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3^11 ^LjIi^JI oL-oL-aliVI JfTj .3^,1 4jjbV! diUUSDI JfT ^1 i^jbVI 

A j i mi 2M i^aaej 3j_u»Hoj i^-oJiciiaj i3JjJl>- Lii^. 3jl.il ^1 3_ojSL>JI (Ji-lj 

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•" j I a (_gl (J-SLj («Jj ijjjljjjJJ (^jji i""i i ii a «Qj-u i_LJLufc ^IS 1939 aLc (_,-3» 

(jia-j-i^l c^j-JI ^ aloj " jji^. «_bj JjLiilx^o 25 ^1 jJjJI I jut j-i3jl 1954 

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The ^^JjJijIj^ (jj/j^soj^)) 3_j_L-a^JI 3_jjjjJI '"• a .':."■ O i ^'a . jlJ| , U , ,. . . 
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jJlx. «_Li 1968 aLc (j^j .(-ajJVI lIiLIo «_Lj (_g_j i . u Jjjlaj (j-GJaj^ JoLl^vI 
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(( LajJjJ (J^2 Ij (0^-LO t_i I J Ml 1 1 

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^ a£ . (DAP-Domestic Action Program u \ ^\ daLjiill ^_aljj_j 4Lt Jua ojy^ aJlSj i~m^-) ^jmj'jJI 

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jMcVI JU-j jLa USbJUJ! (jA U^j-cfuSljjjjV^siail x^luaiJI 2JsLU 
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. jVj-i (>J^ 5 (jJI^*- (j}Lc^l JUe-a ^ 4jSj^a^l cljl^jjiJI (j^! 



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(1) Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971), p. 144. 

(2)Ibed.,p. 145. 

(3) Gore Vidal, "Homage to Daniel Shays", The New York Review of Books, 10 August 1972, p. 12. 

(1) Alan Lomax and Norman Berkowitz, "The Evolutionary Taxonomy of Culture", Science 177 (21 
My 1972): 238. 

(2) C. B. MacPherson, "The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 
1962). 

(3) Frank Stanton, "Will They Stop our Satellites?", New York Times, 22 October 1972. 

j—L Lfl_) fi^jLJ)) 4ije_a (£jj_*ja 4_Lut J-^-*- 3 >^ - <-ilJj j-J-«-! rq-L-uJ tjLJuTiJ 2 1 <Ljlj-u1 all Cj^L>J.I ,j_a J^-l 

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(jl ■ 1 C foS-aai La t^JLJ Ji a . LaLa-i (_ fljlj f-tyj-u (t"*.? ' ' t (3* ' 4j-!-J^>* 3_lLc (_& tj^-c-ia aS_>J L^cLtiaj*.) 
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W.A. Swanberg, Luce and His Empire (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972), p. 331. 

(5) Daniel Bell, "The End of Ideologe (Glencoe, III: The Free Press, 1960). 

(6) Leon Eisenberg, "The Human Nature of Human Nature", Science 176 (14 April 1972): 123-124. 

(7) "The Social Engineers Retreat Under Fire", Fortune, October 1972, p. 3. 

(8) Eisenberg, "Human Nature", p. 124. 

(9) Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971), p. 135. 

(10) Les Brown, Television: The Business Behind The Box (New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 
1971), pp. 196-203. 

(11) Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, p. 137. 

(12) "Black Movie Boom - Good or Bad?", New York Times, 17 December 1972. Including Jim 
Brown, "Approach it as Business", and Imamu Amiri Baraka, "Modern Nigger-Toys". 

(13) George Gerbner, "Communication and Social Environment", Scientific American, September 
1972, p. 156. 

(14) Les Brown, Television, pp. 59-60. 



M9 



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(15) Robert Musel, "Through A Glass - Very Darkly", TV Guide, 2 October 1971, p. 12. 

(16) Merrill Panitt, "America Out of Focus", TV Guide, 15 January 1972 - 12 February 1972. 

( 1 7) Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, pp. 1 37- 1 38. 

(18) Langbourne W. Rust, "Do Children Prefer Junk on TV?", Variety, 13 September 1972, p. 38. 

(19) Hedrick Smith, "Big Issues Block U.S.-Soviet Trade", New York Times, 12 August 1972. 

(20) New York Times, 27 July 1972. 

(21) Rudolph Arnheim, "Television as a Medium", Feedback #1, The Network Project, Performance 
No.3 (July/ August, 1972): 16. 

(22) Fred Friendly, Due To Circumstances Beyond our Control (New York: Random House, 1967), pp. 
27, 59-60. passim. 

23. Martin A. Jackson, review of "The American Newsreel, 191 1-1967", New York Times Book Review, 
6 August 1972, p. 4. 

(1) New York Times, 23 January 1970. 

(2) Paul Dickson, Think Tanks (New York: Atheneum, 1971), p. 7. 

(3) Los Angeles Times, 19 July 1972. 

(4) Broadcasting, 17 July 1972, p. 29. 

(5) Variety, 12 July 1972, p. 34. Also see Herbert I. Schiller, Mass Communications and American 
Empire (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), especially Ch. 4. 

■ 1972 JjjjI 28 ^ 4J p UiaJ J/\ lu*j<Lxl] jjUI CjVL^ijVI ,U.U±-j a^W^ jJ^j a2c (6) 

jj_c jj9a .A j< 1 mi^UIj A j< 1 mi II <-<Vl .~"VI CjLJjmi >M<ajjiJ jLgjjI^jfc ,Cj . ^^ 5_._uljj_! 
' la ' " j J tCjLajU 1,1 a gjl I ajzl ■ jU^u La_i3 4_<^aS_>JI CjL_uLu_u (jl 4J-1LIJ1 A \ 1 ^-ij-a] I j_)jiL>J.l iJjS mi" 
A \\ \ a ASn I 1, 1 a 4-S^I mil CjlSj-tjjl j-Jaajji^ia ^jjN 1 n*1l ^j_a 'j a ' ] I CliaidtAftj doLuj^il JljjjI 
tjaj Mill 4_p-jL>JI jS)$ *i£.\-u±A ij i <r-* 2 1 (j^Lu a J . l_3 . cJljj^j*. Ij nl-»J,l 4 I 1 '^ .' i £j\j <j-«i-3 - 4_t^sL>. 

