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t_4 845 :Cj t(jjl_5JI Jla^i j^h" cr^ i>i -J^-*^' Od-^' c?-^) c^3:l>^^' ~^^
. 1895 t>^>-c .^^Ll^VI oJ^tj-o 5m.>^I l^^jL t>c jL^L aUVI -
. 1973 'J '-> " tu-ibSJI ftlj^f t_3^L) jj-^lii jjti.i
H_5^jic _aj_tjjj>. j-LtslJ -35
. 1945 tOj-iiLaJI tc-iLJiAJI ij:ri^ • -i '^J^' cr'l W^^ t5_alj j-fl_i_u
i-& 626 :cj t(tj;jiljLi_JI j_^j)jJI t_^jji_:»JI <— j^^Lj 4il' J^xii ^1 ^jj-lII -— iL^) <— j^^Lj -36
. 1906 'J '^ ^ nilj^l 4jj1_<u t^_j>ol_>JI (^■^-al _L<i_»_a 4.;e.;e_Lt3 ^(jIJlLjI /«_5eJi_a
-4 I I 00-(_Jlc ^|_^ Jla^c-c i^ /Cj_u1_5jI ^jj (j-Ut-u-j-JI 1^ (_jjej -37
999
-A 1968 / -& 1388 coj-aLSJI .jj^iLc -Uju-u . j ,3^-^-^ 'cr^W^' jUy,\\ jLo-l j_^ j_yJLaVl 4jli:
(j^J^j) (_^^JlaJI jLAJ>.f ^C-LAIj-i) -I
. 1957 ■Sj-a.LiJI nt-ii.ij'l,l o^"^' j-^' (j^ *t|J>*J' JjLL^VI
. 1958 t5j_ALiJI 1 5 J -^^^jijUJ I 5_tjjljj
(jjiSj) jjjLiiJI J^»j>.t -3
. 1970 .Sj^UJI .iJjjJI 4j.il r^r^ VI CjIS>UJI
(jjSSj) ij;_>it3 j^4j^ t -4
. 1980 .Sj^jiLllI .5.«jjLill 5j;.^I,I CjUIjj»VI
t(cdj) ' ^ ' ^ ' J O'^-al -5
5j_4l_5jl tl_til_3 j_^j Jljjj>-! ^^_LJ_>iJ t4_|.a^l.tjjVI ^iUl oU 4_peJjlliJI 4laJj_>JI (*^^tJi^ ,,-, ..^ ^ All
. 1933
((j^j^j) fCjiiJI Jla^ j^jl -6
. 1967 .Sj^iLllI ■j->UI jLa-U ijjl -
. 1979 .1:1^^1 .jL^I ^ji^j 4^>UI -
' ■ 'J '^1' ^j_)jJI jju -7
. 1941 ij-.^^ 'VjjJb LJh^l lW >:ijIS>UJI
t(j3j5j) ^^.t^ol^ ^d>^j J^-*^ "8
. 1975 cij^Lii\ .ijijjjVl 4jjjjlJI cjISXjlU a^jtJI J>^Vl
tjjLlII Jl^ JuaU. -9
(jjj^j) J^^^Je-a -L<vJ>.f ^jj.uj>. -10
. 1963 i5j_»LHI i4jijj.3t ^ ^rhLH^' 4iLSiJlj a>Lj,VI
. 1986 ii~f i^£L]l t^jl Mi'iVI ^\r ?=-ijlj (j7^ Jj '^'^ tLL>.^^^_pJ^I 4 '^"^
•Oi^j) lSJ^U>-^ -12
. 1943 J '^ ■^ t^cjjLiJI J Li J 'mm II (-n.\^
t (j^jSj) jjoiJ^ja (^ I n^ - I 3
-a 1980 ' J ' ^ ^ tjJ_il>oa cLtjjIjJa ^j '^ — ' t4j^L>.ja d Uj U . ^|
t_L*ij*-o (<iJLj) jJL>. -14
. 1982 .i:i^>SLII .4jj^>m ^c^ln^^^j cri>»JI frhLiJI 5JjWj
.j-LiL 4UI j^ -15
. 1977 oIjljLi .^mi 'j^l .o-"*-^ '^^>='i 5^1 J^ f^
9S0
fipljjoJIg j^LojoJI
'Oj^-^) l3-^tP^' o^ij-^ "'^
. 1979 t5j_4l_aJI tA^JtJiXI i-ajojv ^J^ 4^>L_oVI ^j^.,i1l
t(5j_jj^j) j-a1_« jLt-i-u - 1 7
. 1967 t5j_<iLaJI t4j^LJI Lj^jIjIj 4-j^>L_uV' j-*^-^ c?^ ^d>^*^'
t(j3j^j) jjjiLc. T-LliiJI Jljji Jljaj-o - 18
. 1965 .Bj^LaJI .^\J:A\^j.j^^ Js> ^^UX\ j.^tll
tjje_(j Jljjlj_u -19
. 1946 cjljLi-i tt>_uaJI ^j^ oJljJ
ti_iijj_tlu _LcJe-a I— ijj-tlu -20
. 1964 .5j_<il_iJI tCjLIa_pJ.lj jbtjJI 4-i^l>irv
t^_;,_L^jjVl tJJjJI (jyJ^^-a J-lLc -21
(ZjJLjJI (jj-SJl J-^U' / l£>-^^^-^ ^jLtjjJI (jj-SJl J^l^' (jT-*^*" Ln-g-U ajLjl »_a 4jj_»_uI (_^Ij_*jI 3jLj»o
. 1984 .jljLij n_^j>Ldl >Jiii
tj^jIijaL*. jj3-*-ji JlxC -22
-?tjjlj (jjj ^j-a-oj,U till ^jJJ a^1j_uVI
tj_^L«JI /<uj^I Jljji ^j.4>.JJI Jlxc -23
. 1981 tjjl r tt_^j.j*^l j-jljJl u>^' C7-^ 4j-a>L_uVI 5jL*ilII^ 4jv>m ^_^ (j;\^LuJI jjj
tojLii 7-LlflJI Jljjl -24
.1913 toj-jiLlII tA>L_uVI ^Jsi L^I_L«-aj L^iil^fj ^_^>L_oVI JjU ...Vl ^jjL_o
((j^jli^j) (jj-SjaJI (_3^JjJI JljjL (j-ijJI ALt-iiC -25
. 1980 .j^^^ .^_^>UuVl j .^. n ^_^ JJ4JI jMj
. 1979 t(jl_<i-c tt^^j-jtjJI L^iejjLj^ c^A£L -26
'tj:ji '^ " (jljj^l i^ <^J>»JI iiU jy^l jl^^ ^^»^*^ l^iirv ^^I 4j^IjJl:>JI aM-cVI icjl^ -27
. 1939 toj-diLSJI tLj-i-ul u_)j^j t4j.Sjj.^l jjl_<i_jj_j tjJLij_LtaJI_j i 4- Ji-l>J Ij
^(jjll^ji) t^_5J^l J^Laj-oI jLAJc-a -28
