtake there are also the remains
of a stone row.

A plan and view of the above kistvaen is inserted
herewith.

CUCKOO BALL.

Within the enclosure of Cuckoo Ball, near West Peek,
in Ugborough parish, he the remains of a very fine kistvaen,
which, when complete, must have challenged comparison
with the Corringdon Ball Gate kist, described in the Twenty-
eighth Report, while both are large enough to be named
as cromlechs. The exact position of this grave on Cuckoo
Ball is long. 3° 53' 11 J", lat. 60° 24' 27* (O.S. Devon.
Sheet CXIX, S.E.). That the grave was originally covered
by a mound is sufficiently clear, and the retaining circle
of this barrow yet remains, having a diameter of about
29 feet.

Since the kist was uncovered it has suffered great ruin,
and three stones only remain which may certainly be
said to occupy their original positions.

Judging by these, I imagine the length of the kist to
have been at least 9 feet internally, and its width about
6 feet. The highest stone now stands 5 feet 10 inches
above present ground level.

The direction of the eastern side, formed by two stones,
is N. 16° 30' W. The largest stone on the eastern side,
and the only undoubted side stone on the west, both he
almost exactly north and south. We may take it, there-
fore, that the deviation of the centre line of the kist, from
north and south, was to the westward, and in this it agrees
with the great majority of such structures on Dartmoor.

A plan and sketch accompany this Report.

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CUCKOO BALL

ELEVATION

LOO/f/A/C £T

PLAN

/AV 1 2 O I

I i I I I L

3 4 vS fT

■ i '

l^.tf.WtoivrH tan.

SCALE

Babbow Rifobt.— To fat* p. to.

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MAM O; V 'i ■) r

^ o i "« ^v "■; j j

. \ '

1 ,'

, /

: MAJ1

V\ , v .» <; j o siWv\

••t * 4 * -f

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o
o

Q
H
g

Barrow Rrport.— To face p. 9(

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98 THIRD REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE.

A specimen of daisy, Bdlis perennis L., with a peculiar
appearance, was gathered in the summer of 1910. It grew
among other daisies, and was distinguished by its ligulate
florets appearing to be extremely narrow, but on examina-
tion they proved to be rolled in, so as to be sub-cylindrical.
The scapes seemed firmer and of a darker shade than in
the ordinary form. The characters remained constant as
observed inthe same station on 15 May, 1911.

Ragwort, Senecio Jacobcea L. ; a curious form, having
a flat stalk with a cluster of small flowers at the top, and
leaves on one side of the stalk much divided like those
of parsley.

Common Vervain, Verbena officinalis L.

Many-seeded Goose-foot, Chenopodium polyspermism L.

4. Exeter Botanical District.
Sisymbrium orientals L. St. Thomas (Rev. H. Boyden).
Reseda Luieola L. Burlescombe.

Stdlaria Dilleniana Moench. Alphington.

Epilobium montanum L. x E. obscurum Schreb. (E. aggre-
gatum Celak.). Cullompton (A. Sharland). St. Thomas.

Myosotis scorpioides L., var. M . strigidosa Reichenb. Cullomp-
ton (A. Sharland).

Stachys ambigua Sm. Ashton.

Aponogeion distachys (Th.). Teign Valley, Ashton (not native)
(Mr. John Stevens).

Lepturus filiformis Trin. Topsham.

5. Honiton Botanical District.
Hetteborus viridis L. Axminster (A. Sharland).
Barbarea vema Aschers. Honiton.

Viola lactea Sm. Budleigh Salterton (Miss Peck).

Trifolium suffocatum L. Budleigh Salterton.

Ornithopus perpusiUus L., var., flowers entirely yellow, each

leaflet with a dark purple blotch. Sidmouth (Withering).
Poterium Sanguisorba L. Rousdon.
Tragopogon minor Mill. Shute.
Lithospermum officinale L. Axmouth.
Oymnadenia conopsea R. Br. Woodbury.
Festuca gigantea Vill. Axminster (A. Sharland).
Pclystichum aadeatum Roth. Axminster (A. Sharland).
Equisetum sylvaticum L. Abundant in certain places in the

Axe VaUey (Pulman).

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third report of the botany committee. 99

6. Torquay Botanical District.
TJialictrum dunense Dum. Torquay (Miss C. E. Larter).
Neslia paniculate Desv. St. Mary Church (casual) (Miss C. E.
Larter).

The following list of violets, found in the neighbourhood
of Maidencombe by Miss Peck, and certified by Mrs.
Gregory, is supplied by the former : —

Viola prcecox, V. odorata, V. sub-carnea, V. permixta, V-
sepincola, V. sepincola alba, V. odorata violacea, V. calcarea
(found in 1910), V. hirta, V. hirta var. hirsute, V. hirta
var. propera, V. hirta var. inconcinna, V. hirta albi flora
var. minuta, V. hirta X odorata sub-hirta, V. hirta type
vulgaris (with white eye), V. Foudrasi, V. silvestris, V.
silvestris var. maculata, V. Riviniana, V. Riviniana f . minor v

Hdianthemum polifolium Mill. " Mr. R. W. Tregale reports
having sown last year on Churston Point seeds of this
species. If they should establish themselves there, it is-
well to make note of the fact that they are not self-sown "
(Miss C. E. Larter).

Silene amaena Huds. "Always a striking feature of our
coasts, has been this year unusually early in flowering.
One blossom I found open in a sunny spot at Meadfoot
on 7 February, 1911 " (Miss C. E. Larter).

Lavatera trimestris L. St. Mary Church (casual) (Miss C. E,
Larter).

Hippocrepis comma L. was on 2 January, 1 91 1 , in quite abundant
flower on grassy ledges at Petitor. Then all blossoms
disappeared until 28 April. From that date onwards the
slopes at Petitor and Watcombe have been covered with its
clusters of orange-yellow blooms (Miss C. E. Larter).

Lamium amplexicaule L. Banks of the cutting made for the-
doubling of the G.W.R. line between Paignton and
Torquay, near Holdstone (R. W. Tregale, July, 1910).
Some sixty or seventy plants were counted. Mr. Tregale
adds, " I believe it was introduced with seed into the field
above, as I found many specimens on the top of the bank."
As the plant is a true native, is any such supposition
necessary to account for its presence ? It has not, however,
as far as I know, been before recorded for this neighbour-
hood (Miss C. E. Larter).

Primula acaulis L. The abundance of the cowslips still sur-
viving in the neighbourhood of St. Mary Church, despite
wholesale depredations, is remarkable (Miss C. E. Larter).

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100 THIRD REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE.

TriUcum junceum L. x T. repens L. (T. acutum). Goodrington
Marsh, July, 1910 (Miss C. E. Larter).

The following list of mosses for this district has been
supplied by Miss C. E. Larter : —

The find in this order for Devon last year has been that
of Fissidens serrvlatus Brid., on the banks of the Dart
near Ashburton in August, by H. Darton. It was first
recorded for the United Kingdom by W. Curnow from the
neighbourhood of Penzance, Cornwall, and has not hitherto
been known elsewhere in our islands.

F. bryoides Hedw., forma F. inconstans Schp. Road to Petitor,
St. Mary Church, 27 January, 1911.

Pottia viridifolia Mitt. Meadfoot Cliffs, 2 March, 1911, teste
H. N. Dixon ; from the same locality recorded (under the
name of P. cavifolia) in 1866, but not since, and not now
elsewhere in the neighbourhood.

TortvXa canescens Mont., forma. Meadfoot Cliffs, 2 March,
1910, teste H. N. Dixon ; for a note by Mr. Dixon on this
peculiar form, see Journ. BoL, 1911, pp. 127, 128.

Trichostomum crisptdum Bruch, var. datum Schp., teste H. N.
Dixon. Babbacombe Cliffs, August, 1910 (H. Boyden
and W. R. Sherrin).

Bryum atropurpureum Web. & Mohr, "approaching var.
gracilentum Tayl.," teste H. N. Dixon. Torquay, on
sea-wall, August, 1910 (H. Boyden).

Mnium affine Bland., var. rugicum B. & S. " Probably " teste
H. N. Dixon. St. Mary Church, March, 1911. This moss
was collected by Miss Larter on exactly the same bank
as that from which Dr. Humphreys, in his 1909 list of
Torquay mosses, recorded M. subglobosum B. & S. Prob-
ably his was the same moss now named as certainly one
of the affine group, and " probably " the var. rugicum ; if
certainly the latter, that would be a new record for South
Devon ; the only vice-county given in the Census Catalogue
for the South of England is North Somerset.
Also the Hepatic :

Plagiochila asplenioides Dum., var. humilis Lindenb. Babba-
combe, August, 1910 (H. Boyden and W. R. Sherrin) ;
a new record for South Devon.
Also the Fungus :

Clitocybe fragrans Qu61. Babbacombe, in grass on rough ground,
November, 1910*

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THIRD REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 101

The following list of Fungi, not previously recorded for
this district, and also a lisjb from the late Edward Parfitt'fl
MSS., have been supplied by Dr. H. G. Peacock : —

Agaricace^j.

Lepiota procera Quel., var. L. rachodes Qu61. The Moors,
Bishopsteignton, September, 1910.

Tricholoma saponaceum Qu61. The Moors, Bishopsteignton,
November.

T. mdaleucum Qu61. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, November.

Clitocybe clavipes Gill. Lindridge, December.

C. maxima Qu&. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, October.

C. inversa Qu61. Lindridge, December.

C. tuba Gill. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, October.

Collybia velutipes Quel. Barton Wood, St. Mary Church,
February, 1911 (Miss Larter).

Mycena galericulata Qu61. Lindridge, November, 1910.

Plewrotu8 corticatu8 Quel. Bishopsteignton, September.

Pholiota 8pectabilis Gill. Lindridge, September.

PaaUiota dvensis Henn. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, September.

P. hoemorrhoidaria Magnus. The Moors, Bishopsteignton,
September.

Psilocybe famisecii Qu61. Chagford, May, 1911.

Paathyra spadiceogrisea Qu6L The Moors, Bishopsteignton,
September, 1910.

Cortinariu8 (Myxacium) elatior Fr. Lindridge, November.

Hygropharus olivaceo-albus Fr. Lindridge, October.

H. virgineus Fr. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, October.

H. chlorophanvs Fr. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, October.

Lactarius (Russulares) vietus Fr. Lindridge, September.

Rus8ula citrina Gill. Aller Vale, November.

CanihareUus albidus Fr. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, Decem-
ber.

Polyporace.e.

Polyporus boreaHs Fr. Lindridge, November.

Doedalea quercina Pers. Bishopsteignton, November.

MenUius Corium Fr. Lindridge, November.

Thelephorace^j.
Corticium lacteum Fr. Lindridge, December.
C. coeruleum Fr. Lindridge, December.

Peniophora quercina Cooke. The Moors, Bishopsteignton,
November.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

102 third report op the botany committee.

Clavariace^j.

Clavaria fastigiata L. Babbacombe, in grass on rough ground,

November (Miss Larter).
C. rugosa Bull. The Moors, Bishopsteignton, October.

Tremellinace^.
Dacryomyces stillatus Nees. Lindridge, September.

IiYOOPERDACEiE.

Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. Aller Vale, November.
L. Bovista L. Milber, September.

SCLERODERMACE^.

Scleroderma verrucomm Pers. Lindridge. November.

NmULARIACE^E.

NiduLaria piriformis Tul. The Moors, Bishopsteignton,
November.

ASCOMYCETES.

Bulgaria polymorphs Wettst. Cockington, November.
Ciboria pseudotvberosa Sacc. Lindridge, November.
Oeoglosmm glabrum Pers. St. Mary Church, December (Miss
Larter).

Pyrenomyoetes.
Nectria cinnabarina Tode. Cockington, November, 1909.
[ „ „ St. Mary Church, 4 February, 1911

(Miss C. E. Larter).]
Xylaria polymorphs Grev. Milber, November, 1909.

From part of E. Parfitt's MSS. [belonging to various
botanical districts] : —

AGARICACE.E.

Amanitopsis strangulate Roze. Polisloe Farm, July, 1884.

Tricholoma leucocephalum Quel. Stoke Wood, November, 1883.

T. atrosquamosum Chev. Topsham, October, 1886.

Glitocybe splendens Gill.

CoUybia longipes Quel. Exeter, August, 1886.

(7. aquosa Gill. Stoke Wood, November, 1884.

Mycena coUariata Quel. Heavitree, September, 1885.

Omphoiia onisca Gill. Dartmoor, January, 1886.

O. camptophylla Sacc. Cowley Bridge, November, 1884.

PleurotU8 mitts Quel. Cowley Bridge, November, 1884.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

THIRD REPORT OP THE BOTANY COMMITTEE. 10$

Inocybe margarispora Sacc. Red Hills, October.

Flammula decipiens Sacc. Cowley Bridge, October, 1885.

Naucoria graminicola Gill. January, 1886.

Qalera spartea Quel. Exeter Canal, May, 1885.

Stropharia squamosa Quel., var thrausta Mass. Dartmoor,

October, 1884.
Hypholoma cascum Quel. Polsloe, September, 1885.
H. CandoUeanum Quel. Basin Yard, Exeter, September, 1891.
Psilocybe ericcea Qu61. Exwick, September, 1887.
P. uda Gill. Cowley Bridge, October, 1884.
Bolbitius Boltonii Fr. Heavitree, September, 1885.
Cortinarius (Phlegmacium) sebaceus Fr. Sandy Gate, November,

1883.
C. (Telamonia) quadricolor Fr. Cowley Bridge, November,

1884.
C. (T.) brunneus Fr. August, 1886.

C. (Hydrocybe) privignus Fr. Stoke Wood, September, 1887.
Marasmius languidus Fr. Bovey Heathfield, August, 1884.

POLYPORACEiE.

Boletus strioepes Seer. Woodbury, September, 1885.

B. olivaceus. Schaeff. Woodbury, September, 1885.

THELEPHORACEiE.

Cyphelia griseo-pallida Weinm. Exeter, November, 1886.

C. musdcola Fr. Exeter, November, 1886.

Clavariace^:.
Clavaria abietina Pers. Poltimore, November, 1886.
PistiUaria tenuipes Mass. November, 1886.

CONIOMYCETES.

Phragmidium carbonarium (Schlecht.). Okehampton, August,
1886.

DlSCOMYCETES.

Helvetia crispa Fr. Stoke Wood, September, 1883.

7. Plymouth Botanical District.
Geranium phceum L. Ashprington (Mrs. Baker).
Linum angustifolium Huds. Dartington : see W. G. Maton,

Observ. Western England, I. p. 110 (1797).
Rosa micrantha Sm., var. Briggsii Baker. Devonport and Plym-

stock.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

104 THIRD REPORT OF THE BOTANY COMMITTEE.

Apium inundatum Reichenb. f . Slapton (Miss C. E. Larter).

Leontodon hispidus L., var. L. hastilis L. Diptford.

Borago officinalis L. Ashprington (Mrs. Baker).

Veronica arvensis L., var. eximia Towns. Malborough (Mar-
shall).

Castanea saliva Mill. Ivybridge.

Quercus sessiliflora Salisb. Ivybridge.

Juncus btdbosus L., var. Kochii Bab. Ivybridge.

Oeopyocis coccinea Mass. Berry Pomeroy (Dr. Humphreys,
January, 1908, teste Dr. Peacock).

Daldinia concentrica Sacc. Berry Pomeroy, August, 1908
(Dr. Peacock).

8. Tavistock Botanical District.

Ranunculus scderatus L. Tavistock.

Chelidonium majus L. Tavistock.

Fumaria Bastardi Bor. Whitchurch (Rogers).

Corydalis claviculata DC. Tavistock.

Lychnis Githago Scop. Tavistock.

Rhamnus Frangvla L. Tavistock.

PoientiUa erecta Hampe x P. reptans L. Brentor (may be this
hybrid, Rogers).

Rosa tomentosa Sm., a small form. Lydford (Rogers).

R. micrantha Sm., var. Briggsii Baker. St. Budeaux. Tamer-
ton Foliott. Egg Buckland.

Epilobium lanceolatum Seb. & Maur. Whitchurch (Rogers).

Cornus sanguinea L. Tavistock.

Carduus nutans L. x C. crispus L. Egg Buckland (Briggs).

Echium wlgare L. Lifton.

Euphrasia stricta Host. Brentor (Rogers).

E. curia Wettst., var. glabrescens Wettst., approaching E.
nemorosa Mart. Mary Tavy (Rogers).

E. gracilis Fries. Brentor to Lydford (Rogers).

E. Vigursii F. H. Davey. Bridestowe (Mrs. Pope). Buckland
Monachorum (Rogers).

E. Rostkoviana Hayne. Milton Abbot and Lydford (Rogers).

Melissa officinalis L. Bickleigh (Rogers).

Lamium amplexicavle L. St. Budeaux (Briggs).

Orchis latifolia L. x 0. macvlata L. Egg Buckland (Briggs).

Olyceria declinata Breb. Brentor and Buckland Monachorum
(Rogers).

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

TWENTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF
THE COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.

Twenty-ninth Report of the Committee — consisting of
Mr. J. 8. Amery, Sir Alfred W. Croft, and Mr. R.
Hansford Worth (Secretary) — appointed to collect and
tabulate trustworthy and comparable Observations on
the Climate of Devon.

Edited by R. Hansford Worth, Secretary of the Committee.
(Read at Dartmouth, 26tb July, 1911.)

Two changes have taken place in the stations recorded
since the last Report. We regret that Tavistock
(Statsford, Whitchurch) appears for the last time. Mr.
E. E. Glyde, f.r.met.soc, who has kept this record and
to whose assistance the Committee is much indebted, has
left England for Canada.

At Salcombe Mr. V. W. Twining, from whom we have
received the records for some few years past, has ceased
to take the observations, and we have failed to obtain
from his successor the figures for the past year.

Mr. Charles Barran's observations at Berry Pomeroy as
to day and night rainfall have been continued, with results
very similar to those obtained in 1909, a slight excess in
favour of the night. Rainfall 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., 2200
inches ; rainfall 7 p.m. to 7 a.m., 25-37 inches.

In our Twenty-eighth Report we emphasized the fact
that a year might leave an impression of undue rainfall,
whereas there might, in fact, be a deficiency of rain. As
to the year 1910 no such divergence between popular
judgment and scientific record can arise ; it appeared to
be a wet period, and appearances were very distinctly in
accord with fact.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

106 TWENTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE

STATION. BLKYATION 1

feet). OBSERVER OR AUTHORITY.

Abbotskerswell (Court Grange) 150

... Mrs. Marcus Hare.

Ashburton (Druid)

. 584

... J. S. Amery.

Barnstaple (Athenaeum)

. . . Thomas Wai n wright.

Bere Alston (Rumleigh).

124

...Sir Alfred W. Croft, m.a., K.C.I.K.

Brandis Corner

400

.. G. V. Corbet.

CuUompton

202

... Murray T. Foster, p.r.Mbt.8oc.

Devonport Watershed : —

Cowsic Valley (weekly)

1352

)

Devil's Tor (near Bear-

V F. W. Lillicrap.

down Man) (monthly)

1785

Exeter (Devon and Exeter

Institution)

155

.. John £. Coombes, Librarian.

Holne (Vicarage) .

650

... The Rev. John Gill, m.a.

Huccaby ....

900

... R. Burnard, p.s.a.

Ilfracombe .

... M. W. Tattam.

Kingsbridge (Westcombe)

100

... T. W. Latham.

Newton Abbot (The Chest-

nuts) . .

100

.. E. D. Wylie.

Okehampton (Oaklands)

505

... Maj.-Gen. E. H. Holley, R.A., j.p.

Plymouth Observatory .

116

... H. Victor Prigg, A.M.I.C.B.,

F.R.Mrr.Soc.

Plymouth Watershed : —

Head Weir (Plymouth

Reservoir)
Siward's Cross (weekly)

720
1200

> Frank Howarth, m.i.c.b.

Postb ridge (Archerton) .

1200

.. E. A. Bennett.

Princetown (H.M. Prison)

1359

... W. Marriott, P.R.MBT.SOC.

(Asst. Sec. Rot.Mct.8oo.).

Roborough Reservoir .

548

.. Frank Howarth, M.I.C.E.

Rousdon (The Observatory)

516

... Lady Peek.

Salcombe.

Sidmouth (Sidmount) .

186

... Miss Constance M. Radford.

South Brent (Great Aish)

500

... Miss C. M. Kingweil.

Castle Hill School (South-

molton)

. 363

... W. H. Reeve.

Tavistock (Statsford, Whit-

church)

. 594

... E. E. Glyde, f.r.Met.Soc.

Teignmouth Observatory

. 20

... G. Rossi ter.

Teignmouth (Benton)

320

... W. C. Lake, m.d.

Torquay Observatory .

... Frederick March, F.R.Mrr.Soo.

Torquay (Livermead House)

. 30

... Edwin Smith.

Torquay Watershed : —

Kennick

842

)

Laployd

1030

> S. C. Chapman, m.lc.e.

Mardon

836

Torrington, Great (Enfield) .

336 .

.. George M. Doe.

Totnes (Berry Pomeroy)

185

.. Charles Bar ran, j.p.

Totnes (Northgate)

.. H. Lovejoy.

Woolacombe (N. Devon)

.. R. N. Kivell, for Miss Chichester.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OP DEVON.

107

JANUARY, 1910.

RAINFALL.

TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.

i
&

OBSATE8T
FALL IN

MEANS.

XXTBJOOB.

STATIONS.

•4 HOURS.

i
&

ins.

1 1

deg.

0-10

hours.

Abbotskerswell .

4.62

1.05

Ashburton .

6.39

1.09

2 39.8

36.3

44.7

40.5

24.9

555

6.5

Barnstaple .

5.40

.98

2 41.7

37-1

47.1

42.1

18.0

54.o

7.9

Bere Alston

5-59

1.08

3 40.7

36.7

46.5

41.6

26.0

53-0

Brandis Corner .

7.25

1.65

36.0

45.o

40.7

16.0

53-0

...

50.9

Cowsic Valley .

9.40

...

Callompton
Devil's Tor

503

1.24

2 38.9

34.o

46.0

40.0

'9.8

53-8

6.9

55.0

5.70

• ...

...

Exeter

4.06

.98

2 40.8

36.*8

45-4

41. 1

20.0

54^5

Holne

8.98

1.66

...

Huccaby .

7.74

1.44

...

Ilfracombe .

4.00

.71

1 42.7

397

46.8

43-2

25.0

54.o

£3

...

Kingsbridge
Newton Abbot .

6.08

i-35

4.00

.81

...

Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .

7.06

1.63

...

3-91

•95

2 41.9

39- 1

47.2

43-2

26.0

54.0

7-9

56.0

PlymouthWtshd.
Head Weir .

6.76

.98

...

Siward's Cross .

8.20

...

Postbridge

10.76

2.26

Princetown

9.91

1.30

2 36.7

32.9

41.5

37-2

20.7

48*3

7-6

Roborough

(S. Devon)

6.34

1.04

...

Rouadon .

3-23

.83

2 39-9

35-2

44-7

40.0

18.4

54.1

6.7

74.9

Saleombe .

Sidmonth .

3-93

.90

2 40.8

35-9

46.5

41.2

16.7

55-7

7.0

66.9

South Brent

7.97

1.28

Castle Hill School

(8outhmolton)
Taristock

(Whitchurch)

5.7i

1. 00

2 38.5

350

44.7

39.8

12.5

52.1

8.0

6.91

1. 14

...

Teignmouth Obs.

3.58

1. 00

2 41.8

37.9

47-3

42.6

24.0

555

8*5

7.0

70.6

Teignmouth

(Benton)

2.94

•77

2 4i.3

37.3

46.2

41.7

25.3

55-2

7.2

Torquay Obs.

3.88

•95

2 41.6

37.4

47.0

42.2

23.7

55.6

7.0

67-3

Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick .

4.88

.90

...

Laployd .

4.82

.76

...

Mardon .

5. 11

•97

...

Torrington

5.80

1.09

...

15.0

51.0

...

Totnes

(Berry Pomeroy)

5 °5
5.58

1.03

...

Totnes

1. 12 2

...

Woolacombe

3.43

.64

42-7

39.6

46.1

42.9

24.0

52.0

7.0

54-3

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

108

TWENTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE

FEBRUARY, 1910.

I ins.
Abbotskerswell . 7.34
Ashburton . .'8.25
Barnstaple. .' 4.84
Bere Alston . 5.44
Brandis Corner . 7.91
Cowsic Valley . 11.20
Cullompton . 5.35
Devil's Tor . 6.60

Exeter . . 3.88
Holne . .9.76

Huccaby . . 8.53
Ilfracombe . . 4. 10
Kingsbridge . 7.15
Newton Abbot . 5.68
Okehampton . 8. 73
Plymouth Obs. . 5.23
PlymouthWtshd,

Head Weir ,

Siward's Cross ,
Postbridge
Princetown.
Roborough

(S. Devon)
Rousdon .
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
Sonth Brent
Castle Hill School

(Southmolton)j 6.44
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teign mouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardon .
Torrington
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy) 6.87
Totnes . .7.27
Woolacombe . 3.61

7.69

9.00

11.98

1.28

6.63
3.71

4-45
10.41

7.68
5.08

4-54
5.9i

5-67
6.59
6.65
5.80

•97
1.25

•55
•63
.85

•55

•43
1.46
1. 00
.51
•93
-73
.92

•75
.86

1.67
1.40

•75
•59

"64
1.24

•71

1.08
.68

.78
•83

.70
.92
.89
•75

1.06

1.07

.40

deg.

43-3
440
43-6

27142-5

25 , 44- 1

25 ...

27 ' 45-3

26 ...

25 1

26 , 44.9

14:27

27, ...

27 38.6

27 ...
25 1 42.7

25 44.1

27! ...

40.9

44-4

44.5
44-9

45-2

deg.

38.4
395
39-0
37.o

37.0

3*.4

41.7
40.9

34-9

3M
38.*9

36.7

397

39-2
39-8

;;;
41.0

deg.

48.1
497
48.4
48.0

49.2

49.4

49.2
49-5

43-4

47.7
49.4

47.6

50.7

49-3
50.2

48.4

deg.

43-2
44.6

43-7
42.5

43-1

43-9

45-4
45-2

39-2

42.6
44-2

42.1

44-9

44.2
45o

44-7

deg.

32.9

33-o
33-0
29.0

29.2

31.0

37.5
35-0

30-7

31.5
32.6

28.7

34-0

33-0
34.o

28.0
36.0

deg.

535 f8
55.0 I 84
55.0
52.0

54-7
55.0

53-0

0-10! hours.

& ::: ::

... : ... I...

... I 87.0 ' 6

7.4 82.4 5

7.5

53.0: 88 J 7.1 I 93.2

I !

47.6

51.1
53.8

52.2

56.2

55-7
55.6

48.0

52.8 85

94 ! 7-5 !

88 6.1 108.4
86 6.8! 90.8

87*8.0! ...

86 6.4

84! 7.1

87 1 6.0

7.0

106.8
1 16.6

848

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.

109

MARCH, 1910.

Abbotskerswell
Ashburton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Corner
Cowsic Valley
Cul lorn p ton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
Ilfracombe .
Kingsbridge
Newton Abbot
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs.
PlymonthWtshd.

Head Weir

Siward's Cross .
Postbridge .
Prince town
Roborough

(S. Devon)
Rousdon .
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
South Brent
Castle Hill School

(Southmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardon .
Torrington
Totnes
(BeiTyPomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

ins.

deg.

1. 10

•45

...

1-39

•55

44.4

38.8

49.6

44-2

329

57.0

0.67

•15

9,10

43-3

36.9

51.8

44.4

27.0

58.5

0.98

.32

9 12

43-3

37-6

51.0

44.3

29.0

58.0

0.95

.26

34-0

53-0

43-5

22.0

63.0

1-75

... 1 ...

0.89

.30

43-9

35-6

51.9

43.8

25.9

58.2

1.50

...

0.61

'.28

45-3

37.8

5V.6

44.7

28.0

58.0

1.78

.70

...

1.92

.56

...

0.64

.16

46.2

41.3

49-7

45.5

35.7

56.0

1.20

•35

9 9

...

0.83

.40

...

1.09

.87

...

0.76

.24

44-9

39.8

51.2

45-5

30.0

56.0

1.41

.52

9 "

...

i.75

...

1.82

.68

2.18

.68

39-3

35- 1

46.2

40.7

30.3

55-4

1.02

•34

...

0.77

.25

43-8

37°

48.8

42.9

30.3

57.1

0.71

45-4

38.4

50.7

44.6

29.9

57.6

x.52

.46

...

0.89

.24

39-9

35-2

50.6

42.9

24.7

58.3

i.34

•45

0.67

.28

44.0

597

50.9

45.3

3i'.'8

57.0

o.59
0.86

S
.30 9

45-3

39.0

50.6

44.8

3i.4

56.9

.30

46.0

39-9

51.8

45-9

30.8

58.5

1.30

•45

x ' 3 2

•S3

1.38

•52

...

0.74

.22

23.0

52.0

1.04

•45

1. 10

•23

...

0.61

.19

46.1

40.9

50.7

45.8

35-0

55-o

81
80

0-10

5.0
5.3

hours.

6.1

200.3
163.0

6.0

5-9

178.9

5.8

5.6
6-5

6.0

5.0

5.8
4.0

174.3
194.4

185.5 1
197.3 i 1

180.0

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

110

TWENTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE

APRIL, 1910.

RAINFALL.

TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.

o»

GREATEST

PALL IN

34 HOURS.

MEANB.

EXTREMES.

STATIONS.

it
J-

i
I

a
S

Abbotskerswell .
Ashburton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brand is Corner .
Cowsic Valley .
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
Ilfracombe .
Kingsbridge
Newton Abbot .
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir .

Si ward's Cross .
Postbridge . t .
Princetown
Roborough

(S. Devon)
Rousdon .
Salcombe .
Sidniouth .
South Brent
Castle Hill School

(Southmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardon
Torrington
Totnes

(Berry Pomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

ins.

2.71

3. 11

2.65

2.63

2.97

4.40

2-93
4.10
2.70
4.09
4.60

2.28
2.12
3-04
1.98

4-56
4.90

5.24
6.04

3.52
1.79

2.20
3.38

3.13

3.76
2.04

2.03
2.07

3.4i
4.20

3-33
2.31

2.05
2.23
2.05

ins.

.71
1. 00

•45
.86
.60

.40

.42
1.18
1.68

•53
.42
.58
.60
.63

1. 11

1.42
1.60

94
•35

.32
.87

.64

1-23
41

•45
.40

1.06
145
1.13

•45

•5*
.68
.42

12
12

25
12
12

14
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

12
12

12
12
12
12

12
12
12

17
17
20

17
20

21
17

20
15

23
19

20
19

22
19

21
15

17
16

21
21
20
22

is
15
19

deg.

46.8
46.5
46.7

47.2
4&6

47-3
47.7

41.6

46.1
47.6

44.1

47-6

47.9
48.9

46.7

deg.

399
40.4
400
35.0

38.8
40.9

43-i
40.5

36.0

38.1
394

36.9

41.5

399
41.0

41.0

deg.

51.5
49.1
52.8
52.0

53-4
54-4

51.0
52.3

47.2

51.4
53-i

50.5

53-0

53o
53-9

50.6

deg.

45-7
44-7
46.4

43-5
46.1
47.6

47.0
46.4

41.6

44.8
46.1

43-7

47-3

46.4
47.5

45.8

deg.

30.9
28.0
31.0
23.0

29.2

33.0

36.2
32.0

26\6

27.3
28.7

26.5

32*5

30.6
330

25.0
32.2

deg.

59-5
63.2
61.0
59.0

60.9

64.0

59-5
60.0

55-2

61." 1
60.7

579

63.8

°3-4
64.1

55.0
57.0

8l
79

85
79

79
86

7*8

75
73

0-10

6.0
7.0

7.5

6.5

6.2

7-5

7.0
6.6

8.0

6.9
5.5

6.0

hours.

147. 1
136.8

161.5

...
150.0

1520 -

1530
165.2

137.4

7
3

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.

Ill

MAY, 1910.

RAINFALL.

TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.

•i

0RKATE8T

FALL IN
94 HOURS.

UKAXB.

XXTRUBB.

8TATION&

J-

Abbotskerswell .

Asbburton .

Barnstaple .

Bere Alston

Brandis Corner .

Cowsic Valley .

Cnllompton

Devil'sTor

Exeter

Holne

Huccaby .

Ilfracombe .

Kingsbridge

Newton Abbot .

Okehampton

Plymouth Obs. .

PlymouthWtshd.
Head Weir
Siward's Cross .

Postbridge

Princetown

Roborough

(S. Devon)

Ronsdon

Salcombe .

Sidmouth .

South Brent

Castle Hill School
(Southmolton)

Taristock

(Whitchurch)

Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardou .
Torrington
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

ins.
2.75

3-3*
2.49
2.17
3.18
4.50
3.46
3-40
2-43
3.64
3-73
2.53
2.50
2.17
3-34
3.12

3-SO
4.10

5.04
5.08

3-02

3.08
3.28

4.23
3.02

3-24
1.82

1.83
2.19

2.73
2.71
2.85
2.66

3-"
3-32
2.25

ins.
.81
.90
•47

.39
.77

I."i6

•74
85

.60
.46
.62

.58
•73

.63

1.08
1-33

.70
.92

.81
.70

.68

.68
.42

.38
•54

.66
.67
.58
.58

•79
.91
.51

19
H
17

17
14
14
19
14
14
17
22

14
14

17
14

19
14

17
17
17
17

14
14
19

17
18
18

14
16

17
18

19
16

17
17
16

20
18

20
19

19
18

18
18

16
16
17
17

19
16

deg.

54-5
53-9
55-2

552
55-8

52.8
55-4

49.2

52.8
54.3

51.4

54.5

54.3
55-3

53-3

deg.

46.3
46.3
46.9

43-0
44-9
46.8

47.7
47.6

43-2

44.5
45-7

43-9

48.0

46.4
47-4

47.6

deg.

59.6
61.8
61.6
62.0

62.7

62.5

57.6
59-9

55.6

59.6
60.5

59.4

60.2

60.6
60.8!

58.6

deg.

530
54-0
54-3
52.5

53.8
54.6

52.6

53.8

49-4

52.1
53-1

51.6

54.1

53-5
54. 1

53-1

deg.

35-7
33.o
34-0
29.0

31.9
35-0

39-2
37-o

32.7

32.2
34-6

30.0
35-9

3S i

35-6

30.0
39-0

deg.

74-1
80.2
78.0
76.0

75.4
75.0

70.8
75.0

69.7

73-5
75.0

73-i

72.0

74.8
75.1

71.0
73-o

72
79

80
74

77
74

74
7i

0-10

5.2

6.2
7.6

6.3
5-5

5-2

6.9
7.4

7.0

6.5

8.0
6.0

6.0

hours.

231.0
202.1

2364

222.9
224.8

212.3
216.7

225.8

Digitized by VjOOQIC

112

TWBNTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE

JUNE, 1910.

RAINFALL.

TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.

•i

o»

i
§

GREATEST

PALL IN

24 HOURS.

MEAKB.

EXTREMES.

8TATION8.

i
I

9
a
*s

a
S

f
&

Abbotskerswell .
Ashburton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Corner .
Gowsic Valley .
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
Ilfracombe .

Newton Abbot .
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir .

Siward's Cross .
Postbridge
Princetown
Roborough

(S. Devon)
Rousdon .
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
South Brent
Castle Hill School
(Southmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick

Laployd .

Mardon .
Torrington .
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

ins.
2.02

2. 1 1

2.49
2.13
2.64
2.70
2.26
1.80

i-73
2.40
2.82
243
1.43
1.87
3.40
1.88

2.47
2.90
3.01
273

1.99
2.08

2.01
2.70

3.07

1.91
1.70

1.67
1.78

2.41
2.67
2.36
3.50

1.79
1.91
2.72

ins.
•32
.42
•57
• 37
•55

...

•71
.40

.36

.68
•54
.24

.31

746

.42

.32
.46

!88
•35

•57

•2°

.61

.64

.54

.85
•91

.86
.83

.48
.65

...

.!
9
9

24
9
9
9

27
27

9
23

9
9
9

15
17
15
17
15

15
'5
14
16

'5
18

IS
iS

16
16

18
15

16
17

17
17
17
'5

'3
13
16

deg.

58.5
58.1
60.0

59-5
61.4

58.4
59.4

54-3

57.4
58.2

56.1

58.4

58.8
59-3

57.7

deg.

S '''2
51.8

52.5
49.0

49-7
52.6

53-8

52.4

...

...
48.7

49.6
50-3

48.8

535

51.4
52.8

52.4

deg.

63.4
64.4
65.9
67.0

67.4
67.8

62.9
64.0

59-5

...
62.8

64.5
64.0

64.5

64.6
64.5

63.2

deg.

57.3
58.1
59.2
58.0

58.6

60.2

53-3
58.2

54.1

56.2
57-4

56.4

...
58.8

58.0
58.7

...
57-8

deg.

45.8
43-o
45-o
39-o

3*6

45-

48.0
46.0

45-1

42.4
42.4

38.9

45.6

46.1
47.2

40.0
48.0

deg.

72.3
77.2
80.0
83.0

78.5
74.0

78.0
76.0

70.4

68.0
73-2

75-3

73.o

74.5
72.9

84.0
76.0

82
82

83
82

84
82

78
77

'Ji

0-10

7.2
6.9

7.9
77

6.2

6.' 4

7-7
8.'i

8.0

7-i

8.0
7.0

6.9

hours.

179.5
156.9

:::
200.4

180.5
162.3

187.3

225.1

...

202.4

4
3

...

2
...

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.

113

JULY, 1910.

8TATION8.

RAINFALL.

ORCATB8T

PALL IN
04 HOURS,

TEMPERATURE IX 8CREEN.

a
B
"a

■s

o
5

Abbotskerswell .
Ashburton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Corner .
Cowsic Valley .
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
Ilfracombe .
Kingsbridge
Newton Abbot .
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir .

Si ward's Cross .
Postbridge
Princetown
fioborough

(S. Devon)
Ronsdon .
8alcombe .
fiid mouth .
South Brent
CastleHillSohool

(Southmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardon .
Torrington
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

VOL. XLHI.

2.37
2. 1 1
2.90
4.00

H 7
6.85

2.80
5.60
2.25
4.17
4.09
2.35
3.41
2.17
361
4.00

4.60

5-30
6.39
6.91

406
3.08

2.87

5-43
3.60

4-33
2.44

2.65
2.40

3-09
322

3.04
2.78

2.98

H S
2.87

ins.
•50
.42

•54
•99
.66

.60

26 16/2416
20

18
18

17
16
18

•73

•37

•75

.31

.76

•9i

1.20

1.04

.82

.62

.44

1.04

•76

•39

•49

•47

.48

.**

•5i

•59

•49

:fl

deg.

58.5
59.5
00.5

60.0
61.2

59-3
60.4

54.2

57-9
59-4

56.5

595

59-3
60.0

59-2

deg.

51.2
54-7
53-2
50.0

51.6
53-5

55-'6

53-9

49-2

50.7
5i.9

50.5

537

5'-7
53-6

deg. deg.

63.41573
65.7160.2

65-9 59-5
66.0 58.0

66.6
67.4

63-4
63-7

58.8

62.9
63.7

64.2

64.7

164.7
1 64 6

54.7

64.2

59-1
60.4

595
58.8

54.0

5*6.8
57-8

57.3
59-2

58.2 47.2
59.1 498

42.0

594

deg.

45.8
48.0
46.0
41.0

44-5
49.0

5i.'o

49.0

44-5

46.4
45-8

43.1

49-5

52.0

72.3
80.0
77-0
83.0

78.8

77.0

0-10

7.2
7.3

8.2

72.2 81

74-0 79

71.9

70.4
69.5

77.2

71.1

70.9
69.8

81.0

75.4

hours.

162.5
1306

6.5

165.2

6.8

7-3
73

8.0

7.0

7-9
7.o

170.7
148.3

165.6
181.8

7.3

176.4

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

114

TWENTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE

AUGUST, 1910.

RAINFALL.

TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.

& ■

GREATEST
FALL IN

MEANS.

EXTREMIS.

•

STATIONS.

24 HOURS.

a
8

-1

•

■5

m
a
a
SO

ins.

deg.

0-10

hours.

Abbotskerswell .

5-27

1-35

Ashburton .

6.11

1.27

60.1

53.9

67.1

59.5

50.0

71.3

88,7.3

...

Barnstaple .

459

1.24

60.3

55-7

72.3

64.0

49.0

74.6 82

8.0

...

Bere Alston

6.01

.87

61.6

54-8

643

59.6

48.0

73.0 ...

...

Brandis Corner .

5-55

•94

52.0

66.0

59.0

47.0

76.0

149.3

Cowsic Valley .

5.60

...

Cullompton
Devil's Tor

523

x.25

61.8

52.*8

68.5

60.7

45-3

74.2

8.2

148.0

6.60

...

Exeter

3-29

: 7 *6

62.5

55-0

69.0

62.0

48.*5

75.0

...

Holne

6.67

115

...

Huccaby .

7.61

2.23

...

Ilfracombe .

3-47

.97

*>a

61.8 57.4

65.2

61.3

52.4

74.2

7.1

...

Kingsbridge

4.46

123

...

Newton Abbot .

432

.86

... 1 ...

...

Okehanipton
Plymouth Obs. .

7.12

1.29

... ' ...

.. .

5.38

.80

61.8 j 55.9

65.4

60.7

51.0

72.0

6.9

176.6

PlymouthWtshd.
Head Weir .

7- 59

1. 12

Si ward '8 Cross .

8.30

...

Postbridge .

9.98

1.07

...

Princetown

11.38

1.68

55.8 51.4 60.0

55-7

48.1

68.4

8*9

7-1

Roborough

1 '

(S. Devon)

6.84

.90

Rousdon .
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .

3-72

1.65

59.2 530,64.3

58.V

48.5

71.9

8.0

137.6

4.86

1-74

61.5 539

66.2

60.1

47-4

72.0

8.0

162.4

South Brent

7.65

i-39

...

Castle Hill School

(Southmolton]

6.42

1.04

58.1

52.0

65.1

58.5

45.8

72.4

8.0

...

Tavistock

(Whitchurch

7-44

1.00

...

Teignniouth Obs.

3.96

1.51

62.1

55.o

67.3

61.1

52.1

74.5

7.0

176.7

Teignmouth

(Benton

1 3.45

1.25

61.6

54-3

66.7

60.5

50.8

74.1

8.2

...

Torquay Obs.

3.65

1.08

62.6

56.0

66.9

61.5

51-9

73-5

6.5

197.4

Torquay Wtrehd

Eennick .

552

.90

...

Laployd .

5.56

1.03

...

Mardon .

5-57

.96

Torrington

4.58

.88

44.0

71.0

...

Totnes

(Berry Pomeroy

) 4.50
4.84

1.26

...

Totnes

1.05

...

Woolacombe

3-90

1.05

61.2

56.4

J64.9

60.6

52.0

73-0

6.S

155-3

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.

115

SEPTEMBER, 1910.

RAINFALL. | TEMPERATURE IN 8CREEN.

a
2

EXTREMES.

STATION8.

s
s

Abbotskerswell .
Ashburton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Corner .
Cowsic Valley .
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
Ilfracombe .
KiDgsbridge
Newton Abbot .
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir .

Siward's Cross .
Postbridge .
Princetown
Roborongh

(S. Devon)
Roosdon
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
South Brent
Castle Hill School

(Sonthmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardon .
Torrington .
Totnes

(Berry Pomeroy]
Totnes
Woolacombe

ius.

0.32

0.55

0.20

0.28

0.26

1.30

o.35

1.40

o.39
0.60
0.51
0.12

0.39
0.21
0.26
0.33

0.51
0.58
0.67
0.49

0.38
0.29

0.49
0.38

0.18

0.36
0.22

0.24
0.17

0.50
0.54
0.58
0.18

0.14
0.24
0.27

ins.
.22

.41
.09
.16
•13

!i6

.32

•34
•33
.08

•15
.14
.20

•19
.32

'.46
•30

.21
.09

.19
.23

.08

.20
.16

.20
.09

•35
.38
.38
.07

.10
.11
.14

14
14
10

14
h
14
14
10

14
14

14
25

14
14

14
14
10

14
14

4
4
4
4

4
4

3
5
3

3
9

6
3

6
4

4
4

8
7
9
4

2
4
5

deg.

56.5
55-7
55-7

57.0
57.8

58.9
58.7

52.2

56.4
57-3

51.7

56.6

57-5
58.2

deg.

50.3
48.8
49.0
43-0

46.8

siVi
53.7

51.0

47.3

49.1
49.7

46.3

5i-5

50.5
51.2

5*5

deg.

62.8
63.7
61.4
65.0

65.0
64.3

61.9
63.6

58.5

62.3
62.9

62.8

63.8

64.0
64.0

62.6

deg.

5o.5
56.2

55-2
54.0

559

57-7

57.8
57.3

52.9

55-7
56.3

545

57-6

57-2
57.6

57.6

deg.

41.8
33-0
35-0
29.0

32.3
42.0

43-0
41.0

38.5

38.3
38.2

32.0

40.4

39-9
40.8

29.0
41.2

deg.

68.3
70.1
70.0
73-0

70.0

71.2
69.0

67.3

68.1
68.2

69.1

69.8

71.4
69.6

66.0
68.6

83
82

77
80

79
78

0-10

5.8
6.3

7-o

59
6.6

5*6

6.0
6.8

7.0

5-2

7.8
5.0

5.6

hours.

171. 2
140.3

169.9

169.8
171.4

159V8
174. 1

179.8

O
O

I
I

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

116

TWBNTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE

OCTOBER, 1910.

RAINFALL.

TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.

ORKATB8T

FALL IN

34 HOURS.

MEANS.

BXTRSKM.

B
C

STATIONS.

3
JS

Abbo takers well .
Ashbnrton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brand is Corner .
Cowsic Valley .
Cullompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
Ilfracombe .

Newton Abbot .
Okehanipton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir .

Siward's Cross .
Postbridge .
Princetown
Boborough

(S. Devon)
Rousdon .
Salcombe .
'Sidmouth .
South Brent
Oastle Hill School

(Southmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardon .
Torrington .
Totnes

(Berry Pomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

ins.
6.U

7-97
6.16
6.15
7.96

9.30
6.35
8.70

5-44
8.57
10.41
4.81
7.65
556
6.42
5.69

7.67
8.55
n-43
11.40

7.43
4.86

3.67
8.52

6.66

'7-17
4.50

4.69
4.61

8.19
8.64
8.52
6.65

5-94
6.08
5.69

IUB.

1.92

1.42

1.72
1.20

1.18

1.20
I. II

1.50

1.66
1.26
1.84
1. 81
1.15
1. 1 1

1.42

1.30
1.76

1-55
1.03

.84
1.50

1.15

1. 14
1.22

1.40
1.42

1.30
1-43
1.64
1.71

1.79

1.48

ji.6o

27
26
11
10
11

27
27
27
11

27
27
16
10

11
11

10
27

27
27

11
27

27
27

10/33

27
10
11

27
27
11

19
22

17
16

17
20

«5
19
20
16
18

21
21

20
16

21
17

18
21

19
21

24
21
20
17

20
19
15

deg.

52.0

53.i'
52.6

51.7

53-0

55.o
54.1

48.5

51.7
53.o

49.6

53.7
54.8

54.7

deg.

48.0
48.8

47.5
45.o

46.6

49.0

51.4
49-4

45.1

47.4
48.4

45-9

50.4

49.1
50.3

50.2

deg.

54-o
58.6
57-2
57.0

5*8.4

57.6

58*7

59.0

52.4

57.0
57.7

56.7

5*8*5

577
58.9

58.4

deg.

5V.0
53-7
52.4
51.0

52.*5
53.3

55-o
54.2

48.8

52.2
53-i

5i.3

54.4

54.6
54.3

deg.

38.3
39-0
39.o
37.o

37.3
42.0

44.8
40.0

35.3

...
38.3

40.5
36.0

41.9

40.8
40.7

35.0
43-o

deg.

65.7
67.0
63.0
70.0

67.0

64.0

67.2
66.0

634

64.9
64.7

65.4

65.8

68.0
66.7

62.0
6*6.8

92
82

92
90

86
85

O-loj

6.3

8.01

::: j
90

6.91

7-9;
8.2

8.3

8.4

8.0
8.0

7.5
7.2

hours.

9*3
62.3

98.2

73-7
71.0

72.2
79.7

91.0

5
11

14
14

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.

117

NOVEMBER, 1910.

RAINFALL.

TEMPERATURE IN SCREEN.

2
£

3
3

GREATEST
FALL IN

MEANS.

KXTitEMBS.

STATION'S.

24 HOURS.

•i

Ok
1

ins.

deg.

0-10

hours.

Abbotskerswell .

5.24

•97

...

Ashburton .

7.72

1.17

42.8

37.7

51. 1

44.4

32.7

52.1

*.3

Barnstaple .

6.81

.92

42.7

37-5

49.1

42.8

2J.O

53-2

7.5

Bere Alston

5-40

1. 01

42.5

37-0

48.6

25.0

54o

Brandis Corner .

7.76

.87

34-0

47.0

40.5

26.O

54.0

...

62.0

Cowsic Valley .

9.30

Cullompton
Devil's Tor

5.22

.72

39*8

33-3

48.9

41.1

23.7

53-2

8*9

7.1

78.4

6.40

...

Exeter

4.80

.86

41.8

36.8

47.4

42.1

29.5

52.0

...

Holne

8.45

1.62

...

Huccaby .

8.22

1.23

...

Ilfracombe .

4.43

•51

46.2

42.5

499

46.2

37.4

57.3

7-3

Kingsbridge
Newton Abbot .

7.14

.90

...

4-9«

.*8

...

Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .

7.42

.82

...

4.75

.78

44.9

39-4

50.2

44.8

30.0

57.0

8.8

75-5

PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir

7.14

1.40

Siward's Cross .

7.70

...

Postbridge .

9.70

1. 11

Princetown

10.34

1.60

38.7

35- «

43.7

39-4

30.1

51.0

7.0

...

Boborough

(S. Devon)

5.63

1.06

...

Rousdon .

4.94

.82

42.4

36.0

47.*8

41.9

30.3

530

8*4

5-3

100. 1

Salcombe .

Sidmouth .

4.71

.76

42.9

37.5

49.1

43-5

29.5

53-5

6.5

83.8

South Brent

8.90

1. 15

...

Castle Hill School

(Southmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)

6.93

1. 16

38.1

33.8

47.7

40.7

22.1

54.8

8.0

...

7.05

1.15

...

Teignmouth Obs.

4.51

.70

42.9

38.4

5o.3

44-3

29.5

59-7

«5

£0

85V5

Teignmouth

(Benton)

4.73

.78

43.2

37.7

49.3

43-5

30.1

55.8

7.2

...

Torquay Obs. .

4.59

•73

44-5

38.8

50.4

44.6

31.8

55'

6.5

93-5

Torquay Wtrshd.

Kennick .

6.75

1.18

...

Laployd .

7.02

1.25

...

Mardon •

6.92

1.27

...

Torrington

6.68

.82

...

2I.O

48.0

...

Totnes

(Berry Pomeroy)

5.24

.83

...

Totnes

4.04

.50

«3/»7

...

Woolacombe

5.10

•55

4S.S

40.8

49-7

45.2

34.2

56.2

7-o

66V7

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

118

TWENTY-NINTH REPORT (THIRD SERIES) OF THE

DECEMBER, 1910.

Abbotskerawell .
Ashburton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Corner .
Cowsic Valley .
CuUompton
Devil's Tor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
Ilfracombe .
Eingsbridge
Newton Abbot .
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir .

Si ward's Cross.
Postbridge
Princetown
Roborough

(S. Devon)
Rousdon .
Salcombe .
Sidmouth .
South Brent
Castle Hill School
(Southmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd.

Eennick .

Laployd

Mardon .
Torrington
Totnes

(Berry Pomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

10.94

12.77

4.84

8.46

7.06

12.80

6.92

10.90

6.54

13-94

15.34

3.7i

9.20

8.35
8.02

7.30

11.57
14.45
1553
17.77

9.65
6.21

5.98
11.06

5.78

10.37
6.60

6.78
6.59

9.99
11.72
10.62

4.90

8.72

9.43
4.16

1.26

1.70

.68

':8

1.18

1. 12

1.69

2.08

.86

•97
1. 11

113
1. 00

i-35

1-57
1.86

1.24
.86

.88
i-34

• 74

1.36
1.08

1.13
•93

1-39
1-37
1.49
1. 00

1.40

i-33

•77

15
12

15
8

15
1
8
8

8
8

8
15

8
8

24
26
26
26
28

24
27
21

25
25

26
28

28
23

26
27

27
26
25
25

21
22
26

44.1
45-4
453

44.1
45.0

47.3
46.7

41.4

44-3
45-3

43-0

46.2

45-3
46.5

46.9

41.0

41.3
41.4
40.0

39-9
41.9

43.7
43-5

38.0

40.2
41.2

39- 1

42.5

41.5
42.6

43-6

4*7.5
50.6
49.8
4?-o

495
48.6

51.5
50.3

44.7

48.2
49.6

48.4

51.0

49-5
50.7

50.2

44.2
45.8
45.6
43.5

44-7

45.2

47-6
46.9

41.4

44.2
45-4

43-7

46.7

45.5
46.7

46.9

31.0
25.0
27.0
21.0

25.1

29.5

3*8
300

28.4

28.*3
28.5

22.9

31-3

30.1
299

21.0
33.0

52.1
55.0
54.0
52.0

55-1

54.0

58.8
54.0

51.0

52.6
54.9

54.2

56.5

54.6
54.2

49.0
55.6

8*5
92

89
90

87
88

7.7
8.5

7.9

M
9-1

8*9

7-5
7.9

9.0

7.0

7.5
7.5

7.o

37.3
30.8

41.7

I -

46.6
44.9

47.7
56.2

II
II

43.3

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

COMMITTEE ON THE CLIMATE OF DEVON.

119

SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR 1910.

Abbotskerswell .
Ashburton .
Barnstaple .
Bere Alston
Brandis Corner .
Cowrie Valley .
Cullompton
Devil'sTor
Exeter
Holne
Huccaby .
llfracombe .
Eingsbridge
Newton Abbot .
Okehampton
Plymouth Obs. .
PlymouthWtshd.

Head Weir .

Siward's Cross .
Postbridge .
Princetown
Boborongh

(S. Devon)
Rousdon .
Balcombe .
8 id mouth .
South Brent
Castle Hill School

(Sonthmolton)
Tavistock

(Whitchurch)
Teignmouth Obs.
Teignmouth

(Benton)
Torquay Obs.
Torquay Wtrshd

Kennick .

Laployd .

Mardon .
Torrington
Totnes
(Berry Pomeroy)
Totnes
Woolacombe

51.29
63.26
44.04
49.24
56.86
79.10
46.79
62.70
38.08
73-05
75.52
34.32
52.89
42.19
60.31
4433

6547
75-73
91.55
95.51

56.51
37.76

39-i6
62.15

51.83

61.56
37.12

36.14
38.70

54-44
59.02

56.93
46.58

47.37
49.19
36.66

1.97

1.70
1.72
1.20

1.65

13/1 1
15/12
11/10
10/10
23/1

214
231

220
221
237

46.0

50.3

5 o.y

— - -

44.4
447
44.6
40.5

55.2
56.6
56.1
56.3

49.7
50.9

50-4
48.9

1.25

28/8

237

50V1

42.6

57-3

50.0

1. 12
I.69
2.23
1.26
I.84
I.8l

8/12
15/12
1/8
11/10
27/10
27/10

209
229

221
219
206

5M
5i.7

45-o
47.6

57.x
55.6

51.0
51-2

I.63
I. II

23/1

11/10

215
212

51-7

46.1

56.4

5*-3

1.42

11/10

259

2.26

1.86

23/1

8/12

244
242

45-9

41.4

51.0

46.2

"55
1.65

10/10

28/8

248
203

49.6

432

54.8

49.0

1.74
1.50

28/8

27/10

237
232

50.8

44-3

56.2

50.2

1. 16

23/"

246

47.3

42.0

55-2

48.6

1.36
1.51

8/12

28/8

250
204

51.0

43.1
45-9

54.5
56.8

48.8
5M

1.40
1.42

27/10
27/10

2O4
2l6

51-9

45.9

57.0

51.5

i.39
1-43
1.64

1.71

8/12

27/10
10/10
n/10

26l
241
241
227

1.79
1.48
1.60

27/10

11/10

199
205

217

48.9

46.V

55.6

5V.' 1

24-9' 74- 3
18.0 1 80.2
26.0 ] 80.0
21.0 1 83.0

9.8! 78.8

20.0 1 77.0

25.0 78.0

26.0

76.0

20.7 71.9

18.4 73-5
16.7 75.0

12.5 77.2,

25.9
24.0

25.3
23-7

15.0

24.0

7M.

74-5 1

74.8
75-1

84.0

76.0

i 5
81

6.4
7.2

7.6

7.1

7-i

7.0

6.9

7-3

8.0

86
82

7.2
6.5

6.3

6.6

1576.5
1386.6

1653.5

1609.5

1573.2

1630.0
1770.9

57
68

7i
52

60
60

1597.2

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

THE BOROUGH OF

CLIFTON-DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS AND ITS

MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES.

Part I,
BY EDWARD WINDEATT.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

Dartmouth is a borough of considerable antiquity, but
not so old as Totnes. In early times, when pirates of all
sorts ravaged the coast, the towns were placed some way
up the rivers and estuaries, and Totnes, situate ten miles
up the Dart from its mouth, was safe from raids.

As trade grew and there was not so much danger from
marauders, towns were built at the mouths of the rivers,
and then Dartmouth was founded, guarded by castles and
chains.

Originally it would seem that Dartmouth comprised
three villages, names still preserved in the official name of
the borough, " Clifton-Dartmouth-Hardness."

Mr. R. N. Worth, in his History of Devonshire (1886),
thinks " Hardness " is of Scandinavian origin — " By the
headland," or " the Headland landing-place."

From Dartmouth Rufus sailed to Normandy in the last
years of the eleventh century. In April, 1190, a Crusading
Fleet sailed from Dartmouth. King John was there in
June, 1205, and remained for three days, 18th to 22nd,
and was there again October, 1214.

In 1404, it is said, the French attacked Dartmouth, but
on landing were surrounded by the people of both sexes,
and the French leader, Du Chatel, and a number of his men
killed.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON-DARTMOUTH-HARDNBSS. 121

Leland, the antiquary of the time of 'Henry VIII,
says : —

" There is a Townlet or I entered into Dartmouth Towne
caullid Hardnesse inhabited mostly by Fischar men and
sum Marchauntes, having in it a Chapel of Clare, and the
great Ruines of Hauley's haul an exceeding rich Merchant
and a noble Warrier.

" There is only a bay filled by Fluddes with salt water
driving at the Ebbe 2 miles that divideth Ardenes from
Dartmouth Town, and over this bay is a stone causey and
2 flattee Bridgges. Ther be tokens that of old Tyme ther
hath beene much building betwixt the Town of Dartmouth
now inhabited and Stoke Fleming whereupon it must
follow that old Dertmouth stode that way or els that
Stoke Fleming was larger than it now is.

" The Town of Dertmouth lyith in length on a very
Rokky Hille on the Haven Side about half a mile from the
very mouth of it and extendith in lenghth about a quarter
of a mile. There be good Marchaunt men in the Towne
and to this haven long good shippes. This Town is served
with conduct water. There is a fair Church in the Towne,
but it is but a Member of the paroche Church of Tunstall
half a mile on the top of an Hille.

" John Hawley a riche Merchant and noble Warrior
against the French men lyith burid afore the High Altare
with his two wives in Dartmouth Church Obiit A D* 1403.

" Copestan, now a man of great landes in Devonshire,
married the heir Generate of Hawley, whereby his landes
were much augmented. Some think at wher the personage
House of Tunstalle now is was sumtyme an Hpuse or
celle of French monkes. The Personage of Tunstalle was
impropriate to Torrebay Abbay.

" The Brians emong whom Guy Brien was famose were
Lordes of Dertemuth Towne.

" King John gave privilege of Mairalte to Dertmouth.
Edward the 3 gave Licens to the Town of Dertmouth to
purchase. King Edward the 4 gave XXXZ fee to Dert-
mouth Towne, Richard the 3 gave XLK more and Henry
the 7 a fair (Bulwa)rk made of late.

" There be 2 Towers at the Haven Mouth and a chaine
to draw over, one of these Towers stondith (by) Sir George
Carew Castelle caulled Stoke Fleming at (the Haven
Mouth)."

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

122 THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON-DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS

Dartmouth would appear to some extent to have been
under the Lords of Totnes until William le Zouch, owner
of the Barony of Totnes, granted his rights to Nicholas de
Teukesbury, who is said to have been a Dartmouth mer-
chant. Le Zouche granted to Tewkesbury not only the
usual manorial rights, but the toll and custom of the
port and of the river up to Blaliston, next Cornworthy,
reserving free passage from Totnes to the sea. Notwith-
standing this the Duchy of Cornwall claimed rights over
Dartmouth right up the river to Totnes Bridge. The
water of Dartmouth commences about six miles up the
river, and as far out into the sea as a man standing on the
top of the hill above Dartmouth " may ken a Humber
Barrell." 1

The Charter of Henry III confirmed an earlier one, and
the oldest seal represents a king in a ship with John's
badges of the crescent and star.

The late Mr. Roscoe Gibbs, in Devon Notes and Queries,
Vol. V, p. 137, No. 83, has an article on " The Arms of
Dartmouth and their Origin." He says : —

" It has sometimes been the subject of enquiry, but it
has never been satisfactorily cleared up, as to when the
present arms were first granted to Dartmouth, some sup-
posing they date back to the reign of King John."

There is, however, among the Corporation documents
a deed of date 1280 with the seal of Dartmouth, a ship
under sail (82) showing that was the seal in Edward I's
reign.

Mr. Roscoe Gibbs points out that we may infer " that
it was Henry VII who first formally granted Arms to this
Town."

" Dartmouth," he adds, " possesses two very fine and
deeply sunk mediaeval seals, one showing the King with
the two lions in a ship with the legend : * Sigillum com-
mvne de Cliftone Dertemuthe,' the other encircled by the
following : —

' s'maioris de cliftone dertemuthe h.'

" On the latter, which is the smaller and probably the
earlier of the two, the King has no supporting lions, these
being probably an addition made by the Monarch as a

1 " Report on the Water Bailiwick of Dartmouth, from an old document
relative to the Duchy dues." — Dartmouth CJironicle, 17 May, 1872.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 123

compliment to the Town. Doubtless they were intended to
symbolise the brave men of Devon the Sovereign's ever-
faithful protectors at sea."

The Arms of Dartmouth, as given in the British Museum,
Harl. MS., and Cotton MS., Faustina, E 111, sixteenth
century, are : —

" Dartmouthe : G : in a shipp or, a kinge bet : 2 lions
rampant arg: "

In 1226 there was a public market in Dartmouth granted
for the town to Richard of Gloster, son of William Fitz
Stephen, to be held on Wednesday, and a fair for three
days at the Feast of St. John the Baptist, and the Fines
28 Henry III cited by Lysons contained an agreement
between William de Cantilupe, Baron of Totnes, and the
Burgesses of Dartmouth for their weekly markets early in
1243, and in 1301 Edward I granted Gilbert Fitz Stephen,
Lord of Townstall, a market at Clifton-super-Dartmouth
on Thursday, and a fair for two days at the Feast of
St. Margaret.

During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries Dart-
mouth rivalled the Cinque Ports in importance and fame,
and for a time it was one of the foremost seaports in the
provinces.

In Edward Ill's reign, 1327, Nicholas Teukesbury
transferred his rights to the King, who, ten years after,
1337, granted the borough another Charter, which was
followed by a supplementary one conceding additional
advantages in 1341.

The Charter of Edward III was confirmed by one of
Queen Elizabeth, 14 April, 2 Elizabeth. A copy of this
Charter was printed by T. Brice, an Exeter printer, in the
latter part of the eighteenth century.

Edward III, in consideration of the great loss and
hardships sustained by the Burgesses of Clifton-Dartmouth-
Hardness by reason of the war and on account of their
previous good behaviour and of their fitting, out two ships
of war at their own expense when requisite, granted they
should be free from tollage, pavage, murage, etc. They
were permitted to elect from among themselves a Mayor,
provided he be a fit person and faithful to the King and
kingdom.

These rights were confirmed by Richard II, 14 December,
1378.

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124 THE BOROUGH OF CUFTON-DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS

In this reign the Burgesses of Dartmouth complained
to the King that the village of Southtown was joined to the
borough, and the municipal authorities kept watch ward
nightly on the confines of the village at a place called
"Gallions Bower" (in order to discover any enemy of
the King who might endeavour to enter the harbour) with-
out assistance from the village, they not being benefited
by the privileges granted the borough.

In consequence, the King, 23 June, 1464, annexed
Southtown to the borough. This was confirmed by King
Henry VII, 10 December, 1487, and ratified by his suc-
cessor, 10 May, 1510.

The siege of Calais ranked Dartmouth the third port in
the kingdom, Dartmouth finding 31 ships and 757 men,
while Plymouth only found 26 ships and 603 men.

Yet in 1310 Dartmouth pleaded it was unable to main-
tain one ship without aid from Totnes, Brixham, Portle-
mouth, and Kingsbridge, and Edward Ill's Charter pro-
vided that two ships should be found. Two papers read
before the Devonshire Association by the late Mr. Karkeek,
show Dartmouth's position as regards shipping in early
times. The first, read at Totnes, 1880, was, "Notes on
the early history of Dartmouth with special reference to
its Commerce, Shipping, and Seamen in the Fourteenth
Century." The second, read at Dawlish, 1881, was en-
titled, " The Shipping and Commerce of Dartmouth in
the reign of Richard II."

The status of Dartmouth is shown by its appointment
in 1390 as the sole port for the export of tin.

Dartmouth took its part in defeating the Armada,
fitting out, with help from Totnes and the neighbourhood,
two vessels, the Crescent and the Hart, which did good
service. l

Although there must have been a large number of
merchants in Dartmouth trading with France, there does
not appear to have been a Guild Merchant nor a Company
of Merchant Adventurers at Dartmouth as there was at
Totnes, nor do the Exeter Merchant Adventurers' records
have much reference to Dartmouth merchants.

It would seem that Dartmouth was connected with New-
foundland. At Greenway, on the Dart, dwelt Humphrey
and Adrian Gilbert, the half-brothers of Sir Walter Ralegh,
and at Stoke Gabriel, a little further up the Dart, John

1 Devonshire Association Trans., Vol. XII, p. 308, 1880.

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 125

Davis, the discoverer of Davis's Straits, the famous
voyager. Humphrey Gilbert obtained a patent from Queen
Elizabeth, and from the Port of Dartmouth went out his
first American colonizing expedition in 1579. This was
unsuccessful, but in 1583 he took possession of Newfound-
land, but was drowned on his return journey.

From this time Dartmouth obtained a predominant
share of Newfoundland trade, and many of the Mayors
were men connected with that trade.

In 1642 the Corporation authorized the advance by their
representatives in the Long Parliament, Roger Matthew
and Samuel Browne, of £2668 7s. 6d. to help in reducing
the Irish rebels, the same to be recouped out of Irish
lands. The money was paid, it is said, but the Corporation
only got a map of the lands.

There were stirring scenes in Dartmouth during the
Civil War. It was decidedly on the side of the Parliament,
but after a siege of a month fell into the hands of Lord
George Goring, who, after a stay in Totnes, left on the ap-
proach of Sir Thomas Fairfax and proceeded to Dart-
mouth. Fairfax followed, and in January, 1646, stormed
and took Dartmouth.

John Prince, the author of The Worthies of Devon, in
his account of John Hawley gives a quaint description of
Dartmouth, with which he must have been well acquainted,
having been first lecturer of St. Mary's Church, Totnes,
and then Vicar of the adjoining parish of Berry Pomeroy.
His description is : —

" Dartmouth a large populous Town, situate on the
south side of a very steep hill which runneth from east
to west a considerable length of near a mile, whereby the
houses as you pass on the Water seem pensil and to hang
along in rows, like gallipots in an apothecary's shop, for
so high and steep is it, that you go from the lower to the
higher part thereof by stairs, and from the bottom to the
top requires no less, in some places many more, than an
hundred.

" It hath a most convenient haven able to receive a
great navy into its bosom, which may ride safe without
incommoding one the other, load and unload in the midst
of the Town. The mouth of the river (the Dart) near a
mile distant from the Town is well guarded with two
Castles and other Munitions, standing on the opposite
banks thereof. Heretofore was also a chain which reached

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126 THE BOROUGH OF CLTFTON-DAKTMOUTH-HARDNESS

from one side to the other, which in time of war was wont
to be set up to prevent any invasion of the enemy. This
town then began to flourish when Totnes haven, by over-
much sand brought down by the water from the Tin Works
in Dartmoor, was choak'd and spoil'd.

" Thro' the safety and convenient situation of its port
this place became much frequented by Merchants and to be
well furnished with good shipping, and is so still, tho*
short of what it hath been heretofore."

The Muniments of the Corporation of Dartmouth are
very valuable and interesting. A calendar of them was
made in 1879-80 by Mr. Stuart A. Moore, f.s.a.

In his introduction he says : —

" The Archives of the ancient Borough of Dartmouth
have the highest value as legal evidence of the rights,
privileges and emoluments of the Borough and its Freemen
and inhabitants, and besides this they have an interest
and a value as historical material which is hardly second
to their value as evidence."

He refers to the absence of ancient correspondence,
but shows how the documents illustrate local and personal
history, and how they also show the growth of the town
from the time of Elizabeth, when the water washed the
churchyard wall and ships lay under it.

Some of the suits in the Court are interesting. In
6 Elizabeth we find one against John Frobisher, brother
and agent to Sir Martin Frobisher, for cattle supplied
to Sir Martin for his voyage, which he does not appear
to have paid for.

As the office of Mayor was created and continued by
Charter, the List of Charters compiled by Mr. Stuart
Moore is of very great interest. It is as follows : —

CHARTERS.

The numbers in the margin are the numbers of the Charters in the Calendar.

1 1378-9 Letters patent of Inspeximus and

lATW^mhAr confirmation of Charter of 14 April,

2 Ric II U Edward I ( 1286 )> which the King*

reciting the good service done by the

men of Dartmouth and the danger and losses they have

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 127

sustained by reason of the war, and because they have
undertaken to find two ships of 120 tons with double
equipment to go in the King's service for 40 days at the
cost of the said Burgesses, grants them quittance from toll,
pavage, pontage, wharfage, etc. etc., for all their goods
and merchandize within our realm, and that they may
elect among themselves yearly a Mayor, who, together
with the Bailiffs, may have the custody of the Town, and
hold pleas there — that they may leave lands and tenements
in the Borough by their wills — that they shall not plead
or be impleaded out of the Borough, and that they shall have
infangenthef , outfangenthef , and return of writs and sum-
monses of the Exchequer, so that no Sheriff or minister
of the King or his successors shall intermeddle in the
Borough — that they shall not be put in assizes, juries, or
inquisitions, and that there shall be no forestallers in the
Borough.
2 ^yg Copy Writ confirming a grant of

20 Aueust quittance from payment of 3d. in the

2 Ric II £1 on merchandize to the Citizens of

Bayonne.

« jqq 4 Writ to the Justices of Assizes in the

20 November. Count y of Devon > reciting a grant of

18 Ric IT ^ November last to the Burgesses

of Dartmouth, that they shall have

cognizance of all pleas of land and tenements and assizes

of novel disseizin and mort d'ancestor in the Borough, and

shall elect a coroner there, and commanding that no coroner

or minister of the King shall intermeddle in the Borough.

4 14 _ fi Letters patent of Inspeximus and

iQ '* k confirmation of Letters patent of

i September. 12 Mfty 2 Hemy ly which inspect

en * * and confirm the Letters patent of

14 December, 2 Richard II, described in No. 1.
6 , . « fl Letters patent confirming the Letters

14 M h patent of 1 September, 2 Henry V

14 Hen* VI. < No - 4 >"
fi ,. ftl Indenture between the King and the

, . , Mayor, Bailiffs, and Burgesses of

91 Tivf 18 tv Dartmouth respecting the erection
^ijmw.iv. of the Cagtle Bulwark and chain

across the Harbour, granting an annuity of £30 out of the,
Customs for the maintenance of the same.

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128 THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON-DARTMOUtH-HARDNESS

_ 7q Writ to the Justices of the Common

in\r k Pleas commanding them to permit

12 Ed^V the Bur g esses of Dartmouth to hold

w * all pleas and real actions in the

Borough, and to make executions, etc., as they are entitled

by the charters of King Edward III and King Richard II,

and a grant of 23 June, 3 Edward IV.

, , Similar Writ to the Justices of the
8. Same date. r^ Bench .

M , Letters patent inspecting and con-

■p^ 10 * firming the Indenture of 1 August,

1 Kic. 111. 21 Edward IV (No 6)

Inters Patent of Inspeximus and con-

* M ' , firmation of Letters patent, 20 June,

9P*TTT 3 Edward IV > which confirm the

JKic. 111. Letters patent of 14 December, 2

Richard II (No. 1), and another charter of 5 November,
17 Richard II, which recites a grant of 14 April, 50
Edward III, 1377, granting to the Burgesses of Dart-
mouth cognizance of pleas, real and personal, and the right
to elect a coroner. These letters patent of Richard III then
proceed to recite that although the Town of South Town,
Dartmouth, is next adjoining the Borough, and the Bur-
gesses in going to keep sea watch against the King's
enemies at Gallion's Bower are not protected by the
liberties and franchises of the town, and therefore the King
unites the town of South Town, Dartmouth, to the Borough,
and grants returns of writs and certain powers and juris-
dictions to the Mayor and Burgesses with a licence to hold
lands in mortmain to the value of £20.
. lfil0 Letters patent inspecting and con-

94. A 1 firming an Indenture of 16 January,

9 H P ^ TTT 1 Henry VII, whereby the annuity
i Hen. vin. for the keeping up of the Cagtle Bul .

wark and Chain was increased to £40.
9 _ Letters patent inspecting and con-

* . • firming Letters patent of 10 May,
a August. 2 Henry yjjj^ which ingpeot and con .

firm the Letters patent of 10 December, 3 Henry VII,
which inspect and confirm the Letters patent of 23 June,
3 Edward IV, which inspect and confirm the Letters
patent of 20 August, 2 Richard II (No. 1), and another
grant of 5 November, 17 Richard II, granting to the Bur-
gesses certain jurisdictions and power to elect a coroner.

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 129

Edward IV's charter also unites the town of South Town
to the Borough, and grants a licence of mortmain, for lands
to the value of £20 in the same terms as the grant of
Richard III (No. 10) .

Letters patent inspecting and con-
. Q A firming Letters patent of 3 November,

; i^vr 2 Henr y VIII > bein g the ST* 11 * of the
l Jlxlw. vi. Water bailiwick of the Dart at fee

farm for ever.

14. 6 November. Letters patent inspecting and con-
1 Mary. firming No. 13.

. B olkT . Letters patent inspecting and con-

15. 6 November. firming Letters patent of g Augugt>

l Mary. j Edward yj (No 12) .

ExempHfication of the Record of the
9 a n + Ko Memoranda of the Exchequer, Michael-

26 October. magj j Elizabeth, being an enrolment
of Interrogatories and Depositions re-
specting the Water bailiwick of the Dart.

16. 9 November. Letters of confirmation of the Charter
2 1 Eliz. of 6 November, 1 Mary, No. 14.

17 lfi04 Charter of Incorporation. The Mayor

-y-* o a * f an d Recorder and each of them are to

ugus . ^ ^ e K| n g» g j us tices of the Peace in

ames . ^ e b^q^Jj an( j ^he hmits of the

same and throughout the parish of Townstall, and to keep
the statutes of artificers and labourers, etc., and shall have
full power to enquire concerning murders, homicides,
felonies, trespasses, etc., and to hear and determine all
transgressions (except such as concern life and limb).
They are to have power to issue warrants, make arrests,
and imprison persons in the gaol. The Mayor and twelve
councillors to have power to make ordinances, bye-laws,etc,
for the governance of the inhabitants and for the good of
the Town, and also for the better preservation, governance,
disposition, letting, and leasing of the lands, tenements,
revenues, possessions, and hereditaments given, granted,
or assigned to the aforesaid Mayor, Bailiffs, and Burgesses
and their successors, or henceforth to be so given and
granted, and to do all other things concerning the right
estate and interest of the Borough, and they shall have
power to impose and levy penalties for non-observance
of their orders and constitutions so they be not repugnant

VOL. XLIII. I

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130 THB BOROUGH OF CUFTON-DARTMOUTO-HARDNESS

to the Law. There is a general confirmation of all lands,
tenements, fairs, markets, liberties, etc.

17. 1645. A general pardon in the usual form

2 3 April. to the Mayor, Bailiffs, and Burgesses

20 Charles I. of Dartmouth.
lS i9 T 1 ^ e ^ iarter °* Incorporation of the

qa nu ^i tt Mayor, Bailiffs, and Burgesses of the
6Q onanes 11. Borough of Clifton-Dartmouth-Hard-
ness. There is to be a Mayor, Recorder, Common Clerk,
two Bailiffs, and twelve prime Burgesses and twelve
second Burgesses. Mayor and Recorder to be Justices of
the Peace, Mayor to be sworn to his office. Arthur Holds-
worth to be the next Mayor. Power given to elect officers
and power reserved by the Crown to remove them by order
of Council. General confirmation of possessions, liberties,
etc.

ift I7f»7 Lease by the Crown to the Corpora-

il tL k tion of the office of Waterbailiff of
14 December, the Town of Dartmouth for hves.

90 1792 Lease by the Prince of Wales to the

* _„' Corporation of the office of Water-

ib May. bailiff of the Town of D artmout h f or

hves in reversion of the existing lease.

•.„ King Henry VII to the Mayor,

1485 Baihffs, and Burgesses of Dartmouth.

lfi j' Copy Indenture granting £40 towards

anuary. ^ e ma i n tenance of the Bvltoark.

Same to same. Agreement that the
"99 Q f u_ Mayor, etc., of Dartmouth shall take

2 H P \nfi suret y of the Masters of shi P 8 for the
en * * good behaviour of the crews towards

all vessels having the King's safe conduct.
32Q2 Hte Royal Highness Frederick Prince

1730 °* Wales *° ^ e Mayor, Baihffs, and

g j * Burgesses of Dartmouth, Lease of the

Water Bailiwick.
1865 Deed of arrangement with the Duchy

of Cornwall respecting encroachments
on the Water of the River Dart.

The list of Mayors which follows, with some notes as to
them and their Mayoralties, is very incomplete ; there is
no official list, and it is gathered from the documents of

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3134.

AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 131

the Corporation. The numbers in brackets refer to the
numbers of the documents in Mr. Stuart Moore's Calendar,
the extract is taken from.

Up to the passing of the Municipal Corporation Act,
1835, the government of the Borough was vested in the
Mayor, Recorder, and twelve aldermen called Masters, two
Bailiffs, a Town Clerk, and High Setward.

The Burgesses of Dartmouth first sent Burgesses to
Parliament in 1298. After that they seem to have inter-
mitted until 14 Edward III (1340), and eventually became
merged in the Torquay Parliamentary Division of Devon.
In 1832 the Borough lost one member, and was finally
disfranchised in 1868. The right of election up to 1832
was vested in Freemen ; in 1822, they were about 45 in
number. 1

The ancient limits of the Borough were more extensive
than they appeared to be from the report and plan of the
Parliamentary Boundary Commissioners. Towards the
west they extended as far as Long Cross on the Totnes
road, which is some distance from the town, but did not
include the whole of the town. The Borough formerly
had a Court of Quarter Sessions and a Water Bailiffwick
Court, holden by a Lease from the Duchy of Cornwall.

LIST OF MAYORS.

RALPH THE TAILOR (LA CISSOR).

Among the Corporation Muniments is a Grant by Adam
le Mecheyve to Roger Hertebise of a house in Dartmouth ;
witnesses, Ralph the Tailor (Cissor), then prepositus of
Dartmouth ; William Finamur, then Bailiff of the Lord
of Dartmouth (Seal).

JOHN GUILLEVOLE.

This Mayor was witness to a deed, being a grant by
William de Briteville to Walter, Vicar of Totnes, of a rent
of 2s. out of a house in Totnes, for which Walter gave him
20s., inter guatuor scanna Gihallie Tottortonie (74).

There is a deed preserved dated 1280, with the seal of the
Town of Dartmouth, " sigillum ville (de D)ertimue," a
ship under sail (82).

1 Worthy's Devonshire Parishes, Vol. I, p. 387.

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132 THE BOROUGH OF C5UFTON-DABTMOUTH-HAEDNBSS

1323-4. WnxiAM DE FORSA.
17 Edw. II.
In 1298 a William atte Vosse was one of the M.P.'s for
Dartmouth. 17 Edward II, Margarey, who was the wife
of John de Esse (Smith), widow to John Kene, Burgess of
Dartmouth, released a tenement in Dartmouth which she
had of the feoffment of her husband, William de Fossa
(Smith), the propositus for the Borough of Dartmouth
(148).

1333. ROGER POLE.

9 February, 15 Edward III. The King granted to
Guy de Bryan, " for the service he daily does us in staying
continually by our side," the reversion of all lands and
tenements with appurtenances in Dartmouth Clifton and
Hardness which Joan, who was the wife of John de Carrew,
holds for the term of her life (196).

Same date, the King also made a grant of the reversion
of that part of the Lordship and profits which the King
had of the gift and Grant of Nicholas de Teukesbury in the
town of Clifton Dartmouth and Hardness, which Joan de
Carrew held for life by grant (197).

1341. WILLIAM CLARK.

He was the first Mayor under the Charter of Edward III. *

14 February, 1341. Deed Poll of Joan Carrew appoint-
ing John Jose and others to attorn to Guy de Brian (198).

14 April, 1341. 15 Edward III. Charter granted con-
ferring power to elect Mayor.

12 July, 1342. Joan Carrew released her life Estate to
Guy de Brian (202).

21 March, 1343. Guy de Brian granted that the Com-
monalty of the town of Clifton Dartmouth and Hardness
might elect a Mayor and Bailiffs who should be sworn to
the King, to the said Guy, and the Commonalty to do that
which pertains to their offices lawfully, and that the said
Guy should appoint a Seneschal foreign or denizen in the
said turns removable at his pleasure to hold all pleas
arising in the said town together with the Mayor and
Bailiffs, the amercements of the said pleas to the said Guy,
the Seneschall is to bring all the rents and other profits
of the turn for the said Guy, and John Gordon (Mayor,
1344) and others or four of them shall be at London in the

1 Worthy's Devonshire Parishes, Vol. I, p. 343.

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 133

quinzane of Easter, having full power from the Commonalty
to perform and affirm these agreements, or if they will
not, be ready to plead to a writ of trespass brought
against them in King's Bench by the said Guy without
delay (203).

1344. JOHN GORDON.
1345. HENRY DE WYLELEIGH.

Richard Whiteleighe, M.P. 1386.

1348. JOHN MATTHEW.

There is preserved a final concord made before this
Mayor and Walter de Sweyngthull, Seneschall of Guy de
Brian, Junr., Knight, conveying a piece of land in Dart-
mouth (216).

1349. GEOFFREY BOGHYER.

There is a writ of summons preserved, in a case between
the men of Dartmouth and the men of the Cinque Ports
(737).

1350. RALPH BRUWER.

1351. RALPH BRUWER.

Hugh Pomerai and John Clerk, of Payerscombe, grant
to Robert le Pyl, parson of Crukerne, and John le Berke-
don, a piece of land in Dartmouth (227).

Same year, Roger le Pole grants John Smith and Alice
his wife a house opposite the Pillorie on the north part
of the way from the Cross to the Ford towards the Mill
Poole. Indorsed is a note on the deed that it is enrolled
in the Court of the Liberty of Dartmouth, 19 Henry VI
(229).

1352. JOHN MATHEW.

William de Chekester was Seneschall in this Mayoralty
(233).

1353. ROGER DE POLE.
1357. JOHN COTTILLBR.
1359. WILLIAM AYSHELDENB.

Thomas Asshendene, M.P. for Dartmouth 1377.
Thomas Ayssheldene, M.P. for Dartmouth 1384, 1385,
1389, 1420, 1429.

1362. JOHN CLERK.

His name appears as one of the principal Inhabitants
concerned in the erection of the Chapel of St. Saviour,
dedicated 13 October, 1372, by Thomas Brantyngham,

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134 THE B0R0T7GH OF CLIPTON-DABTMOUTH-HAEDNBSS

Bishop of Exeter. A John Clarke was M.P. for Dartmouth
1363.

There is preserved a Receipt of the Dean and Chapter
of Exeter to the Executors of John Blanchard for three
sheep left to them (249).

John Clerk, of Dartmouth (probably this Mayor), by his
Will, 37 Edward III, 1363, left a mark to the Fabric of
the- new Church of Dartmouth (252-3).

1366. WILLIAM HENRY.

William Henry was M.P. for Dartmouth 1360 and 1373.

1367. JOHN WHBTENE.
1369. WILLIAM BERWE.
1369. WILLIAM KNOLLE.

His name also appears as one of the principal Inhabit-
ants concerned in the erection of the Chapel of St. Saviour's.

1372. WILLIAM KNOLL.

There is a record, 46 Edward III, Walter Haulegh,
sergeant-at-armes of the King and Lieutenant of the
Admiral, and William Knoll, Mayor of Dartmouth, and
William Styble, Bailiff of the water of the same town.
Walter forfeited to the King three ships, namely, the
Margaret, belonging to William Knoll and William Croft ;
the Godyer, belonging to William Joke and John Gent ; and
the James, belonging to John Haule, and delivered them
to be kept by the said Mayor and Bailiff until the King
should order his will respecting them if they will not come
to Hampton with other ships of the same port (267).

1372. St. Saviour's Church was consecrated.

1376. JOHN HAWLEGH.

John Hawley was M.P. for Dartmouth 1389, 1393, 1394,
1402, and possibly a son, John Hawley, 1410, 1411, 1413,
1414, 1421, 1422, 1423, 1425, 1427, 1429, 1431, 1432.

Thomas Hauleyn and Thomas Haweley, M.P. 1421,
1431.

In 1396, 19 May, there was an Inquisition concerning a
grant in Mortmain by John Hauleigh of Lands in Dart-
mouth.

In 1344 William Rurde granted to John de Haulee and
Elizabeth his wife a piece of land in Clifton Dartmouth
next the new Mill, which stood upon the Fosse between the
.Key o£the said John and Elizabeth and the " Golet " of the

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. , 135

said new Mill on the North, and as much as might be
gained from the sea on the East (207).

In 1373 there is a record of an Action, John Haulegh v.
John Blakedon and Alice his wife, in the Borough Court ;
Haulegh claimed under a settlement made on his father,
John Haulegh, and Elizabeth his wife, a Messuage in

Clifton Dartmouth and recovered (~ 2 -) •

It is evident that John Hawley was Dartmouth's chief
citizen in the latter part of the fourteenth and early part
of the fifteenth century, many times M.P. and Mayor.
His effigies in armour, between those of his wives, is still to
be seen in brass in the Chancel of St. Saviour's Church
which he founded^ He had so many vessels and traded to
so many parts that the old rhyme is still remembered : —

u Blow the wind high, blow the wind low,
It bloweth fair to Hawleys Hoe."

On the brass he stands in the centre in complete plate
armour, with one hand on his richly ornamented sword-
belt and the other holding the hand of one of his wives ;
his feet rest on a lion.

The ladies are habited exactly alike, their hair braided
and jewelled with cover-chief over, cote hardie long sleeves
closely buttoned, and gown. At the feet of each are two
dogs, collared, with bells attached.

The lady the knight is supporting places the other hand
on her breast, the lady opposite has her hands joined in
prayer.

Below is the inscription : —

" HIC JACET VENERABELIS VIR JOANNES HAULEY

ISTIUS CANCELLE FUNDATOR QUI OBIIT DIE DECEMBRIS

ANNO DNI M . . . l
DEXTR JACET TJX EJUS PRIMA NOIE JOHNA
QUE OBIIT XII DIE JULH ANNO DNI MILO
CCCMO NONAGESIO QUARTO
IN PARTE ... A ALICIA QUE OBIIT VII
DIE JANUAR, ANNO DNI MILLOCCCCMO TERCIO
QUOR ANIMABUS PROPICIETUR, AMEN."

Portions of a rich- canopy exist over the figures ; one
of his wives, probably the last, was Emmeline, daughter
of Sir Robert Tresilian, Chief Justice of England.

1 The date of hit death is said to have been 80 December, 1408.

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136 THE BOROUGH 07 CUFTOK-DABTMOUTH-HARDNBSS

Elizabeth, his daughter, married John Copplestone, of
Coplestone Colebrooke, whose gravestone probably occurs
in the north aisle of that church. Arms of Hawley : Argent,
three hunting horns and a broad arrow sable in pale,
feathers and head, or. 1 So much was he respected that the
anniversaries of his birth and death were celebrated by
the inhabitants for. 150 years after his death*

1377. WILLIAM CLERK,

1378. JOHN HAULEGH*

1379. JOHN HAULEGH.

John Berye was Seneschal (283).

