The Loom Of Language

Modern Descendants of Latin

383

Spanish verb are much closer (p 183) to those of its Latin parent than
are those of the French or Italian verb; but change of stress has led to
changes of the stem vowel, and irregularities so produced have been
levelled less than in French. So the stem of a verb, whose French
equivalent usually has the same vowel throughout, may ring the
changes on 05 KB, and Uzsmiduermo (I sleep), dortmmos (we sleep),

TO HAVE IN THE ROMANCE FAMILY

FRENCH
PORTUGUESE
SPANISH
LATIN
ITALIAN

f
j'ai
hei
he
habeo
ho

tu as
has
has
habes
hai

ila
ha
ha
habet
ha

Present s
nous avons
bavemos
hemos
habemus
abbiamo

vous avez
haveis or heis
habeis
habetis
avete

I
ils ont
hao
hag
habent
hanno

j 'avais
havia
habia
habebam
avevo

tu a\ais
havias
habias
habebas
avevi

il avait nous avions
havia haviamos
habla nabiamos
habebat habebamus
aveva avevamc

vous aviez
havieis
hablais
habebatis
avevate

ils avaient
haviam
habfan
habebant
avevano

f
j'eus
houve
hube
habui
ebbi

tu eus
houveste
hubiste
habuisti
avesti

Past j
iJ cut
houve
hubo
habuit
ebbe

Definite 1
nous eumes
houvemos
hubimos
habuimus
avenuno

vous eutes
houvestes
hubisteis
habuistis
aveste

I
ils eurent
houveram
hubieron
habuerunt
ebberc

j'auisi
haverei
habre

avrd

tu auras
haveras
habras

avrai

il aura
baveii
habra
see
avr&

nous aurons
haver emos
habremos
P 183
avremo

vous aurez
havereis
habreis

avrete

ils auront
haverao
habran

avranno

j'aurais
bavena
habria

avrei

tu aurais
havenas
habnas

avresti

il aurait
havena
habria
see
avrebbe

nous aunons
havenamos
habnamos
p 183
avremnio

vous aunez
haveneis
habriais

avreste

ils auraient
havenim
habrlan

avrebbero

j'aie
haja
hava
habeam
abbia

tu aies il ait nous ayons vous ayez ils aient
hajas haja hajamos hajais ha> am
hayas haya hayamos hayais hayan
habeas habeat habeamus habeatis habeant
abbia or abbi abbia abbiamo abbiate abbiano

Imperative f
aie ayez
ha havei
hi habed
habe habete
abbi abbiate

Present \ Participle / Past \ Participle J
ajant eu
havendo havido
habiendo habido
habens habitum
avendo avuto

Infinitrve
AVOIR
HAVER
HABER
HABERE
AVERE

durmimdo (sleeping) The modern French equivalents are je dors, nous
dormons, dormant
Other internal irregularities of the written language are purely ortho-
graphiCjie they are penalties of the regularity of Spanish spelling Thus
a final -C standing for the hard K sound in the stem of a Spanish verb
becomes QU, if the verb ending begins with E or I This change^ which