-TtJjlj (jjj ^j-a tCjj)j-Aj t4jjjJiJI J^l_JI_j -Li^JI (j^J di^ t^n ?t_jjlj
t(j^Ii5j) (^j£LtIj jjjI Ju4.=e-a -29
. 1970 t5j_4l_UI t5_4JjLiJI >t-a-a j_^ 5jUaJI
t^^JJtjJl ij'l-i-ul-l Jl.4.%-^ -30
. 1945 t^-'i-^j t^_^jjJI JjU ...Vl ^tjjlj
. 1950 ■Sj^Ull .^liJI »j^l .^UJI ijjjJI
ti tJj-i-jl ^jJjJl j_J-*-a -32
. 1980 .Sj-aLoJI .tiJjiJIj j^ZlJI cjLjjLual^l
'Oi^-^) u-*^ c^j (*tH^ -33
. 1973 t j-ua-c i(_Ia_i_ojjI J J ■ >-■ * 1 1 )j>.| 5I I ijJijI 9 (J|>jiujl (j'U L^LLa.»jaa 4jjajJl SjLscjjl t^j^
i(jjj^j) 5jLjj Vj-^ -34
9S
6^LLuiUI S^LujuJI jjoc i^ ^.^JL^JI hj^nll Sjlaij
. I9S6 .j.^^ 'MJjJI ilUjJI -
. 1962 iCjjij-ij iijjjJI Jl^ cj>L^jJIj 4j^IjJl=JI -
'^ '*^j J ' ^ I ' ' ^ . ..J < 5j_4j^ tj I?-' ~^^
LjjJl t^j^>L_J.I J Mir ^_yj^\ Mill / ^j.j*^l j-JjIaJI (jj-ill j_^ j_^jjlJI g- \\^\ ^JJ^ j_yJl_ijj-JI j^jilll
. 1983 cj^
tjl^ AjT -I
. 1948
iSj-jiLSJI t/o-tll-di (jLjilc (jjjJI 7-^Lu3 4_tj^-«JI (_^j 4i5J njLu-u^ t(_yjj-*JI j_^ljJL>JI <_)j^I ?tjj^
.1963
t(jj_tjj_al.jJLi a ajjul -3
. 1979 t^jL«i_c t4JLJI jLJil (JA-ol jLJiJc-a 4_4J>-jJ t?E_JjLlJI j-i£. jl_5e_u3
t(jjj_ojLj^lji JjLi -4
-?e_)jIj (J5-3 ^j-a- 1 Cj jijjj t _L<iJ>. I JL^iJS- 4_4J>.jj ioJljJlJ*. ftlj-LtsI Cj_30 Lij^j^l
. 1961 t5>jil_5jl tjjLJ(SLj_u| ,3j£aj 4_<iJ>.jja f*-*^*"
^jJ^tij I rl /CJJ -6
. 1982 oL<ui oLj-lLcoJI ^Liiil j_^ -
. 1 985 t(jl_<i_c. tjj}-*^ cr^^ ■ -^ 4_<u>.jj t jLjjJ-ojJI 4Jl>-j -
. J 4_<i.j*.j_j '^ t^ ■■■J II jj_ua_«JI (J-j'_5'_5 4_<uJljJI jj'^*1I ^^ i^^JlI^I ■ t^j--l, I ^_^ <4j>.^>mj ujjjJI
. 1958 .J <^a ,j£^ M>^ .HmiII
' '^ ' "J ' J J ^ 1 i^^l J 4jJ)JiJI j_J) 4Jl5j t4j^>jIaJI 4jiv£l ^j^ 4jjL>ua 4_i^ljJij>.a 4jitJjlj i3^lJ5
.j» 1927 / ^ 1345 .Sj^UJI .JUS
dSLijji Ju^-3e_i_u -9
. 1964 t5j-jJiLlII t(_yJLii ^>-L..aj^ jlj^ ^-*^>J 'WiJi^ CT^ V>»-" J'^'*^
H^gjIj-LtTaJI t_^jLA_caJI -10
. 1982 t5j-j»l_5JI h^jJlj J4PJ.I JLAii tj-«jl vi^*-^ '-^JJ-" ^-^
1 9l_(iLjjj_i_u - 1 I
'L^i^jM*' >^l ^^y-^\^ -12
. 1973 'J '^ ^ tJJL:>JI jL-Lii -— jjji 3>i>AJ' -J^ ^-*-^>^ cSJL-ujJI Jl^ ^^ -WJ'_5 MJ^'
9S9
spljoJIj j^liooJI
.1981 tCjj)j_j_i jfTj iiil^ oJ~i^ /fl_tjjl^ . J 4_cj>-^
.jlii^Li.j..^ -14
. 1962 tj_ua_a tJuaLv ^^tiS aj j_j_^juI JlxC 4_4r*.jj t4.aj>iJl 5>LajjjjJla Lj-i-uI
. 1961 t5j_4LSJI tTcJLua ^j.4J*.jJI JlxC 4_4J>-jJ iLj-Sj^I (3j-^ cr^ jjjJ a-Li-u V I
.jJI jLxil ^.<l^jj 'ijj^'^ ^j'^' Ui>^' J^^ j_^>L_oyi (tilVaM 4^iitJ;LlJI 5_j^lj_ij>JI
. 1979 .J_ji-aj
t Jla:>-I (jjjJ-flJ - 17
.272 («-3j tu_)l_j^ ' %1VI 41ojJl_u hjIaTlC tjj-5tli^ 4_<u>.jj t4j^lj_ij>JI i^ (^^^aIi-oXI ''J j^
I'Mr.i'll^ tjLj -18
:4j; .^1,1 ijicjjllJI iUJ.1 -I
.(jjiSj) t_^ er^v^ . 1959 .8 joii .SJ^^I ^ 4^>L^)/I ^UJLIj j»>l^)/l
. 1952 t^La '^ ^--'■■■jll jj '^*^l j_^ J '^ " 5jl_>iJ^ 4_LAjl5UI 5jl_:eIiJI
.^>L^I 3jt -I
.1962 j_jlij J 3 Jl1«^ 'VJ-^^'i 3-«JJ^I ^j-f
^^Xj1\ j_iii j_^f Jj,,i1l -2
. 1950 4jJjj i2 jji^ 1 1 JlLs^ i^jjjlj jii^JI ij:^ ijjLsUI CjI^XjJI -
. 1966 (»Ll .17 jAs^ .1965 j^Ln .16 JlIs,^ .CjIj.^^ JjU,„f -
.i_^jJlIJ.I Oi^l Ji^ -3
. 1970 jjCj .JjVl jjdJI .21 jLit.0 .4,u;.JI i-jIjVI Js i^JlI^JI ijjVI jjiitJi
. 1965 4_jjj .3 jjJI . 16 jA=^ .iJtP^I ijJ! Jt^jUI 6-«
^(j^JJ^j) jLJj-l ij\J-aJ>- Aji.Se.Ji -5
. 1962 Jj>jl ^3 jJuse-a i l-L..a-U_g-lLJj ^_^jLil. j_^jjJlj t^jL^I >JjbJl
i AjiJ>- I ^ J J ^ ^ -6
. 1967 ^Lii .2 jjlaJI . 18 JlL*l^ 'M>^ -J^' Cri-^ '^^
(aS-i-uJ^-UI '"'1 ^j^il^a) (>J_LI.I >SL^I ^Lj_ua-a) (j'^jvajj -_>.
