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. 285
286
298
31.!
DIOCESES f C.ATHEDR.ALS, AND COLLEGI.ATE
CHURCHES.
I.-DIOCESES BY LOCAL EXERTIONS.
II.-ORGANIZATIO
OF CATHEDRAL AND CAPITULAR
IKSTITUTIONS I
LARGE TO'VNS.
lII.-COLLEGIATE CHunCHES IN LARGE TO'VNR
IV,-CATHEDRALS IN THEIR :MISSIONARY ASPECT.
B
OfUUESES, U.1TIIEDRALS, AXD UOLLEGL1TE
CIIURCHES.
I.
DIOCESES BY LOCAL EXEI-
TIOKS.
(CAMBRIDGE CHURCH CONGRESS, 1861.)*
Only one feeling as to desirability of increase of Episcopate-Various
solutions hitherto proposed all pointing to external authority-In
England creation of Diocese ought to precede nomination of Bishop, and
should be act of locality under enabling powers-Difficulties of contrary
nlethod of proceeding-:ThIinimum of area and population must be
prescribed-Each county's equitable claim to be a Diocese-Informal
"sufficient representation" followed by inquiry-New Diocese may be
created under existing Bishop-See town must be found and rudi-
mentary Chapter created-Acceptation by Con vocation and Queen in
Council-New Bishop should not enter on Parliamentary rota till
sufficient income made up-System of Suffragans for inchoate Sees-
Question of funds- V olnntary contributions.
I VE
TURE to aSSUlue that there is only one feeling alnong
all the Inembers of this Congress as to the desirability of an
increase of the Episcopate in England. Accordingly the ques-
tion ,under discussion is narro\ved to a consideration of the
l,est method of conlpassing a reslùt universally desireù.
* This paper was written many years before the creation, effected by
Sir Richart1 Cros
, of six new Sees under new Acts of Parliament, and of
the revival of Ruffragan Dishops by the renewed life given to the Act of
Henry VIII. \Vhile I thankful1y accept these gifts to the Church, I
venture to think some value still attachc::5 to ViCWð put out in 18tH, when
either boon 8celneù equally impos
iLle.
D .,
j) -
4
DIOCESES BY LOCAL EXERTIONS.
[EsSAY I.
Various solutions have fronl time to time been proposed
in ana out of Parlianlent, but, speaking generally, they all
possess the conllnon feature of contemplating as the first
step the ÏIllpositioll of 111uro Bishops, in greater or less
nunlbers, by external authority. ..AIl these solutions have
accordingly been successively shelved, ,vith the single ex-
ception of a Bishop having Leen superadded to the already
Collegiate Church of l\Ianchester, and the Episcopate of
TIl'istol shifted to Ripon, also Collegiate. l\fy object on the
present occasion is ,vith all diffidence to suggest the possi-
bilityof attaining the desired end, more circuitously it 111ay
be, but I believe more securely, by not regarding the nonlÍ-
nation of the ne,v Bishop as the first step in the organization
of fresh Dioceses ,vithin England and \Vales, to ,vhich ex-
clusively I beg on the present occasion to call your attention.
No doubt in the building up of the Colonial Church the
appointInent of the Bishop is the necessary first step, and the
organization of the Diocese ordinarily flo,vs frolll the creation
of the chief pastorate. But in our Colonies ,vhen a new See
,vas in contenlplation, ,vith but slight exceptions, the choice
lay, in the first instance, bet,veen Episcopacy, pure and
simple, and virtual anarchy; bet,veen the possibility or the
impossibility of Confirnlation, Consecration, and Ordination
,vithin districts of a magnitude only to be measured by
European J{ingdonls, w'hile - the Bishops so sent, have, as at
Calcutta, :Fredericton, l\fontreal, and Colonlho exerted thenl-
selves to complete their diocesan organization. Just the con-
trary is the case in England, ,,
here the ,vhole ground is already
allotted bet"
een ancient Sees, and in ,vhich the availability
of the Episcopal officers is therefore a question of degree.
In England I shall endeavour to sho,v that the creation
of the Diocese ought to Le a step antecedent to, and inde-
IJendent of, the nomination of the additional Bishop, and
that the ostensiLle l)rOllloter of each individual creation ouO'ht
.l"' b ,
ESSAY I.]
DIOCESES BY LOCAL EXERTIONS.
5
in the first instance, not to he any Commission or Committee,
nor l)arliament itself, but the special locality which is to be
benefited, acting under general enabling po\vers, ultinlately
derived from Parliament.
Let me, before I proceed to explain the method by ,vhich
I propose to give effect to this policy, indicate the difficulties
of the contrary method of proceeding, difficulties to \vhich I
believe is due t:ile all but total abeyance of practical results,
through the more than t\venty years during w'hich the increase
of the Episcopate has been recognized as a national gravamen,
at first by various ,vriters and then authoritatively.
In the first place, it w'ould be difficult to clear the process
of creating an additional Bishopric, and then of leaving the
organization of the Diocese to the already consecrated Bishop,
from the appearance of its being an act of external authority.
If it \vears this aspect, that ,,,ill of course involve a great
contingent danger of engendering unpopularity and jealousy,
loatheI' than of being accepted as a boon and as a measure
of salutary reform by the place or district specially to be
benefited.
In the second place, this method of proceeding brings into
prolninence, at the very outset, all the Inost difficult and
most irritating questions ,vhich the nleasure is capable of
raising, and interposes their immediate solution, re il1fcctâ,
as a prelÜninary to any practical step being taken for the
accomplishment of the end, on \vhich those \vho may nlost
differ about the means are yet agreed. The questions I nlean
are such as these: Shall the ne\v Bishops be Inany or fe\v ?
shall they he allotted to the centres of busy population, or
to the counties and ancient abùeys? shall they be Diocesans
or Sutfragans ? shall they be reversionary peers of Pal'lianlent
or not? shall their income be apportioned at a rate approxi-
Juating to that of the older Sees or not, or shall the inconles
of those very Sees be thro\vn Í1
mcclio and redivided among
G
DIOCESE::; BY LuCAL EXERrrIONS.
[ESSAY I.
a larger nUIllber of recipients 1 and finally, in consideration
of a prospective increase of Sees, shall there be any check
placed for the future on that systelll of appointInent, ,vhich,
,vhile nominally that of the Oro,vn, has all but completely
passed into the hands of the l)rÏlne
1:inister 1 These, I say,
are all of thelll thorny questions; and all are presented in
their most spiny shape, ,,,,hen they lie as Lriars in the ,yay
of even the first step to,vards the increase of the Episcopate.
But like all other difficulties of a political nature, time and
circumstances may avail to,vards the mitigation at least of
these perplexities, if they are allo,ved to arise naturally as the
sequel, and not as the antecedent of other remedial measures.
The first of these measures, as I have already said, ought
to be the creation of the Diocese, and the initiative ought to
rest ,vith the locality itself, under some general enabling
enactment. This will of course prescribe ,vhat shall be the
minÏ1nul11 of area, or of population,
yhich shall entitle any
district of England or of vVales to take steps to,vards erecting
itself into a Diocese. This minin1uIll ,viII have to be regu-
lated, ,vith reference not only to the population or area
belonging to the future Diocese, but to that which may be
left to the original one. The enactIllen t will also have to
contemplate the contingency of a ne,v Diocese, having to. be
COIllposed out of portions of t\VO or n10re contiguous old
Dioceses: Suffolk, for exaInple, is divided bet,veen Ely and
N or,vich, 'v hile the forlner Diocese covers all Oam bridgeshire,
Bedfordshire, and Huntingdonshire, and N or,vich all Norfolk.
I shall not venture to forestall the provisions of the measure
further than to say, that there can be no doubt that ,vhen any
Diocese of England (putting Wales out of the question for
the mOlnent) ranges oyer tw'o or more entire counties, each
of those counties ,vould have an equitaLle claim to constitute
itself a Diocese. Ho'v much further the subdivision ought
to go, I leave to others to decide.
E:-;:-;A Y 1.]
DIOCESES BY LOCAL EX]
nrl'IO
8.
7
Snpvo::;ing, thcu, that any district possessing the qualifica-
tion desires to becolne a Diocese, 'v hat should be done? \V p
ha ve to reconcile the old sound doctrine, "nothing withoun
the Bishop," ,vith the popular principle of constitutional
rcpresentative action. I should accordingly advise the first
step to be an infonnal one, and designate it as a "sufficient
representation" to be nlade to the Bishop of the original
Diocese, or Bishops of the original Diocescs. This repre-
sentation ,vould, of course, take the shape either of a nlemorial
ór of a public meeting, and "'"QuId, I conclude, conlbine the
prayer of Clergy, and of laity. On its receipt, the Dishop, or
TIishops? should be empo,vered to lay the question in the
fonn of a 'scheme' before the various ruridecanal Chapters
of the district proposed to be severed, and some provision
"Tould be introduced to obtain at least a proxÏInate repre-
scntation of the feelings of the laity. 'Yhether the ,,'ishes
of the residuary ancient Diocese ought also to Lc consultetl,
and in 'v hat lnanner, is a question ,vith ,vhich I shall not
Lunlen this prelÜninary investigation.
I pause for a monlent to point out ,vhat the schelne 'v ill ,
and what it ,vill not necessarily contain. It ,,,ill not contain,
as I shall go on to she,v, any provision ,vhich can, at starting,
necessitate any Lut the slightest outlay, public or private.
It "Till not contain any provision ,vhich need at first necessi-
tate the separation of the ne,v Diocese fronl the pastoral
supcrintendence of the actual Bishop. It \vill be a schenle to
ercct the ne,v Diocese of B. out of the original Diocese of A.,
loaviug the original Bishop of ....l. for the tÏIne being Bishop
of
\.. and B. If so, and if the estaLlislul1ellt of the ne\v
Diocese need not for sonle indefinite tinle be å heavy drain
on any excheq ner, it BIÌght be apprehended that it ,viII,
after all, be a lncrely nonlÌnal creation. In ans\ver, I say
that it "rill, of course, for the tÏIne being, be an incolnplete
creation; hut, as far as it goes, it ,vill he hoth
real and n
8
DIOCESES BY 'LOCAL EXERTIONS.
[ESSAY I.
practical thing ill itself, and the most politic, in the language
of the day, "possilile," first step to,vards the realization of
an increased Episcopate. To refer to and to dismiss one
isolated consideration, the retention for the present of the
personal union bet,veen the ne,v Diocese and the old Bishop
"\vill remove that ,vhich I daresay is, or may often be, felt
as an obstacle in the ,yay of agitating for the creation of a
fresh see, the invidiousness on one side of seeming to '\vish
to rid itself of the
ctual chief pastor, and on his side, it
may be, S0111e unwillingness to sever the existing bond. If,
ho,vever, what he is called on to assist in is the distribution
of his o,vn episcopal area, coupled with the augmentation
of his o,vn style, there can be no invidiousness in the matter.
It ,vill be a compliment on the part of Hertfordshire to ,vish
to hail any Bishop of Rochester as Bishop of Rochester and
St. Albans, and no affront to the actual holder to desire that
on the avoidance of the See those attributes should be
divorced. Till the divorce takes place, the incidents of the
change and the advantages ,vhich may reasonably result
from it, ,vill neither be so fe,v nor so unimportant as at first
sight might appear. I have only need to mention the creation
of the corporate diocesan feeling pure and simple, as the
result of the district becoming a Diocese on its own motion,
and not as the possible sequel of a possibly popular ne,v first
Bishop being sent there, ,vith the counter risk of an unlucky
first choice strangling that feeling. Nor will I do more than
point out the impetus to all good ,yorks likely to be given
,vithin the Diocese by the creation of this feeling. The ne,v
Diocese ,vill require some centre from which the See may
take its title, and at which the diocesan work is to go on
-a cathedral to,vn, in short. The' choice of this to,vn ,vill
depend upon various circumstances-position, population, or
the existence of some church peculiarly fitted to be erected
into a cathedral. In the latter case, this church will of
]
::;::;A Y I.]
DIOCESES llY LOCAL EXERTIONS.
u
course be at once declared the cathedral of the ne,v Diocese.
In cases ,vhere there is no church fit to become the cathedral
in the to,vn which is selected as the proper seat for the See,
I should suggest some church there being declared in the
scheme to be the" temporary cathedral," \vith po,ver reserved
to the Dishop to relnove his cathedra from it to a permanent
cathedral when such should be erected. The Chapter-the
ancient and canonical advisers of the:.Bishops-\vill also have
to be at once created, and in its creation various circumstances
,vould in each case modify the precise form in \vhich it should
be cast. At V{indsor the Chapter already exists, but the
Royal Chapel can hardly be s\vept in. At Soutlnvelllnoùern
reforms have stamped out the Chapter. It is found at West-
lllinster, supposing (a point as to which I have the gravest
doubts) a Diocese of vVestminster were thought desirable.
