Expression Of The Emotions In Man And Animals

INTRODUCTION. 5

Burgess, appeared in 1839, and to this work I shall fre-
quently refer in my thirteenth Chapter.

In 1862 Dr. Duchenne published two editions, in
folio and octavo, of his ' Mecanisme de la Physionomie
Humaine/ in which he analyses by means of electricity,
and illustrates by magnificent photographs, the move-
ments of .the facial muscles. He has generously per-
mitted me to copy as many of his photographs as I de-
sired. His works have been spoken lightly of, or quite
passed over, by some of his countrymen. It is possible
that Dr. Duchenne may have exaggerated the impor-
tance of the contraction of single muscles in giving ex-
pression; for, owing to the intimate manner in whicli |(
the muscles are connected, as may be seen in Henle's }f
anatomical drawings 7—the best I believe ever published f
—it is difficult to believe in their separate action. Never- |
theless, it is manifest that Dr. Duchenne clearly appre- |
hended this and other sources of error, and as it is known -"
that he was eminently successful in elucidating the ?
physiology of the muscles of the hand by the aid of elec- t
tricity, it is probable that he is generally in the right |
about the muscles of the face. In my opinion, Dr. |
Duchenne has greatly advanced the subject by his treat- *'
ment of it. No one has more carefully studied the con- *
traction of each separate muscle, and the consequent ;
furrows produced on the skin. He has also, and this is *
a very important service, shown which muscles are least ',
under the separate control of the will. He enters very '(
little into theoretical considerations, and seldom at- i
tempts to explain why certain muscles and not others f
contract under the influence of certain emotions. |

A distinguished French anatomist, Pierre Gratiolet,

7 ' Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomic des Men- I

schen.' Band I. Dritte Abtheilung, 1858. ' 1