t^jjj-aLaL) aj j-i-rjj LJ -I
. 1982 j_jI_Lj . 1981 >^>i . 15 5_LcaJI .55 jjudl
9SS
.1982 -1981 j^^ .15 <l^l
. 1949 0>i^ '^3 5_LcaJI y^Ll^V l7^ tj^Mill^ ^'>L' (*^^*-^
t(j^jj^j) j-al_ojJI J'^j'"^ -I
jljVl <^ aIs^ -^ .(1979 ^..U •■■'^'-jj'jj) ^t^^liJI JJu*JI JO jJlj*!^ JjMMijjJil ^^ ^^M^VI
t(Sj_a!l_5JI 4jl^L>.)
t(5j^5j^j) i_i_jjlSJI Jj''! '^ ■■■! Sjl-u-u -I
. 1975 .JjVl JJ^I .(^M-^VI jLjJu tjry^l 4^>lii
t(j9liSj) <_i_i_ujj jLJi-se-a / Jl-h-ojI -I
. 1950 jjU .JjVl s>jJI .12 jjLt^ 'VJjJIj J-^l lW 4tA^I CjISXjJI sJu -
. 1953 jjLo .JjVl
i(_ia_i_ujjl J J > ^ • 1 1 ^^^ jLjoJia ^j-ajjl jt^ljJL t_5jl_LiaIl3 z I ?t_ijLljl 4_i_uljjJ L^ILLA-ft I 5 I^_Ll>J| (_^U5
. 1979 .^LjJI .^liJI ^j^l ■JjVl ^liSLII
i4jSpJI j-s-ljJ.1 -t
.1313 .J j , :-,, ,! .^Ul 3T>«
t 4j_i_u J LflJ I !tJ>.IjJ.I -t I
.1921 ty-J) I oS njj I ii\ J I ^jjl Jj^jjja ?Ljlj" I iijl ^j^— ' i<l.cLj jjjjjLfl
i(jj^i3. i^jL» -2
. 1 956 cijSjJI oLiT jo-^ 'ijLhI>;I u^Ij'-'mi<
. 1975 .5j_4l_UI Sj-abv
9S4
fipljjoJIg j^LojoJI
tj-jfcJI ^_^ (JlHiJl qI^ ^_^ 5j( tij-aljJI Jiajlj-UaJlj 4_j£j1Jl1 aI^^jv*^! ^.L^jl^ica
. 1974 coj-iLSJI Sj-aU- ij^ ijlj^j^j 4JL_uj i(jla^*la) t_;JiSLLa ^^V
t Jla:>.| ^LjJi j-iicj jLA^e_a -3
. 1977 cOj-ALSJI Sj-oLs- ^j_a j-CL.L.aS%. La
il)a»)jil)<«*'li:UU
l.Durat Barbosa: A Description of the Coasts of East Africa and Malbar in the Beginning of the 16th
Century, U.S.A. 1970.
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Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, edited by Chau-Fan-Chi, St. Petersburg 1911.
3.John Winter Jones, The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema. London 1 863.
1. Arnold T. Wilson, The Persian Gulf. London 1960.
2. August Toussaint, The Indian Ocean. U.S.A. 1961.
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- History of the Continent of Africa with Photographs by Werner, London, 1972.
- The African Past Chronicles from Antiquity to Modern, U.S.A. n.d.
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Madagascar to South-East Asia. In Historical Relations across the Indian Ocean, Unesco 1980.
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715
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fipljjoJIg j^LojoJI
(D) J.O.R.A. S.: The journal of Royal Asiatic Society, London.
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an
UujoljeJI
sj^\^\
It j«^ 1^11 MljJIgi^l^
(45 j_)^ 1981 t5j-(iLiJI tj_j_i_uj-a Jlxj>-! /^jJlSj^ -i-c^^jJt) ^jj^ .".tl cjIj^U.! tl )j.ii"il^ (jLi (I)
.268 jj^ 1 1943 5j_4LlII i^^JlIII jLij)..i1I ±uj.^ 'l^J3^ i> ..i^ (3)
.360-359 jj-o t^^jL^JI jLij)..i1l c^Jlj>. t^^j^^ t> ..i'^ (4)
. 142 ^_,^ . I r .«u^l>i^l i-jjVl jjjtj)) ,_,<.. i''^j<,';mI^ (5)
(6) Musa. H.I. Galaal, Historical Relations Between the Horn of Africa and the Persian Gulf and the
Indian Ocean Through Islam in "Historical Relations, Across the Indian Ocean, Unesc. 1980.
(7)Ibid, P.26.
.35 ^j^ ijLulJjJI djjjii. n^jji (jj^^i3. (8)
.43 jj^ ''i ■■■ ^'^ jj 1^11 (9)
Lij^ i-.laTil ,_pjl 5j^UJI o-'^Li CjI r/\ «i ^o^l ^1718 41^ (Renaudot) jj>uj i_jVl ji^(IO)
jj-a 4.4-1 Ji^ jLo-l (jl il«J 4_*:>.^ j_tjij a t4j (jl ij^ 2 -LJJ.^ U j U ^ ^ j^£. 4_iLl 2 I t iHSjl jl J ^Jj Jju
jl J j^^ ji^j . 1845 aL: j_^ SjjjvjIJIj j_^jjlJI Jj-o^I j mi )j (Reinaud) ^Ijj ^ .ii'ij.jiJI ,jj mm ..it, I aL^
L£jl_ui L>^^ (*-^ -^1 tQ^ 1 1 Mill I 4jL>.jJI ^j_a tljA-(3l jLi:>.l 4JLj U j U ^ I I d ^> < ^j ^J^ \ U^ 1 aj^jjj ej 21
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.22 ^_^ ■.« ' 1 ^ il jLi.i (Mill l^^Jl>. i(_^ja^ ^ Mi"^
.75-74 ^j^ ijtjjl^l aiiiiliii 'er^lj H'lll (I I)
. 137-136 ^,^ .d Mini j-u^l (12)
.50 ^^ n-jjjjlj (jj i^ll i>u cjIS>IjlJI h_,m<II ijjjJI jju (13)
. 154-153 ^,^ 'MJ-^I J-^ Cj>UjJIj 4jiljj^l 1 3jIj3 V^ (14)
.4 j_)^ t I T '4 J ^ 'II 5 « , U 1 1 n _ , ^jjl /7j)j-a t;^Jjt Mll|l(l5)
.34 L,^ . I J- a J (j ill 5jljU.I .4,11111 jj 1^1,1 (16)
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(25) Hirth, F, Chau-Kua's Ethnography, p.502.
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(5)R. Coupland, East Africa and its Invaders, Oxford, 1938. p. 6.
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(44)E.Ashtor, A Social and Economic History of Near East in the Middle Ages, London, 1976, p. 107.
(45)Hirth F. Chau-Ju-Kua, his work on Chinese and Arab trade in twelfth andThirteenth centuries
entitled chau-fan-chi, St. Petersburg the, 1911 p. 15.
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Asia tique Avril-Juin, 1924, p. 212.
H.James: Water Transport Cambridge, 1964, p. 332-333.