In other cases, a willing patron-Cro,vn, Chancellor, Prelate,
or private person, nlight convert the incumbency of the
cathedral into a Deanery, or a Canonry Residentiary, \vith
cure of souls of course. Legalized exchanges of patronage,
too, might often facilitate such an arrangement \vith no pro-
prietary loss to the so indemnified patron. Even in the least
l)romising of cases, a foundation could always be laid for the
Chapter by a recurrence to the primitive English idea of a
complete cathedral body (I do not mean of an abbey used
as a cathedral, like Ely or Canterbury), in which, besides the
Dean there were two classes of Canons jointly composing the
Greater Chapter. First, those Residentiaries on ,vhom jointly
or by_ rotation devolved the responsibility of maintaining con-
tinuous Divine Service. Secondly, those non-residentiary Pre-
bendaries, \vho had no such continuous responsibility, but ,vho
held their office in virtue of some special statutable act or acts
of 11linistration 'within the cathedral. In the ne'v Diocese there
never could be any difficulty in finding a sufficient Illunber
of crc(1itable clergymcn ,villing to be 1l0n1Ïnatccl pl'cbendaries
10
DIOCESES flY LOCAL EXERTIOKS.
[E
::;.AY I.
of the ne,v cathedral, ,,,hether pernlanent or telllpOral'Y, on
the understanding that the dignity of the office should be
their lJ1ycbcndct. Accordingly the original Chapter \voultl
SOlllctÏ1nes be cOInposed of a dean and prebenùaries, SOIne-
tÏ111es also of residentiary Canons or prebendaries, sometinles
only of prebendaries. In the t\VO forIner cases the head of
the Chapter 'VOl lid stand designated, in the latter either the
archdeacon or the senior prebenùary ,vould preside. Such
a Chapter 'VOl lid not be able to lnaintain cathedral \vorship,
but it ,vould transact the constitutional duties of a Chapter.
I am not blind to such possible conlplications as that of the
archdeacon being endo'wed ,vith a stall in the mother Cathe-
dral, and other similar difficulties, and I have not time no\v
to do more than indicate theIne Probably in the inchoate
state of the Diocese they lnight be winked at. In cathedrals
\vhere prebends exist ,vith their old nlunber and n
llnes, those
,vhose location is in the ne\v Diocese, might at once, or gradu-
ally, be transferred to the ne\v cathedral-at once, if the
holder chooses, other,vise on the next avoidance.
\Vhen the schelne has once been settled ,vithin the Diocese
and been forlnally assented to by the TIishop, it ,vould be
proper that it should be accepted by the Convocation of the
Province, after "Thich the sanction of the Queen in Council,
as in the case of the creation of ne,v parishes, \vould be
needed to give it validity. As Parlianlent has enfiefed the
Cro,vn ,vith a general po\ver of cOlnpleting the creation of
ne,y parishes, so a general Act ,vould be needed conferring
sill1Ïlar po\vers ,vith respect to Dioceses.
The ne,v Diocese ,vould then be an autonomy ,vith a
personal, but no longer ,v"ith a constitutional, connexion ,vitlt
the lllother Cathedral. Under ,yhat circulllstances should
that personal cOllnexion cease? Of course under those of
a sufficient endO'Ylnent being provicled for the 'ne,v Diocesan,
and of t.he consent: translation, or lleruise uf the actual Bishop.
E
:;A Y I.J
DIOCESES BY LOCAL EXERTIO
S.
11
As I said at the outset, this question of sufficient cndO\Vnlent
opens out all the hardest ecclesiastical and political diffi-
culties attending the otherwise universally accepted need of
more TIishops. l\Iay not the solution of those difficulties
Lc found in the idea ,,"'hich this plan involves, of a Diocese
in various degrees of progressive perfection? I mean that
it might' for the future be understood that the normal inC0111C
of all the Bisl)oprics of England and \Vales sholùd be some
such sufficient SUlll as \vould enable their holders in turn
to succeed to a spiritual peerage under the principles of the
Act of 1847. "\Vhen, accordingly, the endo\vment of the ne\v
See should be made up, by \vhat nleans it is not Inaterial no\v
to ask, to this sunl, then there should be a Bishop of that new
See ,,
ho should enter on the Parliamentary rota. But at
S0111e earlier stage of the undertaking, \vhen the guaranteed
incoine had reached a given sum, not sufficient to enable a
Dishop to do his duty to his See and also to Parliament, but
yet sufficient to enable him to perform creditably the duties
of resident Diocesan, then it might be competent to have a
Bishop of the ne\v See ,,"'ho11y independent of the Bishop of
the mother Cathedral, and of course a menlber of the Upper
House of ConvoGation, but yet suspended froln the Parlia-
Inentary rota until his incoIne should be raised to the re-
quisite n1ÏnÏ1nunl, on \yhich he should at once COllie upon that
rota \vith the precedence of his consecration or translation
to his actual See. I have a further suggestion to nlake, "Thich
I do with lnore diffidence, Leing conscious that it might raise
questions of a more doubtful character than the t\yO preceding
propositions. In cases \v here there are not funds for the
Chapter to elect even a non-Parliamentary Diocesan, is it
absolutely necessary that the new Diocese should not par-
ticipate in those nlOfe frequent Episcol)al n1Ïnistrations \vhich
are al110ng the chiefest of the reasons for an addition to the
Episcopate? To the notion of Suttragan::- as a pennanent and
12
DIOCESES DY LOCAL EXERTIONS.
[ESSAY I.
ordinary institution I entertain decided objections; but there
Inay be cases in \vhich they (or perhaps I should rather say
coadjutors) 111Ïght fill a useful, though exceptional position,
in the Church's polity. "\Vell then, in such of the ne\v
Dioceses as \vere still destitute of the minimum endo\vment
requisite for a Diocesan, might there not be po\vers reserved
for the appointment of a Suffragan who should perform
Episcopal offices within it in subordination to the Diocesan
of the united Dioceses? Whether such Suffragans or coad-
jutors ShOlÙd hold their office CU'1n litTC succcssionis to the See
\vhen completely constituted, is a detail \vhich I shall not
attclnpt to exhaust. Probably it \vould be best to alIo\v an
option in this matter; canonical authority could be founel
for either arrangement. Such Suffragans might be appointed
in cases "There the endo"Tment fund had reached a certain
stipulated sum. In other cases a clergyman of opulence
Inight be found \vithin the Diocese "Tilling to act at his o\vn
cost, or the Archdeacon might receive consecration. Again,
the no\v not unfrequent practice of a Colonial Bishop return-
ing home after a sufficient service in some climate which tries
European constitutions, points to a source from \vhich such
luinistrations lnight occasionalIy be provided. As it is, under
the existing system, retired Colonial and furloughed and
Scotch Bishops have been able to render essential service to
the oyer-taxed Episcopate of England.
.
I have left the question of funds to the last. There are
three sources; 1st, Those in the hands of the Ecclesiastical
Conlmissioners, or of the actual Bishops and Cathedrals;
2nd, Endo\vments of existing benefices; 3rd, Voluntary sub-
scriptions. I shrink from proposing any thing under the
first head, merely expressing a strong belief that, if there
. \\
ere a \vill, a \vay might not be impossible to find. Under
the second I need only say, that \vith a system of exchanges
Jihcl'ally conceived ycry much of t.he Capitular endO\VDlents,
ESSA Y I.]
DIOCESES DV LOCAL EXERTIO
S.
13
and perhaps a larger portion of the Episcopal than at first
sight appears, might be provided. In proof of the availa-
bilityof the third source, I merely point to what lllenlbers
of the National Church of England have done ,vi thin the last
30 years for the glory of God, to the Colonial Bishops' fund,
to the countless churches built and restored, to the schools
and colleges established throughout the land. Of course
donations according to some fixed plan would be sought for
all the various items needful for a complete Diocese, for the
endO,,?nlent of the Bishop and of the Chapter, for the build-
ing, restoration, enlargelnent or sustentation of the Cathedral
and of its services, and so on. I hope and trust that the
la, v of mortmain might be relaxed so as to admit, under due
f,ruarantees, of llloney being bequeathed for these objects.
There is one minor difficulty of a constitutional nature
,vhich does not come ,vithin my province to solve, but ,vhich
I ought not to conclude ,vithout pointing out. I mean the
question of diocesan proctors to Convocation. There are but
two courses open, either to re-allot from time to time the
seats in the Lower House to suit the new Dioceses, i.e. to
pass a self-acting reform bill, or else in face of contingent
difficulties to leave the election of Convocation as before, so
that for the present the diocesan proctors ,vould be chosen
accorùing to the old lin1Ìts, until, at all events, a separate
diocesan ,vas consecrated for the ne,v Diocese. J udicent
lJe1'itiores on this point.. I equally reserve the all-important
luatter of nonlination. That it 11lUSt come to the surface at
SOllIe tinle is self-evident.
In conclusion let me enforce even more strongly than at
the outset, upon all .who desire an augulentation of the Epis-
copate, that the thing to be avoided is any selublance of
* rl'be first and best of these courses has in fact been adopted in the new
Dioccsrs. [1882.]
1+
DIOCESE
BY I..OC
\I.. EXEHTIONS.
[E
A y 1.
huroaucratic organization clnanating frolH London, the thing
to be sought is local and spontaneous action. :::;UPPOSillg,
for exaluple, that 20 ne\v Dioceses \vould abstractedly be
thc best nUlnber to be created, but that only 15 or as Inany
as 25 districts ,yere ready and anxious to act; I say let the
ne\v Dioceses be 15 or 25, rather than that five un\villing
districts should be flogged on to do an uncongenial act, or
five zealous cOllUllunities disheartened in their enterprise of
Christian daring.
Joint consultative action of clergy and laity \vithin dioceses,
archdeaconries, and rural deaneries is no\v happily the order
of the day in the Church of England. Let Ine then cOlnnlend
the extension of Dioceses and of the Episcopate by local
action to such gatherings as a nlost useful object for their
cnergies, and one ,vhich they are peculiarly able to w"ork
\vith advantage.
.
13 )
II.
OHG1\NIZATION OF CATHEDRAL AND CAI)ITULAß
INSTITUTIONS IN LAnGE TOvVNS.
(STOKE CHURCH C-oNGRESS, 1875.)
Increase of Episcopate prominent subject of interest-Kindred question of
its organization, particularly in large towns-A new Bishop without
Cathedral and Capitular institutions is a general without his staff or no
sovereign without constitutional forms-Difficulty not to find work
for the men, but men for the work- 'Vhat the ;ork is-See town not
whole Diocese - Residence not perpetual residence - Chapter, Synod,
and Conference-Cathedral not matter of indifference or artistic taste-
Dean not to be abolished-Precentor, Vicars Choral, and Choristers-.
Treasurer-:Mission Preachers-Canons honoris causå-Layorganiza-
tions-Lay Clerks-Choir School-Representative character of ideal
Chapter-Sympathy and co-operation-Supplen1entary Chapters or
quasi-Chapters.
THE increase of the Episcopate has lately becolne a pronlinent
subject of interest to Churchmen in Parlianlent and else-
\vhere. It is important that in follo\ving out the realization
of this practical need, they should not neglect the kindred
question of the organization, particularly in large tOW'lIS, of
the -system under \\Thich the Episcopate can most healthily
\vork. I luerely point to the total absence of any provision
for such organization in the St. Alban's Bishopric ..lct, and
pass on. A. Bishop, particularly one called to preside over a
fì'esh See, and especially a See in a large tawn, \vithout
Capitular and Cathedral institutions, is a general váthout
his staff; or, if you please, a soycreign ,,'ithout constitutiunal
16
CATHEDRAL ORGANIZATION.
[ESSA y II
forms. The difficulty most likely to beset the n1an ,yho
undertakes to organise a Chapter is not that of finding \vork
for dignitaries, but of making a good selection out of the
various classes of ,york towards which the members of the
Chapter may be made available. Assuming the Cathedral
built, the conduct of \vorship in its highest type comes first.
Frequent and stirring preaching comes close after. The
pastoral charge of individual souls is a heavy burden. Edu..
cation, under lllany forms, from the direct training of the
choir and the regulation of the Diocesan College to the
general supervision of upper, middle, and elementary schools
throughout the Diocese, asserts its supreme importance.
Diocesan administration is elllphatically a Capitular duty.
