The Victorian naturalist

THE

Victorian Naturalist

THE JOURNAL AND MAGAZINE

of the

FIELD NATURALISTS CLUB OF VICTORIA

in which is incorporated

The Micrescopical Society of Victoria

VOL. 73

MAY, 1956, TO APRIL, 1957

Hon. Editor: N. A. Wakefield

The pstatements and «piniins recorded in articles and papera herein are the
responsibility of the respective authors and do not necessarily indieate the policy
or opinigns of the Club,

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The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 73—No. 1 MAY 10, 1956 Neo. Be
PROCEEDINGS

The General Meeting, held at the National Herbaritm on April
9, 1956, tonk the form of a combined meeting with the Anthropo-
logical Society of Victoria and the Frankston Field Naruralists
Club. Mr. John Moir, donor of the Australian Natural History
Medallion, was welcomed to the meeting.

Upon receipt of a letter on the subject, the Club decided to join
with the Wimmera F.N.C_in protesting against the proposal to hald
an open season fer possums.

The President presented the 1955 Australian Natural History
Medallion to Mr, S, R. Mitchell, of Frankston, and spoke of his
outstanding work in the felds of ethnology and geology. Dr.
Wishart supported his remarks, and Mr. Mitchell responded.

Mentwn was made of the passing of Mr. F, J, Bishop, and
Messrs. Swaby and Woollard spoke of his service to natural history,

‘fhe Presidente reverred to the display of wildflowers to be ar-
ranged by the Bank of New South Wales during the Olympic
Games, and called for siggestions from members as to whar wild-
flowers would be available in November.

Mr. W.L. Williams spoke on the Snowy Mountains in winter,
and showed a series of coloured slides of the Monata and Kns-
ciuske areas tinder snow,

Mr. Hugh Wilson spoke on the deputation to the Premier to urge
lezislation for Natignal Parks. The hope was expressed that ia new
bill would ensure adequate of the countryside and its fora and fauia
in the reserved areas,

Mr_H. Stewart referred to the destruction in Western Australia,
in a four years period, of 10,7tt eagles and $9,371 emus, He re-
ferred to National Parks, and urged that there should he some close
reserves which would not he despored with the idea of making then
available to people,

Mr. N. Wakefield asked inembers to show at interest in the
Youth Movements Ceammittee which Council had decided should
he re-constitured. He requested thac those who had Club copies of
the Victorian Naturalest should return them or inform the librarian,
ior checking purposes; and that any back nuinbers of the journal,
net required further by members, should he handed back to the Club.

Mr. Swaby asked the meeting ta vote on the idea of holding an-
nual Nature Shows. This was approved, though one member spake
against the idea stating that the last two shows had returned little
or na monetary gait.

2 Pracending.s tae ~

Mrs. H, Conway, Miss C. Bruck, Miss E. Herbstreit and Miss
B. Perrott were elected as Ordinary Members. and Mr. G, Booth
asa Country Member. The President welcomed them ta the ranks
af the Club. Two nominations for menibership were received.

Mr, John Bechervaise was nominater by the Club for receipt of
the 1956 Natural History Medallion.

Exhibits included some marine shells by Mr. Gabriel, aboriginal
Weapons by Mr. Mollison and cultivated native flowers by Mr,
Hammiet.

Mr, Wakefield showed two torn Brown Flycatcher nests and one
ofthe Biack-faced Flycatcher which had beer conimented om in the
April Naturalist.

The meeting was adjourned at 10.30 p.m. for the usual con-
versazione. ,

EDITORIAL

This month, the first munber of Volume 73 of the Fictorian,
Naturalist has been printed, and this issue begms with the ttle
page of the new volume. The index ts to be incorporated at the etid
ut the twelfth part, that of April 1956, so it will not appear as a
separate unit. It is, considered that. this arrangement will be an im-
provement of that of the past thirty years, when indexes were
issued atmouth or so after the conclusion of their respective volumes.

There ts usually a preponderance of potamical material avatlable
for the journal, so contributions are invited on zoological, geolo-
weal and anthropological subjects. Papers ancl articles should he
typed or written in a clear hand, with sufficient apace between the
lines and at the margins for the necessary editing. Authors should
tiate the format tsed in the joutnal, particularly as regards the
method of printing dates, references, techincal names, etc.

Tf the journal pleases you, then consider how it can be improved ;
if it does not, thei make shift to remedy the situation ; but remember
that, at all imes, the Ficterian Naturalist is what YOU make it,

MARINE BIOLOGY AND ENTOMOLOGICAL GROUPS

At the last meeting of the F.N.C.V. Couucil, it wan decided that some of
the Club's special groups should be revised, particularly the Marine Biology
Group and perhaps the Entomolagical Group. The matter will be ‘brought
before the jorthcoming May General Mecting, aad those who will not be at
that meeting and who are interested m one of these subjects showld com-
municate with Mr, J. W. HL Strong, c/o Legislative Council, Pachament
Howse, Metheurte.

May ye ‘
1686 Vhe Fietetian Natyrolrsl 3

EXCURSION TO CMELTENHAM PARK

Gn Saturday, Morel 3, about thirty people. including several siembers of
the Cheltenham Park Planning Cunminlttve atid of the Beaumaris ‘Tree Pre-
sttvshion Suviety, were present to inspect the progres wade up w date wt
converting the Park nito. a reserve for native fora. The Mayor of Mowrahtiun
LCr. Wishart) also altended during the aftenagan

The tustory of the Park Planning Conmiittee was briefly traverl, Iran
S51 when a public meeting was called hy the Cheltenham Progress \450-
ciation ta cansider planinue the Park with native flord, One map shows) te
those present showed the general Javaur of the Park, while & second ony
idigatedl haw a was divided into huntred-foot squares and how it was
Proposed to arfange varios groupings of plants

Vhe strips, each a huudred feer wide, ruining parallel ta Park Read are
labelled by capstal Jetters, whole those TUnNiNY north and south are designated
by Siall Jetters. Ary particular square 15 then idendhed by ysing ong capital
and one sniali Jetter, At the corner of each square there is a white past with
four letters correspondme ta those for the four adjoining squares.

The first area inspected had been plarited last September after the rendval
af two Jarge pine trees. Same of the plants noud te he daing particularly well
ineloded Melalince hvpertetfolia, Leschemanttta bilobe, Acueda brome and
A, dynam. The parts went on te some other areas where several
hanksia species are making spectacular progress, aud Bor my heloraphylia,
Correa veflera, Prostaithera species, and Kangaroo Paws were scen to be
dome parle ularly well,

When the party watked towards the western end of the Park; there were
many comments an the heautvy of the two avals. They are surrounded by
thick banks of treed. include Mauna Gti, Mabhowaniy Guais, Late Black
Water, Coast Tea-tree, Cherry Baliafas, ancl Cooramondra Wastles. Swainp
Guing and Red Guing were also seen near the Western Oval, and Sweet
Kursaria 33 quite comuon there,

While making aur way back along a pathway whiell passes ta the south of
the evals, We were joined hy Mrs. Temple- Warts who livery close hy and
visits the Park almost every day, Ste has Tound nine species af orchids which
still graw ut fe Park, and she was able to give the exeursionists much in-
formation aboue the many spevies of birds which frequent the area and those
which are known to nest there.

Alter some further inspection of the planted erea, Mr FE. Hanks moved a
vate af thanks for what ho described ag a very enjoyable and iniarnrative
excursion, and this was carried with acclamation. The erreat mlerest shown
hy those who attended was certaluly niost encouraging i the leader of the
Excursion, tothe Chelrenham Park Planning Cominittee and to the Maorabhin
Council.

—A E Braoxs

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

Av the March meeting of the Group, Mr, K. WW, Atkins lectured on the
subject of botany He was assisted by Mr, C. Middictun who shower travs-
verse sections etc., Breatly enlurged on the sereon. by means of his excels
lent projector, Mr, C, Nance commented on seme of his own slides and their
staining, they being screened also.

The April ayecting was moat suecesstul also, with Mr. W) Evans speaking
om pheto-micrography, hoch in black and white and ii colour This was
demonstrated in a very practical manner.

Although ‘not a microscopical subject, the showing af Kodachrouns of
Western Australian wildflowers, by Miss Jean Woollard, was a delightful
festure of the meeting.

Por the meetig ot May 16, Mr. D, Moles will take the subject of rock

4 Microscopical Grawp ee s ;

sections in the realm of Geology. Members art requested ta bring along their
mictoscopes and some appropriate slides.

Mr, Metnuves hag been elected the Group's new leader, following the retire-
ment of Dr, R, M. Wishart, The future promises. well for eeoup activities,
several new members and ¢ number of encouraging enquines point to rising
interest In this, special field,

EARLY VICTGRIAN RECORDS OF THE BROWN WARELER

While the April issue of the Victorian Naturalist was in press. with the
article entitled “The Browa Warbler in Eastern Victoria’, it was ascertained
that this bird was listed a3 Victorian it three places priv iw the publication
ot AL J. Campbell's Vests ond Buys of otnstyation Birdy, The references are
as fellows:
Sauthern Sctehee Record & Gl (U882)—tinder “Oolegy of Australian
Birds” (Part TW3, by A. J, Camphell,

Miaetorion Nateralist 1; 66 CAugust 1884)—under “Victorian Fauna. Class
Tf, Aves- Birdy”, by ‘T, A. Furbes-Leith and A, J) Campbell.

Victorian, Naturalist 6: 33 (May-June 1889}—under “Trip te Croajingo-
lang", by Professor Raldwin Spencer and C. French, FLL S-

Furthermore, the hirtl was known from the Mirchell River jungles (iver
forty years ago. Tt appeared in a list appended to an article, ‘Bird-life ar the
Upyer Mitchell” (ne. Deadeock and Bull Creeks), by F. J. Thomas. Ref
Vectorian Naturalist 28, 200 (February (912).

[t would be ioteresting te know whoa observed the Brewn Warbler in Vic
lovia prtor to 1882,

An error in citation should he corrected; lun line 3] of page 185 of bast
month's /ictorian Natnvaliyt, "237" should read “2O3", in the reference to
Elliott's paper.

Also, in the article last month, near the 1oot of page 178, the word “presum-
ably’ was inadvertently onutted. The distribution, as piven by Camphell,
should read “front South Queensland to presumably Eastern Victoria”.

—N. A. Wankerietp

VICTORIAN FLORA SEVEN MILES FROM G.P.O.

Tn December last. a boy of twelve, 9 valued worker at Sydenham, drew
attention to a spar on Crartliner’s Creek, near the Alamein czicket grountL
Vhe area has never been cultivated and this bend o1 the creele bas so escaped
trampling as to be almost tree from intradyetions. High summer as pet an
weal time for making a census, but 33 species are listed. I) is a Red Gum
plant association, one beautiful tree dominating the entrance to the ground

Plants listed are—Common Maidenkair, 3 grasses. Lusule, Lepidarperima
taterate, & lilies, Aypoxis, Micratis, Sundew, Bursaria, 2 waitles, fesse,
Poranthera, Prmetga Arintlrs, ©, cnyvtflora, Red Gum (seeding), Silky Tea-
tcee. Swamp Paper-bark, 2 Malarayis, Nevtera, Centaury, Gaedenia evata
und Leptorrhynchus teusifolins, To the writer, i appears that east has mei
west when maidenhair and Goodeniu owvuta etcur ai the same smal) area as
Cuesia vithiia and Punglea curviflora.

Fortunately the survival is in Camberwell City and was looked into as 3007
as attention was drayyn to it. About 600 square yards have been selected for a
sanctuary. The Superintendent of Parks and Gardens inlends bo piluceed with
the feneing as soon as. a break in the weather makes available the man hours.
now heing given to watering the City’s young trees.

—W. Wanpet.

Mes The Pictoriun Naterntist 3

A NEW TRIGGER-PLANT FROM THE NORTHERN TERRITORY
By Ries Erwesowt and J. GB. Wivuist

STYLIDIUM QUADRIFURCATUM Erickson & Hillas}

species nova subgeneris dirdersonim mserenda, ob forinam eoralle
$. fiszlotnnt Fo Muelf, et S) intseicalam F, Muctl. accedit setl
differt ah utrogue statura parviore atque modo auctus (stapo
uiticod: Sy marscicola {ota pauva infra frondem rosulatam (folio
quoque 1-2 cw, lata) fert, cius calyx usitale onmming glandule-
posus lobis obtusis dum. petwla (quanquam bifida) non late
turcata sunt, S. fissitobum folia dispersa parva limearia bracti-
fornia solum fert, eius flas §, ierscicole simillimys sed calvee
minus glandulo-pilasa.
<tr circiter 7 om. alts, glabra, ainluflora, amento albidohyalino infra frondem
risilataitt, Falta eire, 5, faxulata (ad basin conlis), = sessilia, lave ovow, ice, 3 mm
longa. Scoger unicys, sed anultie rans qui emergere iuferne incipiiunt, jy paribus ine
ferigrinus pullior, Calyy linearis, ad Morinenent vie 10 aon, langus wed usque ad LS ran.
predoeens, omning glaler preter pilorum pancorum Catandihus) prone basin: loberany:
lobt perbreves, aculi, gurum ducihus pene usqae wi apices connatis, Coralie etre & mm.
lata, pallida, petalis permberualitus, Lubus quate calvels kot paulo longior, lntey petala
anteriors protund) ls incigus petala omnia reyulvriter Jato Turoata, part antertore bifida
ereéio et trrentem longitudinin petilurand alordm Vix albegesty, pay) justeriore binito
Isie expandenti ere. Samm lange: fans aypenticule prominentes, saldvin daw (quad
viguini), later, obi ct Min S. schesenthy siniles, sed glandes marsitiales abeentes; label:
Diem monn anyistum agiepiatuonue, Dy suparhiie tub) corathke vitra meisunun atin
Coleman practiia, corolla cire. secqueilgnys.
A sinall glabrowe plam, aboyt 7 cor high, with numerous Aowers and a
transparent whitish caul sheathing the stock below the basal rosette of leaves.
Leaves aout 5, dark yreen, rosulate at ase of stem, more or less ses-
sile. broadly uvate, about J rom, lung Seape style, with numerous branches
spreading from rather low on the seape, darker in the lower parts, with
minute narrow bracts subtencding the branches and bases pf the fawers.
Calya linear, scarcely 1 um, at time of flowering, but lengthening later To
12 mor: lobes very short, pointed, two af therm connate alminst to the apices,
glabrous throuwhout except for a lew glandulac hairs incur the bases ot the
lobes, Corolla about G mm, wide, pale, with very wrejual petals; tube a little
longer than the calyx lobes, mnure deeply incised between the anterror petals.
Petals all regularly and widely dorked; anterior yar biid, erect, less whan
a third the length of the other petals; posterior pair bifid, about 5 men. tong,
spreatfing broadly. 77roat appendages prominent, at least 2 (as far as seen),
broad, obtuse and sinufar to those OF S. tchisinttdn: but no mareinal lands
present, Lubelwnt situated on the outer wall of the corolla (abe below the
incision, minute, narrow and pointed. Colamm slender, about as long as the
carola,

Epithet: In alhision to the four broadly forked petals
Vornacntor nastie: Four-prong Trigger-plant,
Mabital: On low-lying wet ground ver water-courses.

Represontotive fovatities: NORTHERN TERRITORY — Pine Creck
(HOLOTYPE in MEL—!), HH. Neethadn, Apr. 4. ex Herb, Fo M
Reader) ) ‘South te trituraries af McKinjey River” (MEL and K-—R&, Tale,
No. 23, #1882).

The new species ig clore to 5. fssdotinnt FE. Mueth and S. meseicola F.
Muslk (of the tropical subwenus Audersonia) in te forms of as corolla. tyut
differs. iv habit of growth—with single, short, nimch-branched scape. These

*Pairiga", Halgar, W. Anse,
t National Hethaccam of Victoria, S, Yarra, Vie.

: . ; i :
6 Erickson and Wittrs, A New Trigger-plant tee a

latter species are oth taller and larger. S arescicole is sparsely leafy below
the rosette which is much larger (leaves 1-2 cm. wide); its petals, though
bifid, are not as widely forked, while the calyx is usually entirely glandular-
hairy and has blunt lobes. S$, fissifoueee: bears only small, linear, bract-like
tuaves scattered along the stem: the flower is similar to 9. aniscicala, but
with less ylandular-hairy calyx.

The foregoing description is based upen dried, but well-preserved. speci-
mens which were found among sheets of Stylidiuw: schizaniiuen at the
National Herbarium, Melbourne. Living material should he studied, whenever
available, since it may yield additional data on the throat appendages—so
dificult te examine salisfactorily in pressed flowers.

Stylidinea grodeifarcaturn sp. Woe,
1, Habit of xrowth; 2. Basal rosette of leaves, amb sheath: 3. Flower, including apper
fiction Of ¢alyx. Far comparison—4. Leaves of 4. vinscicola F. Mucll,, 5. Flower of
S. musricola; & Leaves of S. fisstiobum Fo Muarclt

CORRECTION TO PREVIOUS ARTICLE

In our "Critival Notes on Austrahan Styliditce@” [Fict. Nat. 72: 141
(Jan 1956)1, the following amendment is necessary ta the paragraph dis-
cussing affinities of Levenhoukia acfomaculata:

li second Jast liné of page, delete the two words “non-umbellate mflores-
cences" and alter “petal” Cast line) add—'"while the two latter species have
tion-umbellate inflerescences " [The flowers of L. fepianthe are decidedly

umbellate ] R.E & HW

Me . ms : . ,
errs The Eietorien Nuaturatyy

“>

STUDIES ON AUSTRALIAN CHAROPIDAE
Port 4—Convex Gener
Rox C. Kensa aw

Shells whieh have thee apmal whorls oonves in autling are placed i) the
Gunera distussed. There is a group with, and one without, apertaral lameliie

The chaite of Ihe tern coves is probably unfortunate, for Where ate some
fons rererred to in ahis work a3 “planate’ which in tact are a httle conyes
in oUtline However, study ul de form reveals that sume of these slells ace
Wore elevate in quthwe thai the wajeritv, The adjective “convex” 95 used here
only to distingoish these elevated Jorms trony those avhich are “toncave” oi,
inore or fess, Aatrened. Members of the family Parulaviidue are sonetimes
Inarkedly convey a autline, bur the form ut the Chordpided is subtly diflerent
ahd ot so tlevate as tose shells which have developed in a, by comparison,
diy habitat.

le voticeable that the webilicus is eather wide i the series without
apertural lamellae, whereas it is parrow to mite in the series wath. his
feature, Moréover, in the frat series, the srulpture tends to he rather bold,
while in (he suhitipertorale, deatie gens, the sculpture 13 very fie,

Series [—Aperture not Dentore

Pernagera Iredale 1933- lw hig fascinating study of Western Australian
land shells Iredale (1930), gave a description of this rents, lor the type,
P altimensra Cox 1BH8, js 2 Western Australian shell, Points made wece the
elevation, wide umbolicus, course sculpture. loose costing of the whurly with
deep sutures, racially striate apes with che nip smooth, The aperture is
rounded, and very eniferot among the various species, the <colunrella is
@enerally rather straight. Many of the species are decorated with inere ar
less defined streaks or flames of colour at antervals on the whorls, There ts
yowhole seres of species developed uy Tasinamia, some of dhe having the
unobilicus narrower than the western speaes. ly the essay preceding this,
frowth stages in a Tasmamat species were described, There 43 4 Victonan
species, Po galtiffi Gabriel whieh agrees with the Tasmanian, while 2. lake-
serttomicionria Calscicl 1947 has some resemblance, though it lacks the colour
markings and the straight columella.

Distribution: Westen: Australia, Tasmania, Victoria.

Setowedia Iredale 1933: These are: fragile shells with smooth protoconch,
adult sculpture eleyaled ribs with radial striae crossed by fait spitals im
their interstices, Compared with Pernegera the ribbing is more elevate and
wider spacetl, while the ivpe, 3. senvostata Medievy 1924 has slender upright
bristles on the major ribs, A sirvilar feature described as “long slender points”
oceurs m the only other species yet described, &. aculoafa Hedley 1899, which
is also said io have the spire level

Distribution: Mid to northern New South Wales,

d:pinterin lredale 1939: These shells, like Pernapera, have a radially striaic
apex avith the tip smnarh. The adult sculpture consists af strong, distant
radial ris, with close radial striae in ihe interstiees; the whorls are loosely
coiled, the umbvticas wide and cavernous. There ts a resemblance ta Periagera
bot the form is mure depressed than m that getius. The type is EL resifer
lvedale 1939, and there is a subspecies, firmatin Tredale, which has sculpture
Ob bold rides.

Oisthibution: Western Australia.

Kaniaropa tredale 1937. Tredale remarked a resemblatce to Dentherona
fol wathaut the apertural tooth. There is a depression wear he aperture ov
the last whorl, the sculpture being remarked as bold, The type ia KO cnt
gesa Legrand 1871, and Brazier, who provided Legrand with the description.
remarked the scylpture as of bold subrugose striae, Jster Petlerd referred

& Kerstiaw, Staitier on clustralian Charo pid biiay 2 ha
or

to the hold “preijecting aur of the rits” in Wis moragraph. Authors have some-

times wed descriptive terms lousely in the past, adding ta the confusion

inevitable with such tiny shetls, Between the ribs the interstitial sculpture is

finely striate, and the umbilicus is exceptionally wide. [redale gave the dis-

tribution as South Tasmanta, but there are shells fram the Blue Tier which is

in, the morth-vase of the State Gabriel has tte species fram Victoria.
Distnbution: Tasmania. Victorea,

Theskelamensor [redale 1933: This genus was introduced for 7 Rsardonsis
Pfeiffer 1863, & sNell which appears to have more affinity with Pacific than
Australian tores. Tr seems a doubtful Charopitl, and is very distinctive, the
sculpture beige of close radial ribs with a strong secondary spirals the shell
is clevate In contour and strongly keeled Consideration of this beaptiful shell
thay he left to the expercs.

Distribution: Ligarel Esiand, North Queensland.

Series 2—Aperture Dentote

Bischod one Wedale 1937: Iredale describes a subglobose form with spirally
ltrate protoconell, alvlt sculpture almost reticulate, minate mabiliciis, and
cater lin with two internal famiellae, The type is BR. fischaffensis Petterd
1879. The fine sculpture recalls Aupucharopa, a Western Australian genus
with a coveave spire and arrow wimbilicus. The pratoconch sculpture of
spirals combined with the adult seuipture and umbilical feateres suggested
Oveomeve, and to a lesser degree (/illomenm, and these are Victorian and
Tasmanian aib perbaps allied,

Distribution; NOW. Vusmania (Mt. Bisehoft)-

Dentherpug Trédale 1933: Shell decressedl convex, elevate spire. aperture
dentate; adult sculpture ¢varse sharp rilis, interstices with very fine radial
striae, Umbiheus moderately starrow ard deep, the protocanch apparently
radially mbbed, Phe aperture of this shetl can only be deseribed az suh-
quadrate. The type is 2. divypur Bravier 1871. which species bas @ simall lie
tecnal “oblang white callus tooth’ near the hase of the aperture, a particularly
interesting and distinctive shell,

Distribution: Tasmania (Mr. Wellington).

One has obseryed that where the protaconch sculpture is spiral the sub-
sequent sculpture js generally finy, on the other hand where the protecesich
has tadtal sculpture, stronger sculpture tends to domunate the adult, The
fayily as a whole fends taward straru sculpture compared with related
groups, although Laomid forms exhibit many stiuilarities. Both spiral and
Tahal sculpture appear to be ancestral at least in part, bot. the tendency
toward strong ribbing may be a comipsranvely recent acduisition, Shells are
seen Which bave some juterstirial rablets ar striae tending to become stronger
than athers. The genera displaying emoath protoconch are variously con
nected witli the ather groups, ove at least has very simple strong sculpiure
only, other sculpture haying: vanished if ever present. There is a tendency
for some aspects of both adult and pretuconch seulpture to beconie vbsolete,
and the strong radials and perhaps smooth protecench ta frinmph. Fine seulp
ture is perhaps a sia of degeneratme scuiptire, or simply a retention of
ancestral sculpture

Crotopa Lredale 1941: The species C. stroudensis Coax las already been
referred 1 in part 2 of these: studies (1955 a), when it was observed that the
shell differed in torm fram the genus Gyrecechien in which Hedley bwil
placed it. Tt was anticipated that G. siroudensty would be separated and in
fact, this had alrezdy been deme. This species was designated the ivpe of thy
genus Crofafo im a work which had not been see by the writer when pre-
vious parts of these studies were prepared, The essential points of difleresce
are the mature of the spire which is not concave but very slightly raisetl in the

we KersHaw, Studies on Australian Charopida—t 9

figure although Iredale describes it as flat. The shell is smaller than species
at Gyrorachlea, while even more noticeable is the smaller wmbilicus. Iredale
(1941, p. 269) points out that the shell is more loosely coiled, has very fine
sculpture, while the protoconch is smooth. He added a second species, C,
tifensa Lredale 194), from Byron Bay.

Distribution: New South Wales,

Letompla Iredale 1941: Letomala was introduced for the species L. con-
fortus Hedley ‘first placed in the dentate genus, Riopkodon Hedley, How-
ever L, contortus diffcred as has already been noted by the writer, m having
but few apertural lametlae, and the seulpture 3s much finer. In defining
Letomala, lredale draws attention to the large smooth protoconch; zigmoid,
rather irregular sculpture; sinuate outer lip, gwing a distinctive aperture,
narrow above and broader below. There are three lamellac, one on the imier
lip, and awu basal on the outer lip.

Distribution: New South Wales.

Key ro tHe Gryera or Grour (c) Convex Genera

Shell with spire elevate, aperture not dentate,
Apex radially striate, up smooth,
Interstitial sculpture Ane striae.
Umbilicus wide, cavernous.
Primary adult sculpture, close coarse radial ribs .. ., Pernagera
Primary adult sculpture, strong distant radial chs .. 2 Epinieiiene
Apes smooth.
Adult sculpture eleyated radial ribs.
Interstial sculpture fine radial, Taint spiral striac.
Umbilicus wide, ribs with bristles .. 0. 22 2. 0. 0. 0. Setamedia
Adult sculpture numerous fine curved riblets.
Interstitial scuiprure absent. ,
Ummbbilieus marraw .. 2. 6. we eee oe ee ee ee Cr tlopar
Shell carmate,
Adult sculpture radia) ribs with dominant secerneaty sim
Unibilicus moderately wide .. .- _.. .. .. Pheskeloinensor
Shell with marked proave above periphery at ‘aperture.
Adult sculpture bold radial ribs, subrugose,
Interstitial sculpture fine striac,
Umbilicus very wide (3 diameter) .. 2. 6. 5... -- +, Kannaropa
Shell will spire elevate, aperture lamellae few.
Adult sculpture fine radials, microscopic spirals.
Protocench spirally lirate.
Umbhbilicus very small, almost absent .. 0. .. 2. 0. Utschoffena
Adult sculpture evarse sharp radial ribs.
Tuterstitial sculpture fine striae.
Shell with spire depressed, apertural lameWag few.
Adult sculpture fine lose rupose striae.
Protacench smooth.

Unibilicus wide, shallow .. 0. 2. ee uy ee ve etoanala
Unhilicus moderately uarrow, deep vee es ey) 6 Deutherona
ReFERE CES

Iredale, T. (1939) Journ. Roy, Sec, WW. Ausir. xo (1938-39): 1-74, pl. 1-5.
——- (1941) Guide to the Land Shells of New South Wales. Part 2:
Austr. Nat. 10. (8); 262-269. Part 3: op. ert. JT (1): 1-8
Kershaw, R. C. (1954) Mict. Nat. 77 (0), Oct.: YS-96.
(1955) Ficl, Nat, 72 (2), June: 28-30,

, 7 - Viel, Nal.
10 Phe bKuctorien Nuturalivt Kony at

EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS AND E, LONGIROSTRIS (ROSTRATA)
By J. GB. Cretan, coe, sn.

In #832, Dehnhardt (Cut, Bf Hort, Camaldud, Bait, 2- 4)) published tis
descriptions of E. cannedeutensis The tree was then 40 feet Iigh and 1)
years ald. (See Renzo Agostin, “Cen Stone! Sulla Tntroduswne Degl
Eucalitai an [talia’ in .'ftabin Porestale ¢ Montana, Anne VUE, frge. a. 3—
Magino-Giagno, 1952; 3-8). Apastini suys that the Hortus Camuldulensis
was Situated on the hill of Vomero (Naples) jn a chaning position between
the hills of Camaliali and Posillipo and the Gulf of Naples, at = height of
about 17@ metres. Ut was attached to the patricran country seat of Francesca
Ricciardi, Count of Camoaldeh, Axostini says that the garden was short-
lived amd all the ecalypts yy it have eotepletely disappeared since ahout J)
years ago when the majestic trees af the Arst planting, nearly 100 vears
old, vere cut off. (Vranstation by Mrs. Zinnbauer, Liayersity Library,
Adelaide.)

Jn Delbharde’s Lat description the operewluin ds given as conico-
Acuniinate aml equalling the calyx Now one of the most strike features
of & rostratr Schlecht. the one which gave iLits specie name, 15 the baked
appearance of the operculum. It is truc that on occasional trees, this
pitched-n or beaked appearatice may not he manifest’ Every trey on the
plains raunel Adelaide has prohably a rostrate operculum, but trees aceur
4 the north of South Australia with buds whieh aré conical The freir is
inerely called elobose with no mention af the valves.

‘The fowering period is given thus; Ney. Holl, Flor, Sep. Onc, {quote
Maideo), “FE. rostrata” i my experience Howers only between the cid 9
December, in January and m Fehruary

Dehnhurdt says that he received it under the maine of FE Acersterfota, but,
recsiving the true E, persivifolia lover, be perceived a great difference and lhe
coulll not approach it to anything else. Ey persresfofra DC. is given by
Blakeles as a synonym of the Blackbutt, £, pififarts. ‘This, o£ course, at
onte suggusts that the seed cante from New South Wales, Where coutd the
seed of this cucalypt, planted in Italy in 1822, have come from, if it is
invleed the sume species as E_ restratea Seblecht. and &. longrosteis F.
Mueth; .

In 1822, the only parts af cAusteaha where the species grows that had
heen yered were Kangarao Island (Robert Brown, Bausliin—iBN2), the
head of Spencer Gulf and Mr Brown (Robert Brown, 1202). Port Phillip
(Grimes and Fleming. 1803) and the western plains of New South Wales
(Cunningham and [raser, Lachlan near Comtbabolin, 1817).

The oily placé on Kangarvo Island where &. cameldedensis grows 1s on
the Cygnet River, even close down ¢a its exit ta the sea, Mr, H, M, Comper
the autharity on the South Australian part of the expedineus of Flinders
and of Baudin, assures me that members of these did not visit the Cygnet
River or ics itnmediate veizhbowrhioad, The his on these trees arc
charactérmtically rostrate, Robert Beown was put ashore from “Tnvesti-
wator” probatily a little warth of Warala Harhour and made diroctly for Mr,
Brown, some filteen niles away, across the plain between the Flinders Rane
and the sca. Various creeks emerge from the Flinders Range and cress this
Pla, sone fading out as they do se, hough the plain ts only about tew or
tweélye miles wide at its widest. Mr. H. M, Cooper of the Squth Australian
Museum, and Me. 4, R- R, Eligeinson of Port Augusta, who know this
tocabity well avd have stuttiod the probable route taken by Robert Rrown,
were at first doubtful whether abe latter, making a straight course for the
Owain later Hamed alter hirm must amevitably Have crossed over ane
of (hese creeks, though he must al least have seen them mvt far of. However.
a special search by Me. Higginson wear the foot of the range revealed a
sinall creek enierging near Horrocks’ Pass which it seemed Robert Brown

bie CLELARD, Evcthptas comaldilensis 4

inst cepiamly lave crossed, a crock J bad owyaelh ctosaed saine miuontlis
jirevicusly, wohelt L came 16 the came conclusion. Buds of Red Gums ou i
Were qneaile rostrate, Mr, Higginson collected fer we a number of saniples
at Ker Gums from this areca up to the Pitcli-Ruehi Pass antl amungst hese
(here Wan ane ai Jeast whore apercula were not frustrate hur resembled chase
i Dehnkardt’s ayeciivens. Red Gunjs at Baroota, furdiee sayth, all had
réstrdle buds as (tr as |} exantined then

In 1803, some months before the arvival of Collins dn "Calewtta’’ iv
Oviaber, Governec King had sent Acting Surveydr-Genersl Grimes with a
gardener, James Fleming, ty “walk round Port Phillip . ~~ to exaniine the
Soal, tnber, ete." Dering this geregrination they discovered the Yarra, anc
Flening ju hip repart coneluded that “The most eligible place for 3 sce1te-
nient that J huve seen is om the Freshwiter River", ce te Yarra
(AN AAAS. August 1952: 321). LE. rastrate giows ov the Yarra. 0 is
vende Itkely: Ipatt Fleming collected seed of it which inund its way eventually
so Jiaby :

Ida lee, in Early Explorers in Anstralia (1925) has published Allan
Cunpingbant’s Journal Bebyeen April 20 and May 17, Y817, he travelled
irom Bathurst to Farewell Hill, On April 23 they made the Lachlan River,
probably somewhere near where Condahalin pow stands. We writes (9. 190)
“its hanks arg very high and clothed with Jotty timber of a species of
Evecalyptus, copmmonly denominated Black-hutted Guin (toesnate, prestinally
bye the Editor. Eacelypins pitdavis), jaclining inward sess to fornt in some
places a kind of arch, with the heads of the trees of the saite species on
the opposite bank. This i obviously the River Red Gunt, many old trees
oi which have a rough dark base ti the tronk. Ita identification in the
footnote as A. pilularis, a coastal species, is an eiitorial assumption based
an the popular name given to it by Cunoivglam, who sarely cannot have
examined the fruits, Linder the dite 27h {Apel}, Cunningham writes, “I
visited The rocky fills on the left bank with C, Fraser of the 46th Regt, who
lad been sent at one of our parry, ini ardes to form) % separate callection of
deeds and specinwens for Earl Bathurs’, Now Dehohardt says that he
received the seed from which he arew E. camatifutens’s aa that of 7. per-
sivijatia which qs a synonym for G6. pitilanis, T think therefure we can infer,
with cansiderahle confirleuce, that the seed came either trom Allan Cunnme-
haw or from Charles Fraser, and that the mather ime grew somewhere near
Candobolin on the Lacttan.

There re further evideiice ta sugwést thar Fraser callected the seed. Miss
Nuncy Burbidge, whilst at Rew im 1954, kindly examined Dehohardt’s
Caidlogie, a copy of whieh ts in the British Museunr (Natural Histary),
She noted thay in the list of plants were four Western Austrahan cues,
Atarto alata, A. moviedis, Didtseus coarglescans amt Bantsia dnecinea, Now
3) 1827, Charles Fraser, now the Colonial Botanist, visited the Swan River
ih FLM.S, Success (Capin James Surling).” The ship called in at King
George Sound on the return journey. If the Western Australian seeds in
the Hortus Caimaldulensis <awie frone Fraser, tis workd givé (hem less hav
five years {o eraw iid Rower 4 if ther had flowere:) wien the catalogue was
prepared). Thyis seems rather shart Tor Barhsia coceiven, The only other
Western Austrahan collectors would be Roberr Brown aid Menzies with
Vavenuver .

Miss Burbidge was puzzled over Eo diversifolin Bonpl. being ane of the
euealyprs in the catalogue. bue this was gcrewn in Eprape fram seed collected
by Raudin's Expedition, evidently from Kangaroo. Istand.

Jf Mt were possible wo asecrtamn ohere the seals went to that Fraser senc
to Earl Bathurst in IS17, the selutian ta the problent would probably he

* Soe The wile of Chartes Praser ote the San Tiver in 1222, with bis Ophidteu
on the Suitablenese wf the distict for 4 settlentent, towerber wie caplogs notes be ft G,
Hay") vablched by J, G. Hae, 1906. Read hefore the West Australian Natural History
Society—Bih March 1906.

IZ Crecany, Encalyplus cumatdalensis Wet. ol

chear, Earl! Bathurst was Secretary for War and the Colonies from about
1832 to 1827 when he became Lon) President of (he Couseal (1828-30),

Ta sum up this aspeet, the evidence seems strong that the seed af 8.
contaldulensts came fruin the Lachlay near Candobelin and was collected by
Charles Frayer,

Now as regards the photograph of the w iscn by T. G. B, Osborn
in the Proccediings af the Linnean Sactety i ew South Wales (Vol. 62,
1937, Pts, 1-2, Plate PV), Maiden identified the type im the Vienna Her-
barium in b902 as E. rostrata. Why did he not implement his identihcation?
He seems to have bed ito dowbt and Mr R. A. Anderson, Chiet Botanise
and Curator, Nanonal Herbarium, Sydney, assures me that he has no
doubt about the rdentifi¢ation. The buds of meacly all, but not quite all, of
the River Red Gunes, in localities that could have been visiled before 1822,
are markedly rostrale even in the early stage, The IMnls depicted in the
Photograph are conico-acuminate, but not rostrate. No one intimately ac-
Qualntcd with the River Red Gam would at first sight cecognize it from
the phatograph,

1 have been on correspondences, wiih Me. Anderson and have his permission
lo quote from ‘his letters, as tollows:

“We have given a goad deal of comsideration to the question of the correct
Tame for the River Red Gum, This has involved a review of the whole range
of yaylation wittit the species and the distribution of Uke various forins _
The River Red (um includes a number af more or fess. intergracdiny geo
graphic and ceological races, but all of these are readily distinguished, when
woalFected by hybridisation, [rani other reed gum species, provide cumplete
material is available, The fruit shape is characteristic, and it ix unforgunate
that the type of &. camatdulensis was devoid of fruits. The burl shape shows
a certain. variability, bute in most areas the opercalum is fundamentally
hemispheri¢al a Outhiic, wrth u beak-bke process. which may yary con-
siderably in length, being almost ahsent in some furms, (The shapes of
both buds and fiutts are very constant an any one tree}. However. trees
may be found in which the operculum is more clangated and these are
especrally caammon mm fwo arcas, Che first of Uhese is the marghial zone at
the eastern limit of the range of the Riyer Red Gum, and the mart canical
opercitlum here seems tu be always correlated with certain features of
juvenile and mature leaves. pedicels and fruit shape whith appear to irulicate
hybridisation with F blokelyi, E. tercticornts and occasionally £. dealbeta-
Ty other words, (ese trees are not “pure” Raver Red Gum The scound
area includes the Rarriee Range arca of New South Wales, where two
clistingh we—racts ol River Red Gum.oteur aloug.smallcrecks. In one of
these there is a deeiled tendency to a more conical opereulum pot assaciaterd
with any indication of hybridiy.

“As well as these, however, occasional trees are found in other areas
(eg. on the Lachlin River arowil Condobolin, NSW) whieh are quite
charseterisuc River Red Gums, but nevertheless have a rather conical
operculum. In these cases there is mo evidence of hybridisation and the trees
setmhy ta be merely atelividual variants — .

“The specimen is an undoubted reed gum (leaf-shape, venation, inflores«
cence, buds). Tk is nut a River Red Gum of the most usual form Copercila
are more coincal). It has ne fruits ar guvemle leaves, [t has long pedicels
ane is mot a good match in general appearance for the usual Kiver Red Gien.*
The blids are nanmiature, but could sgece quite well with some of the forms
with conical opercula mentioned above, but would not agcee with any other
rel @om species,

"There is no dloube that the trees describe! by Cunningham as arching
over the river were River Re Gum. Many ald trees along (le Lachiin. as
alone other inant stteams, ¢lo have a considerable amount of okd rowh

Other cel prom hybrids,

wey Crecaxn, Eucalyptus caitialdulensis 43

bark at the butt So far as we cau tell the trees Mower in December aru
Januacy. but fairly well-developed buds have been collected at all seasans.
Froits, of course, are avanable over a considerable pero.

“The only other species ia the Condohalin district witich would te likely
ta hybridise with River Red Guniis & dratheta (and related forms), Huw-
ever, these are short-pedicelled forme and hybrids with River Red Guim
wotld not resemble the long-pedicelled iype apccinien of £ cesauldy less”

Mr. Anderson also writes; "Feom the photograph i¢ appears to us that
wie buds of the type are markedly miumature The sliape of wre operculuny
duce not ceally seem so very different from fairly normal River Ret Gum at
ecrdain motrature slages’”

He adede further: “EL feel, however, thar it (4. camaldnlensis) is best
retamed as the maine for the River Red Guns unless it can he shown thas
the type does not fall within the ambit of that specict, Whether the type is
representative of the mast usux) furm ps inumenclatocially irtelevant”™

Nearly all the River Red Guns iu regions accessible helure $822 have
inarkedly prostrate buds. These buds, in the neihbourhoud of Adelaide, fur
iistance, take a Jong tine to mature. Next sezson’s rostrate huds may be seen
som alter the tintc of flowertay. What is the signifeance of meeting with
occasional trees in whicly all the buds show pracheally no rustration, while
al) others in the neighbourhood are rostrate?

Professar 1. G. Catcheside has kindly supplied the followmy paragrapl
“The situatron parallels i) a striking way the clinal variation seen mn species
which have been subjected to expermental adalesys ¢Plontaga waritima and
cAleiniled auillefufim). Whos aceounted for by the different pene Trequencies
in different populations showing a fairly reguiay trend im relation to peo-
gtaphical distethulioy Unktigwn factors of natural selection have brought
about this regularity, which might he correlated walt degree of aridity.”

As we procecd nurth in South Australia, the sucker waves tend to beenme
broader und more plaucous (this appears even in the northern Flaiders
Ranges) and the buds lose theip rostrate aptiearatieg. Speciniens | recently
collvcted (1854) in the Musyrave Ranges and om the Offer are broadly
i shortly conical, The same appearances are found i the MacDcnnell

anges.

Another factar af interest is that many of the River Rel Gums must be
very old, some probably a thousand years old. Efforts ace bere made to
ascertain the age by taking wood front the tact centre of very larec trees
and seems what is the relation of Cl4 to C12. If a young River Red Guin
can att seed in ten years, it nought pive mse to ten generations ina hundred
years ov C00 in a housatid years, | suppose nothing uausual would happen
H pollen trom such a young tree, 100 generations removed from a ueighhour,
ferulised the latter, After all, the River Red Gum on the Yarra must have
been completely separated from those round Adelaide for many thousands
of vears, vet uo difference can be detected

To sum up, where does this cad us? &. camaldnlensis probally came from
the Lachlan. [eis amtike the common southern River Red Gam in not being
riustrale, Je is either 4 nrwtant ur a hwhrid of the River Red Gur. Can a
minge mrupatlon be suffievent to cestabhsl) @ variety? Pf sc. the eotimon
suitthern Raver Red Guim might be called &, canuldalensis var. longirestris.
Bui this perhaps would be carrying thiigs io au extreme TL is ubvinus,
however, that it is a pity the wame wag ever revived, since there i a
vessibility that ins a hybad, Te weylel be niterestoa to knaw whether any
of its progeny survived and what they were like,

Adsense; —Proiessory Catgheside, ras, at piven me perinission to
include the fullawitg elaboration of the paragraph by him viteluded tn the
Text: "

“Ty a3 comman experience that when awidely, or even narrowly, rangug
species i6 analysed genetically in is Tounl to show very considerable genetic
diversity. In particolar rf the freyuencies af allelic zenes are fetermined,

I4 Crnrawn, Hucalyptus canaldiulensss es ae

it ig faving that the populations in different parte of the area lave charae-
teristic local geue frequencies, The blood group genes im humans provide
& very good example which has heen studied m great detail. The iWifferent
fene frequencies are pretty certainly produced by local Selection pressures,
and frequently show a topographical, ar sometimes ecalogital graratian in
fredtiencies from one part af tae area af distribution te atiother, Now this
is \tkely to happen jor alluthe diferent genes io the mating proup that
constitutes a species, and it is therefove likely that gradation in chararters,
sometimes wilh nixtures in local populations, will show as ane traces a widely
ranging species from one part of its range to anather. This is, L think, what
vou bave in the bud shape antl in the shape aud colour of leaves of sucler
shoots in the River Red Gum,

The geuptic nature of such clinal variations mm character has bee demon-
strated it most detail for Plastaya miaritinnr thy Gregor, 1938-9, New
Pholalogist 37: 18 and 38) 293) and for dehillea mille} otiinn and relatives
iby Clausen, Keck and Hiesey 1948, Coenegre (ast ul Washington, Pubbee-
Hon No, 387; 129), Jens Clausen has published a book entitied Thy Ecalivion
of Plant Spectes {Cortetlh University Press $951) which gives a sannivary
account of this kind af experimental taxononiy.”

A TALE OF TWO BIRDS

Trapping is a common metieel of controlling the rabbit pest. From time
to Hime Iaps are visited by wild domestic cats; howeyer, in this instatice
ards were the culprits, On several occasions partly devoured rabbits were
tound, but when the supply gave oul the thief himself was caught aud proved
to be a little Falcon. Releasing him was n problem, as he was far from
Friendly. At a tacer date partly devoured rabbits were again fouid and the
hawk family suspected. However, the new thief also managed ta trap himself,
and proved te be « fine Tasmanian Masked Owl. This chap was approached
rather warily, the pervious experience still tresh im mind. But to my
astonisliment the Died fay over, partly on its side. while its ley was released
and bittel from the trap, the great eves watching eyery move. The lez was
laccrated, but athorwise no damage appeared ta have been done; however,
instead of fying off the ‘bird walked away a few leet. then turned to look
hack. After gazing at me for the better part of a minute, it movel a few
more fect only to stop and gaze back again. The process was repeated
perhaps half-a-dozey times befure the bird vanished into the Buale ft
wondered whether it was suspicinus, but hoped it was pratelui

—Ruw. G Kenswaw,

WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN
F.N-C.V. Exeutsions:

Sunday, Jane 3—Botany Growp excursion to Open Crt, Racehus Morsh. Take
B40 ann train te Bacchus Marsh trom Speucer Street. Bring two pieals,
and thermes if het drink is requived as fires are not permitterd,

Group Mestings;

(8 pm, at National 'erbarium).

Wednesday, May 16 Microscopical Group

Ww vaipesir: June 6—Geology Group. Subject: Origin of coal) Speakers Mr,

. A. Baker.

NOTICE Fos the next three months the Bolany Group wilh mieeb en Satur
day atternoons at the National Merbarinm, at 2 p.m. The next meeting
will Le on Saturday, May 19. Subject; Canhvorous plats, Speaker! My,
K, VW. itkins.

—-Marie Actenpes Eacursion Seeretary

The Victorian Naturalist

Vel. 73—Ne. 2 2 JUNE b 1956 _ No. ayo

PROCEEDINGS

There was a full attendance ar the General Meeting of the Club
at che National Herbariun: an May 14. The President extendeil
the syinpathy of the Clits ta the Rev. H. M, R, Rupp, of Sydney,
Fallawmeg the passing of hiv wife, and to rhe relanves of the late
Mrs. E. E. Pesentt

Honorary Life Menthership certifieates were presented to. Mr.
and Mrs, Irreame, who thauked the Cluh for the honaur bestowed
ou then.

Mr. Tarlton Rayment delivered the presidential address on
Dimerphisnt in Halictine Bees, Mr. Swaby thanked the President
jor his outstanding address and suggested that it should be pub-
lished in the Matiralrst,

Five new members were elected: Mrs, KE. M. Bowden and
Messrs. S. J), Wilson, EF. Byrne, G. ©. Francis as Ordinary Mem-
bers, and My, WR. Gasking as a Country Meinber. Four nomina-
tins tor inembership were received.

The Editor reported that Miss Phyllis Janes, af 22 Grosvenyr
Street, Abbotsford, was now sipplying natural history miaterial—-
minerals, shells, ethnological objects, scientitic looks, etc, Menrion
was made of the Club hadges whieh are for sale at 4/- each, attd
particulars were given of the two wooden baokcases or cupboards
ta be disposed of,

Mr. Swaby repurted that Messrs. Garner aud Hooke and he lied
met the sub-committee of the Sir Colin Mackenzie Sanctuary and
discussed a proposed nature trail m the area. The Club was asked
to help map out the trail, supply labels for plants, assist in matn-
tenance, and do sume research mto the possibility oi establishing a
larger trail in the Coranderrk area later. The Club agreed to this
and authorized the three persons te deal with the matter_

The President reported that the Bank of New South Wales had
approved of his designs for the wildflower display during the
Olympic Games. Mr. Geo, Coghill invited members to visit Mono-
meith Avenue, Canterbury, te ste the aut display of the
Quercus palustris, Miss Wigan conveyed grevtines from Sydney
natucalists to the Clo.

Exhibits included alpine flowers (Miss Weoollard) ; srowing
plants of Rock Quillwort, Jyottes Awmittor, collected near Tani-
barumba, N.S.W.. in May, 1955 (Mr. Wakefield) ; an Emperor
Gum Math esenon on a marrow plant (Mr. Coghill) ; and a remurk-
able array of fungi (Mr. Webb and Mr, Mollison).

The meeting adjourned at 10 p.ni. for the usual conversazione.

15

it The Victorian Naturalist Vol_ 73

~ MOMINATIONS FOR OFFICE-SEARERS, 1956-57 -
tthe Genera! Meeting af rhe Club on Apri) 9 1956. the following nonin
tions were received for Club Officers and Eouncil mar 1056-7 -

President: Mr. A. J. Swaby,

Vice Presidents: Messrs. Fo Lewis aml WoL. Withams

Hott Asst. Seevetary: Mya, F. Cleins,

Hon. Editar; Mi. No A. Wakefcid.

Hon, Assist: Editors Mr. A. B. Court.

Wow Tressurer Mr A. G. Aeoke.*

Hon, Asst, Treasurer; diss Ml. Butchare.

Hon. Librarian: Mr. AO Burke.

Ho. Asst. Ladranan: Mr. RD. Lee.

Hon. Excursions Secretary: Miss M. Allender,

Counci): Dr. R. M. Wishart, Dr, W. Gecoe, Me JR, Garnet, Mr K
Atkins,

TALLAROOK EXCURSION—I95S

On Sunday. Qetober 30, done members attentled the Botany Group exciur
gion co the Tallarook Native Plant Sanctuary which aas-cstablished sont six
vears betore. At the time. in 1949, there had heen no fire through the area
ior many years. and now o stable natural balance has heer attained

The sanctnary is lightly wooded, it 1s of poor soil formed of decumposed
silurian rack, and. it tops «a slight rise. From outside the fence the excur-
sronists could see a wide yamety of plants. Orchids were abundant and
included two-foot spikes of Scented Sun-orchid, the Tiger Orchid and the
multicolotred Fringed Spider-orchid.

The undergrowth was a medicy of low bushes—pale yellow Werdge-pers
(Complainbtunt kuegel), three species of Parrot-pea, owo Guinea-Aowers
(Mrbbertia stricta and A. Buearts), and the delicate purplish-blue Finger
Flower. Amongst the shrubs was 4 tangle of Slackhonsra, Running Poston,
Yams, Gowleniag and a rich orange form of Wity Buttons. At ground level,
hundreds of scedlngs—mainly Parrot-peas—were strugghing through = mat
of Peunywort (Hadrecotyle lariflorad, Variable Sunkweed, Water-bitione.
Conon Cup: flower and Matrect St. Jon's Wort. The nnly intradluction,
Shell Grass, is apparently tolerated by wative flora, the lalter growing vigor-
musty in association woth it.

Those who doubt the advisability of such enclosures should visit Tallaroak
m early or mid-spring, They would be mmpressce with the valve of sanctuaries
—wn roadsides, in schoclgtounds, on privaie property and espoetally on
otherwise uscloss Jand—for the preservation and display of our native flora,

KW, Avkins

WILHELMINA FALLS EXCURSION

The purpose of the Club Excursion on May 13, 1956, was te inspeet Lhe
impressive: but little known Wilhelmina Fails. These falls lic on Falls Creek,
a (ributary of the Murrindindi River, which is im turn a tributary of the
Yea River. They are reached from the Yarra Glen-Mount Slide-Yea Road
hy turting fo the right off the main road about four miles. from Gleeburn.

Approxinately 50 members and friends were in the party and aypreciated
the sunny day after the rain and wind of the day before. From the parlaur
curs, exlensive views over Lhe Yarra Valley were obtained as the road climbed
the Great Dividing Range. Alter a, brief spell at the top. Mt. Shric the cars
tuok the ruad down through the State Forest, crossing and, recrassing ihe
Vea River till the cleared country near Glenburi, was reached. The branch
road also proved attractive and. the shrubs on the sife of the road gaye
promi: of even more beanty when flowering. Some of the hugh wattles were
still in bloom and there were occasional patches of Keath.

persed |

1954 Tollarook Exciysipn—1905 7

Lunch was enjoyed in the sun on the Banks of the Murrindindi River, The
ivot prack which used to Jeati across the stream had been washed away, but
thanks to the torethought of Mr. Haase and the work of Mr. McInnes, a log
across the stream was converted into a temporary bridge. The track, when
located on the other side, was reasonably clear and the majority of the party
reached the falls. The track wound up through the timber, stringyhark, pepper-
mint and gum. Some large patches of fungi attracted attention with their
various and unysaal colours; one big patch of purple shades being particularly
noticed.

The feature of the falls ig the breadth and length of iheir passage over thy
broad taces of unbroken sramte and their tocation an what from the bottont
appears to be the top of the mouttain, the upper portion of their catchwert
heing hidden trom view. These features were appreciated also by those who
decided nor ta try the climb bur strolled further up the rosd and saw the.
falls from a bend about a mile away,

Return te the city was made via Tuolangi and Tlealesville.

—R. G. Heary

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP REPORT

Ata well attended meeting, Mr. D. Metnnes oceupied the Chair for ihe
first might of bts new tern: of office, After the conchision of the hneiness, he
demonstrated his versatility by delivering a most comprehensive discourse os

“Geology in Rocke Sections". There were some ten microscapes on the bench

and Mr. McInnes sed these te sMustrate his potats-aa cleavage, twinning,

polarization, ete., by showing his awa esindmes ane mountings.

The pregranme caommitice has. airranged a avilahos for several months,
ahead, as set out below. Other Club members are especially asked to nee
the July 18 date and are cordiaily invited to attend,

June 20—Mr. H. Barrett: “Some Oamaru Diatoms*. Lilustrated with phot
slides af specimens by Mr. Wo Fyans.

July 1@—Mr. Tarlto Rayment: “Incidence of Poilen Grains of Ileath om
Creative Evolution”, Members to provide microscopes to show the
speaker's specimens for study.

August 13=Mr. E. Snell: "On Mouwtting Opaque Objects”. Members to
make the evening a showing of opaque slides.

F.N.C.V, ACCOUNTS, 1955-56
FERN BOOK ACCOUNT

7

Purchases—
First instalment af books £98 Sales .. . Bee. oo. = PIAS
Blocks for jlustration of Stock at date. valued at cost 845
hooks, 2. _- os: 10S
Advertising matier -. 4

219
Balance of order, printed but
: not yet dehvered, taken
at printing cost ., - 735
Credit balance transferred to
Building and Coninger-
vies Fund .. 2. 0. wee. 45

FIELD NATURALISTS CLUB OF VICTORIA
STATEMENT OP RECEIPTS AND PAYMENTS FOR 12 MONTHS ENDED APRIL 30, 1956
(Figures adjusted to the nearest £)

GENERAL ACCOUNT

Prewious ' RECEIPTS EXPENDITURE Previons
Fear Subseriptians received— Fictorian Naturalist— i Year
£06 Aftears cc es ae en ot ee EB Printing 2 6. 6: ce ye ay et) F642 ( £592
803 Current 2 0. 0. ee ce ee eee BZD Illustrating -. 0. 2. 22 uk wo ee 69 | 104
9 884 Life Members .. .. Sat! * 908 Despatching .. 2. 2. 6. wa ee 57 76
— 68 | Sales of Victorian Naturalist ..... — 20 TAGE etme ie ett 11 779 15 787
{2 | Advertisements in Naturalist ., .- 24 — —2
2 | Interest receiyed—Library Fund vy = 2 Working Expenses—
2t | Denatiuns received .. ., 4) == 1 Postage and Telephone .. |. 19 29
Printing and Satavery Dit nd 32 8
Duplicating 2. 0... sn oe 2] —
General Expenses -. .. ., .. 33 20
Library .. .. Ms 2 9 ’
‘Donations and ‘affiliation fees 2 4 4
— itl|— A
Total payments for the year .. .. 890 857
Surpius of Receipts aver Expenditure for
the year 2. Le TY. A 65 136)
£987 4955 . i955 | £987

BUILDING AND CONTINGENCIES FUND

Purchase of Orchid-books ,- .. .. -. -, ral Amount of Mond at 1/5/1955 .. _. ,, £1124
Banx charges .. . Je 1 Sales of Mictortan Naturalist -. 2. 2. 155
Amount of Fund at 30/4/1956 - = 3408 Credit balance from Fern Book a/c. .. .. 45
Sales of other Publications and paces 54
Interest on mvestments .. .. 2-2... 32

96-EC6r ‘soap “4-7 Nw

]

GA

He

MEN 491A

LIFE MEMBERSHIP ACCOUNT

$061
vung

E

A DN

OL=CCKT ‘S)MOZaF

£36 | £29 Taken into $tthscriptions of this year .. £9 £9
£35 | Balance in Bauk on 1/5/1955 .. £28 Balance in Baik on 30/4/1956, 20) 27
1 | Trterest on ciirfent aécount .. -. 1 a4 : — | —
— — | £29 | £36
BALANCE SHEEY AT APRIL 30, 1956
Previatis | : : “a a a Previous
Veer | LIABILITIES i . ASSETS Year
£1424. Building and Contingencies Fund £1408 Bank Current Accounts ,. = .. 1. .. £350 £329
50 Dudley Best Library Fund .. ., 50) 1458 Arreacs of subscriptions, estunated to
realize ci. tiethic estates toate 50 50
P Subscriptions paid in advance— Sundry Debtors . 1§ 53
140 Ordinary .. . we oa a BS Stocks on hrand—
28 Lilt membership — ob Lt) tele 44 20 «125 Fern Books, at cost .. 2845
— Publications at valuation .. .. 94 108
74 Excursion Account - 83 Badges at valuation .. -. -. -. 45 (UBS 48
27 Special Donations in hand . ore, 22 5
Brown, Priar, Anderson - Prd. Ltd. Investments, at face vyalue—
amount.owing far balance of order Dudley Best Lihrary Mund;
af Fern Books .. . ae ain. | eng Commonwealth Bonds -, 2, £50 54
1830 Surplus of Assets over “Liabilities -. .. S822 Building and Continyencies
Fun;
Cammonwealth Bands ,. £950 950
ELS. & A. Bank .. -. .. 333 1283) 1333 17
Library, Furniture, Paintings, Epidiascepe,
Mierescopes and other equipment 1517 1506
£3273 £4250 24250 £3273
Audited and found correct, 18/5/1956— _ -
Ae Et St : Hom Auditors A, G. HOOKE, Ho, Treasurer

61

™ The Vistoriaun Vatiratist Vol 75

JERBOAS
Ty Raw. C. Krastaw

‘The luvfertuuate fact that so many Australia avimals cue cotinonly
known under foreign names may haye to be suffered for some time yet,
However, when a driend reeently told nie of a “kangaroo-ral” he has seen
the had seen a Bettong, Betfoigin ciniedas) | thought of the Jerboas
which kept us company in Libya. In this matter of names. however, ane
nreswmes that vot inany people stop to consider the difference between a
“ratelike kangaroo and a “kangarvo-lske rat". But it does seem desirable
that naturalists shauld endeavour to use che most appropriate termmology,
and znlorlunately this las not always been done

The temale Bettong perhaps, and the Petaroo have some rat-like teatures,
but iny iriend of the desert is not much bie ether, execpt that it hops after
the style of the kangatoo. ,

The Jerboa is, of course, a trae rodent, and is quite distiuct from the
marsupials, One is aot inclined to regard codents with favour, particularly
the common rat and the rabbit. However the Jerhoa initiated) 3 certain
ynstalgia in weary soldiers, as well as a ieow feeling when the German
opened fire with his artillery. However, the littl: tellows provided a Sane
nate ina crazy qorld when they reappeared atter the noise had died away.

‘The animals appeared at stinset, frown their holes in the ground, Their
necturnal habit is prohably essential an the heat of the summer. The colony
of which T saw most, Hved ona rocky ridge which had a very litle covering
of sandy soil. The vegetation was sparse, consisting of small shrubs, among
wich the animals hopped, apparently fearless, but really rather shy, From
a distance they blended very well into the drah background. Their only
companians were an occasional snake oc tizard, insects, and a bird which we
callecl a plover, T did not collect any snails, but some were collected not
jar away in Egypt by another soldier and seni ta Mr Tredale at the Aus-
tralian Museum. The Jerbeas appeared to include insects and seeds in the
diet, and presumably also eges of the ground-nesting birds

True roles are characterized by haying only one pair of incisurs in the
upper jaw. There are several genera af corlents having a general relarionship
and/or siunilarity to Jerbogs. The Kangarno-Rat is a nauve of, Amertea aid
an ally of the Pocket Gopher, names whith mean littl to Australians.
There ave also Jumping Mice which are found in Avnerica, Asia, andl Afnica,
representing various eraups. The so-called Jerboa Rat of Australia has
litte resemblance except perhaps superficial, bur the Austealian Hopping
Mice do seem to resemble the Jerboa more closely

However, the Jerhoas form a distinctive group of which an important
charactenste as the fusion pt the metatarsal bones of the bined foot anta a
single bone with anly three pecs, although there are allied forms with four
ol five toes, The Australian rodents have not developed this leature witch
is like yet distinct From the kangaroo foot. The Jerheia is rather like a rat
a body form with a head which recails that of a rabbit, Our friends af the
desert near Tohruk in Libya were presumably the Exyptiin Jerboa, or at
Jeast a race of thal jorm, which is widespread,

REFERENCE
Trovcurox, E Te G., 1 M3—furred Animals af Australi, 2nd Ed. Sydney.

CUPBOARDS FOR SALE

The Club wishes 1a dispose of two large cupboards admirably suitable For
use ag hookesses. The timber of each cupboard is in excellent omdition hut
the exteriors of both are shehtly soied Roth are freed with wooden doors
and odjustahle shelveng. Sizes: Both are 6 Tt. high and 2 ft. deep; one iy
af fin. wide and the other 5 it. wide. Price: €5 cach. Anyone interested
should cputact Mr. N, AL Wakefictd,

dure The Uictorian Naturalist 21

ABORIGINAL PAINTINGS AT THE FLAT ROCK
SHELTER

By A. Massoua*

During a recent visit to the painted rock shelters in the Granipians
the writer was fortunate, under the able guidance of Mr. I. R.-
MeCann, of Stawell, a keen naturalist and a tireless walker, to visit
the recently discovered Flat Rock shelter, on the northern flank of
Flat Rock, the hill just south of Mt. Zero. As this site is as yet
undescribed, it is my purpose in this paper to give a preliminary
description of this latest addition to the number of known ‘\rt
Galleries” in this State.

It is situated in a cave-like shelter formed by the erosion of the
sandstone scarp which is such a prominent feature of this particular
hill and of the Grampians generally. The shelter itself is roughly
seventy feet long and about ten feet wide, and it follows the contour
of the hill. Because of its elevated position it is half way up the hill
—it commands a beautiful northerly view oyer mile upon mile of
country dotted with lakes (the Green Lakes). It is possible that
from it aborigines of long ago witnessed the progress of Major
Mitchell's party coming from the north-east, and closely observed
all the great explorer’s movements on July 20, 1836, when he
ascended nearby Mount Zero.

Along the wall and ceiling oi the shelter are seen several groups
of drawings done in red ochre. They are beautifully preserved and
some are quite fresh looking, possibly because of the relatively dark
position they are in, Certainly neither sun nor rain ean reach them,
and as yet they are free from those dishguring proofs of visits by
unthinking people. There are no names sertbbled over them,

The designs include emu or bird tracks, several parallel strokes
(as in the Red Rock at Glen Isla), three designs of unknown signi-
ficance which with a little immagination could be mistaken for the
letters H, E and O. One figure approaches in shape the Langi
Ghiran “snake", and there are several human hands. These hands
are not stencilled, as in the Cave of Hands at Glen Isla, but they
look as if the maker had immersed his hand in the red ochre and
stamped it on the wall. In each there is a little unpainted region in
the centre of the palm, which, of course, is just what would happen
if the hand were pressed against a flat surface.

-\s stated, the designs form small groups some distance away
from each other. On entering the shelter from the left side and
walking to the right, or north, one sees first a few parallel strokes
on the ceiling. About three feet away, on the wall, comes a group
of Emu tracks. A foot away is a “snake” about thirty inches long,
with several human hands below and a group of strokes above it,
Another three feet away, on the ceiling, is a large bird track, and

* Department of Anthropology, National Museum of Victuris.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 73

PLateE I

BY oie i ae

t i” ¥

Sats PY, :

Location of Flat Rock Shelter—the entrance is in the centre of
the picture.

Hands, strokes and “snake” at Flat Rock Shelter.

[22

dune Massola, Aboriginal Patitings 23

five feet further sre the “letters”. For the next seventeen feet there
is only an occasional bird track on wall or ceiling, then comes the
group of hands, Because of the length of wall over which the paint-
ings’ are spread itis hard to describe their relative position in a
prelintinary review, The writer hopes to be able, i the near fucure,
to make a thorough report.

Inthe meantime steps are bemg taken to protect this shelter hy
evclosing it ina wire cage, as has been done at Glen Isla and Langi
Ghiran. This is a pity but also a necessity to prevent vandalism.

With this new gallery, the known pamted rock shelters in Vie-
toria are now wight m timber. They are set ott below. fu thes list
the terum "Cave" isused because the localities have lang been called
such. In reality they are rock shelters, nat caves iu the sense of the
word as used for the Euripear examples.

At Glen Isla: The Cave of Hands.

The Red Roel.
The small shelter jn the vicinity of the last,
The Cave af Fishes, (Ov are they Lizards?)
In ‘the Novrhern G aramipians: The Cave of Ghasts.
Flat Rock Shelter.

tit t( MU. [angi Ghiran: The Cave of the Serpenr.

tla) Yor th-east Victoria; The Koetong Valley Shelter.

Daubuless many more await discovery. Members of the FNC,
and of walking clubs are asked to report any such discoveries tu the
National Museum of Victoria.

yo -
1 furs BIRDS GALORE
hie -! By R. M. Wiswarr

“Diiting the years 1945-53 a fidend of mine owned and cultivated
a ténaere block about two and a hall miles from Monbulk. He wis
it hethelor and daring the greaier part of that period did not have
eve dog io keep hind company. On two sides of his house was
a ‘wide! verandah and surrounding this a wild rangle of old-fashioned
gardei-containing a few Jarge trees cedir, cypress, Dowering gum
and: holly, besides inmimerable shrubs waleas; thododendrons,
lmrooms, abelias, weigelias, lilacs, etc-

i ging observant he soon noted that at times a few species of
native-birds haunted this area. To encourage them to become regular
callers, he erected amongst the shrubbery just off the verandah and
withit easy reach small wooden stands on which were-placed shallow
oval (ms containing sweetened mixtures—either jam, honey or
golden syrup and water——the honeyeaters he saw being his first
objjtetixe. ‘ ‘Sugar-ants” were a decided menace until adequate steps
were raken 1o deal with them.

His efforts soon paid dividends for within a comparatively shard

24 Wiseiar, Girds Gatore Lic] ng

time he had w varied and interesting visiting list, Eastern Spinebills,
Crescent, White-checked and Singing Honeyeaters were among the
first to sign the visitors’ book. The fact that food dishes were so
placed that birds cuald perch on the branch of a shrub and yet drink
easily from them undoubtedly helped in the initial stages, To.vary
the menu sligitly a thick slice of bread liberally sprinkled with:sugar
then moistened undec the tap was speared on a nail driven into the
centre of one wooden platform. All the honeyeaters were partial to
this as an article of diet, dos
But others besides the sweet-tooths quickly demanded atténtion.
Blue Wrens, Scrub Wrens, Yellow Rohins and Grey Thrushés were
furnished with enticing méals of cheese. Just inside the back door .
on 4 bench was placed a hard stale hunk of this commodity'which,
when scraped with a knife, provided appropriate food for the insect-
taters. Cake and fruit when available were also on the free, list.
Birds did not hive entirely in the garden though some actually
nested within its boundaries, for example, Blue Wrens, , Sernb
Wrens, Brown-heacled Honeyeaters ancl Grey Thrushes. Thev
Appeared to alternate their time between the nat so distant scrub-
lands and the extra food supplies. Was it a question of their secking
essential vitamins contained only. in natural food resources? |
wonder!
The honeyeaters while undee observation varied tremendously im
their hehavicur, Some were pugnacious, others shy and retiring, bit
the majority soon. became fearless and Iviendly. One partieular
White-earec, a really handsome fellow, lorded it over the rest He
could he geen nccupying # food tin in solitary regal splenctotir; "no
other bird darect ext at the sawe table. The White-napedl ‘and the
Brown-headert were the Jeast timid ot them all. especially the little
short-billed “Brown-caps". These appeared to nest just round the
corner somewhere, and raised several families in a season. As soon
as the infants could Jeave the nest they were introduced to the free
hancl-out by ther parents. It-was not uncominen to see veryyoung
birds with dawn still adorning therr heads and with immaturebraks
being fed by brothers and sisters of an earlier brood, They beeanic
so tame that they would perch on one’s hand or head, o a tinsof
food being carried from the kitchen, or on a slab of bread befaré i
could be placed in position. What daring, dainty little sprites they
were! ; a Mig
Sometimes the immediate vicinity of the honse would be uiticely
devo of feathered folk, Then like bolts from the blue BréWwn-
headed Honcyeaters would literally caxcade down throigh ‘the
igliage, Te was incredible haw many of them tried to obtain a foot-
hold on the rim of one tin dish at one time. They would stoke jp
with a fresh supply of calories before going bush once mieré.inja
hurey. After a few long nips of honey and water, with usually sanie
toist read and suyar for a chaser, they vanished. This ispecies
always dich things at the gallop.

ped Wiusitart, Birds Galore 25

It was an unusual treat for any nature lover to sit quietly on the
verandah and be entertained by Mine Host and his adopted family,
Busily scraping away at a piece of stale cheese, he invariably called
softly “Come on Jenny” . Obediently the Blue Wren family popped
out from between the slats of the verandah railing te pick up crumbs
almost off the toes cf his boots. Yellow Robins in their usual
deliberate manner sat and eyed the proceedings solemnly betore
breaking their fast while the more sombre coloured Grey Thrushes
literally ate oue of his hands, and back-stage was a galaxy of
delicately tinted honeveaters busily sipping their watery rations or
pecking away at bread and sugar to their hearts’ content.

The Scrub-Wren's Nest in the Workroom

To return home together late in the day after having been absent
since carly morning was something to remember. Food provided
first thing had not been replenished, tins were empty and the baker
had forgotten to call, What a grand welcome we received! Every
bird was doing its best to emulate Little Tommy Tucker. But they
did not sing, they simply velled for their supper. While food was
being prepared a cloud of feathered youngsters clung to the wire-
dav, and no collection of babies in a nursery at feeding-time could
pessibly have created more noise—weight for weight.

All this to me was an object lesson in what love of nature mixed
with kindness plus a wee bit of patience could do to overcome the
natural tinudity of our native birds.

Viet. Nat.
Vol. 74

ty Wisuart, Rirds Galare

Durmg early autuinn when berries were no longer available
hungry hordes of Silvereves descended upon the hitherto peaceful
community. They commenced mopping-up operations at once, prac-
tically monopolizing the food supplies made available for the
regulars. To counteract this invasion, kind but stern measures were
adopted, to wit—enticing the interlopers into special wire-netted
hoxes ii which they were speedily transported by car to fresh fields
and pastures new, where they were released.

One day while seated in the kitchen we were alarmed by a dis-
unetly audible commotion among a family of Blue Wrens. Blaming
a marauding cat we went into urgent action, What a relief it was
to find that Dad and Mum were ierely doing their utmost to
shepherd three youngsters from their nesting place in a clump. of
blackberries a short distance away to a more secure haven near the
house! We were amused to see what hard work they made of it
and to hear the incessant stream of aluse hurled at the tiny off-
spring. No sergeant-major couid have bettered the performance. |
may mention at this -tage that no stray feline enjoyed more than
one life, and that a very 1 rie? one, within cooee of this home-made
sanctuary.

On one occasion a Serub-Wren built her nest in the folds of an
old chaff-bag hung over a ruil m the workshop under the house.
She constructed it of fine grass and wood shavings which she picked
up fram the floor and it was within a few feet of a carpenter's
hench which was used almost every day of the week. Young were
successfully reared and were paraded for inspection by the old ones
on numerous occasions, I regret that in those days I did not possess
a goed 35 mm, camera to make a permanent record of such scenes.

To my sorrow my cobber no longer lives out along the dusty tree-
lined road. The house and the garden are as of yore but bird-
watching there 1s a thing of the past. 1 presume birds still return

to their old haunts but there is no longer a free counter-lunch pro-
vided for them.

F. J. BISHOP — AN APPRECIATION

Frederick James Bishop, who died in March, was for years a member of
our Club. His friends remember him as a quiet courteous man, with a boy’s
delight in every wildflower he saw and an expert's power tu record it through
lus camera. Though he was almost seventy and had had a good deal of ill-
health of late years, his enthusiasm was not dimmed nor the perfection of
his work ahated. I doubt whether anyone thought of him as old.

For thirty years he illustrated articles on wildflowers for me. I had only
to send him an article and he sent back exactly the photographs that were
needed, but always far too many, with a note “all duplicates and any extras
for your own collection”. That generosity was characteristic of him. As cne
result of it I have his photographs of over 300 species of Australian native
plants, and often several pictures of one species, perhaps showing fruit, habit
and habitat, as well as colour-variations (for he coloured many pictures with
careful art),

June nf

wee FS, Bistop—An “ipprecratian 27

Often when T have been uncertain of some detail of structure aud Waye ner
had a Ireshi specrmen, it has been possible to examine his photograph with =
pockce-glass, as one would a livia flower, He was the photagsapher of phe
little flowers, the huttercups and daisies, the Karty Nancies and bluebells. Te
pictured Yellow Stars and sundews with as much pleasure as waratah or
Douala bell.

Keenly as he enjoyed Wis occasional visits ro distant parts of Victoria his
greatest pleasure was wm quiet rambles with his drend, rhe date W. HH.
Nicholls. Sydenham, Sunshine, and St. Albans, were their happy benting-
gcounds, as innemerable pictures show They show also haw many flowers
nave gone from those places cuday. His home was wear Reckett Park and
Maranoa Gardets, and these toa provided countless. subjects ath) endless
pleasterc.

Although we worked together we rarely oe, but L have vivid merories of
the few tines T visited Ins heme, of che garden that Was a pleasure ta all hig
familv, of the warm welcome, and or the wildflower photographs im leavuri-
fully bound soles (for he was a hookbinaer and an expert eralimand. 1
femeniber how amazed T was when he showed me kis “studio”, a laandry in
which, with photegraphic equipmeny in place, there was hardly cpom to stand;
hut mast of all T rementber his enthusiasm far the werk of a sounper phata-
srapher “Have you seen Lert Reeves’ pictures=? he asked, “They ace
magnificerl | You mont see them.” There was real delyghr in ins veer.

His own pictures were luss spectacular than those be adonrod. but in his
awn sphere he was wisurpassed. He revealed the Hitle flowers to us, Cye-
dlosgent suawcolons often passes urmariced, apart from its seem, hut his pmic-
tures show what a lovely thing its. Tary faus of Scaevele hooker, greenish
Hawers_of saltbush, the smali clusters of hgnum ia bloom, are all revealed in
theiy perfection, not larger than life, but lifelike, brought ¢lose to our eves
by one wha loved them,

“Ose wlia toved them That was his secret, Next to his happy family
life he found his greatest happiness: in photographing the flowers, taking
infinite pains in the sovallest and least, aud sharing that happmiess with friends.

We are poorer because @ quict Aower-Inver no longer goes out ta picture
the whysidle Howers and find endless pleasure in the Maranoa plantings, but
we are richer for what he has dane, His phoropraphs will na doubt be qre-
served for other veneratians to study and enjoy. Tf we could preserve with
them the spirit of single-minded and affectionate eraltsmanship i which they
were taken we should he cich indeed,

~Jican GALrRRAITH

EDWARD JESSE GREGSON—1882-1955

Eaward Jesse Gregson was horn al Neweastle, in New Sentl: Wales,
where his father was manager pf ihe Australian Agricultural Company. He
graduated hy Arts at the Sydney Uruversity and studied further at Cornell
University in U.S 4., apevializing ib engineering. Te joined the Canadian
Military Forces in World War T and returned to Australia inp 1919,

His father. Jesse Gregson, had beew ane of he plonvers a1 Mount Wilson
and there had developed an interest i the locas vucalypts, Hihward Grepsnn
resumed Farming activitres on the tamily property and, except when secying
with the 2nd AIF. he dived there untal his death.

Aiter his retirement in £945. he continued. the researcties his father lad
begun into the eacalyps, in particular thase of the Blue Mountains, A persun
of great enerey, Fdtward Gregson beuume 2 Iuonibar figure in that area,
either plane or with friends of sluilar nuerests, Soon hrs knowledge ul the
puzzling forny of the genus in those mountains became second only to chat
of his friend and conpanion of many raribles, the Reveresd Coline Burwess

38 fthenrd Jesse GC regson=-PR82- 1955 Vol. 73

Gregson amassed # large collection of Uned specimens of cucalypt species,
which, on his death, were bequeathed to the University of New England at
Armidale. Readers may recall his contribution to this pourual. in February
1952 (Vol, 68, pp. 165-171}, entitled “Enestypts of Mr, Wilson antl Mt,
[rying, NSW",

My acquaintance with Edward Gregson did not begin until 1952, but
Thereafter many happy hours were spent in his company. A man of Iend aad
generous clisposition, his passing will be maumed by a wale cirele of friends
Death came quietiy on the wnorwin af Navember 25, 1955, when he was in
his 74th year.

—Gero. Woo vtworen. Drapstome. NSW

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOOK

iResesved tor your Notes, Observations and Queries)

AN EASTERN SPINEBILL IN AN UMUSUAL SETTING

A hoay suburban shopping centre is probably the last place iw which one
would cxpect fa ste an Eastern Spinebill (Acahorhvichus tenuirosteis Lal,
Hawever, on Saturday morning, December 3, 1955, dozens of people in
Church: Street, Middle Brighton, had a near view of this interesting honey-
cater, [t was a cele, dull morning, strang southerly winds heing actompanied
by intermittent heavy showers. ard i ts possible that rhese weather contlitions
may have been responsthle fer the bird's presence in its wnusual surroundings.

For sume weeks previously, the hardware store mt thes particular locality,
i) line with the latest adverusing technique, had been staging demonstricions
otoneef the modern “wonder” paints, Animated advertisentents such aa these
usually attract a crowd. Consequently, on the morning jn question, on ap-
proachingy Uns store, | was not surprised to And a crowd gatheted, However,
twas puzzled by the ahsence of the usual announcements from a laud speaker,
and by the people peering overhead rather than at the display: window. At
Easteri: Spinehill, not a modern “wonder” paint, was the object of the crawal’s
aetontion, : F

Vhe store has an ald-style veranda, the sheets of rogfing iron, arc canie-
quently the veranda, being steeply curved, Glass fanlights admie heht for the
thigplay windows and, ta protect the people beneath trom falling glass im the
event of breakage, wire neteme is Rxed beneath the faninshis, There, Autter-
ing between wetting and glass, wis the Spinelall, behaving like a moth at a
Highted wincdow-pange on a summer cvening.

While same onlookers. in typical human fashion, were sympathizing with
the bird) others took the opportunity to note its salient féaturce and answer
the questions thal were posed by the junior members of the audencve, Along
one vdge. the netting had hecome detached fram its fastenings and, by hit-or-
miss methods during its inshactive Aurerings., the bid found this cleavage
and escaped! fréin its imprisonment. But its freedom was short-lived. To ‘the
hicd, the fanlight was open space ain! freedom and, alinost instantaneously.
it was hack again through the mesh of the retting, only to be a caphve chee
more.

This performance was re-enacted! several times during the ten to: fifteen
minutes | was present Finally, doting a brighter interval between showers.
and agam hy chanie rather thas hy tlesign, the bard, am escaping: irom its
prison, few Iw enaugh from onder the veruuda to find the wpen spate and
fceerlom of Church Street,

Apart trons proving that there are things apart frowy modu advertising
methods to draw a crowd. and apart frovr illustrating the hazards which the
inventions of tan create for nature's creatores, ‘this was a perfect demon-
steajion of the blind instmetive oehaviour typical of ark) predominatit in

birt! Life. —-F, G. Exneven,

1906 Noaturaliata Noteloak Kai)

° BLACKBIROSY TROUBLES

Seemg some grey lirds Ay into a garden tree 1 went ont to see what they
were; there was 4 great deal of fphting and Aitering about m the tree
atlas usual the Bell Miners were objecting to strangers. T warehed the
dispute, and a neighbour, whe is interested im birds, Joined ane. Lo walked
bak with her and was away for about ten minutes. When T returned,
magpie was on the lawe sear the tree and was pecking savagely at soucthimes
alrugihog, I ran over and drove the magpie off. The “something” was a
nearly fulty-feathered young blackbird. [ tried to revive at, kept it warm,
ete. hit wt died shievthy after, What seemed to im unusual wag for a magpie
jo atuack and killa young bird Ts thas usual; There was a further ineident.
The oly other youny bird in the nest, which we have had under observario’
for both this brood and 4 Jormer onv, struggled out of the nest and ici! or
Hiuttered to the ground. Fortunately, my little grandson and T saw this happen
ant! restored the bird 10 the més. The muther bird returned at 7 pom. and all
seemed Well, ber both mother aud baby were gane next inorning, 7 suppose
that nestlings, when frightened {as by the faht in the tree}. Sometimes
cHiinh out of the vest. | have cometinies found dead nestlings in the garden
Bur 1 did het know that magpes killed other birds And where and how
did Ue Mother blackbird remove the nestling?

—FrRaxces Estrenson, Verma.

OUTSTANDING NATIVE GARDEN PLANTS

As evervunce las his own special fuvouniles, it is mot likely that the
Iwenty native plants for the garcden, which are bisted) helow, veall ineet wits
everyone's approval. It you agree that wen of the plints should have been
included, thew perliaps ghe list cay be regarded as a goud one; if sou con-
sider that fifteen of them should be wm the list, then you must have a garden
in the sand crea with whe same chmaue conditions 23 whe writer, and you
must have similar tastes. tuo.

Before wore am further, perhaps we cals agree that a really onrstanding
garden qdent must have spectacular flowers borne during a long Howering
seatou, folrage and shapchiness which give a pleasing apprarance throngh-
ot the year, and vet a can be propagated readily, grows fairly yoickly, and
is hardy cnouwh to stand up to conditions mi Wie garden without any special
atéention! Needinss ta say there are vet many sach plants, so we aust
seluct those that come wearest to this ideal, .

The difficulties associated with waking a list of cutstanding garden plants
may be ilustrated by referring te the boremas, Ne plant has more delightfal
perfume than the Scented Boronia (9. anegasttynut), but many conditions
do not suit ws rhe NUS. species “Native Rove” (4. serrnlotad, Sydney
Boronia (8, Jedifelia) and Pale Boronia (8. flartbunda) are all beautiful;
while Pink Borouia (8. mieler!), Pinnate Boretiq (8, pinata) and MWairy
Roronja (8 pilosa) are gond Victorian species,

Nor can the Tall Boronia 08. elatter) or B. dentivwdnata, bath from WA,
he dverlooked, but my preference is for a third western species Kalgan
RBoroma (8. keterophulic), because jbo not difficult to propagate or cul-
tivate, if a5 shapely, and has beautiful blossom during a fairly long Howermg
ser rund.