1381. RICHARD HARRY.

1382. WILLIAM KNOWLB.

1383. JOHN HAWLB.

1384. WILLIAM KNOLLB.

The township of Dartmouth paid 50s. for Tenths and
Fifteenths. The Borough of Clifton-Dertemouth, 110s. 1

1385. RICHARD HARRY.

1386. RICHARD HARRY.

1387. JOHN HAULBY.

1388. JOHN BRASSETBR.

John Brasyuter, M.P. 1377, 1380, 1391. John Brasyeter
de Totton was M.P. for Totnes. One of the public Town
Wells at Totnes was known as Brassiter's Well as far back
as 1450. Wardens were appointed for it.

1389. JOHN HAWLEGH.

1390. JOHN HARRY.

1391. JOHN HAWLB.

1392. RICHARD HARRY.

1393. JOHN HAULBY.

1 May. Royal Licence was granted to John Hawley, of
Dartmouth, to give two houses in Dartmouth for the sup-
port of the Chaplain to celebrate for the souls of himself
and Joan his wife, in the church of the Holy Trinity, Dart-
mouth, under great seal (-o~)*

1394. JOHN HAULBY.

The Abbot and Convent of Torre and John Hawley,
Mayor of Dartmouth, and the Commonalty of the town

1 Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society : Transactions, Vol. Ill, 2nd Series,
p. 388.

* Devon NoU$ and Queries, " An old Exeter MS.," 1907, pp. 82 and 86.

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 137

made an Agreement before the Earl of Huntingdon to
submit a dispute concerning Funerals and offerings in the
nefr Chapel of Dartmouth and the onus of doing service
there to the award of Arbitrators (343).

1395. JOHN HAWLE.

Inquisition taken as to the Burglary of Walter Thores-
legh's house in Dartmouth (546).

28 June, 1395. Among the Muniments is a Notarial
Instrument setting forth an order of Robert Boson, the
Chancellor of the Apostolic See, confirming the foundation
of the College and Chantry of Slapton by Guy de Brian,
and appropriating thereto the Churches of Loddeswyll and
Poundestole. It sets forth a Bull of Pope Boniface (354).

1396. WILLIAM DAMYOTT.

M.P. 1394, William Damyett.

1397. WILLIAM DAMYOTT.

1397. JOHN HAWLBY.

1398. JOHN HAWLBY.

There is preserved a draft or copy of a Petition, temp.
Ric. II, from the Mayor, Bailiffs, and Burgesses of Clifton-
Dartmouth-Hardness to the King, setting forth that
King Edward III for their services rendered to him had
granted them divers franchises and liberties, and praying
for a further grant of cognizance of pleas of land and assize
of Morte d'ancestor and the profits thereof, the appoint-
ment of a Coroner, and that the Burgesses may be quit of
all manner of customs throughout the realm (365).

1400. JOHN HAWLBY.

Temp. Henry IV. There is a document from the Countess
•of Huntingdon to John Hauley, Mayor of Dartmouth, ask-
ing him to delay a plea between Robert Bolt and Thomas
Norton and other men of Dartmouth. Dated at the
Manor of Dertyngton, 10 March (601).

1404. EDMUND ARNOLD.

Edmund Arnalde, M.P. 1395, 1410, 1414.

Edmund Arnaud was a Dartmouth merchant and was
indebted to Hauly, Senior, on whose death his son went
to Bordeaux and seized the ships of his father's debtor to
satisfy the claim. There is a letter (1404) from the Chevalier

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138 THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON-DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS

Duchastel to the Mayor and Burgesses of Dartmouth,
begging them to send him by John Smyth and Hoachym
May " the relicks and effects of his brother who died ia
Dartmouth." This has reference to Duchastel, a Breton
leader, who attacked Dartmouth with a large force in
1404; was beaten by the inhabitants and plain country
people, at which the women of Dartmouth, by hurling
flints and pebbles, did greatly advance their husbands' and.
kinsfolk's victory, in which Duchastel was killed (471).

1406. EDMUND ARNELL.

1407. EDMUND ARNOLD.

1408. JOHN FOXLEY.

13 Hen. IV, a.d. 1411. Guilliaume James, provost de la
est6 de Landeign, to the Mayor of Dartmouth and others.
Certificate of certain merchants' marks (421).

14 Hen. IV. Matthew the Abbot and the Convent of
Torre to Simon Hobbe, of Dartmouth, Alice his wife, and
John and Walter their sons. Grant for lives of a waste
place in the road towards Tunstall, adjoining the house
of the said Hobbe (424).

In 1408 John Hawley founded the Chancel of St.
Saviour's Church.

1413. RICHARD LOUDON.

1414. RICHARD LOUDON.

1415. EDMUND ARNOLD.

4 Hen. V. Will of Walter Thoreslegh and Agatha
his wife. They leave a tenement in the Lower Street to
John Clear and Joan Bastard his wife, on the condition
of finding a chaplain in the Chapel of St. Saviour's for
twenty years to say mass for their souls, and if they make
default or die without issue of their bodies, then the
Treasurer of the said Chapel is to enter into possession
(436).

1418. Jane Taylor leases her property in Dartmouth
charged with four marks sterling to the Priest of St.
Saviour's, the Mayor and Bailiffs to levy if not paid (449).

1420. RICHARD ROW.

Richard Hertlonde leased a tenement at above town,.
Dartmouth, at the corner of Pynneslane, charged with an
annuity of eight marks for stipend of the chaplain in the-
Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Dartmouth (457).

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 139

1422-3. WILLIAM GLOVER.

William Glover, M.P. 1397.

1424. Grant of Landes by William Mountport, of Bryd-
port, to William Canton and Margery his wife, which had
grant of Gervase Jakman, of Dartmouth, void if Jakman
returns from the Holy Land (479).

1425. JOHN FOXLEY.
1427. THOMAS CUDMORE.

There is an award of Thomas Bukke and John Keyncote
concerning the value of a ship called The Katherine, of
Dartmouth, belonging to Hugh Yon and others of Dart-
mouth, which was taken by the Fleet of England when
going to " Burdeaux " (486).

1429. THOMAS ASSHENDON.

1430. JOHN FOXLEY.

1432. WILLIAM CLERK.

1433. JOHN MORE.

A Thomas More was M.P. 1365.

John More, M.P. 1427-35 and said to be "of Dart-
mouth." 22 July of this year a writ was issued to Philip
Courtney, Knight, and others appointing them to enquire
concerning a riot and robbery at Dartmouth (3129).

1435. NICHOLAS STEBBYNG.

In the pedigree of Adams, of Tunstall (Colonel Vivian's
Visitations of Devon, p. 9), is a reference to the family of
Stebbing, Christian, dau. of John Adams, marrying Walter
Stebbing.

1436. NICHOLAS STEBBYNG.

Nicholas Stebbyng, M.P. for Dartmouth 1432, 1449,
1453, 1455.

16 Hen. VI. A Precept among the Corporation docu-
ments is from John, Earl of Huntingdon, Admiral of
England, to the Mayor and Bailiffs of Dartmouth to take
Richard Falke, of Dartmouth, and others, and have them
before the Admiral's deputy at Exeter to answer John
Warburton, of Kingswear, on a maritime plea (512).

1439. JOHN WALSH.

John Walsshe, M,P. for Dartmouth 1437.

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140 THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON- DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS

1440. RICHARD CARSWELL.

1441. JOHN BRUSHFORD.

John Brashford, M.P. for Dartmouth 1450-3.

1442. JOHN BRUSHFORD.

1443. RICHARD KARSWILL.

1444. JOHN BRUSHEFORD.

1445. ROBERT STEPHYN.

Robert Steven, M.P. 1447.

1446. ROBERT WEMINGTON.

Robert Wenyngtone, M.P. for Totnes 1449.

1452. NICHOLAS STEBBYNG.

31 Jan., 1452-3. John Prestecote and others sold to
John Walche and another a moiety of a ship called
la Mary y late of Spain, but lately taken by John Roche,
master of a ship called the Mary Carewe, upon the seas
(542).

1453. William Bonevyle, of Chuton, Knight, to the Mayor
of Dartmouth. Mandate to prepare ships in the Port of
Dartmouth for a royal expedition in obedience to the
writ directed to him, dated 17 September, 32 Hen. VI
(586).

1455. JOHN BRUSSHEFORDE.

1455. ROBERT BOWYER.

1456. ROBERT BOWYER.
1458. JOHN BRUSSEFORD.

1461. WILLIAM FORSTER.

1462. WILLIAM FORSTER.

1463. JOHN BRUSSHEFORDE.

1464. WILLIAM FORSTER.

There is a reference in a Corporation deed of this date
of a Chantry in a certain aisle, gild, or Chapel of St. John
the Baptist being in the south part of the Chapel of
St. Saviour's, of Dartmouth.

1466. JOHN FYSSHER.

1470. During the Wars of the Roses the Earl of Warwick,
the King Maker, landed at Dartmouth Castle with a small
body of troops from Normandy, afterwards marching
from Dartmouth to London unopposed, being eventually
slain at a battle at Barnet, Middlesex.

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 141

1473. WILLIAM HARVEY.

1474. THOMAS LUKE.

One of the Corporation deeds is a grant of lands and
tenements, to find a Chaplain to say Divine Service in
St. Saviour's and to celebrate for the souls of Elizabeth
Rokeby and others (627).

1476. RICHARD CADE.

1477. RICHARD MARKE.

6 August, 1478. Elizabeth, relict of John Hacche, left
lands and tenement to find two priests to celebrate (449).

1479. THOMAS GALE.

Thomas Gale, M.P. for Dartmouth 1467, 1472, 1478.

Col. Vivian's Visitations of Devon (p. 389) gives Pedigree
of Gale of Crediton, and the first is William Gale, of Dart-
mouth, Devon, Esq. His son was Thomas Gale, of Dart-
mouth, married Jone da. Gilbert Yearde, of Bradley,
Devon, and he had a son, Thomas Gale, of Dartmouth,
died 23 October, 1557. The family seems to have left
Dartmouth and settled in Crediton. There is a Certificate
of 26 July, 19 Edward IV, by William Hervy, Lieutenant
for Thomas Gale, Mayor of Dartmouth, and others, that
William Raw, of Totnes, is seized of certain lands and
tenements in the town of Dartmouth in fee holding of the
"hed lord yn free soccage that ys to wete atte the
chaungyng of every heyr to dobell the rent and so ys all
our holdyng within the said town of Dertemouth and ever
hath bene " (639).

1480. WALTER AMADAS.

There was a family called Amadas, of Plymouth, whose
pedigree appears in Col. Vivian's Visitations of Devon
(p. 12).

1480. RICHARD WILLYAM.

1484. WILLIAM ORYNGE.

1485. WILLIAM FOCRAY.

16 January, 1485-6. Henry VTI made an Indenture
with the "Mayre Bayliffes and Burgesses of the borough
of Clifton Dartmouth Hardness." It recited that they had
" beggone to make a strong and mighty and defensive
new tower and bulwark of lime and stone adjoyning to
the Castle there "; they agreed " in all haste goodlige and

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142 THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON- DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS

to them possible fynishe the making of the same tower
and bullworke in sufficient taurine and the same towere
and bullworke garnish with gouns, artillerye, and with other
ordinances defencive and sufficient and also in all times
from hence forever ordeyne and find a cheyne sufficient
in length and in strength to streche and be laid over
thwarte or stravers the mouth of the haven of Dartmouth
from the one towre to another towre there and keep the
same sufficient for defence," and in consideration of this
the King granted £40 annually out of the customs and
rubrickes of Exeter and Dartmouth. If the annuity be not
paid the burgesses to be free from the agreement, which
was sealed with the great seal of England and the seal of
Commonalty of Dartmouth. Henry VIII confirmed this
24 April, 1510.

1486. 25 September. John Carswell and others give a
Bond in £80 to the Mayor and Burgesses of Dartmouth that
the mariners of the ship Mary Cor&ivill shall keep the
peace with all the King's subjects and allies (654).

22 September. There is an agreement that the Mayor
of Dartmouth shall take surety of the masters of ships for
the good behaviour 6i the crews towards all vessels having
the King's safe conduct (3134).

1492. ROBERT HOLAND.

1493. ROBERT HOLAND.

No doubt a member of the same family as Robert
Holland, whose monument is in Tounstall Church. He
died 16 November, 1611, aged 54.

1494. THOMAS ERLE.
1496. WALTER AMADAS.

1500. NICHOLAS SERVICE.

1501. JOHN REDE.

A John Rede, M.P. 1423.

1503. JOHN FLEMING.

1504. JOHN REDE.

20 Hen. VII. There was a Grant to the Corporation
of the office of the Bailiwick, which was also followed by
another in the early part of King Henry VIII's reign to
the Mayor and Burgesses of Dartmouth, their heirs and
successors for ever, at a rent of £14 13s. 4d. per annum. 1

1 Report on Water Bailiwick of Dartmouth, from an old document relative
to the Duchy dues (Dartmouth Chronicle, 17 May, 1872).

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 143

This year a John Holdsworth came to Dartmouth from
Aatey, Halifax, Yorkshire, and his son became Governor of
the Castle, and the family held the office in hereditary
succession for several generations. It is said the salary
was originally £600 per annum, but it dropped to £40.

1506. JOHN REDE.

150&-10. One of the Borough Court Books contains an
Ordinance that no Mayor shall make any Freeman that
dwelleth out of the town, and if he do, such Freeman is not
to enjoy the franchise of the town unless he came to dwell
in it ; also that no Freeman shall seek any warrant from
any Justice of the Peace of the County of Devon, and that
Vitaillers shall be free of duty (1981).

In the first year of Henry VIII is an Indenture between
the King and Bailiff of Dartmouth for a Tower of defence
to be built and furnished with Artillery, previously to which
King Edward IV had granted them £30 a year in con-
sideration of their erecting a Tower for the defence of the
harbour. 1

1528. ROBERT SPERTE.
1531. ANTHONY HAYNYNG.

Note in the Constitution Book (2003) : —
" The Town Council agreed to be obedient to the
Mayor's Commandment and not to absent themselves
from the Town's business under penalty of 6s. 8d., and it
was agreed that whatever the said Councillors determine
shall stand as strong as if it were ordained or devised by
the whole Town."

23 Hen. VIII. An Act was passed concerning the
amending and maintenance of the havens of Plymouth,
Dartmouth, Teignmouth, Falmouth, and Fowey, in the
Counties of Devon and Cornwall.

1533. JOHN ANTHONY.

John Smithe, of Dartmouth, married Margary, widow
of John Anthonie, of Exeter (Col. Vivian's Visitations of
Devon, p. 693). Thomas Spurway, Mayor of Dartmouth,
1616-17, married Luce, widow of Anthony.

1535. RICHARD PRIDEAUX.

An Egidius Prideaux, M.P. 1368.

1 Report on Water Bailiwick of Dartmouth.

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144 THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON-DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS
1536. WILLIAM HOLLAND.

William Hollande, M.P. 1529.

Thomas Holland, M.P. 1593-1604.

1 547. 20 November. There is a copy of an attestation of
an oath of this date of the Master of the ship S. Katharine,
of Messina, that he had been driven by storm into Dart-
mouth (2003).

Temp. Edward VI. There is a Petition of the Mayor,.
Bailiffs, and Burgesses of Dartmouth to the Lords of
His Majesty's Privy Council, setting forth the Royal
grants in aid of the Fortifications of Dartmouth, and stating
thaf*Sir Peter Carew had taken possession of the Castle
and made new locks and keys thereto and expelled the
petitioners therefrom, and praying for redress (703).

Also a Draft Petition from the Mayor, Bailiffs, and
Burgesses of Clifton-Dartmouth-Hardness to the King
respecting the keeping of the Town Bulwark and chain
which had been taken possession of by Sir Peter Carewe,
setting forth that " for as muche as the said Sir Peter
Carewe is a man of worship within the said Countie and
greatly trended and allyed there and that therefore it may
chance if yr said Orators shulde attempte to put hym
oute of possession of the said forte that in doing thereof
they might happen not only to break your Grace's peace,
but also some manslaughter or worse inconvenience might
ensue thereby," and praying for letters of injunction
under the Privy Seal to be sent to Sir Peter Carew directing
him to give up the Fort. And under date 8 October,
1 Edward VI, 1547, copy Inspeximus between Henry VII
and the Town respecting the Bulwarks and the annuity
(3307) and Interrogatories on behalf of the Corporation
against Sir Peter Carew respecting the Bulwarks (3308).

Also draft Petition of the Corporation on the same
matter. And temp. Edward VI, Articles of complaint by
the Corporation and people of Devonshire concerning in-
juries, extortions, and oppressions alleged to have been
committed by Thomas Carew in the execution of his office
of Vice-admiral in Devonshire (3310).

1549. HUGH TANNER.

1550. IVO BSTEN.
1552. GILBERT ROOPE.

Possibly a member of the family of the Roopes of Blast
Allington and South Milton.

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AND ITS. MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES* 145

Gilbert Roupe, M.P. 1553, February.

Nicholas Roupe, M.P. 1553, September.

In St. Petrox Church, Dartmouth, is a brass to the
Memory of John Roope ; the inscription is :—

" John Roope of Dartmouth Marchant borne the first
d ed the 22nd day of October 1609."

He is represented bareheaded, with his hands joined
in prayer. He wears round his neck a ruff, and has on a
cloak and doublet with trunk hose, and shoes with rosettes.
He stands on pavement work. At his feet are these
lines : —

"'Twas not a winded or a withered face
Nor long gray hares nor dimness in the eyes
Nor feeble limbs nor uncouth temblinp face
Presadg' his death that here intomed lies
His time was come his Maker was not bounde
To let him live till all theis marks were found
His tyme was come that tvme he did embrace
With sence and feeling with a joyful heart
As his best passage to a better place
Where all his cares are ended and his smarte
This Roope was blest that trusted in Qod alone
He lives two lives where other live but one."

1553. 6 November. There is preserved in a long box with
a seal attached an Inspeximus of Charter of Edward VI,
which inspects the Indenture of 1 Henry VII respecting
the fortifications and Bulwarks (3343).

The importance of Dartmouth as a shipping port is
shown from the following from the Harleian MS., p. 169.

1568. "Devonshire Ships with sayles of top men, i.e.
Cross bowmen and engineers, who were placed in the
battlemented tops to annoy the enemy in battle.

Toptntn,
Plymouth, 8 ships from 400 to 1 10 tons . 20
Dartmouth, 4 ships from 400 to 100 tons . 20 "

1 575. 1 6 January. The Mayor, Bailiffs, and Burgesses of
Dartmouth granted a Lease to Thomas Came, Shipwright,
of the Tower or Bulwark called the new Castle adjoining
to Berescove Key, 21 years, Rent 13s. 4d., with a covenant
to give it up to the Mayor and Bailiffs in case it be needed
for the defence of the Town. Surrendered in 1598 (2178).

1576. JOHN PLUMLEIGH.

This Mayor gave a Certificate that Joseph Edwards
was a free Burgess and free of toll (744).
VOL. XLI1L K

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146 THE BOROUGH OP ~CLIFTON-D ARTMOUTH-HARDNESS

1 583. Easter Term, 25 Eliz. There was an action between
the Mayor and Burgesses of Dartmouth as to Inhabitants of
Salcombe paying petty customs, and the Salcombe people
had to pay. 1

1587. THOMAS PLUMLBIGH.

Married Elizabeth, dau. of Robert Shapley , of Dartmouth.

He was buried at St. Mabyn, Cornwall, 24 July, 1615
(Col. Vivian's Visitations of Devon, p. 595).

1588. This year the Cresente and the Harte were fitted
out against the Spanish Armada, and there are preserved,
Interrogatories to be added to former Interrogatories in
a suit which appears to relate to the charges incurred in
fitting out the Cresent against the Armada and for the
Portugal voyage of 1589. The owners of the ship appear
to have agreed with Sir John Norris and Sir Francis
Drake and not with the Corporation.

In addition to these two vessels five voluntary vessels
went out from Dartmouth, viz. the Roebuck, Sir Walter
Raleigh (under Capt. Jacob Whitton, which conveyed
powder), the Phcmix (Mr. Gawen Champernowne's bark
of 70 tons and 50 men), the Oabriel (Sir John Gilbert's ship
of 150 tons and 80 men), the Elizabeth (Mr. Adrian Gil-
bert's ship of 70 tons and 60 men), and the Samaritan (300
tons and 150 men).

1592. There was a proclamation by Queen Elizabeth as
to great spoils made of the goods lade in a Spanish car-
rague brought to Dartmouth and conveyed secretly on
land to certain parts of the realm.

1596. STAPLINGE.
H.M.C., 1898, p. 13, papers of the Duke of Somerset.
Certificate by Mr. Cary to Lord-Lieut, of Places of Descent
in South Devon. Long Sands and Blackpool to be defended
by Mr. Ameredith and Mr. Roope and to be backed by
Mr. Seymour with his own trained Band. Dartmouth to
be defended by the Mayor of the said Town and to be
backed with Mr. Seymour with his trained Band of the one
side of the river and by Mr. Cary of the other side.

1598* ROBERT MARTIN.

13 January, 1597-8 (H.M.C., 1898, p. 33), Whitehall.
The Lords of the Council to the Mayor, Chief Officers and

1 RepoH on Water Bailiwick of Dartmouth.

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AND ITS MAYORS AND MAYORALTIES. 147

Inhabitants of Dartmouth : " We have received your letter
of the 2nd instant, whereby you certify the great pains
Capt. George Cary has taken among you to make such
of the inhabitants of your town as are fit to bear arms
expert and serviceable, and we acknowledge the good
that you received by his travail and instruction, both
for the care of your town, the training and exercising of
your men being near, have with the company of old
Soldiers there abiding, and also for your more readiness
thereby to defend yourselves and to do the Queen's service."

The Martin Aims are on the front of the gallery of
St. Saviour's Church.

Robert Martin, 1627, gave £20 for the poor.

3 November, 1598. The Corporation sent a letter to
the Lords of the Council praying a suit by Richard Lum-
bard, alias Grapple, and William Younge for false im-
prisonment might be stayed. They had been imprisoned
by the Mayor for not hoisting a flag upon the mast to give
signal of the approach of a hostile Fleet and for threatening
to pull the Mayor's beard and other disorderly proceedings
<1404).

21 November, 1598. The Lords of the Council write
to Sir George Carew, Kt., and others to enquire into the
conduct of Lombard, Younge, and others.

17 October, 1598. This Mayor and his brethren write
the Lord Chief Justice, asking for a warrant against
Thomas Plumleigh, who had thrown stoned at the Mayor
and goes about armed, refusing to obey orders because
the Mayor ordered the removal of a heap of stones which
lay hurtful to shipping in the harbour (1409).

1599 (H.M.C., p. 46). Precept by Sir William Courtenay
and Edward Seymour to the Constables as to firing of
Beacons.

1599, 7 August, Dartmouth. Requiring them to give
notice to all persons who watch the Beacons not to fire
the same upon any occasion whatever without special
warrant " from us or some one of us."

1599. Precept "for warning of the Soldiers to Dart-
mouth " the second time.

1599, 24 August, Dartmouth. " These be in the Queens
name to require and straightly charge you and every of
you immediately after receipt hereof to give notice unto
all the trained Soldiers within your hundred that they
upon pain of death make their repair to Dartmouth with

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148 THE BOROUGH OF CLIFTON-DARTMOUTH-HARDNESS.

all possible speed, bringing with them all such arms and
furnitures they are appointed to have at which place
myself and the rest of the Captains do attend their coming
and are ready to perform that service which shall be
thought most expedient for the defence of the Country
against any attempt that shall be given of the enemy."

It is clear that it was anticipated there might be another
Spanish Armada sent against England, and accordingly
preparations were made to be ready for it, and not only
were the soldiers to be ready, but the sailors also, as
appears by the following letter addressed to the Mayor of,
among other places, Dartmouth, and it may be that being
ready prevented the Spaniards from making another
attack.

The letter as to the Navy is as follows : —

" Letters directed to the Maiors of the severalle porte
townes hereunder written to sett out nimble vessells to
discover intelligens of the cominge of the Spanish fleete.

" 1599. You are not ignorant of the dailie advertise-
ments that are brought hither of the greet preparacons
the Kinge of Spaine doth make by sea, not only by shippes
of warre, but of a good number of gallies to invade some
part of this realme and therefore you can consider how
behoofoll and necessarie it is to have certaine intelligence
of the approache in the narrowe seas, and what course
they doe hould. For which purpose we doe in Her Majesty's
name, will and commande you forthwith to sett some
two or three nimble vessels unto the seas out of that har-
burgh, that maye goe and plie uppe and downe between
the coastes of Ffraunce and ours to learn what they may
discover of the comminge of the said fleet, and use all
diligence to advertise the same unto you, that we maye
by poasts receave from tyme to tyme such newese as ye
shall understand from them, herein requiring you to take
present order, and soe we, etc. etc.

"Postscript. Wee think it meete that you should keepe
theis pinnaces and vessells at sea as you are directed for
the space of six weekes.

" Perin

Lyme

Plymouth

Dartemouth

Portsmouth

Southampton."

Hark MS., 168, f. 149, b.

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THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF
DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAR CHURCHES.

BY HUGH R. WATKIN.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

TUNSTAL.

The mother-Church of the district, and oldest existing
ecclesiastical foundation, is undoubtedly the parish Church
of St. Clement Tunstal or Townstal. In Domesday Book
the name of this site is recorded as Dunestal, doubtless of
Saxon origin from the two words " dun," a hill ; and
44 stael," a place or stead ; our double word " hillstead "
is the equivalent of Thunstalle, Tunstall, Tunestalle,
Tounstalle, or Tunstalle, as it is variously spelt in the
Cartulary or Register of Thorre Abbey. The word is
not peculiar to this district ; there is another Tunstall
Church about eight miles from Yarmouth, and Dunstall,
in Staffordshire, is a still purer survival of the word.

There is nothing in the record of Domesday Book to
suggest that the Manor of Dunestal contained in its
precincts a Saxon Church ; the estate, we are told, rendered
geld for half a hide, which signifies rather one of the
smaller than larger manors ; on the other hand, the
central lofty position — like St. Marychurch — and the fact
that, subsequently, it was the site of one of the earliest
churches known to have been built in this neighbourhood,
point to the possibility of a Saxon place of worship having
originally been placed on Tunstal Hill.

The earliest authentic information we have of the
presence of a Church at Tunstal, is contained in the
Cartulary of Thorre Abbey. In the earlier copy, possessed
by Trinity College, Dublin, a record of the deeds apper-
taining to the different possessions of the Abbey i^ entered,

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160 THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF

and on folio 256 the titles of twelve deeds are given having
reference to the district of " Tunstalle," as originally
numbered CC-CCXI. Unfortunately, although thus re-
corded in the index made by the scribe of Thorre Abbey,
the actual deeds are missing.

In the later, known as the Exchequer copy, preserved
at the Record Office, these deeds are fully entered, in
addition to which there are eight others dating from and
subsequent to the year 1288.

The variations in these two Cartularies are difficult to
explain, for although there is every indication that the
Dublin Cartulary is the older, there is an entry as late as
1477, whereas in the case of Tunstalle we find eight
later deeds not entered which are to be found in the Ex-
chequer copy. The copy of the Cartulary of Thorre Abbey
in the Record Office contains, therefore, the earliest
mention we have yet found of the " ecclesia de Tunstalle."
On folio 62 a charter states that the Church was granted
by Willelmus filius Stephani, to God and to the Church of
the Holy Trinity of " Torr " and to the Canons serving
God there for the safety of his soul and of Isabella his
wife, and for the soul of Willelmus de Berchele.

This gift was confirmed in a charter by Ricardus, son
of Willelmus filius Stephani, and secondly, the episcopal
sanction to the gift was obtained in a deed from Simon de
Apulia (consecrated 5 October, 1214 — died 9 September,
1223).

A more complete confirmation was granted by Bishop
Willelmus Bruere, a relation, probably cousin, of the
founder of Torre Abbey. Curiously this document was
not issued until the ninth year of the episcopacy of Bishop
Bruere, and a second later and shorter confirmation is
also recorded.

Richard Blondy, Bishop of Exeter (1245-57), stipulated
that " Hugo Capellanus, then Vicar of Tounstalle," was
to receive annually from the Abbot of Torre seven marcs
from the altar offerings, and the said Hugo was to meet
all episcopal and archidiaconal dues. This decree is dated
at " Peynton " a.d. 1247.

A subsequent letter on folio 70 from Bishop Edmund
Stafford (1395-1419) stipulated that Frater Ricardus
Bradeworthi, then Vicar of "Tonestall" (1400-6), was
to receive twenty marcs yearly from the Abbot and Convent
of Torre*

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAR CHURCHES. 151

The actual property owned by Torre Abbey in Tunstal
was not very extensive. Bicardus filing Stephani, possibly
a grandson of Willelmus, donor of the Church, granted
two and a half acres of land lying on the west side of his
"ville" of Tounstalle and in his Manor of Norton, in a
certain close containing several small portions of land
of which Ricardus, Abbot of Torr, before the making of
this deed, was already possessed ; in exchange for two
and a half acres lying in different parts near to his " ville "
of Tounstalle. This arrangement is dated at Norton on
Wednesday before the festival of St. Gregory, 1288.

A certain Wido, or Guy Crispin, about the same time
gave a furlong and a half of land inTunstalle to the Abbey,
which he had received from Robertus Peysun and subject
to the payment of half a pound of cumin to the lord of the
fief.

A third deed is of interest as being probably the only
early document we have which throws light upon the
dedication of Tunstal Church.

Dr. Oliver, in his list of the Churches of Devon and
Cornwall, gives the dedication as to St. Mary Magdalene
and omits all mention of St. Clement, for the probable
reason that even with his great knowledge of the Monasticon
of the diocese, he was unable to find a single deed or
reference in the Bishops' Registers or other ecclesiastical
records in which the Church of Tunstalle is known as
St. Clement's.

On the other hand, in the documents relating to the
consecration of a Chapel in 1372, noted in reference to
St. Saviour's, Dartmouth, the parishioners of Tunstal
undertake, at least once a year, to be present at service
held in the mother-Church, and that occasion, it is stipu-
lated, is to be the festival of St. Mary Magdalene. It was
most reasonable to suppose that the day fixed was that
of the patron saint of the Church, and consequently Dr.
Oliver rejected the later evidence of Ecton in Thesaurus
Rerum Ecclesiasticarum, and the still later record in
1662 that "John Flavel," — "of St. Clement's, Dart-
mouth," was ejected from his living for nonconformity. 1

On folio 67 of the Exchequer copy of the Cartulary of
Torre Abbey — of which only a mere extract of the titles
of the deeds is printed in Dr. Oliver's Monasticon — is
the " Carta Thome Dewambe," or more correctly " de

1 Charles Worthy, Devonshire Parishes, Vol. II, p. 6.

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152 THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF

Wambe," by which Thomas Wambe, chaplain, son and
heir of Thomas Wambe, grants to the Canons of the Church
of St. Saviour of Thorre a messuage in Tunstalle with a
garden, which is situated between the Church of Saint
Clement and the house of the parson, paying annually, there-
for, two denarii or one pound of cumin to the heirs of
Bobertus Peysun for aU service, and for this gift the
Abbot and Convent "have given me sixty solidi in
recognition."

This single deed of the thirteenth century confirms the
tradition that Tunstal Church was dedicated to St.
Clement. This evidence recorded by the scribe of Thorre
Abbey and preserved in the Record Office, London, is
confirmed by a deed in possession of the Corporation of
Dartmouth printed in the Fifth Report of the Historical
Manuscripts Commission. This might be the original of
the deed quoted ; but Mr. Riley, who made the transcript,
suspects it to be a forgery. Curiously the rent and price
of the messuage as stated above are entirely omitted in the
Dartmouth deed, but this contains all the witnesses, which
are absent in the Cartulary copy. In five other later deeds
at Dartmouth the name of St. Clement, as the dedication
of Tunstal Church, is recorded in the years 1341, 1355, 1390,
1409, and 1436. Dr. Oliver had not, of course, the advan-
tage of the valuable work of the Historical Manuscripts
Commissioners, and there can no longer be any doubt
that Tunstal Church was always dedicated to St. Clement.
When was it founded ?

We can only judge approximately.

Willelmus filius Stephani owned the Church and
advowson, his wife Isabella is mentioned in his charter to
Thorre Abbey, and we know from the deeds of Totnes
Priory that her maiden name was Isabella de Lingeure, or
Linguire, daughter, probably, of Herbert, son of William
de Linguire, an influential family who owned land in
"Hivis" and " Chevelestune." The donor of Tunstal
Church was the son of Stephanus known as " Stephanus
de Tunstalle," who was the son of Willelmus, so that,
prior to the possession of Tunstal Church by Thorre
Abbey, the Manor of Tunstal was held possibly by three,
certainly by two, generations of the same family.

Whether the original Willelmus was the descendant
of that Radulfus who in Domesday held Dunestal of
Walter de Dowai, we have no means of knowing ; but

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAB CHURCHES. 153

scarcely a generation would separate the possible periods
of ownership.

In the charter of Willelmus filius Stephani only general
mention is made of all their antecedents and successors.
If the Church had been founded by Willelmus the donor,
a reference to him as founder or to the Church as newly
built might be reasonably expected in the grant to Torre
Abbey.

Again, judging from similar deeds of this date, if the
father, Stephanus de Tunstalle, built the Church it would
be associated with his memory, and it is most unlikely that
he would not be specially mentioned by name in the deed.
We know that when Juhellus filius Aluredi founded
Totnes Priory, about the last decade of the eleventh
century, there were churches already in Totnes, Ash-
prington, Cornworthy, and Brixham, with probably the
Chapel of Churston, in this district. In some cases the
proportion of the priest's tithe or of the bread and ale given
to the altar is stipulated as granted to the Priory. The
Church of Blackawton, or Aveton, as it was then known,
was probably bestowed on Plympton Priory when the
latter religious house was founded in 1121.

Whatever the nature of the structure as compared
with the present, the parish Church of St. Clement,
Tunstal, was known as such in the twelfth century, very
possibly dates from the eleventh, and shares with only
two other parishes in Devon, Kennerleigh and Powderham,
the honour of commemorating the name of St. Clement,
Bishop and Martyr.

One unquestionable relic of the past lies in the south
transept, whither it has at some time been removed,
a recumbent figure in Purbeck stone. This is not the
effigy of Simon Rede, last Abbot of Torre, as has been
stated, nor do we think the period 1310-50, assigned by
Mr. W. H. Hamilton Rogers in his valuable work on the
Antient. Sepulchral Effigies of Devon, correct.

Purbeck marble was used at a very early period, and
was soon substituted by easier worked stone. The effigy
is not improbably that of Isabella de Linguire, wife of
Willelmus filius Stephani, whom the Canons of Torre
Abbey would thus honour in gratitude for the gift of
Tunstal Church.

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154 THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OP

ST. SAVIOUR'S, DARTMOUTH.

On folio 576 of the Cartulary of Thorre Abbey, in Dublin,
is a deed of exceptional interest to the inhabitants of
Dartmouth. It is a license under the Statute of Mortmain
given under the hand of King Edward I at Dartmouth on
16 February, 1285-6.

We know 1 that Edward I and his Queen spent the
Christmas of 1285 at Exeter, and that during that visit he
licensed the building of the wall with seven entrances
round the Cathedral precincts, ever since known as " the
Close " ; but the above record is probably the only know-
ledge we have that the King then visited Dartmouth.

This charter states that owing to the great distance
from the parish Church of " Tounstalle " many parish-
ioners, on account of infirmity and fatigue, are unable
to attend their Church. On their petition and that
of the donor, one of the parishioners, " dilectus nobis
Willelmus Bacon," the latter is granted permission to give
to the Abbot and Convent of Torre one acre of land in
Cliftone Dertemowe for the purpose of building a Chapel.

The record is rather indistinctly written, but the
following is a transcription as well as can be deciphered :

Edwardus Dei gratia Rex Anglie Dominus Hibernie Dux
Aquitani omnibus ad quos presentes litere pervenerint salutem.
Sciat quod cum ecclesia parochialia de Tounstalle Exon'dioceee
in remotiati parte parochie illius situata per quod quia plures
parochiani ejusdem parochie tarn propter loci distantia quam
propter maximam corporum suorum fatigacionem ad ecclesiam
illam venire non curant ut dicitur. Et dilectus nobis Willelmus
Bacon unus parochianorum parochie predicte pro se et aliis
parochianis ejusdem parochie nobis supplicaverit ut eidem
Willelmo licencia concedere dignemur quod ipse quandam
placeam cum pertinentiis in Cliftone Dertemowe quam de nobis
tenet in capite continentem in se unam acram terre et quaqua-
dam villa situata in medio parochie ecclesie predicte ut dicitur
dare possit et assignare dilectis nobis in Christo Abbati et
Conventui de Torre in predictam ecclesiam de Tounstalle
modo tenent in proprios usus. Habendum et tenendum
sibi et successoribus suis in perpetuam ad quamdam ecclesiam
parochialam in eadem placea pro majori aisiamento parochia-
norum predictorum de novo contruendam. Nos supplicationi
ejusdem Willelmi aminere volentes in hac parte de gratia

1 Oliver's History of the Cathedral of Exeter, f. 251.

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAR CHURCHES. 155

nostra speciali concessimus et licenciam dedimus pro nobis
et heredibus nostris quantum in nobis est eidem Willelmo
quod ipse placeam predictam cum pertinentiis dare possit et
assignare prefatis Abbati et Conventui. Habendum et tenen-
dum sibi et successoribus suis in perpetuum ad quandam
eccle8iam parochialam in eadem placea pro majori aisiamento
parochianorum predictorum ut predictum est de novo constru-
endam. Et eisdem Abbati et Conventui quod ipsi placeam
predictam cum pertinentiis a prefato Willelmo recipere et
quamdam ecclesiam parochialam in eadem placea de novo
construere et eandem ecclesiam sic de novo constructam tenere
po8sint sibi et successoribus suis predictis in proprios usus
imperpetuum tenore presentium, similiter licenciam dedimus
specialem statuti de terris et tenementiis ad manam mortuam
non ponendis editu non obstante. Nolentes quod predictus
Willelmu8 vel heredes sui aut prefati Abbas et Conventus
seu successores sui predicti ratione presentibus per nos vel
heredes nostros justitiarios escatoros vices aut alios ballivos
seu ministros nostros quoscumque occasionent molest . . .
aliquo seu gra venter. In cujus rei testimonium has literas
nostras fieri fecimus patentes. Teste me ipso apud Dartm
* . . sexto decimo die Februari anno regni nostri quarto
decimo.

Where was this acre, given by William Bacon in 1286,
situated ? It was for the site of a Chapel-of-ease to Tunstal
Church, and we are told that the position is "in the
middle of the parish of the said Church." It cannot there-
fore refer to the only other old Church in the neighbourhood,
St. Petrox, at Dartmouth, and there is every reason to
think that we have in this charter the foundation of
St. Saviour's Church.

Without exception all authorities on the history of
Dartmouth state that St. Saviour's Church was founded,
built or consecrated in 1372, or eighty-six years later than
the grant of land by William Bacon. This statement is
founded on the record in the Registers of the Bishops of
Exeter that on 13 October, 1372, Bishop Brantyngham
dedicated a new Chapel and cemetery to the Holy Trinity
in Dartmouth. A week later, on 20 October, 1372, in the
Chapter House of Torre Abbey, John de Berkedone,
then Abbot, bound himself and his successors to find a
chaplain for the new Chapel of Clifton -Dartmouth, and
twenty-three years later, on 26 February, 1395-6, we find
recorded another " composicio " between the Mayor of
Dartmouth, Willelmiis Damyot, and Abbot William

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156 THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF

Norton to fulfil the promise made by the latter's pre-
decessor and brother Abbot.

There is nothing in the long description of the ceremony
conducted by Bishop Brantyngham in 1372, nor in the
subsequent agreements with the Abbots of Torre, to es-
tablish definitely that the Church of St. Saviour, as we
now know it, was the particular Chapel consecrated and
endowed. The dedication is "to the Holy Trinity," and
it is described as "a chapel with its Baptistery and
Cemetery," and when mention is made of the parish-
ioners for whose need the Church was built, owing to the
great distance from their mother parish Church, the
explanation is given, " seeing that the said town of Derte-
muthe is situated on the shore of the sea."

Is it not possible that the object of consecration in 1372
was the Chapel now known as St. Petrox, Dartmouth,
and that St. Saviour's was built some eighty years pre-
viously ?

To return to the charter of 1286. It is not conceivable
that a project, inaugurated by King Edward himself,
doubtless in the presence of the Bishop of the diocese and,
as we learn from the deed, at the earnest request of the
parishioners of Tunstal, and, moreover, under the direct
protection of such a wealthy patron as the Abbot of
Torre, should have taken eighty-six years to accomplish,
or even have been delayed for so long a period.

Why, then, have we no record of the dedication, building
or consecration of St. Saviour's ?

The references in the Cartulary of Torre Abbey to the
taxation of Tunstal Church, where we might hope to find
mention of a "capella," occur in the years 1226, 1253,
1272, 1273, 1278, 1279, 1286 (charter of King Edward I),
1291 (ecclesia cum vicaria decima 24s. 8den — no Chapel
is mentioned), 1294 (refers solely to the advowson as
originally granted to Torre), and not again until 1343
(an enquiry concerning the possessions of the Abbey, of
which there is no detailed statement), so that, except the
negative evidence of 1291, the Abbey records do not help
us to prove the existence of a Chapel between 1286 and
1372.

To turn to the Registers of the Bishops of Exeter. The
year of King Edward's visit to Dartmouth, 1286, was
during the episcopate of Bishop Quivil (1280-91). We
are told by the late much revered Prebendary Hingeston-

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAR CHURCHES. 157

Randolph that the register of Bishop Quivil, commencing
on 18 July, 1281, is most incomplete and fragmentary >
and what few odd parchments have come down to our
time have been greatly injured by the application of
galls.

His successor, Bishop Thomas Bitton (1292-1307), or
rather his registrar, through carelessness, has left no record
of his episcopacy. So that from the year 1286 to 1307,
namely the first twenty-one years, the history of the
Church of St. Saviour, Dartmouth, subsequent to the
record of the gift of God's acre for the purpose, is entirely,
as far as our present knowledge goes, lost.

The site in 1286 was given to the Abbot and Convent of
Torre, who, owning the advowson of the mother parish
Church of Tunstal, would not only be very jealous of any
Chapel erected in their parish, but we know that the
Premonstratensian Order generally and Torre Abbey in
particular possessed Papal authority prohibiting the
establishment of any Chapel in a parish of which they
owned the advowson, without the permission of the
Abbot and Convent. In 1352 they were able, by this
means, to turn out of Dartmouth a small colony of Brethren
of the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine who had,
contrary to the Bishop's injunction, established them-
selves. Since the Abbot and Convent of Torre only could
permit and appoint a chaplain, there would be absolutely
no necessity for the formal undertaking asked of Abbot
John de Berkedone to find a chaplain, if St. Saviour's is the
Chapel referred to.

H, as is surmised, the consecration in 1372 referred to
St. Petrox, the case is different. Torre Abbey did not
own the site, as far as we know, and although, as we be-
lieve, it was then within the bounds of Tunstal parish, the
new building was at one extremity of it, and the Abbot and
Convent may have held a different opinion from the Mayor
and Corporation as to the desirability or necessity for
such a Chapel — hence the agreement to insure the owners
of the advowson maintaining an interest in what they
could not be said to own and in the building of which
they probably took no part. We know that the Hermits
of Saint Augustine conducted unauthorized services in an
Oratory or Chapel, and that for twenty years (1331-52)
they baptized, heard confession, and buried certain of the
inhabitants in spite of protests from Exeter and the

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158 THE FOUNDATION AND BABLY HISTORY 07

f ulminations of the Abbot of Torre ; in fact, only an appeal
to Rome obtained their final expulsion. It seems quite
feasible that the Chapel and cemetery consecrated in 1372
may have been the re-constructed Chapel and the aban-
doned cemetery of the Hermits.

The extraordinarily long sojourn and practices in Dart-
mouth of these Hermit Monks can only be explained, we
think, by the want of unanimity between the ecclesiastical
powers of the day. The Bishops of Exeter and the Pre-
monstratensian Abbots of Torre seemed to leave one
another severely alone. In the Itinerary of Bishop
Stapeldon (1307-26) not once did he visit Torre Abbey,
although visits to Launceston Priory, Buckfast Abbey,
Otterton Priory, Tavistock Abbey, Hartland Abbey,
Newenham Abbey, and other establishments of religious
orders are recorded. Although this Bishop frequently
held ordinations at Totnes and was often at Paignton,
only once did he visit Dartmouth, when, on 14 May,
1318, he dedicated the high altar in "Tunstalle" Church,
and on the 16th performed a similar ceremony at Slap ton.
It is possible, therefore, that the parishioners built or re-
built the Church consecrated in 1372 under the direct
protection of the Bishop and even in opposition to the
Abbot's wishes.

In the period under consideration, between 1286 and
1372, the Episcopal Registers from the days of Bishop
Walter de Stapeldon (1307-26), followed by James de
Berkeley (1327) and John de Grandisson (1327-69), are
sufficiently complete to have recorded the consecration
of any Chapel or Church in Dartmouth. There are only
two such entries during the above three Bishoprics.

1. At Chuddeleghe on the 9th November, 1329, Bishop-
-Grandisson issued a license to Willelmus Bacoun de Dertemue
to cause the Sacrament to be celebrated by a proper chaplain
in the oratory within his house. The celebration was to be
conducted in secrecy with closed doors and without the ringing
of bells and to the exclusion of every one except his wife and
special friends, owing to the interdict then placed upon the
Church and cemetery of Tunstalle ; the license to be only
temporary*

William Bacon seems to have been of some importance
in the history of Dartmouth ; his name occurs from the
year 1286 to 1333, when sentence of excommunication

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWBAR CHURCHES. 159

under which he had been put was withdrawn by Bishop
Grandisson (see Register, ff. 431, 433, 445. 487, 539, 728).
The name also occurs in 1340 in the Cartulary of Torre
Abbey, by which time he would probably be an octo-
genarian.

2. On the 12th June, 1331, the Abbot and Convent of Torre
obtained from Bishop Grandisson license to celebrate Sacrament
in the Chapel of Saint Clare, Dertemue, in their parish of Tun-
stalle (pro parochianis senio confractis et alias debilitatis).

The Chapel of St. Clare is mentioned once in the Dublin
Cartulary (f. 1536) in a lease, by Abbot Simon of Thorro
to Roger the miller of Hardinasse, of a messuage which
lies " below the road which leads to the Chapel of Saint
Clare towards Tunstalle."

Although we have only these single references in the
Episcopal Registers and the Cartulary, in the brief review
of the valuable collection of deeds possessed by the Mayor
and Corporation of Dartmouth, made by Mr. Henry
Thomas Riley for the Historical Manuscripts Commission,
the Chapel of St. Clare is mentioned four times, and there
can be no doubt, from Mr. Riley's own remarks upon the
limitations of his Report in 1876, that much information
of local historical interest awaits further research among
those deeds. From the manuscripts of Robert Walter
Prideaux, Esq., of Dartmouth, Mr. Riley also gives
extracts in which the Chapel of " St. Clair " (as it appears
to have been generally spelt) occurs in six deeds.

From these extracts we learn — that the Chapel was "in
the vill of Hardenesse " ; in another deed a tenement is
situated " near the ditch of the burying-ground of St.
Clair"; the way from Hardenesseford led "towards the
Chapel of St. Clair " ; in another deed a tenement is
situated "near the way leading from the Chapel of St.
Clair towards Hardenasworth," and again, " a piece of
land in Hardenesse in the Manor of Nortone, near the
Chapel of St. Clair."

Mr. Riley judges some of the deeds to date from the
early years of Edward I (1272-1307). As Bishop Grandis-
son's license was dated 1331, in Edward Ill's reign, the
Chapel had possibly been in existence long before, and
been licensed by his predecessors, of which we have no
record. The earliest dated deed is 1340.

May this Chapel to St. Clair have been built on William

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160 THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF

Bacon's acre ? The license in 1331 is a long time after the-
grant of 1286, and whereas the acre of ground was in the
middle of the parish, the road leading from Hardnesseford
to Tunstal Church, in which we know the Chapel was
situated, cannot be described as such.

The Corporation deeds may somewhere hold the secret
of the date of foundation of the Chapel of St. Clair, but
surely the site can be identified by aid of the burying-
ground ; the reference to the cemetery is in one of the
earliest deeds, and the Chapel is mentioned as late as
1461. The presence of the cemetery seems to be conclusive
proof that this Chapel was in existence previous to 1331
and had long possessed the right of sepulture, which is
not referred to in any way in Bishop Grandisson's docu-
ment. May we hope that one result of the present meeting
of the Association may be the identification of this last
resting-place of the former inhabitants of Hardenesse ?

The evidence we are able to gather, much of a negative-
nature, suggests that the building we know as St. Saviour's
Church, Dartmouth, may have been really founded and
consecrated between the years 1286 and 1307, but that
certainly there was a Chapel-of-ease to Tunstal Churchy
dedicated to St. Clare, in 1331.

If the consecration in 1372 really referred to the Church
of St. Saviour, where is the record of the ceremony in
connection with the Church of St. Petrox ? There i&
apparently a very old cemetery attached to St. Petrox..
Cemeteries were always consecrated and the right of sepul-
ture was not granted in or near all sacred edifices, and
these special episcopal concessions are recorded in the
Bishops' Registers, which have been preserved to our day.
Therefore, if St. Petrox Church does not date from 1372
it was possibly founded before 1307 and the record of
-consecration is lost.

Dr. Oliver, in his work on the Monasticon of the diocese r
tells us that the Church of St. Petrox (singularly St.
Saviour's is not mentioned in the list of Devon churches-
under Dartmouth or Tunstal) was consecrated on $
October, 1833. As the building is unquestionably much
older, the suggestion is that it had been neglected and
perhaps not used for sacred purposes since the damage
which must have been wrought when the castle was
captured by General Fairfax in January, 1646. .If Dr*
Oliver's date is correct, it was probably therefore repaired

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAR CHURCHES. 161

and reconsecrated in honour of St. Petrox seventy-eight
years ago.

Mr. Charles Worthy, in Devonshire Parishes, states that
St. Petrox was always a chapelry dependent upon Stoke
Fleming, and the rector of the latter Church is still the
patron ; and that the incumbent of St. Petrox has
25J acres of glebe situated in the parish of Blackawton.
The whole parish of Blackawton was owned from the
early years of the thirteenth century by the Abbot and
Convent of Torre, and the men of "Stoke, Strete, Sewthe,
and Burlawestone " owed service to the Abbot of Torre
as lord of the manor of " Blackaveton."

Neither the manor nor the advowson of Stoke (Fleming)
Church ever belonged to Torre Abbey ; although the
last Abbot, Simon Rede, who retained the vicariate of
" Townestalle " after the dissolution, showed great interest
in the Church of Stoke Fleming, appointed the rector,
Sir Thomas Frind, part executor of his will dated 23
September, 1554, bequeathed XXd to the Church, and
desired to be buried in it for some reason in preference to
his own Church of Tunstal.

If the glebe land in Blackawton has always belonged
to the incumbent of St. Petrox since the days of the
Reformation, it is suggestive that this arrangement for
the sustenance of the chaplain of their Chapel was made
by the Abbot and Convent of Torre.

Although it may be said the proof is not positive that
St. Petrox Church and cemetery were consecrated in
1372, we have documentary proof that the site of St.
Saviour's was dedicated for the construction of a Church
in 1286.

King Edward VII laid the foundation of the Royal
Naval College, of such importance to our iiation and of
which Dartmouth is so justly proud. Another royal
Edward has just laid the foundation of that knowledge
which we hope may some day make a good King, and now,
thanks to the record preserved by the Canons of Torre
Abbey in their Cartulary, we know that it was the first
King Edward of England who by his royal sanction 625
years ago laid the foundation of the Church of St. Saviour,
Dartmouth.

VOL. XLIII. L

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162 THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OP

KINGSWEAR CHURCH.

Kingswear, under that name, finds no place in Domesday
Book. It probably was included in the manor of Briseham
or Brixham.

In the earliest deeds (twelfth century) of which we
have knowledge, the name was spelt Kingeswere, sub-
sequently variously written as Kyngeswere, Kingiswere,
Kyngeswerre, and Kynghyswere. The earliest mention
of the Church is among the deeds of Totnes Priory, which
through the kindness of W. G. Hole, Esq., of Bovey
Tracey, the writer has been permitted to arrange and
transcribe :

Willelmus de Vasci and his wife Juliana for the souls of
their fathers and mothers and for the soul of Willelmus Buzun,
give half the land of Kingeswere to Ricardus the deacon and
to others succeeding him or serving the true God, Jesus Christ,
and Saint Thomas there.

By the license of lord Rogerus de Nunant whose fief the afore-
said land is and by the sanction of Wido de Nunant Henricus
and Baldewinus. Ratified by the seal of lord Rogerus de
Nunant and witnessed by Ricardus the chaplain, Johel de
Waytord, Jordan de Hode, Robertus the serving man of
Wido and the brothers of Martin.

The abstract of another deed is as follows :

I, Willelmus de Vasci, for the safety of my soul and of my
ancestors and of the soul of Willelmus Buzun my lord, have
conceded and confirmed to God and to the Church of the
Blessed Mary of Totonia and to the monks serving God there,
half of the whole of my land which I have in Kingeswere, just
as it can be reasonably divided by just men of our mutual
friends, that is to say for the increase of the maintenance of
the chaplain who for the time being serves the chapel founded
in honour of the Blessed Thomas the Martyr at the said Kinges-
were. Confirmed by the impression of my seal and witnessed by
Michael de Spichewiche, Garinus de Morcell', Willelmus de
Linguire, Osmundus de Colatun, Willelmus Daggevile, Willel-
mus de Winestone, Robertus le Bastard, Godefridus de Austine
and many others.

Attached to the first deed is the later confirmation of
his father's gift by Walterus de Vasci. The latter seems to
have made a rearrangement of the property, as it is stated :

Instead of the messuages which I have retained as my
portion, I have assigned to the said monks for their share

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAR CHURCHES. 163

all that land which is on the north side between the trench
(or ditch) of the chapel and my own messuage which is four
perches in width adjoining the messuage of Arnold Parmen-
tarius. Corroborated by the impression of my seal and
witnessed by — Martinus de Fissacre, Robertus de Morcelles,
Robertus de Punchardun, Willelmus de Winetun, Osmundus
de Coletun, Willelmus Knight of Uptun and many others.

Walterus de Vasci, son of Willelmus de Vasci, gave half
the land of Kingeswere to Thorre Abbey on its foundation
by Willelmus de Brywera in 1196. In the Dublin Cartu-
lary (folio 26a) ten charters concerning Kingeswere are
recorded in the summary of the deeds, but the actual
charters are missing. In the Exchequer copy twelve
charters are enumerated. There is no reference in them
to the Church of Kingswear.

Both in the Bull of Pope Innocent III taking the Abbey
of Torre under his protection and in the confirmation of
the Canons' possessions by King John, is stated, " By
the gift of Walterus de Vasci the land of Kingeswere."
No mention is made of this gift or of the Abbot of Torre's
bounds in the confirmation of his father's gift to Totnes
Priory by Walterus de Vasci. It is therefore certain that
the confirmation of the first half given was made before
the year 1196, and the actual gift to Totnes Priory by
Willelmus de Vasci several years before.

The Chapel of Kingswear must have been built subse-
quent to 1170, the year of the murder of Thomas k Becket,
and was already built when Willelmus de Vasci endowed
the living, so we may safely conjecture that Kingswear
Chapel was built in the decade (most probably the early
years) of 1170-80.

The ground was conveyed to Totnes Priory, because
by the gift of Juhellus filius Aluredi, their founder, the
monks already owned the advowson and tithes of the
mother-Church of Brixham, in which parish Kingswear
then was.

Bovey Tracey Church has always been considered to
have been built as an expiatory offering by one of the
murderers of Thomas k Becket. Kingswear, we know,
was built in honour of the murdered prelate, and the
dedication has remained to the present day. Not im-
probably Willelmus de Vasci was the actual founder and
would be buried within its walls. Although it was not
usual to grant right of interment to chapels, there appears

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164 THE FOUNDATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF

to be no record of the right of sepulture having been
subsequently obtained for Kingswear Church, and we
may therefore conclude that it was an ancient right, as in
the case of the Chapel of St. Clair, Dartmouth.

On 6 April, 1267, Bishop Walter de Bronescombe held
a convocation in the Chapel of St. Thomas the Martyr
at " Kynggeswere," at which the first person recorded as
being present is the Abbot of Torre, but not the Prior of
Totnes. The object of the convocation, according to the
Register, had no local significance, but was to receive
the petition of five parishioners from Okehampton that
an interdict might be removed from their parish Church.

The presence of the Abbot of Torre and the absence of the
Prior of Totnes are noteworthy in view of what is already
recorded in the paper on St. Saviour's Church, Dartmouth.
As in the case of Bishop Stapeldon, so in the whole Itinerary
of Bishop Bronescombe, there is no mention of a visit to
Torre Abbey. This energetic Bishop visited Buckfast,
Forde, Newenham, and Tavistock Abbeys ; St. Nicholas,
Launceston, St. Germans, Tywardreath, Plympton,
Frithelstock, Pilton, and Barnstaple Priories, and fre-
quently was at Totnes, where he adjusted a difference
between Prior Nicholaus and Walterus the perpetual
Vicar of the parish Church, 30 January, 1259-60 ; but
the Premonstratensians saw little of any Bishop of Exeter
until the translation of their brother Abbot, Bishop
Richard Redmayn, in 1496, who, on the occasion of his
visitation, was careful to make it known that he came as
Visitor-General of the Order and not as the Bishop of
the diocese.

Kingswear was, as already mentioned, a Chapel of
Brixham parish Church, and the officiating priest was
always found by the Vicar of Brixham, in spite of the
endowment of the original chaplain and his successors by
Willelmus de Vasci, which income and estates were
certainly appropriated by the Priors of Totnes.

Some time between the years 1419 and 1443 a certain
Johann Abell, then Vicar of Brixham, seems to have
objected, and a letter is preserved among the deeds of the
Priory addressed to Henry (Chicheley), Archbishop of
Canterbury, stating the Priory's right to insist upon
the Chapel of Kingswear being properly attended to by
the Vicar of Brixham.

From the Totnes deeds we learn that Prior Nicholaus

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DARTMOUTH AND KINGSWEAR CHURCHES. 165

granted a chantry in the Chapel of Martinus de Cholatun,
and as it was in the parish of Brixham the Prior caused
the Vicar to celebrate mass annually on twenty occasions.
This probably refers to the spot still called Coleton, about
a mile due east of Kingswear ; it seems to have been the
home of a family whose names occur as witnesses to early
deeds in connection with Kingswear, and one Osmundus
de Coletun is already mentioned in this paper as one of
the witnesses to the charter of Willelmus de Vasci.

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DR. GEORGE OLIVER ON DARTMOUTH
AND ITS CHURCHES.

BY EDWARD WINDEATT.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

The Reverend Dr. George Oliver, the great Devon ecclesi-
astical antiquary, was born in Newington, Surrey, 9 Febru-
ruary, 1781, and came to Exeter on 27 October, 1807, the
year following his entrance into Holy Orders as a Priest
of the Church of Rome. He continued in the city until his
death, 23 March, 1861, and for these fifty-four years devoted
himself to literary investigations and antiquarian pursuits.
The late Dr. Brushfield, in his paper " Bibliography of
Rev. Dr. George Oliver," printed in Vol. XVII of the
Transactions of this Association, p. 266, gives a list of
twenty-seven of his works arranged chronologically, in-
cluding Historic Collections relating to Monasteries of Devon,
History of Exeter, Monasticon Diocesis Exoniensis, etc.
Fifth on this list is Ecclesiastical Antiquities in Devon,
being observations on several Churches in Devon, with some
memoranda for the History of Cornwall, by Rev. George
Oliver, Exeter. W. C. Featherstone, New London Inn
Square, 1839-42. 3 vols., 8vo.

Vol. I, 1839. Vol. II, 1840. Vol. Ill, 1842. I was
fortunate enough recently to become possessed of Dr.
Oliver's own copy of this interesting work interleaved with
MS. notes inserted by him, and this copy appears to have
passed to Col. Harding, of Upcott, the celebrated antiquary
and author of the History of Tiverton, who also added many
notes to it.

The letters were originally published in Woolmer's
Exeter and Plymouth Gazette. Dr. Oliver's copy has pasted
into the third volume reprints of letters on the Parish of
Rattery, near Totnes, Devon, Holne, and two on Dartmouth.

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DARTMOUTH AND ITS CHURCHES. 167

As Dr. Oliver's -account of Dartmouth contained in these
letters has, as far as I can discern, never been reprinted,
and was no doubt written after the publication of the
third volume of the Ecclesiastical Antiquities, in 1842, I
have thought the letters should find a place in the Trans-
actions of this Association.

It is true that in Vol. I, p. 215, is an account of Monu-
mental Brasses, and No. Ill is St. Saviour's Church,
Dartmouth, the Hauley Brass, and there is the MS. note :
" Q. Was it to this John Hauley that King Richard II gave
the Estate of Brethick, in Scilly, that was forfeited to the
Crown by the attainder of Sir Robert Tresilian, Knt. ? "

N.B. — Bishop Brantyngham, as we find (fol. 163,
Vol. I, Regr.), licensed John Hauley and his wife Jane
to have divine service performed " in capella Sci clari infra
mansionem eorundem de Dertermuth in parochia de
Tunstalle," 11 September, 1386. A license for an oratory
in favour of John Hauley, dated 10 April, 1397, may be
seen (fol. 7, Vol. I of Stafford's Register). Again, fol. 230, to
John Hauley and Margaret his wife, 7 April, 1417. There
is also a reference to a brass with a female figure inscribed
on it, and one to Gilbert Staplehill, once Maior.

The first of Dr. Oliver's letters on Dartmouth is as
follows :

DARTMOUTH.

Mr. Editor, — Very lately, business called me to Dart-
mouth. I had known that it was celebrated in the olden times
for its enterprising spirit and prowess — that at the siege of
Calais, in 1346, it supplied to King Edward III thirty-one
ships, and 757 mariners. The history of John Hauley, " an
exceeding rich marchant and a noble warrior against the
Frenchmen," as Leland describes him, was familiar to me —
and I was fully aware of the loyal and gallant bearing of the
inhabitants during the civil wars. The situation of the Town is
singularly beautiful, reminding a visitor of the hanging gardens
of Babylon ; and as for the harbour, it is amongst the very
best, of which Albion can boast. Being limited for time, I
indulged my passion for Church hunting, and accordingly
directed my attention to the mother Church of Townstall,
and to the Parochial Chapel of the Holy Trinity, commonly
called our Saviour's. As for St. Petrox in South Town within
the Parish of Stoke Fleming — it is, indeed, below consideration.
I can find no mention of it before the year 1438 ; it is rarely
used, and for the convenience of the neighbourhood, a modern

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168 DE. GEORGE OLIVER ON

gothic chapel was opened on 3 October, 1833* Bishop Lacy, on
19 August, 1438, granted an Indulgence to true Penitents.

To begin, then, with the mother Church, dedicated, I believe,
to St. Mary Magdalene, 1 and not to St. Clement, as Ecton has as-
serted in his Thesaurus Eccksiasticus. It is seated on a lofty
eminence of difficult approach, and its Tower, about seventy
feet high, is a noted sea mark. At an earlier period it was
appropriated to St. Saviour's or the Holy Trinity Monastery, at
Torre, and was not unfrequently served by a Canon of that
Community, as its Vicar. The present fabrick was erected in
the form of a Cross, early in the reign of King Edward II,
and its high altar was consecrated by Bishop Stapleton on
15 May, 1318. The interior wofully disappointed my ex-
pectation — chilling, deserted, and stript of ornament — the
East window of the Chancel walled up — ugly side windows of
barbarous tracery, as if in mockery of the antique and chaste
specimens which innovation has spared ! A south transept
piled up with rows of squalid and tottering pews, as if intended
to hide away the beautiful recumbent figure (in the arch
under the South Window) of perhaps some distinguished bene-
factor, or even the founder,* and on whom vandalism seems to
delight in throwing down dirt and sundry missiles — the spec-
tator must sicken at the sight and his heart sink at the recollec-
tion of what the Church was, and what it now is at the scene
of spiritless parsimony which it actually exhibits. Can those
who frequent the sacred fabric venture to say with David,
" Lord, I have loved the habitation of thy house, and the
place where thine honour dwelleth " ? (Psalms xxvi. 8).

Descending the hill, we reached, through winding passages,
the imposing parochial Chapel of the Holy Trinity, or our
Saviour. St. Clarus' Chapel had been licensed near the spot
on 12 June, 1331, for the Parishners of Townstall, who were
very aged and invalided ; but as the population and trade of
Dartmouth increased, a much larger edifice was required.
The principal inhabitants and burgesses consulted together,
amongst whom John Clerk, Wm. Harry, Wm. Knowle, Wm.
Rede, John Mathu, Roger Pole, Gilbert de Fawey, John
Hauley, Wm. Croft, John Brasutere, Walter Worthy, and
John Cnolle stood pre-eminent for their spirited exertions and
contributions. John Hauley is specially entitled to commenda-
tion, for nobly defraying the expenses of the chancel, and
probably of the gorgeous screen. His splendid sepulchral
brass formerly announced that he died on 30 December, 1408

1 From time immemorial every adult Parishioner of Townstall was bound
to offer his penny, or halfpenny, at the Church on the feast of St Mary
Magdalene (July 22), or on the Sunday next ensuing.

2 The agreement between Gilbert Fitzstephen and the Abbot of Torre,
relative to the advowson of this Church, bears date 1295.

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DARTMOUTH AND ITS CHURCHES. 169

(that portion has been pilfered). On his right hand is his first
wife Jane, who had gone before him in peace, on 12 July, 1394,
and on his left his second wife Alice, who had died 7 January,
1403. At their own proper costs and charges, the Parishioners
finished a goodly and spacious edifice for divine worship, but
had neglected to apply for the consent of the Abbot and
Convent of Torre, the patrons of the Parish Church of Town-
stall, and of its Vicar, Thomas Burgeys. This canonical over-
Bight was remedied by the amicable intervention of the Bishop
of Exeter, Thomas Brantyngham, who dedicated the Chapel
and baptismal font on 13 October, 1372, and on the Thursday
following, the 20th, blest its cemetery. The whole spot of
ground assigned for this pious foundation was about one acre.
After what their ancestors have done for them, it is not too
much to expect of the present and future generations, that
they will restore the lower part of that screen which they have
so creditably preserved — that they will reject the gawdy
tinsel of ornament, that in the repairs, especially of the windows,
they will shew stricter adherence to the original, both in design
and detail. The incumbent is known to be a gentleman of
taste, and deeply interested in the Church, and under his
judicious superintendence we are satisfied, that some minor
-defects will gradually disappear.

Cueiosus.

Then come the following notes by Dr. Oliver or Colonel
Harding :

The seal of Dartmouth represents the bust of King
Edward III above the hulk of a ship. On either side of the
King is a lion. Over the one on the dexter side is a crescent,
over the sinister one a star. The legend on the circumfer-
ence of the seal is :

SIGILLVM COMMVNE : DE : CLIFTONE : DERTEMVTHE.

The noble was first coined in 1340, on account of the great
naval victory obtained by that King over the French.
Edward is represented completely armed in a ship, with a
drawn sword in his right hand.

The second letter is as follows :

DARTMOUTH.

Mr. Editor, — The favourable reception you gave to my
remarks on the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, now called our
Saviour's, in Dartmouth, and on its mother Church of St. Mary

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170 DR. GEORGE OLIVER ON

Magdalene at Townstall, encourages me to offer a few other
memorandums.

In either transept of the above-mentioned Chapel was an
altar ; one of them was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, to
which was attached a Guild or Fraternity, of which I find
mention 11 July, 1437. Lacy's Register, Vol. Ill, fol. 146.

In the Chapel of the Trinity was deposited for a time the
body of Sir John Dabrincourt, Knt., who happened to die at
Dartmouth. The deceased had, however, left directions for his
remains to be transferred to the Norbertine Conventual Church
of Dale, in Derbyshire ; and the necessary faculty for their
removal was granted by Bishop Stafford, 23 October, 1416.

In Dartmouth no religious community was ever established,
as Leland supposed, " sum cell of Monks annexid to sum great
Abbay." It is true, indeed, that some hermits of St. Augustin
attempted to plant themselves in the town towards the middle
of the fourteenth century. Bishop Grandisson even allowed
them to have a domestic chapel ; but when one of the three,
called Hugh, assuming the title of Bishop of Damascus, dared
to exercise ordinary jurisdiction, his presumption was at once
arrested, and demolished by the vigor of our Diocesan prelate ;
and the little community disappeared altogether.

We had observed last week that the mother Church of
Townstall was not unfrequently served by a member of Torre
Abbey. The last Abbot of that celebrated Monastery, Simon
Rede, was instituted its Vicar 1 on 7 July, 1531, nearly eight
years before the dissolution of his house, and he held this pre-
ferment until his death late in 1555. His Will, bearing date
23 September, 1554, was proved 15 March, 1555-6 ; but strange
to say, he directs that his body may be buried within the
Parish Church of Stoke Fleming.

I remain your humble servant,

Curiosus.

It appears from Vol. II of Grandisson's Register that the
Bishop on 7 July, 1335, recalled his sentence of suspension
and interdict issued against the Prior and Brethren of the
Order of Hermits of St. Augustine in Villa de Dertemuth.

1 With the consent of his convent he leased to William Adams the great
and small tithes of the Parish (with the exception of the tithes of pigs, geese,
and butter and cheese, at all times reserved to the Vicar) for a term of ten
years from '8 October, 1538. To the same Adams, and his two sons for their
lives, he leased Heyford, Furches Close, and Cross Closes in Townstall Parish.
To Richard Prydeaux he leased a tenement, and garden, " infra burgum de
Clyfton Dartmouth," for ninety years under the yearly rent of 18s. Then
follow the following MS. notes :

His successor, Thomas Ffrenche made his will 10th December, 1558, which
was proved one week later. Inventory but £17.

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DARTMOUTH AND ITS CHURCHES. 171

However, they never seem to have rallied from the blow
inflicted. •

How came Prynne, Vol. Ill, Records, p. 94, to translate
King Henry Ill's grant (dated 12 July, 1237, from Wood-
stock) to the incumbent of Lydford decimam herbagie de
Dertemore, "the tithes of the Herbage of Dartmuth" ?

It is only fair to say that Townstall Church Dr. Oliver
gave such a poor account of was restored in 1884.

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JOHN FLAVELL: A NOTABLE DARTMOUTH
PURITAN AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BY EDWARD WINDEATT.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

John Flavell was the son of Richard Flavell, an eminent
minister, first at Bromsgrove, afterwards at Hasler, and
then at Wellersby in Gloucestershire, where he continued
until 1660, when he was ousted upon the restoration of
King Charles II, because it was a sequestered living and
the incumbent was then alive. His son John was born
in Worcestershire, 1630, and was educated at University
College, Oxford, where he took his B.A. degree. He was
first assistant to Mr. Walpate, the Vicar of Diptford,
Devon, who was incapacitated by age and infirmity and
was settled there by the Standing Committee of Devon
in 1650, and ordained with several others at Salisbury,
17 October in the same year.

On Mr. Walpate's death he succeeded to the Rectory,
and not wishing to be troubled with the collection of tithe
in kind, he let the whole tithe to a person of good reputation
at much below its full value.

While at Diptford he married Mrs. Jane Randel, a pious
gentlewoman of good family who died about twelve
months after. He next married Elizabeth Marries, just
before removing to Dartmouth as Lecturer in the Church
of St. Saviour's in that town.

Anthony Harford, b.d., Vicar of Townstal and St.
Saviour's, Dartmouth, died 23 January, 1655-6, and was
buried 29 January ; he was Vicar for nearly twenty years,
having, as is recorded, commenced to keep the Registers
of Townstal 11 January, 1636.

The living was the property of the Corporation of
Dartmouth, and difficulties appear to have arisen.

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JOHN FLAVELL AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 173

The following occurs in an account of Mr. Allen Geare,
ejected from St. Saviour's, Dartmouth, in 1662. and was
printed in 1727 : —

"Mr. Hartford, the Minister of Dartmouth, dying in the
year 1656, two very worthy men, Mr. John Howe and Mr.
Robert Jagoe (the latter of whom conformed after the Restora-
tion) were set up as Candidates there, and had an equal number
of voices. The town was at a great loss, for neither side was
willing to yield. Mr. Howe was then at London and Mr. Thomas
Boon, that was his great friend at Dartmouth, and his near
relation by marriage, having been with Oliver Cromwell the
Protector, took the opportunity of mentioning the difficulty
they were in at Dartmouth to Mm, and at the same time gave
such a character of his friend and relation, Mr. Howe, as raised
in the Protector an earnest desire of seeing this Mr. Howe, and
hearing him preach before he left the Town. The Protector
moving for this to Mr. Boon and telling him that if he would
help him to the sight of Mr. Howe and a sermon from him, he
would then give his judgment. Mr. Boon durst not undertake
for his friend Mr. Howe's compliance ; but withal signified
to the Protector that he perceived Mr. Howe intended to be
at the Chapel as Auditor the next Lord's Day. Accordingly
when Mr. Howe was at the Chapel the Protector sent for him
and desired a sermon from him, and after some familiar dis-
course prevailed and the time when he should preach was fixed
and a text was given him and he came at the time appointed.

" The Protector was so pleased with his performance that he
declared that Mr. Howe should not go to Dartmouth, but should
be his Chaplain, and soon after he signified to the people of
that town his unwillingness to have Mr. Jago his competitor
settled there. And so the contest ended, and the Town was at
liberty to proceed to a new choice which fell upon Mr. Geare.
Mr. Joseph Cubitt, then Mayor, and Mr. Barnes, one of the
Magistrates, took a journey to Woburn (Beds, where Geare
was Chap, to the Earl of Bedford) to invite and treat with him.
He accepted their call and sent Mr. Ford to officiate in his room
till such time as he could remove thither. And in about six
months Mr. Geare went down to Dartmouth with his family,
and was highly respected by the inhabitants of the Town and
by the neighbouring Ministers, having the character of an
universal scholar, an able preacher and an eminently pious
man/'

Later writers ridiculed the story of John Howe's preach-
ing before Cromwell and its result. It is however quite
clear that there was some foundation for the statement
that it was wished by the Dartmouth people that Howe

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174 JOHN flavell: a notable daetmouth puritan

should settle among them, for there is still preserved
among the Muniments of the Corporation a document
from which it is clear that the Feoffees or Trustees of the
Rectory of Townstal for the Corporation had presented
Mr. Geare, and difficulties had in consequence arisen and
caveats entered against his appointment, and ultimately
it was agreed he should be instituted and inducted to the
living, and that Mr. John Howe, or some able, pious
Minister, should be appointed as assistant or Lecturer,
they dividing the stipend, and the agreement to carry
this into effect is signed by Allen Geare and John Flavell,
who was appointed, as Mr. Howe could not be obtained.

The idea of obtaining Howe arose evidently after Geare's
appointment and not before.

The document is endorsed : —

"An Agreement mad© by General Desborough concerning
Mr. Geare and Mr. Flavel.

" 1th August 1656.

" For the composing of the differences in the Corporation
of Dartmouth and their trustees It is this day befor the
Right Honorable Generall Desborough agreed as followeth
That the presentation made by Mr. Edward Spurway and Mr.
John Plumleigh (Feoffees or Trustees of ye Rectory impro-
priate of Townstall in trust for the Corporation of Dartmouth)
of Mr. Allen Geare to the Vicaradge of Townstall and Chaple
of St. Savior's by consent shall stand and that all caveats
entered against it shall be forthwith withdrawn and all writtes
of Quare impedit or other writtes or proceedings against the
Institution and induction upon the same presentation.

" That Mr. John How or some able pious Minister shall be
appointed (?) as Lecturer at Townstall and Dartmouth to be
chosen by Mr. Thomas Boone, Esq., Mr. Stephen Knowling, Mr.
Obidiah Widger, Mr. Edward Elliott, Mr. Robert Baker,
Mr. Anthony Plumleigh, Mr. Richard Aylwin, Esq., Mr. John
White way, Esq.

" That ye profits of the Vicaradge and the augmentations
now or hereafter to be settled on both or either Churches shall
be equally divided between them.

" That the weekly lecture in the Chaple shall be performed
by both Ministers in turns And the revenue for maintenance
thereof by subscriptions be equally divided between them.

" That the profits of the said Rectory (to which the Cor-
poration of Dartmouth doe freely give for the said Ministers
better encouradgment) or other publicke maintenance shall be
equally divided betweene them But the rents issuing out of

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 175

the same and all rates and taxes first fruits and tenths are to
be first deducted nor is any tyeth fish to be demanded.

" That it is intended by all parties and the true meaning
hereof is that Mr. Geare shall officiate at the usual hours on the
Lords day in the chaple and Mr. How at Townstall unless it
shall be otherwise agreed among themselves And it is further
intended and agreed that both the said Ministers shall signifie
their consents by subscribing their hands hereto.

" (Signed) Thomas Boone. Will Barnes.

Steph Knowlinge. Edw Wheeler.

Robert Baker. Joseph Cubitt.

Richard Aylwin. Edward Spurway.

John Plumleigh.
John Flavell. Allen Geare."

It will be noticed that Obadiah Widger, Edward Elliott,
Anthony Plumleigh, and John Whiteway did not sign,
but William Barnes, Edw. Wheeler, and Joseph Cubitt,
who were not named in the document, did, and the two
Trustees who had appointed Mr. Geare did also sign.

General Desborough, referred to in the agreement, was
brother-in-law of Cromwell, and chosen in 1654 as M.P. for
Totnes and also for the County of Cambridge, and elected
to sit for Cambridge ; he would appear to have been
Governor of Dartmouth ; he was Military Commander
of the Western District, comprising Devon and Cornwall.
These Commanders appear to have had control in re-
ligious as well as military affairs.

It seems that before the death of Mr. Hartford the
Vicar, Flavell, though a young man, was Moderator at a
provincial Synod, and by the way in which he carried out
the duties attracted Mr. Hartford's attention, and he is
said to have spoken of him to the people in authority in
Dartmouth as likely to be a great light in the Church.
By going to Dartmouth his income was much less than at
Diptford. He and Mr. Geare seem to have worked well
together, but Mr. Geare's health was not good. Flavell
commenced his work in Dartmouth in December, 1656,
and was associated in it with Mr. Geare until their ejection
on Bartholomew's Day, 1662. Geare was called to account
by some of the magistrates for preaching a sermon after
his ejection on a Lord's Day, and summoned to appear
before the Commissioners at Exeter in severe weather ;
he caught a cold and died, after a short illness, in December,
1662, aged forty years. There was some opposition to his

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176 JOHN FLAVELt, : A NOTABLE DARTMOUTH PURITAN

being buried in the churchyard, but ultimately it was
allowed. The entry of this burial in St. Saviour's Register
is : —

" 1662 Mr. Allen Geare Vicar of Dartm & Townstall 17 Deer."

' He left a widow and five children,' and one of his children
died only a few months after his father. The entry of
the burial is : —

" 1663 March 29th Benjamin son of Allen Geare."

From the following entry in R. Dymond's Records of
the Friends in Devon, page 33, it appears that Mr. Geare
and Mr. Flavell held the views then prevalent as to
witches : —

"At a Meeting at the High Gaol Exeter in 11th Mo 1682
Sarah Tripe and Eliza her sister being accused by Robert
Lavers of Dartmo to be witches through ye instigation of Allen
Geare and John Flavell 2 Priests of Dartmo ye 18th of 8th
Mo 1659. Mem to peruse ye record abt London to see whether
there recorded."

In the List of Ministers of the Exeter Assembly, 1656,
are the names of Allen Geare, minister at Dartmouth,
and John Flavell.

Flavell appears to have been of a good family, for it is
said that those of the name of Flavell derive their pedigree
from one who was the third great officer that came over
with William the Conqueror.

His father, Richard Flavell, after his ejection went
to London, where he continued a minister till 1665, the
year of the Plague. Being at the house of a Mr. Blake
with others, worshipping privately, a party of soldiers
broke in and arrested and carried them to Whitehall.
They were fined £5 each, and in default of payment sent
to Newgate, where the Plague prevailed. There he and his
wife were imprisoned, and though ultimately bailed out,
died of the Plague.

The Report of the Commissioners on the Charities of
Devon contains a Record of one Richard Kelly, of Kings-
wear, merchant, by his Will, dated 1623, having given
considerable property upon trust for charitable uses,
John Upton, Esq., of Lupton, Brixham, his executor and
trustee, in 1636, apportioned the same, and some of the
residue was to be for a Lecturer at St. Saviour's, Dartmouth,
for a sermon on a weekday. This was not claimed for

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 177

some years, and was in consequence paid to the Master
of a School at Brixham. In 1822, the Lectureship was
claimed by the Curate of St. Saviour's.

There is an entry in the Townstal Registers : —

" The 23rd day December 1657 at 10 o'clock in the forenoon
was borne John the son of John Fflavell Lecturer in Dartmo
and Townstall Baptized the 12th of January next following/'

And in the Dartmouth Register his burial is recorded : —
" In 1671 John son of John Flavell."

After the ejection of Geare and Flavell the authorities
appear to have had some difficulty to supply the pulpit,
as will be seen from the following entries in the Accounts
of the Receiver of the Dartmouth Corporation for 1662 : — .

" Pd. Mr. John Crocker of Stockflemming to

preach in Dartmouth the 24th August, 1662 12/6

To Mr. Jesse of littlehemson (Littlehempston,
near Totnes) for preaching 30th August
nothing (a barrill of Anchovies and a barrell
of olives) . . . . .8/-

To Mr. Ellis of Allington for preaching the
7 Sept 14/-

To Mr. Lewis Sharpe 14 Sept. . . . 13/-

Pd. Mr. Clifford Newton Ferrers 28 Sept.
nothing (sent a barrel of anchovies and a
barrel of olives) 9/-

Pd. Mr. Gruberry of Torr for preaching Oct. 5th 13/-

Pd. Mr. Nichilas Downey for preaching Oct.
12th 16/-

Pd. John Penny for going to several places to
procure Preachers to come here . . . 6/6 "

After their ejection in August, 1662, Flavell and Geare
worked privately among their people until Geare's death
in December of that year, when Flavell continued the work
in conjunction with James Burdwood, who was ejected
from St. Petrock's Church, Dartmouth, and on his ejection
set up a Latin School in Dartmouth till driven thence by
the Five-mile Act. Other Nonconformist ministers also
assisted in the work.

In 1663 proceedings were taken in Dartmouth against
Nonconformists who did not attend the Church Services,
and an order made for the constables to distrain for the
penalty, 12d. each.

VOL. XL1II. M

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178 JOHN FLAVELL : A NOTABLE DARTMOUTH PURITAN

There is a warrant preserved with the list of persons so
fined.

It is No. ^p, and is endorsed : —

" Warrt. for 12d for not coming to Church.

" South Towne Ambrose Mudd Maior of the Borough of Clifton
Dartmouth Dartmouth Hardness and one of His Majties
Justices of the Peace for the Borough aforesaid
and Parish of Townstall in the said County. To the Church-
wardens of South towne Dartmouth within the Borough
aforesaid and to every of them greetinge : for as much as the
Constables of the Borough aforesaid have this day upon their
oaths presented unto me in His Maties Court of the Borough
aforesaid held in the Guildhall there before me and his Maties
Bayliffe of the Borough there Robert Steede and Dorothy his
wife, John Cornish and his wife, and *

sister of the said l for their not re-

payring either to their Parish Church or to some lawfull Church
or Chappell yesterday being Sunday the second day of this
instant November and for their not abiding there orderly
during the tyme of Divine Service, preaching, and other
service of God there used which they and every of them ought
to have done according to a Statute made in the first year of
the Rayne of the late Queen (?) Charles (of happy memory)
By reason whereof they have severally forfeited and every by
the Law ought to pay to the use of the poore of the Parish where
they inhabit the sum of Twelve pence. These are therefore in
his Maties name and by virtue of the said Statute and other
lawes in that behalfe provided to will and requyre you and
every of you that ymmediately you demand of every of the
said psons Twelve pence a piece to the use before said which
if either of them shall refuse to pay That then you dystrayne
the goods of the psons soe refusihge and put the same to sale
for the levyinge thereof rendering to the party or parties the
overplus that shall remayne upon sale of the same And for want
of such distress That you with the assistance of one or more
of the Constables of the said Borough bring such person or
persons soe refusinge before mee to answer the premises and to
be otherwise dealt withall as the lawe in such case have pro-
vyded whereof fayle not as you will answere the contrary at
yor pille.

" Gyven under my hand and seale this l day of

1 in the fifteenth year of the rayne of our Soveringe

Lord Kinge Charles the second over England Ann Dom 1663."

1 Left blank in the warrant.

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 179

Annexed to the above is a scrap of paper endorsed : —
" Absentees from Church 2nd November 1663

William Taylor and his wife.

Robert Plumleigh and his wife.

Jeremy Storr and his wife.

Mary Storr their daughter.

Edward Jeffery and his wife.

John Bowden and his wife (struck out in original).

Charles Bowden and his wife.

Richard Manning and his wife.

Chas. Newcomen and his wife.

Robert Bake and his wife.

Obidiah Widger and his wife.

Richard Forward and his wife.

the wife of John Millory.
Anne the wife of Robert Mayne.

Thomas Morecombe and his wife (struck out in original).
Bathsheba Newcomen do.

South towne.

Robert Steede and his wife.
Jane the wife of Henry Pensey. do.

Hester Putt. do.

Symon Marr and his wife.

South towne.

John Cornish and his wife and her sister."

There is also annexed a list for 8 October, 1663j
as follows : —

" Obidiah Widger and his wife.
William Cross.

Robert Meanes wife doth not come to Church.
Saron Curbett.
Ane Squaire.
Ane Lure the younger.
Eanow Coll.
Joan Coll Widd.
Robert Bailie and his wife.
Thomas Markbe and his wife.
Mr. Mulbery.

Mr. Richard Forward and his wife.
Edmund Jeffery and his wife.
Mr. Taylor and his wife.
Mr. Stone and Jiis wife."

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180 JOHN FLAVELL : A NOTABLE DARTMOUTH PURITAN

A third scrap annexed is a list for 25 October, 1663,
and contains the same names as the others, but in
addition : —

" Henry Percy his wife.
Memory Stowe and his wife and daughter and maide."

A fourth list for 15 October, 1663, contains the same
names.

I In 1665 the Bishop of Exeter, Dr. Seth Ward, made a
return as to Nonconformists in his Diocese, which is now
preserved at Lambeth, and records : —

"Dartmouth: Schoolmasters. Ed wd Manning, William Ball,
teach English Scholars. But neither licensed nor well affected."

" Nonconformist ejected Ministers. Dartmouth Mr. Kemp-
ster, Mr. James Burdwood, Mr. John Flavell, Conventiclers."

Another part of the Return has : —

" In Dartmouth there are also Mr. James Burdwood and
Mr. John Flavell ; who are reported to have private Meetings."

William and John Plumleigh were Mayors of Dartmouth,
and Robert Plumleigh was no doubt a member of this, one
of the leading families in the town.

Charles Newcomen was probably an ancestor of the
celebrated Thomas Newcomen, the inventor of a steam-
engine.

Steede was a Baptist, and in 1672 took out a licence,
under the Indulgence of that year.

On the passing of the Oxford Act Flavell had to leave
Dartmouth, and his people followed him to Townstall
Churchyard, where they took farewell of each other. He
would appear to have gone to Slapton ; his work, A Saint
Indeed, is addressed " From my study at Ley in Slapton,
October 7th, 1667," and in the dedication mentions his
necessitated absence.

There is a tradition that in the persecution days the
Nonconformists took advantage of the fact of the rock
" Salt Stone " being a sort of " No-man's-land " in the
Kingsbridge Estuary, in the middle of " wide gates,"
about 100 feet in length and 50 feet in width, equidistant
from Charleton, South Pool, and Malborough, and extra- .
parochial, and resorted thither at low water in order to hold
their meetings, seeing that the Justices could not legally
interfere with them there. Flavell was connected with these
meetings, and took part in them there.

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 181

Dr. Stoughton, in his Religion in England, mentions
Flavell living for a time at Hudscott Hall, belonging to
the Rolle family, near South Molton, Devon, supported
by the liberality and screened by the influence of the Lord
of the Domain, and there, amidst plantations, gardens,
and other rural scenes, he gathered together the materials
of his Husbandry Spiritualized.

Whilst there he used at midnight to preach in the Hall,
which was thronged with hearers.

Being at Exeter he was invited to preach in a wood
three miles away, where the meeting was broken up and
many arrested and taken before Justice Tuckfield and fined.

Flavell escaped, rode to a gentleman's house near the
wood, who, though a stranger, entertained him.