In the Chapter, too, the Bishop will find his best friends and
counsellors in the always delicate and often painful exercise
of paternal disciþline in its various phases of examination,
consultation, and, if needful, admonition. I am not referring
to cases in which Parliament may kindly have relieved the
Bishop of spiritual attributes.
Iuch n1ust, after all, be left
on which he will and ought to have to act upon his inherent
po\vers, and in such circumstances he lllay need and gladly
welcome the help of such a body as his Chapter.
But besides all these considerations, there is a risk \yhich
lnay easily he incurred in organizing the Chapter of a
Diocese, ,vhere the See to,vn is a large one. It is easy to
forget, that important as that town may be, it is not the
\vhole Diocese, and that the country portions, as \vell as
other sn1allcr though populous places in it, have their claims
both to be represented and to be looked after. Hence it
follo\vs that the ne\vly-constituted Chapter nlust be some-
\vhat numerous; that is, it Blust reselnble the Greater
Chapters of our existing Cathedrals of the old foundations.
Another inference is, that \vhile residence Blust he the
principle of thp ]p
HPr or l1il"ectIy \vorking Chapter, perpetual
E
_\ Y II.]
CATHEDRAIJ ORGAYIZATIOK.
]ï
residence sholùd not be the rule of all the members of the
entire body. COIlnnon sense and the responsibilities of
corporate duties dictate that those members of the Chapter
specially concerned \vith the work of the Cathedral should
generally reside, such as the Dean, the Precentor, and the
Chancellor \vho \vould preside over the Choir School, and
the head of the Diocesan College. On the other hand, I see
the advantage of making certain canonical offices, such as
School Inspector, possibly tenable "rith a country cure of
souls, \vhile its holder should only be cOlnpelled to a lin1Íted
residence. SinÜlar advantages must accrue to the Diocese
at large in the highly trained residentiaries taking occasional
turns of rural preaching, and to the See-to\vn in the other-
\vise beneficed Prebendaries being called up for their turns
of Cathedral preaching. There are yet other arrangements
,yhich must be co-ordinated with a Chapter of the future.
The Diocesan Synod of Clergy, and the mixed Conference of
Clergy and Laity, are essential for the healthy circulation of
the Church's life-blood. Ho\v, then, are \ve to ensure that
these representations of the entire Diocese should be really
working bodies, and yet not trench upon the functions of
the Chapters? Obviously by providing that the Chapter
shall be the Bishop's ordinary Committee for preparing the
business to be brought before the Synod or Conference, as
well as the executive for carrying out the deliberations of
those bodies..
So much for the general principles w'hich should regulate
the constitution of fresh Chapters. Let us now, in accord-
ance \yith then1, construct a Chapter for some new Diocese,
\vhose Bishop has been planted in a populous See-to\vn. If
a church already exists important enough to be the Cathedral,
* The new hody, called a Diocesan Chapter, which is being recom-
menò.cd hy the Catheòral COlnmissioners now sitting has as its 'i'(ll
SOn
d';f1'e the l01itting to
et1)('r of Cathc(lral awl DinC(isc. [JRK2.]
c
]8
CATHEDRAL ORGANIZATION.
[ESSAY II.
so much the better-provided that the patronage of the
living can be acquired and absorbed into the ne,v organiza-
tion. If, however, no edifice can be found ,vorthy of the
distinction, I must urge very earnestly that the building of
a Cathedral is not a matter of indifference, or merely the
gratification of artistic taste. It is not a ,york that can be
indefinitely put off on the plea of more pressing calls. It is
simple idleness to allege, that in a community possessed of
an Episcopal government and a Liturgical system of \vorship,
the great church of the Bishop and of the Diocese is not an
important element. I am exonerated from having to offer
any suggestions upon the form and arrangement of this
Cathedral, from having virtually travelled over the ground
last year at the Brighton Congress in handling the building
of a large to,vn church. A Cathedral, no doubt, ,,'"ould
require something more, but the general principles would be
the sarne.
Now for the Chapter. While securing to the Bishop a
place and a voice in the Chapter very different from that
,vhich survives in mediæval foundations, I would not abolish
the dignity of Dean. There ,viII be plenty for him to do;
and it is quite consistent ,vith the highest respect for the
Episcopate to say, that the presence in the Diocese of a
presbyter of exceptional rank, next to the Bishop, is a good
constitutional balance. There should be no question as to
the Bishop's right to preside in the Chapter ,vhen present,
other,vise the Dean ,vill take the chair. His duties ,vill be
those of general supervision, and they do not therefore call
for particular enumeration. The Precentor ,vill be respon-
sible for the constant choral "\vorship. In a properly-ap-
pointed Cathedral he ,vould naturally be assisted by, and
have the direction of, the Vicars Choral. I should, ho,vever,
douht ,vhether these ought to be lnembers of the Chapter;
at least that position nlight be rcserycd for the !>rccelltor
ESRA Y II.]
CATHEDRAL ORGANIZATION.
19
and the Succentor, of \vhom the latter might be charged with
the special supervision of the Lay Clerks, of whom more
hereafter. The choir boys ought of course to be boarders at
the Cathedral School, and 'what that ought to be \vill be at
once understood if described as a good middle school. The
other clerical masters in that school could hardly claim to a
seat and voice in the Chapter, but they "Tould be attached to
the Cathedral by the assignment of stalls. The Treasurer
would have modern duties in connection ,vith the finances of
Diocesan or Tow'll Societies. 'Vhere a Diocesan Theological
College existed, its head ".ould be a Canon, and the other
tutors also attached to the Cathedral. I no\v reach an insti-
tution, the organization of \vhich in our various Dioceses
\vould be of great practical benefit, I mean the College of
1\lission Preachers, intended sometimes to fill the Cathedral
pulpit; sometimes to go where they were sent through the
Diocese-men \yho, in connection with their preaching,
should be able and ready to discharge the delicate duties of
the individual pastorate. This college wOlùd have its head-
quarters close to the Cathedral, ,,
hich it ,vould regard as its
ordinary church for public ,vorship; but it would require an
internal organization of its 0\\ì1, affiliated to the Chapter by
its superior, and possibly also, the second in comnland, being
ex-officio Canons. The religious inspector of the public
elementary schools of the Diocese must be a Canon, possibly
also the secretary of Diocesan Societies. In a large to'wn
'where "Tide but often misdirected intellectual activity and
1ìluch poverty necessarily exist, personal benevolence might
,yell be hallo,ved and regulated by adding to the Chapter a
promoter of "worknlen's clubs, popular lectures, and so on, as
,yell as material Charities. The development of the corporate
life of deyotion and charity among ,yomen nlÍght lead to the
creation of a sort of chaplain-general of sisterhoods, 'who
,vould naturally be one of the Capitular body. There still
c 2
20
CATHEDRAL ORGANIZATION.
[ES
A y II.
,vould renlain that class of'Canons, to ,,-horn ,ve have already
referred, "Tho "Tithout particular. duties ,vere selected hon01
ís
. causâ, as distinguished representatives of the Diocesan Clergy,
alike from the to,,-ns and the rural districts. On these, as
I have said, I should hnpose short and easy conditions of
residence.
I have beeu, as ,vill be seen, treating up till now of the
clericallnenlbers of the Cathedral Body; but I attach equal
importance to the lay organizations ,vhich Blust cluster
round the l\fother Church. ForeUlost alnong these Dlust
COl1le the C(
llege of Lay Clerks. It is, of course, iInpossible
to carryon a Cathedral service ,vithout a lJack-bone of paid
choir lnen, ,vhose time belongs to their enlployers. But
besides these, in the interests of general deyotion, a Cathedral
"Thich shall really leave its Dlark on a to"\vn of the present
age nlust be largely and cheerfully seryed by voluntary
helpers; ,vhile these and the paid clerks must agree to ,,-ork
tocrether as one institution under SODle reasonable code of
o
statutes. I haye suggested that the Succentor, ,vho "Tould
in that case be a Canon, nlight be charged ,yith the care of
the Lay Clerks. The Choir School DUtY be nlade the pivot of
much important ,,-ork besides the proyision of the necessary
complement of Loys'voices for the services, or of the good
education, during their seryice, of those particular boys. St.
Paul's, London, has just sho"Tn ,,-hat nlay be done 'with the
Choir Schoo]. In a provincial to'
Tn I belieye that the school
might often, and advantageously, take the shape of a nliddle
school, at ,,-hich all the pupils need not be choristers. If so,
and if the place in choir \vere held up as an honour, and the
choristers proper treated as a kind of foundation, a lle,v
element of popularity might be introduced into the relations
of Church and to,vn. I shouhl also look for,vard to some
proyision for helping the nlost pron1Ïsing scholars on to the
uniyersity. Some of its sons, of ,,'h0111 the Church of England
E
s.-\Y 11.]
CATHEDRAL ORGAXIZATIO
.
21
.
Inay be most proud, have COlne from Cathedral schools, and
the race is one ,,
hich lnay \yell be encouraged. There are
many other lay societies \vhich ,vould naturally gro,v up
under the fostering care of a \,"orking Chapter, but I have no
tune to expatiate upon thenl.
It ,vill be seen that the iùeal Chapter w'hich I have pro-
posed for your consideration in a large to"\vn is one \vhich is,
to a considerable extent, founded upon a variety of institu-
tions, many of them clerical and possessing a sort of Capitular
character of their o,vn, all existing round the Cathedral, and
each represented in the Chapter by its leading members.
Each \vould thus retain its freedonl of internal action, ,vhile
all ,yould be brought under the regulating influence of the
great central corporation. Still, however nlany and service-
able these institutions may be, the Cathedral does not exist
luerely to be their rendezvous. It is the Church of the
'\Thole Diocese; and I claim that within its choir every priest
of that Diocese may find, whether of right or of graceful con-
cession, a stall ready for his occupation. On great days, of
course, \vhen the ,vhole Diocese gathers, this nlay not be
possible; but I am talking of the habitual incidents of
ordinary \vorship. Such a CUStOIU as, for instance, that the
Dean might inyite any Inculubent of the Diocese ,vho pre-
sented hinlself before a service to read a lessoll, 111Îght seeHl
a trifle; but it ,",ould be sOllletl1Ïng \vhich ,vould, in a
practical and kindly ,yay, sho,v to the Clergy at large that
they and their Cathedral belonged to each other, of ,,
hieh
fact -at present the tangible evidence is incoluplete. After
all, synlpathy arid co-operation are at the bottonl of the
Capitular systeln, and they ought to thrill through it from
the altar of the Cathedral to that of the honleliest parish
church in the renlotest angle of the Diocese.
Let 1He conclude ".ith a suppleUlentary suggestion. III
allY ] >iocese, old or nc\\", ,vhere sizcahle l)laees exist., III
22
CATHEDRAL ORGANIZATION.
[EsSAY II
addition to the See-to'\vn, it would be ,veIl worth while to
create, by conventional arrangement or otherwise, a Chapter
or quasi-Chapter as near as possible upon the lines of that
,vhich exists at the Cathedral itself. It would also be very
múch to the advantage of the '\vorking of the Church in those
places, if the Diocesan could so arrange his visits as to
ensure his spending SOl11e continuous portion of time in each
such tOWll. Passing visits have their usefulness; but the
Episcopate would become a reality as it has not hitherto
been, if each considerable place could realise that it was, in
fact, the Bishop's town for a given period, and that its
principal church was from time to time used by him as his
Cathedral. [The idea thro'\vn out in this paragraph is
further worked out in the follo,ving essay, ,vritten as that
,vas eleven years previously.]
( 23 )
III.
COLLEGIATE CHURCHES IN LARGE TOWNS.
(BRISTOL CHURCH COKGRESS, 1864.) .
Large towns outrunning the Church alike special problem of early Church
and of present times-Limited liability-Basilicas-Co-operative cen-
tralized agency-Interest of large towns not met by continual sub-
division-Larger parishes should be worked by collegiate bodies-
Central Church surrounded by various institutions- 'V 8ste of power
of District Incumbencies-Economy of resources under Collegiate
system-Greater elasticity of worship-Accessory Chapels-Lay agency
-Staff and designation of Head, the Rector or Provost, and of the
Fellows-Defective supply of curates remedied.
LARGE towns outrunning the Church "
as a special practical
problem with 'which the early Church had to struggle. In
our o\\"n times the same difficulty has reappeared, and cries
are raised for the n1Ïnd, the heart, and the arm that are to
bring redress. I plead for a. ,yay of meeting the peril
analogous to that "rhich the early Church adopted, and
equally analogous to the method which the energy of our
o,vn day has in its ,vide experience and abundant ability
taken up to meet the difficulties of nlundane concerns. 'Vhat
is the meaning of " Joint-stock," and "Limited liability," but
the proclamation of the fact that heads and funds laid to-
gether ,,-ill effect that \vhich heads and funds and ,vorkers
employed separately are po"erless to accomplish.