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Cj^-Lt-ssl^XI a t _J_SJLjl 4JLu£ j^^jia tj-j^jfcLaal -a •^j-i Qj~Ajj£j\\ Cjlj_iL>J,l 4JIS9 jjjua 1 i_)U ij-J^aS . a 

tjiijl .jlj jUIIj -1 ,~aU 3_w^UI SJl^il Jl^I ..ill Jj^JI tcr LLi jjiHljj-5-flUJI cjL3JlJ>JI 3jIjV 
Telecommunications Reports 38, No. 16, (April 24, 1972), p. 23. 

(7) U.S.Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1971 (Washington, D.C.: 
Government Printing Office, 1971), p. 509. 

(8) Nicholas Wade, "NBS Loses Branscomb to IBM:, Science, 14 April 1972, p. 147. 

(9) Donald Stevenson Watson and Mary A. Holman, "Concentration of Patents from Government 
Financed Research in Industry", Review of Economics and Statistics 49, No.3 (August 1967): 375- 
381. 



230 



apljxJIg (jitol^gJI 



(10) Dickson, Think Tanks, p. 10. 

(1 1) J. E. Goldman, "Toward a National Technology Policy", Science, 22 September 1972, p. 1079. 

(12) Harry Howe Ransom, "The Intelligence Establishment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University 
Press, 1970), p. 8. 

(13) U.S., Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Committee on the Judiciary, 
"Army Surveillance of Civilians: A Documentary Analysis", (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing 
Office, 1972), pp. 96-97. 

(14) U.S., Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, Committee on the Judiciary, 
Staff Report, April 1972, p. 4. 

(15) U.S., Congress, House, "U.S. Government Information Policies and Practices - Administration 
and Operation of the Freedom of Information Act", hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee 
on Government Operations, March 1972, p. 1285. Hereafter referred to as The Moorhead Hearings. 

(16) Ransom, The Intelligence Establishment, p. 88. 

( 1 7) "Intelligence Costs for Military in '70 Put at $2.9 Billion". New York Times, 14 May 1 970. 

(18) Benjamin Welles, "Nixon Reported Weighing Revamping of Intelligence Services", New York 
Times, 11 May 1971. 

(19) The Moorhead Hearings, p. 1033. 

(20) Carol M. Barker and Matthew H. Fox, "Classified Files: The Yellowing Pages", (New York: The 
Twentieth Century Fund, 1972), p. 15. 

(21) "Cost Twice as High to Conceal as Reveal", Los Angeles Times, 16 May 1972. 

(22) Robert S. Semple, "Nixon Vetoes Bill to Fund Public TV", New York Times, 1 July 1972. 

: <LqS»> aIIsj Ls^Li-aTu ^LSJufc Jjj "~" ' ^j-a liijj 4jlJ3j I au ' («Jj ' nS j )) t i^jILSl jji]» (23) 

*_a 4_wU]lj CjLjlSLaVI Am'^\^1a 4_LC_tLtill jLiljJI cK j ui ^f cS-aUJI ^JjLiljJI *La-L>JI i_aU<"^j -I 

:jJiil ,,[< u ojU'll jlnl'ill 4_aU]l jjj-JJI 2U.Vii JaLo-J -2 
"Politics in Public Broadcasting", editorial, Los Angeles Times, 25 October 1972. 

(24) Fred Pwoledge, Public Television: A Question of Survival (New York: American Civil Liberties 
Union, 1972). 

(25) Bill Greeley, "Deen CPB as a White House O&O Via Loomis and Other Appointments", Variety, 
27 September 1972. See also 20 December 1972. 

(26) Alan Wells, Picture-Tube Imperialism? (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis, 1972), p. 96. 

(27) Ibid. 

(28) U.S., Congress, Senate, hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, on 
appropriations to the Departments of State, Justice, and Commerce, the Judiciary and related agencies 
for fiscal year 1972 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971), pp. 815-820. 

92. John J. O'Connor, "U.S.I.A. Propaganda", New York Times. 1 April 1972. 

(30) John W. Finney, "U.S.I.A Confirms Role in Unattributed Pamphlets", New York Times, 22 



25 



J^HaJU |jQirll"nll 

March, 1972. 

4jjvjL^JI CjL3>L*JI 3_Lj>J <Gi>ol yujjun i ^jjj&\ rjjMitl o-^^ o^> J ' '972 aU. jUI/jjU jyaj 

ojljjj 4_*_)LjJI t4_iS-jj_fl a I CjL^^Ljlj_i_u 2 1 SJlia 4-U 1 j-ig-i ,_^L>Jl (jajLSJI f-aj-Ju^i t?±C- (_)-uJl>J,Lj 

John W. Finney, "Senate, in Vote, Gives Fulbright Another in A Series of Rebuffs", New York Times, 
26 May 1972. 

(31) Bernard Gwertzman, "U.S. Radio Abroad Wins Senate Test", New York Times, 8 June 1972. 

(32) James Aronson. The Press and the Cold War, (New York: Bobbs-Merrill), 1971. 
( 33) Gwertzman, "U.S. Radio Abroad". 

(34. Erik Barnouw, The Image Empire, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), pp. 91-92. 

(35) Hillier Krieghbaum, Pressures on the Press, (New York: Crowell, 1972), p. 210. 

(36) Susan Wagner, "Publishing on The Potomac: The Selling of the Government", Publishers' Weekly, 
9 August 1971 p. 28. 

(37) Krieghbaum, Pressures on the Press, p. 210. 

(38) J. William Fulbright, The Pentagon Propaganda Machine, (New York: Liveright, 1970), Quotations 
are from this book. 

(39) Krieghbaum, Pressures on the Press, p. 211. 

(40) U.S. Congress House Committee on Government Operations, "Administration of the Freedom of 
Information Act", report No. 29-1419 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1972), p. 60. 

(41) The Moorhead Hearings, pp. 1007-1008. 

(42) Ibid., p. 1056. 

(43) Ibid., pp. 1013-1014, 1047. 

(44) Ibid., p. 3019. 

(45) Ibid., p. 2997. 

(46) Representative Lionel Van Deerlin, 1 7 December 1971. Press release. 

(47) Broadcasting, 26 June 1972, pp. 43, 46. 

(48) The Moorhead Hearings, p. 3023. 

(49) Ibid., p. 3059. 

(50) "CQ Fact Sheet on Committee Secrecy", Congressional Quarterly, 12 February 1972, p. 301. 
"Committee Secrecy: Still Fact of Life in Congress". Congressional Quarterly, 1 1 November 1972, 
p.2974. 