Tiere is the list: Commem Bottle-brush (Callistemron spectosus), Pink
Hybrid Thryptomene (af. 7. siricola}, Vong-leaf Wax-flower (foriustenon
uopormdes), Kalgan Boronia (8. hieterophylte), Gungurru (Eurolyvehes
cucsta), Comuion Correa (G. reflera), Scarlet Honey-myrths CM elalened
fulgens), Pink Grevilloa (Grevillea sertcca), Mudgee Wattle {Acacia 4 perta-
bits), Grass-leal Hakea (Ho oorultinneata), Heath-leaved Banksia (4.
erietlolia), Gravel Botile-brush (Pranfartian sparsad, Swan River Myrtle
(Hypecalynona robustum), Grooved Dampier’ (2. leuceolatey, Connon

Viet. Nat.
Vol. 73

*

ao Naturalist’ Notebook

Meath (Mpacris tuprescay, Woolly Net-bush (Culvthamans villosas),
Kiptsce batfert, Esperance Wax-flower (Chytnadlanclim avflarc), Oval-
leaf Mint-bush (Prostarthera ovalifelia}, and Round-leaf Tea-tree (Lepte-
speriien cotundsfolivan) . /
—A. Ef, Brooxs,

GROUPINGS OF NATIVE’ PLANTS

Although dur mative plants are becoming more papular as garden subjects,
not 8 great deal bas heen done jn the way of grouping them. Most of us are
coltent ta grow as many natives as possible, placing then with due regard
to such feaitires a5 size, compactness, season an colour ot Howers, and their
suitability for a sunny or shady position, a moist or dry one, or an exposed
or sheltered oie. ‘

Ar Fravikston, quite large areas of Bushy Heath-toyrtle (Piupfonnnc
eafvetuay have been successfully geowo, and Mr. J- Swanson has effectively
evouped a number of plants of such species as Swan River Myrtle (ffypo-
ealvama wobushun), Kalgan Borema (B, heterypiylia), and Broad-leat
Wax-Alower (Arinstemon lancealatus) - :

At the Botanie Gardens, Kangaroo Paws have been effectively grouped
iv pie large bed and a number of species ot Correa and Boronia in another ;
at Maranoa Gardens some grouping has: been done, and Mr. G. Hately has
certainly lost no opportunities te groyp cucalypts on his property sear
Stawell, where he has about tour hundred species growing.

These examples provide the exeécptions and not the usuab procedure, bur
at Cheltenham Parts, following on the original planning of Mr. A. J. Swaby,
it is proposed to pur considerable emphasis on groupings of native plants,

If you can supply any information about successful groupings of Aus-
tralian plants, which you have seein or have experimented with, the writer
would appreciate your comments,

—A., E. Broors. Tulip Street, Cheltenham.

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

F.N.C.Y. Excursions:

Saturday, June 9-Geolugy Gralip excursios ta Open Cur, Bacehus Marsh,
Take $40 a.m. train from Spencer Street ta Bacchus Marsh, Bring cwo
meals, and thermos if tict drink is required as fires are not permitted.

Sunday. June 17—Warrsidyte, Leader: Mr, Haase, Take BSS a.m, Peroiree
Gully train, alight at Ringwood, then Warrandste bus to Fiveways. Bring
one meal.

Sholay. July S—Lyrebird excursion te Sherbrooke Forest, Leader: Miss 1,
Watson, Take $58 a.m. train to Upper Vermree Gally, then bus ty
Kallista. Bring one meal arc! a snack.

Group Meetings:

(At National Herbarium)

Werlnesday, June 20 (8 pan.J—~Microseapical Group,

Saturday. June 30 (2 pm.j—Botany Group. Speaker: Mr. KO Atkins.
Subject: Trece in winter.

Wednesday, July 4 (8 pon.b—Geology Group, Subject: Origin of Coral
Islands, Speaker; Miss B. Neilsen,

Preliminary Netice:

Saterday, July 14—Mid-winter Mystery Trip, by parloc coach, approsxi-
mately 156 miles, enostly along highways, po walking. Objects; Historical
and Physiographical, Coach leaves Batman Avenue §.30 aon, Bring two
Micals—tnurning lea available at coudside cafe cu route. Bookings, 18/-
each, with leader: Mi H, Stewart, [4 Bayviow Terrace, Ascot Vale

‘(Telephone FU 1090).
—Mare ALLenper, Excurmion Secretary

The Victorian Naturalist

Vat. 73—No. 3 2 ~ JULY $e 1956 No. 871

PROCEEDINGS

Abou: flty members were present at the Annual General
Meetme of the Club, held at the National Herbarium ont June 1]
last, The reviving President, Mr. Varlton Rayment, was in the
Chairs he welcomed to the mecting Miss Sutherland, a visitor [tam
Vancouver in Canada.

Mr, Swaby reported thar several visits bad heen paid to the Sir
Colin Mackeuzie Sanctuary, Healesville, by the ccmmuittee appoutted
to assist in the making of a Nature Trail, and that the first working
hee wonld be held.on July 7, when as many members as possible
should arrend. Mr. Garnet gaye a resume of the National Parks
Bill to be dehated im parliament in August, and he agreed to bring
before Cotinal several proposed amendments.

The 76th Anonal Repurt of the Club was read by the Secretary,
and the ‘Treasurer outlined the financial statements. These are in
this issue of the Naturalist and in last month's issue respectively,
The Anditors signified thar no report was necessary from them.

Mr Rayment reported that he had received a letter from Mr,
Sarevich advocaimy a rearrangement of the Building and Con-
tingencies fund, but, because of its length, he would not deal
with it but would take it as sjenilying the writer's mtention to move
a mouou at a future meeting.

The etection follawed of Ofice-Bearers and Council for 1936-37.
As nominations did not exceed requirements, the following were
declared elected: Mr. A. J. Swahy, President; Messrs. F. Lewis
and W. F.. Williams, Vice-Presidents ; Mrs. F. Curtis, Assistant
Secretary; Mr. A.G. Hooke, Treasurer; Miss M. Butchart, Assist-
ant Treasurer: Mr SN. A. Wakefield, Editor; Mr. A. B. Court,
Assistant Ector: Mr. A. Burke, era Mr. R19. Lee, Assist-
ant Librarian; Miss M, Allender, Excursions Seeretary; and Dr.
RM. W ishart, Dr, W. Geroe, arid Messrs. J. Re Garnet and KK.
Atkins, Council Members.

Mr. Rayment vacated the Chair in favour of the new President,
Mr. Swaby asked that Messrs. Eustace Coghill and F. Curtis he
invited to attend the forthcoming meeting of Council, as they had
agreed to accept office as Secretary ad Council Member re-
spectively; thus. there would be a full team to manage Club alfairs.
The new President said that major points of policy for the year
would be the stumulation of the scientific side of Club activities,

34

ry Dreyer ddanie, Whats an
a2 Prove dds vale Wl

and the securing auc maintaining ut cluser contact with kindred
societies atid with country arid interstute members.

Messrs, Chalk and Evaris were agai) appointed as Auditors.
Mr. F. G. Davidson and Mr. Paul Genery were elected as Metro-
politan Members of the Club, Mrs. F, G. Davidson and Mes, F.
Curtis as Jot Members and Master John Walsh as a Junior
Member. These new members were welcomed to the F N.C V- and
wished well in their association with the Club,

Mr. Woollard suggested that more prominence be given in the
Naturalist to the activilies of the various Club Groups; the Editor
commented that such would be very welcome material for the
journal, as Club activities, including excursion repprts, were always
given priority over other material.

There were x number of nature notes ane comments on exhibits,
the latter in particular being very civerse ane interesting Tlie
meeting closed at ahopr 10 pam. for the usual cenversazione and
perusal of exhibits.

SEVENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT, 1956-57

The 76th Annual Report chronicles a year of satisfactory progress
amd activity for your Club. Membership for the year was 346, the
saine as the figure for last year, mew members making up for
resignations and uther losses. The membership comprised 347
Metropalitan, 184 Country, 20 Honorary, 5 late and 2) Junior.
In additivn there are 37 subscribers ta the Pigtorian Naturalist.

Unusually severe losses occurred in the Club during the past
year through the deaths of Mrs. ‘{. Sarovich, Mrs. K. Woorlhurn,
Miss M, Wise, Sit Russell Grimwade, Major H, W. Wilson, Mr.
P. Bibby, Mr. J. Bishop, Mr. A. Burston, Mr. E. Dakin, Mr. A,
Jenkins, and Mr, EH. Smith, all of whom did Ane work for the
Club in the past.

During the year, your Couneil, through its Finance Sub Com-
mittee, kept a clase watch on the factors of income and expenditure
involved, mindful of the heavy commitment tepresented by the
publication of the Pern Book. Consideration was again given to
publishing the Vtetorian Naturalist as a quarterly, but it was gen-
erally agreed that this should be resolved to only in the event ot
acute Club difficulty, Last year’s newly exploited source of revenne
was tapped ever more profitably by the Editor, who pushed sales
n€ hack qumtbers of the Victorian Naturalist so vigorously that au
extra £175 was added to the Club funds, As the financial report ic
last month's: Naturalist showed there was a stieplus of £65 on the
General Working Account for the past vear, which has led to a
salislactory increase tr the Ranke balance.

A major event of the Club year was the publication. in December
of the re-written and enlarged edition of the Fern Book, Sales
progressed reasonabiy well, 473 copies heing disposed of to

vps Seqenigssiath Antal Report, 1953-36 aS

April 30, ag noted ji) rhe balance sheet. The wok reflects eredit as
a solid achievement for the Cluly and its Editor, Mr. NW, A,
Wakehelrl,

Credit and thanks are due to those who leciured fo the Clit
during the past year The President's address, ov Dimorphisin in
Lalictine Bees, was particularly meruorable, as a lod account. swell
delivered, of a haghly technica) subjece. Innovation of 10-minute
lecturettes at the General Meetings proved a papular move. How-
ever, they did vot always continue along the lines originally
intended, which was to relate actual experiences or research rather
than tniormatian at second-hand. An attempt was also made during
the year ta augment the exhibics for the General Meetings

The chief meeting of the Club was lield on April 9, 1956, in
conjunction with the Anthropological Suciely of Victoria and the
Frankston Field Naturalists Club, jar the presentation of the Aus-
tralian Natural History Medallion ta one of our members, Mr.
Stunley R. Mitchell. Ti was an historic oceasion, for ir was the
first tine that che Medallion had heen presented hy another mecil-
lionist, the Club Fresident, Mr. Tarlton Rayment. A comcidence
was thar the dossiers for hoth these recipients had been prepared
hy Miss lynetre Young of this Club.

During the year, the Club lent its support toa number of worthy
projects. The International Boy Scout Jainboree at Wanga Park
was furnished assistance by Club members who lectured and
exhibited. A proposed Olynypic Ganies Wildflower Display by the
Hank of New South Wales is receiving Club stipport, bath artistic
und rechmecal. The Clob has been asked (and currently has a
sub-committee working} to assist in staging 2 sitall-scale Nature
Trail within the Sir Colin Mackenzie Sanctuary, in time for the
Olympic Games. The Club has continned its never-ending battle
toward reasonable conservation by protesting against wholesale
destruction proposed for kangaroos m Western Australia, and a
proposed open season for possuinsin Victoria. We were represented
tog at the Austrahan Primary Producers’ Union Conterence om
conservation problems and in a deputation co the Premier of \ie-
toria on proposed National Parks legislation.

Field Naturalists Clubs were formed in two other areas of
Victoria during the year, We were happy to welcome the Wirintcra
and the Colac Clubs into the ranks of thase dedicated to the study
of Natural Histery and to the protection of narive fauna and flora,
There are now eight National History bodies affiliated with the
Senior Club.

“Work atuang the Study Groups progressed. The Botany Group
waa surely hit by the untimely death in July of its chairman, My, E,
Bakin. The Group is now engaged in an ambitious project, an
Ecological Census of Sherbrooke Forest, under the guidance of
its Secretary, Mr, K, Atkins. The Microscopical Group has had an

ad Seountseslvih Aunial Reporl, 1935-3 viet Ns

active year uncer Dr, Wishart’s chairmanship. They organized an
interesting evening of colour shdes and talks for the General
Meeting a November. The Gealogy Group, under Mr. A. AN.
Baker, enjoyed a year of considerable interest, Lapsed during the
year were the Wildflower Garden Section and the Marine Biology
Group. A latent interest in the latter has been aroused hmvever,
and ctforts are now being made to combine it with an Entomala-
gical Group, The, younger generation continued to be served by
willing workers from the Club Mermberstup. The Hawthurn ane
Prahran Junior Clubs flourished throughout the year.

Attendance at some 34 Club and Group excursions was grati-
iyingly up as compared with last year’s figures. The Christmas
holiday trip to Mount Buller was the highlight of such activities,
ancl it was concucted most sticcessfully.

With the contpletion of the moye ot the Club's Library to the
National Herbarmm, our last link with the ald quarters at the
Royal Society's Hall was severerl. Re-organization of this valuable
Chrb asset is now under way, and it is hoped that Chib members
will be enabled to make more frequent and better use of it.

In conclusicom, sincere thanks are cue to Mr. A. W. Jessep of
the National Herbarini for the use of their fine facilities tor tu
Clib and Group iueetings.

On behalf of the Council,
DD, C McDonany, Honotvary Secretary,

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP REPORT

The Group courinics to increase membership and to interest those who
attend meetings. Upwards of twetity enthusiasts met on June 20 last, and ihe
Chairman, Mr. DO. Meclomes. extender a welenme to Mr. and Mrs, A. J.
Swahy aud other visitors.

After the rentine prehnianary business, Mr. IT. Barrett addressed the
meeting on “Some Qamaru Diatoms”, The speaker has mace a litelony study
of the zroup, and still collects material as well as receiving parcels Gl speci-
inens, both Jossil and recent, from overseas. There were eighteen microscopes
on the tables, and Mr. Barrett followed the precedent established by Mr.
Melnnes tast tonth, asing ail these ta ifaserate his talk, showing many rare
and heautiful forras.

Mr. W. Evans had previously photographed same flteen or sa ot My
Barrett’s drawings of other species, and these were screened throvel Mr,
Woollard’s projector and commented on by the speaker. Mr. Barrett con-
chuded by-answering a number of queries, audl he was heartily thanked by the
Group Leader. on behalf of those present. (A stimmary of the tatk will
appear i a future issue of the Naturalist).

Members are asked rd again bring their instruments fer we by Mr. Rayment
i conjunction with Ins galk on Fuly 18: and an invitation 15. crdially cxtended
th FNC. members ta be present.

July

1936 The Wictoriun Nittinatist

VICTORIA'S CATHERINE RIVER
By Joun Craprins*

Vhe parlinnentary exploration party surveving the reate or the
propesed new road aleme dhe \Venhangina Raver inking the
North [ast with Gippslancl arcsec much iterest in Victoria's
Catherine River, The rente covered the Buffalo River valley, eress-
ine the Barey Mountains te the Worntigatie River on the seuth
sient the Range The Catherine hits its headwaters an the Parry:
Munititains ind joins the Butfale River, wseli a uibutary of the
Ovens. at Catherine Station.

Dhtring Easter, 1955, Donald Spriggins, Steve Derrigen and vie
writer pkuined ty negotiate the Catherine Kiyer fremi both ¢tids,
Steve was ta taake the approach frou Meuishele by walking aleniy
he Tlowqua Kiver, aver Mount Howir, aling the Crossent Saw
1 Mount Speculation aud thence oi ta Mott Despair where Don
wd To owere teeameet hint on Raster Saturday. We two lef Wan-
SAE ta ete Miter eveles on Grad Friday and prevecdest to
Catherine Sianen threugh Dandengadale and Abbeyard. .\iter
Danduigakide the rand nirrows (o barely the width of a single car
and winds i und wat of the hillside making progress extremely
difficult.

We left our bikes ar Catherine Station, having covered the -ixty-
five piles trom Wangaratta in just under three hours. We then
proceeded up the Catherine valley which for the first three niles
had heen cleared of undergrowth. After this the undergriwth along
the river Hats became very dense and we had frequently to wade
acrass the river, There is supposed te de a track all the way np
the river but it was diMeutt te follow wid. when we did strike it,
we could not folleaww it few Tenge,

As evening drew near we made our eunp ona grassy spot. The
valley flogr had widened considerably (itis about half anule across
at tts widest pent) ane at this particular spot, it would be aver
300 yards and stretched fur some tour miles, making the area stit-
able for euttle grazing, and wire than once, while moving through
the wodergrawth, we came suddenly tpen startled animals who
seemed resentiul of our intrusion tate their grazing land. At night-
fall the call of the Boohook Owl heralded the rising moon uver the
eastern ridge and from the nearby hills the eerie howl! of a dingo
could be heard.

On Easter Saturday we continued mp the river, intending to
incet Steve at Mount Despair. However we took a wrong branch
of the river and headed tip a trilatary, Fortunately it was not long
hefore we discovered cur nnstake and we decided to cross the
ridge between ns and the main stream. This was a great error in

* Sunlenr ae Sebo at Poresry, Creswielk,

Vict. Nat.
Vol. 73

36 Gittins, (ictoria’s Catherine River
judgement because when we reached the top of the ridge, we found
we were at a height of about 3,500 feet !

There we had a magnificent view of the Razor approximately
a mile away. This is a rocky outcrop of 5,000 feet elevation and
about a mile long, with cliffs about 300 feet high falling away on
both sides to timbered ridges. At the southern end of the Razor
and behind several steep ridges was what we thought at first to be
Mount Despair (4,500 feet). Between it and us were about three
miles of numerous ridges which we realized afterwards, from
Steve's description, could not have been our rendesvous. In actual

The Highest Peak of the Razor.

fact Mount Despair was still farther back and was out of sight
from where we were. Towards the south we could see the hump
on top of Mount Speculation rising to 5,650 feet—the highest peak
in the Barry Mountains. As it was 11 a.m, and our appointment
with Steve was at noon, we decided to eat our lunch while we
reviewed the situation.

From Mount Despair, Steve looked on an even more striking
sight. He had an end-on view of the Razor whose top had the
appearance of a narrow track with steep cliffs dropping away on
either side. South-east of the Razor he could see the Viking, our
view of which was obstructed by the Razor. The Viking is similar
in shape and size to the Razor, but on one side it has high over-

37

ah Gittins, Victoria's Catherine River

hanging cliffs and on the other there is a slope only slightly less
formidable. It is said that the Viking is Victoria’s most inaccessible
mountain and this is no exaggeration for, besides having rugged
peaks on three sides, behind it les the Terrible Hollow through
which runs the Wonnangatta River in its early stages. The Terrible
Hallow 1s really a huge valley in the form of an amphitheatre whose

i

V

\

= yD
iv 2 ,
uy g vl %
a * 33
at : 3 if
i S s 4
a La : =
‘ , Sf = = =
3 :
3 RF 3
2 2
= =
FOF
= ?
$f 2
a“ / =
2 z/ ¢

pa intatte,

a0 Tyee, 5

Sa eartg Pet Roy 2 Bg, gp dibte,
wy
me

6B Mg en
=

= Wats Coy
ay Hy, 5 wh

\ Stree =
a3
ym

He

Sketch-map of Catherine River area.

walls consist of cliffs which fall 3,000 feet before reaching the floor

of the valley.

On failing to find us on Mount Despair Steve headed down the
Catherine River. It was to be a full day before he came upon us
fishing not far from the camp. Incidentally, we were able to supple~

38 Gittins, Vietorta’s Catherine River ae
ment our diet over the four days with a dozen delicious rainbow
trout, most of which were about one pound in weight.

The vegetation in the gullies in the area forming the headwaters
of the Catherine River is of the luxuriant rainforest type which is
common in the mountainous country south of the Great Dividing
Range. On the lower slopes of Mount Despair there is a mignificent
stand of virgin Alpine Ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis) which looks
not unlike parts of the Fitzroy Gardens in Melbourne, having no
undergrowth other than grass. The fern gullies contain the usual
rainforest birds, and in them may be heard the varied mimicry of

Mount Buffalo from Dandongadale Station.

the Lyrebird accompanied by the resounding crack of the Eastern
Whipbird and the calls of various others such as the Golden
Whistler, the Pilot Bird and the ever friendly Yellow Robin.
Lower down the river the treeferns give place to trees—acacias
and correas—any many bushes. The predominant eucalypt in the
valley is the Manna Gum (E. wininalis) some specimens of which
attain a height of nearly 250 feet, although in the large swamps
lying on the extensive river flats the Swamp Gum (£. ovata) holds
its own,

de Grrr, Kictoria’s Catherine River 3

Most of the ridges in the area are extremely dry and rocky, the
dry condition being probably due ww the face that mast of the rain
falls on the southern slopes of the Great Divide and comparatively
little reaches this region. An inceresting feature on the ridges was
ihat wild flowers. such as Parrot-Pea (Dukeyna ylaberrina) ail
Pink-Eve (Vetratheca pilosa) were in bloony whereas iw other
chstriets such as Creswick, they are amongst the earliest to Hower
in spring. Another point actly of nate wis the presence of tlre
dancing mounds of lyrelirds on top of the mdges. These monrnls,
whieh were fairly exposed and filled with stones were very differen
irom those often. found in orher districts where they are nsually
sheltered under tree ferns and miade up af moist earth mixed with
rowing leaves and sticks. :

The ridges were covered inainly with very stunted and poorly-
formed peppermints (£, dives) which were riddled almost dhrongh-
out hy rernites. The owner of Catherine Stition teld ws thar fie
has great difficulty a obtaining minber ever jor Zenee posts because
m the este af the damage done hy these pesis, The silles of same
ot the ridges with southerly or easterly aspects, whieh rhe su
reaches only hetweers {1 v'clock m the morning and 3 o'clock im the
aiternoon, were ahnost completely covered with Canmmoan Matden-
hair Cadionthiem aetaopicwn). Vhis is a mos¢ beautiful sight,
especially when the Arse rays of suntight make the dew draps
glisven an thar frends.

The bird life around the camp was domimated by the presence ot
a small colony of what we thonghr at the tine to be Helmeted
Honeyeaters. Since then, however, we have consulted Mr. N. A
Wakeficl on the subject, avd it was decided that, in view of the
locality, the birds were most likely Yellow-rufted Honeveaters
Another bird which we alsa observed for the first time wes the
Yellow-tuled Black Cockatuy, a pair of which visited opp camp
for a short period one morning.

On the last day of camp a dense fog bkasketed the valley giving
promise of anather glorious day. One of oar last close-up views of
the mountatis was a very beautihid one of Mount Buffalo from
Dandongadaie. The splendour of this sight was heyhtened by a
pur of Wedgetatled Iagles circling’ over the punt, How we
envied them their freedom and wished that we, too, could have
shared their glorious view of that foriidable camge, the Barry
Myuntains,

BIRTH OF A LIZARD

About ‘Cheistnay 1954, a feiend was fishing at Colima and picked up a
lizard's ege on the bank of the creek, He put it ima match box whieh, wken
We returned home on January 6, 1955, he put on a shelf in bis garage. Thig
he forgot until May 22, when he opened it te find a hizard about 14 inches
long, alive and quite active,

—A,. Laryant

40 The Mictariwn Naturalist Vee, Maye
Vol. |

FERN FLORA OF THE PORTLAND DISTRICT
Ay Cone Reaumereone ani Norw LearowtH

dn this journal, in April 1944 CF ier, Net 60° $93-195) one of us (C.B.)
dealt with the 22 fern species known from within 20 miles of the Portland
post-office, Siwwe then we have co-operated closely, and most likely places
have been investigated. Assistance is acknowledged trom Messrs. C. Stanfosi
uf Tyrendarra, P. Finck and son Eugene ot Heathmont. A. Millard of
Bessiebelle, T. Power of Byaduk and L. Aitken. of Heywood. Their interest
and guidance have contribited considerably to our knowledge

Tt hus been considered adyisable to. extend the sphere ot operations ta Lhe
South Australian border, across to Dartmoor, following the Crawford River.
thence ta Menint Eccles and thence down the Euneralla River. We now
include tag all groups of the Pteridophyta. The total is naw 48 species, whiely
is remarkable, fur South Australia has less in the entire State even though
it has a doven which we do not. All our species cecur within 26 miles pf
the Portland post-office

The order followed is chat of Feris of fictoria and Tasmania The bracketed
tumbers are these of the species which appeared in the April 1944 list; che
asterisk indicales that 4 species is abundarit throughout onr area. Our thanks
are duc to the Tiircetar ate Stal¥ of the National Herbarium and to Mr. NS.
AC Wakeheld for checking specimens and far nates.at old records

L. (2.) HYMENOPHYLLUM CUPRESSIFORME--Allitts revort has
heen re-established, presumably at the same spot. aver some square feet in
deep sphe basalt barrier at the judetian of Darlots Creek and Mitzroy Raver.
Tyrendarra, (See Mict. Nat. 66: 129—Noyember 1949,)

[Note: Mccadiion australe has been focated on a dead Dirksonda trunk in 2
basalt cave at Byaskuk, so it may tury up on our area, further south.]

2. TOLYPILERIUM VENOSUM—In ereat curtains on damp wails uf
lacge volcanic cave at Mouut Eccles (and in ewe similar caves at Byaduk)-

3. U6.) DICRSONTA ANTARCTIRCIA—Widespread; numerous along
upper tributaries of Moleside Creek (Little Moleside, Learmonth Creeks,
etc.) ; at intervals alone Crawtord River, with one notable pocket on a branch
four soiles west of Hotspur and at Tin Kettle Creek near Dighy. A plané
geew formerly at the “Nine-mile water reserve", Heathmere, and juvenile
piants still abound in a nacrow shaft af the chalk mice uearby

4, TONEA RARHARA—Menoful aloug upper reaches of Molesida Creek
(Gallows and Little Moleside Creeks), sometimes with butes three feet thirk,

3 (4) CYATHEA AUSTRALIS: The species’ western range is ex-
toned) abou! twenty fine Speciniens, Hwa oF which are twenty feet higti,
eccur along Learmonth Creek; plauts to siateen feet high prow on sn off-
branch of Crawford River (Bast Greenwald); and there are juveniles in
the chalk mine meutivnedt earlier

& (13,)* ADIANTUM AETHIOPICLUM.

7, (15) PELLAEA FALCATA—Widespread on the Gusalt stry> fram
Tyrendarra to Mount Eccles, but only twee on limestone: the isolaled Cave
Till outcrop tear Heywood and at the Rock Rayine property at Lyk Drik.

8. ANQGRAMMA LEPTOPHYLI.A—Pientiful on inotst: shadal ledpes
i barriers ot caves of the basalt fram ‘yrendarra to Mount’ Eecles, soo
tities Gezelis of sporting plants at a tinie

veer Beavcammork & Leanmonrn, Ferns uf Portland Disrrect 4]

® (14) CHEILANTHES TENULFOIIA—Three addivional records ;
eastern hank, Keegans Bend, Glenelg River; Deen Creek, Mt, Clay; and
chfl above Blacknose Point, on the coast.

10. C¥CLOSORUS PENNIGERUS--On nyoist limestones at intecvals
along the Lower Glenelg as far up as Dartinoor As well as Molesule Creek,
it eccurs along Spring and Little Spring Creeks jarther south; and below
ald lake Condah Mission Siation, on a limestone face of Darlots Creek, there
ian isolated plamt.

HW. PHYMATODES DIVERSIFOLIUM—Traithng over basalt in a
Inarrier near Uhe jupetion of Darlots Creek and Fitzroy River, Tyrendarra
(also an caves at Byadule),

12 (#.) CULCITA DUBIA—Additional records: Deop Creck CW. slope}
and Boyer’s Gully (SE. slope). both at Mount Clay. [In about 1891 Fickert
collected it somewhere along the Lower Glenelg, but we have nor jacated
it there.]

13. (8.) HYPOLEPIS RUGOSUIA—Additional - Another drain (4 miles
%.W. of other) at Gorae West: in swamps ac Gorac and afong Surrey Rivet
Th the Lteksonia pocket west of Hotspur, and at Tun Kettle Creek near
Digby, it grows with HW. puretata,

14. HYPOLEPIS MUELLERI--Woakefield identified as such, barren
niaterial from where the Surrey River widens at Grorae.

15. (7.) HYPOLEDIS PUNCTATA—AL Little Moleside abd Learn
Creeks, an extension of its westert) range,

16. (9.)* LINDSAEA LINEARIS,

17. ATHYRIUM AUSTRALE—One record only, [nom basall cayes abour
ynidway between Mount Eceles and Lake Condah.

18. (19) ASPLENIUM FLARBELLIFOLIUM—Conmmon throughout the
basalt formation from Tyrendarra to Mount Eccles; rare at Swan Lake Falls,
at a cave near mid-Moleside Creek (both on bmestone), at Learmunth Creck
and Deep Creek, Mount Clay.

1). (21) ASPLENIUM ADIANTOIDES—Alitrs was the sole State
record until Atigust 1949 when we re-discovered ut along large split open
basalt barriers near the junction of Darlots Creek and Fiteroy River, Tyren-
darra, almost certainly Aldjint's original tocality (See Pict, Nat. 66: 329,
November 1949). Later it was found ten miles farther aorth, on the eastern
bank of Darlots Creek betow ol Condah Mission Station (See Pict Nat 7:
224, March 1991). Mare recently the species was located at Byadule caves,
outside onr Portland area. :

20. (20. ASPLENIUM OBTUSATUM.

2). ASPLENIUM BUILBIFERU M—Itn craters at Mowat Eccles. We oi!
wonder where Allitt found at at "Glenelg Mouth, (Tt accurs im fair 2hand
ance w Byaduk caves.)

22, ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES—Several widely scattered records,
all ow limestone > high cliff, Keegans Bond, Glenelg River; Dartmoor; cave
near mid-Moleside Creck; Rockingham Creek, Lower Bodgewater; and a
tave on Stanford's property at Tyrendarra.

23, PLEUROSORUS RUTIFOLIUS—Uncorimon on basalt irom Tyren-
pared to Mount Eccles; on limestone at Rackinghain Creek and Keeguos

Pri

24. (17.)* BLECHNUM MINUS.

35. (16.)* BLECHNUM NUDUM—Tbe bipinnate form ocetirs at several
places: Gallows and Learmonth Creeks, Fitzrey River, ete,

- a , ae Viet. Nut.
42 Beausieatce & Learmentet, ferns of Mortland District Vol. oie

26, (18.3* BLECHNUM PROCERUM,

27. BLECHNUM LANCEOLATUM—Mid-Moleside Creek and a nearby
cive provide guc only records,

23 DOODIA M¥EDLA—Ac Bayer's Gully and another watercourse. both
oh the S.E. slope of Maowit Ciay

29, (40.)* PTERTDIUM ESCULENTUM.

30. {12.)* PTERIS TREMULA—It has accustomed itseli to diverse
conditions pf sail. rack, expasure, ete.

31. (1L) HISTLOPTERIS INCSSA—Additional: « depression near
Jalmstone’s Creek, Kentbruck. Eckert collected it fronr Lower Glenelg in
(991, (Ir is also at Byaduk caves.)

32, CTENLTIS SHEPHERDI([—In basalt caves at junction of Dariots
Creek and Fitzroy River; cave near mid- Moleside Creek; narrow shaft at
chalk mine uear Heatkmere. (Most abunriant at Byadule.)

33, (22.) POLYSTICHUM PROLIFERUM—Additional: Little Mole-
side and Learmonth Creeks; gully on S.E. slope of Mount Clay; off-branches
of Crawtord River.

34 (2.)* GLETCHENTA MICROPHYLLA,

35. GLEICHENIA, CIRCINNAT A—Onp patch only, near old “Pipeclay"
mill site, S.W. of Mount Deception.

36. (1.) SCHIZARA FISTULOSA,

47. SCHIZAEA BIPIDA—Oge specimen, vobranched, uncer Nautharr-
hoca, near Coulzardie Swamp, Muunt Clay,

33. SCHIZAEA ASPERULA—Nunterous m heathy country neay veal
of Deep Creek. Mount Clay,

39 * OPHIGGLOSSUM CORIACEUM—Occurring on many types of
soul,

40, MARSILIA HiRSUCTA—Only record, in swamps slong Darlows
Creek, Tyrendarra, fortunately i a sanctuary.

4) PILUARIA NOVAE-HOLLANDIAE~—~On flat, drying swamp iia
Dariots Crd sanctuary,

42, AZOLLA FILICULOTDES—Abundant alone Darlots Creele ind
nearby swamps. often associated with duckweeds and the floating hepatic
Ricciccar pus nalaxs. (Also ata spring al Rocie Navine, Drik Drik,)

4%. LYCOPODIUM LATERAT.F—Near joot of Litthe Mout Kincaid,
and in a swamp oa the W. slope of Mount Clay-

44. PHYLILOGLOSSUM DRUMMONDII—Long Heath, Gorae; Emu
Thil area, between Gorae West and Mount Richmond ; Bats’ Ridges: taicl
Eckert bas a record, Entrance of the Glenelg, 1891"

4§. SELAGINELLA ULIGINOSA—W. slopes oi Mont Clay; near
rifle range, Sauth Portland; Upper Surrey River, at Wrights Swamp and
near toot of Little Mount Kineaad.,

46. * SELAGINELLA PREISSIANA—In moist places:

47, ISOETES DRUMMONDIL—Dn fiat, drying swamp, Darlols Creek
aunetuary.

48. TMES(PTERIS BILLARDIERI—Mainly on trouks of Dicksonio,
hut also un Todea along Little Moleside Creek.

uly The Victorian Nurarotist

co
toe

SUNDRY NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN STYLIDIA
lincluding a tew mame for a tropical triager-plont!
By J. Ho Warnes,
National Berharivin aft Victorie
1 SUYTIDIUM ERICKSONAED Sof) Meilfix, nomen nievurn.
LS_ andrasaceum O. Sehware oh Reppert. Spec. Max Rega ley. 21
105 (1927), now Lind), in Budwards's But, Rey. 25, Appendix... Yew
Swalt River: xxix (1 Dec. PSS), aed THI. Peade. Saat, Nal 22> 783
(Dec, serus 1839),)

Na 4 Jater hanienym, Orta Schwarz's. uame Sevdivni qudrusmecen muse
lapse Far the necessary vew epithet, T have the greatest pleasore int hestawilg
the surname of Mrs. Rica Frickson (Bolgart, WoA.J—my trend and cal
labocater during se many researches in the fseuiiating Crieger-plart tamily.
Mrs, Trickson'y patience, gerius. for minuce deta) and great artistic sil
have gone a yery long way toward solving the taxonamuic problems conuentes
with this dMhcult group, ste Has travelled extensively to study species ur the
field over indel of Agsivalia Cineladmge the trepics), aod everwhere has
made careiul colour sketches of the living plants—working (Owald a compre-
Wensye ianograph at all Auspralian “Teieeers”, which ts now nearing
eaniipletion.

S. vrirevoer is a delightful and very charactecisue peremmial. I lita clenso
and esceatidy birsute, verticilare coyertes (4-1) wide) Crum the wpger-
wast of which arise up to 20 (hat usually less) erect gid Aswered, haly-hke
peduncles to 4" bong; the calyx tube is clongated. the cormla tosy pinie insicte
and bright yellow externaliy. As far as we know at present. the species occurs
only within a short distance of Port Tatwan, Avparentl: Uhe first spécimeyrs
were found by M, Holtze alone the Adelaide River in 1890 (un-named col-
tection Melhourne Werbariunr). Poa. K. Bleeser colleuted {tat Koolpinyah,
SY miles vase of Darwitt Cnn wer skndy Asis’), cliving (he 1920's; his
materia! Yecante the type of S\ androsecewn O, Schwarz, Mrs, Erickson
herselt obttmod good Aawerng examples ov white sand Rats along the Stuart
Highway, 20 wiles Srom Darwin (July 12, 1955) and also several miles
nearer [he 1own.

1 suggest “Androsace Triggerqlanr” as an approprivte vernacular janie,

2, ih A ee REDUPLICATUM #, Br. Prodr, Flor, Noy. Toll, 568
C1810).
= 5. pilosum hiahtli, Now. Mall Plant. Speen. 2: 65, T2134 clade),

Su the Prodvanins Robert Brown recogm~es loth S, fils and FT vedupli-
mithus, the latter presuined tu differ om rts reduplreate leaves and shoner scape
with woneehndular hares, J. Milébraed in his monograph on Seydedoreiy
(Pas PHowsenreieh LV. 278, Heft 33: 86 (1908)] has a luotnele ta the
description of SY) redipliwatni, vine:

St. dnduston Labi 2. uo sitll; species ex luonibas et descrptione den
AMEE COANSEORNLA oH (4 St flantugiiea Sond, gue eam och, Bewth

CONPMACA est, cent eustiners.
© oN Gardier omits &. piles from bis Fauneratia (1930),

Throughoot the sand-plain cauntry areuntd Esperance Bay, extencig
tasterly to beyand the Cape Le Grind Reserve and also occurring on some
jslarnws of the Recherche Arcinpelago, i a Jarge Trigger-plane whieh varies
a good deal in width of leaves, rolling of margins, Mower colour and dererce
of development of glan@ular hairs (lower part of seape tsually son-glandtlar },
This J as convinced is the S. pilosam of Labillardiere, fromowhich J. redupsi-
caren R, Be can not be separated soecifivaliy, 1 sent material from Sandy
Hock Island (Recherche Archipelago) to Dr. R. Vichi-Sermolli for con
parison with ablardiere’s type ar Florence, and he replied (29/9/1932) ;

; . F . . ‘ Vint, Nat,
44 Wriaas, Motes ow Austrahion Stylybia ya. ah, ;

“Your specimens agree well with the rype of 4. pilose in all characterises.
in the appendages at the throat of Lhe corolla too.”

4 STYLIDIUM ADPRESSUM Benth, Flora Aust, 4) 22 (1809),

The epithet has, without justification, been spelt “appressune” by |. Mild-
hraed (1908) and ( A. Gardner (1930). Mrs. Erickson examined material
in the Sydney Herbarigin labeled S. eygnorum WV. Fizg. Lown. & Prat
Miteller Bot Sec $9: 16-1? (Ture 1902)], and found that the specintens are
inseparable fram our S_ adpresswin, var poleis [see Muelleria 1t: Lh (keh.
1956) ]. They dilfer from Fitzgerald's description at S, cyqnorvn iin having
much shorter leaves (scldarn I em. in contrast with his Uf inches). pink mnt
yellow flowers and without the 3 throat appendages. The exadt natire of
Pitzgerald’s species is still uncertain. but it cold represent an extraardinary
form at &. adpressurn.

4 STYLIDILUM MERRALLII (PF. Muetl) Prilee, ut obs. in Eneler Bo,
Jahrb, 34: 596 (1904).

FL Mueller published the species under Caudatiza (not Stylidian) in btet.
Nat, S$ 76 (1888); so it is iacorrect to write “S. mnerraflii FL Mtietb" as
Mildbraed and Garduer have done. The first writer to use the combrmation
S. inerrollit would seem to be BE. Pritzel, in a foytnote under his orignal
ceseciption ol S. dielsignwk he also attributed the binomial to FL Mueller,

$ STYLIDIUM DESPECTUM &. fr & 5S BRACHYPHYLLUM
Sond. we Leto
These speries are almost co-extensive. veey similar, and lave been com-
vletely cotifused in castern Austraba. Flowever, they may he distinguished
quite reaclily as follows;

J despectum lacks a basal rosette anc has the two posterior petals
larger than the aoterlor, longitudinally arranged and altnost touching
throughout their length; whereas S. brachyphytimm has an obvious
rosette of radical leaves, the two posterior petals smaller thai the
anterior mul widely separated, alinost fornnng Tateral pairs with cach
anterior petal

L. Radway in Tas. Fiara (1903) does not mention oS. Arachydhyllin.
weither does A. J. Ewartin Flora bret, (1930) 3 J. M. Black sytiotiymizes it
under S. despectun in his Plana §. elust, (1929), yet the species oreurs in
each of these three Stares: Dr. Winifred M. Curtis recently (Dec. 19551
found both trigeer-olants growing neat Low Head at the mouth of the
Tamar River, Tas. which is Brown's type Incality far 8. despectiem,

——6— ST PETOMIM™ CEPTOPHYLEUM= DE Pradr—Syst—Nat-7 78 —
(1838), var. MUCRONTIFOLIUM @enth. Flora Aust. 4° 30 (1869)
= 5. dichetomum DC. |c., fornia
Miltbraed (1908) emphasizes the difficulty uf separating certain forms uf
SN. leptaphyllum from S. dicholamums: and Mrs. Erickson has found that the
two cau appear almost identical, the only rebable ériterion then being the
manner in which the anthers are arranged on the colurnn—transyerseiy fixed
in the former, and parallel te columm avis in the Jatter speaes, fn Bentham's
yariely mmucroufolun the anthers are placed as for 5, dichotamnin, nor S-
feptophvllun. To make a new combination ‘9, dichotiwnnyit, Var, imucreni-
folly", however, would be superfluous because dichotomem someumes has
decidedly mueronulate foliage: Bentham himself synonymized SQ iuceen-
Fuliiwm ot Hooker (fot. Man. 4338) under 5, awhwtomnur
7, STYLIDICM ROSEO-ALATUM R, Erickson & /, H, FRinis in Vict.
Wat, 72: 133 (Dec 1955)-
The cate given, under the oriviral deseription, for cullection at the
HOLOTYPE (ii MET.) 4s incorrect; it should be Det, 26, 1952, nat Oct. 17,
1948.

July

1086 The Victoriam Naturalest qa

A NEW SPECIES OF TAENIOPHYLLUM (ORCHIDACEAE)
Ry A. W. Dockrit., Gearse’s Hall, NSW
TAENLOPHYLLUM LOBATUM sp. nov.

Planta efabata. Radices cinereo-virides, Tere planac, salem 12 en. longae,
usque ad 1 min. later, Pedunculue cirea 2 mm langis, sparsim ep persecerantor
hispidus. Pedicetli cirea 2 mm. longi. hispid:. Bractae pedicelns sustinentea
yanabiles, sed fere semper magnae, ail basin Jatze, acuminatae, acute decurvae.
Flores plepumque 2, subfiavi, vix apenentes. Segmenta adjuncta sed non adhaeren-
tia; supra ud parte Iateralem curvale, wifra giuna. Sepala cirea 2 mim, longa ¢t
1 mm, lata, cymbiformia, hasin versus selas jyaheas gerentia. Petala similia, favlo
breviora, Labelium ica 25 mim, longum joalcarery includens), evm'yiforae, dente
in summa Fronte praeditum; lnbi Jaterales magni, fere semtormenlares, incurvat!;
talear subevlindratum, tenve, circ2 | mm. longum. Anthéra rostro abluse, sursum
curvato, misiructa.

North Queensland; Moont Sper (W. W. Abeli, Nov. 1955—TYPE),

Plant leafless. Roots pale-grey-green, almost flat, up to at least 12 cm. long
and 1 mm. or less broad, Peduncle vp ta 9 mm. long, rather sparsely leset

x

Tacniophylinin labatum sp. nov.

A: Complete plant (about natural size), see scale. B: Flower from side:
C: Flower from below. D> Labellim from side (lateral lobe raised).
E. Column. (B, C, D and E are shown twice natural size, )

with short coarse bristles (which are persistent on old peduncles). Pedicels
ahout 2 mm. leug, beset with bristles sinular to, but emaller than, those of
the peduncle. Bracts subtending the pedicels yariahle in dimensions but large,
broad at the base, acurninate, sharply decurved about one-third the distance
from the base. Flowers 2? as far as is kiiown, pale yellow, rounded laterally
on top, Hattish below aud horseshoe-shaped in outline (apart from the spur),
segments closely appressed but nol joined and not widely expanding at their
apices. Sepals about 2 mm. long and 1 mim, broad ¢ivlen flattened), eymbi-
form, a few bristles towards the hase. Petals similar to the sepals but a little
sivaller and without bristles. Labellton about 2.5 mm. long, aicluding the
spur, cymbiform, with a tooth in front on tap; lateral lobes large, almost

4 : Viet, Nut.
at Pyekionn, of New Spevies of Taeuioph vlna Val y

seimorbicular, incurved so that they meet in front of the arithee bul are nat
coluimi-emibracing; spur subeylindrical, cather slender, abent |oinm lone
Auther with at up-curved obtuse rosteam.

Toeniaphyllum fobatwn is net closely related to any of the other three
Australiam species of the genus, F. ATuetfers Lindl. I. cymbiforme Tunt vow
T Wrlltaanar Hout (but it has close allinilies with sume extra-Australian
species), and it is reachly distinguished trom them (ic the Uiree Australians)
by its hispid peclooele. ete. this Feature being absent in those three, ancl hy
ite relatively much larger bracte ane lateral lobes of the Lalellom.

The specie epither refers lo he large lateral lobes af whe labelluc,

The collector deserves the fullest praise fer finding yet another new species
of orchid.

A FEAST OF NECTAR

Despite the inctemency of the weather elsewhere in the State, May 28 last
was a pleasant, sunny day iu the valley of the upper (Victorian) Snowy
River. A stop was made for binely at the old pine-log hut at the eastern end
of McKiltop’s Bridge under the craggy Mount Deddick. The forest there is
inainly of Murray Pine and White Box (Bvealy pins albens), aud the latler
was flowering profusely. Notice wag taken of the nectar-cating: birds a the
wiumediate vicimty of the hut, and there were no fewer than twelve species
present at the time—Len honeyeaters aid two lorikeets, They comprised the
Ret Wattle-bird, Fasteriy Sainebill, the White-naped, Vellaw-tufted, Priseans,
Vellaw-winged, Yellow-iacel, White-eared, Crescent and Regene Honey-
enters, and the Musk and Little Lorikeets. Tas any reader noticed such a
concentration anywhere of these brush-tomgued mectar-feedurs =

—N_ oA, Wakerneso.

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN

F.N.C.V. Meetings:
Monday, Augost L3— ‘Central Australia’, by Mr. F. Ponchen.
Monday. September 1O—"Native Plants’, by Miss C. Carherry

F.N.C.V_ Excursions:

Saturday, July I4—Midwinten Mystery Trip, by parlor coach, approxt-
mately 156 miles, mostly atong highways, nu walking. Objects. Historical
and Pliysiographical. Coach leaves Battnan Avenue 840 am, Bring two
meals—morning tea available at cafe en route, Bookings 18/- cach, with
leader) Mr. H, Stewart, 14 Bayview Terrace, Ascot Vale (eleplone
FU 1096)

Saturday, July 28—Botany Group Meeting, Meet 2,15 pom. at National
Herbarium. Subject: Plant Ecology, Speaker: Mr. K. Atkins.

Saturday, August 4 Geology Group excursion. Collecting day for National
Museum. Details at group meeting.

Scuurday, August 1]—Inspection of C.S_LKO} Native Plant Garden, Graham
Road, MWighett, and visit to Highet) Nursery, 27 Middleton Street. Higtiett
Leaders; Messrs. E. Swarbreck and G. A. Echbere, Take 1.500 am,
Mordialloe train to Migherr ot inect 220 pin an Mighett state.

Group Meetings:

(8 pin. at National Herbarium.)

Wednesilay, July 18—Microseopical Grotp. nel ot:

Wednesday, Augtisc 1—Geologry Group, Subject’ Sulpicle Minerals Speaker
Mr, Cobbete.

Preliminary Notice: 5

Sonday. August 19-—Parior coach excursion to Blackwood Leader! Mr.

Witliains. Coach leayes Batman Avenue 9 aan, fare 18/- Bring two meals.
—Marir. Atrennke, Excursion Secretaay,

The Victorian Naturalist

AUGUST 9, 1956 No, 872

Vol, 73—Na. 4

PROCEEDINGS

The hall at the National Herbarium was filled to capacity for
the General Meeting on July 9 last. Before proceeding with bust-
ness, the Presiden welcomed visitors, and alsn the new officers—
Mr. Is. Coghill, Hon. Seeretary, and Mr. FL Curtas, Couneil
Meher. ft was lentned thar Mr George Coghill and Mr, FL Lewis
were ih, and ir was decided that letrers of sympathy should be
sent to them.

‘\ letter was received Tron: Dr. M. Chittaway staring tat she was
willing Ip act as one of the Club's representatives at the forthcoming
ALN ZALAS,. conference at Dunedin, Miss Jean \Woollard had
Leen appoited Exhibit Steward, Mr. Webb had signified his
willingness fo acl on a Youth Movements Comittee, and Mr.
Seacon had agreed to take an mterest in the Hawthorn Junior Club.
Mr, Rayment had accepted the special office of Haison beuween Chub
members aud the National Museum officers,

Mr. Garnet placed before the meeting several suggested amend-
wwents to the praposed National Parks legislation, and the Club
agreed to support them.

The meeting was then handed over to Mr. John Béchervaise,
who delivered a most memorable address on Antarctic aninval life
—the Emperor Penguin; Adelie Penguin, Snow Petrel and the
Weddell Seak-"This was followed by an outstanding series of
Kodachrome slides of the scenery, fauna and flora of the Antaretic.

Tt was anounced that the nurseryiney of the Dandesongs, with
the Argus und Your Garden magazine, were ta hold a show at
Kalorama daring Melbourne Show week; and the Beaumaris Tree
Preservation Soviety is ta organize a function during the first
weekend in October.

The President reported that an F.NUCV, party and a number
of members of the B.O.C. had attended the Sir Colin Mackenzie
Sanctuary at Healesville on the previews Saturday, and that x
very sansfactory amount of work had been done i connection
with the Nature Trail and in the planung of ornamental native
trees. }t was arranged that working parties should continue opers-
uiond on the first Saturday of each month,

The meeting closeé*at about 10.15 p.m. for the usual comver-
sazione and perusal of exhibits.

47

AR Shu Meeforiont Naturalist Vol. 73

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

Aboue thirty members. and friends attended the taeeting af July 18. Mr,
Tarlton Raymeit was the speaker fur the evening, his subject being “The
Tcidence of Pollen Grains of Heath om Creative Evolution’, A number of
nilero-stides of pollen grains and of transverse sections of immature fower-
buds of heaths were used to illustrate the lecture. These were preseciedl fin
various ways, some were arranged under microscopes and others projected
hy Mr. Middleton's micra-projector, Miss Woollard projceted Kodachrome
shies ot yarnous heathy. Mr. Rayment produced evidence, after studying same
200 species, that al present all teaths are self-poilenatine, bul ular iley
Were evolving single-grained policn cells and would in time require insect
agents.

Members are advised (hat the slide cabinets are now accessible an ‘he
Club Libtary roam, with a catalogue to indicate what is available. Mr. H,
Barrert is che cuguidian, Mr. W. Evans ts to act as Group Treasurer far the
collettion of aimal subsecriptious fram those whe are urable to attend the
Qlub's Gengtal Meetings, Merbers are requested fo bree [hear favourite
opaque wr dark ground slides, and some means af illuminating Then, to the
Group Meeting on August 15, to assist Mr Snell in his demonstration oF the
technaqne oF preparme and mounting such spreinens.

THE NATIVE WATER WELLS AT
MARYBOROUGH, VICTORIA

By A. Masso.a*

The ability of the Aborigine to avail himself or all that Nature
produces is well known, Thus he ts able va survive and prosper
under conditions which would mean certain death to the European.
Forenose amougst his needs is water, and the many wavs lie
makes Nature supply il are almost beyond belief, trees and their
touts, frags and dew, all serving his purpose, Less known is the
Aborigines ability, under certain conditions, to actually build
storage tanks tor the conservation of rain water,

In the Maryborough district of Vietoria three such rock wells
are known, one being much larger than the others ancl apparently
of some age. This last one has heen known for a long time, bul,
although the matter was never in clouht amongst local enthusiasts
and members of the Maryborough TPield Maturalists Club, it has nat
had official recognition a5 a well. Por instance, im the Melbourne
Heraid af january 22, 1919, there was 2 mote about the “Sacrificial
Altar, or Mystetiqus Rack". Apparently the victims were sacrifirerl
en the rock, and the blood would collect in the wells! Later, in
1920, A. S. Kenyou wrote abour the “Aboriginal Prement Quarry”
arid stated chat au ochre of a rich yellow color was obtained) trout
the sides and bottom of the pit,

The present writer first suw this cock in July 1953. having been
guided there by Mz, L. Courtney of Marvhorough. At the time
1 expressed soine doubts of it having heen done by aborigines, as
i) seemed altogether too elaborate in design ahd eonsrruction, but

> Depactent of Anthrepatoy, Nutsonal Muara of Vieloria,

tg ol Moassora, Mufive [outer Wells at VWaryvporeudh 49
haying again visited this site, as well as the other newly discovered
ones, under the guidance of Mrs. B. Herring, also of Maryborough,
Il have now no doubt that they are water-wells.

The three wells are excavated in outcrops of micaceous sandstone
and run ina general north-easterly direction through country which
is parucularly dry, The distance between the two farthest apart is

— -4

a a A.
- = — sansvacecumrT te. -
md . a2 Tt ORT ey .
—— — v \
| —y, | \
a | \ ’
j / \
\
} ‘ 5
\
A j A “%s
~ | . ‘
4 '
’
A } / :
i ,
| ‘ \
\ \ :
j |
/ ‘ ‘ A
j / = \ | 1 ' ‘\
‘ f <a } | ' -!
--- | ' ra
<7 ey J
; j
f | | |
i
} ~ ‘
- o 4, . '
- ——s ° i
“ j / ~ . '
J Mi “sy ~~
| ~~ }
/ ™~ -
| j ‘ a
} j \, a
j \ Le
/ \ Le
* \”
/ _—
‘st
——— =

Location of Native Water Wells at Maryborough.

(For details, see text.)

53 miles as the crow flies, with the middle one, which happens te
be the first discovered, 5 miles from its south-west partner and
3 mile from its north-east one. It is possible that they were on a
track running through the bush and used by the aborigines during
their seasonal movements hetween Bet-bet and Deep or Tullaroop
Creeks, and forming part of a network of trade routes.

The oldest known, and largest, 1s situated at the head of a shallow
gully, Bull Gully (marked A on map), ten chains on the left or

50 Massota, Native [Hater Wells at Maryborough en ”

east side of MacCalluim’s Creek Road. .\s the photograph = ows, it
is a series of four holes or pits excavated in the rock on the ledge
at the base of a large outcrop. Three of these holes unite under the
surface, and form, as it were, one large tank with three openings.
The excavation was not carried straight down, but on an inclined
plane, and at one end the tank is 51 inches deep on the incline and
nearly four feet vertically below the surface.

The choice of this ledge at the foot of the rack is of the greatest
importance, because it farms a natural catchment for the rain falling
on the rock. The narrowness of the mouths of the holes, only six
to eight inches, is ideal tor
protection against pollution by
animals and wind, as they can
easily be covered with a slab of
stone, and the ielination of
the excavations would natur-
ally tend to prevent loss of

rater by evaporation. The local
people assure me that this rock
well has never heen known to
dry up.

The other two wells, situated
one on the right or west side
of the read to Amherst (Con
map), just before the road
crosses the Opossum Gully,
and the other in a shallow
gully at Mosquito Flat on the
left or east side of the Craigie
Road (1 on map), are quite
small in) comparison with the
first ¢.\). the former having
but two shallow holes and the
latter three. It is noteworthy,
however, that in each case the (Marked *
holes were being excavated
diagonally into the rock, belaw the surtace, and that the holes are on
a ledge at the foot of the rock. Clearly, these two were in process of
manufacture.

Although such wells are known from other states, these, to the
writer's knowledge, are the only artifictal rock wells reported trom
Victoria, But as the people formerly inhabiting Tuaggara ( Mary-
borough) were the Jajaurung, one of the many tribes forming the
Kulin Nation, which collectively occupied the country from Colac to
the Baw Baws, and from Wangaratta and Murchison on the north
to Port Phillip and Western Port to the south, it is possible that
this idea may have spread and that more will come to light.

Photo: Chas. Will.
Maryborough Water Wells,

A” on map.)

ar ; Vhe Fictorion Nataratist a)

VICTORIAN FLUVIATILE AND LACUSTRINE MOLLUSCA—PART
THE PELECYPODA

Ry Row (2, Rersiray*

‘Lhe [reshwater mollusea have whyeys presented the student with exceprional
duicwlties. In Victoria, the firsr semblayce of order for this fauna ai the
Stare was achieved by C.J. Gabrie?, but his pesulfs have ney necessarily heen
in agreement With those af other workers. Ae the first of a proposed serie
ni papers relatig t0 Vietarian mollusea, it was hoped that a bringing together
oi the work of the various authors would enable a more up-to-date picture ta
be presenter. Since this wark was completed, Dr, MeMiebael of the Australian
Museum hag reported on same revolutionary discoveries fy relauion to fresh.
water mussels, which enables a completely bnew aporyach te be nade,

li is not propesed to debate the arguments put sorward by MeMiehael
LAeqties 69 (1) 2955) 4 the waiter washes la accept them us the anly satg~
factary course, Tredale had) revisea the nmesels in 1954, aml again in JOd3
aml had introduced various new groups in che first paper, Gabriel did aot
find these acceprable i 1989, and preferted to adhere te the Fivlings of Carton
and Gabriel in 1931, (See references itv lise below.) For the canteoversial
Ome australis te had retained Hwidelo, and in this he was corceéct, out, a+
MeMichael fis shown, Ure game has been a use for the wrong shell, En the
following lise the name Ff yridella awstrules is apphed ta ihe shell fornseety
knawn ay Propeloridelle nepemensis (Cormd), and this i undoubtedly the
correel kage

OE antevest is the plysivtowical worls of Wr. lL Hiseoek, whe lias show
that there are three phasea in shel) amovemenre of the common Murray moagsel
(Aust, J. War. Freshwater Res. J (2) 259, 1950), The shells may be clases,
completely open (and feeding), or partly open al a stationary intermedinie
position. Woe has described the expulsion of the ploctydiuat larvae, and in 4
later work (Yrans, oy, Sie. S. Aust, 74 (2); 146, OSL) discusses the hyst
Aish, the callop emerging af the likely principal host.

An interesting porn! comerked by Hiseock was the former belief thav the
sleehition was a parasite of the e@ilis of fel; it ts ta fact paresitic on the
fins. During or hetore the expulsion of the glochidia they maybe present om
the branchiae a numbers. This Jel very carly observers to regard them as
parasites of the mussels themselves. a certain Perot. Jacobsen of Copenhagen
heing convinced Of this, A littl more than ove bendred years ago in Chorles-
coorth's Magusine of Natural Histery (Vol, 3, 441) they were described
as distending the branching “in a reunwsable manner’ Dr. Pfeifer, however,
observed the presence of minute niussel ambones, anid concluded be was seeiuy
the young; this conclusion was later aceepred as having heen correct, Joyce
Allan (lief, Nab ah: 166, 1934) recards the discovery of < pear] found tn a
mussel By Mrs, Preaine, anil (iscusses this type of occurrence.

Mussels ave found in many places i Viclorias a large punther of these are
recordid hy Mr. Gabriel, They may he found fn a avant stream, ar in a
billaboug, fazoou, of lake habatal. It 15 very desiralle that more be. learnt
concerning the various cypes af habitat, and certail: species seem to have some
references. The best oppartunity for collecting is at a mine when river levels
are low, aad T have found them even among rocks on the river hed. The
snells yary according te enviranniental eonditions, which may affect growth
at the shell in various ways. Dr. Hisende found that a young animal jell
acchicitly ing am aquarium jar without water, withstuod dessication at
22 degrees Centigrade for at least three months. There are in Vietoria several
species of nunute bivalves listed by Mr. Gabriel in the genera Splisertann
Fisidion, and Corbrenta. Tredale has preferred De, Dall’s Corbicstina instead

* Honorary Associdle in Maleculagy (avert Vieroria Musenmm, Taunceslon,

4 ad . ‘ Viet, Not,
§2 Keesn aw, bheevlatile ond Goenstreine Mathison Vil wn

af Carbiexli, and has himself jutroduced new groups to replace the firsre two,
on the grounds that Australian species are not regarded as referrable to these
genera ‘by extralimital workers. [yy geueral appearance the shells themselves
ar similar ta the Euglish Orb and Pea shells, but in any case Uey are sis
small that close study is Heeded to recaginze the species ab all, Hence they
lend not ta he popular; however they may be found in streams, takes at
marshy places. after buried im the much ~ have found them in the banks of
Streams, amongse the roats af reeds in the wet mud, Uhey ure said to climb
reeds nrowimg in the water,

Iredale bas renamed Gabriel's Sphoorinnt fasinoniennr and recards two
species from Tasmania. If the Victoriun shell is not distinct tram the
Tasmanian, then it is at the moment, a moot point as to whether it be
equivalent to 3. tasmdnsecztm or Lredale’s 5. lureusedes. However, ae both these
shells are from ‘South Tasmaiian river systems (rhe latter species is frou
Great Lake in the Derwent watersted, and incidentally opcurs not in the Lake
but in the outflow ) and one is mut yet convinced that they are séparable, and
which, i ether, is fownd in the north of Tasmaaa, it seers much more
satisfactory to accept Uredale’s §. exctoriana, despite the brief diagninsts, until
it cant be conclusively demonstrated that there are specific differeuces, or
conversely, that there are no specific differences, present. It is hoped at a
later date io make coniparisous between sliells from various localities in’ an
effort to determine the re'ationglips ia Tasmania, Collecting to this em bas
been cone m several places.

Class; PELECYPODA
Superfamily: NALADACEA
Family; HYRIDELLINAE
Subfamily: VELESUNIONAE

VELESUNIO, [redale dust. Zool. 8 (7): 49 (May 9, 19345.
(Type: Unio ambiques Phohippl = OL bulanmensis Conrads

:

i, PELESUNIGO DANELLU (Villa)

i871, dani, Unde Villas Journ de Conch tY £3 eer. xi) 7 328,

1034. id, Melesnaio Iredale, be+ 60, PL 3, Ag, 4, & Plo, fig. 4.

1934, id. Felesiene Allan, Wiet, Nat. 31 (7): 166 (Nov), with text fig.

River Yarra. Mrs, Freame’s syecinsen fuguitwel by Joyee Allan came from
Everton, fram a saan “ott (he River Murray",

2 MELESUNIO TESTATUS Tredale

1943. festatus, Melestinio Trédale, dust. Vat, 11 £4). 88 (Nov).
1934. cvans:, Felesvuioe Lradale, be. 62, Pl 3, fg. 7, & Pl 4, fig. 7.
Type: Benthaggi. N.S.W.. (uon Fo eras: Pl, 3, fig. 6. & P). 4. fig. 6)-

1939. anatrifis, Ayridcla Gabriel, Wen. Nat Mus, Viet. 21) 129, PL 4
fig. 3

The species Intherto regarded az AH. australzs has been shown ty have been
eunfusedt with a species of felesnto. We are here concerned with the identity
of the shell figured by Gabriel, and 1 bave preferred . festatus for the tine
being, The species is stated by Lredale to be common in Victoria and South
Australia. Gabriel gave distinguishing points of U. ambigua Philipp from his

Aurude

Pat
1956 ra

Kessuaw, Pormatile wit Lacestrne Mollusca

H. australis, however his conception of these forms is [dentical with that of
Cotton & Gabriel (Price. Itdy Soc tet, #4 (2) as: 156 & 157, 1932).
Tredule cites their shell frony Reedy Lake as being identical with his f. cpa,
The Fetesinia balonnensis (Conrad) ws naw kpowr to be FY. ambiguus
(Philtppi) ; Cotton and Gahricl’s SV yrtdella is discarded (MeMichael, Mautrlns
MY (1); V1). Gabrivl, thus, includes true /. amdlryuns ay a synonym of jis
Ho australis and it this is not f. festatns as used bere, then it shoul! be
VY anihignis, us which case T would regard F. tes/atus as a junior synonyi
Unfortunately, on the basis of the usage of the name, Gabriel bas inclurled
Sretlate’s “A. austradts” and bis “4. orient’, bur this. is incorrect.

ALATHYRIA, Iredale. Lr..: 63 (1934). (Type, 4. sacksoni Tredale.)
3, ALATAHYRIA JACKSON! Iredate

1934, jackson, Aluthyyria Wwedale, Leo: 64, Pl 3, fig, HW & PL 4, fig. 11
1939. yniyaat, JP yridelfe Gabriel, he. 130, Di 4, fue. 39.

River Murray, This shell is not (7, auyasi and approaches nearest tu
a pocksouti, while Iredale remarks that Cotton & Gubricl regarded “this
group (4lafhyven) as Ayrideie angst (Reeve), cating Cramenton. Gabriel
had not altercd hia yews.

Subfamily: HYRIDELLIN AE

HYRIDELLA Swainson, Treatise Malo: 283 (1840). CP ype, Unie
atslratw Lamarck = Unio nepeunonsis Conrad, emendedd.)

4 WYRMIOELLA AUSTRALIS (Lamuarel)

1819, australis, Unio Lamarck, Anim. 3 Mert. (Fd. 1) 6: 80.
1830. mopementy Ge), Unrte Conrad, Prac, Acad Nat, Sot. Plitad. 5 (1):

10,
1932. id. Prapehyridelta Cotton & Gabriel, Proc. doy. Sac. Mret. 44 (2)
158.
1934. id, Dropchyridella Tredale, Le.> 73.
1939. id. Propehyridchia Gabriel. eo: 11, PI 4, fix, 40,
1955, restrolts, Hyridella McMichael, Nautilus 09 (1); 12 Cluly).
Mitchell Raver, cte., Gippslanit,
5. HYRIDELLA (DRAPET A) ORTON (Lredale)
1934, famstralts! orion, Heyridinio lredale. bos (9
Sredate's J. drupeta replaces his HW. australis accordirgly (71. orien becomes
u Subspecies of A. drupeta; itis said to come fram Litydale, J do not propose
to discuss the Sratus of thas form, Tredale states a fuilty adult specimen ts
a little smaller, less wingerl, the psradocardnals. Jess erget inl more FUORC,
the anterior muscle sears smaller, the anterior retractor-pedis mt volably so,’
One may appeal to authors net to use comparisons in oripinal definitions;
they may be supylementary, Phe practice was heartily conderangd a few wears
ago hy an authority dealing with crustaccans, when iaced with a particularly
UNTOrunate example,

6 HYRIDELLA RENUTUS (lredale)

1934, renwlus, Ayridumo Iredale, }r.: 69, Pl, 3, fy. 3 & Pl. 6, fiz. 4.

Latrabe River; Tarra Creek, Tarraville. Gabriel included several species
andec ?, cuftelhfarnius, hawever Iredale examined a shell from Tarra Creek
which is probably the basis of Gabriel's record trom that locality

= . 1. Viet, Nat.
54 Kensinaw, Chivoatile cout Lacnstrine Jf ifasro [ ;

Val 74

7 HYRIDELLA NARRACANENS/S (Cotton & Gabricl)
(932. iarracanensty, Propehveidetia Cotion & Gabriel, Le,’ 159, Pl 16, fig. &.
1934. nepeanmrsiy uarrecanensis, Prapehyrigetia Tredate, lc.: 74, Pl 5, be 13,
& Pl. 6, fig, 12.
193V_ rarracanensts, Propelyridedia Gabriel, be. ! 143. Pl 4, tie, 42.
Narvacan River, Thorpdale. Qne has some doubr as to the shell Tredale
examined, Ele may have mixed hs localities, or for that matter, the collectors.
He may, hence, have had the shell, listed as H. australis above, cotlected by
J. A. Kershaw from the Mitchell River (and this differs somewhat from
Trédale's iMnstration of P. neabeanensir) in which case his ‘aubspecies” would
immediately hecame a synonym, and had acttally at first been placed as such
in this work, In addition the possibility of a juvenile entering into the picture
has not made for clarity, and T was lel to conclade that Iredale Aad seen
more chan ame iormt, Dr, Aiseoek remarks (personal communication) shat
the paratypes of Po norraenmensic are a mined series,

8 HY RIDELLA VICINACTS (Tredale)

1934, /depressa) vicinolis. Rugeshyria Tredale, be; 72,
1939, crltelléfarinis. Propehyerdella Gabriel, be: 132, Pl 4, hg. 41.

Mitchell River lrevlale based his subspecies on shells from tne Mirehetl
River whieh Gabriel has continued tn regard as P, cnttelformes Lniasmedh
as this name is appareatly not applicable, A. cicinaliy may be used, bat the
slatus may he questionable, and C do not regard it ats confirmed, as the
FR, depressa series scems to need further study. [imvderstand trom Or. Hiscocl
that he ami Or MeMichael regard Axgovhyrlo as a synonym, From a
systematic point of view game may prefer te Totain it in view of the elongate
shape and differences of the hinge tevth in the series, which may pve i
siibgeneric value, Such a.coursée has yatue when large series are invalyerl, ti
preventiig @ genus from becoming unwiehlly: whether that argument ie Here
applicable depends on the validity of the “species involved,

PROTOHYVRIDELT Catton & Gabriel, Proc. Roy. Soe. Wiles, $4 (2) wat
159 {4932)
(Type; Unte glenetgeuss Dennant)

9 PROTOHYRIDELLA CLENELGENS/S (Dennan)
(208. glenetgensis, Unio Dennant Proce. fox, Soe. Wiel 10 ae 12, fig. 9,
1932, Al Pretohyredette Cotton & Gahrie?, te= 160, Bl U6, fig.
1934, id. Lredale, fe.> 74. PLS, fe. 4 & TH 6, Sy. 14,
L9So. id Gabriel, Jeo: 193. PL. 4, fig, 43.

Glenelg River. ‘Phe authors reward the genus. as primirive, and it may we)
Te that they are corceet as the physiagraphic Instory uf the Gleneig seems tu
lonrl weight to the necessary prolonged jsolation which is probably umaqne in
Victurian streams. This aspect will nat be dealt with here as it is intensledl
to deal with it in sections dealing with the gastropods. The authors’ remark
that currugated mussels are typical ot quick-fowing streams and “scarcely
Warranted in present day slow-Howing Australian rivers”, is very iwleresting.
The Glenely is Certainly a sluggish and urattire stream, and one must assume
that our mussels have changed their habits (by adaption tu the Uleneig}, for
Molesunio is plentiful m the often very swift South Esk River in Tasmania,
However Gippsland streams harbouring J7yridells now tend to be sluggish,
whereas they have without doubt known periods of greater Vurbulence in vine
past, A generalized view shows [fyridelia iu Eastern Victoria antl the high
mountaiqg CAL depressa dronticola on Kosciusko), M/ritsuiie in the Murray-

Awenst
1hb6

“
we

Kersuay, Plavatle ant Lucestrine Molusec

Darting, Goulburn, Yarra, and Tasmania, and Protehyridefla in the Glenelg.
Rut there is overlapping in the Central systems and in Tasmania.

Suhorder: DIOGENOQDONTA
Superfamily; SPHAERTACHA
Family: CORBICULINAR
CORRBICULINA Dall, Trons. Waqyer Free Inst. Set, Philad, 3: 1449
(1903 }
(Type: Cerbrenla angast Prine)

1. CORBICULINA ANGAST (Prime)
1864. angasi, Corbicula Prime, Journ, de Conch. 12; 151 Pl. 7, fig. 6.
1938 id Corbicwtina Cotion & Godfrey, Moll. af S. Aust, Pf 1, Peleevpodir:
176, fig. 179.
1939, id. Corbiewle, Gabriel, Mem Nat. Mus. Piet. If: 126, PI 4, fg. 2b
1943. ad Corbteulina Iredale, Aust. Zool 10 (2): 193.
Murray Rivee. South-ceutral to Western Victoria.

Family; SPHAERTIDAE
SPHAERINOY 4 Iredale, Le. 195 (1943). (Types Sphavrinne inacgillivrayt
Simuth.)
ll. SPHAERINOVA FICTORIAN 4 Iredale
1930. fesinazicuin. Spehacriuan Gabriel, fico: 127, Pl, 4, fig. 55,

1945, wetoriona, Sphaerineva Iredale, Ce: 195,
Southern Victoria.
SPHAERINOVA PRORLEMATICA (Gabriel)

1939, problematic, Sphacrivis Gabriel, lic: 128, Pl. 4, fig. 36.
1943. id, Sphoertrova Iredale, he = 196.

Murray River, near Merbein.

AUSTRALPERA Iredale, (ic. 196 (1943). (Type: Pistdinnt etheridgii
Smith. )

13. AUSTRALPERA ETHERIDGH (Sith)

1882. Alaa Dis. Pisidinm Smith, Joann, Linn, Sac. (Loud.) Zaal, lo: 306,
1, 7, fur. 35.

1938, id. Couon & Godfrey. 7c: 179, fe, 182.

1939. id. Gabriel, Lie.: 129, PI. 4, fe. 37.

1943. id. Ansiralpera Iredale, Le: 196.

1947. id. Pisidivae Gabriel & Macpherson, Wear, Nat. Aus. Viet. 13: 167.

Yan Yean Reservoir; Southern aid Easter) Victoria,

References io the work of E. \, Smith and others net quoted ahove may
be found by reference to the work of Lredale ar Gabriel,

I am indebted to Dr. Tan Hiscock for some very useful notes on Australian
mussels, and to Dr, Donald McMichael for a copy of his paper fron) the

Nauiiltes.
COMMENTS ON DIATOMS

(Summary of tals given by Mr. H. Barrett at the meeting of
the Microscopical Group of the F.N.C.Y. on June 20, 1936)

These arc a form of microscopic algae of the family Dérfomoceae. “The
structure is nol anlike a pill box, consisting oi an upper and a lower
yalve anda connecting zone or girdle; the complete cell is called a frustule.
This lias an intertial ‘and alsa an éxternal coatine af gelatinous matter; it

Viet. Mat,
Mi Bakeetr, Counts on Latows Vol. 73

also has a neneleus and a plate or granules of endochrome, cither green ae
yellowsh-brown in colour ,

What appeal to the miernseapisis most however are the silwious skeletous
which a)l the valyes pmssess. These) skeletous ure covered with various
markings which aliller according to the species. The soulptering on some is
very elaborate, while on others it consists of punctate lines, some comparatively
caarse, while others such as Aephiplenra pellucida, or Nileschia singaleuse,
have 82.000 ta 114,000 lines per inch. As cach line has au average of 3b
puictae, ais rather difficult to realize how tniute these markings are

The salves, although exceedingly thin, are not sohid but are m two layers,
usually with a supportmg framework between then; the interior plate often
lias fine sccondary markings,

They reproduce themselves. by various meres of conjugation, and also by
division, the latter method causing ribbon-like growths or chain-like series
in. which the diatoms are attached hy wne corner cnly-

Lhe methods of growths vary considerably; some are attached ta weeds
or rocks by etalks, others grow on weeds in clasters, others are attached in
weed dircetly by the lawer valve, Ore of the most peculiar ways is that of
the genera Sehisovema and Enxcveneana which grow in the jatecior of the
fronds of a sniatl plant about U4 in high (nani Brittlheworts heeause they
break in pieces at the slightest touch}.

The group as a Whole is divided mto twa subfamilies, the Centrreae, with
centrally built valves or arranged m relaGon to a eeatral point, aa the
Pennatag, with markings arranyed in relation to a median line. This line is
called the raphe, or pseudo-raphe, and the raphe proper is im nwany species
a cleft communicating with the interior of the valve.

Perhaps the miose curious. plenomeurnt connected with the Diatamaceaa is
their power of moventent, This occairs only with diatoms possessing a raphe,
and it ts consideréd that tre movernest is due lo a cureenf set up it the
raphe frens one terminal nodule te whe centre nedule and from this again +o
the ouhee terminal: this going on continually in both valves of the Frustole,
aud with the probable help of a tongue at the interior protoplasm. forces the
Trustule in the eppesite direetion to the current, which incidentally can be
reversed whe nenessary.

‘Phe greater number of the species ure ty be found only an fossil deposits
iW vacious parts of the world. On the Pacific coast of North Sunerica there
are Tiumercus marme fossil beds, at Moutercy, St. Monica. St. Bartara,
Moreno and many other places In the eastern UtitesL States there are
extensive deposits alsa in Maryland, and in Virginia where the city of
Richmond is built over a deposit Of unknown extent and averaging Sb foet i
Hckness. Others are docated at Archangel and Simbirsk an Russia and
there ace several an [Tungary, a all have their pecuhar turms, fennel only
iether purdcular deposits. Gne of the hest of these marine deposits 25 located
at Oamaru, New Zealand, Lt beluyus to the Ohgecene period and it surpasses
all others £ think in the beaury aud vanery of the specs found in at

TWO PUZZLING ALPINE HEATHS

tLeucopogon hooked Sond., and Lissanthe montana R.Br.
which is now teonsterred to the former genus)

By J. A. Watuts, Natenal Herbarium of Vietoria

LELCOPOGON MONTANUS (R.Br) J. H. Willi, comd, naw, [Ligsnnihe
wont RR, Prode Flor. Nov. Holl: 54) (1810) |.

The types of Lissolée gnome anh Lencepeven Auehker Sonder
[Loma 26: 248 (1BS5}] came from southern Tasinania; bit comparabic
fopulations ot both entities exten also ta the matnancd alps in Victoria and
SE. New South Wales. J. 1. Hoaker cooognized both species wn Flips

7

on ct Writs, Tedn Puscling Alpine Heaths 5?

Tasmania (1857), and remarked afer bis deserption af the former plait
PVol 1, in 247]: “So sirmlac tro Lewcopugon hvokari (at it is dlifheult vo
distinguish them," Fruit of the Lissuerlhe Was described as “Jarge, white”,
White immature drupes of the Lencopayon ave Whistraved (75) as yellowish,

Fo Mueller [feign Phyl, Aust, 6) 43 (Sept, 1867) synonymred L-
Jiookert imder his Stuphelva MONT W Wheat comment, ateributing ta it a
abundant occurrence (“copiosissine! ‘> Uiroughout the alps of Australia and
Tasniaina, with a reappearance in the ligh moontans of New Engtael,
NOS. ( Ben Lamond and the sources of Hastings River); he descrited che
drupes a5 hght red. However, agaist a subsequent caltcetion (Sept. 1886, iu
Herb. MEL), from Ure sunmioit of My Macedan, he bas writer | ‘Seyphelia
movitovea, var dinokeri”

G. Bentham [Flora Aust ¢: 176 (1869) ] reimstased both specres under the
separare genera ase by Dooker, and ago erephasized their grenr similariy.
He refers to an observation by KR. oC. Gunn, the ahsungushel Tasmanian
botanist, That, whereas Lissanthe montiaa has drupes wath “clear branstiecnt
pulp’ those of Lencopoyon hookers are dels and apaque

J, H Maiden aid E. Betche {Proc. Lam. Ser NOS ME 23° 15) (une
1895) ] paint ont once mare the focal differcnces thar servic to elistinguish
these fva spiries—eorol about 2 mim. long, with beardless lobes wb
mreuetaie, Waly te nw again aud with hearded lobes ur i. Inokert. L, Rudyway
(1003) and A. J Ewwarr (1930) ako uphold both species in their respeetive
State flor of Tasnrania aml Victor, deseribing the drapes af S.. manta
as White wr red, thase of f. danke ats white. | have wot exanniaed mature
runs of the jorimer plant, but in undoubted 2. fwoker Dov various ulpine
and subalpsne stations m1 Yoctoria L lave atays found the drupes to be coral
red and opaque

In view at the rémarkable Sumilarity betweet these Mo beaths, and the
fact hat at one perind von Muetler even cegardad them as conspecihe the
question: naturally arises, “airy should they be agsigued lo acparate genera”
Tu debning Tisswethe, Beathant PPlaga Anst. 42 175 CU869)] sraes that aL
differs frum Leucopogon "salely in the want ma the hairs ar beards of the
lobes ot the corolla sa umversal in that genus." This does. not scem a very
salisfaciury eriterton for See reatiaae Benera, esjeeially when Che (eyrée a
hairmess of tle petals varies consider ably Miroughoul (he layee venus
Leucopagon itsel)) The type material of Brown's /issuntie montana from
Mr. Wellnuston, ‘Cas. (dtuplicale specumens im Melbourne Herbariunry, shuws
crowded papillae on the corolla tnbes, and this teature as matched cxactly
on specamess from Mt. Nelson Bogong Nigh Dlains, Vie. (6,200 ft. alt).
By contrast, Ltrsanthe wrigose Cin RB. has very miavately: paprtluse,
butt rot papaiiate, lobes: Te would be difficult te deeide whether a Aaral organ
bore long papillae or short hairs, both having originated in the same way !

Fortunately, pollen-grain adk gencvical investigations have come 1 the
rescue during recent veurs. and S. Smith White has shown conclusively
[lust, Journ. Bot, 3): 61-2 { May 1953) | that the haploid chromosome number
in true Lissunthe spp. lie 2 suputo RBs. ait £, sfriqusa (Se) BO Be-J is 7,
while in 4. montone and Levcepaden foakert it is 14— Sanith-White compares
these two wpe plauts closcly, and he bnls nat only the same chromosome
number but very sinnlar tetrads of pollen and similar eynodicecic polyanorplisin
ainong individuals, [Te concludes with the remark, “it is probable thar rhey
eoustitule reproductively isalaced populations. and at is obviags that he is
disposed ta regard (hen as cougeneric species, Tarlton Raynient’s indepenitout
(and as-yet unpublished} work in Melbourne on pollination and pollen-graia
phylests,. throughout the epacridaceous geuera, lends weight ta this spinion.

Tam coovinced that “Lisweithe” menting is indeed a Lewe apoyon, in whith
the corolla heard has either fatled to develop tir the usual Way or ts reduced
ta nmucruscome proportings, and | have made the necessary iojenelelonad

ER Wittts, (row J'ussling lipise Aeothy on pos
change accarduiglhy. The view of Saith-White Cauitd others) that Leucapugos
haokert accel £ pests (com: new.) should he treated as sepatate species—
is endorsed. The former hus conspicuously bearded corolla lobes 1.2-1.5 min,
long, wid a tihe shehtly exceeding the calyx, m the alps it flawers
Noavember-Decerher (as early as September at altitudes of about JO00 ft,
in Vietana), aad the feuit pivens quickly, falling befare witter. The latter
species bas shorter (about 1} mn.) and virtually elabroys corolla Iehcs
Cyapilate under the microscope), with tuhe suet exceeding the calyx: at
flawers Janacy February aad the youhe Fruit overwinrers, ripening ‘the
Eolowing summer, Sanith-White tabulates a leat difference alse [Ast Journ.
Bet. 3: 62 (1955)]—anargins alravst plane wm L. Adobers, Dut manifestly
recurved ia L. montands. This distinction does tot always hold, however, for
lawer-altitude exanioles af Aaokers often disolay nuite revolute Icaves,

Leicopogin hookert is much the more variahle plant--smallleaved in rhe
high alps where often dwarled to a few inches. but atlaimng heights up ta
6 ft in lower ntountah valleys (eg Eueclyptns delegatensis forest sian the
Upper Kirgr River, ane at Cobuinera, Vic.) where its leaves may he ee Japan
as to he mistaken for those of L, fancrolatus, Tt canges from Lake Mountain
vastward to the WS.W. border, with accurrenees on Mts. Buller ane
Buffalo and an isulated appearame on Mi, Macedon (Eucalyptus dete-
qdicusis oncurs there also}. Lo niantanus is restricted in Vielocia to Lhe bughest
alps above tree-line (eg, summits ot Mrs. Rogdng, Nelson, Feathertap anc
Loch), and it is always quite small} J have not seen il growin an close
proximity to the offer commoner species, ALB. Costin [64 Stade of thre
‘Beasvatems of the Manevo Rvutom of NSW: 277 Cl954)] Usts the two
species as forming scparale associations in his “Ourglobéwey elfiprcna—
Podacarpus alpinus Alliance”

Melbourne Flerhariun: possesses an interesting early collection of C Stuarts
from ‘Tasmania, labelled "Western Mts, near Cummins Head’; ft has the
hbeardless covolla of L. wenttors amd vomes qvarese do that species, bur che
\ohes are us lone as ia L Avoker and the corolla tobe almosr jimernpecliate.
Dy. R. Melville (Rowal Botanic Gardens at Kew) has inspectert this material
auul supgests (23/3,/195$) that ie may be a byheid between the two, never-
theless. it remaiits yet ta be demivustrated Whether atieal hybeicism cait
vecur at all among any of our Anstraliar Epocridacec®. Some Mt. Ragone
wollections of 7. huakert. on the other band, show an approach to L. eestor
th their 4iall stature, smiatier flawers and shavter beards than are lisnal Fa
the former plasit.