Whilst in Dartmouth in the troublous times Flavell
went to Totnes, disguised as a woman, riding on horseback
behind a man, to baptize a child of the family of White*
a leading Nonconformist family in that town.

On another occasion he is said to have been pursued,
when on horseback, and to have ridden down to a cove
near Dartmouth, and plunging his horse into the sea
he swam it around to the next cove and escaped, his pur-
suers, though on horseback, not caring to follow him.

Flavell's third wife was a daughter of the Rev. Thomas
Down, m.a., ejected from St. Ednaund's, Exeter. Another
daughter married the Rev. Francis Whiddon, m.a., ejected
from the Lectureship of St. Mary's, Totnes, and a third
married a Mr. Hayne, of Dartmouth,

On the issue of King Charles II's Indulgence in 1672,
Flavell returned to Dartmouth, and the record of his taking
out a licence as preacher is, " Flavel, b.a., John, Dart-
mouth."

When the Indulgence was withdrawn he continued
to preach privately, but being in danger in Dartmouth
he went to London, by sea, and the vessel encountering
a terrific storm near Portland was almost wrecked.

Whilst in London, 2 September, 1684, with Mr. Reynolds,
Mr. Jenkins, and Mr. Keely, soldiers broke in, but all
escaped except Mr. Jenkins, who died in prison the follow-
ing year, and his people invited Mr. Flavell to succeed him,
and Mr. Reeve's people did the same, but having returned
to Dartmouth, he decided to remain there and ministered
to his people in his own house.

While in London, he married his fourth wife, a widow,

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182 JOHN FLAVELL I A NOTABLE DARTMOUTH PURITAN

the daughter of Mr. George Jefferies, formerly minister
at Kingsbridge, and she survived him.

In 1685 party feeling ran high in Dartmouth, and his
effigy was carried through the streets and burnt with the
Covenant and Bill of Exclusion pinned to it.

He was a voluminous writer, and during the times when
he could not act as a minister published several of the
works which appear in his bibliography.

When King James II, in 1687, granted liberty to Non-
conformists, Flavell's people provided a place of meeting
for him, where he preached twice every Lord's Day and
delivered a lecture on Wednesday.

He was a man of middle stature, of good mental ability
and unwearied application to study, and educated students
for the ministry.

On the accession of William and Mary he had full liberty
to carry on his work.

Flavell's last sermon was preached at Ashburton on
21 June, 1691, from 1 Corinthians x. 12 ; he was then on
his way to attend a meeting of ministers at Topsham. His
last sermon at Dartmouth was on a public fast day.

Whilst at Topsham, at the meeting of which he was
Moderator, which was with a view to a union between
Presbyterians and Independents, he died suddenly, 26 June,
1691, in his sixty-first year.

His body was brought from Exeter to Dartmouth, a
great many ministers and leading people of the county
accompanying it, and a number of persons from Dart-
mouth, Totnes, Newton, Ashburton, Bovey, and other
places rode forth to meet it. When the coffin was brought
to the waterside at Kingswear and taken out of the hearse
and put into the boat, one present said, " I never saw so
many weeping eyes." He was buried in St. Saviour's
Church, Dartmouth, where a brass was erected to his
memory with a Latin inscription. It was removed by
the authority of the magistracy in 1709 and placed in the
Dissenting Meeting-house at the expense of his surviving
relatives. The inscription is as follows : —

" Memoriae Sacrum
Johannis Flavel
Qui in Studiis felix ; Disputationibus acutus ;
In Rostris Seraphicus et Scriptis disertus.
In omnibus vere eruditus et illustris ;
Doctrina et Moribus ornatissimus ;

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 183

Fidei, Fietatis, et Amicitise assiduus Cultor ;
Insensissimus Erroris et vitii Hostis ;
Ecclesise Decos et Civitatis :
Qui Postquam Pro Piorum Fructu,
Et Orando, et vigilando, exhausisset Vires,
Domino Placide Obdormivit.
Junii 26to Anno Salutis 1691.
Aetatis 61.
Virtutes sunt illi Monumento.
Dum hie conduntur beatissimi cineres.

" Could Grace or Learning from the Grave set free,
Flavel thou hadst not seen Mortality.
Tho' here thy Dusty Part Death's Victim lies,
Thou by thy Works thyself dost Eternize,
Which Death nor Rust of time shall overthrow :
Whilst thou dost reign above, these live below. 1
Mordecai Cockey

Sculpsit.

" This memorial was erected
In the Church of St Saviours
But being Removed By di
Rection of the Magistracy
Is placed here by the Friends
of the deceased Anno Dom 1709."

Mordecai Cockey was a brazier and bell -founder of
Totnes, a Nonconformist of good family.

It now finds a place in the Flavell Memorial Church,
Dartmouth, erected in 1895.

A replica was placed in St. Saviour's Church by
Peter Fabyan Sparke Evans, j.p., of Bristol. Flavell
died in the arms of an ancestor (Rev. Mr. Evans), who
on his death was buried in FlavelTs grave.

At Princess Street Congregational Church, Devonport,
is a silver Communion Cup with the inscription : —

"16 6 3

J. F.

This cup was formerly the property of John Flavell, and was
presented to the Church by Rev. Andrew Kinsman of Plymouth
who obtained it from one of the Tanner family."

1 Calamy's Continuation, Vol. I, p. 258*

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184 john flavbll: a notable Dartmouth puritan

Flavell was a voluminous author, and his books still
find a place in the libraries of ministers of all denomina-
tions.

A good tribute was paid to his authorship by a writer
in the North British Review (Nov., 1851, Vol. XVI, 191),
who said : —

" Like a soft valley, where every turn reveals a cascade or
a castle or at least a picturesque cottage, Flavel lures us along
by the vivid succession of his curious analogies and interesting
stories, whilst all the way the path is green with kind humanity
and bright with gospel blessedness."

Dartmouth has no reason to be ashamed of one who for
thirty-five years occupied so prominent a place in its
religious life.

Bibliography op John Flavbll, compiled by the late
Rev. John Inole Dredge, Vicar of Buckland
Brewer, Devon, with some additions by Edward
Windeatt.

Flavel, John. (The article on this writer in Ant. Wood's
Athenae Oxonienses, edited by Dr. Bliss, contains some
additions from Wood's MS. insertion in Bp. Tanner's copy
of the Athenae in the Bodleian Library.)

" He obtained not only more disciples than ever John Owen
the Independent, or Rich. Baxter the Presbyterian did, but
more wives than both (four at least in number according to
the custom of the saints) by which he obtained a very con-
siderable Estate." The writer, who was evidently no friend
to Nonconformists, goes on to say, " He was an unparalleled
impudent plagiary ; did not stick to rob (if I may so speak)
in the face of the sun as any curious reader may discern from
those books which he hath published, the titles of most of which
I shall anon set down " (Ath. Ozon. : IV, 323).

" Here follow most of the works which he hath published : —

" Husbandry spiritualized : or the Heavenly use of Earthly
things, consisting of many pleasant observations, pertinent
applications and serious reflections," etc. Lond., 1669, 4to.

" Dedicated to the worshipful Robert Savery and William
Savery of Slade Esquires." Address to the reader by Joseph
Caryl, Poetry by Nicholas Watts, Dan Condy, Edward Jeffery.

" Choice occasional meditations upon Beasts, Birds, Trees,
Flowers, Rivers, and several other objects." This is printed
with the former book.

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 185

" Navigation spiritualized : or a new Compass for Seamen
consisting of 32 points of pleasant observations and serious
Reflections." Lond., 1671-77, 8vo. Dedicated to " all Master
Mariners and Seamen especially such as belong to the Borough
of Clifton Dartmouth and Hardness in the County of Devon."
Ath. Oxan. : IV, 324.)

44 Spiritual Poems.'* Printed with the Navig. Spirit.

" The Fountain of Life opened : or, A display of Christ in
his essential and Mediatorial Glory ; wherein the Impetration
of our Redemption by Jesus Christ is orderly unfolded as it was
begun, carried on and finished by His Covenant Transaction,
Mysterious Incarnation," etc. Lond., 1672-73, 4to. This is
the sum of several sermons (the first part of Gospel Re-
demption).

" A Token for Mourners : or the advice of Christ to a
distressed mother, bewailing the death of her dear and only
son," etc. Lond., 1674, in 8vo and 12mo.

"Several Sermons as (1) A Saint indeed : l or the great work
of a Christian ; on Prov. 4. 23." Lond., 1673, 1675, 1686,
in 12mo. (2) " The grand evil discovered : or the deceitful
heart tried and cast, being the substance of some sermons on
Jer. 17. 9." Lond., 1676, 8vo. To which is added, " The Way
of the Heart's Working and Precious Remedies against its
Devices." (3) " The Seaman's Companion, wherein the
mysteries of Providence relating to Seamen are opened." In
six practical and suitable sermons. Lond., 1676, 8vo. Dedi-
cated to all Master Mariners and Seamen as belong to the Port
of Dartmouth and parts adjacent, 21 January, 1675. (4)
" Divine Conduct : or the mystery of Providence ; on Psalm
57. 2." Lond., 1678-79, 8vo. (5) " The Touchstone of sincerity :
or the signs of Grace and symptoms of Hypocrisy ; on Rev.
3. 17, 18." Lond., 1678-79, 8vo. 'Tis the second part of
A Saint Indeed. (6) " Mount Pisgah, Sermon preached at the
public Thanksgiving, 14th February, 1688, for England's
delivery from Popery ; on Deut. 3. 24, 25." Lond., 1689, 4to.

44 Sacramental Meditations upon 12 select Places of Scripture
wherein Believers are assisted in preparing." Lond., 1680-90,
8vo.

44 The method of Grace, in bringing home the Eternal Re-
demption contrived by the Father, accomplished by the Son,
through the effectual application of the Spirit to God's elect."
Being the second part of Gospel Redemption. Lond., 1680, 4to.

44 Preparation for sufferings : or the best Work in the worst

1 I have aeen an edition, Lond., 1671, and even this probably was not the
first, for the dedication (to the flock of Jeans Christ in Dartmouth over which
the Holy Ghost hath made me Overseer as he says) is dated " from my Study
at Ley in Slapton October 7th, 1667." Note by Dr. Bliss. There is a reprint
of this dated 1805.-J.I.D.

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186 JOHN FLAVELL: A NOTABLB DARTMOUTH PURITAN

Times " ; wherein the Necessity, Excellency, etc. Lond.,
1682, 8vo.

" Two Treatises : the first of fear, the second the righteous
man's refuge in the Evil Day." Lond., 1680, 8vo. The treatise
on fear is dedicated to the Right Worshipful Sir John Hartop,
Knight and Baronet.

" The Reasonableness of personal Reformation, and the
necessity of Conversion, the true methods of making all men
happy in this World, and in the World to come." Lond.,
1691, in 12mo. Reflected upon by Mr. Edm. Ely (Edmund
Elys of Totnes, a non-juror. He had to give up the living of
East Allington, being a non- juror and refusing to take the oath
of allegiance to William and Mary).

" England's Duty under the present Gospel Liberty ; from
Rev. m. 5, 20. By John Flavell, Preacher of the Gospel at
Dartmouth in Devon. London. Printed for Matthew Wotton
at the Three Daggers near the Inner Temple Gate in Fleet
Street, 1689." Dedicated to his dearly beloved brother and
sister, Mr. C. and Mrs. E. C. (Ath. Oxon. : TV, 325.)

" A Sure Tryal of a Christian State." This is added to a book
entitled " Helps for Faith and Patience in Times of Affliction,"
in 3 Parts. By James Burdwood, late Minister in Dartmouth.
Lond., 1692-3.

" An exposition of the Assembly : Shorter Catechism with
practical references from each question." Lond., 1693, 8vo.

" Remains. These consist of two sermons and were published
with an epistle before them to the reader after the Author's
death by (Wood says) a fanatic preacher in Totness called
John Galpine sometime a Student in Exeter Coll. among
Presbyterians and Independents during the Reign of Oliver,
afterwards in New Inn where he took the Degree of Bach, of
Arts, 1658, but left that house and the University without
completing that Degree by determination, which was to be done
in Lent time that year." (Ath. Oxon. : IV, 326.) The first
of these Sermons was " A Coronation Sermon preached at
Dartmouth," as Mr. Galpine says, " upon that joyful day of
the Coronation of Their Majesties King William and Queen
Mary which he did exceedingly bless the Lord for." The other
Sermon was entitled, " The Character of a Compleat Evangelical
Pastor. Drawn by Christ. Matth. 24. 45, 46, 47, opened and
applied in a Sermon intended to be preached at Taunton in
the County of Somerset at the desire and by the appointment
of several United Brethren of Gloucester, Dorset, Somerset and
Devonshire at their Meeting there September, 1691 . MDCXCI."
Advertised at the end are the following works of Flavell :
" A succinct and seasonable Discourse of the occasions, causes,
nature, rise growth and remedies of mental errors." Written
some months since, and now made public, both for the healing

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 187

and prevention of the sins and calamities which have broken
in upon the Churches of Christ to the great scandal of religion,
hardening of the wicked, and obstruction of Reformation
whereunto are adjoyned by way of Appendix (1) "Vindiciarum
V index* being a full answer to Mr. Philip Cary's weak, imperti-
nent Exceptions." (2) " A Synopsis of Ancient and Modern
Antinomian Errors with Scriptural arguments and reasons
against them." (3) " A Sermon composed for the preventing
and healing of the Bents and Divisions of the Church," by John
Flavel, Preacher of the Gospel at Dartmouth in Devon. With
an Epistle of several Divisions relating to Dr. Crisp's Works
in octavo. London. Printed by R. Roberts for Tho. Cockell
at the Three Leggs in the Poultry over against the Stocks
Market, 1691. l

Among a list of books written by Flavell and sold by Matthew
Wotton at the Three Daggers in Fleet Street are, in addition
to many named before, " Discourse of the Immortality of the
Soul," 4to.

"k Treatise of the Soul of Man." The second edition,
carefully corrected. Lond., 1698, 4to., pp. xx. 424. Dedicated
" To the much honoured his dear Kinsman Mr. John Flavell
and Mr. Edward Crispe of London, Merchants ; and the rest of
my Worthy Friends in London, Ratcliffe, Shadwell and Lyme-
house," by John Flavell.

" The whole works of the Rev. Mr. John Flavell, late Minister
of the Gospel at Dartmouth, Devon." . . . The Latin, Greek,
and Hebrew Notes and Quotations are now first translated
in this Edition. In six volumes. London. Printed for T.
Matthews, No. 18 Strand, 1799. 8vo.

The Catalogue of Dr. Williams' Library has : —
"Flavell (John). Reply to Cary's Solemn Call." 12mo.,
Lond.,» 1690. " Works." 2 vols. Fol. Lond., 1716.

The British Museum Catalogue has : —

" Flavel (John). Divine Conduct : or the Mystery of Provi-
dence." Lond., 1678, 8vo. Dedicated to the Honourable
William, Earl of Bedford, Lord Russell of Thornehaugh and
Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and is said to be
"From my Study at Dartmouth, August 10, 1677." It con-
tains an Epistle to the Reader, six pages, and an Epistle in
Latin, twenty-six pages, and also an address to the Reader of
four pages by Increase Mather. There is another edition of this

1 I hare a copy of this inscribed, u This Book ye gift of Thos. Cockerill the
Bookseller to Dorothy Flavell."— E.W.

2 Wherein he (Cary) pretends to answer all the arguments of Mr. Allen %
Mr. Baxter, Mr. Sydenham, Mr. Sedgwick, Mr. Roberts, and Dr. Burthogge.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

188 JOHN FLAVELL : A NOTABLE DARTMOUTH PUBITAN

dated 1678 without the epistle in Latin or Mr. Mather's address,
(I have this one with the inscription, " James Cheed his Book
donum Authoris." E.W.)

"An Exposition of the Assemblies Catechism." Lond.,
1692, 8vo.

Walter Wilson's Hist. Dissenting Churches, III, 332, 335,
has : —

' Flavell (John) Minister at Dartmouth
1 Husbandry spiritualized "
[ A Saint indeed "
'' A token for Mourners "
1 Divine Conduct "
1 A touchstone of sincerity "
An exposition of the assemblies cate-
chism ".....

4to, Lond. 1669
8vo „ 1673
8vo „ 1674
8vo „ 1678
8vo „ 1679

8vo

1692

"As it was carried on in the Lord's Day exercises in Dart-
mouth in the first year of Liberty 1688."

From the Bodleian Catalogue it appears that Wood is wrong
in the " Several Sermons " in attributing No. (2) " The grand
Evil discovered " . , . Lond., 1676, 8vo, to John Flavell.
This book is by his brother Phineas.

Darling's Cyclopcedia Bibliographica has :

" Flavel, John.

Whole Works (6 vols.)

Divine Conduct ....

The method of Orace .

A discourse of mental errors

A token for Mourners (3rd Edition)

A treatise of the Soul .

A treatise of the soul of man

(3r<J Edition)

(These went to the British Museum.)

8vo Lond.

1820

8vo

1678

4to

1681

8vo

>»

1691*

2mo

1774

4to

1671

8vo

1701

Watts's Bibliotheca Britannia has : —

" Flavell (John)." (Besides books mentioned above.)
" Works, 1673. 2 vols., fol. (There must be an error in this
date.)

" Works. Lond., 1701. 2 vols., fol.

" His whole works. Newcastle, 1797. 6 vols., 8vo."

1 With commendatory introduction by John Howe, Vin. Alsop, Nath.
Mather, Increase Mather, John Turner, Richard Bures, Thos. Powel.

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AND HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY. 189

Mavell appears also to be the Author of the following work : —

" A Familiar Conference between a Minister and a doubting
Christian concerning the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper."

Advertised at the end of the Sermon on the " Character of
an Evangelical Pastor/' are the following from his pen : —

" A Double Scheme : or Table in which you have the sins
forbidden and the Duties enjoyned on the Members of Par-
ticular Churches." Being a full broadside sheet prepared for
the Press by Mr. John Flavell before his death.

" Discourse of the Immortality of the Soul"

" Repentance enforced by argument from reason only," and
several other pieces collected after his death in 2 folio vols,
with his life prefixed ; also 8 vols., 8vo. .

" The Righteous Man's Refuge," a Sermon on Gospel unity.

" The Balm of the Covenant applied to the bleeding wounds
of afflicted Saints " ; to which is added, " A Sermon preached
at the funeral of the excellent religious gentleman, John Upton
Esquire of Lupton." Dedicated to, " The virtuous and much
honoured Madam Ursula Upton of Lupton, Devon " (about
1687).

" A Dissuasion from Sins of Drunkenness," etc. Dedicated
to, " The Right Worshipful Sir John Frederick Knt. one of
the Worshipful Aldermen of the City of London and their
honourable burgess in the present Parliament and to the truly
religious and ever honoured Mr. John Lovering of the City of
London Merchant."

In his entire published works there are also : —

" A serums Caveat to all Saints in this hour of Temptation."

" Tidings from Rome : or England's Alarm,"

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THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE HUNDRED OF
CADELINTONA OR COLRIDGE.

. BY REV. OSWALD J. REICHEL, B.C.L. & M.A. ; F.S.A.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

I. General remarks on the Hundred, the tozvnships, and
the tithings.

1 . The Hundred of Cadelintona or Colridge in one respect
resembles that of Sulfretona or Hairidge. It takes its
name from the meeting-place of the Hundred court (Chil-
lington), and not from the lord's inland manor (Harberton),
which subsequently gave its name to the honour. Both
Chillington, the earlier meeting-place, and Colridge, the
later meeting-place, are in the parish of Stokenham, show-
ing that the Hundred manor of Cadelintona must have
included at least a portion of Stokenham. But Harberton,
the lordship manor, and part of Buckfastleigh must also
have been included in Cadelintona ; otherwise not only
Harberton, but a number of other estates afterwards held
of the honour of Hurberton or Harberton, would be with-
out representation in Domesday. From the fee lists, which
are quite clear, it appears that besides the contiguous
estates lying west of Start Bay and the River Dart, the
Hundred included also an outlier called South Holne, coin-
prising Holne Urglas (Orgoyllous), otherwise Hosefen or
Hawson, Holne Buzun (Bosoun), Crocketon, and Scorraton
(Feud. Aids, 349), all situate in the northern part of Buck-
fastleigh parish.

2. The townships in the Hundred as they were grouped
on 20 February, 1316, when the Parliament at Lincoln
required every township to furnish the King with one
man-at-arms, consist of the following (Feud. Aids, 378) : —

[105] The lord of the Hundred is Ralf de Montehermerii.
In it is the borough of Totteneys (Totnes), of
which William la Zouche is lord, and the follow-
ing Townships : —

[106] Township of Aspbryngton (Ashprington) with
Didesham (Dittisham), a member belonging there-
to ; and the lord of the same is the prior of Totton.

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HISTORY OF THE HUNDRED OF COLEIDGE. 191

[107] Township of Dodebrok (Dodbrook) with Malston,
its member ; and the lord of the same is Henry,
son of Alan.

[108] Township of Stoke Flemmyng with Stancumbe
Prior, Wodemanyston ( Woodmason) and Alyng- t
ton Crispyn (South Allington), its members ; and
the lord of the same is John de Careu.

[109] Township of Slapton with Engleborne, its member ;
and the lord of the same is Guy de Brian.

[110] Township of Churlbton (Charleton) with Pral
(West Prawle) and Godbshaltre (Goodshelter),
its members ; and the lord of the same is John
Pypard.

[Ill] Township of Hurbertone (Harberton) with Chbv-
eryston (Chivelstone) and Pole (South Pool),
its members ; the lords of the same are Henry de
la Pomeray, Peter Corbet, and James de Oxtone.

[112] Borough. The borough of Dbrtemouth in the
same Hundred, the lord of which is Nicholas
Teukesbury.

[113] Township of Aueton Abbot's (Blackawton) with
Engleborne Prior and Didesham (Bosomzeal
in Dittisham), its members ; and the lord of the
same is the abbot of Tor.

The point calling for notice in the above is that Dittisham
appears twice, in No. 106 and also in No. 113. Is the second
of these Dittishams Bosomzeal alias Hele Bozun in Dittis-
ham ? I am inclined to think it may be.

3. The following list of estates paying " tenths and
fifteenths in this Hundred at such times as the same be-
come due " is taken from Hooker's Chorographical
Synopsis (Harleian MSS., 5827, p. 103). Estates which
are not parishes are here put in italics : —

Amount

Amount due. Deductions. payable.

[186] Haberton . . .114/2 .. nil .. 114/2

In this parysh dwelleth Wootten of Engleburn,

Pomeray of Byndley, and Rysdon.

[187] Ashprington . . 25/- . . nil . . 25/-

In this parysh dwelleth Somester of Paynsford

and John Giles of Bowdon.

[188] Corneworthie . . 36/- . . 4/- . . 32/-

Harrys and Fortescue.
[189] Dyttisham . . . 30/- . . nil . . 30/-
Byllot of Bosomesheale and Rowse.

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192

THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

Amount due.
[190] Blackawton . . £4

Ford of Ford.
[191] Stoke Flemynge . • 40/7
[192] Slapton . . . 36/-

Ameredeth, Harpham, and

Deductions.
8/-

9/-
nU
Bo wyes,
nil

5/-

13/4

nil
nil

nil

6/8

13/4
nil

nil

32/8

[193] Malston and Kendon . 15/4
[194] Dudbroke . . . 25/-

Mathewe.
[195] Charleton . . . 63/4
[196] Southpoole and Ioa/c

[197] ChelmestonfCMvelstone)^' 5
[198] Portelworthie (Portle- 10/2
mouth)

Chrespyn.
[199] PraU and \ 9 - /a

[200] QadshdUer (Goodshelter) /^ D/D
[201] Sheereford . . . 20/-

Reynell of Malston, Halse of Kenyton,
and Browne.
[202] Stokenham . . . 103/4
[203] Hamlet of Woodmanston 5/-
[204] Hamlet of Orymston and\ ft/A
[205] Leigh . . . / 5 >°

[206] Northe Dean (Norton

Dawney) . . .18/4
[207] Dertemouth . . 100/-

Roope, Fortescue, and Hayman.
[208] Northpoole . . . 28/4 . . nil
[209] Hallawell .

In this parysh dwelleth Nakpan.
[210] Tottnes

Savery and Gyles.
[211] Chyston (Chivelstone)

Canne.
[212] Buckawton (Blackawton)

Adames Wotton.
[213] W asborne (Washburton)

Lackington.

Amount
payable.

72/-

32/7 1
36/-

15/4
20/-

50/-
26/8
10/2

25/6

13/4
Randall,

£4 10/-
5/-

8/6

18/4
67/4

28/4

40 11 4 11 8 35 19 6

These totals are slightly wrong, which, however, may
be the transcriber's fault. The first column should be
£40 lis. 3d. ; the second £4 12s. Od. ; and the third, after
the correction made in [191] of 31s. 7d. for 32s. 7d., will
be £35 19s. 3d.

1 Should be 31/7.

Digitized by Vj005lC

HTTNDREP OF CqLBIDGE.

193

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Digitized by VjOOQIC

204

THE EARLY HISTORY OF T&E

From the Geldroll, as summarised by the late Mr.
Brooking Rowe on p. xlii. of the introduction to the
Association's reprint, we obtain the following information
as to the state of the Hundred in 1084 : —

111 111 s

J®

■81-

9 *

hWW

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OF COLBIDGE. 201

III. Some remarks on the estates contained in the Hundred.

1. In a previous paper (Trans, xxxiii. 584) the total was
erroneously given as 57 J hides, owing to Norton Dawney
.and Little Dartmouth, two dependencies of Stoke Fleming
(W. 722), being treated as additional to, and not as in-
cluded in the 5 hides of Stoke ; and in order to bring the
total into agreement with the 46 hides of the Geldroll the
suggestion was made that Ansger the Staller's estates may
have been extra hundredal (Trans, xxxiii. 593). In making
this suggestion it was assumed that the Ansger who held
Blackawton was identical with Ansger the Staller, whereas
the tenant of Blackawton is distinctly described as Ansger
the Hunchback (Vict. Hist. 405). The Ansger who held
Stoke was therefore apparently a different person, and it
becomes necessary to look for some other explanation.

Following the analogy of Hairidge (Trans, xlii. 223) and
Axminster Hundreds, it is permissible to suggest that the
Hundred manor of Cadelintona (W. 76), 7 hides, consti-
tuted by itself a separate inland Hundred, and that be-
sides Sherford, 2 virgates (W. 77), the following estates,
in none of which the assessment is allotted between the
lord and the villagers in Domesday, belonged to this inland
Hundred and not to the outland Hundred at all, viz.
■Combe, 2 virgates (W. 583), Kenedon and Ranscombe,
4 virgates (W. 696, 697), Widdecombe and Colridge in
Stokenham, 3 virgates (W. 724, 725), and Dunstone, 2 vir-
gates (W. 1124), making together 13 virgates or 3 J hides.
If these 3£ hides, together with the 7 hides of Chillington,
«re deducted, there will then remain for the outland
Hundred exactly 46 hides, as stated in the Geldroll.

This solution of the difficulty, however, gives rise to
-another. If the King held within the outland Hundred
or Hundred proper only the two manors of Blackawton
<W. 24) and Aehprington (W. 103), respectively assessed at
•6 and 3 hides, making together 9 hides, how can he have
been allowed an exemption in this Hundred of 16 hides, as
stated in the Geldroll (p. xlii. A. 1) ? The answer which it
is proposed to give to this difficulty is the same one which
was forced upon us in Hairidge Hundred (Trans, xlii. 229),
viz. that several estates in the tenure of subjects at the
time of the Survey were for one or other reason still re-
garded as the King's estates. It is suggested that this

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202 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

may have been the case with Inglebourn Abbot, I hide
(W. 530), and West Prawle, 1 hide (W. 531), both in the
occupation of Baldwin the Sheriff, and also with Stoke
Fleming, 5 hides (W. 722), and Townstal, J hide (W. 726),
two estates which, like Blackawton, had been Ansger's
and were in the occupation of Walter de Dowai's knights
in 1086.

2. When Blackawton first appears in the fee lists
Stokenham is associated with it, both being held of the
Honour of Plymton. We might therefore have supposed
that as Stokenham is not separately mentioned in the
Survey it was included in the Domesday Auetona. But
to this there are several objections. (1) The Domesday
Auetona contained less than 2000 acres under cultivation,
whereas Cadelintona had over 4500. (2) Cadelintona or
Chillington, the meeting-place of the Hundred, is in Stoken-
ham, showing that in 1086 the very important part of
Stokenham belonged to Cadelintona. (3) Sherford, which
was taken out of Cadelintona, belonged to the parish of
Stokenham (Episc. Beg. Brantyngham, 453). Taking all
these facts into consideration, we may safely conclude that
Cadelintona originally included the greater part of Stoken-
ham as well as Harberton, and that when Harberton and
the rest of the Hundred manor of Cadelintona were given
to Roger de Nonant the village of Stokenham, together
with Chillington, were retained by the King, and these,
together with Blackawton, were subsequently given to
the ancestor of Herbert, son of Mathew, who in 1241 held
1 fee in [BlackJAwton and Stoken[ham] of the Honour of
Plymton (Testa, 713, p. 182). Before 1258 Peter, son of
Mathew, gave the manor of Blackawton to Tor Abbey,
subject to -a payment of 10 marks a year to his younger son
Roger (Devon Fine, No. 615 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc.),
retaining for himself Stokenham and Chillington. The gift
was confirmed by John, son of Mathew (Oliver, Mon.
182), and afterwards by Mathew, son of John. On 11 May,
1259, Symon, abbot of Tor, acquired from John, son of
Mathew, the services of the Stokenham villagers by ex-
change (Devon Fine, No. 615 in Devon and Corn. Rec.
Soc.). Tor Abbey was in possession of Blackawton in 1285
(Feud. Aids, 332), holding it of Mathew, son of John, in
1303 (ibid., 349), and continued so to hold it until the
dissolution (ibid., 447), when it was returned as worth
£54 14s. 8Jd. (Oliver, Mon. 176). The advowson was

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE, 20%

given to Plymton priory (Oliver, 138, 141), which presented
to it in 1266 (Bronescombe, 115) and 1309 (Stapeldon, 191),
and held it at the dissolution (Oliver, 149). Fuge and
Street were freeholds held by the Cardinans, and were the
subject-matter of a fine on 27 October, 1260 (Corn. Fine
in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc, No. 25.5).

3. Stokbnham township, which Peter, son of Mathew,
retained when he gave Blackawton to Tor Abbey, was
held in 1276 by Mathew, son of John, who had assize of
bread and beer and gallows there by ancient tenure (Hund*
Rolls, 4 Ed. I.). In 1287 Mathew made the township over
to the King {Close Boll, Ed. II. 176, 233, 510), who granted
it back to him for life (Pat. Roll, Ed. I. 279), and he was
in possession in 1303 (Fend. Aids, 349). On his death on
11 September, 1309 (A.-D. Inq. 3 Ed. II, No. 49), the
King gave it in dower to Eleanor, Mathew's widow (Close
Roll, ubi supra), and granted the reversion to Half de Mont
Hermer and his two sons, Thomas and Edward, the King's
nephews. Half de Mont Hermer was in possession in 1315,
and presented to the rectory (Stapeldon, 262). His son,
Thomas de Mont Hermer, died seised of it in 1341 (A.-D.
Inq. 14 Ed. III. No. 35). In 1346 John de Montacute had
succeeded to it (Feud. Aids, 391, and died so seised in
1390 (A.-D. Inq. 13 Ric. II. No. 34). In 1409 Thomas de
Montacute, earl of Salisbury, lost it by forfeiture (A.-D.
Inq. 10 Hen. IV. No. 54) ; but in 1428 the freeholders
were Thomas, earl of Salisbury, John Dymmok, Thomas
Crokker, Roger Yarde, and Roger Bour.

4. The Domesday Aisbertona or Washburton, which
besides Higher and Middle Washburton, an outlier of Ash-
prington parish, included also the village of Ashprington,
was treated by Mr. Whale as if it had been the Hundred
manor, and to it he accordingly referred the adjoining
Harberton and other estates in Dittisham, Halwell, and
South Holne, all of which were held of the Honour of
Hurberton, and of which there is no separate mention in
Domesday. But Aisbertona was never a Hundred manor,
but only a forfeited subject's land. It had been Bristric's
before the Conquest, and was afterwards given to queen
Matilda, of whom it was held by Juhel of Totnes. After
the queen's death on 2 November, 1083, Juhel made Ash-
prington over to the priory of St. Mary at Totnes (Trans.
xxxiv. 727), no doubt to procure prayers for the deceased
queen. The priory presented to the rectory in 1261

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204

THE EAELY HISTORY OF THE

(Bronescombe, 108) and continued in possession of the
manor and rectory until the dissolution (Oliver, Mon. 240),
but Pensford was held by the families of Wolhaye and
Pyperell successively. On 13 May, 1400, bishop Stafford
gave to John Wolhaye and Joan his wife a license to have
divine service in their chapel of St. John the Baptist
within their manor of Pynesford in the parish of Ash-
prington (Stafford, 282). This license was renewed on
24 February, 1412, to Richard Pyperell the younger and
Christina his wife (ibid,, 279).

5. On the other hand, there can be no doubt that Cade-
lintona was the Hundred manor of which Harberton was
the inland or lord's demesne, and that the Hundred took
its name from Cadelintona or Chillington in Stokenham,
where the Hundred court was originally held. When, how-
ever, the Hundred manor was given by Henry I. to Roger
de Nonant, 41 the village of Stokenham, together with
Chillington, were retained by the King and bestowed on

41 The first grantee, Roger de Nonant, made a grant of Sidham in Buckfast-
leigh to Bucfaet Abbey (Cart in Episc. Beg. Grandisson, 1570; Hamilton,
Hist, of Buckfast Abbey, 40), and the grant was confirmed by his younger son,
Henry, and his grandson, Roger III. From the Bucfaet Cartulary in drcmdis
son's Register, 1569-72, the following descent can be traced :—

Roger de Nunant== Alice
had the castle of
Totnesbygiffcof
King Henry

Guy de Nunant == Mabel
witnesses the Plymton
charter in 1123 ; living
1180 (Pipe Bolls)

Henry = Elizabeth Roger II. =

Roger III. de Nunant Alice

Guy II. de Nunant= Adeleis

a widow 1176-1187.

Pipe Rolls (22 Hen. II.,
28 Hen. II., 88 Hen. II.)
says, u Relic ta de Nun-
ant married without leave "

3 sons

Henry II. de Nunant^ Isabel Bulbeck= Robert de Ver Roger de Nunant

Died in 1207, after (Testa, 1374, p. brother and heir,

selling, in 1205, the 195a), created completes sale to

Honour of Hurber- earl of Oxford Reginald deValle-

ton to Roger de in 1214 torta 25 July,

Valletorta 1228

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HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE. 205

the predecessor of Herbert, son of Mathew ; and Chilling-
ton having thus ceased to belong to the Hundred manor,
a new meeting-place was found for the Hundred of Col-
ridge. In consequence the Hundred was afterwards called
the Hundred of Colridge. A large portion of the Hundred
must still have been waste in 1086, having probably been
devastated in the raid made by Harold's sons from Ireland
in 1066 (Vict. Hist. 471), and out of this portion divers
grants were made after the date of the Survey ; but at a
very early time these grants included Harbertonford and
Washbourn Bauzan, belonging to Harberton, Collaton and
Poulstone in Halwell, Washbourn Durant and Sharpham
in Ashprington, Hele or Bosom's Zeal in Dittisham,
Bridgetown in Berry Pomeray, and Washbourn Water, 41
besides the grants made in South Holne, which included
Holne Urglas alias Hosefen or Hawson, Holne Buzun or
Bausan, Crocketon and Scorraton (Trans, xxxiii. 621 ;
xxxiv. 725). Chillington borough and the Hundred of
Colridge were both held by Thomas de Montacute in 1409
(A.-D. Inq. 10 Hen. IV. No. 54).

The lordship manor of Harberton, as the head of the
honour, first descended in the Nonant family, and after
1205 in the Valletorts (see below, No. 26). On 3 November,
1221, Reginald de Valletorta gave the advowson to blessed
Mary of Salisbury (Devon Fine, No. 134 in Devon and Corn.
Bee. Soc.), and in 1228 had Thomas de Yaleburn for
tenant there (Devon Fine, No. 171, ibid.). On the death
of Roger, the last of the Valletorts, in 1275, the manor fell
between Henry de la Pomeray, who died in 1329 seised of
f of it (A.-D. Inq. 2 Ed. III. No. 118), and Peter Corbet,
who died in 1322 seised of 5 free tenements there pro-
ducing 128. 5d. and of 4s. 6d. in rents there (A.-D. Inq.
2 Ed. IV. No. 118). In 1331 John de Leyburn enfeoffed
Thomas de Wynnesbury of a moiety of Hurbrigton manor
(A.-D. Inq. 4 Ed. III. No. 18), and died seised of it in 1349
(A.-D. Inq. 22 Ed. III. No. 37). In 1362 John Beauchamp
of Somerset died seised of a moiety of Hurberton manor
(A.-D. Inq. 35 Ed. III. No. 36). In 1375 Henry de la
Pomeray died seised of a moiety thereof (A.-D. Inq. 48
Ed. III. No. 51).

6. Harbbbtonfobd, Herniford, or Hurberneford, as it
is written in the fee lists in Harberton in Colridge Hundred,

48 From Walter de Wasebourn for J fee in Wasseburn Wyet held of the
barony of Hurberton which the heir of Walter de Wasseburn aforetime held.

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206 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

must not be confounded with Harbournford in South
Brent in Stanborough Hundred. Harbournford was
William de Falaise's in 1086 (W. 746, p. 740 ; Vict. Hist.
491), and was afterwards held of the Honour of Partington
{Testa, 1228, p. 191) ; but Harbertonford was held of the
Honour of Hurberton (Testa, 207, p. 177a), and belongs to
Colridge Hundred (Feud. Aids, 331). In 1241 it w*m held
by Richard le Bigod for £ fee (Testa, 207) ; in 1285 by
Richard le Bygod (Feud. Aids, 331) ; in 1303 by John
Bygod (ibid., 349) ; in 1346 by John Stranga (ibid., 394) ;
and in 1428 by Henry Marchant (ibid., 493).

7. Washbotjrn Batjzan was held in 1238 (Devon Pine,
No. 286 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc.) and in 1241 by
Richard Baucan for \ fee of the Honour of Hurberton
(Testa, 208, p. 177a). Before 1285 Richard de Hiwys had
succeeded to it (Feud. Aids, 331). In 1303 John Ashleigh
(ibid., 349) was in possession, afterwards Richard Hywys
and Robert de Ayshlegh (ibid., 393), and in 1346 Richard
Hiwysh (ibid., 393).

8. Collatok in Halwell was held in 1241 by Richard le
Estcote or le Scoz, 4 * i.e. the Scotchman, for A fee of the
Honour of Hurberton (Testa, 209, p. 577a), who or whose
son of like name also held it in 1285 (Feud. Aids, 331).
His successor in 1303 was known as William de Coleton
(ibid., 349), and in 1346 the freeholders were William Smale,
Andrew de Coleton, and John Frankeleyn (ibid., 394).

9. Poulston in Halwell, which must not be confounded
with Polstone or Pollekeston in Aveton Giffard in the
Hundred of Stanborough (Feud. Aids, 323), nor yet with
Palstone, the name given to the lordship lands of South
Brent, 44 was held in 1285, together with Bothon, for § fee
by Matthew, son of John, of the Honour of Hurberton
(Feud. Aids, 331). Bothon is presumably " the land of
Bodeton within the manor of Hurberton worth 100
shillings yearly which Isabella de Bodeton in 1268 gave
to the Hospital of Bothemenscumbe in alms by leave of
Roger de Valletorta, chief lord of that fee " (Hund. Rolls,
4 Ed. I. p. 89).

43 He was probably descended from William le Scoz, who witnessed a
charter about 1150 in the Bucfast Cartulary, Grcmditnon 1572.

44 Valor Eccl. {Trans, viii. 871 n.): rents of the lordship lands called
Palstone. In 1285 Pollekeston in Stanborough Hundred was held by Geoffrey
de Bosco for £ fee of Richard de Benelegh, who held it of Matthew, son of
John. Polkeston and Bothon in Colridge Hundred were, in 1285, held also by
Matthew, son of John.

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HUNDRED OF COLRIDGB. 207

10. Washbournb Waltbb and Bowdbn, as Mr. Whale
pointed out (Trans, xxxii. 537), appear to have been
created as fees after 1243 and before 1290. In 1303 Wash-
born Walter was held for •£ fee by the heir of Walter de
Wassheborn (Feud. Aids, 350). In 1346 it was held for J fee
by another Walter de Wasshebourn (ibid., 393).

11. Sharpham was held in 1241 by the heirs of Henry
de Sopecumb for & fee of the Honour of Hurberton (Testa,
211, p. 177a) ; in 1285 by William de Sopcome (Feud. Aids,
331) ; in 1303 by William (ibid., 349) ; and in 1346 by
John, son of John de Scopcomb (ibid., 394).

12. Hele or Hele Payne, otherwise Buzun's Hele, cor-
rupted into Bosomzeal, in Dittisham, was held in 1241
by Jordan de la Hode for A fee of the Honour of Hurber-
ton (Testa, 213, p. 177a). In 1285 William Hirsun had
succeeded to it (Feud. Aids, 331). In 1303 Richard de
Hele was lord (ibid., 349) ; in 1346 Nicholas Wyryng (ibid.,
394). In 1396 Edmund Boson was in possession, to whom
with Mabel his wife and Joan Falewell license was given
to have divine service in his mansion at Hele [Bosumshele]
on 28 April, 1396 (Stafford, 271). A similar license was
granted on 5 September, 1408, to John Bozon and Alinora
his wife, as also to Joan Falewyll, for their chapel of St.
John Baptist within the manor of Bozon Hele in Dittisham
(ibid., 271).

13. Bridgetown was held in 1241 by William de la
Pomeray for A fee of the Honour of Hurberton (Testa,
198, p. 177a), and in 1303 by Robert de Forde (Feud. Aids,
349) as under-tenant. In 1305 Henry de la Pomeraye
died seised of £7 lis. 8d. in rents from the borough-tenants
of Brugeton (A.-D. Inq. 33 Ed. I. No. 51), and in 1375
another Henry de la Pomeray (A.-D. Inq. 48 Ed. III.
No. 51).

14. Washbourn Durant, which appears to be identical
with Washburton House, the outlier of Ashprington, must
have been granted out before the rest of Ashprington was
given to St. Mary's priory at Totnes. In 1286 it was
Thomas Pipard's (A.-D. Inq. 14 Ed. I. No. 26), and was
held under him by Nicholas Dauney in 1303 for J fee
(Fend. Aids, 350). He died in 1333 (A.-D. Inq. 6 Ed. III.
No. 79). In 1346 it was held by Walter Wassebourn of
the Honour of Hurberton (ibid., 393).

Bowdbn in Totnes was held in 1303 by Roger de Cokyng-
ton for \ fee (Feud. Aids, 350, writes it Bouedon). In 1346

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208 THJB KAKLY HISTORY OF THE

it was held by John Wautort for the life of Margaret his
wife, presumably Cokyngton's widow, for i fee of the
Honour of Hurberton (Feud. Aids, 394, writes Doghedon
for Boghedon), and in 1428 John Shappewike held the
same in succession to John Vautard (Ibid., 492). John
Schapwyll and Christina his wife had a license from bishop
Stafford on 14 December, 1417, to have divine service per-
formed within their residence at Bowden (Boghedon) in
the parish of Totnes (Stafford, 280).

15. Holne Erguleys, Urglas, Orgoyllous or Orglers,
which appears to be the earlier name for what was after-
wards called Hosefen, otherwise Hawson, originated in a
grant made by Roger de Nonant of 1 ferling of land within
his manor of Holne to Serlo de Holna to hold by the
service of its fee (Bucfast Cart, in Episc. Reg., Orandisson,
1594). Serlo's son, Urglas de Holne (ibid., 1596, 1598), in
1223 granted the land of Hosefen excepting Brook mill
(ibid., 1597), with all his land east and south of North-
brook in South Holne and the common which he held of
Reginald de Valletorta, to Nicholas de la Ya (ibid., 1578 ;
Trans, xxxiii. 621 ; xxxiv. 725). In 1241 Nicholas de la Ya
held *fo fee in Hounne Ergulays of the Honour of Hur-
berton (Testa, 212, p. 177a). This Nicholas afterwards
sold it to Robert de Hylion (Bucf. Cart., ibid., 1579), who
made it over to Bucfast abbey, reserving a rent (ibid.,
1579). On the death of William de Hylion, Richard le
Prouz succeeded in right of his wife Margaret to a share
of the reserved rent and made it over to Bucfast abbey
(ibid., 1581), and in 1303 the abbot was the holder of A
fee in Holne Orgoyllons (Feud. Aids, 349).

16. Holne Btjzun or Bauzan, now known as Bozon's
Farm (Hamilton's Hist, of Bucfast, 91), originated in a
grant by Nonant or Valletorta to Richard Buzun, whose
son, William Buzun of Morville, held it in 1241 for £ fee
of the Honour of Hurberton (Testa, 213, p. 177a). In 1285
it was held by William de Cheverston (Feud. Aids, 331) ;
in 1303 by Stephen de Haccombe (ibid., 349) ; and in 1346
by John de Cheverston (ibid., 393).

17. Ceockbton in South Holne originated in a grant
by Henry de Nonant to Serlo de Holne (Bucfast Cart, in
Orandisson, 1597), which Urglas his son made over to
William Crocke and Walter Bon to hold for A* fee of the
Honour of Hurberton (ibid., 1597). William Crocke was
in possession in 1242 (Testa, 210, p. 177a). In 1285 it was

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HUNDRED OF COLMDGE. 209

held by William de Croketon and Henry le Wydon (Fevd.
Aids, 331) ; but the wood of Byrigge, which had been
William Crocke's, was given by his four daughters — Cresia,
wife of Robert de Coletune ; Alice, widow of Adam de
Luneworthy, called Adam the Clerk in 1241 (Testa, 146,
p. 1766) ; Turkesia, the widow probably of Richard, son
of Martin (ibid.) ; and the fourth the mother of Alured de
Alvythecot (Bucfast Cart. 1573-7) — to Bucfast abbey. In
1346 Vincent de Barnestaple held Crocketon (Fetid. Aids,
393).

18. Scoreaton in Buckfastleigh, which must not be
confounded with Skeriton in Dean Church (the latter in
Stanborough Hundred), came into existence after 1241 by
grant of Reginald de Valletorta to Osbert Mugge (Bucfast
Cart, in Grandissofi, 1609), the rent reserved being 8 shil-
lings. Osbert Mugge was succeeded by his son Stephen
(ibid., 1609). In 1313 John Hervy was in possession (ibid.,
1582). In 1346 Stephen Mogg and John Hervy held A fee
in Scorraton and Hosefenne (Hawson, Fevd. Aids, 394).
In 1357 William Mugge gave Kilbury manor held of Er-
mington manor to Bucfast abbey (A.-D. Inq. 30 Ed. IV.
No. 61).

19. The manor of South Holne, of which most of the
above were held, was sold by Half de Valletorta between
1246 and 1256 to Stephen Bauzan (Bucfast Cart., Qrandis-
son, 1601). Stephen's brother, Richard Bauzan, who suc-
ceeded him, gave it in 1258 to Bucfast abbey (ibid., 1584). *•

20. Dittisham was held in 1084 by Oliver (Geldroll,
xlii. B. 2), who may have been previously Githa's tenant.
It was one of the 3 fees which Robert, the King's son, held
in right of his wife, the heiress of Baldwin the sheriff, of
the bishop of Exeter (Black Book, 115)." In 1285 John
de Halton was in possession in succession to Oliver under
Hugh de Courtney, who held it of the bishop (Fevd. Aids,

46 Hund. Rolls, 4 Ed. I. p. 89, in Trans, xxxiv. 726 : M Roger de Valletorta
held the barony of Hurberton with members of the king in chief by the
service of putting 2 knights in the field or 4 armed men whenever the king
had occasion for them ; and the said barony is now [A.-D. 1276] in the king's
hand by the death of the said Roger. Of this barony the abbot of Bufestia
holds Sutholn by gift of Richard Bar[?c]evn who was enfeoffed of the barony
of Hurberton. He gave it to the same abbot in the 45 th year of King Henry
the present king's father. . . . The abbot of Bufestia also holds 100 acres of
scrub at Sutholn within the manor of Hurberton which Ralf de Valletorta
brother of Roger lately deceased gave in alms to the said abbot in the 42 nd
year of King Henry."

47 The three were Yeoton in Crediton, Dittisham, and Slapton (Risdon,
Notebook, 67; A.-D. Inq. 20 Ed. I. No. 38; Trans, xxxviii. 352).

VOL. XLIII.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

210 THE EAELY HISTORY OF THE

331). In 1297 Hugh de Courtney's son had succeeded to
the lordship (Bronescombe, 491), and presented to the
living. In 1303 Roger de Inkepenne was the holder in
possession (Fevd. Aids, 349). He died in 1332 (A.-D. Inq.
5 Ed. III. No. 50) ; in 1346 John Inkepenne held it (ibid.,
393). In 1376 William Huwysche was lord of the manor,
and had license on 14 February of that year to have
divine service performed in his presence within his manor
of Dydesham (Brantyngham, 374). In 1390 Ricarda, widow
of Thomas Fychet, died seised of Dydesham manor (A.-D.
Inq. 14 Ric. II. No. 23). In 1428 the freeholders were
John Hull of Spaxton, John Fortescue, John Goderigge,
John Vogge, and John Wyte (Fevd. Aids, 447).

21. Slapton, which Robert, son of Gervin, held of
Baldwin the sheriff in 1084 (Geldroll, xlii. B. 3), was Guy
de Brian's before 1285. Guy held it of Hugh de Courtney
(Fevd. Aids, 331), successor in title to Baldwin (Trans.
xxxviii. 354), and presented to the rectory in 1275 (Brones-
combe, 181). Hugh de Courtney held it of the bishop
by the service of acting as his seneschal, assigning places
and taking fees on the feast of the bishop's enthronement.
By an agreement concluded between Hugh and the bishop
on 22 December, 1308, it was agreed that " on the day of
the bishop's enthronement Hugh and his heirs should
meet the bishop outside the Eastgate when dismounting
from his palfrey and marching on his right side should
to the best of his power protect him from the press of the
people until he reached the choir of the cathedral ; after-
wards at the great feast they should in person set the
whole of the first course (fercvlum) before the bishop and
should have 4 silver dishes (discos) out of those which
they set before the bishop for the first course, 2 salt cellars
(salsaria) and the cup out of which the bishop drank at
the first course, one salt measure (salsarivm), one wine
pitcher (picherium), one spoon (cochlear), and 2 basins
(pelves) in which the bishop washed on the previous day,
all of these to be of silver ; provided that should the afore-
said Hugh or his heirs fail to discharge the said service
they shall for that turn not be entitled to any of the afore-
said silver vessels " (Brantyngham, 901). Guy de Brian
was the holder of Slapton under Hugh de Courtney in 1303
(Fevd. Aids, 349). He died in 1307 (A.-D. Inq. 35 Ed. I.
No. 32), and another Guy de Brian held it for 1 fee in 1346
(Fevd. Aids, 392). In 1377 a Guy de Brian was seised of

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HUNDRED OF COLRIDGB. 211

it and gave an endowment to four chaplains for the chapel
of St. Mary at Slapton (A.-D. Inq. 50 Ed. III. No. 14 bis ;
Oliver, Mon. 322), which he augmented in 1386 (A.-D. Inq.
9 Ric. II. No. 96) and again in 1389 (A.-D. Inq. 12 Ric. II,
No. 143). He died in 1391 {A.-D. Inq. 14 Ric. II. No. 8).
In 1428 Isabella, widow of Robert Lovell, held it in dower
(Feud. Aids, 447).

22. In 1241 Inglebourn Abbot was held for 1 fee by
William de Bikebire of the Honour of Okehamton (Testa,
547, p. 1806) through a middle lord, the middle lord in
1264 being John de Reigny. 49 John de Reigny's father,
Thomas, with the concurrence of Joan his wife, on 30 May,
1244, granted 8 ferlings, being the whole of the said land,
to the abbot of Bucfast (Devon Fine, No. 437 in Devon
and Corn. Rec. Soc). The abbot was in possession in 1303
(Feud. Aids, 350) ; also in 1346 (ibid., 394) ; in 1428 (ibid.,
448) and down to the time of the dissolution.

23. West Prawle in Portlemouth formed part of the
6 J fees which John de Hidon held in 1166 (Black Book,
119) " in succession to Otley of 1086. In 1205 William
de Praule was in possession and alienated Goodshelter. 58
In 1241 Roger de Praulle held [.West] Prawle for i fee of
the Honour of Okehamton (Testa, 546, p. 1806) through a
middle lord [Hidon]. In 1285 William de Praule held 1 fee
in Prawle of the heirs of Richard de Hidon which Richard
held of the Honour of Okehamton (Fevd. Aids, 332). In
1303 the heir of William de Praull held in West Praull
i fee (ibid., 349) ; but in 1428 John Hals held the i fee
in Pralle in succession to Roger Pralle (ibid., 493).

24. The " tenement " of Totnes, as it is called in the
Black Book (p. 126), included all Juhel's Domesday estates
(W. 534-639, pp. 564-672; Vict. Hist. 467-78), the
comital or earls' lands of Broad Clist (W. 57, p. 76 ; Vict.
Hist. 409), and Cadelintona (W. 76, p. 46 ; Vict. Hist. 411),
the queen's estate of Ashprington (W. 103, p. 94 ; Vict.
Hist. 414), and in addition two estates held of other
Honours, viz. Washfield (W. 678, p. 946; Feud. Aids,

49 Inquis. 2 Ed. I., No. 7 in Devon and Corn. Notes and Qu. i. 64 : " [Henry]
de Puntestock and Alice bis wife held Inglebourne 10 years before the death of
John Courtney of the abbot and convent of Bucfast, who held it of John de
Reigny whose father Thomas enfeoffed them thereof."

* They included Inwardleigh 2 fees, Puddleston 1, Clisthidon J, Clayhidon
&, Boleham and Newcot i + i, Culm Pvne 1, and West Prawle 1.

n By a fine made 5 Oct., 1204, William de Praule made over i fee in Good-
shelter (Feud. Aids, 316) to Taunton priory (Devon Fine, No. 51 in Devon and
Corn. Rec. Soc).

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212 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

427 ; Trans, xvi. 175) and Broadhemston (W. 316, p. 336 ;
Trans, xl. 118), the last held of the count of Mortain as
chief lord (A.-D. Inq. 17 Ed. III. No. 18). Of this tene-
ment Juhel was in possession in 1086 and also in 1113
(Round in Vict. Hist. 559) ; but before 1123 Henry I. had
given the castle and borough of Totnes, together with
Broadclyst (Testa, 1374, p. 195a) and other of Juhel's
estates, to Roger de Nonant (Hund. Rolls, No. 39, p. 83).
Juhel must nevertheless have retained a considerable
number ; for in 1130 Alured, son of Johel, paid £110 for
the relief of his father's lands (Round in Feudal England,
327, 486). In the same year Guy de Nonant paid 10 marks
for the grant of Totnes fair (Pipe Roll, 31 Hen. I.). In
1166 the tenement consisted of 75 fees, including 7 held
in the lordship (Black Book, 126), all of which were then
in Henry de Nonant's possession. But soon afterwards a
claim was made to the tenement by William de Braiose, a
direct descendant of Juhel (Cal. Docts. in France, 460 ;
Gibbs' Complete Peerage, I. 21), the result being that on
5 June, 1205, " the whole barony of Toteneis" was divided
(Devon Fine, No. 56 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc), and
the estates were allotted as shown on following page.

25. The agreement concluded at the division provided
that Henry de Nonant should retain the entire barony
for life, as well Braiose's share as his own, excepting the
castle and borough of Toteneis and the township of
Toteneis, which William de Braiose was to keep. In 1208
Braiose forfeited his Honour for treason and was outlawed
(Black Book, 384). Thereupon the castle of Totnes, to-
gether with Corn worthy and Loddeswell, was given to
Henry, son of earl Reginald (Pipe Rolls, 11 John ; Testa,
1373, p. 195a, in Trans, xxxvii. 424), but on Henry's re-
bellion in 1219 they were restored to Reginald de Braiose
(Rot. Lit. Claus., 3 Hen. III. m. 13), the third son of
William de Braiose, together with the Honour of Totton.
This Reginald died before 9 June, 1228 (Gibbs' Complete
Peerage, I. 22), and his son William 2 May, 1230. In 1234
William's widow, Eva, held the castle and Honour (Testa,
1382, p. 195a). On her death before 1246 they passed -to
her daughter Eva, wife of William de CantAupe the
younger. William de Cantilupe died 25 September, 1254
(A.-D. Inq. 38 Hen. III. No. 46 ; Cal. Gen. 61), leaving
an only son, George, and two daughters, Joan and Milisent.
George died without issue 18 October, 1273 (A.-D. Inq.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OF COLBIDGE.

213

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Digitized by VjOOQ IC

214 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

1 Ed. I. No. 16 ; Gibbs' Complete Peerage, 23), whereupon
his two sisters were left co-heiresses. The Honour of
Totton fell to the share of Milisent, who married (1) Eudo
or Ivo de la Zouche (Trans, xii. 197 ; Dugdale, Bar. I. 690 ;
Oliver, Mon. 239 n.), and after his death (2) John de
Montalt (Dugdale, I. 527). Her sister Joan married Sir
Henry Hastings (Gibbs' Complete Peerage, I. 23).

26. Shortly after the division of the barony Henry de
Nonant sold his share, known as the Honour of Hurberton^
to Roger de Valletorta, Henry's widow, who remarried
Robert de Ver, retaining her dower-lands at Broadclyst
(Testa, 1374, p. 196a), Clawton and Brixham (Corn. Fine,
No. 240 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc.) until her death in
1244. Roger de Valletorta died in 1207 (Pipe Rolls,
9 John), when, his son Reginald being under age, the
Honour of Hurberton was entrusted to Peter de Rupibus,
bishop of Winchester, as guardian (Testa, 1372, p. 195a).
Reginald came of age in 1216, and on 25 July, 1228, re-
ceived a fresh conveyance of the Honour from Roger de
Nonant, Henry de Nonant* s brother and heir (Corn. Fine,
No. 240, ibid.). Reginald de Valletorta died without issue
in 1245 (A.-D. Inq. 30 Hen. III. No. 11). His brother Ralf
succeeded him, but died before 1257 (Bucfast Cart., Qran-
disson, 1592), and was followed by his son Reginald, who
died before 1269. The barony then came to the third
brother, Roger, the last Reginald's uncle, who, after
alienating many of the estates to the earl of Cornwall
(Corn. Fine, No. 217) and Alexander de Okeston (Devon
Fines, Nos. 682, 723), died insane in 1275. 87 . It was un-
successfully claimed by Henry de la Pomeroy, grandson of
Hawise de Valletort, and by Peter Corbet, who had mar-
ried Roger de Valletort's sister (Trans, xviii. 204). Most
of the fees of this Honour were held in 1368 of John de
Beauchamp of Somerset (A.-D. Inq. 41 Ed. III. No. 5).

27. Cornworthy was one of Juhel's lordship manors
which when the barony was divided in 1205 went to
William Braiose (see above, No. 24). On William Braiose's
outlawry in 1208 it was given to Henry, son of earl Reginald
(Testa, 1373, p. 195a, in Trans, xxxvii. 424), but on Henry's
rebellion in 1219 it was restored to Reginald, the third
and only surviving son of William de Braiose.* 8 On his

87 See Trans, xxxviii 844.

86 William's eldest son predeceased his father in 1209. His second son,
Giles, was bishop of Hereford 1200 to 1215. His third son, Reginald, married

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HUNDRED OP COLRIDGB. 215

death in 1221 it passed with the Honour of Totton to
William, son of Reginald de Braiose,* 9 and on his death
in 1229 to William's heiress, Eva, wife of William de
Cantelupe. In 1384 William la Zouche of Haringworth
died seised of it (A.-D. Inq. 5 Ric. II. No. 62). At some date
after 1205 and before 1238 41 the priory of St. Mary was
founded at Cornworthy for seven religious women by some
member of the Braiose family and endowed with the
manor of Cornworthy (Oliver, Mon. 236). Most probably
the foundation took place after the death of William de
Braiose in 1229, his widow and daughter being the foun-
ders. The advowson was held of the King as a member of
Totnes barony (A.-D. Inq. 1 Ed. I. No. 17). The prioress
continued to hold the manor until t)ie dissolution, when
it was valued at £25 17s. lid.

28. Before Cornworthy was given to the priory, Tid-
woethy or Tidford had been granted out by the lord, and
was held in 1241 by Henry de Tiddeworth for *■& fee (Testa,
901, p. 1835). In 1273 it was held by Durant de Tyde-
worth (A.-D. Inq. 1 Ed. I. No. 17) ; in 1346 by William
Tidworthy (Feud. Aids, 393) ; and in 1366 it was made
over to the prioress and convent of Cornworthy by Robert
Heaunton (A.-D. Inq. 39 Ed. III. No. 10 bis).

29. Allaleigh and Tortysfenne had also been
granted out before 1230, and were held first by Pomeray
and afterwards by Pipard. In 1238 they were acquired by
the prioress of Cornworthy (Devon Fine, No. 318 in Devon
and Corn. Rec. Soc.). In 1303 the tenant was Nicholas
Dauney (Feud. Aids, 350). The prioress was the holder
in 1346 for £ fee (ibid., 393), and also in 1428 (ibid., 447),
and so continued until the dissolution (Oliver, Mon.).

30. Charleton does not appear in the fee lists. Ac-
cording to the Inquest of 1276 (4 Ed. I. No. 9), it was
given by Reginald de Valletort to Thomas Corbet with
Isabel his sister in marriage, and was given by Thomas
Corbet with Catharine his daughter to William Pypard.
William Pypard died seised of Charleton in 1267 (A.-D. Inq.

Graecia, one of the daughters of William Briwero (Vict. Hist. 560). Pipe
Rolls, 11 John (1209); Account of William de Braiosa and Reginald his son
for J year before they were delivered to Henry, son of the earl, 40/- rent from
Cornewurde.

w William married Eva, sister and co-heiress of Walter Marshal, earl of
Pembroke (Gibbs' Complete Peerage, i. 22).

a In a 1\ne of 13 July, 1288 (Devon Fine, No. 318, in Devon and Corn.
Rec 8oc), Ha wise, prioress of Cornworthy, calls William Pypard to warranty
who had warranted to her 1 ferling of lana in Allaleigh.

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216 THE EARLY HISTORY OP THE

51 Hen. III. No. 18), and was succeeded by his son, Thomas
Pypard, who died seised of it in 1283 (A.-D. Inq. 11 Ed. I.
No. 26). The tenant in possession at this time was Walter
de Bathon, who died in 1276 {A.-D. Inq. 4 Ed. I. No. 9).
In 1300 William, son of Thomas Pypard, died seised of it
(A.-D. Inq. 28 Ed. I. No. 37). In. 1316 the township of
Charleton, to which West Prawle and Good Shelter •« were
attached, was held by John Pypard (Feud. Aids, 379),
who presented to the rectory in 1312 (Stapeldon, 200). In
1365 Margery, widow of William Pypard, died seised of
it (A.-D. Inq. 38 Ed. III. No. 35) ; in 1376 Margaret,
widow of Warin de Lisle (A.-D. Inq. 49 Ed. III. No. 67) ;
and in 1383 Warin de Lisle (A.-D. Inq. 6 Ric. II. No. 47).

31. In 1241 Robert le Bastard held I fee, and Durand,
son of Richard, held i fee, in Thurisleigh of the Honour
of Hurberton (Testa, 195, p. 177a) through a middle lord ;
whilst John de Regni of Somerset held $ fee in the same
place of the Honour of Totton (Testa, 905, p. 184a). In
1285 William de Chevereston held \ fee in Thuresle, and
William Durant held \ fee in Thurislegh [Durant] (Feud.
Aids, 331). In 1303 Nicolas Dauney held both Thurslegh
Reigni and Thurslegh Durant (ibid., 350). In 1346 James
Daudelegh and John Allemere held I fee in Thorslegh of
the Honour of Hurberton in succession to Hugh de Ferers
and Agatha, widow of William Thorislegh, whilst Alice,
widow of Thomas de Thorislegh, held i fee in Thorislegh
Doraunt (ibid., 394) of the same Honour.

32. In 1241 William de la Pomeray held 1 fee in [South]
Pole of the Honour of Totton (Testa, 903, p. 184a). In
1285 John de Cyrencestre held the same of the heirs of
Thomas Pypard, who held it of the Honour of Totton
(Feud. Aids, 332) ; in 1303 Thomas de Cyrencestre (ibid.,
349) ; in 1346 Thomas de Courtenay (ibid., 392, 440), who
died 9 June, 1362 and was succeeded by his son Hugh
(Torr, Wreyland Docts. xii.) ; and in 1428 the freeholders
were William Talbot, John Ekardon, William Grene,
Reginald White, and William Malarbe. South Pool and
Scoble are in later times found among Totton fees (Trans.
xvi. 173, 174 ; xxxvi. 371).

33. South Alungton in Chivelstone was held in 1241
for 1 fee by Gilbert Crespin (Testa, 194, p. 177a), and
Stancombe Crespin in Sherford by the same for J fee

82 GoocUhelter had been given on 5 Oct., 1204, by William de Praule to the
prior of Taunton (Devon Fine, No. 51 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc.).

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HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE. 217

(ibid., 193), both of the Honour of Hurberton. In 1285
John de Cyrencestre held 1$ and A fee in Stancombe,
Allington, and Burge (Burrow, Feud, Aids, 331), appa-
rently as tenant under Crespin. In 1303 Stancombe was
held for £ fee and South Allington for 1 fee by Gilbert
Crespyn (ibid., 350), but before 1333 they had passed to
Nicholas Dauney, who in that year died seised of them
(A.-D. Inq. 6 Ed. III. No. 79). In 1346 Joan Daune[y]
held J fee in Alynton Cryspyn (Feud. Aids, 394), and
Edward Courtney held i fee in Stancombe Cryspin in right
of his wife (ibid., 393) Emeline, daughter and eventual
heiress of Sir John Dauney (A.-D. Inq. 45 Ed. III. No. 15).
In 1428 both Allington and Stancombe, henceforth called
Stancombe Dawney, were held in dower by Matilda, widow
of Hugh Courtney (Feud. Aids, 492, 493). Its later history
is given by Mr. W. Davies, of Kingsbridge, in Devon and
Corn. Not. and Qu. vi. 130.

34. Burrow, written Burgh or Burge, in Chivelstone
appears to have been carved out of South Allington on
behalf of a younger son, and was held in 1241 by Richard
Crespin for J fee of the Honour of Hurberton (Testa, 197,
p. 177a). In 1285 John de Cyrencestre held it together with
South Allington (Feud. Aids, 331), but in 1303 it had passed,
together with Halse, to William de Sopecumb (ibid., 349).

35. In 1241 Aubrea de Pyn held Mallestone for J fee
of the Honour of Totton (Testa, 904, p. 194a). This was
held in 1285 by Robert de Maleston of William de Alba-
marlia, who held it of James de Bollay, who held it of the
lady of Totton (Feud. Aids, 332). Then, in 1303, Hugh de
Malleston was tenant (ibid., 349) ; in 1346 Robert de
Malston (ibid., 393). On 1 February, 1370, William
Stighulle was in possession, and had license to have divine
service in a chapel within his manor of Malston for him-
self, his wife, and family (Brantyngham, 236). In 1413
Walter Reynald had succeeded to possession, to whom
bishop Stafford, on 12 January, 1413, granted a license to
have divine service celebrated by Stephen Joseph, rector
of Stoke Fleming, in the chapel of his manor of Malston
within the parish of Charleton (Stafford, 279). In 1428
Walter Raynald held the i fee of Malston in free socage
(Feud. Aids, 447).

36. Chivelstone, with which went Ford, was held in
1241 by William de Bykelegh of the Honour of Totton for
1 fee (Testa, 902, p. 194a). In 1285 Robert de Scobehull

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218 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

held 1 fee in Chivelston and Forde (Feud. Aids, 349). In
1346 Thomas Skobahill held the same (ibid., 392), and in
1428 the freeholders were John Holbeme and Joan his
wife, Nicholas Speccot and Isabella his wife, Thomas
Chedder and Isabella his wife, John Trevell and Elisabeth
his wife, and Roger Markedon (ibid., 447).

37. Follaton was in 1086 the estate of the priory
church of St. Mary of Totnes, to which it had been given
by Juhel when he ref ounded that church before the survey.
He then endowed it with the tithes, or his interest in the
tithes, of all his manors (the foundation deed is in Oliver,
Mon. 241, and a translation in Trans, xxix. 235 n., 17), and
with the two estates of Follaton and Greston. In pur-
suance of this gift the priory possessed the tithes or rec-
tories of Totnes, Brixham, and Broad Clyst (Episc. Beg.
Grandisson, 764), manors which Juhel had in hand, and
in 1334 pensions or rent-charges on the tithes of South
Pool 15s., Corn worthy 1 mark, Ashprington J mark,
Loddeswell J mark, Harberton 6s., and Brixham 2 marks
(Oliver, Mon. 239), manors which Juhel or his successors
in title had granted out to others. At the dissolution
Totnes Priory had besides the manors of Ashprington,
Brixham, Follaton, and Greston, also Stert in Stokenham
(Oliver, Mon. 243).

38. Totnes at the time of the survey was the estate of
Juhel. Before 1123 Henry I. had given the castle and
borough of Totnes ,a to Roger de Nonant (see above,
No. 24), and at the division of the barony in 1205 the
castle and borough fell to William de Braiose. On his
outlawry they were given to Henry, son of earl Reginald
(Testa, 1373, p. 195a), and on Henry's rebellion in 1219-
were restored to Reginald and descended with his daughter
to William de Cantilupe. With Milisent, Cantilupe's
daughter, they passed to Ivo de la Zusch (see above, No.
25). William la Zusch held them in 1316 (Feud. Aids, 378),
and they continued in his family till the attainder of lord
Zouch in 1486 (Trans, xii. 162). The lord of Totnes
borough had assize of bread and beer, gallows, pillory,
tumbrel, and warren within the borough limits, and wreck
of the sea from " Blakeston beyond St. Petrock's M to
Totton bridge " (Hund. Rolls, 4 Ed. I. p. 83).

w See E. Windeatt's History in Trans, xii. 159, and extracts from the-
court rolls of the manor and borough (ibid., xvi. 178).

64 There is an eastern Black Rock lying east of the entrance to Dartmouth

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HUNDRED OF COLBIDGE. 219 1

39. Little Totnes, as the southern portion of Totnes
without the walls is called, was originally the estate of
William Pypard, to whom the King gave it with his wife
(Pipe Rolls, 1 John). In 1199 Robert de Bikeleia ac-
counted for 100 marks for having seisin of Bikeleia,
Langedon, Lauerkeberia, and Little Toteneis from William
Pypard (ibid.). In 1272 (Trans, xii. 457) and also in 1303
(Fetid. Aids, 350) William de Cyrencestre was lord. A
portion of Little Totnes, known as La Wereland, had been
before 1251 in the tenure of Andrew le Scot, whose widow
in that year conveyed it to Walter le Bon and his heirs
(Trans, xii. 189, 457). In 1270 "the lord bishop bad
seisin of the house and garden of Walter le Bon and his
wife Agatha and commanded that a chapel should be
there erected in the name of the Holy Ghost and the
blessed virgin Catharine " (Trans, xii. 457). Two years
afterwards " William de Cycencestre the lord of Little
Totoneys granted to Walter le Bon a road for him and
his ... to make a certain bar on the north side near
to the mill of Little Totoneys, such right being to go and
return between the said bar and Bourdone " (ibid.). A
religious house was soon afterwards erected and endowed
to serve this chapel (ibid., 458), and on 13 July, 1328,
bishop Grandisson received the oath of fidelity and obedi-
ence from Adam de la Werlande, keeper of the house of
Little Totton (Episc. Reg. Grandisson, 358). In 1343
William, son of John Pypard, held Little Totnes and en-
dowed the minister and brethren of Werland House with
a ferling of land there and the advowson of North Bovey
and with 5 acres in Great Totnes (A.-D. Inq. 16 Ed. III.
No. 50, second Nos.).

40. The Washboubn, held by Goscelm in 1086 (W. 827),
was held, like other of Goscelm's estates, of the Honour
of Gloucester. Although it is not mentioned in Testa de
Nevil, Mr. Whale produces authority to show that in 1296
it was held for £ fee by Durand, son of Richard, and Guy
de Wayssheborn (Trans, xxxii. 538) of Richard de Lomine
(successor in title to Goscelm) of the Honour of Gloucester.
In 1350 Henry de Wylyngton died seised of it (A.-D. Inq.
23 Ed. III. No. 74) as superior lord, and in 1420 Fulk, son

harbour. The text, no doubt, refers to another Black Rock on the weet side.
The port and harbour of Dartmouth were always claimed as appurtenant to
Totnes until Nicholas Tewkesbury bought them of lord Zouche about 1300
{Tram. xii. 163). See below, No. 44.

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220 THE EARLY HISTORY OP THE

of Fulk fitz Warin and Ann his wife (A.-D. Inq. 8 Hen. V.
No. 106).

41. In the fee lists Kenegdon and Ranscombe or
Yearnscombe are grouped together as held for 1 fee of
the Honour of Berry. As these are the only two estates
held by Pomeray in this Hundred, Ranscombe, which
adjoins Pool, appears to have originally borne the name
of Pool (Trans, xxxvi. 371). Before the year 1204 Hugh
le Peytevin was the lord. He on 2 November, 1204, made
over Ranscombe (Arnecumbe) to William de Praule (Devon
Fine, No. 52 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc). Kenegdon
was acquired by William de Praule from Martin le Peytevin
on 12 March, 1219 (Devon Fine, No. 124 in Devon and Corn.
Rec. Soc). Roger succeeded William de Praule in both,
and in 1241 held 1 fee in Kynedon and Ernecumbe (Testa,
777, p. 1826). In 1303 this fee was held by the heir of
William de Praull (Feud. Aids, 350) ; in 1346 by the heir
of William Pralle (ibid., 393) ; and in 1428 by John Hals
(ibid., 492), who was clso William Praul's successor at
West Prawle (see above, No. 23).

42. The Devonshire estates of Walter de Dowai or
Douai, called in the Exeter Book Walscin, or the
foreigner, with the exception of East Haggington (W. 702,
p. 773 ; Vict. Hist. 486) held of the Honour of Dartington
(Testa, 340, p. 1786), Diptford (W. 705) held of the Honour
of Toriton (Testa, 126, p. 176a), and Hockford (W. 706)
held of the Honour of Barnstaple (Testa, 84, p. 176a), were
divided between the two Honours of Bampton in Devon
(Testa, 823-30, p. 183a) and Marshwood in Dorset (Testa,
831-40, p. 183a). Stoke Fleming and Norton Dawney
went to Marshwood (Testa, 839, 840). In 1194 the Honour
of Marshwood was claimed by Geoffrey de Mandevil
(Trans, xxxvi. 427) as being the lawful heir of the elder
Geoffrey de Mandevil, to whom it had been given by
Henry I. (Devon Not. and Qu. III. 207; Testa, 1356,
p. 1946 ; Trans, xxxvii. 418). Through Dionisia, a grand-
daughter of the elder Geoffrey, who married William, son
of John de Epetreu or Harptree, it was then in the pos-
session of William's son, Henry de Tilli (Devon Not. and
Qu. III. 219, 258), and Henry had obtained the King's
writ " to have and to hold in peace all his lands in England
and Normandy as William son of John his father and
Dionisia his mother held them in the time of King Henry
the present King's grandfather " (Col. Rot. Chart, p. 75).

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HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE. 221

Upon Henry de Tilli's death, however, in 1207, Robert de
Mandevil, the heir of the claimant in 1194, recovered the
barony of Marshwood with all the lands " which Henry
de Tilli held and of which he had wrongfully deforced the
said Robert's ancestors " (Trans, xxxvi. 427). In the
year before this recovery Richard, son of Hlud of Flanders
(Black Book, 84), and Robert de Morceles or Mortellis were
the principal tenants of Henry de Tilli, Richard le Fleming
being successor in title to Ludo, and Robert de Mortellis
to Ralf of 1086. •* Richard had paid 10 marks in 1206
" as fine and scutage " when Henry de Tilli had himself
to account for £19 6s. 8d. for his Honour of 14| fees (Devon
Not. and Qu. III. 259). On 17 March, 1219, Rosamund,
widow of Richard le Flemeng, who had remarried Jordan
Oliver, had her dower secured to her in one-third of Stoke
Flemeng, Ottery Flemeng, and Holditch (Devon Fine, No.
70 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc).

In 1241 Reginald de Mohun held 2 fees in Stokes or
Stoke Fleming, besides 3 fees in Ottery and Holditch
and 1 fee as overlord in Combe Raleigh (Feud. Aids, 319),
of Geoffrey de Mandevil of the Honour of Marshwood in
Somerset (Testa, 839, p. 1836). He appears to have
acquired them from William, son of Richard le Flemeng,
about 1236, at the same time that he acquired Holditch
(Testa, 1487, p. 1976, and 1541, p. 1986, in Trans, xxxvii.
437, 443), and it is suggested that Stoke Fleming was
held of the King by the service of guarding the King's
castles of Clifton and Kingswear at the mouth of the Dart,
which will explain why these two royal castles were in-
cluded in the tithe-area of Stoke Fleming. In 1279 John
de Mohun died seised of Stoke Fleming (A.-D. Inq. 7 Ed. I.
No. 13). It appears among William de Mohun's fees in
1282 (A.-D. Inq. 10 Ed. I. No. 19) ; among those of John
de Mohun in 1286 (A.-D. Inq. 14 Ed. I. No. 23), John
holding it of John de Mandevil (Feud. Aids, 331 ; A.-D.
Inq. 4 Ed. I. No. 48), and among those of John de Mohun,
who died in 1331 (A.-D. Inq. 4 Ed. III. No. 35). But
before 1303 Stoke Fleming had passed to John de Carreu,
who held it for 2 fees (Feud. Aids, 349), and in 1312 pre-
sented to the rectory there (Stapeldon, 262). In 1346
John de Carreu was lord (Feud. Aids, 392, 434). In 1363
John Carreu died seised of it (A.-D. Inq. 36 Ed. III. No. 38).

• In 1130 Ralf de Mortellis accounted for £4 for his right to the land which
he claims to hold of Robert de Bamton (Great Boll of the Pipe).

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222 THE EABLY HISTORY OP THE

In 1428 Sir Thomas Carrowe was lord (Feud. Aids, 492),
and Bartholomew Bour, John Andrew, and William Rogi-
nald were the freeholders under him (ibid., 447).

The original manor of Stoke Fleming included on the
north Norton Dawney in the parish of Townstal, and on
the south Little Dartmouth, besides a small strip on the
east side of the Dart shooting into Brixham, now known
as Kingswear, Clifton, at the mouth of the Dart with St.
Petrock's, the King's stronghold, being the residence of its
lord. Norton Dawney, previously called Norton fitz-
Stephen, had been, however, before 1086 granted to Ralf
[de Mortellis], who already held Townstal ; and Little
Dartmouth had been given to a lady to hold in alms. The
successor to Ralf in the thirteenth century was Warin de
Mortellis, Morcellis, or Morceaux (Devon Not. and Qu. III.
263), who in 1198 sold North Holne to William, son of
Martin (Devon Fine, No. 19 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc.),
and before 1210 sold Norton Dawney and Townstal, within
which manor Dartmouth lies, to William, son of Stephen. ••

43. In 1228 Richard, son of Stephen, was in possession
of Dartmouth (Dertemue) (Devon Fine, No. 223 in Devon
and Corn. Rec. Soc.). In 1241 his son Gilbert, son of
Stephen, had succeeded him and held Norton Dauney for
1 fee of Geoffrey de Mandevil through a middle lord (Testa,
840, p. 183a), this fee including Tounstal and Dartmouth
(Devon Fine, No. 383, 15 May, 1244, ibid.). In 1285
Richard, son of Stephen, held the same of Warin de
Morcels, who held it of John de Mandevil (Feud. Aids,
331). Before 1303 Nicholas de Teukesbury had acquired
this fee (ibid., 350), and shortly afterwards granted one-
third of it in Tounstal, together with the advowson, to
Tor abbey. Tor abbey presented to the vicarage in 1316
(Stapeldon, 266), and in 1346 was returned as holding J fee
in Tounstal (Feud. Aids, 393). The remaining § fee in
Norton were in 1346 held by Hugh de Cortenay (ibid., 393)
and descended in his family, and in 1428 were held in
dower by Anne, countess of Devon (ibid., 447).

44. The borough op Dartmouth, as already stated,
grew up 67 within the manor of Townstal 68 with addi-

66 Pipe Rolls, 12 John : Sheriff accounts for 27 shillings for Norton and
Tunstal from William, son of Stephen, for Michaelmas term. Was William
son of Stephen, the son of Ralf son of Stephen the chamberlain (Pipe Rolls, 30
Hen. II.), or of Stephen son of Philip {Pipe Rolls, 24 Hen. II.) ?

m The evidence in Trans, xii. 577 shows that there was a free port at the
mouth of the Dart The borough, after its incorporation in 1341, is described
as the borough of Clifton Dertemuth Hardenesse. Maxwell Adams, in Trans.

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HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE. 223

tions from the manors of Stoke Fleming and Little Dart-
mouth. Until the middle of the thirteenth century this
fine port on the Dart seems to have attracted little atten-
tion. A claim was then made by the lord of Totnes, who
was entitled to wreck of the sea as far as Black Bock (see
above, No. 38), to port-dues, which was resisted by the
inhabitants of Norton and Townstal manors. In 1276
complaint was made that whereas " the port of Dertemuth
and the water channel had always been free from all
customary dues to those ientering and passing through the
port until the time of King Henry [III.], William de
Cantilowe (Cantilupe) lord of Totton and Eva his wife
had since appropriated the said water channel and by
reason of the said water channel had levied divers cus-
tomary dues from the whole port, to wit, from every cask
of wine 2 pence, from every sack of wool 4 pence, from
100 quarters of wheat (bladum) 8 pence, from 100 quarters
of beans 8 pence, from 100 iron stanchions (sperduces ferri)
1 penny, from 1000 herrings a halfpenny, from 100 congers
4 pence, from a horseload [240 lbs.] of any kind of fish a
halfpenny, from Irish timbers (? bordi Hiberni) a penny for
every hundred, and dues from other merchandise bought
and sold in the market " (Hund. Rolls, 4 Ed. I. p. 90).
At the time when this complaint was made Richard, son
of Stephen, was still lord of Townstall. Before 1303
he was succeeded by Nicholas de Teukesbury (Feud. Aids,
350, 379), who in 1306 acquired from William la Zusch
the town and port of Dartmouth (A.-D. Inq. 34 Ed. I.
No. 194), and in 1327 conveyed the same to King Edward
III. (Madox, Firma burgi, 17). On 14 April, 1341, Edward

xxxii. 603, says that Hardnesse is the name of the northern part of the borough
within Townstall manor, now called Sandquay ; that south of it, ie. within
Stoke Fleming manor, is Dartmouth, ana further south is Clifton. Dart-
mouth is certainly in Townstal parish (see next note), and Townstal manor
passed with Emeune, John Dauney's daughter and heiress, to Edward Court-
ney, before 1372 ; but in 1391 Geoffrey Bowyer held the manor of Clifton at
the mouth of the Dart, and bequeathed the same to his wife and children
(A.-D. Inq. 14 Ric. II. No. 95). Is not therefore Clifton at the mouth of the
Dart the middle portion taken out of the manor of Stoke Fleming ? South-
town, in Little Dartmouth, was a later addition.

68 Episc. Reg. Stafford, 270 : License for an oratory to Edmund Arnald and
Joan his wife in their mansion at Dertemuth tvithin the parish of Tounatal,
26 March, 1412. A similar license had been granted 23 February, 1387, to
Thomas Asshenden and Joan his wife, as also to A vice, widow of William
Aashenden (Brantyngham, 635). On 15 May, 1244, Gilbert, son of Stephen,
lord of Townstal, and the men of Dertemue, granted market dues to William
de Cantilupe and Eva his wife, in consideration of being allowed to continue
to hold their accustomed weekly market on Wednesday (Devon Fine, 883 in
Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc. ).

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224 THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

III. granted a charter of privileges to the borough of
Clifton-Dertemuth-Hardnesse, and 120 years later Edward
IV., on 23 June, 1463, confirmed this charter and incor-
porated therewith the village of Southtown Dertemuth
(Oliver, Mori. 170). In 1342 an enquiry was held into the
value of the lands and tenements held by Joan, wife of
John de Carreu, in Dertemuth Clifton Hardnesse (A.-D*
Inq. 15 Ed. III. No. 13 bis).

Kinoswear, originally a part of the manor of Stoke "
Fleming, is first heard of as a separate holding .in 1219,
when William Briewerre accounted for 40s. for land in
Kingswere (Pipe Bolls, 3 Hen. III.). In 1244 it was held
of the King, together with Axminster, Chesterfield, and
Snodinton, by Reginald de Mohun and the coheiresses of
William Briwere by the service of 3 knights (Testa, 1488,
p. 1976, in Trans, xxxvii. 437). In 1271 William de
Fysacre and the abbot of Tor were seised of Kingswear
(A.-D. Inq. 56 Hen. III. No. 49).

45. Inglebourn Prior I do not find mentioned in the
fee lists, but in the list of townships in 1316 it is men-
tioned as belonging to Slapton (Feud. Aids, 379), whereas
Engleborne Abbot belonged to the township of Awton
Abbot or Blackawton. Goscelm's Washbourn is also not
mentioned in the fee lists, but it appears among the
estates of Henry de Wylyngton in 1350 (A.-D. Inq. 23 Ed.
III. No. 74).

46. Goscelm's Buckland, of which Baldwin was the
tenant in 1086, had passed to Richard de Lomene, Bald-
win's successor in title ( Trans, xxxv. 285) before the thir-
teenth century and appears to have been held of him by
Sanson de Cari in 1197, who on 24 October in that year
conveyed 2 ferlings of land at Buckland to William de
Morlegh (Devon Fine, No. 4 in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc.).
Before 1238 Lucas de Tuz Seinz had succeeded to it, who
on 28 June, 1238, granted 1 ferling of land and a moiety
of a mill in Bocland to Philip de Lowe (Devon Fine, No.
299, ibid,). In 1242 William de Tuz Seynz held i fee at
Buckland of the Honour of Gloucester through a middlo
lord (Testa, 300, p. 178a). In 1285 John Tutseyn held the
same of William Tutseyn, who held it of Richard de
Lomene, who held of Richard, earl of Gloucester (Feud.
Aids, 322). Another Buckland held by Odeman or Wood-
man of Clavil in 1086, from whom it took the name of
Woodmanston or Woodmason, was in 1241 held by Thomas

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HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE. 225

de Wodemaneston for % fee also of the Honour of Glou-
cester. In 1303 John Touseynz held both Buckland
Toutsaints and Woodmason in Buckland (Feud. Aids, 350),
Woodmason apparently in right of his wife Joan (ibid. r
393) ; for in 1346 John Wodemanyston held Woodmason
for \ fee (ibid., 393). At the same date Thomas Loperugg
held J fee in Buckland [Toutsaints] (ibid., 393).

47. North Pool and Colemore were held in 1241 by
William de Bykelegh for 1 fee of the Honour of Gloucester
through a middle lord (Testa, 297, p. 178a), Clavil. In
1285 John de Punchardun held the same for J fee of John
de Clavil, who held it of the Honour of Gloucester (Feud.
Aids, 332). Punchardon's heir held it in 1303 (ibid., 349).
In 1346 Hugh de Cortenay (ibid., 393, 441), and in 1428
Anna, countess of Devon (ibid., 492).

48. The Dodebroca of 1086 included, besides Dodbrook,
Portlemouth and Lamside ; but this Lamside in Col-
ridge Hundred must be distinguished from Lamside in
Holbeton (Feud. Aids, 352), which is in Ermington Hun-
dred. It is suggested that it may represent the place now
called East Prawle in Chivelstone. 69 In 1241 Ruard or
Buald, son of Alan, held i + £ fee in Dodebrok, Porlemue
and Lamsede of the Honour of Okehamton (Testa, 543,
p. 1806). Twenty years later, on 2 December, 1262,
Martin de Portlemouth and Margaret his wife secured for
themselves the manor of Portlemouth for life by purchase
from Guy, son of Guy [de Bryan] (Devon Fine, No. 626 in
Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc). In 1276 Alan, son of Rowald,
was lord of Dodbrook and had assize of bread and beer
and a market at Dodbrook every Wednesday by grant of
Henry III. (Hundred Rolls, 4 Ed. I.). Sir Alan presented
to Portlemouth rectory in 1269 and 1277 (Bronescombe,
163). In 1285 Portlemouth and Dodbrook were held for
1 fee by Henry, son of Alan (Feud. Aids, 332). Henry
also held them in 1303 (ibid., 349), but Gilbert Crespyn
then held Lamside (ibid., 349). Henry was still lord of
the township of Dodbrook in 1316 (ibid., 379), but he died
in 1319 (A.-D. Inq. 12 Ed. II. No. 46). In 1346 Richard
Lovel held £ fee in Portlemouth and Dodbrook, " within
which township is included that A fee in the hamlet of
Dodbrook, for which John Daitailles (? Davayles) was
recently charged for his relief " (ibid., 393, 440). At the

m Mr. Whale suggested Holset in Portlemouth, but Hoi set seems to have be-
longed to Goodshelter, which again was part of West Prawle (Feud. Aids, 379),

VOL. xun. P

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

226 THB EARLY HISTORY OF THE

same date John de Faleputte held £ fee in Lamside in
succession to Robert de Faleputte (ibid., 393). In 1428
Richard Hert had succeeded to Lamside (ibid., 440). On
1 September, 1390, the bishop gave a license to Sir Thomas
Swan, rector of the parish church of Dodebroke, to per-
form divine service in the chapel of the blessed virgin
Mary of Langewylle [now called Well], situated within his
parish (Brantyngham, 706).