(51) U.S., Congress House Committee on Government Operations, Freedom of Information Act 
(Compilation and Analysis of Departmental Regulations Implementing 5 U.S .C.) (Washington, D.C.: 
Government Printing Office, 1968). 

(52) James Reston, "Washington: The New 'War Profiteers'", New York Times, 3 May 1968. 

(53) The Moorhead Hearings, p. 3061. 

(54) David Wise, "The Institution of Lying", New York Times, 18 November 1971. 



232 



apljxJIg (jitol^gJI 

(55) Barker and Fox, "Classified Files", p. 60. 

(56) The Moorhead Hearings, p. 1040. 

(57) "Government Easing Attitude Toward Private Enterprise in Use of Federal Information", Publishers' 
Weekly, 12 April 1971, p. 27. 

(58) Ibid. 

(59) Ibid., p. 28. 

(60) Professor Raoul Berger, Testimony Before the Moorhead Hearing, p. 3129. 

4lttlf J*i1f 

(1) Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, (Princeton, 
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1962). 

(2) New York Times, 10 January 1972. 

(3) "Education Industry is Marketing ABC's", New York Times, 10 March 1972. 

(4) M. Marien, "Notes on the Education Complex as an Emerging Macro-System", Global Systems 
Dynamics International Symposium, Charlottesville, 1969 (New York: Karger, 1970), pp. 225-244. 

(5) David M. Shoup, "The New American Militarism", The Atlantic 223, No. 4, (April 1969): 51-56. 

(6) Clark M. Clifford, address before the National Security Industrial Association, Washington, D.C., 
26Septermber 1968. 

(7) Lawrence S. Wittner, "IBM and the Pentagon", The Progressive, February 1972, pp. 33-34. 

(8) Ibid. 

(9) Mildred Benton and Signe Ottersen, Comps., Roster of Federal Libraries, (Washington, D.C.: The 
George Washington University, 1970). 

j-uSLi *-»-Ml 5j ,j ' A l /cjILljjJ (jl_! ^Lali LalJjJl aJ^J-J tj-Sjj-al (j^-tLa < ^am (J^j^-La 4-*-!)' a-L^TiluJ 

^LvLt-uJI *jJl-4^ .. JjlaJI . Ljj^LJ 5_j-cLcTl>.VI CjI^Li^VI 4_uJG ^ SJLLcuJl LuLaL^-o] J£ £yt 

4jj_»JJ ^-ujiLuiVI jj-oLL*JI j Jut (jjSu (jl (jSLcJ (_j^ . jj^sjJI *A*Jj . .4_aL*JI eUJblfljJI^ . . 4-lLvI jJI 
f-LijjJl 3 jlVa 4_jJaJjjj-a j-LdJI jjji^jj (j^^JJ (jl (j_5-l i3jc*IIJ,! CjL)2jJJ (_a^£L>Jl jL^j>JI 4j-5j 4jJaJ_oj_a 

tjJajl S«3_oa£L>Jl 0_1_& (jLa-i! L-fl-LAJ L^Laj) f«-^>- f-Ly (J*Ji 

Clark M. Clifford, op. cit., 1968. 

(11) Fred M. Heddinger, address before the Thirteenth Annual Summer Conference of the Pennsylvania 

School Boards Association, 15 July 1967. Published in the Newsletter of the Pennsylvania Electronics 

Technology, Inc. 68-3, p. 4. 

(12. Phi Delta Kappan,May 1967, 417. 

(13. Dr. Samuel Halperin, "Things Don't Just Happen", address before the National Industrial 

Association, reprinted in the Congressional Record, 20 February 1968, p. E 981. 

(14) Publishers' Weekly, 19 February 1973. 



25$ 



J^HaJU |jQirll"nll 

(15) Fortune, May 1972, p. 149. 

(16) New York Times, 11 February 1972, p. 49. 

(17) Abel Green, "'Writedowns' and 'Restructuring'", Variety, 5 January 1972, p. 50. 

(18) New York Times, 10 January 1972. 

(19) Robert W. Locke, "Has the Education Industry Lost Its Nerve?", Saturday Review, 16 January 
1971, p. 44. 

(20) John Henry Martin, testimony before the Subcommittee on Economic Progress of the Joint Economic 
Committee, June 6, 10, 13, 1966. Technology in Education (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing 
Office, 1966), p. 151. 

(21) J. Myron Atkin, "The Federal Government, Big Business, and Colleges of Education", The 
Educational Forum, May 1967, p. 391. 

(22) Harold Howe II, "The Realities of the Learning Market", Educational Technology, Spring 1967, 
p. 39. 

(23) New York Times, 14 July 1968. 

(24) "Education Government Industry Project Aristotle" NSIA Symposium, Washington, D. C, 
December 6-7, 1967. 

(25) Fred M. Heddinger, "Will Big Business and Big Government Control R & D?" Phi Delta Kappan, 
Jaunary 1967, p. 216. 

(26) James A. Mecklenburger and John A. Wilson, "Learning C.O.D. Can the Schools Buy Success?" 
Saturday Review, 18 September 1971, p. 76. 

(27) Los Angeles Times, 1 February 1972. 

(28) Los Angeles Times, 28 February 1972. 

(29) Publisher's Weekly, 8 February 1 97 1 . 

(30) John D. Williams, "Conglomerates Cause an 'Information Loss'", Wall Street Journal, 29 
December, 1972. 

(31) William F. Luebbert, "Instructional Technology, Education and Man as a Builder and User of 
Tools", International Symposium on Communication: Technology, Impact and Policy, The Annenberg 
School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania, March 23-25, 1972. 

adljJIJ-aiJ) 

( 1 ) Erik Barnouw, "Television as a Medium", Feedback #1 , The Network Project, Performance No. 3, 

(July/ August 1972), p. 13. 

(Jl '^"^ I jj i c VI cj!j_uLjj! £h» : ^IjJI ^j ■•*> i j-j) j-uj-p- /Tjj^- ' <-&^s$ • 40 l _^ ix_>.j_tl j^' (2) 

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diL-uLn-oJl a (JiLa^jI ,j_a 4juUJI CjUsLuj jiI a j j i a 1 1 Luu-aJ ojJlLu±a jJ^\ /y^ 4jj1_SjjI 5 j j • ■*• i doLi^JI 
: j_kul ■ « a-aTisc-AlI 4jul_JaJla 4_al_*jl ' " ' Mj " ' » ' Cx^ tjr^ 3 74jj Lcu_i_uJJ. I 



2J4 



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"Communication and Social Environment", Scientific American, September 1972, p. 158. 