FLORA OF VICTORIA; NEW SPECIES AND OTHER ADOITIONS—8
By N. A. Waxekfieto, Noble Park

Genus LEUCOPOGON: Some Hitherto Unrecognized Species

LEUCOPOGON PILIPERGYS sp. voy cbstinetizsimtiat camul) numerosissini
(formes, folia iinearioblonga eorium margines pilis longis tenuihis
sericeis wiracditts’spicae pauciforae inter [olla termurales, Dractear
bracteolac etcalycis labi acer? subtlirer fimbriatt, caraliae tubus perbrevis
(citciver 09 men.) lobis longioribus (circ. L mo}, ovasium triloculare.

HOLOTYPE: Bogong High Plains. Victorma ; Head of Wild Horse Creek,
near Relly’s Aut les J HL Willis, 19/1/1947 (MEL*)

A low, Spreading inevieately branched plant. tle Wigs fiona: leaves
crowded, oblong, acute, up ta 4 mim. Jong and about 7 myn. wuce, the mdreine
a little reourved and beanie Ioag fue silhy hairs: spikey about 3 mm. long,
few-flowercd, terminal amongst the leaves; bracts ani bractenles acute,

* MEL—Natipnal Herkeriutn af Victora, Melbeurne; K—Royal Woetgnic Gajdeus,
Kew; NSW —Naciagal Werbarinw of New South Wales, Sydney

Auger Wakerrmny, Flora of Mivlorte Nau Species, ete.

ut

9

ciliave-fringed, the latter about half as doug as the calyx, sepals about J ann.
long, acummate, minutely fringed; corulla-tube about (5 pany, long, the hibes
Twite a5 long; ovary 3-locolar,

Distribution » Alpine regions of Victoria (Hotham-Bogong area).

As well as the type collection, auother was ote diy Wills fram the sare
general area (Buckety Plan, east of Mount Cope, 18/1/1987), Catidenase Ue
species is known fran an carly collection made by F Muetler, prosumatsly
in Decembur 1854; duplicates of thts were labelled “Seurces of the Mitta
Mura’ and “Showy Plains on the Cobougru” (4c), and were annotated an
yarious ways as forms or varieties of Cancapogar eofhinus, ander which
species Benth included this materjal jn (lovra dustratiensis 7. 198,

Le collines is an erect, strougly branched shrub with leafanargins spriulose-
démticulate, with larger inflorescences and Mowers, aud with the ovary
2-locutar.

LEUCOPOGON RIP ARLUS sp.nov oly maureseeniam ZL, ericuided ke Br
valde affiniy sed fotiiy majoribus Cusgue ad [8 aime homeis) ju aecipie
ablanceatitis avgutis glabris tenmnbus nitidis marginitus vix recurvatis
clrtangurtur,

HOLOTYPE- Bote Ratoug Creek (Snowy Reyer), Vietoria; N. A. \Wake-
held Na, 4556; 21/9/1947) riparian in geanite cock crevices; (MEL, dupli-
cates tu be sent lo Ko and NSW*)_

Ereet shrub, io to metre fseh. trunk to 2.9 enn diameter? brawehes ence,
seddish, Mightly pubescent: leaves up to 18 wim. lone, bLa25 nay wide,
linear-lanceolate ur oblasiceobate, crowded and erect on sterile branches, acu
and aciear at the apes, mares entire and a litte or not recurved, slay,
qite glabrous except when very young; spikes awxillary, 2- to 4-Mowered,
shorter than the leaves, the axis minutely pubescent; bracts broad, bloot;
sepals about 1.5 nan. long, obtise, ominetely cdiate-fringed; corulkviube
exceeding the calyx, the lobes about 15 mm. Jong; ovary ovoid, pubescent,
imperfectly S-locular; style about 1.5 mm, long; stigma globular,

Distribution: Smywy River, eastern Victoria,

Besides the type material, an earlier collection (in fruit) was made at
Bete Bolong Greek {NLA WY). No. 3155; about December 1996), aud further
material (noe foweeing) was collected i porphyry formation on the Snowy
River, east of Butchers Ridge (N A.W. No. 4773) about 22/1/1953)

The new species has the inflorescence af J ericaidey Te Br, but ie differs
considerably from icin foliage. Mhe typical Lb. ericotdes has spreading, densely
pubescent branches; the leaves oblong. broad at the base and with hfunt,
mucranale apices, the surface pubescent ail the margins étrougly recarved,
fey Victoria it is wsnally more prbescent than nm New South Wales, acd wi
eastern Wictoria it grows abundantly on sandy heathlands near the coast,
including some areas near the Snowy River. It is evinlent that L. ripartss is
genetically distinct from the widespread species

LEUCOPOAGON GELIDUS (Renth.) conb, nav Syn. 2. lenceolaius yar,
jelitus Benth, Fl, Austr, 7: 186,

LECTOTYPE: Specimen in MET. (scen by BRenthan) bearing the original
data “Lencopegon yeldus Ferd. Mucller, Gartely Range’, There are several
dtuyicales oF this, with various other anivtations; these, amd other marcrial
cited by Bentham (Cobbaras Mountains, 5000 fi; Feb 1854) and suit
of Mount Baw Baw, sources of the Yarra, Albert Range, Dec. 1860; ball
callected Dy Mueller) become Paratypes.

An ereet or spreading shrub; leaves 12-18 mm. log, ohtandeolate ur
obovate, somewhat thick, spikes usually about 12 nam. long, 4- to 8-Aowered,

al WakEE ELM, Llane of Wi¢tarias New Spreles, (th bo net

peivtont) aepais 25-3 mim, long: coralla-tule 2-4) mim. long, the Inhes abovit

mo! longs style 25-2 mie), long) Ovary 2iecular | rar

gy apziritantialy: Abundant in the Austraian Alps of Victoria ancl Now South
les.

LEUCQPOGON NEUROPAYLLUS F Mueth Fray. Phyl aust i: 37,
Syn. L. lanceolate var? alpestris F. Muell ox Benth, Fl. dust g) 1RS,

Leaves rigid, linceolate, acuminate (pungent), flat, glabrous, upper surfaces
suhatet With J-7 longitudinal (trarstecernt and alternately long and shar)
Tetves, mostly abour 2 cin, long and & mim. wide. spikes in upper axils ancl
ane terminal, up to ) ci, Jong, with few fup to 8) flawers;) sepals 2-3 nut.
lung, corolli-tube shorter than the calyx, the Iobes long and spreading
(ovary suid by Bentham, Le, ta have 2 rarely 3, locul)-

Distribmtion: Known only from the (ype locality “On the top af Mamet
Woithue!! tn the Victerian Grampians, presumably collected by Mueller.

Thitre ts only one recardk of the species far jhe present century. Lr was
made by Mr. [, Robbins cf Bendigo, bur there is no specific data with the
Soccer

[hescapogent lanecoiaius R. Br. nas sarrow-lanceolite leaves, usuatly
3-5 on long ane about 3-6 mm. wide, thin im texture aod with obscure
venation: the spikes are in w terminal cluster, usally not recurved, 1:5-4 en,
long, very slender, with numerobs Cuaually 8-211) sinall Mowers; the curollas
tube qs very short, about the lenwth of the ¢alyxs (alaut 1.5 mm}, with the
labes about 2 nm. Jong and recurved, Tt extends frant New South Wales tn
the lowlands of Kast Gippsland (Orhost, Caun River, eto, abd what js
prohahly a vanation of We species (with sumewhat crowded flowers aad
spreading corolla-iobes) occurs at Wilsons Promoutory aud in the Poetled
chistrict-]

T wish (o make grateful acknowledgement to the Direcear af the National
Flecbariugy af Vieturia for facilities afforded in contectian with material
examined in that institution, and to Mr J. BL Wiltis (or the preparagon of
the Latin diagnoses embodied ia this paper,

CLEANING MICROSCOPE LENSES
By Eswrer Sweu

Tt has so often been the experience af the writer, when he has Oxarniiad
both eye-pieces ancl objtctives for cleanliness, that dust which has accumulated
on the surfaces of the glass 1s the mitroscoyest’s Worst enemy, It must be
removed periadically. The Tenses may seern to serfarnt well enough even
whet: very dirty, but that ig lo reason for then: ta remain dirty. Tt is mast
Aatisiy-ng, alter cleaning, to acte the brilliance of the surfaces. not tu mention
what it must doa to the tlarity ot the image.

A good method of cleaning is to take two freshly kwwndered soft entton
handkerchiels (oné to be used for damping aud the other for drying) and
a good quality, clean, rather small camel-hair watercolour brush. The last
should be kept wrapped up wher aot in use, Place one ounee of 30 per cent
alenhol. to which has heen added one drop of Wacial acetic uctd. in a small
tumbler. Screw the eye lens out of an eye-piece, taking care to keap. the:
Aneers off the giuss. (Hands should be washed beforehand ta get nid af
exctss ol from the pores of the skin.) Vake (he brush and tickle the dust
fram the glass serfaces, paying partigular atvention tm where the edees jom
the mount. Then dip a corner of one of the handkerchiefs in the salution and
just dampen rt. The solutton dries very quickly, 20 repeated dippinys are

" Senrecary of the Microseopical Group,

Ang a J 4
wr! Snecp, Cleaning Microscope Lenser 61

required. Gently, witl the least pressure required, proceed to clean ghe suriace
of alast and dirt, This may have to be repeated nwo or theese times before a
satisfactory surface uppears. Gently rub dry with the lens cradled um the
other cle handkerehiel, Serew at ack 1 place jad take ont the held lens
Pot the cleaned eye-pieee under caver, away from Rowing dust in she ape
Clean the held’ lens in the same way us the eve lens then pue it Wander cover
with the ather, hut do not re-assemble ut thes stage

When cleaning the objectives it will he found that inest low-power ones
will screw apart inte wo pieces ta allow the cleaving di the suciiges of the
commonents—the frant Jens and the back fens. Work the camel-hair brosl
well imo the mountings of the chyectives, especially ronnd the edges nf the
glasses. When cleaning, secew the corner of the handkerchiel inte the shane
of a peneil, dampen in the alcohol, poke dows mito the mount and rotate
gently over dhe glass. Persevere until they are quite clean. then dev in the
same manner. Serew the gonpunetits fuasely toverher again until me pest
process. His nol advisable to attempt to take apart any of the bigher powers,
wnet ites unlikely that dust will get an hetween the frant aml back lenses of
these The hest tar cart be cone, apart fron sendin then to an pasted
imaker, 15 ta clean the outer surfaces,

One's experience is that, even who the pieces are cé-assembted, there are
stl cist specks present, they are must persistent, ‘The next step is with
the vacuum cleaner Take each eye-piece with the eve Jens bb position aud
hotd 4 carcfolly with its open end in the sir stream just within the tube. Tickle
vhe dhsr with the eamel-are brash af it still persists; and alow the ctesver
la suck agai. Serew the fetd lens in again, dake our the eye Jens, and repeat
the process, Dinsemble the objectives witch were screwed together temporarily,
and Hak each component pe tbe aur stroeant also, Uper assemble fifmly aan,
Examination, hy holding up to the light, will show low clean the tenses are.
Care must be exercised when cleaning with 2ir, thas the components co stot
po down inta ghe dust bax

While the cleaner is handy, it pays to go over the inicruscone also, as there
are waumber af places where it 1s ditheult to reach with the cleanmig rag, und
Lhe éase loo inay be feeated,

OBITUARY

Kis with regres that we mnat record the untimely death af Mr Atlan
Roderick Henderson, (u1.M., a member of our Chih for some gears,

Of wide culwcd, With any community imterests, the late Mor, Hendersouw
hd not participate fully in Club activities, le accasionally attended General
Meetings tienveyer, and, mm his leunngs towards natural history, evinced a
passion tor buds. On a memorable Club excursion lo Anglesda a few years
age he sicted as host and guide at his delightfully stiuated cattage on the
foreshore. Some of us were fortunate cnough ta obtain a glimpse af a Bristle
ford near brs side verandah, acd, later, as we were prepare to leave on the
homeward journey, we plainty heard and identified the calls of the Geelane
Crround-wren (Aalacola pyrvhopyyea betelers) in thick undergrowth at the
rear of the cotlage. The vacinty is the type locality of the sub-spectes
Farher, our guide had introduced ws to several nests, whilst wba walk along
the ovean beach we obtained evidence of Mr. Henderson's intimate knowledge
at se\-birds.

Mr. Henderson maintained a lively concern far National Parks sa Vietoria.
ak was part author of a publication om the subject. Onee, upon learning of
the seclusion und prunitive nature of the Lakes National Park at Spermwhale
Head. he expressed a wish to see this area, and confirot for himself the
statement ahat it embraced at least wt thousand acres of the indigenous ELeati)-
iayrtle (Lkryptomene mtynehine), the conservation af which proanyred our

j Vict. Nat.
e Obituary Ge i

Club to obtaur ins declaration as a National Park, The visit was planned
but, becanse of Fudds in Gippsland at lie time, it had to be abandoned. The
reservation of certain ateas of native Aira at Anglesea also received practical
aid trom bin,

Mr. Henderson was joint author of £arly Mcloourne Architecture, a
cnastely tlhastrated book issued recently, He was prominently associated with
ihe Australian Lnstitute for International Affairs, Victorjan Branch; Vieo-
Chairmar of the Melbaurne Nationnl Gallery Trust: and President of the
Vietorian Eye and ar Hospital. He was a patther im the legal firm of
Messrs. a’ Heekert, Chomley and Henderson.

He was alt oniniyorous reader and he travelled extensively, Several montls
ago he went on a yisit abroad. Returning, he embarked on the Orousvay
Italy, andoas tho vessel had left Adeliide on che last stage of the journey js,
death occirred, very suddenly, off June 18. His remains were buried at sea,

His business associates and many friends mourn the loss of a gracious

personality.
—H.¢€ E Srewaer

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
F.N.C.¥, Meetings:
Mendlay, September 10—Nuative Plants, both Wild and in Cultivation by
Miss C. Carberry.
Monday, October $—Satin Bower-bird, by N. A. Wakefield; and Discussion
ot Club Projeets.

F.N.C.Y. Excursions:

Sunday. August 19—Bluckwood. Combined exgursion with members of ihe
Gendlizo, Ballarat and Creswick Clubs. Leader: Mr. Williams. Parloar
coach feaves Batman Avente 9 aim, Fare 18/-. Bring iwo meals.

Saturday, August 25—Botany Group meeting, Subject: Domesticated Plauts,
Speaker! Mr. K. Atkins, Meet 2.15 pm. at National Herbarium,

Saturday, September |—Bocany Group Excursion to Langwarrin in con-
junetion with Nrankston Field Naturalists, Take 910 aan. Stony Paint
train, alight at Langwarrin, Rring ane meal.

Group Meetings:
(8 p.m, at National Tlerbarium)

Wediesday, August 153—Microseapical Group, Mr. . Snell: “On Mounting
Opaque Objects". Members co unke the evening & showing of opaque
sides,

Wednesday, September 5—Geology Group, Speaker: Dr. Wishart, Subject:
Rocks used by the Aborigines.

Preliminary Notices:

Sunday, September 30—Pariour coach excursion to Cape Patterson. Leader =
Mr. K. Atkins. Coach leaves Batman Avenue 9 a.m. sharp. Pare 25/-.
Bring two meals. .

Oetober 27-28 —Weekend at Bencligo. Tinerary: Saturday ABernoon—Ex-
cursion, Ryening—llustrated talk with Kuduchrames. Sunday—Full day
in Whipstick. Subjects for hoth excursions; Hirds and Botany. Transport
by car or train. Cancping facilities at White Ilills gardens. Hetet reserva-
tions to be made with Mr. K. Atkins, Botartic Gardens, South Yarra.
S.E.1. Phane MU 3755. after 6 pat.

—Marirt Auewprr, Excursion Secretary.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol 73—No. 5 so _SEPTEMBER 6, 1936 No 873

PROCEEDINGS

There was a full attendance at the National Herbarium fer the
General Meeting of the Club on August 13. Before proceeding with
the busmess of the evening the President extended a welcome to
a ruunber of visitors. Mr, George Coghill congratulated Mir. Swahs
on his election’as President and thanked the Chih tor the letter sent
to him during his recent Wess,

The President referred ta the recent passing of Mi. A,
Henderson and Mr. F. Cudmore, both valued members of the
Club, and to the great loss the PLN V_ has snsramed by the death
of My Fred Lewis, Vice-President, wha was Honorary Secresry
for many years.

1 was reported that, in recognition of his long and valued service
to the Chab as Auditor and Treastirer. Mr. A. G. Hooke had heen
nominated tor Honorary Life Memberships by Mr. 12. Coghijl and
Mr. C. Gabriel. This. was approved by the General Meeung.

Mr. Frank Pitehen showed an outstanding series of coloured
slides Wustrating the geology and hotany of Central Australia.
partieularly in the Avers Rock and Mount Olga areas, A vote of
thanks, moved by Mr, E. S. Hanks and seconded by Mr. Webb,
was carried by acclamation,

Miss Jua Watson then gave a 10-minute lecturette on the subject
of fextivers.

Mr. ‘Trevor Peseott and Mr. N. R. Harvey were elected as
Country and Interstate Meinbers, Mrs. R. Davidson as Joint Metro-
politan Menther, and Master Nicholas Edyuist as Junior Member.

A letter from Mr, T. Sarovich was read, giving notice of his mten-

-tion to move that the Building and Contingencies Fund he kept
separate from extraneous receipts and expenditure, This) business
was held over for discussion at the October General Meenne.

{¢ was announced that the Education Department had accepted
the Cluh’s tender for the supply of Fern and Fungi Books, Aiter
considerable discussion it was agreed that Councils action tn
submitting this tender be confirmed, and that, as Counc recom-
mended, the reprinting of 2,500 copies of the Fungus Book be pre-
ceeded with.

Messrs. Woollard and Sarovich offered to help in arranging
locally grown wildflowers for the show being staged by the Western

63

Viet, Nat,
64 Proceedings f va lg

Austrahan Naturalists Cluh; several members. signified their wiit-
ingiéss to help with this Club's exhibit at the Kalorama show 2 and
Mr. Wilson. agreed to represent the F.NC.V at the Riata show
Mr. Swahy reported that a very successful working bee had been
lield on Angust 4 at the Sir Colin MacKenzie Sanctuary at Heales-
ville and that another was arranged for September 2.

A letter of thanks was sent ta Mr. Middleton far his work in
repairing the Club's microphane, free of charge, aid Mr. H,
Dickens was thanked for his giit to the Clut library of his books
on Orchids and Atstralian Wildflowers,

The meeting adjourned ar LO.A5 pom

EXHIBITS AT F.N.C.¥, MEETINGS
July:
Marine shetls of rhe genus Neetriganin—n. maryaritnced’ of Victoria and
Tasmania; N. gemora, N. lamarchi and N. straiqet, of New South Wales.
aid No untophara of Westerty Australia (©. J, Gabriel)-
Rhinoceros hide walking stick (T. H, Satevicl),
Popple Nuts trom Grafton, New South Wates (Mise L, Young),

August:

South Australian plants—Aochia teorget and Siwansone slipwlaris Coon
Phinders. Range, and Eucalyptus krescana and E landsdeiwucane from Port
Aueusta fA. RoR. Higginson of Port Aumusta, ner A, J Swaby), These are
rarely seen in Victoria, and the Szemiacone, with its many shades of colour,
should make a gaod warden plant,

Matine shells—Ancila velesiana from off Tweed Meads, New South Wales:
Thatcheriaanivatifis from Japan (C.J. Gabriel).

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

AL the meeting af August 15, Mr. BE. Snell spoke on the aubject of “Sain
Opaque Mounting of Dry Objects’. He then invited Dr, KR. M. Wishart to
dontribute sone remarks an the game topie, At the conelusion of this, the
speakers teplied tu several questions: pul to them by those present, and the
Group Leader, Mr, 1. MeTanes, thanked them for their elFarts.

Exhibits included Foraminifera front Ricketts Point and fron the Great
Barricr Reet (shown by Messrs. W. Black and H, Barreit respectively) > awed
Dr. Wishart showed the head ancl pedipalps of a jumping spider and a number
ol other speciiens specially ingynted for the occasion. Mr, MeInues. had
severa] exhibits; these included scales from wings of butterflies. grains ul
chalk and scales from a Diaroond Beetle. Mr. W. Evans exhibiter’ the
freshwater diatony Afelosiva, Master John Walsh showed eges of the house~
fly; and Mr. Snell showed the head of a small ceatipede, polyzan on seaweed,
and peallen of fliltscus in site

On September 19, Mr. A, Bushy will speak an “Agnatenr Microscopy
Today".

STORAGE SPACE NEEDED

The TAN C.V. urgently heeds some additional storage space for shaw
equipment and fur its stocks of the Victorian Naturalist, the aggereyate of
which woud occupy most of a garage or small room. Would any seer
wha knowg of any such spate which may he ayailable, either free ar for hve,
please ¢conmimucate with the Editor (P.Q. Box 21. Noble Park. Phone
UJ 2440)

Sevtenber ' - * a
fre
1056 Pivtomnin \Vaetneanisé oS

MORE PAINTINGS ON FLAT ROCK
Hy .\. MAssaba*

\osecond rock shelter bearing abortgmal paintings: bas Teen
reported Tyan Flat Rock, Mr A, Hemlew of Stawell suecaentally
tecevered Wis new shelter while out Jookime for the recent
desertbed one in the same locality, (See fret. Nut ees 21, dane:
1956). So the writer once again had the pleasure af visiting (lie
area. This time the party consisted of several menibers of the
Stawell Pield Naturalists Club, including the Seererary. Mrs. \W,
A. Callins, and MrT. R, MeCann. The latter served as a botanical
enevelopedia, identifying the wonderful profusion of wild flowers
for which the Grampians are famed.

The new shelter, Flat Rock No, 2. is possibly not as interesting
pietarially as the earlier, ar Nov | shelter, inasmuch as the desipt
consists solely of a few strokes done in red ochre. But it ts precisely
this dearth of pictography which renders this particular shelter
of major mmportenece. For it presents a problenr ta solve. Like No. |
it is situated half way up the hill, and frou it, again as in Nw, 1.
a beautiinl view uf the country to the nurthewest j is obtained, ‘The
shelter is caye-like in| appearance, ahout 12 feet wide at the
entrance and only 9 feet deep at its deepest point. The outside
edge of the veiling presents a flat, smooth bean-like surface 12 feet
Jong and 14 inches wide. It ty upen this surface that the aboriginal
artist painted his strokes in red ochre. Beginning from the leit,
there is a swmall group of only three strokes, covermg a mere
3 inches by 2 inches of stirface| six mches away ta the “right are
four more strokes, covering 3 inches be 34 inches: three feet aw: ay
are two more strokes, + inches hy 14 inches: a further eighteen
inches brings us to two ore strokes, 3 inches hy 14 inches. That
is all!

sut this as the problem, The strokes obviously were made tur a
purpose. The four little grovips give the idea that they were par
posely kept apart. Each stroke in each group ts of the sume sixe
ane length as the others. Were they records of tine or distance,
at Visits by outhing gretps, or memery aids?

The people who inhahited the locality were apparently a grote
or sub-tribe of the Wuhkjaravan/, Robinson, the Chief Protegtor
of Aborigines, called them Poit-Bullucs, and stated that they
inhabited the country near Mt. Zero (folehor). The Mukjara-
waint were said to be bat a section of the Totjehalnk, a large
Nation which seemed to own all the country Fron the Grampiaus
te the South Australia border and nerth to within twenty miles
of the Murray River. No doubt the Northern Granipians, with
its plentiful supply ef Food and water, mist have been a rallying
point for all these desert groups.

PC yrator of Anthroohaewe, Naional Masesm uf Vieturia.

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 73

Piate II

Flat Rock Shelter No. 2

Top: View from shelter towards the Green Lakes
Bottom: The shelter: the paintings are on the diagonal face on the
immediate left of the figure

{66]

Sk vena]
1056

Massora, More Paintings on Flat Rock 67

lt has been said that the messengers sent to distant groups were
in the habit of painting strokes on their arms with red ochre.
each stroke represented a day, and each day one of the strokes
would be rubbed off. The messenger was thus able to tell in
exietly how many days’ time this particular group was expected
ata certain locality. Would the strokes painted on the ledge af
this shelter serve a similar purpose? Avain, the headman ot each
section would know, or be expected ta know, where each group
comprising his section could be found. Vhe natives knew just
how many days’ march any particular waterhole or food gathering
place was froma given spot. Four strokes could mean a four days
journey, Which again would have meant a certain locality tour
days away. Could they lave heen a very primitive system af
writing a message, of informing a possible messenger just where
they were to be found?

Only the discovery of more such painted shelters, enabling
comparisons to be made, will perhaps solve the riddle. Qnee again
1 appeal to members of the Field Naturalists Clubs to report 10
the National Museum any such discoveries, no matter how trivial
they may seen.

AN ABORIGINAL BURIAL MOUND
By AL A. BRUNTON

About two miles north of Sunbury, in the valley of Jackson's
Creek, there are the remains of a large aboriginal burial mound.
This is situated on the property known as Enm Bottom, the
original selection of George Evans, who came over from Tasinania
in the first vovage of Fawkner’s shtp. Incidentally, he built the first
building in Melbourne—a sod hut to keep the stores dry. In 1836
he settled on Jackson's Creek and built a homestead, now the
oldest inhabited house in Victoria. In 1920 the property passed
into the possession of Mr. Webb, the present owner. He has
maintained as far as possible everything that IEvans had built.

Some years after moving in, Mr. Webb had occasion to repair
the private road. Between ‘this road and Jackson's Creek there is
a big alluvial flat composed chiefly of waterworn gravel and. soil,
and on this and overlooking the creek is the circular mound, ninety
feet in diameter and five feet six inches in average height. Knowing
that much of it was suitable for road making Mr. Webb instructed
his men to cart the same to the road. This they did, but when
working into the centre of the mound they encountered many old
and decomposed human bones and ashes, unfit for road repairs.

On being informed, Mr. Webb hurried across the flat and saw a
strange sight. Evidently many bodies had been partially burnt and
then heaped together on the ae ria surface. Over these a layer
of well puddl led wet clay, four to five inches thick, had been

Viet. Nat.

O8 Prenton, aie clhoriginal Burial Mound Vol. 73

plastered, Then sail and waterworn stones: from: the surrotuiding
flat had been piled over and around the burial. The depressions
caused by their excavations can still be traced close by. The appear-
ance of the mound from a distance is extremely like the prehistoric
ones upon the Dorset Downs in England.

Mr. Webb stopped further carting and then took photos of the
scene, One of these, a close-up of the clay layer. shows that the
original dome must have been about eight feet in diameter, but in
the passage of time this had collapsed in places and had assumed
a shape remarkably like the coast line of northern Australia. This
can be seen in the photo. Many years have elapsed since the dis-
covery, and weather and stock have worn down the excavation and
merged it with the remainder of the mound.

The Excavated Burial Mound

The question arises: What was the purpose of the aborigines in
covering the remains with a layer of clay ? Fortunately we have the
evidence of an early settler who observed an identical burial by a
lower-Murray tribe. After the bodies had heen covered with a layer
of plastic clay the old men of the tribe sat around them in a circle.
Some distance further back the remaining men of ithe tribe formed
another circle, and beyond them again were all the women and
children. Under the hot sun the wet clay began to dry, and, after
numerous inspections, the old men detected a crack. Sighting along
this crack they pointed in the direction indicated and announced tv
the tribe that the evil magie which had caused the deaths came
from there. A war party was sent off in that direction and the first
strange aborigine encountered was killed and his kidney fat
extracted. The party then returned with revenge and honour satis-
fied. In the meantime the remainder of the tribe had completed the
burial mound.

The Club will be pleased to know that Mr. Webb has prevented
any further destruction of this most interesting relic of the blacks.

Aphriseney |] he Piclorian Noturasise nu

se

ADDITIONS TO THE VICTORIAN SEDGE FLORA
(CYPERACEA)

By |) H Wobtrs, National Herbarinm af Vieworia

In tits ¢fera a) bfetaria C1S30), A. L Ewail reenuniees 115 species ov
Cyponicve, Sree chac ete, wany name ehunges have beew adapted and
28 additonal species pybhshed for the Stale—dargely the @utctonw ot
reyistpual studies wuudertaken qo the dificult genera Cyperus and Se pus by
S. ‘LL Blaket ¢ Brixbane) aad iy Carer by FE. Nelmes* (London). There sill
remain cleyen indi@evious species and five muaturatized aliens of the iamily
whirl do not seem ever io have been recorded jor Vactoria These bring
Ute total amber of sedpes in the State to 156 species, and the following
arrangement of new records confarmy 7 the generic sequence jn wars
#lore. AN collcetjons now cited have been lodged in the National Herbarium
of Virtaria, and recent discovenes which extend the kiown rane af a fray
lovalized sedges are also recorded us a mater ol iltterest

i, *C¥YPERUS CONGESTUS Pahl, U6

Beighton—abandan: mm gutters alov2 Durrant Street q/. He Willa,
14/3/1952),

The collection was detetnined hy S. 1. Blake, 17/3/52) Trurenduced from
South Africa, iis pesriferous species is already aateralized in Wearern
Australia, South Australia aud Neaw South Wales, and bas heen noted mm
Victoria al places as widely senurated ay Wimbaula amd Lakes Encrance: Tt
closely resembles C. rarurdius, bat lacks the root mibers and has a vwuch
deuser inflorescence of numerous very marrow spikeleds,

2, CYPRRUS NERVULOSUS (Xiitenthaly SV. Bloke, 1940,

Take Hartah, Kulkyne ed ena Parest—erownig amongst Oo aenianceilos
(Mrs, B. Ramsay, 1/2/1954)

This deticare htrle din {to 4 in, high) was previowsly keown only
fiom tropical Anstralia, $. T. Blake weotfedt the votleenon, 10/4/53.

(C. Fawonenus Reeth, 1773, bas been Kuswa trou Victona-only bya fragment
which F. Mueler had coected accidentally with) a chimp of Co CA alban)
beeeitoling oy the Ovens River (22/2/1853), W. J. Zimmer re-cdisenvered the
species ac Mildura on 7/5/1935, and more recently (17/5/1953) Mrs. E.
Ramsay has fount tat Colignan—on the Murray River easr of Nanyingfi
This Grtle annual, of quillwort-like aspect, has a w ide distribution throug haut
alland Australia, and extends bo viaiy parts of the Old World (Asia, Afeica
wid Europe).

C ylobosns MV W789, had heew meloded on the Victorian plaat list solely
on the basis or twa old coflections “springs ch the Lower Huote River, with
t ears and “sn company with twa other apecies on the Upyer Hume
River"—both made by Fo Moeller mm Jaary 1874 The hprowr of re
establishitig this species joy Voetovia goes to Raiéigh A Black who found
it ‘in nweshy places” at Yackandandah, 16/4/1941,

C. wtioleides R.Br. 1810, remains as a single record jor the Stare, viz,
“springs op the Upper Hume River, 3-4000", where it was collected hy
BL Mueller in January 1874; it is probaule that this material actually came
from the Kosciusko (N.SW.) side of the Upper Marray. Vie bread, very
flar, shining spikelets with clase-set histre-caloured glumes are Qrniistakahle a]

tSee “Notes on Australia tyterecea™ (17) tm Prov. Roy Soe Ged. oa, Bu.
(1937); 49 Ny 15 (1838); 32, Ne. 5 (194); 52, No. 1) (1940); 33, Nu 7 (144;
a4. Nu, 8 (1993); and 38, No. 2 (19473. Also “A Monograph of the Gens, Eleorharis in
Susmalia and New Zealand", fc. 30, Nu. 12; 88-1327 (1959). ’

*Sw TS Key te the Australign Species of Gurez (Coperscer:) Hy Pres haan Sere
Land. Session 153, 1942-3! 977-283 (1944.

re rv Viet Ww
70 Waits, ddditlons fo Ulam Sedye Flare Aa ha

&. *SCIRPUS HAMULOSUS (4%. Biel.) Stew. 1814

Murray River $.E. of Red Cliffs--on 4 billabong ity Karadse Parish (Mrs
& Romsay, 25/4/4951)

PDeturmined by §. T. Blake, 18/3/52. andl most bstinetiwe trom ity parraw
crenvded uncinate glumes. The species is algo natiealized in Central Aus-
tralia and the far terth of South Nustralia, where it 15 presumes! to have
Hoan intradpeed with camels from Afghanistan.

4% SCIRPUS DISSACHANTHUS 8, 7 Bla&e, 1946,

Merwyn Swarop, Lawloit Parish, 8! mutes FE. of Kanwa (A. J. Hicks,
Mar 1952 ¢f sep).

Determined by S. 7, Blake, 4/5/1932, and previously knewn from nortlhert
Australi, Queensland (where widespread} and Sauth Australia on the
Murray, ta his original description [f'tet., Nat. 33! 116-120 (Sept, 0946) ]
Mr. Blake anticipated the mecurreace of the species in Vieraria. SS. dissackan-
Hay way attam 1 ft. in height asd iy comparatively robust for an annual
member of the subgenus isorepis, its mast mMtesestine leamire concerns the
disposition ot flawers—normal hermaphrodite anes in the terminal iAor-
escence of 1-3 large spykelets, and solitary female Hower’ hidden within the
leaf sheaths at the base ut the culms,

3, SCINPUS FORSY'UHL Kithen/iul, 1913,

Genia River gorge, ca. 3 nities above Gettoa towiiship—among granite
rocks near water's edge (J. HT, blalis, 25/1/1947; Mo ud. Wakefield Nus.
2284 and 3556, 25/1/1947 and 5/3/1949 respectively )- j

The tyje was from Nepean River, NSW (EE) Forsyth, Mar. 1899). anil
was allied with 3) saithe A, Gray of eastern U.S A—a tuited annual and
much larger vlane. [am convinced that the Genoa sarge plant <s conspeerive
With the qrginal materia: of S sorsythit (dupheate type 1 Melbourne Her-
harium); it has the same comparatively thick, aulcate culms of resinous
appeararee (with lines of very minute whitisl: pustules) and the same broad,
shining, bluotish, membranous glumes to the yather large, solitary. lateral
spikelets, S, I. Blake, who examined mw collection, remarked (2/7/1947) :

Trohably S. fersyiler, as yor suggest, but urioruuately the specimen
ig too bymMeture for accurate comparison. Th appears io be otherwise
known ally from the type colleetion, and there is a doutt in my atid as
ta whether at is really an Awstralian native... it is rather distinctly
Werent fron avy other Australian species.

[Eleochuns alricha R-Br., 1810, was recently recorded for Vietaria by
EJ, McBarpou in Conirih, NSW. Nat. Flerh. 22: 136 (1999), Tihs collection
(No. 4071) was from a roadsicle seepage lu Reselyworrh fowyship (25/6/1950)
und as Incated at Sydney Herbarium. £, africha is close to &. pusifln Ry Br.
differing in the presence of tubers: on the stolons, longer glumes (3 ori or
mare) anda lates conspiciaus stvle hast }

6 #*CARER PISTICHA Hirde, (762.

Marlo at mouth of Snuwy River—on damy Bats amonest luxuriant Urass
{W. Hunter. Noy, 1943).

This Furasian species docs aot seem to have heen recorded for Australia
hefare, 5.°T. Blake identified the collection. 21/5/1944.

7. “CAREX DIVISA Miids,, 1762

Creswick--in a Rigilan Street drain (8. &- Surith, Sem. 1943 aud Mar.
$44).

Mcterniped hy S. T, Rlake, 21/3//44. This spevies, alsa Eurasian, has
heen noted already as an introduction to New Zealand and m Kew Bullets;
309 (1939) EB Nelmes recorded a forsi ol it trom Bellerive, Tasmania.

Be a |

1088 Wintts, ddd-tians Jo Fictariau Sedge Flove 7\

& sCAREX DIVULSA Craoden., 1794.

Bacchus Marsh Cf, Mills, 8/12/1937 Ter, S&T. Blake. 4/9/1944; Yaekau -
dandah (yer (cippsfand & Northern Pty. Lid, 4/10/4—det, i, Nelmes;
28/8/1940) > Melbourne Botanic Gardens—western extremity of main lake.
opposite Laing Island point [7Ke, grid] 4 J Méerfis, 17/11/1952),

Another Euracian spevies, distingaished br the stnail, pair sessite spilces
hor miorugedly along ge sleader culm.

(C. roeight Nelnes, 1939, was for ten sears known only by the type
collection—Linralyvpris stellidala fovest along the Gieen-Mt. Hotham Ruad,
near Cabunpra ar abou 4000 it CR. 4. Black, No. 1150.000-7, 30/1/1938) -
Then, 4lmost spnaltancuusty, i was [ound again by the original callector ac
The Steppes (2900 ft). Western Tiers of central Tasmania (28/1/19448)—
new for thar State, and by the present writer al Bidwell, Victoria (18/1/1943),
bordenig sphagnum bogs near the Delegate River hridge on the Bonans to
Bendou Road (about 3,000 ft.). The very slentler mature of leaves and culms
is clistmetive.

( hypandra VY, Muell, ox Benth, 1878, was attributed by Bentham 1
“Wictona—Mungung Mountains . . .,6,000-7.000 ft... Afuefler” | Jan, 1274].
AL the time when Nelmes revised our Austraban Carices (1944), only the
angle type collection was knewn, and he repeats fis origin as “Wieuoria”
Hawever, the type location ("Munyang Mans") is definitely not in thar
State, but ay the Kosciusko plateau, N.5.W.; so the species should be deivtect
from Virturiai listis—as. was. done in Ewart's Flora of tsedortie (19305
Among the fate Dr C, S. Suttan’s colleerions (recently acquired by Mel-
bourne Herbarjam) is an undoubted specimen of C. hvpandra trom Cradle
Mountain, Tasmiunia (Feb, 1919)—a new record tor the Ishand State This
logh alpiric, ane apparcily quite rare, Nettle sedge pvay be recognized at ance
hy tis thick very congested aud dark-coloured inflorescence, with minute
plumes and utricles. .

C. toneserus L., 1783 Cann Aue, Aust}, was collected) by F. Mueller in
December 1854-01 "Snowy Plains between the Cabongra |= Cahungra River]
and Bogang Range", Victoria, bt is ane of those Koreal species which are
shared wath Australia where they occur only as rarities on our alps—the
ferns Rov yehtnm lenerta aud Cystepterts froytits belong also to this categury
C- caiteseengs dyes hat sce to have heen found again in Victoria since 1854.
VW oappears under the synenymous name CC. baxbanant Wablenb. bt Ewart's
Flora, while bis “C. canesecas’ is referable to €_ crrfi Guoden—a widespread
species theaughout ollie ngher alpiiie bogs ]

8 CARP BICHENOVIANA Boot ev Meuk, f- 1858.

Winmera (AY Guerin, 1889); Dimknola C30. £12’ Altow, 1889) ; Goulburn
River at Murchison (/@. ft, Bhreh. 4/11/19427 > Broken River, S. of Dookie
(PG Sretdley, 6/10/1051).

The first twa of these cotlecnons were examined and deterinined hy
Kikenthal—as variety bickenomana of Corer pumila Thoob.. but be does
notimention a Victorian occurrence in bis Carer monugraphy (Pfotsenreich)
of 1909 However, J R. Tovey recorded C puanila, var. bichenugiana (Boot
ex Hook f.y Katkenth. lor Victoria in Pree. Rey, Soc. Mted, n, ser 84> 4G
(1921). Ewart ignored this record in Mora of Mieturia (1930), so Wave J. M.
Black (1943) and Nelmres (1944) It is thes Gonsered appropriate 26. eepeat
the referenee. The species 15 abyodant un sandy ground mear water-courses 44
the Wineipera, Murray Valley and Goulbuen Vatlev disenieis. and it is
scmuctinies a nuiswace in paridens. Closely retared to Co punta (the sand
sedge). ©. dicloomana mae be distinguished by its taller growsh. rather
natrower Ieaves Which are itever circimate at the apices colms projecting
well beyond the Iear-sheaths, male spies nowally severs! (more than 44.

Wittis, Auditions to Fictorian Sedge Floren pint ids

.

female glumes (and often utricles) with purplish pigmentation, and the utrieles
Hywel smaller (4-5 yam. lang, cof 6-7? mar uC. pumila).

1h} CAREX JACKIANA Buotr, 1848.

Thea of Middle Crook near Rover Segut Hut, Pogong High Plalits—hall-
side soaks aod ierasses at abouer 5,000 fr, (4) F7. Meittic, 2/2/1949; Cae
Sherwes, early Jan, 1933); Baw Baw plateau. swampy flats between Mas.
Baw Raw and Sr. Pailack, ca, $900 ft. fA. badly, 20/3/1951) > Mr, Buller
at “The Springs", ca. S00 fi. alsa Mr. Stirliag (1. 17 MV iis, 8/3/1953)

The callection fret cited was determined py EH Nelmes, 22/32/1949. and
“Ls récurchug coustifutes a remarkable extensian im range of a species pre
viously Oousidered endergic tn the Lide-Malesian region (India, Ceylen,
Malaya and Java). T+ will almost certainty be found in New Guinea, and
Tlérhads also th other parts of the Australian alps. Althoush similar in halt
and size lo ©, brewiculway RBe Co sockinana differs manifestly jn ats bhie-
grecty caldur, even shorter inflorescences which are quire hidden amang the
vases of the leaves, and in its long, narrowly couicul ucncles (ta 7 mm.)
whieh are many-veied, but not mbbed (as in GC. brewicntiots). Tdian aid
Malayan specimens of ©. sehen have rather longer cslms and less enn
nested spikes than the Victorian.

fl. CAREN TASMANICA Kitkenthal, 1904.

Heywood tawaship—in stallow drain besule Forest Dilice 07, A i fly.
V/LL/1948)-

Vhave no doubt chat the Heywood collection ts idesitical with this uncowinen
species, previously consileree endemic in Tasmania, Tips af the leaves and
Nracts ecome characteristicaily withered and circinnale, the spizes are shorts
aud very dense (as in Plawtagy lanceolata). the ghines are short and obtuse
with long-exeurcenl midribs, while the snl pale Hattunest otricles (to
S mm.) have thickened awangins and widely spreading teeth

12. CAREX (YNX FE. Nebnes, 1944.

Gorae Wes, near Portland-—-on lightly uuibered fate! deavy black Loan
a rie Braugtehoie, No, 3146 10/1/1954), Ballarat (FP Miolter, Jan
1833): ete. ;

Both collections were determined hy BE. Nelwes, 23/3/1955 and 1945
C iyi differs from C longtbvachigta Boeckl, [sw ©. longifutia KBr, won
Thuill.| in its denser-flawered, thicker (5-8 om. wide) spikes, the fetnale
glumes more than 2:5 inm. broad and wath wee hyaliie margins, A review
af all Victorian callections hitherte referred ta C. longifolia R.Br [i.e ©,
longibrachiate) m Melbourne Herbarium slows that aaly two CVambo Jtiver
aud Glenelg River near Dartmoor) conform ta Rohet) Rrawn's tipe nraterial
trom Port Jackson—stender, narrow, loose-Howered spikes, with glinnes less
than 2 5 mm. broad. The remainder (Gorae West, Heywood, Lake Coranga-
mite, Ballarat, Batlan, Cobuegra, The Cotbacas, ete.) are all referable to
Nelines’s C, ivua—a widespread plant im Victoria. The dilference upow which
GC. ivne was erected seem tame sather trifing. aml L would prefer to reeard
iLas 8 variety os © lntigibrachiate.

[<. alsophita Fo Mucil, 1874, and C. couspicua Boott ex C. BL Clarke.
19)8, are both retained as Victorian species m Neliness key of 144, The
former was based upon five syntypes—Wars River, Mi, Juhett, Mt, Anold.
Baw Baws and “Tarwan" [= Tarrago] River. The last two of these colle
tions hecartie The types oF Boott's CL conspicmer, presumed to difer fram
C, alsophity in having the terminal spikelet whally male A review of all the
tyne maternal, tagether with several recene collections, discloses that C.
vorspieud ms based Upon yuite wconstant details, which are WO more than
intraspecific variations in the ¢gispasition ef male flowers and lengths of

Specter] Wirtis, daditions ta iittanian Sedge Flore 73
ghipes (fiom 4 mi le G mid: the Certinal spthe miay be syholly priate.
wholly letnale, female at the top) sie miele with -accasinial Fumale flowers here
ghd there oerdsioially the four uppermost spikes are entirely male Suel
yanianuns an (ot correlated wyih apy wther differences in wross murgholuse
and P have ie lesitacon in mere cusp wink G. absaplide |

13. SCHCENUS FILULTANS F/auk 7, 1859,

Barwon River near Geelong (J. Bracebritye Hilson, 1883),

The siigle Vieturan sin “hs ‘though: with) enly dumature influrescences.
was accurately deterimined be F Mueller; it seems ta have been enturels
overlooked by Ewart and alter r riterg an our sedges, Otherwise this aquatic
species is known from Tusmania (“in stagnant brackish water''—teste C.
Stuarl) and South Austria (Kangarog Island and Encounter Bay), Thy
flanrentugs, very lose feat laine aid lone chaffy glumes are distinctive

14. SCHCENUS TESQUORUM J M-. Bloch. 1922.

Goroke Road abom 17 miles S. of Nisll—-dlamp depresston ag southern
fringe of Little Desert (4. A Hesifis, Sept. 194895 Aeathmere, veer orvand
(FE. and PLE. Finek, Dec. 1952—Oct, 19934— ex Herb: A. CHA Besugle-
hole, Nos. 3851.55 inclusive )-

Type locality of this South Australian species was “Reine bermecn Mom
Lure aud Aeunrt Melntyre to Nangavarrp qa. the foaetyrian border”, jal ae
collector or date is mentioned: in was lacer found ap Encounter Bay This
reference to “the Victorian border” seems TU have escaped the potice ui
Fawart and other recent botanists 1 our State. S. fesquerin resembles. a tall
robust condition of S) afeayen Roew. & Seliult. but differs in having ve
perianth bristles aie pecioetly smooth, white trigonous tuts,

15. sere US BREVICULMIS Benth, 1878 [incl S. defperi PF, Muell,
88)

Great Ovean Rost, 2 miles E of Poin Addis (nr, and Mre, #, Adarks,
Mar, 1947); Black Range, § miles W. of Cheer y Pool un the Upper Glenelg
fo#. ieallis, 2/3 4/1948) - Bie Desert, on South Australian border about
1% miles N, of Serviceton (a A. Walls, 17/9/1948) ) Near Catiabrim Sorting,
Little Desert 8 miles S ed 1 -awloit (4, A Metts, 11/0/1949),

A law, doisely tuited mat- torming sede, with niddgiw inflorescences 5 ”
the alpine Sy calyptratae ST. Blake which it closely resembles. It as wirels
distributed almost throughout the Litthe Desert Cin at least 11 af the
20 Parishes), and is alae abundant in the Big Desrrt on sandy heatiniaid.
How ft hal escuped detection during a century of batarical exploration in
thie State is astonishing. West Victorian examips are identical with the
Seth Australian So tepierd Fo Muell Ten ft, Lofty Runee, Kangaroo
Island, Yorke oui Fyre Peninsulas Mr C. A, Gardner, Government
Botamst of Western Australia, reports (10/3/1950) as follows on a Big
Desery specimen which l ebmutted vo bith for exaroniation:

The sneetnen of Stepper F Marell, feo 18 owlet north of Service
toy, Vie, agrees very well with our speciinen of S. bremeulais Benth.
zp: baleered ‘by Trani. L would say (hit they were the same

Kiikenthal {in Report Spee Now Regu Weg 43. 9% (Tune 1998)]

ae Sy lepperd a variew of S. hreqiculais.

[SL calyptratys S.'T. Blake, 1941, is recorded only by the type collection
(Mt, Buffalo, leg S. T. Blake, 1935) ; but at as widely distributed: around
the edges of sphagnuin hogs themighout the Weturiat alps (eo, Lake Mur
tai, Baw Baws, Mt Skene, Mt, Buller, M1 Buffalo, Rogong High. Plains),
and on Mt. Kosciusko, NOS.W in A, LU. Castin's “Plantageo ane elleri—
Muntie ovsiraastea Allnce’. A collection from Eeho Plat. Lake Mountain
(/, VE Metis, 2571/1998) shows statninal Maments about 7 on. long, and

a4 Wiis, Additions to Victortam Sedge Flore Fito wat

S$. T, Blake makes this coninent concerning it (8/3/1948): “I do wot recall
having see) such lone Blametits in Schemes hefore.”]

16 RHYNCHOSPORA RUGOSA (Fahl) S. Gule, 1944 [Syn Ro ofauen
Vahl. 18086).

‘Tawonga, on G, A. Tarnkin’s property (A. A, Black, 30/4/1941),

This votlection corsttutes the first record of the gents Rhyuchospora for
Victoria, and oje suspects that the plant may have been intraduced fram
New South Wales or farther ourth, It is a grass-like species, ta 2 ft, bigh,
with a terminal inflorescence ot small spskelets clustered im short arregular
carviibs, Tndigenous to New South Wales and Queensland, u js alsa widely
clespersed in tropical regions ot the warld,

FLORA OF VICTORIA: NEW SPECIES AND OTHER AODITIONS—9
By N. A. Wakertein, Noble Park

Genus GREVILLEA: Two Undesevihed Species Hitherto
Included under G. ilicétolia

CNERILLEA DREOPTTYLELA sp. nov: ex uffwitate GO Hiefoliag R.Br.
sell falorum fobis dentates indurmtiente sparse pérturtilt uvane sibsessil)
villosa stylu brevi (circiter tT cm. longo) differt.

HOLOTYPE: Kangaroo Flat (n¢ac Bendigoh! November 1934; A, J.
Vadgell (MEL; cuplicates to by -gent to K and NSW"),

Divaricate shrub to 3 ft, high; leaves up to 7 em. long and 5 om, awvidle,
usually divided (often deeply) with four main lateral lobes which ure
shallowly toothed with a few yinnent points, (he venation conspicucusiy
reticulated. sparsely pubescent on both surfaces with short very twisted
hairs; Howers secuncd in racemes 1.5-2.5 em. long, the pedicels about 1 mm
long, the periaith about 3 im. long and densely pubescent on the outed,
the evary subsessile and densely villose, the style ahout ] cn. long

Distebution. Endemte in Victoria in the vortherw auriterous belt (Castle-
maine, Bendige, Skipton and Upper Avoca areas),

G. dryaphylia has hitherto been passed by as a form of G, iNeifolia, but <4e
latter spacies has w more cuncate leat with the lobes — confined to the upper
lialf god aually entire, the vestiture umder-leaf is dense and short, the flawers
are stalked (with pedicels 1.5-2 mm. long) and invested wath sparse vestiturce,
ue ovary 3s stipitate {with au almast glabrous stalk 2-3 mm. long) aul
imvested with appréssed hair, atid the style im about 17 me. Jong.

GREMILLEA SURIGLITZIANA4 sp. nov.; item ex affmtate G. Utetfolire
R.Br., sed foliorum lobis dentatis induments spxirso longo Aoribils
subsessilibue ovario (stipitent meludens) villosa stylo basin versus
pubescenti recedit

HOLOTYPE: Hleathtands pear Geelong Reservoir, Brisbane Ranges, Vic-
tora: Sept, 16, JOU; lay. PR. H, St Joba (MEL)!

Divaricate shrub ta 3 ft. high; jeaves ap ta 5 cm. long and 3 cm. wide.
nsually shallowly divided with 4 main lateral lobes which are shallowly
loathed with a few pungent points, venation conspicuously reticulate! opper-
surfaces becoming vlabrous, underneath sparsely invested with long 2 stevight
lanes; Rowers secund in racemes 2-3 om, long, the pedcels about | wits, Toy,
the perianth abaut 6-7 mm. jong and densely pubescent on the putside, the
ovary stipilate (stalk 2-3 mm. long) and densely villose the style 13-1? ini.
long ani usually sparsely pubescent towards the hase.

* MEL—Nanonal Werhaciim of Vierrin, Melbourne, K—Kowal Botanic teidens, Kev.
England; NSW —National Herhacium of New South Wales, Sedoes:

Septem) ‘ ss $
Sena all Wakerizis, Flora of Micturias Neive Spevies, ote. ?

toe

Posty ibuton: Eccenic in the Brisbane Ranges, Wietora, and there appar
entiy quite plentiful over a considerable area, ie the genial yiernity ar Tre
wwirship of Sremhite

G, stewltsiana also has bee inedudedt in othe past with &. thefteffe, bet
difers iy leat-shape, and i the type ot westicure on the leaves, on tie perignrin
and pn the avaey and pase af the srvle, Te bears @ remarkable auperticial
resemblance ly OG, drvepiylla, dilTering mainly in the iypy of vesdture ov
the loaves, i ite size af the Howers. i the stiptate ovary and the somewlivt
mahescent stile

Lowish ta think the Wirector and sah of the Metboawne Nutiona:
Merbarium for facihties in combection with this researe’s.

ON CHOOSING A MICROSCOPE FOR THE NATURALIST
By ©. 8. Mronrron, Faas, PRM.S.

Que is frequently asked for advice on the choice of a microscupe lor a
particular purpose. Mere T shall ry to.answer the Nanuralist.

As microscopes are designed 10 fll specific needs in specialized fells, 3
yery goud (or expensive) microscope niay not be the moat suitable,

Microscopes to-day are cluicfy designed furs (1) Medical scones:
(2y Merallurgists: (3) Geolowists; and (4) large Lahoratudys, where
large universal imstruments semethnes costing £1000 or ore are provided
‘Vhe Naturalist appears to have heen foryotten in these days, especially the
Mar wrth not too deep u pocket,

The so-called single purpose research mmcrascapes for Mologina! work are
generally little mere than a mtetlical student's uictoscope, with a mechanical
stage aud perhaps a rack-locussing sub-stage. Such an istripnent, with three
objectives, viz 10x, 40%, antl 100% olf immersion, anil tivo eye-piecag—hs and
Hix, sells to-day for alat £130 and is oot suitable for the Naturale He
requires a grealer range at low powers than this, and the [00% on iaumersian
ahjeetive is seldom, af cyer, required.

How then can he chasse wisely aud well® What should he look for*

There are four main features; (ij Objectives; (ii) Eve pieces; (ili) Sub-
slage condenser; (iv) Stand.

a1) Objectives: Lhe full battery of objectives best suited te the naturalist
would be a 3 inch, 2 inch, | inch, 2 mm. and a 3 mm, dry achromatic, not
apaochromiuttie.

While not decryang the ane lore atic ohiective tor certain critical work by
a experience! microseapist, these benutiful ancl very expensive lenses are
hy no wiesis sunable for the average vatiralist 4s, unless critically used, they
may yield poorer intages than an achromat of simiJar power, Whe ‘@pochromat
is Much more seusitive to variation in tube length: aed cover-glass thickness
and also bas a mure curved Aeld. These are disadvantages uuder certany
ciccumstances. The expense of apochromats. is only warranted where the
iiimnst resolution fs necessacy for the work tn hand avd in critical photo-
ymicregraphy,

The purchase of afb these lenses may be too expensive at first. 1f so,
purchase the 2 inch and & mm, and add the rest as necessary.

Gi) Evepiecus: Gee one eyepiece as High @ power as possilzle, preferably
an ofthascapiy, and an 8x huygenian.

(iii) Sub-stage Candenser: The hest is 9 dry achromatic and aplatatic
condenser.

An gplanatic condenser, nov corrected for colour, ts alsa very suitable i/
used with ffters. These are hath rather expensive bat may sonietimes be
hought secendhaud. Failing thar. thea tuy an Abbé condenser, preferahlr
a 3 lens form.

76 Miporeiox, A Micruscope for the Nalaralist vies ae.

(iv) Srand: ‘The mngt suitable is a Wenham Binocular, not ay made
hut sometimes avaiable secondhand. Sonce the Weuham Binocular was
Originally made far Jong thbe lensed, 1 weidd be well to ste that modern
high power lenses were correcterl for us¢ wilh 4 long tube, This is dome by
means ot a correcting tens oc alteration ta the objective, but am ne vecostitt
should a amateur attempt to alter the lenses Itimself as this Is a job for
the expert, Permanent damage eau rest by even unscrewing the ohjective
fur cleaning or any ather purpose *

{f the lenses purchased with the microscope are the originals, a correction
will he necessary, But they should be tested carefully by an expert as ald
lenges sometimes deteriorate,

4) the choice is limired to @ modern instrument, purshgss a stancl that eat
be bust up hy the addition of a mechanical stage, a rack focussing ane
centering sub-stave andl a binovular borly,

Only a few medical sthdénr's micrascapes Gan he busle up in tls way,

li you Faye any further queries, [ woulel be happy te answer tem

NOTES ON THE ARMY WORM
By Rox. C, Kresiaw

The Southern Army Worn, Perseetmia eroriyii (Westw.) has caused
considerable damage to pastures am erops il) Tasman in recent years,
Dermg the present season (1955/56) the writer has observed the caiter-
pillars feeding ot pears in a West Tanige oechard.

The moths are m flight during September and October, and caterpillars
ascend the plant stems where they jeed on the seed heads during November
and December, Infestations have reached plugue provortiois in some vears
aud considerahle economic damage has resulted. Murtyn (1955) records
unusual damage co the wheat variety “Magnet”, and most crops have been
infected ta varying degrees, Damage to pears in a West Tamar orchard
also seeins unusual and the writer has not noticed a prioc reference to such
att Occurrence.

Round holes were neliced in pears, principally af the Winter Cole variety,
which at first sight could have been taken for hail marks, On close inspeeticn
timbers of caterpillars were observed im oiln. Infestations of the grasacs of
the orchard had been noticed. and it is possible that the caterpillars moved
mla the trees subsequent to the cultivation of ue otehard, However, as the
abject of the cultivation was to produce a ruich and not to eliminate the
grass, there was still a zoodly amount available standing for the caterpiliars
10 feed on, This was not heavily infested at all so apparently competition was
HOt al iMportant reason far the movement: moreover there were sometimes
three or tour caterpillars on a very small pear,

lose observation was made of the activity ot the caterpillars, und it was
noted that individuals maved from place to place on a pear until a site
suitable for attack was found. The skin was then removed in small quantities
by a Buawiig qwetion, and from time to time was placed to one side anc yas
not eaten. The skin was removed from a coughly circular patch, subsequent
tu whieh the caterpillar began to eat the Fruit. A rounded holo rather larger
than the original opening was uxcavated. the caterpillars not digging deeply
inte the iriht as do the codlin: moth larvae.

Th the case of the Winter Cole pears the damaged Iryil may he removed
dura sural tru thinning aperations, but with otter varieties jor
normaliy requiring thinning the loss is an economic factar, Most damage

* Such Wuncrewing of objectives was suggested in ay article on "Cleaning Microwone

Lensey of this Journal Inst month (iver, Nar Fo. ot), Chere will be published Jn a
fortheaonng issne arr Arlicle on The centring Of lenses in Dae Ohjeciie.—Editor-

v4
~~

Supremes | Kersuaw, Noter oa the Very Horn
was observed near the ground, but in sone cases (ruil high in the trees had
heen reached. Because of the mode of attack of the caterpillar, the poisonous
sirays on the skin of the pears were of no use im protecting the fruit In
pasture atid cereal crops contrel is achieved hy dusting ar spraying with
D.D.T. insecticide, This insecticide is commonly used tn orchard programmes
aid an adjustrnent m the programme if necessary would be all thar ds
required.
REFERENCES
Martyn, E. J. and Huvsoy, N. M. (1953)—'Contral af rhe Armywurmn,
Perseetiagta ezentyis (\Westw.) tu Tasmania. Tysin, To Aueic, 2b ed):
330-339.
Marrym, BE. J. (1935)—"Report on an Otthteak of the Southern Armywarmy,
Porsactania eaiugit (Westw.) in Tasmania in 1954-59". Tas, J, Agric.
26 (4): 329-331,

“NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE”

Mr FS. Colliver of the Gealogy Department, University of Queenslanl,
Brishane, serids the faliawing request |

"Tar some years now 1 have bees collecting information relating to the
various editions of Gilbert White's Nataral ITistary of Selhorne, of which
over 200 editions are known. This is many more than | have noted, and it
seems tome that F.N CV. members might have the yoltame at home possihly
in a form different from those 1 have collected or seen. What [ would dike
is a complete copy of the Title Page ag printed, the date. uumber of pages,
aud publisher’s name if uot already on the title page, original price, and if
one of a series, ey. “100 best books al". Lakewise I would be glad to hear
about other items pertaining ta Gilbert White, for I feel that IT must have
missed noting soime of ther,"

KALORAMA SHOW

A large marquee is ta ‘be allotted free ta the FLNLCOV. for the display of
Australian flowers, for Cluh publicity aid for sale of publications. Arrange
ments for helpers i setting up and supervision will be completed at rhe
September General Meeting, Absentees may telephone Mr. A. J, Swaby
(WF 7294) after the meeting for details, meluding transport arrangements,

WILDFLOWERS IN COLOUR

Mr. H. T. Reeves will stage an extibition, in conjiumetion wath the Native
Plants Preservation Saciete of Victoria, of about 250 hand-csloured photn-
graphs of Australian flora, in Rodak Gallery, Melhourne, during: the first
fortnight i Octoher next. The show is to be opened, at 2.30 pan. on Monday,
Octoher 1, by Mr. P. Crosbie Morrison,

WESTERN AUSTRALIAN WILDFLOWERS

The Home Mission Fund of the Congregational Church is holding a Westen
Australian Wodflawer Show iv the Lawer Town Tall on Monday, Tuesday
andl Wednesday, September 10. 11 and 12. (Monday 130-30 pan, other days
10.30 aan, to 10 pm.) Admission 2/-, children 1 /-

NATIONAL MUSEUM SECTION

De, Frante Tare will lecture on the Barrier Reef at 4.13 p.m. on Septentber
28 in ike National Museum. Colour Alm.

78 The Victorian Niturtlist Vol. 73

AMY FULLER PAINTINGS

The heautiful ane acctrate paintings at wildflowers by the late Muss
Amy Fuller are the property of the Club, but we have mot the facilities to
shaw them properly,

Mombers may be imterested therefore to know thab they have heen made
available to the Native Plants Preservation Society which will he displayine
some of then? in the Mutual Sture subway windows. This display is due to
start on September !7, the pictures will be varied from time to tin, and seu
should be on show there for several weeks.

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
PN.C.Y. Meetings:

Monday, October B— Satin Bower-hitd, by N, A. Wakeheld; as discussion
of Club projects.

F.N.C.¥. Excursions:

Sunday, September 16—Batany Greup excursion to Herstbridge. Lealer:
rs, Puiches. Take 8,53 am, tram to Hurstbridge, Brings one meal.

Sundar. Somers 30—Parlom coaul excursion to Cape Patterson, Leader -
Mr. Atkins, Coach leaves Barman Avenue 9 aim, sharp. Fare, 25/--
Byi fe two meals,

Saturday, October 6—Geology Groug excursion. Details at group teeting.

Group Meetings;

(8 pr at Natiowtal Herbarium)

Wednesday, September 12 -Microscopival Group, Subject: Amateur: Micra
scopy Today. Speaker: Mr, A. Bushy. Open might for exhibits,

Moimtlay, September 24—Botany (sroup. Members’ Kodathrome Night.

Wednesday, Octaber 3—Geology Group. Subject: Igneous Rocks, Speaker :
Mr. Blackburn.

Preliminary Notices:

Yoesday, November 6 (Cup Day)—Club ptenic to Healesville Sanetuars,
Leader: Mr. A. J. Swaby, President. Subject: Necturnal Animals, and
inspection ot Nature ‘Ural. Coach leaves Batman Aventc 10 at. leaves
Sanctuary 7.30 pm. Bring twei meals. Faro. metuding admission, 18/-.

November 3-4- Weekend at ‘Bendigo. Ttinerary : Saturday afternoon Exuur-
sior ta Sandy Creek. F.vening—Illustrated tafk with Kadachromes.
Sunday—Full day in Whipstitk. Transpurt by Friday everiing's or Satur-
day’s trains cr private cars, Campme facilities at White Hill Gardens.
Wednesday. September 12, is final date tor Hotel reservations. Bookings
with £1 deposit to he made with Mr. &. Atkins, Botanic Gardens, South
Yarea, S.E.1, Phone, MU 3755, after 6 pm. (Nate the amended date of
excursion.)

Shows:

Thursday, Septernber 27 (Cup Davy. to Sunday. September 30 -General
Floral Display ii Kalorama Reserve, from 9 arm. to 10 pm. (except
Sunday. 9 a.m, to 3 pind. Admission 2/-, children free, (Possible Club
excursion on the Thursday.)

Saturday, Octoher 6 (1-10 pan.), and Sunday, Octoher 7 (1-5 pam )—-Wild-
flowers and associated arts, In Teaumaris. Teast Hall. Cr. Cromer and
Wells Roads. pear Balcontbe Koad. Details from A. J. Swaby alter
Septernber meeting.

—Maaié ALLENDER, Excursions Secretary,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 73—No. 6 OCTOBER 4, 1956 No. 874

PROCEEDINGS

There was a good attendance ar the General Meeting of the
Club ac the National Herbarium ou September 10. Greetings were
reveived trom Mr. T. BR. N. Tochian, Director of the Adelaide
Botanic Garden.

The Secretary stated that he had received a letter from the
executors of the late Mr. WL Cudmore indicating that he had Jeft
£100 ty the Chub.

ft was mentioned that the Club has not at present a representative
who contd attend meetings of the Natural Resowr'ces Conservation
League, ancl any member who could do so was asked to get in
vouch with the President ar Secretary.

Mr, Strong offered to make available his room at Parliament
Ilouse far meetings of the Marine Biology and Entomology Groups,
and members interested were asked to get in touch with hina after
the General Meeting. Miss J. Wope MacTherson was elected as
a Metropohtan Member of the Club.

Miss C. Carberry exhibited a series af slides ilstrauing native
flera, mostly from ber own garden in Hawthorn and that of
Mr, Swanson at Frankston, but ineludeck soine wild speciniens A
voniientary was given hy the President.

‘The President explained that the short lectirettes at meetings
were intended for menibers dong research, to let others know
what was being done sa that-held-work, ete, could he co-ordinated.
lle appealed to miemhers whe-conld sive such ialks to commiunicate
with him.

Myr, Wills mentioned the recent death of an honorary member,
Rev AMR. Rupp: and. was resolved that a letter of sympathy
be sent to lis family

Fshibits included garden-vrown uguve plants, particularly a
ninuber of Acacia and Grevillen species, shown hy Miss Macfie.
and Messrs. Jennison. Fisch and Brooks. Mr. Gabriel exhibited
some marnie shells from southern Pasmama (Peclea nottec-selancdiog
Reeve, Lquichlamys ivfrons Lam. and Mimeachlanys asperramus
Lam.) ; and Miss FE. Raff showed sume ltvacinths, grow in bottles
of plain water, and laving very good toot systeins,

The meeting closed at 945 pun, for the usual conversazionce.

THE SECRETARY'S COLUMN
National Muscwn Leetwres: On Oetober 26 at 815 pan. Mr P. Crosbie

Morrison) Will Jecture in the National Museum on “Why aur Auvimals are
Oneer’

‘ y

an The Seeretory’s €vttians ee as

To Orchid Lewrs) Mr. J, G, Poley, of Whitaker Ayenue, Mont Clare,
Pennsylvatiia, U.SiA. wishes to correspond with Australians interested in
Botany, and perhaps exchamge specimens. His siecral aiterest is orchids,
and he stares that the climate of his districe 1s abaur the sane as that ol.
Tasmama,

Nahace Photographs: Toe Melbaurne Camera Club is organizing an Inter-
watiotal Exhibition of Photography in We Melhourny Town Hall frum
Marck 1 to 27. Among the classes is a special Nature Section, the fest in
Plelbourne, far walure prints an colour slides, Chasing dave. Febrnary 13,
1957.

Concholosnsts: The Malacologieal Club has published a work on “Thaidi-
dae’ Wy Mr. Berriard Cotton, Curator af Molluscs, Adelaide University. Price
3/6 per copy. puslage included. Address of Honorary Secretary—3*? Glen-
ferric Road, Malvern,

Birds of New Sout, Wales: The Illawarra Natural History Society has
sent Us, ah our suggestion, 2 number of copies of the publication Birds
Recorded from the Elewarra Dourivt, These will be displayed for sale at
Club Meetings. Price 2/6,

Dinedin Science Congress: lf any member proposes to attend the Congress
in Dunedin from January 16 te 23, 1957, of the Australian and New Zealau
Assovwtion far the Advancement of Seience, and would like to be aceredited
as a delegate from this Club, please cemtect the Secretary

Fictorian Sub Aqua Grouwh; This body of skmedhvers feels it has gat
heyund (he mere spear-fishing stage and is taking a smentifie interest in
avlat goes on under the water. [t has written to the Cluh seeking co-operation
renerally.

Purther particulars may be obtained fron Mi, BE. By Coghill, Hon
Secretary, FNC,

SPECIAL FUNDS

ar 2 cansulerabie Gime now at has beer apparent that a substantial bade
of members Weuld hike vhe present arrangement of the Club funds to be
altered and seme proposils to that ew, at present before Cour wall
probably be considered wt its next meetung, and, if adopted, placed before
the Detoher General Mecting, for consideration,

Apart from the Life Membership. Funel, until 1947 the Club had onty one
vrcuumt, wite whieh all recespts were pad. and from which all expetises were
met. lt was substantially ju credit. some of che surplus being invested, the
rest bung at an ordiniusy bank account. In that year, it was resolved by
Counal “that a fund be created to be knows as the Bailding and Contin
geneies Pund—a tund to include ail present investments, exception (sic) those
specifically set anide For other purposes atl to include income from special
sources sich as publicarioas and. booklets (with the specific exception of
the receipts ancl expenditure connected. with the Club Badges), such fund
to be available for financing the Club's special publications ard the agqursi
sion of a Clob Building at some future time’,
ery motion Was carned and tlic fond set up. tt now coniprises about

eo,

Tt will be tinted that this Tuud was expressly made available for financing
Club Publieations. and itis this aspect which is cow engaging our attention.
Some oreinhers fear that if it contimmes ta be weed for that purpose yt will

tadually lose its character as a “Building: and Cotitingencies Fund" and

come simply and solely a Jud fur Anancing Publications. To get over
this, Council is being asked tu recommend the establislinent of a separate
“Publications Fural”-and lhe amendment of the resolution setting up the
Buikling and Contingencies Pund tn make it clear that it is not to be used
for syich a purpose mt the future.

Opaer) Sper) Pounds 3

Tins problem Arsat beeame aeute with the publication ot the Fern Buok,
aud i¢ a4 accordingly jrapesed to separate the two funds as from May L
1953, before that project was acopted, The Treasurer assures us that there
will he nw difficulty ip doing ths. An earlier dare, which would give rather
mure indney lo the Pablicurions land, has also been suggested.

Hi the first suggestion is adopted, the faniding and Contingencies Pand
will continue fo nective the proceecls af sale ot items published before that
dale, and also the proceeds af any special efforts we may hold in the future,
and ii will be teimbursed the expenses of publisning the Fery Book, and
be sior calli! on to pay for the 2ud ediGion of the Fungus Rook, Despite
the terms of Ue resdlution establishing it, it alsa receives the proceeds of
sale ul Club badges, and it is proposed that this should contniue,

It is proposed that the new fund will take over the Fern Raok, sad che
new edition of the Fiingus Book and alsa sales of back numbers of the
Naturalist in excess af £20 per year. IL will apparetly start life with about
£150 in cash, atid a very substantial capital invested entirely in atisoll
volumes

Of course, we all realize that the Dintding and Contingencies Fund 15
quite inadequate for auy building purpose, but tt iy a begining and the
sponsors of this ddea fee! that this subdivision of tunds will serve ta remind
us that some of our money jis e¢acmarkerl for the purpose, and perhaps
eleauruge us ty build at up to something worth while,

—li, 1. Contin, Won Scerctary,

OuR POLICY

he Aanual Meena vf the Chol unanimously adopteil the puliey recen-
incrided by Council

fa) To stimulate the scientific side of the activities of the Chol

(b) To establish closer contact with country and interstate niempbers, also
with affiliated socienes and similar bodies m Australia, tor pursuit of know-
ledwe and attainment of aims held iy eonupor.

Cauncil will commonicute with these societies; Inviting their co-operacion
Aud suggestions, and making reconimendationus for activity.

The matter will be open for discussion at the October General Meeting,
Members will be reyuested to offer assistance, skilled or unskilled, The
inllowing activities have been proposed:

(i) Wider cireulanon aud ose at the Tirtarian Naturalist by kindred
aGceties, (Mr. Wakefteld.)

(i) Fostering an associatio: of grawers of Australian plants for experi-
ments in nurture, propagation and breeding. (Mr. Swaby,)

fut) Callection of heath seeds fav stientibe study, (llr, Raymieit,}

hiv) Studies in ecology.

-{v) Intensive study of single plant spectes.

EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS: CORRECTION

_ Me. R.A. Anderson, Chief Botanist ald Cyralor of tue Butanic Cardens,
Sydiiey, Merites.,

T should dike to point out an error um a quotation fro a letter of initie
in un atticle by Professor Cleland in Miel. Net, 77, Noa. tb (May 1956), Gn
page LZ, 7th line irom the foot of the page, appears". — the usual River
Red Gumt", and as & footnote “* Other red gum hybrds". This is clearly
mewningess. The original reading was “the usuat River Red Gum x other
red gurn hybrids’, that is to say the usual specimens af hybrid origin
derived fram River Red Gum crossing with other red gums. In a draft
copy of his article sent te me, Professor Cleland quoted the senteuce cor-
rectly; T assume iherefore that the error arcorred in printing.”

& The etorton Naturalist Vol, 73

THE SWALLOWING OF STONES BY ANIMALS
By Aveaep A. Baxzat

Presidential Address ta F_N-CV., May 9 1955

This paper origivted from a Tivéstigation inta the origin of certam
leghly polished. pebbies found near Tnwerloch, South Gippsland, Victona
The possibility af these having, been swallowed by animals, and so polished,
wus considered: but a search through Niteratuye on the subject and an
examination of polished pebbles available and known to hive been swallowed
by anjmals, clearly indicated that the South Gippsland pebbles were polisher
by otter means. Vata or this is to be published at a later date. h

That stones have been swallowed and still are swallowed by *arious
animals is naw fiemly estublishecl, but The reason fur this still remains some-
what uncertam. A review of papers written on the subject over the last
hundred years, shows that this phenomenon is not altogether @ rurity, and
it does allow some conclusions to be formed om the problem

Stones, as four in the stertachs of living avimals or associated with their
skeletal remains, are referred to in Jiterature as ‘wixzard stones’, “stomach
stones” and "gastroliths’.

The ward “gastrolith” was Erst used in 1844 by Mayne. in Expos. Lex
Gusirolithus:; he defined it as “a stone or caléulus in the starmach’. In 188),
Huxley used the ward when descmbing crayfish; he weites: “there are...
ipund at the side of the stomach, two lenticular calearcous masses, which
are known as ‘crab's eyes’, or gastrohths.”

Both these refer to calcareous structures which form on the finer walls
af the stomach of freshwater crayfish, poor to the nault, and are a storehouse
of material which assists in the forming of the teow carapace. These #astro-
liths, or “yabbie stones” as they are galled in Victoria, differ entitsly, bath
It appearance and structure, from those which have beet swallowed. Wieland
F186) introduced the word “gastralich” when referring to ctiartz pebbles
Hee associated with dincsaurian remmins and thought to have beens sveallowerdl
ww them.

Swallawed stones may be of any variety of iiatural rock, either angular
or rowrded im shupe, and may have a polished or dull surface.

“Stones” occurring in the organs of animals, inciuding man, haye 10
cgnmecian wath the subseet of this paper.

The following animals have been recorded as stone-Swallawers;

Extinct reprile;—tlasmosaurus, Plesiosautus, Trimacromitrum, Pelycotylus.
Mauisaurus, Peloneustes, Cloasaur, Atlantosaurus, Barosaurus, Tcleos-
aurus.

Eiving reptiles—Crocodile. Alligator, Lizard,

Livirg maintrats—Seals (Crab-eater, Fjord, Elephant, Purl, Sea-lion,
Dolphin, Porpoise, Walruy

Living fishes—Shark {Baskine), Dog-fish, God, Hake, Stung-rav. Trout

Extinct birds—Protolows, Pesophaps (Solitaire), Uinornis (Moa), Geny-
arms.

Living birds—Penguins (Eniperor, King, Adelie). Mutton-hird. Ostrich,
Eni, Carkatoo, Parrot, Chough, Mover, Stilt, Pigeon, Grebe, Ibis Clarae
quantity of “yabbie-stones"), Dolterel) mot including over sixty species
having swallowed gravel, grit, or sand,

Extinet Reptiles

Karly geologists searching for reptikan remains of the Mesozoic period,
both om England and in North America, Trequemly Sound pebbles in cose
association wath the bonts. Cunsiderable discussion arose pt the lime, as to
the possibility of these pebbles having beew associated with the living animal.

* Curator, Geology Department, Liniversity of Melhournr

October
1956

BAKER, The Swallowing vf Stones by Animals 83
However, the finding of heaps of stones in the pelvic region of the skeleton
resolved the doubts that reptiles of that period did swallow stones.

Further evidence was obtained by the rock types of these polished pebbles,
as they did not always compare with those of the surrounding country, and
frequently they were the only pebbles in the deposits in which the bones
were found.

H. G. Seeley, in 1877, describes the findmg. at the base ot the Gault, in
Folkestone, England (Upper Cretaceous), “about a peck of ovate and
rounded pebbles, chiefly of opaque milky quartz, some of black metamorphosed
slate, and a few of fine-grained sandstone and hornstone; some of the pebbles
showing a veined character, such as might be derived from the neighbouring
Palaeozoic rocks of the north of France”.

Fig. 1—Protoplotus beauforti, from the Tertiary of West Sumatra, with a
compact mass of pebbles associated with bone remains.

In his “Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay",
C. W. Andrews (1910) states that “in a skeleton of Peloneustes (a Cre-
taceous Plesiosaur) was obtained a hard mass. lying within the ribs, contain-
ing many stones of various sizes from that of a hen's egg downwards, and
no doubt representing the fossilized contents of the stomach. The stones of
various kinds, included quartz, sandstone and gneiss, and for the most part
were rather angular with the edges somewhat rounded off”.

In the south central plains of North America, numerous sauropodian
skeletons have been unearthed, and with these have been associated highly
polished pebbles.

Barnum Brown (1904) states that “in nearly every instance a large
number of siliceous stones were found associated with the bones of Plesiosaurs.

84 3AKER, The Swallowing of Stones by Animals ay
In one specimen of which the largest dorsal vertebrae were four inches in
diameter, there were at least half a bushel of these stomach stones, ranging
from the size of a walnut to four inches across”.

And in a further paper by the same author (1907): “with a Cloasaur
skeleton, imbedded in hard concretionary sandstone were found near the
forelegs, three rounded, polished, well-worn pebbles, measuring nearly three
inches across. Similar stones had not been seen elsewhere in the deposit”.

From the type specimen of At/antosaurus inmmanus Marsh, were obtained
a number of rounded and highly polished siliceous pebbles; these were
considered to be gastroliths. G. 1. Cannon (1906) describing these says,
“no material of similar size, form, surface markings or composition, occurs
elsewhere in the Atlantosaurus clays in the vicinity”.

Fig. 2—"Stomach Stones” of Plestosaur, with portions of the backbone.

Another record by G. J. Hares (1917) states that “large numbers of
gastroliths, some very highly polished, others scarcely polished at all, were
found in the Cloverly Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, at about
the base of Pryor Mountain in Montana, in shales containing animal bones.
Some of the stones were over six inches long, and consisted mostly of highly
siliceous rocks, jaspers, chalcedony, quartzite, etc. If the highly polished
stones are true gastroliths, then it is probably that the unpolished ones are
likewise gastroliths”.

Living Reptiles

Let us turn now to the living reptiles, where there is ample evidence that

these still do swallow stones.

October

1956 SAKER, The Sivallowing of Stones by ctuimals 85

A.M. Reece (1915), in his treatise “The Alhgatur and its Alles”, cites
vastroliths of from two to three centimetres in diameter as being found in
the stomach of a crocodile from Madayasear. Also, “in an alligator thirty
inches long, were fourteen pebbles of irregular s varying from four to
seven mm. in diameter, and aggregating six grammes in weight”.

Present day crocodile hunters in the north of Australia have also recorded
stones in the stomachs of these saurians. Peter Lyell (1950), in Hild Life,
records that: Two cupped handfuls of stones (from the river bed) is. the
average quantity inside an ordinary-sized crocodile.

S. W. Williston (1918) gives a more humorous aspect of crocodiles
swallowing stones; in his book, Hater Reptiles of Past, he mentions “an
old myth, that the crocodile of the Nile swallows a pebble on each of its
birthdays, su giving the Arabs reliable information of its age by the number
of stones in its stomach”.

Lizards, also, have attained a reputation for swallowing stones. R. J.
Moodie, writing in Science (1912), records that a living horned toad
(Phrynosma cornutian Harlan), collected in the Magdalen Mountains of
New Menico, had “in its stomach twenty large somewhat abraded stones
of a rock Which resembled lava} some of the stones were Jarge for the size
of the animal, measuring nearly one-third of an inch in diameter. There
were also in the stomach about 200 red ants. The animal had undoubtedly
picked up the stones with the ants, and the association was probably
accidental”.

G. R. Wieland (1906) also mentions that lizards in captivity swallow
stones from the floor of their cages.

Living Mammals

We go now to the pinnipedia, where the records are all from. living
animals. In the report on seals of the Challenger Expedition (1887) W.
Turner states that “the dried specimen of a seal’s stomach from the Cape
of Good Hope, often referred to by fishermen and whalers as the ‘seal’s
ballast bag’, contained upwards of twenty smooth pebbles, flattened at the
sides as if by mutual attrition.

“They vary in size; one of the largest is 15 inches in its long diameter,
and there are several of equal dimensions, but the smallest is not much
smaller than a coffee bean.

“Captain Henry Pain, when writing of the sea-lion, says that he las
seen upwards of twenty-fye pounds weight of stones, some of which were
the size of a goose’s egg, in a ‘pouch’ inside the animal, obviously the
stomach.”

In Allen’s ffistory of the North sturerican Pinnipeds (1880) W. D.
Elfiet relates that he has opened the stomach in many specimens of
Collorhinus ursinus, and that in the old bulls he has seen stones which weigh
half a pound, and in one stomach he found about five pounds of pebbles. He
also possesses the stomach of a sea-lion in which more than ten pounds of
stones were present, some of which weighed two and three pounds.

Robert Brown, in his account of the "Pinnepedia of the Greenland Seas"
(1868), states that he has often seen small stones or gravel in the stomach
of the walrus, and that this is a habit which it possesses in common with
the seal (Phoca barbata) and even the whale (Beluga catadoit).

Further records of stone swallowing by pinhepeds is given by K. O. Emery
(1941), who “examined the stomachs of eleven dead sea-lions which had
drifted up on beaches near La Jolla, California, Although most of the
stomachs were empty, one contained a single flat pebble of sandstone, and
another had twenty-seven pebbles, mostly of wave-rounded Black Mountain
metavolcanics and a few of shale. Both these types of rocks are available on
the beaches near La Jolla. Because of the angularity and fragileness of the

86 3AKER, The Swallowing of Stones by Animals a oe
shale, it seems likely that the stones had not been carried very long by the
sea-lion; although some of the metamorphics seem to be very slightly
polished.”