49. Geimston was held in 1241 by William de Mor-
legh 71 for 1 fee of the Honour of Plymton (Testa, 715,
p. 182a) through a middle lord. In 1285 Robert de Grim-
ston was in possession, holding it of Peter de Fishacre,
who held of the countess of Plymton (Fetid. Aids, 332).
In 1303 William de Grimston was lord (ibid., 350) ; in
1346 Thomas de Grymeston (ibid., 394) ; and in 1428
John Bosume and Joan his wife (ibid., 493). Leigh Arthur,
otherwise Grimstonleigh, appears in the A.-D. Inq. of
Hugh Courtenay in 1 Ric. II. No. 12 as held for 1 fee, to-
gether with Grymston 1 fee, Morleigh 1 fee, and Battle-
ford 1 fee, all aforetime held of Peter de Fishacre. Peter
de Fishacre is thus seen to have been the successor in title
to William, Alured's tenant in 1086.

50. Entirely distinct from Stancombe Crespin or Stan-
combe Dauney, in the parish of Sherford, is the small
estate known as Stancombe Prior in Harberton parish. 71
Stancombe Crespin was held of the Honour of Hurberton,
whereas Stancombe Prior was held of the Honour of
Plymton. In 1241 Henry Prior held " the second portion
of one [sixth] fee " 7S in Stanecumbe of the Honour of
Plymton (Testa, 716, p. 182a). In 1303 Peter Priour was
the holder, and his estate is described as A fee (Feud. Aids,
350). In 1316 Stancombe Prior was returned in a group
with the township of Stoke Fleming (ibid., 379), and in
1346 Peter Prior continued to hold Stauncomb Priors for
tV fee of the Honour of Plymton (ibid., 394).

The general results may be summed up as follows : —

71 On 15 July, 1238, William de Morelee purchased the advowson of Mor-
leigh church from Half de Albamara for 20 marks (Devon F., 268 in Devon
and Corn. Rec. Soc.).

72 For the identification of these two manors I am indebted to Mr. William
Da vies, of Kingsbridge.

78 The A.-D. Inq. 1 Ric. II. No. 12, returns Stancombe as } fee. Pre-
sumably Henry Prior only held a moiety of it. Possibly it went with Chilling-
ton, when Stokenham and Chillington were separated from Cadelintona, and
so came to be held of the Honour of Plymton. On 5 June, 1244, Henry Prior
and his three brothers sold a messuage in Totnes to John Floyt and Sarah his
sister (Devon Fine 398, in Devon and Corn. Rec. Soc).

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE.

227

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Digitized by VjOOQ IC

228

THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE

INDEX.

Adams, 192

Adams, Maxwell, 222 n.

Ailric, tenant of Walscin, 197

Alan, sir, 225

Alan, Henry, son of, 191, 225

Alan, Ruald, son of, 225

Albamarlia, William de, 217

Algar, 195, 198

AUaUigh in Cornworthy, 195,

215 n.
Allemere, John, 216
AUington, South, or Crespin in

Chivelstone, 191, 195, 200,

216
Alnod, 199
Alrist, 195
Alrix, 198
Aluric, 196, 198
Aluris, 198
Alvieva, 197
Alvred the Brecon, 199
Alvythecot, Alured de, 209
Alwy, 199
Ameredeth, 192
Andrew, John, 222
Ansgar, 197, 201
Ansgar the hunchback, 193, 201
Ansgar the staller, 201
Arnald, Edmund, 223 n.
Arnald, Joan, wife of Edmund,

223 n.
Ashleigh, John, 206
Ashprington, 190, 191, 194,

200, 201, 203, 207, 211, 218,

227 ; advowson tithes, 218
Aueiona. See Blackawton
AveUm Abbots. See Black

awton

Bagton in South Milton, 213 n.
Baldwin the sheriff, 194, 209,
210

Baldwin, tenant of Goscelm,

198, 224
Bampton, 193
Bampton, Honour of, 220
Barnstaple, Honour of, 220
Barnestaple, Vincent de, 209
Bastard, Robert le, 199, 216
Bathon, Walter le, 216
Battle Abbey, 8
Battleford in Ipplepen, 226
Baucan, Bauzan, Richard, 206,

209
Bauzan, Stephen, 209
Beauchamp, John de, 214
Bendley in Harberton, 191,

206 n.
Berry, Honour of, 196
Biche, 197
Bigod, John, 206
Bigod, Richard le, .206
Bikebire, William de, 211
Bikelega, Bikeleia, Robert de,

213, 219
Billot, 191
Blackawton, Auetona, Aveton

Abbot, 191, 192, 193, 200,

202, 227 ; advowson, 202
Blakeston, Dartmouth, 218, 223
Bodeton, Bothon in Harber-
ton, 206
Boleham in Dunkeswell, 211 n.
Bollay, James de, 217
Bon, Agatha, wife of Walter le,

219
Bon, Walter le, 208, 219
Boson, Alinora,wife of John,207
Boson, Edmund, 207
Boson, John, 207
Boson, Mabel, wife of Edmund,

207
Bosomzeal in Dittisham, 191,

205, 207
Bothemenscombe, Hospital of,

206

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE.

229

Bour, Bartholomew, 222

Bout, Roger, 203

Bourdone. See Bowdon

Bowdon, Bourdone, in Ash-
prington, 191

Bowdon, Bouedon, Boghedon,
in Totens, 207

Bowyer, George, 223

Bowyes, 192

Braiose, Eva, widow of Wil-
liam de, 212

Braiose, Giles, bishop of Here-
ford, 214 n.

Braiose, Reginald de, 212

Braiose, William de, 212, 213,
215, 218

Bretevil, Guy de, 213

Bridford, 213

Bridgetown in Berry Pomeroy,
205,207

Brismar, 195

Bristric, Brictric, 194, 196, 198,
199, 203

Brixham, 213, 218, 222; ad-
vowson, 218

Briwere, William, 215 n., 224

Browne, 192

Broadclyst, 211, 218

Broadhempston, 212

Brookmill, 208

Bryan, Guy de (several), 191,
210

Bucfast abbey, 208, 209, 211 n.

Buckfastleigh, 190, 193

Bucldand Toutsainis, 198, 224,
227

Bulbeck, Isabel, 204 n.

Burrow in Chivelstone, 217

Buzun, William, 208, 213. See
Boson

Bykelegh, 217, 225. See Bike-
lega

Cadelintona. See Chillington
Calsione in Holbeton, 213 n.
Canne, 192

Cantilupe, Eva, wife of Wil-
liam de, 212, 215, 223
Cantilupe, George de, 212
Cantilupe, Joan, coheiress of,

212
Cantilupe, Milisent, coheiress

of, 212, 218
Cantilupe, William de, 212,

215, 218, 223
Carew, Joan, wife of John, 224
Carew, John de, 191, 221, 224
Carew, Thomas, 221
Gary in St. Giles* in the Heath,

213 n.
Cary, Sansom de, 224
Charleton, 191, 192, 195, 200,

213 n., 215, 227
Chedder, Isabella, wife of

Thomas, 218
Chedder, Thomas, 218
Cheveraton, John de, 208
Cheveraton, William de, 208,

216
Chillington, 190, 193, 202, 204
Chillington Hundred, 190, 201,

204, 211
Chivelstone, 191, 192, 196, 217,

225, 227
Clavil, John de, 225
Clavil, Walter de, 198, 225
Clawton, 213
Clayhidon, 211 n.
Clifton Dartmouth, 222 n., 224,

227
Clisthidon, 211 n.
Cokyngton, Roger de, 207
Colemore in South Pool, 225
Coleton, Andrew de, 206
Coleton, William de, 206
Coletune, Oresia, wife of Rob-
ert de, 209
Coletune, Robert de, 209
CoUaton in Halwell, 206
Combe in South Pool, 195, 201
Colridge Hundred, 190, 193,

204
Colridge in Stokenham, 197, 201
Corbet, Catharine, 215

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

230

THE EARLY HISTORY OP THE

Corbet, Peter, 191, 205, 214
Corbet, Thomas, 215
Cornwall, earl of, 214
Gornworthy, 191, 195, 200, 212,

213, 215, 227 ; tithes, 218
Cornworthy priory, 215
Courtney, Anna, countess of

Devon, 222, 225
Courtney, Edward, 217
Courtney, Hugh, 199 n., 209,

210, 222, 225
Courtney, John, 211 n.
Courtney, Matilda, wife of

Hugh, 217
Courtney, Thomas, 216
Crespin, 192

Crespin, Gilbert, 216, 225
Crespin, Richard, 217
Crocke, William, 208
Crocketon in Buckfastleigh, 205,

208
Crocketon, William de, 209
Crokker, Thomas, 203
Culm Pyne in Clayhidon, 2 i 1 n.
Cyrencestre, John de, 216, 217
Cyrencestre, Thomas de, 216
Cyrencestre, William de, 219

Dart river, 190, 223
Partington, Honour of, 198,

220
Dartmouth, town and port, 191,

192, 197, 222, 223, 227
Dartmouth borough, 222, 223,

227
Dartmouth, Little, 197, 201, 222,

223
Daudeleigh, James, 216
Dauney, Emelina, daur. of

John, 217, 223 n.
Dauney, John, 217, 223 n.
Dauney, Nicholas, 207, 215,

216, 217
Davaylles, John, 225
Diptford, 220

DiUisham, 190, 191, 200, 209,

227
ZH'tttsAam = Bosonizeal, 191
Dodbrook, 191, 192, 199, 200,

225, 227
Dowai, Walter de, 197, 202, 220
Dunstone in Stokenham, 199,

201
Durant, William, 216
Dymmok, John, 203

E
Edric, 197
Edward III., 224
Edward IV., 224
Edwy, 196
Ekardon, John, 216
Englebourn. See Inglebourn
Esnot, Snot, 195
Exeter, bishop of, 209

Falaise, William de, 198, 206
Faleputte, John de, 226
Faleputte, Robert de, 226
Falewell, Joan, 207
Feegatherers, 200
Fuge in Blackawton, 203
Ferrers, Hugh de, 216
Flemeng, Richard le, 221
Flemeng, Rosamund, wife of

Richard le, 221
Flemeng, William le, 221
FoUaton in Totnes, 196, 218
Ford in Chivelstone, 192, 196,

218
Ford, 192

Ford, Robert de, 207
Fortescue, 191, 192
Fortescue, John, 210
Frankeleyn, John, 206
Fychet, Ricarda, wife of

Thomas, 210
Fychet, Thomas, 210
Fyshacre, Fysacre, Peter de,

226
Fyshacre, William de, 224

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OP COLRlDOfi.

231

Geldroll, 200

Gervin, Robert, son of, 194,

200,210
Giles, John, 191, 192
Githa, countess, 193, 209
Gloucester, Honour of, 198,

224, 225
Gode, 195

Goderigge, John, 210
Godeva, widow of Bristric, 199,

200
Godwin, earl, 193 n.
Goodshelter in Portlemouth,191,

192, 194, 211 n., 216 n.,

225 n.
Goscelm, 198, 224
Graecia, daur. of William Bri-

were, 215 n.
Grene, William, 216
Oreston in Totnes, 218
Grim8tone in Blackawton, 192,

199, 226 n.
Grimston, Robert de, 226
Griinston, Thomas de, 226
Grimston, William de, 226
GfrimstorUeigh, Leigh Arthur, an

outlier of Morleigh, 192, 199,

226, 227
Grusa, Roger de, 213

Haccombe, Stephen de, 208
Hagginton, East, in Berry Nar-

bor, 220
Hairidge Hundred, 201
Hals, John, 211, 220
Halse, 192
Halse, 217

Halton, John de, 209
HalweU, 192
Hamfelin], Ralf de, 213
Harberton, Hurberton, Haber-

ton, 191, 193, 205, 227;

tithes, 218

Harbertonford, Harburnef ord in

Harberton, 205
Harbournford in South Brent,

206
Hardenesse, Dartmouth, 197,

223 n., 224
Harold's sons, 205
Harpham, 192
Harris, 191
Hawson, Hosefene, 190, 208,

209
Hayman, 192
Heche, 195
Hele, Richard de, 207
Hele Payn. See Bosomzeal
Henry I., 212, 220
Herbert, Mathew, son of, 213
Hermer, 198
Hert, Richard, 226
Hervy, John, 209
Hidon, John de, 211
Hidon, Richard de, 211
ffirsun, William, 207
Hiwis, Richard de, 206
Hockford in Hockworthy, 220
Hode, Jordan de la, 207
Holbeme, Joan, wife of John,

218
Holbeme, John, 218
Holditch in Thorncombe, 221
Holne Buzun in Buckfastleigh,

190, 205, 208
Holne, North, 222
Holne, South, in Buckfastleigh,

190, 193, 205, 209
Holne Urglas in Buckfastleigh,

190, 205, 208
Holne, Serlo de, 208
Holne, Urglas de, 208
Holset in Portlemouth, 225 n.
Hooker's Synopsis, 191
Hosefene. See Hawson
Hull, John, 210
Hurberton, Honour of, 190,

195, 209 n., 213, 214
Huwysche, William, 210
Hylion, Robert de, 208
Hylion, William de, 208

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

232

THE JfcABLY HISTORY OF THE

Inglebourn Abbot in Harberton,
191, 104, 200, 202, 211

Inglebourn Prior in Harberton,
191, 198, 200, 224

Inkpenne, John de, 210

Inkpenne, Roger de, 210

Inwardleigh, 21 In.

Irish raid, 205

Joan, coheiress of Cantilupe,

214
Joel, Alured, son of, 212
John, Eleanor wife of Mathew,

son of, 203
John, Mathew son of, 202, 203,

206 n.
John, William son of, 220
Joseph, Stephen, 217
Juhel, Judhel, Joel, 195, 2&0,

203, 211

Kempthorn in Clawton, 213 n
Kenedon in Sherford, 192, 196,

201, 203, 211
King, exemption allowed to,

200
Kingswear, 222, 224

Lackington, 192
Xanuu2einChivelstone (?), 199,

225, 226. See East Prawle
Lamside in Holbeton, 226
Langewylle in Dodbrook, 226
Larkbear in Talaton, 213 n.
Leofric, Leuric, bishop, 194
Leyburne, John de, 205
Lisle, Margaret, wife of Warin

de, 216
Lisle, Warin de, 216

LoddesweU, 213; tithes, 218
Loperidge, Loperugg, Thomas,

225
Lovell, Isabella, wife of Robert,

211

Lovell, Robert, 211
Lovel, Richard, 225
Ludo, tenant of Walter de

Dowai, 197, 221
Luneworthy, Adam de, 209
Luneworthy, Alice, wife of

Adam de, 209

Malherbe, William, 216
Maleston, Hugh de, 217
Maleston, Robert de, 217
Malston in Sherford, 191, 192,

196, 217, 227
Mandevil, Dionysia, grand -

daur. of Geoffrey de, 220
Mandevil, Geoffrey de, 220, 221
Mandevil, John de, 221
Mandevil, Robert, 221
Marchant, Henry, 206
Marshal, Walter, earl of Pem-
broke, 215 n.
Marsh wood, Honour of, 197,

220, 221
Martin, William, son of, 222
Mary, blessed, of Salisbury, 205
Mathew, 192

Mathew, John, son of, 202
Mathew, Herbert, son of, 202
Mathew, Peter, son of, 202, 203
Membland in Holbeton, 213 n.
Merkedon, Roger, 218
Milicent, coheiress of Canti-
lupe, 212, 214, 218
Mohun, John de, 221
Mohun, Reginald de, 221, 224
Montacute, John de, 203
Montalt, John de, 214
Mont Hermer, Edmund de, 203
Mont Hermer, Ralf de, 190, 203

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OT COLRIDGE.

233

Mont Hermer, Thomas de, 203
Morleigh, 226 n., 227
Morleigh, William de, 226, 227
Mortain, count of, 212
Mortellis, Warin de, 222
MorviUe, 208
Morville, William de, 213
Mugge, Osbert, 209
Mugge, Stephen, 209

Nakpan, 192

Nonant, Alice de, 204 n.

Nonant, Henry de, 204 n., 208,

212, 214
Nonant, Guy de, 204 n.
Nonant, Roger de, 204, 212,

214
North Bovey, 213 n., 219
Northbrook in Buckfastleigh,

208
North Pool in South Pool, 192,

198, 226, 227
Norton Dauney, Norton fitz-

Stephen, in Townstal, 192,

197, 200, 201, 220, 222, 227

Odeman, 198, 224
Okehamton, Honour of, 194,

199
Okeston, Alexander de, 214
Oliver, tenant of Baldwin, 194,

200,209
Oliver, Jordan, 221
Osfers, 194
Osmer, 195
Otley, 194, 211
Otre, 196
Ottery Fleming in Luppit, 221

PaUtone in South Brent, 206
Pensford, Painsford, in Ash-
prington, 191, 204

Peytevin, Hugh le, 220
Peytevin, Martin le, 220
Philip, Stephen son of, 222
Piceldeliver, William, 213
Plymton, prior of, 203
Plymton, Honour of, 193, 199,

202, 226
Pomeray, Henry de la, 191,

205, 207, 214, 220
Pomeray, Ralf de la, 196
Pomeray, William de la, 207,

216
P&meray of Bendleigh, 191
Portlemouth, 192, 199, 200, 225,

227
Poidstone in Aveton Giflfard,

206
Potdstone in Halwell, 206
Prawle, East, in Chivelstone,

199, 225. See Lamside
Prawle, West, in Portlemouth,

191, 192, 195, 200, 202, 211,

216, 227
Prawle, Roger de, 211
Prawle, William de, 211, 220
Prior, Henry, 226
Prior, Peter, 226
Prouz, Margaret, wife of Rich-
ard le, 208
Prouz, Richard le, 208
Puddlestone in Eggesford,

211a.
Punchardon, John de, 225
Puntestok, Alice, wife of Henry

de, 21 In.
Puntestok, Henry de, 211 n.
Pyn, Aubrea de, 217
Pypards, 213

Pypard, John, 191, 216, 219
Pypard, Margery, wife of Wil-
liam, 216
Pypard, WiUiam, 215, 216, 219
Pypard, Thomas, 207, 216
Pyperel, Christina, wife of

Richard, 204
Pyperel, Richard the younger,

204

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

234

THJS EARLY HISTORY OF THE

Queen's land, the, 194, 203

Ralf, tenant of Walter de

Dowai, 197, 222
Randall, 192
Rannulf, 199
Banscombe in Sherford, 196,

201, 220. See Yarnscombe
Reigny, Joan, wife of Thomas

de, 211
Reigny, John de, 211, 213,

216
Reigny, Thomas de, 211
Reynell, 192
Reginald, Henry, son of earl,

212, 214, 218
Reynald, Walter, 217
Richard, Durand, son of, 216
Risdon, 191

Robert, the King's son, 209
Roger, tenant of Pomeray,

196
Roginald, William, 222
Roope, 192

Rouen, William de, 213
Rowe, J. Brooking, 200
Rowse, 191
Rupibus, Peter de, 214

St. Olaf, 193 n.

St. Petrock's, Dartmouth, 222
St. Stephen, Robert de, 213
Salisbury, Thomas, earl of,

203
Sandquay, Dartmouth, 223 n.
Savery, 192

Scobahill, Thomas de, 218
Scobehull, Robert de, 217
Scoble in South Pool, 216
Scorraton in Buckfastleigh, 190,

205, 209

Scot, Andrew le, 219
Scot, Richard le, 206
Shappewike, John, 208
Shapwick, Christina, wife of

John, 208
Sharpham in Ashprington, 205,.

207
Sherford, 192, 193, 201, 202,

227

Skeriton in Dean Church, 209
Slapton, 191, 192, 194, 200, 210,

227
Slapton, Chapel of St. Mary,.

210

Smale, William, 206
Somester, 191
Sopecumbe, Henry de, 207
Sopecumbe, John de, 207
Sopecumbe, William de, 207,

217
Southpool, 191, 192, 195, 200,

213n., 216, 227 ; tithes of,

218
Southtown in Little Dartmouth,

223 n.
Spaxton, 210

Speccot, Isabella, wife of Nich-
olas, 218
Speccot, Nicholas, 218
Stancombe Crespin, otherwise

Dawney, in Sherford, 195,

200, 216, 227
Stancombe Prior in Harberton,

191, 226
Start Bay, 190
Stephen, Gilbert, son of, 222
Stephen, Richard, son of, 222,

223
Stephen, William, son of, 213,.

222
Stert in Stokenham, 190
Stighulle, William, 217
Stoke Fleming, 191, 192, 197,

200, 201, 202, 220, 221, 222,

223 227
Stokenham, 190, 192, 193, 202„

203, 227
Strange, John, 206

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

HUNDRED OF COLRIDGE,

235

Street in Blackawton, 203
Swan, sir Thomas, 226

Talbot, William, 216
Taunton, prior of, 216 n.
Tetcot, 213 n.
Teukesbury, Nicholas, 191,

219 n., 222, 223
Thorislegh, Agatha, wife of

William, 216
Thorislegh, Thomas de, 216
Thorislegh, William, 216
Thurisleigh Durant in Harber-

ton, 195, 216
Thurisleigh Reigny in Harber-

ton, 195, 216
Tideworth, Tydeworthi, Du-
rant de, 215
Tideworth, Henry de, 215
Tideworth, Tid worthy, Wil-
liam de, 215
Tidworthy in Corn worthy, 195,

215
Tilli, Henry de, 220
Tor abbey, 202, 203, 222, 224
Toriton, Honour of, 220
Torty8fen in Cornworthy, 215
Totnes castle and borough, 190,

192, 196, 211, 212, 213, 218,

227 ; tithes, 218
Totnes, priory of St. Mary, 196,

203, 207, 218 ; prior of, 190
Totnes, Little, 219
Totton, Honour of, 195, 211,

213, 215
Townships in the Hundred, 190
Toutsaints, Tuz Seynz, Tut-

seyn, John de, 224
Toutsaints, Lucas de, 224
Toutsaints, William de, 224
Townstal, 197, 202, 222, 223,

227
Trevell, Elisabeth, wife of

John, 218
Trevell, John, 218

Turgis, tenant of Juhel, 195
Turkesia, widow, 209

U
Ulf, 195
Upton in South Milton, 213 n.

Valletorta, Hawise de, 214
Valletorta, Isabel, sister of

Reginald de, 215
Valletorta, Ralf de, 214
Valletorta, Rainald de, 198
Valletorta, Reginald de, 205,

208, 209, 214
Valletorta, Reginald de, junr.,

214, 215
Valletorta, Roger de, 209 n.,

214
Valletorta, Roger de, junr.,

214
Vautard, Valletort, Margaret,

wife of John, 208
Vautard, Wautort, John de,

208
Vepont, Robert de, 213
Ver, Robert de, 204 n., 214
Vogge, John, 210

Walscin or Walter de Dowai,

197
Washbourn, 198, 219, 224
Washbourn Bauzan, 205, 206
Washbourn Durant, 205, 207,

213n.
Washbourn Wyet, 205, 207
Washburton, 192, 194, 203
Washfield, 211
Wautort, Vautard, John, 208.

See Valletort
Wautort, Margaret, wife of

John, 208

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236 EARLY HISTOBY OF THE HUNDBBD OF COLRIDGB.

Well in Dodbrook, 226

Werdand La in Totnes, 219

Werelande, Adam de la, 219

White, Reginald, 216

Widdecombe in Stokenham, 197,
201

William, tenant of Juhel, 195

William, tenant of Alvred, 199,
226

Windeatt, Edward, 218 n.

Wolhaye, Joan, wife of John,
204

Wolhaye, John, 204

Woodmason in Buckland Tout-
saints, 191, 192, 198, 224,
227

Woodmanston, John de, 225

Wootten, 191

Wotton, 192

Wydon, Henry le, 209

Wylyngton, Henry de, 219

Wynnesbury, Thomas de, 205
Wyryng, Nicholas, 207
Wyte, John, 210

Ya, Nicholas de la, 208

Yaleburn, Thomas de, 205

Yarde, Roger, 203

Yarnscombe, Arnecumbe, Er-
necumb in Sherford, 196,
220. See Ranscombe

Yeoton in Crediton, 209

Zouche, Ivo de la, 214, 218
Zouche, Milisent, wife of Ivo

de la, 214
Zouche, William of Haring-

worth, 190, 215, 218, 223

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THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON
(1549-1552).

BY MISS BEATRIX P. CBBSSWELL.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

The final spoliation of our English churches was accom-
plished during the sixteenth century, between the years
1549 and 1552, when the Government of Edward VI
appointed Commissioners for every county, who were to
make inventories of all church bells, plate, and vestments,
with the result that after leaving the barest necessaries
for the administration of Divine Service in every church,
whatever else was of value, censers, incense boats, crosses,
chalices, pyxes, embroidered vestments, and those of
cloth of gold and tissue, was removed and disposed of
" for the King's Majesty's use."

Unlike most thieves, who conceal as far as possible
the details of their plunder, the Church Goods Com-
missioners have left elaborate records of their proceedings,
in the form of interrogatories, inventories, and lists of
church goods, which were put into their hands by the
Churchwardens of every parish. These papers, most of
which remain in the Public Record Office, afford indis-
putable evidence of the unscrupulous greed of those who
called themselves reformers of ecclesiastical abuses, and
also prove what an irreparable loss of treasures of artistic
and antiquarian interest has been suffered by every
ancient church in the kingdom.

The church goods of Devonshire parishes demand our
special attention, and in their case it is disappointing to
find that the records which have survived are extremely
meagre in comparison with those from other counties. It
must be understood that of the final inventories two or
three copies were made, one being sent to London, the

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238 THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

others remaining with the Churchwardens or the Com-
missioners. At the Guildhall, Exeter, all the documents
belonging to the Exeter churches have been most carefully
preserved, but other parishes are less fortunate, and
only a small number of their inventories have survived.

None of those which were sent to London now exist,
and this brings me to the subject of my paper, which
relates to the only MS. concerning the church goods of
Devon to be found at the Record Office, a few duplicates
of the Exeter inventories excepted.

It consists of a book of forty-six folios (K.R. Church
Goods $), containing summaries of church goods received
by Government, with their values. A considerable amount
of information of local and historical interest may be
found in these apparently monotonous entries, and much
light is thrown on the drastic methods of those in power
in demanding from every parish the worth in money of
such goods as for various reasons were not actually handed
over to them.

Folios 2 and 3 relate to church plate sold for local
purposes, after the first inventories of 1549 were made,
by parishioners who doubtless thought that if their parish
valuables, which had been bestowed from time to time
by generous donors to the church, were to be sold, the
parish might fairly benefit by the transaction. It must
have been a considerable shock to find that they were
regarded as answerable to the King's Ministers for the
money thus acquired, sums that were in many cases large
for the period, repayment for which must have come
heavily upon parish pockets, especially after the coin had
been spent, as it frequently was, in repairs to the church,
and for other parochial uses. Altogether thirty-two
parishes were called to account for sums of money raised on
goods that were actually their own property.

Folios 4, 5 refer to : " The value of certeyn plate and
juells lost, and sold by the parishioners as well before the
makyn of the last certificate as syns that time, for the
which the parishioners have now agreed with the local
commissioners for certeyn sums of money as hereafter
foloeth. ,,

In some cases the parishioners seem to have justified
their expenditure, and to have compounded the debt they
were supposed to owe to Government for a part of the sum
at which the goods were valued. The Commissioners were

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THE CHUKCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON. 239

fairly lenient where the money was spent on local improve-
ments, defences, or necessary repairs. But where church
plate had been lost or stolen between its transit from the
care of the Churchwardens to the Treasury in the Jewel
House at Westminster they were inexorable, and no matter
how the loss was occasioned the parish had to refund the
full value.

Folios 6, 7 give the sums of money received from the
various Hundreds of the bounty for vestments sold to
diverse persons, for candlesticks and crosses of latten,
and for vestments of cloth of gold and tissue. The last
list is interesting as showing which of our parish churches
possessed vestments of these, the most valuable of all
fabrics. Dartmouth had two suits of Vestments and five
copes of cloth of tissue, Townstall and Dittisham one suit
each and one cope. This list, as relating to goods of especial
value, is signed by the four commissioners, Sir Peter Carew
and his brother Gawen, Anthony Harvey, formerly steward
of Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter, and his brother
Thomas.

Folios 8, 9 contain lists of the numbers of chalices and
other pieces of plate received from each Hundred.

In folios 10 to 12 we have accounts from twelve parishes
of church goods sold for local purposes, evidently regarded
by the Commissioners as justifiable expenditures, which
they refer to the King's Majesty's Council. These are the
most interesting of all the inventories, full of suggestions
of local events, and mentioning the local names so familiar
to those who have made any study of Devonshire history.
The Prayer Book Rebellion, or "ye comocion tyme," as
they called it, was fresh in the minds of all Devonians,
and the country was sufficiently unsettled for everyone
to wish to be fully prepared in the event of another
rebellion. Thus we find that a good deal of parish money
was being spent in defences. Torre-mohun had been
bestowing money raised on the sale of church plate " for
the reparation of Torre bey. . . ." Besides repairing the
bulwarks of the shore, pieces of ordnance were purchased
by some of the parishes. Kingsbridge bought three, and
two hundredweight of gunpowder. At East Budleigh they
got " a piece of ordynance called a Slyng for the defence of
the county " ; this archaic-sounding weapon cost twenty
pounds and was apparently presented to Exeter, as it
is mentioned as being in the custody of the Mayor. Most

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240 THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

of us, when the Prayer Book Rebellion is mentioned, think
of the siege of Exeter, but this, though the most important
undertaking of the rebels, was the end of their campaign,
and in these church goods inventories we get some hints of
the earlier details. The parish of Tavistock sold church
plate and vestments to pay £13 8s. 7d. for the charge of
twenty men to serve the King's Majesty in " ye comocion
tyme." In the parish of Modbury Sir Arthur Champer-
nown sold church plate for his necessities in "ye comocion
tyme," to serve the King's Majesty. Ashburton raised
money by the same means to serve against the rebels for
the preservation of the towns of Totnes and Plymouth.
As we read these formal accounts, we seem to note the
steady march of the strange-tongued men from Cornwall,
and town after town hastily collecting men and money for
the protection of the county, under the authority of the
great landowners of the neighbourhood.

In the inventories of the Exeter church goods, to which
I have referred, frequent mention is made of church plate
given by some of the parishes to the Mayor and Corporation
to defray the expense of making the Exe Canal, or, as they
called it, " the haven of Exe." In the MS. we are now
considering we find the East Devon parishes contributing
in a similar manner towards the making of the Haven of
Ottermouth. Sidmouth, East Budleigh, and Ottertoir,
each gave a church bell for this purpose to Mr. Richard
Duke. The Otterton bell was bought by Mr. Walter
Raleigh, Sir Walter's father, who paid ten pounds for it,
which matter was duly referred to the King's Majesty's
Council. Mr. Raleigh must have been fond of acquiring
church goods at this period, and he got into some difficulties
about them. The Exeter inventories for St. Sidwell's
Church give us details of a parcel of goods that could not
be accounted for, but which were last seen in Mr. Raleigh's
hands ; and there was one cope which he promised to
return if it had not already been cut up into a canopy for
a bed.

In our MS. we meet with the name of Bernhard Duvett,
who had taken away by force a cross belonging to Heavitree
Church. He is, I think , to be identified with a Bernharth
Duffield of the Exeter inventories, who got hold of three
bells at St. Sidwell's. He was originally steward to Lord
Russell, and resided at Bedford House during the siege
of Exeter in 1549. But he must have got into difficulties,

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THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON. 241

for at the date of the MS. we are considering he is men- .
tioned as "nowe remayning in ward in the King's Ma-
jesty's Bench for dett."

The last thirty-two folios (14 to 46) conclude the MS.
with an inventory of all the parishes of Devon, as included
in their Hundreds, with the number of bells and chalices
left in each, and the names of those who had the charge of
them. Of these mediaeval bells, many are still hanging in
Devonshire towers, the last surviving relics of all the
costly goods that formerly enriched our churches. For,
with the exception of a few faded rags, all the vestments
have vanished, and of the church plate only two or three
pre-Reformation chalices remain in the county.

As the entries regarding the bells are all worded with
monotonous repetition, I have not transcribed them fully :
a few examples will serve to show the style of them all.

Parochia de Saynt iij bells in the tower there, and one

Petrocks de South-towne chalice committed to the custody
Dei&mouthe of John Plimmley, Thomas Page,

Andrew Wakeham, Robert Setter,
and others of the parishioners by
indenture.
Parochia de Townstall iiij bells in the tower there, and

one chalice committed to the
custody of Moris Geflfray, John
Ley, John Rape, John Sele, and
others of the parishioners by
indenture.
Parochia de St. Saviours de iij grete bells and one chalice com-
Dertmouth mitted to the custody of Gilbert

Rape, Hugh Tanner, Thomas
Burney, and others of the parish-
ioners by indenture.

Of the ten bells thus recorded, three still remain at
Townstall, noted by Ellacombe in his Bells of Devonshire
as three most beautiful bells, and the parish is heartily
to be congratulated on still possessing them.

After these few notes as introduction, I leave the
inventories to speak for themselves.

K.R. Church Goods
f 7 Edward vtth

Devon The certificate of all juells plate and vest-

ments of all churches and chapels within the
said countie.
VOL. XLIII. Q

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242 THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

(Folio 2)
Devon

The certificate of all juells plate and vest-
ments of all churches and chapels within the
said countie valued and made by S r Peter
Carew knyght and Gawen Carew knyghtf,
Anthony Harvey Esqr and Thomas Harvey
Esqr, by vertue of the kings majesties com-
mission to them dyrected, the iiide day of
marche yn the vith yeare of the raigne of or
soverayne lorde Edwarde the sixthe by the
grace of God of Ygnlonde ffrance and
Irelonde kyng defender of the fiaithe and of
the church of Ynglonde and Irelonde the
supreme hedde.

The value of all such juelles & bells that were
taken away and also sold by the parishioners
within certyn parishes in the said countie
and recorded by the saide commissioners
by vertue of the Kynges commission before
this tyme to them dyrected and certified in
the last certificate as hereafter folowetiu

Hundred de Wonford

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for a bell by them

Thomas Ap 1 sold for . . . c 8

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for certen broken

Spreyton silver omitted out of the last inventory

*i . . . x»

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for certen sensers

Alphyngton by them sold . . . xxvj 8 viij d

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for certen sensers by

West Ogwell them sold . . . xx 8

Hundred de Exmyster

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for certen juells by

Kenton them sold . . . xiij 11 vj 8 viij d

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for ij cruetts by

Ide them sold . . . xv 8

Parochia de
Denby 1
Parochia de
Staverton

Hundred de Heytor

The parishioners ibidem for one sencer and
one challys by them sold . . . vij 11 ix 8 viij d
The parishioners ibidem for the crosse and
chalys by them sold . • • xxxiij 11

1 Denbury.

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THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

243

Parochia de
S. Salvatoris
de Dertmouth

Parochia de
Churchstowe

Parochia de
Tavystocke

Parochia de
Methe
Parochia de
Were Gyfforde

Parochia de
magna Toryton

Parochia de
Dowland
Parochia de
Dowlton

Parochia de
Morchard Ep 8

Parochia de

Stockleigh

Pomey 1

Parochia de
ffillegh

Hundred de Colridge
The parishioners ibidem for a crosse & sencer
& paxe & ij cruetts by them sold . . .
xx 11 x 8 xd

Hundred de Stamborrow
The parishioners ibidem for a crosse by them
conveyed xv 8

Hundred de Tavistocke
The parishioners ibidem for certen plate and
vestyments the value of xl 11 xvij 8 whereof
they paid for the charge of xx men to serve
the kynges matie in the comocion tyme
xiijii v js viij d , and they bestowed to the
reparacion of a bridge called Dertbridge
xiijii yjs viij d , & the rest ammounting to
. . . xiiij 11 iij 8 ix*

Hundred de Shebbear
The parishioners ibidem for a pixe & one
challys by them sold . . . xxxiij 8 iiij d
The parishioners ibidem for one challice by
them sold . . . xxxvij 8 iiij d

Hundred de ffremyngton
The parishioners ibidem for iij copes of blew
velvett and a senser by them sold valued
att xx"

Hundred de South Motion
The parishioners ibidem for one challice by
them sold . . . lx 8

The parishioners ibidem for one challice by
them sold . . . xxx 8

Hundred de Crediton
The parishioners ibidem for a pyx xx 8 and a
little crosse iiij 11 sold by the said parishioners

Hundred de West Budley
The parishioners ibidem for one pyx of
silver & holy watter bockett & ij candle-
stycks of lattyn by them sold xl 8 viij d

Hundred de Braunton
The parishioners ibidem for one challice by
them sold . . . xxiij 8 iiij d

Stockleigh Pomeroy.

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244 THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

Parochia de
Thorneton 1

Parochia de
Sylverton
Parochia de
Brodhemby*
Parochia de
Talaton
Parochia de
Peyhembury

Parochia de
Comralegh

Parochia de
Honyton
Parochia de
Axmyster

Parochia de
Whymple

Hundred de Heyridge
The parishioners ibidem for certen juells
sold by them to John Etheridge lx 8 . The
parishioners ibidem for one sute of vestments
sold to John Etheridge for lxvj 8 viij d
The parishioners ibidem for one litle bell by
them sold . . . c 8

The parishioners ibidem for xviij unces of
sylver by them sold . . . c 8
The parishioners ibidem for one litle crosse &
dyvers small censers by them sold . . . vij 11
The parishioners ibidem for a sencer & a
shyppe sold by them to John Ethridge
for iij 11

Hundred of Axminster
The parishioners ibidem for one litle senser
of silver 1 shyppe of sylver, 1 pax of sylver,
1 challice of sylver all which parcels were
sold by the said parishioners before the
makyng of the first inventory, and all was
bestowed upon there necessary charges and
except c 8 placed nowe to the use of the
kynges ma tle

The parishioners ibidem for certen juells &
plate by them sold xx 1!
The parishioners ibidem for one crosse by
them sold for . . . xviij 11

Hundred de distort
The parishioners ibidem for certen sensers by
them sold . . . liij 8 iiij d

Hundred de Estbudlegh

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for 1 pyx and one

Rockbeare paxe by them sold . . . xxvj 8 viij d

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for one crosse of

Clist St George silver by them sold . . . xiiij 11

Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for one pax and one

Sidmouth crosse sold by them x 1!

Hundred de Blacktoryton
Parochia de The parishioners ibidem for one chalice

Tetcote sold to . . . liij 8 iiij d

Sum total ccxxxiiij 11 xvij 8 ij d

1 Thorverton.

2 Broadhembury.

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THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

245

(Folio 4)

Parochia de
Clyst St George

Barnstaple

Parochia de
ffremyngton

Parochia de
Bradnynch

Parochia de
Up Lyme

Parochia de
Kingsbridge

The value of certen plate and juells lost and
sold by the parishioners as well before the
makyng of the last certificate as synce that
tyme for the which the parishioners have
nowe agreed with the lord commissioners for
certayn sums of money as hereafter f oloweth

Hundred of Est budleigh

one pyx of silver was stolen syns the last
inventory was made, and the parishioners
have paid for the same to the kynges Ma tles

use

ij 8 vi a

Hundred of BraunUm
One chalice, iiij pattens of chalices, one pixe
of sylver specified in the last certificate be
lost and conveyed by the parishioners syns
the last certificate, and they have paid for
the same to the kynges ma tles use lxx 8
one crosse of sylver specified in the last
certificate was sold by one Aley Serple one
of the said parishioners the value of vj 11
xiij 8 iiij d which money is nowe paid to the
said commissioners to the kyngs use

Hundred de Heyridge

one senser of sylver specified in the last
Inventory which was stolen by one buckland
from the possession of one . . . for the which
by the ordynance of the said commissioners
they paid to the kynges ma tles use . . .
Iiij 8 iij d

Hundred de Axmynster

One pyx of sylver & gold sold by the
parishioners & for the same is paid to the
kynges ma tle8 use xxxv 8

Hundred de Hey tor 1

One pyx of silver xxiij unces, one shipp
of silver vij unces, ij cruetts of silver v unces,
one crosse of silver lxvj unces, the value of
xxv 11 x 8 was sold before the makyng of the
first inventory by the said parishioners, and

1 Hundred de Hey tor in MS. Kingsbridge is, however, included in the
Hundred of Stanborough, for which there are further entries among these
payments.

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246 THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

Parochia de
Bolburgh *

Parochia de
Culms tocke

the said money bestowed by the said pa-
rishioners before the makyng of the last
certificate as hereafter foloweth. ffirst for
mendyng of ij bells liij* iiij d , and for
makyng of newe bells to convey news to
the towne, and for iij peces of ordynance
to serve for there bulwarks leying to the see
xij 11 , and for ij c of gunpowder ex 8 , and to
tell of their being yn prison in ffrance iiij 11 x s ,
which amounteth to the said summe of xxv 11 .
And to t'intent the said parishioners may
not hereafter be allowed to make reparacion
for the same they do offer to the kynges
ma tles use x 11 more, paid to the lord com-
missioners, and so the said parishioners for
that will hereafter be discharged by the said
commissioners

One chalice specified in the last certificatt is
stolen by men unknowen and the parishioners
have paid for the same to the Kyngs com-
missioners ij 1

Hundred de Hemyocke

One pyx of sylver lost by the parishioners
and for the same they have paid to the kynges

ma tleB use v s

(Folio 5)
Parochia de
Aysshpryngton

Parochia de
Portelmouth

Hundred de Colridge

one pyx of sylver the value of v 8 lost by the
parishioners syns the last certificate, for the
which is paid to the kynges ma ties use v 8
one crosse of sylver & ij cruetts of sylver speci-
fied in the last bokeof certificatts,which crosse
was dely vered ... by the said parishioners
for the summe of xv 8 to be paid to one Bry
... for ix years past, which xv 8 was be-
stowed and paid at that tyme by the said
parishioners for the ffurnyshyng of a certen
Bulwarke at Portlemouth & Salcombe for
the defence of the country there by the
commandment of th'erle of Bedford then
being lieutenant to the kyng's ma tle in the
west parte, & for as much as it is certified
that the crosse was worth xxi 11 it is ordered

1 Bolburgh [sic], I cannot find the equivalent of this in the Hundred of
eytor. Perhai *" * a * "" * "" "" ** "

may be intended

Hey tor. Perhaps Wolborough, or Mai borough, written Molborowe by Risdon,

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THE CHTJKCH GOODS COMMISSION TS DEVON.

247

by the commissioners that the saide . . .
shall pay for the saide crosse and besides
the said xv 8 to the use of the Kynges ma tle

Hundred de Stanborough

Parochia de one pyx of silver the value of xx 8 is lost by the

Diptford parishioners syns the last certificate for the

which is paid to the kynges ma tles use xx 8
Parochia de one crosse & one pyx specified in the last

West Alynton certificate and lying in the custody of Philip
Courteney gent was sold by the said Philip
Courteney before the last certificate for
viij 11 which viij 11 the said Philip hath nowe
paid to the lord commssioners

Hundred of Shebear

Parochia de One chalice specified in the last certificate is

Parkham lost, stolen by men unknowen, and the

parishioners have paid the sum to the kynges

commissioners

xuj 8 lllj a

Hundred de Tiverton

Parochia de one litle pyx specified in the last certificate

Tiverton is lost by the parishioners and they have

paid for the same to the kynges com-
missioners x 8

Hundred de Heyridge

Parochia de There was one sute of vestments of crymsin

Colompton velvett, one sute of blew velvett, and one

sute of green branched damaske specified in
the last certificate to be in the custody of
Sir John More knight one of the said
parishioners, which vestments be nowe sold
to the said parishioners for xlvj 8 viij d , one
pixe lost by the parishioners the value paid
to Thomas Harvey esqr v 8

Sum. xlvij 11 xix 8 ij d

(Folio 6) Received for the vestyments of all the whole

churches sold to diverse persons over &
besides the vestyments of cloth of gold and
tyssue as hereafter in every Hundred ap-
pereth the value of the same . . . vide-
licet . . .

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248 THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

The sum of money paid from each Hundred follows;
then the amount received for " candlesticks and crosses
of latten," then " vestyments of cloth of gold and tyssue."
As space is circumscribed these sums, not being of par-
ticular interest, are omitted : the list of vestments is as
follows : —

(Folio 7) Vestments of cloth of gold <& tyssue

Parochia de
Tawton
Parochia de
Kyngsbridge
Herberton

Dittysham

Parochia de
Kennton

Parochia de
Barnstaple
Parochia de
Towns tall
Parochia de
Salcomb
Parochia de Ide
Parochia de
'try St Mary 1
Parochia de
Crediton
Parochia de
Paynton
Parochia de
Mounkeley*
Parochia de
Lyfton

Parochia de Ken
Parochia de
Coliton
Parochia de
South boklonde*
Parochia de
Stafton*

Received one sute of vestyments of cloth of

tyssue wkmt cope.

Received one sute of vestyments of cloth of

tyssue w* a cope of the same.

one sute of vestyments of cloth of tyssue w* a

cope of the same.

One sute of cloth of tyssue w* cope of the

same.

one sute of vestyments w* a cope of cloth of

tyssue, one sute of white sylver all tynsell,

one pair of vestyments of the same.

one sute of vestyments w* ij copes of cloth of

tyssue.

One sute of vestyments w* a cope of cloth of

tyssue.

one cope of cloth of tyssue.

one cope of cloth of tyssue.
one cope of cloth of tyssue.

one cope of cloth of tyssue, one payr of
vestyments of cloth of tyssue.
one cope of cloth of tyssue.

one cope of cloth of tyssue.

one payr of vestyments of cloth of tyssue.
one payr of vestyments of cloth of tyssue.

one cope of cloth of gold.

1 Ottery St Mary.

* Buckland Monmchorum.

3 Probably Monkleigh, near Bideford.

4 Staverton.

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Parochia de
South Molton
Parochia de
Tottenes

THE CHUBCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

one cope of cloth of gold,
one cope of cloth of gold.

249

(Folio 8)

8 m 56 parcels.

(signed) P. Carew
Ga Carew
Anthony Harvey
Thomas Harvey.

The juels and plate of divers churches and
chapels within the said countie specified
in the last certificate hereafter particular-
rized appereth in every Hundred of the
saide countie now received by the said
commissioners.

Hundred de Wonforde

Hundred de Exminster
Hundred de Teignbridge

Hundred de Hey tor
Hundred de Cclyridge

Hundred de Stanburgg

xx chalices iij crosses x pixes ii j sen-
cers iij paxis ij shippes iiij cruetts,
also the lockynge part of one crosse
of silver yn the parish of Christow
con* xxix unces, and the higher
part of the same crosse beyng yn
the tow r of the same parish safely
to be kept was stolen away of late
by men unknowen as yet and the
parishioners that hadd the kepyng
of the same crosse be very poor
men.

ix chalices ix pixis vj paxis one
sencer ij cruetts of sylver.
xvj chalices iij sencers vj pixis iiij
cruetts one little bell iij paxis
ij crosses ij candlesticks of silver,
xix chalices viij crosses ix paxis
xiij sencers, vj shippes x pixis iij
cruetts i litel bell iiij candlesticks
iij boxis.

xxiiij chalices vj candlesticks vij
shippis x sencers xj pixis ix paxis
x cruetts vij crosses ij boxis, a
lokeside (?) for a paxe, ij litel
spones all of sylver for the shipps.
xxx chalices xij sencers iij pixis
iiij candelsticks one shippe 1
spone 1 paxe ij cruetts 1 boxe
1 litle crosse of sylver.

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250

THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

Hundred de Plymton

Hundred de Roborough
Hundred de Tavy stoke

Hundred de lyfton

Hundred de HerUonde

Hundred de Blaktoryton
Hundred de Shebbear

Hundred de ffremyngton

Hundred de Braunton

Hundred de ShertviU
Hundred de South Molton

Hundred de Witheridge
Hundred de Wynklegh
Hundred de South Tawton

Hundred de Crediton
Hundred de West budleigh

Hundred de Heyridge

Hundred de Tynton 1

Hundred de Bamton

Hundred de Hemyocke

x chalices iiij sencers iiij shippes

ij pixis ij paxis ij cruetts ij crossed

and one crosse of the parush of

plympton broken with certen plate

putt in a bagge which ammounteth

to the summe of cxlvij unces &

one litel crosse.

xj chalices 1 pyx.

ij chalices 1 pixe ij cruetts 1 sencer

1 shippe one crosse one litel cruci-

fixeof sylver.

viij chalices v pixis 1 paxe ij

cruetts of sylver.

vj chalices 1 crosse iij paxis

1 sencer 1 boxe 1 shippe of sylver.

vj chalices v pixis of sylver.

xiiij chalices ij cruetts ij paxis

1 sencer iiij pixis 1 boxe of sylver.

vj chalices iij pixis 1 candlestick

1 paxe of sylver.

xiij chalices iij pixis ij paxis 1

crosse of sylver.

vj chalices viij pixis of sylver.

xj chalices 1 crosse ij paxis ij

sencers 1 shippe viij pixis ij crueets

ij bands of two masers of sylver. l

vj chalices viij pixis of sylver.

nichill (nihil).

xij chalices vij pixis iiij cruetts

1 paxe.

nichill.

ij chalices iij paxis iiij pixis of

sylver.

ix chalices iiij pixis iiij paxes ij

crosses 1 candlestick 1 shippe

1 sencer of sylver.

iiij chalices 1 crosse ij candlesticks

ij sencers 1 shipp iiij pixis ij paxis

1 boxe ij cruetts vj sponys of

sylver.

iiij chalices iij paxis ij sencers

ij pixis 1 crosse ij candlesticks ij

cruetts of sylver.

ij cruetts i paxe iij pixis'of sylver.

1 i.e. mazers, wooden bowls with silver rims.

2 Tiverton.

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THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DBTON.

251

Hundred de Halberton
Hundred de Axmyster
Hundred de ColiUm

Hundred de 'try St Mary
Hundred de Est budleigh

Hundred de Clistow

iij chalices ij crosses 1 candlestick
ij paxis ij sencers i pixe of sylver.
vj chalices iij pixis iij paxis 1 boxe
of sylver.

viij chalices, iiij pixis ij paxis
1 shippe ij cruetts 1 oyle boxe
1 crosse 1 sencer half unce of
sylver ryng.
one chalice.

xj chalices iij cruetts ij sencers
ij paxis 1 shippe 1 pixe of sylver.
1 chalice ij pixis of svlver.

(Folio 10) Hereafter foloweth the plate juells and vest-

ments and the names of the persons who
have taken away the same and have nott
agreed with the said commisssioners for
the same, but order thereof is received
by the kings ma tle8 counsell.

Hundred de Heytor

Parochiade one sencer of sylver one shippe of sylver

Torre Mohun one oyle box of sylver too chalices of sylver

specified in the last inventory and before
the certificate of the same were sold by the
parishioners there for the sum of xl marks,
which money is bestowed by the parishioners
of and for the reparacion of Torre bey which
bey is a sure and good suretie for all shippes
and bottes yn tyme of stormys as well for
the inhabitants of the said parish as for all
shipmasters and also for all shippes of
merchandize and ffyschermen that sondray
tymes repayr to the same bey, which makes
the said commissionesrs refer to the kings
ma ties counsell.

Hundred de Exminster

Parochiade one crosse of sylver, one sencer of sylver

Dowlysshe 1 one shippe of sylver ij cruetts of sylver, one

cope of grene velvet specified in the last
certificate was taken away from the said
parishioners in the comocion tyme by one
John Stowell of Exeter nowe deceased, his
wife a very poore woman which mater is
also refered to the kings ma tles counsell.

1 Dawlish.

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252

THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

Parochia de one crosse of sylver w* ccxx unces, one pall

Exmynster of purple velvett sertified in the last in-

ventory was taken away from the custody
of the parishioners there by one Richard
Pomey (? Pomeroy) esquire being one of
the saide parish & for the recovery of the
same the kynges commissioners have sondray
tymes directed there people to hym to
appere before them at Exeter, to make
answer of & for the premises. Which thus
to do he hath and nott only refuse but
absents himself that he cannot be taken by
his body. Wherefore the matter is referred
to the kyngs ma tles counsell.

Hundred de BraurUon

Parochia de one crosse of sylver, one chalice of sylver,

Braunton one sencer of sylver one paxe of sylver which

was bestowed by the parishioners there
before the makyng of the first certificate
as hereafter f oloweth. First for the recovery
of the said juells which were stolen xx 11 and
the said parishioners delyvered and payd
to philippe chichester and Thomas Bery
for the reparacyon of the church vz to paye
certen workmen which had bargained with
the said parishioners for the reparacyon of
viij (payr of copies ?) yn the north part of the
said church which matter is also referred to
the kinges ma ties counsell.

Hundred de Est budleigh

Parochia de one challis the value of liij 8 iiij d was taken

Sydmouth away by one Symon white of Kings Lyme

in the countie of Dorset agenst whom the
commissioners did make no charge beyng out
of their countie, which matter is also referred
to the kings ma t,es counsell. Also one bell
the value of x 11 omytted out of the last
inventory and nowe presented by the
parishioners there which bell was given by
the parishioners to Mr Rychard Duke towards
the makyng of Ottermouth haven and the
same bell was bought of hym by Mr Raleigh
for x 11 which matter is also referred to the
kings ma tleB counsell.

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THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON. 253

Parochia de one bell the value of (sum omitted) whid^the

Otterton parishioners there gave to Mr. Duke before

the last certificate made, towards the
makyng of the haven of Ottermouth which
matter is also referred to the kings ma ties
counsell.
Parochia de One bell there sertified in the last certificate

Est Budleigh was given to Mr Duke by the said parish-
ioners towards the makyng of Ottermouth
haven. Also one crosse of sylver was sold
by the said parishioners before the makyng
of the last certificate. Also one crosse of
sylver was sold by the said parishioners
before the makyng of the last certificate
for xlv 11 whereof they gave to Mr Duke
xx 11 towards the makyng of the said haven
of Ottermouth, and with the rest they
bought a pece of ordynance called a Slyng
for the defence of the country the which cost
xx 11 and the same pece of ordynance is nowe
in the custody of the mayr of Exeter which
matter is also referred to the kings ma tles
counsell.

Hundred de Ermyngton

Parochia de iij chalices of sylver, one sencer of sylver

Modbury one spone of sylver too candelstycks of

sylver which juells were sold by Sr Arthur
Champernowne knyght for his necessitie
in the comocion tyme to serve the kings ma tle
which matter is also referred to the kings
maties counsell.

Hundred de Wonford

Parochia de one cross of sylver, the value of xvij 11 which

Heveytree crosse was delyvered to one John Toker of

Exeter safely to be kept to the use of the said
parishioners & one Bernhard Duvett yn the
comocion tyme toke by force the said crosse
from the said John Toker and doth reteyn the
same & the saide Dovett nowe remayneth
in ward yn the kings ma tles bench for dett.

Hundred de Teynbridge

Parochia de Too chalices one paxe of sylver omitted in

Ayshburton the last certificate was sold by the parish-

ioners att the comocion tyme for x 1! with the
which money they served the kings ma tie

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254 THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON.

against rebells for the preservation of the
towns of Tottenes and Plymmouth by the
commandment of the lorde of Bedforde
which matter is also referred to the kyngs
ma tles counsell.

Hundred de ffremyngton

Parochiade There is specified in the last certificate &

Toriton nowe the same mentioned before in this

certificate that there was certen juells and
vestments sold by the parishioners of Toryton
to Sir John Seyntledger knyght for xx 11
which money was paid before the makyng of
the last certificate to Thomas Harvey Esqr
one of the said comissioners to the kings
ma ties uge an( j a ^t that tyme considered by
the said parishioners to be of no more value.
And syns that tyme it hath been greatly
bruited by dyverse persons that the said
juells and vestments equelle of a more
greater value, besyde which briute to have
the true knowledge we dyrected 3 papers
to iiij of the onest men of the saide parishe
that is to wit Richard Davy, Richard Stokes,
John Andrew and Richard . . . which per-
sons doo confesse before us that the seyd
Sir John Seynt ledger receved of the saide
persons a crosse w* lxix unces, a paxe w*
viij unces, ij censers w* xlviij unces & iq rt ,
and j shippe w* x unces which in all am-
mounteth to j c xxxv unces and one quarter,
and further they confesse that the seyd S r
John Seyntledger hedde 1 sute of vestments
of cloth of tissue, w* ij copes and that they
were very old and of small value & to summe
of their knowledge they have hadd the same
things above lx vers. And also he hadd one
sute of vestyments of blew velvett w* iij
copes which be also old and much worne, and
also one sute of black velvett w* iij copes and
further they say that the said Sir John
Seynr ledger hadd no more juells nor vesty-
ments which the said parish in consideration
that Sir John Seynt ledger is yn London it
is referred to the kings most honourable
counsell.

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THE CHURCH GOODS COMMISSION IN DEVON. 255

Hundred de Colridge

Parochia de There is a pece of cloth of arras wrouthe with

TownstaU sylke & gold the value of one hundred marks

taken from the parishioners by one nicholas
Adams beyng of late of the saide parishe
and now abidyng in the Temple being one
of the same howse which matter is reffered to
the kings ma tles counsel!.

(End of folio 12)

(Folios 14 to 46) Hereafter foloweth the numbers of bells &
chalyces that remayned in the custody of
the parishioners of any paryshe in the said
countie and the names of them that have
the custodie of the said bells & chalices by
indent according to the kings ma ties com-
mission.

[These inventories are omitted in the transcription.]

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CONCERNING FLIES IN DEVONSHIRE.

BY MISS MARY F. C. BEIDSON.

(Read at Dartmouth, 86th July, 1911.)

The Diptera have been defined as " insects with a sucking
mouth, and with only two wings, which are membranous,
while the hind wings are represented only by a pair of
small knotted organs, called halteres." TJheir meta-
morphoses are complete, but I have only studied them
from nature in the perfect form, not possessing a micro-
scope. There are at least 3000 species of Diptera in the
British Isles, and of these Devonshire probably has a large
share, owing to the luxuriance of her vegetation, their
food generally consisting of decayed animal and vegetable
matter.

Certain Diptera, also four- winged flies such as the Ichneu-
mons (Ichneumonidce), seem to appear regularly in certain
months of the spring and summer, but cold or wet weather
may delay their appearance considerably, and in some cases
prevent it altogether. The summer of 1 910, being unusually
cold and wet, was remarkable for the small variety of
Diptera, up to late in September, when the short and sudden
burst of hot weather brought them out. Those Diptera
known as Drone Flies (Eristalis tenax) seem to be much
more sensitive to cold than many butterflies. I have
noticed that these flies will at once dart off, if, when resting
on a leaf in the sunshine, one's shadow touches them,
however gently they may be approached. In fact, when in
search of them along a hedge it is necessary to skirt it in
such a way that the pursuer's shadow does not herald his
appearance.

If a dozen, say, of the Drone Plies are caught, put under
a tumbler, and left in a room without a light, any one
entering quickly at night with a candle will see a curious

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CONCEBNING FLIES IN DEVONSHIRE. 257

sight. Huddled together as if they were trying to keep
warm, all the Drone Flies will be seen to be fast asleep
on the sheet of paper put under the tumbler, looking very
like waifs and strays on a doorstep. If the candle is held
near the tumbler they will at once awake and proceed
to make their toilet. This is done by cleaning their
heads, wings and bodies with their legs, and is most
interesting to watch, especially when they move their
heads from side to side, and turn them round in almost
a complete circle, rivalling the owl in that respect. It has
been said that Diptera and other flies are not so beautiful
as butterflies or moths, and that they are far more perish-
able. The first statement is, of course, a matter of opinion
— though no one oan deny that in many cases they are far
more graceful — but the second I beg to contradict. Flies
have none of that delicate bloom which imperceptibly
gets rubbed off butterflies or moths, and, with a few
exceptions, their colours keep remarkably well. This is
noticeably shown in the Ruby-Tailed Flies (Chrysididce)
which belong to the Hymenoptera, an order that includes
ants, bees, wasps, ichneumon flies, and a few others.
The Ruby-Tailed Flies are the most tropical-looking of all
British flies, most of the species being of an intense blue,
green or fiery red. They are lovely insects, and when •
flying about flowers or walls in the full heat of the sun,
as they are very fond of doing, look like floating emeralds
and rubies. I have three specimens in my own collection,
caught at least 12 years ago, and their colours are still
comparatively bright and vivid. They do not seem to be
very common in Devonshire, as I have only seen two of them
in the last five years, but that may be owing to the cold, wet
summers we have had ever since that of 1906, as they only
appear when the weather is very warm and dry. These
flies are all parasitic upon other insects, principally the
larvae or grubs of solitary bees and wasps. The Rev. J. G.
Wood, in his delightful book Insects at Home, gives a most
interesting account of the way in which the female Ruby-
Tailed Fly enters such nests to deposit her eggs, which
hatch into grubs that live on the young larvae already
inhabiting these nests. To show the wonderful per-
severance shown by the invader, Mr. Wood relates the
following incident observed by a French naturalist, which
I cannot do better than give in his own words. He " saw
a Ruby-Tailed Fly enter the nest of a solitary bee which

VOL. XLIII. B

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258 CONCERNING FLIES IN DEVONSHIRE.

builds in the holes of walls, while the bee was absent in
search of pollen, on which the young larvce were to feed.
She happened to return while the Ruby-Tail was still in
the nest, and at once attacked the intruder, who en-
deavoured to avoid her jaws by rolling herself into a ball,
after the fashion of her kind. The bee, however, per-
severed in her attacks, bit off all the enemy's wings,
dragged her out of the nest, threw her to the ground, and
proceeded to deposit her load of pollen in the cell. She
then flew off in search of a further supply, when the Ruby-
Tail, all mangled as she was, crawled up the wall, re-
entered the nest, and succeeded in depositing her egg,
which she pushed carefully between the pollen and the
wall of the cell, so that the bee should not see it on her
return."

Most of the flies belonging to the Hymenoptera are
parasitic upon other insects, and another interesting
family are the Ichneumons (Ichneumonidce), so called be-
cause they enact the same part towards various insects
that the ichneumon was said to act towards the crocodile.
They are parasites, and for the most part spend their larval
existence within the- body of their victim. One of the
larger kinds (Trogus atropos) preys upon the caterpillar
of the Death's Head Moth, and most entomologists are
but too well acquainted with it, as after carefully rearing
the caterpillar till it is full-fed, and ready to turn into a
chrysalis, it dies, and out of its body comes a fine black-
and-yellow Ichneumon Fly. Nearly all the Ichneumons
are very difficult insects to catch, as they seldom appear
in an open space (hovering over a flower, or reposing on
a leaf, conveniently ready for the net), but, instead of
that, flit about inside a hedge, and if disturbed, crawl
behind leaves and up twigs with extraordinary rapidity.
Even when caught, if there is the smallest hole in the net
they will find it out directly, and wriggle through it,
thereby escaping. They are most courageous insects,
besides being as slippery as the proverbial eel. When
catching flies I usually remove them from the net with
my fingers, preparatory to placing them in a ventilated
zinc tin, which forms their temporary prison, and I know
few insects more difficult to hold without injury. They
bend their bodies backwards and forwards, move their
tails up and down like angry cats, wave their long antennae
in the air, and open and shut their jaws, trying in vain to

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CONCERNING FLIES IN DEVONSHIRE. 259

bite. Quite small Ichneumon Flies will do this when held
forcibly, which is somewhat amusing, as even the larger
kinds with their more powerful jaws cannot break the
skin. Returning to the Diptera, an insect which is said
to be quite common in Devonshire is the Great Hornet
Fly (Asilus crabroniformis). This handsome fly, which
certainly looks very like a hornet, is the strongest, and
almost the largest, of all the British Diptera. It feeds
entirely on other insects, and even on bees. Being very
courageous as well as powerful, it has been known to also
attack Dragon Flies. This insect appears about the middle
of August, if the weather is very hot and dry, as, like the
Drone Flies, it loves sunshine and warmth, and certainly
seems to be somewhat scarce in Devonshire during a cold,
wet summer. In 1906, which was remarkably hot, I re-
member seeing as many as eight of these flies in one field,
during the space of about two hours ; last year I only saw
three, which did not make their appearance till late in
September, when it was warm and dry.

Catching the Great Hornet Fly is very like deer-stalking,
and often has the same result, the escape of the quarry
when it is just within the hunter's reach. Speaking from
experience, there are few things more trying to the temper
of an entomologist than to pursue a lively specimen
when the temperature is over 80° in the shade, especially
when the chase happens to take place up and down a steep
field, which is so dry that it is as slippery as glass. They are
very fond of settling on the ground, which makes it difficult
to see them when the grass has been burnt up by great heat,
as it harmonizes exactly with their brownish yellow wings.
When disturbed, they will sometimes fly a considerable
distance, as straight as a bee and almost as swiftly as a
bird. I have myself seen them fly over a hedge quite
20 feet high. When engaged in devouring another insect
it is sometimes possible to approach them close enough to
observe the operation. I once saw a Great Hornet Fly
settled on the grass, leisurely eating a large bumble bee,
which it was holding firmly with its two front legs, and its
beak plunged into the body of its victim. If one of these
flies is held forcibly in the fingers for more than a few
seconds, it will endeavour to release itself by pricking its
captor with its beak, which is very painful, and may cause
the finger to swell. So strong are they, that, apart from
this annoyance, it is a matter of some difficulty to hold a

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260 CONCERNING FLIES IN DEVONSHIRE.

large specimen at all. When at rest they fold their wings
completely over their body, thus hiding the black-and-
yellow markings which otherwise would make it very con-
spicuous. They are amongst the largest of the Diptera,
and I have a specimen in my collection l{ inches long.
They seem to be very quarrelsome, for if two of them are
put under the same tumbler they will fight vigorously
until separated, but without doing each other any apparent
injury beyond tearing the tips of their wings. When in
captivity this fly has a curious habit of raising one of its
two front legs in the air, and keeping it in that position
for hours, sometimes with one wing partly opened. This
is a trait which I have never observed in any other fly.

My collection of flies consists of about 270 specimens,
including over 80 species, all of which I have caught at
Dartmouth, in four fields and two gardens, so I think it may
be admitted that that is a very fair number of varieties to
be found in a limited area, and shows that Devonshire is
rich in insects as well as in flowers. An entomologist's
paradise is the picturesque little village of Lustleigh,
on the outskirts of Dartmoor. It is just 14 years since
I was there in a very warm May, but I shall never
forget the beauty of the scene in a large wood near the
village. At the bottom of this wood ran a moorland stream,
with a pretty waterfall and a little stone bridge. Innu-
merable caterpillars hung from the branches of the trees ;
shining beetles crawled over the soft moss which carpeted
the path by the stream ; white, brown, yellow, and blue
butterflies flitted over the gaily coloured flowers ; while
lovely Dragon Flies were darting about in the sunshine
in almost tropical profusion. It was principally the extra-
ordinary number of Dragon Flies which made the scene
a memorable one, as, though they are usually to be found
near a stream in warm weather, it is not often that they are
seen in such abundance. Even now I well remember three
of the species — the very large black-and-yellow Dragon
Fly (Cordvlegaster annulatus), the handsome powder-blue
species (Libellula depressa), and myriads of the slender,
delicate little blue (Calopteryx virgo, male), and also the
green ones (Calopteryx virgo, female), these two insects
bearing the pretty name of " Demoiselle." The fairy-like
Demoiselles had apparently so gorged themselves with
insects that they actually could be picked up in the fingers
from the flowers where they were resting. Added to^all

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CONCERNING FLIES IN DEVONSHIRE. 261

this were the turquoise-blue sky, the lovely trees in their
fresh green, the rich red soil of the fields, and the sparkling
silver sand on the banks of the rushing stream. Could
such a profusion of natural beauty in every form be found
anywhere but in Devonshire ?

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AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY.

BY T. J. JOCE.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th Jnly, 1911.)

An action at law, some years ago, in which the Newton
Rural District Authority was engaged, resulted, after a
protracted trial and great expense, in the decision that a
certain old track, now known locally as the Right-of-Way,
about a mile and a quarter in length, was an ancient road
to which the public had full right of access. This road,
marked in the Ordnance Survey, 'Supposed British
Road,' leads to a ford at the head of the Teign estuary
which it has not been possible to use since the formation
of the deep-water channel. The road from Penninn'is open
as far as Buckland Barton, but from the Barton to the
river it is still closed to the public.

It will, perhaps, be of interest to trace the road in each
direction and to see that it is not only as old as the Roman
invasion, but is probably an ancient thoroughfare, dating
from before the dawn of history in the island. We shall
find it in all conditions, frorq a state of complete alienation
to private purposes to the full traffic of a principal highway.

From the Teign ford, proceeding south-west through
Buckland Barton, we reach Penninn. The marshy lands
of the Aller stream, in earlier days more extensive than
now, have to be passed at a convenient spot, and we cross
the modern Torquay road just where an important estate
boundary lies along the lower side of Penninn Nursery.
From the gravel bank we cross to one side of the little
Deerpark Hill. The construction of the Great Western
Railway has made the exact spot uncertain. Nearly in
front of us, across the old Kingskerswell road, we face
the end of an old lane along the side of Blackball Planta-

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•^

British Trackway.

jljoce.

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AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY, 263

tion. There is also within the plantation evidence of an
old track roughly parallel. We are led up the rise of
AbbotskersweU Hill. Through gates in line we proceed
from Stan Parks toward the village, having a deep pack-
horse track at the left of the made road. There is a steep
descent with remains of cottages and narrow strips of
garden once squatted on the wayside. The road into the
valley is deep — many feet below the footpath. Crossing
the small stream by the turning to the church we have a
patch of wet meadow between us and the foot of Slade
Lane. The village street (and bridge) causes a short
detour.

The rocky ascent of Slade Lane is the old way out of the
valley on this west side. At the top there is a slight curve
due to modern changes, but we follow directly on across
the Denbury-Kingskerswell road at Gulland (or Gullan's)
Cross. Here we have evidence of age, for though the
Denbury and Kingskerswell road is an old one, yet it
makes a sudden turn to run for some yards along the
ancient track we are following before resuming its original
direction. The lane leads through a gate on to the open
top of Gotemhill, the hedge on our left being continued
right into the field. It is clearly seen that the hedge-wall
at the gate closing the way is modern work. Directly
across the hill we leave by a gate and are in a defined lane
crossing others in a curiously oblique manner, and at
* Causeway ' running into the course of the modern
Totnes road, constructed under the Totnes Turnpike Act.
The hedge at Causeway is seen to be precisely in line with
the old track at Conniford Lane, south-west of Ipplepen,
and the name itself points to a marked road of ancient
origin. A deeply-worn track is by the side of the metalled
road, and there are also several squatted cottages and
strips of tilled land by the side.

With scarcely a curve in the way, we are led to New-
house Barton, where the road is stopped suddenly by a
gate. But the track is not lost, for it leads clearly through
three gates in line by the farm-house, and in the grass of
the little field by the Am brook the hollow can be easily
discerned which leads us to the fording-place. Having
passed this, a fragment of hedge bars the way, but there
is a wide opening in it exactly in line, and we are led out
through another gate without change of direction in the
old road for Staverton ford.

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£64 AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY.

At the point where the road crosses the little River
Hems (or Hemps) is the boundary of three parishes —
Staverton, Broadhempston, and Littlehempston — and the
marking of a definite place on the road thus is interesting
evidence of antiquity. At Staverton village is a slight
turn, having its origin probably in a steep pitch of rock.
Again, keeping direction, we are led towards the ancient
bridge, but at Goulds the track passed through the orchard
gate immediately before us, along what is now the field-road
behind the house, and is just sufficiently raised on a
natural bank above the marshland of the river. It was
a matter of interest to find that observation on the spot
was confirmed by study of the oldest maps. The road over
the bridge and up to Huxham's Cross above Dartington
belongs, of course, to the bridge period. It is evident that
an important through-traffic way passed here, since we
find that this magnificent relic of mediaeval building, now
five hundred years old, is but the successor of a bridge
which had itself become ruinous by the lapse of years.

The way, then, behind Goulds leads us to the ford —
still accessible — a solid rocky bed giving a safe crossing
of the swift Dart, save at such times as the river is in
flood. The ford brings us over into a field still retaining
the name of Rattery Old Lane, a striking instance of the
permanence of name, as we may be sure that, the bridge
having existed for maaiy centuries, the fording-way has
passed out of use. Directly up from the ford a gate leads
us into Rattery Old Road, a grand specimen of an ancient
way, boldly pressing up the long ridge past Rattery. The
track is unbroken till the small stream Harbourne is
crossed at Marley. Owing to the formation of the modern
Exeter-Plymouth coach road we miss it for two hundred
yards. It lies through the fields of Marley Farm and is
again available as a little-used lane leading on to South
Brent.

Here, on the Brent Moor, it crosses the Avon and the
Glaze brook (or Glas brook), passing the grounds of Glaze-
brook House to the hamlet of Wrangaton, keeping high
on the foothills of the moor, in as purposeful a line as
possible. It brings us to join the course of the present
Plymouth road at Bittaford, and we have the line of old
and new in one to Ivybridge, where we cross the Erme.
At Torhill House the way is a parish boundary for a short
distance. We pass Woodland and Cadeleigh to Lee Mill,

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An ancient British trackway. 265

where we cross the Yealm. The part from Avon to Yealm
is prominently shown on the map of the Dartmoor
Perambulation at Exeter. It passes to the north of the
present main road till Smithaleigh is reached, and soon
after has the old Saxon name of Ridgeway. This, and
the fact of its being taken as a parish boundary, show its
antiquity.

Immediately after crossing the Plym at Longbridge,
leaving the main road, which bears away to the left, we
have an old lane immediately in front, passing up from the
river marsh into Egg Buckland parish, and of it no less an
Authority than the late Mr. R. N. Worth, f.g.s., says it is
one of the finest instances of an ancient, deeply channelled
Devonshire lane. Its name — ' Saltash Lane ' — is sufficient
■evidence of its purpose. We follow it to the north of
Widey, across the Plymouth-Tavistock road at Knackers-
knowle (Crownhill) to St. Budeaux, where it is again a
parish boundary which we follow right down the hill
towards the Saltash Ferry. It is lost in the fields in the
very sight of that broad water of the West which bears
the Celtic name — Ham Ouse.

Thus reaching the western limit of the county we leave
the old track to go on its line from the ferrying strand
north of the railway bridge at Saltash, through Landrake
to the mineral lands north of Liskeard and others also to
the far west of the Cornish peninsula.

Returning to the ford across the Teign, we may remark
that the very extensive marshland for miles up the river
would make this ford a most important one. On the
northern shore of the estuary the Ordnance Survey marks
a lane leading to the water — 'Supposed British Road,'
as on the south side. This passes through Ware Farm,
and by looking over the wall from the Teignmouth road
a well-marked fragment of road is seen with hedge on
either side. Exactly across the road the 'British' way
leads up the slopes of Little Haldon. Soon it is a well-
defined country lane, past the gate of Wood and by
Ashwell Cross directing us over the heath at the summit
table-land, and here its character — a rough flint track
over the open — being perhaps its unchanged condition
from the earliest days. For a very long distance it is the
boundary of Dawlish parish. After a long, straight
-descent to Dawlish Water it reaches Gulliford, where an

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266 AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY,

old road leads away at a marked angle to the settlement
by the Exe we know as Exeter. This road is of great
interest as well as being an ancient road almost out of use,
yet it is a more recent way than the one we are following
which leads to the ford of the Exe estuary.

Through the lapse of ages and the enclosure of land the
line is not so certain, but the gates through which we pass
lead to an ancient boundary stone near Middle Duckaller
Plantation and on to Cofford Mill, whence a long line of
hedge brings us directly to the end of an old, deep lane
of very marked character along the side of Easter Hill,
above the extensive Cockwood Marsh. Following this
past Staplake we curve eastward in half a mile to the
strand of the Exe, precisely at the ferrying-place we know
as Starcross. It must be remembered that the river has
changed its course between its banks perhaps several
times in the lapse of ages, also that the mouth of the
river was by Langstone Point. The strand at Starcros*
suits neither Lympstone nor Exmouth, the reason being
that it was the fording-place of a track which lay between
those two places.

Having reached the eastern bank we travel in a direct
line along the boundary by Courtlands, along Summer
Lane, past Point-in- View, having Backenhayes on left,
where the hedge is a parish boundary, straight through
Marley Woods, out on to Lympstone Common, where at
the guide-post the track is again a boundary. There is an
old track also by the side of the present road on Lymp-
stone and Bicton Commons. We follow the road to
Yettington — a boundary all the way — Hayes Barton
being a short distance to right. At Yettington the road
wanders slightly to Colaton Raleigh, where we are led
into a road making for the ford of the Otter at Harpford.

Now the great natural rampart which extends from the
Blackdowns to the sea-coast at Sidmouth is to be faced.
The way leads us up the winding track, Knapp's Lane,
which is, at the top, a boundary going along the east side
of Fire Beacon Plantation, in direction north by east, to
Hollow Head Cross. Several tracks converge into the old
way at White Cross. So on to East Hill, with road and
boundary by White Cross Plantation to Westgate Hill,
where three parishes meet on the track. This great
ridge is kept to in order to avoid the incredibly difficult
country of the tributaries of the Axe and the Dorset

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AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY. 267

country. The way appears to lead now into Combe Park,
Road Wood Copse, and Beech Walk and past Combe Farm.

It will be noticed that the line of mathematically
straight Roman road leads from Honiton towards Exeter,
and also that the Roman Fosse from Bath is a like accur-
ately constructed road to * the point where it runs
obliquely into the road on the great ridge of Windwhistle,
between Crewkerne and Chard. Now we have the un-
doubted fact that the Roman conquerors made use of a
way, for about seventeen miles, not of their own con-
struction, but having the small, occasional curves of a
non-military road, moderately direct on the whole, but
formed by use and custom. This is the direct way through
Stockland and we may be certain it is pre-Roman. Owing
to many road alterations near Honiton there is some
difficulty in marking its precise point of connection with
the track we have followed so far. There is also strong
evidence that an old track passed from Chinway Head,
along Farway Hill and so into the present main road, near
Cleverhayes Lane towards Stockland. 1

Brought thus to the Devon county boundary it remains
but to remark that the old track appears to be in great
part the London road, but not passing through Yeovil, and
by one side of Sherborne, through Milborne Port, by one
side of Shaftesbury, and up on the high chalk downs to
where were formed the vast earthworks of Old Sarum.
This line had to be taken to avoid the dense primaeval
forest of Selwood, an almost impenetrable barrier, and of
which Cranborne Chase is the southern remaining
fragment.

There are other ancient ways on the Wiltshire Downs,
one of the most important passing Stonehenge, in a
region full of Celtic or of even earlier remains. Ours,
like it, led to Farnham by the fragment of old way,
west of that town, still known as the Harrow (hoary, old)
Road. Eastward from this point it is well known, and
of late years has been accurately traced, being desig-
nated, since mediaeval times, The Pilgrims' Way. Its
course is along the southern slopes of the North Downs,
keeping clear of the great forest the Andredsweald,
near Guildford, Shere, Dorking, Reigate, Merstham, to
Canterbury and the Straits of Dover. Antiquaries of the
first rank acknowledge this to be a track dating from

1 Boundaries on track total about nineteen miles.

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268 AN ANCIENT BRITISH TRACKWAY.

British times and even earlier. Recent discoveries have
shdwn that there was, many centuries before the Christian
era, a close connection between this inland and the lands
of the iEgean Sea, and it may well be that the bronze
weapons and armour of many a classic combat were forged
from the precious ores brought by long trains of pack-
horses from the distant western mines over the hills and
dales of our own Fair Devon.

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THE LORD DYNHAM'S LANDS."

BY E. PEARSE CHOPE, B.A.

(Read at Dartmouth, 20th July, 1911.)

In a paper read before this Association in 1902 1 a brief
description was given of a general survey of " the lord
Dynham's lands," taken in 1566 for Henry Compton, esq.,
afterwards Lord Compton, and an analysis was made of
the part relating to the manor of Hartland.

As this survey contains other matters of interest, both
topographical and economic, it is now proposed to give a
general summary of the whole, without making any at-
tempt to deal with the other manors in detail, or to trace
their history step by step, as was done in the case of
Hartland. With this object in view, I shall first enu-
merate the different sections of the survey, with identifica-
tions and notes of features which seem to be of special
interest or importance, and I shall conclude with an
analysis of the " Customs and Remembrances " of the
various manors. Such historical references as may appear
to be necessary will be relegated to footnotes.

Part I. — Descriptive.

1. — The manor of Hydon 2 (Clayhidori) belonged equally
to John Arundell of Landherne, esq., Henry Compton,
esq., George Fourde, esq., and George Stovord, gent.
Being in the honour of Okehampton, the sum of 4s. 4d.
was paid annually to the bailiff of that honour " for a fee
by which the tenants may be free in all markets, fairs,

1 " The Early History of the Manor of Hartland," Trans. Devon. Assoc.,
xxxiv, 418-454.

* The manors of Olayhidon and Hemyock came to the Dynhams by the
marriage of Margaret, da. and h. of Richard de Hidon, to Joce de Dynham,
who d. 1301. In 1303 Margeria de Dyneham held in Hydon i fee (Feudal
Aids, i. 367).

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270 "the lord dynham's lands."

etc." A yearly rent of 4s. was also paid " to the Chapel
of Columbridge (Culmbridge), formerly a chantry, out of
the land and tenement called Brymley," and apparently
a further sum of 4*. to the Queen out of the same tenement.
Among the free tenants were John Wadham, esq., who
held for one knight's fee the manor of Newcoote (Newcott
and Hole), with common suit of court every three weeks,
and paid yearly 6rf. and I2d. for suit of court service ; and
the heirs of Peter Cortnay, knt., who held by military
service the manor of Colum Pyne (Culm Pyne), late
Larders, and paid yearly 2s. Two smaller holdings were
held by military service, with two suits of court — one by
the heir of Whitt (now Edmund Whyte), and the other
by Edward Syddenham of Dulverton, esq. (now Thomas
Sele and John Sowthill). The customary holdings in-
cluded Hesill (Heazle), Greatediche, Garlandeshayes,
' Hodgesplace, Woodyate (Woodgate), Lyllecombe, Aplyns-
hayes, Twynehayes, Bremleigh, Toowood, cottages called
Estoote, Thornecoote, Maggitscoote, and Gollakecoote,
and barton land called Bynley. One of the three con-
ventionary tenants had a holding called Greys, but the
other two merely held closes of barton land. The clay-
pits from which the manor gets its distinguishing prefix
are referred to as follows : —

" Thomas Acourt holds lez Cleypittes, taken yearly within
the manor, and formerly used to pay SL 13*. 4d., and now
pays instead 1/." There were apparently disused pits in
some of the customary holdings, one of which was planted
with " appul-trees." A corn mill, " with the water course
driving the same," is mentioned ; but this does not appear
to have been the lords' custom mill. Roger Collesworthie
held " one cottage newly built upon a certain parcel of
vacant land, wherein, lying in the southern part, is one
house called lez Churche-house"

The following woods are enumerated : Ridge wood (36a.),
Huydewood (20a.), Hygher Parke (36a.), Lower Parke
(25a.), and " a wood and common called the Cleves "
(20a.). The commons and wastes were Northye Downe
(60a.), " bounded from Marell Furches to a Borowe be-
younde Jennynges Corner adjoynenge to Hemyoke Com-
tnen, called Symondesborough Corner " ; Heselmore (16a.),
" adjoynenge to Hydon " ; Hydon Downe (70a.), " lienge
between the hedgh of the tenauntes of Hydon and Hem-
yok " ; Marell Moore (40a.), " Uenge adjoynenge to the

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"the lord dynham's lands." 271

Commons of Church Stawnton " (in Somerset) ; and the
Close (40a.) which " lieth in the myddes of the lordes
Tenementes."

2. — The manor of Hbmiok 1 (Hemyock) belonged equally
to the Lord Zowche, John Arundell, esq., Henry Compton,
esq., and George Fourd, esq. As in the previous manor,
there was an annual payment of 4s. 4d. % to the bailiff of
the honour of Okehampton " for release of the lords' suit
in the same, with 3d. for entry." There were two free
tenants, viz. Edmund Whitt, who held by military ser-
vice one tenement and one ferlingate of land, with two
suits of court, and paid yearly 1*., and John St, Cleere,
who held two ferlingates of land in Jackhey and Aishe-
combe (Ashculm), with two suits of court, and paid yearly
one pair of gloves or one penny. The customary and con-
ventionary holdings included Sheteldowne (Shuttleton),
Bubhayne, Symonsborough (Simons Burrow), Skerlettes-
hayes, Tedborough, Weston (Westown), Aishecombe (Ash-
culm), Newton, Allerhayne, Netherplace, Mounsheyes,
Okerford, Myllehayes, and Cockhayes.

This manor was the head of the hundred of Hemyock,
and we find from the following interesting entry that the
hundred court was held in the open air in accordance with
the ancient custom of folk-moots : —

Item, there [belongeth to this manor]* is a court commonly
called the Hundereth Courte of Hemiock, which is kept
every monyth at a hill thear, called the Hundryth Courte,
nye Thomas Rogers' tenement, and may be farmed for xxs.
at the leaste to all the Lordes.

There had been a castle, but this was already a thing
of the past, for " James Harwarde holds all the castle of
Hemyoke aforesaid, with all the apple garden within the
same castle, and pays yearly 4*.", and " Thomas Reynell
holds by copy one cottage next the Pounde, and one garden
and orchard called the Corte Garden, with the castle ditch
called the Castell Mote, containing 1 acre, and two closes
of land lying together called the Poole gardyns, contain-
ing 3 acres, and pays yearly 2s. 4d." 4

1 In 1303 Margaria de Dyneham held Hemyok " reddendo quando scutagium
currit ob. qa." {Feudal Aids, i. 366).

2 S#. Zd. cancelled. 8 Cancelled.

4 In 1822 there were still considerable remains. "The east entrance has a
pointed doorway, and there are remains of five of the towers, some of them
covered with ivy; one of them is about 20 feet in height" (Lysons, Devon,
cccxlvi).

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272 "the lord dynham's lands."

There is mention of a corn mill and a fulling mill, and
in one case a " bakehouse," though this may possibly be
intended for " backhouse," as in other holdings. One of
the tenants holding in Symonesborough had " reasonable
houseboote, hayeboote, fyerboote, and foldeboote in the
wood of Rigewood."

The woods enumerated were : Holcombe Wood (16a.),.
Horseparke (35a.), Oxenparke Wood (27a.), " whereof a
greate parte is clean ground," Strowde Wood (12a.),.
" wherein is no tymber," and Homewood (20a.) ; they
were all let to tenants. There were two commons, the
boundaries of which are given in detail (the first in Latin) :
(1) " There is in the same one common which is bounded
as follows, viz. a StUke burrugh going up southward as far
as the road called Prustespath, and so by that same road
as far as a certain place called Longe Crosse, and thence
as far as Bateserthe, between which divisions the lord of
Uffecullom (Uffculme) and his tenants shall have their
common. And the lord of Hemyok and his tenants shall
have their common as follows : common of pasture for
their animals of all kinds upon Hackpendowne, which ex-
tends to the divisions aforesaid southward from the
western side of the road called Prustespath to Longe
Crosse in the manor of Uffecollom aforesaid, from the feast
of Saint Michael the Archangel to the Purification of the
Blessed Virgin Mary, corn excepted." (2) " Item, theare
is one other commen belonginge to the said manor, lienge
in the northe parte of the said manor apon the Black
Downe from Jennynges Corner betwene the Brodeway,
and so alonge by the said way northe-west. But howe
farre the Tenauntes know not. But all the Commens
betwene the said wey and the severall landes of the said
manor of Hemyok, and as farre as the said severall londes
do lye, belonge onely to this manor."