I cannot linger to describe the Basilicas of the early ages.
All know' t.hat each Basilica depended on the BÜ::hop of tbe
24 COLLEGIATE CHURCHES IN LARGE TO'VNS. [ES:)AY III.
city, although that Bishop, as at Rome, for exanlple, nlight be
head of several Basilicas, each of them a Cathedral in its
relation to the Pontiff, ,vhile a l)arish Church in reference to
_ its parochial duties and to the" titular" Cardinal Priest ,vho
\vas in immediate charge of it. All kno,v that it ,va
built
for a \vorship ,vhich required the presence of various nlinis-
tel'S of different degrees, and that such degrees inlplied varie-
ties of what \ve now should call parochial duties. Something
of this sort England nuw dènlands} ,vith the difference that
the actual state of things forbids that direct connection of
the Bishop
vith each Collegiate body, ,vhich marked the
early centuries, and that the ritual of the Church of England,
anù not the ritual of the prÍ1nitive Italian or any other
Church has to be exhibited in the appendant fane. I say
appendant fane, for as I have had reason to point out, in
regard to Cathedrals, that they are both buildings and also
institutions, so no, v I lllUSt as elnphatically point to the com-
plete idea of a Collegiate Church. Having done so I add
that the light in ,vhich ,ve have no, v exclusively to look upon
it is that of the institution, as a luethod of Evangelising our
to\vns, and of exhibiting the l\1issionary elelnent which is so
inherent in our systenl, and as legitinlate a portion of its ,vork-
ing order as the mere parochial organization. U lldoubtedly a
Collegiate Church ,vould in its structur
generally and right-
fully be larger than a parish one; but this distinction is not
radical, as I could sho,v by instances ,yere it worth ,vhile.
Stated most concisely and most nakedly the proLleul is,-
towns are in their Christian aspect collections of souls, to be
saved or to be lost. The salvation of these souls, out\vardly
speaking, depends on the facilities of bringing thelll into
cOlnnlunication with the 111eanS of grace. This cOlllnlllnica-
tion is to be 111ade by God's n1Ìnisters \vorking either through
appointed ordinances in a puLlic \vay, or elt;e privately antl
infol'lually in pl'ivah
huuses and in private cunference:). To
E:-;:-:AY III.] COLLEGIATE CHrRCIIE
IX LARGE rrO'VNS. 25
men Goù's nlÍnisters are the first Ï1nmediate ,yant, and the
,
second immediate "rant -not so indisl)ensalJle, still very
necessary-is that of fixed places "Therein to adnIinister these
ordinances of religion. But then there is a further w'ant
,vhich entirely underlies the second immediate one, and
,vhich all but unrlerlies the first also, that of means, or (if
you prefer the sirnpler and clearer ,vord) of money, to keep
the men and to provide the places. The early Church,
nurtured and developed in the bOSOl1l of that stupendous
political machine the Rcs R01JLana, thoroughly understood
co-operative centralised agency, and ,yorked the Basilica.
Step by step, that complex mediæval society w11Ïch gre,v out
of the Roman Enlpire, Christianized all through in its out-
,yard aspect, went on adding and distinguishing until, here
, in England, to pass over other matters, it broke do,yn through
very minuteness of organization.
The portions of the systenl ill ,yhich the co-operative
character ,vas strongest ,vere also those unluckily on which
the Papal stamp ,vas strongest branded, and so the Refor-
Illation left England with its parochial systenl intact, but
,yith its organization of Collegiate bodies submerged, ,vith
the rare exception of a few privileged institutions, ùy the
:::;alne ,vave ,vhich s\vept do,vn the l\lonasteries thenIselves,
capable, as in the Cathedrals of the ne,v foundation, of being
transformed into Collegiate institutions. Collegiate Churches
framed for the Reformed Church of England, in accordance
,vith its reformation, can, I believe, and might beneficially be
reviyed, as antidotes to the seething vice and infidelity of
our great to,yns in the saIne generation ,vhich has created,
and for the sanle reasons ,y hich has created, companies ,yith
lÜniteù liability, as a broader systenl on ,vhich to base
speculative ventures thall single-handed energy.
!lind, I an1 talking lnaillly in the interest of large to"Tns.
:For country di
trict
the Cullege nlu
t ah"ays be the
..
26 COLLEGIATE CHURCHES IN LARGE frOWNS. [Es
AY III.
exception-the rare exception unless in alliance \vith some
specific enterprise of a charitable or educational nature; in
towns also the actual application of the principles must be
inCOl1lplete. But the reason of this incompleteness is one
of fact, and not of principle; namely, the extent to \vhich
H district" carving has already forestalled the ground. So
far I bave been dealing in generalities. Let us no\v brjng
our ideas to the test of figures and details. The ideal town
cOlnpletely cut out for Evangelisation on the H district"
principle, will have been divided into portions of not more
than from 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants, and probably into those
of the smallest dinlensions, in each of which an Incumbent
at an Incumbent's stipend will have to provide the quota of
at least Sunday services, irrespective of the capacities and
proximity of the other districts and their Churches, each of
these lying under the same obligation. If any of these
Incumbents keep his curate, that curate too ,,,,ill be cribbed
,vithin his o\vn portion of the to,vn. On the other hand, the
to\vn worked upon the Collegiate system, might or might not
be portioned off in different Collegiate districts. If divided,
the smallest amount of population for each district nlight
for the present be reckoned at 8,000 souls; though in con-
trariety to the other system the maximum of division ,vould
not imply the nlaximum of expended means. Let us then
suppose that a slice of a neglected East-London or Birming-
halll parish of from 16,000 to 8.000 inhabitants has to be
dealt \vith. If \ve \vere taking it in hand upon the nlere
" district" parish-the Peel Act-system, ,ve should have to
set to work in one of these ways; either \ve should mani-
pulate it into a 'Single Peel district, ,vith vague hopes of
further division; or ,ve should manipulate it into t\VO or
Inore Peel districts, or ,ve should postpone the Act of
Parliament division altogether, and lay it out into conven..
t.ional districts, in full legal dependence on the
Iother
.
ESSAY III.) COLLEGIATE CHURCHES IN LARGE TO'VNS 27
Church, ,vith the expectation of hereafter completing the
divorce at different periods for each district. But in every
,yay ,ve should be doing SOl11ething ,vhich we should confess
,vas incomplete in its principle and its organization no less
than in its first ,yorking. By the other method, one which
nÜght be roughly yet approximately set in practice even
under the provisions of Peel's Act, backed by ,yell-planned
trust-deeds, permanence would be at once created within
the area ,,"hich ,vas permanently to be constituted to remain
uuder the Pastoral superintendence of the College. The
elastic, and variable elenlent ,,"ould be the College itself
with its appendant buildings, which vt"ould be liable to
fluctuations in numbers according to the needs to be met
and the means at hand to meet those needs.
By College to-day, I do not nlean the good plan ,vhich has
already been tried of a body of supernumerary Clergy, ,vorking
specially under the Bishop in aid of, and in addition to, the
regular parochial bodies, ,vithout any permanent supervision
of a particular District. I should be glad to take up the
defence of this idea, but there is no time to do so. What I
no,v recommend is, in ginlple language, a system of parishes,
larger in area and population, than the actual standard of
those ,vhich are mapped out to be served by an Incumbent,
or an Incumbent and Curate. These larger parishes ,,"'ould
be constituted for the express end of being served by bodies
of Clergy organised on Collegiate principles, and each
potentially o,vning, both a central Church, besides various
educational, charitable, and religious institutions, arranged
for services, as many and as much subdivided, as our Prayer
Book allo,vs, or as many as circumstances admit of; and also
in suboràination to the Church, subsidiary Chapels, large
or small, sumptuous or cheap, permanent or temporary,
solemnly consecrated, or unostentatiously licensed as the
case may be; some exclusiyely used for ,,'orship, others
28. COLLEGIATE CHURCHES I
LARGE TO'VNS. [E:;::;AY III.
enlployed likewise for schools, if not even for meetings and
lectures.
The special advantage of this systenl may be sumnled up
as the concentration of po""rer towards the end in vie,v.
First take the men. vVhat can be a greater ,vaste of po,ver
than the usual manufacture (I use the ,vord in no invidious
sense) of District Incumbencies? .A. district ,vith its small
rich end and its large poor end is carved out and "reakly
manned by its Incumbent as heretofore on J2150, or its
lncumbent as he may be on J2300 a year. The to,vn gro,vs
and "Church Extension," as the phrase is, speeds, and this
original Incumbent finds himself, to his comfort, left ,yith
his rich end, and a large portion of his poor end turned over
and formed into another district more weakly manned (from
its greater want of garrisoning) at the same stipend as the
mother one, and so on till at length the area of some 15,000
souls, finds itself quartered into four incumbencies, ,vith an
aggregate stipend for the four Incumbents of J2GOO a year,
to take w'hat the Ecclesiastical Commissioners once thought
e
lough, or of J21,200 at their present estÏ1nate, and ,vith only
the power, in consideration for the nloney received, of quad-
rupling the single-handed Sunday tariff of worship, and ,vith,
perhaps, a small "Teek-day margin of fagging through the
single-handed round of alley visits, unhelped by any Curate.
I ,viII only hint at the lavishness of the quadrupled Church,
"Tith the quadrupled Parsonages, and the quadrupled Schools.
No doubt the Ecclesiastical COlnmissioners mean ,veIl in
proposing to raise the stipend of the Incumbents of cro,vc1ec1
parishes to J2300 a year, ,vhile leaving the actual systen1
untouched, but the plan is only a palliative and a nlakeshift.
Give nle that J21,200 (the COlllmissioners' o"rn estimate let
nle repeat, not lnine) to find men for that area of 15,000
souls, and I ,viII tell you ho,y I ,vill use it.
}'il'st .1 ,,,ill find you siÀ Blcn allllllot four, llext t ,rill
ESSAY III.] COLLEGIATE CHunCHES I
LA TIGE TO'YKS. 2
)
find you 111en ,,'hose capacities, 'whose experience, and 'whose
\\-Tork, deserve different paynlellts, and they shall 1e paid
differently. The representatiye H person" of the district is
the head of the college, and \-re may find hiIll æ500 or
4jO
a year, and a house as good as those ". hich COlllluissioners
have given to Peel IncuIubents to be ruined in, not a very
large income, but enough, \vith a fe\v offerings, to keep a
good and a clever ulan's head above \vate.r.
The senior Fello,v of the College ,,'ill aInply deserve J2200
a year, or E250 if the head has only æ430. T,vo n10re
Fello,vs, young priests learning their duties, 'Will 1e better off
upon J2150 a year than the analogous Curates of the actual
systeDl on
100 each. Still there renlains ct200 out of the
æl,200. This Inay go to find the stipends of t\yO junior
Fello,,,"s-c.lerics both of theIn, but not priests-either those
revived minor orders, as Chancellor l\Iassingberd proposed
at the Oxford Congress, or else Deacons under a ne\v dis-
cipline, aceorùing to the parallel suggestion, at the saIne
tinle, of the now Bishop of Ely, Dr. Harold Browne.
'Yho \vill not confess that this schenle does not show more
po,-rer nutde ayaila1le in return for the income \vhich the
Conllnissioners assign than can be found in the actual
system ?
To Inake the inquiry complete I ought no,," to pass frolll
n1cn to houses, and ask how the parsonage is to be moulded
into the College. But I forbear froIn a topic \vhich I coulJ
only handle inco111pletely, and therefore erroneously. I have
no ,yish to use the Collegiate system as a leverage to revive
enforced Clerical celibaey. So I O"wn that the l110re I face
the architectural question of Collegiate residences for Clergy,
.who may be either 11larried or single, the more difficult does
it sho,v itself. Happily it is not e&sential-the Fello,vs
Dlight all live in lodgings and yet \york their cnre as a
College.
30 COLLEGIATE CHURCHES IN I.JARGE TO'VNS. [ESSAY III.
It will be its ow"n fault if the College does not sho,v an
elasticity and multiplication of divine service, impossible to
a series of district Churches. These perforce exist to main-
tain a compulsory minimum of Sunday duty, to marry and
baptize. Extra services are by necessity extras.
But with us, the Church which is at once Parochial and
Collegiate, can and ought to fulfil the obligations of the
Prayer Book as authorized by custom, in their full extent of
daily worship, and at least weekly Communion, while the
accessory Chapels mayor may not be used at any time
according to their special needs. At one it may suit to give
early Communion and Evensong--at another duplicated or
triplicated Litanies ,vith rousing preachings might be heard.