For records of stone-swallowing by seals along the southern coast of
Australia, Professor Wood-Jones, when writing of seals in the J/ammals of
South -Australia (1925) states that “for some reason or other they swallow
pebbles which lodge in their stomachs. In the case of frctocephalus cinereus,
the pebbles are of granite and range in size from a tennis ball down to a
walnut. Depending upon their size, their number varies from half a dozen
to forty or so. The weight of the mass varies; a typical set of twelve faceted
stones weighed five pounds, but in many cases this weight is considerably
exceeded,”

Along the Victorian coast. on Lady Julia Percy Island, where the MeCoy

Fig. 3—Contents trom the stomach of cne seal, from Phillip Island, Victoria.
(Photo. by G. A. Thomas, from the colleetions of the Fisheries and Game Dcpt.. Melb.)

Society's expedition was held in 1936, J. A. Tubb and C. W. Brazenor
examined the stomachs of a number of young and adult seals (-iretocephalits
tasmanicus). In three pups, there were found near the pyloric end of the
stomach small pebbles in quantities of four, seven and eight respectively, and
from one quarter to one half inch in diameter.

Investigations into the ieeding habits of seals along the Victorian coast
were undertaken by the late Fred Lewis of the Department of Fisheries and
Game of Victoria in the season of 1928-29 at Seal Rocks, Western Port
Bay. Results of these showed that “of eight seals taken . .. a small male
had in its stomach, three gurnets, three cuttlefish, and some pebbles; and
a big pup... stomach empty except for some small stones or pebbles. The

Ostober
1856

Baker, The Steallowing of Stones by .lunnals 87
further taking of nine seals shaawed that only one had pebbles ap the staumaeh,
and of fitty-seven taken... forty-two were tonnd tm be empty ur containing
a Vitthe tinjitiel ora few pebbles. or stonos’,

Further investigations were Undertaken i We season of T9484) wher
seats were taken from Lady Julia Perey island, off Port Fairy and at Seal
Rocks, Western Port May. OF 246 stomachs esainmed hy J. MeNully and
2). D. Lyneh. thirty had varying numbers of stones ain thea) the lareest
number ebtigned tram one individual, at Seal Rocks, being 133 very small
pebbles of well rounded basalt. Lo the stomach of another from lady Julia
Perey Island were 42 stones ranting ii size from threesquatters ta one.
quarter of dan tne qo cianeter,

Alt the pebbles. found in die Victorian seals were af detae hhack basalt
this being the rack which comprises their habitat. Musthy the pebbles are
well rounded and show litle or no polish om thar surface

Living Fish

There is evidence of fish having swallowed stenes tuo: Ro 1 Monde
(loc, cit.) mentions, “large Crelaceous sharks, whieh have been recerved at
the Unisersity af Kansas Museom, In one specimen, consisting almost
entirely of scattered vertebral cartiliges, (here were associated reins
hundreds of wteatly abraded, yery smooth and polished stones of white and
black quartzite, That they beloug with the shark canoer be doubted ya
aeeenet Of the assnetation™,

dA. Kershaw (1904) described a Basking shark, caught of Williams
tawu. Hobson's Bay, in May 1902, When considering its food, Sir EK. Home,
referrite tu at speciten which he had examined, states: “The contents of the
steamach consisted af seyeral pails full of pebbles, a quantity of mucots, ale
gosipall portion af a substance whieh proves tu be a spawa ot at oumivalve,”

Derine the vears 1933-40, KL oC) MeKowi vomdueted divestyatiits ite
the foud of trout and the Macquarie perch in Austraha, Apart from sand
anid gravel i the stumachs uf the Brown Trout (Salnie furin), there were
a number of specimens of the Rainbow Trout (Satine tridens) whiely had
pebbles in the stanach, Two trout had one pebble, three had twa, andl ony
cantained three pebbles,

The greutest tumber in ane tmeividual was sixteen quartz pebbles it
yurious sizes ane jaeeard go contour! the largest being one quarter ouice
i weight; the roral weight was ane and a hali ounces.

Extinet Birds

Tt is with revent birds that the swallowing of sand, erit, small pebbles,
and even brightly coloured objects, is probably more familiar ta us. How-
eyer, there is evilenee that extinet birds also swallowed quantities of tht.
mineral dict,

Lequat. in his (awdges of ddceutares, written in TR07) discovered stunes
assucratec| with skeletons of the Solitaire (Pesoplips soliturins)—a bird
allied ta the Doda and like it now extinct-—1n a cavern on the island of
Rodrigues, und suggested that they may be stemach stones, J, Caldwell,
writing ii 1875, atter a visit to these caverns sitys “T gut, both with the
muuoted bird and the male bird, the stones mentioned by Lequat as existing
in the gfzzard. In ech case they were found on Niting the sternunt aud im
Uw middle of the ribs. They are basaltic pebbles with rough angles andl
suriaces, and no stone of simmar kind js to be found with about two mile~
of the caverns, | got four inal but only tyvo of whieh f could identify the
birds (hey belonged to."

Lambrecht (1931) describes a trssil long-necked bird (Proto plotis fren
ferti) from the Tertiary ¢>Miveene) rocks of West Sinpatra, Vopether

* Repradduction of Whostration i ineluced ia the penent perpien

Vict, Nat.

“7 Baker, The Swallowtig of Stones by Animals Vol 73

with these bones, and in the vicinity of the stomach, was a compact mass
of flat pebbles which had been ground and polished.*

The extinct Moa of New Zealand probably supplies the greatest evidence
of stone-swallowing by struthious birds. Excavations of their skeletons has
proved the enormous numbers of these birds that had existed, and the stones
(commonly called Moa Stones) found associated with thetr skeletons or in
heaps apart from them, showed that they had some definite attraction for
these pebbles, more often than not selecting them with regard to colour.

Of his visit to the Mackenzie Country in the South Island of New Zealand,
F, Chapman (1884). described three distinct groups of white pebbles of
unmistakable appearance. Mostly they were associated with bones, but
frequently they were found in heaps without bones; an observation expressed
by other writers as well. Individual heaps of stones collected, which are
considered to have belonged to distinct birds, are given as 3 Ib. 9 oz., 4 Ib.

Fig. +—An average collection of gizzard stones of greywacke from a
Dinornis (Moa).

and 3 Ib, 7 oz. Included in the last weight were single stones of over 10 02z.,
and in another series of collections from Lake Manapouri, were sets
containing 210 stones weighing only 8 oz., 389 stones weighing 4 Ib. 7 02z.,
and 342 stones weighing 4 Ib. 10 0z., nearly all of which were pure white.

In a further description of excavations of Moa remains near Oamaru,
H. ©. Forbes (1892) states. “In some instances, beneath the sternum were
found, lying quite undisturbed, the contents of the stomach, consisting of
more or less triturated grass mingled with crop stones The quantity of
these smoothed, rounded (chiefly white quartz) pebbles—in size from that of
a bean to that of a plum—mingled with the bones was enormous, and would
if collected have formed more than a cart load. Except where the bones
were, there were no pebbles of any sort, no small stones nor even sand,
anywhere around.”

ppipicral Baker, The Swallowing of Stones by ctuimals 8&9

Not all stones collected by Moas were pure white, as reports are given of
‘dark stones’ and ‘transparent flinty stones’ having been found in the heaps.
Nor were the stones always found to be well rounded.

Roger Duff (1949), referring to the food of the Moa states, “The number.
size, and weight of the gizzard stones required by Dinornts maxtiius to
digest his food were more fully realized than ever before when the complete
skeleton could be found regularly. The average size approximated a_half-
crown piece, but pebbles up to four inches were noted, Normally, the stones
and food remains filled a seven pound biscuit tin, and an average collection
of 220 stones weighed five and a half pounds. The pebbles were of dark grey
waterworn greywacke such as occur plentifully in the stream beds of the
Waipara and its tributaries to the south and the Hurunui and its tributaries
to the north. The handsome white pebbles found elsewhere were rare. An
Interesting realization was that the majority of the stones showed little

Fig. 5—Highly polished gizzard stones, of quartz, chalcedony and jasper.
(Photo, by G. A. Thomas, from the collections of the National Museum, Melbourne).

evidence of wear. This demonstrated that the small heaps of highly worn
*Moa-stones’ so widely found by farmers breaking into virgin soil, do not
represent the final remains of a Moa whose bones had disappeared, but
have been passed or vomited when they become too worn for their purpose.”

Another struthious bird, Genyornts newtont, whose remains are found
near Lake Callabonna in South Australia, evidently swallowed small stones.
as E. C. Stirling (1900) states, “The positions of the bird remains were
indicated by the presence of circular surface patches of gizzard stones,
consisting of coarse sand and small siliceous pebbles not exceeding three-

Viet. Net

oO Pakik. Vie Seculloveme of Stones ty. trendy Vol. ot

quarters ota inch in diameter, the surfaces af which were smooth and
worn ag ty by attritiun,

“The stones ih one entire pateh Weighed furtéernt aunces, anid ineluded
silicewus sandstone, jasper, claystune (blackened on the ouitside), black
quartz, Clear quarty. chalecdony, together with fragments af blue brittle
clay with worn edges, Such pebbles occurred cither sexttercd or am groups
at various glaces in the Jake, and were the only stones. of any kind to he
loud apywhere on the surface.”

Living Birds

Present day birds af the seas have this peculiar habit of swallowing stones,
KA. Wilson (1907). reporting. on penguoms during the National Antarctic
Expedition T0LU4, states, “the Eanperor Pomgain, its fom! consfsting of
Nish and erustaceais, always contained pebbles da the stemach, faudd nen
oaly iy the veung and old, but even in the stomach of it chick which could
have emerged from. the ege ouly a day oor two before’, “Ksactly where the
reblies come frovtis not at first sight evident. a6 the birds are never seen
ol lihs probably they are picked up at the bottom of shallow seas, or
some vf them inay be found on floating ice, Occasionally the stunes are passed
with the exereta, and may be found ia the radatinw pattern whieh ia left
on the iee-flues where a company af Emperor Penguins fas huddled, all
faciyr towards a common centre for warnith and rest in their spring and
auton winderings”.

Wilson also recards the King-Penpiin Cl ptenodytes: pataqanica) ot Mac-
qoarie Tslane, aud the Adelie Penguin (/yyescelis adelac) from Cape Royeds
in the Russ Seacas having pebbles constantly m their stomachs.

Investizativus inte the feediug dabits of the Matton-bird (Short-tarlesd
Shearwater) on Philip Island, Western Port Bay, Vietoria, eanducred by
le. Lewis (146) and take over for breeding seasous, showed that) in
AQ young Wirds examined. there were no stones in the gizzard or stomach,
aidy a litle sand, and a small proportion, averaging 03 gm. of clinker or
burnt ited. apparently derived from steamers and often sven Auiuting in the
Walers or deposited on beaches.

Considerable investigation alsa has been undertaken into the food of
Avuatration water ane lil birds. This has been necessary to prove whether
ur Tut certain tyvest ary injurious, te crops, raising ot sheep, or fist im
the streamus.t Although it is necessary that rain-vating birds obtain sand
or gyit to assist trituration of fuod nt their digestive systems, there have
heen recorded a number vl instances where pebbles have been found a the
orop, gizzard or stomach,

M Mathews (1909) records, in his list of birds from the north-west
of Nustralia. the Little Corella or Bare-eyed Cockatam (Kakutoce sangre)
having, “son small stanes” associated with the fund.

W. Meleman (1917) records having found small pebbles in the Common
Bronzewmg (Phaps chatcoptera) and the Little Grebe (Podtecps rifivellis).

J.B. Cleland, with co-authors Maiden, Froggatt, Fergison and Musson
(1918). iu an extensive tabulated examination of the food of Australian
birds, records ironstone pebbles iu the crop of two specimens of a Reyl-
elweked Parrot (Geafroyns ueafirayi), quarte pebbles av the stomachs of
three specimens of the White Cockatou (Kahutor mnleritay, and two pieces
at quarty with menty pieces ot black mineral matter in a single specimen of
the Pale-headed Rosella (Platvrercus adacttiy), On examination of seven
specimens of the Whiteswiied Chough CCorcarins melaiarlon plats},
quart: pebbles were found an all of then.

Further work by B,C, MeRKeown (1934) on irda tram suthewestert

+ Most ative hitda m Agstraiia are Jirutected hy taws.

Many streams and antler reserves i Victoria sive slocked with yvonne Qele Ti the
Mishectes atul bese bryeparrinenty

paral Barer, The Suenllowingy of Stones by Anrials 91
New Sovth Wales, shows that a specunen of the Crested Pigeon (Qeyplups
lnghaters) had its “wtomach filled with coarse quartz gravel”, the Australian
Spur-winged Plover (/obibvr nawae-holfaudiac) had a “sonall quantity of
wild and a jumber of pebbles”, a Black-fromed Terterel (Ohgradrias
wucleneps) bad “small pebbles and aud, aid two specimens of the White-
headed Svilt (//fnunutopus leucocephalus) had small and course quart:
pebbles. The largest gaantity was found in a single specumen oF the Straw~
necked Ibis (Threstionis spinfcullts), witch bad an ms stomach fourteen
vebbles ranging up to one quarter ounce? in weight. Perhaps of equal interest
as that three specimens of the Australian White Ibis (/ dresktarns mulicce)
contained 16, 42 and 18 'yabhie stones’ uf a iresheater crayfish, and a Musk
Duck (#izmra lobatu) had two “yabbie sranes’ with sand and geavel,

Domestic Animals

Finally usere ave records of domestic uninnats and animus kept tm) gous
having stones found in their stamielss after death. and abhough this may
be worthy Of mention, the reasons for this camer be consideral with those
animals living under naniral conditions, W. J. Beal (1904) mentions that
hogs kept in.an enclosed area, when slaughtercdl, were tonnd to hare ti the
stomachs of several, cnough pebbles cach (uv fill the wwe fads at a aman
arid Chere: werre smaller Quantities in sume instances,

Repsons for Stane-Swollawing

Many theortes lave been advanced to explain this peculiar phenonsenon ;
some huve prompted definite investigatiou into the hfe histories of the
animals, wile others haye atvenipted to explain ip in connection with the
digestive strueture, and a few have promoted reas without having given
thought tu their possibilities.

W, H. Wicks (1908) discusses same of these theories in his paper "Pebble
Swallowing Animals”, and, with matter pablished on this subject sinec, the
theories can be placed im the followme order -

(a) As bullast.

Cb) Accidental,

fc) Swatlowed with food attached. @A. Gea anemares, spawn.
fd) Atvéady tv the food swallower, ve, fish, ete.

(c) Gastne ‘chewing gun’,

(i) ‘Trituration o1 toad.

(a) As bellies.

This theory, that stones were swallowed by yery fat seals as ballast (A J,
Harrison, 1887) (o allow them to sink inté deeper water, was the apiiian ot
the sealers of Cape Colony, and also the cud-fshers of Newfoundhind, They
referred to the seals’ stoneachs as ‘Ballast Bags’. A similar account appears
inthe Report on Zoology af the Challenger Expedition (W) Tuner, 1887),
stating Uthat sutlors considered the <eals to swallow stones lu enable them
dive for fish, and they could dasgergze the stoncs at will and so surclace again

luna pamphlet published by the Ree. Canon Brown rigy aft Se Joha’s,
Launecstan, about 1872 (quoted by F, Lewis, 1946) it is stared that before
a young Mutton-lird could take ta the water, it had to take wr ‘ballast’ te
enable it tu get properly balanced

A. J. Camphell (1900), dealing with the fife history of the Minton-bird.
States, “before the young turds follow their parents to the sea, they devour
a quantity of sand or gravel; the papular belief ig hat they ballast them-
selves, so that if thrawn into the water they would not drow",

Tr is worthy of ote thar although the quantity of stones swalloweil by
the various avimals outlined ji this paper agipears to he considerable, then
weight compared with the weight of the animal fiseli would noe make an
appreviable difference to the stabelity of its movements, Also, it has been

42 Rasen, The Sivallowing of Stones hy Alirnnals bh arg

observed that the scals at least cat diszorge stones that have been swallowed.
and this is probably accounted for by their method of ‘gulping® food, anil
when digestion las reached a certain stage, being enabled, waturally, to
tegurgitate indigestibly parts, whieh would includé stones taken during the
search for food ar at other times

An interesting accopnt of this is given by C, A. Mlewitng (1951). of
Heoker's Sea-lion, of personal experiences at the Auckland and Snares
Islands, tu the south of New Zealand.

Tt is certain that the ‘hallast’ theory is flndamental|y iuipessible and lias
heen used by later writers without ronsileration.

(bi Accidental,

The accidental theary cauld possibly account tor a small nuntber of stones
being swallowed as seals seck their food in water, aul fi shallow waters
especially, stones are kept itt durbulesce hy the waves. Tle walrus sinks to
the sa Aone, where, as almost standing on its head. 1 ploughs the hottom,
paving ia a backward direction, in search of mollases wilch bureyw qe the
niu.

Seal pups have been geen to play with pebbles am ice floes. and the hahit
of playing wil) wearby objects 1% not uncommon with the young of must
animals. Lizards Ccited) and other reptiles could swallow a few stones
acenlentally, Birds. ai a hurried search for food, have Teen see by the verirer
to pick up and reject small stones and other inedible substances. Exception
tu this are struthious birds—moa, ostrich and emu

(co) Steallowed ith food attached, 1 séi-nncnienes, spagit, ete

This theury, similar to the previous, cauld accownl for a small number of
stolhes in the digestive system. Although many forms of the lower invertehcutes
attach themselves la rueks, which may stibseduelitly become disklged. hese
form a wery stall propargcan af the fond reqnired by the larger vettehrates,

Gd) Already in the food savallowed, cee fish, eke.

This theary alse. as im the two oprevious ones, would accuunt tor even 4
lesser milinber of gastrolitts
ée) Gastric ‘cheiag yin”

This theary, which bas heen adeanced in more recent years, mainly through
research) work Gm the pousepedia in Australia, as well as in other countries,
Appears to supply ia part, an answer ro the problem as concerns the seals,
sea-lions, aud others of that group. Lt cannot, as yet, be used in the case
al crocodiles ar tte birts.

Research in cornection with the Victorian seals has shown that ahour
tWertty-iye per cent of seals are attacked by parasitic worms; and, although
most of these afleetens seals had stones in their stomachs, quite often the
reverse Was the case.

Investigations jbto the occurrence of pastric ulcers in sea-mammals of the
coast of Califorma, hy C, R. Schroeder and TW, M. Wegeforth (1935), has
shawn that these mammals swallow the sand of the beaches they ithably,
which, being composed of voleanie rocks and containing obsidian (volcanic
glass) is the cause of ulcers in the stomachs of the Elephant Seal, Califorman
Sea lion, aud the Galapagos Sea-linn,

Tt ts thought that possibly they mammels swallowed the sand to allay
wTitation caused by parasitic warms, butemore probably the sud was used
for trituration of their food, leis worthy of mention that nematode parasites
have been fuund in the stomachs of several of the Mutton-birck wf Phillip
Island. Western Port Bay, Victoria. by the late Breil Lewis (loc. cit,).

Another suggestion, advanced by TT. Brazier Howell (1930), is that as
the male pinnepeds go without food for several weeks iluting the breeding

Paper, Bakes, The Steallowing of Stance hy Aurmals os

svasou, they nay swallow stones ta prevent undue atrophy of the stomach,
by finetiomng as a suri of a “chewing gum’, dur the periodd this sex 1s
guarding the hare,

(0) Trituratren of food,

Ii advance this theary, consideration (must be given to the structure uf
the digeszive systein af the various animals we have referred in,

The food of the pinnepedia cunsisis mainly of fish, squids and crustacea,
their teeth are constructed for texrmg and they can neither hite ina clean cuy
yates Har masticate Sniall Ash are swallowed whwle while targer fish arc
tart! apart, The oesophagus ts long and larye, allowing easy passage fur aay
object which can he raken into the mouth cavity. The stamnch is simple it
form, ard aliomdant wastric juiee digests the whole fish. .

Tn the alligator group, the food consisting of Ieujd or aiarive animals, the
teerh are used for seizme and tearing } Lhe gesophagug connects with a staniach
nmde up of two pares, composed of numerous Jarge muscular Pulels and
capable of being greatly distended, There is no gizxard

The sharks, have sharp rows af teeth to seize and tear their prey, which
constate mainly af sali Ash, Torts aff partious, or the whole fish a1 not
too large, are swallowed, there being wo mustieatian, The food reaches tae
stomach, composed of Jongtudimal golds, through a very Slierl oesophagus,

Of ure bieds, where the faad consists of seeds, fruins, grass, and in some
species. smaall fish and crustucea, there 1 an absence of teeth, A leak seizes
the fond, ania +t is Qunscyed by the action of a longue Lo Ue ocsophagus and
oy fo the vrip. Fron the crop it passes, as required, into the gizzard, where,
with the ussistati¢e of abrading material, such as sand, getvel or small stones,
ihe jood is graund te a digestilte: form:

tr will be seen therefore that none of the animal forins with whieh
gastroliths arc assocmted have a perfect means af mastication of their tood
in the manner in which it is, lcken

With the birds, ic 15 quite apparent thar stone-ewallawing is a Necyssity,
as they have a true jnuscular gizzard, whereas in the other formes of animals,
althougty itis. not a prerequisite io the thorough digestion of their Ioud it
does provide additional assistance in its trituration.

A study of the digestive structures of the extinct ancestors of the tords
(if canty those parts were preserved) woukl de moch to elucidate this
apparent phenomenon,

Conclusion

Tn reviewing “The Swallowing wolf Stones by Animals, the question is:
“Ta what way will gastrofiths he af ase to the naturalist or scientihe worker?’

Ta the pedlogist, it has bee shown that certain animals have been the
means of transporting srall quantinies of stones: By comparing their appear-
dane, polisly Gr unusual occurrence, with or without bone remaims, there is
w& pussibitity (hat at leyst a small amount ot the life in the past cunt be
reconstructed. Mowever, it is highly improbable that gastroliths would ever
he important critera in determining: stratigraphic horns

For the biologist, there stall rensains mach to be observed of the feeding
habits of the auimals concerned, as in this way only cu accarare decisions
he firrenudated
lchuauledgemantys:

Powish to express appreciation and sincere thanks to Mes. G. Mathaer aud
Miss Jill Hassett, of the Geology Deyartinent Library at the University af
Melbourne, for their unticing efforts to obtain the many publications requested
during the preparation of this paper; to Mr. J. McNally, of the Fisheries
aud Game Department, Melbourne, I offer thinks for the Joan of se:l
gasteoliths (Fig. 3) aud the use oF unpublished information on the feeding
habits of Victorian seals; 0 wish io thank Mr. EF, 2. Gill for arranging the

Pa 3 ‘ Vint. Nat,
G4 Banen, Phe Swallowing of Stanes bye tatvinls tr A)

joan of moa (Fig. 5) und dinosaur gastroliths from the collectioms of the
National Museum, Melbourne. .

Thanks are also offered to Dr, Roger Dull, Director of the Canterbury
Museui( Chriszchurch, New Zealand, for permission to reproduce Tig. 4
and text watertal in Pyrquid Valley. Pig. 2 36 reproduced from "North
Amerivan Plesiosaurs’, hy S. W. Wilhston, Field Columbign Museum,
Vol, IJ, Pub. 73, 1903; and Fig. 1 appears a the descriptive work of
K. Lambrecht (Budapest) on Irotuplotus beaujerii, in Wetenschappelijke
Mededeclinger. No, 17, 1931, £ wish theretore to thank these last authors
for the opportunity [ have taken to include these in this paper,

References:

Abel, Othemio, 1935. Vorzerthehe Lebenssparen. Verlag voo Gustav, Jena,

Allen, 7. A., 1880. North American Pinnepeds, U.S. Goal. and Geay, Sure,
Mise, Put, No. LZ, f

Andrews, C. W,, 1910, A Descriptive Catalouue of the Manne Reptiles of
Oxford Clay. British Museum, London, Pt, 1, ap. xviexvii,

Beal, W, J,, 1904. Stomach Stones, Science 20: 772,

Brown, B., 194. Stomach Scongs and the Food of the Plesiusaurs. Sowewee
2y5 184-183.

——— , 1907. Gastroliths. Srtence 24; 392,

Caldweil, J, 1873. Notes on the Zoology of Rodrigucz. frre. Zoal. Sae.
Lord.: 644-647,

Campbell, A. J.. 1900. The Nests ad Egus of Australian Birdy. (The Lite
History of the Mutton-birds, pp, 883-892.) Sheffield, Eng.

Cannon, G, L., 1906 Saurepodun Gastroliths, Seiwnee 24: 116

Chapman, F., 1884. Notes on the Moa Remains in the Mackenaie Country,
and utner focalities. Yraus. N. Zealand. Inst 16: 172-178.

Cleland, J. B. 1918. The Pood of Australian Birds. Pept, Ayre, NOSE,
Sez, Bull, 13} 1-11e.

Duff, BR. 1049, Pyramid Malley, Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, N.Z,

Emery, K, O, A94t. Transportation of Rock Particles by Sea Mammals.
Journ, Sed. Pet. 2 (2). 92-93.

Plegvings Cen 1951. Sea Lions ay Geologleul Agents. Journ. Sid, Pet 22

Torbes, H, O,, 1892, On the Recent Discovery of the remains of extinct birds
in New Zeatand. Nature 45 426-418.,

Gregory, WK, 1904. Anent Gizrards, Science 20) Ba&

Banaiiion, 191. Nutes on Moa Giveard Seoues, Trans, NiZeal fost 24

Hares, G, J. 1917. Gastroliths in the Cloverly Formation, Jaurn. Waele
Acad, Sui, 7 429,

Harrison, A. ),, 1487. Remarks aboot Seals, and their so-called "Ballast-
Bag", Prac. RBeistal Nat. Sue, rd Ser, 2 £3); 240-297.

Howell, A. B., 1930. Aquatic Mammals. Maryland, U.S.A., ». d14.

Became fh 1904. Notes or a Rare Victurian Stark, (tet, Nat,

Lambrecht, i. 13. Protoplotus beouforn, ei Schlangenhalsvogel aus dem
Tertiiv von W. Sumatra. Meteascl, Med Dienst, vont den ddijuonne re
Nederlandsch-indic 27, Bandoeng, pp. 15-24.

Lewis, F. 1929. Lnvestigauons into the feeding habits, ete, of Seals an
he a Waters. (Report) Fisheries and Game Department, Moel-
ouriie.

- » 1946. Weeding Habits of the Shori-tailed Shearwater (Mutton-
bird. The Emin 43> 225-228.
Lucas, F. A., 1904. The Swallowing of Stones by Seals. Science 20: 537-538,
Lyell, P.. 1950, Money fron Mud. Hikd Life (Melbourne) 72 (2). 28-32.

Onnnber|

1956 Raker, The Sroalloiiiy af Staves by Aunials 95

Mathews, G. M., 190% On the Birds ai North-west Austraha, [he Eom
9 (2); 53-65.

aeicestn, K. C., 1034. ‘Uhe Food of Birds fram Souch Westen New Sourte
Wales. Mee. dust, Mas, $9 £2). 115-155,

——_—,, 1934. Notes on the Food uF Trout ant) Macguarie Perch in
Australia. tbid.; 147-142.

———,, 1044, The Food of Trout ia New South Wales, fee. Aysi Mai.
19 £3); WA 213.

———,, 1934. The Food of Trout in New South Wiles. Alec. dart, ALi
19 (7): 397-429.

———,, 1937, The Food of Trout i New South Wales, Ree, ofust Wis
20 (7): 38-66. ; ‘
MeLenman, W.. 1917, North Australian Birds, The Enon Th (4) 205-251
McNally, Jy and Lynch, 2.D, Notes on the Pool of Victorian Seala,
(Fama Reporte No, 1) Fisheries aud Game Deparnment, Melbourne.
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A77F-378.

Reese, A, My, 91S. The Uhgatur and ty lites. Putrams Sons, N.¥-

Schroeder, C. R., and Wegeiorth, H. M., The Occurrence at Cuestric Wieers
nt sea-maiials of the Californian Coast, ther euulugy and pathology.
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Seeley, N. G.. 1877, Qn Maxisanrus Gardieri (Seeley), au Elasmosaurian
from the base of the Gaulr at Folkestinle, kayghund. Quart, Journ, Geet.
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Sorling, EC. 1900. ‘The Dhysical Features af Lake Callahonna. Avion,
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Tabi} A. and Brazenor, ©. W.. 1936. Reports of the McCoy Soriety Sor
Field Investigation and Research, No. 1, Lady Julia Perey Tstand
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Turner, W., 1887. Report on Seals collected during the voyage yi H.M,S.
Challenger, in the years 1873-78 Challenger Reports G8) 1-240 (Zooloey,
pp, 136-137).

Wickes, W.. A, 1808, "Pebble Swallowing Animals, A Sequel to dhe
Rhaetic Bone Beds. Prac Bristof Nat. Sor. (Ser 4) 77 (1): 25-31.

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—— 17, Dmusaurian Gastroliths. Science 23: 66 47.

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65.

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and Palyeotylus. Awe Journ Sei, 2-226.
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MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

The lecturer fur the September mectny was Mr. Arch. Busby, Haying
recently teruened fran overseas, Mr. Busby was able to give an excellent
talk an the work heing done at the Cambridge University for the perpetuanee
of the type species Of the algae. This work was commenced by Frensham, and
leit to be coutmucd by his successors when he reured. Mr. Busby illustrated
his talk with Kodachrome sides taken in (he laboratory and showing the
large racks of specimens in test lubes. He also showed some excellent scenes
taken aeound the city of Cambridge itsels,

The next meeting will have as its Fecturer Mr ¢(_ Mirklleton, whose stbject
will be “Tlamination—with special reference ta dark-ground”. The Navember
meeting will have a leeiure on “Metallurgy” by Mr A. Termant, of the firm
of Ruwolts. Please bear these dates in mind,

uly The Micterianw Moturaliae Val. 73

FLORA OF VICTORIA: NEW SPECIES AND OTHER ADDITIONS—10
By N. A, Wanezrienn Noble Park
Genus OLEARIA: The Delimitotion of Same Senoil-leaved Species

The purpose of this section is to establish the specihe status of four species
at Glearia which have hitherto been variously identified with onc op more
oi the three well-knowl species, O Iepidophulla, O. flaritiinda and 0. rasa
dose. Some details of the latter three species are therefore set out below
befare thé novelties are presented. Some of the revision deals with species
Which are not known to uccur in Vietoria, but these are mchuled here for
convenience in an appendix to the main part af the section,

OLE ARMA LEP(DOPAYLILA (Pers) Benth. Fl. Aust, 3: 477.

Key Foattves! leaves in clusters, the outer unes reflexed tightly against
the arems, mostly about 0-5 mm. long, almost globular, the subdending ones
usually longer (even to 2m, long) and oblong, Gower-heads sessile ar ends
of branchlets; inyolueral bracts acute with a dorsal patch, towarels the
ajienw, al a mixture of exudation and cottony hairs.

Distribution: Coasts of Tasmania, mallee areas of north-western Victoria,
aud adjoining parts of New South Wales aod Sevth Australia.

OLEARLN FLORIBUNDA (Hook, 1} Benth be,

Key Features> Leaves in loose ciusters, mostly 1-2 ram, long, oblony, bhut.
glabrous, narrowed to a shorr fat penole, chin wich revolure margins | flower-
heads: yery mumerons, sessile at ends ot lateral branchlets (which are often
avselete however) + involueral bracts mostly obtuse, with = dorsal patch,
towards the apex, of a mixtuce of exudation and cottony hairs.

Distribution: Scattered in the sub-alpy and lowlands pf Tasmania and
Victoria, and it South Austratia

The Oleati« pinseledides var dninor Benth. (hc.: 479) hae fewer larger
flower-heads and larger leaves. {niostly J-S mm. long) but is atherwise the
sume as ©. dorilunda: it is not referrable ta ©. protefcaides. This form
vecurs [ny locth-western Victoria, svuth-western New Sunth Wales, aul a
South Awstrativ..

OLE ARIA RAMULOSA (Labill.) Benth, he.: 47#.

Key Features: Stems shortly bristly or aculeate, often cottany aleo: leaves
+ marrow-linear, mostly 5-10mm. (or more) long, the noper aiirlaces ustially
achiéate, the lamina spreading aad with revolute margins, bat the petiole with
flat thin wings and stcm-clasping ; flower-béads tisually om axillary <b leafy
peduncles, or on shart slender lateral hrangllets; inwolueral bracts acine:
+ glandular-puhescent on the dorsal surface,

Diseribution: Lowlands of Tasmania. Victoria, south-eastern New South
Wales, and south-eastern Sonth Australja.

OLLARIA LANOGINOSA (J, H. Willis) stat. nov,

Syip Olearar florifuade var. leongimosa J. H. Willis Muelloria Fy 29.

Stems thick, rigid, - woolly-tomentose: Jeaves forming globular clusters
along the stems, incurved and tightly packed, mostly 0 5-1 mm. Jong (the
subtending anes ofth toner), thick, blunt, usually aculcate-ruberrilate.
sessile, the bases broad; flower-heads sesaite within clusters of Jesves Laterul
ta the stents; inyolucral bracts acute, glandular-pubhescent ar cattany-

Distcittation: North-western Victoria, south-western New Snuth Wales,
and South Australia,

Vhis plant was originally considered (by Benthani, Mueller acd others)
ta be a tarm of ©. lepidopAwia, to which species it ts mest closely allied: if
is mach further removed trom O. floribuuda (sens, strict).

ay WAKEFIELD, Flara af Mtetonia: New Species ctr F

GLEARTA ALGIDA sp. Nov.) a QO. floribunda (HEF) Benth.
similis, sed folsis pererassis sessilibus subaysicolaus distiveirns, ex allini-
tale O. lepiduphailae ( Pers.) Renth 4 qua recetit foliis ad raniulos nen
appressis, ct aly wtronie bracteis gladbris practerea differt.

Holotype: Bogong Mt. Victoriu: Jan. 1922; leg A. J ‘Tadgell, (MET >
duplicates to be sent to K and NSW"),

Leaves sessile im Joose clusters, broadly ovate, usually 12 min, jonas
zuriculate, thick, blue, the margins revolute, the wiper surtaves siuotn atl
glabrous; flower-heads sesstle in Jeaf-ehistery lateral col) (lie branches;
invelurral bracts blunt, wlabrous. , .

Distribution: Alps of so(uh-eastern Australia (New South Wale
Munyange Mis., Vietoria—Mrs, Buffalo, Bogong, Raw Baws, Tasinaiia
Middlesex Plains, Great Lake). -

This species includes the OL Iepatorphy lle var. faiaeuers Hook. 9 Ft Tasm
J, 178: dnd specimens of if werk variously adentfied im the Melborie
Nanons) Herbarium collections as O. lepidaphiytla and QO flovitinneadin

APPENTIX: NON-VICTORIAN SPECIES
OLEBANTA BRACHYPHRYLELA CF. Muell, ex Sod.) cont. nove
Absoiute Synonymy Perydie Gracivadadla PL Muell ex cSond. Leinen
25: 455 (1853),
Eunivalent Synonvin: Aster crtlifatins Fo Macl) Praga Phyl. otuse 3
69 (1865); Qlearia erilifalia (F Muell.) Benth, dr: 47.

The eype specimens of each of the above plants are in the Melbourne
National Herbarium. and they are certainly conspecife,

in most respects Q. brachyflalle is similar to O. flodlnadas bar my cao
be distinguished at once by irs sessile broad-based leaves, and the fignules nf
Ve ray-florets are normally not Jonger than their styles. There are sonte
specimens however with well-developed ligules.

O. bruchyploatls a apparently confined to South Austealia, The collection
upall which a Victorian record of the species was based (as (0. warilifelia, wn
Muellaria £- 30) iy actually of QO. tubniiflore (Sond. et FP. Muell) Benth
with the Jigutes of the ray-forets abnaninatly well developed

OLB ARTA ERICOTORS (Steetz) camb riav
Syn,2 Luryhia.cvicotdes Steere PI Preiss, 425

Holotype: Located at MEL {ex Herb, Souder).

Branchivts <& erect; Jeaves oblong, blunt. the margins revolute, mostly
S-5 ren, lowy, sessile with broad bases, usually aculesle-tuberculate, erect
alang the stems or somewhat spreading and subtending erect axillary chisners
ot shorter leaves; Aower-heads sessile, termunating lon or short branchlets =
thy involveral bracts acute; the whele plant very yiseld Con slena, leaves
and bracts) with a little cottony vestiture,

Distribution: Mid-eastern to southern ‘J'asmania,

O eriroides is well distinginshed from QO. ranniase under which Bentham
synonys tized. it.

OLEARIA HOOKER! (Send.) Benth. be 483.

Syn LBurybia haokert Sond. bee: 463.

A specinien Jocated at MEL, ex Herb. Sonder, is taken ta be the Jrelatyer
of this species; it is certainly whe specimen to which Lhe diagnosis aypties, aril
it is Gted by the author before he sets our any svnonyoy,

My thanks are again due to tbe Director of the National Herbarium ut
Victeria for the opportunity to investigate material im that institution.

_ * MEL—National Hechertom of Vicloria, Mellwirne; Ko Royal Botanis Garéens, Kew,
htgland, NSW—Natiunal Herbarium ot New Sauer Wales, Sydney.

oS The (etavian Naturalist Vol. 74
.

REVIEW; “COWRY SHELLS OF WORLD SEAS’ —JOYCE ALLAN

This is au authoritative and comprehensive survey af the cowries not «ly
af the Australian Cmdo-Pacitie region, but ‘of the whole world, The author
has giver. us tar more than a descriptive catalogue of these varied ancl
heautiful specimens of mollasca. With great detail aml much collective
information, she hay set gut not only to catch the ynterest at the uninformed
amateur bot ta clarify the systematic classification of cemwries for the
experienced collecror. She introduces & great number of newly named species
and subspecies which are involved in recent subdivisions of the Ceprocidae
and alliecL groups, but in doi so points out the reasons for such reclassifica-
don, This will help many a naturalist not only co obtain 2 better ides of the
value of earetul classification but alse to be able to recogiize many of the
minor differences that lead to the delimitation of the species.

The buok measures 10 x 7 inches aiid contaitis 224 pages, by is copiously
atid beautifully illustrated by the author, with seven ful) colour plates, eight
half-tore plates and thirty text-figures, These illustrations are well iutexed
with cross-references to the pages Om which the respective shells are dealt
with.

Cowry Shells of Horid Seas is publishert by Georgian House, Melbourite.
and way be bought from bhaoksellers for 13/3/-. lt is a most wcveqitahle
additiun ta che available up-to-date intormation on the mollusea ol Australia
and the world in general.

—T, Macrin
WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
F.N.C.¥. Meetings:
ifonday, Novensber 12-—Preparanen of Spider Venom, by Dr 5, Wiener
F.N.C.V, Execursians:

Saturday. October 13—Reaconsfleld to Olficer yin Beacoustield Reservoir
Walk of gry tniles, Leader: Mr, A, EB, Brooks. Pravyel by 915 ayn train
to Dandenoug thei. bus to Beaconsfield (fare 2/6) where leader wil)
nrect party, Book secord return to Dandenong. bring one meal Tratn
feaves Officer on return at 3.45. pm

Sunday, October 14—Maranox Gardens. leader: Mr. A. J, Swaby. Toke
Mont Albert tram to stop 54, Parring Roar. Meet leader ut gates 2.59 p.m,

November 3-+—Weckend at Feodigo. Ttinerary; Saturday allernuon—
Excursion to Sandy Creek. Evening—lIllustratedt talk with Kodachronyes
Sunday—Cinll day m Whipstick. Transport by Friday evenine’s or Siatur-
day's, trains or private cars. Camping facilities at White Hill Gatcteus,
Werltesday, September 12, ts final date fer hotel reservations. Bonkine
with Mr KE. Atkins, Botanic Gardens, South Yarra, SE! Phone
MU 4755, attev 6 om, (Note amended date of excursivr }

Thesday, Novermber 6 (Cup Day)—Club picnic to Heatesville Sanctuary.
Leader: Mr. A. J, Swaby, President: Subjects; Nocturnal Annals and
luspection of Natore Trail. Parlour coagh leaves Baiman Avenue 10 aan,
leaves Sanctuary 7.30 yom Bring two meals. Fire, ineladine: admission,
18/+. Bookings with Excursion Seevetary,

Group Mestings:
(8 po, at National Herboriunr)

Wednesday, October 17—Micrascopical Groua.

Wednesday, October 31—Botany Group, History of Food Phosy. Speaker:
Mr, KL Atkins.

Wednesday, November 7—Geotogy Group, Lileralore Nighr. Sealer.
Mr, &. D. Gili.

—Marrk ALLENDER. Excursions Secrenal y

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 73—No. 7 NOVEMBER 8, 1956 No. 875

PROCEEDINGS

Vhere was a full attendanée at the National Herbariuni for the
Qeroher General Meeting of the Club, At the request of the Presi-
dent, one of the Viee-Presidents, Mr W. L, Williams, took the
Chatr,

Proposed F.N,C.V. activities as set out in the Naturalist were
discussed, and further suggestions. in wricing, were asked Jor. Mr.
Hooke, Jreasurer, explained the plan proposed by the Corneil for
the establishment ot a Publications Func, separate front the Buakd-
ing and Contingencies Fund. Mr. Coghill mettinned that this plan
was simpler than that he hac outhued in the Norwereléisd lat that the
Nnaneial results of the schemes were alynast Kleitical.

Mr. Brooks undertook to direct arrangements for the show at
Prahran ou November 19 to 27 next, Twelve members agreed to
assist, Following the offer of some space for native flowers in the
lower Melbourne Town Hall by the Olympre Civic Cominittee, an
F_N_C.Y. sub-committee of three was appointed to deal with the
matter.

Mr. Wakefield gave a alk on a Satin Hower-bird whieh had
staved ioy some months in-an East Malvern garden, and ilustrared
the subject with colour shdes of its bower and a fine tape recording
of the bird's vocal performance ans) mimicry,

Jt was noted that this Cluly requires two more deleyates to the
forthcoming A.N.Z,A.A.S. Conference at Dunedin, New Zealand.
A letter was received from Mr. Kk, Atkins, tendering Ins resignation
from che secretarvship of the Botany Gruuy.

Miss H A. Young and Messrs, E, P. Backen and RW. Baurbury
were elected as Metropolitan Members, and Miss F, M Hyslop as
a Joint Member of the FN CLV. All are welcomed to the ranks of
the Chirb,

Exhibits included coral shells, shown by Mr. Gabriel, and wild-
flowers from Broken Hill and the Grampians, tabled by Mr
Williants, The meeting adjourned at 9.45 p.m, lor the conversazione.

NOTES FROM COUNCIL

As forecast at the October General Meeting, a new account is to be opened
jor publications; and the Building and Coatingencigs Account will retain che
invested funds and the imterest thercon.

The show at the Prahran Town Hall, to be ed¢pert from 10 san. to 10 pam,
on Monday, November 14 to Wednesday 21, needs volunteers to agsist with
ScLUNS Up cure the previous week-end, to attend during the show, and to

WY

Wiat. Nat,

100 Notes prone Counetl Vol. 1%

dissemble it onthe Wedsercay night, These will be called for at the Novem-
ber General Meeting. Please bring your diary.

The Bank of New South Wales, with the agsistauce of Gur respected Jormer
President. Me. Tarlton Rayment. will set up ane stipervise its display, in the
Banking Chamber, Collins Street: Tt as to rin, we andersrand, from 10 a.m,
to 10 o.1n., for about Ave wevks. Persous are required to act as guides from
lime to time, lecturing to visitor's an exhibits: the Bani 8 prepared 40 pay for
such services.

Tr. Ro M- Wishart hae been appointed Vice-President in place of the Jate
Fred Lewis; and Miss M, Rider bas been appointed to Conngil, Mr. ALN.
Burns, of the National Museyin, having been w menther of the Cluh since
June 1916, has been made an Honorary Mentber-

Menthers desirous of atrencing meetings of the Entennology and Marine
Biology Group are requested to meet Mr. Stromy at the November General
Meeting, Also, the matter of stimulating the scientific side af our activities
will be further discussed at the next mceling. and members who have syg-
gestions tq offer should see the President before the miceting opens.

EXCURSION TO BEACONSFIELD RESERVOIR

Some rveive people met at Keaconsheld on Saturday Ovtaher 1. for ihe
excursitn ta Beacousheld Reservoir, We were very pleased uo Hrd saree
coutiry members among this nuother—Mr, R, N, Auchterlonivy ot Narracan.
wikl Mr, P. Lewia ang Miss Lewis from ‘Trafalgar,

The route follawed was along O'Neill’s Ruad, where a wide yariete of
plants was to be seen in flower. These included Nodding Greenhoods
(Prerosiviis nitons), Tall Greenhomis CP fongifelte) Marnanhoods (*,
Fedincniate), Syreatling Flas-lily (Qteella revetuta), Comiman Apple-
herry (Adlardiera scandens}, Love-crespor (Rredemesera volubiles, aud
fhumeraus others,

A disoussion on whether aumerous pittoaporum specimens seen by the roads
side were plants of the Sweet Pittesporum (P, wididalunr) or of the Genoa
Pittusporitin CF. vevalntimt) naturalized in the area Had to be discontinued
wher it was discrvered thar (he ovdter cowid not be decile without secing
the seed-capsiles "

Birds observed or beard inelodad the Rufous Whistler, Grey Skhrikes- Thrush,
Pallice Cuckoo, and Bronze Cuckoo.

A pleasant place for lunch was foun overlooking the Reservoir, afer which
the walk was continued wong the addeduct, Where a sheep jomed the party.
Le followed the patty for about a mile and attempts to send iv hack were of
no avail; hig ta show how independent a sheep gan be, it meparterd of ith own
accord shortly afterwards.

Almost immediately after reaching a road to the cast of the Reservuir a
wonderin) patch of orchids Ags discovered, Chere were Fringed Spader-
vrehids (Caladenia dilatata), Vall Diuris (DL Jongifelias, one Large Waslip
(Glossadia inajor}, and, porhaps most beautiful of all, two Common Spider-
archids. (Caladente batersouie). one at tall and stately specimeu with two
flowers. Dirwetly across the road several Rearderl! Greenituads (Plerastylis
harbatda) were to be seat.

With mest of the remaining part of the ceute being downhill, enol cime
was made to the Officer station, where evervone wited the excursion a very
happy and successiul one.

—A,. E. Brooxs

‘Neither pitlospocum is ative here. Hut Fo aididadinn Nis becume established iar
abun aon: In aiatriete cast of Melhourne, ive seus being disperacd by Sires trom cultivar
trees —Edhitor,

male rt The Wieturtun Natnratist 11

49565

DIMORPHISM IN HALICTINE BEES

(Digest of Presidential Address by Taruron RAvMeNy, Vag,
delivered ta the BLN.C.V. in May 1956)

For dyer chivty years | have been studying certaim small fessoria!
bees known as Halictus, and the complexity ol their biology intrigues
ue taday eyen more than it did when 1 discovered any first colony.
‘The bees are small in stature, about six or eight roillimetres ny
tengrh, hut the group that has held my unfailing iorerese theroughoi
the years is comprised ot the highly coloured metallte species falling
within the subgenus Chloralictas (ie “coloured Hulvetus).

And whar delightfal lirtle gems they are! Most have a green head
and thorax and an apricot-colonred abdomen, On several the head 1s
almost black, but others will be so magnificently iridescent on the
thorax that even the most hery opals cannot excel the brilhance oul
their colour. The abdomen, too, is no less surprise in its range of
eolours, many have the rich dark castaneousted of the chestnut,
hur the majority match the clear brapge units of rhe Apmeut: oe er
two are cadmium, verging on yellow. Whatever their tints niay be,
the lwes are exquisite pers,

1 made my first acyuaintance with these chloralictine hees on the
sandy eastern shore of Port Phitlip, when the blues af the sea ane
uf the sky were perfectly iranslucent, and the sun's rays were tein
nered by the breeze from rhe sea... . 1 was a day for the gods to
dream. So I, too, fell ander the spell of Mother Necture, but T did nue
dream,

Presently my eyes focussecl on a small black ant carrying some
thing on its back; il was a shred of withered golden leal. Right
hefere my startted gaze, a minute polished black insect “shor out of
the ether” and arempted ta mate with the ant, My walural history
told me scanethiug wiasual wes afoor My vet cur the air, and I had
hath insects imprisoned tn its meslies.

Now 7 cart examine them crivicatly under a lens. Yes, a sotall
black worker ant, known ta everybody, and the orher, an even
srnaller hahetme bee, uot known to auvbody! [Later, my severed
wentor and friend, Professor Cochevell, dedicated the species ae
CHloraliciws raymenti Ckll,] For several years afterwards, I spent
hours in that locality, searching for 2 black female ta correspond
with ihe tiny male, | never found one, bur iu due time I did discover
a colony of the bees, and also the canse of my forgivable error. You
ave, every one of the females, and there were huncreds of them, had
a metalic-preen head and thorax and au apricot-coloured abdomen,
And what of the males? There were hundreds of them, too. but all
were fet-black and polished. 1] have dissected pertups thousands nf
Ffalictt and 1 an sure of my jacts-

- [did discover then the explanation of the initial phenomenon with
the ant. Jy the sunlight, the piere of yellow leaf, thrown aver its

( : P 4 hob iet, Wat,
102 Ravsent, Dimorphisn in Talietiue Bees Aptos

hack, created the impression of a female halictine bee with an
apricot-colouved abdomen, henge the iaie's atteiript in effect copu-
lation, Of course, Scent would assert itself almost unmedhiately to
remedy the fale, hut in the first headlong flash througt the air
there is. no Lime to check upall she inmutiae of the chase

Did T say 1 found wv first colony ot halictine bees on the sandy
stare of Port Phillip? OF course 1 did, becanse | can never forget
ti; the heart-breaking searching for such tiny shafts—they Dave the
diameter of @ piece of thin string > the inevitable contusion brought
about by the difference in the colour of the two sexes, the frustration
engendered by the avalanches of fine sancd that poured down into
ie sinallest eseavations, effectively drowning shafts, cells, puddings,
larvae and adults, Moreover, [ was increasingly obsessed with the
fear that my unsuccessful delvings and conconitant destruction of
the colonies would eventually leave me without any material what-
ever for future researches, [ had perforce to ahandon my excavations
in the satidy soil, The colonies were tog difficult to discover, and the
exceedingly friable soil, interlaced as it 1s with a million rontlers of
the tea-trees, Utterly defested me ancl left me very dis-spirited,

The tide of research had rim cut, and was at its lowest ebb, But
as ane shoukl ever forget, the tide turns, andl the flood pours back,
laden with a full harvest to revivify che heart and delight the spirit
with the richness of its treasures. The “high water” rose far beyonce
Sandringham. It rolled inland even to the Dandenongs, where 1
have a friend, Mr. W. R. Richardson, a well-known engineer in
the etty, and Ohe who fils the essential refaxation from his exten-
sive business on amorlel farm. Now, de nut-conclude from this suni-
inaty that all things are possible on a “pocket-handlerehiel' That
wotald ot be trite, for the fari is ah extensive one. About the home-
stead is a lovely garden, where the lawns form green pictnres framed
here and there with arbours of roses. Well, in the middie of that
closely tended sward, [ find a shaft of Halictits, OF course, | do not
expect to disrape my friend's beautiful garden. Neverthelss, 1 re-
coune to him che protilems of tte bees.

“Dig up the kiwn,” he assures me instatiily, “the gardeners here
will make the grass quite right again.” Thank you, Si! Sv the nest
time T visit my Iriend f take an assistaut, and logether we tape the
lawn into areas one foot squitce and search every square om vue
hands and knees, We are abundantly rewarded for our care and
patience, we find nineteen tiny halictine shafts, each, 1 would cemind
vou, of uo greater diameter than a piece of fine string. CH course.
1 am elated.

At last | have a quiet place for study; one far removed frony the
vandals of the foreshore avd the thoughtless feet of the picnickers,
even from the bulldozers af the Council. There are no disturbing
iutriders, oily the friendliness and co-operation of a very fine ct.
zen. The damp soi) pares off az cleanly and easily as a piece of cheese,

Hoynmhes)
3956

RayMent, Dinarplisn i Haltetine Bees 103
Why, L can follow the shafts lo ceir utmost extremities and see
every detail, cells, puddings, ergs, larvae, everything!

Honw shall | mark the precious nests so arduously detected, and
so laden with prontise for the Inuire f Ft is essential for me lo tden-
tify, not duly every shaft, but also cach bee that uses 1, Well, J have
on hat a nunber ot roohng nails, the large heads of which had been
previously painted in various colours, and giver numbers. | press
duwn into the grass a nail for every shart, and) prepare a diagrany
after triangulating their relative positions.

Tam highly satished: [ fave the new investigations with renewed
pleasure and hope, and LE return to the sea-shore to other work
awditing my attention, A week later Ards me hack in Dandenong.
The weather is fine. and | ayn eager to pivk ws omee again the threads
of the research ju the biology of chloralictine bees, [hurry ott onto
the lawn; it is as green and chise-shaven as ever, But some subtle
change has taken place, one diffteulr far me to contemplate, every
nail las heen meticulously renwoved, Alas! The colonies are gone!

My hosr ts na less concerned over my loss. He questions the gur-
deners, Yes, one man is obviously perplexed. "Who on earth," he
asks, "would du suel a miserable trick as to sow the lawn wish mails
to blunt tye mower ?'' Nevertheless, the damage is datie, The shafts
are lost tor winter, and my season's patient searching bad been
ultogether in vain. I Jeave the blue Dandenongs hehid me; I ana

frustrated, and unhappy.

However, there comes a day in spring when wry assistant and T
are inleed successful, and we locate most of the colonies again. Theu
follows the critical investigation, and its surprising results. But
Dandenong is a long way from biome, and J ponder over the expense
and Juss of time involved in the study. “Would it be posstble,' 1
dream, “te force, train, or deceive wild bees inte establishing colonius
neater home?" Well, it has never hee cme befare, bit is that a
valid reason far my not attempting in? T already know the eszet
depth, colours aud diameter of the shafis, and at Jength find a
similar tough ground in the lawi of Miss 1. Young, at Toorak.

In the deprh of winter, and while the bees are still hibernating, I
make shafts in her Jawn, of the exact size and contour, and transfer
ta them pupae obtained from Dandenong. My experimeuts succeed
heveand my utmost expecrations, Not only have | colonies estalilished
in a@ convenient location, but | have gained an assistant wha has
volunteered to observe them daily and keep a written record The
lady's vigil extends over nearly three years, the longest contains
oliservation of a species recorded in the literature of the science.
Here is the order of the autazing generations -

Iu spring, a brood of virgin females emerge; all have a green head
and thorax and apricot-coloured abdomen, There is not a wale
Amaugst them, 2nd the virgins will remain in the paterital hatny
hecalise there jg io sexual urge to call them forth. [The worker-

Vier. Nat,
Vol 79

iad Ravatesr, Otnerphigi in Malietineg Bees
hees sinularly do not depart from the parental hive Tt as the true
female, the queen, that leaves tu found a new home| This rile ap-
pues also vo tunian beings; the married daughters depart to fourid
new homes, but the virgin sisters rernain with the parents under the
natal roof-tree; so de the bachelur sons.

The hisexual broad of these highly-coloured vieging will emerge
imi simoner, and all will be jet-hlack males and females. They
inate over the Howers, anel the males soon disappear and die, The
lecundated mother will depart from the parental nest to establish a
new colony elsewhere. In autumn, the progeny of the mated females
will matire, but they will be invariably black virgins, and, in duet
course, deéir children will be the highly colotired virgins of the spring
generation,

Tn concluding ty wlddress, T au sure there is littl need to assure
you that the problems presented by Hfalictis are very dificult Lo
vestigate, becaise of the maze of galleries which tratisect the
architecture in seemitigly inexcricable confusion. They constitute
wefl-nigh insuperable difficulties in following the activities of anv one
specific individual, no watter what system of identification ix used.

Jill species do not hawe black mules, At Portlaid, Victona, there
is Hatictns (Chloralictus) paraditnorphus Ray, (ins.), the feniales
wi which are hardly aistingatshable fron Chlorvlictus dimerphirs
Raym, fram Dandenong ; but surprisingly, the males are as highly
coloured as the females. Portland, alas! isa far ery trom my hone
for the meticulous study of a small bee, bur it is clearly evident that
vital genetical phenomena await investigation, A diagram to explain
the genetical inheritance of the drone of the hive is easily constructed.
Lut the parthenogenetic virgins of ffalictus require a much more
complicated elucidation,

fam not called upon to find an explanation for every observation,
hut if lam permitted to speculate, then EF weld say thal perhaps
the many species ol chlorahcune bees probably derive as iutations
from sone hasig stock, such aa Fladictns ervihriras Chil, and
whether or not the juale 73 tu be coloured is determined hy an
aiteration of its genes,

VICTORIAN SEDGE FLORA; CORRECTION

In a recent nuriber of the Wactoriaxe Noturatisé (73; 74 (Sept, '955)) 1
rreorded Rhyitchospora regosa (Vahl) S. Gale as new to Victoria, My. SY.
Blake of the Queenslend Herbarium bas jast pointed out ta me (personal
sommunigations that the Australian and Malaysian plant is ait alenncal wilt
Ro rigeva ot Amernes, and jt shauld be referred) fo Mo brecwinle Rouen) &
Setule, ISt7, Otter Victurran representative, . traevn, differs Trem A,
rugosa in having larger epikelers aml larger. lesy tewuse nets with von-aeute
sivle hases.

JH Wrist

eres | The Fictorian Natuvalist 105

1946

THE PASSING OF A GREAT ORCHIDOLOGIST
(Rey, H, M, R. Rupp, 1872-1956)
Ly J, A. Wapais

f Keachkyroand, Schooling, ond the Manistey

Herman Montague Rucker Rupp was horn on December 27, 1872,
at Part Fairy, Victoria, where his father—Rew Cy 1, Mernian
Kupy—was then the Charch of England viewr. His mother (ier
Marie Ann Catherine Rowerefe, dav ghter rot General Horatio Row-
craft, who was an Indian Muouny veteran) clied at the birth, andl
there was only one orher child, Florence--rinw Mrs. Monypenny,
still Inung in Sydney,

The paternal grandfather had been a schoohmaster at Frankfurt
neCeler, Gernians. In 1847 (the same yearas Baran von Mueller’:
arrival in Adelaide) he emigrated to Australia with his wile, neo
sons anda daughter: but the father, mother and info Paul all died
during the Vayage, The young orphaned Herman and Augusta were
atlapred by WTA, Rucker, a merchant of early Melbourne, cv
the foriver chill went frst to Mr. Brookfield's school, Mellhourne,
then to Muore College at Liverpool, N.S.W. Te was ordained au
Anglican deacon im (862 and priest in 1867; his whole ministry was
spent nb the dioceses of MeJhourne anc Ballarat, most of the parishes
being a western Victoria (Port Fairy, Koroit, Coleraine and
Buminyor iw successively), Rev. Rupp senior wedded again in 1874,
but there were no children af this later marrage with Rachel E. T.
Kirkpatrick, He died at the age of 79 in 1917.

The bey Montague Rupp’s first education was received at a sill
private school commected with the: Presbyterian manse at Korvit.
Victoria, Next, he witended the Norair State School for about two
years aud, at the age of eleven, went for a vear to the Junior Gram-
mar School, Geelong, then ii charge of his uncle Alfred Roweroit.

Tn 1883 he heeame a beeerder at Geelong C. of Grammar School,
nuder the headmastership of John 13 racebridue Wilson, M.A., F.LS.
noted educationist amd aleologist whose Wife was the sister of
Rupp’s deceased! mother, Charles Belcher (later Sir Charles, of
Kenya) was one of his school-inates who kept in towel over the
years. Rupp remained at Geelong Granimar School until Decen:
ver 189], whetr he metriculated with first class honours in English
and History, and also won the Mary Armytage Scholarship from
GG.S. to Trinny College, Melbourne University, He was prefect
oF his school in 1891, played in the football team and won the
athletic chan\pionships for hoth 1890 and 1891. The Cusack Russell
theological scholarship, for students intencing to enter the Ballarat
diocese, was granted to Rupp ac Trinity College m 1893, He won
rhe Wy selaskie Sc holarship in Natural Science, Melbourne Univers

Viet, Nab,
Vol, 7+

108 Witirse, Passing of a Great Orehrdalanist
sity, 1 1496 and graduated B.A. the following year, having failed iv
hig attempt to complete a conihined Arts and Science course.

During t698 he way a lay reader in the Colac Parish and was
ordained deacot in St, Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, in 1899 (by
Hishop Goe for the Bishop of Ballarat). He then served as curate
al Colac-with: Beeac until orcination ta the priesthood hy Rishop
Green i Se. Peter's Church, Ballarat, in 191 when he became
priest-in-charge at Beeac. [In 1903 he accepted the offer of senior
curacy at Tamworth, NwS-W., under the late Arehtleacon T, KK,
Abbott, and the next year was married by Archdeacon Abbott to
Ploretice Mabel Dowe, eldest daugliter of Richard Dowe—a solicitor
of Tan werth,

Subsequent appointments were as vicar of: Wariakla, NSW.
(a parish ranging over ahott 7,000 square miles of mountainous
country toward the Queensland border) from 1904.6; Yea, Vie.,
Where he went hecause of his father's indifferent health (1904-8) -
Copmantturst, N.S.W. (1908-11), and Barraba ( 19L1-14)—again
on the rugyed uorth-eastern talilelands of New South Wales,

At the hegtuning of World War I he was appointed Assistant-
Secretary. and later Secretary. to the Australian Board af Missions,
travelling through many parts of New South Wales, Victoria and
Tasmania from 1914 to 1920. fn the latter year he acted as /ecti-
teers at Eloly Trinity in Hobart, Tas., and was thereafter rector ot
St Aicdan's, Launceston (1924-22).

In 1923 he returned to New South Wales, occupying in turn the
reciovies of Bulladelah (1923-24), Paterson (1924.30) and St
Mary's Church at Weston (Jan. 194G—May 1932). The last two
were hard depression years, work was exactiig and he lett Weston
to take three months’ rest at Collarev, follawing medical aclyice.
September 1932 found hin at Pilliga, of whteh he wrote. “a aiore
dismal, dronght-stricken landscape would not he easily found.” Then
follawed temporary work at Kast Maitland (Teb.-Apr. 1933), after
which Rupp tested his duties as rector, Rrst at Woy Woy (1933-
36) and then at Raymoud Terrace (1936 39), In May 1939 he re-
tired from the mitistry ea a pension and lived at Northbridge,
enjoying “one of the loveliest views in Svdiey”, After having moved
to the veighbouring subyrh oi Willoughby in Oetober 195t, he
siiffered a deterioration in health, and tor the last two years he was
chronically all for weeks at a time with cariliae asthnia; he ced on
Soprember 2 last, ns wife having predeceased him by only four
uienths.

While at Puterson, Rupp organized a “restoration of the old
church in memory of its first meumbent, the Rev. John Jennings
Smith who had taught Queen Victoria before she cane to the throne.
tn the course of these proceedings a Queensland grandson of
Jennings South offered a stained-glass winclow with the Teunings
Sruith coay-of-arnjs, beautifully coloured: it lad belonged to the

a a |
LOM

Witte, Pesan ofa Great Qeeheadaledyt 17
(heter’s father, Harold Selwyn Saath \belbeurne, and now: starts
hear the pulpit of Paterson Chute, During Seprember TOF8 Rapp
paid a dgst visit to Vietoria—te atiend the Galden Jubilee of Sst
Nineustue's Church of England at Beeae, the frat chureh building.
erected under his charge,

Ml. Batanteal .ttaturents

KL. FitzGerald (1830-02) pioneered the feld cf all A\vstritlian
archidalogy and his sumptions work in eokuue, .liedralian Orelhids,
appeared in twelve parts between T8735 and 184, the final part benny
postiimons pa litte more thar 200 species were portrayed and des-
embed therein. Sinee the deaths of Dr. R. oS. Rovers (1942) and
WHE, Nicholls (1951), undisputed authority in the systenaties of
our Ovehidacear had remained with the Reverend Rupp. dideed, of
this distmeiuished quartet. ix would be invidiotts to si clr race
Honest ihpartant contribution ; bat. with the departure of the list
al them, iis certain that i great epoele hits closed Wher dew will
shoulder therr mantle =

fn at series of three articles for the .lastradian Gvehtd Keates
enticed “Memories of av Orchid Lover” (1 june M4): Tb, sept.
Mths TU, Jame 145), and also in * Memories of Victorian (-
chiels” [iter Nat. 092 143-6 (Mar. 1953) ], Rupp virtually pro-
videul a botanical autobioxraphy. His interest ii wildflowers, he
records, went hack to the time of erly boytiood at Noroit, where he
vividly remembered finding twu spider-archids ( Culadenia dilatata
and C, petersenii). While his father was stationed at Coleraine. in
far-western Victoria, Montague explored the local bush and, evett
after he was sent te school in Geelong at the age of eleven, vacations
were spent ti botaniziny around home and as far afield as Warnen
Falls toward Hamilton, He often holidaved with the Moodie tamily
at lovely Wando Vale near the Glenelg River. Mr. William Maocie
being a nephew of J. G, Robertson who contributed records fron
that district for Benthanys Mlora .hestralicnsis—"Mendu® and
“Hindi are the quant nis-spellings used by Benth. Rupp comn-
piled a “Catalogue of the Wildflowers of Wando Vale” in 1892.

4yV the tine he left Geelong Ciranimar, he knew between 30 and
40 different Victorian orchids, some fram the rich Vorquay-
\uplesea coastal heathlands. Later, Cniversity vacations were spent
at Buninyong. where his father had become rector in 1895, and Rupp
was able to record 3) orchids for this small district in 1806. Tt was
ducing Urinity College days too that he made the accyuaintance af
Baron von Mueller [see ust Orel. Woo. 6:41 (June T94T ) | atid
was thereby spurted on to further batunical endeaveurs. About this
time, two of his best-remembered "finds" were the intriguing Gann
Crehidl (Sarcochilis anstralis), epiphstic on prickly curriit-bushes
at Ferntree Gully, and the very rare Stout Suu-orehid (Thelymitra
epipactaides) at Portarlineton iy 1897, The Mellonrme dterbarniny

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 73

Prate II]

Ch):

The Late Rev. H. M. R. RUPP

[108]

Maveenbes']
1655

Wines, Pastitg af a Great Orchidotamss ri)
has specimens of various dryland plants tram she interior of New
Syuth Wales bearing Kupp’s handwriting ancl the date 1899, Irn it
is tot clear whether he collected these himself duving a Liniversins
vuuation ar received them fram same correspondent,

Everywhere he went, orchids weve assiduously collected cul
sree, and many were the exciting expericiuces ul the chase, Ly
September 1912 at Wallombin, eight niles fram Barraba, te found
anew species of Boronia; this was uaned Bo rupprt lw edwin Cheel
in 1928. The previous vear (1927) Dr, Revers bad hamed in his
henour Prasaphyliaim reppti—ai small orelidl Irom Taterson
ASW. He ade only one ascent of Mr. Koseisko, in 1913. During
Juse 1939 he spent a fortnight with his sup-mnduw, L. C, Coxuut
Arivicdale, en the lofty and immensely interesting Barringron Taps
(ce of his last, bur most pleasant, exploits was thrimeh the Gane
Forest (Duhho district) im September 1950¢—he wrote glawnegly
ef its feral treasures. :

Comracts were formed with many kindred minds in all Stutes; he
met the Tasmanian orchid-lover, Archdeacon H. 13. Ackinson, while
seman his Church in thar Stute, and shortly afrerwards Dr. H. 1.
Westeven at Bulladciah, N-S.\W.--W) species of orchids were found
in that meh area. With his fellow arclidologists, Dr, R. S, Rogers
and W. If. Nicholls, a large correspondence grew and continue
wit) their deariy ; splenchd comradeship prevailed between the three
aud they collaborated variuusly ina gumber of researches Vatrerly
Rupp also collaborated with E. 13. Match of New Zealand in investi-
sating those orchid yenennand species conunon co both sides of the
Tasman Sea,

Tt is remarkable that sueclv a specialist. whose mind was packed
with archid lore, should have refrained froin pubheation until his
32rd year! Apparently, his first paper was printed in the dics/ralian
Naturalist far April 1924 ——“Notes an the Habits of Certain
(rehids” (five pages). Vhereafrer he contributed at Jeast 215
articles lo various natural history journals and scientific perivuicals,
in adeitian to publishing (wu illustrated books—Guude to Mie Or-
vhids of New Sowh Wales (1930) and Orchids of New Sone
Wales (1943), He also wrote the article ORCHIDS for the forth
coating: isivalion Enevelopedia (nov in press bv Angus & Rohert-
anit Ltd.) Seventy-two of his contributions appear in the ictorian
Naturalist (with 30 sew species}, 46 m the dustralian Ovrelhid
Rene, 34 tn the Noritt Queetnsinal Natyralist and 30 in the
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New Santh Wales, our new
genera, all monotypic, and 71 riew species are described among his
papers and reyisional studies of the Conimaniwealtli's orchid flora.
One of the new genera was Cryptaihenus, the sugle species C.
aleler! being discovered at Alun Mountain pear Bulladelah by E.
Slater in November 1931, This extraordinary plant carries out its
life-lnstory, the production of flowers incluced, entirely beneath the

Viet. Nal.
Vol. 72

ih Wes, Passing af a Greet Orclidolagist
sail, providliy an easterti analogue to Aisa fella yaoi duerimunique
and also subterranean orchid in south-western Australia.

For these autstancding contributions wp seiehte he received the
Clarke Medal froni the Royat Society of New South Wales in April
1949, and (he Australian Natural History Medallion from the Picld
Natuvatists Club of Victoria in July 19335. Concerning the latter
wyvard Rupp wrote whimsically [personal communication] :

J came through the ordeal of the presentation all right, though I was so ill
for several day, beforehand that they thought the function would bave to be
postponed, However, they got me there, and the good fellowship of everybady
hacked me np tremendously... -T got on my hind keys ancl tried to reply, An
ABC. reporter was there aid gave quite a goo report ol the 7 o'clock
Wireless. The S.4%. Herald ignored it, [ bei neither a negro prize-fighter
for a dtibious jockey *”

Four months later (20/11/1935) he wrote sadly, when forward-
ing ai orchid paper ior publication ii the bectovian Nativolist, The
rclosure is my swar-song: I can't write anything more’ —aned sn
it proved ta be,

For years he hat) been gathering rita for a life of the renowned
‘fasuinian botanist, Ronald Campbell Guan, whoani he greatly
revered, This material 1s believed tu have been sent jor publication
ta the Royal Society of Tasmania, Norther Branch, about 1942,
hur irs fate is not known,

Rupp’s Jarge private orchid herbarium, embracing 470 species,
had been presented by hinr to the National Herbarium, Svdney,
early in 1945.

His membership of the Naturalists’ Society of New South Wales
dated from June 1924, the Linnean Socicty of New South Wales
fom July 1927, and the Field Naturalsts Club of Victoria trun
March L934: in February 1953 the FIN-CV. couned conferred
honorary Lite Menthership upon him, The syvnpathy of all mem-
bers tn this Cla is extended to his son and lwo niarried daughters
who are left ta mourn their illustrious lather.

[Much of the saterial inctucled in this obicuary came [rom autobiographical
rlotes eiidly placed at my disposal by Rupp's elder daughter, Mrs. Rachel
Cox af Armirale, through Mr. K. Mair of the Sydney Herbarimu The
remainder has been gleaned from articles. published by the Rev. Rupp. from
personal reminiscences and a volununous correspondence which T had cojoyext
with him durme the past 14 yeats. He was a mat of wide culture. a loval
understanding friend, with deeply sensitive wattice aud a delightful sense of
humour that rippled through ail his letlers—-even. those wrirten from beds oF
suffering, or wheo he was deeply worried by sickness and sorrow ama
members of his family. Although T met him only twice. for a féw hous each
line, there was a propinguity of spirit between us. and L shall always ireasure
MY agsermianons woth such a tive—full aod useful far beyond the average, rich
and vibrans with helpfulness te others, T have prepared a camplete hiblio-
graphy of his writiips, and hope dor ith publication dn same appropriate
jourdal,— J AW]

Wenner

Tse The Victorian Naturalist lil

ON CENTRING MICROSCOPE OBJECTIVES
By C, S. Mippieton, §.R.MVS., FARA,

On reading the article entitled "On Cleaning Microscope Lenses’ hy EF.
Snell in Vict. Nat. 72: (August, 1956), I was rather perturbed by some
statements in it. While agreeing in general with the method suggested tor
cleaning eyepieces, lens tissue or Kleenex tissue is much better than hand-
kerchiefs as when new it contains no grit—thus lessening the dangers of
scratching the lens.

My main criticism is directed at the instructions for the cleaning of
objectives. Even a low power objective, when new, is perfectly centred. ie.
the front and back components are centred with each other and only under
these conditions can the objective perform at its best. When the components
of an objective are unscrewed and reassembled without any attempt at
centring, they nearly always screw up to a different position, and are
therefore out of centre with each other. While this does not make a very

Centring Process

hig difference to the performance of the lens—the loss of from 5 per cent
to 10 per cent does render a high quality objective equal to a mediocre lens.
Should any members of the Society have followed the advice of the afore-
mentioned article, the following apparatus may make it possible for them
to re-centre their objectives.

This centring device, as shown by the tlustration, has a mechanical part
consisting of a steel ring having the R.M.S. standard thread. This ring is
sy mounted that it may be centred axially by means of the three centring
screws—A on the side and it may be rocked by means of the three screws
underneath—B. This is carried on a shaft, which runs in ball bearings and
may have a pulley wheel at the bottom as illustrated. This is driven quite
slowly, about 120 r.p.m. or less.

To use this apparatus, the hack component of the objective is screwed intu
the ring. An image of the graticule C in the lamp as illustrated, is focused
by means of the Jens D on to the surface of the back Jens of the objective
and the six screws adjusted until the image remains perfectly stationary
as the objective is revolved. (See figure.) The second lens of the objective

112 Mimpneton, Centring Microscope Objectives ee mar
is then screwed into place and the image-forming rays from the lamp are
raised slightly to form an image on the second lens. The objective should
then be tightened or loosened until this image atso remains stationary, Should
it be too loose, and therefore jiable to unscrew, a little celluloid dissolved
in ethyl acetate until it is the consistency of golden syrup may be put on in
two tiny spots on opposite sides of the lens mount by means of a pin. Use
as little as possible of this mixture, as it may run into the threads and
prevent the objective from being unscrewed again.

As advised in the article, all high power objectives should be left tor an
instrument maker, as they require much more accurate centring and the
vraticule image is, in this case viewed through a fairly powerful reading
telescope.

$

Lamp and Centring Device

LETTER TO EDITOR RE REPORTED BURIAL MOUND AT SUNBURY

Murraba, Coldstream, Vie.
September 26, 1935
Hon, Editor,
The Iitetortan Naturalist
Dear Sir,

The mound on Mr. Webb's property near Sunbury, described by Mr. Brun-
ton in the September issue of the [teforian Naturalist, was investigated in
1934 by myself and the late D. J. Mahony, then Director of the National
Museum. We had heard it was reputed to be a native burial mound, and as
such things are otherwise unknown in Australia, we carried out a fairly
detailed examination of it. Mr. Mahony was a geologist of some standing, and
I had had some experience of archaelogical excavation.

movembyc]

TRE Lotler ty Eder 3

The mound stands out promimetitly from its surroundisgs, and in general
appearance is most artificial looking. Despite this, however, our conclusions
wece that it is a natural feature and not made by man.

In the open-cut, where some of the mwund had been removed for gravel,
we cut a clean vertical face right across the centre parl, and dug a trench
weil down below the léyel of the surrouiding ground sairface. We thas hac
a clean vertical seetion to examine, and were able to study the mternal struc
ture of the mound, There were no sloping bedding lines te indicate that the
tubble, of which the mound consists, had heen heaped ip Tram the surrounding.
surface. The cubble 1s of a quite ever consisteney ttouptiont, showing rather
thar the wound war carver) out of 4 large deposit of rubble by erosion, At ws
hase there is po clear lite of demarcation becweed the amund aud the unde
tying clay The ane merges into the other,

Towards the centre of the mound there js a mass of darker and more carte
voblle, with ai irregular. but fairly well defined, outhwe. Rugning threugh
this there are vems of a while clayelike substance, Mis dis hac bas west
taker for the retains af a burial ar burials, aot wo has been asstmed thal
the White substarcé is calcined bone. We faniid, However, po Craguients of
hane. and the white material appears io ke entirely mineral in eharacter, The
white volts continue dawn inte the underlying clay beneath the moumnl They
have apparenotiy heey caused by some process of leuehwig, by water pereuiatwy
through the cobble Within the darker rubble there are sume vety small frag-
ments af Gharceal, bue nowhere is there any cousearratian of these. Thes
may well have hoon snail pieces of woud or coos, carhovized, nar by Fre. hur
by the shiw process af cme. The sass of darker rublile had wot been inserted
into the trouind ag a burial. She rubble above it had never beer clsturbe

There ts, thus, ne real evidesce oF burtaly, and every andication that abe
mound is of natural erigin,

As our findings were al) negative, we did aot publish any details of thens
at rhe time, as perhaps we should have dune, but our phatographs, plans aid
drawings were deposited in the Gles of the National Museu where they aay
he inanected by anyone iterested in then.

Yours triiv
[I A. Casry

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOOK

(Reserved for yowr Notes, Observations and Queries)

NOTES ON THE SPUR-WiINGED PLOVER

The sahite of chis plaver (febikye somesbollandie) aye Tainly well known
anc these noves are not presenjed as representing anything new. Tey intea!
only to record sume persona? observations of the Jast few years at Clarence
Paint in ‘Tasman.

The bold aud Tedale3s strategy of the Spur-winaed Plover iu detence nf
ire est and young is common knowledge, and the birds ate has watched are
na exceprons, Becayse these birds nest on the grotnd Wife miay be rather
hazardous. But despite the menace of wandering stovk, fata’ jmplements
and su on, the birds appear to return alinest to the wenuical spot each veer.
The nest, in a tiny depresston, contains two, snmelimes three egus, which
blend so well with the surroundings a3 to be very dificult te see. The nee
is Occupied at night, but in the daytime the sun. appears ta provide [he
necessary warmth, One wonders, at times, haw many ewes survive the poli
af sunless days early in the seasan,

Any creature approaching is enticed away by the two biris running about
and calling loudly to attract attention away from the nest, Uf (lis fans. dies
will take to the wig and swooy on the sometimes uususpecting ¢isitor

Viet. Nat.

il4 Noturalists’ Motehoat Ven 7s

uotil he moves away. The Brown Hawk is the worst enemy with which our
plovers have to cantend. He will wait his opportunity to approach (he nest,
but usnally ‘he is observed in time. There will them hea performance of air
ucrobatics fascinatwg in the extreine, until the hawk departs. followed by
the plovers. One always returns almost immediately to resume guard over the
nest however) the other partuer may follow the hawk for some distance,

One marning, w hawk had apparently matiaged to reach the ground near
a nest without first being observed, and two Frantic birds flow about above
Wow Fearing the worst, T rau to take a hand in the mater, and was
relieved to fined oar the enemy had not reacked the nest, and all was again
peaceful, More often than not only one chick survives, at leass one nas
rarely seen two. Whon the chick is fairly weil grown, there appears to be
rather more fraternization betweem adjoining couples, whose nests are
wtally a hundred yards or so apart. Porhaps there is a feeling of collective
seduorty as the chicks are rather more yulnerahle, Once the chick as able to
fly the normal gregarious habit is resumed, aud by late December tliey are
seen wi Jarge fucks. One suddenly finds that some fity birds have been in
the small area wider observation, Assisting to keep the pastures clean they
dre among the farmers best Iriends,

On the racks of the Tamar River bank at low tide: Io had norecd that
uumbers of the smalf bivalve skell, Modiolus puler were at times dislodged
from positian, Opened aef the animal removed, without any apparent damage
cy the shell. There was some curiosity as to which bird had heen responsible,
our T have since seen flacks of plovers at the spot several sites. On investi
gation, mimy trestily opetied siells were usually found, so presumably che
Plovers. were responsible The birds niay wait an opportunity ta seize ihe
animal wheu the valves are parted. T have also ston chitons removed from
the rocks. bul not wher plovers were about: these would be bard to shilt
without damage.

—Row. C. Kerspaw.

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
Future F.N.C.V. Meetings:

Monday, December 10<"Scencs im the Dolomites of Norttern tale’ hy
Le. G. Chriscensen of Forest Products Division C.S.1.R.0.
Monday, Januacy f4---Members’ Nivht, with Mr, and Mrs, F. 3. Colijver.

F.N.C.¥, Excursions;

Sunday, November 1&—Seville. Subject: Helmeted Honeyeaters and general,
Leaders Mroand Mrs. Hanks. Take 9.13 am. Warburtan train to Seville
railway station where leacers will ineet party Bring two meals,

Saturday, Navembier 24—-Visit to Museum of Mr, 3, R. Mitchel), “Arecona™.
Overport Rd. Fraukstop. ta see Mr. Mitchell's world-famous collection ef
Artifacts, Take 9.48 a.m, train lo Frarikstoi or queet 10.45 acm. at Frank-
ston station. Bring one meal.

Sunday, December [Geology (Group excursion. Details at Gro Meesing.

Group Meetings:
(8 pam. at National Herbarvuny)

Wednesday, November 2] Micrwscopical Group, Speaker: Mr. A. Termant.
Subject: Metallurgy.

Wednesday. Noventher 282—Botany Group. Speaker: Mr. 17. Haase. Subject:

_ "Western Australia Wildfowets”, with Kodachrome sides.

Wednesday, December 5—Geolagy Group, Subjects Origen of Caral Tslands.

Speaker: Miss B. Nielson.
Maitie Atuaanen, Ixcursions Scoretare

The Victorian Naturalist

Wal. 73-—Na. 8 DECEMBER 6, 1956 No, 876
PROCEEDINGS

Honour Conferred on Ediror—At the General Meeting on
Monday, Nuyember 12, 1956, Mr. Gearge Coghil) spoke in praise
of the efforts of our Editor, Mr. N. A. Wakefield, not only in his
nfheiml capacity, but in organizing sales of the Cluh’s publications.
He moved that the Chib confer an Honorary life Membership
on Mr, Wakefield. This motion was carried with acclamation.

Olympic Efforts— Volunteers wet'e called to help at a show at
Prahran, in setting up and in lecturing at the exhibition of wild
flowers being installed by the Bank of New South Wales, aid
in puttiig Anal touches on the nature track at the Sir Colin Mac
kenzie Sanctuary.

Poisonous Australian Spiders and their Yenom—Dr. Weiner's
‘Jecture-proved most interesting. He poimred out that there are
many recorded instances of deaths frou spider bite, boch of the
Red-backed Spider (in all states) and of the Funnel.web Spider
(mainly in areaS uear Sydney}. He narrated the efforts made
and the success achieved in preparing an antivenene, and men-
tioned that our “red-back” wis so closely related, not only to the
Katipo oi New Zealand but to simular species in South Airica,
Eurasia aud North America, that antivenene effective with fhe hite
of one gave relief with the others, This had not so far proved to be
so with the Furnel-web Spider, thouvh results had heen achieved
in this case also,

Membership—Mr, A. 1. Burns, who first joined the Clib in
1916, 2 entitled to Honoraty Menabership. Mr J. C. Johnston was
admitted as Ordinary Member. Miss Flara Linvd of Sunbury, and
Mr, A, W. Rose of Kalorama, were elected as Country Members,
and Brendon Wilson as a Jomor.

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

Mr, C. Middleton was the speaker at the meeting on October 17, his subject
deine “TMlunination—with special reference to dark ground”. Mr. Middleton
referral to and explained the several different methods of illumination én
use today, including the Kohter system and Nelson's critical method. He also
mentioned the ise of the Abbe candenser oiled to the slide, a method which)
Was not used greatly becavse of its not being awell known, The Jecturer
covered all phases of the subject very thoroughly, exhibiting several types
of dark-ground condensers, and mentioned two of the old-fashioned. pleces of
apparatus which could well be used today, notably the “Leiberkuhn” and tite
spot lens. .