3. — The manor of Whitkhbthfbldb 1 (W hit eheath field y
near Bradninch) belonged equally to Mr. Arundell of Land-
heme, esq., Mr. Compton, esq., and " the younge Northe-
leigh, within age." A chief rent of 4d. was paid to the
heir of Roger Blewett, knt., lord of the manor of Holcombe
Bogus, and a certain rent of Id., as in former years, to
the lord of Longeaker. There were no free tenants, but
there were ^customary holdings at Potteshayes, Owle-

1 This was held in socage for one pound of cumin per annum (Inq. p.m.,,
7 Hen. VI, No. 56 ; 36 Hen. VI, No. 39).

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"the lord dynham's lands." 273

combe, and Whittdowne (White Down), and one conven-
tional holding, including a cottage called Orimdich. The
last-mentioned was granted by indenture dated under the
seals of Elizabeth Lady Fitzwarren, John Arundell, knt.,
John Zowche, knt., and Edmund Carewe, knt., the 28th
day of November in the 3rd year of King Henry VIII,
to Thomas Eveleigh for the term of his life, and, on his
death, his two best animals in the name of a heriett, doing
suit of court in the same manner as the other tenants, on
reasonable summons ; and the charges of repairs of the
premises were borne by the said farmer by agreement, on
account of which he had in the same hayboote, fireboote,
foldeboote, and ploughboote, without barking or waste,
and houseboote for the repairing and rebuilding the houses
as often as might be needed in the opinion of the officials,
etc. There was one small wood called Heydownewood
(7a.), the herbage of which was in the tenure of the said
Thomas Eveleigh for the term of his life.

4. — The manor of Sowthbbrowkb 1 (Southbrook, in
Broad Clyst) belonged equally to the Earl of Bathe, Mr.
John Arundell of Landherne, Mr. Henry Compton, esq.,
and " the younge Predyaux, within age and the Queenes
ward." An annual payment of 1*. 3d. was made to the
lord of Brodeclyst " for a certain yearly rent and suit."
There were two free holdings, one of 60a. at Churchill,
held by Richard Penne and William Pursdon, and the
other of 18a., called Smalaker and Bromeparke, held by
John Wadham of Catherston, Dorset, esq. The only
customary holding was at Sowton, and the capital mes-
suage was held by John Faringdon, gent., as a conven-
tionary tenant.

5. — The manor of Offewell 8 (OffweU). The moiety of
this belonged to Humfray Gilbert, esq., the third part to
George Pourd, and the fourth part to Mr. Arundell and

1 In 1284-6 John Dinham held this for i knight's fee of Oliver do Dinham,
of Warin de Morcell, of Will, de Serveton, of Will. Crispin de Wolleston, of
Richard de Bello Monte, of the heirs of Roger de Valle Torta, of the Kin* in
chief. All the tenants held by the same service and the manor belonged to
the barony of Hurberton (Feudal Aids, i. 332). This agrees with most of the

subsequent Inquisitions, but in 1301 the jurors returned that Joce de Dynham
held of Eliz. Daune and the coheirs of the inheritance of Rufus de Morcell by
the service of one rose payable at the Feast of St John Baptist (Inq. p.m., 29
Edw. I, No. 56). In 1303 Margareta Dyneham held in Southbrok | fee (Feudal
Aids, i. 367).

1 In 1284-6 the heirs of Robert de Hoppewell (rectius Offewell) held 1
knight's fee in Offewell of Oliver de Dinham and Isabella his wife, who held
in dower of Hugh de Curtenaye, and the same Hugh of the King in chief by
barony (Feudal Aids, i. 330).

VOL. XLIII. S

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274 "the lord dynham's lands."

Mr. Compton. There was a yearly payment of 1*. ljrf. to
the bailiff of the fee of Okehampton for a fine of suit of
court, and two other payments as follows : —

Paid in to the Hundred of CoUiton for a fine
of suit of court . . . . . 2s. 3d,

Paid in to the lord of the manor of Wyde-
worthy for one pound of wax . . Sd.

The former payment may have been in respect of two
acres of meadow lying apart within the parish of Colyton,
called Wareham. The only free holding was a tenement
in Wilmington, which was held by the heir of Baron, and
paid 6d. yearly, with suit of court. There were also cus-
tomary holdings at Wilmeton (Wilmington), and several of
the customary tenants are said to have had parcels of
meadow "lying in the common meadow." Among the
" Customs " it is recorded that " ther is made sumtyme
lyme within this manor, and ther is paid to the lordes for
every pytt that is made upon the lordes landes, xijd."
There was " one wood of shere wood called the ragge, con-
taining by estimation 3 akers of 12 yeres growth," and
" one other wood of tymber trees, containing by estima-
tion 3 akers, whereof the tenauntes have tymber delivered
by the Reve for their reparations."

6. — The manor of Hbrppord 1 (Harpford) belonged
equally to the Earl of Bathe, Mr. ArundeU, Mr. Compton,
and "the younge Mr. Predyaux, within age and the
Quene's ward," except certain lands in Bowood (Bowd),
" whereof the said Predyaux hath ij partes and Mr.
Arundell & Mr. Compton the other ij partes." There were
two free tenants, viz. the heir of John Algood (now William
Lentall), who held for 6*. one ferling of land, containing
by estimation 16 acres, lying in Stovord (Stowford), in
the occupation of William Cooke, and served at court,
but by what service is not known ; and Thomas Haydon,
esq., who held " the moiety of the farm of Bowood," and
rendered yearly nothing but suit of court. There were
also customary holdings at Stovord and Bowood, and

1 In 1284-6 Olirer de Dyneham held this manor with Notewell (Nutweli)
for J" * * " "* ~ " -----
the]
1301

Devon and Boclande in Somerset, in
chief for 1 knight's fee (Inq. p.m., 29 Edw. I, No. 56), and in 1382 John de
Dynham held the manor of Harpeford in chief for J knight's fee (Inq. P.m.,
6 Edw. Ill, No. 69). Nutweli and Harpford had been purchased by Oliver
from the monks of Dinan in 1273 (De la Motte Rouge, Les Dinan, 175).

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"the lord dynham's lands/' 275

others at Burgh (Burrow) and Sowth Fenottery. These
holdings included barton lands called Yolland, Marelles,
Gryndelknappe, Sowthetowne, Waterleetes, Conygars,
Blakemoores landes, and Wolcombe, One of the cus-
tomary tenants, John Fulbrooke, held by copy a parcel of
the capital messuage of the lords, called ye HaU House,
with a garden at the back of the same, with le Beare, con-
taining in all 2 acres, and a stable and le Yatehouse, and
paid yearly 8*. 4d. Benedict Hillinge, one of the cus-
tomary tenants, held " the Warren of Herpford, lately lez
Cunyger" for a yearly rent of 3*. 4d. One of the holdings
included a fulling mill, and, as at Offwell, some of the
customary tenants held parcels of meadow lying in the
common meadow. There was one conventionary tenant,
who held " the fourth part of all that tenement or farm
called Bowood."

There was a wood of underwood (130a.) "sett with
short and small ookes of thage of xxj yeres, and is worthe
every aker to be sold xiij*. iiijd.", and another wood (5a.)
" with meane tymber ookes within the ferme of Bowood."
An unusual payment of 6s. 8d. was made yearly, " in
allowance made to the bailiff and woodward for the safe
keeping and oversight of the lords' woods within the
manor, as of old time," and a memorandum states " that
the tenauntes demande i]s. iiijrf. per annum towardes the
amending and repayring of the Lordes' were."

7. — The manor of Fennb Ottbrib (Venn Ottery) be-
longed two parts to Mr. Arundell and Mr. Compton, and
the other two parts to George Pourde, esq. A sum of
4L 4a. 9d. was " paid to our Lady the Queen yearly for
the fee farm of the manor, as has been accustomed to be
paid." * A certain number of the free tenants held in
socage, and did common suit, paying rent at the four terms
of the year, but others held according to the customs of
the manor, doing common suit, rendering relief and heriot
after death or surrender, and paying a yearly rent. One
of these holdings was in Colydon. The capital messuage
was held by Benedict Hillinge as a conventionary tenant
uuder an indenture, which was not shown by him, " be-
cause it was carried away in the time of the late rebellion
in Devon " (in 1549). His holding included " one close
called the Lynche, containing 18 acres, whereof the rector

1 This manor was ancient demesne, held in chief by sergeanty (Feudal Aids,
i. 325).

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276 "the lord dynham's lands."

of the church of Fenne-otterie hath 2 acres in the same."
To the mansion house belonged common of pasture for
300 sheep "upon the Downe at the Westhill from the
toppe of the West Hill downeward unto Hawker landway,"
but none of the free or customary tenants had any common
there within the same limits. There were no woods, and
the lords were not patrons, of the benefice.

8. — Lands in Newton Popleford 1 (Newton Poppleford).
The ownership of these is not stated, and there are no
" Customs and Remembrances." There were only three
customary tenants, who held by copy and paid an annual
rent in addition to a chief rent (capitalis redditus). One
holding included " three parcels of land lying by the
bounds called Landscores," with land of other persons,
containing 2£ acres."

9. — The manor of Nutwell 3 (in Woodbury) belonged
the fourth part to Mr. Compton, and the other three parts
to "younge Mr. Predeaux, the Queues Maiesties ward."
A rent of 1*. was paid to the lord of Lympston " for divers
tenants of the lords adjoining Lympston." There were
two free tenants, viz. Thomas Haydon, holding certain
lands and tenement in Combe for 7#., and doing suit of
court ; and the heir of Trevilian, holding certain lands and
tenement in Aford in the parish of Wythecombe Raleigh
for 168., without suit of court. Some of the customary
holdings were at Hill Exton and Sowdon, but in one case
at the former, where the lands were held without copy, it
is noted that " where they be situate, no man truly knows,
but meanwhile they are put here confusedly " (confusim).
Two of the holdings in this manor included a malt-house,
another included "hempland," and there were six fish-
houses called Sellers or CMers* lying next the sea-shore,
of which the dimensions are given in five cases, viz. 18' x
12', 20'xl6', 25 , xl6', 18'xl4', and 18'xl6'; in each

1 In 1284-6 this was held by Hugh de Curtenay of the King in chief
(Feudal Aids, i. 324).

3 See R. N. Worth, Hist of Devon, 10, 204, and Canon Brownlow, " Land and
Labour in St. Marychuroh in Saxon times " (Trans. Devon* Assoc, xviii. 434)*
There were also " landscores" at Ilsington and Woodhuish, and it is possible
that the names of two manors in Domesday Book, Landeshers and Lanchers,
indicate a similar tenure.

* In 1167-8 the sheriff of Deron rendered account of 14a. from Notewella,
the land of Holland de Dinan, and the men of Nutewella of Oliver de Dinan
rendered account of 2 marks, viz. Harding de Cumba 1 mark, and Derwin with
the community (or commoners) 1 mark (Pipe Roll, 14 Hen. II).

4 These were sheds for salting, keeping, and storing fish. See New English
Did. " Combe Cellars " on the Teign were probably for the same purpose.

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"the lord dtnham's lands." 277

case the rent was 4d. The demesne lands included a hold-
ing called Bassehayes, which was held without writing, at
will, and the capital messuage or mansion walled around
with a stone wall and in part newly constructed by John
Predyaux, esq., deceased, in which house Lord Dynham
and afterwards Lord Zouche dwelt. The grounds included
" one parcel of land, called Ponde-gardens, in which are
five pondes replete with carpes and tenches, containing 2
acres, one separate wood in which grow great oaks, ashes,
and elms, and. there is good pasture as well among the
trees as beyond, and it contains by estimation 10 acres,
now divided into three parts, and one marsh in which is
situated one wood planted with timber trees containing
1 acre, and so the marsh in all contains 2 acres." There
was also barton land in Combe.

10. — The manor of Hertland (Harttand). See Trans.
Devon. Assoc., xxxiv. 418-54.

11. — The manor of Doneckney (in Lanivery, Cornwall).

12. — The manor of Cardinham (Cornwall).

14. — Carburgus (? Carburrow in Warleggon, Cornwall).

14. — Cardinham Pee, i.e. the honour or barony of Car-
dinham. This section includes the following entries re-
lating to Devon : —

John Prouce of Chagford, and the heirs of
Bere in Huntsham, and Thomas Hext in
right of his wife, hold by military .service
in Ansty Crewes 1 (East Anstey), and do
suit (at Gretedich), and render for a fine
of suit ...... 12d,

Robert Yeo holds by military service in
Cotleigh 1 next Honyton in Devon, and
does suit as above, and renders for a fine
of suit I2d.

[Entered in margin : " St. Mary Church
Northallington 1 now John CofTyn."]

[Added in another hand : ** The heirs of
hold in Littell Modburie 1 in
Devon (1 knight's fee)* . . . 12d."]

1 In 1301 Thomas de Cyrocestre held of Joce do Dynham in Wodehywysche
and Seyntemariechurche If knight's fees, the heirs of Walter de Treuerbyn in
Modbyri and Alyngton 2 J fees, John de Cruwes in Ansteye Cruwes J fee,
Roger le Gyw in Cotteleghe ± fee (Inq. p.m., 29 Edw. I, No. 56), and in 1332
the heirs of William Martin held of John de Dynham in Seyntemariechyrche
1 fee, Richard de Chambernonn in Motbury 1 fee, Roger Prideaus in Alyngton
£ fee, and Robert de Cruwes in Anstye J fee (Inq. p.m., 6 Edw. Ill, No. 69).

* Added in another hand.

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278 "the lord dynham's lands."

15. — The manor of Bodbbdell (Botardel, in Treneglos,
Cornwall).

16. — The manor of Donterton 1 (Dunterton) belonged
to the Earl of Bath, John Arundell, esq., Henry Compton,
esq., and George Fourd, esq. A yearly payment of 5*. 6d.
was made to the honour of Okehampton in respect of
homage, etc., as appeared by the testimony of the tenants.
The free tenants held by military service with two suits
of court and, in most cases, relief of a specified amount.
In two cases the rent was only \d., and in two others 3d.,
in one of which one pound of wax could be paid as an
alternative. These holdings were at Wrikkeshill (Wrix-
hill), Escott or Estoote (Eastacott), Harestone (Hard-
stone), and Sherewyll (Sherrill). There were also cus-
tomary holdings at the same places, and demesne lands at
Escott, besides a dovecot and lands at Dunterton itself.
This manor had the right of free fishing in the Tamar.
The woods were as follows : Donterhowe (Dunterue) (75a.),
" planted with high oaks and birches of great height, of
the age of 70 years " ; Palmers Cliff (15a.), similarly
planted 40 years ; Lowsye Cliff (6a.), ditto ; Cartha-
martha (4a.), ditto ; and Horston Wood (8a.), 50 years.

17. — The manor of Ilsttngton* (Ilsington) belonged
one half to Mr. Arundell and Mr. Compton, and the other
half to Mr. George Fourd. A yearly payment of 4s. was
made to Mr. Fourd. " for the lands late Reynoldes for a
certain free rent due beyond this manor," 6s. Sd. to the
bailiff of Plympton "for a free rent bought out of this
manor, with 2d. for entry," and 3d. similarly to Hugh
Pomeray "for one pound of wax owing to him beyond
this manor." Some light is thrown on two of these items
by the following entries among the customary holdings : —

William Prowse holds without copy one
holding with a garden and one ferling of
land, containing by estimation 30 acres,
but he does not know where they are,
because they lie among the lands of the

1 In 1428 Johu Denham held £ knight's fee in Dounterton, which Thomas
de Courtenaye formerly held there (Feudal Aids, i. 493).

* In 1284-6 Oliver Dynham held Ylstyngton and Aynokesdon (Ingsdon)
for 1 knight's fee of Richard de Bello Monte, of Isabella Countess of Devon,
of the King in chief {Feudal Aids, i, 339). In 1332 John de Dynham held
the manor of Ilstington of Hugh de Courtenay for } knight's fee, and Hugh
held of the King by the same service (Inq. p.m., 6 Edw. Ill, No. 59).

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"the loed dynham's lands." 279

lords and of George Fourde, esq. [they
are therefore placed here confusedly ;
and renders] 1 18s, 2d.

Note that for this the heirs of Reynolds
will pay . 4$.

Henry Pomeray, gent., holds to him
and his heirs common for his tenants in
the lords' waste called Hethfeld, and
renders yearly two days harvest service
for eight men ; they get for the same a
drinking once in the day ; or in money
he is arrented in . . . . 2s. 8d.

Several of the free holdings were held by George Fourd,
esq., some by military service, with common suit every
three weeks, or two suits of court yearly, and some in
socage with two suits. In one case the rent was one pair
of white spurs price 12dL, or 12rf. in money. These hold-
ings were situated at Ilstyngton, Gaverick, Lownston,
Pyncheford, Coleswey, Smalacombe, and Crastland. A
parcel of land called Bridgeland was held by military ser-
vice, with two suits, for one penny.

The customary holdings included Honywell, Stabeldon,
Lownston, Sowth-Longston, Est-Langston, Lende (Lenda),
Woodhouse, North Comb, and Oldatowne. The demesne
and barton lands were mainly at lez Bore (Rora), but
George Pourd, esq., himself held the capital mansion or
house called ye Manor Place of Ilstyngton, with all houses,
buildings, gardens, and orchards belonging to the same,
for a rent of 2*. Sd. He held also " one mill called a knok-
kinge myU (i.e. a fulling mill) in Levaton (Liverton), late
in the tenure of Peter Woodleigh, formerly under the rent
of 10*." One of the customary holdings included a corn
mill, and another a bakery (pistorium), and one of the
demesne and barton holdings also included a " bake-
house."

The Churchwardens hold one house called
a Churche-hou8e, containing in length 100
feet and in breadth 24 feet, and pay
yearly to the lords of the manor afore-
said Is. 4d.

This was " granted to the parish by indenture for the term
of 99 years for a fine of 6Z. 13*. 4rf."

The customary holding of Agnes Orchard included

1 Added in another hand.

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280 "the lord dynham's lands."

"divers parcels of land called lez Shotes, lying in the
common about the bounds called lez londscores with the
lands of William Dyggen, customary tenant of this manor,
containing in all 30 acres of land in the common of Idetor-
downe " (Haytor Down) ; and Hugh Dyggen also held
" divers parcels of land lying together about the Londscore
next Idetordowne, containing in all 60 acres."

The boundaries of this waste were as follows : " From
Prowce's mede ende goinge Sowthward by a wale or an
olde dyche towardes Crondell unto the landes of George
Fourde, esquier, called Groftlondes, and from thence by
the wale by the Sowth syde of Bynchen ball, turnynge
over in the myddes of Smalamore into the west towardes
Lether torre almost, and from thence turnenge North
goinge to a Rever beinge a bonde betweene the manor of
Ilstington and Omsworthye (? Hemsworthy), and from
thence Northwardes to a Stone lyenge in Colmore, and
thence going North to a Browke called Halwyll browke,
and so downewardes by the seid Browke beneth Grettor
Bridge unto a great stone standing in the seid water called
the Horse-showe, beinge a bond betwene the Manor of
Ilstyngton and the Manor of Manaton, and from thence
Estwardes towardes the syde of Greate Torre (Grea Tor)
unto a stone called the Horse-showe, and from thence Est-
wardes to a wale beinge a bond betwene the Manor of
Ilstington and the Manor of Bovy Tracy, and so from
thence Estwardes by the north syde of Blackaball, and
from thence Estwardes to Owlacomb Borowe, and from
thence Estwardes to a lane ende ledinge up from a tene-
ment of the lordes of this manor called Myddell Cott."

18. — The manor of Notttsworthy l (Noteworthy, in
Widdecombe-in-the-Moor) belonged one half to Mr. Arun-
dell and Mr. Compton, and one half to Mr. George Ford,
All the tenants, except one customary tenant, were free-
holders, but their tenure was peculiar, as is shown by the
following entry : —

" Richard Clanaborough holds one tenure containing one
ferling of land in Treley, by military service, with common
of pasture for all his cattle about the whole demesne of
Nottisworthy, and does common suit every three weeks,

1 In 1303 the heir of Oliver Denant held in Notteworth \ Mortain fee of
the honour of Oardinan {Feudal Aids, i. 348, 392). For an explanation of
** Mortain fee " see Victoria County History of Devon, i. 670.

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" THE LORD DYNHAM'S LANDS." 281

and (renders) relief, in which case he pays twofold, such is
the custom as appears by the old court rolls, with suit at the
lords' mill ; and pays yearly 4*. [and two geese, or 6d.] " l

Each tenant except one, who only paid one penny for'
rent, had to contribute two geese [four in one case], or 6c?.,
in addition to his rent. Other holdings were at Pyttinge,
Atteston, Hyngeston, Pettelond, Esaford, and Broketon.
The customary tenant, Peter Langworthy, held at will.
The common of pasture was on a great waste called
Hameldon, and the position of the customary tenant's
lands is defined as follows : " Memorandum the foreseid
landes in the occupacon or tenure of Peter Langworthy
lyeth in the north parte of the Churchway that lyeth
between Blakadon vyllage and th' enheritaunce land of
the said Peter in the Sowth-est parte, and ye Commens
of Blakadon lyeth in the North-est parte, and a medowe
in the tenure of John Mordon lyeth in the west parte, the
walles of an old house sumtyme a Blowynge house (for tin)
lyenge without the hedgh of the said ground." According
to another note, " ther be Mynes of Tynne within this
manor, but the lordes have no Toll thereof, because ye
oustomes of Stannery of Devon is to the contrary." 2

The boundaries of the waste were as follows : " From
Hugston leadinge alonge by a certen rewe (hedge-row) of
the North parte unto Smalecomb, and from thence alonge
by the water of Smalecomb unto Smalecomb-hedde. And
so from thence unto Hollake necke of the North parte, and
from thence unto the Thre Boroughes, and from thence
unto Fyerbicken f the West parte, and from thence to-
warden the East alonge by Greyston to Colemoorehedde,
And from thence to Vome Borough, and from thence unto
a dyche in the North parte of Bagge parke of the Sowth
parte, and from thence alonge by the arable landes of the
Tenementes there of the East parte, towardes the Northe."

19. — The manor of Woodhuys 8 (Woodhuish, in Brix-
ham) belonged one half to Mr. Arundell and Mr. Compton,

1 Added in another hand.

9 In the Cora it h manor of Botardel the tenant* "do present that there be*
longeth to this manor Toll Tynne in Redmore, hallegrasse, saddellbacke, and
Tregaron Moore, and the seyd Toll is made at the ivj^ dyashe, and for the
levyenge and gatheringe of the same the Tenauntes do nse yerely amongest
thevmselves to chuse one to gather unp the said Toll, and is called the Toller,
And the same Toller hath yerely allowed for doinge of the said office iiij*
viu d for Sackes."

* In 1284-6 Johanna do Girencestre held Wodehywis for $ knight's fee of
-Saint Mary Chirch of the fee of William de Cirencestre, who held both for

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282, U THB LORD DYNHAM'3 LANDS."

esqs., and the other half to George Ford, esq. There were
two free tenants holding by military service and suit of
court, viz. John Gilbert, esq., at Roster Combes, 1 and
Humphrey Walrond of Brodefeld, esq., at Bowey (Boohay).
The customary holdings were mainly at Woodhuish itself ,
but " the landes of this manor for the most parte lyeth
by londes score in twoe commen feldes." The average
allotment for each ferling holding of " arable land lying
at large in the fields and lez Breches " was 27 acres, the
total amount enumerated being 652 acres. The tenants
presented that the lordes " ought to have wracke by the
See against the landes of this manor, as farre as any wracke
maye happ* or come by water towardes the Soyle of this
manor." William Harris, John Badge, Robert Williams,
and Isabel Hengeston held the common oven called ye
Comen oven in Woodhuys, and each paid 4 Jrf. William Pays
held one quarriage of stone, " wherever he can find the
stones called Shingill-stoones ; he was formerly wont to pay
108. 4d. f and he now pays 5*." There was one wood (10a.>
" of Sherewood, of Ookes of 20 yeres growthe or there
aboutes," the grazing of which was let for 2*.

20. — The manor of Kingescarswell 2 (Kingskerswell)
belonged to the Earl of Bathe, Sir John Arundell, Sir John
Zouch, and Mr. Compton, esq. Humphrey Specott and
John Holbeame, esqs., held freely in Aller by military
service, viz. one knight's fee, and suit of court here every
three weeks, and they gave of relief when the occasion
arose 51. , paying therefor yearly I id. And they held one
" myllwere " in the same, paying yearly at Michaelmas 6d.
John Quarme, lord of Woodhouse next Kingsbridge, paid
to the lord of the manor aforesaid a certain yearly rent
bought out of the same manor of Woodhouse, at Michael-

1 knight's fee of Oliver de Dinaunt, who held of the Earl of Cornwall by the
same service, and the Earl of the King in chief (Feudal Aids, L 816). In 1301
Thomas de Cyrecestre held of Joce de Dynham in Wodehywysoh and Seynt-
marychurch 1J knight's fees (Inq. p.m., 29 Edw. I, No. 56), and in 1346
Thomas de Cortenay held 1 fee in Wodehywyssh of the honour of Gardinan,
which Thomas de Gyrcestre formerly held (Feudal Aids. i. 891). In 1428 this
had been divided into two parts, one of which was held by John Denham for
| Mortain fee (Feudal Aids, i. 491).

1 In 1303 Gwydo de Restercomb, and in 1346 Nicholas Restercomb, held in
Restercomb | Mortain fee of the honour of Cardinan (Feudal Aids, i. 848, 391).

3 In 1428 John Denham held J fee in Caresewill Regis, which Margaret
Mules formerly held (Feudal Aids, i. 492). In 1284-6 Roger de Mules held
the manor for £ fee with the hundred of Haythor of the King in chief by the
service of one pair of gilded spurs, price 6d. (Feudal Aids, L 318).

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"the lord dynham's lands." 283

mas, 11. 16*. Od. 1 Most of the customary holdings were
at Kingskerswell itself and at Barton, for " all the Barton
lande of this manor is holden by Copy, and hath ben so
holden tyme out of mynde, and for that landes there is no
heriott nor farleff paied." One of the customary tenants
paid "one cock," in addition to his rent in money,
11. la. 5|d.

"The said lordes hath a hundreth called the Hundred of
Haytor, within which be diverse Tythinges and villages,
and do owe sute hundred, and payeth certen money et
cetera."

William Bennett held without copy one corn mill with
appurtenances in Kingescarsewell itself, and Philip Steare,
gent., held at will one corn mill called Dypford-myll, lying
at Dypford." As at Ilsington, the churchwardens held
" the ecclesiastical house called the Churchehouse, con-
taining in length 60 feet and in breadth 18 feet, containing
8 couples, and one small close called the Parish-garden,
containing by estimation 1 acre," and rendered yearly
68. Sd. ; but, instead of being granted to the parish, it
was granted to Nicholas, son of John Codnor, for a fine of
11. 138. 4d., and the reversion was granted to Richard, son
of John Ball, for a like fine. Most of the customary tenants
held a few acres of land on Milberdon, which was appa-
rently unenclosed, though there is no indication of its
being a common, except in connexion with the capital
messuage, which was let to two customary tenants, " with
common upon Milberdon, and all repairs at the charge of
the said farmers." The buildings in connexion with this
included a " Powndehouse " for making cider, the only
mention of such a building, and another of the customary
holdings contains the only mention of a " shepeyne " or
cow-shed. One holding had one acre of " brome," another
" a splott of land called a Hemplond, containing half a
rood of land," and a third a herbary.

21. — Lands in Langeford Lester 8 (Lang ford, in Ug-

1 In 1428 John Dynham held an annual rent of 9/. of the King in ohief by
socage, proceeding from various lands in Wodehous (Inq. p.m., 7 Hen. VI,
"No. 56), and in 1457-8 John Dynham held an annual rent of 869. from lands
and tenements in Wodehus, but the jurors said this was not held of the King,
though of whom it was held they did not know {Inq. p. m., 36 Hen. VI, No. 89).

3 In 1428 a mill in Dupeford was held of the King in chief by socage {Inq.
p.m., 7 Hen. VI. No. 56).

* In 1429 John Dynham, knt., received rents for Wrey, Langford and
Wodehouse (Inq. p.m., 7 Hen. VI, No. 56), and in 1465 Philippa Broughton,
wife of John Dynham, rent of Langford Lester manor (Inq. p.m., 5 Edw. IV,
No. 18).

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284 " THE LORD DYNHAJd'S LANDS."

borough). This entry was inserted in a later hand, and
contains only the following : " Memorandum, that the
lord of the manor aforesaid renders for a certain yearly
rent of the heirs of Lord Dynham for the lands aforesaid,
as of old time he was wont to pay, 5J."

22. — The manor of Wreyland 1 (Wrayland, in Bovey
Tracey, adjoining Lustleigh). Here there were only
customary holdings, those specially named being at
Middell Yeo, Kelleigh (Kelly), and Wrey. There is no
indication of ownership, but the " Customs " record that
the lords had free fishing in the river (the Bovey).

23. — The manor of Madford Dynham* (Matjord, in
Alphington). In this case there is no indication of owner-
ship, but there were five free holdings, in respect of the
first of which there is the following curious entry : " The
heirs of John Bodleigh, gent., hold freely in the same
certain land and tenement, formerly Humphrey Moore's,
by what service they hardly know, but they render yearly
17*." The others apparently held by military service and
common suit of court. The capital messuage, the dwelling-
house of which was newly constructed, was held by George
Norleigh, gent., and there were two other customary hold-
ings, including a water corn mill.

24. — The manor of Corston Dynham (Corton Denham,
in Somerset).

25. — Lands in Budleigh. These were three holdings
only, one of which only paid 6$. Sd. yearly to Robert
Denys, knt., so it is difficult to see why it was included
in this survey.

26. — Fines of Lands. This section is a summary of
all the fines made in the lands, possessions, and heredita-
ments of Henry Compton, esq., by the three commis-
sioners, overseers, and stewards by virtue of the com-
mission under which the survey was made.

1 This first appears in connexion with the Dynhams in 1429 (Inq. p.m.,
7 Heo. VI, No. 56), and it also occurs in 1457-8 {Inq. p.m., 86 Hen. VI, No.
39). It was held of the King in chief by socage.

2 In 1303 this was held by the heir of Oliver Deneham for J fee, and in
1346 by John Dynham of the honour of Okehampton, which Margaret de
Dynham formerly held (Feudal Aids, i. 345, 385). This manor must not be
confused with Matford in Exminster, which was also held by the Dynhams
(Feudal Aids, i. 346, 389, 482), but is not included in the Elizabethan survey.

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THE LORD DYNHAM'S LANDS." 285

Part II. — Customs and Remembrances.

Perhaps the most interesting, and the most valuable,
feature of the survey is the "Customs and Remem-
brances " which are given in connexion with nearly every
manor. To avoid repetition, it is proposed to take the
typical manor of Clayhidon, and deal with this feature
clause by clause, comparing them with the corresponding
clauses in the other manors. In each case a short title
has been prefixed to indicate the nature of the subject-
matter, but the clause itself is quoted verbatim.

1. — Ownership. " Memoranda That the same Manor of
Hydon belongeth to fower lordes, viz. John Arundell of
Landherne esquier, Henry Compton esquier, George
Pourde esquier & George Stovord gent., and the rents
and perquisites of courtes and all casualties belonging to
the same Manor shalbe equally devided emongest the seid
fower lordes."

The question of ownership has already been fully dealt
with in the previous part of this paper.

2. — Manorial Courts. " IVm the Tenauntes do present
that the seid iiij er lordes maye choyse a Steward, and
maye kepe fower Courtes every yere, viz. ij leete Courtes
and ij Courtes of the Manor."

The courts were the same in number at Hemyock, Harp-
ford, Nutwell, Hartland, Ilsington, and Kingskerswell,
but at Nutwell and Hartland the leet courts are called
" lawe dayes," at Kingskerswell there are stated to be
" twoo lawe Courtes and two other Courtes," and at Il-
sington the courts of the manor are called " Court Barons."
At Whiteheathfield, Southbrook, and Offwell the lords
might keep two courts every year, and at Dunterton and
Woodhuish they might keep a court baron every three
weeks. In several manors no mention is made of the
steward, but presumably such an official was always chosen
by the lords to preside at the courts. Venn Ottery had
special privileges, being held directly from the Queen by
ancient demesne, for not only might the lords keep courts
there every three weeks, but also these courts had appa-
rently extraordinary powers, for it is recorded that —

" this Manor of Fenneottery is Auncient demesne, and in
the Courtc of this Manor are tried rccons, as well reall as

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286

personal!, and in the seid Courte are tried the title of all landes
holden of this Manor upon writes of right as at the comen
lawe."

3. — Franchises and Perquisites of the Court. " Also the
seid Lordes doo prescribe to have all wayfes, Strayes,
felons' gooddes, and all other proffettes and Rialties be-
longinge to the seid leetes & lawdayes."

The perquisites were practically the same at Hemyock,
Harpford, Nutwell, and Hartland, but only waifs and
strays are specified at Venn Ottery and Natsworthy. At
Dunterton the entry is in Latin, which is very unusual in
these " Customs " : —

" There belongeth to the said manor view of frankpledge,

estrays, assize of bread and beer, correction for bloodshed

(emendatio sanguinis), gallows, court baron every three

weeks, and free fishing in Tamar water."

The view of frankpledge and assize of bread and ale are
also specified at Hsington, and the former at Kin gskers well.
At Wrayland there is the following entry : —

" Memoranda that the lordes of this Manor hath a lete,
felons' goodes, wayves, strayes, fire fysshing in the Ryver
(Bovey), assise of bredd and Ale, and all thinges belonging to
a ffree lybertye, and this tethinge lyeth within the hundred
of Haytor."

At Woodhuish the lords had the right of wreck of the sea. l

4. — Advowson. " IV m the Benefice & parsonage of
Hydon is of the Patronage and gifte of the seid iiij" lordes
(cUterius victims) and oon John Swayne 2 is the Incumbent,
and is of lx yeres, and yerely valewe of the seid benefice
is xxxij/. and upwardes."

John Swayne was also incumbent of Hemyock, " and
the seid parsonage is of the clere yerely valewe of xxxijZ.
iiija. [& is worth per an' 1 ft.]." * At Offwell " the lords
of this manor are Patrons of the Churche of Offewill, and
may geve the benefice, and oon Richard Gill, clerk, of the
age of lx yeres, is Incumbent, and the sayd parsonage is
of the yerely valewe of xx ft," A marginal note in Latin
states : " As appears in the old book, the aforesaid advow-
son is in the property of the heirs of Dynham, Cheynye,
and Norburye." At Harpford " the parsonage is impro^
priatt to Mr. Richard Duke, esquier, as in tymes past
belonging to the house of Syon." At Dunterton " Advow-
son of church worth per an' 13Z. 6s. 8d., and John Anderdon,

1 See p. 282. 2 " Mawtrevers " cancelled. * Apparently added later.

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"the lord dynham's lands." 287

aged 50, is the incumbent [and 61. 13*. 4d. as enumerated
in the Queen's books]." x

5. — Heriots. " Ifm every Tenaunt that shall dye
seased of any land after the custome of the Manor, shall
paye for every tenement a heriett, viz* the best beast
(optimum anirnalium), and so likewise shall every wydowe
after her death, & after forfaiture by mariage, and every
tenaunt after Alienacon or surrender shall paye heriett,
as he shall upon death [And upon every cotagier shall be
yelde a heriott apon hys said death]." 2

This clause was practically the same at Hemyock,
Whiteheathfield, Southbrook, Offwell, Harpford, Hartland,
Ilsington, Kingskerswell, and Wrayland, but at Kings-
kerswell "all the Barton lande is holden by Copy and
hath ben so holden tyme out of mynde, and for that landes
there is not heriott nor farleff paied." At Nutwell pay-
ment is to be made "for every Tenement & half Tene-
ment," but no mention is made of the widow ; and at
Woodhuish payment is required "for every farthinge &'
half farthinge of landes." At Venn Ottery

" none of the Free tenauntes can make any Alienacon of
their landes, or of any parte thereof holden of this Manor,
but in the Courte, and paye upon every Alienacon according
(to) the tenure of the seid landes [some ther best beast, some
otherwyse in money]." *

At Dunterton it is recorded in Latin that " every tenant
upon death or surrender giveth for every holding one
heriett or farlieve," etc.

6. — Surveys and Fines. " IV m every of the seid fouer
lordes maye kepe a Courte of Survey at his Pleashur, and
may lett the his owne iiij* 1 * parte or propertie of every of
the seid landes and Tenements for suche fyne or fynes as
the takers and they can agre upon."

The same at Hemyock, Whiteheathfield, Southbrook,
Offwell, Harpford, Nutwell, Hartland, Ilsington, and
Kingskerswell.

7. — Widow's Estate. " Ifm every wydowe whose hus-
band dyeth seased in any customary landes, she shall have
the same after the custome of the manor as longe as she

1 Added in Latin. 9 Added later. ' Added.

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288 "the lord dynham's lands."

shall leve Soole & chast in wydohoode, and shall paye
heriet as is afore mencioned."

This custom of " free-bench " obtained also at Hem-
yock, Whiteheathfield, Harpford, Nutwell, and Dnnterton.
At Hemyock the following clause was added later : " & at
manage of a wedoo heriett is payde lykewyse," and at
Harpford " but one that taketh in revercon & comyth to
the tenement, his wyfe shall not have wedoo's state, except
he surrender, & so become tenaunt directly in possession.'*
At Ilsington and Woodhuish it is merely stated that " the
wife of every Customarye Tenaunt dyeing seased of Cus-
tomary land of this Manor hath her wydowe's estate," and
at Kingskerswell " wief to have her wydowe's estate." At
Hartland "no widowe after the death of her husband
shall within this manor clayme widowe's estate in any
landes or tenementes in which her husband shall dye
seased, but yf she be named upon the copye, then to hold
hit duringe her lyef, and may marry without licence, and
most paye heriett at her death, as other tenauntes doo."

8. — Customary Tenures. "Ifm they present that the
custome of the same Manor is, & tyme out of mynd hath
ben, that the lordes make grauntes by copye after custome
of the Manor of any of the custome landes, for terme of
twoo lyves, as well to twoo in possesson as to twoo in
reverson."

At Hemyock the lords could grant " for terme of twoe
lyves, or one in possesson and so likewise in revercon [one
or two and not above, and a wedoo standeth for one in
possession during her estate]." l At Nutwell " the state
to be at most but for thre lyves, eyther in possession or in
revercon," and at Dunterton "all customary lands and
those lands which were before let by copy for a term of 1
life, 2 or 3 lives." Three lives was the term at Offwell,
Harpford, and Hartland, two at Whiteheathfield and
Southbrook, one only at Ilsington, and at Woodhuish and
Wrayland " one lyfe only in possession and one in rever-
con." At Kingskerswell a change of custom is indi-
cated : —

" hit appereth by olde auncient Copies that the Custome
of this Manor was to take the Customary & Barton landes
for terme of twoe lyves, but nowe the Tenauntes do affirme
that the custome is to take but for terme of oon life only."

* Added later.

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289

9. — Service at Courts. " Ifm the Tenauntes are bound
to Sewe to the lordes Courtes and lawdayes upon reason-
able Sommons or warnenge."

This was compulsory also at Hemyock, Whiteheathfield,
Southbrook, Offwell, and Harpford. At Kingskerswell
there is the following entry :-^>

"Item, by the custome of this Manor one Customary
Tenaunt cannot sewe another out of the Courte of this Manor,
neyther any resyauncer (? resident) canne sewe another,
neyther any Tenaunt can sewe a resiauncer, neyther resi-
auncer can sewe a tenant out of this manor, for any matter
determinable in this Courte."

10.— Service at the Lards' Mill. "Ifm the seid Ten-
auntes are bound by custome to grinde their grystes, as
well of grayne as malte, at the lordes' custome Myll."

Although compulsory grinding at the lords' mill was a
prominent feature in manorial economy, this is only set
out in the " Customs and Remembrances " at Clayhidon,
Hemyock, and Harpford. In the last-mentioned manor
the mill was sublet to one of the tenants) and this seems
to have been the case at Woodhuish and elsewhere. The
following entry relates to Harpford mill : —

William Oliver holds one wheat mill called
Herpford Myll with all suits and grists,
and the water courses of the said manor
appertaining to or belonging to the same
mill, and one rood of land called Mylhill ;
and pays yearly • . • .21.

Another curious entry relates to the maintenance of the
water courses of this mill : " The same Thomas (Drake)
holds one meadow called Sprinxham (parcel of barton
land), containing 2 acres, and one moor called Herpford
Moore, containing 16 acres, with the reservation of trees
called allers by the water banks in the same, and in the
moist and watery ground, and not in the arable ; they
grow always for the maintenance of the wear or stream
of the lords' mill," etc. At Woodhuish " Peter Luyshe-
combe holds without copy one grain mill called Woodhuys
Myll, with the right of grinding for the tenants in the same,
and the water course ; and there belongs to the same mill
1 acre of land ; and pays 13*. 4rf." At Natsworthy, strange
to say, the free tenants owed suit at the lords' mill, but
the single customary tenant was apparently exempt.

VOL. XLIII. T

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290 "the lord dynham's lands."

11. — Cultivation of Waste. "Km the Tenauntes may
breake upp or eare any parte of the lordes' waste to sowe
any grayne in, payenge for every acre iiijrf. as longe as
they shall sowe hit."

This custom was held also at Hemyock, but is not
specified for any other manor.

12. — Right of Commons. " IV m every tenaunt may
kepe for every whole Tenement in the commens & wastes
Ix shepe, & as many beastes as they kepe upon* their
Tenementes, and also they maye kepe their Swyne in the
woodes, as well in mast tyme as other tymes, payenge for
mastinge accordiiige to ye custome."

A similar right probably existed in nearly every manor
in the survey, but it is not always specified in the
" Customs." There were commons, for example, at Hem-
yock, but no statement appears as to the rights of the
tenants, and there was a common meadow at Offwell and
at Harpford. At Venn Ottery, strange to say, the right of
common was attached to the manor-house, as is indicated
in the following entry : —

" Ther is belonginge to the mancon house of this Manor a
severall comen of pasture for iij c shepe upon the downe at
the west hill downeward unto Hawker land way, and none
of the Free or Customary Tenauntes of the Manor of Fenne-
ottery to have any Comen there within the same limittes."

At Ilsington five only of the customary tenants and one
free tenant had the right of common : —

"There belongeth to this Manor the wast called Idetor
downe (HaytorDown), whereupon certen Tenauntes Custom-
ary of this Manor have Comen of pasture, that is to wete,
Hugh Dyggen, William Prouce, Anstyce Wyger, Isabel!
Brewsey, & Agnes Orchard, as belonginge to their Custom-
ary Tenementes.

It'm William Dyggen, a free tenaunt of this Manor,
hath a comen of pasture upon the seid wast, & so hath no more
of the Free Tenauntes of this Manor/'

At Natsworthy, too, the free tenants had the right of
common, as indicated in the following entries : —

" There belongeth to the Free tenauntes of this Manor
Comen of pasture upon the wast called Hameldon.

It'm there hath ben paied for ye seid comen sumtyme vjs.
and sumtyme more or lesse. And there is paid for the same
[left blank]."

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"the lord dynham's lands." 291

At Kingskerswell Thomasine Bickford, widow, John All-
ward, and William Boly held the common of Mylkesdon,
Watcombe-cleves, and elsewhere, at a rent of 8*. 6d. The
boundaries of the various commons have been given in
the earlier portion of this paper.

13. — The Reeve. " IVm the tenauntes yerelye do chuse
emongest theimselves a Reve which shall collecte and
gather all the rentes, issues, and proffittes of the seid
Manor, and make payment every quarter of the yere of
the same at Exetor at iij quarter sessions, and at th' end
of the yere at Exetor aforeseid, there to beginne yerely in
the feast of the eleven thousand/ virgins, 1 and shalbe
yerelye allowed upon th' accompt'of parte of his rent,
vjs."

The reeve was similarly elected at Hemyock, White-
heathfield, Offwell, and Harpford. At Woodhuish " every
tenaunte must do the office of the Reve and Tythingman
for every farthinge land customary that he holdeth " ;
at Dunterton (in Latin) " some one of the tenants shall be
reeve and tithingman, as of old time hath been custom-
ary " ; and at Wrayland " every Tenaunte must be Reve
and Tythingman as his turne cometh, and they must paye
the rentes iiij tymes in the yere, and must paye the same
to the Reve of Kynges Carsewell, and at the Auditt they
must accompte for all Casualtyes." The rents of Nats-
worthy were collected by the reeve of Ilsington, and
charged yearly upon his account. At Nutwell a fee of
13*. id. yearly was paid to the bailiff -for collecting the
rents and other casualties, and for expenses of coming to
the audit, etc. At Venn Ottery the bailiff was paid 6*. 8d.

14. — Stray animals. " IV m the tenauntes clayme by
custome to have the straye shepe after they be yered, viz.
a wedder for viijd. and a ewe for vjd. to all the Lordes,
but the grett beastes are to be (ap)praysed at the pounde,
reosalable as they be worth for the Lordes profitt."

This clause was added after the others, and only occurs
at Clayhidon.

15. — Compulsory Residence. " Itfm the custome is that
every tenaunt shall dwell upon their tenementes, and those
that be awaye to have a daye assigned to dwell thearupon
upon a payne (fine) in money, and at the seconde warning

1 October 21.

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292 "the lord dynham's lands."

to be a forfayture so that they remayne away a full yere
& 1 daye."

This clause was also added after the others at Clayhidon,
as was a similar clause at Whiteheathfield : " By custome
it is that no tenaunt shall dwell of from hys tenement
without speciall lycence of the lorde or his officers apon
forfayture of hys copyholde."

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-
ACTION.

BY ARTHUR R. HUNT.

(Read at Dartmouth, 26th July, 1911.)

In a paper read at Plympton in 1887, after lamenting
the indifference of geologists to wave-action in general,
and to the rounding of sand-grains by waves in particular,
I suggested that " perhaps in the course of the next decade
some geologist of eminence may be induced to take up a
subject, without a right knowledge of which nothing can
safely be premised as to those fundamentals of geologic
science, marine denudation and deposition ; nothing
understood of the formation of ancient raised beaches,
and the mode of accumulation of their contained fauna ;
and nothing accurately known of such a mere detail as I
have endeavoured to discuss in the foregoing pages ; viz.,
the wearing of sand-grains by the sea."

There was no response in the next eight years, and in
1895 I appended to my paper on "Professorial and
Amateur Research in South Devon," an account of how
my paper on " The rounding of sand-grains by waves "
had failed to commend itself to the geological authorities
at Burlington House in 1887.

I had collected a considerable number of samples of
sands and was keen to make the subject a special study,
but in the then attitude of geologists to the research the
time would have been thrown away in any such investiga-
tion, as it would have been practically impossible to
obtain the recognition and co-operation essential to
success. In fact, as will be seen, my Devonshire Associa-
tion paper in 1887 has been practically ignored, that is to
say, by geologists ; for with engineers the thereto appended
letter of the late Sir George Gabriel Stokes, f.r.s., on
submarine wave-action, has become almost a classic.

My suggested decade passed without result, and indeed

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294 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

nothing very particular occurred for twenty-three years ;
viz., until January of this present year, when, on the 5th
of that month, the Abstract of the Proceedings of the
Geological Society of London contained the following
remarks by Professor Sollas, p.r.s., commenting on a
paper by Mr. T. O. Bosworth, b.a., b.sc, p.g.s., on "The
Keuper Marls around Charnwood Forest " ; a paper
which contains many interesting observations on the
rippling of sands, and the wearing of grains of various
minerals, some quite hard. Speaking, in the discussion,
of aerial and subaqueous deposits, Professor Sollas re-
marked that " Ripple-marks were equally well-developed
in each kind of deposit. The rounding of sand-grains was
a subject that still required investigation : such rounding
was far from universal in sandy deserts " (Proc. Oeol. Sec,
No. 900, p. 25).

In the course of the same discussion Professor Boyd
Dawkins said that " In all his experience he had found
it difficult to get' any microscopic slide of sandstone
which did not contain rounded grains " (p. 24).

The resultant of these two remarks is the important
recognition of the fact that desert sands contain non-
rounded grains ; and that practically all sandstones
contain rounded grains. But the most important fact of
all is that Professor Sollas has publicly admitted that in
the year 1911 the subject of the rounding of sand-grains
still requires investigation.

That Professor Sollas' assertion admits of no denial I
quite agree, but my contention is that the investigation
should have been made and the subject exhausted more
than twenty years ago.

I think that under the circumstances the best procedure
will be to start again afresh, and submit to this Association
the paper that was considered unsuited to the Geological
Society in 1887.

"THE WEARING OF SANDS BY WAVES.

" Since of late years the microscope has become a valu-
able auxiliary to the geologist in determining the origin of
rocks by the investigation of their minute structure, the
comparatively trivial question of the wearing of sand-grains
and the causes thereof has become a matter of some im-
portance.

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION. 295

The three agents to which the rounding of sand-grains
has been commonly attributed, are x wind, waves, and
running water. At the present time the greatest im-
portance is attached to the first-named.

Within the last few years it has been shown by the
late Mr. J. A. Phillips that in the case of granite sand
carried down by the St. Austell river to Pentewan, in
Cornwall, and exposed to the action of waves for many
years, ( quartz having a diameter between s\y and jfo inch
is usually angular, although some of the larger pieces are
distinctly but not considerably rounded . . .' whilst,
" below *S inch in diameter the angularity of the frag-
ments of quartz and schorl is perfect, with the exception
of occasional " corroded " grains.'

With respect to abrasion by running water, Mr.
Phillips concluded from Professor Daubr^e's experiments
' that a grain of quartz *■& inch in diameter requires
before being completely rounded, and assuming the form
of a miniature pebble, an amount of abrasion equal to
that which would result from having travelled a distance
of three thousand miles.'

More recently, Prof. Bonney, in his address to the
Geological Section of the British Association at Birming-
ham (1886), observed as follows : —

* 1 will merely remind you that small angular fragments
of quartz are so slowly rounded, when transported by
running water, that if well-rounded grains appear in
large numbers in a sandstone, it seems reasonable to
suppose that these are, in the main, wind-drifted materials'
(Reprint of Address, p. 3).

It is obvious that should there be any other sand-
wearing agent that has hitherto been overlooked, micro-
scopists may arrive at very wrong conclusions in their
investigations as to the origin of sandstones, and as to
the physical conditions under which they were formed.

In the present paper I shall endeavour to show that
besides the action of wind, waves [i.e. shore waves], and
running water, as those agents are commonly understood,
there i£ another agent to be taken into account, which
under favourable conditions is capable of rounding quartz-
sand. I refer to the alternate currents set up on the sea-
bottom by waves running in shallow water, that is to say,
water shallow in proportion to the length of the waves.

These currents, though different from the currents set

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296 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

up by breakers on the shore, and from the steady stream
of a river, partake of the character of both.

At certain exposed points of the coast we find shoals
collected, and maintained in place by tidal currents,
notwithstanding the severe assaults of the waves.

We have such a shoal at either extremity of the Great
West Bay ; viz., the Shambles Shoal off Portland with a
minimum depth of 1} fathoms ; and the Skerries off the
Start with a minimum depth of 1£ fathoms. According
to Mr. Deane the Shambles consists, at least in part, of
light comminuted shells, 1 and, later on, I shall have
occasion to show that the same description applies to the
Skerries, with the addition of very fine sand.

As the waves and currents fail to disperse these collec-
tions of light material, it is evident that they conspire to
collect and pound the sands and shells, which go to
form the shoals, much as in a chocolate mill we see the
paste again and again brought under the action of the
rollers.

In the case of such shoals the conditions are quite
different from those obtaining on an ordinary beach,
and especially in two important particulars.

On the beach there is commonly a constant change of
material as the debris of the coast is torn down, ground
up, and passed away seawards.

On the shoal the material is not passed on, but again
and again swept together, to be pounded or rolled by the
waves.

Again, on the beach the material is commonly diverse ;
sand and shingle being often commingled, the result
being that the sand is exposed to being crushed by the
heavier stones. On the shoal the heavier shingle is
necessarily either absent or kept separate, and the finer
sands are only exposed to friction among themselves.
Thus, while the beach-conditions are favourable to the
crushing of the finer sands, the shoal-conditions are favour-
able to the rounding of sands.

It thus becomes worth inquiring whether, in the ex-
ceptional case of shoals, or sandbanks, comparatively fine
grains of quartz may not be rolled by marine action alone.

The particular case to which I shall draw attention is
that of the Skerries Shoal in Start Bay, already referred to.

Many years ago Mr. C. L. Pannel, formerly a Fellow

1 See Rendel on "Alluvial Formations, " etc, Proc Inst C.E., Vol. XL

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION, 297

of this Society [the Geological], made an expedition to
the Skerries in his yacht, for the purpose of ascertaining
the composition of the bank.

A small portion of the material obtained he gave to me,
but this remained unexamined until the question of the
rolling of sand-grains was recently brought to my notice.
It has therefore the advantage of being an unselected
sample, having been collected with no reference to the
question under discussion.

As the amount of rounding of any sample of sand must
be more or less a matter of opinion, I have not attempted
to decide the proportion which the rounded grains bear
to those not rounded.

Instead of this I submit to the Society a photograph
(enlarged to 20 diameters) of a fair sample of the Skerries
sand, after treatment with hydrochloric acid ; and leave
the decision to those who may be interested.

If it be admitted that the majority of the quartz grains
are rounded, it remains to be ascertained whether they
have been rounded by the action of the waves, and are not
mere remanie sands derived from some aeolian sandstone.

It is not sufficient to say that no such aeolian sandstone
has been recognized in the triassic coast-line of South
Devon, as it is open to an objector to maintain that such a
formation may exist beneath the waters of the Channel.

If it be maintained that the Skerries sands show a great
variety of quartzes or other rocks, and that rounded
grains of the crystalline schists of the neighbourhood
occur among them, it might still be replied that the
assumed aeolian sandstone was of equally varied origin,
and itself of later age than the crystalline schists of the
present coast-line.

The strongest evidence in favour of the recent rounding
of much of the sand lies perhaps in the fact that many of
the grains consist of pure white quartz rounded and
polished, and showing no sign of either corrosion or of
encrustation with secondary quartz, or of staining by
oxide of iron ; all of which features are common in the case
of remanii quartz derived from sandstone rocks.

On the other hand, when in our marine sands grains
occasionally exhibit signs of encrustation with secondary
quartz, the secondary quartz never (in my experience)
occurs as well-defined crystals, but is always more or less
worn down.

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298 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

In addition to this, as it can be shown that in the shoals
and beaches of Start Bay, remanii sands and shingle,
composed of milky vein quartz, can be traced in a fairly
uniform gradation of size, from the grain of *b inch in
diameter, through coarse sand and small shingle to the
quartz-veins in the Devonian slates of the coast-line, the
fair inference seems to be that some at least of the fine
rounded quartz-sand of the shoals is derived through the
beaches from the quartz-veins of the present coast-line.
If this be admitted, my point is proved.

By the courtesy of the Committee of the Torquay
Natural History Society I have been enabled to examine
a sample of sand trawled in a large jar in 1880, at a depth
of about 36 fathoms in the English Channel. The jar and
its contents have been thus described by Mr. W. Pengelly,
p.r.s. : —

'There was found in the jar, most of it adhering to
the bottom, fully half a pint of sand and gravel, con-
sisting of organic exuviae, with subangular and rounded
stones, the largest of which scarcely exceeded a hazel nut
in size ' (Trans. Dev. Assoc., Vol. XII, p. 76).

Subsequently I ascertained that the jar when trawled
was nearly full of gravel, and I pointed out that this fact
was sufficient to prove the existence of considerable motion
of either gravel or jar on the bottom (Proc. R.S., No. 220,
1882).

The existence of motion on the Channel bottom having
been thus indicated by independent evidence, I was
desirous of ascertaining whether the finer sands of the
sample showed signs of rolling and rounding as did
the larger stones. On examination it proved that the
finer sands of the jar, though perhaps not exhibiting on
the whole quite such a generally rounded aspect as does
the Skerries specimen, are nevertheless much rounded,
and moreover contain individual grains worn and polished
in the highest degree.

One grain iw inch in diameter approaches the form of a
sphere of crystalline quartz, perfectly smoothed and
polished.

Assuming that these rounded grains from the Channel
floor are not remanie seolian sands, it is an open question
whether they are worn down on the shoals and sandbanks
and then distributed in deeper water, or whether they
are worn at the depths of thirty to forty fathoms where

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION. 299

they occur. As I have said, there is abundant evidence of
motion at such depths, and evidence of a very satisfactory
character. We find the small gravel swept into a thirteen-
gallon jar through a neck less than two inches in diameter.

We also know that such a movement of fine gravel at
the depth referred to is theoretically possible, as Professor
Stokes, pres. r.s., has shown that ocean waves may set
up currents at a depth of forty fathoms, exceeding a speed
of one mile per hour [over the bottom], and such a current
according to Minard is more than sufficient to sweep along
fine gravel.

There can be no <Joubt that so much motion at forty
fathoms must be a rare event, but on the other hand a
very low swell would suffice to disturb such banks as the
Shambles and Skerries, where the water is under two
fathoms. So frequent, indeed, must be .the disturbance
there, that were the sands found sharp and unrounded it
would be difficult to account for the same. As it is, the
rounded sands actually found on the Skerries harmonize
so well with the conditions known to exist there, both
from observation and the theory of waves, that it seems
almost needless to meet any remanie objections half-way."

It is very far from my intention to discuss the abstract
of Mr. Bosworth's interesting paper ; though I may
mention one point. The author, referring to certain
rippiemarks, states that " The ripples indicate prevalent
south-westerly winds." I would just mention that wave-
formed ripplemark is so symmetrical that it would be
impossible to distinguish the results of a south-westerly
swell on the bottom, from a north-easterly swell ; but, as
on traversing shallow water, the waves are usually swung
round towards the shore, the usual trend of ripplemark
is in the direction of the shore, and the sand ripples
parallel with it. The direction of the wind is of less
importance than the direction of the wave.

In the discussion, Mr. Bernard Smith suggested that
certain detritus was swept along, and "deposited as
ripple- marked and current bedded sandstone, similarly
to the sandstones described by Sorby " (p. 23). Now
Dr. Sorby's current rippiemarks are of so exceptional a
character that they have of late years been positively
rejected, under the auspices of the Royal Society, which

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300 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

Society has endorsed Mrs. Ayrton's theories of ripple-
mark. I have shown that Sorby's current-rippledrift does
occur in streams, but a longitudinal vertical section, of
a sandstone so formed, would differ in toto from a
section of the ordinary submarine wave-formed ripple-
mark.

Referring to subaqueous and subaerial deposits, Pro-
fessor Sollas stated that, "Ripplemarks were equally
developed in each kind of deposit " (p. 25).

This, of course, is the fact ; but it still remains to be
shown how wind-formed ripples could be preserved and
converted unobliterated into sandstone rock.

In the case of wave-formed sand-ripples, a sea bottom,
rippled by sufficiently long swells, would remain abso-
lutely untouched by lighter swells, and the ripples them-
selves would then be often covered in the course of
ordinary sedimentation or by the drift of fine material.
They would thus be preserved absolutely intact. In the
case of wind-formed seolian ripples, the ripples would
only remain intact so long as there was no wind to disturb
them. The first wind would start them moving again, and
during intermediate calms there would have been no
protective sedimentation to preserve their forms from
subsequent deformation.

In March of the present year Mr. Arthur Wade, b.sc,
read a paper to the Geological Society entitled, "Some
observations on the Eastern Desert of Egypt ; with
considerations bearing upon the origin of the British
Trias."

It is quite a joy to realize that the Geological Society
does not now deem such physical researches unsuited to
the Society.

In the discussion on that paper, Dr. J. W. Evans stated
that "he believed that many of the so-called plains of
marine-denudation would prove to be the result of wind-
erosion, and instanced that on which the Cambrian of the
north-west of Scotland was deposited, as also the planed-
down surface of the Palaeozoic Strata in South Wales, and
elsewhere, which was believed to date from the Triassic
Period."

The various origins of terrestrial flats should surely
by this time have been investigated, beyond the initial
stage of belief. We see around us, diverse agents at work,
levelling inequalities in the earth's surface, both sub-

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION. 301

marine and terrestrial. Frost and rain, waves and currents,
sun and wind, and rock-boring organisms in abundance.
But surely these very diverse agents cannot produce
absolutely identical and indistinguishable results. Had
not the lapse of years proved the contrary, I should have
taken it for granted that geologists would have taken
delight in investigating the little distinctions, and differ-
ences, which characterize the work performed by these
interesting and ever-active forces of Nature ; operating
some here and some there, but all, we may be sure, attesting
their own works, by their own hands and seals, if we could
only train our eyes to discern them.

It has been my privilege to know most of the geologists
who have taken a keen interest in the (to them) attractive
subject of what may be termed the physics of sand in
Nature. Only a few weeks ago I had the pleasure of a
talk with Mr. Carus-Wilson, resulting in the receipt
from him of a little packet of sand rounded to an almost
inconceivable perfection. Then there is Dr. Vaughan-
Cornish, who has done so much in recording the actual
dimensions of waves, and in the investigation of ripple-
mark. Then, of course, the modern father of geological
sedimentary physics was Dr. Sorby. However, during
the past thirty years (it was not so before) all investiga-
tions of the character followed by these earnest students
of Nature have been more or less " side-tracked," as
unacceptable to authority. Take, for instance, my own
humble efforts to bring the grist of facts to the general

mill,

In 1886, I had been studying the subject of sands and
waves for fifteen years. Yet at Birmingham, in that year,
my paper on " Denudation and Deposition," etc., was with
difficulty even placed on the list for reading. In 1887 the
paper I have now submitted to this Association was
deemed unsuited even for reading to the Geological
Society, of which Society I had then been a Fellow for
seventeen years.

I trust that some day, though it cannot now be in my
day, research-papers, grappling with " Origins," will yet
prove acceptable to Burlington House ; or if that be too
much to expect, that the leaders of science, both of the
British Association and of other learned societies, will
endeavour, at any rate, to refrain from quenching with all
the cold water in their mains the scientific eagerness

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302 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

represented by the barely smoking flax of provincial
workers.

The amusing result of my first sixteen years' work was
as follows, and in the following order : In 1883 a paper was
taken as read by the Engineers at Southport ; another
was got with difficulty on to the list for reading to
the Geological Section in 1886 ; and the one now sub-
mitted was shouldered out of the Geological Society in
1887.

However, the Engineers made noble amends by subse-
quently adding me to their Research Committee on Waves
and Currents in Estuaries ; after which research most of
the workers thought the subject pretty well disposed of.
Not so, however ; for, as I have before mentioned, the
British Association and the Royal Society subsequently
adopted Mrs. Hertha Ayrton's theory of ripplemark as
being due to stationary waves at sea ; waves which are
practically non-existent there.

An afternoon was devoted in 1904, at Cambridge, to
lecturing to the astonished Engineers assembled in Section
G, with no reference whatever to their own important and
costly investigations on waves and currents,

I have been at an entire loss to account for my own
experiences, but suggest the following as some explana-
tion : —

Professionalism is the same all the world over ; and for
many excellent reasons it usually involves a monopoly
both of work and of responsibility. A professional man
will not treat an amateur on an equal footing, and it is
impossible that he should do so. In most cases the pro-
fessionals are so protected by impassable barriers that
they can afford to leave all outsiders severely alone ;
though we may occasionally witness medical men, for
instance, waging war on too successful bone-setters or
gymnasts, or upon the assistants of these unauthorized
practitioners. The punitive procedure in such cases is,
more often than not, that of internal discipline rather
than of outside interference. I, for one, being much
interested in Municipal Government, should have liked
to offer a paper on that subject to this Association. Un-
fortunately, from a professional point of view, that is a
most technical subject, and therefore one to be avoided.
I should also like to discuss sea defence-works ; but there,
again, the professional engineers would be bound to keep

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION. 303

silence, and for similar reasons. They could not discuss
with an amateur in public.

Formerly the field of science was open to all, now it is
as closely hedged in by professional barriers as law,
medicine, engineering, or any other professional work.
The amateur may think or say what he pleases. He will
not be attended to. He will literally be passed by un-
noticed.

But, unfortunately, the amateur is very often indispens-
able, as he, and he alone, may be in possession of important
knowledge, without perhaps being even conscious of the
fact. In my own little inquiries the most important facts
have come to hand from men who have had no idea of
their interest.

The soda-water bottle half-filled with mud, sent me
unsolicited by the skipper of a trawler, if only half-full
of mud was quite full of scientific problems, and is now a
celebrated bottle with engineers ; besides having been
the subject of an interesting calculation by the late Sir G. G.
Stokes, f.r.s. The most notable specimen in my collection
of the Devon schists was given me by a geologist, the late
Mr. Somervail, who was no microscopist, and who never
noticed, or could have noticed, its importance.

The question has often presented itself to my mind, by
what means, or procedure, I could have induced either
the Geological Society or the British Association to take
interest in marine wave-action from a geological stand-
point. As an amateur, I was in the best position to an
amateur attainable ; because, not only had I been elected
to the General Committee of the British Association in
1879 as having advanced science by papers on this
particular question, but all the then experts were quite
in sympathy with the work in hand. But supposing the
attempt had to be begun all over again now, what would
be the best thing to do ?

I believe that for one thing it would be absolutely
necessary now to go through some professional training,
at some school of science, whether university or otherwise,
so as to obtain the patronage of some professor, as his
pupil.

The Fellowship of a Society, or membership of a
university, as such, counts for absolutely nothing. As I
have already indicated, no one could have had more
distinguished patronage than myself, but it was all

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304 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

amateur ; and the reign of the great amateurs in science
such as Darwin, Sorby, Pengelly, Godwin Austen, Lyell,
and others like them, was then rapidly giving place to
the professional contempt of so-called amateur work.
To myself the attitude of the professional school was
absolutely inexplicable, until the publication of Professor
Huxley's Life and Letters ; so that my paper on " Pro-
fessional and Amateur Research " (in 1895) was written
entirely in the dark as to the deliberateness of the attack
made by the professionals on the amateurs.

Since the greater part of the above was written, I have
received the 1911 reprint of the Charter and Bye-laws of
the Geological Society, and I note that the following
obligation has now to be subscribed by Fellows on their
admission. The obligation is as follows : —

"I, the undersigned, do hereby engage that I will
endeavour to promote the interest and welfare of the
Geological Society of London, and observe its orders and
Bye-laws so long as I shall continue a Fellow thereof."

From a somewhat varied experience of the work
of Societies and Associations, scientific, photographic,
athletic and charitable, I am convinced that the one
sine qua non of social prosperity is fellowship and co-
operation ; and that one of the chief dangers incurred by
British science at the present time is the contempt of
scientists for the people, and, indeed, often for each
other. You never, or rarely, see the modern scientist
help a lame dog of another pack over a stile ; far more
likely is he to taunt the dog for his lameness. Indeed had
it not been for the kindness of the Editor of the Geological
Magazine, and of the Council of the Devonshire Associa-
tion, my special geological work would have been entirely-
crushed out, and that by men who had never given the
subject a serious thought or a year's work.

At the present time it may be difficult to appreciate the
extent of the .revolution that has taken place in scientific
circles. When I first began to hear much of geology, in
1854, 1 believe that there was not a professionally trained
professor of geology in existence. The professors, such
as Sedgwick and Buckland, though professors of geology,
were in the first place clergymen, and professors of
theology, if not actually Doctors of Divinity.

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION. 305

My first introduction to the new professorial attitude
was as follows : —

In 1880 I read the first of my series of papers on the
Submarine Geology of the English Channel to the Devon-
shire Association, and I read an epitome of the same
paper to the British Association at Swansea in the same
year. The subject was novel, and I had then an absolute
monopoly of the facts. One incidental fact was that
there was a bed of large unrolled flints in the Channel,
exactly as though dissolved out of the chalk in situ. I
contended that the state of the flints precluded the possi-
bility of travel. In the course of the discussion my friend
Mr. Whitaker, f.r.s., pointed out that my argument was
not conclusive, because he had found unrolled flints on the
London clay several miles from any chalk rock. In my
reply I failed to appreciate this very elementary text-book
point in stratigraphies! geology.

When I returned to my seat after the discussion, the late
Rev. G. F. Whidborne, f.g.s., sitting next me, observed
that a mutual friend, a professor, had remarked to him anent
my ignorance as to the London clay and flints, "If he
does not know that, he does not know much ! " That is the
true professorial text -book attitude, and it is the very
antithesis of amateur tactics in research, and of the
principle of attacking the weakest link in a chain and for
the moment ignoring all the rest.

I may explain that the point I missed for the moment
was this. The London clay is newer than the chalk with
flints. So if any portion of the chalk with flints be found
resting on the London clay it must have travelled some
distance to get there ; e.g. if we were to find a stone from
the foundations of a house on the top of the roof, we
should see at once (or ought to do so) that someone or
something had conveyed it there since the house was built.
However, it is a far cry from the subject of the London
clay to the submarine gravels of the English Channel, and
for a moment my mind was a blank on the connection
between them.

Precisely a similar professorial remark was made at
Leeds, only this time not by friend to friend, but by the
President of Section C from the chair.

I had a very disheartening subject on hand, viz. the
intimate microscopic structure, under high powers, of the
Dartmoor granite. Disheartening,, because unacceptable

vol. xun. u

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306 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

to the Section. The President introduced me by stating
that he knew nothing about the subject himself ! The
discussion took the form of a speech, by a specialist in
vulcanology, a subject which had about as much to do
with the intimate structure of granite rocks as a watch-
spring has with a super-Dreadnought. You can trace both
these instruments to crude iron ore. Now if I were to
read to this Association a paper on ironclads, and a
member insisted on my being prepared to discuss watch-
springs, as illustrative of ironclads, I simply could not do
it ; owing to sluggishness of mind. A similar fate befell
me over the volcanoes, and so the then Oxford Professor
of Geology, in the chair, remarked aloud, on calling on
the next paper reader, "He will be able to defend his
position ! " Let me say at once that it was not Professor
Prestwich, to whom I have been indebted for innumerable
little turns of kindness in my marine work— but he, kind
man, was a retired wine merchant. Professor Prestwich,
like Professor Sir G. G. Stokes, took infinite trouble to
put me on the track of information I was in search of.

In conclusion I will ask, "What is the result at the
present moment of the antipathy exhibited both by
the Geological Society and by Section C to the in-
vestigation of the action of waves on sands, and its
ancillary problems ? " The Geological Society, instead of
focussing the evidence and mothering the subject in
general, has acted like a hawk, in scattering both the hens
and their chickens ; and at the present moment you will
find, or more likely fail to find, the scattered offspring of the
investigators of sand-phenomena hidden in every out-of-
the-way scientific corner conceivable, in the publications
of the Devonshire and Cornish Societies, in those of the
Plymouth Zoological Station, I believe, in the official
publications of the Department of Agriculture in Ireland,
in the reports of the Royal Geographical Society, in Scotch
Societies, etc. The opposition has been determined, and,
alas, it has been only too successful. The whole work has
yet to be done, and at present there seems no chance
whatever of its being done.

One thing I should like to suggest to any future worker.
Sands cannot be examined, as such, under sufficiently high
powers. J would suggest the making up of an artificial
rock from samples of sands, and of examining these in thin
sections petrologically. This would, however, involve

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MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION. 307

much trouble and considerable expense, and at the
present moment there would be no market for the products.
When, however, the demand comes there will be no failing
in the supply.

I append a list of thirty-five papers, abstracts, articles,
and letters, bearing on the subject of submarine geology
and physics, contributed to various reports, transactions,
journals, magazines, and newspapers (reprints) since the
year 1877, averaging just one a year.

1. "On some Large Aplysjee taken in Torbay in 1875."

Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1877.

2. " On the Growth of Aplysiae in Torbay." Trans. Dev.

Assoc. 1878.

3. " Notes on Torbay." Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1878.

4. " On a Block of Granite from the Salcombe Fishery

Grounds." Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1879.

5. # "On Exposures of the Submerged Forest Clays at

Paignton and Blackpool Beaches in April, 1881,"
Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1881.

6. Report, Brit. Assoc., Swansea. 1880.

7. „ „ York. 1881.

8. „ „ Southampton. 1882.

9. „ „ Southport. 1883. Sec. D.

10. „ „ Southport. 1883. Sec. G.

11. „ „ Birmingham. 1886.

12. " On the Formation of Ripplemark." Proc. Roy.

Soc. 1882.

13. "The Action of Waves on Sea Beaches and Sea

Bottoms." Lecture to Torquay Nat. Hist. Soc.
1883. Printed, Torquay Directory, 1887.
14 f "On the Action of Waves on Sea Beaches and Sea
Bottoms." Sclent. Proc. Royal Dublin Society.
1884.

15. " Influence of Wave-Currents on Shallow-Sea

Faunas." Journal Linnean Society. 1884.

16. " The Evidence of the Skerries Shoal on the Wearing

of fine Sands by Waves." Trans. Dev. Assoc.
1887.

17. " The Raised Beach on the Thatcher Rock, its Shells

and their Teaching." Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1888.

18. " Denudation and Deposition by the Agency of Sea

Waves." Brit. Assoc. 1886. Printed, 1889.

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308 MODERN SCIENCE AND MARINE WAVE-ACTION.

19. " Notes on the Submarine Geology of the Channel"
Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1880, 1881, 1883, 1885, 1889.

24. " Professorial and Amateur Research in South

Devon." Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1895.

25. " Start Point to Petitor and the Drifting of Shingle."

Trans. Dev. Assoc. 1902.

26. "Notes and Comments on the Raised Beaches of

Torbay and Sharkham Point. Trans. Dev.
Assoc. 1903.

27. " Thirty-Five Years' Natural History Notes." Trans.

Dev. Assoc. 1904.

28. "The New Question of Ripplemark." Oeol. Mag.

1904.

29. "The Descriptive Nomenclature of Ripplemark."

Geol. Mag. 1904.

30. " Geological Physics of the Shallow Seas." Oeol. Mag.

1905.

31. "Coast Erosion in Torbay." 1906. Privately

printed for the Coast Erosion Inquiry.

32. "Mrs. Ayrton's Theory of Ripplemark." Oeol. Mag.

1907.

33. " The Ripplemark Controversy." Trans. Dev. Assoc.

1907.

34. "A Note on Granite and a Note on Ripplemark."

Oeol. Mag. 1907.

35. "Facts observed by Lieut. Damant, e.n., on the

Sea Bottom." Geol. Mag. 1908.

Postscript. — On reading over the proofs of the above
paper I see that it will be misunderstood. Its value, if
any, lies in the fact that it is the offspring of fifty-seven
years of active interest in Geology, from pre-Darwinian
days to the present time, a period that has witnessed
many revolutions in science, and in scientific thought and
practice.

2Ut September, 1911.

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AN INVENTORY OF THE CHURCH GOODS OF
SAINT KIERAN'S CHURCH, EXETER, A.D. 1417.

BY H. MICHELL WHITLEY.

(Rea«l at Dartmouth, 27th July, 1911.)

This inventory, dating as it does from the early part of
the fifteenth century, is extremely valuable, as it is a full
one and gives a concise account of the fittings of a mediaeval
Devonshire church at this period.

Saint Kieran's Church was a small one, and the parish
not particularly wealthy, situated in the British or north-
east portion of the city, with some other churches with
Celtic dedications adjoining it. The church, which was
pulled down in 1843 in order to widen the street, stood on
the north side of North Street, just beyond Waterbeer
Street, going from High Street. Jenkins, in his History
of Exeter, 1806, describes it as being " dark and gloomy,
and from its not being used for divine service little atten-
tion is paid to its interior part ; the tower, which is over
the entrance, is low and contains one bell and a clock
with a dial fronting the street."

The most prominent feature in the church was the high
altar, or " great altar," as it is often called in early visita-
tions and inventories, which stood on a raised platform
at the east end of the chancel, generally removed a slight
distance from the wall. On either side were riddels, or
curtains, suspended on iron rods, whilst similar hangings
were placed at the back, and sometimes a sculptured table
of alabaster. On the high altar itself were set two candle-
sticks only, and on each side altar one — in accordance
with the traditional custom of the English Church — and
also in late mediaeval times a cross or crucifix ; there was
also generally a book-rest or lectern. Over the high altar,

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310 AN INVENTORY OP THE CHURCH GOODS

under a canopy, hung the silver or ivory pyx containing
the reserved sacrament.

At Saint Kieran's Church the high altar was furnished
as follows : —

The curtains for the side and back were : Two of green
striped silk to enclose the sides of the high altar at great
festivals. 1 Two of black silk with stars of gold, and one
curtain to hang behind the altar with a crucifix of black
worsted fringed with silk ; these black hangings being for
use at requiem masses.

The parishioners possessed eighteen altar cloths for use
at the altars, of which no church, however small, had less
than three, the two minor ones standing at the east ends
or sides of the aisles or transepts where their piscinas may
often be seen. Churches without aisles or transepts had their
altars placed against the rood screens, one on each side
of the chancel door. There were probably three altars
at Saint Kieran's Church ; there was one altar cloth of
Paris checker for the " Lord's board " at Easter ; one
green striped silk frontal for double festivals ; * two
striped silk coverings, one green and the other red, for
altar cloths for the high altar at double festivals ; another
green striped frontal; l and an altar cloth with "Jesus"
embroidered on it. There were also, in addition, nine more ;
these were probably of linen, for the three altars, three
being the usual number for each ; and three linen frontals
powdered with lambs with John the Baptist in the centre.

The mode of covering the altar in mediaeval times
differed from that in general use at present, and the names
used did not correspond at the respective periods. The
cloth of more or less richness which hung behind and above
the altar was called the upper frontal ; the cloth in front
of the altar was known as the nether or lower frontal ;
whilst the frontlet was a strip of stuff fringed on the lower
edge, and sewn as a parure on to the front edge of one
of the white linen altar cloths, from which it hung so as
to conceal the suspension of the lower frontal.

The modern super-frontals in very many cases cover the
tops of the altars and hang over in front ; this is contrary
to the old English custom, which allowed nothing but white
linen on the top of the altar at the time of celebration.

Behind and above an altar was very often placed a

1 These curtains, frontals, and coverings are probably those given to the
church by the will of William Trott, canon of Exeter, its rector, m 1899.

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OF SAINT KIERAN'S CHURCH, EXETER, A.D. 1417. 311

table of alabaster forming a reredos, and considerable
fragments of a very good example were discovered walled
up in a recess at Mabe Church, Cornwall, during the
restoration some years ago. Saint Kieran's possessed
one such for use at the high altar, painted with the
resurrection of our Lord.

The two candlesticks which stood on the altar were of
laten, as also was the cross ; but in the greater and richer
churches of the diocese both were of silver, and splendid,
examples of the silversmith's art.

In the Cathedral in 1506 there were four magnificent
crosses ; one was of silver wholly gilt and enamelled,
standing on a large foot also enamelled, supported by two
angels holding the cross with four evangelists with a birell
(crystal) to enclose the body of the Lord, to be borne in
procession on Easter Day. A second cross was of silver
gilt standing on four lions, with a large enamelled foot
supported by two angels on both sides, with a crucifix
and the Blessed Mary and John at the top, with a glass
in the centre for the body of the Lord to be shut up therein,
to be borne in processions ; the gift of John de Grandisson.
A third high cross was of silver gilt, with a great foot
with four leopards with enamelled roses and twenty-two
margarites, supported by four doves, with a crucifix, and
Mary and John, of the gift of Edmund Stafford. The
fourth was of silver wholly gilt, standing on a great foot,
with the four Evangelists, and four coats of arms of John
de Grandisson, and a crucifix with Mary and John ; and
the images of the Virgin, and Peter and Paul, with seventy-
eight precious stones, and nine margarites, having enclosed
a part of the cross to lay in the sepulchre. 1 At Holy Cross,
Crediton, the altar cross was of silver gilt enamelled with
oak leaves, and furnished with a silver foot with images
of six angels.

The pyx which hung over the high altar was of silver,
with a silver lock, in accordance with the statutes of the
Synod of 1287 ; the latter, however, has had a pen put
through it. There were two canopies under which the pyx
hung, one of blue silk and another colour, the word for
which is now illegible ; the second for feast days of blue,
mixed with crocus colour (yellow) and white.

To lay before the high altar at great festivals there were

1 The crucifix to lay in the Easter sepulchre on Good Friday.

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312 AN. INVENTORY OP THE CHUBCH GOODS

two carpets, one of mixed white and blue with animals, the
other of blue, yellow, and white.

For use in the service of the mass there was only one
chalice and paten of silver wholly gilt ; there were four
corporals with burses ; and another about which a doubt
existed whether it had been blessed.

The cruets (for wine and water), holy-water pot, and
thurible, were of laten, whilst there were four paxes for
the kiss of peace : two covered with glass, one of laten,
one of wood (for use in Lent), and another into the com-
position of which plaster of Paris entered.

The church had two super-altars ; when an altar had
not been dedicated a small, thin stone, set in a wooden
frame, was consecrated and used on it ; of those at Saint
Kieran's, one was cased in wood, and the other was of
marble, but without a frame. It was the custom of the
Bishops to consecrate a number of these stones at the
same time, so as to be ready to distribute them throughout
the diocese where needed. Sometimes a super-altar con-
sisted of the most costly marble, and its frame of wood was
plated with gold and silver, and set on four feet ; it was
usual to place one such on the high altar of a great church.

Before the high altar, as was usual, stood two great
candlesticks of laten, one on each side.

The church possessed a chest " for the sepulchre of the
Lord." This was the little box in which the pyx with the
sacrament and the crucifix were shut up, and placed in the
Easter sepulchre on Good Friday, to remain there until
Easter Day.

The church was well furnished with vestments ; amongst
these were a set of red vestments inwrought with buds of
gold, with orphreys of green velvet ; another of green
with orphreys of red striped silk powdered with white
roses ; a green set, whose red silk orphreys were adorned
with white lilies ; a red set inwrought with the Sacred
Lamb and St. John the Baptist ; another, white, powdered
with angels ; whilst the new cope of blue bawdekyn was
embroidered with red and white flowers. These vestments
were, no doubt, beautiful examples of the splendid needle-
work of the period.

The " opus Angelicum," or English needlework, was of
world-wide fame, and was at its best in the beginning of
the fourteenth century ; its distinguishing characteristic
is the fineness of the work compared with that of later

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OF SAINT KIERAN'S CHURCH, EXETER, A.D. 1417. 313

centuries, and the cheeks of the figures and other portions
of similar form being worked in circles, the centre being
depressed by a hot iron which formed a small pit. Men, as
well as women, wrought at this work, and some abbeys,
such as St. Alban's, were renowned for their skill and in-
genuity in the creation of superb ecclesiastical vestments.

Exeter Cathedral had a gorgeous stock of eucharistic
and processional vestments, as shown in the inventory
of 1506. Amongst the copes was one of blue satin
powdered with stars of gold, with the image of our Saviour
enthroned in glory showing His wounds, the Holy Ghost
worked in pearls descending on the apostles, and the
ascension of our Lord ; all the images adorned with pearls.
Another, commonly called St. Peter's cope, was worked
wholly in true needlework with the passion of our Lord,
and divers other passions of the Saints, with pearls, the gift
of Bishop John de Grandisson ; whilst another, given by
the Countess of Devon, was adorned with the Agnus Dei
and leopards' heads, wrought in pearls with three kings
crowned ; the salutation of the Blessed Mary and her
coronation, all ornamented with pearls.

The vestments at Saint Kieran's were of the following
colours : Blue, three ; white, three ; red, two ; green,
two ; black, one ; checker, one ; white and blue, one. The
blue vestments were for use during Advent and Lent ;
although white or undyed vestments are said to have been
the universal English use during Lent, this was clearly not
so in the Exeter Diocese.

At Launceston, in 1467, the Lent cloth was of blue
bockeram.

In the Cathedral, in 1506, blue cloths for the high altar
were provided for Lent and Advent ; and at Morebath,
in 1548, the Lent vestments were of blue.

The white vestments were for use at Christmas and
Easter. The red on Good Friday and Passiontide and on
the Feasts of Apostles, Martyrs, and Evangelists ; the
green from Epiphany to Septuagesima and Trinity to
Advent ; the black for requiem masses ; and the checker
and striped vestments would stand for either colour.

All these colours would not, however, be found in the
poorer churches, as the rule as to liturgical colours was not
so strict as at present ; the Synod of Bishop Quivil, 1287,
laying down that there should be in every church at least
two sets of vestments : one for festivals, the other for

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314 AN. INVENTORY OF THE CHURCH GOODS

ordinary days. Whilst a rich church would be well pro-
vided, and therefore able to follow the Cathedral use,
a poor church with a scanty number would use the richer
vestments for festivals and the older and simpler ones on
ordinary days, without taking colour into account.

The inventory enumerates several images of alabaster
which stood on brackets, and in some cases were placed
on a side altar, instead of a cross, and numerous other
necessaries ; these were : —

A little image of the Trinity (struck out).

A little image of our Lady of Pity.

And images of Saint Christopher, Marie of the Assump-
tion, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Ann, with taber-
nacles.

To light the chancel there were four large candlesticks
of iron, whilst three more stood in the nave.

There were also for use in processions a banner of the
patron saint with white roses, and another with red silk
with bars of gold, with staves for the same.

Further mention is made of two Lenten veils to hang
before the altar at Quadragesima ; and numerous other
necessaries requisite for the services of the church.

The indenture states that the custodians of the church
(the wardens) received into their care all the ornaments
and jewels enumerated belonging to the parishioners.

It was their church, and all that was in it belonged to
them, and they felt a personal interest in everything within
it. To it they bequeathed legacies to beautify and adorn
it ; the churches were the centre of parochial life, and the
wholesale confiscation of their wealth during King Edward
VTs reign was not for any religious motives, but as the
Act of the Privy Council states, " forasmuche as the Kinges
Majestie had need presently of a masse of mooney." 1

1 Acts of the Privy Council of England, edited by J. R. Dasent, N.S. iii
(1550-1552).

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OF SAINT KIERAN'S CHTJRCH, BXBTBB, A.D. 1417. 315

TRANSLATION.

This indenture made a.d. 1417 between the parishioners of
the parish of Saint Kyrany of the Citie of Exeter of the one
part and the custodians of the church of the other part Witnesses
that the said custodians received into their custody all the
ornaments and jewels written in this indenture and belonging
to the aforesaid parishioners from the feast of All Saints to the
same feast next following.

Firstly the said wardens received
One chalice of silver with a paten gilt within and without

weighing 11} oz.
Item one pix of silver for the Eucharist weighing 10 oz.
one silver lock for the same pix.
four corporals with four burses. 1
one new missal which begins in the second foUo in te

confido.
another old missal which begins in the second folio

sancto duperveniel,
one new gradual which begins in the second folio vias Tuas.
an old gradual which begins in the second folio Thare

qui fuit Nachor.
one antiphonar which begins in the second folio Qwatinus

eoram precibus.
another antiphonar which begins in the second folio

Pairi et filio.
a third old antiphonar which begins in the second folio

premia largiatur.
a legenda of the saints which begins in the second folio

fees non potuerunt.
another legenda for the seasons which begins in the

second folio postquam autem.
one new manual which begins in the second folio vis glorie

Tue.
one old manual which begins in the second folio Celi

enarrant.
a copy of the statutes of the Synod which begins in the

second folio offerebantur.
one pair of red vestments inwrought with buds of gold

with orphreys of green velvet,
one pair of white vestments shot with purple colour,
one pair of green striped silk vestments with orphreys of

red silk inwrought with white roses.

1 This item has been struck out

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316 AN INVENTORY OF THE CHURCH GOODS

Item another green striped silk pair of vestments with orphreys

of red silk inwrought with lilies.
„ a pair of blue vestments with orphreys of red velvet*
„ a pair of red vestments inwrought with the Sacred Lamb

and Saint John the Baptist.
f , one white striped silk chasuble of " Bord Helisander " l

with white linen parmes powdered with blue poppies.
„ a pair of vestments of checkered linen.
„ one oJd pair of vestments of white linen powdered with

angels.
„ one new cope of blue bawdekyn inwrought with red and

white flowers.
„ another old cope of " bord helysaunder."
„ one new surplice.
„ another old torn surplice.
„ a surplice for the clerk.
„ one altar cloth of Paris checker for the " Lords board " at

Easter.
„ three linen frontals powdered with lambs, with John the

Baptist in the centre and three coverings with three

canvas altar cloths of the aforesaid and the before

written frontals for each altar.
„ one green frontal of striped silk for the use of the high

altar on double festivals.
„ two striped silk coverings, namely one green and the

other red, for altar cloths for the high altar on double

festivals.
„ one striped silk green frontal which is appointed for the

high altar with rings.
„ two green striped silk ridells [curtains] appointed for the

sides of the high altar for great festivals.
„ nine altar cloths for altars.
„ two amices with parures and one without.
„ one piece of silk, namely four feet.
„ three feet of silk of lesere.

„ one corporal with a burse, it is doubtful if it is blessed.
„ one tunicle of blue silk.
„ one black veil painted with keys.
„ one curtain of and blue silk hanging over the

altar.
„ one carpet of mixed white and blue with animals to lay

before the high altar on festal days.
„ one canopy of blue mixed with crocus colour and white

for the high altar on feast days.
,, two curtains of silk and two of Borde helisaunder.
„ five pewter phials.
„ one pewter pot for holy water.

1 A silken web of different coloured stripes.

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OF SAINT KIERAN'S CHURCH, EXETER, A.D. 1417. 317

Item one lantern [to bear in front of the sacrament]. l
„ two paxbords covered with glass, one of pewter and one

of wood and one of plaster of Pans.
„ two iron candlesticks for processions.
„ one lectern for the Evangelists and another for the high

altar.
„ a latyn thurrible.