One "Tould be a complete Chapel, another a Chapel School.
These Chapels might either be rooms, or else such noble
Churches as that of St. Michael's, Star Street, built as a
Chapel to a District Church in Paddington-,vhich exists as
an example, and a first-fruit in London, of the Collegiate
systen1, never, I hope, to be carved into Peel uniformity..
Time pressing, I leave to yourselves to follo'w' out the
increased po,ver ,vhich the Collegiate n1ust by the force of
mathen1atical necessity possess in ,vorking schools and
charitable institutions, in starting and giving tone to meetings,
and in organising and imparting vitality to that principle of
lay agency, 011 the necessity of ,vhich, though with some
inevitable distinctions of shading, both High Church and
Lo'v Church are no,v happily dgreed. The substantive
endowed College of Clerks must lead to the association of
paid and voluntary singing men and choristers.
The Inutual benefit to the Dlembers of deliberative
Ineetings ,,'hich the very name College invites, above ll1erely
* It has since been severed and itself become virtually Collegiate. Since
I wrote this paper, St. Andrew's, 'Vells Street, St. Peter's, Pimlico, &c.,
nave assumed Collegiate attributes. [1882.]
ESSAY II!.] COLLEGIATE CHURCHES IN LARGE TO""NS. 31
voluntary gatherings of neighbouring Clergy, deserves a
passing notice. A further benefit lies behind. We are no,v
feeling the advantage of bringing Clergy and laity together
in country places, to discuss 'within manageable areas, and in
due proportions, mutual interests. Such meetings are still
difficult in towns, from the proportions being so difficult to
blend ;-but a College meeting ,vith the best laity of the
Parish added, would be a kind of Parochial institution, and
help to reduce the obstacle. Any how, if the laity are not
interested in, and made to feel confidence in this as on any
other reform, it nlust, hovvever, be a failure.
A question must be asked, not without practical Im-
portance in this old land of social etiquette, as to the
standing and designation of the members of these Colleges.
For the head I should propose the appellation of Rector,
,,"ith no special precedence; sometimes he might be Provost,
,vith the precedence of a Canon of a Cathedral Chapter, and
the members of the body s
lould bear the familiar nanle of
Fello\v, ,vhich I have used throughout this paper. Of course
a ,veIl-worked to\vn Parish Church has always practically
become Collegiate, as under Dr. Hook's guidance, St. Peter's,
Leeds, did, and as St. John's, Paddington, has done till the
severance of St. l\Iichael's, Star Street. But a perverse ne,v
Incunlbent or patron can alw'ays upset a conventional
College, unless fixed by Endowment, Act of Incorporation, or
Trust Deed. If I shall have called the attention of those
who have made, 01' 'who desire to make such experiments, not
to rely on present good intentions for their permanency, I
shall not have spoken in vain. 'Vith reference to one of the
instances to which I have referred, I cannot, ,vith all the
affectionate veneration ,vith ,vhich all Churchnlen nl\lst
regard the Dean of Chichester, refrain froln a passing regret
that the Leeds Vicarages Act did not create for the 1\lother
Uhurch a Collegiate position, and place its Vicar in a kind of
32 COIÁLEGL:VrE CHURCHES IX LARGE TO'VNS. [E:-;
.\Y III.
Decanal attituùe at the head of the collective Clergy of the
to"'"!l, \yho o\vned their status of independent Incunlbents to
his generosity, and sacrifice of self.
Another point I must leave for further consideration, the
possibility-if the Collegiate systenl takes root-of reuniting,
by some legislative provision, tw.o or more actual Districts
into one Collegiate parish.
Let nle offer a fe\v final \yords on t,vo rather \yeighty
corollary points. The Collegiate syste1n 1night be in part a
palliative to that gro\ying difficulty of the Church \yhich has
lately filled so nlany colunlns of the Ti1nes, the drying up of
the Curate supply. Our" Fello\ys" on the a.verage may not
be more highly paid than curates, but their responsibility
,,
ill be systematised, therefore easier, and their position 1nore
dignified. So it Inay be hoped that young men 'would be
1nore ,villing to enter Holy Orders \yith the prospect of such
a Fellowship as a first post, than ,,'ith that of a to\vn curacy;
and as by the nature of things the successful Fello,,'" is l110re
likely to be noticed and to get on than the equally meri-
torious Curate no\v nlay do.
Again, a College \yell arranged and \vell \yorked in a large
to\vn would be a great help to Diocesan extension. Sup-
posing that the ,yay ,yere open to making that place a
Bishopric, the Chapter \yould be ready in the germ, and the
only absolute deficiency ,vould be the Bishop himself.
But let us pass by speculative advantages. For the
inlnlediate safety of the souls that are perishing up and do\vn
the alleys of our to"
ns, let us try 110'" far co-operation-so
all-po\\
erflù ill all other concerns-has strength and virtue
to builù up Christ's I(ingdom.
( ;:;3 )
IV.
CATHEDRALS IN THEIR
IISSIONARY ASPECT.
FROM c ESSAYS ON CATHEDRALS' EDITED BY THE VERY REV.
J. S. HOWSON, 1872.
Erroneous opinion that Cathedrals are only the luxury of an Establish-
nlent-Both an institution and a building-English Church requires in-
crease of Cathedrals-Extension of Christian Church where previously
non-existent or weak, to take Cathedral shape-Cathedral idea embodi-
ment of full machinery of Church founded on Episcopacy, both as a
higher priesthood and as an administrative system-Definition of Cathe-
dral idea-Cathedral link which binds together Bishop with clergy
and laity-Description of Cathedral in its. com pleteness-The Cathedral
the Bishop's seat; but no Bishop able to work it single-handed-
Cathedral idea necessary deduction from constitutional Episcopacy-
Cathedrals in Colonies, United States, Scotland and Ireland-Missions
upon Cathedral principles possess unique advantages-Missions where
Christianity is unknown or imperfectly introduced, must be based on
Cathedral system-Disadvantages of unattached Episcopacy-Dis-
advantage greater in civilized Diocese-Danger of procrastinating
owing to delicate relations of other Churches to Cathedral-No archi-
tectural difficulties in providing temporary Cathedral-Home Cathedrals
in their missionary aspect practically treated in view of Church
of England and freehold Incumbents-Cathedral not exalted by
depressing the parish-Freehold tenure of Incumbencies safeguard of
libèrty-Monasticism fostered idea of independent corporations within
the see-Various influences combining to produce parochial system,
which cannot be tampered with except on condition of chimerical
increase of Episcopate-Evils of isolation and suspicion, much remedied
during last forty years, but only to be cured by development of
Cathedrals-Rt::form by mutilation worst and clumsiest expedient-
Sweeping alterations in sources of patronage not desirable considering
ad vantage of variety-Deaneries to be maintained, but Bishop occasion-
ally to preside over Greater Chapter-Future composition of Greater
n
34 CATHEDRALS I
THEIR l\IISSIO:NARY ASPECT. [ESSAY IV.
Chapter-Incompletenesi of lately published answers of Deans to
Archbishops-Variety and Incongruity of dnties proposed to be im-
posed on members of Chapters-Chapters should be enlarged by
private endowments, on precedent of private endowment of new
parishes-Existing Chapters left, with facility for foundation of super-
nunlcrary stalls-Out of what ,classes to be selected-How to bring
enlarged body into harmonious activity, and òevelop working power of
Cathedral-Scheme does not necessarily require any expenditure of
public funds-Practicability proved from success of the Church build-
ing movement-Much smaller and easier task, and peculiarly attractive
to special tastes-Objections answered-Picture of old Cathedrals so
strengthened-Relations of revived Cathedral to other diocesan organi-
zations-Possibility and desirability of more Cathedrals in England,
and undesirability of more Bishops without Cathedrals-Diocese to be
founded first, and left under original Bishop-Private munificence,
Ecclesiastical Commission and official patrons co-operating-Extent of
new dioceses in the two Provinces-Cathedrals adapted or built, and
Chapters created-Conclusion.
THE opinion has not uncommonly existed anlong that ex-
cellent class of society ,vhich may be concisely described as
the candid friends of the Church, that Cathedrals are a very
comnlendable and very ornanlental appendix to that Church;
not essential to its constitution, but far less detrilnental to
its practical ,vorking, having their use in lnallY directions of
secondary importance; but standing apart from the primary
interests of the ecclesiastical COlnmon ,yea!. A Cathedral is in
the eyes of such thinkers the luxury of an establishment, but
not the complelnent of a Church. It is a decorative accident
to be provided as the crowning of the edifice, the Corinthian
capital upon the solid bearing
haft, not the corner-stone
upon ,vhich the ,vhole construction fitly joined together ought
to rest. ....\ l\Iissionary Cathedral ,vonld from their point of
vie,v be not nlerely impossible but inconceivable. It would
be like a to,vn hall in the tangles of an African jungle,
or a sword of state in the hand of a village constable. The
position ,vhich I shall endeavour to n1ake good in the fo
ow-
ing pages is not only the direct reverse of these miscon-
ceptionR, hut it proceerls fronl a fundalnentally different
ESSA Y IV.] CATHEDRALS IN 'rHEIR )IISSIO
ARY A
PEC1.\ 35
definition of the institution in question. The Cathedral of
those theorists is nothing Inore than a gorgeous building,
sacred to the cultivation of religious nlusic, and rich in
architectural ana artistic adornlnent, in connection \vith
\vhich a select body of nliddle-agecl or elderly clergy-
nIen are permitted to dra\v an anIple stipend for the im-
mediate perforInance of easy but graceful duties, and as the
indirect re"yard of Inerit, favour, or good fortune. Of a Cathe-
dral as the nlainspring of religious life to an entire Diocese
they have never had a glÜnpse; their difference, therefore,
\vith those \vho have realized that higher conception of the
value of Cathedrals is not so much a debate upon the utility
of an institution in the definition of ,vhich both sides are
agreed as a divergence upon the definition itself of that to
\vhich all apply the saIne appellation.
In a 'work which I published in 1861, entitled 'The
English Cathedral of the Nineteenth Century,' I contended
that a Cathedral \vas both an institution and also a building,
and that in either respect the English Church \vould be
the better for an increase in the nUlllber of its Cathedrals,
involving the Irlultiplication of Dioceses. This end \vould be
attained both by the elevation of existing Churches qf con-
spicuous dignity and in convenient situations to the desired
rank, and by building fresh Cathedrals in large to"YllS \vhere
a direct Episcopal regÏ1nen \vas needed. In confinnation of
my argument, partly by \vay of architectural model, and partly
to encourage home exertions by the sight of that ,,'hich had
been' effected in the colonies under far greater difficulties than
could be encountered in England, I illustrated my argunlents
by exanlples of Cathedrals, erected or projected, \vithin recent
years, in Scotland and in our colonies. I propose in the
follo\ying pages to take up the subject at an earlier point
than that \vhich I occupied in 111Y book. There, speaking
gencrall
r, I pleaded in fayour of the establishn1cnt of Cat1H
'"
D
36 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR 1\URSIONARY ASPECT. [E
8AY IV.
drals in places ,yhere the Church "Tas already at ,york. I
no,," desire to offer reasons ,vhy in the extension of the
Christian Church (under conditions involving connllunion
,vith the Church of England), either in places where it is
non-existent, or ,yhere it is so ,veak and unsettled that the
,york of construction has really to be undertaken from the
beginning, the establisl11uent of a fixed form of Christianity
ought to take a shape in ,yhich the Cathedral is a pron1Ínent
feature. That is, it ought to exist as an institution frolll the
very first, and as a building froln the earliest nlOI11ent
in ,,""hich any building at all can be provided; or, in
other ,vords, the first nlissionaries ought to be a rudi-
mentary Cathedral body, and their first oratory a rudi-
mentary Cathedral.
In lllaking this statement I desire to assert that the Cathe-
dral idea is in truth the enlbodÜnent of the Inachinery of the
Christian Church in the fulness of its divine constitution. I
do not Inean that the Cathedral idea is of the essence either
of the Christian Church as a divine society, or of Episcopacy
as the appointed regimen of that society, but I do assert that
'v herever the first comnlission to the chosen T,velve has been
carried out by the establishll1ent of an Episcopate devoid of
the Cathedral idea, there that esta1lishment has been Inade in
an un,yorkmanlike, a clumsy, and an unsatisfactory manner.