LIS

4 VYhe Fietorion Nutaralist Vol. 73

BOWER-BIRD VISITS MELBOURNE
By N. A, WaKFFIELD

The Sat Bower-bird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceas) ig widely
distributed, particularly in the tlear-coastal scrubs, front Cape York
Pemnsula in Queensland to the Otway Ranges in Victorta. It is
not the purpose of this article to deal with the species in general,
for much has been written about it and the outstanding attributes
of these rémarkable birds are known to most tatutalists. It is in-
tended here o comment on the occurrence of the species in central
Victoria, and to put on record the story of the visit of a solitary
bird to an eastern suburb of Melboume in the winter of this year.

In 1909, Tsaac Batey wrote (Aan 7:6) that Satin Bower-birds
were frequent visitors, in auliunn or eatly winter, ta the Jackson's
Creek area near Sunbury. up to 1851, but that he knew of none
there since that date, He recorded too that the Flurse family of
Diamond Creek (Vurstbridge) told hiny “forty vears ago’! that
these birds used to visit them and attack their fruit.

In A. J, Campbell's Nests and Eags of Austrahan Birds (1901),
it is noted that flocks of about one hundred Satin Bower-hirds
were olten seen in the Gembrook district; but with rhe turn of the
century it seems that this species has become very uncommon in
central Victoria.

In Dowald Macdonald's nature column in the Argus of Novem-
ber 5, 1927, R. A. Paull of “Carn Krea” on the olck Monbulk read,
reported a hower (which he referred to as 4 nest) im an adjoming
paddock, and he wrote that the bird concerned visited his house
“a couple uf dozen times a day”.

fn 1928, F. 1. Howe reported (Loni 27> 265) that these birds
were “plentiful at Whittlesea some years ago” but that he had
looked in vain for them there since. Then in 1931, Blanche Miller
wrote (£uiu 31: 14) of a solitary ane which came to a garden at
Deep Creek on the Keilor Plains, building a bower there and re-
maining Yor several months.

Last year a bower and three birds were reported to he at the
Marosandah Dam, and from Crosbie Morrison's “Backyard Diary”
(Argus, July 27, 1956) we learn that one was about Warrandyte
curing the winter of this year,

For the Melbourne suburban area there have apparently been
only three occasions upon which bower birds have paid visits.
Gregory Mathews, in Birds of slustratia, cites a record “on the
\7th September, 1906, in the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, sup-
posed to be the first time ohserved im the city’.

In the Methourne B.O.C, Manithly Notes of July 1940, W
Heathcote wrote of a hower which he observed in the same gardens
in) May of that year. It appears that five of the hinds came there
“after the 1939 fires” anc that one stayed for some time, It built

vee] Woaarrinn, Bescer hind Uist Veltourne ll?

the bower out of the roots of the New Zealand Christinas tree, annul
decorated it round about with blue articles, flowers and cieada cases,

News of the latest \isitur came to the writer ina letter fre
Stephen Berrigan of the Schoul of Forestry. Creswiek. tle tuld aot
the arrival of an temnature male Sara Baweer-hird ay dias futile’ -
heme wi Kast Malvern pand the stary went thre;

Maybe he duand sone resemblanee ta wilder haunts in eur hie brow
Mahogany (rum and missed shrubbery. From the first be adopted tre sis
of a couple of upstairs windows, shrouded externally by pittusporuie ./!
undufatu), as the stage for his vocab and gymnastic talents, bose Chi fot
it has afew flecks of lilue on the ramp. My Dae liest noticed ad recognized
hint ior as sdem as | leénent of it Pabseonded and came down horny te see linn
Thotigh it wits very cold for Melbourne, Powe. cit i bee ost meaning at
seven nelock Lo hear and see.

He isa fine big bird about a foot Tong and, chotyh nor satin thie, is very
Ieviurifully eoloured, the delicate greet and white cremubutiins aetioss Ine
brow chest particularly, Already dp te his tricks, he cantered ip aod dawo
the narrow sill, stopping te stare at the windaw awwhere no doobe he gets a
sliinpse of binself all the time singing in great volume. bis owe “some” Tl
resetubles the whirrinw poise of 4 tractors starter moter, Bat what a tminmic !
T heard the White-throwted Treeereeper and the Koukaburra, although be
never broke amtu the fill ery of the tatrer

Besides gavage thos relling, busldand reperteire, he vigorously cavorts
along the sul with his “toys” of whieh he has aude a eulleetion—pieces uf
ue paper, plasde and cloth-—the most anmmig being a cup off a Biro pen
which he sports in his beak like a cigar. Evers 50 often he peeks the windaw
wath tis strong beak sc harcdwe fear fe will saan heeak it. There's ae dent,
we bebeve, of him notienys bis reflection, even to the point-of vanity, for since
one of the windews was washed to see him better, he adopted it exclusive of
the other.

Of course, this narrow windowsill is a pear place for a bower—impossible !
The wattle-birds make constant attacks on Too and the wind and rain blow
his “toys” away. But he's there every morning still, fram seven till ten, Alling
the house with his thrilmy mimiery, You cannot approach the window
without frightening him, but by watehing through the crack ar round the
door wher itis again you see it ath

Dad Jeaves wut pieces of fruit for hint on the sill, and of these sliced
banana ts the favourite. Resides this theugh, his staple four is pittosparuny
hersies, The pittosporume are in full fruit now and T suppose this is the hig
attraction, We ate all thrilled about tind arel will be sorry to see hin go

Upon receipt of this mteresting news, contact wre made with
"Dadl"—Mr. G. S. Berrigan of 47 Grant Street, East: Malvern—
who proved to be as enthustistie about the avian visitor as was his
soi; and he promptly made his house available for photographic
and other operations,

One Saturday morning, an early excrrsion was mace with soit
able equipment and a ten-minute tape recording was imade uf the
voodl performance of the bre on the windew-sill, Conditions were
perfect for this operation, with an eleetrie power-point we the roc
concerned, a corner in which one coutd sit out of sight, and ever
a window-cateh tipon whieh te hatng the microphone,

The result was Hluninating, Most of the bird's own notes were
short, loud and vert harsh, some even resemblitiy the stirlden
screeching af a White Cockatoo, The main “performing” call was

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 73

Piate TV

Approaching the Bower.

[118]

Poseinperi}
1956

Wakerietp, Batwer-hird Vistts Melbourne 119
the “tractor’s starter-motor’’—-a most apt deseription—this bemg
rendered quite loudly and sustained, with variations, for about
twenty or thirty seconds. Outstanding aniongst the minuery was
the call of the Kookaburra; it did break into the full “laugh” and
rendered this much better than the Lvrebird usually does. It gave.
tog, a half-minute imitation of the repeated whistling of the White-
plumed [loneyeater and a somewhat shorter rendition of the rather
similar call of the White-throated Treecreeper. These three items
were always done in full voice. By turning up the volume of the
recording, one could hear quite plainly the flying calls of a party
of Gang-gang Cockatoos and the chorus of a flock of Australian
Ravens: these recurred several times each but were normally hardly
audible as the performance progressed, and there were always super-
mposed on them, without breaking their continuity, numerous of
the loud, harsh notes of the hower-bird itself.

Mauch of the bird's time was spent on the windaw-sills of the
house next door, No, 43, so acquaintance was made with the neigh-
bour, Mr. W. J. M. Davey, who proved to be as interested in the
bower-bird, and in feeding it, as were the Berrigans, Moreover, his
garden, with a great silky-oak and some acacias, as well as masses
of large exotic shrubs, was an even more suitable habitat for the
bushland visitor, The Dayey hotise, too, was made open tor natural
history operations.

During August, the activities of the bird were closely observed
from time to time. One became familiar with its natural call-—a
“clear whistle, from tenor duwn to base”, as it is described in Nests
and Eggs of Australian Birds; this was usually alternated two or
three times with a shorter, lower-pitched whistle.

It was noted that the bower-bird often brought a certain piece of
blue knitting-needle to the window-sills, and that it always took
away seraps of blue cloth that were put out for it. Mr. Berrigan
suggested that it must have a bower somewhere, and an unsuccess-
ful search was made amongst the massed shrubbery which sur-
rounds Mr. Davey's garden.

One evening, the latter gentleman reported hy telephone that the
bird had a collection of blue articles under shrubs in a central garden
bed in front of the house. This was taken to be one of those rudi-
mentary bowers such as females and juvenile males sometimes
build, but when it was investigated a few days later. it proved to
be a perfect playground—platform and bower complete.

It was situated under a Japanese Maple and a large Pink Pearl
rhododendron, and it was partly concealed from view by a chimp of
azaleas. The stick platform was about three feet across and the twin
walls of erected twigs made a small but perfect arbour, Sure enough,
it was decorated with the scraps of blue cloth, and the piece of
knitting-needle was there tuo. But as well, there were two blue-
lettered cream-bottle tops, a Jarge piece of blue glass and «ane
preenish piece, the blue-stained centre of a Biro pen, and about

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 73

Piate V

Location of the Bower: Under the large Japanese Maple.

At the Bower.
[120]

Peeyer] WaAkerienn, Bower-hird Uistts Melbourne 121
956

twenty-four spikes of the Grape Hyacinth which had heen stolen
from nearby garden beds.

Naturally, this spot became the centre of interest. Cameras were
set up and a number of black-and-white and several colour shots
were taken of the bird at the hawer. It took mo notice at all of two
cameras within three feet of the bower, and even the firing af a
flash-bulb did not disturb it in the slightest. Hlowever, it left the
playground immediately anyone moved within sight of it,

Two lang pneumatic releases were used, and a front room of Mr,
Dave's house was the “hide”, with a comfortable arm-chair from
which to observe the bird, and with occasional cups of tea! It came
to the bower at irregular intervals throughout the day, either to
build and decorate, to paint, or to perform; but it never mixed
these operations at any one visit.

The actual decorations were of the blue articles already men-
tioned, and this bird was interested only in the one shade of blue.
the deep colour of the Grape Hyacinth, It would not touch the pale
blue forget-me-nots in the nearby garden beds, [Experiment was
made by turning over and shifting the cream-bottle tops, but the
bird immediately readjusted these exactly as it had had them origi-
nally, Qn one occasion it had added about a dozen silver nulk-hottle
tops tu the layout—an unprecedented thing for a Satin Bower-bird
to do, and what would be expected of its Spotted cousin—but this
was only a temporary lapse, for the next day these were all gone
and only the blues remained.

The bird spent some time each day picking up and rearranging the
sticks of the plattorm and in pushing more down amongst the erect
walls of the passage-way, The latter was done rather forcibly each
time, with the head held sideways and with a single strong down-
thrust.

More visits were made for the purpose of painting than for build-
ing. This should be called “plastering”, for the bird would arrive
with its beak full of what appeared to be dark material and would
carefully and systematically work up and down stick after stick of
the walls of the passage-way, nibbling them with its mandibles.
Investigation revealed that the medium used was the masticulated
pulp of the banana which its human hosts had so kindly provided
for its sustenance !

Most remarkable of all were its performances, both on the window-
sills and at the bower. It seemed to prefer the former, evidently
under the delusion that it had an audience. It usually had something
whitish or pale brown in its beak. A favourite article was the vellow-
ish outside skin of an onion; it kept two such pieces at its bower.
It might be concluded that brownish articles (such as cicada
cases) are playthings rather than ornaments at the bowers.

At one time it would stand high with its body arched and wings
slightly raised, appearing quite slim; at another it would fluff out
its feathers and droop its wings, thus appearing plump. It would

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 73

Pirate VI

“Plastering” Sticks of the Bower—with Banana Pulp.

aa Woarkrrirus, Buwer-bird Visits Melbourne 124

maintain either position, as if in a trance, for a minule or more at
a lime. giving its “starler-motor™ song and its mimiery. ‘Phen suct-
deny it would ereet its wings and dance back and forth and np and
down, uttering harsh cries, and, when at a window, vigorously peck:
ing ihe glass. All this was done quite temdly and with the beak
clamped on whatever plaything it had th its grasp, ouly a slighit
pulsating of its throat feathers indicating its youal efforts. When
such performances were given withont anything in the \yeak, this
was still held clased, except for occasional gaping of Ihe mandibles,
this nor heing connected in any way however wath the chythoy of
the “song’.

Sometimes the hird perched on a bratich in the dense shrubbery
and sang there. On these occasions some different calls were piven,
and several times a perfect imitation was heard of the ery of a kouk.
Tn time, it became apparent that the bower-bird had a definite re-
pertoire of calls and nunnery, and that there were at least several
definite sequences in which they were usually given. One learned
to recogmze its three diferent kookaburra calls, and it way noted
that these, tind the honeveater and treecreeper calls, always followed
the “startersnotor” Furthermore, the half-miiute invitation of the
White-plumed Honeycater did not vary, it atways had exactly the
sane pauses and rims jin its sequence of notes.

‘The accomplished mimicry of this Victorian bird is particularly
interesting am wew Of the comment made by A. H. Chisholm in
1946 (Meet. Nol, 63: 39) that "A. J, Marshall has written that
whereas m the Sydney region he rarely knew the Satin-hird ro be
imitative, he found in the Macpherson Range, Queensland, that
mimicry was quite characteristic’. Vocal mimicry, by “green"
bower-birds, was noted too by Charles Belther in The Birds of the
District of Geelong, Victoria; these built a playground on the limbs
of a pine-tree, in October 1893.

Furthermore, the Malvern bower-bird was net only a master
mimic but also a master architect and decorator, even though it had
net assumed its full adult plumage—the uniform blue-black of che
old male. There were about a dozen feathers of this colour here
and there amongst its greenish and brown ploimage, so it was
evidently approaching jts final adult stage, This indicates that it
was probably about hye ar six years old.

Investigation has not brought to light any reason to believe that
this bird. was an escapee from captivity. For instance, there has
been nove at the Sir Colin Mackenaie Sanctuary for at least a
year. Its obvious past acquaintance with koala, treecreeper and
fang-pane suggests that ic eame from South Gippsland.

In 1934, A. H. Chisholm wrote (Mtet. Nat. 52: 128) that the
bowers “usually face perth and south, with the platform (and dis
decorations) at the northern end”. At East Malvern, the platforn
and decorations were at the southerly end of the bower. Lt 1s inter-
esti that the 1927 report from Monbulk told of the bower-bird

14 Watcsrtenp, Boryrrebird MMisits Metheonriec aL ol

pecking at widow -panes, and that Donald Maccdonald suggested
that oi was “jealously fighting its own reflection’.

Gur suburban hower-bird was reported in the Age in the “News
of the Day" colunim, an September 6, 1956. and on Cetober 13,
the General Meeting of the F_N.C.V. heard the recording of its
vocal perinrmance and saw several colour slides of the bird and
its hower.

The final chapter in the story came in a letter from Mr. Davey;
on September 20 he wrote:

During the last week, he did no khocking on the bathroom windaw This
was most noticeable, as since June he had cone se mach of it. He spent a lot
of time at che winilaw, preciing and eating and whistling, buc not knocking,

The (lays gradually grew warmer and this toay have urged him to change
his habits and evéntually move away, The condition of the bower deterlorated
a |ittle; and on the Thursday we saw him working at it for a short time, Lt
did not look much improved, hawever

On the Saturday morning (September 15) it was in fair condition. He
seemed unusually frigudly that morning aod spent w couple el hours ay the
western window-sill, giving a fine performance there. L was working in thy
2arden quite tlear and be took Little notice of me, Hoe was on the widow at
2 pm. when I Jett home. At about 3 pwn. Mes. Davey, Who was sitting in
the garden, lcartl him give two piercing calls hut did tot see him, Tram
that manent we haye seen ar heard nothing of him,

As f heard nothing frem him ov Sunday marning [T looked at the bower
and fountl it almast Aattened. Only a few of the heavier sticks were stauding

Tam hoping that no hari came ta bien ancl shall Jook forward to. finding
bin in our warden again some Tyture day.

INTERMEDIATE LOCALITY FOR VICTORIAN BUTTERFLY
Ry Cecn, Le Sauer, Maircowrie

When the first Victorian race of the small Skipper Mesporilia crpprarayra
was found in the Grampians we 1950, 11 was at onee chonghi that there wonled
probably be an intermediate race in eastern Victoria.

When cheeking the speces of ats food plant with J. H. Wilths of the
National Herbarium, it was surpriving to find that the Saw-sedge, GoAnee
ntigrastachia, had not before heen recorded frant this locality despite the fact
that it wrows tn ptolusion along the Mt. Wiha track. However, it liad beer
recorded by Baron vor Mueller in Gi stand

Th 1954 aecornpaied by my san Nicolas, T visto! the Belavolong area
in search of this patch of Sawesedge, After two days’ searching, we eventually
fomnd it on a dirric used forest aceess track about twenty miles from Briagn-
lone, Here Nicolas tietted. a male and we took several larvae On av later visit
he cook a female anil we erred several more males Their numbers. were
very limited

On a recent visit to Mr NG. Tindale at tne South Australian Museum, it
was with some interest that we checked the series fram Gippsland wilh thoee
trom the Geaniplatis and the Blue Mountains. This study confirmed the theary
earlier unt forward hy Mr. Tindale, in his paper in the Kecords of the St.
Miscnon, that the Gippsland saee would be more closely aliied to The N.S.W.
race Jiesperla crupsaryyra crvpsarqynd than ta the western race H_ cryp-
sargyra lesouefi.

An interesting jéature is that, while the Blue Mountains race is found above
2,000 feet auc the Grampians one between 1,800 and 2,000 feet, the Grppslanel
specunens were taken at ac altitude of between 200 and 400 fect.

me

Becornvst | The lictorian Naturalist 12

1956

A NEW GENUS OF ALPINE LICHENS

By J. H. Wintis, National Herbarium of Victoria

USNEACEE
Bibbya J. //. Hillis;
genus novi austre-alpinuma a Daetying Nv. proxiimimn
differt sporis acicularibus miultiseptatis (spore Ducty/nue
unicellulares globose vel ellipsoidex ).

Thallus iruticosus, aliquanto radiatus, sparse et irregulariter ramosus [11
specie unica usque ad 15 mm. altus, glaber, infra ochraceus, supra ambusto
brunnescens nitens, pulvinos madreporiformes vel sub-cerebriformes usque
ad 10 em. in latitudine formans, inter muscos alpinos—priecipue Andrece
species—secus rupes crescens|. Atami late teres, cavernosi, dactyliformes,
sursum insigniter et irregulariter inflati, conferti; apices perobtusi (sub-
orbiculati). sparse pertusi. Corfer crassus (30-150 mic.), hyphis ad super
ficiem perpendiculatis gelifactus, .Jednila alba, ex hyphis laxe intertextis
et irregulariter ramosis (quisque 2-4 mic, diam.) consistens, centrum
excavatum relinquens. 4pothecia terminalia, discoidea lecanoroidea, rotunda
vel distorta [in specie unica usque ad 4+ mm. lata, subnigra, hypothecio lete
brunneo|, amphithecio manifeste formato sed parathecio subnullo. -tser
clavato-cylindrati, usque ad 70 mic. longi, apice obtust obnubilantes.
Ascosporce multiseptate. hyaline, obtuse virgiformes [in specie unica 35-40
x 3 mic.].

Hospes algensis protococcoideus.

GENOTYPUS: B, muelleri (I. R. M. Wilson) combinatio noya---
species unica.
[Siphula jiuellert F, R. M. Wilson in Vict, Nat. 6: 179 (Apr. 1890)).

SITUS: Victoria—Mt. Hotham, inter muscos ad rupes subalpinas allt.
6000' (FL R. AL. Wilson, 17 Jan. 1890—HOLOTYPUS infertilis in MEL) ;
Bogong High Plains, “in cracks of granitic rocks at heads of Middle
Creek”, circ. 5500° (H. T. Clifford, 26 Jan. 1948—MEI.): Mt. Stirling,
“on granite boulders of eastern scarp’, circ. 5600’ (J. Al. Hillis, 8 Mar.
1953—MEL),

COMBINED GENERIC-SPECIFIC DESCRIPTION
BIBBYA MUELLERIT (F, RR. M. Wilson) f. HW, Wilts

Thallus fruticose, to 15 min. high, sparingly and irregularly
branched, somewhat radiate, smooth and polished, ochraceous
beneath, shiny and becoming scorched brown above, forming stone-
coral-like or rather brain-like cushions (to 10 em. in extent)
which grow amongst and upon alpine mosses—chiefly fndrewa
species—on rock surfaces. Branches broadly terete, hollow, finger-
like, curiously and irregularly inflated upwards, densely compacted ;
apices very obtuse and rounded, bearing a few large pits. Cortex
thick (0°05-0-15 mm.), gelified, with hyphe perpendicular to the
surface, Medulla white, of rather loosely interwoven and irregularly
branched hyphze (2-4 mic. diameter), leaving the centre hollow;
K—, C—. Apothecia terminal, discoid and lecanorine, round or
variously distorted, up to + mm. wide, almost black, with bright
brownish hypothecium; amphithecium well-developed, but prac-

THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST Vol. 73

Piate VII

° 5 10 ‘5 20
-Photo.: H. T. Reeves
Bibby muellert (F. R. M. Wilson) J. H. Willis

(Parts of three fertile colonies: lower from Mt. Stirling, in plan and elevation;
upper from Bogong High Plains, the white patches indicating interiors of hollow
branches eaten off by some animal)

[126]

otal | Wreits, New frenns of Alpine Lrcherrs 127

tically na parathectinn, docs civate cylindric, to 0-07 imi long,
darker toward the rounded apex. 4scosporcs nnultiseprate, hyaline,
Ted sheped, with blimtish extremities, 35-40% 3 jie slégal hvest
protecaccaid.

DISCUSSION

After the cleaths of Rew FLOR. M. Wilson in 103 ane ROA,
Bastow m 1920, there was no one in Victoria with a good workmyg
knowledge of the hctien flora, About 1940 the late PB, Brbby vodk
up the study of these faseinating, 1f neglected, plauts, and in the
course of a few years he becanie the only jichen authority anid
informant of Australia, corresponding regularly with experts in
Europe and America, His untimely death last year was a sad blow
to lichenalogy. One ot his anost mtriguing problems was the rrue
nature of a rare alpine species
which Rev, Wilson had found
on Mt. Tlothani i January
1890; che specimen was barren,
hut three months later Wilsuy
described itas Stehudd ureter
Na other collectiolis eae to
& light for 88 years: then, while

Snanching hakit, Bibby and H. 7. Cliffurd were
Ss amochicin hotanizinge together oy ube
Rogong High Plains (Jan.
SP aie a’ 1948), the latter botanrat was
' fortunate enough In redigenyer
Siphula maeteri—in quanuty and in iruit! The present writer also
located material with [rusting bodies on granitic bonlders at Mt
Stirling, Mareh 1933. On March 19, 1953, Bihby sent specimens
to the world authority on Antarctic hchens, Dr. Carrol W. Dadge
ot Missouri, whe announced (1/6/1953) that a new penus of
E'sneucear was involved: he pomted out the differences from other
genera in this family and suggested that Bibby go ahead with
its formal deseription, Unfortunately, publication had not heen
made up to the time of Bibby's death, and 1 do not even kruw
what he intended to call it With Dr. Dodge's approval, | now
bestow on it the surname of my late friend and colleague-—-as a
permanent, Atting tribute to one who did so much toward the
elucidation of Australian lichens and hepatics.

Fibireva is most closely related to the bureal Daetyina Ny). which
displays a similar madreporiform, hollowed thallus with lecanorine
anothecia, bit the latter has much snvller, unicellular. spherical to
ellipsoid spores. Endocena informis Cromb. af Patagonia alsa has
a dwarf, irtiticose, radiate and somewhat hollowed thallus, but the
sutface is chalky and fruiting body unknown, Sipdada, the genys
wider which Wilson described &. aiwelleri’, is not known 1 the
irutung condition and all species have a solid thallus.

328 Wiltes, New Gennt of Aiptun Lichens en ye

On the ¢(vpe sheer of B. wowelfert in Melbourne Herbarium some-
one had pencilled “Dufoureca medreporiformis?”, and this collection
had been placed in the Dufouren folder, D. madreporifurmis
(Wulf.) Ach. occurs on the alps of Europe and North America,
and 3s really referable to Dactylina madreporiformis Tuck, (1866),
differing from Aybbya in ics wwuch thinner branches and unicellular
ellipsoid spores (7-10 * 3-4 mic.j. The new genus is almost cer-
tainly of Antarctic origi and tts oeeurrence might be anticipated
in Tasmania, New Zealand and Puegia.

NATIONAL PARKS ACT
By J. I. Garnet

On Ostaber 25, 1956, the National Parks Bill was passed by the Victorian
Parliament With its passage bas encderl a phase of the Jong campaign cons
Inchoed muny years ago by the Piel Naturalisis’ Clah of Victoria and con-
tigued Wnreinitjingly by the Club and associated) oryanizations—a campaign
for a bettor deal sl our iatiqdal parks, for the conservation of mature ane
Natural resources. ;

We use the term “phase” advisedly because av Act of Parlamérit, ot itself,
can only provide the machinery for establishing our nature conservation areas
on a aatjsfactory basis. The real jab remains yet as @ task for che future, anil
mutturalists ‘througtiout the State will assuredly be called upon to help make
the new Act a Workable instrument. By reason of thei actwuaintance with
the tiatural history of the State, its gentogy and physicgraptin the ecological
associations of its flora and fauna, its scenie places and those of peesuliar
seleritifie interest, naturalists can contribute a fund of knowledge which
shoukl be of inestimable value 1o those who are io be anpointed te carry out
the provisions of the Act.

The debates in Parliament on the Bill tended ta confirm an opinion already
bell by some waturalists, that the F\N.O.W. has been far too modest about the
remackable contribution it has made to the cause of nature rooservatiot.
Perhaps niaity of the present-day members of the Club, as well as parliamen-
tarians, are unaware that Victoria owes to the FNC VY. the very existence
ot the majerity of ouy satianal parks. The long struggle to have Wilson's
Promontory reserved is recorded in carly volumes ed the iefortant Naturalist.
hyt the jowenal has given little prominence to the representations by natural-
ists and (he subsequent negotiations which led to the proclamation of Wyyee-
feld. Lakes, Lind. Alfred, Wingan Inlet and Mallacoota Inlet az well as
numerous other important nature reserves.

Despite the growth of population and the steady development of ceonontl-
cally utilizable matural resourees, thure still remain areas which should. be
brought within the ambit of the National Parks Act All naturalists should be
alert to see that such areas are not overlooked when the Authority com
menecs a task which ic surely wil) undertake at an carly date—a survey of
the State to determine where new national parks should be established.

The Act is recogrozed as ant experimental measure, and it remaius ta be
seen low effective its administration will be. Much will depend on the amount
at money the Gayernment will be prepared to set aside for the work (there
is no statutory appropriation!) and on the calibre of the individuals chosen
to serve on the National Parks Authority. The Act cantams only alteen
clauscs but the provisions are suclt that its administration should prove to be
reasonably flexible. Some of the clauses warrant comment so that members
af the Club will be able to appreciate the problems which will coniront the
mew Authority.

December

1f6 Garset, National Parks Act In

Clause 3 ayndicales that the Premier ul Victoria will be the Munster admini
siering the Act, the objects of which ary to:

(a) provide jor ihe estabhshment and control of catvoral parks ,

(b) yiratece and preserve indigenanes plang and animal wild lite and features
af speeiil seenie setentiic or historical iiterest ia national parks :

de} vita the existing cnviraiment of ational parks}

QW) provide jor the edocstion and enjormenl of visitors ta national parks
and ta encourage and control such visitors,

(lense 4 provides for the creation of the office of Director ul Naticral Perks
whe is ta be the executive officer of the National Parks Aurhority.

(Clanse 3 lays down the constitution al the Natiuoal Parks Authoriwy, which
is to consist of the Premier or his Ministerial delegate as chairnvan and ten
members, Meluding the Director, the Secretary for Lands or his nominee, the
Secretary of the Poblic Works .Departmenc or his nominee, the Chairman
of the Forests Commission or his nominee, the Chairman of the Soil Conser
vation Authority or lis uuminec. the srector of Fisheries and Game, a repre-
sentative of the Victorian Tourist Rurecau, a representative of the Victorian
Ska Association, @ representattve of orgumsatrons conceried with the pro-
tection of Fauna and fora and a representative of persons having a special
interest in natwnal warks—the last three being honorary, triennial appeint-
ments by the Governor ie Council

Some curinsity aiay be aroused by the inclusico: of 3 representative of rhe
Victarian Ski Assocration—purticularly wher it is understood that none of
thy existing national parks contains stow-fields i which ski organiealions
dre mterested. Indeed, such urganizations have shown tittle evidence af their
cancer for the welfare of qur nationul parks or Wil) Aelwe conservation
movements ‘The Member for Betiamira, Mr, T Mitchell, a mar well Kouwn
in skinng circles, was responsible tor the ieusion af the Association. The
Goverment was forced to acequt the amendment whieh designated this body
ta the exclusion of a more appropriate representative. The Government was
jaced with the alternative of aceeptative of droppie che Till altyyether to
avoid defeat, These Who listened to the committee stage debate in the Legis-
Tutive Assembly can scarcely have Tailel qo he surprised (lat one so prone to
ulter fuulish speeches could exert so much influence in. the House.

Several organizations much more intimately concerned with gur national
parks could have furnished aadoré acceptable representative om the Authority
Dut even bad they desired it they had no spokesmait in Parliatnent ta wee
their cause. The F.NUC,¥,, in fae, was strongly opposed to private clubs ur]
societies being designated in the Act arid its views were made know! to all
Members of Parliament.

As well a8 providing for the constitution af the Authority, the same
Clause 5 empowers it, as a bady corporate, to sequire, hold and dispose of
property. From this db taay be fnierred that the Authority, as time goes on
will iuietion as the Victarian counterpart af the Britise: Nature Cynservancy,
Which is able ta aeqnre, by purchase or through gilt sites and ahjects of
pecuhar sctentifie interest and importance which are held iw private control.

Clause 7 (2) declares, as national parks, thirteen areas listed in an appended
schedule. The Authority thus will assume immediate cantrot of a authber of
bur importunt nature couservation reserves, The thirWen parks ace: Wyper-
feld, Kinglake, Feen ‘Tree Gully, Walson's Promontory, Maunt Buffalo,
Lakes (Sperm Whale Head) Land (Euchre Creek Valley), Alfred {Mount
Dewmmecd. Wingan Inlet, Matlacaota Titet, Tarra Valley, Bulga and
Churchill.

Clause F (2) peravits the Goverior in Counc (in-efiect, the Governmeni)
on dle recommendation of the Authority to impose, revoke, amend or vary
conditians. restrictians and reservations of the terms oF dedication of any
wational park. ‘This provision appears to have heey inghided to leave the wey

A Vint, Nal,
130 Gawxer, National Marks sitet wah, ba

onen for the ercation of wational parks in arenas where js contemplated cou-
tinuance of some measure of economic exploitation already im operation—
trnber-loggiug, for éxamp'e. .

Tris wulikedy that the Forests Commission Would ever agtoe to the incur-
parauon al, say, the Grammens ita oor natioual park system unless it
could be assured St the continuity ot its right to tulize the timber resources
of these rnountaing, The Staté Rivers Cominissinn, alsn, would expect ta
Teta its pwn measure of control of the région as a water calelmpent reserve

Chrusy 7 £3) provides for the classification of national parks. From this
we may iufer thet the Authority can rpeommend the creating of speetal-
purpose reserves such) as fauna or wildflower sametnarics, scenic reserves,
national manuments, snd so on. Thos one cau envisage Werribee Gorge being
declared a national park and classified as a National Geological Monument.
A system of classification of natore reserves has been developed and is becom-
ing internarionally recognized. Doubtless the Authority wall be influenced by
this When recommending the classvacafion af mur national parks.

Clause 7 (4) is of particular importance because it provides that each and
every ustiwnal quark, whdational to these at presence scheduled in the Act, can
be declared as national parks only or the authority of Parliament. Ly other
words, new riadonal parks will eome inta being only by Act of Parliament.
Once declared (hey come under the complete control ot the Nauional Parks
Authoriry a4 previded in Clause 3,

Clense 9 (ad is worth quoting: “Lt shalt be the duly of the Authority untess-
inenitsistent with any special purpose Tor which a naricnal park has been
proclaimed, to nraintain évery nahonal park in dts paturak condition and to
conserve therein ecological associations aud species of native plavis azul
aeimais and protect the special features af the park aml so far as practicable
to exterminate exatic pliots and animals therein."

This clause should be read jn conjunction with 7 (21.7 (3) and, possibly.
12 wien it becomes evidert that the obligation to maintam a walidhal park
in its vatural comlition will apply only tn the extent dictated by the “cou
dirtons, restrictions and reservations” mentianed in Clause % (2) of hy the
classihcation of the park a: determined amder Clause 7 (3). Those interested
in mature conservation nmiay need (a remain Wwatelifll Lo see that their interpre
tation of the spirit of the Act i, kept well to the fore.

Clause 10 provides that nu mining lease or licence shall operate In any
national park expept with the conse of the Authority, This provision is
likely ta have qunsderable value in view of recent trends in mineralogical
exploration

Under Clause 72 the system of management of tutional parks by honorary
canmnittees is retained and honorary committees may he retained ar appointed
dt athe discretion of the Authority. However. all such committees will exer-
cise ortly such powers as xre delegated to it by the Authority to whom they
will be cesponsible,

Clause 13 established a speeayl National Parks Fund into which will be
paul all moneys received in one way ar another by the Authority—ineluding
the Parliamentary appropration—and fron which its administrative expenses
will be paid. The Authority, by the way, will be open to receive pits an
bequests !

Suoh, in essence, is the substauce of Victoria's Navonal Parks Act, The
Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria will express the thoughts of ali naturalists,
conservaters and nature-lovers when it recards its appreciation of the interest
displayed hy the Government in sponsoring the Bill and the spirtt of cu
operation cisplayed by ail parties in peravitting the measure to be debated sin
ued party Sines. There is gourd reason, (Od, lo be grareful to the Premier, Mr-
Henry Bolte, for the pert be personally played in) bringme the bill into berng
Despite its shorteamings and nbvious omissions there is now some hope that.
at last, there {s (he prospect of a better deal for Victoria's National Parks aud
for nature Gofservation gencrally,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 73—No. ¢ DECEMBER 6, 1956+ Nao, 3977

MATURAL HISTORY IN AUSTRALIA: A LIST OF HISTORICAL PAPERS
By Bryan Garnata?

Material tecently collected for a list of papers on the history of anedicine
in Australia’ included a nuniber of articles in the Aeld of natural history.
Mast of these were ultimately exctuded from the fmshed wurk, However,
as | am awarc of no reference list of historical papers in Lhis field it seemed
that there naght be some value in their publication. [ know that the list muet
be incomplete. [ would be most grateful to learn of omissions, which T woultl
underiake to collate and publish as a supplement, In particular T wowld
appreciate Notification of any papers which have a bearing on the medical
history of Australia. For the past two years an effurt has been made to collec
reprints Or joumial issues relevant to this study in the Museum of Mediral
Histary, Medical Society of Victoria, and 1 am anxious that the resiltant
files and indexes should torm as exhaustive a reterence work as posstble

The list which follows is Jimited te historical articles pulilished m historical
journals in Australia, Separate publications, contributions to overseas journals
and newspaper and popular periudical articles baye been exeluded. Some
papers listeé in the major work are included here when they are concerned
predominantly with natural history or an acknowledged waturalist. Althoug’
care has beer taken to ensure that the references are accurate, { regret thar
4 complete revision of each entry has not beet possible.

Within these hmitations, which are unfortunately joevitable as Tar ay the
present writer js caneerned, the list is presented in the hope that it may be
a useful euide for research workers and librarians, and perhaps. a stimutias
to the production of a more elaborate reference work.

ACK NOWLEDO MENTS

The wark of preparing a bibliography oi the history of amedicine in Ans-
tralia wag made possible by a grant received from the Wellcome Foundativa
and the Victorian Branch of the British Medical Association, My thanks are
due iti particular to Dr, E, A. Underwood atid Dr. F. N. L, Poynter, of the
Wellcome Historical Medical Museum and Library, for their advice anit
Pnqoragement, and to the libraries of many instituttens in Landon, Fullec
acknowledgment of help received is made in the major work.

REFEREE NCR

1. Gandevia, B. An donytuled Bibliegraphy of the Listers of Medivure (a
Australia, In course of publication.

LMOGRAPAY AND AUTOUBIOGRABLIY
Backhouse, J, .
Gillert, L.A, “Visit of an Karty Naturalist to Vicroria". J/tet. Nat. W952,
48-175. [Relates to the visit of Jarnes Rackhouse ta Part Phillig in
1837, |

* Honorary Curator, Moxcunt af Meviext tlistary, Medical Soriety of Victoria.
) Owing to the forthcoming, printers’ holidays, it rs necessary ro pubbel Way January
\Q47 ismae during the preceding manth.

Bi

4: P : Vict. Nut.
iz Gawoevia, Matital History 3 chistealia Yo. 7a

Bancroft, J.
Derrick, E, H. “The Bancroft Oration: The Spirrt of Research”. Wed. J-
Austrafiu, 1948, 2; 621,
Rancratt, T. L.
Tryon, HW. ‘Thomas Lane Baneriét, Naturalist’. Qld. Nat, 1934, 9: 25
Bedford, E. 8. BP.
Crowther, W. E. L. H. “Dr. E. S, P. Bedford and his Hospital ane
Medical Schaal of Van Diemet's Land”. Afed. /. Australia, 44,27 25.
Bennett, G.
Copplesoni, vy. ve he Life aud Times of Tr, George Bennett". Afved. J.
Australia, 1955, 2: 273.
Vidler, E. A. “Notable Naturalists: Dr. George Bennett’. ict, Nat,
1928, 43: 207.
Betche, E. ;
Cheel, e. aerate Betche: An Account of his Careec”, Aust, Nat,, 1947,
dt: 170.
Blandowski, W. 4
Iredale, T., and Whitley, G. P. "“Blandowski". ict, Nat., 1932, 42; 90.
Brawn, R

welicn J. H, “Robert Brown, the Botanist”. J. & P.RUGHS,, 1907,

Considen, D.
MacPherson, J. “Denis Considen, Asvitaat Surgeon of the First Fleet”.
Wed. J. Anstratia, 1927, 2:
Crowther, W. L.
Crowther, W. E.L. H, “An res Aspects of the Life of a Colonial
Surgeon: Lhe Honourable W. lL. Crowther, pros, cw.2.s., Serne-
time Premier of Tasmania’. Med. J ‘ F. Australia, 1942) 2: 283.
Crowther, W/E. LW “A Naniralist's Voyage from Van Diemen's Land
to England’. The Ewmx. 1937, 37: Part 1,
Crowther, W. FE. E. H. “The Development ink the Guano Trade from
Hobart Towt in the anes and Sixties", Papers and Prec. Hoy.
Svc. Tasmania, 1938:
Darwin, €
r ropgatt W. W. “Charles Darwin in Australha—January 12 te March
13, lake", Aust, Nat, 1936, 9: 180, [Some notes ou the yoyage ui
H.M.S. Reaale. ]
Dixson, T. S. (1854-1932)
Anotiymous. "Biographical Notice of Dr. T. Stone Dixsen”, Aust, Mus.
Mayg,, 1933, 3: 21.
Dixsou was a trustec af the Australian Museum,
French, €,
Prescott, FE, E. ‘Charles French”. Viet. Nat, 1933, 30: 57.
Froggatt. W. W.
Progeatt, W. W. ‘A Naturalist 11 Kimberley in 1887". slest, Nat. 1934,
9: 69 [An autobiographical study.]
Gilbert, J.
Anonymous. “John Gilhert: Centesary of hig Death! Aust, Ate Mag,
1945, #: 403. (See also, Vict, Nat.. 1945, 62: 9.)
Gould, J
Barrett, C. "Notable Naturalists: Inhn Gould’, Vict. Nai, 1928, #5; 42.
Chisholm, A. H. "John Gould's Stolen Birds", Vict; Nat., 1942, 58: 131,
{See also, Vict. Nat, 1939, 5a= 22.)
Harvey, W. H.
lites, Be H. S. “A Pioneer Botanist in Vietoria®, act. Nae, 1933,
5; 186.
Haswell, W. A.
Murray, P. D. BF, “William Aitcheson Haswell [1854-1925)". dist. J.
Ser, 1954, 17 = 88.

January . .
i957 Ganoeyta, Nateral History an Australia 133

Haswell became the first professor of biology mn the University of Sydney
ma 1890.
Hobson, F.C.
Pats H. 5. “From Melbourne to the Murray in 1839", Viet, Mat, 1950,
; 183 and 203. pees from the diary of De E. C. Hobson, ]
See. tio, Kenyon. A, S., thtd., 1932, 48; 213; 1930, 47 = 94
Hopson,
Rarrett, C, “Natable Naturalists: John Hopson”. Miet. Nat., 1928, 432
78.

Kershaw, J, A.
Kershaw, J. A. "Looking Backward”. Fict. Nat, 1943, 60; 116. Reco:
lections. of Melbourne in the ‘eighties from a watosatist's viewpoin
Leadbeater. J. :
Whittell, M. “John Leadbeater of the National Museo”. Wirt. Nat.
1944, Git: 180. Correspondence, ihid., 1944, 67: 23,
Lewin, J. W. .
F one W.W. “The First Field Naturalist iu Austratia". dust. Nat,
193 .
Lhotzky, J.
MacPherson, J, “The Turbulent Dr, Lhotzky” Med. J. Australia, 1938,
4: 661

Iredale, T. “Lhotsky’s Lament". Aust. Zool, 1924, 3. 223.
Macleay, A.
Walkam, A, B. “Portrait of Alexander Macleay” Aust, Bus Mag.,
1941, 7; 328.

Macleay, Colonial Secretary of New South Wales from 1825 to 1836, was
closely associated with the early fustory of the Austrahay Muscam.
Masters, G.
AML. "Notable Naturalists: George Masters”. Fick Nat., 1928, 43-165.
Milligan, J. ;
Revnalds, J, “Same eptaiios Naturalists: Joseph Milligan’. The Tas.
Nat,, 1926, 2 (N.S.) 5
Milligan, a surycon, was a Tasmania from 1829 to L&0U, and is noted as
a founder of the Tasmanian Royal Society and for work in natural
histary.
Mitchell, T. T..
Daley, C, “Major T. L. Mitchell, Explorer and Naturalist. dict. Not,
1936, 53: 113.
Mueller, F. von
Daley, C. ‘Baron Sic Ferdinand von Mueller, K.cw.G, ane, FS." Viet.
Hist. Mag,, (924, 10; 1.
Willis, J H. “Ferdinand you Mueller; Nestoc of Australian Botany”.
Aust. J. Sce., 1948, 10: 136.
Best, H. “Memories of the kindly Baron", Migt. Nat, 1952, 68: 179.
Best, H. “Berdinand yon Mueller, the Man”, Viet. Nat, 1948, 63; 132,
Campbell, W, 5. “Recollections of the Baron”, Pict. Nat, 1935, 32: 79.
Robertson, J. G-
Rupp, H. M. R. “An Early Victorian Botanist"’, ici, Nat., 1941, 38: 30.
Solander, D, C.
Anonymous. “Dr, Solander”, Proc. Ray Geog. Suc, South Australian
Branch, 1922, 29) 77,
Stanley, O.
Chisholm, A, H. “Owen Stanley in Austraha", Vict, Nat, 1943, 602 62.
Surling, E. C.
Verco, J.C. “Sir Edward Stitling, RT, CLG), FRE.) Mody, MoD. (Cantab.),
Fros, (Eng.), BROS, CMS: A Note’ of Appreciation”, Med. J,
Australia, 1919, 1: 208

134 Ganpevis, Natural Elistory in Aastratia yee at

Stirling was the first professor of physiology at the University of Adclaicle,
trange, PF.
Whittell, EL M. “Frederick Strange: a Biography". dust. Zool., 1947,
Li: 96,

Stuart, C.

Daley, C. *Charles Stuart, an Early Australan Botanist". Pict Nat,

1935, §2; 106, 132 and iS4.
Waterhouse, G A.

Waterhouse, G, A, “Some Natural History Reminiscences”. dust. Not,
1915. 3: 98, (Deals particularly qith the early history of the Natural-
ists’ Society of New South W Fales.]

Weindorfer, G

Bergman, G. F. J, “Gustay Weindorter: Seme Biographical Notes”.

Miet. Nat, 1955, FL: 192.
White, J.

MacPherson, J. “Surgeon-General John White and the Surgeons of the
First Bleet’. Syd. Uni, Med, /,, 1928, 21: 115,

Auderson, D. “John White : Surgeon-General to the Fiest Fleet™ wud, J.
Australia, 1933, 1. 183,

Woods. J. T.

Anonymous. “Notable Nattralists- Julian Tenison Woods", Kies Nut,

$928, #3: 194,

Tr--COLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHY

win G. Es “The First Naturalists in Australia’, .dusl, Was, Mag.,

5; 2

ba a G, P. “Naturalists of the First Fleet’. ist Mus. Adow., 1938, 6:

Wistley: G. P, “Some Early Naturalists and Collectors in Australia”.

S PRALAS,, 1933, 1%: 291.

Gilbert I. A. “Naturalist Explorers of the Atstralian Coasts’. ies. Nat,
1950, 67: 49 and 77.

Iredale, ‘T. ‘Naturalists in Australia—The Frenchmen" Aust Mus. Mag,
192%, 3: 357.
Vitter 3 L, “Naturalists and Australian History’, Piet, Nut, 1948, 64:

1
Maiden, re H. “Revords of Australian Botanists (2) General (b) Now
South Wales”. J. & P. Roy. Sac. N_S_AP_, 1908, 42- 60; Firse Supplement,
Report Aust. Assoc. Adv. Science, 19UL, 13: 224; Second Supplement,
J. é& P. Roy, Sov, NSM, 1921, 355 150.
ier parers on botanists of othér states are listed in the ahove

will i" Fe “Botarical Fioneers of Victoria”, Pict. Nat. 1949, 66; 83,

prerine i, W. "Field Naturalists”. Aust, Mat., 1916, 3; F371.

Whitley: G. "oo" Founders of Australian Mish Seience™. -lust, Mus, Afag.,

‘Thomsan, E. “The Contribution of Some Wamen to the ‘Study of Botany”.
Qld, Nut, 1932, 8: 34,

Messmer, C. A. “The Biography of Robert David FitzGerald, r.cs., and
Arthur James Stopps, rs." Mict, Nat, 1931, 48: 233.

HL-SURVEYS GF SPECIALIZED FIELDS

Abbie, a A “The Wistory of Biology in Australia’, Aust J. Sen, 1954.
Lis [A yaluable survey touching on a variety of aspects of science in
auttalke |

Scott, E. “The History of Australian Science’, Anst. J. Sez. 1939. 2: 105
[A useful survey of a wide feld.]

a tihin Gannaves, Natural ifistary ab Sustrittie 35

Cleland, J. B. “The Arelibald Watson Memorial Lecture: The Naturalist
i Medicine with Particular Relercnee to Australia”. Afed. J. Anstenite,
Wad, 1 549 [This comprehensive and well-documented survey is among
the best Australiay historical papers. Part 1 deals with medical naturalists,
notably Jolin White, Ro Brown, B, Bynne, 63, Benuett, |. MacGillivray,
the Rancrofts, E. Stirling, J. C. Verco and A, Jefferis Tuner, amidst a
host of otner references and a brief discussion of Hunter's examination
af the kangaroo, Pare JY, che contributions of the naturalist to medical
knawledge to Australia, with particular reference te plague, antibiotics
ail anthropolugy; Pert LL, the naturalist as pathologist aud clinician,
including # seetion on veteriury pathology, Au amotated bibliography is
a valuahte appendix. |

Gurdou-Uaylar, G. The Debt ol Surgical Science to Australia’ Aust &
NZ fd, Surg. 1947, 17275. [This admirable and wei) illusteated survey
reviews wot only surgery, but physielogy, zoology and allied screnves as
well, Reference is made to specialist branches of surgery, regional surgery
aud specific diseases, and rhe work of a large mumber of Atustralian
surgeans is discussed. It deals also witht Links between the English and
ite Australasian Colleges, norably im connection wath uarura] history and
the Hunterian Myseuni |

Alexauder, WB. The Elistory of Zoology in Western Australia: Part 3,
Discovenes in the 17th Century’. J. Nor. Rist, & Sei. Sec. We Ataiae., 1914,
5. 49, Uf, 1792-1829, J Pros. Huy. See, Wd, 1915, 2: 85. LLL, 1429-1840.
jbid., 1918, 2-37. [Not seen.}

Musgrave. A, “Tit History of Australian Entomological Research’. last.
Zool, 1930 4: (89 [A thorough and admirably dochmented accauut v1
the subject considered an theee se¢lions: 1770-1830; 1831-1841. 1862-1929.
Among the medical men mentianed are L. Leichhardt, G. Howitt sod
J. R. Elsey. and there are references to anedical entomology]

Taylor, Fo H. “Medical Entomology in Australia’. Aeolfh, 1954, 72- B88.
[A shwrt review of Australian cuntritmtigus and problens mm thas field. |

Mackerras, 1. M. “The Jackson Lecture: Australia’s Contribution to Insect+
Barne Diseace, Med, Jf, Austvatia, 1948 25 157. [An excellent reviety,
dealing totably witht Glariasiy. analaria, virus aud ritkettsia) infections.
plague, and some rare cnulitians, is accompilnied by a good bibliography
oiier gamilar headings |

Whitehouse, Th. W. "The Progress and Present Needs of Queenstaml
Palacontolozy", Old. Nat, 130, 7; 80,

IV—ORGANIZATIONS AND ENSTITUTIONS

Rainbow, W. A. °Brief History of the Australian Museum’. ast. Ans
Mag., 1922, 1: 167.

Bounded jn |828 oder the dame “Colonial Museu’,

Ditey, C. “Nitty Years of Science”. Mict. Nat, 1941, 4%: 67. [Relaces
chiefly to the Field Naturalists’ Cluly the activives uf which are dealt
with ander the lteadings of rejated, sctences|

Watson, 1. "The Club and Zoology”. Wirt Nat, 1950, 47-70, LA historical
roview af the goolagical aetrwees of the Field Naturalists’ Club of
Victoria. | .

Baynard, F. GA, “Vhe First Quarter of w Century of the Field Naturalists’
Club of Vieturia”. fet. Nat, 2900, 23: 63.

For the period 190-1920, see ibid, 1920, 37: 71; Eor the pertod 1920-

1930, thid,, 1930, 47. 39. All three papers are by the samc author

Daley, wg Nie of ihe Geelone Piel Naturelsts’ Club!) t/aef, Mal, 1945,

il
See also Addendum by TE. Preseort, fpid., 1945, 62° 33,
Willis, J FT "A Botanical Reerospeci™ Mret. Nat, 1950, §7 45, [Relates
ta (ire Field Naturalists’ Club of Vietoria.]
Fevgzalt, W. W. “History of the Field Naturalists’ Societies af New South
Wales". ust. Nat, 1996, 9: 169 acl 185.

136 Gannevia, Natural History in Austratia uel ads

Wall, L. FE. “&nei History af the Tasmanian Fietd Naturalists’ Club”,
Tas. Nut. 1955, 2 (N,S.):

Halloran, A. “Presidential Address: Review of the Past Decade”. cliast.
Zoal, $926, 4: 283. [A review af the aetuvities of the Royal Zooluical
Society of New South Wales.

Marshall, M. “The Society; The Past and the future’. Proc. Roy. Zool.
ae ie W.. Ovtober 30, 1946, pd. [A résumé of the history of the

ociet

Editorial. “Royal Zoological Socieiy of Newy South Waies= Jubilee Year’.
stust. Zool, 1929, 3: 263.

West H.W, 9g Sueey Observatory: Its Histery and Work”. Aust, J, Sci,

939, 1:

V—MISCELLANEOQUS

Dall, W,, and Stephenson, W, “A Bibliography of the Marine Invertebrates
of Queenstand Pap. Dept. Zool. Uniw. Old.. W953. 2+ 21.

miler 5. nS The Early Years of the Victorian Nateralist". Vict, Nut.

, dt 32

Fditorigl. “Science News A Century Aga”. Ansh Mus. May., 1938, 6: 399,
aa ae of the first catalogue published by the Adatraliag Museun

palsy, C C, ‘The History of Flora Austrattensis”. Wict Nat., }930, 47: 113.

Sybay bons, “The Australian Tustitute of Anatomy’. dad. 2, Scr, 1939,

Fdiiorial “The Orations at the Australian Institute of Anatomy, Canberra”
Heaith, 1933, 27: 68. [Relates the histocy of the Halford, MacKenzie,
MacKay and Morrison Orations.)

Wake, N. A. “Mount Buller’sy Botanical Century”. Pict. Nat, 1953,

Osborn, T. G. BR, “Australian Plants Collected by William Dampier”.
Aust, J. Sei, 1952, 15; 55.

Black, KR. A. “A Brief History of the ward ‘Wattle’ and ita Application to
Arvettalien Plants.” Aust, Nat, 1928, 7 > 66.

Herbert, D. A. “The Brishane Botanic ‘Gardens’. Qld. Nat., 1952, 14: 69.
[Their history is reviewed in seine detail]

Daley, C. “The Centenary of the MeJbourne Botanic Gardens”. Vict. Neai.,

— 1946, 62: 196.

Tredale, T. “HM,S. Endeavour Burk”, Aust. Mus, Mag. 1948, 9: 201. DA
study of the vessel und its voyage to Tahiti (Capt, J. Cook). with refer.
ence to the ayork of D. C, Solander.]

Alexander, W. B. nn Paslicst Descriptions of Australian Animals”.
Old. Naturalist, 1924, 4: 107.

irate, Tt and Whitley, G. “The Early History of the Koala” Vict. Nat,

» at: A2-

Harrison, T,, “Historical Notes on the Platypus”. west. Zool,, 1922.2: 14.

Troughton, If, “The Kangaroo Family: Origin and Earliest Discoveries".
Aust. Mas, Mag. 1942, §: 17. [Relates to carly voyages of exploration
to Austealia.]

dreee! x Pe and Troughton, E. “Captain Cook's Kangaroo", dust, Zool,
See also Raven. H.C. J. Manian, 1939, 20,

Musgrave. A, “Tuseets of Captain Cook's Evpeattion" Aust, Mus, Mag.

1954, t7: 232, 265, 303
F roggatt, W. W. “The Destruction of Bird Life in Australia”. dust, Zool.
3.

Chisholm, A. H, “An Early Victorian Bird List". Vict, Nat, 1941, 585 73.

Coney Va ee Attacks in Australian Waters". Med. J. Australia,

Whitley, G. R. “Auvstralian Shark Tragedies ict. Nat, 1935, 52: 195,

Janiary

1967 The Micterian Naturalist ie

NOTES ON THE INTERTIDAL FAUNA OF THE WEST HEAD,
NORTH TASMANIA

By Rox GC. Kersitaw

At West Head a jawua typical of the North Coast is developed. Tt ig the
Talina Of ali exposed Ooast, bot it lacks ntany feutiires of thar of the exposed
oceanie coast. The gastropod Afelincetia omlanotrayss occurs i large vim
bers here, i contrast to the poor develapment of this species on the [ast
Coast. The alga, Hormostra. banksti, is also a noticcatte feature of this shore;
thovel not forming an hormeasirerum, i nevertheless provides shelter for
nmunieraus Hubividuals

Tre Exvitunvenr

West Head is the westerly of the two rocky headlands at the mouth of the
Tamar Riyer, North ‘Tasmania, Further to the west, Badger Head 35 another
promiuent beadland. A map and a view af West Head from Badeer Head Bay
are Rivert by Edwards (1941), who deserjbed the coast trony the Tamay to
Marawah in the far north-west of Tasmania,

The shore Hine at West Head, proceeding from the eastern or Green’s Beach
end, is racky and litrcred with Jarge boulders, The rock is dolerte, an in-
trusie® inva abundant i Tasmuaiua, Lu this instatice it iarms a teadland
whith rises into. several Ils of three 6 Tour huudred feet high, The back
share rises steeply and is clothed jor the most part with dense. tea-tree serub,
For tome distance the rocky shore faces cast, then it. turns to face the north
where there is a levelling out so thac que imeets what appears tobe a wave-cut
platform. Tig ivan wnesual fedtare in the tloleriie, tor this rack is Mghly
resistant and has not commonty furmed extersiwve platforms on ihe rather
youthiul ‘Tasmanian coast

There are two hafleatatious, ove of which has a “pocket” beach. Minally the
elinreline faces va the west and is backed by vertical cliffs, some a hundred
feet in height.

The tidal range ai the Tamar is approximately seyen feet six inches, with 4
mnaxiniim of ten feet at spray tides Little other tidal data is available;
loWever, a dide gauge has recently bee instailed at Gecrre Towit near the
inouth of the River, So far, indications are rhar the tide does not necessarily
rise or ebb unitormly there, Flood waters entering the Tamar coincident with
enemy tides tesvlt in abnormally high tides. Tloweyer, these factors are not
applicable te West Head which is exposed to the waters aul weather of
Bass Strait,

Reenrds of the temperature of the sea at monthly intervals take at the
exposed northern agpect of the headland, have been kept by the writer from
Hebruaty 27, 1955, to January 29, 1956, The average temperarare tur the
twelve months was 14-25 teerees Centigrade. | Table 1. \ Climatic conditions
durmle the twelve oiunths were rather anid. and it may be that the average

obtained here iy a litte Higher Mian normal in consequence. “Lhe leniperature
was laken inshore, bin where possible, af Jow tide,

The area is-one af wirter rainfall with niaximon winter conditions in July
anil August, while imaximum heat is generally expected in January and
February ai any year. ‘Lhe range of temperature is a reflection of the nannal
cycle to be expected. Uniortanately a migoraus time-table could not be adhered
to and hence the results lave cansiderable shurtcomings : however they may
le taken as a general guide. [t was found necessary to abandon 3 continuance
oF the programme for the time bepig,

The share may be classvel as an exposed rocky coast experieucing con
siderable wave action, but it is not uteadic, beng eciitrally: situated in felation

* Vifurmation by cuurtesy of the farmer Harbors Master, Cant, M. J. MacKenzie,

138 Kenswaw, Materiidal Founa of West Mead, Tas. aie

Tarte 1—SEA TEmPrRATURE

Degrers Degrees

Date Cenigrade Date Centigrade
1955 1955
27 February .. -. -- :. WV 2 Orinber 0 2: BB
27 March... — .. .- .. 18 23 Getober 2 2. 2... 14
D-Maw ti tees ts ap” [65 27 November ., .. .. -. ISG
29 May... .. .. . I?
17 Joly wo. os oe D 1986

7 Aupust .. - a) 1 January .. 5, .. .. .. «Th

4 September 5's Ws 29 January ,,.. .. .. .. 20

Maximum Temperatnre recorded: 29 Janay 1956. 20 degrees Centigrade.
Mitirmum Temperature recorded: 17 July 1955 -9 clegrecs Centigrade.
Average twelye months 14.25 degrees.

———__—»~

to Bass Straic, Prevailing weather is from the north-west or south-west with
winds up to wale force. The average rainfall js id the vicinity of tweity-five
inches per anmin: the climate is mild and distinet fram the super-humid
climate further to the west, Easterly winris, sometimes neur gales, may bring
tight rain. in the early spring. In an abnormal year such as that during wich
the above temperatures were taken, easterly weather tended to predominate
for a greatly extended period, resulting in considerably increased rainfall and
humidity. Narmally, greatest dessication may he expected on the shore in
July and im January and February of any year.

The appearance of the fauna and the sitnation of the aren suggest a con-
dition midway between the exposure of the accanic tocky, coasts and the semi-
expased caasts. ti the sourch of Tasmania when comparisons ate made with
the data giver by Guiler (1852) fer these coasts, The available data relating
to the Bass Strait area has been reviewed by Bennett & Pope (1953) working
on the exposed toasts of Victoria.

‘The terrmnulugy used im this work is that adopted by Guiler (1950) in
southern Tasniania. Most of the observations recorded were made during ihe
spring and summer of 1954, but this shore has been under observation by the
wuthor for a number of years, aitd more recent notey have algo been used.

A site for a {vangeot was pélected abott threesjtiarters of a ule trom
Green's Beach at a point where a reasonably wide stretch of dairly tevel plac
form could be viewed. At this point the shure faces north aud slopes gently
into sarid below mean low water spring tides,

Faun

Supre-(ittoral: Terrestrial coastal fauna on steeply sloping back shore. The
scrub is the habitat of numbers of small Wirds, and the moulluse, Acticarion
suiert occurs on the ground. At the edge of the platform the flora has a
decided marine facies.

Snpra-littoral FPraaze : The plaliurm siopes gently seaward at the site
examined and herece the various zones are relatively wide, compared with
ather parts of the shore. Méluraphe unifasciata Gray is found aver same filty
jeet, but the population is by no means detse. M. fraclermissa May is preserit
but is more plentifal at the Green's Beach cand of the headland where there
ig prahably more suray due to the rougher nature of the shoreline. Ligta
sustraljensis,. Dana has been observed under stones and amouysl dead seaweed.

Jerpay Kersuaw, futertidal Frouo of West YZrad, Tas. oy)

Midlitteral: Initially the molluse Melwneritia melnotragas Smile is demir
nant and 93 very plentiful jor at least rhirty feet. This 18 wnt typical of arher
‘Tasinanian shores aud resembles the oceurrence of this meallusc in Victoria,
ju Tasmania, at least irom Bridport east, Welonerita is & relatively a0
Hpuriane species, and this seems to be irue also m the far north-west and
west, Oh) the present [rausect at is fond over niuch of the <hure, but is only
dommany above the main barnacle zone Te as accompanied by Beanacinas
vane Lamarek rather sparsely, with Anstracochica cousteirtq Lamarck and
A, concamerata Wood under stones. Melawwrita may be seen in numbers of
the surface just after we tide has ebbed but later moves under stones, pare
ucularly as The heat of the sun takes effect. Austrocochira censtricta te well
distobucel, but not expecisily plentiful, however, in one of the smal! judenta-
lions on an area of flar shingle with plentiful water at all times Jow on the
shore it is very plemiful. The barnacle 7Verractta purpurascens (Wood)
occurs Very sparsely and moar specimens seer were dead,

Barnecleé Zone. On the transect the harnacles oveupy between forty and
fifty feet of the shore. bur the zone js very variable div cunstitution and
depth as well as in width, The species are Clithamalus autenmutys Darwin,
and Chamacsipha colwetia (Spengler) with the eroded form of Trtrachta
purpurascens ploutiiul in more sheltered positions between rocks. Large
uncroded specimens of this latter species aceur above the zone as already
mentioned, while uneruded juveniles occur near the fnot of the mid-litioral,
The total depth oceupied by the harnacles on the shore is in the yieinity of
nine feet, buy the actual area in which they ace damivant is very inuich Tess,
Th genera) the zone is easy to trace alone the Khare At ane pont a count of
eleven hundred individuals of the firss two species was made ta ihe aquare
foot, but only « few feet away only one hundred were present. This is ap
patently due to the uneven and hroken surface. On large houlders the
DAarnacles teitd lo convregale ou the suuth-east faces, that is, 1)ol directly
facing the open sea, On the seaward side they are more or less isolated; bur
on the platform, beulders may be covered on the upper stirface,

Belaw the barnacle xane, the alga Hermosirva bavksit appears in gutters,
Numteraus Bewlrcttwm ant Austrecoriiea seek shelter amongst the growth.
Also observed were twa species of star-fish, one individual at the julmotiate.
Onehidella. patelluides Quoy & Gainvard, Syveharechiton wangeoins lredale
& May, groups of Modivfis puex Lamarck, and the anemone, efetinrg
‘ fenebrosa (Farg.}, civtiwta ip plentiful, cotably in pools, bub at the scetkern
end of the headland it is sparsely distributed heneath stones, Afontfertuta
conuidou Reeve and AM, rugasa Quoy & Gaimard firse appear at this part,
an the algae. The limpet Clvasaenvea flaiimea var, mixta Reeve is alsa
fepresented by 2 few individuals.

Patelloid Zone The limpets are sparsely distributed and the rovk looks
rather bare belween the concentration of the harnactes and that of Gateas
farra, Cull setida is distributed over the exposed surface of this marrow
“hare areca, which is soon taken up hy patelies of ciny harnacles Chanrae-
siflia amt Teleaclita (unereded) and patches of small, tightly packed
Madiolis pilex As elsewhere on the north coast of Tastnania, Madialus
occurs is pure populations, but at West Head it is confined ty small palches
erhap: 2 foot in extent. In the West Arm of the Tamar River it is mach
tare extensive and the judiyuduals are much targer, The wevatest develop-
ment of che species Wowever was seen at Bridport on the north-east sector
af the north coast where the bivalve covers Jarge areas of the granne
boulders and is of “narmal” size, -

On the sides of boulders and gutters o¢ pools, Trphauara dfentcucnses
Quoy & Garmard js plentiful. The sea lettuce, low fofdaee is Not commeait

14él KersHaw, Infertital Faron. of West Head, Vos. bho pg

ort the suriace Patedlowta alttcostata (Angas) apnears buy is more plentiful
aiong the Calvelaria and hetow.

Golzoliria Zone: Galeolaria cnzspitasa Vamarck forms a thin veneer
over the rock, making a conspicuuus white zone, which is approximately
to feet in depth, generally less. It does not develop masses of tubes in this
exposed area, but does vo to yome extent near Green's Beach where the
tubes provide some shelter lor dfowtdarinta aud other forms such as the
bivalve Kellia australig Tamarck, The large chitor Poneraplos atbida
Blainville is prescat, and one specimen was taken om the warm tubes, Patel-
loida allicastata is generally covered by the tubes, while immeriiately below
them. on the smooth rock Cellana sofida reappears, with she addition of
Comtemoca cubiumtulota (Angas). Syphorochiton mangeands, Anstrocochlva
constricia, and st, comcameratt are present throushopt.

Hormostra banket (Tue) ecattuc Havinoiiun ty well develaped below
the Galentarie zane and commonly has Cesfopkara associated qaith it, These
algae skeleer humerous gastropals, Merinosiva covers a gaol deg) of the
surface but is not continuous, It appears fo reach its maximum development
near the worm tubes and below them. It is of some importance in shelteriny
the jauna.

Corathue atone; A turk of evrallines ts present at the foot of the Mid-
litteral, Moallusea are plentiful and include the gastropods Dicalhais baile yar
(Tenison-Woods), Carsitaelia hnealata (Lamarck), Snbmtuclla anadulata
(Solander), Austrecechlea concamerata (Wood), Chfarndilama odontis
(Wood), while below stones there are juvenile Fasetolario (Plexraploce),
Micrastract. amet (jonas), Nelvkaltottis ruber (Leach), and the chituna,
Ischnockiton cloxgatus (Blainville), and Jschaaradsio evanida (Sowerby),
The bivalve Kellia australis is alao present hencath stones when there are
alse pregent sponges and other encrosting organisms to whith 4d often
adheres. Several stall gastropods sre often atrached ani others aré partly
hucied at the debris below. The algae harbour others of lhe small forms,
funveyer, it is ant intended to discuss these here. A small crab unkown te
the writer, is alse present.

fufratittoral Fringe: Yhe algae appear to form a dense population from
here far some distance off-shore. The belt is important not anly to the tanna
it barhuurs, but also to the shore as there is a boticeable deadening 07 the
wave atu at low water, Armoung others Phallaspure comesd is neatsoedd,
hat the ponstiiuent species have nut been investigated,

Ascidians are present but da not appear of impartance.

SuMMARY

‘Thesé mutes have been made while investigating the meullusca and hence
tetvr particularly to these antinals. The mam species appearing on the shore
liave Deen noted and generally show similar features of occurence ta those
we other parls of the north coast of Tasmania which have been visited ly the
auathar, TWhelividual diflerenees of typortance eceur, such as that of the
development of Ifowieley at Bridport which may le due ta local candinods
uf the environment. There are some aflicities with the Victorian coast, of
which the tost noticeable ig the development of Mfelanerite which bere is
the ast extensive yet scen in Tasmania, The exposure is not aceanic and
jacks species found only an such stores. Lt is considerable, however, snd
there is a nice grading 4f expature with consequent variation it cousritntioan
as the shore is followed easterly to Green's Reach, However, markedly
sheltered conditions de net occur as they de lor exaniple at Stanley where
the exposure grades ang a sheltered mud Hat with fumerous Salinator
solidu, but these saou give way toa open beagh conditions with usual North
CUnast beach bivalves, as at Greens Beach.

4 a adge P
mess Keosttaw, diertidal Fonna of Best Head, Tay 141

RereEKwexces

Besxerr, 1, and Powe, F.C, (1953). “Intertidal Zonalion of the Exposed
Rouky Shores of Victoria, Together with a Rearrangement of the fMin-
peagraphical Provinces of “Yemperate Australian Shores!” lust, J. Mer.
& Preshiwater Reyeaeo, + 41) 2 5-150.

Enwarvs, A, Tr (1991). "The North-West Coast of Tastpaina.” Pred, Res,
Sur. Wich 33 (2), wx, ; 233-260,

Guten, E.R. (1950), “The Intertidal Ecology of Tasmania," Pep. Prar.
Row, Soc. Tosne, for £9¢9; V35-201, Pls. Lip,

— (1932a), “The Nature of Intertidal Zonation in ‘lasiwaitia” ap.
cit BGO Bhat

-———- - (1952b). “The Marine Algae af Tasmania” of ct). 86 71-104

~ (194), “The Intertidal Zonation aa Two Places jie Souther
Vasmana.” of. ct, 88: 105-118

Keesnaw, R. CG, (1955a), “Geological Observations oi the West ‘Taiar”
fret, Nal. 7T (9); 138-144, Maps 1-2 (Jan

(1955), dbid,, vot, of. cf 72 (10): 189-154 CPebs

(1955c). ibid., ganteE, op at, Fl (AL): 175-179 (Mar)

(1955d), “A Systematic List ef die Molluses oi Tasinaiia”
Pap. Prac. Rav, Soc, Tasm. 89 + 289-355,

DIURIS PALACHILA: SPECIES OR HYBRID?
Ry. WoT. Woiaaaaes

Doubts mer always wssail the student uf Victorian orchids ws te the validity
of the species Diets palechila Rovers. During the period 1428-54 L found
the orchid on several occasions close to the Grampians, chiefly inthe Pomonal
area. There, i was invariably associated with large displays of Jrurts pedun-
culate, with an admixture of Denes maculata. Cn all occasions, only one or
two specimens of Diveis patachite were found.

Durie a visit 19 Lake Fyans in early October 1956, T again came across
the orchid, in a spot where Louris peduncatota (the early, lemon-yellow form)
was abuodait, and where there were also several specimens of Dingrs qace-
late. One clump, consisting of five specimens, was observed, aud a further
very doubtfyl specimen occurred about a quarter of a snile away, These speei-
mens could be divided mite three groups for purposes of etudy, dn the clump
referred to there were two stems of three Howers cach which were ja com
plete agreement With published descriptions of D, palachilo, In the same
clump were three stems of two flowers each which differed in some respects
trod the hrst groity, Dye lone specimen differed stil further. L shall refer
fo specimens ia cach of these three categories as A, B, and ©, respectively,

Specimen A hadathe general formation of Dinris frduneriata, but was of a
much more gélden yellow; the dorsal sepal and the labelhont were marked
with brewu blotches or spots, The labellnm Was of the typical spade shape,
coming lo a prodounved point, though not so long ar so sharply pointed al The
lavellum ot DL pedunculata, The basal plate had wsree caised fines, the central
one contiouies as the ceutral ridge of the labeflund proper, as happens in
J) pedunculate, The twa -onter jines, Wowever, did pat remain parallel ot
converge, as is characteristic of the lastenamed orchid, but diverged, as du
the twa lines in 2D qacudata, The label was divivied, as is the case in bowh
D. pedeneulata and BP. mucvlata, inty three lobes. The two cuter lobes were
denticulate, but much smaller than those of 2. pedunculata. The lateral sepats
mere varallel or slightly divergent,

Specimen B differed ia the following respects: Tt was lemon-ychow rather
than golden. Except for a thin streak on either side of the saddle ridge of
the fabellum, it was innocent of brow niavkings, The hibellum, though broad
god generally spade-ghaped. did not conn to a pont; in fact it was slighthy

142 WE, Wantraars, Dives palockila; Spoeses yp bi yhria Oyen ree

indented, a5 as cororonly the case in DP, siaculate. GQne flawer nn the stem
carried its lateral sepais parallel, as in D, pedimcwlotuy the other earner
thant crussed, as tn J), mtaculate.

Specimen C had a lip whieh was im nearly ever’ respect like the lip al
PD imaculahn entareed to about twice the wormal size The whole orchiel.
including the backs of the lateral petals, was faintly touched with brow upon
an ullerwise lemon background, The plate at the base of the labellum, how-
ever. showed 2 sumewhat tndistinet central line, as in BL podunenlate, while
the main seotian of the middle lohe tended to spread in the hharreantal plage
rather than to be saddje-shaped as in D, anacniute: The lateral sepaly were
crossed

All three specimens carried lateral petaly that lay in anpresximately she
same plane as che dorsal sepal (as in L2. pedhotenfata), but the petals were
more nearly orbicular (ay in 2) puoeulata),

If the theory that the parents of WU. patachifa are in jact 2. waculate and
D. perduncetalt las as much foundation 45 1 think, then im specimens .\, B,
aud C, we cleatly had to do with theee byhridls varying only in thear proximity
lo one parent or the other. Tf any observer hag noted D, palachila grawing
entirely divurced from Li. peduendats and 2. mogwote or bag Sound the
orchid in numbers, then the theory would be weakened considerably.

OBITUARY: GEORGE BAXTER PRITCHARD

Dr. G. B. Pritchard, well-known Melbenrne geolugist and former member
al the Field Naturahiote Club, died at hes bome tn Hawtham on Aaiguet 2,
1956, and was iterred? in the Springvale Cemetery four days later

Me was been on October 17, 1809. at Gravesend, Kent, Englahd, buc when
he was three ltis father died and his mother, sv Annie Baxter, an Australian,
retarned with her small soa to her family in Victoria. He spent his carly
lefe in Melbourne where he was educated at Scotch College. From there he
went on to the Melbourve University, but before be had completed his
engineering course he decided that his chief interest [ny ta geology and
kindred sciences. [fe went to Adelaide for a year, where he did some work
i sctérice subjects. When he returned te MeUsourtie, he was giver an oppoint-
ment at the Working Men's College, now ube Melbourne ‘Lechiineal School, it
the Schoo! wf Mines Department where he remained wail his retirement in
1954 a5 head of the Department. While attached te this College he lectured
at the Melbourne Cuiversity in Dental Metallurgy and he, together with Dr.
T. §. Hall, was acting Professor of Geology at the Melbourne University
jor three years, While lecturiig at the College he took «wt degrees from the
Melbourne University; B.Sc. in 1908 and BSc ia 1911.

Hit association with the Fieid Naturalists Club ceanmenced in 1902 and
for jnany years he way a nist active member. On several pecasians he con-
tributed papers an geology and conholoay ta the Club’s meeriugs and an
1910 he published a most useful hook, The Geology of Melbourne, a work
which, hecalse of its yalue to held geolpyists, has become very scarce.

After his retirement Dr Pritchard continued to live an active life He
seen & year or two teaching parttime at Trinity Grammar School at Kew
ans at the beginning of the 1999-45 war he returned ta bis old school, Scotch
Collepe, to assist leaching science subjects, as a large number of the young
teachers had leit ta join the armed forces. He reinained there for erght years
and whey he left fe retired from teaching cumpletely. Throughout his long
life he had worked on geological surveys and he continued to do these when
required (usually ior oil search purgoses) until Ins fatal illness. At the age
of 80 he commenced jo compile data on the life of his uncle. Rabert Hoddie.
Metbourne's first surveyor, Mass Traie Pritchard hopes to complete this work.

Dr. Pritchard was a life member of the Old Scotch Collepians Assuciation
and a foundation member of the Council. He was eppointed vice-president af

tenvars Unsrvavy: George Binder Pvitelmnd \t3

Hie Association during the centenary celebrations of ihe college He was a
member of the American Assorialiod af Petrolenin Godlogists and os meniter
af the Guologists Society of London,
For most of the aboye nléraiation T an) indebted te Miss Jrene Pritchard.
—L, J, Div kisi.

OBITUARY: FRED LEWIS, 1882-1956

Mr Fred Lewis, ].P., VieosPresidene ot the Field Naturalists Clob pi
Viecoria, whose death occurred on August 7, 1956, was a mat wlio will he
sally pissed ‘by all who kuew him and by many athers 19 whom he was
perhaps but a name, His Jong and active association with nator’ conservition
movements jas cnstired for Win a place in the mereory of Australian
naturslists and & special place in the hearts of F.N-C.Y, members,

In 1905 he joined the State Goverumeur Service as <ut offiuer of ise
Fisheries and Game Section of the Ports and Harbours Department ei,
when the Section became au separate office i) 1910, teansferred to whai thea
becwine the Fisheries and Gane Wepariment OF the fauter he became the
Ackiim Head io 1914, In 1924, at the age of 42, he becaing Chief Inspector of
Fisheries and Game and permanent head of she Department, an office which
be held with distinction unci) his cetirement in 1947.

Tr was as the Department's Chief Inspector that Ms. Lewis became kivwit
and respected alike by naturalists, couservators, spurtsmen, professioual
fishermen and hosis of others throuwhout the State and beyond ats borders.
His strong influence in shapinw the policy of his Depargnent is reflected in
its present high status and iy the scientihe approach of its officers to the
problems af nature conservation and the protection of the wilditie with which
it has to deal.

He was never content to make a decision without the justification of jacks,
aud it was this trate that leacl hint to undertake investigations of grewt hr
lozscak importunee, Thus, rather than accede to the demands of a yorcal
group that conve aiimal should beadded or removed from the list of protecter!
spevies, h¢ preferred to investigate first the biglapical implications, and then,
Jrom the facts gleaned in the field, to cetermine.a course oi actigil. Such work
tock him te almost every part of the State, and the first-hand knowledge of
our mdigenous fauna sso obtained has been a notable contbutiot to our
knowledge of the natural history of 2 qunther of them. One need mention only
the Koala, Mutton Bird, Lowan, Lyrebird and Seal to recall such wark
published by hint as afficial Government Reparts or as papers and arcicles
im such journals as the Fictorzon Nateraltst, the Kon and Wthd Life. Ais
most publicly recognized achievernent way m the stews he tuok to ensure the
preservation of the Kouls which, by 1910, bad become alynost extinct in this
Stale Thanks largely ww Fred Lewlt the animal is now arly re-establiyhod
m safe sanctuary,

He did splendid work tow in having marrand grass planted at Cape
Woolamai, over thirty years aga, when serious sand driits threatened to
destroy the motion bird rovkeres there. Through this timely action the whole
ared was saved aint there ure more Words breeding there now thar) there were
ai the heginning of the century,

Jp was inevitable that a man o7 his quality and sympathies should, on his
retirement, stek ta muzinrtain his interest in the conservation ef our native
fauna atte Hora. fry 1948 he joined the Field Naturalists Club, a body with
which, in his official Capacity, he bad always enjoved armicable relations. In
the fallowing year he was elected Vire-President, and from April 195] to
June 1955 was the Clubs Honorary Secretary, an office he leid swith dis-
tinctian. He represented the Club on several important deptistions to Minis-
ters of the Crown ut nocasions wher marttrs affecting national parks and
nature protection were discussed, He was the Club's delegate to the Victorian

iad Ourruany: Fred Lewis, 862 (934 wea me ;

National Parks Association, of which bedy he was a foundation member of
Council, His association with our nauonal parks, wildlife reserves and fauna
fanctuarses was intimate and of many vears standing, and at the time of Ins
ifeath he was a member of the Commiatee of Manazenrent of the Spermy
Whale Head (Lakes) National Park.

He was x good “mixer”. a courtebus and [rieudly man who seemed peren—
dlally young, Manong bis recreations was pliolograpby, and in this he ex-
celled) His black-and-white stidies ai native animals were a.npiable Veature
oF Melhourie photegraphir exhétntions, while his Cine and colour Alms of
nature were a delight Lo see. The P.N-C,Y, has reason te remember gratefully
a number of his nature talks which invatiably were illustrated by such films.

=], R. Gareser
OBITUARY: F. A. CUDMORE

Frank Alexander Cudimore was elected to F.N.CYO Meushership in May,
112, aeeordine ko an ¢atly membership fist issued az a supplemeng for the
Apeil TOUS issac of the Victorian Naturalist, He was elected te the Committee
in July 1924 anil served for oue year; be was nominated tor comntittee for
the mext Year bial not elected, and as far a5 1 know he did not serve the Club
iwany othee oficial capacity during his long menbership,

Frank, as he was known to all his friends, was never really happy in the
modest of thurs, being much more at home belond the secs dome the
necessary work quiely and well and taking a delight in the jobs that
deroanded rauch more patience than is given to the average individual. Tis
close association with the Royal Society of Vieturia as their Honorary
Tibrarian and tio position as Honorary Palacontologist to the National
Museum were just suited to his temperament, and many years of careful work
wy both positions: saved for the future much valuable literature and fossil
records. As a one time Assistant Librarian working under ham at the Royal
Society, T remember well there were no short cuts allowed in the standard
practice he laid cown.

Very early in Ws We he showed a great interest in collecting fossils of all
surts. He later specialized in the Australian Tertiary forms anc amassed an
enormous collection of Tertiary marme ttems from almost every known
locality. He travelled far and wide in his searvh and on one occasion wade
an extraordinary trip by hoat down the Murray River collecting from the
cf sections and landing wherever possible to search further inland. Every
speeitnew to bin was worth care gid proper atlenvion aid his necsieticy in
recording localities was second to none, so that the Cudmore collection sean
became known for its wealth of material and perlect record.

J remember qell dns techmgque of awning plasier of pars inte hollow
specimens that came to light when collecting iu the bine clays of Balcombe
Bay, then the cutting out of a solid block of material for later development
at home, By this means he was able to ubtain good examples of very tun
tchinlerms fecquently with syenes in place. something net possible hy the
collecting methods usually employed. IL remember too tis tnethod of driviag
iron spikes jote cliff faces at Torquay, Victoria, and bis cliniting up then
ta reach a good specknen or a convenient ledge to work from. There were
no shurt cats taken and care in collecting was instillec| in all who were with
hin at the tine,

Wis yast Tertiary collections were housed im beautiiully built cabinets, it
heing felt ahat nothing makestit was worthy of holding those wonderful
relics at past days, Some rears ago the whole collection. in these cabinets
was transterced to the National Museum, Melbourne, where they vow remain
AS a Ttonuredtl to a Zreal worker and a source af research material ow the
Vieranan Tectiary deposits that will wever he excelled,

As librarian to the Royal Societe be noted current Hterature and brawzht
important items hefore fellove workers and at was ar doing such things that

ToT Ositvary: ff. Af, Chdmvare 1

1 believe he was happiest. It was difficult to persuade him to write snything
anu almost as dificult to zet hon to talk to an audience. He was nol happy
even In collaboration and [ feel sure we are the poorer jn knowledge for
thts vitraspective attitude

Probably not many present members of the F.N.C.V, know that Prank
Cuilmare dhd tuch iw bis quiet way to further the Ciub’s interests, and
many a clue te ay byypertant iten of Naniral Histery knowledge came ta me
as Honorary Seeretary from tim, For instance he told af experiences with
Wedge-taited Kagles on sheep stations, that give us sone good pots ina
“Shaot the Hagtles Campaign" we ata Clab wete felting.

Ul healt came upon him aod the loss of his wife made 9 great differcuce
te his sacial aebvities which, at the best, were never very prominent, and
gradually he withdrew. front his varher associations and in recent years are
heard of juin only at odd times, He was @ frequent yisiter to iy home and
he enjoyed the campany of the naturalists who jathered there. He felt the
hreak-iy) of this association a great deal and [ think here we saw the real
man more closely—a kindly persone, interested in Natueah History beyond
his fossils and able to take part in the conversation, adding his quota of
items of interest.

Ta me lus passing means that ane mare of the of? sehool naturslisus haa
gane, and such do not seem to develop $0 readily powadays, Vale Prank
Cudmere—a goad friend and a good fossil hunter!