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(7)Radah Kunud,: Indian Shipping, Bombay, p. 143.
(71) S. Maqbul Ahmed, Commercial Relation of India with the Arab World. p. 151
(72) Commercial Relations of India with Arabia, "Translated by Sayeed Al Hag. B. A. in wlslamic
Culture)), Vol. 7, 1933,p.301.
(73)Jones Winter John, The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema, London 1 863 p. 5 1 2.
(74) Commercial Relations, Translated by Sayeed UI-Haq, p.291.
(75) Freeman-Grenville,: The Medieval Trade of the Coast of Tanganika .edited by Robert O. Collins
in(Problems in African History), p. 329.
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(90)W.FF Ward, A History of Africa.. . , London, 1969, p.203. 5th Printing.
(91)Hirth. F., Chau-Ju-Kua. p. 71.
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(104)Davidson, The Lost Cities.. . ,p.l89.
(105)Ibid,p.l91.
(106)W.F.F. Word. [A History of Africa], P.203.
(107) Freeman-G. [The Medieval trade of the coast of Tanganyika] in African history, ed: by Robert
ColUns, U.S.A. 1968.,p.329.
(108)Davidson, The Lost Cities.. . ,p.l86.
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(112) Musa H.L. Galaal, Historical Relations between the Horn of Africa and the Persian Gulf and the
Indian Ocean Islands Through Islam,In HistoricalRelations across the Indian Ocean, Unesco,1980,
Belgium, p.p. 26-30
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(17)W.H.Moreland: The Shio of Arabian Sea... , p.68.
(18) Jones. J.W.: The Travels of Ludovico. p. 152.
Mookerji, R. K. Indian Shipping, p. 145.
(19)W.H. Moreland, The Ship of Arabian Sea... , p. 70.
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K.M.Panikkar, India and the Indian Ocean, ( London ), p. 30.
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Davidson, The Lost Cities.. . .p. 185.
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(25)Toussaint. A. History of Indian Ocean, p. 59.
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W.H.Moreland: p. 63-67.
Mookerji. R. K.: Indian Shipping, p. 145.
Jones. J.W.: The Travels of Ludovico... pp.153- 152.
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(28)Hornell. J., Water Transport, p. 234.
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(29)Barbosa, A Descripation of the Coasts.. . , p. 192.
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Jones. J. Winter. The Travels of Ludovico.. . , p. 152.
Jones. J. The Travels of Ludovico.. . , p. 152.
(35) Mookerji. R.K., Indian Shipping.. . , p.45.
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(39) Jones. J. W. The Travels of Ludovico... , p. 152.
1 1913 ic>j-&\2l\ tA>L_uVI ^ L^ljji-a^ l^iil^lj ^_^^L_uVI JjU...Vl ^j.ij_u .ojLii. ^lliJI Jl-ui (40)
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S.Maqbul Ahmed, Indo Arab Relations.(New Delhi 1975 ). p. 85.
Hirth,Chau-Ju-Kua,p.34. .CjU^U. 8 t^jL^uj J-i_>JI (43)
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Jones. W.J.: The Travels of Ludovico.. . , p. 135.
{45)Davidson, B., Lost Cities, p. 183.
.9 ^,^ .cj'ifL^>U 5j;-=tJI ^LJI cCjVj..^ J j.'I m^ (46)
(47)Jones. J. W., The Travels of Ludovico.. . , p. 145.
(48) Mookerji. R. K, Indian Sliipping.. . , p. 145.
956
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(58) John Edye: On the Native Vessels of India and Ceylon, In J.O.R.A.S. vol. 1, p.IO.
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(62)Edye. J.: On the Native Vessels.. . , p. 13-12.
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(64) Ibid, pp. 13- 12.
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(78)W.U.Morelan: The Ships of the Arabian... , Part(l), p.64.
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. 377 -376 ^j^ .SJljvjJI r^^ ^\ (86)
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.341 ,_^ t4_iJi>L_oVl J ..^fl (_y^ 4j;jtJI (j-aLc jLaj_o (89)
(90) John. E, On the Native Vasels... , pp. 12-1 1. Toussaint, A History of the Indian Ocean, p. 56.
959
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(91) John. E., On the Native Vassels... , pp.. 12- 11. Toussaint. A History of the Indian Ocean, p. 56.
(92) Ibid, p. 13.
(93) Ibid, p. 13.
.40-39 ^j^ ,jJ^\ ^Ltii .^j3j (94)
. IS3 ^,^ ,^j.^\ Uicjjl:ij o'-'^ (95)
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(101) Witer J: The Travels of Ludovico.. . , p. 154, Kunud R.: Indian. Shipping.. . , p. 145.
. 172 . 169 , 126 ^j^ .dJuvjJI .aio^Ioj ^jjl (102)
.349-348 ^>^ .5_L^>L.uyi j_u^^_^ ^d>^' 'j^Lc jL^ (103)
. 172 , 169 , 126 ^^ .SJuvjJI ,4i=3laj ^jjl (104)
. 146 , 131 ^_j^ 'i5>^' W^jLij(jLui (lOS)
(106)Kunud. R. Indian Shipping.. . , p. 145.
. 148-147 ^j^ i^j^s^\ l^itjjLij (jUii (107)
(108)S.D.Goitein: The Eyewitness Reports.. . , p. 253.
. 132 ^j^ .^j-s^\ l^itjjLij (jUii (109)
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. 359 ^j^ ■5_i/i>L^VI j->^i^ ij^ 5i>^' ij-iU jU^ ,263 ^j^ ,i-£jUX\ j»Kj^VI i,_;,JSLu ^I
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(1 15)K.M.Panikkar, India and the Indian Ocean
. 123 ^j^ t;_^j.J*L^I L^iejjljj tjl nr t364 jj^ t4_i_a^>Ltjjyi J '^ " j_^ 4jj.JtjJI ijjiLi jl t III (I 16)
.378 -377 ^j^ iSJl^jJI liJo^ ^1 (I 17)
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. 153 ^j^ .i^j-=^l Ui^tjoUii (119)
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jjtJI S-lkla ,_^ Bjjiinll i_ljl^l ,_^ jVl ^1 Jilaj i:iJl3 U djn umII »ju» jf ^-■\>~^'-i (121)
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. 105 ^j^ n_^j.jtjJI L^icjjljj jU^ (122)
.212 j_)-3 1 1970 i5j_<iL2JI .^jujulll j n-ia j_^ ojUjJI i;j:jSI_jj j^f jLAJt.a (123)
.23-22 ^j^ . 1982 .Sj^iLlII .4j;i,ol,l CjLoIjjSiVI n^>it3 j^»j^t
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r- 1 1956 ijj^iji '(»!>=-' 4jJLu) jljiiJI fisejui .("dJI Jl^ ijj ijjjJI ijl-«-i) CjjSL .35 ^j^ . 1895
.128 ^j^ .8
{3)Davidson, The African Past, p. 101.
(4) Mathew G. Chinese Porcelain in East Africa and on the Coast of South. Arabia in Oriental Art
1956, vol. 11., U.S.A. p.52.
961
6^LLuiUI S^LuuJI jjkoc |j9 ^.^uL^JI hj'anll SjbiLj
(5) Coupland, East Africa and its invaders, p. 37.