The Cathedral iùea is based upon the t,vofold aspect, in ,vhich
the Episcopate presents itself to the acceptance of the ,vorl<1,
first as a higher priesthood for the perfornlance of the nlost
exalted ,,,"orship in concert ,vith, ånd in behalf of, the faithful
of the Diocese, clerical and lay, and for the fulfihnent of the
great duties of ordination and of confirnlation; and, in the next
l'lace, as an achninistrative systel11 charged ,yith the presiding
regulation of the Church, both in its interior sphere and in
relation to outw'ar( I society. No truly healthy Episcopacy
can exist \\"hich does not recognize and carry out this doullle
E
SAY IV.] CATHEDRALS I
THEIR l\IISSIO
AnY ASPECT. 37
function. The Bishop ,,
ho regards hilllself merely as the
Ii igh priest, is on the straight road to that assunlption of
spiritual tyranny ,vhich is in the long run far nlore 1l1edclle-
sonle in telnporal Inatters than the constitutionalislll, "Thich
treats ,vith thelll in their proper order; ,,?hile the Bishop
,,
hose exclusive idea is to achninister ,yell, deals, by his
neglect or his coldness, a heavy blo"T to the spiritual life of
that divine society, of ,,
hich he ought to hold himself the
nursing father. Both defects are equally prejudicial to the
developnlent of the Cathedral system. The ultra-sacerdotalist
depreciates its adn1Ïnistrati ye facilities, and the mere adnli-
nistrator is slow to recognize its spiritualizing influences.
But to descend to particulars. 'V1u'l-t is the Cathedral idea;
and where do ,ve find its gerlll? I have no hesitation in reply-
ing to the first through the second question, by saying that
the Upper Chamber at Jerusalem, tenanted by the Sacred
T,velve, ,vas that germ. The records of the undivided Church
are the unbroken history of an Episcopate, living on and
acting through its assessor clergy. The first great churches-
the basilicæ, so called-,vhether pagan court-houses converted
or churches built for these sacred objects-"Tere Cathedrals;
for the solen1n heulicycle behind the altar contained the
thrones of the Bishop, stately in the centre, and of his atten-
dant presbyters to the right hand and to the left. The altar
in front, was the joint centre of deyotion for the united flock
-the singers in the midst, the faithful belo,\- them, the
catechumens patiently "Taitillg beyond, and the penitents
cO'YeJ;ing at the door slullIDed up the great congregation in
its completeness, as the Diocese clrèl"vn together for the one
great Eucharistic ,vorship of the Christian Church.
I anl speaking to those 'W ho accept the Episcopal form of
Church Government, and ,,-ho, at the sanle tÏ1ne, recognize
that it nlust be ,yorked, not as a hard autocracy, but upon
principles of the constitutional co-operation of clergy and
38 CATHEDRALS IN rrHEIR l\IISSIOKAHY ASPECT. [ES:::AY IY.
laity. All this increasing host of Churchmen are convinced of
the necessity of SOlne fornl of synodical action, involving lay
assessorship, in the Dioceses; and many persons at home, in
the colonies, and in the United States, are actiyely engaged
in introducing or in carrying on that action. But they Inust
do one tIling more, and agree to recognize the Cathedral as
the connecting elenlent necessary to bind together the Bishop
on the one side as the head, and on the other the clergy and
laity, as represented by the Synod ,vith its assessors as the
body. As each Diocese representing the Christian Church in
its solidarity is one body, so tIle Cathedral is the pledge, the
synlbol, and the instrument of that unity, of ,vhich the Bishop
is the personal centre. It should cOlnprehend in the inner-
most circle, round the central diocesan, men ,vhose advice and
personal labours are secured to sustain and counsel the
Bishop in the regulation of the various concerns of the
Diocese, spiritual, educational, and charitable, and to carry.
on the constant and ornate ,vorship of the Temple. In the
next circle ,vill stand a large body of clergy "9ith a direct
though not so constant a connection ,,"ith the Cathedral.
Beyond these, again, will be ranged the collective clergy
'belonging to the See; while the ultimate group "ill gather
in the faithful laity of the entire Diocese comLined as one
great pari&h at their l\1:other Church. All Synods and all
conferences would find their appropriate hOI11e at the Cathe-
dral, ,vhieh> as a building, ,,"ould in its ideal completeness
comprehend a church, as noble and vast as circumstances
allo'\v, for the Divine Sacranlents and Offices, the ordinance
of preaching, and the occasional rites of ordination and con-
firmation; adjunct chambers, and chapter-house for private
or public deliberation; schools and libl'aries for teaching and
study; refuges, homes of charity, and infirnlaries, for '\veak-
ness, old age, or bodily ailment; residences for those engaged
in the various duties of the complex institution; and halls
E
.",Y IV.] CATIIEDR..\LS I
r!'HEIR l\IISSIONARY ASJ>ECT. 39
for the exercise of that hospitality ,vhich it is a first duty of
a Christian 1l1inister to ShO"T.
Can eyen the Churchnlan "Tho is sceptical as to the ne-
cessity of Cathedrals, find any fla,v in this recapitulation of
the eleluents composing the ideal Cathedral? I assume that
he acceptB Episcopacy, and recognizes the ÌIllportance of
delilJerate co-operation; and I assert that the onus lies
on hinl to prove that these are not Lest provided at a
Catheùral such as I have described. A Bishop is a clergy-
nlan, and something more than a common clergyman; it is
therefore plainly congruous tl1at he should have the use of a
church raised above the usual level for the performance both
of those sacred duties ,,"hich he can perform in common ,vith
(but as the exalnple of) his brethren, and also of those at
,vhich he only is entitled to officiate. This Church ,,,"ill be
the seat of the Bishop, or, in other words, Ecclesict Ccdlwclralis.
But as the Bishop cannot be always at his Cathedral, it "Tould
be a contradiction to comn10n sense that he should be ex- .
pected to work it single-handed. He cannot be the instructor
of sacredlnusic to his o,vn Church, still less to his Diocese, so
that unless, in opposition to both Testaments, music is not a
divi
ely-appointed element of ,yorship, some musical leader
is indispensable for the model church. His strength ,,,"ould
fail, and the attention of the congregation flag, if his voice
only ,vere heard from the central pulpit of the Diocese, hence
he denlands the succour of eloquent preachers. He cannot
hinlself conduct the various educational establishments for
clergy, for teachers, for the 'whole flock, which it is the duty
and the interest of the Christian Church to maintain. He
cannot himself undertake the direct responsibility of every
detail of the various charities ,vhich he may feel bound to
foster. Apart from these considerations he needs the advice
of experienced counsellors in the ordinary ,york of administra-
tion. ,It i
accordingly a matter of plain convenience that the
40 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR l\IISSIONARY ARPECT. [E
:;AY IV.
officiating clergy, the aÙlninistrators, the counsellors, should
fornl a compact body in close proximity to the Bishop anù
to the Cathedral. These silnple facts, almost truislns, prove
the raison d'être of that Chapter of Canons or llesidentiaries
,vhich help to compose the Cathedral view'ed as an institution.
I t is equally desira LIe that a large body of chosen clergyrnen
should have a distinct, though less close, connexion .with the
1\fother Church, and iq. them ,ve find the Greater Chapter
of non-Residentiaries. The propriety of every clergynIan
throughout the Diocese, feeling that the l\fother Church is-
in reality as \vell as in name-his home, his property, his focus
of religious life, is a proposition so theoretically undeniable,
that \yherever it only exists in theory there the reason for the
discrepancy bet\veen theory and practice must be the result
of some probably long-seated rell1Íssness. In a less direct
manner but as truly ought the layman, in proportion as he
feels the po\ver of Christian brotherhood, to be dra\vn to the
Cathedral as the rallying point of the fello\vship for which he
yearns. As truly also ought that Cathedral, by the establish-
Inent of voluntary choirs, to absorb selected memLers of the
laity into the body more actively engaged in the transaction
of worship. Finally then, and most undoubtedly, all delibe-
rative gatherings of clergy, or of clergy cOlnbined \vith laity,
and all especial unions for festive or penitential worship,
had best take place in the natural capital of the sacred
commonwealth, as a portion of the living organization of that
Cathedral.
"\Ve have thus by an exhaustive process taken each element
of the picture of the cOlnplete Cathedral, and after testing it
by the simple idea of constitutional Episcopacy, have arrived
at the conclusion that separately, and still more, collectively,
the various elements of the Cathedral idea are in fact the
necessary deductions from that idea in their most complete
forIn, and their most natural order. The acceptance of this
E
AY IV.J CATHEDR
\.LS IX THEIR l\IISSIO
ARY A::;PECT. 41
proposition is no reproåch to those Episcopal Churches in
,,-hich, by unfortunate circulllstances, the Cathedral element
is wanting. Episcopacy does exist in too nlany of our
colonies, in the majority of the Scotch Dioceses, and in nearly
all those of the United States, ,vithout being complemented
by the Cathedral systeln. But tIns fact, ,vhich might a fe\v
years ago, ,vhen the absence of the Cathedral systeln in those
Dioceses was absolute and not merely relative, have been used
against me, has now, since Dlany of these unestablished or
half-established Churches have been lnaking disconnected but
vigorous efforts to repair the deficiency-efforts undertaken
and \vorked by Bishops ,yho feel in their o,vn persons the
w'ant of Cathedral institutions-becollle a convincing argu-
ment in nlY favour. Bishop "\Yilson, of Calcutta, a repre-
sentative man in that party of the Church w'hich is supposed
to be least inclined to ecclesiastical ponlp and complexity
of systenl, spared no exertions till he had raised a costly
Cathedral Church of stately dimensions in the Indian capital,
,vhile he defended the proceeding by a po\verful vindication
of the Cathedral system. At BOlnbay, also, the Cathedral is
no'v being developed. ..At Sydney, the late l\letropolitan
Bishop Broughton cOlnmenced a Cathedral on a large scale,
and his successor the present Bishop has constituted it w'ith
a Chapter. In other Australian Dioceses the formation of
Cathedrals is in various stages of progress, ,vhile at Cape
To,,-n a Capitular organization has been established in the
church \vhich serves as a Cathedral. Not far froln a quarter
of a century since, Bishop :l\Iedley, of Fredericton, carried
out Ius Cathedral, ,,-hile the late l\letropolitan Bishop :Fulford,
of l\fontreal, constructed another of considerable material
Ï1nportance, although defectively organized. In the United
States,o\ying to the Dioceses having by ill-fortune been to a
great extent endow'ed ,vith a synodical constitution excluding
Cathedrals, in the early days of republican fer your for equality,
42 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR :MISSIONARY ASPECT. [ESSAY IV.
and of deficient kno,vledge in Christian antiquities, during
,,'hich the Church of those States ,vas built up, the material
progress of the Cathedral cause has been slo,ver. But the
idea has steadily gro,vn in men's minds, and has already taken
shape in the Cathedrals erected in Chicago (and happily not
burnt), by Bishop '"\V"I1itehouse of Illinois, and in Portland, by
Bishop Neely of J\faine, of ,vhich and of its accompanying
institutions an interesting report has lately appeared in the
'Guardian.' At N e,v York, too, Trinity Church ,vith its great
endo,vment is in all but name a Cathedral. In Scotland,
not from republican equality but from poyerty and cruel
oppression by ruling po,yers, the Episcopal Church gre',," up
with a constitution which ignored Cathedrals. The spell ,vas
first broken SOIne t,venty years ago by the movement ,YI
ich
erected a Cathedral at Perth for the Dioceses of St. Andrew's,
Dunkelcl, and Dunblane, ,,-hile the Cathedral more recently
constructed at Inverness for the Diocese of l\foray and Ross
seems fruitful in spiritual and lnaterial advantage. 1\lo1'e
lately the bequest of a generous Churchwonlan has afforlled
11leanS for the creation of a Cathedral in Edinburgh. In the
disestablished Church of Ireland, the Cathedral system al\yays
existed in nanle. The shock of the disestablislunent seems
to have led lllen to think of the reality, and to seek ill
ecclesiastical co-operation for the strength ,vhich State
sUP1'ort had once afforded. The sumptuous restoration of
St. l"}atrick's, Dublin, and the constnlction of the grand and
beautiful Cathedral of Cork, just preceded the catastrophe.
Its immediate result is the restoration under most satis-
factory conditions of the older Cathedral of Christchurch
in Dublin and the rene,,'al of the ruined Cathedral of
}{jldare.