Following are items writter by F. A. Cudmore and published in the
Mictorlon Naturaliyt-

1924 Vol. 41, p. 146 (Report on the) Excursion lu Mornington
1926) Vol. 42, 9, 232) A Coniplete Corallum at Thamedstraca sett, Duncan
lilust,
1926 Vol. 43, 9. 78 Extinct vertebrates from Beaumaris.
1928 Vol. 45, p. 132 Fossil Collection (Report of a visit te inspect the
Cudmore Collection at his Horne).
—F. 5, Canraver

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOOK

'Reserved for your Notes, Observations and Queries!

GIPPSLAND SPRING

Spring is here in ins Gippsland mountain gully. Above the thicket of
piltosporym atid blanket-wood the sides of the gully are glowing with the
wattle shrubbery, and the sums reach up beyond them, while pink heath and
tetratheca cluster round their feet. Tn this particular spot, T lately saw a
Iwrebjred Ay down the gully at-dusk, lis nest is fity yards up the creek, hung
precariously on the side of a huge gum tree. How that untidy mass of sticks
aud dry moss hangs there is a miracle,

Last week | startled a wallaby on the hillside. and there are often koalas to
be seen, Same of the aums with thick bark have regular Wacky Up them Where
these “monkey bears" climh, Rabbits woo bave their home here, while wombats
live atruly glorious existence, if the number of lioles ig any indication of their
enjoyment, As the car went up the track a few wizhts ago, one lnmnbered
aerues in its pathway.

About here there are birds galove—fantails, wrens, parrots, wattle birds,
magyies, golden whistters, and mountaiq thrushes, to list bue a few, There is
ome friendly thrush wha comes fot Junch acraps each day. Further down the
gully there is the home of a coachwhip bird with a few yellow robins’ nests.
Almost straight above, High in w very tll gum, there is #0 cagle's nest—aut
unruly bundle of sticks forming a rude platiormm. Same ol the sticks are as
chick as a man's arm, and as long.

Helmet orchids, greenhoods (three tres), roosqtito archids, are flowery

. ere) Vick, Not.
1A6 Noturalisty’ Natebuok Val 13

at present. There is a wee orchid in bud which still has Inst year's withered
flower stent hanging fron it, Away at the top ol the gully there are many
banks of the tiny helmet orchids with theit maroon caps, vellow centres, and
striped “sideboards". The nodding greenhoods dance ow a sity slopes with
a fow tomer ones with several heads. to cach stem, quite jearby. [n sonte
patches of this very rich countryside it is impossible to walk througl ike bush
without stanting wpon orchids of some kind.

‘few yards below im the croele there are beautiful little fern bowers—
irce ferns with moss of many kinds nningted with kangaroo fern upan their
trunks. There are other tree ferns with fieldia and young musks grauwing
upon them, In places there aré huge canopies of clematis over the tree taps,
with—woe to the unwary explorer—masses. of vicious nettles: below them.
The gully is so damp that it is quite unsafe to grasp a sapling io help pull
oovselé up the crumbling sides of earth aud leaves—as likely as viot the tree
atself will come down upon you.

There 3s a lyrehird calling down the gwlly wow, and the thrush t& warbling
above. From the tap end of the gully Unsere is a view to the north of miles of
erceu cultivated country—flats and rises. with an industrial centee in their
midst, stretching away to the blueness of the Baw Baws, where snow is
gleaming.

Evrarte P. Brewster, “Nerreman”, via Leongatha

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
F.M.C.V. Meetings:

Monday, January 14—Members' Night, with Mr. and Mrs. Colliver-
Monday, February 11—Mermbers’ Picture Night

F.N.C.VY. Excursions:

Sunday, December [¢—Botany Group exeucsion te Sherbroake, Take 8.55
aan. train to Upper Ferntree Gully, then Olinda bus to Sherbrooke Junc-
tion, Bring one meal and a snack.

Saturday, January S$—Tremone to Boronia, Leaders: Mr. and Mrs. D. Lewis.
Tuke 9.18 a.m. train to Upper Ferntree Gully, then bus te Tremont, Bring
two iments.

Sunday, January 20—Botany Group excursion to Sherbrooke. Subject:
Continuation of Botany census. Take 8.55 a.m. tram to Upper Ferntrez
Gully, then bus to Kallista. Bring one meal arm a snack. ;

Sunday, February 10—Geology Group excursion. Details at Group meeting.

Group Moetings:
(8 p.m, at National Herbarium)

Wednesday, Jaimary 16—Microscopical Group. Subject: FArrtowos(reed, oe
the commen water Aca. Speakers: Me. Melanes ind Mr Evans, .
Wedvesitiy. January 360—Botany Group. Subject Acacias. Spevker: Miss

. Balaam,
Wednesday, bebruary 6—Gealogy Group.

Preliminary Notices:

Sunday, February 24—Parlour-coach excursion to Sorrento, Leatlers Mr.
Strong. Subjects: Marine Riclogy and General. Coach leaves Baiman
Avenue at ¥ aan, returns approximately 8.30 pin. Mare 17/-, Bring two
meals. Bookings with Excursions Secretary.

Thursday, Aprit 18, to Monday, April 22 (Faster)—Dimboola, under the
leadership of the Winrmera Field Naturalists Club, Elotel accomma-
dation ig available and bookings, with £2 deposit, should be made with
the Excursioiy Secretary by February 25. Further details iy February
Naturalist,

Marie ALiENoeR, Excursions Secretary,
19 Hawthorn Avenue, Caulfield, $.£.7.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 7g—No. 10 FEBRUARY FJ, 1997 Ns. 878

PROCEEDINGS
Gesppar Meeting, Decrewcer 10, 1956

The President reported that Dr. Wishart was making satisfactory
progress after his recent illness, and thar Mr, Chas, Oke, one of the
older Club members, would be pleased to recetve visits from
members.

Shaws—-The President congratulated and thanked Mr. Brooks
for his organization of the Prahran show. and also those who helped
towards its success, particularly Messrs. Sarovich and Hooke. Mr
Rayment was corgratulaterd on the excellence of the wildflower dis-
play staged by the Bank of New South Wales. Jt is proposed. to hold
a Club Show jn. 957, and meutbers wall be advised on tbe mater
early in the year,

Pobcy.—in fvetherance of the policy outlined ar the Annual
Meeting, a cireular has heen prepared and sent to kindred societies
in Victoria, disiting their Kelp and co-operation, The suggestion
was male that a committee of experienced members should be
appoinred to help Council in this matter.

Subject for the Evening Dr, G. Christensen, of the C.5.1,. R40).
Forests Products Division, wave an illustrated travel ralk on the
Dolomites. of Northern Ltaly. He included some slides of Switzer-
Jand, too, for purposes of comparison. Mr, A. A, Baker spoke on
dolomites generally and pointed out that Auslrahan occurrences
were iresh-water sedimentary rocks and not marine deposits as i
Europe and elsewhere, A vote of thanks to the speakers was carried
hy acclamation. ;

klection of Members—Mr. G. M. Boddy of East Geelong was
clected as a Country Member, and Mrs. Boddy as a Joint Country
Member. Two nominations for membership were received.

State Floral Emblews—Mr, H. C. E. Stewart referred to pre-
vious attempts by # committee ta establishaga Stare Floral Enibleuy
the Conunon Heath, Dpucris tingressa, and as a Tree Emblem ihe
White Motta Ash, Lucalypfis regnans, Council is to explore
the matter further,

Junior Age Nature Record—Mr. |. R. Garnet stated that the.
Age, Native Plants Preseryation Society and Junier Chamber at
Commerce has organized a competition for the compilation of lists
of native plants, and he stiggested that members uiigtit give the
scheme their synipathetic ca-aperation,

Nature Notes ond Exhibits —Mr. Garnet commented on the
prevalence this season of the Cineraria Moth and of dragon flies

147

148 Proceedings OEY

Mr, Brooks showed home-grown Callistemon and Melalenea, and
Mr. Atkins one of the many forms of Correa reflexa,

Mr. Sarovich exhibited introduced land shells, Felic pisana, fron
Torquay, Other members commented on the abundance of that
species in the Bellarine Peninsula and Geelong district.

Mr, Baker tabled samples of dolomite rock.

General, Meeting, Jaxuary 14, 1957

The President extended a welcome to all members, anc best
wishes for the New Year. It was decided to send a letter to Mr.
Raymeit, conveying good wishes fram the Club and the hope that
he would soon be well enough to attend meetings again.

Cultural Centre —Mr, George Coghill drew attention to the re-
newal of activity towards the establishment of a Cultural Centre
at Wirth's Park, and suggested that the Club should indicate its
mterest in the matter, The President agreed to pursue the vvatter
further immediately,

Subject for the Evening.—Mr. Stan Colliver was eicceness: he
expressed pleasure in once again being back with the Club, and
conveyed yreetings Irom the Brisbane Club, He then showed a
number af colour slides illustrating geology of Queensland, native
flowers, the Currumbin Bird Sanctuary, David Fleay's Fauna Sane-
wary, and the whaling station on Moreton Tsland, The President
expressed the appreciation of members for this most interesting
lecture.

Flection of Members —Mr, W. J. Begley aud Miss Thelma J,
Dusting, of Surrey Hills, were elected as Ordinary Members-

Juzitatian to Bendigo F.NC—It was decided to invite the
Bendigo Club to sasit Melbourne for a week-end in Octoher = and
if was suggested that the B.O.C. be asked to assist with their
entertainment.

Re-discovary of Thyecine —Mr, Stewart suggested that che Club
send a letter of congratulation to the Tasmanian Government Fauna
Protection Board on the re-diseovery uf the Thylacine (Tasmanian
Marsupial “Wolf” or ‘“Tiger").

Mr. J. H, Willis. —The best wishes of the Chib were extended to
Mr. Wallis who is to ieave shortly fora year overseas in connection
with his profession.

Nature Notes atd Exhibits —Mr. D. E. Mclnnes showed a
Water Flea, with young in its brood pouch.

Mr. Swaby exhibited a branch of Wentworth Flaine-tree and
twigs fram various native plants, to indicate that now was the time
to inake cuttings.

Mr, Woollard gave notes on the Fringe-lily, and Mr. Colliver on
the murine stinging animals of Queensland.

Pepivate The Vreterran Naturales 149

EDITORIAL

This issve of the Iigtorian Naturalist is a special one, being
levoted almost entirely to original contributions in the field vi
systematic botany, The papers concerned are published with a view
to finalizing some of the necessary revision to the classification at
groups of Victorian vascular plants, so that the new names provicled
will be available for use in forchcaning botanical works, “Chris uunit-
her js heing subsidized hy che Maud Gibson Trust Fund, the trestves
AI which are organizing the preparation of anew key to the Vleturian

ora.

VASCULAR FLORA OF VICTORIA AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA

(Sundry New Species. Yerietias, Combinations, Records
and Synonymies)

By J. H. Witsts, Nabonal Herbartim of Veter
Graminex

STIPA NIVICOLA J, 2. Woulky-

species nova alpina. distinetissima serici “Ntriate” (sens. D.
Hughesae, 1921) inserenda, ex affinitate 4. pubescentis R.Br. et
SS, aervosic |, W. Vickery sed ab utroque preecipye differt: statura
minore Ceulmis quan) 40 em. brevioribus), foliis rigidis teretibus
subpunqewibns onmano glabris niteonbus, inflorescentia yix exserta
pauciflara (spienlis uaque ad 16). arista robushore minus hirsuta fad
partem inferam omring glabra), aatheris minttis (ut videntur, 1-1.5
mim. logis).

LOCUS; VICTORIA (hareali-orientalis)—Bugong High Plains, "associated
with Lwealypits niphaphila along grassy slopes of Middle Creek ncar
Rover Scout Hut", alt. cieca 1050 m. (/OLOTYPUS in Heeb, MEL,
PARATYPI in NSW, K—J. HH, Wills, 2 Feb, 1949) > loc. cio (MEL
—I.H. Hillis, 10 Tan, 1940).

Glabrous tufted perennial, Leaf-blades up to 20 em. tong, migid, almost
pungent-pointed, tightly itrolled aud terete (except at li@ule>, about 1.5 inm.
wide at base when flattened out, Jowcr convex surface shinmg and without
efoaves, upper (hidden) surface shallowly grooved, minutely scabrid along
the ineurving margins; sheaths 3-4 min, wide when Hattened, often brown or
purplish, with up to 20 deep dorsal ernoves, the apical auricles manifestly
ciliate and up to 1 mim. high; /rynie very short and truncate, forming a
winutely ciliate rim, Crdans rigid, glabrous. gwrooved, up to 40 em, high and
3-15 mm, in diameter; nodes | or 2, minutely pubescent, Panicle tardily
eureadings, ite base scarcely or not exserted beyond the uppermost leaf-sheath,
up ty LS-em. lang Cawns ineluded), few-flowered (less than 16 spikelets in
all materials examined) ; branches and pedicels Aliform, angular and very
tninutely seabrid, the latter 10-20 mm. long widening beneath spikelet and
hearing a few forwardly-appressed hairs, Spikelets narrow, elongated, mastly
erect, Glunws almosr equal, about 20 mm- tong, hardly diverging, glabrous,
tna, chaffy, traustucent and purplish, the shortly acuminate apiecs byaline and
soon torn; first ylume finely $-neryed alimast to apex; second or upper glume
slightly wider (about 2 mm. when Aatiened out), S-neeved below and 3-nerved
above, both glumes shawing a few scattered, irregular, transverse connecting
venules toward their apices. Levana narrow, evlindrieal, 13-15 mm. long aud

150 Wius, Flora of Mietoria and South Aurtrefia gh oat

about | nim. 1diameter, pale brown, bearing scattered appressed whitish hains
almost to the sunumit, with longer densev pubescence taward the very short
callus (gheur 05-10 mm,), very minutely papillase above, upper margins
Without obvious lobes, Are strongly articulated, stour, rigicl, 7-LD om. long
and about 0.4 mm. in dtameter at base, straight far about 3 em. and slightly
twisted, thar byeniculate, the columy oceupyiyg aboul two-thirds of total
length, minutely pubescent with white forward-polating hairs (except for
the lower 20 mm. which is almost or quite glabrous and shining. Palpa
glabrows, 10-12 mm, long (almost equalling lemma). Aithers 3, linear and
exceptionally small (only 1-15 mm. long im material examined).

Discussion

This distinctive grays was at first believed to represent 4 stunted high-
rnountan form of S, fuhbesceis KT, but farther iovestyation of ts Toliave
and floral morphology (especially the proportion of glumes, lemma and awn)
has convinced me that a distinct and httherto-undeseribed species is involyved—
an opinion entlorsed by Miss J. W. Vickery in a Jetter to the writer
(5/2/1953). S. nizieola falls within Miss D. K. Mughes' croup Striatae
[see Kew Brill, 1921] and approaches nearee ta JS. pubesceis aud S. nerves
J, W. Vickery (1951) than to any other species. Tr differs fraim both, how-
ever) in the shorter very rigid and almost spmy foliage, much shorter culms,
very few-fuwered {to 16) scarcely exserted panicles and camparatively
longer glumes, lemnias and awins (which are very stout and glabrescent in
their basal parts). The anthers (to 1.5 nwa. Jon) are exceptionally small for
the group Shriale, but nay aot have been fully developed i the several
fiawers upened for inspection.

The new species woukl seerr to be endemic on the Begone High Pains,
Vie, above 5,000 f1,, and has been totet there only in a limited area—heads
af Rocky Valley, Wild-horse Creale and Middle Creek, eastern slopes uE
Mi. Cope and ai Buckety Plain, A, B. Costin records Sipe pohesceus ior his
Eucalypins nipkophila AMiance [see Shedy Ecosyst, Manure Regtawe NSW
365 (1954) ]. and it would be interesting to re-check the identity of this

qant front suh-alpine terraywt G1 south-eastern New South Wales.

Protencexe
HAKEA VITVUATA d0.8r., var, GLAHRIFLORA J. M Black:
verletas nova a planta typica perianthio (sed non pedicelle) omnino
elabre solum recedit,

[Vite cht, Mo Bhrck Mfara yd, fest, ei, 2) 25 205 C1¥4a dy
—lescripho Anglica non Latinz]

VAGATIO: AUSTRALIA MERIDIONALIS—Stirling East (HOLO-
TVPUS iy Herb, AD 95643058, ex Herb. J. M. Black, J, 8 Cleland
leg, Aue, 1944—“ghout 12 plats near Stirling E. schoot") > Stirling
East (Herh. ADJ ex Herb. J. M. Black, /. 8. Cleland leg. & May 1944).
VICTORIA—"Mallee” [proababiliter prope Stationen “Pure Plains’)
(Herb. MET, ex Tlerb. C. Walter, O. Brench Jur, leg. Oct. 1898).

The purpase ef this note is to Jegalize (he late J. M, Black's epithet (which
was published az a variety, but without the obligatory diagnosis in Latia—
a. Teference ahoye) and also to record an occurrence of this plant in worth-
western Victocia. A good specimen, beariur Mowers (up ta G per cluster),
fruits and seedy, has been annotated in detail hy Black and is located in the
newly-established Suale Herbarium.of bonth Australis; this | have examined
and now desguate ac TIOLOTYPE.

The sole constant departure front Hakcu gillata Rote, var, witfaly is in
the totally glabrens pecsanth; but scattered, appressed, cuntcifixed hairs heset

Februsaty

ip? Wrionis, Mora nf Migforie and South Aastratir 151

the pedical ay usual, Black (hee) further differentiates bis wew yanety by
epecttying fruits 20-25 mn. in length, as against 17-2 mm. in the typical
hairy-flowered plant. Such a distinction, hawever, Camel be upheld, because
fruits af the latter form frequently atain 30 and even 35 om—ae noted in
material at the Methourne Werbariuny The type of var. glahrifora shows a
maximiun) Teat-length of 5 cm., whereas leaves on the single Victonan
“Mallec" collection range te 7 en Frequently bar viet always, var aavJafa
exhibits a distinctly curved ar even uncinate spine at tie leal-tip, bot all
specimens of var, glabrifiora (known at present) have pungent points that are
quite siraight. Joeneth, thickmess, and curvaliire (or aot) of apical spine, in
the leaves of hairy-fiowered var, willade itselP wary astonishingly! = stout
fort Fron: the South Australian “Murray sernb” (fee, Fo Mueller, aboot
1950) has many leaves that are only 2.5 ent long C17) but 2 mn, in diamerer,

[Ave Jean Galbraith, Jakea sitteta, “Black and “White” in Mier. Nat. oo:
179 (Jan, 1950).

Santofocexe

EXOCARPOS LEPTOMERIOIRES F, Muetl ve Mig, ian Nederl, Knaidk.
Arch. 4: 13 (1854)
&. ephiylla Henth, Fiera daat, 6- 230 C1873) pra parte, Ewart (1930) et
al, non RBs

The true wentity of R. Brown's Exorurpos aphylin has for long been in
douht, Bentham's deseripliou. wider Unig wawe covers tw atite distinet leat-
less plants; (1) a dense bush 2-6 it. high, with stow thiek (to 4 mm.)
ultimate Israiches. (narrowly yrooved between the numerous, cloge-set.
braadish, fattened mdges), crowded inflorescences and almost glohoid, sniooth
¢hur minutely pubescent) fruits which at maturity surmount very broadly
swollen, bright-red fleshy stalks; (2) a small divarieate trec, usually 4-12 {t.
high, with more slender branches (witely grooved and with rather Tewer,
imere deqte intervening ridges} and pyrarnical, persistently whire-hairy,
mutifestly farrowel fruits [to 5 mem. long) with conspicuous flattered and
ewallen eligniaue amidus at the summit (the fleshy stalk Deing tather
INcaNnspcUdUs) ,

The writer forwarded itaterial af both entities to the British Masemn
(Nat. Hise) for careful Compacison with type @ aphalla, andl Me J FM.
Carron of that institution yery kindly advised (13/3/1956) that, although the
Brenweinan type is without from, tts stent striations clascly match those of thre
first plant briefly described above, viz, the sytal] atoully branched bush with
smpoth globoid fruits (my specimen from Strealy Bay, S. Aust—eg 4. J.
Hicks, Dec, 1953). This means that true Eracarpos ophslla is restricted to
near-coastal, rather arid wacts of South and Western Australia, extending
irom Yorke Peninsula across Eyre Peninsula (as far north as Warramboo)
anel with qsolated oceurrenctes ni the western State (ep, benween Esperance
aucl Grasspatch)-

The differem, larger, eastern plant, umil now knawa as E. aphiywife jit
Vietoria, requires another name and ahe possibilities were FB. dasystachus
Schlechtyndal (1847) and Jz. [cptemeriuedes F. Muell. ex Mig, 49850)-- both
eated as synunyms a! E. apietia by Bentham (he). Herr K. Werner come
niunicated his opinion (29/6/1956) that the type of £- daxwtachys in
Schlechtenial’s herbarium (at Haile Gerimaiy } js identical with &, cpresst-
forms Latitl—a very dilferent species from Fo nphy/fa, Qn the other band,
a haptotype specimen (Murray scrub") of B. leptomertoides in Melbourne
Herbarium conforms well it stem striations, to the Vitroniay Mallee tree
with pyramidal furcowed fruirs, and it is tay apinion thai this ame mast
replace that of “/. aphylla'’ in the floras af Vittoria, New South Wales ani
Queensland; both species, however, accur in South Australia,

Viel. Nat.

1352 Wiis, Flora af Mictaria aud Sot Augstratic Val. 78

Chenopodiacex
ATRIPLEX PAPILLATA J. FL (Willis:

species nova ob formani petianthal fnuctiferi inter congeneras valde
clistincta plivite sat parva, 07) anh monore, carhbus plarvibus
prostratis <traminicoloribys psque ad 30 cm, longis; falin cinerea,
dense farinaced-papilloza, lanceolata vel lincaria, plerumque 1-2 cm.
longa sépe fascieulata, inaceinibus submleeeis niveluus; flores mioscerls
in glamerulis pancis slobosis terminalibus; flores feminer 2-4 in vaillis
foltaram qua quam inflorescentite maxcula interiores simt: ferian.
thina frnedferuin 2-5 nen. lon@unr (pracupue 3-4 mrm.), 2-3 in.
late, ipregulariter trilobatum vel subflabellamm, basin versus ab
appeudiciing couspicuis irrégularibas mollibus papilliforniibus dense
obtectuns, bractcols duakos galteny usque ad medium connexis,

FAGATIO: VICTORIA (horeali-oceidentalis cemota) —'Gvpsum workings,
about 4 miles south-west of Nowingi” (HOLOTYPUS in Herb. MEL,
PARATYPI in AD, NSW, KJ. P. WPillis, 28 Agog. 19599; “Clay-pan
at Nowings’ (MEL—&. Ramey, 23 Jul. 1950); "Edge oi a salt-pan at
Raak" (MEL—IL Ramsay, 2 Nav, 1949) | "Gypsum flat, about 74 miles
south of the 65-nile post on Sturt Highway west of Mildura” (MEL —
t, AG, Wits, 3 Sept 1948).

Tn hahir and superficial appearance, the new species somewhat resembles
A, ie pidaueps F. Mttell., but the frumting yeriauths are very dissimilar.
Branches of A. papillate are prostrate, sléndet, sWaw-yellow and alniost
glabrous, contrasting with the sage-erey mealy-papillose narrow and involute
leaves Lappearing almost faseiculate on the shortened lateral branches). Male
inflorescences consist of one to several dense, yellowish, globoid glisters af
flowers at the ends of hranchlers, the tenmale flowers being in aggregates of
2-4 in lower leaf axils (both-immediately below and also remote tram the
male inflorescences).

Within the group of speciés having equal flattened fruiting-hracteoles,
urtited for tore than halé their length and bearing conspicuois sppendages.
A. papillata appreaches A. acntibractee KR. Ho Aqulerson aud 4f cornigera
Demin; but it differs fram these and all ether Australian congenérs an the
urenecros, large, irregular, soft papillae which form a star-like cluster araunil
the base of the Fruiting-penanth. The upper smooth part of the bracteale js
fattened, irregularly tridentate or almost Mabellate. and Ute whole 15 minutely
facinaregbus-granular, Te few known Victorian occurrences have al) been on
temporarily damp clay-flats tighty impregnated with gypsum, and the species
will most probably be fotd ta extend aver similar terrain along the Mun'tay
lands of South Australia and into far sauth-western New South Wales

AASSTA RAMSAY AL S.A, Willis:

species novaob formam et dimensiones perianthii fructiferi Bo brnekup-
tera (B. Mucll.) R. A Anderson atque &. cehmHopsila ¥. Muell. affinis,
sed a priove pilis foltorium appresso-villosis (non srachnodeis) et
praccipue penanthia fructifero pubescenti lateraliter exalata spinis
multo Jongtoribus differt; a B. rcharepsila foliis semper dense pilesis,
perianthio fruviifers ad basin excavate atque spinis manifeste com-
Planatis Cdiscum pelmatipartituin formanfibos) verle rececdit-
Perianthion frartferwna 24 x 23 wm (una om spinis), eoroniferme,
perjantom complanatom, Jenitey Tcostaluns, in parte mecha minute pubeseqnn;
lubus ¢adiforntiz 15-2 mm. longus Cad basin circicer 0.5 mm, tenis excavarusl |
sjinné 3-6, divaricatas, valde complanatae, busin versus = cualescentes (in

icy tndurate dhucieortuli). carom 3 usitate Tongiores (1.5/2.5 yum) ee 2 pene
ad apicem mopnataec; semen honzourals, sed usitare qlurivum,

renee) Wintis, Jlore of Mictoria aud South sustraltr 152

LOCUS: VICTORIA (horeali-occidentalis remit i —" Meridian Road about
5-4 miles south of Benetook" (HOLOTYPUS in Herb MEL, PARA-
TYPUS in NSW—E. Romsey, } Jul, 1950); “Sandalongy, near Mildlora
golf-links” (MEL—E, Ramsay, 21 Mar. 1950).

Vhe new species scoms most closely related 19 Mtassie brachyatera CF
Miell ) R. 14. Anderson, whieh ds fairly eommmon in the same xegion, Ls Was
a singlar squat friiting-perianth with hollawed base, horizontal seed and
fused spings, which form a horizonial wing-lke disk, hot the peranth Is
hairy aid without vertical wings (cf. glabrous and yarrowly 5-winged iw
H. brovAgplere> and the unequal fattened spines protrude far heyond their
irregularly tused bases (ef. 5 small oqual spme-lecth to the pentagonal gid
quite harizantal disk or wing of B. brachyplera), #. rawsay@ is also.a more
upright plant than &, braedivptera and its leaves, although villose wath
appressed hairs, lack the long interwoven arichnoid hairs 30 chalacter|stic.
of the tatter species, B. costata Ro H. Anderson (from Central Australia} and
B achinopsilo F, Muell. shaw an approach in the confis uration of their ribbed
fruiting-periauths, with 5-6 spines; bur the perdanth of the latter is redrant
an excavated hase (1) uavally Was 7 ar 2 harelened decurvel basal lobes or
flaps) atl its seer is vertical or alniost so, while the spines in bath are com-
paratively longer and neither fattened nor webbed with a coulectiie wing
as in BL rugnsaye, Jo many fruits sectioned, the seed was found to be
abortive (minute and shrivelled up}. ;

The spurific epithet is a tribute to Mes. E. Ramsay of Red Cliffs, wiiose
energy und high enthusiasin have been responsible tar the discovery of this
idind several new species in her district, also far other important additions ta
our Victorian Mace flora tluriny the past decade,

BASSIA CAPUT-CASOARIT J. TT Willis.

spemies nova ab faciem perianthiy fructifert distinctissima: sredfruti-
cris decumbens, multiramosuy: rami = plahreseentes; folfa crassa,
feretia, apice subobtusa, cieciter 4-7 x | mips, leniter pilosa; flores
nunerosi, in asillis solitarity pcrirathiion feachferwa: Gina cum spinis)
cireirer 2-3 mm. Jongum et latum, paiulum complanatum, in longstu-
dineni pluri-cogiarum, minute et sparse pubescens. tubo ¢cadiferini
L525 mm. longo (a base 04-1 mons. renus excavata), spinis 2 valde
divaricatig quaram una wefe diaer (1 on. tenus) Literaliter com-
anata subobtussque {spina fertia cinta smpe adese) ) seies ahor-
tivum in teuctu, horizontile,

LOCUS: VICTORIA (horcali-oecidentalis remota} —" Meridian Koad, ahout
544 oles south of Benctook” (YOLOTYPUS in Herb, MEL, PAs-
TYP in AD, NSW, BRI, CANB, K- E, Rounsay. 1 Tul, 1950)

The specific epithet {“cassowary’s head”) was chosen in allusion to the
<urious shape of the [ruting-pesauth, which has wo parallel ameug other
Australian species of Bagsia,; in form ir alse somewhal cesenibles a. namiatuce
lea-pot mr watering-can. At maturity the fruiting structure is barrel-shapeu,
more or less flattened, finely pubescent, vertically ribbed and produce¢ into
two very unequal appendazes—the shorter one acieular, the other much
broader Jaterally-Aatiened and obtuse, with the aspect of a shoulrer-lke
estensinn or hivh asymmetric hung to one sale ot the perianth inbe which
is mamfestly excavated at its base, A third very siall spite is offen present
between tlic two major excrescences,

Th its larger hollowed appendage, the perianth of B. cupitt-cosvari bears
a stnking resemblance to that of Bubbayia acvoptera F, Muell, var, demditite
J.M, Black-a amalter glabrous plant uccurring in the same region—, but the
lanier is entirely spineless, Tn view of the fact dhat seeds on the type specimens
of the new Bassia are totally abortive, it may perhaps represen, a natural

134 Wri, flora of Victoria and South Australia ae

intersgeneric hybrid between some Gaszia species, ex. Bo waifora, and
Buliugia acroptera (or even Therelkeldia salstefnesu) = ut, whatever its
origin, the ceclrren¢e of spines on the Crunting-perianth demands classification
for the present under Aassia.

Mimosacexe

ACACIA NANO-DEALBATA J. FT, bealfiz,

species nova 4. dealbatam Link maxime accedit, se) slauira ininoce,
foliis manoribus, foliolis brevioribus approximatis ferme glabris,
{rucly conpacate mulro latiore (eius longitulo quam latinudo grins
iwtqyine sexies Iongior) distinguitur,

PAGATIO: VICTORIA (in mentihus)—"“Poley Hill in Melb. & Metrop.
Board of Works O'Shannassy Reserve, about I) aniles worth-cast ot
Warbarton, in forest of Eucalyptus delegatcnsis at 4200 ft, T 2 1300 mt.
alt]" CHOLOTYPUS eum troctibuy in Herb. MEL. (SOTYPT in
NSW. K— J. A. Wilks, 18 Feb. 1954); Me. St. Leonard (PARA-
TYPUS cuw foribus. in Herb. MEL—Neith Watson, 31 Aue. 1954);
"Rowallan Scout Camp at foot of Mt. Charlie, Macedon Ranges near
Riddéll, growing with typical a, dealbara alone a perinanent creek”
(MEL—J, 77- Willis, 24 Jan, 1954): "Camel's Hump, Mi. Macedon”
(MEL, etiam NSW, No. 8636-10 H. Millis, 1 Sept. 194595 Lorne

(NSW, No, B637—E. A. Pescatt, Peb. 1922),

Small moinane or subalpine forest tree 2% m. [6-20 ft] Iugh. often of
bushy habit; bark smooth on mayor limbs ancl branches, quite glaticous on
thuwks uf young saplings and the angular branchlets of older trees. Dipmnate
foltage retained throughout life. Leaves to 10 em. los Custially much jess}
aid 2-4 em, wide; piunde close-set in. 10-20 paies, 10-20 am, long, paripinnate.
with one large prominent hemispherical gland at base of cach pair. Leo)lets
13-30 on each primary pina, alruost touching or even overlappang [cf
A. dealhate, with spuces berween all ahe leaflets}, each 1-25 x O45-b mim.
obtuse: the surfaces obscurely and minutely taberculate, witha few very slrort
winute hairs, bot anpeanine green and glabrous [cf ierwardly-appressed
white hairs on leaflets of A dealbata], Juflorescence consisting of short
axiltary or Jarge termmal panicles of bright yellow heads. Flotwer-hends
globoid, with 2)-30 Rowers tas ind. dealbatay on very short. almost glabrous
peduncles. Jidrwdual flowers S-partite, 15 mm. lang at expansiun: sub-
lending bracteote wath slender hairy claw and lateral or alainst peltate fringed
lamina. Calver with tube half as leng as corolla, obconic, broadly- and
shallowly-lobed above; sepal points acute, ciliate and somewhat recurvedl.
Petaly lanceolate, with rather granular inargins, Pollet polyads 4-55 mic.
ibameter, composed of [6 grains (as in A, deothatad. Pod oblong, +0 x
1-2 om... &b optimam development no more than six tines 3 long as broad,
and then with ahout 9 seeds [ef seven or more times as long as broad im
A, dentbata where. if only six Limes, then with about 5 seeds], straight, Aat,
smooth, purplish. Aexihle. Seeds rather obliquely arranged, broadly oblong:
clliptrc. about 4 mm, long. black and shining, weti conspicuous white aril af
base and shoet, stfarht_ slender funicle fall exactly as tn 4 dealbate)

Disenssion

This swall mioitane tree Howers in carly spring, and. obviously bears a
close relationship toa Silver Wattle {Acacia dealbala Link)—henee the
specific epithet: When 1 first observed 4. neuta-dealbuta, at the western damit
ot its range (viz, South Bullarto, in the Wambat Forest near Daylesfnrd)
during 1937, L was inclined to regard it as a stunted, small-leaved condition
of the well-laww 4. deulbata Cwhich may become a tall forest tree. to

Baseusty Witte, blora of Victoria and South Avstratig 135
1M) Jey. The subseqdent gxanuniation, of plants, growing wath but quite
distince fram dealbara, in the Mr. Macedon area Cand elsowhere) bas revealed
significant differences in foliage and comparative dimensians ot ios. Leaflets
im ot. ward-dialbata are virtually glabrous (only a lew very mvinute hairs),
obtuse at the apices, never more than 2.5 mim fang and alaiost touching oF
even overlapping along the sides of the rhachis, whereas those of 4, dealhata
are distinctly hairy (often copiously), wore or less acute, always exceeding
3mm. in length, and separated front each other by narrow spaces; the farmer
plactt also has a comparatively much wider pod—less than six times as long
as froad, The new species Has a rather wide distributian in south-central)
Victoria, but is nev abundaic; there are ao indications of its oneurrence on
auy ather State.

ACACIA GRAYANA J. AL Heils;

4pectes nova A. wigrocarsi F. Muell, affiuis. sed Dlixlodtis angustiori+

bus, pedunculis hirsuris, segalotum laminis latieribus, Tructy mutta
laciore (dupla vel wiplod et priecipue seminis iuniculo tonte Ligen-
culate recedit,

LOCUS: VICTORIA (oceidentalisi—"Woraigwer Parish, south of
Kiata and about 14 miles west of Dimboola, on sandy ground near margin
af Little Desert” (HOLOTKPUS com Aoriteas in Herb, MEL—4, J
Grey, 10 Sept. US1- PARATYPUS con jructiine in MEI—. J, Gray,
24 Feb. 1951; MEROTY PLUS cum Aorthus in MieL—nisit A. J. ‘Hicks,
30 Nav. 1953, ex “Kiata wildtower display" Get, 1955),

‘Lall sheob dy small spreading tree 2-3 m, fro 10 ft] high. Ulnimare
branchlets slightly angular, puberulous. Phiovludes glabrous, olive-greeay,
rather dense, each 1-3-crn. x 15-3 mime Jia S cm leon in vigomushe prowing
secdiinges)|, linesr, very shovtly petiolate, with shary qwncinate-mucronace
apex; marginal gland small, rather obscure, situated 2-R aint, above base of
blade [even more obscure and 10-15 moo, above base om At. méerocar fit F.
Muell, || nervation consisting of 2 single rather prominent central vein, with
ohscure lateral reticulate venation Coften appearing as longitudinal wrinkles,
as in A. anicrocarpu). Taflorescence a reduced axillary raceme oF 2-4 heads
on a short common axis, the whole about half the length ui subtending
phyllude. Flower-heads ghoboid, bright yellow, with 20-30 ifowers (as in
A. #ticracarpa), cach on a shortly white-hairy peduncle 3-10 mm. long [ ef.
alsnast glabrous fi A_omicracarpal. Individual flowers 5-partite, 1.5 min. long
at expansian; subtending Aracteole long-clawed with few larwe hairs, the
densely firbriate tecivinal lamina appearing almost peltate, Calye halt as
lohg as corolla, the spathulate and strongly Nimbriate scnals hein iroe almost
to base [larnine wider and mpfe bhinbciate than 15s usual in 4. amicracarpa),
Prials rather membranous-paprraceous, prominently vemed, lanceolate
efliptic, with Gentranters granular-papillose apictr. Pollon polyads. 35-45 mic.
ameter, coniposed of 16 gxeains (as in A. naerocarpa)., Pod 5-5 enn x
6&8 mn [ef upto dim. wile in A. owicrocarpel, linear, straight, more ar
less constricted between seeds, subcoriaceous, Hexible, deep pur plish-brown
at oraturity, Aeeds (2-4, longitudinal to slightly oblique, about 6 x 3 num,
eliptie, black; aril very small and basal, passing into a long. sized Luniche
with douhle told { dan. long) on one side of seed [ef the large embracing
art and yery short, non-folded dunicle ef 4. nicracerpet,

PAscuisioi
Unfoerynarely, the Mew species was knuwit gluly by a single naqueally-
necurriag tree (now dead), bur seedting progeny has been brought inte
cullivation at Wail Forest Nursery, ete. It as most closely relared to

136 Wiens, Flora of ictoria and Sonth Austradtes ve ve

A, pucracaypa, a Samiliar Mallee oatile, and the phyllodes are remarkably
similar to those of A. witerecarom var finenris J. M. Black (trom Monaria
South and Mannum, S. Aust); bur striking departures from that species ave
Obyious in the furiey peduncles of Nower-heads, the much broader pods, larger
sceds and, especiaily, in the long twice-falded fuvicle af the seed. As an
appropriate epithet, 1 have bestowed the surname of Alfred J. Gray (formerty
Superintendent of the Wimmera Forest Nursery at Wail) who discovered
the type tree and brought it to my notice; during the past decade Mr_ Gray
hay randéred meritorious service in propagating, popularizing and distributing
Australiah plants ior ortamental and reclamation purposes i dry, joland
areas pront Lo wind-trasion,

ACACIA MONTANA Benth. var PSTLOCARPA J. H. Willis:
vartetas nova ob fructem glafirian a forma typica [el ugslala) specie’
jam distiunguenda, ceterum yix separabilis,

LOCUS: VICTORIA (occidentalis)—'Shire of Dimboola' (//OL0-
PV EUS in Heth, MEL—F, M. Header, 6 Dec, 1999); Winmesa River
(MEL—C, falter, Mar. 1887): “Tn railway teserve at Diapur Vetween
Nhill anel Kaniva, at 2624 miles from Melbourne’ (MEL-~-8, Minar,
Sept, S46),

This shrub of the Western Wimmers has no parallel among any ot the
turms of Yeacie nontene Benth, known at present. 1t is remarkable in bearing
vlabrous-viseid Cur at most slightly granular} pods, whereas the fruits af
this species are normally sa densely blanketed with coarse white hair that
their surfacey are nivisilile, The new yariety does not appear to differ sigtifi-
eantly in any other feature (of foliage, Rowers or seeds) from typical
A, wontena, otherwise there would be good reason tu accord it full specific
rank, ‘The 1899 collection, chosen as type, is it geod frurt and sccontpanied
by the label “Acucia waontana Benth.. var. d'Altomiy Walter" in Reader's
handwriting ; but to evidenre can be Found thac C Walter ever published a
description under (his varietal epithet, There a4 a fragment of the same
entity from Wimmera River in Melbourne Herbarium; it was collected by
C. Walter himself in 1887 aud is armtorated in Me own writing, but the only
hame appearing on this label is “Acacia”. The chird, ancl fairly recent,
collection fram Dyapur is m flower; it shows comparauvely shorter Uroader
phyllades. but pods eatheced from the same hushes nine menths later are
quite identical with those of type var. psifocorpa (“Shire ot Dimbeola”).
Dr. Isabel Cookson reported! (6/8/1953) that the polley-erain number of the
Diapur material, vie. 3 (wo tetrads), was idencical with that of typical
AL mantana.

ACACIA HAKEGLIDES A, Crna. ov Benth ih Hook:
var, ANGUSTIFOLIA (4. J. Erwarthy J. 21 UR ilis, combiatio nova.

A tignteta, A. Cini. ex Thewth, iv Hook, var. aagurctifelit Ao J. Toaare
MWhava het. 994 (19305.

LECTOTVPLS: VICTORIA—"Whipstick Scrub N.N.W. of Bendign™
(Flerh, MEL—L), /, Paton, 14 Sept. 1923).

la the Fictorian Naturalist 10; 19% (Web. 1924), the cellector of this type
material, in flawer acl in fruit, wrote as follows ;

A hageaides 15 the Acacia at the Whipstiek, Tr ooecirs [1 twa ahstiner Forrar,
the commer (eo Which these remarks apply) having very narrow qphyllodes.
ewhilet the rarer Form Ras broader pha dlodes gad Jarget flowerheads rescinbhng
the parrowdenved Jorm of vl. pycueantia., A bush of thes speries ity full blenm—
a mound OF pure gold—is a wonderful sight,

Paton was correct. The narrow-leaved, virzate and bushy plant (3-6 [¢
high), which is such a magnificent andapparently endemic floral feature over

set hom Wirees, Plara of Fietorta wna South Ansteatir 137

much of the Bendigo Whipstick scruh, cannot he separated from cacio
lakeoitcs except in its habit, rather smaller flower-heads and much narrower
phyllodes: more typical and less fluriverous 2. btkevtites alsa oecurs in the
Sanic Arca.

‘That Ewart (4.¢.) should have described the Whipstick plant 44 a vatiely
of Acacia Nynlota, woth “phwilodes 2 mm. broad” this complete allagnasis |,
js astonishing. There a a very narrow-leaved condition of A. ligudata in the
far north-west of the State fag. in the Red Cliffs-Cardross area) ; but afis
variam, i commouw with all other forms uf A, digidote, dsAers manifesely
irom .4 hebvowles var. ougustfolia in its trregular few-headed racemes,
longerspeuieulate heads, menilifornt pods which are always brittle at the
constricuuns, Wiber-coleired (Wot black) seeds and yellow or reddish trol
white) sigmoid aril which is folded 2-2 times beneath the seed,

¢?) Hybrid of ACACIA ASPERA Lind.

The plant revorded. for the Bendigo Whipstick seruty ag “Acacia sclero-
phyla Lindl." by 1D, J, Paton [Mier Not, #8: 202 (Feb, 1924)], and thas
referred by subsequent workers. clearly bas nothing to do with that low,
deme, brigh) green bush with fonger, much thicker and alnrost glossy
phyllodes, On the vontrary, the farmer is a dingy straggling shroh cw § ft,
tall, with flattened granular-resinaus plyllodes. le 1 sugmested that the
Whipstick wattle is of hybrid ornein, involving dracia aspera as one parent
The foliage and pods are certainly less bristly than in this species: but the
same peamivent stipules (to dow. done), and bracteales i the Aower-heads
(giving young heads a Mae-like appearance), are present. Ouly a study of
seedlargs, supplentented by genetical research, cum throw definite lighy upen
Vues conjectpry.

ACACIA KETTLEWELLIAL JH. Manton in J, roy. Sat, NSW, 49 484
(19To).
A atlas J. H. Maiden & W, F. Blakely i J. fay Ser, NAH of US

p27),
ef. orraphilm Myanken & Ulakely be - 185 (19275

Acacta hettlewellie was described (46) from fruiting otters) collected
between Havrictville and Me. St. Bernard in north-eastern Victoria, the
descriplion of Alpwers being taken {rom a specimen obtained at Mt, Buffalo
by C. Walter i 1902. Eleven years later the author collaborated with W_ F-
Blakely in describing two other highland Acacia species from “Buffalo
Mountains’—both of them also collected by C. Walter ia 1902. All three are
closely related. asit a ds astonishing that, 19 their later diagnosis (drawn up
without any knowledge of the pods), these authors should make no inention
of vbyious affintlics with the already-published 4. kettleweltte.

In the past hall-remury, only ane species of -teacia in the ald praminens-
hucifolo group has been found in the region of My, Biiffalo. This shrub is
decidedly vanable wm length and comparative width ot phyllode, degree wi
glaneescenee, nunsber (1-3) and size of imarginal glands and width of prod.
In general, braad- and obtuse-leaved plants tend to haye imiore glands (2 oF
even 3 per phyllode), while Jonger- and rather yarrow-leaved conditions have
wsually a sinule gland and sontewhat broader pods, But there is no constant
coreclatian af these characters, and | regard -l. &etdecwellig as a polymorphic
species ol which A. walter] and 4. oreophita are merely two manifestations
—the former with a secand ov third gland, the lalter with shorter phyllades
bearing single glands. Such slight floral and fruiting differences, as occur, are
inconsequential, This mrountam species extends also into south-eastern New
Sourh Wales—trom the Kosciusko region to at least as far as Braidwood—
with an apparent reduction in size of phy llades towards the northern limit of
its range.

158 Warurs, fara of Mictorig anit South Austratie a ce

ACACIA DECORA Reichb., 21827

Thoona (Herb, MEL- &, 4. Black, 10 Jan. 19381 Sugartcal Peak,
Warby Ranges near Theona (MET—I. Morley, 20 Sept, & 1B Nav
1945).

The first recerds for Victoria of a iree that is uot uilvammon in Wagga
Wagea disirict, NSW, Affinities are with lo danfetia A, Cum, Calso
nccurring in te Warby Ranges), but the inflorescences af 4, deearm are
que terminai, far dxceertiug the pltyltodes, and the steater peduncles harry
fef. always glabrous in 4. bnetfotta),

ACACIA KYHEANENSIS J. AL Marden id WF. Blakely in J. roy. Soc,
NS.W., a0: 188 (1927)
Ay vecudts J. HO Moweu & W. . Blakely flues 286-7 (1927)

slraris &Vheniensts and 1. oreadcys, with descriptions an adjoining pages of
the same journal, were based upon rypes from “head of Tuross River,
Kybean” (N.S.W.} and “Clarence to Wogan" in the Blue Mountains
(W.S.W.) respectively. Pods of the dormer species were tot seen, but the
aulliors claim this wy be “readily distinguished” from ¢l, oreades in its thin,
lanceolate, almost acuminate shyllodes, small hairy stipules, smaller thicket’
calyx and mich Jarger sive (6-8 ft, agalust 18-24" an 4, oreades), These
differences. may hold fos individual plants, in isularet populations, but are
found to be triffing and inapplicable when a range of material is studied Fram
Various localities, [nh Octaher 1948, | was able to visic the very type locality
{Tuross River head, at Kydra Peak, Kybean) ni 4. Avécanensts, Specimens
from slender shrubs about 6 ft. high were collevted: later they evoked the
following comment fro: Mr. K& A Anderson, Chief Betanist and Curator at
Sydney Rotanic Gardens (6/7/1953)—"a very good match for the type of
AL arcades Maid. & Blakely, with the small thick plyllodes.” So it seers that
quite typical id, oreades (a5 to phyllodes) van occur almost at. the spot whence
type. ot. Avbcanensrs came! It is clear that one species only is involved, and
the original diagnosis of A. oreades probably refers to unusually small planta,
dwarfed by environment. Since the circumscription of A. bybeaunsis better
fits the more usual appearance of tie species, this name is now chosen for
retention and the other relegated Lo. senonyiny,

In addition to the above highland localities in New Sotnh Wales, 4.
Aybeanengty ay bebe revor'del Tor the fivst thine as Victorian, oe.c on the
mountain road berween Wulgulmerang and McKillop’s Bridge [Snews River],
ubout 3 miles below Little River Falls (J. H. Wallis & AL AL Wokefield,
17 Jan, 194%8—execellent fruiting specimeiys) } on indguitain slopes art Freestone
Creel, north of Briagalang (F. Mueller, Feb. 1854). Both collections are in
Melboucne Herbarium, and the latter very old one bed been Aled under
Miueller’s ans, label “Acacia bevifolia var. welitina”. These Victarian repre.
sentatives exhibit larger phyilodes (ta 2” long) than im either ot the New
south Wales types, but the hoary pubescence on branchlets, inflorescences
und yours foliage is exactly the same. La view of the recent collection of pexis
(an the example from near Liuwle River Falls, Vic.), Maiden and Bla¥ely’s
description given [or the fruit of 4. oreades—they bad oot seen pods of their
A, Avbecwipnsis—may be supplemented a5 lotlows: ta Sem, long x 2 em, wide,
very flat, glaucous, bearing up ta 7 oblique tu transverse (fot longitudinal)
aged.

ACACIA ft RIGESCENS J. ff. Hrtlis;
species nava €x affimtate, 4. prelaiorylow Ri br ip Ail, sed dilfert sic

statura mijore, cortice lewiore, phyNodiis subcinercis que 3-4 neryos
caispictios parallelos exhiber, pedunculis manifeste hirsulis. Moribus

Mision WirLirs, Flank af Factor and Sonth elustralta 189

lete flavis, Truetu ferme recta (nunduain spiraliter involuto) et pravci-
pie seroits arillo albido yur ad basin serpbnis testrngitur,

VAGATIO: VICTORTA Cin wontibus orieotalibus)—"Result Creck ear
Baotiang, om forest ranges” (HOLGTYPUS cum foriheas in Herb
MEL—=. Sinter, Sept. 19401; “Poley Range in Melh. & Metrop.
Board of Works O'Shannassy Reserve, about LO imtles north-east of
Warburton, at upper limit of Eucalyptus veynans terest, about 3,500 ft.
J+1100 m. alt." (PARATYP! cum fructibus in Herb. MEL, NSW
SFE ithe, 18 Pe, 1054)

Stall montane or subalpine forést tree 3-0 ni. [10-30 91.] high; bark olive-
rufvscent, rathys smooth (never rough and fissured as in 4. melonoxr/oy
R.Br.) ; branches dense, the vitimate branchlets augular aod glabrous, Bipin-
nate foliage discarded after the first seedling leaves wither. Payllades greyish
(from 2 minute ninate mealiness), 10-16 x 1.5-4 om, narrewly to broadhy
iusiform, acute or subacute. conspicuously petiolate > gland stall and obscure,
at juuction of petiole and blade (as in +f. welanarylaie) 7 nervation consisting
of 3 or 4 very bold, prominent, parallel vers Ley. 4-6, veldom prominent in
A awelanowslon |. Fiaecr-heads globoid, bright yell, about 30-flowered
(uot pallid-creamy and with up to 50 flowers, as in A. wichtiexylon), each on
a conspicuously white-hayry peduncle 5-10 mm. long [ef minutely mealy in
Ao anclaitocylon] Tudieitue! fewers partite, U5 mn. long at expansion:
$ubtending bracteole broadly spathulate, shortly @ranutar-funbriare, Celyr
with abdoni¢e tube Jialf as long ay corolla, hroadly- and shallowly-lohed at the
suramit, with ovinucely Jaciniace and stightly granular inargms. Ballon polyads
20-55 mic. diameter, compdsed of 14 grains, Pad 4-10 cm. x 5-8 mim., linear,
straight or slightly curved [ef coiled and often twisted in A. qrelunoaylozt,
hardly constricted hetween the seeds, pale brawnish, subcoriaceous bet
flexible, Seeds up to UW), fiongitudinal, black and shining, elliptic, about
42.5 en, aril white, entirely basal, torming a double, often siemeid fold
beneath the seed and passing insensiftily into a short Cunicle (ef, the long
reddish aril which almost surrounds the seed in 1. melanerylan|-

Disrussion

The new species has hitherto bees misdetermined in Victoria as a fom oF
Blackwood (recta melanoxylon), with which it sometimes grows. Although
superficially similar in Habit and fohage, it may readily be distinguished by
the nivel sntoother bark, greyish phyliodes, bright yellow flower-heads on
hairy peduncles and, especially, by the small white aril which js merely a
besal stachment and does ytof embrace the seed. At present it appears te be
confined to montane and subalpine situations (bene the epithet “frige seus’)
ju eastern Victoria. In addition to the two isolated type localities viven above,
this. wartle thas been noted as abundant on slopes of the Baw Baws and Mt
Horsfall-Toaronge forest area, where copious seedling regrawth followed
the disastrous fires of Tarmsary 1939,

ACACIA OBTUSIFOLIA A. Conn a Field Geogr Men. NSW. 345
(Agr. 1835)

Ay wherteata Sect. ex DC Prade, Sut, Nat, Regn Vey. 2! 454 CNov. UR25),

Boll) Acuorw oblistfolw and A. intertexte were synouymized by Bentham
[Flara inst, 2. 398 (1RA4}] as merc tars, with narrow and lroad phylodes
cespectively, under typical 4. loagifelia (Andry Willd. That they are in-
separable specfically has heen confirmed through a recent careful compacison
of types at Kew by Dr. Ronald Melville (11/11/19553, and the name
A, ablesifolia must stand because its valid publication antedates that of
al. interterte by sever mouths in 1825, Bur Bentham owas afleorrect uw assuyi-

160 Wicris. Flara of Pictaria and Souk lestratia LA i} a

ing identity also with 4. longifolia, which bas rather thin-textured and often
aeute phyllodcs, bmeht yellow congested Rowers (appearing in tarly spring},
petals Gnited in lower third aud only slightly uickened at apices, nods almost
terete and thin-walled, of. obtusifolin, by cantrast, is quite distinct in its thick,
leathery, blunt phytlodes, pale yellow or creamy flowers (produced in Jong
interrupted spikes during mid-summer), petals almost ar entirely free and
conspicuously bossed at the tips by a strong thickening, pods somewhat Hat-
lened aud with leathery walls abuit Linm, thick. The latter 1s typroally a
montane species (very comiman in the Blue Mountains, NSW), extending
fram sourlt-eastern Queensland to far-eastern Vivtoria, for which State at
has never been recorded previnusly-

Occurrences in Vieturia are known from the Genoa district, Mt Eltery
region and across the Snowy River to Butcher's Ridge between Buchan anil
Gelanripy—apparently its western limit in the State. Good examples elt]
flower and iriut, at the Melbourne Herbarium, were collected ar abour 2,000
teat some 12 miles north of M urrungowar, along the forest road toward Met.
Ellery (J. 4. Willis & NAL Meakejield, 29 Dec, 1931),

ACACLA PENDULA u4, Cipup, dan G, Don, 1832

Henty Highway, 5 miles south of Warracknabeal, or property of
Gordow Smith (lerb, MEL—H’, A. Hood, 3 Mar. 1933),

This record estzbtishes the first undowhted occurrence of the truc Mval? in
Victuria, although silvery <2, penile is well known io parts of the Riverina,
NSW. About half a dozen very old spreading trees, with breast-height
diameters of 18", are all that now remain of What must onde have been a more
extensive community: local people cal) them “blackwoods”. The yerneer’s
Attention was first deawn to dhe uceurrenee by Mr, A. J. Gray (lorimer
Superintendent of the Wimmera Forest Nursery at Wail), and it is remark-
able that these very isolated trees should have gone undetected by any Golanist
duriag almust a century of settlement in this part of the State. Several times
1 have followed wp reports by settlers Unat thumps of “Myall" existed near
the Murray River (chiefly $n the Goullurn Valley district}, bet in everv
instance the surviving srees turned out to be A. fosmalophylie ( Yarran”) and
mot ef. pordita.

(To he Conclidert)

Two NEW SPECIES OF PERSOONIA

By L.A. 5S. Jonnson*

1. lu montane forests of south-eastern New South Wales and eastern Vie-
toria there prows a species of Perstonta which has remaitied undescribesl. Te
has been contused with /. copfertifiora Benth, aud with P. fucde R.Br. The
Jatter, desorbed fram the Port Tacksur district, is quite unrelated and is pro
bably a hybrid bewveen 2. levis CCav.) Domus, {#, saltemma Pers.) and 2.
linéaris Anilr,

This species will be fully discussed in a jorthcoming revision of the eastern
Austrulian species of Persnonia, where a full list of localities will be givem
The futlowing diagnosis is here published to validate the naine for immediate
use in Victoriai publications.

PERSOONIA SILVATICA L, Johnsan, sp. nav.
TYPIFICATLON:= Brown Moutitain, near Littleton, N.S.Wales, E, Belche,
17,1895, HOLOTYPE (NSW. No, 2978),

Arbuscala vel frutex 1,3-7 mr, allus, cortice compacto Iaeyique, Ramuli
virgary leviter angulato-striati novelli pubescentes mox glabresceuley. Tube
scentes vel purpurasteotes Folia eoracea nox glebreseeutia, opposita, sub-

* Magione! Herbarium of New South Wales. Sydney_

Pebs des 7 ipo ;
pina jouNson, Trew New Species of Perguanin {G1

opposity alternaye, adscerdentia, subsessiha vel parte petioliformi ad 1 cus.
Jonga tenui vis apolanata, oblumge-fauceslata vel angaste Jarcoolata, rarius
oblanceolata vel elliptica, sabsessilia, 4-9 cna, longa, (4-18 (2.0) cm. lata, acuta
vel obmusiuscula semper fuseo-mucrcatla, vlivacea subter pallidiora, plana vol
margifbus levissime recurvatis, vemis promiuslis vel subobscutis, rare suly-
triplinervia, Mlores in racenis abbreviatis (ad U5 cm, sel fructiperis longioeé-
bos, ad 5 cm, rhachidibus subelabris), 2-15-lloris axillaribes terminalebirsye
vel fase noooll eorem solitarn in axilhs tohoruny vel braetesrus, i pedi-
cellis brevihus (0.1-0.3 cm.) parce ferrigineo-pubescentibus yel glabris brac-
teis deciruis brevisubulatis subtensis: tepala Mava 12-15 cm, longa breyiter
caudala extas etabra (is typo!) vel parce hreviterque fulve-pubsscentia, basin
versus (sub astheris) constyicta; amtherae 07-48 om tingee, elandulae dei
trlormes Wicuryae persistentes vel anterdum mi pedicellis vetustiaribus deviduae ;
ovarium stipitatum glabrim, glaucescens. Dropa pruinusa uveidea-glabularis,
ad 1,5 cm, longs. 1.3 cm crassa, breviler stipitala, stylo eracilt cireiter (6 om
lango (interdum subreflexa) coronata,

P, stvatica differs from P. confertifora in the taller, often tree-like habat,
narrower leaves, slightly shorter flowers, the glabrous or sparingly jubescent
tepals and the usustly lese condensed om@ureseence.

2. A second undescribed species is found i the foothills of the Australiaa
Alps. fram the sowbern part ol the Australian Capital Tervitury ta the Vie-
torian Alps. Tus will also be treated iu detail m1 a later publication, Wat is
here déserienl as follows>

PERSOON! 4 SUBFELUTINA LE Johusou, sp. nov

TYPIFICATTION | Island Bend, Upper Snowy River, N.S Wales; G. W.
Althofer, ID 1954. HOLOTYPE (NSW. No. 20732), "12-15 fl. fl

Frutex vel arbuscila 03-3 i, alttis. Raunuh suberecti vig angulati, vclunne
tomentoss, novell] seepe Jerrugnit?. Folia alterna vel subopposita, oboyata
oblanceolaia vel elliptica, H4 com longa, 16-13 cm. lata, obtusiuscula apices
rotuncdata vel miguie apieulata, versus basis atteniata quad-petiolata, gear
ginthus recurvis, vena wmediana utringue prominuiy, lateratibus lere olsecuris,
supra virwhiy subter palidiora, novella olringue deasiusculy pubesceytta sacpe
subvelucitia, tandem fere zlabrescentia, supra minute papillosa, Flares axitlares
(foliis foralibus rare obsotescentibus) solitarii, subsessiles vel in pecicellis
brevibus 01-02 em. longis (fructigeris 0.3 con. attmentibus) velutinis, erects;
tepala 1.1-1.3 (1.4) cm. longa, brevissime caudata vel apiculata, suh antheris
jliquanite constricta, dense fulva- vel ferrunines-pubescentia; antherae 1).6-0.7
cm. Jougae; glaudulae plus iminusve truncatae, proninulae, persistentes ;
Ovariim stiyttatun, ekabruns. Pedicell fructifers suberecti &F em Joni Drupa
subgtobosa, 12-1.5 em. longa, 0,9-1.2 on. lata, arropurporea. glagud-proaiosa
{rius characterss ¢x specimine Victorsenst in Herb MEL—"Rig River
nce al Nelson and Bogowg”, circ, 3,300 ped. alt, leg. J, H. Willis,

A species of distinctive appearance, but little huown, this has been oon-
fused with “P, vevahiie’ Sieb ex Schutt, et 1 (= #. wallis ssp.l, P. coatferti-
Porn Benth, wad FP. arborea F. Muell, one of which it particularly resembles,
it is distinguished from all ather species ty the eambmatianw of seitly hairy
Jeaves with recurved margins, glabrous ovary aud shert pedicels. The flowers
are much shorter than those of PL arborea.

Ut has @ close allimity with 2 rignda R.Br. which has nut beet recognized.
The short peslicels, rather long flowers, glabrous ovary and papillose leal-
surfaces are characters in common. However, it is readily distinguished from
P. rigida by the leaf characters (not spathulute or so markedly attemmfte at
the base asin P) réada, not meurved-spreadiang, mare fiely papillose-seabere-
Jous) and hy the mmich shorter velvety pubescence pt branchlets, Ieaves and
tepals, Te grows much dallee than FP, regrdfo, at least at times.

a2 Phe Mictovan Naturalist Val. 73

NOTES ON TWO SPECIES OF ACACIA IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA
By Magy Do Trynars”
ACACIA SILVESTAIS Vindale sp. nov.

Arbor 7,540 m. alta; trunco grisea, laevs, ramulis Juvenilibus pilis argen
teis dense puberulis; ranaulis vix costatis; boliis pinnatis, 3-18-pugis, elandulis
mterjugalibus 2-3, glandula parva ad basin sinvarum juter juyos inferiores
folioruin ; follolis 29-38-j gis, 4-8 mm. langis, 0.8-1.2 num. latis, anguste fance-
Olalis, supra glabrs, aulra semper {ere pubescentibus, aplee acuto, marzinibus
ciliatis; floribus flavis, iu racemis, capitulis globosis, circa 20-floris; calyce
cupulaci, minima, paulo angulate, ciate; petalis 5, liberis. glabris, acutis,
calycis longitudinem circa duplo superantibus: ovacio glabra: Jegumine stip
tato, linteari-oblongs, 6-12 cna, longo, 0.6-L em late, glavco, parce paberilo,
inter semina constricto; semintbus nigns, longitudinalihus, fumculo primum
Hliformi deme on achat pilcifarmem super seminis apicem imtererassato.

Holoivpc; Bodalla State Forest, west of Narooma, 100 fl. at, spreading
tree 25 to St (1. bigh, Mowers yellow, bark dark green, when mature turning
greyish, E. F. Constable, 10.9.1953 (NSW. 25649), located in the Naticinal
Herbarion), S¥divey.

Tree about 25 to 100 ft. high; teunk grey, smooth; young branches densely
puhernlong with silvery hairs; branches seurcely maged; leaves pinnate,
to W8-jpgate, with 210 3 intechugary glands, 4 small island st the base of the
lower pairs of pinnae; pinmules 29 ¢o 58 pairs, 4 po & mm. long, 0.8 to 1.2 mm.
broad, uatrowly lanceolate, glabrous above. mustly pubescent below, the apex
weute, the margios ciliate; the Howers yellow, in racemes, the heads vlabular,
about 20 in a head; the calyx cuptilar, very small, slightly angular, cihate,
petals 5, free, glabrous, acute, twice as loug as (he calex, the ovary glabrous,
the pox stipitate. linear-cblong, 6 to 12 om, long, O45 10 LC co brow, glaucans,
seatceiy puberulous, constricted between the seedy: the sees black, lomeitu-
dinal, the funicle Aliform at first, then thickened into a Heshy piletform aril
over the top of the seed,

Distribution ~ Lower South Coast of New South Wales and East Gippsland,
Victoria. New South Wales: Bodalla State Forest, H. C. Buckeridge,
SU1953 (NSW, 266771; ditty, Spring Creek, henght 30 ft, grey blotchy
hari, M. Rowyer, 89.1952 {NSW, 26076)> Gulf Creek, Nerrigundah, 1
ft. alt. erect spreadine teoe. 25-30 dt high. smooth hark of light eulour, EB, F-
Constable, 16.9.195} (NSW 26674); ditto, I. ©. Ruckeridge, 11.1953
(NSW. 26075); uaama, Slater, 11.121934 (NSW, 8656), Victoria:
Snowy River area, near Wulgulmerany, about 2,000 ft, alt,, an rocky outcrop,
NA. Wakefield. No, 2185. 17.1195 (NSW 4286) > Nowa Nowa, Prince's
Highway, Wo Hunter, 81940 (NSW. 8642), Deddick, W. Humter, LL1940
(MEIL..),

This spring-flawering species foriys quite extensive forests in East Gipps-
land, Victona, whereas it New Sanh Wales wis found in the County ob
Dampier and southwards towards the Boga-Brogo Pass on Prince’s Hugh-
way, as well as being scattered faivly generally in Bodaila State Forest an‘!
iy Crown Jandy west to Belowra in the Tuross River bash, east vf the Main
Divide. It will grow on low ridges, in gullies and on steep slopes up to 1,000
fi. an altitude. het it is commonest an the hillsides of steep gullics and over
the saddfes of a cide. According to Mr. Buckeridze’s felt notes, A. silvestris
javours Slate formations, whereas A. troffissita is predominant on granite
cuutticy in the Bodatla State Forest, Ta oper country scattered. trees grow
short trunks with plenty of hinbs but generally it grows i thickets which
produce tall barrels up to 60 ft, high clear of limbs Mature trees grow to
60 or &) ft. on height bur sametiowes ap to 100 ff, Very heavy regeneration
follows bash fires but without fires regeuetation ts practically al

* National Herbarium, Sydney

February ]

ie Tinoae, Trea Speeies of Avacta 163

A. sehvestris is more closely allied to 4. dealbata Link than to any other
member of this group of bipmpate wattles. However, in of. dealbeto the pods
are quite glabrous instead of puberulous, although they are of a dark bluish
colour just as in 4, silvestris. There is a single gland at the hase of euch pair
oF qinnae in vt. dealbata, whereas there are 2 to 3 interjugary glands as well
asa small gland at the base of some of the lower pairs of pinnae in A. srfvestris,
Tn the Jatrer species the pinnules are slightly Jarger, being 4 ta 8 mm, long
and 0.8 ta 1.2 mnt. beoad, while they are mostly 1.5 to 5 mar Jong and 0,2 to
0.5 me. broad in A. dewtbaite. The markedly acute pinmnutes of 4, sdoestris ate
a agnostic feature of this species, distinguishing it from ather members of
the 4. decurrins-A. mallissioa group in eastern Australia

1 wish to acknowledge with many thanks the very helpful nores a) the inadit
and habitat of .d. siwestris supplied by Mr, HM. Burkeridge of Lndalla Siate

Forest,
ACACIA ROTUNDIFOLIA Hook.

A, rattindifolia Hook. in Rot May.: (1843), +, 4041

Syuonyue: A. obtiqua A. Cunn. ex Benth. in Hoek, Land. Jonen 2 334
(1342), non 4 oblqua Desy, w Journ, Bot, 3: 67 (1814).

A. rotundifolia is characterized by obliquely obovate or orbicwlar, mucre+
tate, I-veined phytlodes about 4 to 4 in, long. The globular flower+heads are
bame on solitary or twin peduncles which are often longer than the phyllodes
This species, which is spreading slirub about 2 to 5 ft. high, occurs in South
Australia, norrch-western and norih-eastero Victoria 2s well ay on the tahle-
lands auc western slopes of New Soitth Wales.

FLORA OF VICTORIA: NEW SPECIES AND OTHER ADOITIONS—1i
By N. A. WakeFiein, Noble Park

Genus SCIRPUS: A New Species of the Section leolepia

SCIRPUS VICTORIFENSIS ). nny. Sect. Jselapis inserenda: plaigae
annuae culmis caéspatosis creetis usque ad 12 cm. altis, folir Jaminac
usque ad 15 mnt, longae vel saepe absentes; spiculae plerumque 2-4,
3-5 nm, longac, bractea usyue ad 11 nm, longa; glumae ovatac, pallidae,
carinatac, ad upicem paulum recurvatae; stameu J; styli 3; mux cana,
subglubosa, cireiter 15 mm longa, paulum 3-costata, granulosa.

HOLOTYPE: Wimmera, Victoria; /eg. PF. M. Reader, 189. (MEL;
duplicates to he sent to K, BRI, AD, NSW*),

Erectly cadted smal, culms to 12 cn. long; leaf-blades absent, or up to
13 mu. long; spikelets usually 3 or 4, 2-5 mm. long, t cylindrical, subtendiny
bract 2-1] mm. loug; glumes narrow, the keel prominent, the wings always
pate, the apex spreading a2 little: hypogynous bristles 0; stamen 1; style
afd) nut subglobuiar, .4-.5 mm. lon. 3-4 mm. wide, obscurely 3-ribbed, the
fucus very convex, pale grey, regularly granular (the comparatively Jarge
surface cells somewhat raed).

Distrition: Victeria—Central, aorthern and vorth-western areas of
original savannah forest, The species should &ecur also in adjacent parts of
New Suttth Wales and perhaps of South Australia. Besides the type collection,
Which most Jikely came from near Dimboola, there are the Jallowirs spec-
mens in AMMEL*: Ricliardson River (north of Stawell), /eg. Dr. Curdie; Glen-
donald Creek, about J miles north of Creswick, 3/1/1953, leg J A Willis &

* MEL—Natonal Werbariom of Vietoria, Methourie
K—Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Engtand.
NSW—National Merbatium of New South Wales, Sydeiey
WKI—Boranic Musewm and Mervarium, Tmshane, Gueenelsttd.
AD—Siate Herbariom of South Australis, Adelaide,

154 Wakenrio, flora of Mactoria: New Spectes, ete. va iy

R, V. Smith; Gimbower Creek (near Cobuna), leg, Tietkens; Werribes,
lew. Fullager ; Mooroopna, 11/11/1942, leg. R.A. Black.

Mast of these specamens had been confused with S. anstrufiensis (Maid.
& Betche) 5, T, Blake, This latter has a spreading habit; far inore aumerous
stents; spikelets fewer in each cluster, smaller, somewhat reddish; and the
nut 4s acutely triquetrons. usually much longer than wide, and it becomes
finally pale orange ®) colouc. S, pestrations!s belongs to arid areas Crorth-
western Victoria to south-western Queensland and Central Austratia).

The Creswick collection was. reported ay S. cungrons (Nees} 5. T. Blake,
in MHtet, Nat, 68: 130 (Feb, 1955), which species has broad hyaline openly
reticulated wings to the glumes, aud an acutely triquetcous nut. This plant
extetids from lar-western Victoria (near Mt. Acapiles and Lowan Shire), to
West Australia

In habit aud the appearance of the inflorescence, S. wictoricnsis is not
recognizalily differcm from either S. pfotvcarprs S. T, Blake ur 3. culp-
corbus 5. T. Blake: both these however have 3-staminate Rowers and larger,
slung black, differently marked mats.

Genus PULTENAEA: Two Hitherto Unrecognized Species
PULTENAKA PLATYPHYELA sp, nov.; ex afhnitate FP, rete Sin. et
P. daphnoides Wendl, sed ab utreque a characteris sequentibus ais-
tingvitur ; Toliis ellipticis, marginibys planis (haud recurvatis), apice
amariinato (hee retusa Hee mlicranatey,

HOLOTYPE: Mt. Tarrengower, near Maldon, central Victoria: fey.
Rev, W, C. Tippett, October 1921 (MEL).

Syu.. FP dapliaides var. partyflera H. Bo Williamson (Proce, ray, Soe
bet, 32> 212).

Tall shrub; leaves elliptical, I-¢ cm, long. 3-6 min, wide, Upper Surface
glabrous and concave with the midrib not visible, margins fat. apex rounded
aud indented. underneath wath the midrib not very prominent: Howers in
terminal bracteate clusters; bracts broad, entire; bracteoles high on the
calyx-tube, strap-like, pubescent: calyx densely pubescent,

Distribution: Victoria (“Geanpiats”; Mt Tarrengower! Warby Ranges,
PF. Morley, Sept. 1945; Eldorado, AH. B. Williamson, Sept. 19, 1920; Upper
Murray District C. French Jne., 1BBG) 5 also New South Wales.

P. platyphyle is not closely related to P, daphanetdes Wendl. The latter
has the leaves cuneate. truncate. mucronate, with, recurved margins, and the
midrib is very prominent heneath and a little so ahove: the bracts are wiAd
at the apex with the middie lobe pubescent ; and the bracteoles are Jancevlate,

The new species is similar to P. siricte Sims; but che latter has the leaves
smaller. pomted and recurved at the apex and recucved at the inargins, and
its bracteoles are glabrous except on the margins.

v, platypiwle is most closely related ta P. retusa Sm; the batter differiyy
in having Ieat-margims recurved, apex of leaf truncate and + bailobedl, ard
The flowers and leaves of the latter are ahout half as biz as thase of the
former.

PULTENAEA AMGEN Sieh. ex N. A, Wakeheld sp. nav,; PB. dinoplytly
Setirad. proxima, sed differt follis liar oblongis supra elabris apice
sabemarginutis ¢t lracteis rulescentibus orbicularibus, affinis ?. stricta
Sin. a qita folia infra semper pubescenti apice vix decurvato et bracters
persistentibus trilpbatis facile caguoscitur.

HOLOTYPE: Specimen ac MEL, labelled “Padsanaea antoeinr Sicher,

Sieber flora nov, Hollandiac No. 414",

ins Warkrrinun JVara af bletarias Meal Species, cir. 143

P. tinophytla var. omecna DC, (Prad, 2: 112) is evidentiy base on one of
Sieber’s duplicates of the same species.

Buth Stetdel (Nome, Bot, ed, 2: 448) and Bethany (hf Ayatr, 2: 113)
used Sieher's specific name in synonymy, hut i has apparenudy net bitheria
bee validly published as a species.

Lin, sparse shrub; branchlets shortly villase; leaves brear-oblang, abot
6-12 mim. long and 2-4 mim. wide, glabrous above, margins recurved, apes
short and recurved, underneath sjiarsely villoges flowers in ternal bracteate
clusters; bracts orbiculsr, teually pubescent, 3-lohed (ihe central lohy
sitlose), reddish-brown, pecsistent; calyx pubescent; bractesles high uc the
calyx-tube, filiform, villose

Distvitudian: South-castern New Santh Wales and easier Victoria, As
well as Sicber's. specimens from the Port Jacksan area, theré are in the
Melbourne National Herbarium collections of P. aimecne tram Hazelhrook,
Braidwood, Wagonga and Twofold Bay—all in New Suuth Wales. The
species Was apparently first collected in Victoria by C. HR. Grove, a1 Orhost,
about sixty years ago (Melbourne Teachers’ College Herbarium) ; and later
at Welshpool (leg. A. K. Cameron, 27/7/1948), at Cann River (NAW,
Nos, 3110 and $497; about 1946/47) andl Upper Genoa River (NAW. No,
1B, 25/9/1948),

Py. mivorna is similar to P. Hiroghaila Sehrad > but the latter has longer,
narrower leaves (1-2 cm, long, l-2 mm. wide) which are pubescent on their
upper suriaces, and ws bracts are ublonp. blackish aud more coarsely pulte-
scenl, Tt has not beer possibly for the writer to consult ether type material
oy the original description ot P. lnapiyli,y hot it is assumed thar Smith's
iMterpretation of the species (in Prams Lam. Sue 9: 247) 1s correet.

Both these species are quire diatinet from P. vetwsa, the Jast having glahrous
leaves with the apex broad and truncated und she midrib never recurved. ‘The
allied P. stricta has the leal obovate and with a strongly recurved apex, while
the inner hraets (abd these af F revasa also) are entire arid fall early leeving
the flowers loose,

Genue SPYRIDLUM: Twe New Species

SPYRIDIUM CINIREOM sp. nov.; 5. serpyllacco (Reiss.) F, Muell.
afinss, sed differt: foliorum anicibus laticribus, fuliorum lobis later-
albus obtusis (sine apice indiwaro), lobo mediy + recta (non valde
recuryate), pilis stellatis in superficie (non simplis), cvario villoso
(nen breviter pubescent).

HOLOTYPE: Coastal heathlands ear Mallacoots aérodrome, far-castern
Victoria; N, A. Wakefield No. 48342 24/1/1937 (MEL; duplicates ta be
sent ty K and NSW).

Dwarf sheuh 5-30 em, high; leaves obcordate up to & num. Ione and
Simm, wide, apex with large entire lateral lobes ail a anall = straight acute
central lobe. margins strongly recurved, upper-suriaces densely stellate-
tomentose, undet-surfaces with logser tontentum and perni-castate; inflgres-
cence teremual. cymose; floral leaves felwy-white, mostly sinular to the stem-
leaves but a few sometimes sniall and entire; calyx and ovary densely villoge

Distrihution: Victoria {Mallacocta and Grampians).

S_ cinerewne was first collected by Mueller, in September 1860, in the
type locality, and wae jdemified as 9, serpytlecetin (Coide “Entrance of the
Genoa River, F, Mueller”, in FU. Aust. 4; 428), Other botanists have wathered.
it since at the same place, for it is very abundant there; and quite recently
it Was fouud my Western Victoria (Flats N.E. of Grammars, Jan, 1937, leg.

166 Waxerteto, Fore of Mictorlar Neti Species, ete [°ES Net
Vol, 74

A. J. Swaby), It is not known to occur outside Victoria, Dut ik should: be

found in the extreme suuth-east of New Sauth Walgs,

S. serpvllaccian has leaves less broad at the apex, with lateral labes
terminated hy a shart callous. point and the central Jobe strongly recurved,
and with the upper-surfaces invested with simple Taurs. lt is endemme in
Tasmania.

SPY RIDIUM NITIDUM sp. now: 3. spatfinlofo (F. Muell.) F, Muell.
ex Beth. simile, sed recedit: foliis: brevioribus (usque ad 5-7 min.
longis} oblanceolatis (non spathulatis) Ad margines planis (non te-
curvatis), spperAciebus indtimento dense appresso abtectis. [non glabre-
seciuibus), infloresecstia cytosa (non glongata).

HOLOTYPE: Specimen m MEL, with data “Sanity Scrub, Waterhouse",
presumably irom Kangaroo (sland, South Australi.

Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, up to 3 am, long and 2 mm, wide, the
Apex acute and & recurved, bath surfaces invested with dense shiny appressed
vestiture (shorter and tighter on upper surface); stipules lanceolate. entire,
glabrous; inflorescence cymase. leafy, the individual flower-clasters 2-3 mm.
in chameter; floral leaves creamy white, broader, shorter and less poinped
than the normal ones and with loose vestiture: bracts broad, reddish-brown,
tepery, 4 little pubescent; calyx sparsely villose.

Tistribution; Kangaroo Island South Australia (leg. Warerhotse,
riba and north-western Vicroria (Shire of Cowan, feg, St. Eloy
YAlton).

f, sitidum fs the same as the 5. spathidatun var, ucraphytiim Betth
(2°), Alert, J: ASL), the type material of which may be a dupticate of the cype
Specimens of (he former.

S spathulale has the leaves spathulate, + glabrous on the upper surfaces
und with the margins strongly recurved, and the inflorescence 36 elongates
gon &. central axis. Lt occurs ict South Ausiralia and possibly in Western

ustraha,

Genus: HIBBERTIA: A New Species of the Section Euhibbertia,
and Same Taxonomic Adjustment to H, billordieri F, Muell,

HIBBERTIA SPATHULATA sp. nov. Sect, Fubifiierting (sens, Beon-
than) inserynda—foliis spathulatis et carpellis 3 tomentosis—ex afini-
tate AY hermaniifolians DC., sed recedit: folie njinorbus retusis costa
percrassa; jndumento minuto perdenso. qilis amoihus stellatis sessili-
busque: Aorihus minoribus subsessilibus.

HOLOTYPE: Towards Snowy River, cast of Butchers Ridge, casteeu
Vietotia: Jew. N. A. Wakefield, No, 4832, September 16, 1955 (MEL:
duplicates to be sent to K and NSW)

A diffuse shrub to about 4 ft. high and 4@ ft. wide; vestiture (on upper
stems, both teaf-curfaces, and the calyces) a dense mat of minute, sessile,
stellate hairs: leaves spathulate, normally abour 8 ma, long and 3 mm, wide,
thick. the apex bilobed, the tmargitis somewhat recurved, the upper surface
green and with a shallow jongitudinal channel, underneath whitiste and the
midnib green and much thickened: Ruwers subsessilé; stamens numerous
(normally about 17), surrounding the carpels: starninades few (formally
abaut 5): carpels J. tomentose.

Distribution: Apparently endemle boi locally abundant in a small area
(detailed shove}. an a rocky slope in porphyry formation. at about 2,500 ft.
elevation, assodated with Ay lorcaris vac. ablinsifulio, ina forest of Eycalyp-
lus sieberimm, stracia pyemcatha and Acacia obtirsifolia.

varuery Wakrelup, Flava of Firgeria: New Species, ote. WF

AH. spathnlat was originally discovered by the writer nu Janusry 22, 1954,
hur it was tot Aowering at the time. A second visit was made to the same arca
om September 10, 1955, to collect flowering specimens, and though it was
somewhat early in the season, a few precocious. Howers were Loum and their
characters ascertained.

The species is most clasely-allied to 77. hermanntifulia DC, of eastern New
South Wales. The latter has leaves much larger (up to 24 mm, x 8 mm},
rounded ae the apex, the midrib thinner; the flowers are larger and stalked
(peduncles up to 15 iim. long); and the yestlure is looser and of larger
sane shat different hairs (some siniple, some of the stellare ones stalked).

Yun species are involyed in the material classitied as FR. pillardert F.
Muell. by Bentham (Ft dusts. 2+ 28). These are as follows

FUIBBERTIA ASPERA DC. Syst. Weg. 1: 430 (1843)

Bushy sheub, upper stebis densely stellate and somewhat long-piloses leaves
fram narrow to broadly obovate, apex rounded, margins normally only a tittle
recurved, upper surlaces asperaus wath small tubercles and gmafl stour
stellate hairs mixed with a few long simple ones, underneath usually whitish
and densely steflate-tomentose; Howers on slender peduncles usually with one
teduced leat ar liract wider the valyx; sepals about 4am long, invested with
hoth stellate and simple hairs.

Distribution: Widespread m south-eastern Australia. irom south-eastern
Onecnsland io Tasmania arid South Austratia, Inv gouth-western Vieqoria and
South Australia, the species tacks the usual Jong pilac, and the cammo ietim
m Tasmania has larger leaves and less pubescence.

Bath Pleuranden atreree and F. partifora, boul of RBar ex DC, (feo: 47
418 respactively), are apparently sytionvars of 77. aspera,

ALBBERTIA ASTIROTRICHA (Sieb. ex Spreng.) comb. av.
Rash Synonyint Ploiondra agterotrvha Sich, ex Spreng, Sesh, Cae
Post: 191 (1827).
Equivalent Synonyins: Plesrandra otuate Labill, Not. Atoll, Pi, Sarre. 2:
$4 149 (1806); Plentondra scabra R.Br, ox THC be.- 448 (Both these
Specific epithets are pre-occupied tn {Tibbertia.)

Sprawling, long-branched shrub; upper branches reddish, bearing fine
stellate hairs aud longer setac; leaves obovate to elliptical, usually +-acute,
the marping a little recurved, upper surfaces scabroug with pale tubercles and
fog setae (bit no Stellate hairs), underneath glabrous or with tiuy Hooked
hairs othe lamina (bur vane stellate) and the midribs hearing stellate trairs
and bristles; flawers on long slender peduncles; calyx setiferous.