.241 ij^ tc_jjjJlj t>A_uaJI ijy CjI^^IaJI '^ 'j '^^I l^-^' J-V
(6) Davidson. The African Past. p. 101.
. 169 ^>^ iAl^jM iU^jl^ ^\ (7)
(8) Barbosa. D, A Description of the Coasts of the East Africa And Malbar in the Beginning of I6th
Century, U S.A. 197, p.p.13-12.
(9) Barbosa, A Description of the Coasts of the East Africa, p.p.13-12.
. 86 ,^_y^ iOj-&\JaJ\ t/^t-LlI JlJ^ ^J^-- ' tjl_LJeJj ?t-Jjlj iy^ jl_i:>.^l ^jj^rv n^J.^kX\ (ric. JlJJI_i_u ( I 0)
. 4-i.rj-i-La /«_i_u Ji I 4.;e_u3 a l_i_ul_L^j_a ^-jjjJjjVi l_(ij,£j (II)
.3 ^j^ i 1939 .5j_<il_UI .4jj>jl3I iiil J/S?I jlj^ ^^i^*^ l^iirv ^J:^\ 4j^Ij_ij>JI ^*>LcVl IajI^
. 32 fj^ t(3l_lAll S-iJJ t^_^_ojjjjVI ( 12)
. 32 ^j^ 'd ...A', jju^l (13)
(14) A.Strong, A History of Kilaw, in, J.A.S. April, 1 895, p.411 .
.438 ^j^ i 1963 oj-aLHI tLiijj.^f j_^ ^tJJJ-*-" ^LiilJ'i a>Ll.uV' '-ij-*^*^ -l*jvI ^j,,i-^ (IS)
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Richard W., African Civilization before the Batuuree p.40. . 444
4_lJj_3 (_>^j' (jj-3 L^jjLuaja 4jLl_a2l L^jJ) jLstjjl Jj-n-^-in :4jl_iijjj ojLsejjl ^.ojjJa j-JjaJ-SJl ^.^Jua
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.44 ^_y^ '^XHJ tjLjJI jLp-'j -i^LJI jliiT t(jLAJt-c ^jj l£>Sj)
(17) Coupland. East Africa and Its invaders pp. 29-27. G.S.P. Freeman, The
Medieval History of the Coast of Tanganyika. Berlin, 1962p.88.Martin A. Klein, Respective on the
African past, p. 326. Neville Chittect Kilawa on Islamic Trading City on the East African Coast. 1974,
p.239.
(18) Chittect. N.. Kilwa on Islamic Trading, p.240.
(19) Chittect N., BGlaw on Islamic Trading City, pp.238-239.
(20) Freeman. G, the Medieval Trad, p.326.
. 329 ^j^ r^ls^jM .^^ ^jLc (2 1 )
.327 ^j^ 'd ... ^'. jju^l (22)
. IS i^j^ tjLti^^l 4-Lt4J->. n_gj-t.<-ll t/?-J3-3' j-j L^lt-sl jl_ij»oj (23)
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.162
969
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(JJlc cJlvj (j) j^ Jijv I » :4Jji j_i_uJljJ.I t JaLi. /cjtjL>-l (jl (-^ BjLseliju (J-4-*-) ^j-a *'j-J LW^-i (26)
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.38 -37 L,^ .1983 .^LjjJI .i_^j>LJ.I jj^ ^j^jLJI
(34)R.Guest, " Zufar in the Middle Ages in Islamic Culture 1935, vol. 9, p.407.
.41 ^j^ n_^jJEjJI L^iejjtjj jU^
.340 L,^ .Uu^jJI .^jj jSjU
.341-349 ^,^ ,'L..^ jj.j^\ (35)
. 180 L,^ .SJlj-jJI .iL^laj ijjI
.31 -30^,^ .(1981 .oU-c) .ii;>^l yljJI
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.76^,^ .(1984 .jljjJI)
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(40)E.shtor, A Social and Economic History.. . , pl67.
:jjajl ^Ij J III ^^ Jj ,^1 A"tl ^j_a -^Jj-'- (^')
.282 -281 L,^ . 1967 .jjj .JjVl pmSlI .Jjjllll 2.,UII .^jVl 3j>.^ ((0.x..,Llll ^t) JSj;^ ;jjl
.137- I 36 ^_y2 . 192 I .y-Ji ) I nS ./y-ilj" I iM I j3-lL>o .<4-dlj jjjjjLfl .j-itLjl j^l
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S.D.Goitein: The Eyewitness Reports on an Expedition of the King of Kish( Qais )Against Aden, (42)
96S
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in( B.S.O.A.S. )No 16,1954, p.247 "Commercial. Relations", Translated by "Soeyeed U" p285.
. 131 ,_>^ t4jjU*lII jJjiaJI t^_^j ^*_iAJ (43)
(44)Sir Arnold T. Wilson: The Pesian Gulf. Oxford, 1928, p. 105.
(45) Barbosa, A Description of the Coasts.. . , p/p. 43- 41 .
(46)Arnold T., The Persian Gulf.. . , p.p.. 106- 105.
(47) Barbosa, A Description of the Coasts.. . , p. 44.
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Hilmar C. Krueger, [The Ware of Exchange in the Genoese African Traffic of the Twelfth Century in
Journal of Medieval Studies, vol. XII. 1937, P.87.
(4) . S.D. Goitein; Studies in Islainic History and Institutions, Leiden, 1968, pp.340- 339
(5) Ibid, p. 340.
(6) S.D. Goitein. Studies in Islamic History.. . , p. 341.
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G.S.P.Freeman, The East African... , p. p. 34-35 (I I)
S.Maqbul Ahmed, Indo Arab..., p.p.85-86 (12)
(13)Ibid,p.p.86-85.
(14)Davidson B., The African Past, p. 1 15.