I trust that I haye presented ,yith sufficient clearness the
conception of ,,,hat a Cathedral in its conlpletenrss ought to
be. It ,vas necessary to reach an agreeluent upon this
ESSAY IV.] CArrHEDllALS I
THEIR l\IIS
IO
\.RY
\.
rECT. 43
q uestioll ùefore "'"C cOlùLl consider that the ground "
as pre-
l)ared for the inquiry, ",yith \vhich ,ve are 1110re Ï1umeJiately
concerned. "\Ve have to investigate Cathedrals in their
l\Iissionary aspect, w11Ïch inlplies that a 1nissionary enterprise
can'ied out anlong the heathen, in the colonies, or at home,
upon the Cathedral principles, possesses elements of practical
congruity, iInpossiLle upon any other basis. A. mission
,,"orkillg fronl a Cathedral centre is plastic in its constitution,
popular in its appointments, and vigorous iu its action, beyond
the possihilities of one in ,y hich the unassisted Bishop stands
face to face with the flock, aJllong ""horn he must expect to
succeed or fail, according to the ,,
isdonl ,,
ith ,yhich he plans
his ,york, and the temper and patience '\vith ,vhich he carries
it out. The n1Ìssion may be destined either to break abso-
lutely virgin soil in a country ""here the sound of the Gospel
has never penetrat-ed, or it may have to consolidate and
develope the feeble efforts of other Christian teaching, already
essayed by missionaries, ,-rho have either been ,vorking out-
side the Episcopal systenl, or "yho, \vhile accepting Episcopacy
in theory, have been unable to elllploy it as a living po"
er.
rerhaps the mission 1nay take the shape of a ne,v Diocese
formed "9ithin a colony, or a back-settlenlent, in ,vhich the
pulse of religion has hitherto beaten very languidly. All
these exanlples of diocesan extension lay legitinlate claÏ1n to
the title of :\Iissionary, and I shall endeavour to dÜ;sect the
probable ,vorking of each, as started upon a Cathedral, or llUll-
Cathedral, basis. But our existing Dioceses at hOllle nlay also
awak
n, as so nlany haye done and are doing, to ne\v life and
1110re earnest longings after unity, and then their religious
action ,yill be ::\fissionary. Sonle part of the country, too,
11light desire to do the LOl'd's ,,"ork, ,yith the aùclitional
strength derived from the inuuediate presence of another
Bishop, and here, too, the ol'ganizatioll ,yould be a nussion.
I propo:se accordingly, before I conclude, to say s0l11ething
4-1 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR l\IISSIONARY ASPECT. [E
8AY IV.
of the developlnent of the Cathedral in all these cases, in
order to present its lnissionary aspect under eyery condition.
The proof that the work of evangelization in missions ,vhere
Christianity is altogether or nearly unknowl1, ought to be
conducted on the Cathedral basis, need not be lengthy, at
least to those ,vho have so far agreed ,,"ith the argument. It
is indeed hardly more than the assertion that such a mission
ought to be based on the principles of order and not of confu-
sion, by a well-balanced distribution of functions bet'ween the
various missionaries, all in common yearning for an united
centre of ,vorship, all ,vith one heart and lnind breaking bread
together in that first Church, round ,vhich lnany daughters
may in cOIning years rise, and call it blessed. If the original
missionaries, living alnong the perils of heathendom, its evil
sights and raging passions, a,vay from the comforts and help
of Christian civilization, do not at the outset co-operate in one
spirit, each ,vith his appointed division of labour allotted to
him, and all looking up to their chief, not as their tyrant, but
their elder brother and co-counsellor, confusion and failure
l1lust ensue. The various offices ,vhich they fill are truly
canonries; the one church or chapel ,vhich they may raise or
adopt, be iþ but a hut or a tent, is the rudimentary Cathedral.
When other churches or chapels have gathered round this
nucleus, the strain ,viII begin in the adjustment of their claÏIns
to independence, and of the l\lother Church to be their con-
trolling po,ver; Lut I shall best treat this further on. As to
the rival opinion that, essential as the Episcopal regÏIne may
be in the abstract, the earlier missionaries ought not to be
men of the highest clerical order, but, as it ,,"'ere, pickets sent
for,,"'ard to prepare the ,yay for the fuller Inanifestation here-
after of a complete organization, all I can say is, that a theory
,vhich is really based on the assunlption that isolation is
stronger than co-operation, and that a constitution is more
practical as its head is ,,"eaker, does not seelll to approve
ESSAY IV.] CATHEDRALS I
THEIR l\II
IOXARY ASPECT. '45
itself to that \yhich is in all but ecclesiastical matters the
conclusion of experience and conlmon sense. If, ho\vever,
there is co-operation, even though the frallle\Vork be inconl-
plete and provisional, that co-operation must be regulated by
subordination, and so \ve shall find ourselves COlll111itted to
principles of \vhich Episcopacy is the cOlllplete presentment.
In any case, supposing the mission planned on a system
of isolation, it w'ill be but the intentional instead of the acci-
den tal trial of that state of things, 'v hich leads us to our
second head, to ,,,hich w'e may at once proceec1,-that of the
introduction of Episcopacy into a Christian field in ,,,hich
either on purpose or by stress of events it had been \vanting.
Is the Bishop to come among those ,YhOnl, indeed, he desires
to treat as fello\y-labourers, but fello,v-labourers of 'VhODl he
is to be the foreman, as one ,vithout "a local haLitation and
a name," as a supervisor, rather than a father, \vith no church
he can call his o,,,'n, no altar at which he holds himself
especially privileged and bound to minister, no body of chosen
helpers 'with ,vhom to share the chief burdens of his office, no
central spot to "rhich as the host he can call together to tbe
feast of religious conference the faithful of his flock? Such
Bishops ,ve have often beheld; and ,yhen the prelate, "yho
finds himself by events not of his nlaking placed in that
position, battles against its disadvantages, and perhaps suc-
ceeds in building up for hinlself those institutions of ,vhich
at the beginning he felt the ,vant, he merits indeed our
,varmest sympathies. But it is sinlply inconceivable that
anyone could deliberately prefer unattached Episcopacy to
the system under ,vhich the Bishop not only derives his
appellation from the place of his residence, but at that
residence presides over the one Church ,vhich is the centre
of religious unity to the fold, the chosen seat of his teaching
and the honle of the altar at \yhich he offers up his prayers
and supplications for the souls for "ThOlll he is responsible.
,
46 CATHEDRALS IN '.rHEIR }IISSIO
ARY ASPECT. [ESSAY IV.
.
Not only does an Episcopacy ,vithout a definite see contradict
the uniforln tradition of the ,vhole Christian Church, but it is
contrary to the plainest \varllings of practical experience.
The Bishop of the district, llloving about from one church or
mission station to another, is neither master at any given
place nor merely guest anywhere. His position is that of an
inspector, and he must either lord it over or succumb to each
successive clergyman. Again, \vhen such a Bishop requires
co-operation, he cannot constitute his administration, in the
persons of those particular clergYlnen on \vhom he devolves
specific spiritual duties, and \vith \VhOIU he desires to take
joint counsel,-or, in other ,vords, his Chapter. He will
probably possess SOlne house \vhich he calls his own, and he
may believe that he is fulfilling his duty, and providing for
the due governIuent of his See, if he convokes periodical
meetings \vithin his parlour of those clergymen or laynlen
'\vhom he has entrusted 'with distinct offices. He may also
have a synod, and there may be SOIne hut, or if the Diocese
be tolerably civilized, SOlne public hall in ,vhich he can bring ·
it together. To a certain extent he ,vill, in so doing, have
made up for the want of a Cathedral; but it ,vill be by the
sacrifice of spiritual associations to practical exigencies. A
Bishop \vho is kno\yn to the selected fe\v in his parlour and
to the Diocese in the public hall, may be respected officially,
and liked priyately, but he will not be the Father in God, as
that chief pastor \vill be ","hose place is at the altar of his o\vn
church, \vhose meetings are ,vithin its ,valls, \vhose business
is always accompanied by prayer and sacrament. The
spiritual life of the officials themselves "Till be stunted if
their duties do not involve a sacred fello\vship such as
appertains to partnership ill the religious rites of the 1\Iother
Church; \vhile the gatherings of the united Diocese ,viII
present an aspect of ,vorldly business, \vhich participation in
con1nlün service ,,"ould have tended to mitigate. Of the loss
4 Þo ,
ESSAY IV.] CATHEDRALS IN THEIR !\IISSIO
ARY ASPECT.
of po"
er in confirlnations, in ordinations with their pre-
liminary exercises, and in special occasions of united worship
,vhich the aLsence of the Cathedral, ,vith its spiritualizing
iufluences and its n1any practical advantages, ,vould occasion,
I need not speak. Upon the tangiLle invitation to insub-
ordination aluong the various congregations, ,vhich such a
state of things ,vould offer, I need not dilate. I have, in
treating of the introduction of direct Episcopacy into n1is-
sions, "There it had not previously existed, been "
andering
into considerations which more properly belong to my next
head, namely, the comparison of Cathedral or non-Cathedral
Episcopacy in Dioceses formed in settleluents ,,
here the
Inajority of the population are living under conditions of
European and therefore Christian civilization, ho-wever fornlal
and dead that Christianity may be. But in truth, as I ,,"cnt
on, I found that a too rigid division ofnlY subject would only
lead to repetition, as the general principles on ,vl1Îch alone I
could insist, in so short an essay, "were in the t\VO cases so
nearly identical.
The chief difference "Tould be, that in the new Diocese
forlned out of a civilized settlement the evils of the unat-
tached Episcopacy will be more apparent and active than in
a n11SS10n. In the latter the feeling of common hel plessness
""ill drive n1en together, and the brotherhood ,vhich ought to
have been secured by Iositive regulation ""ill shape itself by
general consent. It ,viII not be so in a c01l1n1unity in ,,"hich
the conditions of life, ho,veyer rough, disagreeable, or dete-
riorated, are in theory deri ved froln the old civilization of
Clnistian Europe. There the Bishop n1ust be a tyrant, a
puppet, or a constitutional ruler, and he can only be assuredly
and cOlnpletely the last if he governs from his Cathedral
anlong his Chapter ,,"ith the consent of his synod. I do not
apprehend any ,vide tlisagreen1ent from these vie,ys in the
abstract. I fear the tin1idity ,yhich ,,"ould accept thenl in
48 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR :MISSIONARY ASPECT. [ESSAY IV.
theory, and yet put off the organization of the Cathedral till
a 1nore convenient season. The ans,ver to such counsels of
fear nlust be that every day during ,vhich the rule of disorder
and incolllpleteness is allo,ved to prevail ,vill find the future
constitution of the Diocese on its perfect basis more difficult.
The point on ,,'"hich the difficulty will be 1l10st acutely felt
,,
in depend upon a consideration to ,vhich I have already
referred. The building of the Cathedral itself ,viTI probably
be popular; the higher ,vorship carried on ,vithin it ,viII
attract an influential portion of the comnlunity; the labours
of the Chapter ,vill be appreciated, and yet there may relllain
a root of bitterness from ,vhich ,,
ill spring a gro,,'"th of dis-
content ,vhich lllay frustrate all other good effects. This will
be found in the relation of the other churches ,,'"ith their clergy
and their parochial constitutions to the central Cathedral.
The Cathedral standing by itself, ho'wever beautiful in its
form, ho,,'"ever godly in its labours, ,,
ill not have accomplished
its work if it does not occupy a position of leadership cheer-
fully accorded to it by the inferior churches. But every
delay in erecting the Cathedral ;,:will give those churches a
stronger prescriptive independence. I should be sorry to be
supposed to be arguing that those churches should be reduced
into a condition of serfdom. Just as I plead for the leadership
of the Cathedral, so I desire to vindicate constitutional rights
for the separate parishes and their 111Ïnistering clergy. These
rights are not imlllutable ; they need not and they should not
be the same every'\vhere. In England, as I shall proceed to
sho,,,", they ought to be greater than it ,vould be ,y holesollle
to recognize in a ne\vly organized Church. But it is because
they cannot be alike that their due adjustnlent l11USt in every
instance be a delicate task, and one \vhich it would be hopeless
to attenlpt without lllutual good'will. The essential requisite
is that no clergYlllan, no parochial organization, no con-
gregation, and no melllber of that congregation should feel
ESSAY IV.] CATHEDRALS IN THEIR MISSIONARY ASPECT. 49
himself or itself a stranger to the Cathedral; that no one
should look upon that Cathedral either as an isolated and
unsympathizing institution or an intrusive interloper. For
\vorship and for deliberation all should be encouraged and
should be expected to meet together in the Mother Church,
and from the Mather Church should continually flow to
them \vords of encouragement, of admonition, and of advice.
All this is beautiful in theory, but if it is to be realized much
tact, much good - tenl per, and much firmness will be required,
and in proportion as the occasion for exercising these qualities
is delayed and the Diocese allow"ed to crystallize itself in the
old acephalous condition, so \vill the difficulty ascend in a
geometrical ratio.