_ ff asteremreiia is almost co-extensive with H. aspera, but it docs fot occur
in western Victoria ar South Austraba,

Genus TIEGHEMOPANAX: A New Species Allied to T. sambucifoloius

CLEGHEMOPANAN MULTIFIDUS sp. nov. ob inforescentiain T sam-
buetfeta (Seb. ex 120.) Viguier affoas, sed differts Foliis bipumatis
vel craptimatis; pinnis ultimis cireiter 2 tor, latis, plerumane prumtanhdiss
piniths atgue lotus acuminatis, marghubus integris.

HOLOTYPE: W Vree, 16 om, worth of Buchan, Victoria; N.A.W. No.
4833, 23/1/1957 (MEL. duplicates to be sent 16 K, NSW).

Bushy shrub, usually low, rarely gq several feet hivh} leaves bi- to tri-
piimaty, the piace (secoidan and tertiary) mostly irregularly pinnatifids
the ultimate pinnules and lobes about 2 mim. wide, acuminate, with entire
rusrems; flaiwers and fruit as in FT sombacifelins (Sieh. ex DC.) Viguier.

108 Waxercian, {lone of Vielortu: Near Species, ete, bet m.

Distribution: [asters Vietotia (Mt, Little Bick, iicar Brithen; Little
Rayer Falls, Wulgulmerang; Mt, Tara, near Buchan; Nowa Nowa Mr
Buck, near Orhost: ete.) > also in south-eastern New South Wales.

Typical T. sembnetfalins hae (he leaves ance piinate; the pinmae are
laiceclate WW ovate, acuminate, and with margins regularly dentldulate, Hot
Hinwatfe or lobed. This occurs ia New South Wales, from the Sydney- Blue
Mountains area to New iglard.

What is regarded ax belonging to T. sawbweifoling in Vietoria, differs from
the typical plat to having the leat-margins entire, not. denticulate, and the
leaflets are obtuse or + acute but not acuminate, This ranges from central
chetriets (Mt. Disappointment, Dandenong Ranges, etc.) vastwards (Delatite
River, Wilson's Promostory, Mt. St, Bernard, Cann River, etc.) into New
South Wales, li the alps ancl subalps the plant has primary pinnae usnally
linear and obtuse, cceasionally only 2-3 em, long and 2-3 ttl, wide. This
development occurs also al lower clevations, where it grades into the typical
lowland form which has lanceolate to ovate leaflets (oucasionally even as
large ay 18 8.13 cm.). F. Mueller applied the names Pana aigustifalits and
P. dendratdes respectively ta these two forms, The broad form is occasionally
bipinnate, with up to ubovt twenty Janceolate pimuae each 3-4 em. lone: but
such secontury pinnae are not narrow-linear, pinnatiful or lobed as are those
of TL dnnltefidus,

All leaf characters mentioned above apply ta the foliage of mature
(Aowering) branches. Leaves of juvenile growths are less dissected and their
leaflets may be irregulafly lobed or coarsely toothed or = regularly
denticulate

Tn sunili-cestern New South Wales und eastern Gippsland, where 7. sain
buetfalins (forma) and 7. winltifidis both Gecur sbiudantly, extensive field
observation over a period of mumy years has faileti to reveal to the writer
any intermediate states or connecting links between the two.

Genus ASTROTFRICHA: A Now Species, and Comments on Its Alfies

ASTROTVRICHA PARPIFOLIA sp, nov oh flores socia A. lelifolwe DC,
conicrtnans, sed jam distinguitur foliis perbrevibus angustis (6-13 x
]-2 ae sessilibus niticdis reflesis haul asperis (euberctlt pauct magni
alléunt).

HOLOTYPE = Near Providence Ponds, eastern Victorias lee T. S. Hare,
15/11/1919 (MEL; duplicates to he sent to K aml NSW).

Av small, erectly braiched shrub; leaves crowded and almost all reflexed_
sessile, 6-15 min. long, 1-2 nym, wide, obttise. the margins somewhat recurved,
upper surface shiny and smooth except for several lacge tubercles: vestiture
very sparse ant loose, soon disappearing from the upper stems and the
branches of the inflorescence; flowers and frit asin the A. ledifelia group.

Distritation: Apparently endemic in the dry sandy country af east-central
Gippsland, F, Mueller collected it “between Latrobe and Merrimans Creek”,
both on April 26, 1853 and in November 1854; there is 5 further specimen
from the type locality (Providence Portwls, dey. Ruth Clarke, 4/11/1951) ; and
a third area for the plant is indicated by a smiall specinien labelled “Avan
Country, June 1955" (leg. W. Cane).

Thi species belongs t a group of closely related forms which have usually
been regarded as the one species. The other Viciarian represenvatives of she
frowp are as follows:

4, ledifelia DC—Leaves flat stort and oblowe to long and nacrow-
lanceolate, 2 me. .or more wide, the margins hardly recurved, the Upper
surface dull ancl minutely scabrous; vestiture a tight or Joose mat of yery

Tie red Wareriecn, Flora of forever: Now Species, ple, (i

small hairs. lt grows about the eastern highlands (fram the Dajdlenong
Rauges to Mount Burfalo and Mouut Ellery) and in New Sauth Wales.

A tinetets AL Cur. es Bentl—Leaves narrow-litear, mosehy 3-8 cm, long,
LL5omm, wide, the marzins + revolute, the upper surface dul? and minvtely
stahrous; vestilure a dense mat of minute hairs. This species is cecortled frona
Mount Macedon, Dyens River and Mitchell River, and yt 1 found in New
South Wales

ft, asperifolia F, Muell, ex Klatt—Leaves linear, 2-6 mo. wide, the miar-
gins strongly recurved, the upper surfaces asperous with wusnerius large anil
small eabercles} vestiture a loose mass of comparatively large hnirs, Ut as
widespread mi ibe State, beme plentiiad in the Grampians area, m the moun-
tains of central Vieturia and io Ease Gippsland.

A, crassttetia WP. Blakely—lcayes 2-3 cm. long and about 1.5 noni, wide,
narrow-linear, (he margins revalute, dhe upper surtace shiny and completely
smooth; the vestitaré a tight felry ear, Thos resineted in this State to tee
Suowy River valley (Suetan Buggan and the gorery cast of Butchers Ridge}.
This Viererian occurrence of the specars has smaller leaves than does the type
foym from New South Wales.

{1 wist) to thank Mr. [. FR Willie of tne Narional Herbarium sol Vietoma tor dis
ingerest in Uns research and Jor his preparation of the Latin diagnoses in the paper.)

A NEW COMBINATION IN PLEUROSORUS
By Mary LD. Tisxuate®

PREUROSORUS SURGL ANDGLOSUS
(Hook. et Grev.) ‘Tindale 1. comb.

As pothted out ta me some years ago by Dr, R, Pichi-Sermalli, there art
Iwao species of Pleurasorus io Australia, namely the common P. ritipoltus
{(R. Br.) Fée and another species which appears to have been generally over-
lagked in Australian fern literature Mooker and Greville im their [rales
Fiitewins (1827), ¢, 90. described Gauniogrammae subglondidasd {Yom a speci-
men collected by D, Fraser in Australia (without specific locality), lt is
usually a larger fern thay 2. rutifeliny which is characterized by finer, longer,
fcrruginous, won-glandular-tipped hairs on the lumina, rhachis and stipes. It
P. swhglandulosis these hairs are ferrugineus but glandutar-tipped. Both
Species have a wide distribution in Australia, being tound under racks and
in rock crevices. /?, rutifolius vceurs io the drier parts nt Victoria, New South
Wales. Queensland, Tasmania. South Austratia, Western Australia and the
Northero ‘Yerritory, whereas T have examined specitnens af PF. subglanduloss
from all of these States except Tasmania.

! have not seen the type of 2. subglandulosis, but the lustrations af beth
species (especially the laminal hairs) w Hooker and Creyilte's Tcouas Filicien,
Plates 90 aid 9b, are excelent. | have examined the halotype af 2. rusifolias,
namely “Serwent, Risden {Cove}, Tasmania, Ro Mrown No. 7, 1802-05"
CAM.) which has two specrmens with glandulartipped hairs mounted by
inigtake an the same sheet. In ile asutype at the Kew Herbarium the laminal
hairs sre non-glandular. A typical specimen of 2. cufifulins was collected by
1. ALS, Johnsen and F, F Constable at Beaumont Hill, 36 miles west of
Cobar, N.S.AV. on June 26, 1955 (NSW. P7230; K.; US,; UC, L,, BM.
The only Victonan specimens of this species which J haye seem were
collected at Euroa, Leneva and Mi. Wyelepraof,

Representative specimens of P oubiaudulosus are as fallows: New South
Wales—Slopes of Mt, Naman, Wareumlamele Mis, 2.300 fr, alt., under

* National Herbarium of New South Wales,

170 ‘tinoare, A New Coabination in Pleurosures ie Lia

moist rocks, Jolson and Constable, 184.1952 (NSW, P2776); Pinmacte
Mountain, & mls. morth-vorth-west of Grenfell, 750 ft alt, i rock crevices.
Constable, 21.35.1956 (NSW, P7473); Jenolan Caves, W. F, Blakely, 87900
(WSW, abe 7 Broken Hill, A. Morris, 5.7.1920 (NSW, P4584). Victoria—
Chiltern, Ho. BL Williamson. 121900 (NSW, P58). Queensland—Wallan-
garra, | L. Boorman, 4.1914 (NSW, P4597), Western Australia—Goosxberry
Hii, Darliue Range, A. Morrison, 16.27.1904 (NSW, 27526). Northern
Territury—Standley Chasm, D. Symon, No, AQ, §.6.1953,

| wish ta thank the Keepers of Botauy at the Kew Herbarium aml the
British Museum of Natural History for enabling meé to exainine the speci-
snens Of Pltvrosoras irr their collections.

SURVIVAL OF NATIVE PLANTS
By Fusanm Resse

In these days ot lisappearing riative fora, it as heartening to discover chat
the "Will to Tve" persists in a remarkable manner even in spots where Mc
aniuat hurning-olf might be expected to desiroy mest living things. The
(ares in mind are suburban sailway cuttings, particularly thase om the line
irom Sandringham te Melbauene. Fur years it has been a delight to see oled
favouwiites flower as usual cach spring, and ‘te notice how mucli of the indige-
news growth marniges to survive, These inglide Tea-trees {Leptocperwiigh),
Wattles (Acacia longifolia, A. arama}, and others. A begutfal specimen of
Correa, the ca-called "Native Fuschia’, about three feet high, still fourishes
near Bridge Street. Sheoaks (Casuartur) and Boohyalla Ci yeporem) grow
treety rear Brighton Beach, while ar Middle Brighton and at Prahran a
nleasatit surprise ts our Cormmoat Maidenhaat (diaretuin aethiopiuian) erow-
sig beneath the caping-stone at the edge of the plattorm.

Various evicalypts, pittosparums aud bracken tay he seen as far in as
Gardenvale. From Ripponlea rowards Elstertrwick is a very imteresting
patch, where Sweet Borsaria (8, spite) and Ruvning Postman (Keudedya
prostrate) are to he seen. Immiediatéely around Kisteriiwaick station, or bath
tides af the line, ig waeth a stucly in itself, Some specimens gathered there
were sent to Mr. T. S. Hart for identification; te reqlied

“The Elsternwick plants are a reminder of the olf] days when we would
occasionally take a walk, on the way home front a school at Balaclava, to
Hrichtwn, The mill at the ratlway station cutting may Im tegardeal ay quite
typical ai the soils resting direct an the red beds. A tree on the apposite side
which T have not viewed at clase quarters is apparently Acacia angler by
its summer flawering.

"Pimeleas—P curoiflove, with alternate feaves and small curved yellowiol
fowers—is quite typieal of Mas class ef country. Dr. Sutton did not have it
an his firse ist of Sandringham flowers, hut 1 mentioned it to him. probably
from the path at the top of the big cutting at Brighton Reach station. Resides
the Elsternwick cutting J think you would And it at the cutting between
Hotliam Strect bridge and Ripponlea station, The pimelers survive well, partly
because te bark is $6 tough and not readily eaten off by stock in the locks.
and because the railway conditions suit anything which will stand burning
of and will shoot again from tubers or rhizomes or a woody toatsteck. The
sharter pimeles as FP. Arurilis, rather squat, bracts larger than the leaves and
stem hairy behind the Aowers. It is passeble that 7. curviftara is actually
becoining more prominent, bat iy could easily have been uverlagked as What
class of country was worth clearma for cultivation and was little seen an
our usual soutes from Cheltenham to Sandringham

“The everlasting seems definitely Aelichrystm apreulation, The very slender
plants, stems scabrous and syuare, seems in he Malaragis, species tneerain;
Hatoragis ig best calla! Raspwort.

“The little cutting half a mile SE. from Elstertwick was different—
tiracken and Basgaca cincrea—and more sandy.”

Par Rex rerr. Suman of Native Plants W

After Elsternwick and Ripples the natwee bepin to digappear and except
for an occasional evcatypt,a bank an the Windsor side of Balaclava shiws
shrubs of various ‘kinds, but evidently mostly escapecs from the gardens and
parklands abnve.

This Tist 1s of course meormplete, as it ms dificult to recozmize all species
Irom a moving train, bur what are in evidence are sufficient to ratse hopes
that all the nauves which were once widespread in the district may not
disippear entirely.

One waaders if ve aeulll Ge possible to persuade the Railway Department
to maintain and plant more indigenous species which were churacteosbe of
the districts trhroveh which tte jimes tun, Such planes rarely require auy
Attention when once established. except ta he left sloite!

A REMARKABLE NEW ACACIA FOR VICTORIA
(The “Jumping-Jock” Wattle)
By Bk. V. Suir, National Herbarium of Victoria

ACACIA ENTEROCARPA A. F. South,

species hava insignis oh phyilodia rigida subteretia promineter aervala
fuingentiague |, collpvordem Benth. perfulittiore simulans, sed in
tharacteribus stqueatibus facile distinguitur: flabitn depresso lace
diffusa Cusque ad 2 m.): costvlis Ccaulis atque pliyNodiariim) seatri-
dis; PAyllodn articuio {sine pulvine manifesto ad caulem decurrenti}
et apice punigenti sebito et oblique cubtnacto; peontdis erassucibus ct
densé pilosis; floriins majorilus, sepalis latiaribus, petalis acutiprihus,
flamentis molto tongiaribus et densiua incricaris; jewel wtestiniform
ned cormplanatn, in plavo une iterum atque iterum rursumi-prorsun ad
se flexo plicataque (in mado mirahili “jumpine-jack cracker” persimu
lains), si extendatur + 30-4) & 1.5-2 rom. metienti, margimbus perindu-
ratrs pallichpribus; semine sine Fuuiculo. evident,

Fayatio: VICTORIA—regio West Wimmera, in tractibes desertis inter
Nhill et Seryicetan,

TYP] wt Herb. MEL: 'Buck-shat gravel soils of railway reserve about 2
miles west of Diapur, where line passes through Lawlint Range” (Este
Muir —HOLOTYPUS cum fructibus Dec. 1950; PARATY PI Dee. 1920,
et cum Aloribus Sep, 1950),

A low sprawling bush up to 2 it. high, but spreading ta 6 ar 7 ft, in diameter,
with balsamic arama. Paylades vigid, spreading, warrawlincar to almost
terete, up to + om. long anc about ] mm. wide with elliptical cross-section,
articulated at stem hy a small rough thickening, rhe apex contracting suddenly
gill obliquely ance st cigid pungent point, Nerzer caised and prominent (some
ladder than others), 5 to cach faer, with 1 on cack side farming edge ot
phyliode, strongly marked, with asperities and beariig lines of minute irer-
vening glaidular projections. Stems strongly ribbed, the ribs marked with
closely spaced aspertties. Flower-heads globular, in axilacsy clusters of 2 ar 7,
with rather prominently projecting buds, Peduscles about 4 min, Jang, rather
thick, densely silky-hairy. Flowery about 200 per head, 5-pactite, Stamens
numerous. much lounger than flowers, densely intricate. Petals broad-lanceolate
andl poapted. Sepals beeadly spathulate, with clliate-roughened tips, Pads are
the must stoking, ieature of the plant, bearing a remarkable resemblance te
an inrestine (hence the specific epithet). alsa tie a fve-evacker of Lhe “Jumping-
jack’ sort, they are narrow (about 15-2 mim. wide), somewhat flattened,
conyactly folded backwards and forwards (i one plane) about five tives,
sliglitly constricted beqween (he seeds, With sealleded surface hairs anda pru-
mitently thickened pale-yellow margin; total length of the folded frye as
about 15-20 nm., but, extended, the actual length wauld be 30-40 mm. (yack

172 Suit, A Remarkable New Ateteia Vine sire

U-shaped fold is 5-6 nym, wide), Seedy dark-brown to black, dull, snjooth,
about 3b mm. Jong, With large caruacle; they lie longitudinally in the prod
and occupy cachoat its hosizental felis, the tunicle appears te be exeremely
minute and inconspicuous Crever with a folded aril}.

Discissdon

In its rigid, nearly terete, strongly nerved and pungent phyllodes this plant
resombles 1, colletiondes Benth,, but it differs markedly frome this ai a munber
of important characters, contrasted as follows :

1. Ina ¢elletioiles the phyNodes are pronsinently articulated to a decurretst
“shoulder” which projects. boldly from the stem, the nerves extending night
down to this clear-cut articulation; in 4. eafterucarpa Ue articulation is ab-
scure and almost right agaist the stem, from which the nerves are separated
hy a somewhat thickened hase (but there is no prominent “shouhler”).

2, The nerves in A. cofletiotdes are smooth and 3 to cach face, whereas in
-f, euterocarpa they are scabrid and 5 to each face.

(Note—The vac. wessophylaot A. colletivides has numerous fine neryes on
cach face, but exactly the same. curious articulation as in typical colletwutes.
Further investigation way justly its recognition as a distinct species; hut
itis Wu mare commected with AL enicrecarpa thau is 4. colletioidtes itself..]

3, The tp of the phyllode in A, calletivides contracts gradually, and js
almost straight, whereas in the new species it contracts quite suddenly anil
jends to be oblique,

4. In betwee the nerves of wd. colletoides are short papillate hairs, while
in A. onteracarpa there are minute glauds.

5. Stems of the farmer species are almost smooth, or at most very onscurely
ribbed, while bt the new one they are strongly ribbed and <eabrid.

& The pods are astonishingly different: in 4. cotlesiotdes broadly Mattened,
shrhily constricted between the seeds, only gently curved aud twisted, bua
flistinctly reticulate-veined on the surface; an A. enterocarpa they show the
uliyie abd extradrdinany folded stnicturé already described.

7. Seed of 1. colletiontes is similar to that of 4, enterecarpa, with a pro-
arinent carunicle, but chffers in having a log funicle (doubly folded beneath
the caruncle)}

8. Peduncles of the flower-heads in A. calletiowdes ace sletler and almost
glabrous, while in 4. miterocurpa' they are thicker and densely hairy

9. In the former plant, the petals are spathulate and bluat, sepals with
jarrow claws auel spathulate hovwded laminae, while the stamens are neither
dense nor much longer than the petals; in AL raterucirpa the Howers are
larger with lancealate pointed petals, broader sepals and the cdetisely mitricate
staminal filaments far exceeding the petals

10, The habit of the two species is diffeegnt, 4, colfetoides being a small,
erect, densely branched tree, while the other is only a low widely sprawling
bush,

Although Mr. Eric Muir's very complete and excellent suite of type
material (fron near Diapur) first drew my attention to this remarkable
wattle. he was not the first to collect it, A number ef earlier collections lad
reached the Melbourne Herbarium where they were wrongly determined us
'd. colletioides’—rone of thes examples are in fruit, so. the error is under-
standable. Following are details of these previous collections :

Sersrcrton (Miss Trenee, 1887—nmall fragment).

Whath (80. Edvy Alte 31/3/1897 —good Howesme miiterial).

Yanac, about 19 mites NW. of Ninll (FE. Georee, July T943—
flowering fragment).

+. Diapur, on gravetly warthern, extensin of Lawtoit Range (4. J. fires,
Sept, 1949—frazments),

whi

keane *s The Wictarian Naturutist 171

CHANGES IN THE NOMENCLATURE OF SOME VICTORIAN
DICOTYLEDONS

By A.B. Cauwr*®

Mimosoccea
ACACLA WLICIPOLEA (Saligh.y Cow, coinbinatio nova.
‘damesa niivifola Salisy, Prodr. Starp. 324 (17496):
44. puuifernia Vent, Jord, Malm, 2:4. 64 (1804);
Aceci fuuipestie (Veat) Willd. Sp. Plaut. 4: 1049 (1800).

Ai) exarminattor of Salisbury’s original description of Mimasa swlicttolia
and his manuscript vores [Salisbury Ururings and Munascripis Vol. 2.
p. 143] kindly transcribed by the British Museum of Natural History sup-
ports the contention by Bentham and others that Mimosa whtettolta and Acacia
jnatipering are conspecific. Since the fortoer of the two names js the older
and since at was validly described by Salisbury the nexe combination, as indé>
cated, must be made utder Art, 65 of the International Code of Botanical
Nomenclature (Stockholn, 1950). Unfortuttarely, no Salishury specimen of
Mimosa wlicifotia has been Jocated, but he gave as the type Tucality and
nea ~Sponte nascentim juxta Port Jackson, solo arenosa fegit. Day,

ueten,”

ACACTA BROWNIT Steud. er DC. Prodr. 2; 449 ()825).

Benthaer (Flor. dust 2: 332 (1864) ] reduced A. braze Steud. ox DC.
[Prodr, 2: 449 (1825)] to a variety of 4, siperina and cited the following
as synonyms: A. dctenaris BoBr, in Ait. £. [Hort New. ed. 25> 460 (18435 4,
non Willd, ; .4. pagionifarnds A Wendl? [in fara 1819: 139 (1819), non
A, pugioniformis H. Wendl. [Camument Acoc. 38 6 9 (1820)] = A. Pranmi
Steud. ex NC. | Pradr. 2. 449 (1825)]; A. arceuthas Spreng, (Syst. eg. 3:
134 (1826) ],

PeCandolle cites Sieber 1. 463 as the type of 4. Drowui?, and a duplicate of
this type is in the Melbourne Merbarium, The differences between 1, ulictfolia
and 4. judpering var. brotmat are suficaent to regard them as different species
aa jccordingly, it. bresunti will he restored as distinct specifically trom
wlrerfetia,

YW 4 proiontfovimes A, Wendl. Flore 1819; 139 (1819) proves ta be obn-
specific with AL brownatt Stead. ex DC. then-the former name, being the alder
of the two, must be resurrected; but, for the time being, 4. bronuiit will he
the name used for the low sprawlmey plant which hitherto has heen called =
variety of A. jratperiu.

Brief notes on these two species follow:

AL brew Sreud. ex DC—Low sprawiing shrub, rarely more than 18 Inches high;
beanehes plaliraus; phyllodes quadtangulacterete, distant, spreading, stipules small and
destdtuels, Aower-beads soliiavy, deep oratgevellow, appealing Seplember-Novewber,

4, wtrifotta. (Salisb.) Court -Rigid shroty 3-6 Teer bigh; branches pobeseent tat
lvast towards their extremities}; phylodes distinctly flattened serticaliy, often crowded;
yopiles small and piersisteat Mawer heads suliaty, creamy jellow. appease as early as
Maureh and persisting as. late as September,

Popilionocex
EUTAXTA MICROPHYLLA (R.Br) J, M Binck, var, DIFFUSA CF,
Much) Court, status novus et conthinatio nova.

Nelevethannns difusis TF. Muatt. fader. Gea. Ave. Gewle Bol. 12 (1855),
HME,

Kiteecta diffusa F. Muell, Prout, Phat 2) 7 (1858).

* National Hetharit of Victoria,

i74 Cocee, Nonenstataure af Victerinn Dieotyledaus bet ue Non

In his original description F. Muctler gave ax the distribution of £réacia
diffuse “trom the Flinders Ratge and St. Vincent's Gull towards the Murray
River and jv the region of Bacehts Marsh,” Several sheets of specimens oF
this variety from these localities bear Mueller's writing, but he did not cite
any particular specimen as the ype. Accordingly, the specimen in Melbourne
Herbaritm with labet “collected? on the journey throagh terior regions of
South Australia as fac as Mt. Remarkable” [translated Tatin] by Mueller
is chusen as the lectutype for this variety, Ewtatia widrophylle var diffusa
differs from the typical form it the fatlawing {features vicm-spineseent and
erect habit (usually 3-4 feet): more distant leaves, which are oblong-
Janceolate to rhomboid: much paler vellaw flowers, which do not show
abvicws red veins,

LOTUS CRUENTUS Cond, comer novem
Lotus cocenicds Schlechteidal in Luwweda 72: 452 (1848), nou Lo coerinens
Vellugo Flor. finan, 315 (8825) & 7:4. 235 C1B273. mee. L. voceiiens
Fisch. ct alo Oond. Seintn. Petrop, (0: 59 (i83S46).

As a later homonyim Schlechtendal's name Lotits coccinets must be resected
and ceplaced by a new. name, The epithet cepentns is here given for ths small
plant, whiel is furnd in most teemperate mland parts of Atstralia (except
Tasmamia). in allusion to the colour of its fowers—the keels are alnwest
dark red.

Rutace=
PHEBALIVAM GLANOULOSUM Hook. var. BULLATUM Cf. M. Black)

Court, status novus et conibinatio nova,

ai yg Titlasam J. M- Black in Treaus. rew Soe S. duat, #0 460, 47
Several species of Phebatiam, including P. glaidalosunt Hook. P- ubcarde-
tum NK, Comm. ex Benth, P. squanulasim, Vent and #. stetepieyvttin
(Beith) Fo Muell, are often difflentt ta distinguish and sonie authors,
particularly F, Mueller and Bentham, have expressed doubes about the specific
merit of some ot these. Although leaf characters are the chief criteria used
in defining most species of Euphebeltum, Po butler JM. Black is. here
reduced to a variety uf P, glanditosiune Hook. The leaves of the variety are
usually very deeply channelled, prominently keeled and without revolute
ntareins; thase of the typical form are neither channelled above war pronmi-
nently keeled below, but have leaf-maryins which are sometimes so revolute
that the Jower stirfaces of the Jeaves are almost completely hidden, Apart
from these differences the rwo varieties cannot be separated from one another
by any characters, except perhaps in the degree of hairiness on the lower yrart
of the style Cwhich ts stellate-hairy in Glade but usually gfabrots in the
typtcal form), There are no apparent differences between the vextituces of

the two yatleties.

CORREA REFLEN -¢ (Lalill.) Meni, Jacd. Malm, {7 sub t, 1 C1803).

This species, with truncate almost toothless calyx, was based on Afesrn-
foxveron reflexnum Lalall (buy. 2- 4 tt (1799)—paee 70 in the English
Edition of this work]. [It is one of the most complex in the whale of the
Rutaceac, having bees treated im various Moras as © refere Sm, Cy sheclose
Andr..or C. refic.ra, and has always been a very diffirule species to study. 59
far as Victorian spechriens are concerned, i would) seem convenient to
recognizé four varieties, inchiding the typical farin. Three acw combinations
are necessary and will here be nsade for three of these, vie -

C, REFLENA (Lob) Ment, var, CARDINALIS (F. Duell. er Nout.) Court

=a Navus et Cumbinatie Nuva
~eotdiialiy FP. Mavelt. ex Hook. in Curtis's Bot, Mag. 33: ¢. 4912 413561.

February
pha?

ur

Court, Memenclatire of Mictovian Diratyledans \7

tC. REFLENA (Ledtll) Ment. var GLABRA (Land) Coury, stan catia et
combingHa toys.
( glahre Lindl in Mitch. Vlerce Forped. EL Aust, 2 38 CIB3B)-
UL. REPLENA (Lebil/.) Mew, var, PULCHELLA (Machen pr Twenty) Cover,
Status novus ¢t comlipatio muya.
t. pulchetia Mackay ex Sweet Flor. odawe 1.1 (1827-28),

The four varieves may be briefly described as follows :

Var. REFLEXA—Leaves ovare-clliptic, often obscurely indented, fre
query reflexed, stellate-bairy at least on the lower surface; corolla
usually more than twice as lng as broad, yellaw or preenish, pink
or hicolored, [C\ rubra Sn, Kral. Bot. 2: 26 (1805-7), C. eirens Sm.
fe 25, t. 724 0, spetwso Ande. Bot, Redos, 1: t O53 C1811), teste
Ait. f. 2ptt, Havt Kew 366 (184) |.

Var. CARDINALIS (FF. Muell. ex tool.) Court’—Leaves in isolated
pairs, narrow-elliptic with revolute margins, entire, seldonr réAexed,
coarsely stellare-hairy, at least on the Jower surface, and often
rugese; corotla usually more than twice as long as broad, vivid
scarlee with yellow-green tips,

Var GLABRA (Lindt) Canet—Rather tall shrubs of rocky declivities
(sometimes riparian); Jeaves elliptical, almost glabrous on hoth
surfaces; corolla about twice as long as broad or less, greenish-
yellow,

Vac, PULCHELLA (Mackay et Sweet) Court—Low shrubs of western
heaths or limestone tracts (sometimes iv arid cotntry)+ leaves
usually broadly avate, almost glabrous on both surfaces; coralta
about twice as long as bead or less, rosy pink.

The difficulties facing systematists in dealing with this species actse from
several sources. Many warden yarieties and crosses have heen introduced by
horticulturists, particularly in England. and some of these were described as
distinct species varly Jasxt century, The Species itself, as indicated above. ts
highly variahle and shows reat diversity of fot and cotour, Tt must be
remembered that the four varieties, distinguished aboye, are only the more
important Ones occurring im Wactoria. There are some forws of C. reflera
Which cannot be assigned to any one variety satisfactorily. Perhaps a gene-
tical approach to a study of this species, and indeed to the genus Cire in
general, would yield worthwhile results.

Tremondracex

TETRATHECA GLANDULOSA Latill., yar, QRBIPOLIA Wood.
Blakely ms.
A forme typica specie (ex Tasmania) folio subrolunde—quart
Jato Guplo longiore perrara superanti—atque pacne mtegro (praeter
cins margimibus) recedit.
Rett Sees VICTORIA—"Grampians"’ (Herb. MEL—C. Wrattdy,
Oct, 1888).

This tew variety departs from the typical) Tasmanian form of the species
int having almost round leayés—seldom imore than twice as long as bréad—
with almost entire margins (except for the cilia).

The typical forme ol 2. ylonrdulosa occurs ooly ty Tasmania, and can be
separated easily front mainland specimens on leafeshape alone; it was fiest
described by Labiljardiere jn 1806 from specimens collected in Tasmania.

Myrtacex
CALLESTEMON MACROPUNCTATUS (1nM4, Cours.) Cuter, con
binaso navi.
Meirasidcros amagrapitctata Du Cunrs. Ber Cult. el, 2) #2 277 (RVD.

176 Court, Nowenclatucc of Fictorion Dicotyleddns beasts a

M. riputoxa Willd. Kotin, Plant. Flort. Beruf Suppl. 34 CiRt3), nomen

M, rugutosa Willd ex Clok uum. Plant, Horr, Beral 2: 27 (b822)-

Colltsternon rieuiasns (Wolly ox Tank) DC, Prote, o: 22) €1828)

Moderi systematists workihg on the genus Cadistemon have overlooked the

fact that Melragideras rugnlosa was not validly described until, 1822. in
assuming that the date of valid publication was 1813, they ignored J!. wutera-
punctata, The description, kindly transcribed by the Director of the Royal
Ratanie Gardeus, Kew, fits material Klentified here as C rngidosns. DeCan-
dole (Prodr. 3: 223 (1828)) indicates quite plainly that C. ragilosus and
MM. wecropinctata are couspecihe and this is taken as sufficient evidence to
justify the new combinarion,

CALYTRIX ALPESTRIS (Laiull) Caut, cambinatio nova
Genetyilis alporteis Lindt. in. Mitch Three Exped fF Aust. 2> 128 £1858),
Lhotskyvo alpestrie (Lindl) Druce in Rep. Bot, (Soe) Eyrt, Ch Manche.
TOV! GIS {1917},

There are no coustant differences between Lhotskva Schauer aml Colytear
Labill, and it seems anost desirable to ume these cwo genera, Accordingly
L. alpestreis (Lindl.) Druce is here transferred to the gents Calytric. The
main distinction between the two genera has been the absence of awis at the
apices of the sepals in Lhofskva, In Victoria, at least, this distinction breaks
down completely, there being mo awns iin some desert forms of Co telragena
Labi, In the Big Desert, and wear Lake Hattab also, Here is a coipplete
gradation—from specimens which have long Ane awns to some without any
awns at all (F. M. Reader's ms. variety “ineranis”).

Goodenincexe

DAMPIERA PURPUREA R.Br. Prady. Flor Nav, Holl 588 (LBW).
Dompwra undulata KR We Le SAT
D. rotmrdifolia Ro Br. lec. 527.
D. weakfolia Ke Be. Le, 588,
D. brownid Fo Mell. Frown. Phat Anat. 6: 29 (1867).

Krause in Pflasisenreich 427% (87 (1902) placed TN. wndnlata R.Br.,
D. retundsfofia R.Br. D. ovalifota R.Br. aud D. purpurca R-Br. under D-
frown F. Muell as synonyms, According to Art. 16 af the Titernational
Code (Stockhalm, 1950) the oldest name must be retained, provided it 1
vahdly published. Since Brown described the dour species listed above at the
one time, 7, purpurce is chase as the most appropriate epither under Art. 67
of the Crete, the other three of his spectes Neng reduced to synonymy
they enbder.

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

Mr. A. Tennant was guest speaker at the November mecting, and toak as
his subject “The microscope in Metallurgy". In a lucid manner he explained
the varjous mixtures of the components whieh go to. make up those numerous
metals used in industey, affecting as they do the tensile strenuth, hardness.
and brittleness. Untortunately the epidiascope was not available for use so
we missed seving illustrations relating ta the micro “imuke-up" of prepared
speciinens, Mr. "Tennant was accorded a hearty vote_of thanks, and, in reply,
invited the Club members to his lahoratory at Ruwolts to see a more
comprehensive display ai some future dale,

The subject for the January meeting was “Entomosiraca”, the speakers
delivering their lecture in a noyel anc unusual manner. The subject matter
was recorded on a tape machine during the jolidavs at home. Mr: D. MeTines
was the maim lecturer, ably assisted by Mr, W. Evans, the delivery being
syachronized with a 33 mm. projector shawing photos of drawings af the
water-Hea ail cyclops.

| Mreroscopical Growt WF

The lecture for the February meeting: 18 entitled “Marine Lite under the
Microscope” and will be a combined effort of Clah mensbers. All are askeil
to bring they microscopes, as slides will be provided far exhibition. The
Marine Biology Group is specially invited to be present. Several speakers,
itcluding marine specatists Mrs, Freame and Mr, R, Lukey, will bricty
introduce the mimerous exhibits,

The March meeting will take the form of a demonstration outlining
technique int the preparation of rack sectians for the micrascape, by Mr. LD.
Melnurs

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOCK
(Reserved for youre Notes, Observations and Queries!

CAMOUFLAGE AND BLUFF

Protective coloration has been recognized by naturalists the world over for
a very long (me. Two striking examples were brought to pry fatice pot
lone agi.

Ow a visit to “The Shack” indications poisted to the fact that 4 parr of
Spur-wanged Plovers were nestitig nya swampy flay about one hundred vards
away. This marshy tract wag much frequented by cattle aml its surface was
deeply pock-niarked by their hooves. The nest was just a slight depression an
a low grassy mound and contained three eggs.

Tavestigations onoa later trip disclosed that incubation had been recently
completed, ay only empty broken shells. remained. As the parent birds were
sill confining their activities to a rather hmited area, the inference was that
the young were not far away. Dinoculars enabled us to pick Chem oi ite their
dack dul) attire so defferent from that of the adults, but st was soon abvious
that only “two httle meger-boys were left out of three".

Being anxious to have a really ciose-up view of the new arrivals we decided
to adopt a special form O7 campaign. Waiting patiently until the family of four
had worked their way loa convement position on the edge af the bog, while
J kepy an eye an proceedings, another of our party nioved aut suddenly Froen
cover. Instantly the old. couple exploded into the air uttering their alarm
rates. T fondly jmagined that, with the visual aidy 7 was using, 1 had
aceuralely pni-pomted the location of one of the babtes; nevertheless, kten
eycsight plus some little time were required to detect its hiding-place. Words
are anadéequate to duscnhe how well the colour and even the shape of that
imunatare plover blended into its surroundings. Lt was crouched Aat with head
aud neck gutstretched and cyes tightly closed i a nioist depression avant
% background of dark, sandy Joam. So effectively did its phamage match che
damp ground that {¢ was indeed dificult to see it even alter one realized that
it was there, The camouflage was to all invents and purposes perfect. T should
hike to record also that even when placed on the palm af ene’s hand the haby
vominued 19 maintain that “dead” atotude.

Jn the second case T should like ty: mention, coucealntent was not attenipted
aid in place of sombre tones, loud colours were used purely to (riehten or te
bluff, Qut on a heke someone exelaimed “What's that?" “That” iiappened to
he a wingless female of a Mountain Grasshopper, 4 hunch-hacked nzly insect
about an ineli Jong and the colour of old straw, whiel, when annoyed (aud
she certainly was) raises her elytron to display an abdomen brightly banded
in rings of blue, red, white and black. In addition, to increase her repulsive
ness, she protrudes @ brilliant orange collar rownd her head, I am sure the
stomach af ay respectable, even if hungey, bird would “turn” at the neve

sight of her.
—R, M. Wisitarr.

178 The Victorian Neturaligt Vol 73

WHAT, WHERE, AND WHEN

F.N.C.V. Meetings:

Monday, March 18—"The Colourful Port Campbelt Coastline’, by Dr.
George Baker. (NOTE: Norinal Genera] Meeting date changed owing
to Labour Day holiday.)

F.N.C.Y. Excursions:

Sunday, February 24—Parlour-coach excursion te Sorrento. Leader. Mr.
Strong. Subjects: Marine Biology and General. Coach leaves Batman
Avenue 9 asm, retiirns approwmatey 630 p.m. Bring two nicals.
Bookings with Excursions Secretary,

Saturday. March 2—Botany Group excursion to Muaranoa Gardens. Take
Mow Aibert tram to Stop 54. Meet 2.30 pm. at main pate,

Group Meetings:
(8 p.m., at National Herbariuni),
Wednesday, February 20—Microscopical Group.
Wednesday, February 27—Botany Group. Subject: Heathland Flora.
Wednesday, March 6—Geology Group.

Monday, March 4—Marine Biology and Entomology Group at Parliament
Sale Meet 7.30 p.m. at private entrauce at south end of Parliament
ouse.

Preliminary Notices:

Sunday, March 24—Parlour-coach excursion to Lal Lal and Moorabool Falls,
Leader: Mr, R. Hemmy. Fare, 22/-. Coach leaves Eatman Avenue
9 am. Bring two meals. Bookings with Excursions Secretary,

Thursday, April 18 to Monday, April 22 ( Easter}—Exeursion to Dimbeola
under the leadership of the Wimmera F.N.C. Hotel accommudation 15
available and bookings, with £2 deposit, should be made with the Excur-
sions Secretary by February 25. Train Jeaves Spencer Street at 8 p.m.
Fare £4 (Second return),

Native Plants Presetvation Society:

Tuesday, March 5—Professer J. S. Turner will show selected cotour slides
at M.C_E.G.G.S., Anderson Street, South Yarra, commencing 8 p.m.
Admission 2/-. Secretary, Miss W. Waddell, 3 Denham Place. Tourak.

Victorion Notiongl Parks Association:

March 4 ta March 22~About thirty members 97 the National Parks Asso-
ciation of Queensland, and members of the V-N.P.A.. will arrive at
Mount Buffalo on March 4 and camp at the Catani Camping Ground. On
March 12 they will travel to Wilson's Promontory, where they wall stay
antit March 22, FLNJC.V_ members are invited to join the party either at
Mount Buffalo or at the Promontory; those wishing to clo so should
make travel and camping or accommodation arrangements as soon as
possible with Mr. M. J. Harkins, f Howitt Street, Gten Tris.

Maxie AvLenper, Excursions Secretary _
19 Hawthorn Avenue, Caulfield, S.E.7.

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol. 73—No, 11 MARCIE 14, 1957 Nu, 879

PROCEEDINGS
Gexurai Meeting. Ferruary li, 1957

Sabject of the Evening ——This Meeting was very well attended.
and a varied progrannne of aienbers’ coloured slides was shows—
travel scenes from Central Australia, Auower stuclies, insects, toads,
a series showing a vesting teéed-warbler taken on Dudley Flats.
between Melbourne and Fuotseray, and others. The evening was
voted most enjoyable, and we hope for further efforts from the
exhibitors, These were Misses Watson, Carberry, Elder and Wool
lard, and Messrs. Sarevich, Harwood, Mollison, Jenison, Atkins
and Curtis,

Cultural Centre—-The Secretary reported that he had spoken to
the Clnef Secretary, Mr. Rylah, about this, aud would write to the
Trustees of the Centre when they were appointed in the near future,

Bendigo I N.C —It is hoperl wo invite this Chih, whieh has been
30 good to us in the past, to visit us towards the end ot the year,

Fortheaming Show—The President aunvunced that Prahrau
‘fown Hail had been booked for a show from Oetoher O to 12, Mr,
Court had promised to help organize tits, but uany walliig helpers
will be required. What about you?

Other Heip Needed —Tle President also mengoned that burl
Messrs. Wakefield and Atkins were entermy on further studies this
year, und would vot be able to give as umich service as in che pitst.
This would leave a nuniber of jobs for those willing tu assist.

Floral Emblem—The Secretary stated that he had sent 2 Ietoer
co the Premier pomuny out that the Coumion Heath ( &pacris imn-
fressa) had been recommended as the floval eniblem of the State,
and suggesting that the recommendation be noplemerntedl

Other Matters —A new look on bitds of New Guinex waa men-
tioned, also functions being held early im March by the National
Parks Association, Gould League aud Growers of Australian Plants.
Mr. Garnet spoke on the Library, appealing for the return of books
bartowed and asking borrowers te siyn the Borrowers’ Book,

Tlonorary Membership —Wouorary Members’ Certificates were
presented to the Treasurer, Mr. Hooke, and Mr, A, N. Burns, ‘The
Editor has also been awarded a certificate, but coukl rot be present
Jt will be presented ft hin ar a duter cate.

Rank of New South Hates—lhe Bank of New Sonth Wales
wrote thanking members, especially Mr. Rayment, for helping to

179

i Procecitinys Ve ¥ sd

set tip the wildflower display during, the Olympic period, Colcured
slides of this display were among those shown during the evening.

New Member.—Miss Elsie ames. 33 Lansell Road, Toorak,
was elected on the nomination of Messrs, Hooke and Swaby and
welcomed hy the Presiden.

Exiibity —Mr Melnnes showed tmicroseape shdes of Bryozoa
and of cross-sections of a sea urchin’s. spines, Miss Raff showed
Ge hleng tnt kangarde-piw, aid seeds uf Gen phacarpus; and
Miss Boddy sbawed variations in eucalypts.

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

The meeting of February 2X) was a well-attended and most instructive one)
The subject was “Marie Biology Under the Microscape” aud the discussian
was opened by Mr. R- Lukey, who covered the items of recent and fossil
Floramintfera, Polyzoa, Elydrezon, and the rec Seaweeds, Mrs, Bream?
spoke on Marine wornis, Crabs, Brittle Stars. Fish skins, Sponges. Holothu-
rians and Sea Urchins.

For the March 20 mectting, Mr. D2 MeJrynes will leak a distission or
stinding and maunting of rack sections, and inembers are reunested to. beng
Their wmneroscopes and an apprapriacy slide

A PRELIMINARY REVISION OF THE GENUS LASTREOPHS CHING
By Mary 1). Tixvare®

Ai the suggestion of Prof, R. E. Holttum several years ago 1] undertavk a
revision of the principally tropical and sub-tropical fern genus Lastren psn.
Ching ascribed only four species to this getiug byt Halttum in bis Ferns of
Malaya (1954), page 498. stated that many more species’ especially trom
Australia should be transferred to it, Below [ have given a much emended
description of Lastreopsis, ag Weli as amaking 24 ticw combinations. Most of
these species were previously placed in Prvepterix, then ty Ctenitist or
Ruatohra by later authors.

LASTRGOPSIS Ching in Bull. fan Wom, fast, Brel, Bot. Ser, 8 (4s =
157 (1938); eimended by Baltrum in Feras of Malaya: 498 (1954),

Synonvas; Polystichum, section Parapolustichion Keyserling, Pot. Uyatir.
Bung; 1) (1873), Dryapteris subgenus Parapelystichim {Keyserling) C.
Chr. in tid. Selsk. Skr., ser 8.4: 94 (1920). Parapulysttcham CReyserling)
Ching in Sumyatsenta 7 (4): 239 (1940).

Terrestrial ferns, Rinzome long-creeving, shortly creeping of rarely erect 5
scales thin, narrowly lanceolate ta narrowly ovate, brown or rarely castaneous
ar almost black, the apex acute of acuminate, We cells thick-walled. rec-
tangular or hexagonal, the lamina red os yellow. the margin entire, slightly
denticulate (rarely markedly denticufate) or with a few Ambriate or glandular-
headed processes. never clathrate por iriduscent, Fronds large, decompound,
quinquangular, with the lowest pair of primary pimtac strongly basiseayically
produced, catadromous throughout or more offen anadromous in the upper
segments, rarely anadromous throughout, viviparous by scaly buds in some
non- Australian species, Leaf-sorgin thickened and decurrent along the costae.
Mans rhachis bordered above by two praniognt ridges which are continua:
tions of the thickened leul-margin of the pintivte. The ttiterverntg, broad,

* Natiimal Herbarium, Sydney.
See Copeland, Genera Pic 123-5 (1947)

March + i . ; :
er bixwane, Preliirmery Revisior of Lastreopsix WW

shallow chanuel is rarely glabrous bur mnstty clothed with (renitis-ha'rs
(short, articulated, unbranched, reddish lates) or in other spectes with anuch
Jouger, her, articulated, unbranched hairs or rarely glandnloso-pubescent.
Costar praised. Vefas free, the ntinor veinlets simple or furked, reaching the
margin bf the leaf-sexments in sone species, in others ending close ta the
margin, or of both types Sor? orcbicular, small, termina] oy medial on the
simple minor vembets or their acroscopic branches, induystate or rarely exandu-
slate. Sporangia naked, wih ay annulus composed of (3 ta 16 thick-walled
cells and B ta Y thin-walled cells, the pedicel long and narrow, usually with
ane or more rarely two, oblong or capitate, red or yellow, stalked glands,
Indusia byown (or rarely black), whibrous or villous, renifofm-orbicular or
ritrely pellate, the margin crenate, entice or glandular-fimbriate. Spores
globoso-chlipseidal, bilateral, with a perispare which is crested and with a
broken or rarely unattcrrupted wing, or more usually covered with balloos-lke
wings orer the whole surface of the spore, rarely black and echinate, Glaady-
far hairs* cyInidrical or more rarely reuided, bright yalow, orange or red,
scattered aver the surface of the lamina, costae, costules and sometimes on
the midusia-

All of the species listed Lelow have the thickened leaf-edge (even if ot is
not very prominent asim one of the New Zealand speciest), but the major
diagnostic feature of dastevopeas is the configuration of the upper surface of
whe main rhachis. Each ol the wo prominent ridges of the main rhachis
cominuous with the leaf-edge, whereas in the closely allied genera Polysti-
flopsic and Cipiitts, cach sidge, IF present, is not continuous with the beaf-
edge but in some cases cither runs towards the centre of the pinnule or by-
passes the leaf-seement altuyethec,

t. LASTREOPSIS TENERA (RK Br) Titdule y. comb. (Type species.)

Buse syuenym: Nephrodums teuerwnt Ro Be Prode. PLN Alals.: 149
C1810). Melotvpe: Broad Sound (Queensland), picked (on) west hall iu
shady woods, R, Brown No. 23, lter Austy,, 1802-05 (BM. examined).
Other synonyms: Lostrar reeedeus J, Sm. ex T. Moore in Gard. Chron,: 708
C1855), Holotype 2 sheets at the Kew Herharinm, the first labelled “Curing
No. 96, Thomtas Moore's Vern Herbartunr” sind the sccond “luzon {Philip-
pines ), Cuming No, 96" Cexamined), Lasireopsis recedeas (J. Sm.) Ching in

wll. Faw Mew Inst, Brod, 5 (1): 161 (1938). Clenttius recedens (J. Sat
- T. Moore) Copel, Gen, Fil: 124. (1947), C, teaera (R. Br.) Copel. Lee:
125.

Distrilncios: Australia (eastern Queensland), Ceylon, the Philinpines,
southern India, Fiji, Sumatra and New Caledonia.

& LAST REOPSIS MICROSOKA Céndl,) Tindale a, comb.

Basic synonym: Nephroditan amicresorun Endl, Pradr. Fl. Norftk.: %
(1833). Lsvlectotype © Steber Sys), Fi, No, 101, Noya Mollandia, Herb. Lugd.
Bat, Ne, M8, 335. . - 846 (L.), examined Other D iad hl Nephrodium
peatwroufarvan Colenso iw Tas Journ, Met. Sei. 2: 169 (1846), a New
Zealand fore with slightly smaller ultimate seyments of the fronds. Aaplatinen
aunlgvanguluye Kye. ur Lyuued 33; 302 (1830). Lectotype: Herb, Lug’
Nat. No, 908, 333. — - 852, labelled ““4sp. quinguangnlare Kee. CA, aomielian
Belg.) Patria? H. Van Hontee, W, Lips 1843", C1), examined, Atspidinm
acuntiialnen Lowe var. cxllaswn P.M. Bail. in Rep. Gov. Yer Lxped. Hellon-
den-Ker: 7% (1889). Holotype Top Camp (Bellenden-Ker), Queensland,
f. M. Bailey (BRI) and isotype (BM.), examined, Lrroplerts deilewane
Tromin in Bed), Bot, 8: 37 (1914), holotype as in A. acwunetion var, vl
losum, Drvapicris albovillosa W. W. Watts in Proc, Lina. Soc. NSW, a9:

* Kelandilore furnts arc recorded in two species.
7 See species Mo. #2_

1
1k2 Tinnann, Prekminary Revision of Lastrvensts we wo

F7L, 19l4 (1915), pl. 88, 18. Hulotype. Stoney Creek, near Cairns, Quedtis-
land, W, W, Watts, 7.1913 (NSW, P4678), oxamined, a very villous form.

Distributien: Avstralia ¢Quecigland to Victoria) and New Zealand.

Twa diffecent species were grouped tayether by Endlicher onder his
Vephrodian tnierosorna ia Prodr, Fl. Norfk. As he specifically refers te
“Sieler’s Syn Fil No, 101, 4opidivn oncrosoren” nomen qudun, a was
preferred to take this specimen wloch was collected iu Australia, as the
type ob VW. aniigrosorwm. The other specimen to which Endlicher refers, was
collected by HL Bauer or Norfalk Island andl is now located in the Natural
History Museum. Vienna, [i is the same specifically as L. calgatha which
appears ta be cestercted tu Nurfolle Island 0 leave tot see any material
simular ta Sieber’s Sen Pil No. tO) except frota the maiidand of Australi.

L. aavroyara and L, ferere have beon wnuch confused, although the margin
af the ultimate segments of the famina is sharply crenate in L. interosetr
and entire, obtusely tocuhed or minutely serrulate io Lo denera, The rhizome
ol L. tencra is 12 to 15 mm. in diam., shortly creeping and very densely sealy.
whereas inh. mierogera Wis 2 to Sn. ia diam, long-erceplng ond clothed
with very fugacious scales. The indusia of these two species are distinet
Tn 7. teuera they arc dark brown or black, glabrous and miostly 0.2 to 0.3 mri.
broad. The oblong, dark red, red-brown or yellow glands aecur chiefly along
the margin of the indusiun, L, wicresorn is characterized by much targer imn-
dusia whith are 0.5 te bon broad They are fawa, with a red-brown centes
around which the oblong glands are usually clustered. Marginal glauds are
More Neo mON on the indisia of £. microgora but snimetimes a few, long,
neudle Tike, whitish, sirmple, seplate hares are present, although they are iten
flabrous and occasionally non-glanduiar,

Nephroduuy praserianaen Gaud. in Prev, Yay. Bot, : 339 (1828), may be a
synonym of 1. aicranera hat the holatype collected by Fraser at Port Jackson,
N,S.W,,-cantiat be found.

& LASTREOPSIS SHEPHERD (Kae. ex Mett.) Tindale n. comlr

Rasi¢ synonyms clapldinng shepherds in Cinmmed 23 230 (1850), nemen
auduim ; Mett., Pil Hort. Paps. 294 ¢ 1856), with cescription. Other synompmis:
Lastrea atrovirens J. Sor, Cal, Cult, Ferns 59 eet Dryoptoris yhepherdit
(Kye ex Mett.) C. Chri Mied Nad. 60+ 155 (1944). Creiites loteer Copet..
Con. Fit: 124 £1947),

Distriturion: Avzwata (south-eastern Queensland, New Samh Wales.
Victoria, Tasroia and South Australia).

4, LASTREQESEY MARGINANS CE Muell 0. A. Stoteh and Tandy}
conib_ ct stat. nuv,

Basic synonym: Aapulinns decompoatum CR Te) Spreng, var ainrunies
(. Muell., Fraga. Mw cfuste 5: 147 (1866). Swatypes; Chirenee River,
Reckler; Richinond River, C. tfoore and Moret Bay, F. Mueller (MELY.
The épectinen collected by Beckler at the Clarence River i the bést, 40 [am
ilesignating itas Le lectolype.

Distributions Australia (south-eastern Queensland al the North Caast of
New South Wates)- ;

Tins species 16 nore clasely allicd to 7. ¢encra thay ta any other meinber at
fins gehus Like L. Meena ul is ctaraciérized by a (luck, shortly creeping
rhizeme, dark brown or black, glabrous, glandular indust, sori formang an
alnifist pnarginal Wine araund the ultimate sezments ani! efohoso<llipssidal,
Wlateral spores with perispores hearing rounded protuberances. The ter
species thay be readily distinguished, since the Amina of jwariiuans is dark
green, leathery and very glossy above, whereas in L. leseri at is a lighter
#reen, ilull oi the upper surface, herbacegus and Auccid, In L. tenera vhere

yy Tinparn, Peclininary Revista of Lastecopsis 134

are solt, short, white hairs scattered on the Jamina between the minor yea-
Iets, whereas in £. aarginans the tamina is glabrons. ‘he nltimate segments
of the frond in Lo smerginans are ovate-delicad with a rendeney ta be dilated
towards the centre and each has une sharp, apical tooth. Lad, fenera they’
are oblong, acute or with several, rather obtuse pr sharp teeth, The fronds
of L. snargingns ace usually 4-pmnate (or 3J-pinnaie when yung) but in
L, lenera they are aften 4-pitnaee-pinnatifid.

. LASTREOPSIS 1USPIU4A ( Sw.) Vindale ov. comb.

Bogie synongiy: Aspldiia Nixpidinn Sw, a Schad, Jour. %: 39 (18005,

1801, Qiher squonyng: Polystichwm hivpidwm (Sw) J. Sm. in Haak. low,

Bot, 4: 195 (1B41), Raanohea hisputa (Sw) Copel, Geni. FIL; 114 (1947),
Distribution, Avstratia (New South Wales, Vietoma, Tasmania}, New

Zealand und the Charhani Islands

6 LASTREOPSIS DECOMPOSTT. A CR. Bry Tindate aw, comb

Basic synonyne: Neplivodin deeomposinon Ro Bry Pro. FLON, tall:
149 (1810). Giher ssnonyints Dryopteris docoimpustda UR, Br.) Q. Kaee..
Rov, Cen. Ph2: 812 (1891). Crenitts decampositie (R, Br.) Cipel., Gen, Jal. ,
124 (1947), Porapolyatichias deconipositun CR, By Ching di Stasiat vente
5 (g)= 239 (1940),

Distviagtions Ayatralia (south-eastern Onueeushurd, Now Seath Wates auc
eastern Victoria).
7, LASTREOPSIS WURUNURAN (Domin) ‘Tindale carol

Basic synonyor: Dryopterts aouriivan Domin in Bibl, Bol, 83548 O94),

Distribution: Australia (nooi-evstern uecnsland).

8. LASTREOPSIS MUNITA (Mett.) Pintle 1. comb,

Basic syeduyne: FegaMerts numita Met, Phey, aud Aspe; 14 CISSK)
Other synonyits= Polypadiumn aspidioides Fy M. Baik. in Prac Lins, Soc,
NSM 52 82 (18RD). Deyopterts yneenidandica Domin in Bibl, Bot. 85: 44
(1914) £7. Dryopieris hotles? Maiden et Betche, Ces. N.S’. PL: 2 (1916).

Distribution» Australia (uorth-easleen New Suuith Wales iad sotith-castern
Oueensland).

As Mettenius’ type speeniens at the University of Leipzig ure said to have
been destroyed ir World War 11, L have chosen a lectotype for Phiogapterts
munita, namely, New Holland (Australia), Sieber Syn, Fil, No, (02, Horh
Lugd. Bar, 908,338... 422 (L.9, which i a good specimen. There ig aleo
an isotype which I examined at the Natura) History Musenm, Paria.

® LASTREOPSTS PIEILLAR DIY (Mett.) Tindale ». comb.
Basic synonwn: Aepidnan aietllardda Mett. in dan, Se Nyt wer 4, 74.

75 (1861).

LYstributions New Caledonia,

Wo LASTMEOPSES SURSERIC 21 (Mett.) Tindale i. comb.

Basic synonyms Axpidiwmn sxbsericaum Meu. in ctay Seo Nut ger 4, 83:
74 (1860) Other sanona- Crenitis witzseri¢co (Mett.) Copel, Gen di
135 (1947).

Distribution: New Caledonta.

. LASTREOPSTS GLABELLA CA, Cond ‘Vindale a, comb,

Baste synanyie: Nophrodiumn qlabathon A. Gum in Hook, Comp. Bal. Mace
3: 367 (1836). Other somonyin. Crenitiv ghibelia CA Ciunn) Copel. Gen,
Fils 224 (1987), .

Distributian: New Zealand, Kefmedee {stands and Polynesia.

iF

an

Viet. Nat,

Le4 Tinoace, Prelunvary Rowisian of Lastreapsty Vol. 73

12. LASTREOPSIS @ELUTINA (A, Rich) Tindale n. comb.

Basic synonyin : Aspidhon velulinem A, Rich.. Foy. UAstrolabe) 70 (1832).
Other synonym: Clesuliy veluting CA Rich) Copel. (fen, Fi.: 124 (1947).

Distritetions New Zealand,

tS LASTREOPSIS DAMALLIOIDES (Rrack.) Tindale uo. comb.

Basic syuonyie: Lastree dioolliviies Brack, U.S. Expl. Ev ped. 1838-42 1h:
202 (1854). Other syicymn: Parapalyatichum davallioides (Brack) Ching ii
Sunyatsenia 5 (4) + 239 (1940)

Oraributsan: Samoa, Fiji, Tahitt and the New Hebrides,

It. LASTRAOPSIS NEPHRODIQOIDES (Bak.) Tindale 1. comb,
Basic synonym: Deparia nephrodiodes Bak. i Gard. Chron.: 253 (1872),
Other synonya; Cteurtis wephrodiwides (Bak.) Ballard in Kew Buli,; 559,
1954 ¢{955),
Distributian: Cord Howe Island,

15. LASTREOPSIS CALANTH 4A (Endl) Tindale a. cormb,
Baste synonsor: Nephrodiwns calantline Lidl, Prods, Fl. Norfik, 9 (1833).

Distribution; Norfolk Island.

16. LASTNEOPSIS SUBSPARSA (v.Aw.R.) Tindale 1. comb.

Rasic syninyat: Drvopleris subsparst vAWR. in Bull Sard. Bot, Buit., ser.
2,30: 14 (1915).

Distrilniions Java and Timor
17, LASTREOPSIS KUFESCENS {Bli) Ching in Ail, Fan Mem. fast,
Biol, Bat Ser, 8 C4) = 160 (1938),

Basic synonym: Aspidiunte rufescens Bl Ewer: 168 (1828). Holotype:
Java, Blume, Herb. Lugd. Bat. No, YOB338 .. . 446 (1.2), examined. Other
synonyors: Pelypodiuins aspidioides F, M. Bail. var. trofica I. M. Bail. itr
Proc. Lim. Soe. NSU, 3: 32 (1B8O), Holotype: Trimty Bay, Oucensiand,
F, M. Rustey (BRL), examined. Drivepteris trepica (FP. M. Bait.) Domin ia
Hibi. Bot. 83: 44 Cl914y.

Nisiribution; Jaya, Ceylon, New Caledonia and Australia (Queensland).

18. LASTREOPSTS HORNET (Bak,} Tindale n. comb.

Basie syndajun> Nephrodiwm Aornwes Bak. in Hook, and Bak, Syn, Fil,
vd. 2; 500 (1874).

Distributian: Sevehalles,

As snggested by C. Christensen in Zonap.. Notes Plér. 265 165 (1925) and
iw Dansk Bot Ark, 7: 62 (1932), it is probable that Orypopteris boiwind
(Bak.) O. Ktze, of Madagasear, is a synonym of L, hernel, Admittedly the
fronds are very similar but without specimens with rhizomes, it would be
difficult t0 be certain that these two species are identical.

19. LASTREOPSIS CURROR! (Mett.) Tindale 1, comb,

Basic sytonye: Aspim currora Mett. in Kithn, Pil. afr; 130 (1868).
Other synonyoa: Clenttis currori (Mett.) Tard. in Not, Syst, 24 (4); 342
(1452),

Distribution; Tropical Wese Affiea,

20, LASTREOPSIS EFFUSA (Sw.) Tindale n, comb.

Basic syronym: Polypodiunt cHusym Sw, Prodr.: 134 (1788). Other
synonyms: Dryapteris effusa (Sw.) Urban, Symb. Ant, #= 16 (1903); C

Marth - - - : ,
ast Trxpant, Peouinax Recidon of Lastreupals 185

Cheistensenin fy Selb, Shr ser, 86297 (1920). Parapalysiicltend oust:
{sw ) Ching in Suyatsca 3 (47> 239 (1940),

Distributive: Tropieal America.

A, LASTREOPSIS ENCULT A (Met) Tindale n. comb

Big syroryn) slspeedins cxculivne Mett. Pheg. und ashe: 0% CIBSE). 4
17, p

itribuban Keaadec ta Mexicu.
22, LASTREOPSIS AaPLISSTAIA (Py) Tindale n comb

Baste synonyer Pobotiehum umpiiystann Pr, Epo, Bor $8 <a85t)
ret suman: Maiolea amplrestina (Pr) Ching in Sines § (7-2): 33
(1034).

Mstribution: British Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia,

23. LASTREOPSIS KILLIPL (C. Che. and Maxon) Tindale ui. comb.
Basic synonyin: Dryopteris kilipit C. Che, and Maxon in Amer, Feri
Journ, 12> 4 (1928). Other synonii— Parapelvattehum killyple oC. Chr. ant
Maxon) Ching in Spiyatsenta 3 (4): 238 (1940).
Distribution: Panama and Costa Rica,

24 LASTREOPSIS CHAEROPHYLLOIDFS (Pour) ‘Vindale a. com

Baste synongie: Polypadiinn chacrophulaides Poir.. icy. 7: 542 (1604).
Other synanyi: Rumehra chacraphylotdes (Poi) Ching in Sttesta 3
(2): 35 (1934),

Distrihutinn: Greater Autilles,

25, LASTNRAGPSIS. PUBESCENS (1L.) Tindale n, comb,
Basic synonyy~ Palypaditar pubescens ., Syl Natcd, 10, 2, 1327 (1759).

tise Rimiohra pubescens (1) Chinge in Sinemsia 3 Ci-2) 5 35
1934).

(Destributivn: West indies and Venezuela. .
26° LASTREOLSTS LURIDA (Under woud and Maxon) ‘Tindale no, coral,

Basic synanyars Deryopteris lyrida Underwood and Maxon in Slossar inv
Rwlt, Torr. Bot. Club 4U- 183 (1913), pl, 3, EL. Other synompre: Ruaiohra
hurida (Underwood and Maxon} Ching in Sinensia 3 (1-2): 35 (1934).

Distribution: Jamaica:

In £, fxeidaand L. pubescens the ridges on the upper surface of the clachis
art less marked and the glands af the troml are capitate and stalked, instead
of oblong af in must species of. this. genus.

T Wave been unable to eximine any specimens of L. subrecedray Ching a
J. simtasawite (Tag. ) Tag., hoth of which doubtless belong to Lastreopsis
accarding to their descriptions,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

L would like to thank Prof, & 12, Holttum for nis zreat help and encaurage-
ment in thig revision. Mr. A. H. G. Alston, Mr. C. V. Morton and Mr. ). H,
Willis also very kindly assisted we in various wars. | Wish to thauk the
directors af the following institutions for their generous logan of specimens
The Herbarium, Kew; the British Museum of Natural History; Muséum
National d’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris; the Rijksherbarium, Leiden; Botanic
Gardens, Singapore; the Herharium, Bogor; Gray Herbarium, U.S.A ;
DS.LR., New Zealand; Nataral History Museum, Vienna; and the Her
baria at Melbourne, Hrisbane and Sydney,

Ki The Hictorian Naturatist Vol 73

FLORA OF VICTORIA: NEW SPECIES AND OTHER ADDITIONS—12
By NA. Wakerietp, Noble Parle

Genus CRASSULA: A Northern Victorian Specics Hitherto Undescribed

CRASSULA TRIPARTITA sp. nov, intor cougencras Australienges wnied |
caules caespitosi, evoeti, 2-3 cm alti; folia circiter 2.5 mm longa, por
foliata, Fores solttari, avillaces, subsessiles, felmertrti,

HOLOTYPE: Rutherglen, N-E. Victoria; few Or A. Marrow, 14/9/1939
{MEL; dupligates to be sent to K and NSW).

Plant densely tufted, 2-3 em. high, the erect stems uubranched; leaves
perfoliate, = triangular, about 1.5 mn. long. obtuse, the base broadly winged
and this the widest part of the lealz internodes 1-2 smm-. long; flowers solitary
its the popper axils (rarely wath a sceond abortive one}, sessile or almost so.
each subtended by one er two much reduced Icaves or bracts; sepals 3,
actuminite, about lame. long; petals 3, acuminate. hyalie, shorter thau the
sepals; stamens 3, statiiiodes 3, Guear with diated apex, almost as long as
the stamens; carpels truncate with a short point; seads L (rarely 2) m cach
carpel, light brown, longstudjually costate.

Distrihution; Nowberu Victoria, As well as the type locality (Rutherglen),
the species oceurs at Graytion [between Nagambie and Heathcote}. Tr was
noted jn the latter locality by the writer in 1939, on moist Aats in open graz-
ing fand; aad the only specimen preserved (which differs from type by its
somewhat branched stems) was lodged in the North Queensland Herbarium.
Cairns, C. tripartite is not closely celated to amy pther Australian specs cf
the gens,

Genus WESTRINGIA: Two New Species Endemic in Victoria

WESTRINGIA CREMNOPHILA ap, ov, valde distincera: Frutex dense
rarnosus. uscquy ad 60 cm. Jatus, in timis murgrum ropum creseens, asin
verans a cortive subcrose profiunde fissivato praeditus ; vecneill) triteliari;
folia linearia, marginibus revalutis; ramuli fociferi (Ccanbibus toliis
calyeibusque) ubique albo-tomentost; calycis lobr acuts quam tubus duplu

breviores.

HOLOTYPE: Porphyry cliffs above Snowy River, east.of Butchers Ridge;
No A. Wakeltelsl, No. 49772, about 21/1/1953 (MEL; paratypes, Nov 4774,
to he donated to K and NSW),

Much-branched shrub, growing in crevices of rock clifls; bark of larger
siemis thick, corky, furrowed, leaves in whorls of 3 Crarely 4), 1-2 ens. Jong,
1-2 mm, wide, margins revolute, apex obtuse but = mucronate; Howers
solitary in the axils, subsessile; calyx-lobes acute, about half as long a5 the
tube; corolla mauve, about 1 din. long, densely lisprl on the outside, villose
in the throat, all five lohes indented at the apex with the lowest one more so
cyunte bilobed) aud longer thau the others) flowering branchlets 2-4 em, long,
universally iivested Con stems, leaves and calycu:) with dense, > appressed,
whitish tomentirn,

Pistribution: Abundant but very localized, on several of the many porphyry
clitts overlooking the Snowy River, east of Butchers Ridge, eastern Victoria.

HW, cremiophila was discovered iy about 1950, by Mr. Leo Hodge of
W Tres and he cultivated it quite effectively in his nativesMower garden.
The weiter eallected sume material of it at Hodge's "Westringia CUR’ on
Anpiist 31, 1952 (No A Wakefield, No, 4687); and Dr. R- Melville took
ample material Eom the same spot at the time ot the collection of the type

* MEL—Natwial Herbaviune of Victoria, Melbourne. a

K Roval Botanic Gardens, Kew, Fayland
NSW—National Uerharurm of New Sooth Wales, Sydney

ever Wanerinin, Flora of Mtetorie: New Species, oe 1a?

specimens Loted above), and this is located al Kew, England, Qu Jamary
20. 1954, this cifi-laving plaut was ubsexgved, with binoculars, to be growmy
roo gti the wimecessilile pregapices OF (he opposite (eastern) side of the Snowy
River.

The species 1s reiarkable for its ability to graw on vertical cliffs, 21 seal
crevices ceomingly deyorl af sail

WASTIINGIA CRASSIFOLIA sp. nov. valde distincta: frutex erectus;
verticill trifslian: folla angiste-cluptica, crassa, oliiusa, super concava,
subrer de@mum rugosa, ulringie minute tuherculala, cosia chscura, mar-
pines haud recuryis; flores suhsessiles, purpurei; calyx 465 mon. longus,
lobis erassis acutis 15-27 mm, kowwis; corollae lob aunquam retes?.

HOLOTYPE; Junction af the Parish boundaries of Hunley, Neilbarough
and Whirrakee (Bendigo Whipstick), about 1U miles north al Kendigo, Vie-
toria; Jey. John W. Kellam, Sept. 16, 1950; “plants up ta 7 it. high and very
Spitlly, growing among Adelalewca micingta manly” [MRL: dupleates ts
he sent to K and NSW, ]

Erect slivuby bravehlers forpatudwally. coastare, shightly pubescent; leaves
in whorls of 3, shorily petiolate, narrow elliptical, 5-75 min, long, 15-23 mn,
wide, thick, upper-surfaces concave, underneath becoming wrinkled, beth
surfaces minutely lubeteulate and slightly pubescent, margins nituiltely
denticulate not tecurved, apex obtuse but with a slight caliose poinc, the
iwidrid Not apparent except as an indefinite thickening ov the wneder-sur face ;
flowers subsessile, calyx 4-5 mm. lone, sealy-epubescent, scarcely ribbed. the
loheg triangular thick acute and 15-2 tum, long: corolla purple, sealy-
pubescent outside, sparsely villose onside, the lobes wot at all bifid or retuse
Cthé cerjtral lower ole truncate, the athers roimded).

Distrinition: Apparently confined to the Rendiga Whipstick Serub am the
vicinity of “Westriigia Ridge’, [See fret. Nat. 37:95 und ict. Nat, #0:
195 and 203, under the wane “}esiiuai rigide vay geetilina’].

The Jeaves of Th. evassifolia suggest ite affinities with a group of four
varthern species: HA. Aarvifatia White aud Fratvis and tA rollandit Bo
Boitvan—each af ayhich has lcayes Dbovate ant inoch shorter, and corollas
niore bristly inside and with retuse lobes—, be’. fenicoulis White and Fraucts
—which tas slender wobranched stems about | ft. Ing, acute Cyungent)
loaves and acuminate calys-iobes, avid He, chee Maid. aod Retche, having
acute leaves with - definitely recurved margins, Aowers in tertnmal leafy
clusters aud the ealys glabrous.

Genus GNAPHALIUM; Specific Status for an Alpine Plone

GNAPHALIUM ARGENTIFOLIUA nam, et stat. nov.
Basic Synonym: &. cotlimum yar? radicuns FP. Maucll ex Benth. Fi,
Anair. 7° 654.

LECTOTYPE. “Summits of the Australian Alps” Jeg. F, Mucther, [This
material—seen hy Bentham and vow an MIEl—appears to be part of a suite
of specinteifs How rl yatiogs Névbariua folders, collected under the original
ahel =

In preos aldovibws qnontion Murryne Mowniains, atplirimunt altitadiar
S 6000 fr Jan. "ES, Dr, ferd. Mueller. ‘

Stems ascending, 3-5 em, long, arising from a mach-hrauched rhizamic
systeith; leaves dispozed along the stems, usually crowed but fot or hardly
forming hagal tufts, densely cattony (silvery) an bath suriacess fluwer-lveads
sessile. solitary or lew together it an irregular lealy corymb: invuducral
bracts Up to abque 4 aii, lone, obtuse, achenes glabrous

Distribution: Australian Alps of Victoria avid New South Wales Besides
the type materi (front New Soyth Wales), there are at MEL specimens

‘

“Viot, Navy.

Tes Wianeeient. Alora pf Miclorims New Species, ctr, Vol. 78

fram “Towards Mt. Hotham” (ley. A. J ‘Tadgell, Dee 14, 1914) and
Bogons High Plains (5. M. Fawee tt, 8/1/1945; J, H. Willis, 18/1/1946-
F.poline 23/1/1951), No Tasmanian material of the species has Been seen
by the writer.

CG. argentifolion is distinginshed from Go Japon Thunb ¢Syn.-C.
collinnme Labill.) hy its dense geawth—oiten alttiost eashion-hke, dense leaves
which do nat form basal rosettes and which tia not become elahraus an the
upper stirfaces, and by its fewer and broader flower heads. The species is
superficially sitilar to G traversii Hook 1, hut the latter fay definite rosettes
ol basal leaves, the Alower béads arc always salitary and pedunculute, and the
achenes pubescent,

Some variation is noted in G. argetifuluie—ihe Boxsog material is taller
fipto ld co, high), the iavoltcral bracts loner (to G yom. ), and the achenes
sametinies a little pubescent

VASCULAR FLORA CF VICTORIA AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA

(Sundry New Species, Varieties, Combinations, Records
. and Synonymies)

By |. WH. Wintss, National Herbarium of Wactern
[Contianed from page 167 of Felradry tesiie|

Winteracez

DRIMYS XEROPHILA Particitier yy Bull. ser Fr Belg, 27? 225-'6, 290.
JO) (1896),

L. @romentica sens. Burm. [es 298 01896) 1, eon ening F, Muell. Plans
hidig, Cote Pack, 12 2021 61968). ater UY, lenecnlate (Poir.) Baill. ;

It civ henave A.C. Suith lin 2. Arnold Arbor 24 150 C194;

D.tenceolata (Poir.d Haill..* var parvifolia J. W. Vickery in Proce. Linn. Sur.
NSW 62-35 110901:

DP, rerophite Baru, var, alpton I. Muelt, ex Porm, dc, 226 (1896),

Following her deseription of Drineys fencedleda var. partafolia, Miss J. W.
Vickery (le) lists as “imperfectly knows species” P. Parmeutier's OD. xere-
phila (vhought to be probably synonymous with 2D kncceleta), D nenelleri
(sloubtiully a Lérrayys at all) and 2. aferwedia (alsa probably sysanymieis
with 2D, lincestake), ‘The last name, 2, teternedia, may be dismissed at ouce
as & nomen audi, but not so the other two—detailed cescriptions of thety
foliar and stem anatomies were publishes! hy Parmentier, and his types are
still available for inepection m the Muyseantol Natural Flistory (Phateragamic
tlerbarium) at Paris. By courtesy of the Director of this Parisian repositury,
T have been coabled to esaming the type specimens of PD, rerophile, ite den
varieties alpina and aronetica, 1. venellerh ated whit Parmentier considered
as typical D. arventativa, Such a study was Uluminating and hag resulted m
the kynonymy set out above .

‘The unusually thick enticle (to 15 anc.) in D2. xerapiila inspired ots emttt
and prompted! its author to write (Le, pp 225-"6) :

Tey coticlon Gpidermpiaye oftrect ane dyitisseur considtenbles Uirfteteut et
d'épaisseur tres inAgale; bes stomates sont immereés, ‘Nous caractéres sadlicent wiic
Dhbo-sAopMilid weds accontude,

Although the types of 2) verophila (irom 'Wustealian Alps’) and Ws var.
alpina (irom Baw Baws) are barren, they are undoubtedly reterable to the
same species, and even the varietal distinction te hardly warranted. [1 is
eanally obvious that 12. lancevlala var. porwifolia JW. Vickery (fc) and
(2. picker A.C. Smith (/2.) are also conspeenfic with O. xreroplida—the
prior name for Whe taxon ;

A.C, Smith, by his definition of . vickerian iu 943 Cas a compact alpint
shrub with 2-petalous flowers, of. 4-9 much longer petals in 0. hmcectate)
focused attention on the existence af frew distinct species of the genus in

“ Name creeneunsly attribited th Drvce by the alithor ob var faefone,

ao) Winds, Dlora of Victoria and South Awatealnt 184

Victoria, Bet the only material he esameed (irom the Baw Baw anuuntains |
had leaves nat exceeding 164 mm. in length and is referable to an uousually
small-leaved, small-Auwered state (Parmentier's var, alpia) of J). vereptitla;
sv that Sinith's definitian of the species ig oth inadequite and misleading

This dipetalous high-mowmain species ranges widely throughout casier>
Vietoria, Ihe Australian Capital Territory and suuth-castern New Sel
Wales, with a curious urthern auther on the Barrmgton Taps, N/S.W..Cbe-
tee Gloucester and Scone, at 5,100 ft. allitude). Is leaves yary from a
midimum of 10 x 2.5 nm, an the Baw Baws, Vic., to a maximum (Cat Teast iy
ali the material so far examitied by miu) of 100 x 25 nm on Mt, Ellery, Vie.
Corresponding differences wocur in number of stameny per flawer—t-) only
vit the Baw Baws te 25 on Mt, Etlery. In between these extremes, have
observed every possible gradation ou various Vietorten prowiltain peako. ;

Smith specifies sylitary carpels jor his type of D. ickrriana; but withun
the ivpe area (Baw Baws) itis not uneeaed lo find fruiing specimens with
two or even three carpels pier pedicel. Tn this region, and also on Mt. Ellery,
D seraphila ant D. losccotata CBair.) Baill, occur a close proximity, the
liatcer in Shaded pittly-heads: bus no intermediates or suspected hybrids have
been aored, Whal Snith tailed to. point out were the really amportant clarac-

“tere af /eaf-revtire and anefome which, in the absence.of flowers, will always
serve to distinguish any ferinad 2 rereplnfa from 2D kinceointa—sole reprer
sentative of this genus in Tasmania.

Jieaves of J). fanecolate are usvally orate at the tip, of Man pexture, anal
they remain offee-oreerdst in the cried state; those of D. xerephile, by eun-
trast, are always abtise, of mick rigid wexture (the veing wsually obscured)
aud they becanie characierishcally rabescent—-alten wrth a ylaucous appear.
ance as well--whet dry, The branchlets of ane latter species are consiswently
migher (finely dulicreniete) than in BL lonecelata.

Microscopically, 4. faaceafata has the upper epidermis of the leaf nearly
fice as thick as the lower, with the einele voniparatively thin (5-10 mic.)
less than a quurwe the total thickuess of culicle and epidermul celle com-
hined—, and unifurm rectangular palisade cells in 2-3 cows are well developed
under the upper cpidennis: wheress Uo xerepiile hae the upper and lower
cyidermis appraximutely the sore thickness, the cuticles very thick C1029
wic.J—~—almest half the eotel eprelermis—, palivade cells absed! or deregular
and vers muisunet, and the epidermal cells ess than 2D mic. wide Ceomsistently
smaller than in D, fawecolalay,

Parmentier was justified in establishing the species O. verophila, bur he
erred unaccountably in his delimitation of this and af DB, laicwolata (which be
valls “G wtonetee’) Far instaiey, the staternents that wrerophrkt has well-
defined palisade cells in its foliage aud that lancralata lacks them should be
reyersed! The specinen (ii Parise"“Victorian Alps”. dg. Cy Walter) that
he pronounced as typical D. areimatica is actually identical with tye J). xrerd-
phita ("Australian Alps’, fey FL Mueller), while his 2, cerophila eae,
trowmaee (Mt. Bischoff, Tas.) is certainly referable tothe true 1), lamecolata!

Such anomalies have rendered Parmentier’s anatomical diagnoses useless
fur Qurposes of aecurate species-idemifivation, and could ely have heen rects-
fiedl by recourse to his actiial wpe materials, Compsrahle Mowering specimens
Gt Meliourie Herbarium) from the same localitics canfism [be conclusions
npw drawn from an independent study of these wees

DREIMYS LANCEOLATA (Poir.) dot. Hist. Plant. 7: 139 (1868)

Wirlevania fanerofata Poie Eucpel, mitt. Bot &: 799 (1808);
ogni arpronied WM hr ew DE, Rea. Vo Sast- wat, § 445 CRITI
nurs ieayaadten (RO Dr ex DY FL Muell. Prony tdeg, Cot Pree 2
20-21 (1802);
PD. revophilay Parin, var apothotra Parma Bai, cet Fr Bel 2% > 226
18TH).
7

Same jpcorreeth spels WD, rovoplitla’ by A, ©. snath op J) denofd Araor. 24)
228 03943),

10 Wap tis, Plone of Mictorie and South Australia Mivis' et,

Vaptotypes of MM itereia: lenceatita Gey. Labilardiere) and Paswimintia
oromatica Gey, BR. Browi}—both trom southerly, Tasinania—are am Met-
bourne Herbarium and are certainty conspecific. True Drinys lancealate
ranges over the whole ol Masmatia Gwhere no other member of the gengs
His becn collected) and occurs also an Strzedlecki Peak, blinders Island, ia
Bass. Strait. Jn Viegoeia if as ta te found alnost abreughout the mountacs
(erh-guilies caf the eastern fughtands, wath isolated western occurrences. in
the Otways, ol Mt Afacedon aud the highest peaks of the Grampians. [1 as
known [rom Nunpzatta Mountains (near the Victornim bordev), Bratewoat
alistriet and pacts of the Blue Mountains i New South Wales

D, lanceolate is usually a lorger plaw than 12, wer oelila— sometimes a tree
to 30 th—aned, as already indicated under me latter species, the leaves are of
auuch thinner texture. Cwith Jess hiekened cubicles), apically more acute ani!
“rental olive-greenish in the dried state, The flowers have 4-9 long, strap-
shaped petals. Reduced forms with very sinmall obtusiah leaves oceur on some
Tasinaniin wnonntain-tops (eg. Mt. Wellington) ¢ but the petals are never
less than 4 fed. 2an A xeraphita, of very rarely 3 iv the robust Mr Ellery
coudition|, and the leaves have wl the anatomical featurcs that distinguish
this species From £). werophila.

DRIVYS. MURLI.ERIT Parmentien ia Boll. se Fr. Bel. 27: 220-’7. 390
(1396)
- - Persoonia gunnii Hook §. in feud. f. Hor 6: ZR (1847)
P Purnentier remarks [fe 227 (5
Le pila Homer ate ta tive ost en complite contradiction avte celui observil chee
les sulees Denys. TL pusstile de vosstivblos Miaaactime —- =, \

As portal out by Vielery [Prov Jann. Soc, NSA 62> BS (19571) doubt
vouueming the generic status of Lo omveltort tad been raused by van Tieghem
J. Bar. Curis td T83'4 (ISN) |. My recent examination of the (ype proves
is identity with Persoouta gemen Hook Vin Lhe Profeacee—an undetermine
duplicate of this type collection {Mt Victoria. Tas.. ley. C. Glover) wae
‘fomid iu Melbourne Herbarnin) ail it bears a few very immature fruits.