3) Franc Shor, "Pacific Fleet: Force for Peace", National Geographic, September 1959, pp. 283-335. 

4) Broadcasting, 14 August 1972, p. 39. 

5) Les Brown, Television: The Business Behind the Box (New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 
971), p. 59. 

6) New York Times, 27 November 1972. 

7) James Playsted Wood, Magazine in the United States, 3rh ed. (New York: The Ronals Press), 
971), p. 291. 

8) Ibid., p. 292. 

9) Ibid., p. 291. 

10) New York Times, 31 July 1967. 

1 1 ) "As We See It", TV Guide, 22 July 1 972, p. 1 . 

12) Max Gunther, "Revolution at the FTC". TV Guide. 24 June 1972. pp. 27-28. 

13) John C. Schwarzwalder, "Public Broadcasting Must Clean House", TV Guide, September 30 - 
October 6th, 1972. 

14) Merrill Panitt, "America out of Focus", TV Guide, 15 January- 12 February, 1972. 

15) Ibid. 

16) Advertising Age, 24 April 1972, p. 22. 

17) Advertising Age, 3 July 1972. 

18) Tom Buckley, "With the National Geographic on Its Endless, Cloudless Voyage", New York 
Times Magazine, 6 September 1970. 

19) Frank Luther Mott, A History of American Magazines, Vol. 4:1885 - 1905 (Cambridge, Mass.: 
Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 626. 

20) "National Geographic Society Elect Key Executives", National Geographic, October 1967, p. 276. 

21 ) M. B. Grosvenor, "National Geographic's Newest Adventure: A Color Television Series", National 
Geographic, September 1965, p. 451. 

22) Buckley, "With the National Geographic", p. 22. 

23) Mott, History of American Magazines, p. 625. 

24) Volkman Wentzel, "Mozambique, Land of the Good People", National Geographic, August 1 964, 
pp. 214-215. 

25) Jules B. Billard, "Panama, Link Between Oceans and Continents", National Geographic, March 
970 p. 404. 

26) Ibid., p. 412. 

27) Buckley, "With the National Geographic", p. 18. 

28) Wentzel, "Mozambique", pp. 203-204. 

29) Buckley, "With the National Geographic", p. 1 8. 

30 Peter T. White, "Saigon, Eye of the Storm", National Geographic, June 1965, p. 862. 



255 



JtjiL&JO |jQirll"nll 

(31) Peter T. White, "Mosaic of Cultures", National Geographic, March 1971, p. 329. 

(32) Wilhelm G. Solheim II, "New Light on A Forgotten Past", National Geographic, March 1971, 
p.330. 

(33) Buckley, "With the National Geographic", p. 20. 

(34) W. E. Garrett, "Pagan on the Road to Mandalay", National Geographic, March 1971, p. 349. 

(35) Franc Shor, "Pacific Fleet", p. 283. 

(36) National Geographic, June 1972, Cover. 

(37) Franc Shor, "Pacific Fleet", pp. 283, 311. 

(38) Thomas W. McKnew, "Four Ocean Navy in the Nuclear Age", National Geographic, February, 1965. 

(39) National Geographic, September 1965. 

(40) Bill Katz and Berry Gargal, eds., Magazine for Libraries (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1969), p. 169. 

(41) Buckley, "With the National Geographic", p. 12. 

(42) Fortune, June 1972, p. 1 10. 

(43) Nation's Business, March 1971, pp. 46,49. 

(44) Leo E. Litwak, "Fantasy That Paid Off', New York Times Magazine, 27 June 1965. 

(45) Richard Schickel, The Disney Version (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), p. 19. 

(46) Ibid., p. 165. 

(47) Interim Letter to Shareholders and Employees, Walt Disney Productions, 24 April 1972. 

(48) Ibid. 

(49) Annual Report, Walt Disney Productions, 1971, p.4. 

(50) Schickel, Disney Version, p. 313. 

(51) Annual Report, p. 28. 

(52) Interim Letter. 

(53) Dwight Whitney, "It's Practically A Branch of the U.S. Mint", TV Guide, 15-21 July 1972, p. 25. 

(54) "Disney's Live Action Profits", Business Week, 24 July 1965, p. 82. 

(55) Schiclkel, Disney Version, p. 164. 

(56) Litwak, "Fantasy", p. 28. 

(57) Los Angeles Times, 16 December 1966. 

(58) Robert Shayon, "Entertainment", Feedback #5, The Network Project, Performance, No. 3, (July / 
August 1972), p. 91. 

(59) Annual Report, p. 2 1 . 

(60) Ariel Dorfman and Armand Mattelart, Para Leer Al Pato Donald (Valparaiso, Chile: University of 
Valparaiso, 1971). 

(61) A. Mattelart, "Mass Media in the Socialist Revolution: The Experience of Chile", International 
Symposium on Communication: Technology, Impact and Policy, The Annenberg School of 
Communications, University of Pennsylvania, March 23-25, 1972. Communications Technology and 
Social Policy, eds. G. Gerbner, L. Gross, and W. H. Melody (New York: Wiley Interscience, 1973). 



236 



(62) Los Angeles Times, 1 June 1972. 

J. Anthony Lukas, "The Alternative Life-Styly of Playboys and Playmates", New York Times/ 
Magazine, 1 1 June 1972, p. 72. 

(64) Litwak, "Fantasy", p. 27. 

(65) M. B. Grosvenor, "Walt Disney, Genius of Laughter and Learning", National Geographic, August 
1963, p. 158. 

(66) Mott, History of American Magazines, p. 632. 

(67) James L. C. Ford, Magazines for Millions (Carbondale, 111.: Southern Illionois Press, 1969), pp. 
57-58. 

(68) "Reader's Digest at the White House", New York Times, 29 January 1972. 

( 1 ) Harwood L. Childs, Public Opinion: Nature, Formation and Role (Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand 
Company, 1965), p. 1. 