I forbear from entering upon the architectural question in
missionary and colonial Cathedrals. Of course the Cathedral
ought to be as sumptuous and as large as means will admit
of; but the lack of means, or the impossibility of providing
grandeur or space, is no excuse for postponing the Cathedral.
After all, the essentials of a Cathedral are an altar whereat to
plead the Christian propitiation, a chair whereon to sit, a font
\vherein to baptize, and a Bishop to occupy that chair, to
plead that propitation before the altar, and to receive Christ's
servants at that font. At all events, let the altar be comely.
No 11ission can \vell be so poor that it cannot provide a
comely altar, and then if it Ip.ust house altar, chair, and font
in a tent or a hut of "Tattles, still there will be provided for
that branch of Christ's Church a Cathedral sufficient for its
present wants.
The course of the discussion has led us to the consideration
of Home Cathedrals in their Missionary aspect. The question
is a wide one and admits of being treated either theoretically
or practically. I propose to deal with it in its practical
character. I am conscious that my picture of the ideal
Cathedral life \vith the entire Diocese gathered up as one
E
50 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR l\IISSIONARY ASPECT. [ESSAY IV.
congregation \vithin the one !Iother Church n1ight be per-
verted into a bill of indictment against the actual system
of the English Church, \yith its sharply defined parochial
system, its inculnbents claiming freehold tenure, and its
capitular bodies endowed \vith rights in the Cathedral Church
independent of those "\vhich the diocesan possesses. There
can be no question that the Cathedral and the parochial
organization of the Christian Church are not actually parallel
ideas, and there ought to be no doubt that ,,
here a new
Diocese has to be created out of nothing the edifice should be
built upon the foundation of the Cathedral. But in an old
country where the parochial has gro\vn up alongside of the
Cathedral system, it would be an act of perilous audacity to
subvert the existing fralne\vork in the romantic hope of being
able to reconstruct the pile from the ground in 11lore classical
proportions. Unquestionably "\vherever the Cathedral should
be the 11loving po"wer not merely in the See-to\vn as the centre
of religious life, but at the circumference of the s)lrrounding
Diocese, the differen t rectors and vicars ,vould find their
personal influence much abridged. But we should not exalt
the English Cathedral by depressing the parish church, for,
above all other consideratio11s, it \vouId be very unjust to
deny that in the lapse of many generations the rights of the
parochial clergy have been a 11lainstay of freedom against the
autocracy alike of ruling despot.s and of ruling 1110bs. The
ideal Cathedral implies many Dioceses, and those small, \vhile
the Bishop in each of them, though acting as a constitutional
head, \vould hold his o\vn upon a tenure as completely im-
plying o\vnership as that \vhich any rector can no\v claim.
In fact the question \vould not be whether a fe\v governing
Bishops-fe\v \yhether their reckoning in England were
thirty or sixty -should have a large body of dependent
presbyters, or a large body of independent incumbents to
confront them: but \vhether \ve should have an Episcopate
ESSAY IV.] CATHEDRALS IY THEIR 1\1ISSIONARY ASPECT. 51
in 'which the deficient ubiquity of the Bishop has to be
sUpplelllented by resident and freehold inculnbents, or one
in 'Which, from the moderate size of his Diocese, the Bishop
can really make himself felt as resident and as 'a freeholder
all over the area.
I have ah'eady, in the book to ,vhich I referred, traced the
gro,yth of the 111ediæval type of Cathedrals in their material
aspect: and sho,,"TI that, in the Inain, they had gro,vn up under
t,vo influences, the development of monasticism and the
accession of temporal dignity attaching to the feudal prelate.
Paradoxical as the assertion may seem, I believe that the
independent status of the English parish priest gre,v as much
out of the first as the second of these reasons. The 11lonas-
tery ,vas generally, and on principle, a landowner, and it
enjoyed privileges which made it independent of the diocesan.
This condition of things fostered the idea of freehold eccle-
siastical corporations within the See, and yet holding their
o,vn against the autocratic claims of that See. The Bishops
were great lords, with wide spiritual jurisdictions; and as
the respective lando,vners ,yent on building and endo,ving
churches upon their estates, they shocked no existing pre-
judice either civil or religious by erecting in the cc persons"
of the parishes a series of corporations sole. So, to compress
into a fe, v words a very long and complicated narrative, out
of such elements, moulded and changed through successive
ages by mediæval corruption, papal aggression, national asser-
tion, reformational enterprise, and parliamentary equaliza-
tion, has gro,vn up the actual system of the English Church,
under which the unity of the See, as symbolized in the
Cathedral, seems almost a feeble and ineffective pageant
beside the reality of personal po,vers possessed by the mighty
phalanx of self-sufficing incumbents. Yet these powers are
in the actual condition of the ,vorld, the guarantees for the
constitutional liberties of the general Church, against the
E 2
52 OATHEDRALS IN THEIR l\IISSIONARY ASPECT. [ESSAY I'.
world at large or any section, clerical or lay, of the Church
itself. If the parochial clergy did not enjoy a position of
their own, fenced round by rights ,vhich the la,v recognized
as based upon the theory of personal ownership, they,vould
sink into being the hired servants of the Bishop or of the
congregation. To the ill results of servitude to an Episcopate,
the growth in France and elsewhere abroad of Ultranlo1ttane
tyranny points a warning finger, while for instances òf the
degradation which servitude to a congregation involves, ,ve
must search the annals of dissenting controversy. Under an
ideal system of Episcopacy, with many and small Dioceses, the
conservative and resisting element of the ecclesiastical polity
might be concentrated in the members of the numerous college
of Bishops, and the ministers of the subsidiary Churches 11light
hold their positions, not indeed by caprice, but as delegates.
But since it would be sinlply chimerical to expect, or even,
as things exist, to desire such a revolution in the Church
system of England, and since the abandonment of the con-
stitutional safeguards which environ the tenure of incunl-
bencies ,vould at any other price be mischievous, I proceed
to see ho,v far the principles which should govern the
organization of ne,v Churches on virgin soils may be adapted
so as to allow of the extension of the Cathedral and diocesan
framework within a Church with such a constitution as that
of the Church of E
gland, in aid of those missionary duties
which are so much a debt due from an establishment in an
old Christian land as they can be fronl any knot of pioneer
preachers on a heathen shore. "Ve have both to consider the
missionary development of our existing Cathedrals, and the
creation of lle,v Bishoprics upon the Cathedral type ill places
where the pulse of religious fervour needs to be more strongly
throbbing.
At present the Inaladies which disorder and weaken the
systenl are isolation and suspicion; the Bishop, the Dean,
E
AY IV.] CATHEDRALS IN THEIR l\IISSIONARY ASPECT. 53
the Residentiaries, the non-llesidentiaries, the 11inor Canons,
the Rural Deans, the Incunlbents, pronloted as they are
respectively to their several offices by different processes
and for different causes, and to a great degree by different
nOlninators, have never been reminded by the Church's
authoritative voicû that once they are in office the fullest
lnutual service is equally due from everyone to all his
compeers, and through them to the great diocesan corporation,
the ecclesiastical u/nitcts of which the Cathedral is the visible,
as the Bishop is the personal centre. I fully and emphatically
grant, or to speak more appropriately, assert that the great
growth of Church life ,vithin the last forty years has gone far
to supply the missing links and to create that fuller feeling
of nlutual interdependence ,,"hich had but little place in the
materialistic conception of an average ecclesiastic of the cold
days of George II. But much nlore is still ,vanted, and to
supply that \vant the Cathedral agency, as the centripetal
one, must be strengthened.
I need hardly waste ,vords to say that whatever may be
the best project of Cathedral reform, there is one which is
certainly the worst and clumsiest expedient-reform by
mutilation, the ,vild attempt to make institutions more effec-
tive by cutting down the number of men upon ,vhose per-
sonal exertions the efficiency of the \vhole body must depend.
On the other hand I do not attach excessive value to any
'3weeping alterations in the sources of patronage. Our exist-
ing system, as I never tire of urging, possesses the vast
advantage of variety. After all, patronage is the end and not
the Ineans, and the kind of men ,vhich it places in responsible
stations ought to be the dominant consideration. The good
Canon is good, and the bad one bad, ,vhether he o,ves his
stall to l\Iinister, Chancellor, Bishop, or to sonle ne,vly-
devised process of co-optation. A healthy public opinion is
th
one thing needful, a public opinion ,vhich is sufficiently
54 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR l\IISSIONARY ASPECT. [ESSAY IV.
"Tell informed to consider Cathedrals, not as the endurable
superfluities of a complicated Church system, but as valuable
co-efficients in its "\vorking; and ,vhich is sufficiently coura-
geous to declare that their efficiency must be secured by
their co-operative po,ver.
I would most certainly retain the office of Dean, not as
the possible vehicle for the creation of cheap Suffragans, but
as the especial domestic head of the Chapter, the clergyman
responsible for the services of the Cathedral, the organiser of
missionary work ,vithin that Cathedral and by its Chapter,
and above all as the theological student, the teacher of the
flock, ,vith accomplishments, time, and opportunities for
those labours of learned study ,vith ,vmch a Church as
distinct from a conventicle ought to be illustrated, but for
which the Bishop "\vith his perpetual ,york of practical
administrative engagenlents Inay not possess sufficient leisure.
On the other hand, I ,vould develope occasions upon which
the Bishop should have the right to convoke, to consult, and
to preside over the Chapter. This Chapter over ,vhich the
Bishop ,vould preside would be not the small cluster of
Residentiaries, neither would it be a body composed of t\yO
sharply divided classes, the Residentiary, and the non-Resi-
dentiary, Canons or Prebendaries; but a council with a more
mixed and elastic constitution, as I shall shortly proceed to
describe. The business on ,yhich it would meet ,vould be to
advise the Bishop upon matters of a disciplinary or doctrinal
character 'v hich had come under his immediate cognizance,
and on ,vhich he required the counsels of skilled assessors;
and to prepare, in concert ,vith the diocesan, matter to be
brought before the diocesan synod or conference, either at
his own instance or of that of the Provincial Convocation, and
to consider such questions as those synods or conferences
n1Ïght refer back to the Chapter.
The future cOlnposition of this Greater Chapter is so im-
E
:;AY IV.] CATHEDR...\.LS I
THEIR
IIS::5IO
ARY A
PECT. 55
portant a question for the develoPlnent of the nlissionary
aspect of our existing Cathedrals that I must be allowed to
dilate upon this head, ,,
hile I claim forgiveness for pointing
out the weak point in recent schemes of Cathedral reform.
including those recently elicited from various dignitaries by a
letter of inquiry emanating from the tw'o l\Ietropolitans of
England. These have been printed by the House of Com-
mons on the nlotion of 1\11'. I(ennaway at the close of the
Session of 1871, and form the 333rd paper of that sessiop.
These various replies nlanifest considerable ability, the nlost
reluarkable being frolll the hands of Dean Close of Carlisle,
Dean Gooù,vin of Ely, no'v Bishop of Carlisle, Dean Goul-
burn of Norwich, the late Dean l\lansel of St. Paul's, and
(although it is one \vith the conclusions of ,vhich I am far
from agreeing) the late Dean Alford of Canterbury. But
throughout their recommendations the different '''Titers re-
strict themselves ,vithin the conceptions of a Cathedral body
as crystallized by the legislation of the present and preceding
reigns. The Chapters which they reconstruct appear after
the process in the fanliliar shape of a certain small number
of llesidentiaries, ,,
ith a considerable ,veight of Cathedral
\vork resting on their shoulders, and of a larger nUlnber of
non-Residentiaries ,vith a much smaller weight. Eyery
schelne accordingly, \vell-intentioned as it may be, is an
ingenious experinlent in packing. The glory of God in a
magnificent presentlnent of ,,,"orship, alike distinguished by
scientific precision and general heartiness, is to be encouraged
in the Cathedral. . The continuous residence and systematic
pastoral ,york of religious men at the Cathedral city in the
persons of the various Inembers of the Chapter is to bf\
encouraged. The leavening of the Diocese by a rotary öucces-
sion of clergYlnen ,vhose principal work lies in their parislles,
but to ,vhom Cathedral residence comes as an elevatinu
::>
influence, is to be encouraged. Provision should be made by
56 CATHEDRALS IN THEIR l\lISSIONARY ASPECT. [ESSAY IV.
way of stalls for the higher teaching of colleges, theological
or practical, and of nornlal schools. Provision should be
made by way oÎ stalls for the studies resulting in books of
learned theologians, emancipated from the dut 