t<Ljjl_flVl ^j,'<^a JlJvI <J u-ijjJI (jL^ CT^ '^^^*^Wi ■ J^i'^^' Cr^ 4jjI^VI <.^\ ^^< ill jilaf (15)
4_j_i_ujLijl_) 4_*_jlj j__L«_fl_) ^ (jL) 4jj1_jj_u u_)L>. I 4j^j_tlujl CjUluI JLLi_ul LLlJj Ajjfcljj) . J ^J I j-i-oJ a
. 14 ^j^ tJ-iljJJI (—JL j_^ tjLil_iJjj_o (16)
S.D.Goitein, Studies in Islamic History . (17)
.254-253 ^j^ tj^^M-L^yi (JbJJ 4_iiejjLlJI 4j^lj_i^l . jjLI o-'iJjj^
.7 ij^ i 1964 t5j_itl_5JI 'tjj-lii. ij\l.L.uL>. jl^ 4jiJ>.jj '^_?J_?' Ct^ *-rU-*-^' J'^'<^ iStSLJjji Juj-ai-u-u (18)
.Pippali (jJLiJj 4jLusIiJLi Jnl^ll (<i.x.ul (19)
.8 ,^_y^ tt 'J-»-j' <— )l^^^ tl_il_i_uJJ _L<l_»_a Jl-H-ojI
. 1 19 ,_>^ c4_jjLtlII cjI^MjJI ^t^j-LLlI tjlojK.i .HmiII
.22 -20 ^>^ ^Jj'>iJ' (,rlU j_^ .^ULl^j^ (20)
^_^ 1 . >-» J . ^ -^ J ■"■ ^ s_iLojJI (jj-^' "-^Lj'-J^ ijr^ ^_^51j_uVI J .^•ll ^^ ^jLjJI djJvL) 4:>-ljJ (21)
a I ^j_)jlj_<3_) jJlJJ s—LojJi Cj_)LS t^<_LJV jgLt-Li-u j-*-i-u 4_5jJL-a j^ 4_uLa L)L«_Lt3 CLi-se-JI l_LA 4_5la_La
^2jj3 cLtli-alJ 4jJu5_(JI 4_«i_LaJI 1— a^ilLvl (_yJ| 4^1_L^ Vl_i 'O^j-^'j U^^' t— <-<-aJ->. (—iJuiej jjjljL/a ^! ^j-u-uLS-c
(3jJaJI ^_^ Jisj 4jLij>Ij t^^Lcuj q\£ t_^jJI Buhar jL^Li jJl^ (jl^ JjiLUI (jL JliUI J^j-^ ijj^
ijj~-i L^-A^LSg . 1_lJj_Sj t_5j_»_Jl ^j-se-tluJl j_3 ^-aJusern-uJ,! 4j1_uI i^\ tJjLJLJl ;_gal_tjjj J-A^ tj-<i^>- (J-<i^>-
. JJoj <jl-<i-<-u-<i i ->.
S.D.Goitein, A Mediterranean Society, Volume(l)California, p. 220.
(22)-2 vols Leipt Heyd. W., Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen Age. zig, 1923, vol 11 p.p.
663- 662.
(23)Tiem. Ju-Kang, Cheng Hos. Voyages and the Distribution of Pepper in. Chinain J.O.R.A.S.No2,
969
6^LLuiUI S^LuuJI jjkoc |j9 ^.^uL^JI hj'anll SjbiLj
1981, p. 88.
.41 i^j^ tSjLstliJI ^2>J_ul.5e_a ^_yJ) SjLiVl .^ "?!.".. ^ \ W J .^^^tl ^| (24)
. 222. Hirth. F. Chau-Ju-Kua. p
.297 ^j^ J973 oL-^J '^'^^^^i' ^lji:_5 cjL^^jUJ.1 ^b^ .(Lj^j) ^_^j,3_iJI (25)
.220 ^>^ .2 T- ._& 1376 tj-t-a-a .^_xjIj_iJI ^^j-Lj ^-uLtAJI juj^ '(Cri-J^' r'>") L^-ij>" 6:"' (26)
.41 ,_)-£3 tOjLjtjJl ^j_i_uLje_a ^_j) ojLtluVl t j_5_tlu-a jJ I
(27)Hirth. F, Chau-Ju-Kua, p. 209.
.202 ^j^ .i-J^jJI oj[s^\ Jjis .^_^j (C^ (28)
jL<i_5e-a JljjjJI .jjj-it 4jj_ujLaJl_!j tjjl 4_pjj.SLj_ojJ 1_! 4jic ^^t-^ij (j^ >— <-->JI jji tjl-^' jl ' Jj^^l (29)
. 28 ,_j^ t4_jjl_5eIiJI *_j_jjl]I CjI^^Iji " ^ ■ ..J I
.28 ,_>^ c4_jjL*lII ^-ijjJI cul^^Lc " '^"'j,' J^A^*-« Jl-lluJI (30)
=LjvI:1J| jisLLa >-l£| CjJIS'^ .J^L^Ij JljUII j_^ J o<" . .m CLu\£ <x^J^ 4jlL_u j>5tjJI J M t J (31)
l_^jlaj_ul cJu-ujI ( 18 Oj-lm'^\ ^j_a) dij-t-u-LtTuTLV 4jj_i-iaJ.I 4SJlH (j! i_3j_«jj .^_^jjl3I Jj>.1_ojJI_j ^j-c-JI
.^uJljJI /tjJLtJl ^_^ 4J Lc-Cmj I j-JiTuI t_gJJI jjie_JI t_jL>J (3-<mJI L^jI 7=^>J ct^'-? '—^3:' -^^ Cr'-
(32)Hirth, F., Chau-Ju-Kua,p. 195.
(33) Ibid, p. 208.
.231 ,_j^ t4jJ9jJI 5jL;ejJI {Jij^ 'Ct^ fC-t-tJ
(34)Hirth, F., Chau-Ju-Kua, p. 208.
.231 i^j^ ti-jJ^jJI SjLscjJI ijijia ijjSj fftJAj
.396 -395 ^j^ J89I O-J^^J o'-J^' .{^z^\^ c>i -J^*^') ct^j^'j'I (35)
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.281 ^,^ cCjLsjiim i^U^ 'ij^yjij-^l (36)
.71 jJ-O t 1^ (^.ijtjJI rjO^ t;^J j.M l l .l (37)
. 139-138 ^j^ .j_jjl^l ai,.ili.i .(_^lj w.ill
.327 ^,^ .iij^jJI .^3J jSjU (38)
.281 ^,^ .cjLa^liai ^U^ 'c^ij-^l (39)
V 5j-ij" Ml 1,1 (_^j ojLUI 5j.jb3_^Li 4j>.j.j>.jJ.I BJJJill ^^j3^ tJJJill fl>if jjjuf ^ jLUI (40)
.(jaiJI 4^1^ (j^Sjja t7-L>.^^l 2 a ^.d^Lij 2i a (Jala 2 a I Jj<^ U ".U ' '"^"^
. 26 ^_j.a I 1977 tA^ r n II Jla^ J 1-4^ ^J^-.- ' . 1 ^"1 A , ^ a j_(tl^j>J| ( )LlS t (^^.pej) 4ja.tjjLa ^^I
. 26 j_j.i3 . 1 ^"1 ^ ' ^ A j_iil^j>JI .4j a.tjjLa (^1 (41 )
Hirth, F. Chau-Ju-Kwa .p .220 .(42)
. I8S ^j^ .aJi^jJI .ai=^ (jj| (43)
. C-LdJi ^^1 |^^j,£ijl_iJl ^Jj_u3 a <tCj_tjjJ (J.<i_«j_tjjJ CjjI^ jLjt:>. 31 (jl ^Jljj 9 L4_4jJ (j^u-ua (jLJjLa ^jJ.' (44)
970
.266 ^j^ .\977 ij^i^^
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^LjJ 4_L^j_iaJI JlJvI 3-^Iil) V ^jTlv 4JjJuLa oj-^e-i-aJI uJi^^jj^ (JtA'' Lt^ ^' tJa_i^ jW^' tj'j^ JiJ-fl-i
j_.ajj jj>. 21 1 a (jujjl el 'j-^ ■ ■■ I LJCLtaj Li_(tjL:>.l (jLijI 5j-se-i.aj| ^j_a aJiJtlLtjjj a tjL>J.I (_^ >jjiJ 5 j^j^jjLl^
j__Lt3l_ajja ii',ji^^.,A\ la_L»_uaj /^ 3j-se-i.ujl (jl 'j-<i-ic III) ^JaJJjl ,j^ (jj-t-u-o-ta cLUJu n 1 ^" i- V I aLflj
?lj1_LjI j_iiu_c ^ I f cLLjUL' ^J . ^ -»- 1 ft tjl_>J.I Jljj^s 4JLj_t-iaj>. ^j_a i^jjj-u±c /jj-l^ ljL:>.la 5j-se-i.rjjl <;^Jji
.302 -295 ^_j^ i4_L>.jJI i^^ j^jLa
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4_tjj_fl_! t ijJljJLI (jLi.rj_i Jt I 1 ^ J '^ cd-i.rj-q-1 (jl ^jS_fl_i 5jua .^<^l (jL) /cJlajI *_a (J^^H^lLi-u (_j) 4£.l_i_u ^j_a
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.1985 (j^ <L>.jJI .iL^kj tjjl
Hirth, F. Chau-Ju-Kua, p .229.