(2) Marshall A. Caskey, Polls: Critics and Proposed Controls, Freedom of Information Center Report 
No. 220 (Columbia Mo.: University of Missouri School of Journalism, 1969), p. 3. It is estimated that 
there are one thousand Amercian firms that do polling. Stephen Isaacs, "The Pitfalls of Polling", Columbia 
Journalism Review, May/ June 1972, p. 34. 

(3) Erik Barnouw, A History of Braodcasting, 3 Vols. (New York: Oxford University Press, New 
York. See Especially Vol. 3, The Golden Web. 1968). 

(4) Paul F. Lazarsfeld, "Some Problems of Organized Social Research", in The Behavioral Sciences: 
Problems and Prospects (Boulder: University of Colorado Institute of Behavioral Science, August 
1964), p. 11. 

(5) Paul B. Sheatsley, "AAPOR Times 21", Public Opinion Quarterly 32 (1968-69): 463. 

(6) Hadley Cantril, The Human Dimension: Experiences in Policy Research (New Brunswick, N. J.: 
Rutgers University Press, 1967), especially pp. 24, 30-31. 

(7) Lazarsfeld, "Some Problems", p. 1 1 . 

(8) H. Cantril, Human Dimension, pp. 35-37. 

(9) George Gallup, Jr., "The Challenge of Ideological Warfare", in Propaganda and the Cold War, ed. 
John B. Whitton (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1963), pp. 54-56. 

(10) Cantril, Human Dimension, Chs. 1, 2. 

(11) "Political Pollsters Head for Record Activity in 1968", Congressional Quarterly Fact Sheet, 3 May 
1968, p. 1000. 

(12) George Gallup. Jr., "Image of the United States Aboard in 1969: A Report", in the Case for 



257 



Reappraisal of U.S . - Overseas Information Policies and Programs, ed. Edward L. Bernays and Burnet 

Hershey (New York: Praeger, 1970), p. 18. 

J}l_3t£» : JjJLj i_..l£ cj-j-^ t-iJL.ua II IjljJ. { ^ja LaLu i<u>La j_j^ j-IjLj CjLJ£ cijji\£. Ujj^ (13) 

(jl (^ ^IjJlJI l_i£.JJ IdLpiJI i^£> /t^jL-ul^ rfi^>oL<y *-- I XMA {jJjJ>*x\ Ij- i SLt T o- J tSj,Uj(nU (t^JVJ^Jo 

Igj Uj , ,, i jjl p ^ "\ q i LtjL>-a cLSjj-laJI ^ M.' a 'j^U' f-^'9-J' f^-^Jt} - *- 1 '9-°^ ilh 3 - 1 -^' f ^"^ ' l -' 1 tP '^J-*- 1 

•j lajl -«4_JL*^ >J^' J-^ cr^ 1 OdJ-^""^' *X|-* cr^ 1 

Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Herder & Herder, 1971), pp. 150-151. 

(14) H. Cantril, Human Dimension, pp. 35-40. 

jj-a L_j_$_aa 4_i_u Lj-t-uJ I 0-1-$j LaLcTi-AI (_£Jljj t j-uJl <jlS lj) 2) L^j (j-«J-! 4_Lt.<-a 4_i_ul_u_u ?-1_*_<j JlO-L) 

. (lJljJjj ,j_a Ju -LtTuTJ I ) . 69 ,_^3 t« L^-Lc JJJJ (j' O^- 4-1 L?-^ g-iLJJdJ 4jj1jjjjj1 4^>-jjI 

(15) Harold Mendelsohn and Irving Crespi, Polls, Television and the New Politics (Scranton, Pa.: 
Chandler, 1970), p.x. 

( 1 6) Marylin Bender, "Market Research", New York Times, 29 August 1971 . Also see Jack J. Honomichl, 
"Big Business Snaps Up 22 Top Research Firms", Advertising Age, 20 September 1971, pp. 1, 83. 

( 1 7) Richard H odder- Williams, Public Opinion Polls and British Politics (London: Routledge and Kegan 
Paul, 1970), especially pp. 9-14. 

( 1 8) Roper Research Associates, "A Ten- Year View of Public Attitudes Toward Television and Othe 
Mass Media, 1959-1969" (New York: Television Information Office, 1969). 

(19) "The Perils of Polling" Transaction 81, No. 9-10 (July/ August 1971): 8. 

j-±£- 9 (jj' eu ■ ■•* ,j_*_]» : <LJ ^ la '• * CjUsLijjI (Jj^>- (JiJj-uJ 4jL>- V I aAJb j-j 91 JJtH ?"*& (3*"^ -SJ-c (jj-^.9 
, «4jjla^ Jju (ddJj (jl^ III! "-N ^^ <— )L.u->J J-4JU Lii! =L>-lj_uaj iJ^j-Sl ^j-JI tJ iil t_L>-Li (j* La -~j * 

:j Jii| 

Transaction 81 (September 1971), p. 14. 

(20) John D. Morris, "No Fault Poll Results Disputed", New York Times, 24 January 1972. 

(21) Richard Halloran, "Tactics Disputed in Fight to Win Release of P.O.W.'s", New York Times, 7 
June 1971. 

(22) Cantril, Human Dimension, passim. 

(23) Report of the Standards Committee, American Association for Public Opinion Research, presented 
at the 1970 annual conference. (See Chapter 7, pp. 165-166). 

(24) H. H. Wilson Letter form Professor to J. Edgar Hoover, The Daily Princetonian (Princeton 
University), 8 December 1970. 

(25) Jerome Johnston and Jerald G. Bachman, "Young Men Look At Military Service", a preliminary 
report. Youth in Transition, Document No. 193, Survery Research Center, Institute for Social Research, 
The University of Michigan, June 1970. 

(26) John Herbers, "Survery Finds Fear of U.S. 'Break-Down'", New York Times, 27 June 1971. 



238 



fipljjoJIg ijujoI^^JI 



(27) Richard L. Merritt, Ellen P. Flerlage, and Anna J. Merritt, "Political Man in Postwar German 
Education", Comparative Education Review 15 (October 1971): 4. 

(28) Milton Rokeach, "The Role of Values in Public Opinion Research", Public Opinion Quarterly 32, 
No. 4 (Winter 1968-1969): 549. 

(29) Mendelsohn and Crespi, Polls, TV, Policits, p. x. 

(30) Chicago Sun-Times, 26 June 1968. 

(31) Mendelsohn and Crespi, Polls, TV, Politics, pp. 40-41. 

(32) H. Cantril, Human Dimension, p. ix. 