Papilicnacex
DAVIESIA CORYMBOSA Sut. var, LAXLFLORA J. HW. Hillis;

variakts fava a planta typiest discciatinatur habit. subarborea, fobis
latiovibus (1 2.5 cm.) aubgtoncescentibus tenniter textis, miceno elon
gate lore Cyiepe quam foho lougiore) et flaribis yiene omnino favis.

FACATTO; VICIORLA (montivis) —'Slopes of Mt. Matlock toward
Woods Point, at about 4000 ft. [4 1230 m, alti” (HOLOTFFUS in
Herb. MEL—J/, Ho oWrilliy, 2 Nov 1940) > Lake Meuntain, cire. 12350 a.
(MEL—P. F. Mariis & I 4. Rar, Nov, 1928) > Upper Thompson River
(MEY—a1, We) Alor No, 236, 1882), “In Eucalypius detegatensts
tores! alung Fry's track. 4 mites SB. of Wrens Flat. on Upper Jamieson

, River. Le. an slopes leading to Mt. Skene” (MEL. cum floribus et
frugtibus— A. Willis, 24 Feb, 1949); ‘Grampians’, sive locis definitis
(MEL- D. Sullivan, C. Walter, Qet, 1888; 0.7, Patun, Oct-Nov, 1919).

This is the meniane plant recorded for Vietoria by A. J. Ewart [Flora

Miet, GAL (1930) | a3 "UD. corparbosa war arborea Maiden”, but his opinion

that if was identical with the variety arborce caanet be wpheld. The latter,

fret published as a species, OF orborea, by Fo Mueller anel Bo Seerteclani
free, Linn Son WSU, FF Z2L (18823). and suhlsequently reduced to
varigtal rank by J. U1, Maiden [fc. 23; 25 (1898) }. is restricted to sowth-
eastern Queenstand and New England, N.S.W —frorm the Glasshouse Mut
tains south oa the Hastings River. It is distingyished by irs much forger

en Wrinis, Hiara of Victoria und South Austratia 191

site (tO 50 ft, with (ranks 1 ft. or more wide), long narrow Jeaves wath fine
&est parallel veviatian, and shart caryibase inflavescences. The hew variety
fariforn is a tall shrub (av most 15-20 ft. high), with loms broad (tu 1°)
father glaucescent leaves showing a manifestly refiewlote venation—althouh
ot as baldly nothed as mn Dosicsra latifolia RBy, Its most distinctive feature.
huwever, is the loese and ricemose inflorescente which yatics from Jess thal
half as long to longer than the subrending leafs individuel flowers and Tructs
are quite comparable with those of the typical, coryimbose form of the species
(Port Jaskson area), bat the former are aluwost wholly yellow and without
comspicunus cod-brawn markings on the corolla

lo ats reticulate foliage and racemes of Mowers, var. foxiflona would stem
tw approach D, Igdfulia, hut the large persistent Aoral bracts (2-7 mn. lona’)
of that species immediately separate it. At presenl the new variety is known
vuly from Encalypiie delegatensts forest hewwcen the Tagsgerty and Maeal-
lister Rivers (including Lake Mountain, Mt. Matlock, the Baw Baws and
Mr. Skene}, with isolated occurrenees in the Grampians—racemes there are
shorter and denser thay in the major castern habitat.

PHYLLOTA REMOTA J Fi, JWillis, ‘

species nova ob tolia rcurofa valde dislincta, P- plenrandrnidi V2 Muell
aficss sed differnt: follis latioribns rectis Chaud recurvatis), Roriliasn
axillaribus, bracteolis subscariosis ovatis muito futyteribns (callycerm
requantibus). ;

Fentigudin gracilis S procumbens, cantid wemerusis minote pibeseqatibns lnrrer
iavulads. Folie remuta, intercon false oppisita sel erties, 5.10 mth, longa, Hnearin,
recta, arte revolina, Leeviler pettolasn, witida, scabrida a pilis tutyrculatin, subybruya (ees
wiucrodata), Eloery settles, sa axils somplorbuy solar, boyida Calys sericed-tubeatens
(imtys glaber), cievirer 3 anm, kingik, balsas; lobe div) repenorern qian tres. loferores
eal latiores eC paulnn longiones, piace ajscom tes Coat; bevatteole magi, cals oun
pequatiles et conphcqies, oblospouvate, exriita, mucrpuatuc, wiarginibus bites sy
seartisis tenualycentities, Corole quae unex duh longov, seemenily omnibus lrevites
wnguipwlatis; yvesilli Janina rhombenmals, obtusa, xuberceduts, ceive, FX 4 pint olac
S54) x 1,2 mm.; catinae Seclenta seanlunalh, obtuse cise. G x 2 met. Geared vrloaunn :
etylus glaber. brevis unciatus, Stance 1 ongu-ds petslorin > coleretia.

PAGATIO: AUSTRALIA MERIDIGNALIS—Kkeith, “sandy Rats bet\ecet
sand ridwes iy mallee-heatt) formation’ (NMOUWLOTYPUS in Herb.

MEL —k. J, Sprott & FP. Raysow, 1954); Boston Point, Spencer Guli,
“alout ; miles north-east of Port Linenln™ (MEL—c_ Withetit, 1851
vel 1354).

This new South Ausieahan plant differs [rant all its comgeners in ute
scattered, remote leaves (never crowded along the branches). The second
callection, cited abave, had beea feed for a century in Melbourne Herbarium
under the name “Paylota plewrendroides” (in F, Muciler’y handwriting) ;
but ic departs fram all forms of that species in having distant, comparatively
broader leaves which are never recurved wucronate at the tips, conspicuous
axillary flowers aud wery forge papery bractcales which almost envelop the
calyx. ?. Meneundrurdes has pales dowers, almust hidden anoug the numerous
dense iascscles of leaves, ancl puniite bractevles at the use of the calyx, The
vecent (tyne) collection is identical in ail respects with that from Speneer
Gulf (Port Lincoln area), and T am indebted for this amaterial wa Mars
Enid @. Robertson (ormerly of the Waite Lostitute, Adelaide) who supplied
the following impurtant field note -

The two forms Lie , plenrandraides and Poremeto) aye quite distinel, and
vothisgy ia the way of avtermediatus bas lem spllected. “Phey aad readite destin
wuiskable in the field, trot ofily bye erneral appeuratic hut whso Crom ihe fact that
wylcal pirwvendrordes ocours mat duey sind Ou the nilges (with 205011, af
sand), am! i@ tnvariably suckers profusely: tlw otlier fon uccurs ealy on end

fata between the ridges Lover sand 4 ft, gr sa deep)-- dis furny ja tap-raoted
sind dors not Sucker.

-_

192 Wits, Flore of ectopic and South Awslratia ota Dew

Since Keith as only 34 miles trom the Victorian border, it is mest probable
that the novelty, BP. vewtola, wil be found to extend inte the Big or Little
Deserts oF Victoria, where P. pleurandraides 15 very widespread.

DILILWYNIA CAPITATA J. ff, Willis: . ' }
species nova Seciionis Neropatalait juxta 7, briminidem Meissn.
ponenda, a ne foliis glabris graciliaribus, alabastris nunquam dense
tomeutoso-prilosis, bractcolis multo breviorthus, Rovibus mincritvus
pallictiaribus (aud satiirate cubris), corolla carina perobtusa (haud
acuta) facile distinguitur.

Freticadus yraeilis salto 30am. alta, rumis lorgis gracilis svbvirgates anarte
pubeacentinns, Fadia 8 10 aw. luna, erecta, glabra, subdicreularia (sed) cos peergsentiy,
jtte involyta, flores capitati, use ad 13 dh cere fe drase yitie cum teriina Calve
bilahiatis clecit4r V mm lange, AW perhoellino C2 mint. longus) cE raptim contracts,
rufus, Imniter pubescanws tobi dun superiores lati sububtusi connati (pene aplecns § teHlist,
Joby tres interiones areccety lipesri- lanceatati, gmees cine, 2 mm. tnegi; chractesda (in
fetlicalle) Linearianinivtag, usque atl 2 mem, lage, villvate, calyers tabi basith paul
oxcedentes, Coraiee vexiium $7 md. Fog Cann com woe 2 mm), lamina tin.

“5 Jenga x S86 nom, Jatscerbicular reniform: envrgindta fava tt mediunr versus a
mitre risrvalo SuMUGAGIeS CAMA et ake efte. § tm, longee, prior perohitusy gracilter
angulcilata gliahra 2 cor'ywata, Ounrlier seviqua pilnamm; sty lin giaher.

hOEES VICTORIA (hureali-ortentalis}—"Cranky Charlie's Turntable an
SEC. mountain road oear Clover Dam, between Tawonga and Bogong,
townships" (HOLOTYPUS in Herb. MEL—Jean Galbraith, 4 Nov.

9)

A very distinative specics . hy virtue of its erect, straiwhi, glabrous, eriveid
leaves and the snall flowers densely clustered it heads (with up to 12 flowers)
at the ends of long, very siender branghes—henee the epithet, It belanys to
the Section Neropetatwa Chaving a corolla standard wot twice as broad 5
long and only slightly exceeding whe wings), hue the corolla is hardly

‘persistent in the single collection kuowr, D, brnnitoides Meissn_ in Lehm.,

of sandstone jabletunds am southern New South Wales. would secm to te
most closely related, but that species deparly in Mavi shorter, broader,
nsually scabrous leaves, woolly-bairy buds, much darker larger flawers
(standard abour 1) ann. widey and lacwer, Droader, deciduwus bracteales,
Mr, R. TT, Aaderson (Chief PBoranist and Curaroc ar Sydney Boanic
Garitens), who examined a speciitien of £2. capitate, wrote to the author
(15/3/1951) - "We can not match this Ota with awthing in this
herbarium."

Rutacex
RBORONTA LATIPINNA J. A, bale,

Species nova ex affimtate B pvoraie Sm. . &. thriona Peniald & Welch,
Bo nwieller’ (Benth.) Cheel et @. qomit Hook. f,, sed differt: a PLEnyh
stylo gracihi, a secunda et tertia stutura brevior) robustior® foliis minus
acutis nee serrujatis nec sparsim tubercelatus, ab ultima foliolis dis-
tantibs florihus majoribus pluribusque, et ab omnibus foliolis cras-
stortdus lotlariins (2-7 mm.) minus acatis rhachidibus wertfeste
afatis atque stamioibus multe minus hirsulis. (ferme glatris),

LOCUS; VICTORIA (ucetdentaliy)—"Summit of Mt, William’. th anonri-
bus Grampians (HOLOTYPUS in Herb, MEL—H. B. Williamson.
9 Nov. 1900) : loc, cit, (MEIL—F. Murdler, Now, 1855) 0, /ildelni,

Jan, 18575 79. Sullivan, Nov. 1877): specituina plures in Herb. MIL, ¢
tractn. mdefinita * Grampians”, praeterea ailsune

Dysenssion

The new species departs fram all other recogmized taxa om (ne Boronte
Piptate group by virtue al its Hick ome brood (to 7 minted leaflets, con-
spicuonsly setnqed tharhises and very sparsely hairy stamens—often almanse

Monn}

dpe Wats, Mare of iictoria oud Senth Austral MAS

gigbrous; the slender style 15 abot as long as (he ovary and capped by
small swollen stivma.

le was tocluded by Bentham in his loose ciremnscripnon of B. pinata Sm.
var pihellort [Flora aAwat 2, 319 (1863)], together with elements from
“sources of the Bunyip River". “near Portland Bay” aud “towards the mouth
ut the Gienetg": all specimens callected by F. Mueller [ haye nat seen rither
sy tltgye OF var. aiedellerd Fram Partland or the Glenelg, but | strongly suspect
that these are reterable to a torin of B. pilosa Labill,, having leaflets larget
than usual and completely glabrous—a familar plant tn the far south-west
of the State, where no niember of the pinata group is at present known te
qevor. E. Cheel, in raising Bentham’: var. onelfers tu specific rank [J. 104),
Soe. NSW, 385 147 (19243). clearly typifies this taxon by means of the
Bunyip River material, several sheets af which are represented in Methourne
Herbarium » but he fails tu indicate the identity of, or even tu discuss, rhe
romaining Wree svntypes of var, anetelleri—including the Grampians plant
naw descrized as new.

8, lating bas log bea kriown in Vieloria as “BL pianata" (aide Ewart s
Flora Pivt, p 701, andl books by ather anchors) ; but ta continue “lumping”
jt onder that species would lugicaily require the similar fusion al 4. merelfert,
B. thyyanke aud B. cunt. whiel js unthinkable, Analysis g& We essenaal oul
is desivahle and might well fend support to the recogridon of #8. latipinera as
a specific eltity. Ib is a robust und bardsome shrub with large bright pink
flowers (a white form is also known), wand is apparently endemic in the
Grampians; althouel rather wirely distributed through these sandstone
ranges, the spewies favours mountymn tops—ee. Mts. William, Rosea and
DiMeale,

DORKONIA NANA Hewk Toon, Plans. ‘T.270 (18405,
var PUBESCENS ¢Renth.) 4 FA. Milly, cennbinatio nova.
B, polvgelfohe Su. var. pubescens Benth. Flora Ansé, Te d2) (1BAAD:
By hrifivda B. Cheel ue Jo rox. Soe, NOS dd) and vigcee

E. Cheel raised Bentham's varielas pubescens (Cle) to specific rank, us
Rorowta Iispide, ti the belief that this endemic Granipians plant was tnan-
festlp alistivet from all forms of what was then called “BL polyyalifalia’.
Dr, R. Melville has recently shown [Aeio Rielf, No, 3; 461-465 (19549 | that
Uw trues simple legved and ¢em/ete/y @labrous Bo palygutifolie Sim thoes nat
extend as fir south as Vietoria or Tasmania, where its place is taken by the
trriehate #&, nava Hoole. and its simple-leayed, almost co-extansive variety
fisssapifalia Melville Che. yy. 463)—hoth distinguished from &. palygalt{otia
ul having Arrsute stems (with 4 concentration af hairs in longituduial grocivey
7ram the decurrent leaf bases), staminal filaments aot gradually narrawinz
upwards, hairy styles and Jess spreading stigmatic lohes.

Cheels B. Arspula differs From typical @. ana only i being seach mare
fatty, Uw short coarse liairs (to 06 min long) are by 10 means confined (1
hands alors the stein, but swest 1) completely and extend also ayer the leaves,
pedicels. calyces, petals and filaments, Within the Gramjians there is cvery
gradation frou: densely hairy to slightly hauwy plaots. with leaflets varying
irom iinear to rotund, and it is deemec expedient to restore Bentham’s
epithet pudescenty for the more Wirsute population, making the new variecal
cambinarion vaw called Tor under Bavouia vada,

BORONIA ANEMONITOLIA of, Gunn. tu Tield, 1825,
RB. deutigera By Miwlh in Trung ict Ist, 32 (18a9))
8. Howtigtrantes EL Chee ny J. rsy, Sac. NSW, OF: Sul (bey)
Mentham [Flora auss 7; 321 (1863)) reduced Fo Muellers Boronia
denfayera to varietal ragk under B. arenonifolia A. Cari FR. Cheel LJ. ray.
Soe, MSM. O22 291-2 (1429) } reinstated if as a species, with the comment:
“che structural characcer of the leaves and hispid sepals, ae well as the distinct

Vict. Nut.

194 Wretis, Mera of Mictorm and South Australia Vol. 73

Etopruphi¢al raliee, seeris lo warrant it being regarded as specifically dis-
tinct; the whole plant is ctecidedly more hispid than B. anementfolire and the
flawers are different.” V'hrocebatir the range of B. unemenifoi and &,
deatiqerd, so Many yatalzons 1 shape, size afd elissection of leaflets accur
with. yarying degrees of bairiness that it is impracticable ta recognize
dentigero even as a merked variety, a5 did Ewart [Flora Pict. 699 (193097,
T have compared types of these Two species and share the apiaron ef Dr
Melville, wha wrote Irony Kew (23/3/1955): “There does not appear to he
any constant ¢ifference between Mueller's species antl GB. anemontfolia
A. Cumnm with the type af which it has Deeer compared.” La her recent
Stimteut's Flora of Tasmonia (1956), Dr, W. M, Curtis has arnitted A.
maonaufolia alegether; but in Mejhourne Herbariom there are specimens
that were collected on SL. Paul's Dome ()U5t cast of Avoca) by C, Smart Jo
IR48. This carly Tasmanian materjal is comparable with Cunningham's Blue
Mountains type (except as to larger size) and ac surely conspecihe.

Cheei’s & deitiyyeroides, which Dr Melenle (23/3/1955) believell worthy
of specihe rank was clifferentiated hy its author with the comment - “similar
im “eneral appearance to &. deutigera P.v.M., hut the leaves ave more eotn-
fotthd, beige tudes ternate, and Ure leaflets nore or less flattened and dentate
at the apex.” Flere again, the points of distiaction fram F. anenantfutia are
just as hazy and il-dehved in the Held as were Lhose purporting Ww separate
thy, Jatter from 8. dentigere. Indefinable transitions ceeur, and the writer
prefers (a regard F, dentiqeroutes as another form ol f. axemoutfutie, having
ii getieral mare divided and fattened leaflets: the comparatively sharter,
siahrous catys lohes {b 2 nin.) approach these of typical anemonifolia, but
they are always Jonger (to J meq) and hairy on the dewigero form. This
demivcroides farm extends from New England mountains, south through the
hiwhtimus of New Son Wales lo the Furneaux Group, Bass Sura, where
it is fuxuriant and abundant on granite [ecaks—called “stink-bush" by local
rsfanders from its offensively pungent acorn, 2

Both Curtis and Melville regard foronie oariabilis Mook, as a distince
species endemic in Vasniania: but the writer wankl follow Bentham in
relegating it ly varietal rank under Bo onetdencaifota [Flora Aust, 1) 32
(1863) ]. Curts emphasizes thac “the species ig polymorphic’ [Student's
Jaret Yas. 1: Ol (1956))= and se it os, evading imperceptibly an the islands
of Bats Strait into the dewstorroides form at B. anepionifolo. Tn general, the
leatlers axl their semenlucy divisious are umite glabrous, hroad, obtuse, flat
and rather distant, giving an almost bipimmate appearance ta the foliage.
‘Mere is a specitten of B awemonifolia var. zaviabilis (Hiok.) Berth, in
Melbourne Herbanum irom Portarkngun, Vic, (Oiehwesor, 1870), and at
has also been reported frow the Warah Bay-Wilsou's Promontory areca,

RORGONTA PARVIFT.QRA Sm. Tracts Nat. Hist 295, 7,6 (1798)
B. piteeenat Lalill Vor. Aet. Piet Spectnen 2: 98, TO isa cea);
MN palisters J. WN, Moon & J, Me Bleck ia Tower ror, Sur 5. Ange
aa b Cr91ty,

Benthany [lara best 2. 324 (18637) svionsimeed He Tasmanian Boronia
boned Labi, anlec 8, parctfora Sm, without comment, and this opinion
is aew eialorsed However, Curtis [Student's Flora Tar. 7: 102 €4956))
restores &. pilovewu for Tasmania ani Victoria, apparently Gousidering it ta
he specihcally distinct trom the Part Jackson 4. parvifiera. Examinatian of
a large suite of materal [rom the four south-eastern States, in Mefhourne
Herbarium, distlusee no apparent line of demarcation! indeed, Smith's type
Hlastration Ue T4) of & parelfora weit well have been drawn frorp the
Southport ( Tas.) aratecial, callected by © Stuart inwhe same general region
Tron whieh Labwtardiere obtained tis 8. pilonem

A preblen of quité a daffercat kinel Qineérns the identity of Boronia
bolustety Maiden & Black. In 1, M, Black's Flora S- etust, eh 2, 2; 494

mere Warts, flora of Mietoria and South Ansivalia 195

(1948) the author retains both WY purviflorg and B pulwstris for (hat State,
remarking Vindér the latter species: “Near the preceding, but the stems mostly
erect, the leaves more connate towards base, the peduncle shorter aud aloni-
cal, not much exccerhsl by the leafy bracts, the petals obtase and shorter than
the sepals, slanjens only 47 lia Victoria there is no such correlation of these
characters even in 2 single canmnimity of plants—and dt bas ‘been found
quite impussible to revogaze B. polesteis as a variety, much less a species.
] aon ipdetied to Mr, A, Cliff, Beauglohale, of Gorae West (Vie) for an
excellent picce of field research, embodied in the follawme report (11/12/35)
When I gent down « Reronie tong, long age. anid yout nanatel tr AD forlneds,
L wovdered ifwe really had Bo foreifier as well ar Poertaint. L searched for a
low time, aod oqu day stupiiled apo plots on aur plice which, on the spat, [
thouyht Wad 8 arsmens Later. after pressuia, Fo Wad season to chech them, ond
imagine my aieprisc whet | fewer oily a siemens! At ake tinele ot my med, |
had thouglirs vbay dof the 8 yoenens weve early itecidmons. 1 told Percy and
Kngene Finck abont it, and called for a thovaigh vevestieation of te amber.
This wr did on ML Chu Wh cxamined lumdreds of Nowers; Uw vase inajority
Wad the 2 Stamens, bet the balance Wad 9 to 3 We found that Cour of tle
Stare Are early décitiicrs olf right—these are shorter thai the other petsiscenr
4. TE cxuimaming in che fresh state. yeu com see whert these stumene falt at.
T biave one pressed specimen whieh had three opun Bowers wotlk the Totowa
rounts. 4. 6 gat & stamens.

-PHERALIUM HILLEBRANDIL J. 2. Meilfes, auatns nowis ct armen
nevi
Kviosemau datlebrandi T Mueth in Tras, plit, Soe Pier ty Wy LbBas),
var. brvvlfolins Bo Muclt the). ‘
Mhobahiror bivbrom eens J Mo Winek herd So ust ed 4, 20 497 nye. O61
A & 1, A990 (1948). nome Lindl (i2a8b.

VAGATIO: AUSTRALLA MERIDIONALTS, ub in maitibus Latty ot
Barossa solu inventor.

LECTOTYPUS: ty Herth MEL specnnen hance natulany eonvitans—
“Eviustemon hillebrands ferd, Mueller, A. brrepifotivean, Mi. Lofty Ranges,
Anthers red, Dr. fer. Moeller” Jprohatilirer Aug. 18304.

TF, Muellor's description of Erivstemon hillebrandtd (ho) embraces twe
distinct species, viz. the Victorian Phelan bitebum Lindl Qwhich he
designates 43 subspecies.or variety “YonyifeNins’) anda diltuse, much smaller
leaved South Ausivatian plant (designated .as subsp. av yar, “brewifotius \—
wonfortunately Mueller quite inadvertently assigned his eriafolis clement
to the “Victoria Ranges” instead of the Mt Lolty Ranges. Stuce the autho
remarked, “This highly ornamental plant - has been described Ly Dr.
Lindley as a species)... under the name of Phebalten bidabuar”, he adn
thal the spectes bad a priov name, and so &. lullebrandre myst be rejected as
superfluous when published. However, it seems desirable to reinstate
Mueller's epithet for the short-leaved element in lis compostie description.
rather Wan choose any other, and, to do this, T have established the new
name Phebalinue Allebrond (in accordance with Article $1 of the Stockholm
Cade, 1950)-

Bentham [flora Amst 1 349 (1863) had considered that only one variable
species was involved, and he synonymized GB. Jiflpbrandt) under PL bitolam,
misspelling the epithet as “Arktelrandie'—a anistake perperuatud sinee by
Ewart (1930) and Curtis (1956) gn their reapective Moras of Victoria and
Tasmania. Other writers, including |. M. Black (1948), have: adopted. this
view. However, the differences in baba, follage and fruit are so prevounced
43 Wo justify recognition of two specific taxa; they may Tt auimanized as
follows 4

PR TILOBUM—Shenb erect, 10 °6 10 difluresecnre wot exceeding the last leaves
Leowes U4 che tong, vl leet 3 tines as long ae howd (isially
wwore), oblong ta linear, usually broadest (award codes, elabeous ait
shpung; margins denticglare. durges yellow Cuert wt from serait,
With terminal beak oud aueciire venatue

'

106 Wiitis, Bora of Hietovur tot Saute slestrulia Lisi eat

Mh AUT EBRANDIT—Sieus small, pyocambent, 12 ft high, Inflorescenev tar

"execeding the laxt Maves, Loner ‘lear thin ) cm. line, 3
THs Ja Wong VA Broad He less, uldong-ohowngute Or even éor-
clate, broadest at fave, usually < scabrih; murgine entire
suid always ravoluie, ushers ced. Coect of fruit giblms, wilh
lateral beaks ancl pvomment eniserl concentric veins.

Trae Phebalinne bdobune (type from Mt: William in the Victorian Gram-
piins) extends across Bags Strait ivfaniy to vastery Tasmania, bur does nor
ocebr anywhere in South Australia; there, its place is tuken by the relared
hot smaller Poo AiMehrgendi which is apparently enderme and uncammen 77
the Mi, Lefty and Barossa Ranges—alone rocky water-courses eiween Mer.
Lofty praper and Tanunda. The epithet honours the name of Dr. Wilhelo
Hillebrand, a friend of Baron you Mueller during his early resistence in
Adelaide.

PHEBALIUM LOWANENSE J. FH. Hills,

species nuova ad P. natty (F. Mueil.) Maiden & Betche [Nove Cam-
bre Austrabs & Queensland] et Py tubercatasrnn CF, Mitel.) Renth
[Australia QOccidentalis] evidenter praxime accedens, sed a priore
differt statura parva (baud 150 em.), foliis suinoribos semper arte
revolutis (nutiquata plans), perianthio mite tminore Crainquarn:
6-9 mm.) atyue petalis hand intus purpurcis: a P, tubserce/oso absentia
tubercularumr Cin raniis. et foliis}, petalis inturne senyper lete Jute.
stantinibus et stylo quam carolla semper breviagibus (videtur), corolde
squaims peltatis paucis (4-12 per petalunr) multo majoritus (04-10
mim. diamet.) bene distinguicur.

VAGATIO: VICTORIA (oceadentutis resnotaJ—"Big Desert, om mallee
sandhills along the South Australian harder tence, abour I) miles narth af
Servicetan” (HOLO. & PARATYPUS in. Herb. MILI. HL Biter.
1? Sepy, 1048) = "Big Desert, on open mallee-heathland of Black 39, about
6 miles north-wese of Yanace’ (MEL, AD, K—R. Jfelvilie Na. O88 &
At. [eks, 9 Sept 1952).

A ssoall, stiff, ericoid and non-tuberculae desert shruh, 30-60 coi, [1-2 f.7
ligh, the 4maller branches silvery from a dense indumentum af overlappins
peltate. scales. Leavers 5-12 % | mm. linear, minutely scabrons buy rather
shining, almost terete from the strongly revolute margins (their under
silvery surface hidden). obtuse at apex, rigidly spreading at 40°-90° front
branch). lowers exceedingly svaly, 1-5 in small umbellate cluster terminat-
ing the final brafiches, on stotit pedicels about as long as the petanth
(4-5 mo), Calye to two-thirds the length of expanded corolla, puralisl-
sealy, each of the 3’ prominent triangular laber + 2 nim. long. Petals +4 mm
long, elliptical, acunsh, vivid clrome-vellow and glabrous within, but cloched
externally with comparatively few (to 12), large (ta 1 mm. wide), coppery-
hued peltate scales which hecome torw radially, Staminel flasents 2-3 om
long; anthers rather large, L-1.2 5 05 mm. Ovary pyramidal, densely covered
with silver-white lacerate squamules; style short and stout ¢t-2 mim.)
becoming glabrous. Fruit not yet seen.

Digzerasziort

Except for Pachuliwmn soi CF. Muell.) Maidesr & Betehe—a shrub
5-10 (t high, with bread flac leaves and larger purple corélla—, the new
species is the only eastern Australian representative of the section Buphe-
baliins (peltate-sealy plants) having distowe colwr tect, al least as long as
the tube, P. floianense shares this teature with a groip af closely related,
yellowish-flowered species in Western Australia: fut the only one of these
approaching mt at all closely is P, tebvrcrJosiem (7, Mull.) Benth, 2nd that
has very tubercular bratiches, leaves revolute but vot scabridl, compatatively
longer style and stamijial Alameats and much smaller (up to 0.3 mim, wide),

ace Whats. Mere ar licturia and Sonth Aste 197

Nure yaierous peltate sesles an ihe backs wl the petals. The epithet
“lovmense” alludes to the Viccoran Gouniy of Lawaa, where the species is
known to occur, but it ahdoubtedly alse ranges sume distace. within ve
adivtanige South Australiact Coully af Backinishau,

Tremandracex
TEERATHECA STENOLARPA JH, [i eiiz,

species nova ad 7° cafintane Lindl. proxime accedens, sed difert, statura
majore {usque ad 450 cm) ramis superiaribus attengatis panic
efoliatis, foliis remotis alfernis (interdum basin versus paucis ternatis )
+ serratis, pedicellis a setis pullis glandulosis prommnenter THATHVLS
Tsimiliter calyce) ef puiecipue capsulis magnis (usque ad 12 s 4m}
fusifvrntibus fonge achoninatix,

fAGATIO® VICTORIA (australts}—a Gembraok arieatem versus 2 inill,,
it solo ex rupe granodioriticr abrosa (HOLOTYPUS in Hel. MEL.
PARATVPUS aw NSW—Hde. Mlodidelt, 1 Tyee, 1946); Geinhrook
Ranges (MBEL-—. Wafter, Sept. 1881); Emerald (MEL--P. & H. St.
John, Nov. 1903) 5 “Junedan of Corest roads on Ryson's Creck, about 93
miles worth ot Labertauche” (MEI, NSW, K -/. HW Heilis, 19 Cec
1952),

A very distinctive Hlac-Howebed tioumlain-torest pant, apparently restricted
to the gratodiurite watershed of the Yarra, Latrohy and Bunyip Rivers, Viv-
teria. The ultimate slender, often alniost luafless bianches are weak and teail-
ing, t0 150 ony, [az 5 fr) donw, shightl seadbrons hur never hainy Leaves are
rhomboid-orbicular, 5-10 mu, long and broad, almost sessile, remote, alternate
for a few oF the howermost temsate. us in '. entiadian Lind), at least some—
aod oftet most—h regularly serrate; Aural leaves or bracts uarrawer and
much smaller. Pedicels both minutely ‘pubescent nyc densely covered with dark
Grect gland-tipped Uriscles, Cup co 1. Tau lone) which extend outa the calyx,
Friats Aatiimed, frisiform, up to $2 mm. long and 4+ mm, wide fat centre),
lapering inte the long-acuminate style, very quicruscopicly pubescent aud
with scattered glandular bristles (much smaller rhan on calyxy, Seods dark
brawn, gllipsoid, 2-3 x 1.5 aim. almast glabrous, with pramineac whitish
atillaid appendage ac distal end (2 upper oveles abortive),

Discussion.

T stenoparpa, by virtue of 116 tong, warrerw, spindle-shaped capsules—bence
the nithet—~is unique in this genus, all other known species having chovate,
aavcally flattened and bursiculate fruits, I most closely approaches 7°. cifata

Lind!., whieh atten grows in the same focality, and a few of the lowermost
leaves are often in threes (as in 7. cifaii) ; Int, in addition to the strikingly
Sissiniiar fruits, de toothed Coltage, long naked somewhat rusty like branches
and constantly glandular-bristly pedicels amply justify recognition of this
new species. Specimens in Melbourne Herbarium had heen variously referrer
to Fy erate and T. subaphyila Benth, The hatter is entirely glabrous and
alinost leafless Cor with very few seattered varrow leaves and Uracts), having
short smooth pedivels amd only 2 ovules to each ovary; i was collected in the
“Cpper Yurra Raves" (probably eae the Baw Baws) by F. Mueller dure
January 1863, and is also known from Mt, Kaye asd Combienbar jn Fast
Gippstand, extending across the N.S.W. border to saurces af the Genoa
Rayer (type locality).

Myrtaces

LOMASTELMA SMITA (Pew) J, A. Hedlis, combinatio ova.

Lomadtelmm cllipticn Ratia, Swien Teilur, pid (1838);

Lngente eliptea Sov ie Tyee Lew. Soe. 3, 261 {1797 a Latin, £1789);
Engouta sortie Pore Eiteved wth, Bot Supt a: Vdo (1a)

Aemento emihit (Poir Merrill & Peery in J. Arnold Arias Ie: dG (1938,

108 Wionis, Flora of Vteterta atid South Australie eiiet ry

With) some 2,500 binomials, the germs Eugenia L. has become so unwitldy
that madera workers tend more and more to recornize derivative genera. The
difieulty is te find clear-cut tritema tor these divisins; bur it seems thal
Engedia in the stricter Sense a6 largely confined ta America, with a few
gutliers in the Pacific, South-Ease Asian and Afcican regions, while niost of
ti Australian specirs hitherto relerred to Exyettia belong either to Tysygareny
Grerty, Arvicia sens auctt var. (nen DL) of Cheistoculye Bl.

In Fevon 30: 136 (Aug. 1956) I McVaugh establishes that the pcuotype
ot temena DC. ww A. flortiwuta (Sm) DC, based upon Mecrosideras flort-
bunda Su. which ts now accepted as a species af Angathara Cav. [= Anyo-
thara floribunda (Sm.) Sweet]. This ben so, demend “Lally into the
synonymy of agephora ancl another generic maine inns, be taken up for
Bxyeuta suit", Lomusteheia of Rafmesque [Sylva Tellurrana 107 (1848)).
based directly npon Eugenie ethptia Sm. (re upc E. vanithii Poir,) is the
earliest availahle generic name ta replage the graditianal (hur not Candollean)
Acniena. Ut is rexrettable that such a familar tree as the Wily-pilly should
have to Soffer another “maytenfieg’: but the change efleciel above wollld
lave been inevitable, with any attempt to split up Enqenia.

FUCALYPTUS PILEATA He. F. Blakely, 1934.

Millewa County, an Somh Austrahan order S miles east of Taplaur
(Herb, MEE—S H, Beadisc, 29 Aug. 1955).

The first vecord for Victoria, although this mallee species is already
recorderdt [rom Berri on the Wurray River, So Aver, aly 30 miles to the
north-west, Itjis a spectacular, very thick-leaverd silver-bhue wee, forming
pure stands on <andy rises and extenthng for several wiles to far north-
westerm Vieloria. At this caster extremity ol its range, the tree differs {rom
the igicrl West Australian farm in being glaucous, with comparatively
broader Eruits and rather Jess subulate valves: but the curious, conical, ribbed
opefenla Cwith herisnherical base often wider than the calyx whe) are
characteristic.

EGUCALPTUS POROSA Fo Muacll im Mig. wy Nedevl Keaidk. Arch. 4:
152 (1BS6).
EL celeteritene CF. Maratl. ee Mig WoO. Blakely Aew deve. 224 C1944 9%;

BE. odorata Belt, var, coloeoultrip Fo Muell. ex Mig. in Nederi. Krundd.
Arch. 45729 (1856):

‘ & udorata seni. Eware Klova ict, (1990) et al, dor. Behr

N. T. Burlidge [Yrans, roy. Soc, So Aust. 7£- 159-160) (Dee. 147)]
resalyed much of ale uncertainty aad contusion surrounding the “odorata
complex” of South Australian ¢ucalypts. Through hee research it is apparent
that the laee hetherta called &, odorata in western Victoria i a distinct species,
recognizable by its lively green leaves with intrammarginal yean quire eistans
trom the edge and the buda curiously wrinkled when dry (“hee a withered anil
shriinken appte’). Unfortauately, Miss Burbulge takes up the name E. cole
obltriv for this plant, attributing the combination. toe FP. Mueller and putting
E. parasa TF) Macht, aga synonym, The epithet calzicultria, however, was
published ortly as a variety (of EB. odorata Behrd, with “7. calcicultrin
F_ Mull, Herd.” citer! in brackets a3 4 synonynt The Titemmational Code rules
that Tans mentioned in synonymy are not valiNy published (Art, 46—
Stockholm, 1950); so that W. FE. Blakely (he.) was the first to validate the
hinomeal E. catetcaltris, which must date (ronr 193546 Burbidge was jistified!
in stating: that 6, porasa “does nol warrait separation —ats type in Melbourne
Herbarium. from the Flinders Range. ts unquestionably conspecific with
i calcindlivin. Since these two epithets were published simultancously (1856)
i the same work, but Fo pores as a species with detailed diagnosis, the
lailer must cewkainly stand as the correct name af the eucalypd coacerned—
with E cefedendtrix reduced te synonymy:

W - - yp . ,
harsh Wore Blane af Mtetosie avd South Anstealie 159

li Victoria £. fvrese is ol untuunndn in depressions between Quyon and
Murrayville, extending, as scatrered communities across the Bip Desert to a4
far 40uth as the Dnnbocla-Niata district. Ewart's record tor Ruchworth
(under “EB, adarahe') is certainly open ia question, ty growl form, the
species varies from a shapely spreading tee, with siayle trunk abowt | fr. an
diameter, to a bhiclish “whinsticl" snallee = “the bark is rough and hox.like
except OF (he Smaller, simpoth, bruwmsh-yrey branches.

Gentianacex

GENTIANELLA DIEMENSIS: (Griseb.y J. 7), Meatits. cambraliv ivi.

Genriana divdtewats Grisel, Gen, Spee. Gritlen vee CiBseE:

monte Gens Mentin (lava ete 92 47) (9809), sake Forsr

The venus Gentunelle Moench differs from Geet Lo in the fallowng,

signifivant characters, ho connecting membrane between the calyx teeth, ip
sthall Johes alternating with the major corolla lobes (which are 5 10 9-veined,
mot J-vemed asm Genfuna), anthers yersare aud neclanes present an the
cufalta (notar base of ovary). All the Australasian species (chiefly mountain
plants) bitherta referred oo Gennaio should be transferred to Geutianefla,
and the above new tumlination is made for Ure single common alaat of sow
eastern Australia (in four States),

Labiota

PROSTANTHERA SAXLCOLA A. Br. Prodr. S19 (IRL),
vay RRACTROLATA J. H. Weils, sunt, & on) nev.

Yo dodeits Fo Mueth Fragen Plot dart ae 14 (Mar Teta)

di bis original diagnosis of Prastau/hara debiiy from the ¥ iclortat Grain
pans, Fe Muetler (he) draws ucceution ut the plant's close refatianship te
©. saricola R Br—

“abl hac recudens lehrs non die comedicutitry, bracttolis fund brevtssrns,
corolla wiaiure paretus moltinsgiie Aaberalen”

After examming much material or Y. sevire/a—imnclading its two varieties
thefor Benth. abe and wuniada A.A, Haonlton [Prec Lin, Soe NS UH.
43-263 (1920) J— from various parts of New South Wales. | am led to the
conclusion that P. gfebitis differs qaiily in the constant development ai floral
bracieoles, which are consistently Jouger than mw ave kupwn Jorn af, varreelu
(ame strict.) ; but this churacter alone canvot justify the rocoynition uf twa
species

P. saxiedlo varies greatly in size, bairmess and colour of flowers (purple
tg almost whitey, while the leaves imay be vartow with closely ineurved
marems ar broadly allipts ard quite flat; mostly, it is a decumbent shrub pt
only a few inches in height, The bracteales may be entirely absent. redured
lonicte points or Uubercles, of up to 1.5 tm. loug (oie maxamoam develo pan
attained in varieties mayor anu monte). At Jervia Bay, NS.W. .
Gauha eollested (30/8/1953) 4 iorm haying microscopic bracteoles fe very
large wlahrous Rowers, blue-veined at the throat as in P_ stnatflora F, Muell,
of indartd pialintaing,

lo Victoria P. debits always jas bracteoles 24 mm. long, sometinies alnrost
as long as. the calys itsetf, but they yary from setaceous (aud about 3 tam}
in some Grampians collections to much broader aud shorter in the Man-
durang district. Comparably: poptiations with long hracleoles are kavowiirom
Capertee, Molone, Gulgong and the Warrunbe ngle Ranges, N_S.W.

in reducing Mueller’s species to a third variety of saxicala, T have
adopted the new epithel devctev{uta, masmuch us a variely “debits would be
ahsurd-~fine upright slirubs co.4 fr. hig igh ogeurar Maryharqugh, Vic., and are
probably ae Jarge as any Jorm assnmed by & serteala thraughout its TAYE:
Jp addition to the Grampians, Maryborough and Mandurang records, there
are Vicvonan occuereiees ol 2. yartcola yer bracteoluta in the Bendigo

Viet. Naw

200 Witsias, (Mera af Ficrario and South Anstradia Vol. 73

"Whapstick Serub™ and the Mt, Welligton area (between Macallister and
‘\von Rivers).

PROSTANTHERS MICROPHYLLA A. Cuma. in Benth,
jortia AERUGINOSA 2. H. ie'ullis,
form nova ob corallan cyaneuvitidem Laem suf usanr
vel -tenetatan) bene distinela.
*, chlormetita zens. avert, Viet, non FP, Mnel).

HOLOVYPUS; Ta Herb. MEL speciinen Hane voutlam comitans—'Rock
Holes bore, 274 miles north of Panitya and near the South Austealian
harder” (J, FL. Willts, 29 Aug. 1955).

As it accurs in the desert sand-hill country througheut north-western Vic
toria (atul acljainio parts of South Australia). Prostanthera microphylle is
almost invaetably a dimmutive sheub with Dye-wvreen flowers: but ar odhier
States the colour is usually scarlet or purplish, This green form has far long
been identified in Melbourne Blerbarium as "P. ehfarunthe F, Muell.” aud,
as auch, it appears an Ewart's Flora of Fictoria, p. 983 (1930)- The truc
P. chicrantha of South Australia (type from Mt. Barker Creek) ix a wry
different plant, distingaished by an dodumentum of spiny-branched (never
simple, curled) hairs, much larger ribhed calyx (to 12 mm. Jong), slender
pedicels about 1 om long and anthers withaut the slender appendages foun!
in all forins of P. uiceupkylle; i does wor oeunr ie Victoria, and should be
tleletecl from the State's flora. Type of the original red-Rowered J. puero-
Péglle, which 1 morphologically alrest idettical with the forira arigingye,
came from “Suryalian Scrob" in the lower Lachlan River area, N,S.W.
fa, Civmughone No, 225, (817).

Composite
ONAPIALIUM UMBRICOLA J. A. Milits, nomen neivint.
QF alpuyonm BF, Moell ex Mok ¢ Plana Yor. fy 217, To 6A C1BSh1; nee
TG, aliduenton €. Koch dig Lovincu 24. 354 (1954),

The naine Gyephattien alpadenwit FL Muell. ex Hook. i, being a later
homooym fur GO alpigneum C. Kock (validly published, with detailed descrip
tien of & Eurasian plant), must lapse and he replaced by a new mame
tive chosen the epithet “windricola” for this uncommon plant of south-east
Australian mountains, in allusion to its hatitat—always in the shade, perching
ott wet tovk faces or ledves and usually associated with waterfalls or cascades,
Mueller's epithet (afpigemon) was a little inappropriate; for, although this
midst elegant of Victorian cudlweeds dors ascend into the alps, it occurs algo
at such comparatively law elevations as the Little River Falls near Watenl-
merang and Mason's Falls (in the Kinglake National Park—its nearest
approach ta Melbourne), Other vecurrences in the State are at Mts, Cobbler,
Buffalo, St. Bernard, Feathertup, Spion Kop, Bogong and the Cobboras;
atherwise the Meuhtata Codweud is found anty in the Kosciiske region of
south-eastern New Sputh Wales and, according to L. Rodway (1903), “about
the summit of most mountains" m Tasmania.

LEPTGRRHYNCHUS GATESIT (H. B. HW iftiamsany Jo oH, Wilts,
cambinatin nowa, :
Helichryssm getestt HH. Williameon in Pree. rey, Yoo. Viet. 1. ser 43:
24, T'S £1922),

Type a this species carne from a dry hill-side at Lorne, Vie, (Herb.
MEL—A. C.F Gates, 7? Dec, 1921) and vie subsequent Gallection has ever
reached the Melhaurne Herbariurn In his original description, Williamson
state that the plant bears a destined resembslance in habit and general aspect
lo certain specacs Of Leptorrhyachus, but went on to sag: “It is here placed
out of LaptorsAynclis om account pi the shortaess of the florets aad the

erly Wiis, (flora of bicterta and South Austratia mM)

ibeence of distill tiward parrowing of the achwtes. Neither of these
features, however, is af any generic signifigance per se—the writer finds
that Aurets in Williamson's plant are comystratively no shorter than in other
suite typical members of Leptarrlichus, while (he achenes are scarcely less
narmayved than im @. sanamates or L. tonwifolins (same Helichrysum species
have achenes distinctly narrowed toward the apex )-

Adimitrally the generic houmdanes between Neplorrhyachis and Helichry—
sun (in their present circumscription) are often hazy, as indeed they are
between the Jatter genus and Hehplernim: but, except jar some in the
shrubby, smalicheaded section Ozathanmucs, species of Helichry stam alnost
invariably have long wr short, spreading petalatd lime ta the ainer m-
volucral braets—hracts in Lrptarrhynchus never display differentiated
spreading lamine, and in most species (including L. gatesi() they are narrow-
hineke with boldly cihate-fbriate miargins, Tt might be that 2. yatene
represents an isolated inler-peneric hybrid between these genera, but for the
presemt 11 ts more satisfactorily placed under Lepforrhyncius; the varying
number vf papas beistles (- 2) on disk Aorets aid + 12 On marwinal ferate
florets) alsa lends weight to this opinion:

COTULLA VULGARIS At. Rk. Levys |J. S. Ady. Bot. 74: 133 (July 19411),
var AUSTRALASICA J. He Willis,

varietas nova 2 forma typica Capensi differt: peduneulis niatures
usitale a pills adspersis (hand max glabris}, corollig centrabilus
achieniisque brevieribus (eoralla cireiter 1 mm, cf. 1.S--7 min, in
speciminibus ‘Capensibus) -

©. filifettu sonaanett. Anet., sn Prunt,

VAGATIO. Ferme per tauim Australie tateatropice disperse, preeippe ii
tractibus huntidis arenosis salssque.

HOLOVYPUS:) Wn Hero MEL, speeuninuin series ex Vietoria hane aotulan
vomitans——"Coinla filifalia Thhe. Swamps. Shire of Dimbaola, 25/9/]892_
Coll. FM, Reader [SOF Y Pi in 4D, NSW, KR]

Mrs. M. R. deewyne has established Che.) that two quite distinet, bat oiteh
oo-exleneive, species i South Ainea badd been called Cofwla @ftfolea Shun.
Unfortunately, Thonberg's type specimen Cin Uppsala University Herbanum,
Sean) is too inadequate to decide for certain whicl: of these two plants
shoul(l fear the name CL fifolios Dut Mrs. Levyns Has applied it to the
slightly smaller species, distinguished by the distinctly winged and bristly
achenes of its disk Horets. The other plant, with much larger disk florets and
almost smooth eviugdess disk achenes, she has deseried as a new species,
C, wdgaris.

ft remained ta be decided which of the two—il, indeed, vither—was can-
specific with the plat un¢il now called °C. filtfotie” in Australia, The wetter,
having examined type material of C. aailgaris (Levyns'’ No, 6775 from
Kenilworth Race-course near Cape Town), finds that our Australian plant
combines the disk achene of that species with the smaller corolla of
C, filifolia; dot iv is certainly much closer ts the former plant. The slight
differences in hairiness Cispical C. vafeurts hag peduticles quite giahrous at
amhesis) and size of coratlas (1.21.7 mm. Joug for CL calgary) are at the
varietal, rather than specific, tevel; they support the diagnosis of a new
Varicty ansfrafastea, as given above

SENECLO LINEARIFOLIUS A. Rich. in Voy, Astrolabe (Bot) 3; 129
(1834)
SS. permeifolrus Ao Rich. tun V24 CBS, .
5S, éinevarsoides A. Rich Qasr 1278 41834), ton H, B. & BR. t1220))
S- tieAtrdianns OC. Mode, Sust Nar --6) 374 {ieee y
S.aurtrofia sens A. Rich, 834) DC. (1838) et.al, dow Walld (1802);
5 devadeus F Mull, Mey Suet. Wet pants 7: 339 (5888)-

Vict. Not

202 Wrearss, Flord of btctaria and South sluseralia Vol, 72

According ta che Foternationtal Code ot Nomenclature, the common Fires
weed Grotindsel may uo loner bear the same Sehecio dryvdeus or S, oustratis.
The former binomial was adoptel by Ewart [Flora Pict, 1176 (1930)]
and adeributed to Sieber. hut Sicher never published a description to accom-
pany this herbariary wame—Sprenge! (1826), Richard (1834). De Candolle
(1838). 1, 2. Hooker (1856) and T.. Rodway (1903) ail cite “S dryadeus
Sieb.” in synonymy under S. australis, The frst description validating 5.
thrvadens would seear to be that of FP Mucller [Key Syst Viet. Plants 2,
339 (1888)], ancl thereafter tlus name was taken up by Moore & Betehe
(1893), Black (1929) and Iwart (1930); but it had gqlready heen rendered
superfluous by die existence uf several prinr nanies referrme te the same
taxon. S. austratis Willd. (1803) 3s generally conceded as referable to one
of the forms of 3. linduy Forst. ex Willd. frors New Zealand, and not te ihe
Hireweed Groundsel af south-eastern Australia; so Sprengel, Richard, De
Conuaiic. ete, wele wot justified jie quotiug S$) drvwdens as a synoayin of thls
plant

What naide, then, should he asolied ro Sieher’s “9, dryadere fa duplicate
specimen of which is in Meibourne Hertharium—Pl. Ears. Nov. Aall. No.
337)? SS, Unewrifolins, published by A, Richard os 1834 (Le) undoubtedly
refers to the same entity and is apparentiy the earliest available name; it was
hased upou a plane having: quice giabroes, deuriculate and auriculate leaves
atid hairy young achenes. S. cuterartoides A. Rich, published sintuitaneousty.
differed (hut not specifically) int its entire, non-duriculate leaves with white
eoltony indumentum ou the under-surtaces, and glabrous achenes, but the
hame was antecdated hy S. ciserartotdes H. B.& K., and ts therefore illegiti-
mate, Even ov Victoria, 3’) dincarifalius varies considerably im its degree of
hairiness, development of loaf-tecth suid basal auricles, so much se that [ And
it ikenpracticable to recognize any vecy clear-cut varieties. The 5. persicifolins
A. Rich. is a form haying inore boldly-toothed leayes, whitish benesth, and
was distinguished by Bentham as “S. acetralis. yar, macrodonius"—based on
Sy tkeerndaniise DE, C1B38),

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
F.N.C.¥. Excursions;

Sunday, Mareh 244Parlourscaach excursion 20 fla) La) and) Moorabool Falis-
Teader Mr R. Hemmy, Coach leaves Batman Avenue 9 aa, Fare, 22/~
Bring twa meals. Bookings with Excursion Secretary,

Sunday, Marob 3l-—Botany Group excursion ta Kalorama. Take 913 am,
truin te Croydon, then bus to Pree Ways, Kaloranta. Leaders Mr. B
Jenniscn, Bring one meal and a snack

Suidas, Apri 7—Geolagy Group exearswn ta Raleombe Bay, Murningtan
Travel details at Group Meeting.

Group Meetings:
(B p.m. at Natioual Herbaritr)

Wednesday, March 20—Micrascapical Group

Wednesday, March 27—Botany Group

Wednesday, April J—Geology Group. Subject: Fossils of Balcombe Bay,
Mornington. Speaker: Mr, Nielsen- _

Monday, April] J—Mariue Biolegy and Entomelegy Gronp at Parliament
House, Mect 3 p.m. at private entrance at south end of Parliament House.

Preliminary Notice:

Easter, Thursday, April 18 to Monday, April 22—Exeursion to Dimboola
under the leadership of the Wimmera FNC. Tram leaves Spencer Stree!
at 8 pan. Pare. £4/2/6 (seeond returi)

Manin Auceworn, Lxcursion Secretary
19 Hawthom Avenuc, Caulfield,

The Victorian Naturalist

Vol 73---No. 2 APRIL 4, 1957 Ne. 880

PROCEEDINGS
GeweraAL Mretinc, Marcy 18, 1957

Club Wedding —Members resolved to send best wishes tw our
Council) Member, Mr. Artiae Court, on his marriage to another
member of the staff of the National Herbarium, Miss Kath Kenna.

Honerery Member—The ineeting enthusiastically endorsed
Council's recommendation that [fonorary Life Membership should
be conicrred upon Mr. A. L. Scart.

Entomology ond Marine Biology. Uhis group 1s now welt
jaunched, Jt meets on the first Monday in the month at Mr.
Stroug's rooms at Parliament House, and it is proposed that we
hold field days on the preceding week-end. Mr. Strong is Group
Secretary pro tem.

Helpers Still Needed—The President appealed for helpers in
the Club | brary, to clear up after meetings. to help prepare for the
Aminal Club Show, to assist at the Colin McKenzie Sanctuary and
other syzheres.

_ . Affikations.—-The Secretary mentioned that he proposed to ask

Council to call an Extraordinary General Meeting, probably im-
mediately befare the next General Meeting, to consider several
applications for affiliation.

The Evening’s Lecture —Dr. George Baker gaye a lecture on
“The Colouriul Coastline at Port Campbell”, dhustrated by colour
slides showing the geological features, including fossils, of that
Picturesque locality,

Schoatbay Impresses—Mr, Gabriel reported that he travelled
frou, Lorne to Geelong with a schavlboy aged 9, and said if this
lad was anything like a usual type he reflected preat credit on the
standard of nature study at his school (Angelsea) and in Victorian
schools generally,

New Méfembers—Miss E. A. Boddy (East Geelong) and Brian
A. FP. Smith (Hughesdale) and David 5, Woodruff (Kew) were
adiuitted as junior members.

Lainbits—Mrs. F.. Lewis showed a collection of native axes,
Mrs, Freame exhibited small fish (Blennies}, and other exhibits
included garden-grown plants and Jossil whalebone.

BENDIGO FIELD NATURALISTS CLUB

Ti+ active Club has decided formally to affiliate with she P NOV, We
are glad that our Jong and close association ‘is tn be regularized in this
Wanner Thele Secretary, Mc. Ebdon, tells ts that their local paper, the

203

yd Bendiga Pield Naturalists Club yenen

Adwertiser, is ta publish a weekly column of nature totes, including ihis-
trations, provided by the Club. :

Their forthcoming activities are as follows:
. MEETINGS (at the School of Mines) :

April 10—Lecture on Geology (Mr. Robbins},
May 1—Committee Meeting.

May &—Lecture on Birds (Mr. Ipson).

June 12—To be arranged.

EXCURSIONS:

March 24—Redesdale (Basalti¢c Columns).

April 14—Heathcote (Geology).

May 12—Koala Sanctuary at Castlemaine (Geberal),
June 15—Whipstick (Wattles) -

THE BYADUK CAVES
By A. C. Beauverenore and \. F. LearmMontiH

Narth Byaduk and Byaduk are scattered setilemenits ten ane
fourteen miles respectively south of Hamilton on the Port Fairy
road, The caves. though only two miles vast of this reael at North
Byaduk, are seldom visited, and few local residents know much
about them. However, where there are caves there are usually
jerns and mosses, so during the summer of 1955-56 several meni-
bers of the Portland Field Naturalists Ciuh made four trips and
thoroughly examined each cave. We were greatly assisted by Mr,
Tom Power, of Byaduk, who acted as our guide throughout,

A full geographical description of the area is given by Skeats
and James in Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict, 49: 245 (1937), but for our
purpose only a few remarks are necessary so that the “layout” will
he undetstood. When lava overflowed from Mount Napier (eight
miles east) it swept down three river valleys, of which we deal
with that at. North Bysduk. In the first of the six Java flows, sec-
tions of the river were imprisoned and the water in places lured
ta steam; this raised Wubbles up to sixty feet high in the yiseid
lava. Round these mounds later flows setiled until the final one
passed aver the top. The weight of this was loo much and the tops
fell in, leaving the caves we have today. Sonic are open for up to
200 yards and are floored with a confusion of tremendous boulders
covered with a tangle of ferns and vicious Scrub Nettles (Urtica
tacisa), making progress anything but easy. Other caves are pre-
cipitous circular holes, descent of which requires ropes; and at the
hottom of allare underground caves some of which are vast caverns
im which an*ordinary cottage woul! be dwarfed. The photographs
give an idea ot each type.

lt Appears that Skeats and James descended a few of (he caves,
and that J. H. Willis’s inspection in 1950 was a very hurned one,
which explains the several new finds made by us in the wake of
these experienced naturalists.

pet Beauglehole & Learmonth, The Byaduk Caves 2uS

There are twelve main caves in the area, some of which «ire
connected by long dark passages which gave us the impression that
connections between most of them could perhaps be found. All the
caves contain ferns, though the species vary, some being in one
cave only, The Church Caves are by far the largest and can he
entered by a scramble down @ heap of fallen houlders covered with
lichens and mosses. The two long deep open holes are connected
by am immense underground passage through which one must

Map of Byaduk Caves Area,

1, 2-Hannans Caves; 3, 4—Bridge Caves: 5, 6—Chuarch Cayes;
7—The Flower Pot; 8—Tommel Cave; 9, 10—The Turk; 11—Fern
Cave.

proceed very cautiously amongst great rocks fallen from the roof.
At both east and wesr ends of the long open caves are large deep
cavities running for unknown distances:

In the space between the sunny outside and the lint of light
inside grow masses of ferns, mosses, lichens and liverworts. They
are on the tave floors, up the walls and hanging down iar overhead
irom the root. The west end of the Church Cave is the richest
in ferns. Austral Bracken (Pteridinm esculentum) stops abruptly
where direct sunlight ends, the plants farthest in having fronds up
to 11 ft. Gin. in length, struggling up to the light, the tallest bracken
yet reported. The very variable Rock Fern (Cheilantites tenuifelia)

206 Beauglehole & Learmouth, She Gyaduk Caves ARF tate

and Sickle Pern (Pedlaea folcate) are also growing outside, and
the pretty little Blanket Fem (/ewraseris rulifolius) hangs to the
ledges and cracks together with Necklace Fern (Asplentieam flabel-
lijotium). Anoual Fern (Anugramma leplopiylle) was thriving on
the occasion al cur first visit bur it died away as sumumer came over
the rock harriers:

Also on our first visit we had seen one plant of the rare Shredded
Spleenwort (Asplennim adtantoidys), growing on a cave wall,
and we reached it with difficulty over a deep chasm. Bul once
inside the Church Cave we saw masses oi this fern on the walls and
raat, both dantep with soakage from the top, Readers may remember
that the only Known locality for this spleenwort itt Vietona had
been at Tvrendarra (reported by usin ict. Nat. 66; 129, Noveir-
ler 1949, ancl fe 67* 224. March 1951). Now we hael iene a far
greater quantity at Byaduk, This find and our next in the same
cave, Austral Filmy-fern (Mecudtan australe) show that ne
botanist had been in there before, as this filtuy-fern’s westernmost
record was previously the Otway Ranges.

Many ferns hang from the inaccessible roof, among them Mother
Spleenwort CAsplenition balbiferion|) and Kangaroo Fern (Fhynta-
todes diversifolumm), a very beautiful eHect, especially as mnch of
the spleenwort has a proliferows growth of young plants on the
lips of the drooping fronds. Shiny Shield-fern (Lastreopsiy she p-
herdia) ts very prolific, growing on roal, walls and floor. Outside
ainong the Austral Bracken, Mother Shield-iern (Polystichiem prol-
fern) grows to a great size, and two young plants of Soit Lree-
fern (Dichsonta antarctica) are just heyond direct sunlight. “They
are all that remain in this cave of these stately ferns—decaying
triaks up to LB feet long, to show a heauty thal has gone —cut down
maty years ago for decorating purposes. These trunks are now a
mass ot thosses and young ferns, among the latter another species
for this prolific cave, Bat's-wing Fern (fiistiopteris incise). Far
hack in the linuts of light where the walls are wet and dripping
grows the last fern to he recorded ftom the Church Caves—Veined
Bristlefern (Pelyphlebuent wenosumt), making a cotal of fitecn
species from the one cave

In and around these caves we recorded a total of twenty fern
species, Cthers were Conimon Maidenhair (.4dianfin aethiopienan )
in many sheltered comets under heaps of boulders and stone walls,
Tender Brake (Ptaris tremufa) in severalcaves, and Lance Water-
fern (Blechauim lartceolatiwin) which ts confined to one cave—the
Flower Pot. Ruddy Groumbiern (Hvpolepis rugosa) in Fern
Cave aml Austrat Adder’s-tongue (Opireglossmm cortgcemn) on
the ary rocky flats, complete our tutal.

The Flawer Pot cave is a dense and very heautiful fern garden,
as well as one Other example of man’s destruction, in the shape of

April
1957

Beauglehole & Learmonth, The Byaduk Caves 207
rotting tree-fern trunks. Fortunately a fine group of Soft “Tree-
ferns still grows undisturbed in the Fern Cave where they are
inaccessible except with ropes.

Special attention was paid to the moss flora. We limited our
activities to two or three caves per trip so that a thorough investi-
gation could be carried out. At the end of the first day some torty-
five species had been collected. From then on nearly every cave
contributed additions, and as with the ferns, certain species are
apparently confined to certain caves. When the final cave was
combed, the total had risen to sixty-two species. Of this pleasing
tally (and we have no doubt that others exist) eight proved new to
the County of Normanby. The majority of these novelties indicate

Open Church Cave, with Openings of Underground Caves.

an extension of range from the Otways: they are Cyathophoruin
bulbosunt, Distichophyllum pulchellian, Gontobryuin subbasilare,
Hymenodon piliferus, Lopidium concinnum. Rhychostegiella inuri-
culata had not been recorded west of Melbourne. The other two
proved to be important discoveries and warrant special comment :

Anoectanginm belli—G. O. K. Sainsbury in his Handbook of
the New Zealand Mosses gives as distribution: ‘Endemic, the dis-
tribution is perhaps confined to the South Island’’, Our record then
is the first for Australia. It is a feature on the damp walls of several
caves at Byaduk, indeed it is the commonest moss in the “Flower
Pot'"—forming masses up to several inches across.

Vict. Nat
Vol. 73

208 Beauglehole & Learmonth, The Byaduk Caves

Tortella dakint-—This moss was known only from the single type
collection, taken at Pound Bend, Warrandyte, on shaded Silurian
rocks of steep clifts along Yarra River (1. Dakin, Nov. 19, 1951) ;
it was named by J. H. Willis in May 1955, a description with
illustrations appearing in Mict. Nat, 72:6, At Byaduk it occurs on
the upper surfaces of broken basaltic rocks, small heaps of which
have been piled near a track in the vicinity of Harman's Caves. Our
fruiting plants were noted
among many barren ones. In
some cases, the operculum
was still intact and in others
even the calyptra was. still
present.

In the January 1952 issue
of this journal (Iict. Vat.
68: 151) many new moss
records for Victoria were
listed. No less than eight of
these have been located also
at Byaduk.

Hepatics and lichens are
also represented in good
numbers. Of note is the
hepatic A yimenophytim
phyllanthus, which 1s appar-
ently new to our far south-
west; it occurs in great
masses on an eighteen-foot
dead Picksonia trunk in
Church Cave. The lichen
Cladonia amaurocraca forms
lovely cushions on open bar-
riers, as it does at intervals
between Tyrendarra and
Mt. Eccles farther south:
apart from these records it
is known in Victoria only ;
from the Cobberas Moun- Liescending the: Ferir Cave.
tains in the east of the State.

Amongst a wealth of native flora in and around the caves are
many large bushes of Shiny Cassinia (C. longifolia), in full flower
in mid-summer, The Tree Violet (/fymenanthera dentata), which
we have always found associated with volcanic barriers, grows to
an outstanding size on the floor of the open caves. This type of
country also suits Sweet Bursaria (B. spinosa) and here as else-
where its flowers attract hordes of insects. Hanging in great cur-

ty Beauglehole & Learmonth, The Byaduk Covers 209
tains from the walls of the apen caves we found Nodding Salthush
(Rhugadia aang), some iresses being ten Teet long, [t seems a
peculiar locahty in which to find Derwent Speedwell (Veranica
derweirhy), yet sone of these heautiful flowers grow huxuriantly on
open cave ledges along with Austral Stork's-bill {[elaryontuen
austrafes, Varmble Groaundel (Senecio jautny) 1s widespread
throughort the lava flow and makes the landscape a held of yellow,

Numerous alien plants abound throughout the cave area. The
Clubinoss, Selagimella ferunesane, trails and hangs gracefully on
racks iiside Harman's Cave, perhaps the moistest and coolest cave
of the group. [vy-leaf Load-fax, Cymbatarme murafis, a native of
southern Europe, sprawls and hinys in great lengths, with flawers
here and there, on basalt rocks ini the Flower Pot.

Strawberry Saxifrage, Sosifrage sarnentosa, nave of Chiua
and Jupan, cuvers several square feet on the floor of Chureh Cave
with its large round leaves, green above and purple below.

Bedstraw, Gahwn. tenermm, is widespread hoth in caves antl
ouside and shows extreme variability in growth, Tree Tobacco,
Nigotiona glawer, is represented by a few scattered bushes, This
plant which grows in a number of places in south-western Victoria
(and elsewhere) is said ta have originated irom cultivated crops
grown by the early settlers as a source of nicotine for use as a
wernt-drench tn sheep,

The nature of the country does nat lead one to expect a large
ormlUiologi¢al population, but we did make a few interesting records.
White-backed Magpies (Gyicinrorhina hytolenca), Ravers (Caries
coroumdes) and Magpie Larks (Grating eyarolence) are com-
nion, ancl sometimes there are immense flocks of Corellas (Kuahatoc
tenuirastris) and White Cockatoos (K. galerita), A lew Eastern
RoseJlas (LPlatycercus ectmins| flew over the Pern Cave during
une visit, and there are probably several other parrot species in
the surrouttding eucalypt. Birds of prey are well represented, and
we recorded Wedge-tailed Eagle (Uvoaeius audaxr), Whistling
Eagle (Haliastyur sphenurus), Swany Harrier (Circus appross-
mans), Brow Hawk (Fatew beriora), Nankeen Kestrel CF.
cenchroides) and Peregrine Falcon (F. peregrams). A pair oF
the latrer were nesting ngh up ona gave ledge and “dive-hombed”
us repeatedly. Both Swallows (Hirunda neoxena) and Fairy
Martins (iZwochetidon arte!) had nests on the cave roois. Blue
Wrens (Malurus cyaneus) were in the bracken, Yellow-tarled
Thornbills (Acanthiza chrysarrhoa) among the ‘Tree-Vinlets, and
White-browed Serub-Wrens (Sericornts frontals) far down i
seni-darkness amang the rocks. This bird list could without douhe
be greatly augmented by anyone paying attention to that side af
the arca's wild fife.

In a nunther of places swarms of bees have made their bomes in

210 Sieanglehole & Learmonth, The Byuduk Caves ie te

cracks and fisstrres on the cave walls, where they will certainly never
be robbed or disturbed for no apiartst could tackle the job with
anything less than a preumatic drill. Tiger snakes are the chief, and
hone roo welcome, reptile residents,

Sn many places on ledges of open caves we found a peculiar
hlack substance, hard and brittle, but with handling it became sticky
and gave off a heavy inoffensive Smell. Sometimes it was a foot
deep and covered a yard of rock ledge, from which it could be
chipped off with a hammer, At one stage of its history it had been
pliable and soff, as the cavities of seoriacedus basalt were filled
with the material. It was invariably on the north-eastern walls of
a Cave, exposed to stin and rain, and there was ne evidence of
seepage frou above ar fall to a lower level. Samples were seat to
the National Museum and replies received show there is stl much
tu be learnt about this black sithstance.

It was stiggested first that blacks used the material, then that it
hacl come front above from injured tree-réets., Gur ubservations
indicated! that neither was the explanation. On February 14, 1956,
Dr. A. W, Beasley wrote:

“Mr, Willis advises thal he collected saniples of the hlack gummy
material from Byaduk caves in July 1950. He has identified it as
altered bat giang Presinmedly the vegetahle diet of the bats accounts
in part for the pleasantly aromatic odour of the inaterial, Mr. Wallis
has seen identical material in lintestone caves on the Nullabor Plain.
[ts occurrence there suggested that t cuzcdl along fissures and
flown walls at reduced viscosity, in the presence of water and
vegetalile matter”. (This is not the cuse at Byaduk.) “The material
is deserihed as almost black, moist and sticky where broken, often
with a smooth polished outside surface. On drying yt hecames much
harder and brittle.” On April 235, came Dr. Beasley's final letier;
“Mr, Neboiss (Assistant Curator of Insects) has identified a beetle
emberlded ity the black altered bat’s droppings as Pinus tectits,
and he has also found a species (as yet vitidentified) of Ay-
inenoptera (ants), In his opinion the insects will not give a chee
to the age of the black material.”

One of the writers of this article found a small vein of simular
matetial in a cave on the north face of Ayers Rock in October
1952: in this instance it was quite protected from weather. So we
have three occurrences in widely separated localities and in different
rock formations—basait ({Byaduk), limestone (Nullabor), and
conglomerate {Avers Rock}. In all three there is nothing to
indicate what altered the bats’ guano, or how long ago this change
tank place. At which rather unsatisfactory conclusion wwe aint
leave the matter.

(We are indebted to the directors and staff of the National Herbarium aud

National Musewm foc thee kind assistance throughout the preparation af
this article. }

Aneil The Wietortan Natwntlist 211

FLORA OF VICTORIA; NEW SPECIES AND OTHER ADDITIONS—13
Ty N. A. Waketiemn, Noble Park

Genius JUNCUS: A Giont Species of the JUNCI GENUINI,
Hitherto Undescribed, and Comments on Others of the Subgenus
JLNCTS INGENS sp, nov, distinetissina Soligenus Genuiit inserenia oh

Miararteres scumentes jam discriminaula 5 culiiis altissims (160-175 ent.
in typo) percrassis (ad basis & 10 mm_et influrescentrim versus © 5 nn

in chamel.), medulla aiterrupta; inflorescentia magna (12-20 em. longa,
verlaxa, diffusa. unisexuali; Horibuy sat parvis perianthi segmels}is
circa 1,5 min. tongis {3 interioritus peclate alatix), ovasculinis staring
& std ovariuim nullum gerentibus feminers sttminodis 6, capsula ovonlea
ciwca 1.5 mm, longa.

HOLOTYPE: Swamp between Princes Highway aud Lutrohe River,
1 mile west of Rosedale, Victoria; N. A. Wakeheld No- 4835; 22/1/1957 ;
female specimen; (MEL: duplicates ta he sent to and NSW*),

Plants unisexual, forming extepave thickets wi permanent shallow water;
rhizomes stout, much branched; colms about 2 merres at mare high, cylin-
drical, about 1 cm. pr nore in diameter at base and S mm, towards the
infloressence, smooth, pale. rhe pith almost cork-like aul ver’ anuch inter-
rupted, leafiess:; hasal sheaths no to 36 em. lone and 15 mim wide, pate
brown ta straw-caloured, widely dilated; inflorescence up to 20 cm, long,
diffuse, rauch branched. the longest branches bare for up to 8 em., The Airal
dleqpstons hair-lke, bearing ap to 3,000 or more finite, flowers, the ertet
flaral brace 15-95 cm.. Yoon; quter perianth segments 15-2 mm, iene, acute;
wner segments about 1-15 mm. lang, ohtuse, broadiy vanged; stamens 6,
reduced ro flat staminodés in female flawers , ovary ducking in niale Aewers;
sticinas wholly free; capsule 1-15 mint, Jone, beaadly obovate, the apex
tmuicate; seeds few.

Jytews luigens grows abundanty iu tagoons and waterways of the upper
Musray River district, in whieh area J. H. Willis reports plants up to
15 eet {4.5 metres) in height. Jn Gippsland, rhe Species covers some acres
af swamp in the type locality (near Rosedale), it Glis the exteusive McLeod:
Morass ai the western Iringe of Bairr, sdale, and. there is a minoe orenrrence
ina tiny Jatoon near the Mrinces Highway at Brodribb River. Besides. the
type avaterial, there are in rhe Melbourne National Merbarium specimens as
follows?

Wangaratta, 1881, collector unknewi, (female) ; Goulburn River, Wo PF.
Gates, 1891, (male); Bonegilla, banks of Kiewa River, Raleigh AL Black,
11/9/1940. ’ (lemaie} | MeLeods Murase, Bairnsdale, 6%, A, Wakefield
No, 4894, 3V/L/19S7, (male); Brogdribh River, No A. Wakeheld No. 4881,
23/1457, Clemale) > Cohuna, per Australian Paper Manufacturers Ltd,
MA/11/1940, (miale),

Jo tnyeny is evidently the largest Jinens ay Ube world, and it appears alsa
to be the anly digerians species of the genus.

FUNCUS SURSECUNDUS 5p, nov. afinis J. radata Ruch. (qpiocum olio
confusa), sed recedit: culmis hand seabridis, medulla interrupta, inflores-
centiace axibus Jaevibus, floribus approximatis:

MOLOTYPE: Princes Highway, west of Providence Dunts, castern Vie-
loria, N, A. Wakefield No, 48735 : 3241/1957, imder Eeucatyptus rostrat,
with J. polvanthenoes Buch, J, oustrafis Ak 7. 4 radgio Buch. and J. fth-
enulis Buch.

Rhizomes tittle-branched; culms fey, up to 60 cm. Meh, normally about
Lome diam, strongly striaterl; Jongest lasal sheath strovely striated, dull

*MEL—Nauuval Heehurivm of Vaetoria, Melhourne; K—Royal Botanic Gurdens,
Kew. Eneland: NSW—National Herbarium of New Sourk Wales, Syduer

212 Wakefield, Ivara ef Victoria: New Series, ete. es wit

brown (sometimes shinnig in lower part), pith open in texture ¢imeroscop-
ically), wnuch wterrupted; inflorescence usually 4-6 cm. long, consisting uf
au group of scvers! + ontlideral racemes (each 1-2 em. long and several-
flawered) With a second similar group terminating an elongated hare branch
above at, sametimes more compound; pétianth sezmetits subequal, acute,
2-25 (rarely 3) mm, long, membranous-winged; stamens aormally 6 (fewer
itt some flowers), rarely 3; capsule finally about as long as perianth. oval.
not or slightly truncate, seeds very numerous fabout LOO).

J. cubsecwidus is widespread in Jowland areas, of about 20 inches rainfall

pee annum in Victoria, ingluding the Gippsland plains, and i Genurs toe lin
New South Wales and South Australia.

The distribution of the species 19 indicated by the following specimens in
the Melbourne National Herbarium:

NEW SOUTH WALES: Armidale (Perratt); Parramatta (Woolls) .
Medway and Nattai (L, Calvert): Rockton (N. A. Wakeficld No. 4915,
78/1/1957); Bult Plain, Riverina (R. A, Black, 7/5/1940), VICTORIA >
Kangaroo Plat, near Bendigo (A. J. Tasdgell, Oct. 1934) , Castlemaine fA. J.
Tadgell, Nov. 1932); Moyston (1. Sellivan, Dec, 1873) 5 near Bimboola
(data?). SOUTH AUSTRALEA: Balonne (Ho Webll, 189+).

Within the range of typical J. subrecundus, plants yary greatly i sizes
those from Balonne have stems about 10 em. high and (5 tom. diam. while
the fiflovescence is about 15 im. dane; thase from Castletnaine have the
woflérescence up to 16 cm. long (but extremely sparce) with the ultimate
branches up te 5 cm. long,

J. subjecundys is closely allied to J. vaduia; But in whe latter the pith of
the culm is itvactably continuous, certain parte (upper culms, branches of
iuferescenoe and backs of perianth sewmernts} are sevfirows and the Rowers
are more distant fram each other

Note Besides the mique J, invens, there are 9 species of the Jeet mesial
in Victoria. Each shows major variation in development of inflorescence and
in size Foxtensive field abservation indicates that, thoiieh various eroupings
of species occur in many places, suites of intermediate forms are net to be
found. There ame however accasional plants which are evidently hybrids
betwee)! pairs of species with which they occur. It is the intention of the
Writer to enlarge upon these statements at some future date, and te tabulate
date pertaining to them. ima survey of the local saecies a! the group,

Gonus PIMELEA;: A Mew Species from the Austrolion Alps

PIMELEA BIFLORA sp. nov. alpina destinccissima: suftrutex ormnino
prostratus, valde camosus, dolia ovata, 5-9 iin. Jonga, subler striguso-
hirsuta, super glabra; inflorescentiae terminales, quisque hiftera, fohis
involucrali 4, demumi protiferae; corallae tubus gracilis, villosus, jnter
ruber, lohis brevibus.

HOLOTYPE- Specimen io MEL, with original label, “Huniiasa in
montium Munyang Mountaiis prasniniosis, aljitudiuin 4-3.0U0 ft, Jan, “55,
Dr. ferd, Mueller”. Some specsmets, apparently from the same plat. were
placed by Mueller. together with some of rather differen) appearance, in a
different folder, anc lahelled "Mt Crskiuska’-

Stems prosirate, soul, rough, much branched, several inches te aver a fnot
lang: foliage very dense, usually forming a mat: leaves all bpyosite. sub-
segailr, ovate, $-9 tn, long, under-surfaces strigose, upper-surfaces glabrous:
inflorescences terminal, consisting of 2 flowers subtended by 2 pairs of normal
Cor slirthtly larger) leaves and with also 2 vegetateve Buds one or both of
which later develop into new branchtets; covolla shortly yillose, the tmbe
about 5 mn. Jong, the lobes about 1.5 mm: long, the interior red.

‘ee Wakeneld, Flora ef Mictertus New Serer cn 215

Distribution: Australian Alps. New South Wales; As well as the wpe
collection, there is another from rhe Kosciusko Plawau (feg. Alec. BR. Costth,
April 1047), Vietoria: Cubboras Mountains (ley. PL Mueller; alsa NA,
Wakefield, No. 2582, 12/1/1947, att 5,900 tr). Pretty Vallex, Bagong High
Plains (leg, J. TE Wallis, 1971/1997). A

The specimens collected by Mueller and cited above are duphieales of
syntypes of PF. curviflora yar, affine & Muell ex Reith. (7. dite. 6: 32}.
In the Australian Alps (exact localty mknows), Mueller collected also some
specimens af Po curzvifierd which ‘his ammotations on herbarium labels shaw
that he considered to be the samé as his material of the preseut P. before.

P. curwiflara R.Br. is readily distinguished by its erect habit, + alternale
‘oliage, and by its inflorescences being multiflowered and spostly axillary.
The inflorescence of ?. biflora indicates its affmities, not with P. curwflara,
but with the P. flave-P. dichotoma group,

MICROSCOPICAL GROUP

Mr. DB. Melunes was the lecturer at the March meennge of the group, his
subject being “The Grinding and Mountiag of Rock Secnons”. Mr, Melines,
as usual, puta great deal of time and thyught into his preseotation, with the
result at keeping Is listenecs terested in the technique of the prepararin,
grinding, wid subsequent mounting in this interesting brauch of microscopy.
The ducep nucrascepes or the bench all showed specimens of rock sections,
The subject for the [7th April mecting is emtitled, "The Microscope with
Camera-Lucida in Entymology" aml the speaker is Mr. Burns of the National
Museum. All interested are cordially anyited ro he present,

LETTERS TO EDITOR
Hom Edlitor, Uictorian Naturalist,
ear Sir,

Since the publication of the tribute to the late Rev. H. M, R. Rupp ("The
Passing of a Great Orchidologst” by J. A, Willis. Mier, Nat. 73> 105-10) a
wanber of wguines have been received conceming the reference on page 110
to ikara an the life of Ronald Campbell Gunn which was gathered by Rey.
Rupp aad “believed to haye been sent for publication to the Royal Socety
of Tasmania, Northern Brauch, about 1952",

Yn 1951, at the request of this Branch, Mr. W. Baulch, one of our mem-
hers, undertook to prepare material fora biography af RC. Guin. Mr. Rupp
corresponded with and seat some nojes to Mr Bantch who informs me that
these notes were returned to Kev. Rupp by the beginning of 1953. Mr. Bauleh
hopes. te cantplete his work rarly in 1932.

Yours faithfully
Fraxw® Exies, blon, Secretary
Northern Rraneh, Royal Socety of Tasmania
November 26, 1956.

—

Hon, Editor, Mictorian Naturalist,

Dear Si,

_ IT wish to draw attention to the report of Proceedings of the General Meet

ing. December Mi 1956, where it is stated (lines 21-23) “that Australian

occurrences (07 dolontite) were fréah-watet sedimentary rocks and not marin

deposits as 14 Europe and elsewhere."* ° d : ‘

_ This is incorrect, as extensive depasits af dolomite of marine arigim occur ar

Simithton, Tasmania; Cudgezong. New South Wales: and Ardrossan, South
“This was recorded ss Me. Baker's own slatemebt. Actually, the word ‘some’ ws

inadversenthy onitied, aud the report showld fave read “thae same Australian occur
venoeq , - Edirne.

24 Letters tothe Edttor Vis uN

Atstralia; as well 2s many other places in Australia, That these were so de-
rived is proved by marine fossils in the un-dolomitized portioris oF the he:
stones,

Other deposits of dalomites, damely, at Mt, Bischoff, Tasmania; and Broken
Hill, New South Wales; resulted from alteration of basic and ultrabasic
intrusions by mineralizing solucions during deposition of the ores lead, copper,
zinc, cote.

Only one important deposit of dolomite, as a freshwater sedimentary rock,
wecurs. This is at Commadai, Victoria, where it 15 considered that thermal
springs, occurring: during Jake fyrmation, provided the necessary proportion
of magnesium carbonate to form a dolomitic rack,

Yours faithfully -
5 Arreep A. BAKER
taeclogy Department, University of Melbourne.

NATURALISTS’ NOTEBOOK
(Reserved for your Notes, Observotions ond Queries)

SWALLOW AND MOTOR-EBOAT

During an enjoyable visit to Mr. snd Mrs. Barton of Spermwhale Head in
Qetober, I saw the nest of a Welcome Swallow on a ledge under the canopy
of their motor-baat, There were eggs ti it at the time. but so bird was on it.
“What hajipens when you leave home when the bird ts not an the nest?” [
asked_ “She waits for us to come back,” was the reply, “or if we are too
long she flies across to Paynesville and finds the boat and settles down on
the nest.” Paynesville is four miles from the boat's usual anchocage at Sperm-
whale Head and there are many boats there. | do not know whether ihe
swallow bas any difficulty in finding her own boat. but | hope her family 12
How batched, in che nest lined with wuinea-fowl feathers.

—Jsan Gacrraitn, Tyers
[Did che eggs hateh?—Editor.]

WHAT, WHERE AND WHEN
F.N.C.Y, Excursions:

Easter (April 18 to April 22)—Dimboola, ynder the Jeadership of the Witn-
nicer’ Field Naturatists Club. Train jeaves Spencer Street at 6.35 p.tn.
NOTE ALTERED TIME. Other details in Jast manth's Veturiligt ar
from Excursion Secretary.

Sunday, May 5—Botany Group excursion to Emerald, Subject; Funvi- Take
&55 a.m. train to Upper Ferntree Gully, then bus to Emerald.

Group Meetings:

(8% pn, at National Herbarium)

Wednesday, April 17—Microscopical Group,

Wednesday, April 24—Botany Croup, Subject: Trees of Port Phillip Area
Speaker: Mr. W, L. Wiliams.

Wednesday, May I—Geology Groyp, Subject. What is Gemmology?
Speaker! Mr. Davidson.

MMotiday, May &—Mariiie Biology and Entomolagy Group. Meet & pi. at
private entrance at south end otf Parhament Louse.

Preliminary. Notice:

Saturday, June l—Mystery Excursion: Rosebud area: Teader> Mr. C. Lewis:
Parton epach will leaye Batman Avenue ap 9 am. Fare 16/. Bring two
meals, :

—Marie ALLENDER, Excursion Secretary
19 Hawthori Avénne, Caulfield. $.E.7.

Aj