„ one herse for the tenebra and the paschal candlestick.
„ one cross of latyn and another of copper.
„ one great chest for the ornaments of the church, and two

burses with relics.
„ two towels for washing the priest's hands.
„ one [pall] for the bodies of the dead.
„ two bells for the elevation of the body of the Lord.
„ a new bier for the dead. *
„ one chrismatory with a lock.
„ one super-altar cased in wood, and another of marble

without a wooden frame.
„ one lenten veil for the high altar at Quadragesima.
„ a chest for the sepulchre of the Lord.
„ one table painted with the resurrection of the Lord.
„ one Lenten veil with " fune."
„ a little image of the Trinity of alabaster.*
„ a little image of the blessed Mary in alabaster called pyty.
„ one charger with the head of John the Baptist.
„ three . . . weights of lead on the altar to fix the altar

cloths.
„ one ladder in length nineteen steps.
„ one new missal beginning in the second folio tunc veto

pit with clasps of silver gilt.
„ one breviary beginning in the second folio concede* nos

with one chain of iron and a silver lock.*
„ an old surplice.
„ one pair of vestments of black with orphreys of black

with a crucifix.
„ one great pair of candlesticks of latyn.
„ one small pair of candlesticks of latyn.
„ one pall of green with red flowers, lined with blue carde. 3
„ one canopy.
„ one curtain of black for the high altar with one crucifix of

black worsted fringed with silk.
„ one altar cloth complete inwrought with " Jesus."
„ two ridells of black silk for the high altar with stars of gold.
„ three candlesticks of latyn.
„ [Illegible].

1 This item is struck out.
f This item has been struck out.

' A silken stuff made of the outside of the cocoon, and therefore of inferior
quality.

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318 CHURCH GOODS OP ST. KIERAN's CHURCH, EXETER.

Item one pewter stand for the paschal candle.

„ one image of Saint Christopher of alabaster.

,, an image of Marie of the Assumption of alabaster.

„ one veil painted with the image of Saint Michael.

„ three shafts for banners.

„ one banner of red silk with bars of gold.

„ one banner with the image of Saint Kierani with white

roses.

„ one small chest in the chancel near the altar.

„ two wooden forms in the nave of the church.

„ one image of Saint John the Baptist with a tabernacle.

„ one image of Saint Ann with a tabernacle.

„ one picture with the image of Saint Erasmus [sic].

„ one picture with the image of Saint Christopher.

„ four candlesticks of iron in the chancel.

„ three candlesticks of iron in the nave of the church.

„ one pair of trestells with a table of obits for the year.

„ one case for the chalice of white ivory.

„ one pair of vestments of white and blue silk with orphreys

of gold.

„ a new surplice.

„ one red veil with the image of Saint Kierani.

„ one chest with the moniments of the church.

„ three towels of diaper work.

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RUBUS IN DEVON : SOME ACCOUNT OF THE
DISTRIBUTION.

BY W. P. HIERN, M,A., F.B.S.

(Read at Dartmouth, 27th July, 1911.)

In nearly all cases the determination of the species and
varieties has been made or approved by the Rev. W.
Moyle Rogers, f.l.s., who, with his customary kindness
and generosity, has rendered to me ample assistance.
Without his aid it would have been quite impossible for
me to prepare this account. His published records also
have been used, especially his paper in the Journal of
Botany for December, 1910, on " Dartmoor Border Rvbi"
Numerous specimens collected by me in the county he has
determined in accordance with his views ; as also did
some years ago the Rev. E. F, Linton, to whom my
acknowledgments are also due. Mr. 6. B. Savery, who is
fully acquainted with the local flora about Silverton, in
the Exeter botanical district, has favoured me with a list
of the brambles belonging to that neighbourhood.
T. R. Archer Briggs's Flora of Plymouth, published in
1880, is still, with some discrimination, available for the
Rubi of parts of the Plymouth and Tavistock botanical
districts.

My acquaintance with the brambles of the Honiton
botanical district is, unfortunately, very scanty.

For the classification of the species, other than fossils,
I have mainly followed the leading German authority,
Dr. Wilhelm Olberg Focke, who has in course of publi-
cation or preparation his Species Bvborum ; the first part
of this monograph appeared in 1910.

The local distribution is here set out, usually, when
practicable, according to the civil parishes, and arranged
under the eight botanical districts of the county.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

320 RtTBUS IN DEVON :

Rubus, Ceesar, B.G. 2, 17, 4; Virgil, Eclog. 3, 89; PUn.,
16, 37, 71 ; Tournef. Inst. p. 614, t. 385 (1700) ; L. Syst.
Nat., ed. i. (1735); Gen. PL, ed. i. p. 146, n. 413 (1737);
Sp. PL, ed. i. p. 492 (1753) ; W. 0. Focke, Species Ruborum,
pars 1. p. 11(1910).

Sub-gen. 1. Cylactis (Rafin.) Focke Abh. Nat. Ver.
Bremen, iv. pp. 142, 146 (18J4).

1. R. saxatilis L. Sp. PI. ed. i. p. 494 (1753) ;
Focke, Sp. Rvb. i. p. 27, n. 19 (1910).

1. (Barnstaple botanical district.) Countisbury, Bren-

don.
8. (Tavistock botanical district.) Egg Buckland, Whit-
church.

Sub-gen. 2. Id^obatus Focke in Aschers & Graebn.
Syn. Mittdeurop. FL vi. p. 444 (1902).

2. R. idmvs L. Sp. PI ed. i. p. 492 (1753),

1. (Barnstaple botanical district.) Lynton, Countis-

bury, Brendon, Challacombe, High Bray, Bratton
Fleming, Arlington, Parracombe, Martinhoe, East
Down, Bittadon, Marwood, Goodleigh, Stoke
Rivers, Swimbridge, Landkey, Sherwill, Pilton,
Barnstaple, Fremington.

2. (Torrington botanical district.) Bradworthy, Sut-

combe, Thornbury, Beaworthy, Holsworthj%
Bridgerule, Sampford Courtenay, Okehampton.

3. (South Molton botanical district.) Charles, East

Buckland, North Molton, South Molton, Rose Ash,
Twitchen, Molland, West Anstey, East Anstey,
Bishops Nympton, Kings Nympton, George
Nympton, Burrington, Chawleigh.

4. (Exeter botanical district.) Kenn, Silverton.

5. (Honiton botanical district.) Ottery St. Mary.

6. (Torquay botanical district.) Trusham, Moreton

Hampstead, Manaton, North Bovey, Widecombe-
in-the-Moor, Chagford, Gidleigh, Ashburton.

7. (Plymouth botanical district.) Berry Pomeroy,

Cornwood, South Brent, Ermington, Brixton,
Newton Ferrers, Plympton St. Mary.

8. (Tavistock botanical district.) Lydford, Peter Tavy,

Bridestowe, Li ft on, Mary Tavy, Tavistock Hamlets,
Shaugh Prior, Bickleigh, Meavy, St. Budeaux,
Egg Buckland, Buckland Monachorum.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THB DISTRIBUTION. 321

var. anomalus Arrhen. Rub. Suec. p. 14 (1839) ;
B. obtusifolius Willd. (1811).
1. Brendon.

var. inermis Pryor, Flora of Hertfordshire, p. 128
(1887).
1. Combmartin ; apparently this variety.

Sub-gen. 3. Eubatus Fooke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mitteleurop. Fl. vi. p. 448 (1902).

(Series Moriferi Focke, l.c.)

Group 1. Suberecti P. J. Miiller in PoUichia, xvi.-xvii.
p. 74 (1859).

A. Eu-Suberecti.
3. R. nbssbnsis, W. Hall in Trans. Boy. Soc. Edinb.
iii. pp. 20, 21 (1794) ; B. svberectus G. Anders, in Trans.
Linn. Soc. Lond. xi. p. 216, t. 16 (1815).

1. Lynton, Brendon, Westward Ho (H. A. Evans).

2. St. Giles-in-the-Wood, Little Torrington, Panoras-

week, North Lew, Pyworthy, Holsworthy, Clawton,
Sutcombe, Bridgerule East, Bradworthy, Ashbury,
Beaworthy, Tetcott.

3. South Molton, Bishops Nympton, Molland.

4. Doddiscombsleigh.

6. Chagford, South Tawton, Dunsford, Wolborough

(Ravenshaw).

7. Ivybridge, Cornwood, Plympton St. Mary, Kingston.

8. Lydford, Whitchurch, Shaugh Prior, Buckland Mona-

chorum, Bickleigh, Bere Ferrers, Tamerton Foliott,
St. Budeaux, Egg Buckland.

4. R. fissus Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. ed. ii. p. 92 (1835).

2. Bradford, Bridgerule East, Pancrasweek, Pyworthy,

Ashbury, Beaworthy, Thornbury, Holsworthy.

3. North Molton.

6. Chagford, North Bovey, Moreton Hampstead.

7. Ivybridge, Cornwood, Plympton St. Mary, Ermington.

8. Meavy, Buckland Monachorum, Lamerton, Egg

Buckland.

5. R. sulcatus Vest in Trattinn. Bosac. Mon. iii.
p. 42 (1823).

2. Thornbury and Holsworthy Road (Joum. Bot. 1890,
p. 100).

4. Haldon Hill.

VOL. XLIII. X

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

322 EUBUS IN DEVON :

6. R. FBuncosus L. Sp. PI. ed. i. p. 493 (1753) ;
R. plicatus Weihe & Nees Rub. German, p. 15, t. 1 (1822).

1. East Down, Ilfracombe, Buckland Brewer.

2. St. Giles-in-the-Wood, Little Torrington, Beaford,

Peters Marland, Yarnscombe, Beaworthy, North
Lew, Pyworthy, Bridgerule East, Okehampton.

3. South Molton, Bishops Nympton, North Molton, East

Anstey, Burrington, North Tawton.

4. Christow.

5. Woodbury, Lympstone (apparently this species).

6: Spreyton, Chagford, Moreton Hampstead, Hennock.

7. Ivybridge, Harford.

8. Tamerton Foliott, Buckland Monachorum, Shaugh

Prior, Egg Buckland.

var. hemistemon ; R. plicatus, var. hemistemon

Rogers Handb. Brit. Rvbi, p. 22 (1910); R.

plicatus, var. pseudo-hemistemon Focke in Aschers.

& Graebn. Syn. Mittdevrop. Fl. vi. p. 461 (1902).

7. Harford or Cornwood.

7. R. Beetbamh G. Braun in Focke Syn. Rvb. German.
p. 117 (1877). jR. plicatus, var. Bertramii Rogers Handb.
Brit. Rubi, p. 22 (1900).

8. Buckland Monachorum ; a very tall, prickly, and

nearly glabrous form (Rogers).

8. R. ammobius Focke Syn. Rub. German, p. 118
(1877) ; R. Rogersii E. F. Linton in Journ. Bot. 1894,
p. 214.

6. Moreton Hampstead.

9. R. opacus Focke in Alpers Gefdsspfl. Stad. p. 25
(1875) ; R. nitidus Weihe & Nees, var. opacus Rogers
Handb. Brit. Rubi, p. 23 (1900).

2. Okehampton, Sampford Courtenay.

3. Bishops Nympton (doubtful).

6. Trusham, South Tawton.

7. Loddiswell, Ivybridge (N. E. Brown).

8. Lydford, Bickleigh, Egg Buckland.

B. Sub-Rhamifolii Focke.

10. R. Nimms Weihe & Nees Rvbi German, p. 19,
t. 4 (1822).

fL Biokleigh, Shaugh Prior, Egg Buckland. (Rogers in
his Handb. Brit. Rubi, p. 100 (1900), gives both
North and South Devon for this species.)

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 323

var. integribasis Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mitteleurop. FL p. 464 (1902); R. integribasis
P. J. Miiller in Flora (B.Z.), xli. p. 130 (1858).
6. Chagford, Milber.

11. R. carpnifolius Weihe ex Boenningh. Prodr.
FL Monast. Westphal. p. 152, n. 632 (1824).

6. Lustleigh.

8. Egg Buckland.

C. Sub-Discolores Focke.

12. R. incurvatus Bab. in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, ii.
p. 36 (1848).

2. Sampford Courtenay, Belstone.

3. North Tawton.

6. South Tawton.

8. Meavy, Buckland Monachorum.

13. R. carisiensis Rip. & Genev. in Mint. Soc. Acad.
Maine-et-Loire, xxviii. pp. 55, 89 (1872) ; R. cariensis Rip.
& Genev. ex Genev. Monogr. Rubus Bass. Loire, ed. ii.
p. 265 (1880).

1. Morte-hoe, Ilfracombe, Berry Narbor, Combmartin,

Martinhoe, Lynton, Challacombe, Arlington, Lox-
hore, Bratton Fleming, Stoke Rivers, Swimbridge,
Goodleigh, Sherwill, Marwood, East Down, Bitta-
don, West Down, Georgeham, Heanton Punchar-
don, Fremington, Bishops Tawton.

2. Bradford, Holsworthy, Pancrasweek, Pyworthy, Oke-

hampton.

3. North Molton, Chittlehampton, Crediton Hamlets,

West Buckland.
8. Lydford.

Also probable hybrids between this and some

other species :
1. Swimbridge.
1. Bishops Tawton (hybrid with a glandular species).

14. R. holerythros Focke in Journ. Bot. 1890, p. 100.

7. Kingston neighbourhood (Rogers).

8. Egg Buckland.

15. R. appinis Weihe & Nees Rubi German, p. 18,
tt. 3 and 36 (1822).

1. Buckland Brewer (H. A. Evans).

Digitized by VjOOQIC

324 RUBUS IN DEVON :

2. Belstone, Okehampton, Sampford Courtenay, Hols-

worthy.

3. South Molton (perhaps the variety Briggsianus).
6. South Tawton, Bovey Tracey, Milber.

8. Bridestowe, Mary Tavy (a small and uncharacteristic
form : Rogers) to Lamerton.

var. Briggsianus Rogers in Journ. Bat. 1894,
p. 42.

2. Yarnscombe, Sampford Courtenay, Okehampton,

Belstone.

3. West Buckland (probably this variety), South Molton

(this variety or the type of the species).

4. Ashton, Christow.

6. Trusham, Hennock, Bovey Tracey, North Bovey,

Moreton Hampstead, Chagford.

7. Cornwood.

8. St. Budeaux, Tamerton Foliott, Bere Ferrers, Egg

Buckland, Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh,
Sheepstor, Sampford Spiney.

16. R. imbricatus Hort in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vii.
p. 374(1851).

2. Okehampton, Sampford Courtenay, Bridgerule East.

4. Stoke Canon, Kenn.

6. Trusham, Moreton Hampstead, South Tawton, Duns-

ford Bridge and below to Kingsteignton ; below
Lustleigh in the Bovey valley to Teigngrace.

7. Plympton St. Mary, Ermington, Loddiswell.

8. Egg Buckland, Buckland Monachorum, Meavy,

Tavistock.

Group 2. Rhamnifolii Bab. Brit. Rvbi, p. 74 (1869).

17. R. rhamnifouus Weihe & Nees Rvbi German.
p. 22, t. 6 (1822).

1. Morte-hoe, Ilfracombe, Lynton, Sherwill (probably),

Bittadon, Marwood, Barnstaple, Clovelly, between
Barnstaple and Parracombe, Instow to Barnstaple,
.Westward Ho, Umberleigh, Brendon.

2. Bradford, Holsworthy, Pyworthy, Bridgerule East,

Bridgerule West, Okehampton, Belstone.

3. Bow, Burrington (probably), Rose Ash, South Molton,

Molland or Bishops Nympton.

5. Lympstone (doubtfully this species).

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 325

6. South Tawton, Ilsington.

7. Plymstock, Newton Ferrers, Holbeton.

8. Tamerton Foliott, Egg Buckland, Buckland Mona-

chorum, Lamerton, Mary Tavy, Lydford.

var. Bakeri Rogers in Land, Cat. Brit. PL ed. x.
p. 13, n. 4556 (1908) ; R. Bakeri F. A. Lees in
Bot. Exch. Clvb Report for 1884 to 1886, p. 120
(1887).

6. Torquay (Druce teste Rogers).

R. rhamnifolius W. & N. x (?) R. pyramidalis Kalt.

7. Holbeton (Marshall).

18. R. pulchebrimus Neuman in Lands hot. For.
byt, 1882.

1. Lundy Island, Morte-hoe, Ilfracombe, Bittadon,

Georgeham, Combmartin, Lynton, Brendon,
Martinhoe, Bratton Fleming, Stoke Rivers, Swim-
bridge.

2. Okehampton, Belstone, Holsworthy, Pyworthy,

Bridgerule East.

3. North Tawton, Bow, Lapford, North Molton, South

Molton, Knowstone, Bishops Nympton.

4. Christow, Ashton, Kenn, Silverton.

6. Ilsington, Chagford, Gidleigh, Moreton Hampstead,

Dunsford, Chudleigh, North Bovey, Bovey Tracey,
South Tawton, Spreyton.

7. Ermington, Plympton St. Mary.

8. Lydford, Brentor, Walkhampton, Buckland Mona-

chorum, Egg Buckland, Sheepstor.

19. R. nemobaus P. J. Miiller in Flora (B.Z.), xli.
p. 139 (1858).

1. High Bray.

20. R. abgenteus Weihe & Nees Rvbi German, p. 45,
t. 19 (1825).

1. Morte-hoe, Ilfracombe, Combmartin, Martinhoe,

Parracombe, Lynton, Countisbury, Loxhore, Bitta-
don, West Down, Georgeham, Braunton, East
Down, Marwood, Heanton Punchardon, Stoke
Rivers, Swimbridge, Landkey, Bishops Tawton,
Tawstock, Instow, Westleigh, Bideford, Northam.

2. Great Torrington, Little Torrington, Okehampton.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

326 BUBUS IN DEVON :

3. East Anstey, West Anptey, Molland, North Molton,

South I^olton, Bishops Nympton, Rose Ash, Kings
Nympton, Filleigh, Chittlehampton, Lapford,
Nymet Rowland, Bow, Zeal Monachorum, North
Tawton.

4. Christow, Kenn, Exeter, Silverton (H. A. Evans).

6. Cockington, Kingskerswell, Bishopsteignton, Newton
* Abbot, Bridford, Hennock, Chudleigh, Lustleigh,

Hsington, North Bovey, Throwleigh, Gidleigh,
Chagford, Spreyton.

7. Diptford, Buckfastleigh, Ermington, very common

about Plymouth (Briggs).

8. Tamerton FoUott, Meavy, Mary Tavy, Brentor,

Lydford.

R. argenteus W. & N. x R. vlmifolius Schott f .
1. Morte-hoe (apparently this hybrid).

21. R. vulgaris Weihe & Nees Rvbi German, p. 38,
t. 14, fig. A and E (1825) ; var. Lindleyanus Focke in
Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleurop. FL vi. p. 482
(1902) ; R. Lindleianus E. Lees in Phytol, iii. p. 361 (1848).
1. Hfracombe, Morte-hoe, Bittadon, Parracombe, Mar-
wood, Bratton Fleming, Countisbury, East Down,
Clovelly.
, 2. Okehampton, North Lew, Holsworthy, Bradworthy,
Beaworthy, Ashbury, Pyworthy, Bridgerule.

3. North Molton, South Molton, Knowstone, Bishops

Nympton, Chittlehampton, Lapford, Bow, Peters
Marland.

4. Christow, Ashton, Silverton.

6. Trusham, Bridford, Hennock, Chudleigh, Lustleigh,

Ilsington, Moreton Hampstead, North Bovey,
Gidleigh, Chagford.

7. Devonport, Plympton St. Mary, Revelstoke, Holbeton,

Newton Ferrers, Brixton, Bigbury, Modbury.

8. St. Budeaux, Tamerton Foliott, Egg Buckland,

Mary Tavy, Brentor, Lydford, Lifton, Tavistock
Hamlets, Bridestowe.

R: vulgaris W. & N., var. Lindleyanus F. x R. ulmifolius

Schott f .
1. Marwood.

[R. laciniatus Willd. Enum. PL Hart. Bercl. p. 550
(1809), doubtfully considered as a form of R. vulgaris

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THB DISTRIBUTION. 327

W. & N., and by some as a variety of R. vlmijolius Schott f.
or allied to R. Sdmeri Lindeb.

4. Exeter ; a plant was found by the roadside at Penn-
sylvania in 1892.
8. Egg Buckland ; originally introduced (?) and now
lost.]

22. R. Sblmebi Lindeb in Herb. Rub. Scandinav. n. 33
(1884).

1. Ilfracombe, Georgeham, Sherwill, Stoke River3.

2. Okehampton, Belstone, Ashwater, North Lew, Bea-

worthy, Pyworthy, Bridgerule East, Bridgerule
West, Bradford.

3. Rose Ash.

6. Bishopsteignton.

7. Plymouth neighbourhood ; believed to be in some

quantity (Rogers).
3 . Tamerton Foliott.

Group 3. Candicantes Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mitteleurop. FL vi. p. 484 (1902).
28. R. thyrsoideus Wimm. FL ScMes. ed. i. p. 204
(1832).

2. Okehampton (form closely approaching the conti-
nental R. candicam Weihe), Bridgerule West
(form with leaves having greenish white felt on the
lower face, and with a strongly branched panicle).

8. Tamerton Foliott.

24. R. pubescbns Weihe ex Boenningh. Prodr. FL
Monaster. WestphaL p. 152, n. 633 (1824).

1. East Down and Abbotsham ; doubtful records,

Group 4. Discolores Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mitteleurop. FL vi. p. 499 (1902).

25. R. ulmifolius Schott f. in Oken, I sis, fasc. v. p. 821
(1818) ; subsp. R. rusticanus Merrier in Reut. Cat. PL
Oen&ve, ed. ii. p. 279 (1861).

1. Lundy Island, Morte-hoe, Ilfracombe, Berry Narbor,
Combmartin, Trentishoe, Lynton, Countisbury,
Sherwill, Bittadon, Georgeham, Braunton, Mar-
wood, Stoke Rivers, Swimbridge, Ashford, Pilton
West, Barnstaple, Bishops Tawton, Landkey,
Instow, Northam, Clovelly.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

328 EUBUS IN DEVON :

2. Great Torrington, Okehampton.

3. Chittlehampton, Crediton Hamlets.

4. Silverton, and a form with white flowers ; also

Bradninch, a form with laciniate leaves and
panicle bearing minute prickles (G. B. Savery).

6. Spreyton, Chagford, Ilsington.

7. Plymouth.

8. Tamerton Foliott, Egg Buckland, Bickleigh, Walk-

hampton, Brentor, Coryton.

R. rusticanu8 Merc, x R. aflinis W. & N., var. Briggsianus

Rogers.

Several Devon unspecified localities : see Journ. Bot. 1907,

p. 271.

R. ulmifolius Schott f. x (?) R. argenteus W. & N.
1. Ilfracombe.
R. ulmifolitis Schott f. x (?) ; various apparent hybrids.

1. Braunton, Tawstock, Martinhoe.

2. Okehampton.

4. Silverton -(G. B. Savery).
6. Spreyton.

26. R. dumnonibnsis Bab. in Journ. Bot. 1890, pp. 338,
339.

1. Ilfracombe, Martinhoe, Lynton, East Down.

2. Holsworthy.

3. North Molton.

6. South Tawton, Spreyton, Ilsington.

7. Ivybridge, Cornwood, Plympton St. Mary.

8. Tamerton Foliott, Egg Buckland, Bickleigh, Buckland

Monachorum, Shaugh Prior, Walkhampton, Bren-
tor, Lydford.

27. R. MAOEOSTBMON Pocke Syn. Rub. German.
p. 193 (1877) ; R. robustus P. J. Mull, in Pottiehia, xvi.-xvii.
p. 87 (1859) ; Forma dynatos Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mitteleurop. Fl. vi. p. 509 (1902).

3. West Buckland.

4. Thorverton, Brampford Speke, Netherexe (G. B.

Savery).
6. Kingswear and Dartmouth ; doubtful records.
8. Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh, Peter Tavy, Mary

Tavy, Brentor, Lydford, Bridestowe, Coryton,

Milton Abbot.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OP THE DISTRIBUTION. 329

28. B. Godroni Lecoq. & Lamotte Cat, PL Centr.
France, p. 151 (1847), partly ; jR. argentatus P. J. Miiller
in PoUichia, xvi.-xvii. p. 93 (1859).

1. Swimbridge, Tawstock.

2. Belstone.

6. South Tawton, Using ton.

8. Buckland Monachorum : " Roborough Down-, in
several spots between Yelverton and Horrabridge,
a very handsome form. Though now established
in that part of the Down as a well-marked constant
plant, this looks as if it might originally have
'arisen from a crossing between B. Godroni and
B. leucostachys Sm." (Rogers in Journ. Bot.
1910, p. 317.)

var. clivicola Druce List Brit. PL p. 21, n. 785c
(January, 1908) ; jR. argentatus P. J. Muell., var.
clivicola A. Ley in Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 158.

7. Plympton St. Mary.

var. foliolatus Rogers & Ley in Journ. Bot. 1906,
p. 58.
1. Fremington.

Group 5. Silvatici Focke in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn.
Mittdeurop. Fl. vi. p. 514 (1902).

29. R. mbrcicus Bagnall in Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 372.

8. Between Dousland (Walkhampton) and Princetown

(Lydford).

var. bracteatus Bagnall in Journ. Bot. 1894,
p. 187.
8. Egg Buckland.

var. chrysoxylon Rogers in Griffith FL AngL
and Cam. p. 43 (1895).

3. North Molton.

80. R. villicauus Koehler ex Weihe & Nees Rvbi
German, p. 43, t. 17 (1825).
1. Georgeham, Lynton.

6. Ilsington, Bishopsteignton.

7. Ivybridge, Cornwood, Modbury, Yealmpton, Plymp-

ton St. Mary, Plymstock.

8. St. Budeaux, Tamerton Foliott, Bere Ferrers, Egg

Buckland, Bickleigh, Shaugh Prior.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

330 BUBUS IN DEVON :

var. calvatus Rogers in Land. Cat. ed. ix. p. 16,
n. 453d (1895) ; R. ccdvatus Bloxam in Kirby
Fl. Leicest. p. 42 (1850).
8. Tamerton Foliott : see Druce in Journ. Bot. 1904,
p. 9.

31. R. bhombifolius Weihe ex Boenningh. Prodr. Fl.
Monaster. Westphal. p. 151, n. 631 (1824).

8. Mary Tavy, Milton Abbot, Brentor to Coryton,
Bridestowe.

32. R. gratus Focke in Alpers, Verz. Oefaesspfl.
Stade, p. 26 (1875).

8. Weston Peverell.

33. R. lbuoandbus Focke in Alpers, Verz. Oefaesspfl.
Stade, p. 27 (1875) ; and in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn.
MiUdeurop. Fl. vi. p. 521 (1902) (leucander).

8. Egg Buckland.

34. R. macbophyllus Weihe & Nees Rvbi German.
p. 35 ; jR. eu-macrophyUus Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. MiUdeurop. Fl. vi. p. 522 (1902).

1. QEracombe, East Down, Marwood, Stoke Rivers,

Tawstock.

2. Huntshaw, St. Giles-in-the-Wood, Little Torrington,

Belstone.

3. Molland.

8. Bridestowe, Lydford, Mary Tavy, Egg Buckland,
Tamerton Foliott.

35. R. danious Focke in Abh. Natur. Ver. Bremen,
ix. p. 322 (1886).

1. Marwood (W. Hunt Painter teste Rogers).

2. Okehampton ; a doubtful record.

36. R. Schlbchtbndaui Weihe ex Boenningh. Prodr.
Fl. Monaster. Westphal. p. 152, n. 634 (1824).

1. Lynton, Hfracombe.

2. Sampford Courtenay, Belstone, Okehampton.
South Tawton, Throwleigh, Chagford, Torquay.
Ivybridge, Harford, Plymstock.

8. Weston Peverell, Tamerton Foliott, Bickleigh, Bren-
tor, Lydford.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 331

var. amplificatus ; R. amplificatus E. Lees in
Steele Handb. Field Bot pp. x, 58 (1847).
1. Swimbridge ; varying in the direction of this variety.

3. Crediton Hamlets.

37. R. maceophylloides Genev. in Mem. Soc. Acad.
Maine-et-Loire, xxiv. p. 172 (1868).

4. Bradninch, Silverton (and a form approaching this

species ; G. B. Savery).

7. Comwood.

8. Egg Buckland.

88. R. QuESTiERn L. V. Lefevre & P. J. Miiller in
PoMchia, xvi.-xvii. p. 120 (1859).

3. Burrington.

4. Rewe with Upexe, forma umbrosa (G. B. Savery).

7. Holbeton ; a very handsome plant, with almost
golden-yellow foliage (Marshall).

39. R. silvaticus Weihe & Nees Rvbi German, p. 41,
t. 15 (1825).

1. Lynton (Rogers).

2. Sampford Courtenay, Belstone.
4. Christow.

6. Lustleigh, Bovey Tracey.

7. Totnes, South Brent, Plympton St. Mary, Cornwood,

Brixton, Ermington.

8. Buckland Monachonim, Lydford, Egg Buckland.

40. R. lentiginosus E. Lees in Steele Handb. Field
Bot. pp. x, 60 (1847).

1. Ufracombe, Marwood.

6. South Tawton.

7. Plymouth, Plympton St. Mary, Yealmpton.

Group 6. Sprengeliani Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mitteleurop. Fl. vi. p. 528 (1902).

41. R. Speengblh Weihe in Flora, ii. p. 17 (1819).

1. Marwood ; near this species.

2. Belstone, Okehampton.

3. North Tawton, Bow.

4. Kenn.

5. Axmouth (Murray).

6. Spreyton, Ilsington, Hennock.

8. Sheepstor, Egg Buckland.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

332 EUBUS IN DEVON :

Group 7. Egregii Frider. & Gel. in Bot. Tidsskr. xvi.
p. 51 (1887).

42. M. muceonatus Bloxam in Kirby FL Leicest.
p. 43 (1850) ; R. atricharUheros E. H. L. Krause in Prahl
Krit. FL Schl. Hoist, ii. p. 61 (1889).

1. Sherwill, Atherington, Tawstock, Fremington.

3. Huntshaw.

2. Ghulmleigh, Bishops Nympton.

4. Bradninch (G. B. Savery).
6. Hsington.

8. Weston Peverell, Buckland Monachorum, Walk-
hampton, Milton Abbot.

R. mucronatus Bloxam x R. leucostachys Schleich. or
x R. corylifolius Sm. (?).

3. South Molton.

R. mucronatus Bloxam x (?)
1. Morte-hoe.

43. R. Ramosus Briggs in Journ. Bot. 1871, pp. 330-2.

4. Christow, Ashton.

6. Trusham, Hennock, Teigngrace, Lustleigh, Bovey

Tracey, Ilsington, Moreton Hampstead.

7. Ivybridge, C!ornwood, Pl3rmpton St. Mary, Plymouth,

Plymstock, Wembury, Brixton, Newton Ferrers,
Revelstoke, Holbeton, Ringmore, Modbury,
Kingston.

8. Tamerton Foliott, Bere Ferrers, Egg Buckland,

Bickleigh, Walkhampton, Tavistock, St. Budeaux.

44. R. cineeosus Rogers in Bot. Exch. Clvb Report for
1896, p. 513.

4. Silverton ; an uncharacteristic form (G. B. Savery).

45. R. Drejeri G. Jensen in FL Dan. fasc. 51, 7, t. 3023

(1883).

1. Swimbridge, Stoke Rivers.

3. North Molton, East Anstey (Marshall in Journ. Bot.

1908, p. 254).

4. Silverton ; fairly frequent, especially on the higher

ground (G. B. Savery).
8. Buckland Monachorum, near Tavistock, Egg Buck-
land.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 333

46. R. Ley anus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1894, p. 374 ;
B. Drejeri, subsp. B. Augustini Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
8yn. Mittdeurop. FL vi. p. 540 (1902).

1. Stoke Rivers, Northam.

2. Huntshaw (H. A. Evans).

4. By the road from Butterleigh to Criss-Cross (G. B.
Savery).

7. Between Ivybridge and Ermington (Marshall).

8. Egg Buckland.

Group 8. Grandifolii Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mittdeurop. Fl. vi. p. 540 (1902).

47. R. ericetorum Lefevre in Bvll. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxiv.
pp. 218, 223 (1877) non Bicheno; B. Lejeunei Weihe &
Nees, var. ericetorum, Rogers in Lond. Cat., ed. ix. p. 16,
n. 4916 (March, 1895).

1. Stoke Rivers ; a doubtful determination.

3. East Anstey, between E. Anstey (Devon) and Brush-

ford (Somerset) ; Journ. Bot. 1908, p. 254.

48. R. sertiflorus P. J. Muell. ex Genev. in Mim. Soc.
Acad. Maine-et-Loire, xxiv. p. 96 (1868) ; B. ericetorum Lef.>
var. sertiflorus Rogers & Ley in Journ. Bot. 1906, p. 59.

4. Bradninch and Broadclyst ; forms of this species

(G. B. Savery).

Group 9. Vestiti Focke in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn t
Mittdeurop. Fl. vi. p. 544 (1902).

49. R. hypoleucus L. V. Lefevre & P. Jr. Miiller in
Pollichia, xvi.-xvii. p. 143 (1859).

1. Ilfracombe, Marwood, East Down, Sherwill, Bratton

Fleming, Stoke Rivers, Westward Ho, Clovelly
(J. W. White).

2. Okehampton, Bradford, Tetcott, Pyworthy, Bridge-

rule East.

3. South Molton, North Molton (apparently an eglan-

dular form of this species).

4. Kenn, Christow, Silverton (G. B. Savery).

6. Trusham, Chudleigh, Dunsford, Chagford, Ilsington,

Lustleigh, Teigngrace, Moreton Hampstead, Bovey
Tracey.

7. Totnes, Harford, Ivybridge, Plympton St. Mary >

Bigbury neighbourhood.

8. Egg Buckland, Buckland Monachorum, Milton Abbot,

Lamerton, Mary Tavy , Brentor, Lydf ord to Bickleigh.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

334 RUBUS IN DEVON .*

R. hypoleucu8 Lef. & Miill. x R. leucostachys Schleich.
1. Sherwill ; apparently this hybrid.

R. hypoleucus Lef. & Miill. x R. pyramidalis Kalt.
1. West Down ; apparently this hybrid.

R. hypoleucus Lef. & Miill.. x R. thyrsiger Bab.

7. Bigbury neighbourhood ; probably this hybrid

(Marshall in Journ. Bot. 1895, p. 203).

50. R. leucostachys Schleich. ex Smith Engl. FL
ii. p. 403 (1824).

1. Ilfracombe, Berry Narbor, Trentishoe, Martinhoe,

Lynton, Georgeham, Bratton Fleming, Stoke
Rivers, Sherwill (rather abnormal), Landkey (a
form), Westward Ho.

2. Great Torrington, Bradford, Okehampton, Hols-

worthy, Bridgerule, Bridgenile East (a form with
deeply cut foliage and remarkably red flowers.

3. East Anstey, West Anstey, Molland, Bishops Nymp-

ton, Rose Ash, Mariansleigh, Kings Nympton,
South Molton, North Molton (a form or hybrid),
Chittlehampton (Umberleigh), Lapford, North
Tawton.

4. Silverton ; common but often uncharacteristic

(G. B. Savery).

5. Lympstone.

6. Spreyton, South Tawton, Ilsington, Moreton Hamp-

stead, North Bovey, Bishopsteignton.

8. Egg Buckland, Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh,

Meavy, Whitchurch, Mary Tavy, Brentor, Lydford,
Bridestowe.

R. leucostachys Schleich. x R. rhamnifolius W. & N.
1. East Down ; doubtfully this hybrid.

R. leucostachys Schleich. x R. vulgaris W. & N., var.
LindleyanuA Focke.
1. Marwood ; very probably this hybrid.

R. leucostachys Schleich. x R. idmifolius Schott f.
1. East Down, Heanton Punchardon.

3. South Molton ; a hybrid form, apparently with a

strain of R. idmifolius Schott f .

4. Silverton ; apparently rather common (G. B. Savery).

6. Spreyton.

7. Holbeton ; see Journ. Bot. 1895, p. 203.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 335

R. leucostachys Schleich, x R. hypoleucus Lef . & Mull.
1. Bishops Tawton.
3. Chittlehampton.

R. leucostachys Schleich. x R. Radvla Weihe.
1. Georgeham ; very likely this hybrid.

R. leucoetachys Schleich. x R. Borreri Bell Salt, or

x R. Sprengelii Weihe.
6. Spreyton ; doubtfully one of these hybrids.

Also various hybrids apparently of this species :

1. Bittadon, Georgeham, Sherwill, Hfracombe.
3. Bishops Nympton.

51. R. lasioclados Focke Syn. Rub. German, p. 198
(1877), var. angustifolius Rogers Handb. Brit. Rvbi,
p. 52 (1900).

3. North Tawton.

5. Lympstone ; apparently this variety.

6. Hsington.

8. Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh, Shaugh Prior,
Mary Tavy.

Under R. lasiostachys Focke may perhaps be
placed the following, which looks like a hybrid
derived from a crossing between R. leucostachys
Schleich. and R. vlmifolius Schott f. :

2. Merton.

52. R. leucanthemus P. J. Miiller (?) in PoUichia, xvi.-
xvii. p. 122 (1859) ; Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1910, p. 319.

8. Egg Buckland.

53. R. adenanthus Boul. & Gill. Assoc. Rvb. Ann.
No. 429 (1881), forma umbrosa Rogers.

4. Combe, near Silverton ; in a damp, shady lane, 1903

(G. B. Savery).

54. R. pyramidalis Kaltenbach Fl. Aach. Beck.
p. 275 (1845) ; R. eifdiensis Wirtg. Herb. Rub. Rhen.
ed. i. n. 94, & in Flora, xlii. p. 235 (1859).

1. Hfracombe, Marwood, Loxhore, East Down, Lynton.

2. Tetcott, Bradworthy, between Beaworthy and Ash-

bury, Okehampton, Bridgerule East, Bridgerule
West, Holsworthy.

3. Chittlehampton, North Molton.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

336 RUBUS IN DEVON :

6. South Tawton, Throwleigh, Chagford, Lustleigh,
Ilsington, Moreton Hampstead, Hennock, Bovey
Tracey.

8. Buckland Monachorum, Brentor, Lydf ord, Bridestowe.

R. pyramidcdis Kalt. x R. vlmifclius Schott f.

8. Brentor ; apparently this hybrid.

65. R. mBTiFOLnrs P. J. Mull. & Wirtg. Herb. Rub.
Rhen. ed. i. n. 173 (1862).
1. Qfracombe.
4. Bradninch ; Savery, forma.

56. R. gymnostachys Genevier in M&m. Soc. Maine-et-
Loire, x. p. 28 (1862) ; R. leucostachys Schleich. var. gym-
nostachys Rogers in Lond. Cat. ed. ix. p. 16, n. 4723 (1895).

1. Stoke Rivers ; perhaps this species.
4. Silverton.

6. South Tawton.

57. R. Boe^anus Genev. in Mim. Soc. Maine-et-Loire,
viii. p. 87 (1860).

7. Common in the valley of the Erme (Journ. Bot. 1895,

p. 203).

8. Egg Buckland, Bickleigh.

R. Boraeanus Genev. x R. leucostachys Schleich.

7. Holbeton (Journ. Bot. 1895, p. 203).

58. R. insericatus P. J. Miiller in Flora, xli. p. 184
(1858) ; R. Newbouldii Bab. in Journ. Bot. 1886, p. 230.

8. Buckland Monachorum, Brentor, Lydford, Bridestowe.

59. R. Mbnkei Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
Comp. Fl. German, i. p. 679 (1825), forma propexus
Focke in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mittdeurop. vi. p. 558
(1902) ; R. moUissimus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1894, p. 45.

1. Stoke Rivers (a state with acuminate and abnor-

mally incise leaflets), Westward Ho.

2. Sampford Courtenay, by the Holsworthy and Thorn-

bury Road.

6. South Tawton.

7. Kingston ; apparently this form.

8. Lydford.

forma macranthelos Focke, I.e. ; R. macranthelos
Marsson Fl. Neuvorpomm. p. 147 (1869).
7. Plympton St. Mary : see Rogers, Handb. Brit. Rubi>
p. 50 (1900).

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THB DISTRIBUTION. 337

60. R. nticus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 506 ; and
1910, p. 318 ; forma minor.

1. East Down, 23 June, 1896.
4. Bradninch (G. B. Savery).
8. Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh, Shaugh Prior,

Walkhampton, Mary Tavy, Brentor, Lydford,

Coryton, Milton Abbot, Bridestowe.

Group 10. BaduteB Focke Syn. Rub. German, pp. 78,

317 (1877).

61. R. -EGOCLadus Mull. & Lefevre in Pottichia, xvi.-
xvii. p. 134 (1859) (oigodadus) ; Boulay in Coste, Fl.
France, ii. pp. 31, 43, 46 (1903) ; iii. p. 791 (1906).

1. Marwood, Sherwill.

3. North Molton, Crediton Hamlets.

6. South Tawton.

7. Ivybridge, Plympton St. Mary, Plymstock, Holbeton,

Brixton.

8. Weston Peverell, Tamerton Foliott, Egg Buckland,

Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh, Brentor,
Lydford.

[var. R. Briggsii Bloxam in Journ. Bot. 1869,
p. 33, t. 88.
8. St. Budeaux, Egg Buckland, Bickleigh.

Apparently only an anomalous form ; there is
reason to fear that it is a thing of the past ; see
Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1894, p. 50.]

62. R. Bloxamianus Colem. Cat. FL PI. and Ferns of
Leicestersh. (1862) ; Baker in Bot. Exch. Club Report for
1862, p. 8 (1863) ; Rogers in Devon Vict. Hist. i. p. 91
(1906).

1. Bideford (Tatum teste Rogers).

68. R. Radula Weihe ex Boenningh. Prodr. Fl.
Monast. Westphal. p. 152. n. 636 (1824).

8. Between Bere Ferrers and Moorwhellam (Rogers).

var. anglicanus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1894,
p. 47.

2. Belstone, Okehampton, Holsworthy, Tetcott, Py-

worthy, Bridgerule East, Bridgerule West, Brad-
worthy.

3. Lapford.

VOL. XLIII. Y

Digitized by VjOOQIC

338 ETJBUS IN DEVON :

6. South Tawton, Chagford, Gidleigh, Moreton Hamp-

stead, Chudleigh, Hennock, Kingsteignton.

7. Devonport, Plymouth, Plymstock, Plympton St.

Mary, Holbeton.

8. St. Budeaux, Tamerton Foliott, Egg Buckland,

Buckland Monachorum, Bere Ferrers, Bickleigh,
Tavistock Hamlets, Lydford.

64. R. bchinatus Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. ed. i. p. 94,
n. 20 (1829) ; R. discerptus P. J. Miiller in PoUichia, xvi.-
xvii. p. 146 (1859).

1. Heanton Punchardon, Marwood, Tawstock, West-

ward Ho (Tatum teste Rogers).

2. Holsworthy, Pyworthy, Bridgerule East.

3. Chittlehampton.

4. Silverton ; fairly abundant (G. B. Savery).
6. Spreyton, Hennock.

8. Egg Buckland, Bere Ferrers.

65. R. Babingtonii Bell Salt, in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 1,
xv. p. 307 (1845).

3. North Molton.

8. Walkhampton ; forma umbrosa Rogers.

66. R. scabee Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingeriu
Comp. Fl. German, i. p. 683 (1825).

1. Braunton, Marwood, Sherwill, Stoke Rivers, Swim-

bridge.

2. St. Giles-in-the-Wood, Okehampton, Bradworthy.

3. East Anstey, North Molton, West Buckland, Chittle-

hampton.
8. Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh, Milton Abbot.

67. R. pallidus Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
Comp. Fl. German, i. p. 682 (1825).

2. Okehampton ; a slender, weakly armed, and shade-
grown form (Rogers). St. Giles-in-the-Wood
(Evans).

6. Moreton Hampstead.

var. fuscus Focke in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn.
Mittdeurop. Fl. vi. p. 572 (1902) ; R. fuscus
Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh. Comp. Fl.
German, i. p. 681 (1825).
8. St. Budeaux, Tamerton Foliott.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OP THE DISTRIBUTION. 339

var. nutans ; R. fuscus Weihe & Nees, var.
nutans Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 304.

3. George Nympton.
6. Cornwood.

8. Bere Ferrers, Buckland Monachorum.

68. R. melanoderma Focke in Journ. Bot. 1890, p. 133.

4. Silverton ; rather common in hedges and woods

(G. B. Savery).
8. Egg Buckland ; probably this species, or a nearly
allied form (Rogers).

69. R. foliosus Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh,
Comp. Fl. German, i. p, 682 (1825).

1. Georgeham, Marwood, East Down, Lynton, Brendon,

Countisbury.

2. Tetcott.

4. Kenn, Christow, Stoke Canon (Rogers).

6. Hennock, Bovey Tracey.

7. Cornwood.

8. Egg Buckland, Bickleigh.

R. foliosus W. & N. x (?) R. macrophyUus W. & N.
1. Bittadon.

70. R. thyrsiger Bab. in Journ. Bot. 1886, p. 226.

1. Clovelly (J. W. White teste Rogers).

2. Okehampton.

3. Chittlehampton ; probably this species.

4. Butterleigh to Criss-Cross ; on the hill, in a hedge

(G. B. Savery).

6. Newton Abbot (Waterfall teste Rogers).

7. Kingston and Holbeton ; a form (Marshall).

8. St. Budeaux, Egg Buckland, Bickleigh, Shaugh

Prior, Milton Abbot.

71. R. longithyrsigbe E. Lees ms. (1849) ex Bab.
Brit. Rubi, p. 231 (1869).

1. Brendon or Lynton or Countisbury (" Watersmeet,"

Rogers).

2. Tetcott.

3. North Molton, South Molton.

6. Moreton Hampstead, Chagford, Ilsington, Chudleigh.

7. Devonport, Plympton St. Mary, Cornwood, Erming-

ton, Holbeton.

8. Tamerton Foliott, Egg Buckland, Buckland Mona-

chorum, Bickleigh, Whitchurch, Tavistock Hamlets,
Walkhampton, Brentor, Lydford.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

340 RUBTTS IN DEVON :

72. R. botryeros Focke ex Rogers in Land. Cat. ed. x.
p. 15, n. 524 (1908) ; R. longithyrsigerBeLb. 9 v&r. or subsp.
botryeros Rogers Handb. Brit. Rvbi, p. 77 (1900).

4. Bradninch to Killerton (Broadclist) ; a form of this
species (G. B. Savery).

6. South Tawton.

7. Cornwood.

8. Egg Buckland, Buckland Mxmachorum, Shaugh Prior.

Group 11. Apiculati Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mittdeurop. FL vi. pp. 451, 576 (1902).
' 73. R. Boreeri Bell Salt, in Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. i.
xv. p. 306 (1845) ; R. eu-Borreri Focke, I.e. p. 578.

1. Swimbridge.

2. Sampford Courtenay, Belstone, Okehampton.

3. Bow ; apparently this species.

4. Silverton (G. B. Savery), Clayhanger (apparently

this species).

5. Near Sidmouth (Druce teste Rogers).

6. Spreyton (apparently this species), South Tawton,

Ilsington, near Torquay (Focke).
8. Buckland Monachorum, Milton Abbot, Brentor,
Bridestowe.

var. dentotifolius Briggs Fl. Plym. p. 121 (1880).

2. Sampford Courtenay, Belstone, Okehampton.
4. Christow.

6. South Tawton, Ilsington, Chagford, Gidleigh, More-
ton Hampstead, Hennock, Bovey Tracey.

8. Weston Peverell, Egg Buckland, Bickleigh, Lydford.
R. Borreri Bell Salt, x R. Sprengdii Weihe.

6. Spreyton ; perhaps this hybrid.

R. Borreri Bell Salt, x R. iricus Rogers.

3. East Anstey ; probably this hybrid.

74. R. uncinatus P. J. Muller in Flora (Bot. Zeit.).
xh. p. 154 (1858).

2. Okehampton.

var. OriffUhianus Focke in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn.

Mittdeurop. Fl. vi. p. 579 (1902) ; R. Oriffithianus

Rogers ex GriflE. FL Angles. andCarnarv. p. 48 (1895).

1. Marwood, Lynton neighbourhood (a form of this

variety).

3. Wembworthy.

4. Silverton, 600 ft. alt. (G. B. Savery).
6. Hennock ; a form*

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 341

75. R. apiculatus Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
Comp. Fl. German, i. p. 680 (1825) ; R. anglosaxonicus
Gelert in Bot. Tidsskr. xvi. p. 81 (1888).

1. West Down, Marwood, Sherwill, Swimbridge (this

species probably).

2. Bridgerule.

3. South Molton, Lapford.

4. Silverton, Bradninch, and Butterleigh (G. B. Savery).

7. Plympton St. Mary.

8. Milton Abbot.

var. curvidens ; R. anglosaxonicus Gelert, subsp.
curvidens Rogers Handb. Brit. Rubi, p. 57 (1900).

1. Berry Narbor ; too young for certainty.

2. Okehampton.

8. Lydford, Milton Abbot, Bridestowe, heath between
Mary Tavy and Lamerton.

var. radvloides ; R. anglosaxonicus Gelert, subsp.
radvloides Rogers, I.e. p. 58.

3. Newton St. Cyres.

[var. setulosus ; R. anglosaxonicus Gelert, subsp.
seiulosus Rogers, I.e. Churchstanton, Somerset;
Watson's vice-county 3, " South Devon."]

var. horridicaulis Focke in Aschers. & Graebn.
Syn. Mitteleurop. Fl. vi. p. 581 (1902) ; R. horridi-
caulis P. J. MiiUer in Bonplandia, ix. p. 284 (1861) ;
R. ochrodermis Rogers in Devon Vict. Hist. i. p. 95
(1906) ; non A. Ley.
1. Barnstaple, Marwood.

3. South Molton, Bishops Nympton (apparently this

variety).

4. Bradninch, Butterleigh, Cadbury, and Bickleigh;

fairly frequent (G. B. Savery).

Group 12. Koehleriani Bab. Brit. Rubi, p. 199 (1869).

76. R. hetebacanthus Weihe ex Lejeune Rev. Fl.
Env. Spa, p. 101 (1824) ; R. rosaceus Weihe & Nees ex
Bluff & Fingerh. Comp. Fl German, i. p. 685 (1825).

1. Lynton.

3. South Molton.

8. St. Budeaux, Egg Buckland, Meavy, Milton Abbot.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

342 BX7BT7S IN DEVON :

77. R. bubbscens Lejcune FL Env. Spa t ii. p. 340
(1813) ; R. Histrix Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
Comp. FL German, i. p. 687 (1824).

1. Combmartin, Sherwill, Lynton.

2. Okehampton.

3. Molland.

6. South Tawton, Teigngrace.
8. Tamerton Foliott.

var. infecundus ; R. rosaceus W. & N., var.
infecundus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 338.

1. Marwood, Sherwill, Stoke Rivers, Swimbridge.

8. Egg Buckland, Buckland Monachorum, Bickleigh,
Shaugh Prior, Walkhampton.

var. Purchasianus ; R. rosaceus W. & N., var.
Purchasianus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1895, p. 102 ;
R. Purchasianus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1894,
p. 374.

2. St. Giles-in-the-Wood ; may be this variety.
6. Bovey Tracey ; doubtful record.

var. silvestris ; R. rosaaus W. & N., var. sU-
vestris R. P. Murr. ex Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1894,
p. 47.

1. Marwood, Stoke Rivers, Bratton Fleming, Lynton,

Brendon, Countisbury.
6. Fingle Bridge (Drewsteignton or Moreton Hamp-
stead).

var. Lingua ; R.. Lingua Bab. Syn. Brit. Rubi,
p. 24 (1846), & in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. ii. p.
266 (1846).

2. Okehampton (Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 338).

78. R. Kohlebi Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
Comp. FL German, i. p. 681 (1825), forma, eu-KdeJderi Focke
in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleurop. vi. p. 598 (1902).

2. Okehampton, Pancrasweek, Pyworthy, Tetcott.
6. Trusham, Hennock.

var. cognatus Rogers, Handb. Brit. Rubi, p. 83
(1900) ; R. cognatus N. E. Brown in Engl. Bot. ed.
iii. xiii (Suppl.) p. 101 (1892), partly.
8. St. Budeaux ; apparently an obscure local form
(Rogers).

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 343

79. R. dasyphyllus Rogers in Lond. Cat. ed. x. p. 15,
n. 531 (1908); R. Koehleri W. & N., var. or subsp. dasy-
phyllus Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1899, p. 197.

1. Martinhoe.

3. Filleigh, Bishops Nympton, North Molton (apparently
this species).

6. Ghagford, Ilsington.

8. Buckland Monachorum.

80. R. Marshalli Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1894, p. 374 ;
var. semiglaber Rogers in Bot. Exch. Club Report, 1895,
p. 479.

1. Swimbridge.
3. North Molton.
8. Egg Buckland.

Group 13. Glandulosi Focke Syn. Rub. German.
pp. 78, 355 (1877).

81. R. mutabilis Genev. in Mem. Soc. Acad. Maine-et-
Loire, viii. p. 84 (1860).

1. High Bray.

var. nemorosus Genev. ex Bab. in Journ. Bot.
1886, p. 232.

7. Plympton St. Mary, Plymouth, Devonport.

8. Weston Peverell, Tamerton Foliott, St. Budeaux,

Egg Buckland, Bickleigh, Buckland Monachorum,
Bere Ferrers, Meavy, Shaugh Prior, Walkhampton.

82. R. thyrsiflorus Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
Comp. FL German, i. p. 684 (1825) ; R. Bloxamii E. Lees
in Steele, Handb. Field Bot. pp. 55 x (1847).

3. Bishops Nympton.

88. R. Bbllardi Weihe & Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh.
Comp. Fl. German, i. p. 688 (1825).

2. Great Torrington, Bradworthy.

3. Chittlehampton ; belongs to this group.
8. Buckland Monachorum (Vigurs).

84. R. hirtus Waldst. & Kit. PL Rar. Hung. ii.
p. 150, t. 141 (1805). There are several old records for the
type of the species in Nos. 1 and 2 botanical districts, but
they are now considered more or less doubtful, and they
probably belong to the var. rotundifolius Bab.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

344 RXTBUS IN DEVON :

var. rotundifolius Bab. in Lond. Cat. ed. viii.
p. 13, n. 468!> (May, 1886) ; K. rotundifolius Bloxam
in Kirby Fl. Leic. p. 39 (1850).

1. Parracombe, Martinhoe, Lynton, Sherwill, Stoke

Rivers, Goodleigh, Tawstock, Bideford.

2. Little Torrington, St. Giles-in-the-Wood, Petrockstow,

Sampford Courtenay, Okehampton, Huntshaw,
Bradworthy, Pyworthy, Holsworthy, Bradford.

3. West Anstey, North Molton, North Tawton.

4. Kenn, Bradninch (G. B. Savery).

6. Spreyton, Chagford, Gidleigh, Throwleigh, Hittia-

leigh, South Tawton.

var. rubiginosus Rogers in Lond. Cat. ed. ix.
p. 17, n. 517e (1895) ; R. rubiginosus P. J. Miiller
in PoUichia, xvi.-xvii. p. 207 (1859).
8. Bickleigh, Brentor, Lydford.

var. Kaltenbachii Rogers, I.e. n. 517c (1895) ;
R. Kaltenbachii Metsch in Linncea, xxviii. p. 170
(1856).

1. Heanton Punchardon (W. Hunt Painter teste Rogers).

2. Beaford.

3. Molland, North Molton.

8. Buckland Monachorum ; this variety or a form near
it, in plenty (Rogers).

[R. ochrodermia A. Ley, which was credited
to North Devon by Rogers, Handb. Brit. Rubi,
p. 106, n. 93 (1900) ; a form of R. horridicaulis
P. J. Mull, was mistaken for it. It is not now
retained for Devon.]

85. R. eivtjlaris P. J. Mull. & Wirtg. Herb. Rub.
Rhen. ed. i.n. 104 (1858).

7. Ivybridge (Marshall in Journ. Bot. 1895, p. 203).

86. R. divexikamxjs P. J. Mull, in Boulay, Ronces
Vosg. nn. 30, 38 (1866).

8. Beer Aston (Bere Ferrers) to Tavistock.

87. R. serpens Weihe ex Lej. & Court. Compend. Fl.
Belg.ii.p. 172(1831).

3. Lapford (near to this species and to R. Beliardi
W. & N.).

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 345

Group 14. Corylifolii Focke in Abh. V.N. Bremen, i. p.

277 (1868).
88. R. cjesius L. Sp. PL ed. i. p. 493 (1753).
1. Morte-hoe, Hfracombe, Lynton, Georgeham, Braun-
ton, Heanton Punchardon, Bittadon, Ashford,
Barnstaple, Fremington, Instow, Abbotsham,
Northam (a form with stout prickles)

3. Lapford.

4. St. Thomas, Kenn.

5. Woodbury, Branscombe.

6. Trusham, Chudleigh, llsington, Bovey Tracey,

Newton Abbot, Paignton, St. Mary Church (a
large form).

7. Plymstock, Plymouth, Devonport.

8. St. Budeaux, Tamerton Foliott, Tavistock, Brentor,

Lydford.

R. ccesius L. x vlmifolius Schott f .
1. Ilfracombe, Stoke Rivers, and Tawstock (apparently
this hybrid).

R. ccesius L. x R. corylifolius Sm.
1. Braunton.

R. emus L. x (?)
1. Braunton.

89 R. feeox Weihe ex Boenningh. Prodr. Fl. Monast.
Wes'phal. p. 153, n. 637 (1824) ; R. diversifolius Lindl. var.
ferus Focke in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleurop. FL vi.
p. 636 (1902).

1. Ashford (W. Hunt Painter teste Rogers).

4. Silverton ; a form between this species and its variety

diversifolius (G. B. Savery).
7. By the Avon, between Hatch Bridge and Aveton
Gifford (probably Loddiswell parish) ; Marshall in
Journ. Bot. 1895, p. 203.

var. diversifolius ; R. myriacanthus Focke in
Bremen, Abh. ii. p. 467 (1871); rum Dougl.
(1834) ; R. diversifolius Lindl. Syn. Brit. Fl. ed.
i. p. 93 (1829) ; non Tineo (1817).

1. Lynton neighbourhood, Stoke Rivers, Bideford.

2. Bridgerule, Bradworthy, Pancrasweek, Pyworthy,

Holswouthy, Bradford, between Beaworthy and

Ashbury, Northlew.
4. Kenn.
6. Chagford, Moreton Hampstead, Newton Abbot.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

346 EUBUS IN DEVON :

7. Cornwood, Yealmpton, by the Avon between Hatch

Bridge and Aveton Gifford (probably in Loddiswell
parish ; a form intermediate between this variety
and B. nemorosus Hayne, var. tuber cubitus) >

8. Egg Buckland.

90. R. nemorosus Hayne Arzneigew. ii. t. 10 (1813) ;
B. dumetorum Weihe ex Boenningh. Prodr. Fl. Monast.
WestphcU. p. 153, n. 638 (1824).

1. Marwood, Ashford, Sherwill.

3. Satterleigh and Warkleigh.

var. britannicus ; B. britannicus Rogers in Journ.
Bot. 1894, p. 49.

4. Silverton (G. B. Savery).

8. Brentor ; a form near this variety (Rogers in Journ.
Bot. 1910, p. 322).

var. tuberctdatus ; B. tuberctdatus Bab. Fl.
Carnbr. p. 306 (1860).
1. Ashford ; a form near this variety.

5. Lympstone ; belongs to this variety or to some

allied form.

6. Chudleigh.

7. Cornwood, Plympton St. Mary.

var. raduliformis ; B. dumetorum Weihe, var.
raduliformis A. Ley in Bot. Exch. Club Beport for
1902 (1903).

8. Brentor (Rogers in Journ. Bot. 1910, p. 323).

B. nemorosus Hayne x (?)
1. Marwood.

91. R. Balfoueianus Bloxam ex Bab. in Ann. Nat.
Hist. ser. i. xix. p. 86 (1847).

1. Swimbridge, Instow.

2. Holsworthy, Ashwater, Pyworthy, Northlew, Brad-

ford, Clawton (form approaching B. corylifclius
Sm.), Bridgerule East, Bridgerule West.

7. Modbury (Briggs).

8. Tavistock.

B. atthceifolius Host, given by Rogers in Journ.
Bot. 1886, p. 81, as occurring at Bridgerule (Distr.
2) in two or three places, is possibly a form of
B. Bcdfourianus Blox.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

SOME ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRIBUTION. 347

92. R. corylifolius Sm. Fl. Brit. ii. p. 542 (1800).
1. Ilfracombe, Braunton, Ashford, Marwood, Stoke

Rivers, Martinhoe, Countisbury, Bishops Tawton,

Bideford, Abbotsham.

3. Twitchen, Molland or Bishops Nympton, Chittle-

hampton, Lapford, Bow.

4. Exeter, Exminster.

5. Salcombe Regis.

6. Kingswear and Dartmough (?).

var. svblustris Leight. in Phytcl. iii. p. 161
(1848) ; R. svblustris Lees in Steele Handb. Field
Bot. pp. 54 x (1847 ; R. eu-corylifolius Focke in
Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleurop. FL vi.
p. 645 (1903).
1. Braunton, Heanton Punchardon, Bishops Tawton,
Swimbridge.

3. Chittlehampton (Umberleigh).

4. Between Rewe and Silverton (G. B. Savery), Kenn.

6. Trusham, Hennock, Chudleigh, Teigngrace, Newton

Abbot, Ilsington, Hittisleigh (perhaps this variety).

7. Holbeton, Wembury, Plymstock, Plympton St. Mary,

Plymouth, Devonport.

8. Weston Peverell, Whitchurch, Brentor, Lydford.

var. conjungens Bab. Man. Brit. Bot. ed. iii.
p. 103 (1851) ; R. cydophyUus Lin deb. exs. (See
Journ. Bot. 1895, p. 105).
1. Morte-hoe, Goodleigh, near Instow (Rogers).
7. Holbeton, Ermington, Plympton St. Mary, Plymouth,
Devonport.

Focke in Aschers. & Graebn. Syn. Mitteleurop.
Fl. vi. p. 628 (1902) remarks that R. cydophyUus
Lindeb. appears to be the hybrid R. azsius L.
X Wahlbergii Arrhen.
R. corylifolius Sm. x R. ulmifolius Schott f.
1. Braunton ; apparently this hybrid.

R. corylifoliu8 Sm. x R. leucostachys Schleich.
1. Ilfracombe ; doubtfully referred to this hybrid.

Fossil Species.
Rubus microspermus C. & E. M. Reid in Phil.
Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Series B. vol. 201, p. 169,
pi. 15, fig. 13-17 (1911).
6. Bovey Tracey.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

THE STONE ROWS OF DARTMOOR.

PART IX.
BY R. HANSFORD WORTH, MEM.INST.C.B., F.G.S.

(Read at Dartmouth, 27th July, 1011.)

In setting out the light railway for the China Clay Corpora-
tion, in the valley of the Erme, I have found yet another
previously unrecorded stone row. It lies on the northern
verge of Glasscombe Ball, on the neck of land between
this hill and the next to the north and just inside the
watershed of the Erme. It is a little west of north from
the row near SpurrelTs Cross, described in Part VIII, and
about a third of a mile from it. The western end of this
new row is situate long. 3° 53' 26' W. and lat. 50" 25' 29' N.

The length of the row is probably 276 feet. I take
it from a stone which is perhaps somewhat doubtful at
the west end to the centre of a barrow at the east end,
the margin of which is just touched by the line of the row.

The general direction is N., 42° 28' 30' E. The elevation
of the eastern horizon, which is formed by the crest of the
ridge a few feet beyond the east end of the row, is 0° when
the eye is 5 ft. 5 ins. above ground at the western end. And
the depression of the western horizon, which is far distant,
is 1° 18' 0'.

All the stones are fallen. Twenty-four are traceable.
Many are strictly columnar in form, being about 3 ft. long
by 1 ft. broad, measured as they lie. The longest is 43 in.,
and this stone is 1 1 in. broad.

Two barrows are associated with the row ; both are
cairns of small stone. The one which joins the eastern
end was probably circular, with a diameter of 14 ft. ; it is
now somewhat elongated north and south. The other
barrow is circular, 13 ft. in diameter, and lies near the

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

\\ jL//?e foi/ches
V/j Marg/n of Barrow

CLASSCOMBE """'

BALL o

Devon 6//?. O.S. cx/x<5£.

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THE STONE ROWS OF DARTMOOR. 34ft

west end of the row and at a distance of about 37 ft. north,
measured to the centre.

As regarding the plan which accompanies this paper,
a few words of explanation are necessary. The plan is
drawn to the scale of 40 ft. to an inch, but the stones to
a scale of 20 ft. to an inch. A dot will be seen beside each
stone in the line on which the survey was made ; the
distance from this dot to the point of the stone immediately
opposite it is strictly to scale — in other words, the distance
from the line to each stone is accurate, but the individual
stones extend too far away from and along the line in
consequence of the difference of scale.

I may add that near this row I have picked up a large
flint flake.

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DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

BT J. J. ALEXANDER, M.A.

(Read at Dartmouth, 27th July, 1011.)

The Borough of Dartmouth sent representatives to
Parliament for over five hundred years, but no list of its
members, so far as can be ascertained, has hitherto been
published.

The names are given in the Blue Books 69 and 69 I.
There are several gaps in the returns, notably between
the years 1478 and 1529.

Dartmouth first appears among the towns returning
members in the Parliament of 1298. Then for over fifty
years it is omitted, but again appears in 1351 as " Clifton
Dartmouth." From this time to 1868 the representation
appears to have been continuous, the name sometimes
being "Dartmouth," frequently "Clifton Dartmouth
Hardness," and once (1397) " Southtown Dartmouth."

One of the representatives in 1351, Nicholas Whiting
of Wood, simultaneously sat for Devonshire, Exeter, and
Dartmouth. The next year he sat at one time for Devon-
shire, Dartmouth, Tavistock, Torrington, and Totnes,
and again, in 1361, for Devonshire and Dartmouth. This
combination of several constituencies to return the same
member was common in the western counties between the
years 1350 and 1390. * It may have been that all the
members for Devon constituencies were chosen in a County
Court held at Exeter, and that the delegates from various
localities were occasionally impelled to agree to joint
representation, from what motive we do not know. We
have a definite statement that in 1449 the choice was
actually made in the County Court. a

In 1413 a law was enacted (1 Hen. V, c. 1) requiring

1 Trans., xlii. p. 260.

1 Merewether and Stephens' History of Boroughs*

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DABTMOTJTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 351

among other things that members should be residents in
their own constituencies, but before that date it is fairly
clear that the choice was not restricted closer than to
residents in the same county, if even to them. In more
modern times, as we shall see, no restriction as to place
of residence was operative.

The most famous of the early representatives is, of course,
John Hawley. The worthy old merchant and two members
of his family were on several occasions returned, and many
of his contemporaries also can be traced in the local
records.

Several of the older members are to be found in the list
of mayors of Dartmouth ; some filled important positions
elsewhere as soldiers, lawyers, or administrators. One fact
appears from a survey of these names, and that is that
membership of Parliament in those days was often looked
upon as the beginning of a career, and as a preliminary to
something more important. Now we find among aspirants
for parliamentary honours the lawyer who has built up a
lucrative practice, the officer who has retired on a service
pension, or the county or borough councillor with a
record of local usefulness ; but in the early days of Par-
liament we find the process reversed, and the legislator,
after a short experience in the making of laws and the
voting of taxes, retiring at an early age to follow up his
ordinary avocation. Instead of the ex-mayor becoming a
member, it more frequently happened that the ex-member
became a mayor.

Coming to Tudor times, the first name of importance is
that of Nicholas Bacon, afterwards Elizabeth's chancellor,
but perhaps better known as the father of the great
essayist, Francis Bacon, himself also a chancellor. George
Cary (of Cockington) and Thomas Ridgeway are names
associated with the settlement of Irish affairs after the
suppression of the Earl of Tyrone's rebellion.

Several of the earlier members seem to have been either
lawyers or county magnates, but in James I's reign the
representation assumes a commercial character. All the
members but one were described as merchants, and thus
escaped the plentiful distribution of knighthoods in which
the sapient monarch indulged his self-importance. One
of these merchants, Roger Mathew, sat in several par-
liaments of Charles I, with whom he finally sided in the
Civil War, thereby forfeiting his seat.

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352 DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Payment of members, which had been the practice in
mediaeval parliaments, was still in force at this time. In
1610 the Dartmouth members were paid, and in 1621
the sum of £5 was voted to them from the local funds. 1
We may suppose that the charge, being on the Borough
revenues, was not a popular one, and the offers of wealthy
men to provide representatives who would forego their
salaries must have been a tempting one. In 1614 the
Earl of Northampton (Henry Howard), acting no doubt
on behalf of King James, asked leave to nominate one
member, 1 but apparently the request was not granted.
There can be little doubt as to the side which Dartmouth
people generally took in the struggle between the Stuart
kings and their parliaments. Western seaport towns
were full of the traditions of the great Elizabethan captains,
with their robust, somewhat truculent patriotism, and
ardent Protestantism ; they regarded with no favour the
Court which sacrificed Ralegh to allay Spanish hostility,
which allowed English ships to be used against the
Huguenots of La Rochelle, which employed a Catholic
nobleman* to influence the Devon elections, and attempted
to imprison Devon members at the bidding of a Catholic
queen.

John Upton, who sat with Mathew in Charles Fs earlier
parliaments, had intimate relations with some of the
popular leaders. He was in January, 1641, appointed a
trustee under the marriage settlements between Dorothy,
daughter of John Pym, and Sir Francis Drake of Buckland
(afterwards colonel of horse in the Parliamentary forces).
Drake's uncle, William Strode of Meavy (like Pym, one of
the " five members "), was another of the trustees. 3

Dartmouth then, like Plymouth and Barnstaple,
favoured the Parliament, and had its share of the fighting.
Even apart from the hardships of warfare, the local sup-
porters of the Long Parliament had occasion to regret
their zeal, and Mathew's secession .was not without
provocation. In 1642 the Corporation authorized the
advance by their representatives, Mathew and Browne, of
£2668 7s. 6d. to help in reducing the Irish rebels, the same
to be recouped out of the lands of the latter. The money
was paid, so it is said, but the Corporation got in return
only a map of the lands in question.

Mathew's successor was, however, a staunch Parlia-

1 M. and S. f The Earl of Northampton. * E.D.

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DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 353

mentarian, Thomas Boone by name, one of the most
remarkable of Dartmouth's members. He had but one
©ye> y©t, as his brother-in-law Somaster remarks, he could
see more clearly with that than most of his fellow-members
could with two. Browne was excluded by "Pride's
Purge " ; Boone remained in what was called the Rump
Parliament. He showed his clearness of vision in declining
to sit as one of the judges who sent Charles to the block,
a decision which stood him in good stead at the Restoration.
Cromwell, in spite of this desertion, afterwards treated him
with great confidence, and entrusted him with important
missions in which his business abilities were usefully
employed. l It is noteworthy that of the twenty-six Devon
members, only two, Boone and Skippon (who sat for
Barnstaple), were considered sufficiently advanced in their
views to satisfy Colonel Pride, and even these two refused
to act with the regicide judges. *

Boone married Upton's daughter, and in partnership
with the Uptons carried on a successful enterprise in
vessels trading with Spanish ports. Like Hawley at an
earlier time, his luck was proverbial, and local super-
stition long associated magical powers with his personality.

The remaining two hundred years, from the Restoration
to 1868, may be divided into four periods. From 1660
to 1722 we have a series of keen election contests. Before
1660 only one disputed election (1659) is recorded, 3 between
that date and 1722 nine are recorded, namely in 1673
(twice), 1685, 1689, 1690, 1698, 1699, 1701, and 1715.
During the last century and a half we only find petitions
in 1784, 1790, and 1859.

Between 1660 and 1689 nearly all the members were
residents in the county, and it is curious to notice how
many of them were second sons. 4 The chief intruder from
outside, Nathaniel Heme, was responsible for the first
election petition. This petition, like most of those which
followed, turned on the qualifications of the voters. In
one of the later petitions there is a reference to two con-
stitutions, passed respectively in 1559 (1 Eliz.) and about
this time (24 Car. II). The franchise, according to one
account, was vested in the freemen ; according to another,
only those freemen who were residents, or became residents

1 E.D. 2 Blue Book, Somers Tracts, Carlyle's Cromwell.

3 Probably decided in Boone's favour (Browne Willis). 4 Vivian's Visitations.

VOL. XUII.

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354 DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

within twelve months of their appointment, were to have
votes.

There was evidently a keen struggle going on between
the two parties (now becoming known as Whigs and
Tories) for the mastery. Heme was a Tory, so that we
may presume the victor of 1673 to have been a Whig.
In 1685 Charles Boone was the petitioner, a Whig, as we
might expect the son of Cromwell's ambassador to be ;
and so we gather that in 1685 Dartmouth helped to swell
James IPs enormous majority. The first election of 1673
was declared void (perhaps that was the occasion of the
second constitution referred to) ; on the second election
of 1673 and the election of 1685 no decisions were given,
and the sitting members remained in possession.

In 1689 the Hemes, a London family, returned to
the attack, and for over thirty years largely controlled
elections. On the death of Boone, George Booth and
Joseph Heme fought the seat. Booth was returned ;
Heme petitioned, and so far succeeded that he gained the
seat, and the mayor of the borough, John Whitrow, was
imprisoned for illegalities in connection with the election,
being released a week later on paying costs. The charge
against him was that he created freemen after the writ
was issued ; as the Whigs were then in power, and would
probably have strained a point in favour of their own
side, we may infer that he was justly condemned.

In 1690 George Booth and Arthur Bailey petitioned
against Heme and Hayne, but no determination is given.

Between 1698 and 1701 there was a surfeit of election
petitions. After the election of 1698, when the Hemes
gained both seats, John Whitrow, junior (mayor in 1699),
petitioned against both the members, and subsequently
against Frederick Heme ; the Commons made the altera-
tion in the petition an excuse for rejecting it. On the death
of Sir Joseph Heme in 1699 two returns were made,
Rowland Holt by the burgesses, Nathaniel Heme by the
magistrates and free burgesses under the common seal.
Both candidates petitioned, and both returns were declared
invalid. It appeared that Whitrow, who was mayor,
died the day before the election, and it was alleged that
his appointment as mayor had been secured by the action
of his predecessor, Joseph Bully, in illegally creating
freemen ; on Whitrow's death Bully attempted to resume
office, but was requested to appoint Caleb Rocket mayor ;

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DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 355

he kept out of the way to avoid a writ of mandamus which
was obtained against him by Rocket's supporters, and
claimed to have appointed a person named Sykes. The
next year Rocket was succeeded by Floud, and Sykes by
the irrepressible Bully. According to the Journals : "The
Mayor of Dartmouth enters upon his Office on the Monday
after Michaelmas. Mr. Floud from that day had kept the
Town Courts and the Mayor's seat in the church, Mr. Bully
the seal and maces."

What this paper is concerned with is not the local
comedy of the rival mayors, but the fact that at the
election of 11 January, 1701, two returns were made,
Thomas Vernon and William Ball by the Whig Bully,
and the two Hemes by the Tory Floud. The usual crop of
petitions followed, and the evidence is reported at length
in the Journals (Vol. XIII, pp. 580-1). Many names are
given of Dartmouth freemen whose credentials were in
dispute, and reference is made to the action of a previous
mayor named Palmer, who is stated to have created
freemen on the understanding that they would vote for
Sir Joseph Heme, also to a boast made in 1697 that any
opponent of Heme would be kept out.

The case may or may not have been decided on its merits,
but the Tories were in power, and the decision went in
favour of Floud's return. From that time to 1722 the
Hemes remained more or less in possession, and as in
1704 they voted in favour of the "Tack," 1 we conclude
that Dartmouth, which in 1649 was represented by an
extreme supporter of the Puritans, was less than sixty
years later returning extreme High Church partisans.

In 1715 a contest took place between John Fownes,
junior, Joseph Heme, Nathaniel Heme, and John Upton.
Fownes and Joseph Heme were returned, and Nathaniel
Heme petitioned against Fownes on the ground of quali-
fication (under the Act of 1711). The petition was subse-
quently withdrawn. Apparently, this was a case of a
Hanoverian Tory defeating a Jacobite Tory.

From 1722 to 1780 may be described as the period of the
placemen ; during that time Dartmouth was what was
known as a "Treasury borough," selecting its members
at the bidding of the Government in power. The South
Devon boroughs in 1722 were largely under the direction
of Sir Francis Henry Drake of Buckland, advised from
1 Oldmixon; GhtndUr.

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356 DABTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

head-quarters by Lord Chief Justice King, 1 as his father
had been thirty years before by Lord Chief Justice Treby . *
It seems strange in the present day to read of judges and
civil servants interfering in party politics, but such inter-
ference, though nominally forbidden, was tacitly per-
mitted by governments in their eagerness to retain office
and power. Drake and King, acting in Walpole's interests,
brought Dartmouth into line with Plymouth, Plympton,
Tavistock, Bere Alston, and Totnes, as safe Whig seats.
This was no doubt accomplished by a skilful exercise of
patronage in connection with the appointment of Revenue
officials.

From 1722 onward we have a steady succession of office-
holders, good subservient fellows, who were always ready
to accept government appointments and the salaries
attached to them. Few of them call for any mention ; one,
Lord Archibald Hamilton, did resign his post under
Walpole, but he did so to obtain a better one under Wal-
pole's enemy, Frederick Prince of Wales ; and when
Walpole was overthrown, Hamilton resumed his place
in the Government. 8

By far the most distinguished member of the group,
and one who was with propriety selected to represent the
famous old seaport, was Admiral Howe. Richard Howe,
or " Black Dick " as his sailors loved to call him, had a
long and distinguished career. He saw active service in
the French wars of George IPs reign, and helped to win
the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759. After some years of
official work he resumed active service as Commander-in-
Chief of the naval force employed against the Americans
in the Revolutionary War of 1775. This was the most
disappointing of his experiences, as three years later his
disgust with the mismanagement of the Home Government
caused him to resign his command. He afterwards re-
sumed administrative work under Pitt, and when the
latter was forced into war with France, Howe once more
took command, eclipsing his previous achievements with
the victory of "The Glorious First of June." His last
public act was the not less useful task of recalling to their
allegiance the mutineers of Spithead in 1797, a task which
his personal popularity among the sailors specially qualified
him to undertake and to accomplish with complete success.

From 1780 to 1832 the representation of the borough,

1 E.D. 2 Ibid. ■ ■ ■ » Chandler.

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DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 357

still under government control (the Government being
usually Tory), was shared mainly between the Holdsworth
and Bastard families. Two petitions are recorded : one
by John Henry Southcote against Holdsworth and Hopkins
in 1784 ; the other by John Seale of Mount Boone against
Bastard and Villiers in 1790. The former petition was
withdrawn ; the latter came to a hearing. Seale claimed
that the right of election was in the inhabitants of the
borough, of which the district of Southtown formed a part.
There appears to have been a record of the year 1463
annexing Southtown to Dartmouth. 1 The Commons
committee reported that " the right of election for the
said borough of Dartmouth, alias Clifton Dartmouth
Hardness, is in the freemen of the said borough," that the
petition, so far as it applied to Bastard was frivolous and
vexatious, but not so far as it applied to Villiers ; both the
sitting members retained their seats. *

In 1832 the Reform Act brought with it the extension
of the franchise * and the loss of one member. The newly
enfranchised electors mainly supported those who had
given them their votes, and Seale, son of the last petitioner,
and descendant of several of the old Dartmouth members,
sat for twelve years as a Whig.

A few years later we find the seat again in the pos-
session of a Conservative, 4 Admiral Herbert, a member of
Lord Derby's first Government. He was succeeded by
James Caird, a Scottish agriculturist of considerable
distinction, but surely a strange representative for a
southern seaport. He stood as a Liberal-Conservative
"in support of Lord Palmerston and a policy of non-
intervention in foreign affairs." Non-intervention was
hardly Lord Palmerston's practice. Caird showed his
conservatism by helping to defeat Palmerston's Ministry
in 1858, and his liberalism by helping to defeat Derby's
Ministry in 1859 ; he seems to have bewildered his Dart-
mouth constituents so much that in 1859 he was obliged
to seek a fresh constituency.

The election of that year led to another petition which
disclosed a certain amount of venality and unseated the
member in possession. From that time to 1868 the Con-
servatives retained the seat, their last representative being

1 M. and S. 2 Oldfield's Representative History.

9 The number of voters was increased from about 40 to 300.

4 Sir H. P. Seale, son of the former member, had changed sides.

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358 DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Sir John Hardy, whose younger brother, Gathorne Hardy
(Viscount Cranbrook) held high office in several Con-
servative Governments. l

In 1868 Dartmouth was disfranchised ; up to 1885 it
formed a portion of the South Devon constituency, and
since that date it has been included in the Torquay division.

A list of members, with the dates of their elections and
brief biographical notices (in some cases merely clues rather
than definite facts), is appended. Eight of the members
(or nine if we count Robert Hill as one) are given in
the Dictionary of National Biography : Nicholas Bacon,
James Caird, George Cary, William Harbord, Thomas
Herbert, Richard Howe, Thomas Ridgeway, and John
Charles Villiers. Not a very large list surely, as compared
with twenty-five for Tavistock and thirty-two for Here
Alston ; 2 still, Dartmouth in its choice of representatives
has the merit, not shared by some of the other western
boroughs, of having, except during the eighteenth century,
accorded due recognition to political aspirants among its
own people.

The facts set down in the Schedule are taken mainly
from the Blue Books, the Commons Journals, and general
works of reference (such as the Dictionary of National
Biography, Prince's Worthies, Vivian's Visitations, Burke's
Peerage, and Lysons' Magna Britannia). One very recent
publication, Lady Eliott-Drake's Family and Heirs of Sir
Francis Drake (referred to in footnotes as E.D.), has been
occasionally useful. To Mr. E. Windeatt, who has kindly
supplied several notes on matters of local importance, and
without whose help and encouragement the paper might not
have been completed, the writer's thanks are specially due.
With ampler leisure, and a larger knowledge of Dartmouth
records, a more complete and more interesting production
might easily be achieved ; this task, however, can well be
left to some future investigator, preferably a resident of
Dartmouth.

1 Following are the particulars of the last seven elections : —

1847. Moffatt (L.), unopposed.

1852. Herbert (C), 146 ; W. 8. Lindsay (L.), 135.

1857. Caird (L.O.), 126 ; Seale-Hayne (L.), 93.

1859. Schenley (L.), 123 ; Herbert (C), 116.

1859. (By) Dann (C), unopposed.

1860. (By) Hardy (C.) f 112 ; Seale-Hayne (L.), 110.
1865. Hardy (C), unopposed.

2 Trans., xlii. p. 266.

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DABTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 369

II. — Schedule of Members.

* By-election.

t Decision of House on election petition.
X Double return.

1298.

EDWARD
John le Bakere.

William atte Vosse.

EDWARD III.

1351. Feb. William Smale.

1352. Jan. Nicholas Whytyng.
1358. Feb. John Wyncaultone.

1360. May. John Wyncaultone.

1361. Jan. John Wynkaultone.

1362. Oct. John Winkaultone.

1363. Oct. John Wynkaultone.

1365. Jan. John Astone.

1366. May John Potel.

1368. May Richard Whitelegh.

1369. June John Sampson.

1370. Feb. John Pasford.

1371. June John Pasford.

1372. June John Copilstone.

1373. Nov. John Clerk.
1377. Jan. Thomas Asshendene.

Nicholas Whytyng.
William Small.
John Henry.
William Henry.
Nicholas Whityng.
John Hylle.
John Clerke.
Thomas More.
John Coplestone.
Giles Prideaux.
William Stabba.
(not given),
(only one).
Robert Hulle, jun.
William Henry.
John Brasyuter.

RICHARD II.

1377. Oct. John Copelston.

1378. Oct. John Passe.

1380. Jan. John Brasuter.

1381. Sept. Richard Henry.

1382. Oct. William Burlestone.

1383. Feb. JohnLecche.

1384. April Richard Coplestone

1384. Nov. Thomas Ayssheldene.

1385. Oct. William Burlestone.

1386. Oct. Richard Whiteleghe.
1388. Feb. William Burlestone.
1388. Sept. William Bast.

Thomas Reymond.
William Caunton.
John Lecche.
John Lacche.
John Lecche.
William Burlestone.
William Ryke.
William Borlestone.
Thomas Ayshendene.
Robert atte More.
John Lacche.
Roger Skos.

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60 DARTMOUTH AS A PARIJAMKNTARY BOROUGH.

1389.

Jan. Thomas Aysshenden.

John Hawley.

1391

Nov, John Brasutere.

John Willeam.

1393.

Jan. JohnHawley.

John EUemede.

1394.

Jan. John Hawley

WiJLiam Damyet.

1395.

Jan. JohnBoBOim.

Edmund Arnalde.

1397.

Jan. JohnBosone.

HENRY IV

William Glovere.

1402.

Sept. John Hawley.

Ralph North

1406.

Feb. JohnFoxley.

John White.

1407.

Oct. Henry Bremelere

John Pille.

1410.

Jan. John Hawley

Edmund (Arnolde ?)

1411.

Nov. John Hawley.

HENRY V.

John Corpe.

1413.

May JohnHawley

John Corpe.

1414.

Nov. John Hawley

Edmund Arnolde.

1420.

Dec. Thomas Asshendene.

Walter Wodelonde.

1421.

May John Hawley.

Thomas Hawley.

1421.

Dec. John Burley

Henry Sadeller.

HENRY VI.

1422.

Nov. John Hawley.

Thomas Ayssheldone,

1423.

Oct. John Hawley.

John Rede.

1425.

April John Hawley.

Thomas Lanoy.

1426.

Feb. John Gaynecote.

William Notefelde.

1427.

Oct. John Hawley.

John More.

1429.

Sept. John Hawley.

Thomas Ayssheldone

1431.

Jan. John Hawley.

Thomas Hawley.

1432.

May John Hawley.

Nicholas Stybbynge.

1433.

July Thomas Gille.

Hugh Yone or
Thomas Asshenden.

1435.

Oct. Thomas Gylle.

John More.

1437.

Jan. Thomas Ayssheldone.

John Walshe.

1442.

Jan. Thomas Gylle, sen.

Nicholas Stebbynge.

1447.

Feb. Thomas Gylle.

Robert Steven.

1449.

Feb. Nicholas Stibbynge.

Robert Wenyngtone.

1449.

Nov. Robert Wenyngtone.

Thomas Gylle, sen.

1450.

Nov. John Brussheforde.

Stephen Ussher.

1453

Mar. Nicholas Stebbynge.

John Brussheforde.

1455.

July Thomas Gill, sen.

Nicholas Stebbynge.

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]

DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 3

EDWARD

IV.

1467.
1472.
1478.

May
Oct.
Jan.

Thomas Gill.
Thomas Gale.
Thomas Gale

Thomas Gale.
Miles Metcalf .
Thomas Grayston.

HENRY VIII.

1529.
1545.

Oct.
Jan.

John Trevanyan.
Nicholas Bacon.

William Hollande.
John Ridgeway.

EDWARD

VI.

1553.

Feb.

Nicholas Adams.

MARY.

Gilbert Roope.

1553.
1554.
1554.
1555.
1558.

Sept.

Mar.

Nov.

Oct.

Jan.

, Nicholas Adams.
Edmund Sture.
John Peter.
Sir John Sentleger.
George Huckmore. *

Nicholas Roope (?).
Nicholas Adams.
Nicholas (Adams ?).
James Courtenay.
Thomas Gourney.

361

ELIZABETH.
1562. Dec. Sir John More. John Lo veil.

1571. Mar. John Vaughan. Tuomas Gourney.

1572. April William Cardynall. Thomas Gourney.

* (Date not given). William Lyster vice Gourney deceased.
1584. Nov. Thomas Ridgeway. Hugh Vaughan
1586. Sept. (or Oct.) Robert Petre George Cary.
1588. Oct. Roger Papworth. Richard Drew.

1593. Jan.(orFeb.)NicholasHayman Thomas Holland.
1601. Oct. John Treherne. William Bastard.

1604. Feb.

1614. Mar.

1620. Dec.

1624. Jan.

JAMES

Thomas Holland.
Thomas Howard.
William Nyell.
William Plumleigh.

Thomas Gourney.
Thomas (Journey.
Roger Mathew.
William Nyell.

(Date not given). Roger Mathew, vice Nyell deceased.

CHARLES

1625. Apr. John Upton.

1626. Jan. John Upton.
1628. Feb. John Upton.
1640. Mar. John Upton.

Roger Mathew.
Roger Mathew.
Roger Mathew.
Andrew Voysey.

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362 DABTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

1640 Oct. Roger Mathew Samuel Browne.

♦1646. April Thomas Boone, vice Mathew disabled.

1648. Dec. Browne excluded by " Pride's Purge."

COMMONWEALTH.

1654. June Thomas Boone.
1656. Aug.(?) Edward Hopkins.
♦1657. (Name missing) vice Hopkins deceased.

1659. Jan. Robert Thompson. John Clarke. \ +

e.J +

1660.

1661.
*1664.
*1667.
*1670.
♦1673.

1679.

1681.

1685.

1689.
♦1689.
fl689.

1690.

1695.