(33) George Gallup, Jr., A Guide to Public Opinion Polls (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 
1984), pp. 3.7. 

(34) Robert M. Smith, "Youth Found Cool to Career in F.B.I.", New York Times, 15 February 1972. 

(35) Harwood L. Childs, Public Opinion, p. 1. 

(36) Bernard C. Cohen, "The Relationship Between Public Opinion and Foreing Policy Maker", in 
Public Opinion and Historians, ed. Melvin Small (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1970). p. 70. 

(37) Kaarle Nordenstreng, "Broadcasting Research in Scandinavian Countries", in International Studies 
of Broadcasting, ed. H. Eguchi andH. Ichinole (Tokyo: NHK Radio and TV Culture Research Institute, 
1971), p. 257. 

(38) Anthony Wilden, System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange (London: 
Tavistock Publications, 1972), p. xx. 

(39) Alex S. Edelstein, "Ideas in Search of Methodologies in International Communications", paper 
prepared for Raymond B. Nixon Symposium, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 14-16, 1971. 

(40) Paul Lazarsfeld, "The Discussion Goes On", Public Opinion Quarterly 9 (Winter 1945- 1946):404. 

(41) Mendelsohn and Crespi, Polls, TV, Politics, p. 314. 

(1) Advertising Age, 19February 1973, p. 64. 

(2) "What a Multinational Company Is", New York Times, 19 June 1972. 

(3) International Advertiser 10, No. 1, (1969): 25 An editorial review of an address by Alexander 
T row-bridge, president of the American Management Association and Former Secretary of Commerce. 

(4) The Uncertain Mirror, Report of the Special Senate Committee on Mass Media, Vol. 1 (Ottawa: 
1970), p. 246. 

(5) James V. O'Gara, "Billings of U.S . Agencies Top $10.5 in 1971 ", Advertisitn Age, 21 February,1972. 

(6) Hugh Quinn, "Interpublic Goal of $1 Billion Agency Step Closer with C-E", Advertising Age. 5 
June 1972. 

(7) Advertising Age, 27 March 1972. 

Sj^o'iU iiitill i^JbS 1971 »ln jy^j . JUnVl pfc--" (jLl ^jjSDI JjSj^VI Cj^IS^JI J^sjoj 



239 



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:4_JllJI j MitH dlVl£yi ^jJb (jjjMutl ^k: ^ 4-jSuj-aVl CuVlf^Jl jj-a 
~(J LJj-t^ LJj-J-i ! Cjjjjjj ajj _ ^SlSj_Jo a (J-ujjj Jljj-aISLu aj Jul itJU'^aimJ 1 <jli <jJ La-jjjjjjj^a aj . juJl a 
jjl—a JljI ■ a ' J "*■ ^ ~;jjjj J '"3* ^— ■' ^j-Cn-ujaJ ii^uL)~JLjj_JuLjj_ju1 1 _j-uLTi-LtJ /_) Jul /jj-J-u -(_>°1 ■ 0-°! 

.^J-uj-t^jl ^Ijj^-^Luj-u (jjlj jJjjJ-JLJjjILJjuj] 

(8) Broadcasting, 1 September 1969. 

J_*_flJLj cj^_»4 <tlJL^ (jl a JLJjjiLijuuj aLSLujj juT^lJ^j" 5JI^ S^-ui i^Lj .(j --ijl_aoj (j-^1 00 

1 vlajl .(OoSUI 4uSu_j-a^l (j^Lc-^l CjVI^j dj^ ■ (jLJj <JJJ*j t _ ;7 ^ L^j Ljj jSL<jj j-a ^j& 4uJ-t^.<3U Cu Ljj>- L_a » 

(10) "Who's Where Around the World", Printers' Ink (now Marketing/ Communications) 9 June 1967, 
pp.21 -30. 

(11) Ralph Leezenbaum, "JWT: Mystical Melding of the Swinging and the Staid", Marketing/ 
Communications, March 1970, pp. 22-30. 

(12) Philip H. Dougherty, "Advertising Agency Plans Giant Merger", New York Times, 12 May 1970, 
p. 69. 

( 1 3) "The Agency Pot: Bubbling Again", Television Age, 14 July 1969, pp. 22-23. 

(14) Philip H. Dougherty, "advertising Dancer Joins the Foreign Set", New York Times, 2 March 
1970, p. 52. 

(15) "Radio-TV Budgets Rise in Canada", Broadcasting, 1 1 May 1970, p. 56. 

(16) Advertising Age, 12 April 1971. 

(17) "White House Branch of J. Walter Thompson?", Broadcasting, 24 February 1969, p. 36. 

(18) The Financial Times, 17November 1969. 

(19) "Profile of Agencies Around the World", Printers' Ink (now Marketing/ Communications), 9 June 
1967. Also see Flora Lewis, "Paris Ad Agency Maps Europe- Wide Campaign", New York Times, 8 
August 1972. 

(20) Robert P. Knight and John D. Stevens, comps., "Articles on Mass Communications in U.S. and 
Foreign Journals, a Selected Annotated Bibliography", Journalism Quarterly 47, No. 1 , (Spring 1970): 
198-199. 

(21) Marcel Niedergang, "Double-Edged Reform for Peruvian Press", Le Monde (English-language 
weekly edition), 1 April 1970, p. 3. 

(22) "Profile of Agencies Around the World". 

(23) Public Relations Quarterly, Winter 1970-1971. 

(24) William A. Durbin, "International Public Relations", in Current Thoughts in Public Relations: A 
Collection of Speeched and Articles, eds. Malcolm M. Johnson, Thomas A. Kindre, and Will H. Yolen 
(New York: M. W. Lads, 1968), pp. 120-121. 

(25) International Public Relations, Gallatin International Business Aids, June 1967. 

(26) "Public Relations Today", Business Week, 2 July 1960, p. 42. 

(27) Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States (Princeton, N. 
J.: Princeton University Press, 1962), p. 271. 



240 



apljxJIg (jitol^gJI 

(28) "Public Relations Today", p. 41. 

(29) Hugh C. Hoffman and Robert C. Worcester, "The International Scene: A Review of Current 
Practices", Public Relations Quarterly 13, No. 1, (Spring 1968): 12-17. 

(30) "Public Relations Today", p. 42. 