(47) . Ibid, pp. 230- 229
John. W, The Travels of Ludovico.. . . p95.
.5Jl_jj j_iI (_^j1_^I Ju_i_c. jL.<i_5e_a 4_<u>.jj ii^jj:K^\ f«-j'j-3' UJ-^' Cr^ 4j-a^>L_uVI ojLua-^JI tjj-a ajT
.243 -241 ^>^ .2^.1948 .V^^*:^^ O'J^
. 396 ^j^ i<l^J\ .aia^ ^jj| (48)
ijLiL^I 4-Jlc iJJlUj La J^ ij-A ^^ y\ t^ljJI tj-c 5jljjli L^I Jj L^ ^^W^ 4jISL>JI oixjt, (49)
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. L^ ^pju j_^l j^J-LaJI dilj 4jISL=.- ^I JlIiLj
.64 ^j^ .jK^Vl jUjI .(_^LLlUI (50)
.397 -396 ^>^ r^ls^jM .41=^ ^jjI (51)
.73 -70 ^j^ .jK^Vl jUjI .^_^LLjUI (52)
\\ Tt". f VI (_i_^ixj.^ \ ^~\j ji ^ A^ L^_ua_jLt-iai^^ L^Lu-uj »LlJj^Ij ^j5La^l (JjLciifl 4_iLl^ Col LI (53)
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971
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. 18 ^j^ tJ_iljJlJI ' '^t- j_^ t_5LiLJjj_u (54)
.118 ,_>^ tJ-il^lJI t-JJa j_^ t^LiLiJj^ (55)
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.244 i^y^ .cijL^j_y«J.I 4^Ltii tj_^j3_aJI
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. 77 ^j^ 1 1 960 toj-aiLSJI t j oJSLl^I i3^>J
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.23 ,_>-o tj^LJI jliiT i(_yijj3-5JI
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. 147 ^j^ t5_jJtjjLlJI 4j^IjJl:>JI ojL^>I
. 147 ^j^ td-jJejjlUI 4j^IjJl:>JI OjL-a^ (64)
Tien-Ju-Kang, Cheng Ho's Voyages.. . ,p.l88.
. 337 -336 ^j^ 'ijj-^^l li'j^l SjUJ .,_^^^Vl JjLi (66)
.234 L,^ cijJejjlnJI ijiljJijjJI ojLji^ (67)
S.Paqbul. A, Commercial Relations.. . , p . 146.
(58) S.D. Goitein, The Letters and Documents.. . , pp.197- 196.
■ tjiiMill J'^'" jjiji (69)
.^LLj t>uujLi ;_^^jJI^ ^LLj IS e_j ;_^yijVl ^IaJI e_jLJ ^j^ ■ 1^ ■ -y " ja^ (70)
Barbosa, A Description of the Coasts.. . , p. 327.
979
.238-237 ^j^ i I ■?: .^.t-AjJI -rjj^ i^^yt.<.A\ (71 )
.Davidson. B. The African Past., p83.
(72) Ibid, p.206.
(73) Heyd. Histoire du Commerce.. . , vol. II, p. 136- 135.
Nadvi. S, Muslim Colonies.. . . p454..
-207 ^>^ J980 ij ,^ a .^_^>Ll.oVI j<^f\\ ^_^ Jl:4JI jMj -^^^-^'I ^jj)>II Jl^ tjjjJI ^\'^^ (74)
.208
.4jvj 5 4^jj .5 ^ cjl .^ iVl ciUL-u-a .t_^j_4JLJI .297 ,_>^ c4LvjJI .^^ j^jL« (75)
S.D.Goitein, Mediterranean Society.. . , Vol. 1, p. 221. (76)
(77) Martin A. Klein, Perspective on the African.. . , p. 104. G. Mathevv' Chinese Porcelain, p. 51.
(78) Arthur Kane, Pottery and Glass Fragments, p. 1 5. G.S .P. Freeman, The Medieval History of Coast. .
. ,p.35.
Neville, C, The Chirazi Colonization, p. 284.
jl_j 4_j^ -J^>J t(jUl_Lil JLljv *-jljJ tj-a» 4Jlj ^ 'j '^11 jLiejiJI J-4-C. 4_SjjJo ^Jojioj ^jjl j^j (79)
.((aLjI 5j_iiLC j-<l^>-
.414 ,_^ tiLvjJI tdJo^Iaj i^\
(80)Mathew, Chinese Porcelain, p. 55.
/^^ 1*1 >1j_u I Te-J-U (j-a La' - foLi-rj-a ^J^Tli-uJ (jl ji^Li_u J?l Tt^lJJ V C.i-p>. 1(3j~^' L>^ *— O^J-O j^^LujjLI (jlj (81)
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tj-kul ^J_u.t3 LflHJ I ^j_a -J^jJ-t -4 4jI t _L<i_5e_a 5jj_i_u-i_)
. 1892 (3^3^ tA^Lj_uVI j_^ t3>J' t^uj-jj Jljij>.I tftlj^jvl 5j_tliii ^j-LtJLI 1(4111 Jlxc jLJtJc-a ^j I) 3_al o^ ^j_ll
. Lj-Sj^Ij J "-"^ ij^ 4jjL5ejJI CjL^^LsJI t(jL<Mil ;^J-5JI JlxC (_^jj1
(82)Toussaint. A History of the Indian Ocean, p . 58.
(83)Neville. C. Historical Relations, p. 17.
(84) Davidson, B., The African Past Chronicle, p. 83.
(85) S.D. Goitein, Studies in Islamic History p. 197.
(86) Gerbeau. H. The Slave Trade in the Indian Ocean, p. 190. in the African Slave Trade from the
Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century, Unesco,1979.
(87) HirthF., Chau. Ju-Kua, p.p.. 32- 31.
(88)lbid,p.p.32- 31.
97S
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.423 ^,^ .ai^jJI .iL^ ^1 (90)
(91)Huzayyin. S. Arabian and the Far East. Cairo, 1942. p. 212.
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.399 ,377 ,369^,^ .iij^jJI .4l=jkji>jl (93)
R,Coupland, East African., . . p.p. 32- 3.1. Hubert G. The Slave Trade, p. 19 1 .(94)
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. 168 L,^ -i .■■^' jJl.^1 (99)
.9 L,^ .-LL4JI t_<jL»ii ciUjJj (100)
(101) Davidson. B. The African Past, p. 144.