1698.
*1699.

1701.

Thomas Boone.

CHARLES II

Mar. John Hale.
April William Harbord.
April Thomas Kendall, vice
Jan. Sir Walter Yonge,bart.
Dec. William Gould, vice
Feb. Josiah Childe, vice
Feb. Sir Nathaniel Heme.
Aug. John Upton.
Feb. Edward Yard.

John Clarke.

John Frederick.
Thomas Southcote.
Southcott deceased.
, vice Kendall deceased
Yonge deceased.
Gould deceased.
John Upton.
Edward Yard.
John Upton.

Arthur Farwell.

JAMES II.
April Roger Pomeroy.

WILLIAM III.

Jan. Charles Boone. William Hayne.

Sept. George Booth, vice Boone deceased.
Nov. Joseph Heme, vice Booth unseated.

Mar. Joseph Heme.
Oct. Sir Joseph Heme.
July Sir Joseph Heme.
Dec. Rowland Holt w
Nathaniel Heme J *
Jan. Frederick Heme.

William Hayne.
William Hayne.
Frederick Heme.
vice Joseph Heme
deceased.
Nathaniel Heme.

1702. July

1705. May

1708. May

1710. Oct.

1713. Sept.

*1714. Mar.

ANNE.

Nathaniel Heme.
Nathaniel Heme.
Nathaniel Heme.
Nathaniel Heme.

Frederick Heme.
Frederick Heme.
Frederick Heme.
Frederick Heme.

Sir William Drake, bart. Frederick Heme.
John Fownes, sen., vice Heme (appointment).

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DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 363

GEORGE I.
1715. Feb. Joseph Heme. John Fownes, jun.

1722. Mar. George Treby, sen. Thomas Martyn.
♦1726. June Thomas Martyn, re-elected after appoint-
ment.

GEORGE II.

1727. ug. George Treby. Walter Cary.

♦1729. May Walter Cary, re-elected after appointment.

♦1730. May George Treby, re-elected after appointment.

1 734. April George Treby. Walter Cary.

♦1738. May Walter Cary, re-elected after appointment.

*1740. Nov. George Treby, re-elected after appointment.

1741. May George Treby. Walter Cary.

♦1742. Mar. Lord Archibald Hamilton, vice Treby de-
ceased.

1747. July Walter Cary. John Jeffreys.

1754. April Walter Cary. John Jeffreys.

♦1754. Dec. John Jeffreys, re-elected after appointment

♦1757. May. Richard Howe, vice Cary deceased.

GEORGE in.
1761. Mar. Richard Viscount Howe. John Jeffreys.
♦1763. April Richard Viscount Howe, re-elected after

appointment.
♦1765. Dec. Richard Viscount Howe, re-elected after

appointment.
♦1766. Feb. Richard Hopkins, vice Jeffreys deceased.
♦1767. Dec. Richard Hopkins, re-elected after appoint-
ment.
1768. Mar. Richard Viscount Howe. Richard Hopkins.
1780. Oct. Richard Viscount Howe. Richard Hopkins.
1780. Sept. Richard Viscount Howe. Arthur Holds-
worth.
♦1782 April Charles Brett, vice Howe, called to the Upper

House.
♦1783. Dec. Charles Brett, re-elected after appointment.

1784. April Arthur Holdsworth. Richard Hopkins.
♦1787. Oct. Edmund Bastard, vice Holdsworth deceased.
1790. June Edmund Bastard. John Charles Villiers.
1796. May Edmund Bastard. John Charles Villiers.
1802. July Edmund Bastard. Arthur Howe Holds-
worth.

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364 DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

1806. Nov, Edmund Bastard. Arthur Howe Holds -

worth.

1807, May Edmund Bastard. Arthur Howe Holds -

worth.
1812. Oct. Arthur Howe Edmund Pollexfen

Holdsworth. Bastard.

♦1816. May John Bastard, vice Edmund Pollexfen

Bastard resigned.
1818. June Arthur Howe John Bastard.

Holdsworth.

GEORGE IV.

1820. Mar. John Bastard. Charles Milner Ricketts.

♦1822. April James Hamilton Stanhope, vice Ricketts re-
signed.
♦1825. Mar. John Hutton Cooper, vice Stanhope de-
ceased.
1826. June John Bastard. John Hutton Cooper.

♦1829. Jan. Arthur Howe Holdsworth, vice Cooper de-
ceased.

1830. Aug. Arthur Howe Holdsworth. John Bastard.

1831. May Arthur Howe Holdsworth. John Bastard.

1832. Dec. John Henry Seale.
1835. Jan. John Henry Seale.

VICTORIA.

1837. Aug. John Henry Seale.

1841. June Sir John Henry Seale, Bart.

♦1844. Dec. Joseph Somes, vice Seale deceased.

♦1845 July George Moffatt, vice Somes deceased.

. 1847. July George Moffatt.

1852. July Sir Thomas Herbert.

1857. Mar. James Caird.

1859. April Edward Wyndham Harrington Schenley.

♦1859. Aug. John Dunn, vice Schenley unseated.

♦I860. Nov. John Hardy, vice Dunn deceased.

1865. June John Hardy.

1868. Nov. Borough disfranchised.

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dartmouth as a parliamentary borough. 365

Biographical Index.

The dates of births and deaths are given wherever they
have been ascertained (sometimes approximately with
c. prefixed). In other cases the dates given are those of
the first elections with fl. prefixed.

A. 1295-1500.

Brassiter, John (fl. 1377), mayor 1366.

Clerke, John (fl. 1363), mayor 1369.

Corpe, John (fl. 1411), obtained from Henry IV permission
to fortify his house at the entrance to Dartmouth
harbour, 1404.

Gale, Thomas (fl. 1467), mayor 1479.

Hawley, John I. (d. 1408), the great Dartmouth merchant,
many times mayor.

Hawley, John II. (fl. 1410), son of the preceding.

Henry, William (fl. 1360), mayor 1366.

Hulle, Robert (fl. 1372), possibly Robert Hill of Shilston
in Modbury, who was judge of Common Pleas 1409.

Hylle, John (fl. 1362), possibly John Hill of Hill's Court,
Exeter, who was judge of King's Bench 1400.

More, John (fl. 1427), mayor 1433.

Stebbynge, Nicholas (fl. 1432), mayor 1435 and 1452.

Stephy, Robert (fl. 1447), mayor 1445.

Walsshe, John (fl. 1437), mayor 1438.

Whiting, Nicholas (fl. 1351), of Wood, son of William Whit-
ing of Sidbury ; a man "lerned in the laws"
mentioned in the Exeter Accounts of 1369 ; sheriff
of Devon 1372.

B. 1500-1868.

Adams, Nicholas (fl. 1553) of Townstall, son of John Adams

of Fenn.
Bacon, Nicholas (1509-1579), barrister of Gray's Inn 1533 ;

Lord Chancellor 1559 ; father of the philosopher

Francis Bacon.
Bastard, Edmund (1758-1816), of Sharpham, married the

heiress of Philemon Pownall.
Bastard, Edmund Pollexfen (1784-1838), son of John

Pollexfen Bastard of Kitley ; M.P. for Devon 1816-

1830.
Bastard, John (c. 1786-1835), son of Edmund Bastard (q.v.).
Bastard, William (fl. 1601), of Gerston.

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366 DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH,

Boone, Charles (c. 1640-1689), of Mount Boone, son of
Thomas Boone (q.v.) ; unsuccessful candidate and
petitioner at 1685 election.

Boone, Thomas ( 1 609-1 679), of Townstall, married Dorothy,
daughter of John Upton I ; appointed a " king's
judge " 1649, but refused to sit ; sent by Cromwell
as ambassador to Russia ; partner with the Uptons
in vessels trading with Spain.

Brett, Charles (fl. 1782), of Westminster ; M.P. for Lost-
withiel 1768 and 1774, for Sandwich 1776 and 1784 ;
Lord of the Admiralty under the younger Pitt 1783.

Caird, James (1816-1892), son of James Caird of Stranraer ;
educated at Edinburgh University ; farmer and
writer on agricultural and economic subjects ; served
on important commissions ; M.P. for Stirling Burghs
1859; F.R.S. 1865; Land Commissioner and K.C.B.
1882 ; a follower of Peel, but in his later years ranked
as a Liberal.

Cary, George (d. 1617), of Cockington ; Treasurer-at-War
in Ireland 1588 ; Lord Justice 1603.

Cary, Walter (1686-1757), Clerk of the Council ; M.P. for
Helston 1722 ; Warden of the Mint 1725 ; Lord of
Trade-extraordinary 1729 ; Clerk Comptroller of the
Household 1738 ; M.P. for Clogher in Irish Parliament
and Chief Secretary for Ireland while M.P. for Dart-
mouth.

Childe, Josiah (fl. 1673), a merchant of Dartmouth ; op-
posed by Nathaniel Heme, who petitioned ; sup-
ported the Country (Whig) party.

Cooper, John Hutton (d. 1829), an officer in the household
of the Duke of Clarence (afterwards William IV).

Courtenay, James (fl. 1555), son of Sir James Courtenay
of Upcott and nephew of William " the Great " ;
M.P. for Devon 1554.

Drake, Sir William (d. 1715), fourth baronet ; son of Sir
John Drake of Ash ; knighted by James II ; M.P. for
Honiton from 1690 to 1715 ; Lord of the Admiralty
1710.

Drewe, Richard (fl. 1588), son of Thomas Drewe of Sharpham.

Dunn, John (d. 1860), Conservative candidate for Totnes
1859.

Frederick, John (fl. 1660), possibly alderman of London,
knight, and M.P. for London City 1662.

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DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 367

Fownes, John I (1661-1731), of Nethway ; married Anne,
daughter of Edward Yard (q.v.).

Fownes, John II (c. 1683-1735), son of preceding ; his son
Henry married Margaret, heiress of the Luttrells of
Dunster, from whom are descended the present
Fownes - Luttrell family ; his daughter Elizabeth
married John Seale of Mount Boone, from whom are
descended the present Seale family.

Gould, William (1640-1673), of Crediton, second son of
William Gould of Hayes, Governor of Plymouth during
the siege ; ancestor of Sir Redvers Buller.

Gourney, Thomas (fl. 1604), merchant of Dartmouth ;
mayor 1603.

Hale, John (fl. 1660), M.P. for Devon 1654.

Hamilton, Lord Archibald (1672-1754), of Riccartoun,
Linlithgow ; youngest brother of James, fourth
Duke of Hamilton ; Governor of Greenwich Hospital
and Governor of Jamaica ; fought at Malplaquet 1709 ;
Lord of the Admiralty 172&-1738 and 1742 ; Cofferer
to the Prince of Wales 1738-1742 ; M.P. for Lanark
1718-1734, and Queenborough 1734-1740.

Harbord, William (c. 1635-1692), second son of Sir Charles
Harbord, Surveyor - General in Charles IPs time ;
prominent in impeachment of Danby and in 1688
Revolution; Paymaster-General 1689; Vice-Treasurer
of Ireland 1690 ; ambassador to Turkey 1691 ; married
a niece of first Duke of Bedford.

Hardy, John (180&-1888), eldest son of John Hardy of
Dunstall Hall, Staffordshire ; ironmaster ; Conserva-
tive M.P. for South Warwickshire 1868 and 1874 ;
baronet 1876 ; brother of first Viscount Cranbrook.

Hayman, Nicholas (fl. 1593), of Totnes and Dartmouth ;
subscribed £25 towards defence against Armada 1588 ;
Mayor of Totnes 158&-1590 ; afterwards removed to
Dartmouth.

Hayne, William (fl. 1689), merchant of Dartmouth, son of
John Hayne ; from his brother are descended the
Seale family.

Herbert, Thomas (1793-1861), naval commander in
Chinese War 1840 ; K.C.B. 1841 ; Junior Lord of the
Admiralty 1852 ; rear-admiral 1852.

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368 DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Heme, Frederick (fl. 1698), son of Nathaniel Heme I (q.v.) ;
Commissioner for adjustment of trade with France
1713 ; involved in 1701 election petition.

Heme, Joseph I (d. 1699), younger brother of Nathaniel
Heme I (q.v.) ; knighted 1690 ; involved in two
election petitfons (1689 and 1698).

Heme, Joseph II (fl. 1715), probably son of Frederick
Heme (q.v.).

Heme, Nathaniel I (fl. 1679), son of Nicholas Heme of
Hampstead ; sheriff of London and knighted 1674 ;
unsuccessful candidate and petitioner 1673.

Heme, Nathaniel II (fl. 1701), son of Joseph Heme I (q.v.) ;
involved in three election petitions (1699, 1701, and
1715).

Holdsworth, Arthur (c. 1757-1787), son of Arthur Holds-
worth (1732-1807), Governor of Dartmouth Castle.

Holdsworth, Arthur Howe (1781-1860), son of the pre-
ceding ; Governor of Dartmouth Castle in succession
to his grandfather.

Holland, Thomas (fl. 1593) ; M.P. for Anglesey 1601, for
Thetford 1621, for Norfolk 1624; knighted by
James I.

Holt, Rowland (fl. 1699), returned by burgesses at by-
election in 1699 ; Nathaniel Heme returned by
magistrates and free burgesses; seat declared void
on petitions.

Hopkins, Richard (1723-1799), of Oving, near Aylesbury ;
friend of Duke of Grafton, demanded as witness by
Wilkes 1768 ; a Lord of the Admiralty 1782 ; a Lord
of the Treasury 1791 ; M.P. for Thetford 1780, for
Queenborough 1790, for Harwich 1796.

Howard, Thomas (fl. 1614) ; merchant of Dartmouth.

Howe, Richard (1726-1799) ; second son of second
Viscount Howe (Irish peerage) ; naval commander in
French and American wars ; succeeded as fourth
Viscount 1858 ; created Admiral and Earl Howe
1782 ; First Lord of the Admiralty under Pitt ;
won the great battle off Cape Ushant on 1st June, 1794.

Jeffreys, John (1706-1766) ; M.P. for Brecknockshire 1734
and 1741 ; Master of the Mint 1754.

Kendall, Thomas (fl. 1664), second son of George Kendall
of Exeter.

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DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 369

Martyn, Thomas (1690-1750), married to Elizabeth,
daughter of Sir F. Drake, third baronet, and elected
through the Drake interest ; justice of Carmarthen,
Cardigan, and Pembroke, 1726.

Mathew, Roger (fl. 1620), merchant of Dartmouth ;
mayor 1639 ; supported Charles I in the Civil War
and was consequently " disabled."

Moffatt, George (1806-1878), of Goodrich Court, Hereford ;
M.P. for Ashburton 1852 and 1857, for Honiton 1860,
and for Southampton 1865.

Nyell, William (d. 1624), merchant of Dartmouth.

Peter, John (fl. 1554), son of John Peter of Exeter ; mayor
of Exeter 1557 and 1562.

Petre, Robert (fl. 1586), M.P. for Penryn 1572.

Plumleigh, William (d. 1647), merchant of Dartmouth,
mayor 1617, 1625, and 1641.

Pomeroy, Roger (1629-1708), of Sandridge, second son of
Valentine Pomeroy.

Ridgeway, Thomas (c. 1565-1631), student at Inner
Temple 1583; Sheriff of Devon 1600; M.P. for
Devonshire 1604 ; Treasurer in Ireland 1606, and
surveyed Ulster counties during plantation ; baronet
1611 ; Earl of Londonderry 1623.

Seale, John Henry (1785-1844), son of John Seale (1753-
1824) of Mouitt Boone, who in 1790 fought election
and petitioned unsuccessfully, and of Sarah, daughter
of Charles Hayne of Lupton ; also descended from
Yarde and the Fowneses (q.v.); baronet 1838; from
1832 his family influence preponderated; his grand-
son Charles Seale-Hayne (1833-1903) was twice a
candidate for Dartmouth, and later (1885) was M.P.
for Mid-Devon.

Sentleger, Sir John (fl. 1555), M.P. for Devon, 1572.

Somes, Joseph (d. 1845), one of the pioneers of the colony
of New Zealand ; his widow died 26th July, 1911.

Southcote, Thomas (fl. 1661), second son of George South-
cote of Kilmartin, and great-grandson of George
Southcote of Calwoodley.

Stanhope, James Hamilton (1788-1825), third son of third
Earl Stanhope, lieutenant-colonel in the army.

Treby, George I (fl. 1722), colonel in the Guards, probably
cousin to George Treby II, who succeeded him as M.P.
for Dartmouth.

Treby, George II (1684-1742), son of Sir George Treby,

VOL. XTJTI. 2 A

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370 DARTMOUTH AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Lord Chief Justice ; resided at Plympton ; M.P. for
Plympton 1708-1727 ;. Secretary at War 1718;
Teller of Exchequer 1724 ; Master of the Household
1730 ; Lord of the Treasury 1738.

Upton, John I (1590-1641), of Lupton; his son Arthur
(1614-1666) married Elizabeth, sister of William
Gould (1615-1644), Governor of Plymouth.

Upton, John II (1639-1687), son of Arthur Upton ; hence
cousin of William Gould and Charles Boone (q.v.).

Vaughan, Hugh (fl. 1584), present at second Earl of
Bedford's funeral as his secretary ; M.P. for Plymouth
1586, for Tavistock 1593 ; probably resided at
Exeter subsequently and managed Bedford estates ;
mentioned in Countess of Warwick's will 1604.

Villiers, John Charles (1757-1838), second son of first Earl
of Clarendon ; barrister of Lincoln's Inn ; M.P. for
Old Sarum 1784, for Wick 1802, for Queenborough
1812 and 1820; ambassador to Portugal 1808-1810;
third Earl of Clarendon 1824.

Voysey, Andrew (fl. 1640), merchant of Dartmouth;
mayor 1639.

Yarde, Edward (1638-1703), son of Edward Yarde of
Churston Ferrers ; married the sister of Sir Edward
Giles of Dean Prior ; his son was M.P. for Totnes 1695,
and is ancestor of Lord Churston ; his two daughters
married Alexander Luttrell II and John Fownes II.

Yonge, Sir Walter (c. 1624-1670), of Escot, second son of
Sir John Yonge, first baronet ; succeeded as second
baronet 1663 ; M.P. for Honiton 1658.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.
Part II.— 1688-1885.

BY J. J. ALEXANDER, M.A.

(Read at Dartmouth, July 27th, 1911.)

I. — Introduction.

In the last volume (pp. 258-277) a sketch was given of the
parliamentary history of Tavistock between the years 1295
and 1688. It is proposed in the present paper to continue
that sketch to 1885, the year in which the borough was
finally disfranchised.

The later election returns are probably of less interest
to the historian than the earlier ones. They tell us little
about general politics except what is already well known.
They provide, however, convenient nuclei for biographical
facts, some at least of which are worth preserving.

Reference has been made in the former paper to the
earlier members of the Russell family, who in 1539 acquired
by royal grant the lands of Tavistock Abbey, in 1550 the
earldom of Bedford, and in 1694 the dukedom of Bedford
with the second title of Marquis of Tavistock. As the
interest of the patron largely determined the character of
the representation in this, as in other small boroughs, a
complete list of the holders of the title may as well be
given : —

Earls of Bedford. (1) John (1486 ?-1555) ; (2) Francis
(1527-1584), son; (3) Edward (1573-1627), grandson of
Francis, ob. s.p. ; (4) Francis (1593-1641), cousin of
Edward ; (5) William (1613-1700), son of preceding, cr.
duke 1694. Dukes of Bedford. (1) William (1613-1700),
as above ; (2) Wriothelsey (1680-1711), son of the patriot
William Lord Russell and grandson of preceding ; (3)
Wriothelsey (1708-1732), elder son of preceding, ob. s.p. ;

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372 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

(4) John (1710-1771), brother of preceding; (5) Francis
(1765-1802), grandson of preceding, ob. s.p. ; (6) John
(1766-1839), brother of preceding ; (7) Francis (1788-1861),
son of preceding ; (8) William (180&-1872), son of preceding,
ob. s.p. ; (9) Hastings (18MM891), son of second son of
sixth duke.

It is interesting to observe how largely family relation-
ship helped to decide the patron's selection. Between 1640
and 1703 the names of six Russells appear on the list of
members ; between 1788 and 1885 there are eight. In the
eighty odd years between 1703 and 1788 there was
seldom an available candidate possessing that surname,
but names of persons connected by marriage with the
ducal family are not infrequent during that interval.

The narrative of the borough from 1688 can be con-
veniently arranged, having regard to the nature and extent
of the political forces at work, into four periods of about
equal length : —

A. The period of Divided Influence, 1688-1734.

B. The period of the Bedford Connexion, 1734-1784.

C. The period of the New Whigs, 1784-1832.

D. The period of the Reformed Borough, 1832-1885.

A. The Period of Divided Influence.

In 1688 the Russell interest, though strong, was by
no means paramount in Tavistock. Sir James Butler, a
law offiqer at the Court of Charles II, who had by marriage
with a wealthy widow named Elizabeth Moore acquired
some Tavistock property, had a few years before carried
an election against Edward, brother of the martyred Lord
Russell. The neighbouring squires, sons and grandsons of
the men who had fought for Charles I and had helped to
restore his son, were for the most part Tory. Here, as in
other places, the bitterness which had marked the long
struggle between Cavaliers and Roundheads was trans-
ferred from the battlefield to the polling-booth. The chief
supporters of the Tory party were the Manatons of KH-
worthy 1 and the Courtenays of Walreddon, to whom by
fortunate marriages the lands of the Glanvilles and Fitzes
of Elizabethan times had respectively passed. On the
Whig side the Russells had a stalwart supporter in Sir
Francis Drake, who also owned property in Tavistock.

1 E.D., ii. 86.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 373

The first Duke of Bedford had several sons, three of
whom, Edward, Robert, and James, were active supporters
of the Whig cause, as might be expected of the brothers of
the famous Lord William. In 1689 Robert Russell and
Drake shared the representation. In 1690 an opponent
appeared in the person of Ambrose Manaton of Kilworthy.
Russell headed the poll, Drake coming second with 39
votes to Manaton's 34. A petition followed, which is
reported at length in the Journals (8th December, 1691) ;
19 of Drake's votes and 14 of Manaton's were disputed, but
eventually Drake's return was upheld.

In 1695 Drake retired, and James Russell (now by
courtesy as a Duke's son Lord James) became his brother's
colleague. Manaton claimed to be returned on the ground
that freeholders in possession were entitled to vote,
whether presented to the " jury " or not. The jury was a
body of twenty-four men summoned by the lord's steward to
the court leet of the manor, and was supposed to perform in
the matter of voting lists the function of the modern
revising barrister. No defence was offered, and the un-
presented votes were allowed, giving Manaton the second
seat with 70 votes to James Russell's 29 (March, 1696). A
few months later Manaton died, and a contest ensued
between Drake and Henry Manaton (brother and heir of
Ambrose). The petition proceedings were a repetition of
those of 1691. Drake's return was upheld, and it was
decided that the right of election " is in the freeholders of
inheritance in possession, inhabiting within the borough,
who have been, or shall be presented as such by the jury
of enquiry of the said borough " (4th February, 1697).
Thus the decision of the previous March, under which
Manaton would have had 57 votes to 31 for Drake, was
reversed, the reduced poll being : Drake 25, Manaton 9.
A large number of votes had been created for Manaton by
the purchase and subdivision of tenements, one John Whit-
church being very active in this species of work. On the
other hand, Manaton's friends complained that the jury,
being chosen by the steward of a Whig nobleman, unfairly
excluded Tories from the franchise.

In 1701 two elections were held, one in January and one
in November ; at both of them Edward and Robert
Russell were the successful candidates, and James Bulteel,
a young Tavistock barrister whose father and grandfather
had been prominent men in the town, was the defeated

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374 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

candidate. On each occasion Bulteel petitioned against
Lord Edward, but on neither petition was any deter-
mination made; the act of petitioning, however, prac-
tically deprived Tavistock each time of one member, as
Lord Edward, who was also returned for Bedfordshire,
was thereby prevented from exercising the privilege of
a double return in choosing one seat and enabling a new
writ to be issued for the other.

In 1702 Robert and James Russell were elected, James
Russell defeating Manaton by 39 votes to 25. Again there
was a petition, and this time the decision of 1607 was again
reversed. Manaton had 19 votes added to his poll of free-
holders qualified by residence but not "presented."
Bulteel, during the progress of the petition, gained the
other seat on a vacancy caused by the death of Robert
Russell. Thus the Tory party had completely turned the
tables. Of the Whig leaders Drake was now too old ;
Edward Russell held the Bedfordshire seat and was not
available ; all his brothers were dead except James ; and
the young Duke WriotheJsey, his nephew, was by no
means a keen partisan.

The two Tory members held their seats till 1708. They
were careful to pursue a moderate course ; they both voted
against the proposal to " tack " an Occasional Conformist
Bill on to a Money Bill in order to force the Whig House
of Lords to pass it, 1 a proposal which in 1705 cost several
Tory members who supported it their seats. But in 1708
the Duke had fallen more into line with his party, and Sir
John Cope, an active young Whig, whose father-in-law,
Sir Philip Monoux, had been the colleague of the Duke's
distinguished father in Bedfordshire, was brought down to
oust Bulteel. Manaton for some personal reason threw
over his former colleague, and in 1710 joined forces with
Cope, although they had taken opposite sides on the
question of prosecuting Sacheverell, Cope like his patron
supporting the prosecution. 1

The 1710 election was the most scandalous of the whole
series. Cope was returned at the head of the poll, and the
portreeve, John Harvey, declared Manaton also duly
elected by 54 votes to 47 for Bulteel. The latter petitioned,
and a long report of the case appears in the Journals
(3rd February, 1711).

For the petitioner Walter Beauford deposed that the

1 Oldmixon.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARUAMENTABT BOROUGH. 375

portreeve irregularly added 2 votes to Manaton's poll
and reduced Bulteel's by 17, thus giving Manaton a
majority of 7. Edward Cary stated that the portreeve
asked him to vote for the two sitting members, and offered
him an Office in the Customs at Plymouth in return for his
vote ; that John Edgcumbe offered him £3, that William
Croker offered to discharge him of a £48 debt, and that
Arthur Cake threatened he should lose his work if he voted
for Bulteel.

Roger Tooker said that Edgcumbe and James Leare
offered him £5 and the lease of a house, and that he had
money given him to drink Sir John Cope's health, and was
treated at William Phisick's a fortnight before the election,
and that Manaton offered him the best of his three mills ;
also that Thomas Kelly owned to having received £3 from
Edgcumbe.

Daniel Mattacott deposed to having seen Manaton give
Phisick £3, and that Phisiok then said he had £5 for his vote
for Cope.

John Weymouth owned to have received £5 from Cope
and £3 from Manaton; Obadiah Burdwood to £5 from
each ; Walter Whitchurch and Eustace Pyke to £3 from
each, and others to various benefits promised or re-
ceived.

Edward Cary further stated that Edgcumbe and Cake
offered him twenty guineas not to go to London, and that
Edgcumbe threatened to ruin him and to shoot him if he
went, and that Cake threatened to take away his employ-
ment ; and Tooker said Edgcumbe threatened to send him
to gaol and to ruin him, if he went as a witness, and offered
a lease of the town mills if he would not go.

On behalf of the respondent evidenoe was given as to the
bad character of Bulteel's witnesses.

The House, after hearing all the evidence, unseated
Manaton, and declared Bulteel duly elected. They also
decided that John Edgcumbe was guilty of a high crime and
misdemeanour in tampering with witnesses, and that
John Harvey, the portreeve, was guilty of many corrupt
and indirect practices, and committed them into the
custody of the Sergeant-at-Arms. We hear nothing more of
Harvey, but it is recorded that on 7th March John Edg-
cumbe, having expressed contrition, was brought to the
bar of the House, and there upon his knees was repri-
manded by the Speaker and discharged, returning, no

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376 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAHBNTABT BOROUGH.

doubt, to Tavistock a sadder and a wiser man than on the
election day.

The foregoing facts will serve to illustrate the election
morals of the period, and particularly the way in which
the Triennial Act of 1694, by causing elections to be held too
frequently, stimulated corruption. The curious may be
tempted to ask why the offenders got off so lightly, why
Cake escaped scot-free, and why Cope was not unseated ?
Yet ten years later we find this same Cope bringing up in
the House a charge of illegal practices against a judge,
Baroii Page, in connexion with an election at Banbury,
for which Cope's elder son was a candidate. 1

Henry Manaton seems to have been one of those un-
fortunate individuals who have a knack of getting into
trouble. He was not a successful parliamentarian. In
January, 1700, when he was member for Camelford, a
peremptory order was made by the House for his attend-
ance in the custody of the Sergeant-at-Arms to answer a
charge of persistent neglect of his parliamentary duties.*
Yet he was always ready to fight elections, and he must
have spent enormous sums of money in that kind of
warfare. He is known to have been a candidate at least
fifteen times, either for Camelford or for Tavistock or for
Callington. He seems to have been generous in making
loans and gifts to persons who may have been constituents.
During twenty years he was involved either as petitioner
or respondent in no fewer than six election petitions, two
in Camelford and four in Tavistock, and he only gained his
case in one. Might any excuse be found for him in the
fact that his spiritual adviser in Calstock parish during
those twenty years was that lax and worldly-minded cleric
Lancelot Blackburne ? 8

Bulteel was more fortunate in his public career ; he
stood well with his party, and was occasionally chosen to
serve on important committees. Under the will of a
personal friend, Richard Hele (M.P. for Plympton, 1701-
1705), he succeeded to the Fleet property on the death of
Hele's son in 1716. Hele had a protracted lawsuit with
Drake over fishing rights on the Tavy, and was probably
indebted to Bulteel for legal assistance. 4

In 1715 the Whigs carried all before them. Cope was
joined by the young Francis Henry Drake, son of Sir

1 Chandler. 2 Journals.

8 8ec Did. of Nat. Biog. * E.D., ii. 196.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 377

Francis. Manaton again contested and again petitioned,
but without any success, and the Manaton family, no
doubt considerably impaired in their finances by these
election wrangles, henceforth appear no more in politics.

Cope and Drake were colleagues for twelve years. They
took opposite sides on the Septennial Act, a measure which,
though passed for motives of party advantage, was justified
in its results ; it certainly diminished the bribery and
chicanery which seem to be the inevitable outcome of oft-
recurring elections. Cope voted against this measure, but
on all other important questions he was a staunch sup-
porter of the Whigs and the Hanoverian Court. He lost
no opportunity of getting on good terms with the latter.
When George I wished to revisit Hanover, it was Cope
who introduced the Bill enabling him to leave this kingdom ;
when Bishop Atterbury (who, it is interesting to note, was
from 1701 to 1713 Archdeacon of Totnes, and was on
10th May, 1710, accompanied by Sacheverell in his Archi-
diaconal visitation to Tavistock 1 ) was accused of treason-
able practices, it was Cope who seconded the motion for
his impeachment. Both the members took Walpole's side
against Stanhope and Sunderland in the first Whig Schism,
and Cope was at length rewarded by receiving for his
younger son the place of usher at the Court of George II.
By this time he had transferred his affections to the
county of Hampshire. Drake remained in possession till
1734, supporting the Ministry, in which several of his
personal friends held important offices. He had as his
colleague, in succession to Cope, Sir Humphrey Monoux,
Lady Cope's nephew, who usually voted with the Tories
and discontented Whigs against Walpole. *

The reason for Monoux's adverse votes is not far to seek.
In 1732 the third Duke of Bedford, a feeble and dissolute
youth, died, and was succeeded by his brother John, who
was at this time the only male representative of the
Russells. Under him Tavistock politics entered on a new
phase.

1 E.D.,ii. 176. 2 Chandler.

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378 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

B. The Period of the Bedford Connexion.

For some years the Bedford interest had been growing
in Tavistock. The Butler property had been purchased
in 1710 from the heir of Sir James, and other freeholds were
acquired whenever opportunity offered. l

Duke John was a nobleman of strong views and large
ambitions, and held for many years a prominent position
in public affairs. He possessed some excellent qualities
and some serious defects. He was honest, capable, and
courageous, but obstinate and hot-tempered. His bad
judgment of character led him frequently into associations
with unscrupulous politicians, who influenced him to
support unworthy projects. He had fits of inactivity
which marred his reputation as an administrator. His
courage often took the form of defying popular opinion
and rejecting counsels of prudence, and it is not surprising
that with all his wealth and all his merits his chief dis-
tinction was his extreme unpopularity.

For nearly forty years the political history of Tavistock
is indissolubly bound up with Duke John's career. Like
most of the younger noblemen of his time, and being,
moreover, Sunderland's son-in-law, he began by taking up
a position of strong hostility to Walpole. That minister,
opposed as he was by the Tories, the so-called " Patriot
Whigs " whom Pulteney led, and the " Boys " (as budding
politicians like William Pitt and Duke John were nick-
named), relied mainly for his support on nomination
boroughs, and his opponents proceeded to fight him with
his own weapons.

The trial of strength came in 1734. If Duke John had
remained a commoner, Tavistock would probably have had
him for a candidate. But in any case he was determined to
make a clean sweep of the Cope and Drake interests. Two
new candidates were put forward, of decided anti-
Walpolean tendencies, Charles Fane, nephew of the Lord
Stanhope whose Government Walpole had displaced some
thirteen years before, and Sidney Meadows, son of a
member of that Government. Walpole, though he secured
a majority of seats on the whole result, lost the Tavistock
election. A record of the contest has been preserved
among the Bedford Office papers.

1 B.O. Surveys, 1726 and 1855

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tavistock as a parliamentary borough. 379

"Tavistock Burrough Memorandum.

"At a poll there on the 29th day of Aprill 1734 for
electing two members to serve in Parliament for the said
Burrough the next Sessions.

" The Precept was red by Mr. John Herring, the duke
of Bedford's Steward. Mr. John Edgcumbe the Portreeve
was afterwards sworn by Mr. John Rowe, Francis Davy,
and Wm. Gawde before the Act of Parliament was red.

" The Act was then red by Mr. Herring.

" Charles Fane, Esq., recommended himself, Mr. Herring
recommended Sydney Meadows, Esq., and Mr. John Edg-
combe Sir John Cope, Knt. and Bart, and James Bulteel,
Esq., had several votes given for him tho' he never asked
for any nor anyone for tarn.

"Mr. Herring and the Portreeve both insisted that it
was usual for every candidate to call four voters and the
Duke's friends to call first. Which was objected to by Sir
Fra. Hen. Drake That it was not usual for both the Duke's
to call first for then they call 8 before either of the other
candidates called any and after some arguments the
Portreeve ordered Mr. Herring to call 4 for Mr. Fane."

Edgcumbe, the over-zealous partisan of 1710, had become
more cautious since his previous experience, and appears
to have conducted the election with some show of impar-
tiality. The contest lasted two days ; 160 voted, of whom
6 were disallowed. A list of the voters is given in the
memorandum, with their qualifications and the names of
those for whom they voted. The result of the poll was :
Fane 98, Meadows 90, Drake 65, Cope 28, Bulteel 27.

The Duke's friends were successful, the intrepid zeal
of Herring carrying the day for his side. Sir Francis
Drake's supporters divided their second votes between
Cope, who had for some years ignored the town, and Bul-
teel, who had in 1716 gone to reside at Fleet. The John
Edgcombe (d. 1753) who proposed Cope was Sir F. H.
Drake's estate agent and family solicitor, and belonged to
the Lamerton Edgcombes ; he must be distinguished from
John Edgcumbe (1674-1739) the Tavistock mercer, who
was at various times churchwarden, portreeve, " master "
and feoffee of the parish lands, and whose younger brother
Richard (1676-1724) was Rector of Kelly. 1

The most pleasing feature of this election is that appar-

1 Vivian's Visitations, and E.D.

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380 TAVI8TOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

ently no one was disappointed. On Wednesday, 1st May,
Sir F. H. Drake found solace at Bere Alston ; the Saturday
after Sir John Cope was comforted by the electors of
Lymington ; and Bulteel was presumably content to
remain at Fleet.

So the Duke had demonstrated his supremacy at
Tavistock, and he took good care that it was never again
in doubt. He continued to buy up freeholds ; at Christmas,
1751, all the Courtenay property in the borough, except
an almshouse, was sold to him, 1 and in 1762 a private Act
of Parliament was passed, exchanging the parish lands
held by feoffees for a fixed rent-charge on property outside
the borough, and constituting a new trust body to manage
the parochial almshouses which this rent-charge supported,
with the stipulation that no voting privileges should
thereby be conferred. This phase of the Duke's activities
has not been closely investigated by his biographers ; the
chief of them, Lord John Russell, did in the speech intro-
ducing the second Reform Bill of 1831 allude to the dimi-
nution of the freeholders from 110inl716to about 30 a
hundred years later, but professed himself unable to say
in what period the reduction took place. *

Fane, the son of an Irish peer, may be looked upon as,
next to the Duke himself, the most reputable member of
the Bedford connexion ; he is known rather as a diplomat
than as a legislator. His sister's husband, Lord Sandwich,
was a less reputable but more prominent member of the
connexion.

In January, 1742, Lord Limerick, another Irishman,
became Fane's colleague. He had for fourteen years been
one of Walpole's most unrelenting opponents, and stood
high in the friendship of Pulteney. Within a few days of
his election the coalition of Tories, " Patriots " and " Boys"
proved at last too strong for Walpole, and he resigned.
Pulteney, the leader of the combined opposition, was sent
for by the King. Like many brilliant critics, he showed his
utter incapacity as an organiser. Instead of bringing into
power a Government formed from those who acted with
him, he weakly consented to a mixed ministry which
retained in office most of Walpole's chief supporters and
only provided for a few members of the victorious coalition,
chiefly his own intimates. This lame conclusion of the
great struggle exasperated the Duke of Bedford and others

1 B.O. Survey, 1765 ; there is a contention that the almshouse was excepted
as not being private property. * S. Walpole's Life of Lord John Russell.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 381

who had been left out of consideration. Lord Limerick,
who had been offered the post of Seoretary-at-War, found
that he could not oount upon being re-elected at Tavistock,
and therefore thought it prudent to decline office for him-
self and obtain instead for his son the reversion of the post
of Remembrancer of the Irish Court of Exchequer, then
held by Lady Limerick's uncle, Lord Palmerston. The
Secretaryship in question was retained by a voluble sup-
porter of Walpole, Sir William Yonge, M.P. for Honiton. 1

Disappointed of office, Limerick now came forward as
the chief spokesman of those who were crying out for
Walpole's impeachment. He first proposed a motion to
enquire into the conduct of affairs for twenty years ; this
was lost by a majority of two (244 to 242). The division
being so close he was encouraged to make a second attempt,
and he moved for an enquiry into the conduct of Walpole
for ten years. This was carried by seven votes (252 to 245),
the new members of the ministry having meanwhile re-
turned from their by-elections. A secret committee of
twenty-one was chosen, of which Limerick was appointed
chairman. The committee met several times, and made
strenuous efforts to collect sufficient evidence for an
impeachment, but the House of Commons soon wearied
of the proceedings, and when Parliament reassembled
in 1743 the committee was not renewed. Walpole was
a dangerous man to harass. Pulteney (now Lord Bath)
had fallen into a trap prepared for him at Walpole's
suggestion ; he did not long remain in office. Limerick
never even achieved office. He drifted with Lord Bath
in a direction opposite to that in which the Duke of
Bedford moved. Frederick Prince of Wales was hostile to
his father and to his father's ministers, and it was antici-
pated that on King George's death there would be a
complete change of ministry. Among the expectant office-
seekers who attended the Prince's court were Lord Bath
and Lord Limerick. a

Duke John's second wife (his first died in 1735) was a
daughter of the first Earl Gower, a nobleman from whom
a large proportion of the present peerage trace their descent.
The Duchess had great influence over her husband, and in
1747 she seems to have had a hand in Tavistock affairs, for
in that year the members returned were her brother

1 Goxe'aLifeof Walpole. Chandler.
• 3 Dodington's Diary. H. Walpole's Memoirs of Qeorge II.

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382 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Richard, and her uncle by marriage, Thomas Brand.
Brother Richard, who on a double return chose Lichfield,
was succeeded by brother-in-law Richard II, Sir Richard
Wrottesley, to be precise. Wrottesley in a few years forsook
politics for the Church and ended by becoming Dean of
Worcester. Under Walpole's lieutenants the Pelhams,
who were anxious to conciliate powerful opponents, the
Duke of Bedford for a time held office. But in 1751 he
quarrelled with the elder Pelham, Duke of Newcastle.
Just about this time Frederick Prince of Wales died, and
as his son George was under age, a question arose as to the
regency in the event of George II's death. Two factions
were formed on this issue : the bulk of Frederick's ad-
herents favoured the widowed Princess, and a small
section of the Whigs, including Bedford and Henry Fox,
supported the claims of Frederick's younger brother, the
unpopular Duke of Cumberland. The guiding spirit of the
latter faction was a young M.P. named Rigby, who had
ingratiated himself with Duke John by rescuing him from
some roughs at a race meeting, and had deserted the
Frince's cause for that of a patron who, unlike the Prince,
always kept faith with his adherents.

Duke John, in a new fit of energy, set to work to augment
his parliamentary connexion. Through a local agent, John
Wynne, he courted the favours of the electors in various
western boroughs. * His strength in Tavistock, as a return
made by Wynne in 1755 shows, was enough to defeat easily
a combination of every other local interest, and he probably
thought it possible to bring such neighbouring boroughs as
Okehampton, Launceston, Newport, and Camelf ord under
the same sway. At Newport his nominees, Rigby and
French, on 23rd April, 1754, contested the seat unsuccess-
fully, the result being : —

Lee 145, Bacon 144, French 60, Rigby 59. »

[French and Rigby were returned the next day for Tavi-
stock. French, the third Irishman whom Duke John had
returned, died about three weeks after. He had paid £1500
for the seat, and his heirs brought an action to recover the
money. The Duke paid, rather than let the case go into
Court.

Four more Richards now follow in succession as Tavi-
stock members. Richard III (Rigby) was notorious as a
1 Bedford Office papers. 2 Courtney's Cornish Boroughs.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 383

typical eighteenth-century place-hunter, whose chief com-
mendation is said to have been that he " drank fair."
Junius, in one of the celebrated letters, slyly alludes to
Rigby's " blushing merit." When in 1756 the Duke was
sent to Ireland as Lord-Lieutenant, Rigby accompanied
him as secretary, and in that capacity it was his duty to
interview discontented Irishmen, and encourage them to
wash down their grievances " in floods of viceregal claret."
Although a pleasant and agreeable companion Rigby
exerted in politics an influence which was thoroughly bad.
He consistently opposed Bills for parliamentary reform and
the suppression of bribery, the latter on the ground that one
must not be prevented from treating one's friends during
an election. He had outspoken contempt for high ideals
of statesmanship, as is shown by his treatment of the
proposal for a public funeral to the Earl of Chatham.
It is perhaps well sometimes to be able to restrain any
tendency to boastfulness on the part of the good people of
Tavistock by reminding them that for f our-and-thirty years
this unsavoury adventurer was their chosen representative
in the councils of the nation.

Richard IV (Vernon) was another son-in-law of Earl
Gower. He also accompanied the Duke to Ireland as
secretary, but he is chiefly known as a sportsman, a
gambler, an amateur jockey and a breeder of race-horses ;
his activities in the racing world generally were so great
that he is sometimes described as the " father of the turf."

How the voice of Tavistock expressed itself in Parlia-
ment at this time may be gathered from a sentence in a
letter written by the Duke to Sir Charles Hanbury Williams,
dated 28th January, 1755 : —

"The Colchester election petition is now hearing in
the Committee in which our friend Rigby is a principal
manager, and will probably initiate in it his colleague
Dick Vernon in those various modes of oratory, you have
mentioned, yawning, huzzaing, etc."

Richard V (Aldworth, who afterwards changed his name
to Neville) became Rigby's colleague in 1761 ; when the
Duke was Secretary of State (1748-1751), Aldworth was
his Under-Secretary, and in that position proved himself
a capable and industrious official. In 1763 he assisted the
Duke in negotiating the Treaty of Paris, which added
Canada to the Empire.

Between 1760 and 1770 the Whig party was split into

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384 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

contending factions ; a succession of weak governments
occurred, in each of which one or more of these factions
held places. The "Bloomsbury Gang," as the faction
nominally led by Duke John was called, was probably the
most venal, certainly the most unpopular. The Duke's
opposition to Pitt and his action in concluding the peace
were resented ; the greed of his followers was notorious.
From 1763 they held office for two years, and again for two
years from 1768, during both of which periods they were
involved in the odium of the proceedings against Wilkes.
In 1769 the Duke was mobbed in Exeter, and in the whole
of Devonshire, of which he was Lord-Lieutenant, Tavistock
is said to have been the only town where his life was safe.

Duke John died in 1771, and his grandson Francis
(a minor) succeeded. The Duchess of Marlborough,
Francis' aunt, was a guardian of affairs during the minority.

Richard VI (Fitzpatrick) was a grandson of Earl Gower,
Vernon being his stepfather. He was first elected for
Tavistock in 1774, at the time when his intimate friend and
boon companion, Charles James Fox, who had just seceded
from the Tories, was coming to the fore as a debater.
Rigby and others of the Bedford Connexion had been
absorbed into the Tory Government of Lord North, but
Fitzpatrick and the Spencers of the Marlborough family
followed Fox into opposition. Rigby and Fitzpatrick,
though voting on opposite sides in the House, remained
colleagues in the borough representation.

In 1782 Lord North's Government, in which Rigby
was Paymaster of the Forces, resigned, and the Whigs came
in. Rigby at once proffered them his services, but his place
was filled by Edmund Burke. The new ministry did not
last long. Next year a coalition was formed between Fox
and North in opposition to Shelburne, the Whig Prime
Minister, who had quarrelled with some of his leading
colleagues. As supporters of this coalition Fitzpatrick
and Rigby found themselves once more on the same side.
A fusion of the " King's Friends," Shelburne party, and
Tories who seceded from North was formed as a new
Tory party under the young William Pitt and overthrew the
coalition, which was detested by the country. Fitzpatrick
and some of his associates consoled themselves for their
defeat by a satirical effusion named the Rolliad, of
whioh John Rolle, M.P. for Devon, and a staunch sup-
porter of Pitt, was the mock hero.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 385

C, The Period of the New Whigs.
The followers of Fox and North, though badly beaten at
the polls, were now a united body, and they had still some
places like Tavistock where they were sure of constant
support. During the next forty-eight years Tavistock
was represented by some of Fox's most distinguished
disciples, one temporary member, Wyndham (a cousin
of Lord Grenville's), being the only exception to uniform
Whiggism. Duke Francis himself was an ardent sup-
porter of Fox, and his brother, afterwards Duke John,
went even further than his leaders in sympathy with
revolutionary principles. With one short interval in 1790,
when he stood for Hampshire and was defeated, Lord John
represented Tavistock from 1788 to 1802, and when he
took his brother's place in the House of Lords, the writ for
Tavistock was moved by Fox and seconded by Sheridan
in terms of affectionate regard for Duke Francis's memory.
Fox's friend Lord Robert Spencer followed, and in 1807
the Duke's remaining brother Lord William (remembered
as the victim of Courvoisier the valet, whose execution
Thackeray has described) took his place. Fitzpatrick
having gained a seat in Bedfordshire by five votes, Lord
Howick (better known as Earl Grey) sat for a few months,
and on his elevation to the House of Lords the opposition
took the unusual course of selecting a new leader from
outside their ranks in the person of a distinguished Irish-
man, George Ponsonby, who was given Grey's seat at
Tavistock. Duke John was generous in finding seats for
Whig leaders. In this same parliament Petty (afterwards
Lord Lansdowne) and Brougham successively sat for
Camelford through his good offices.

The electors of Tavistock were probably very com-
placent. The following accounts are among the Bedford
Office papers : —

Account of Mr. Palmer's Entertainment 1780
Do. Entertainments in 1796

Do. do. 1802

Do. do. 1807

Do. Expenses of an Entertainment
given by Lord Wm. Russell at the Election
of Lord Howick vice General Fitzpatrick,

20th July, 1807 346 3 1J

Election of Hon. George Ponsonby vice Lord

Howick, 19th January, 1808 .. .. 80 19 2

VOL. XLIII. 2 b

111

1ft

978

981

956

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386 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

The last-named was an uncontested election. The objects
of the first four sets of expenses are not stated, but each
of them occurred in a general election year. One of the
bills attached to the account of Mr. Palmer (the chief agent
of the Bedford estates) is as follows : —

"3 dozen port £4 Is. Od., a dozen of Lisbon £1 7s. Od.,
Three gallons of rum £1 16s. Od." Another is for " 6 packs
of cards 15s. Od. " ; another for " 45$ lbs. Best large
Bristol Lump £2 Os. 9d., 8 dozen lemons 12s. Od."; another
for "4 gallons of beer 5s. 4d."; another for "a Hogshead
of Cyder £1 lis. 6d."; another for "Tristram Physick
making the punch 2s. 6d. " ; and another for " articles
broke 7s. 6d." The Ringers cost £2 2s. Od., the Band
£2 2s. Od., and the Sergeants-at-Mace £1 Is. Od.

In 1813 Lord John Russell, third son of Duke John,
began his long parliamentary career by being returned
for Tavistock when not quite of age, and (as he was at the
time travelling in Spain) without his knowing that he was
a candidate. He was elected three times subsequently.
Then in 1820 Grant the jurist was returned. The second
seat was given to Lord Ebrington, who had, after one of the
greatest fights on record, lost his seat for Devon county. l

In 1830 Ebrington regained the county seat, and Lord
John Russell, who had just been given office in the Grey
Ministry, was brought in for the vacancy. To him was
entrusted the very responsible duty of introducing the first
Reform Bill. Having failed to carry the measure, the
Government dissolved Parliament and were returned to
power with a large majority. Russell gained the second
county seat .from Sir Thomas Acland, and made way in
Tavistock for John Heywood- Hawkins. The latter had
previously sat for Mitchell, 2 one of the doomed Cornish
boroughs, but had spoken and voted for the Reform Bill.
His seat at Mitchell was contested with the result : Lloyd
Kenyon 5, Best 3, Hawkins 2.

His defeat under such conditions could not fail to appeal
to the Tavistock people, whose devotion to the cause of
Reform was being abundantly manifested by demon-
strations and petitions. A town which had numbered
among its members such stalwarts as Grey, Russell, and
Ebrington, naturally looked upon itself as committed to
" the Bill, the whole Bill, and nothing but the Bill." The

1 See Whitfeld's Plymouth and Devonport.

2 A village seven miles N.N.E. of Truro.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 387

passing of the Act was celebrated locally by a procession
in which two bullocks, destined to provide food for the
celebrants, were driven with a banner attached to them
inscribed " We die for Reform."

Prior to 1832 the borough had included only an area
of about half a square mile, situated on the north-west
bank of the River Tavy. Under the Reform Act the area
was extended so as to include all the ancient parish of
Tavistock (omitting the detached hamlet of Cudliptown,
which has since been transferred to Petertavy parish ),
about eighteen square miles in extent. This enlargement,
which enabled the borough to escape partial disfranchise-
ment until 1868, gave rise to some discussion during the
progress of the Reform Bill through Parliament. The
electorate, by the introduction of the £10 household
franchise as well as by the enlargement of area, was in-
creased from 31 to 246. The present civil parish (created
an Urban District in 1898) occupies two and a half square
miles, or just five times the area of the unreformed borough.

D. The Period of the Reformed Borough.

The house of Russell still exercised a considerable
influence in the selection of members. From 1832 to 1868
a tacit understanding seems to have existed by which the
ducal family designated one representative, and the mining
and trading interests of the parish were left free to return
the other member. Most of the contests which occurred
arose from local divisions of opinion as to the second
choice. The Conservative voters were few in number, the
bulk of the electors being either Russellite Whigs or Liberals
of a more advanced type.

The ' family ' members, taken in order, were : William,
Lord Russell (afterwards eighth duke), Lord Edward
Russell (a son of the sixth duke), Edward Southwell
Russell (grandnephew of the sixth duke), the Hon.
George Byng (a relative of the seventh duke), and Lord
Arthur Russell (brother of the ninth duke). The * local '
members were : Charles Richard Fox (son of Lord
Holland), John Rundle, Sir John Salusbury Trelawny,
Samuel Carter, Sir Robert Joseph Phillimore, and Joseph
D'Aguilar Samuda. With two exceptions, Carter and
Phillimore, all these representatives held the traditional
Whig or Liberal views.

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388 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

The election in 1832 was contested by Sir Francis Charles
Knowles, who, however, polled very few votes. Result :
Russell 159, Fox 129, Knowles 64. In 1835 his case was
even more hopeless : Russell 167, Bundle 145, Knowles 5.
All the candidates on each occasion were Whigs. l

John Rundle, the first resident representative for over a
hundred years, was a man deservedly honoured by his own
town. He excelled in acts of unostentatious munificence :
the Tavistock Library owes largely to his generosity an
excellent collection of works on political history, some of
which have proved helpful in the production of this paper.

No narrative of Tavistock elections would be complete
without an account of the redoubtable Samuel Carter,
who, for some twenty years was a prominent figure in the
politics of the place. A native of Tavistock, the son of a
local tanner, he early indulged his taste for contention by
preferring law to leather, and became a barrister on the
Western Circuit. His name is no doubt still remembered
by the older members of the legal profession. He was not
always happy in his dealings with judges and with his
colleagues at the bar, but his audacity in attack, and his
skill in bullying hostile witnesses, earned for him the local
appellation of "the Terror," and secured him a large
practice in the criminal courts. Like the legal luminary in
Gilbert's operetta, he might have said : —

" All thieves who could my fees afford
Relied on my orations,
And many a burglar I've restored
To his friends and his relations."

Carter first tried his luck as a parliamentary candidate
in 1847. His profession of Chartist views, and his forcible
methods of electioneering, attracted a considerable following
among the populace, but greatly shocked the staid old
Whigs of the town. The Conservatives were emboldened
by the division among their opponents to bring forward a
candidate in the person of Robert Joseph Phillimore, a
lawyer of scholarly reputation and moderate views. John
Salusbury Trelawny, who after an unsuccessful attempt in
East Cornwall had four years before secured the Tavistock
seat, 2 and Edward Southwell Russell were the Whig candi-
dates. In the result the Whigs won the day : Russell 1 53, Tre-
lawny 150, Phillimore 110, Carter 56. In 1852 Trelawny,

1 Crosby's Parliamentary Record, 1843.

2 1843 poll : Trelawny (W.) 113 ; Henry Vincent (Chartist) 69.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 389

owing to some disagreement, resigned, and sought re-
election, with the result : Carter 115, Trelawny 89, Philli-
more 80. Nothing daunted, Phillimore three months later
again opposed Carter at the general election, Byng being
the Bussellite nominee : Byng 220, Carter 169, Phillimore
104. Carter's triumph was shortlived, as Phillimore
petitioned on the ground that Carter did not possess the
requisite property qualification, and was awarded the seat.
This antiquated requirement had been passed in 1711,
but was not abolished till five years after the Tavistock
petition. Carter gained some notoriety during his short
stay in the House by opposing the payment of the expense
of the Duke of Wellington's funeral, and the second time
he spoke "he had scarcely uttered a sentence, when yells
and groans were discharged at him in volleys." * He was
not conciliatory.

In 1857 Phillimore did not again come forward, and
Carter was once more in opposition to Trelawny. A war
of personalities was waged ; placards were posted and
ballads sung in derision of the rival candidates. Carter
was, however, losing ground, as the contest ended thus :
Byng 242, Trelawny 198, Carter 130. A few months after
Byng retired in order to stand for Middlesex, and Arthur
Russell, Lord John's nephew and former private secretary,
was elected, although the Russell supremacy was on this
occasion challenged by an eminent champion of Non-
conformity, Edward Miall, the result being : Russell 164,
Miall 120. By the express desire of Duke Francis, who
had a conscientious dislike to the use of his interest even
when a relative was concerned, the Bedford Office refrained
from taking any part in this contest. The election is
memorable chiefly for an alarming incident which occurred
on the polling day, when the hustings collapsed and some
persons were badly injured.

In 1859 Carter, finding no encouragement of support,
refrained from provoking a contest. He tried again in
1865 as one of five candidates, but Russell and Samuda
were elected, the other defeated candidates being named
Rummons and Blakely. Out of 395 voting, Russell
obtained 330, Samuda 179, Carter 119, Rummons 93, and
Blakely 8. Rummons was the only Conservative candidate.

Under the Reform Act of 1867 Tavistock was deprived
of one of its members, and from 1868 to 1885 Arthur Russell
was its sole representative. Through the increase in

1 Punch, 18th December, 1842.

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390 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

population the electorate had by this time risen to about
500 ; the extension of the franchise due to the Reform Act
brought about a further addition ; in 1874 the number of
electors was 805, and in 1880 it rose to 850.

There was a contested election in 1874, just after the
Ballot Act came into operation. Lord Arthur Russell
(who had acquired the courtesy title when his brother
became Duke in 1872) had been somewhat tardy in his
acceptance of the reforms advocated by Gladstone and
Bright, 1 and the more advanced reformers in the town
consequently put forward Russell Hugh Worthington
Biggs, a Liverpool solicitor, hoping that their chances
would be improved by the secrecy of the ballot. Lord
Arthur, however, won by 362 votes to 273.

The Redistribution Act of 1885 terminated the existence
of Tavistock as a separate constituency, and the borough
is now a single polling district of the Western Division
of Devonshire, usually known as the Tavistock Division.

II. — Schedule of Members.

WILLIAM III.
1689.
14th January, 1689. Robert Russell.

Sir Francis Drake, Bart.
1690-1695.
8th March, 1690. Robert Russell.

Sir Francis Drake, Bart.
1695-1698.
29th October, 1695. Lord Robert Russell.

Lord James Russell.
13th March, 1696. Ambrose Manaton vice Lord James

Russell unseated.
10th November, 1696. Sir Francis Drake, Bart, vice

Manaton deceased.
1698-1700.
29th July, 1698. Lord Robert Russell.

Sir Francis Drake, Bart.
1701.
9th January, 1701. Lord Edward Russell.

Lord Robert Russell.

1 Morley's Life of Qladstom.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PAEUAMENTAEY BOROUGH.

391

1701-1702.
29th November, 1701.

1702-1705.
24th July, 1702.

26th November, 1703.

21st December, 1703.

1706-1708.
18th May, 1705. .

1708-1710.
10th May, 1708.

1710-1713.
12th October, 1710.

3rd February, 1711.

1713-1715.
5th September, 1713.

Lord Edward Russell.
Lord Robert Russell.

ANNE.

Lord Robert Russell.
Lord James Russell.
James Bulteel vice Lord Robert

Russell deceased.
Henry Manaton vice Lord James

Russell unseated.

1715-1722.
1st February, 1715.

1722-1727.
21st March, 1722.

1727-1734.
23rd August, 1727.

24th February, 1728.

1734-1741.
29th April, 1734.

Henry Manaton.
James Bulteel.

Sir John Cope.
Henry Manaton.

James Bulteel vice Manaton un-
seated.

Sir John Cope.
James Bulteel.

GEORGE I.

Sir John Cope.
Francis Henry Drake.

Sir John Cope.

Sir F. H. Drake, Bart.

GEORGE II.

Sir John Cope, Bart.
Sir F. H. Drake, Bart.
Sir Humphrey Monoux, Bart, vice
Cope, who preferred Hampshire.

Charles Fane.
Sidney Meadows.

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392 TAVISTOCK AS A PABUAMENTABY BOROUGH,

1741-1747.
9th May, 1741.

28th January, 1742.

1747-1754.
4th July, 1747.

12th December, 1747.

17th June, 1749.

1754-1761.
24th April, 1754.

10th December, 1754.

30th December, 1755.

1st January, 1760.

Lord Sherard Manners.
Charles Fane.
James, Viscount Limerick vice
Manners deceased.

Richard Leveson Gower.

Thomas Brand.

Sir Richard Wrottesley, Bart, vice
Gower, who preferred Lichfield.

Sir Richard Wrottesley, Bart, re-
elected after appointment as a
Clerk Comptroller of the House-
hold.

Richard Rigby.

Jeffery French.

Richard Vernon vice French de-
ceased.

Richard Rigby re-elected after
appointment as a Commissioner
for Trade.

Richard Rigby re-elected after
appointment as Master of the
Rolls in Ireland.

GEORGE III.

1761-1768.
28th March, 1761.

23rd December, 1762.

Richard Rigby.

Richard Neville Aldworth.

Richard Rigby re-elected after
appointment as Vice-Treasurer
of Ireland.
22nd November, 1763. Richard Neville Neville (name

changed) re-elected after ap-
pointment as Paymaster of
Pensions.

Richard Rigby re-elected after
appointment as Vice-Treasurer
of Ireland.

28th January, 1768.

1768-1774.
21st March, 1774.

Richard Rigby.
Richard Neville Neville.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

11th July, 1768.

393

1774-1780.
8th October, 1774.

1780-1784.
9th September, 1780.

18th April, 1783.

1784-1790.
3rd April, 1784.

24th April, 1788.

1790-1796.
19th June, 1790.

27th December, 1790.

1796-1802.
28th May, 1796.

23rd March, 1802.

1802-1806.
12th July, 1802.

17th February, 1806.

1806-1807.
3rd November, 1806.

1807-1812.
11th May, 1807.

20th July, 1807.

Richard Rigby re-elected after
appointment as Paymaster of
the Forces.

Richard Rigby.
Richard Fitzpatrick.

Richard Rigby.

Richard Fitzpatrick.

Richard Fitzpatrick re - elected

after appointment as Secretary

at War.

Richard Rigby.
Richard Fitzpatrick.
Lord John Russell vice Rigby de-
ceased.

Richard Fitzpatrick.
Charles William Wyndham.
Lord John Russell vice Wyndham,
who preferred Midhurst.

Lord John Russell.
Richard Fitzpatrick.
Lord Robert Spencer vice Russell
called to the Upper House.

Lord Robert Spencer.

Richard Fitzpatrick.

Lord Robert Spencer re-elected

after resignation.
Richard Fitzpatrick re - elected

after appointment as Secretary

at War.

Lord Robert Spencer.
Richard Fitzpatrick.

Lord William Russell.

Richard Fitzpatrick.

Charles, Viscount Howick vice
Fitzpatrick, who preferred Bed-
fordshire.

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394 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTABY BOROUGH.

19th January, 1808.

1812-1818.
8th October, 1812.

4th May, 1813.

12th March, 1817.

1818-1820.
18th June, 1818.

27th March, 1819.

1820-1826.
11th March, 1820.

22nd May, 1820.

1826-1830.
12th June, 1826.

1830-1831.
2nd August, 1830,

George Ponsonby vice Howick
called to the Upper House.

Lord William Russell.

Richard Fitzpatrick.

Lord John Russell vice Fitzpatrick

deceased.
Lord Robert Spencer "vice Lord

John Russell resigned.

Lord William Russell.
Lord John Russell.
John Peter Grant vice Lord Wil-
liam Russell resigned.

GEORGE IV.

John Peter Grant.
John Nicholas Fazakerley.
Hugh, Viscount Ebrington vice
Fazakerley resigned.

Lord William Russell.
Hugh, Viscount Ebrington.

WILLIAM IV.

Hugh, Viscount Ebrington.
William, Lord Russell.
27th November, 1830. Lord John Russell vice Ebrington,

who preferred Devonshire.

1831-1832.
30th April, 1831.

13th July, 1831.

25th October, 1831.

1833-1834.
10th December, 1832.

1836-1837.
8th January, 1835.

Lord John Russell.

William, Lord Russell.

John Heywood Hawkins vice Lord

John Russell, who preferred

Devonshire.
Francis Russell vice William, Lord

Russell resigned.

William, Lord Russell.
Charles Richard Fox.

William, Lord Russell.
John Rundle.

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

395

1837-1841.
24th July, 1837.

1841-1847.
30th June, 1841.

16th March, 1843.

1847-1852.
2nd August, 1847.

28th April, 1852.

1852-1857.
8th July, 1852.

21st February, 1853.

1857-1859.
28th March, 1857.

4th September, 1857.

1859-1865.
29th April, 1859.

1865-1868.
12th July, 1865.

1868-1874.
16th November, 1868.

1874-1880.
4th February, 1874.

1880-1885.
31st March, 1880.
18th November, 1885.

VICTORIA.

William, Lord Russell.
John Rundle.

John Rundle.
Lord Edward Russell.
John Salusbury Trelawny vice
Rundle resigned.

Edward Southwell Russell.
John Salusbury Trelawny.
Samuel Carter vice Trelawny re-
signed.

George Henry Charles Byng.
Samuel Carter.

Robert Joseph Phillimore vice
Carter unseated.

George Henry Charles Byng.
Sir John Salusbury Trelawny, Bart.
Arthur John Edward Russell vice
Byng resigned.

Sir John Salusbury Trelawny, Bart.
Arthur John Edward Russell.

Arthur John Edward Russell.
Joseph D'Aguilar Samuda.

Arthur John Edward Russell.

Lord Arthur Russell.

Lord Arthur Russell.
Borough disfranchised.

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396 tavistock as a pabuamentaby borough.

Biographical Index.
The names are arranged alphabetically under the four
periods referred to in the Introduction. To save space the
sources of information for each individual are indicated
by letter, as follows : —

b =Correspondence of John, fourth Duke of Bedford

(edited by Earl Russell),
c =Chandler , s Parliamentary Debates.
d=Lady Eliott-Drake's Family and Heirs of Sir

Francis Drake.
e = Early edition of Lodge's Peerage (1754).
/=Foster's Alumni Oxonienses.
gr=Glanville-Richards' House of GlanviUe.
j= House of Commons Journals.
Z=Local records (in Bedford Office).
ra=Morley's Walpole.
n= Dictionary of National Biography.
o=01dmixon's History, 1688-1727.
p= Prince's Worthies of Devon.
r=Wiffen's House of Russell,
s = State Papers (Domestic) of Queen Anne's Reign.
t= Tavistock Parish Register.
v=Local records (in Vestry).
w\ =Horace Walpole's Letters.
w;2=Horace Walpole's Memoirs of George II (1750-

1760).
u*3= Horace Walpole's Memoirs of George III (1760-
1772).

The usual works on the peerage (Burke, Cokayne, etc.)
have also been consulted. A few old residents in Tavistock
have kindly supplied some facts in connection with the
elections between 1847 and 1874.

Lady Eliott-Drake's book mentioned above (and referred
to in the footnotes to the Introduction as E. D.) is a very
substantial contribution to Devonshire political history,
and has several interesting references to Tavistock affairs.

Period A.

Bulteel, James (1676-c. 1757), born at Tavistock, second
son of Samuel Bulteel (d. 1682) and grandson of
Samuel Bulteel (d. 1679) ; educated at Balliol
College, Oxford ; barrister of Lincoln's Inn ; married

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 397

Mary, daughter of Courtenay Crocker (M.P. for
Plympton 1696-1702) ; inherited Fleet 1716 ; an-
cestor of Mr. F. B. Mildmay (M.P. for South Devon
from 1885). (c, d, /, j, I, o, p, 8, t)

Cope, John (1673-1749), eldest son of Sir John Cope, fifth
baronet, of Hanwell, 'Oxfordshire (M.P. for Oxford-
shire 1679 and 1689) ; knighted (1696) in lifetime of
father ; married Alice, daughter of Sir Humphrey
Monoux of Wotton, Bedfordshire ; succeeded as sixth
baronet 1721 ; candidate for Andover 1702 ; M.P.
for Plympton 1705, Hampshire 1727, Lymington
1734 ; one of the Commissioners for adjusting the
Equivalent in Scotland 1707 ; member of the Customs
Frauds Committee of 1733 ; not to be confounded
with General Sir John Cope (d. 1760), also a Wal-
polean M.P., but chiefly remembered as the un-
successful commander against the Young Pretender
in 1745. (c, d, /, j, I, o, s)

Drake, Francis (1647-1717), son of Thomas, younger brother
of Sir Francis Drake of Buckland, second baronet ;
succeeded as third baronet 1662 ; elected once (1690)
for Bere Alston and eight times for Tavistock ; a
leading organiser of the Whigs in West Devon between
1679 and 1710 ; left £100 to the Masters of Tavistock
for the benefit of apprentices to the woollen trade and
to husbandry, (d, j, p, v)

Drake, Francis Henry (1693-1740), son of the preceding ;
trustee of Bere Ferrers parish lands 1710 ; Colonel
of Devonshire militia ; Ranger of Dartmoor Forest ;
succeeded as fourth baronet 1717 ; M.P. for Bere

,_ Alston 1734. (d, I)

Manaton, Ambrose (1646-1696), son of Ambrose Manaton
of Trecarrel (Recorder of Launceston and M.P. for
Launceston 1640, a royalist at whose house Charles I
stayed) ; married (1674) Elizabeth Kelly of Kilworthy,
heiress of the Glanvilles and grand-daughter of Sir
Francis Glanville ; M.P. for Newport (Cornwall) 1679-
1681, and for Camelford 1689-1695; viander of
Newport, (d, /, g, j, v)

Manaton, Henry (c. 1650-c. 1716), younger brother of the
preceding ; resided at Harewood, Calstock ; J.P. for
Devon ; feoffee, of Tavistock parish lands 1712-1715 ;
M.P. for Camelford 1689-1703, for Tavistock 1703-
1710, for Callington 1712-1713. (g, j, o, v)

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398 TAVISTOCK A3 A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Monoux, Sir Humphrey (c. 1700-1757), son of Sir Philip

Monoux, baronet, of Wotton, Bedfordshire ; nephew

of Lady Cope ; succeeded as baronet 1707 ; M.P. for

Stockbridge 1734. (c)
Russell, Edward (1643-1714), fourth son of the first Duke

of Bedford; M.P. for Bedfordshire 1689-1705 and

1708-1713. (r)
Russell, James (c. 1647-1712), sixth son of the first Duke of

Bedford ; M.P. for Whitchurch (Hants) 1685-1701. (r)
Rjussell, Robert (c. 1644-1703), fifth son of the first Duke

of Bedford ; M.P. for Camelford 1689-1701. (r)

Period B.

Brand, Thomas (d. 1770), of the Hoo, Herts ; husband of
Lady Caroline Pierrepont (half-sister of Evelyn Coun-
tess Grower) ; M.P. for New Shoreham 1741, for
Gatton 1754 and 1761, for Okehampton 1768 ; an-
cestor of the first Viscount Hampden (Speaker of the
House 1872-1884). (6, w3)

Fane, Charles (c. 1708-1766), afterwards second' Viscount
Fane (Irish peer, succeeded 1744) ; great-grandson
of third son of first Earl of Westmorland ; resident
at Florence 1734 ; Ambassador at Turin 1737 ; M.P.
for Reading 1754 ; the fourth Earl of Sandwich
married his sister (accounted by his patron "the
honestest man in the world") ; D.O.L. 1759. (6, c, e,
/, /, w2)

Fitzpatrick, Richard (1747-1813), grandson of Richard
Fitzpatrick, first Baron Gowran ; lifelong friend of
C. J. Fox ; entered the army 1765 ; M.P. for Bedford-
shire 1807-1812; Chief Secretary for Ireland 1782;
Secretary-at-War 1783 and 1806 ; one of the chief
writers of the Rolliad (n)

French, Jeffery (d. 1754), third son of Arthur French of
Cloonyquin, Co. Roscommon ; barrister of Middle
Temple ; had an estate in Jamaica ; M.P. for Mil-
fcorne Port 1741 to 1747, when he was unseated.
(c, /, wl, w2)

Gower, Richard Leveson (1726-1753), fourth son of the
first Earl Gower (whose daughter Gertrude married
the fourth Duke of Bedford) ; in the diplomatic
service. (6)

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 399

Hamilton, James, Viscount Limerick (c. 1691-1758), son
of James Hamilton of Tullymore, Co. Down ; M.P.
for Dundalk 1714, created Irish peer 1719 ; married
(1728) Henrietta, daughter of the first Earl of Portland
and niece of first Viscount Palmerston ; Trustee for
Georgia 1733; M.P. for Wendover 1727 and 1735,
for Morpeth 1747 ; created Earl of Clanbrassil 1756 ;
grandfather of first Earl of Roden. (c, e, m, w2)

Manners, Lord Sherard (c. 1715-1742), fourth son of
second Duke of Rutland, and so a cousin to the Earl
Gower (the patron's father-in-law).

Meadows, Sidney (1699-1792), son of Sir Philip Meadows,
knight marshal (M.P. for Truro 1702 and Tregony
1705); M.P. for Penryn 1722, and Truro 1727;
succeeded his father as knight marshal ; a noted
horseman and pedestrian (Gent.'s Mag.) ; related to
Lord Falmouth, (c, I)

Neville, Richard Neville Aldworth (1717-1793), originally
Aldworth, assumed name of Neville on succeeding to
his maternal uncle's widow's property 1762 ; M.P. for
Reading 1747, Wallingford 1754-1761 ; Under-
Secretary of State 1748 ; Secretary to the Embassy at
Paris 1762. (n)

Rigby, Richard (1722-1788), of Mistley, Essex ; M.P. for
Castle Rising 1745, Sudbury 1747 ; secretary to
Duke of Bedford 1758 ; appointed Master of the Rolls
for Ireland 1759 ; Vice-Treasurer for Ireland 1765 ;
Paymaster of the Forces 1768 ; took a prominent part
in opposing Wilkes 1769, and objected to a public
funeral to Chatham ; died leaving " near half a
million of public money." (n)

Vernon, Richard (1726-1800), of Hilton, Staffordshire;
married Evelyn, widowed Countess of Upper Ossory,
and daughter of first Earl Gower ; M.P. for Bedford
1761 and 1768, Okehampton 1774 and 1780, New-
castle-under-Lyme 1784-1790. (n)

Wrottesley, Sir Richard (1720-1769), seventh Baronet, of
Wrottesley, Staffordshire ; took orders and was
appointed a royal chaplain 1763, dean of Worcester
1765 ; married Mary, daughter of first Earl Grower ;
his daughter Elizabeth married the Duke of Grafton
(see Letter 8 of Junius).

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400 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Period C.

Ebrington, Hugh, Viscount (1783-1861), eldest sou of
first Earl Fortescue ; M.P. for Barnstaple 1804, for
St. Mawes 1807, for Bucks 1812, for Devon 1818, 1830,
and 1831, for North Devon 1833-1839; Lord-lieutenant
of Ireland 1839-1841 ; succeeded as second Earl 1841 ;
his statue is in the Castle Yard, Exeter.

Fazakerley, John Nicholas (1787-1852) of Stoodley, Devon,
and Burwood, Surrey ; M.P. for Lincoln 1812 and
1826, for Great Grimsby 1818; for Peterborough
1830-1841. (/)

Grant, John Peter (1774-1848), Chief Justice of Calcutta;
barrister Lincoln's Inn, 1802 ; M.P. for Grimsby 1812 ;
knighted ; chief works, Essays towards illustrating
some elementary principles relating to Wealth and
Currency, 1812, and Summary of the Law relating
to granting New Trials in Civil Suits, 1817. (n)

Grey, Charles, Viscount Howick and second Earl Grey
(1764-1845) ; M.P. for Northumberland 1786-1807,
Appleby 1807 ; First Lord of the Admiralty 1806 ;
Foreign Secretary 1806-1807 ; succeeded Fox as leader
of the Opposition 1806; Prime Minister 1830; retired
1834. (n)

Hawkins, John Heywood (1803-1877) of Bognor, Sussex;
M.P. for Mitchell 1830, for Newport (I. of W.) 1833-
1841 ; nephew of Sir Christopher Hawkins, Bart., of
Trewithen (see Courtney's Cornish Boroughs).

Ponsonby, George (1755-1817), son of John Ponsonby ;
M.P. Wicklow 1776, Inistioge 1783-1797, Galway (in
the last Irish parliament, dissolved 1800) ; Chancellor
of the Exchequer 1782; M.P. Wicklow (United
Kingdom) 1801, Cork 1806-7; leader of the Opposition
in the Commons 1808-1812. (n)

Russell, Lieut. Francis (1793-1832), eldest son of Lord
William Russell (1767-1840). (w)

Russell, Lord John (1766-1839), succeeded as sixth Duke
of Bedford 1802 ; member of Society of Friends of the
People ; Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland 1806 ; rebuilt
Co vent Garden market 1830 ; portrait in Tavistock
Town Hall, (n)

Russell, Lord John (1792-1878), third son of John Russell,
sixth Duke of Bedford ; Whig M.P. for Huntingdon-

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TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH. 401

shire 1820, Bandon (Ireland) 1826-1830, South Devon
1831, Stroud 1835, City of London 1841-1861 ; moved
unsuccessfully Government Reform Bill in House of
Commons 1831 ; introduced Reform Bill second and
third times when (Dec. 12th 1832) it was passed ;
Prime Minister 1846-1852 ; created Earl Russell 1861 ;
K.G. 1862; Prime Minister 1865 ; resigned 1866. (n)

Russell, Lord William (1767-1840), youngest brother of the
fifth and sixth Dukes of Bedford ; M.P. for Surrey
1789-1807 ; murdered by his valet Courvoisier. (w)

Russell, William, Lord (1809-1872), only son of the seventh
Duke of Bedford, succeeded as eighth Duke 1861.

Spencer, Lord Robert (1747-1831), third son of the third
Duke of Marlborough ; M.P. for Woodstock 1768,
Oxford 1771-1790, Wareham 1790 and 1796, Wood-
stock 1818 ; Commissioner of Trade 1770 ; Vice-
Treasurer of Ireland 1782 ; Surveyor of Crown Lands
1806 ; a close friend of Fox (see Lord Holland's
Memoir 8),

Wyndham, Charles William (1760-1828), third son of the
second Earl of Egremont (one of George Grenville's
" Triumvirate ") ; M.P. for Midhurst 1790, for
New Shoreham 1795, for Sussex 1802.

Period D.

Byng, George Henry Charles (1830-1898), grandson of
first Earl of Strafford ; succeeded as Viscount Enfield
1860; M.P. for Middlesex 1857-1 874; Under-Secretary
for Foreign Affairs 1870, for India 1880 ; created
Baron Strafford 1874 ; third Earl of Strafford 1886;
portrait in Tavistock Town Hall.

Carter, Samuel (1814-1903), a native of Tavistock and last
survivor of Tavistock Borough members ; barrister on
Western Circuit ; opposed payment of expenses of
Duke of Wellington's funeral ; trustee of Watts'
Charity 1836. (See Montagu Williams' Later Leaves,
pp. 23-25, and Tavistock Gazette 8th January, 1904.)

Fox, Lieut.-Col. Charles Richard (1796-1873), son of Henry
Richard Vassall Fox, third Baron Holland ; M.P. for
Calne 1831, Stroud 1835, Tower Hamlets 1841 ;
numismatist, his collection being purchased by the
Berlin Royal Museum 1873. (n)
vol. xliii. 2 c

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402 TAVISTOCK AS A PARLIAMENTARY BOROUGH.

Phillimore, Robert Joseph (1810-1885), first baronet,
civilian and judge ; barrister Middle Temple 1841 ;
associated himself in politics with the Peelites, but
especially with Gladstone ; his most important work,
Commentaries on International Law, 1854-1861. (n)

Rundle, John (1790-1864) of Brooklands, Tavistock ;
banker and ironfounder ; father of the authoress, Mrs.
Elizabeth Rundle Charles ; a generous benefactor of
Tavistock institutions ; portrait in Tavistock Guild-
hall. (See Our Seven Homes by Mrs. Charles.)

Russell, Arthur John Edward (1825-1892), second son of
Lord George William Russell (second son of sixth
Duke and father of ninth Duke of Bedford).

Russell, Lord Edward (1805-1887), son of John Russell,
sixth Duke of Bedford ; lieutenant 1826, captain
1833 ; admiral 1867 ; served at Sebastopol 1854. (n)

Russell, Edward Southwell (1824^1877), son of John, third
son of Lord William Russell (1767-1840) ; succeeded
in his mother's right as twentieth Baron de Clifford
1874. (w)

Samuda, Joseph D'Aguilar (1813-1884), of Cubitt Town,
Poplar ; shipbuilder ; nominated and supported by
the mine-owners of the locality, who at that time had
great influence in the constituency ; M.P. for Tower
Hamlets 1868 and 1874, but defeated in 1880.

Trelawny, John Salusbury (1816-1885), second son of Sir
William Lewis Trelawny, eighth baronet, of Trelawny,
Cornwall ; M.P. for East Cornwall 1868 ; a prominent
opponent of Church rates, and author of several
Church Rates Abolition Bills; succeeded as ninth
baronet 1856 ; portrait in Tavistock Town Hall.

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PAGES FROM A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OP
HATHERLEIGH. " PAGE " 3.

THOMAS ROBERTS, SCHOOLMASTER (Part 1.).

BY JOHN M. MARTIN, C.B.

(Read at Dartmouth, 27th July, 1911.)

Some " Pages " that I had extracted from Mr. John S»
Short's Manuscript History of Hatherleigh had the honour
of being read at the Annual Meeting of our Association in
the year 1906. * Among the subjects of those extracts
there were three to which I gave special prominence.
The first of these was the Presbyterian meeting-house
wherein the Reverend Bartholomew Yeo, of whom Sir
Roper Lethbridge wrote in 1904, preached the Gospel
after he had been ejected from the living of a neighbour-
ing parish in 1662.

The second of these subjects was Mr. Short himself —
the author of the History from which these pages are
taken — with some personal reminiscences of him, his
public life in the town, his private business, and his anti-
quarian pursuits.

The third subject was Mr. Thomas Roberts, the School-
master, who, having no hands, wrote the ornamental title-
page of Mr. Short's big folio volume ; and it is of this
Mr. Roberts that it is now proposed to give some account.

As much as I then knew concerning these two gentle-
men was included in the paper of 1906, but of the old
meeting-house there are copies of various deeds and
documents in Mr. Short's book, which, with other papers
which have since come into my hands and do not appear
to have been known to him — notably the will of John
Collins, dated 1786 — will afford material for its history
from the time it was built down to the present day ; for

1 Trans. Dev. Assoc, Vol. XXXVI, p. 289.

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404 A MANUSCBIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH.

since the last three surviving trustees — George Castle,
John Randall, and John Smale— re-sold the meeting-house
to John Collins, son of Abraham Collins, the original owner
of the site, it has been continuously used as a dwelling-
house, and is now occupied as such by Mr. Richard Palmer,
son of William Palmer, its first tenant after the re-sale to
John Collins.

So much information concerning Thomas Roberts has
come to hand from various sources since, the publication
of our. Transactions of 1906, and of so interesting a nature,
as to make it seem desirable that the whole of this " Page "
should be devoted to a sketch of his career, leaving further
notice of those parts of Mr. Short's MS. which deal with
the town, the meeting-house, and other matters, to the
future.

Mr. Roberts was not born in Hatherleigh, neither was
he actually a native of Devonshire, for he drew his earliest
breath on the western side of the Tamar. His father,
however, had lived in Exeter at some period of his life,
for the inscription on his tombstone in Hatherleigh church-
yard describes him as being "late of Exeter," and this
surely puts the seal of Devon upon the youngster and
overrides the incidental fact that he chanced to be born
in Cornwall, though even this was at a point where the
county in which he was to pass the years of his manhood
and of his old age was constantly before his eyes, and
barely half a mile away.

Mr. Short says that he "was born at Anthony (near
Plymouth) in the County of Cornwall on the 12th day of
October, 1771." Strictly speaking, he was really born in
Antony parish, though not in Antony Church-town, which
is four miles from his actual birthplace, Tor Point.

The church-town or village of Antony lies on the sleepy
southern shore of St. German's Creek, the estuary of the
Lynher River, and itself a branch of the great estuary
iormed by the confluence of the Tamar and the Tavy,
which in its lower part is better known as the Hamoaze.
The St. German's Creek, or St. German's River, as it is
indifferently called, expands about Antony into a lake-
like basin, surrounded with wooded slopes and sheltered
from all violent winds from whatsoever quarter they may
blow. It affords a pleasant enough prospect at high
water, but when the tide recedes there is unveiled a dreary
expanse of mud-flats and sand-banks, with occasional

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A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH 405

pools, among which the little Lynher River pursues its
devious course out to the Hamoaze.

Antony lies far enough away from that great anchorage
to remain unstirred by the sights and sounds of the busy
harbour four miles eastward around the corner of Tor
Point, the presence of two or three red-hulled powder-
hulks in the deeper pools of the creek, and the occasional
booming of the big guns of the shore batteries exchanging
salutes with the^ men-of-war as they enter the harbour or
leave their moorings, being the only reminder of the exist-
ence of the neighbouring great arsenal ; - and if young
Roberts had been born and had passed his early boyhood
in this sleepy and secluded spot we might never have
heard of him, or, at any rate, not in connection with
Hatherleigh.

It wds not, however, in the drowsy atmosphere of St*
German's Creek that he first saw the light, but at Tor
Point, a village in the parish of Antony, standing on an
elevated promontory overlooking the busy heart of the
Hamoaze and the great arsenal and dockyards beyond it ;
and when the child's eyes were equal to a perception of
his surroundings they gazed upon such a scene of naval
life and activity that the glamour of it all, especially the
shipping, took such hold of his receptive mind that it
seems never to have been obliterated from his memory,
for down to his later years he delighted in making models
of ships of all kinds, but chiefly of vessels of war. He taught
his pupils, though probably not all of them, to follow his
example in this, so that they might obtain actual know-
ledge of the art of building and rigging of ships, and, in
order that they might gain a practical insight into the
theory of navigation, he caused a pond to be made on
Hatherleigh Moor, within an easy ten minutes' walk of the
school, on which to test the sailing qualities of their pigmy
craft in miniature regattas.

Of his first coming to Hatherleigh Mr. Short merely says
that " about the year 1797 he came to reside in the town
of Hatherleigh, where he established a school," but is
silent with regard to any reason why he should have chosen
that ancient borough for a school-keeping venture.

As a matter of fact, he did not choose Hatherleigh, but
was chosen by it. This is learnt from one of the numerous
communications evoked by the publication of the volume
of our Transactions for the year in which the first of these

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406 A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH.

so-called " Pages " appeared. It was written by a son of
Mr. Roberts's first pupil, and discloses the inducement for
his setting up a school in that town.

The writer of this communication was Mr. John Pearse,
a solicitor practising in Hatherleigh and my father's legal
adviser. Mr. Pearse was the father of Major Pearse, the
winner of the Queen's Prize at Wimbledon in 1875 and the
International Trophy at Creedmoor, U.S.A., a few years
later, soon becoming one of the finest marksmen of his day.

Mr. John Pearse's account of the coming of Mr. Roberts
to Hatherleigh is : —

"There was at that time [1796] no school fofcboys of
the age of my father, then over ten. My grandfather, Mr.
[John] Pearse of the Bank, 1 rode over to Clovelly:to see
Mr. Thomas Roberts, a schoolmaster, who, although both
of his hands had been blown off, was an excellent writer
and a very ingenious man. By my grandfather's pro-^
mising his own sons, and what other boys he could procure,
Mr. Roberts was induced to come to Hatherleigh.

"The school was first held in the old vestry, a room
over the gateway leading into the churchyard. My grand-
father's eldest son George, my father, unlocked the door
to admit the schoolmaster, who, as he had no hands, could
not so easily do it for himself." 8

This chamber, which was to be the scene of Mr. Roberts's
labours, formed part of what had been variously known as
the Parish House, the Church House, and the Priest's
House. Mr. Short mentions a " Grant or Conveyance of
this house by William Cornew and Rich d Seldon Guar-
dians of the parish Church of the Virgin Mary in Hather-
leigh in the County of Devon Unto John Yeo Gent.
Edmund Stowell John Hoper John Crocker of Lewer
John Bagator & William Rede, Containing eighty feet in
length Sixty feet in breadth and Ten feet in passage to
the Cemetery or Ch. yard. — This Deed is dated 10th day
of June in the 37th year of K. Henry 8th." It is note-
worthy that in this ancient deed the church is spoken of

1 This was the bank at Okehampton in which he was a partner, but Mr.
John Pearse lived at Hatherleigh, where he had an extensive business as a
wool-stapler. The branch bank had not been established at Hatherleigh until
many years had passed.

8 The vestry could not have been held in this room very long, for Mr. Short
tells us that "the Parish vestry meetings were usually held in the east end of
the south aisle of the church until of late years, when it was removed to the
chamber over the entrance to the churchyard."

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A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH. 407

as the parish church of the Virgin Mary, not as that of
St. John the Baptist.

Mr. Roberts may now be left for a while to establish
and develop his school whilst we endeavour to learn some-
thing of his family, what can now be discovered concerning
his early life, and of the momentous accident by which he
lost his hands, and by which the whole current of his life
was diverted from the noble career of a man-of-war's man,
with a possible admiral's pennon in perspective, to the
placid life of a peaceful landsman and a country school-
master.

What purports to be the earliest history of the Roberts
family is given in the following extract from the Hather-
leigh Parochial Magazine for August, 1880, aftd is from the
pen of Dr. Anthony Roberts, grandson of the School-
master and son of the John Roberts of the Inland Revenue,
whom I once saw in Birmingham, as mentioned in our
Transactions for 1906, p. 302.

Dr. Roberts, who, after successfully practising medioine
in London and Brighton, had fallen into infirm health,
retired to Hatherleigh for quiet and rest, and lived in the
same house on George Hill in which his father spent the
time that was left to him after his superannuation, and
there he himself died not long after his coming to Hather-
leigh.