(jloJ.1 ,jja i^LJI CjISXjJI Jia. fjt (LUUJI 3-^LiJI 4j£jj_aVl Cj\ , .ir.ijJU • aaxiaj J^J ,jJi (31) 
t(S iUjJl <iiljj 4 i mi)1Li t_j"~-- J fl'i\ajjr 4JI ?cj*.j^?Ij) C*xA>a 4 lj^ Cjlj) ut Jila J_>ul ^jjl^ t^jjjl 

(32) Harry Muller, ''Latin America: How U.S. Corporate Prestige Stacks Up", Public Relations Journal 
22, No. 6, (June 1966): 20. 

(33) Hill and Knowlton International, Handbook and International Public Relations, 2 Vols. (New 
York: Praeger, 1968). 

(34) Arthur Reef, "The Satellite Beams Its First PR Program", Public Relations Journal 25, No. 11 
(November 1969): 17. 

(35) T. J. Ross, "Some Observations on Public Relations Progress", in Perspective in Public Relations, 
ed. Raymond Simon (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966), p. 20. 

(36) Joseph T. Klapper, ed., "News and Notes", Public Opinion Quarterly 33, No. 2 (Summer 1969):284. 

(37) Gallup Organization, "International Opinion Trends" (Princeton, N. J.: Gallup Organization, Inc., 
n.d.). 

(38) Arthur C. Nielsen, Sr., Greater Prosperity Through Marketing Research: The First 40 Years of the 
A. C. Nielsen Company (New York: Newcomen Society in North America, 1964), p. 34. 

(39) Ernest S. Bradfore, Comp., Bradford's Directory of Marketing Research Agencies and Management 
Consultants in the United States and the World, 1965-1966 (Fairfax, Va.: Bradford's Directory of 
Marketing Research Agencies, 1965-66), p. 44. 

(40) V. Lewis Bassie, "Question That Survey", Illinois Business Review 10, No. 1 1 , (November 1953):2. 

(41) Edith Marie Bjorklund, "Research and Evaluation Programs of the U.S. Information Agency and 
the Overseas Information Center Libraries", Library Quarterly 38, No. 4, (October 1968): 414. 

,j_) jJj^N- _ap-a (jJLLu (-J-J1 "j^J-J 0^~3j-'- a J d*_i_uj_ufc» Uwiu 4_JLtl CjuLc jI eUlS&Jl Cj-ajJa jJLS 
d)La^L*-lj_uVI 5JL£j jl_Lc| t j_a A -i JB 5 a Jl-A LtTu-fl Cux-tla C?"^J 'jL*-»J1 *'j_? ^*^ ^J-"^' tfJut 

The subsidies kept this newsreel company solvent long after their competitors had folded. Variety, 7 

May 1969. 

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J.Walter Thompson, Annual Report, 1969, p. 4. 



841 



JtjiL&JO ijQirll'inll 

(43) Robert C. Albrook, "Europe's Lush Market for Advice-American Preferred", Fortune, July 1969, 
pp. 128-131. 

(44) Henry Giniger, "Westerners Filling a Technology Gap in Algeria", New York Times, 24 June 
1971. 

(45) D. S. Greenberg, "Consulting: U. S. Firms Thrive on Jobs for European Clients", Science, 29 
November 1968, p. 986. 

(46) Ibid., p. 987. 

(47) Clem Morgello, "The Stock Market's Foreign Market", Newsweek, 27 January 1969, p. 82. 

4_lo^_jjI «J_)jjv a I _1» jL*_i_u1 (_] a J I LfrheJma ,_3 Cllu^j <J 1_i_u Qj-£>- d "J"" "^ j-iu-ii tjjjjlj-i-u! (j-d-2 (48) 

.<-£jjjja_jj 4_u3jjjj 4_jjUU Jj'j^^L) 

(49) New York Stock Exchange Directory, 1969, (New York: Commerce Clearing House, 1969), pp. 
697-98. 

(50) Herberl. Schiller, Mass Communications and American Empire, (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 
1969; paper edition. Beacon Press, 1971), especially ch. 1, "Electronics and Economics Serving an 
American Century". 

(51) Tom Sutton, "A Profits' Prophet", International Advertiser 10, No. 2, (1969): 6. 

(52) Robert Sarnoff, "Toward a Global Common Market of Communications", (Address delivered to 
the American Chamber of Commerce in France and the American Club of Paris, February 12, 1970). 

(I) Pete Drucker, The Age of Discontinuity, (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), p. 276. 
(2) Ibid. 

(3) Ibid., pp. 277-78. 

(4) Edward H. Carr, The New Society (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), p. 53. 

(5) George Lichtheim, "What Socialism Is and Is Not", New York Review of Books, 9 April 1970, 
p. 44. 

(6) Raymond Williams, "Saying 'No' to labor", Nation, 15 June 1970, pp. 710-12. 

(7) Jerry Rubin, Do It (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 142. 

(8) New York Times, 5 August 1970. 

(9) Daniel Bell, "The Balance of Knowledge and Power", MIT Technology Review, June 1 969, pp. 43- 
44. 

(10) New York Times, 5 August 1970. 

(I I) Los Angeles Times, 21 September 1970. 

(12) Staughton Lynd, "Again-Don't Tread on Me", Newsweek, 6 July 1970, p. 31. 

(13) Theodore Roszak, The Making of a Counter Culture (New York: Anchor, 1969). 

(14) Advertising Age, 8 June 1970, p. 44. 



212 



apljxJIg (jjVol^gJI 

(15) New York Times, 14 and 21 November 1969. 

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. 1969 j-j-^^j 14 .J-ojIj 

"* j c J fl ll ra j ."ill jjjiijt^i 4 )■*■ U f I <i" i njll Cjl mia. A La I ^j i n\ j 1 . u_l . Ju^ajIj 3 Sl^ ■"■ jjajl ( 17) 
: (JT ^ jj l^IUI ■ tj^jiXI 5'al -- ,~1l <jaJL3 J^>- jK"-».yij CjI'imji^lJI ^ ' a & I ' 1 
(Washington, D. C: Government Printing Office, 1968), pp. 2841-2842. 

(18) Bryce Rucker, The First Freedom, (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1968), pp. 
140-157. 

(19) "The Rich Rewards of Pioneering...", Television, March 1968, pp. 27-51. 

(20) New York Times, 21 November 1969. 

(21) "Rich Rewards", pp. 27-51. 