, 17 ^j^ t5jjjL>. ^I^j,^! cus>Z LLojjJsii tJjLi (102)
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(5)Davidson. B, The African Past, p . 137.
(6)Davidson. B.Ibid.p. 12.
(7) Neville Chittect: Kilwa on Islamic Trading.. . . p. p. 238- 236.
(8) Davidson. B. The African Past. p.p. 138- 137.
.^I_^l J.^jii:i (9)
97^
S.D.Goitein, me Eyewitness Reports p. 248.
.69-57 ,^_y^ i<—i tjjJuC j-ij ?^^^ t4_aj_3e_al_) (II)
.69-57 ^>^ JI ?■ M ...A'.^ i.^tl (12)
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.174-173 ^j^ .dJuvjJI .4l=^^>jl (14)
. 168 ^j^ t4_caiaj jjL.uaJ.1 (15)
(16) RadahKunud, Indian Shipping.. . , p.p. 142-141.
(17) Barbosa: A Description of the Coasts.. . , p. 148.
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(19)Winter. J.. The Travels of Ludovico.. . , p.p.. 171- 170.
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Winter. J., The Travels of Ludovico.. . . pp.170- 168.
(21) Ibid, pp.. 169- 168.
(22) Kunud R., Indian Shipping.. . , p.l42.
. 378 ^j^ r^ls^jM .41=^ ^\ (23)
975
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.298 ^j^ .SJuvjJI .^^ ^jLc (24)
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. 389 ^j^ rAl^jl\ .41^^ ^\ (29)
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.i—iJuJI Ijui J-CJcTiJ (ji eLtlil Lu-jj i_dJj! ^j-a :4j42ji3I OJlcLSJI ^^jLLaJ (35)
.127 -126 ^>^ .t^jUtllJI 3J>UI JaLiLl iJla^I 2^L>JI
. 127 -97 ^ys "i •■•-^'' jjL-i-iill (36)
. I 13 ,_>-a t4_cu_ij jjL-uaJ.! (37)
.409 ^>^ .iJu^-jJI .41=^ ^>jl (38)
.409 ^>^ t^Mi^i jJl-u^I (39)
(40). Hirth F. Chau-Ju-Kua, A New Source of Medieval Geography in H
F.J.A.R.A.S.. London, 1896 p.67.
C-t-JiJ^. i_»J-=»J 4_<3_)Jl2JI 4JjjJI Jl4C. Juua aLjJI Jj>.L_u j_^1 dililju cJlt-ujI j-t-aja ^jl i_ajjjLlLI ^j-* (41)
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(42)Ibid. p. 67.
(43) Ibid. p.67.
. Jiaj c^^ L^J-T^J^l J^J Catty):) j^lUI (44)
(45)Ibid,p.p.. 22- 12.
976
(46) Ibid, p.p. 22- 21.
. 4_}^jf 3/ 1 (^jLjjj 5j'Mr^ jjjj Sjl^j ^j J:"^' o-^ ' 000/ I ^j^\ , nj t jL^JI (47)
Hirth. F, Chau-Ju-Kua, p. 23.
(48) Hirth. F, Cliau-Ju-Kua, p. 22.
(49) Ibid, p. 23.
(50) Davidson. B. Tiie Lost Cities... , p. 186.
. 135 ^j^ n_jjjjlj ,jyL^\ Cj^ CjIS>Ijl1I i^jJI jJu (SI)
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(60) Davidson. B: The Lost Cities.. . p . 187.
(61)Ibid.p.l87. s,p.l87.
(62) Ibid. p. 1 88- 187.
. 137 ^j^ I I98S iSj-^LllI iilJ^lJIj j^2ill CjLjjI in'^l it-ujjJI ^jJI i.?Tp«-a (63)
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S.D.Goitein, Studies in Islamic History and institutions, Leiden, 1968,p.60.,
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t4j-ajlSjl 5jL;ejjl ti i_j_J ^--se-i-ua : j-kul : (J-i-ua LaHJ I ^j-a JJjJ.
.S.D.Goitein, Studies in Islamic... , E. Ashtor., Studies on the Levantine trade
. 1965 toj-jiLSJI^ aLjJI^ j '-^^ ij^ ^jSLjJLiJ.1 s_<ij->J.I tjjjiLi. Jljjlj_o
.20 ^j^ .5_L^jlSLII 5jU*UI M.M1I ^^r^>^^^ (69)
F. Ashtor, A Social and Economic Hist. p. 242. (70)
aLc j_^ 4L_ujJ.I diLtJe-jJI 4-aLa:-i.g3 jj^ 4jjJl>. f«-C.j t di LLsc- jJ I cLUG ?tJjLj CLtrvLJI LJ j^Ju («-3(7l )
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S.D.Goitein, Studies in Islamic Irlistory.. . , p. 359.
(72) Ibid, p. 359.
. 133 -132 ^,^ .2 J- .^^LJI .ii;3j>ai (73)
(74) Ashtor. E, Studies on the Levantine Trade... . p. 55.
.jUI J^^ijikil (75)
. 32-3 I ^j^ cAj^j\SA\ 5jL«:JI ,^^ CT^^!^ (76)
(77)Ashtor E., Studies on the Levantine Trade... , p. 52.
(78) S. Maqbul Ahmed, Commercial Relations... ,p.l51.
.81 ^j^ .JlJ-^I t_^lj=^ "^J>J (79)
S.M. Stern, Ramisht of Siraf a IVIerchant Millionaire of the Twelfth Century in J.O.R.A.S. 1967,(80)
.M.p
(81) Radah. K, Indian Shipping Bombay, N.D. p.l42.
.\\2^j^ '>J>UI JoLli . Jui:^i jrL^I (82)
.415 ^j^ .SJl^jJI ,41=^ ijjl (83)
. I ^j JjtULi 2 ^j ilJij (84)
. 1954 S.D.Goitein, From the Mediterranean to India, in Speculum, vol. XXIX, April(85)
No. 2 Part 1,P.189.
(86)D.D. Goitein., Studies in Islamic History, pp. 202- 201.
(87)S.D. Goitein, Letters and Documents, pp.. 202- 201.
(88) S.M. Imamddin, Bayt-AI-Mal and Banks In Medieval Muslim World, in. 20- 9 1. Islamic Culture,
vol 35, 1961. pp.
(89)Thaper., R, A History of India, Great Britain 1977, pp. 208- 210, and.331
(90) Thaper. R, Ibid, pp. 208- 210, and 331.
.319^ ,k^ya\j^j^\ .<^b->^ (I)
. 3 19 ^_,^ '■> ..■^' J. I. ^1,1 (2)
.2I0^>^ J933 .Bj^LaJI .LiL.
. 194 ij^ ;d Uj Uj ^1 tjjjijj^ (4)
.21 i^j^ i '"' ' "J S'^ ti—k-uala ij'^-al (5)
.323 .5,^>mj vjjJI 'c^bj^ (6)
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979
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(1) Munyakare; Term meaning traditional way of Life.
(2) Batuuree: Hausa meaning.^ European or White mann.
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