What Dr. Anthony wrote is as follows : —

" Thomas Roberts of Hatherleigh. His family, as from
the name might be inferred, was originally Welsh, and
from it sprang the Earls of Radnor. John Roberts, a
younger member, first settled in Cornwall ; a descendant
of his, John Roberts of Linkinhorne, endowing the Free
Grammar School there. Another descendant, Miss Roberts,
an heiress, married a Mr. Agar, who then assumed the
name of Robartes, since raised to the peerage under the
title of Lord Robartes. Their descendants still live at
Lanhydrock."

How far Dr. Anthony's account is strictly historical
there are at present no means of knowing, but it is prob-
able that there may be an underlayer of truth in what he
wrote.

Without pausing to consider how much, if any, of the
blood of the house of Radnor ran in the veins of the
family of our Schoolmaster, there is yet ground for belief
that it was in some way connected with the Robarteses of

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408 A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH.

Lanhydrock, for there is still in existence a mass of papers
on the subject, collected by members of the family, de-
scendants of the Schoolmaster's youngest brother Charles,
who have spent much time and money in procuring infor-
mation from parish and other registers and authorities,
with the view of laying claim to some property which they
believe they have a right to. The evidence thus brought
together is said to fall short of actual proof only by the
absence of one material link — the record of the baptism
of the Schoolmaster's grandfather.

We tread on surer ground when we come down to the
time of the Schoolmaster's father, the Thomas Roberts
who once " lived in Exeter " and was buried in Hather-
leigh churchyard, in another part than the bowling-green,
^here the Schoolmaster and his wife are taking their rest.
The inscription on the tombstone says : " Here lie the
remains of Thomas Roberts, late of Exeter, who died on
the 18th day of December 1811 in the 71st year of his
age. Also of Jane the widow of the above who died on
the 14th day of January 1817 aged 71 years."

It is evident from this inscription that Thomas Roberts
the elder was known to have been at one time a resident
of Exeter, but whether this was before he went to live
on the bank of the Tamar and become the father of a
numerous family, or afterwards, when the children had
grown up to be men and women and entered upon life for
themselves, is uncertain. The expression " late of Exeter "
would, however, seem to indicate the later period ; if so,
he would have been living in that city at the time when
his son William was selling and printing books 1 in the
High Street, opposite Broadgate, and Thomas kept school
at Hatherleigh. But on this point, and also how his time
was occupied whilst there, there is no information at
present available ; neither does it seem to be known that
he f olio wed any profession or avocation during the thirteen
years or more that he lived at Tor Point, so that it seems
natural to infer, in the absence of any evidence to the
contrary, that he lived a life of actual or comparative
leisure.

That he was possessed of ample means is evident, for
he built himself a house at Tor Point in which he lived
the usual life of a country gentleman, associating on terms

1 Dr. Oliver's famous History of the City of Exeter was published by him in
1861.

A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHBRLEIGH. 409

of social equality with the officers of the navy, the officials
of the Dockyard, and other gentlemen connected with the
naval service.

"In those days," as our late esteemed friend and
associate Mr. R. N. Worth tells us, " there was but little
house accommodation about the docks for officers or
artisans, and both classes alike were accustomed to live
elsewhere in the neighbourhood, and go to and from their
work daily."

Tor Point would naturally have been the place most
accessible to the officers serving on the ships lying at
anchor in the Hamoaze, and their sojourn at the Point
would account for the footing of intimacy on which Mr.
Roberts associated with them, and favoured the growth
of the warm friendship which sprang up between him and
his near neighbour, Sir Thomas (afterwards Lord) Graves,
at that time the Port Admiral of Plymouth Dock, as the
great agglomeration of docks, shipbuilding yards, arsenals,
workshops, stores, etc., on the Devonshire side of the
Hamoaze was then called, for it was not until some years
later that the Dock received its present name.

The rapidly growing importance of the great naval
establishment and of the town which sprang up around it
caused the inhabitants of the latter, who became impatient
of the subservience to Plymouth implied by the name
"Plymouth Dock," to petition the King, George the
Fourth, for a change of name ; the petition was granted,
and on the first of January, 1824, the name was altered by
Royal mandate to Devonport — the famous port of ttevon,
previously so in fact, now also in name.

Admiral Graves when ashore resided in his mansion of
Thanckes, at the head of a little cove bounded on the south
by the elevated corner of the peninsula on which the
village of Tor Point stands, and the grounds of Thanckes,
with those of Gravesend, also the Admiral's property, may
be said to have encompassed the little town on its northern
side.

The Hamoaze, as seen from Tor Point and from the
higher ground behind it, presented at that time a spectacle
without a rival ; for here from time to time were gathered
together the largest men-of-war and the finest merchant-
men of all the maritime nations of the world. Some of
these were our own ; others, forming the great majority —
for our own fleets were mostly at sea — had belonged to

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410

A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH.

France, Spain, and Holland, with a sprinkling from the
recently constituted United States of North America.
These foreign ships had been captured by the British fleets
and brought in as prizes, and their crews as prisoners of
war, who, pending the completion of the great prison on
Dartmoor, were crowded into hulks lying further up the
harbour, while the ships to which they had belonged were
repaired and converted to our own use, possibly against
their former owners.

But neither in the Hamoaze, nor in any other harbour
of the world, will there ever again be seen by mortal eye
such a magnificent sight as was then presented to the
admiring gaze of the beholder.

The graceful wooden sailing-ships, with their towering
masts and pyramidal spread of snow-white canvas, have
been superseded by iron steamers with stumpy funnels
emitting dense black clouds of grimy coal-smoke, and the
lofty and imposing wooden walls of Old England have
given place to ugly, low-lying monsters of indescribable
form and fashion, in which machinery usurps the function
of the winds, and whose great recommendation is that
they can outpace the more sightly sailing-vessels, and
with their more powerful modern guns blow them and
their crews into eternity at their leisure.

Thomas Roberts the elder, being settled in the new home
he had built at Tor Point for his wife and himself, began
to found a family, and six children who were born to them
were duly baptized in Antony parish church. Their names
and dates of baptism entered in the parish register are as
follows, but the months and days on which the ceremony
took place were neglected by the copyist in every case
save that of the eldest son, our Schoolmaster : —

Thomas, son of Thomas Roberts

and Jane his wife 29 October, 1771
Elizabeth . . .1774

John
William
Sarah
Charles

1777
1779
1781
1784

From another source we learn that Thomas was born
on 10th October, so that at the time of his christening he
was nineteen days old. Mr. Short gives the 12th as the

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A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH. 411

day of his birth, but the 10th is that given by the
family.

This will be a fitting place to mention that in my former
paper 1 1 had fallen into the error of calling the John and
William Roberts therein mentioned the brothers of the
Schoolmaster, whereas they were his sons. He had brothers
bearing the same names, as is shown in the above list, but
this fact was then outside my knowledge.

Of the oldest son, John Roberts, whom I had seen only
for a few hours, and that fifty-four years before I wrote,
when passing through Birmingham with my uncle James,
who was taking me to Liverpool to ship me to Australia
to join my other uncles there, I never heard anything
further until my paper was written.

William, the bookseller, I only became acquainted with
when I returned from that country and settled down in
Exeter in 1860. This was nearly twenty years after I
had last seen his father, my old acquaintance the School-
master, whom by that time I had almost forgotten ; my
chief recollection of him being that he had no hands, and
these I had taken for granted had been blown off by the
not unusual occurrence in those days of the bursting in
his hands of his fowling-piece when out shooting.

I did not see Mr. Short's account of the accident attri-
buting it to its true cause — the bursting of a hand-grenade
— until long after the death of William Roberts, or I
might have learnt further details from him, for I often
used to call and have a chat with him in his old shop
facing the Broadgate.

My error in writing " brothers " instead of " sons " was
speedily corrected, for soon after the publication of our
Transactions for 1906 I received letters from various
members of the family, who are also members of our
Association, and others, pointing out the mistake I had
made. I regret the error, and trust this explanation will
be deemed sufficient excuse for my making it. These
letters have also furnished the information which I am
venturing to embody in the present paper.

It is now time to return to the family at Tor Point. So
close had the friendship between Admiral Graves and his
neighbour become by the time when the latter's first
child, the subject of these notes, was born, that the Admiral,

1 Trans* Devon. A$$oc % 1906, p. 302.

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412 A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH.

when the baby-boy was only four days old, entered him as
midshipman on board his own flagship. 1

As the boy's christening did not take place until the
29th of October, when, as he had been born on the 10th,
he was nineteen days old, and as it was needful that he
should have some name by which he might be entered on
the ship's books, it is here suggested that the Admiral,
suddenly called to sea on active service, had lent him his
own name of Thomas as a kind of jury-name, 1 and so
became his sponsor in a double sense, for he had pre-
viously promised to "make a man of him," and that
promise he never forgot, for " he was always a kind friend
to him until the day of his own death in February, 1802,"
when young Thomas had become thirty-one years of age
and had been schoolmaster in Hatherleigh four or five
years.

It is obvious that the young " middy " could have been
no use on board the ship to which he technically belonged
for many years, and it may be safely assumed that he
spent them at home with his parents,, living the free and
happy life of most longshore children, playing about the
beach with those of his own age, sailing little boats that
were given him in the pools left by the tide, or, as he grew
older, those of his own making ; and later on cruising
about in bigger boats, made by builders of a larger growth
than himself.

It is easy to understand how readily the Admiral's
proteg6 became the pet of the port, and how the sailors
and boatmen would vie with each other in pouring into
his receptive mind the knowledge and liking for things
of the sea which ever after was so deeply ingrained in his
nature.

He would speedily have learnt the names and uses of
everything he saw, of the masts, the sails, the ropes, and
the thousand and odd details which go to the making of a
ship ; he would also learn to splice and knot, to reef and
steer, and in all things to become a perfect sailor-boy.

He would also be taught to observe the movements of
the shipping, especially of the men-of-war ; the departure
of some for active service, the arrival of others with cap-

1 The Defiance was a flagship of Admiral Graves at a later period, bat
whether she was at this time is uncertain.

2 A temporary name — analogous to jury-mast — by which he should be
known before he was baptked. i ■ • •

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A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHEBLBIGH. 413

tures made from the enemy ; the fitting out of ships from
our own dockyards and the conversion of prize ships to
fit them the better for our own service. When we come
to find him in his after life still fondly making miniature
models of ships, in spite of the difficulties arising from the
want of hands; teaching his pupils the same fascinating
craft, and making a pond on which to test their sailing
qualities, we see how strong a hold his early life among
shipping had laid upon him.

But of this period of his life we know really nothing
until he is ten or eleven years old, when, as Mr. Short
says, " he lost both his hands by the explosion of a hand-
grenade," and that is all he says, but probably not all he
knew. He was writing not an account of the life of him
who later on " came to reside in the Town of Hatherleigh
where he established a school,*' but a history of the town
itself, and when his friend of half a century preceded him
to the tomb he simply devoted half a page to the useful
life he had led therein ; and with this, the loss of his
hands, mentioned as a bygone incident, had really nothing
to do. More he might have told, for he no doubt knew
the particulars, but they formed no part of his Great
History.

The Schoolmaster's son William left a memorandum
which contains much information, but what he says
therein about the grenade explosion is not quite under-
standable : —

" When about 10 years old he met with a fearful acci-
dent occasioned by the bursting of a hand-granade with
which he was playing (whilst on Admiral Grave's Flag-
ship) ; it exploded whilst loosening with his finger some
powder in the fuse, his left hand was blown completely
off at the wrist, his right hand was amputated half-way
between the wrist and the elbow : he had, moreover, 17
other wounds about the body, from all of which he com-
pletely recovered, contrary to the expectation of all his
Mends."

Now, charged grenades are not toys to be played with
any more than are the dynamite cartridges used in mining
and quarrying, or are the nitro-glycerine bombs of the
anarchist ; and are no more to be found lying about on
the decks of a man-of-war for idle boys to play with than
are live shells in the yard of artillery barracks.

A grenade may be described as a little globe of iron

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414 A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH.

resembling in form and size a small apple or a (pome-
granate, from which fruit indeed it takes its name. It is
filled with powder, which is fired by a fuse through a touch-
hole, and when the fuse has burnt to the enclosed powder
it explodes and the case flies into many fragments which
inflict damage on all within their range. Its chief use in
warfare is to be thrown into a breach in the wall of a
fortress to destroy its defenders and facilitate the advance
of the forlorn hope, or on to the deck of an enemy's ship
to clear the way for the on rush of a boarding-party.

One of the most recent instances of their use was in
the Russo-Japanese war, when " at the battle of 200 Metre
Hill, hand-grenades were thrown by the Japanese into
the crowded trenches of the Russians with fiendish results."
— Chambers's Journal, September, 1910, p. 577.

Whilst William Roberts's statement that the young
middy was 'playing with a loaded grenade on board the
admiral's flagship is incomprehensible, his description of
the way in which the youth's lack of hands was remedied
is worth serious attention, for, if correct, and it seems too
appositely circumstantial to be otherwise, it shows that
the accident occurred, not whilst in port, as has been
assumed by him and by others, but at sea ; if in port,
there would have been a naval hospital to which he could
have been transferred ; but at sea the hospital is the
cockpit on the lower deck, and the surgical appliances
that were made to take the place of hands were made up
of material that would be found on board ship, but were
not such as would be used in a properly equipped shore
hospital.

This is what William Roberts says on this point : —

" When his arms and wounds were healed he was taught
to write by having a pen fixed in a piece of light wood
fastened into a stiff leather socket at the end of his arm."

Sufficient time must therefore have elapsed for the
stumps to become so far healed as to have these rude
appliances fitted to them — and all this time he was on
board his ship.

Whilst these lines are being written Mrs. Marshall,
a granddaughter of the Schoolmaster, writes that —

" Early in the year we had great anxiety about our
naval son " (Lieutenant Marshall), " who met with an
accident off Spithead whilst giving instructions in torpedo
work. The thing which should have forced off the torpedo

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A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLBIGH. 415

flew back and struck him in the forehead, making a square
hole. The wonder is that he was not killed on the spot.
An operation was necessary to get out the splintered
pieces of bone, and for eight weeks he was * an anxious
case ' at Haslar, but, like his great-grandfather, has re-
covered, and after a month at home to recruit has now
returned to duty."

And if Lieutenant Marshall's great-grandfather's ship
had chanced to have been in port when his accident
occurred, he likewise would have found his way into the
naval hospital on shore.

With the knowledge that midshipman Roberts was on
the admiral's ship at the time of his accident, it seemed
that his whereabouts might be discovered by tracing the
movements of Admiral Graves during that eventful period
the close of the eighteenth century.

England had been for many years at war with France
and Spain, 1 and more recently with the revolted colonies
of North America also. Holland had been all along supply-
ing their fleets with munitions of war, and in December,
1780, war was declared against her also. All the maritime
nations then in existence being thus arrayed against her,.
England had to put forth her full strength. The area of
naval conflict in the western Atlantic extended from the
Dutch colonies on the northern coast of South America
to the mouth of the St. Lawrence, and the time had come
when the duties of the Port Admiral would be put in com-
mission, he himself setting forth with the ships in his
command to take part in the fearful conflict there raging.

At this time the French fleets were busy conveying
troops from their West Indian possessions to the assist-
ance of the revolted colonies at various points on the
American' seaboard, and the efforts of our fleets were
directed to put an end to it. The strongly fortified naval
port and fortress of Charleston had been taken and de-
stroyed in May, 1780, by Admiral Arbuthnot, 400 guns
and a great quantity of stores being captured. Arbuthnot
then sailed northward, and when, in July, a French expe-
dition against New England appeared off Rhode Island,
Admiral Arbuthnot, having been reinforced by Admiral
Graves, blockaded the French fleet in Newport harbour
during the remainder of the year.

1 This account is derived from Home.

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416 A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLBIGH.

In the following year the great French fleet, commanded
by the Count De Grasse, was busily engaged in the trans-
port of men as above described, and had arrived off
Charleston with twenty-eight sail-of-the-line and about
4000 troops. Sir Samuel Hood had followed him with
only fourteen ships — too weak a force to attack him with
until he was reinforced by Admiral Graves with five ships,
bringing his strength up to nineteen against De Grasse's
twenty-eight, when he brought the French to an action
off the coast of Virginia on 5th September, 1781. It proved
indecisive, and both fleets retired — the English to New
York, and the French to the Chesapeake, where De Grasse
landed the troops intended for the Americans.

On 12th April, 1782, Admiral Rodney, who had been
joined by Admiral Hood — already reinforced by the fleet
under Admiral Graves — succeeded in bringing to an en-
gagement the great French fleet under De Grasse, which,
with a large body of troops on board, had sailed from
Martinique to attack Jamaica. Each fleet consisted of
upwards of thirty ships-of-the-line. The action lasted
nearly eleven hours, and was desperately contested, but
ended in the decisive victory of the English.

The Vitte de Paris, carrying Admiral De Grasse's flag,
the largest ship in the French navy, was taken, together
with four more first-rate vessels, and another was sunk.
Admiral Hood captured two more as they were retreating.
Owing to the French vessels being crowded with troops
they are said to have lost 3000 killed and 6000 wounded ;
whilst the loss on the side of the English did not exceed
1100 men. In the Vitte de Paris there were thirty-six
chests of money to pay the soldiers, and their whole train
of artillery was on board the captured ships. The re-
mainder of the French fleet were scattered and could not
contrive to re-unite. Thus was Jamaica saved.

The ministry had just before sent out orders recalling
Rodney with every mark of coolness and almost disgrace
on account of some Dutch ships he had captured being
taken from him by the French.

After this glorious victory, however, they found them-
selves called upon to reward him with a barony and a
pension, an Irish barony being also bestowed on Hood.
And it is here suggested that this was the occasion of the
elevation of Admiral Sir Thomas Graves to the peerage.

For aught we know young Roberts was present with his

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A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHBRLBIGH. 417

old commander in each of the battles in which we have
seen that the admiral was engaged. He was born on 10th
October, 1771, and he was either eleven or twelve years
old when his hands were blown off, so that if we compare
dates we shall find that he would have been eight years
and nine months old when Graves was with Arbuthnot
in the action off Rhode Island ; nine years and eleven
months when that between Hood and De Grasse was
fought off the coast of Virginia, 5th September, 1781 ; and
just exactly ten years and six months old when Rodney
achieved his famous victory over the Count De Grasse on
12th April, 1782.

Short says that young Roberts was about eleven years,
and his son William Roberts that he was about ten years
old when he lost his hands ; so that if we take the mean
of ten and a half we find that he was exactly of that age
when the action with De Grasse took place.

As will have been seen, the combat was a most desperate
one, in which each man on board would have been called
upon to do his utmost. Young Roberts, however big and
sturdy he might have grown, was still only a boy, useless
with boarding-pike or cutlass in a hand-to-hand fight
against men immeasurably his superiors in strength and
training, and he would have allotted to him, as well as to
the other " youngsters " and " idlers " of the ship, the
duty of throwing grenades on board the enemy to clear
her deck for the on-rush of the boarding-party, and it is
suggested that this was the moment that the unlucky
explosion took place.

It may well have happened that the fuse of the grenade
he was about to throw seemed to have gone out, and it
was whilst " loosening with his fingers " (as William
Roberts put it, p. 413) the strands of the fuse to see if
this really were so that the bomb suddenly exploded, and
blew his hands off.

There are times when imagination has to bridge gaps
caused by the absence of demonstrable facts, and this is a
far more feasible interpretation of the incident than is
that of his " playing " with a charged grenade, according
to William Roberts, or "skylarking," as Dr. Anthony
Roberts calls it ; and while there is nothing in the theory
incompatible with facts, notwithstanding the forms in
which they are narrated, it shows how young Roberts,
instead of being ignominiously crippled for life through

vol. xliii. 2 D

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418 A MANUSCRIPT HISTORY OF HATHERLEIGH.

indulging in a stupid boyish freak, and getting discharged
from the navy, was honourably maimed whilst doing his
duty in his country's service, and continued therein until
he was removed from it by his father under circumstances
to be presently related.

It will be obvious that his future occupation must
necessarily have been far different from that he had been
used to so far, and from that he had been accustomed to
look forward to. We are told by William Roberts that
"he attained in a surprisingly short time a proficiency
both in writing and drawing " ; so that, considering the
strong predilection the admiral ever had for his young
midshipman, it would not seem strange if he had employed
him about his own person as his amanuensis or secretary.
Anyway, we are told that six years after his accident
Prince William, Duke of Clarence, when lying in the
Hamoaze, had become acquainted with the youth and his
remarkable talents, and that "on one occasion, whilst
serving in a boat in attendance on the Duke, His Royal
Highness, after entering freely into conversation with him,
received such a favourable impression of the lad that he
specially desired that he might be transferred to his ship,
the Pegasus, then about to proceed to the West Indies
under his own command, as his secretary.

" Thomas Roberts's father, however, did not quite
approve of the moral character of the Prince at that time,
and consequently would not allow his son to accept the
appointment. The Prince was very angry at the refusal,
and, by some means which are not specified, and probably
unknown, was the cause of the lad's leaving the service
altogether."

Thus ended the naval career of the future Schoolmaster
when about seventeen years of age, but the admiral never
forgot his protege and continued to befriend him until
his own death in 1802.

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LIST OF MEMBERS.

* Indicates Life Members. f Indicates Honorary Members*

X Indicates Members who retire at the end of the current year.

The Names of Members of the Council arc printed in small capitals ;

and of Members whose addresses are not known, in italics.

Notice of Changes of Residence, of Resignations, and of Decease of Members

should be sent to the General Secretary.

Year of

Election.

1901 Acland, Sir C. T. D., Bart., m.a., d.l., j.p., Killerton Park,

near Exeter.
1896 Adams, Maxwell, c/o Messrs. H. S. King & Co., 9, Pall

Mall, London, S.W. (Hon. General Secretary).
1900*Adams, S. P., Elbury Lodge, Newton Abbot.

1908 Albert Memorial Library, etc. (The Royal), Exeter, per

H. TJapley Soper, p.r.hist.8.
1886*Aldridge, C, m.d., Bellevue House, Plympton.

1909 Alexander, J. J., m.a., Grammar School, Tavistock.
1911 Alexander, Philip T., j.p., c.o., Brixham, S. Devon.
1887 Alger, W. H., j.p., 8, Esplanade, Plymouth.
1896*Allhuaen, C. Wilton, Pinhay, Lyme Regis,

1874 Alsop, R., Landscore Lodge, Teignmouth.

1877 Amery, Jasper, 18, Fleet Street, London, E.C.

1869 Ambry, J. S., Druid, Ashburton (Hon. General Treasurer).

1891 Amory, Sir J. Heathcoat, Bart., Knightshayes, Tiverton.

1901 Andrew, Sidney, 18, West Southernhay, Exeter.

1894 Andrews, John, Traine, Modbury, Ivy bridge.

1911 Ark wright, Rev. E. H, m.a., m.v.o., Royal Naval College,

Dartmouth (Vice-President).
1901 Arthur, Mrs., Atherington Rectory, Umberleigh, R.S.O.,

North Devon.
1911 Ashford, C. E., m.v.o., Royal Naval College, Dartmouth

(Vice-President).

1906 Baker, Rev. H. G., Budleigh Salterton, South Devon.
1911 Ball, Edwin Jennings, ph.d., 5, Endsleigh Terrace, Tavistock.
1878*Barino-Gould, Rev. S., m.a., Lew Trench ard, Lewdown.
1911 Barns, Mrs. Cecilia, Throwleigh, near Chagford, Devon.
1911 Barns, Rev. W. E. C, 14, Rowley Road, St. Marychurch,

Torquay.
1902*Barratt, Sir Francis Lay land, Bart., m.a., 68, Cadogan Square,

London, S.W.

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420 LIST OF MEMBERS.

1911 Bartlett, J., The Grange, Little Dartmouth, near Dartmouth

(Vice-President).
1898*Bayley, Arthur R., b.a., f.r.Hwt.b., St. Margaret's, Great

Malvern.
1894*Bayly, Miss A., Seven Trees, Plymouth.

1903 Bayly, John, Highlands, Ivybridge.

1905 Bennett, Ellery A., 17, Courtenay Street, Plymouth.

1906 Bent, Major Morris, Deerswell, Paignton.
1895*Bickford, Col., Newquay, Cornwall

1880 Birch, Rev. W. M., m.a., Bampton Aston, Oxford.

1904 Bird, W. Montagu, J. p., Dacre House, Ringmore, Teignmouth.

1897 Birks, Rev. H. A., m.a., Kingsbridge.
1889 Birmingham Free Library, Birmingham.

1886 Blacklbr, T. A., Royal Marble Works, St Marychurch

Torquay.

1908 Bloor, Rev. R. H., Crossmead, Exeter.

1909 Body, Martin, Lloyd's Bank, Launceston.

1902 Bond, F. Bligh, f.r.i.b.a., Star Life Building, St. Augustine's

Parade, Bristol.
1901 Bond, P. G., 105, Union Street, Plymouth.
1901 Bond, Miss S. C, 22, Elm Street, Rockland, Knox, Co.

Maine, U.S.A.
1906 Bond, Rev. W F., b.a., Lancing College, Shoreham, Sussex.
1906 Bovey, Thomas William Widger, m.r.o.8., l.r.c.p.Lo2o>.,

The Poplars, Horsmonden, Kent.
1890*Bowring, Thos. B., 7, Palace Gate, London, W.

1898 Boyer, Commander F., R.N., Woodbine Cottage, Tavistock.
1911 Boyle, Mrs. C. Vicars, Cheldon Rectory, Chulmleigh, N. Devon.
1900*Bradridge, C. Kingsley, Netherleigh, Blandford, Dorset.

1905 Brendon, Charles E., Dunheved, Saltash.
1892 Brendon, W. T., Whistley, Yelverton, R.S.O.

1911 Bridson, A. H., j.p., Ford Brow, Dartmouth (Vice-President).
1911 Bridson, Miss Mary Frances Cossart, Ford Brow, Dartmouth.

1905 Briggs, C. A., p.e.8., Rock House, Lynmouth, North Devon.
1911 Brown, John, j.p., Avondale, Dartmouth (Vice-President).
1909 Brushfield, Harold C, South Side, Chepstow Road, Croydon,

Surrey.
1911 Brushfield, Mrs. T. N., 2, The Parade, Budleigh Salterton.
1911*Brushfield, Miles Nadauld, 13, Allfarthing Lane, Wandsworth

Common, Surrey.
1911 Buckfast, The Right Rev. The Lord Abbot of (Dom Anschar

Vonier, o.s.b.), Buckfast Abbey, Buckfast, S. Devon.

1906 Budge tt, Mrs. W. Hill, Longcroft, Hay ward's Heath, Sussex.
1904 Bullock, Miss Henrietta Ann, 1, Brimley Villas, Teignmouth.
1911 Burn, Colonel C. R., m.p., 48, Cadogan Place, London, W.

1887 Burnard, Robert, j.p., f.s.a., Huccaby House, Princetown

(President).

1887 Burnard, Mrs. F. L., Huccaby House, Princetown.

1911 Burton, Rev. H., m.a., Kingswear Castle, Kingswear, Dart-
mouth (Vice-President).

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LIST OF MEMBERS. 421

1908 Buxton, Charles Roden, Bovey Tracey.

1906 By water, Ingram, m.a., 93, Onslow Square, London, 8.W.

1902 Calmady, Charles Calmady, Stoney Croft, Horrabridge.
1908 Card, F. F., Broadlands, Newton Abbot.
1891*Carpenter, H. J., m.a., ll.m., Penmead, Tirerton.
1866*Carpenter-Garnier, J., 33, Queen's Gate Gardens, S.W.

1907 Carr, Henry F., Broadparks, Pinhoe, Exeter.

1908 Carr-Smith, Miss Rose E., Avondene, Warwick Road,

Stratford-on-Avon.
1902 Carter, Miss E. G., Hartland, North Devon.

1899 Cartwright, Miss M. Anson, 11, Mont-le-Grand, Heavitree,

Exeter.
1895*Cash, A. Midgley, m.d., Li me field, Torquay.
1898 Cave, Sir C. D., Bart., Sidbury Manor, Sidmouth.
1910 Cazalet, M. H., The Cleve, Craddock, Cullompton.

1910 Chalk, Rev. E. S., m.a., Kentisbeare Rectory, Cullompton.

1900 Chalmers, J. H., Holcombe, Moretonhampstead.
1911*Chalmers, R. W. S., Christ Church College, Oxford.

J906 Chambers, R. E. Elliot, Pill House, Bishop's Taw ton, Barnstaple.
1899*Champernowne, A. M., Dartington Hall, Totnes.
1890 Chanter, C. E. R., Broadmead, Barnstaple.

1901 Chanter, Rev. J. F., m.a., Parracombe Rectory, Barnstaple.
1884 Chapman, H. M., St. Martin's Priory, Canterbury.

1881 Chapman, Rev. Professor, m.a., ll.d., 11, Elgin Park, Clifton,

Bristol.
1906 Chapple, W. E. Pitfibld, The Shrubbery, Axminster.
1906 Chappie, Miss Pitfield, The Shrubbery, Axminster.

1902 Charbonnier, T., Art Gallery, Lynmouth.

1908 Chennells, Rev. A. W., b.a., ll.d., The College, Newton

Abbot.

1911 Chichester, Miss, Arlington Court, Barnstaple.

1896 Chope, R. Pbarse, b.a., The Patent Office, Chancery Lane, E.C.

1905 Clarke, Miss Kate, 2, Mont-le-Grand, Exeter.

190*1 Clayden, A. W., m.a., f.o.s., Royal Albert Memorial College,
Exeter.

1903 Clay-Finch, Mrs., Bark Hill House, Whitchurch, Salop.
1871 Clements, Rev. H. G. J., m.a., Vicarage, Sidmouth.
1881*Clifford, Right Hon. Lord, m.a., j.p., Ugbrooke, Chudleigh.

1893 Cocks, J. W., Madeira Place, Torquay.

1909 Colborne, The Hon. Mrs. Mabel, Venn, Ivybridge.

1906 Cole, Rev. R. T., m.a., 7, Great George Street, Park Street,

Bristol.
1898*Coleridge, Right Hon. Lord, m.a., k.c, The Chanter's House,

Ottery St. Mary.
1911 Coles, W. Crosbie, 78, Park Lane, Croydon.

1894 Collier, George B., m.a., Whinfield, South Brent.
1889 Collier, Mortimer, Foxhams, Horrabridge.

1896 Collings, The Right Hon. Jesse, m.p., Edgbaston, Birmingham.
1900 Commin, James G., J.P., High Street, Exeter.

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422 LIST OF MEMBERS.

1910 Conybeare, H. C. A., m.a., j.p,, Platway, Shaldon, Teignmouth*
1881*Cornish, Rev. J. F., 25, Montpelier Street, Brompton Road,

London, S.W.
1908 Cornish-Bowden, Peter, Zaire, Newton Abbot.

1910 Cornwall Polytechnic Society, The Royal (per the Librarian,

Polytechnic Hall, Falmouth).
1904 Coryndon, R. T., Mbabane, Swaziland, S. Africa.
1901 Cowie, Herbert, m.a., Courtlands, CheJston, Torquay.

1895 Cowlard, C. L., Madford, Launceston.

1901 Cox, Irwin E. B., m.p., Moat Mount, Mill Hill, Middlesex.

1911 Crabbe, Herbert Ernest, p.r.gs., Teignbridge House, Kings-

teignton, S. Devon.

1908 Crang, W. H., 11, Collingwood Villas, Devonport.
1911 Cree, W. K, m.d., Penryn, Watts Road, Tavistock.

1 904 Crespin, C. Legassicke, 5 1 , West Cromwell Road, London, S. W.
1907 Cresswell, Miss Beatrix F., 23, Wonford Road, Exeter.
1898 Croft, Sir Alfred W., k.c.i.b., j.p., m.a., Rumleigh, Bere

Alston, R.S.O.
1909tCroft, T. L., Race Hill, Launceston.

1910 Croslegh, Rev. C, d.d., r.d., Bradninch Vicarage, Cullompton.
1886 Cumming, Stephen A., 3, Arlington Park Mansions, Chiswick,

London, W.

1911 Davey, G. W., 16, John Street, Bedford Row, London. W.C.
1911 Davie, G. C, j.p., c.c, The Elms, Bishop's Tawton, Barnstaple.

1896 Davies, W., Bellfield, Kingsbridge.

1897 Davis, J. W., Doneraile, Exmouth.
1911 Davson, A. M., Redholm, Dartmouth.

1878 Davson, F. A., m.d., j.p., Mount Galpine, Dartmouth (Viob-
Prbsident).

1902 Daw, Mrs., Yeoldon, Northam, N. Devon.
1888*Dawson, Hon. Richard, j.p., d.l., m.a., Holne Park, Ashburton.
1911 Devon and Exeter Club, Exeter (per Hon. Sec.).

1905 Dewey, Rev. Stanley D., m.a., Rectory, Moretonhampstead.
1902 Dimond-Churchward, Rev.Preb., m.d., The Vicarage, Northam,

North Devon.
1882 Doe, George M., Enfield, Great Torrington.
1898*Donaldson, Rev. E. A.,Pyworthy Rectory, Holsworthy, North

Devon.
1907 Drake, F. Morris, Cathedral Yard, Exeter.
1904 Drake, Major William Hedley, Bryn willow, Polsham Park,

Paignton.
1902 Drayton, Harry G., 201, High Street, Exeter.
1910 Drewe, Julius C, j.p., Wadhurst Hall, Sussex.
1910 Drewe, William Francis, Broadhembury House, Honiton.

1909 Duke, H. E., k.c, m.p., 37, Alleyn Park, Dulwich, London, S.E.
1889 Duncan, A. G., j.p., South Bank, Bideford.
1898*Dunning, Sir E. H., Knt., j.p., Stoodleigh Court, Tiverton.
1901*Durnford, George, j.p., o.a., f.o.a.Cam., Greenhythe, Westr

mount, Montreal, Canada.

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LIST OF MEMBERS. 423

1879 Dymond, Arthur H., 14, Bedford Circus, Exeter.

1902 Dymond, Mrs. Robert, The Mount, Bideford.

1908 Eames, Miss Kate, Cotley, near Chard.

1 907 Eames, Miss Maria Deane, Cotley, near Chard.

1901 Earle, The Eight Rev. Alfred, d.d., Bishop of Marlborough,
Dean of Exeter, The Deanery, Exeter.

1909 Eastabrook, Miss, 17, Tavistock Street, Devonport.
1898 Eccles, J. A. J., Stentwood, Dunkeswell Abbey, Honiton.

1891 Edmonds, Rev. Chancellor, b.d., The Close, Exeter.

1901 Edye, Lieut-Col., Stanley Court, Stanley Street, Montreal,
Canada.

1896 Elliot, Edmund A. S., m.r.c.8., m.b.o.u., Woodville, Bangs-
bridge.

1911 Elliot, Mrs. W. R., Roundham View, Paignton.

1909 Elliot, Rev. F. R., m.a., m.v.o., Tregie, Paignton.

1909 Enys, John D., j.p., f.g.s., Enys, Penryn S.O., Cornwall.
1888 Ermen, Miss, St. Catherine's, Torre, Torquay.
1898*Evans, Arnold, 4, Lithfield Place, Clifton. „

1911 Evan-Thomas, Capt. Hugh, r.n., m.v.o., Royal Naval College,

Dartmouth (Vicb-Prbsidbnt).
1904 Evans, Major G. A. Penrhys, Furzedene, Budleigh Salterton.

1895 Evans, H. Montagu, 10, Upper Knollys Terrace, Alma Road,

Plymouth.
1886 Evans, J. J. Ogilvie, 1, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth.
1880*Evans, Parker N., Park View, Brockley, West Town, R.S.O.,

Somerset.
1902*Eve, The Hon. Sir H. T., Yarner, Bovey Tracey.
1901 Every, Rev. H., m.a., The Rowdens, Torquay.

1904 Every, Richard, Marlands, Heavitree, Exeter.

1905 Exbtbr, The Rt. Rbv. The Lord Bishop of, The Palace,

Exeter.

1905 Falcon, T. A., m.a., Hill Close, Braunton, Devon.

1906 Fayrer, Lieut-Colonel J. O. S., Redclyffe Lodge, Paignton.

1896 Firth, H. Mallaby, Knowle, Ashburton.
1896*Firth, R. W., Place, Ashburton.

1903 Fisher, Arthur, St. Aubyns, Tiverton.

1911 Fitzherbert, S. W., Norbury, Kingswear, Dartmouth (Vicb-
Prbsidbnt).
1911 Fleming, George Mcintosh, c.c, Loventor Manor* Totnes.

1908 Foakes, E. J., j.p., Westbury House, Dunniow, Essex.
1906 Fortescue, Rt. Hon. the Earl, Castle Hill, South Molton.

1910 Foster, M. T., Fore Street, Cullompton.
1867*Foster, Rev. J. P., m.a m Cotswold Park, Cirencester.
1908 Fouracrb, J. T., j.p., 16, Portland Square, Plymouth.
1876*Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W., Earley Vicarage, Reading.
1876*Fox, Charles, The Pynes, Warlingham-on-the-Hill, Surrey.

1892 Francis, H., c.b., 12, Lockyer Street, Plymouth.
1900 Francken, W. A., Okehampton.

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424 LIST OF MEMBERS.

1911 Frean, George Moore, Cranicombe, Branksome Avenue, Bourne-
mouth.
1911 Frean, William Peek, Gramercy Tower, Dartmouth.
1909 Freeman, Mrs. Lucy Emma, Abbotsfield, Tavistock.
1894*Frost, F. C, F.8.A., Regent Street, Teignmouth.
1908 Fulford, Francis A., Great Fulford, Dunsford, Exeter.
1880 Furneaux, J., Tor View, Buckfastleigh, Devon.

1908 Gallsworthy, Frank, Ravenswood, Surrey Road, Bourne-

mouth.
1906 Gardiner, John, The Elms, Rudgeway, R.S.O., Glos.
1901 Gauntlett, George, 27, Dix's Field, Exeter.

1909 Geen, Harry, Brandize, Avenue Road, Torquay.

1910 Green, Henry, j.p., Tenby House, Okehampton.

1908 Gervis, Frederick H., Roborough House, Torquay.
1900*Gervis, Henry, m.d., p.r.o.p., f.s.a., j.p., 15, Royal Crescent,

Bath.

1910 Gidley, G. G., m.d., Heyford House, Cullompton.

1909 Giffard, Edward Walter, 13, Chesham Place, London, S.W.

1901 Giles, Rev. A. L., M.A., The Vicarage, Paignton.
1892*GM, Miss, St. Peter Street, Tiverton.

1902 Goaman, Thomas, j.p., 14, Butt Gardens, Bideford.

1911 Goodridge, A., Carlton Terrace, Dartmouth (Vice-Prbsident).

1910 Grant, W. J. A., j.p., Hillersden, Cullompton.

1911 Grant, W. J., Parade House, Dartmouth (Vice-President).

1901 Gratwicke, Major G. F., York Road, Exeter.

1911 Gregory, A. R., Lloyd's Bank, Dartmouth (Hon. Local

Treasurer).
1871 Gregory, A. T., Gazette Office, Tiverton.
1896 Grose, S., m.d., f.r.c.8., Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.

1902 Groves-Cooper, J., Wear Gifford, Bideford.

1910 Gundry, Lieut. -Col., H. B., j.p., The Grange, Honiton.
1873*Guyer, J. B., p.c.s., Wrentham, Torquay.

1892 Halbburt, The Right Hon. the Earl of, 4, Ennismore Gardens,

London, S.W.
1889 Hamling, J. G., f.g.s., The Close, Barnstaple.
1880*Hamlyn, Joseph, Fullaford, Buckfastleigh.
1878 Hamlyn, W. B., Widecombe Cot, Barrington Road, Torquay.
1895 Harding, T. L., Elmington, XJhelston, Torquay.

1892 Harpley, Rev. F. R. A., B.A., Harleston, Northampton.
1862tHarplet, Rev. W., m.a., p.c.p.s., Clayhanger Rectory,

Tiverton.

1893 Harris, Miss, Sunningdale, Portland Avenue, Exmouth.
1905 Harte, Walter J., Royal Albert Memorial College, Exeter.
1909 Hart-Smith, C. L., Castle Street, Launceston.

1908 Harvard University Library, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A., per
Messrs. Edward G. Allen and Son, Ltd., 14, Grape Street,
Shaftesbury Avenue, London, W.C.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

LIST OF MEMBERS. 425

1898*Harvey, Henry Fairfax, Croyle, near Cullompton.

1900 Harvey, Sir Robert, d.l., j.p., Dundridge, Totnes, and 1, Palace

Gate, London, W.
1892*Harvby, T. H., j.p., Blackbrook Grove, Fareham, Hants.
1875*Hatt-Cook, Herbert, Hartford Hall, Cheshire.
1910 Hawkins, Rev. Edward J., b.a., 18, Haldon Road, Exeter.
1909 Hebbert, Ernest, Berrynarbor, near Hfracombe.
1890*Heberden, W. B., c.b., Elmfield, Ex*ter.

1906 Henning, Rev. J., m.a., Cockington Vicarage, Torquay.
1888*Hepburn, T. H., j.p., c.c, Dunmore, Bradninch, Cullompton.

1907 Herron, H. G. W., Hillside, Newton Abbot.

1908 Hext, George, Kingstone, Newton Abbot.
1882*Hibrn, W. P., m.a., P.R.S., Castle House, Barnstaple.

1909 Hill, Rev. H. A., Worlington Rectory, Morchard Bishop,

North Devon.
1862 Hine, James, f.r.i.b.a., Roydon, Launceston.
1892*Hingston, C. A., m.d., Sussex Terrace, Plymouth.

1907 Hitchcock, Arthur, Haddon Corner, Kilmington, Axminster.
1898 Hodgson, T. V., Municipal Museum, Plymouth.

1901 Holman, H. Wilson, 4, Lloyd's Avenue, Fenchurch Street,

London, E.C.
1901 Holman, Herbert, m.a., ll.b., Haldon Lodge, Teignmouth.
1893 Holman, Joseph, Downside House, Downlewne, Sneyd,

Bristol.
1906 Holman, Francis Arthur, Jerviston, Streatham Common,

London, S.W.
1906 Holman, Ernest Symons, The Rookery, Streatham Common,

London, S.W.
1906 Holmes, Harold, Cherryford, Martinhoe, Parracombe.
1872 Hooper, B., Bournbrook, Torquay.

1910 Hooppell, Rev. J. L. E., St. Peter's Vicarage, Hoxton Square,

London, N.

1911 Hopper, A. E., Bridge Buildings, Barnstaple.

1892 Hornbrook, W., j.p., Garfield Villa, Stuart Road, Devonport.
1896*Hosegood, S., Chatford House, Clitton, Bristol
1895*Huohb8, T. Cann, m.a., p.s.a., Town Clerk, Lancaster.

1901 Humphreys, H. Howard, a.m.lc.b., Glenray, Wembly-by-

Harrow.
1868*Hunt, A. R., m.a., f.o.8., F.L.8., Southwood, Torquay (Viob-

President).
1906 Hunt, Rev. J. Lyde, m.a., Efford, Paignton.
1876 Hurrell, J. S., The Manor House, Kingsbridge.
1886 Huxtable, James, 2, Brockman Road, Folkestone.

1908 Hyde, The Venble. H. B., The Vicarage, Bovey Tracey.

1893 Iredale, A., Strand, Torquay.

1890*Jack8on, Mark, Homelea, Parley, Surrey.
1904 Jackson, Rev. Preb. P., Kingsteignton Vicarage, Newton
Abbot.

Digitized by VjOOQIC

426 LIST OF MEMBERS.

908 James, S. Boucher, Hallsannery, Bideford.

901 Jerman, J., f.r.i.b.a., f.r.m.8., The Bungalow, Topaham Road,

Exeter.
911 Joes, Thomas Jambs, 3, Manor Crescent, Newton Abbot
911 Jones, Miss Mary, Wonford House, Heavitree, Exeter.

906 Jones, Tom, j.p., Royal Castle Hotel, Lynton.

908 Jordan, Miss Mary Hall, Teignmouth.
883 Jordan, W. F. C, The Laurels, Teignmouth.
903 Julian, Henry Forbes, Redholme, Torquay.
899* Julian, Mrs. Hester, Redholme, Torquay.

879*Kelland, W. H., Victoria Road, Barnstaple.
872*Kennaway, The Rt Hon. Sir J. H., Bart, M.A., Escot,
Ottery St Mary.

907 Kent, Arthur Percival, Ashford House, Barnstaple.

880 King, C. R. Baker, a.rlb.a., 35, Oakley Square, London,

N.W.
911 King, Capt W., Burridge, near Chard, Somerset
893 Kitson, J., Hengrave, Torquay.
901 Knight, Mrs. J. H., The Firs, Friar's Walk, Exeter.
911 Knollys, Major L. F., c.m.g., The Wilderness, Dartmouth

(Viob-Pre8idbnt).

909 Knowles-Jones, J. T. 9 m.d., m.r.c.p.

909 Koebel, O., Murley Grange, Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.

903 Laing-Oldham, Philip M. T., m.a., Mount View, Oke-

hampton.
871 Lake, William Charles, m.d., Benton, Teignmouth.
907 Lane, John, The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, London, W.

904 Lang, Charles Augustus, Vigo House, Wey bridge.
898 Langdon, Rev. F. E. W., Membury, near Chard.
903 Langley, Miss Helen, Postbridge, Princetown.
906 Lartkr, Miss Clara E., 2, Summerland Terrace, St Mary-
church, S. Devon.

901 La vis, Johnston, m.d., m.r.c.8., l.8.a.lohd., (in summer)
Villa Marina, Vittel, Vosges; (in winter) Villa Lavis,
Beaulieu, Alpes-Maritimes, France.

905 Laycock, C. H., Cross Street, Moretonhampstead.
889*Lee, Col. J. W., Budleigh Salterton, South Devon.

897 Lbthbridgb, Sir Roper, k.c.i.e., d.l., j.p., m.a., The Manor
House, Exbourne, R.S.O., Devon.

911 Lindsay, W. A., j.p., d.l., k.c, m.a., f.s.a., Windsor Herald,
College of Arms, London, E.C., and Deer Park, Honiton.

898 Little, J. Hunter, Lisnanagh, Exmouth.

906 Llewellin, W. M., c.b., 8, Lawn Road, Cothara, Clifton.
890*Longstaff, G. B., m.d., Twitcham, Morthoe, R.S.O.
911 Lort-Phillips, E., j.p., Gunfield, Dartmouth (Vicb-Presidknt).
900 Lovejoy, H. F., North Gate, Totnes.
898 Lows, Harford J., Barne House, Christow, Exeter.
86Z*Lyte, F. Maxtcell, m.a.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

LIST OF MEMBERS. 427

886* Mac Andrew, James J., j.p., f.l.8., Lukesland, Ivybridge.

908 MacConnick, Rev. F., p.8.a.8oot., m.r.a.8., Wrockwardine

Wood Rectory, Wellington, Salop.
906 MacDermot, E. T., Yenworthy, Lynton, S.O., North Devon.
894 Mallet, W. R., Exwick Mills, Exeter.

904 Manchester Free Reference Library, King Street, Manchester.

905 Manisty, George Eldon, Nattore Lodge, Budleigh Salterton.

903 Manlove, Miss B., Moor Lawn, Ashburton.
901 Mann, F., Leat Park, Ashburton.
897*Mardon, Heher, 2, Iitfield Place, Clifton.

901 Marines, The Officers Plymouth Division R.M.L.L, Royal

Marine Barracks, Plymouth.

904 Marshall, James C, Far Cross, Woore, Newcastle, Staffs.

909 Marshall, Miss, Gwynfra, Brockley View, Forest Hill, S.E.
871*Martin, John May, g.e., f.m.s., Musgrave House, 6, Denbigh

Gardens, Richmond, Surrey.

906 Mathieson, Mrs., Otterbourne, Budleigh Salterton.

908 Matthews, Lieut-Colonel Arthur, Gratton, Bow, N. Devon.
887 Matthews, Coryndon, f.e.8., Stentaway, Plymstock, S. Devon.
896 Matthews, J. W. f Erme Wood, Ivybridge.

894 Maxwell, Mrs., Lamorna, Torquay.

909 May, W. H., 23, Lockyer Street, Plymouth.

907 McLennan, Frank, Lynch Villa, Axminster.

898 Melhuish, Rev. George Douglas, m.a., Ash water Rectory,
Beaworthy.

902 Messenger, Arthur W. B., Assist. Paymaster r.n., c/o The

Admiralty, London, S.W.
880 Michelmore, H., Claremont, Exeter.
900 Mildmay, F. B., m.p., Flete, Ivybridge.

910 Miller, A. N., St. George's Well, Cullompton.

911 Milne, R. M., Eggardun, Dartmouth.

910 Monkswell, Right Hon. Lord, 18, Lower Sloane Street,

London, S.W.

905 Moon, W. J., j.p., 20, Home Park Villas, Devonport.

911 Moriarty, Mrs. J. S., 7, Elmsleigh Park, Paignton.

906 Morley, The Rt. Hon. the Earl of, Saltram, Plympton.

909 Morris, R. Burnet, m.a., ll.b., 24, Bramham Gardens,

London, S.W.

908 Morrison-Bell, Captain E. F., m.p., Pitt House, Chudleigh.

910 Morrison-Bell, Major A. C, m.p., 88, St. James* Street,

London, S.W.
898 Morshkad, J. T. Andbrbon, Lusways, Salcombe Regis,

Sidmouth.
886*Mortinier, A., 1, Paper Buildings, Temple, London.
874*Mount Edgcumbe, Right Hon. the Earl of, Mount Edgcumbe,

Plymouth.

911 Moys, Rev. A. E., m.a., St. Petrox Vicarage, Dartmouth

(Vice-President).
904 Murray, O. A. R., The Admiralty, London, S.W.
908 Murrin, A. J., j.p., c.c, Avon House, Newton Abbot.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

428 UST OF MEMBERS.

1911 Nance, J. T., Ford Hill, Dartmouth (Vice-President).
1885*Neok, J. S., j.p., Great House, Moretonhampstead.

1902 Newton Club (per T. W. Donaldson, Esq., Hon. Sec),

Newton Abbot

1908 Nisbet, A. T., m.d., The Laurels, Powderham Road, Newton

Abbot.

1900 Nix, J. A., 20, Hans Place, London, S.W.

1909 Norman, W. C, St. Michael's Mount, Honiton.

1908 Northcote, Gordon Stafford, Willowmead, Budleigh Salterton.

1909 Northcote, The Lady Rosalind, Pynes, near Exeter.
1896 Northmore, John, 4, Abbey Mead, Tavistock.

1910 Norton, J. H., Hillside, Christow, Exeter.

1903 Norton, W. Joseph, The Shrubbery, Teignmouth.

1904 Nourse, Rev. Stanhope M., Shute Vicarage, Axminster.
1904 Nourse, Mrs. S. M., Shute Vicarage, Axminster.

1903 Nowell, Capt S., 17, Rock Park, Rock Park Ferry, Liverpool.

1907 O'Reilly, Rev. Father Michael, Lyme Road, Axminster.

1910 Palmer, Frederick William Morton-, m.d., m.a., b.c. (Cantab.),
13, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth.

1904 Palmer, W. P., Waterloo Cottage, Exmouth.
1906 Parry, H. Lloyd, Guildhall, Exeter.

1903 Patch, Col. R., c.b., Fersfield, Newton Abbot.

1908 Pateman, Arthur F., Broadway Cottage, Littleham, Exmouth.

1902 Patey, Rev. Charles Robert, Hollam House, Titchfield,

Hants.

1903 Peacock, H. G., L.R.C.P., m.r.c.8., Mem. Brit. MycoL Soc t

The Moors, Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.

1901 Pearse, James, 11, Salutary Mount, Heavitree, Exeter.

1896 Pearson, Rev. J. B., d.d. 9 Whitstone Rectory, Exeter.

1910 Peck, Miss Charlotte L., Maidencombe House, St Mary-

church, Torquay.

1911 Peek, C, Deer Park, Stoke Fleming, near Dartmouth (Vice-

President).

1905 Peet, A. W., Penrallt, Kingskerswell, near Newton Abbot

1882 Penzance Library, Penzance.

1908 Peter, Claude H., Town Clerk's Office, Launceston.

1897 Peter, Thurstan C, Redruth.

1883 Petherick, J., 8, Clifton Grove, Torquay.
1910 Pilditch, Philip E., Weybridge, Surrey.

1899 Pinkham, Charles, j.p., o.a., Linden Lodge, 7, Winchester

Avenue, Brondesbury, N.W.
1910 Pin will, Rev. Edmund, R.D., The Vicarage, Ermington, South

Devon.

1879 Plymouth Free Public Library, Plymouth.

1884 Plymouth Proprietary Library, Cornwall Street, Plymouth.

1880 Pode, J. D., Slade, Cornwood, Ivybridge.
1898*Pole, Sir Edmund de la, Bart, Shute House, Colyton.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

LIST OF MEMBERS. 429

1892 Pollock, Sir F., Bart., ll.d., f.s.a., etc., 21, Hyde Park

Place, London, W.
1900*Ponsonby, Kev. Stewart Gordon, m.a., Rectory, Stoke

Damerel, Devonport.
1900*Pope, John, Spence Coombe, Copplestone.
1911 Popb, Sydney J., Town Clerk, Dartmouth (Hon. Local

Secretary).
1878*Powell, W., m.b., f.r.c.8.. Hill Garden, Torquay.
1909 Prance, H. Penrose, Whitchurch, Mannamead, Plymouth.

1888 Prickman, J. D., Okehampton.

1911 Prideaux, Colonel W. F., o.8.i., Hopeville, St. Peters-in-

Thanet, Kent.
1901 Prideaux, W. de C, l.d.s., r.c.s.Ej»o., 12, Frederick Place,

Weymouth.
1906 Priestley, C. W., B.8c. f Richmond Lodge, Torquay.

1887 Prowse, Arthur B., m.d., f.r.c.8., 5, Lansdown Place,

Clifton.

1908 Prowse, His Honor Judge, D. W., St. John's, Newfoundland

(3, St. Matthias Terrace, Torquay).

1891 Prowse, W. B., L.R.C.P., m.r.cs., 31, Vernon Terrace, Brighton.
1894*Pryke, Rev. Canon W. E., m.a., The Close, Exeter.

1903 Prynne, G. H. Fellowes, f.r.i.b.a., 6, Queen Anne's Gate,

Westminster, London, S.W.

1893 Punchard, Rev. Canon E. G., d.d., St. Mary's Vicarage, Ely.

1901 Radford, A. J. V., Vacye, College Road, Malvem.
1898*Radford, Arthur L., F.8.A., Bovey House, Beer, Devon.

1889 Radford, Sir C. H., j.p., 4, The Crescent, Plymouth.

1888 Radford, Mrs., Chiswick House, Ditton Hill, Surbiton,

Surrey.
1896 Rebd, Harbottle, f.r.i.b.a., 57, St. David's Hill, Exeter.

1909 Reed, Thomas C, j.p., Wembury, Launceston.

1911 Reeve, J. Arthur, Yarrow Eank, Kingswear, Dartmouth

(Vice-President).
1909 Reform Club, Pall Mall, London, S.W. (per Librarian).
1885*Reichel, L. H., Beara Court, Highampton^ North Devon.
1872 Reichel, Rev. Oswald J., B.C.L., f.s.a., A la Ronde, Lymp-

stone, Devon.
1911 Rendell, Dr., Postbridge, Princetown, S. Devon.

1904 Revnell, B., 152, Selhurst Road, South Norwood, London,

"S.E.
1898*Reynell-Upham, W. Upham, 13, Constantine Road, Hamp-

stead, London, N.W.
1906 Roberts, Rev. R. O., East Down Rectory, Barnstaple.

1892 Robinson, C. E., Holne Cross, Ashburton.

1908 Rogers, Inkermann, Inkermann Place, Clovelly Road, Bide-

ford.

1909 Rogers, R. B., Hexworthy, Lawhitton, near Launceston.
1902*Rogers, W. H., j.p., Orleigh Court, Bideford.

1902 Ross, Rev. J. Trelawny, d.d., Ham, near Devonport.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

430 LIST OF MEMBERS.

1906 Ross, H. M., Seawood House, Lynton.

1900 Row, R. W. Harold, b.8c., Mount Vernon, Exeter.

1911 Rowand, Commander Alexander, D.S.O., Upcott, Okehampton

1909 Rowe, Mrs. J. Brooking, Castle Barbican, Plympton.

1899 Rudd, E. E., 119, West End Lane, West Hampstead,

London, N.W.
1905*Rundell, Towson William, f.r.Met.Soc., 25, Castle Street*

Liverpool.

1910 Rundle, Miss Julia, 32, Richmond Road, St Davids,

Exeter.

1901 Ryle, The Right Rev. Herbert Edward, d.d., Dean of West-

minster, The Deanery, Westminster, London, S.W.

1910 Salter, Miss Mary, Romsdal, Torquay.

1910 Sanders, F., Belle Vue Terrace, Cullompton.

1904 Sanders, James, J. p., c.c, 23, South Street, South Molton.

1881*Saunders, Ernest G. Symes, m.d., 20, Ker Street, Devon-
port

1877*Saunders, George J. Symes, m.d., Lustleigh, Burlington Place,
Eastbourne.

1895 Saundbrs, Miss H., 95, East Street, South Molton.

1910 S avery, G. B., Silverton, near Exeter.

1910 de Schmid, E. H., The Nook, Cullompton.

1906 Scott, S. Noy, d.p.h. lond., l.b.c.p. lomd., m.r.o.8. e»o.,
Elmleigh, Plymstock.

1900*Scrimgeour, T. S., Natsworthy Manor, Ashburton.

1906 Segar, Richard, 15, Winchester Avenue, London, N.W.

1908 Shaddick, Rev. H. G. Hastings, North Devon Athenaeum,

Barnstaple.
1894 Shapland, A. E., j.p., Church House, South Molton.

1902 Shapland, J. Dee, m.b.o.8., Burnside, Exmouth.

1906 Sharland, A., 25, Charleville Circus, West Hill, Sydenham,

London, S.E.
1910 Shattock, Miss Lucy, Sunny Slope, Exmouth.

1909 Sheldon, Gilbert, High Park, Bideford.

1910 Sheldon, Miss Lilian, High Park, Bideford.

1882 Shelley, Sir John, Bart, Shobrooke Park, Crediton.
1879 Shelly, John, Princess House, Plymouth.

1907 Shepperson, Claude, 18, Kensington Court Place, London, W.
1885 Sibbald, J. G. E., Mount Pleasant, Norton S. Philip,

Bath.
1898 Sidmouth, The Right Hon. Viscount, Upottery Manor,
Honiton.

1907 Simpson, S., Tregear, Exeter.

1893 Skardon, Brigade-Surgeon Lieut-Col. T. G., Simla, Good-

rington, near Paignton.
1902 Skinner, A. J. P., Colyton.

1906 Skinner, Miss Emily, 21, St Peter Street, Tiverton.
1878 Slade, S. H., 65, Westbury Road, Westbury-on-Trym, Gloa,

1908 Smerdon, R., j.p., 11, Molesworth Terrace, Devonport.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

LIST OF MEMBERS. 431

1911 Smith, Miss Helen, The Manor House, Dartmouth.
1895*Smith, The Hon. W. F. D., m.p., 3, Grosvenor Place,
London, S.W.

1907 Smyth, H. J., m.r.o.8., l.r.c.p., South Molton.

1908 SnelJ, Henry John, 6, Grimston Villas, Houndiscombe Road,.

Plymouth.

1905 Snell, M. B., j.p., 5, Copthall Buildings, London, E.C.

1909 Snell, William D., 27, Chapel Street, Stonehouse, Plymouth.
•1902 Soares, Sir E. J., Upcott, Barnstaple.

1891 Southcomb, Rev. H. G., m.a., Orchard Dene, Budleigh
Salterton.

1906 Sparks, Miss F. Adeline, Suffolk House, Putney Hill,

London, S.W.
1906 Sparks, Miss Hilda Ernestine, Suffolk House, Putney Hill,
London, S.W.

1899 Stawell, George, Penhallam, Torrington.
1868*Stbbbikg, Rev. T. R. R., m.a., p.r.8., Ephraim Lodge, The

Common, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
1911 Stephens, J., Bona Vista, Dartmouth (Vice-President).

1901 Stevens, John, f.r.m.s., 50, St. David's Hill, Exeter.

1900 Stiff, J. Carleton, Alfoxden, Torquay.
1898*St. Maur, Harold, Stover, Newton Abbot
1885*Strode, George S. S., Newnham Park, Plympton.

1905 Strong, Leonard E., Rosemont, Yelverton, South Devon.
1911 Stuart, Commander J., r.n., Fairlea, Bideford.

1896 Stuart, W. J., 6, Louisa Terrace, Exmouth.
1875*Sulivan, Miss, Broom House, Fulham.

1906 Sumner, H. G., Church Stile, Monkokehampton, Winkleigh.

1899 Symonds, F. G., Bank House, Blandford.

1896 Swansea Devonian Society (per S. T. Drew), Swansea.

1899*Tanner, C. Peile, a a., Chawleigh Rectory, Chulmleigh.

1910 Tanqueray, W. H., Townlands, Willand, Cullompton.
1890 Tavistock Public Library, Bedford Square, Tavistock.

1900 Taylor, Alfred, The Mission House, Sehore, Bhopal State,.

Central India.
1886 Taylor, Arthur Furneaux, Ingleside, Hanwell, London, W.

1909 Thompson, W. F., m.d., Penquite, St. Stephens, Launceston.
1868 Thornton, Rev. W. H, m.a., Rectory, North Bovey, Moreton-

hampstead.

1910 Tilley, Miss Edith, Elmfield, Coombeinteignhead.
1903 Tindall, J., Marino, Sidmouth.

1906 Toley, Albert, The Grove, Hanwell, Middlesex.

1908 Torquay Public Library, Torquay.

1910 Torr, Edward R. Berry, Instow, R.S.O., North Devon.

1902 Tothill, Waring W., Eversley, 123, Pembroke Road, Clifton,

Bristol.

1910 Tracey, H. E., m.r.c.s., l.r.c.p., The Gables, Willand, Cullompton.

1911 Tracey, Rev. H. F., m.a., The Vicarage, Dartmouth (Vice-

President).

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

432 LIST OF MEMBERS.

1908 Treglohan, William Thomas, b.a., Ringmoor, Yclverton.
1902*Tri8t, Pendarves.

1887 Troop, Mrs. B. Frances Rose-, West Hill, Harrow-on-the-Hill.

1909 Truro, the Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of, Lis Escop, Truro.
1876 Tucker, R. C, j.p., ca., The Hall, Ashburton (Hon. Auditor),
1911 Tudor, Rev. John Lechmere, m.a., Esgarston Vicarage, Lam-
bourn, Berks.

1910 Tuker, Miss M. A. R., Ashe House, Musbury, Devon.

1905 Turner, Alfred, m.d., Plympton House, Plympton.

1906 Turner, C. S., Kelbuie, Westbourne Terrace, Budleigh

Salterton.
1901 Turner, Rev. R., Vicarage, Barnstaple.

1911 Ulyat, William Francis, Port Meadow, Totnes.

1910 Upcott, Colonel Sir Frederick, C.8.I., k.cv.c, 227, St James'

Court, Buckingham Gate, London, S.W.

1881 VarweD, H. B., 2, Pennsylvania Park, Exeter.

1911 VarweD, P., Ford Bank, Dartmouth (Vice-President).
1884 Vicary, W., The Knoll, Newton Abbot.
1902*Vidal, Edwin Sealy, 32, Sticklepath, Barnstaple.

1906 Vinen, G. Starling, 11, Lombard Street, London, E.C.
1910 Vodden, H., Jaffa House, Cullompton.

1907 Wainright, Capt. L. A., The Hey, Throwleigh, Okehampton.
1893 Wain wright, T., The Square, Barnstaple.

1893 Walker, Robert, m.d., 7, East Terrace, Budleigh Salterton.

1907 Wall, Mrs., Ashley Priors, St. Marychurch, S. Devon.
1895 Walpole, Spencer C, 94, Piccadilly, London, W.

1910 Walrond, The Hon. Lionel, m.p., Bradfield, Cullompton.

1911 Ward, Francis Wyndham, 16, Hartley Road, Exmouth.
1901 Ward, Rev. Joseph Heald, 16, Hartley Road, Exmouth.

1908 Watkin, Hugh R., Hummersknott, Chelston, Torquay.
1907 Watkins, Rev. B., m.a., Dunkeswell Vicarage, Honiton.
1904 Watts, Francis, Laureston Lodge, Newton Abbot.

1907 Watts, H. V. I., m.a., Edgemoor, Bovey Tracey, S. Devon.
1900 Watts, Mrs. R. L, Upcott Cottage, Highampton, North Devon,

1908 Waymouth, Cecil, 2, Victoria Place, St. Mary Church,

Torquay.
1900*Weekes, Miss Lega-, Sunny Nook, Rugby Mansions, West

Kensington, London, W.
1911 Wellacott, Rev. Thomas William, m.a., The Vicarage, Totnes.
1911 Wells, Lionel Bury, Stonehanger, Salcombe, Kingsbridge.
1870*Were, T. Kennet-, m.a., j.p., d.a., Cotlands, Sidmouth.
1900*Wethey, Charles Henry, Avoca, Hermosa Road, Teignmouth.
1872 Whitaker, W., ra., f.r.s., p.o.s., Assoc. Inst. C.E., F. San.

Inst, 3, Campden Road, Croydon (Corres. Member).
1893 White, T. Jeston, 8, Maldon Road, Acton, London, W.
1875 White-Thomson, Col. Sir R T., c.b., j.p., Broomford Manor,

Exbourne, North Devon.

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

LIST OF MEMBERS. 433

1907 Whiteway- Wilkinson, \V. H., f.r.c.s.h., Inverteign, Teign-

mouth.
1897 Whitlby, H. Miohell, ?8, Victoria Street, Westminster.
1890*Wilcock8, Horace Stone, Mannamead, Plymouth.
1883*Willcocks, A. D., m.r.c.8., Park Street, Taunton.
1877*Willcocks, G. W., m.inst.c.e., 4, College Hill, Cannon Street,

London, E.C.
1877*Willcocks, R. H., ll.b., 4, College Hill, Cannon Street,

London, E.C.
1876*Willcock8, W. K., m.a., 6, Stone Buildings, Lincoln's Inn,

London, W.C.
1893 Willis, W. H. f Ivanhoe, 28, Keswick Road, East Putney,

London, S.W.
1911 Wilson, A. H., Sandridge Park, near Totnes.
1911 Wilton, T., j.p., c.c, Harwarden, Dartmouth (Vice-President).
1875* Windeatt, Edward, Heck wood, Totnes (Vice-President).
1896 Windeatt, George E., Totnes.

1896 Winget, W., Glen Almond, Cockington, Torquay.
1872*Winwood, Rev. H. H.,m.a.,p.o.s., 11, Cavendish Crescent, Bath.
1884* Wolfe, J. K, 24, Belsize Crescent, Hampstead, N.W.
1884*Woodhouse, H. B. S., 7, St. Lawrence Road, Plymouth.
1907 Woollcombe, Rev. A. A., Leusden Vicarage, near Ashburton.
1904 Woollcombe, Gerald D., Cranmere, Newton Abbot.
1901* Woollcombe, Robert Lloyd, m.a., ll.d., p.i.inst., f.r.g.s.,

p.r.e.8., F.8.8., 14, Waterloo Road, Dublin.
1891 Worth, R. Hansford, mem.inst.c.e., f.g.s., 32, Thornhill Road,
Plymouth (Vice-President).

1909 Worthington, Rev. Jeffery, Chudleigh Cottage, Cullompton.
1876 Wright, W. H. K, 6, Seaton Avenue, Mutley, Plymouth.
1895*Wykes-Finch, Rev. W., m.a., j.p., The Monks, Chaddesley

Corbett, Kidderminster; and North Wyke, near North
Tawton.

1897 Yacht Club, The Royal Western, The Hoe, Plymouth.

1910 Yale University Library, New Haven, U.S.A., per Messrs.

Edward G. Allen and Son, 14, Grape Street, Shaftesbury

Avenue, London.
1900*Yeo, Miss Mary E. J., Holsworthy, Rossi Street, Yass, New

South Wales.
1900 Yeo, W. Curzon, 10, Beaumont Avenue, Richmond, Surrey.
1895 Young, E. H., m.d., Darley House, Okehampton.
1906 Young, Thomas, m.r.c.s., Woolacombe, N. Devon.

The following Table contain! a Summary of the foregoing Lilt.

Honorary Member
Corresponding Member
Life Members
Annual Members

Total, 1st November, 1911
VOL. XLIII. 2 E

460

557

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

INDEX.

Accounts, Statement of, 32, 33

Adams, Maxwell, on the Manor House,
St Petroc's Church, and Castle at
Dartmouth, 25

Address of the President, 44

Agar, Mrs., 407

Alexander, J. J., on Dartmouth as a
Parliamentary Borough, 850

on Tavistock as a Parlia-
mentary Borough, Part II, 1688-
1885, 371

Antony, 404, 405

Arras of Dartmouth, 122, 123

Asherne, 30

Asilus crdbroniformis, 259

Barrow Committee, Thirtieth Re]K>rt
of, 95 ; — Joan Ford's Newtake,
Swincombe Valley, 95 ; — Cuckoo
Ball, 96

Barrows on Dartmoor, 348

Bibliography of John Flavell, 184

■ — of Submarine Geology and

Physics, 307

Bidder, G. P., 22

Biographies of Members of Parliament
for Dartmouth, 365 ; — for Tavi-
stock, 396

Botanical records, 97 ; — Barnstaple
district, 97 ; — Torrington, 97 ; —
South Molton, 97 ; — Exeter, 98 ; —
Honiton, 98 ; — Torquay, 99 ; —
Plymouth, 103 ; — Tavistock, 104

Botany Committee, Third Report of,
97 ; — records, 97 ; — list of
violets, 99; — mosses, 100; —
fungi, 101

Bri'dson, Miss M. F. C, Concerning
Flies in Devon, 256

Brookhill, 25

Brushfield, Dr. T. N., 20, 28, 36, 75,
95

Obituary of, 36

Burnard, Robert, 25 ; — Presidential
Address, 44

Burt, W. H., 22

Burton, Rev. H., 29

Bre-Lawa, 15

Cadelintona, or Col ridge, Hundred of,
190

Calopleryx virgo, 260

Cartularies of Torre Abbey, 149, 150,
154

Chrysididcc, 257

Chope,R. Pearae, "The Lord Dynham's
Lands," 269

Church Goods of St Kieran's Church,
Exeter, An inventory of, by H.
Michell Whitley, 309, 315 ; — high
altar furnishings, 309, 310 ; — pyx,
311 ; — altar cloths, 310 ; — crosses,
311 ; —chalice, 812 ; —paten, 312 ; —
cruets, 312 ; — super-altars, 312 ; —
vestments, 312, 313 ; — chest, 312 ;

— images, 314; — candlesticks, 31 1 ,
312, 314 ; — banner, 314 ; — Lenten
veils, 314

Church Goods Commission in Devon
(1549-52), by Miss B. F. Cresswell,
238 ; — Records of, 288 ; — - church
plate, 238 ; — sums realized, 239 ;

— chalices, 239 ; — goods sold, 239 ;

— bells, 241 ; — inventories, 241-55
Clifton - Dartmouth - Hardness, the

Borough of, and its Mayors and
Mayoralties, by E. Windeatt, 120 ;

— history of, 120 ; — charters, 126 ;

— mayors, 131

Clifton (Dartmouth), Manor House at,
25

Climate of Devon, Twenty-ninth Re-
port of the Committee on, 105 ; —
observers, 106 ; — stations, 106 ;

— statistics, 107

Colridge, Hundred of, 190 ; — general
remarks on the Hundred, townships,
and ti things, 190 ; — Domesday
Hundred of, 193 ; — estates of the
Hundred, 201 ; — summary of
estates, 227 ; index, 228

Committees, List of, 34, 35 ; — Barrow,
34 ; — Botany, 35 ; — Camps, 85 ; —
Church Plate, 35 ; — Climate, 35 ;

— Dartmoor Exploration, 35 ; —
Entertainments, 84, 85 ; — Folk-
lore, 34 ; — Index, 35 ; — Manu-

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

INDEX.

435

scripts and Records, 35 ; — Place
of Meeting, 34 ; — Revision of
Roles, 35 ; — Scientific Memoranda,
34 ; — Verbal Provincialisms, 34

Contents, Table of, 5

Conversazione at Dartmouth, 29

Cordulegaster annulatus, 260

Corrigenda, 438

Council, Meetings of, 22, 29 ; — mem-
bers of, 9 ; — report of, 20

Cresswell, Miss Beatrix F., The Church
Goods Commission in Devon (1549-
52), 238

Croft, Sir Alfred, 25, 28

Dartmouth, 120 ; — Arms of, 120, 123;

— charters, 126 ; — corporation
maces, 23; — history of, 120;
mayors of, 22, 28, 29, 131 ; — seal
of, 122, 169 ; — silver oar, 23

Churches of: — Kiugswear,

162; — St. Petroc's, 25 ; — St
Saviour's, 25, 154, 168, 170; —
Tunstall, 149, 167, 168, 170

Dartmouth, The Borough of, and its
Mayors and Mayoralties, by E.
Windeatt, 120

Dartmouth and its Churches, Dr. Oliver
on, by E. Windeatt, 166 ; — Tun-
stall, 167, 168, 170 ; — St. Saviour's,
168, 170

Dartmouth Churches, The Foundation
and Early History of, by Hugh R.
Watkin, 149 ; — Kingswear, 162 ;

— St Saviour's, 154 ; — Tunstall,
149

Dartmouth as a Parliamentary
Borough, by J. J. Alexander, 350 ;

— Introduction, 350 ; — Schedule
of Members, 359 ; — Biographical
Index, 365

Dartmouth, Proceedings at, 22 ; —
reception by mayor, 22, 23; —
speech by Sir Roper Lethbridge,
23 ; — visit to Naval College, 24 ;

— Dartmouth Castle, 24 ; — popu-
lar lecture, 25, 26, 27 ; — Sharp-
ham, 29 ; — Totnes, 29 ; — conver-
sazione, 29, 30; — Slapton, 30

— Stokenham, 30 ; — Widdicombe
House, 30 ; — Asherne, 30 ; — Stoke
Fleming, 30

Deer Park, Stoke Fleming, 33

Diptera, 256

Durant- Parker, Oxley, 29

•' Dynham's (The Lord) Lands," bv R.
Pearse Chope, 269 ; — description,
269 ; — manors, 269-84 ; — - cus-
toms and remembrances, 285; —
manorial courts, 285 ; — franchises,
286 ; — advowson, 286 ; — heriots,

287 ; — surveys and fines, 287 ; —
Widow's estate, 287 ; — customary
tenures, 288 ; — service at Courts,
289 ; — service at Lord's Mill,
289 ; — cultivation of waste, 290 ;

— right of commons, 290 ; —
the Reeve, 291 ; — stray animals,
291 ; — compulsory residence, 291

Errata, 488

Evan-Thomas, Capt Hugh, R.N., 24,

29
Exeter, St Kieran's Church, Inventory

of Church Goods of, 309, 315

Ffolliott, C. N., 23

Finlay, P., 23

Financial Statement, 32, 33

Flavell, John, by E. Windeatt, 172;

— Bibliography of, 184

Flies in Devon, by Miss F. C. Bridson,
256 ; — Diptera, 256 ; — Ichneu-
monidcv, 256, 258 ; — Chrysididce,
257 ; — Trogus atropos, 258 ; —
Hymenoptera, 258 ; — Asilus crab-
roniformis, 259 ; — Cordulegaster
annulatus, 260 ; — Libellula de-
presses, 260 ; — Calopteryx virgo,
260

Folk-lore, Twenty-fifth Report of the
Committee on, 63

Follet, F., 22

General Meetings, 22, 28

Geology, Submarine, Bibliography of,

307
Glasscombe Ball, 348
Grant, W. J., 22

Granville, Rev. Roger, Obituary of, 39
Graves, Admiral, 409, 411, 412, 417,

418
Gregory, A. R„ 29
Gnnfield, 25

Hamilton, A. H. A., Obituary of, 40

Hardness, 120, 121

Hatherleigh, Pages from a Manuscript

History of, by J. M. Martin, 403
Hatherleigh Church House, 406 ; —

Grant temp. Hen. VIII, 406
Hermits of St Augustine, Order of,

157, 158, 170
Hiern, H. P., Third Report of the

Botany Committee, 97
On Rubus in Devon : Some

Account of its Distribution, 319
Holdsworth, A. F., 30
Hunt, A. R , ou Modern Science and

Submarine Wave* Action, 293
Hymenoptera, 260

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

436

INDEX.

Ichneumonidce, 256, 258

Index to Mr. Reichel's Paper on the

Hundred of Colridge, 228
Inventory of the Church Goods of

St. Kieran's Church, Exeter, 815

Jeffery, T. B., Ohituary of, 41
Joce, J. T., An Ancient British Track-
way, 262

Kingswear Castle, 25

Kingswear Church, 162 ; — dedication,
168 ; — gift of land to, by William
de Vasci, 162, 168; — chapel of
Brixham, 164

Lanhydrock, 407, 408

Lawson, Sergt. T., R.G.A., 25

Laycock, C. H., Twenty-fourth Re-
port of the Committee on Devon-
shire Provincialisms, 75

Lecture by R. Hansford Worth, 25-28

Lethbridge, Sir Roper, 8peech by, 23,
29

Libellula depressa, 260

Linkinhorne, 407

List of Members, 419

Plates, 7

Lort-Phillips, B., 22, 28, 29

Martin, J. M. , Pages from a Manuscript
History of Hatherleigh, " Page 3,"
Thomas Roberts, Schoolmaster, Part
1,403

Mayors of Dartmouth, 22, 28, 29, 131 ;

— Ralph the Tailor, 131 ; — John
Guillevole, 181 ; —William de Forsa,
182 ; — Roger Poole, 132, 133 ; —
William Clark, 132 ; — John Gordon,
133 ; — Henry de Wyleleigh, 133 ;

— John Matthew, 133 ; — Geoffrey
Boghyer, 133 ; — Ralph Bruwer,
133 ; — John Cottiller, 133 ; —
William Aysheldene, 183 ; — John
Clerk, 133 ; — William Henry, 134 ;

— John Wheteue, 134 ; — William
Borwe, 134 ; — William Knolle,
134, 136 ; — John Hawlegh, 134,
136, 137 ; — William Clerk, 136,
139; — Richard Harry, 136; —
John Brasseter, 136 ; — John Harry,
136: — John Hawle, 137; —
William Daniyott, 137 ; — John
Hawley, 137 ; — Edmund Arnold,
137, 138 ; — John Foxley, 138, 139 ;

— Richard Loudon, 138 ; — Richard
Row, 138 ; — William Glover, 139 ;

— Thomas Cudmore, 139 ; —
Thomas Asshendon, 139 ; — John
More, 139 ; — Nicholas Stebbyng,
139, 140 ; — John Walsh, 139 ; —
Richard Carswell, 140; — John

Brushford, 140 ; — Robert Stephyn,
140 ; — Robert Wemington, 140 ;

— Robert Bowyer, 140 ; — William
Forster, 140 ; — John Fyssher, 140 ;

— William Harvey, 141 ; —Thomas
Luke, 141 ; — Richard Cade, 141 ;

— Richard Marke, 141 ; — Thomas
Gale, 141 ; — Walter Amadas, 141,
142; — Richard Willyam, 141 ; —
William Orynge, 141 ; — William
Focray, 141 ; — Robert Holand,
142; — Thomas Erie, 142; —
Nicholas Service, 142 ; — John
Rede, 142, 143 ; — John Fleming,
142; — Roberte Sperte, 143; —
Anthony Haynyng, 143 ; — John
Anthony, 143 ; — Richard Prideaux,
143 . — William Hollando, 144 ; —
Thomas Holland, 144 ; — Hugh
Tanner, 144 ; — Ivo Eaten, 144 ; —
Gilbert Roope, 144 ; — John Plum-
leigh, 145 ; — Thomas Plumleigh,
146 ; — Staplinge, 146 ; — Robert
Martin, 146

Meeting, Places of, 10.

Meetings of the Council, 22, 29 ; —

General, 22, 28
Members of Council, 9

List of, 419

Members of Parliament for Dartmouth,

359 ; — Biographical Index to, 365
Members of Parliament for Tavistock,

871 ; — Biographical Index to, 396
Moore, Stuart, 29

Nance, J. T., 23

Naval College, Dartmouth, 24, 29

Oar (silver) of Dartmouth, 23
Obituaries:— Dr. T. N. Brushfield, 36;

— Rev. R. Granville, 39 ;— A. H. A.
Hamilton, 40 ; — T. B. Jeffery, 41 ;

— W. Pring, 41 ; — Trelawney W.
Saunders, 42

Officers, List of, 9

Packe, Miss, 30

Palfrey, R., 23

Papers, Reading of, 25, 28

Parliamentary History of Dartmouth,
350 ; — of Tavistock, 371

Peek, C, 30

Places of Meeting, List of, 10

Plates, List of, 7

Polygala at Sharpham, 29

Pope, Sydney J., 23, 29

Presidential Address, 44 ; — Kent's
Cavern, 44 ; — Palaeolithic Age in
'Devon, 45 ; — Neolithic men as
dolmen builders, 45 ; — their
wanderings, 45, 46 ; — their type,
45 ; — tombs, 45 ; — Drewsteignton

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

INDEX.

437

Cromlech, 45, 58; — Stone Age,
46 ; — Bronze Age, 46, 47 ; — In-
vention of bronze, 46, 47 ; — Dart-
moor in the Bronze Age, 48 ; — bogs
on Dartmoor, 48 ; — hut circles, 49 ;

— pounds, 50 ; — other settlements
on Dartmoor, 50; — population,
50 ; — not tin workers, 50, 51 ; —
ancient blowing-house near Hex-
worthy, 51 ; — Romans not mine
exploiters on Dartmoor, 51 ; —
finds in hut circles, 51 ; — menhirs,
52; — stone circles, 52 ; kistvaens,
52 ; — stone rows, 52, 53 ; — dol-
mens, 53 ; — Sir Norman Lockycr's
views, 53 ; — prehistoric graves in
S.W. England, 54 ; — Stonehenge,
54, 55 ; — civilization in Egypt
compared, 56

Pring, Walter, Obituary of, 41
Proceedings at the Fiftieth Meeting,

22
Provincialisms of Devon, Twenty-
fourth Report of the Committee on,
75 ; — List of Contributors, 76

Radford, Mrs. G. H., Twenty-fifth
Report of the Folk-lore Committee,
63; — Witchcraft at Morchard
Bishop, 63 ; — Powers of electricity
at Bovey Tracey, 66 ; — Buckfast-
leigh Bounds, 70; — Devonshire
customs, 72; — Pretty Maid of
Holsworthy, 72; — A Devonshire
^yingt 73 ; Manaton Cross, 73

Rcichel, Rev. O. J., The Early History
of the Hundred of Cadehntona or
Colridge, 190

Report of the Council, 20 ; — of the
Treasurer, 32, 33

Robartes, Lord, 407

Roberts, Anthony, 407 ; — John, 407 ;

— Miss, 407

Roberts, Thomas (schoolmaster of
Hatherleigh), 403, 404 ; — birth-
place, 404 ; — birth of, 410, 411 ; —
father of, 408 ; — his family aud
connections, 407, 410 ; — sons of,
411 ; — appointed midshipman.
412; —accident to, 413, 414, 417 ;
leaves the Navy, 418 ; — school-
master at Hatherleigh, 405, 406

Row, R., 22

Rubus in Devon : some Account of its
Distribution, by W. P. Hiern, 319

Rules and Bye-laws, 11

St. Kieran's Church, Exeter, an in-
ventory of the Church Goods of,
309, 315

St Petroc's Church, Dartmouth, 25,
155, H6, 157, 158, 160, 161, 167 j

St. Saviour's Church, Dartmouth, 154,
168, 170 ; — grant by Edward I,
154; — gift of land by William
Bacon for Diiilding Church, 154 ; —
Order of Hermits of St. Augustine,
167, 158, 170 ; — William Bacon,
158 ; — license for Oratory, 158 ;
— Chapel of St. Clare, 159, 160

Saunders, Trelawney W., Obituary of,
42

Scannell, J., 23

Seal of Dartmouth, 122, 169

Sharpham, 29

Silver Oar, Dartmouth, 23

Slapton Village, 30 ; Slapton Priory,
30

Spun-ell's Cross, 348

Standing Orders, 15

Stannaries (The) : the Story of the
Western Tin Miner, Lecture by R.
Hansford Worth, 25-8

Statement of Account, 32, 83

Stock in hand, 21

Stoke Fleming, 30

Stokenham, 80; — Widdicombe
House at, 30

Stokes, General, 30

8tone Rows of Dartmoor, Part IX, by
R. Hansford Worth, 348

Submarine Geology, Bibliography of,
307

Swincombe, 51, 95

Tavistock as a Parliamentary Borough,
by J. J. Alexander, 371 ; — intro-
duction, 371 ; — period of divided
influence, 372; — period of the
Bedford Connexion, 378 ; — period
of New Whiffs, 885 ; — period of
the Reformed Borough, 387 ; —
schedule of members, 390 ; — bio-
graphical index, 396

Thanks, 409

Torcroas, 30

Tor Point, 404, 405, 408, 409, 410

Torre Abbey, Cartularies of, 149, 150,
154

Totnes, 29 ; — Seven Stars Hotel at,
29

Tracey, Rev. H. F., 22. 25

Trackway, An ancient British, by J. T.
Joce, 262 ; — its course westwards,
262 ; — its course eastwards, 265

Transactions, Stock of, 21

Treasurer's Report, 32, 33

Trogus atropos, 258

Tucker, Major, R. C, 29

Tunstall Church, 149, 167, 170; —
derivation of name, 149 ; — deeds
relating to, 149, 160, 151 ; — dedica-
tion, 151, 162; — Stephanus de

Digitized by VjOOQ IC

438 INDEX.

Tunstal, donor of church, 152, 153 ; i Dartmouth-Hardness and its Mayors
— effigy of Simon Rede, last Abbot ' and Mayoralties, 120
of Torre, 153 j Windeatt, £., John Flavell, a notable

Dartmouth Puritan and his Biblio-
graphy, 172

Watkin, Hugh R. t The Founda- Dr. George Oliver on Dart-

tion and Early History of Dart- mouth and its Churches, 166

mouth and Kingswear Churches, ■ Worth, R. Hansford, 29

149 : Worth, R. Hansford, Thirtieth Re-

Wave-action, Marine, by A. R. Hunt, port of the Barrow Committee, 95

293 ; — wearing of sands by waves, Twenty - ninth

294 Report of the Committee on the

Whitley, H. Michell, An Inventory of Climate of Devon, 105

the Church Goods of St. Kieran's Stone Rows of

Church, Exeter, a.d. 1417, 309 Dartmoor, Part IX, 348

Widdicombe House, 30 ' On The Stanna-

Wilh, Stock of, 21 ' ries : the Story of the Western Tin

Windeatt, E , 29 I Miner, his Privileges and his

Windeatt, E., The Borough of Clifton- 1 Methods, 25-8

ERRATA IN VOLUME XLII.

Page 211, line 4. For " Hencocks " read " Hensman."
Page 278, line 23. For " Northamptonshire " read " Northampton."
Page 276, line 9. For " 1661 " read " 1661-1679."
Page 276, line 23. For «« (1642-1718) " read " (1647-1717)."
Page 279, third line from bottom. For " Le Black " read «■ the Black."
Page 280, line 11. After " Cotter's " insert " or Court Farm."
Page 281, seventh line from bottom. For " Earl " read " Marquess."
Page 289, line 29. For " 1884 " read " 1876."
Page 303, fifth line from bottom. For " Bays " read " Boys. "
Page 304, line 6. For " Lure " read " lure."
Page 304, line 25. For "Thoreston " read " Moreston."
Page 314, line 22, and page 315, line 8. For "J. T." read " J. F."
Page 317, line 21. For " Pentesford " read " Pontesford."
Page 318, fourth line from bottom. For "Frank Cheyne" read "Frank-
cheyne."
Page 323, line 11. For " curate " read " vicar."
Page 323, line 31. Delete " Wadham."

Page 327, lino 26. For " The same " read " George, 4th Earl of Egremont."
Page 332, last line. For " Kentesbeare " read •• Kentisbeare."
Page 335. After " Sir John " (No. 2) insert «« ob. 1573." For " William of
Nornngton " read c< John of Norrington." For " Barbara, d. of Sir G. Clarke *
read 4t Henrietta Stratford." For "Henrietta Stratford" read "Barbara
Smith." For " Laetitia Heathcote " read " Ellen, dau. of Rev. Samuel Heath-
cote."

Page 344, line 34. For " sold " read " leased."

Page 344, line 36. Insert " sold " before the word "to."

Page 359, line 15. For " Morris" read " Morrish."

Page 359, line 23. After " Cadleigh " insert the word " afterwards."

Page 448, line 40. For " Cornwood " read " Cornworthy."

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