(22) Arthur C. Nielsen, Sr., "Greater Prospects Through Marketing Research", address before the 
Newcomen Society, Chicago, 30 April 1964. 

(23) J. K. Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967). 

(24) William Haley, "News and Documentaries on U.S. Television", in Survey of Broadcast Journalism, 
1968-69, ed. Marvin Barrett, (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1969), p. 60. 

(25) New York Times, 14 November 1969. 

(26) Broadcasting, 15 April 1969, pp. 23-26. 

(27) Ibid. 

(28) Television Age, 23 September 1968, p. 29. 

(29) Ibid., p. 29. 

(30) Broadcasting, 31 August 1970, p. 57. 

(31) Variety, 19 November 1969, p. 1. 

(32) Ibid., p. 47. 

(33) Edwin Diamond, New York, 10 May 1971. 

(34) Variety, 12August 1970, p. 31. 

(35) Variety, 29 July 1970, p. 1. 

(36) Variety, 31 December 1969. 

(37) New York Times, 27 June 1970. 

(38) Los Angeles Times, 28 June 1972. 

(39) New York Times, 24 August 1970. 

(40) Los Angeles Times, 20 September 1970. 

(4 1 ) Jules Witcover, "Nixon Fall Campaign Strategy Takes Shape", Los Angeles Times, 24 August, 1972. 

(42) Richard Halloran, "Tactics Disputed in Fight to Win Release of P.O.W.'s", New York Times, 7 
June 1971. 

(43) New york Times, 20 November 1969. 



243 



J^iaJU (jjirlTinll 

(44) U.S., Congress, House, Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, Modern 
Communications and Foreign Policy (Washington, D. C: Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 6061 . 

(45) Norman H. Nie, "Hello Central, Give Me Heaven", University of Chicago Magazine 62 (May/ 
June 1970), p. 4. 

(46) Richard M. Freeland, The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of Mc-Carthyism (New York: Alfred 
A.Knopf, 1972), p. 89. 

(47) U.S., House of Representatives, Subcommittee on International Organizations and Movements, 
The Future of United States Public Diplomacy (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1968), 
p. 54. 

(48) Stuart Symington, "Congress' Right to Know", New York Times Magazine, 9 August 1970, p. 7. 

(49) Richard L. Tobin, "The Coming Age of News Monopoly", Saturday Review, 10 October 1970, 
p.51. 

(50) New York Times, 23 December 1972. 

(51) New York Times, 20 December 1972. 

(52) New York Times, 23 December 1972. 

(53) New York Times, 9 October 1972. 

(54) E.J. Quindlen, Assistant Director for Government Preparedness, office of Emergency Preparedness, 
testimony before a subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations. U.S. Government 
Information Policies and Practices-Problems of Congress in Obtaining Information from the Executive 
Branch, Part 8, (Washington, D. C: Government Printing Office, 1972), p. 2940. 

(55) William S. Moorhead, Congressional Record, 25 October 1972, pp. E 8940-8941. 

4«tJt J*ttJ1 

(1) Harold Lasswell, "Policy Problems of a Data-Rich Society", in Information Technology in a 
Democracy, ed. Alan F. Westin (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 187-197. 

(2) John C. Merrill and Ralph L. Lowenstein, Media Messages and Men, (New York: David McKay, 
1971), pp. 260-261. 

(3) Stuart Umpleby, "Citizen Sampling Simulation: A Method for Involving the Public in Social 
Planning", Policy Sciences 1, No. 3, (Fall 1970): 361-375). Also see "Fourth Generation Electronic 
Mass Communications Media", by Stuart Umpleby, prepared for the National Conference on Computer 
Application in Human Communication held at the University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, 
Tennessee, 11-13 October 1971; and Harold Sackman, Mass Information Utilities and Social Excellence 
(Princeton, N. J.: Auerbach, 1971). 

(4) Minerva: A Participatory Technology, research proposal submitted to the National Science 
Foundation by The Center for Policy Research, 1 February 1971. 

(5) James W. Carey and John J. Quirk, "The History of the Future", in Communications' Technology 



244 



fipljjoJIg ijujoI^^JI 



and Social Policy, eds. George Gerbner, LaiTy P. Gross, and William H. Melody (New York: Wiley 
Interscience, 1973). 

(6) Sackman. Mass Information Utitities, p. 52. 

(7) Morry Roth, "Pie-In-Sky Cable TV Comes Down to Earth: Hitch Now is Capital", Variety, 24 May 
1972, p. 38. 

(8) Ralph Lee Smith, "CATV: Its Impact on Existing Technologies and Institutions", in Gerbner et al.. 
Communications Technology. 

(9) Lee Metcalf, United Senate, Congressional Record, 28 June 1972, S 10432-10446. 

(10) Congressional Record, 30 March 1972, pp. E 3169-3175. 

(11) Thomas De Baggio, "Corporate Secrecy: Issue for the Seventies", Nation, 28 February 1972, 
p.267. 

( 1 2) Robert Boguslaw, "Systems of Power and Power of Systems", in Westin, Information Technology, 
pp. 427-428. 

(13) George Kozmetzky and Timothy W. Ruefli, "Newer Concepts of Management. Profits, 
Profitability", Information Technology (New York: The Conference Board, 1972), p. 91. 

(14) Boguslaw, Systems of Power, p. 429. 

(15) Carey and Quirk, "History of the Future". 

(16) Edwin B. Parker, "Assessment and Control of Communications Technology", in Gerbner et al., 
Communications Technology. 

(17) Edwin B. Parker, "On-Line Polling and Voting", in Planning Community Information Utilities, 
eds. Harold Sackman and B. Boehm (Montvale, N. J.: AFIPS Press, 1972). 

(18) Los Angeles Times, 15 March 1972. 

(19) Stanley E. Cohen, "Contrary To Some Fears, Madison Ave. Is Safe and FTC Hearing End/' 
Advertising Age, 22 November 1971, pp. 4, 52. 

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(21) Michael Tanzer, The Sick Society: An Economic Examination (New York: Holt, Rinehart & 
Winston, 1971). 

(22) Lasswell, "Policy Problems", p. 191 . 

(23) John Gurley, "The Future of American Capitalism", Quarterly Review of Economics and Business, 
12 (Autumn 1972), pp. 15-16. 

(24) New York Times, 27 November 1972. Peter Kihss, "Nixon, In Church, Praised by Peale As A 
Peacemaker". 



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