Skip to main content

Full text of "عالم المعرفة"

See other formats



187 






i jtf jMM^Ui ^l^lJU 



«^Ll jit «^L« A*»« :i*^^ 




QjQill -uhillg ugidlg oolMll s^gll uuLmll bDjuu djjgiii diolfli uK nlmlm 

1990 . 1923 ^IjJljlII i^jl-<io J^<i^l <_alj-iLi 1978 jjLb ^ ai,,il,,ill cjjju^ 



787 



♦ M 






^^♦.#♦11. •? 



•iiLjill 



:4.^jvjJ 



-^S 




r--'-"^^-^^^ 



5 




29 




53 


jUwJI ia!^l i_i*LLa 


117 




169 


? L^ 5j^j f»l Afllia:i ^1 ^^ 



217 



JjVl Ml (_y3 (—fljJJll 



SSgiuJI 
ftgunll 



«^\ 4AM\ I 



I 



(_yjlillj >L3.j Jj'i^l ui^ 'J^i i^LiL (_yJli!lj LULi 

. Lj^^ t_!jJj>JI (_jJI (JLxjiuJI (j^ J'-*^' 4jjcIu .Sij^l 

<-, ^ ^ -^ J J J I rill JJLC ^ '^ " LaJLtJJ ITILJJ.j'ill (_yl^ 
( ' 1 I "l I_L1 < " . tX ^ ^ J 3_|J^I tl—LjIj" I ilVI (J ri "ill 

jLLi^^l liJJjjjl^^ji iLoLu 4jjLc 4jjL>. .-.1 ,^ .11 

tfJUkj i(j\ '( I rill (j-« (j^^^ Sj^Ij (j-« ^H^i J"^' di]3 
^_^ jjL^VI jlj^ cuLal r'lrr^l ^j1\ ^j^\ ^ 

cfluJL^tJ *JlJI jj-* (j-oAllI ?*-cX-l tjl 1 nlr t '* '^ * 

«Qjj^j>J| 5jl_<iaj>J| ^1 cLuLtujiU (<uiiij<JI ijjjjail 

-(_y:Lll "5 ^ M;^.tl SJU-jJI »;(_j£-J |_^jLo jlii'^l 211^ 



.«(_yJL>JI LLojj)) (_jJI L^ (j-uijL2JI Cjjj-3ji 

(J_l 1(_j^^^;lJI 4 K i"i 1 jjLjiJ^U (_yieJjQjl jjU'.tl I V '-'" j ' ' " LuSLIj . JlA^I 

Liiajl LxJlj (Homo sapiens) ^LSLc Ul . n "tl Jaia (_>ujJ «0jj^>_ij-3 4j.fljSLj 
LiiiJlj SjLjioIaJI /oJLc (_yl^ J 1-^j • " i-fljSj I (Homo forsabilis) Ijjla iJLuJl 

ji ij^l 4_l2j «LiijiQ 5jJ-3 LdJjs-i (jSLj (<sJ il . dji^LiiaJI i_fj^ )«-o «Lcljj-3 (_y3 Ll>- 
4 «^ .UtI (_ji^ ^ ^j^--tl jJajjjiJil Tcjj^Ij Ll>- (_5-^ JLS^ Lilli ;«-«J 

:(_^£[j^'i/l L-Sj iiiljrillj t_(jKJI (H.D. Thoreau) jjjjj J^-^j-s LS>i-* s-^ 

i»l I ri tl ' ^ ^ " Ij LjjLc (jiiLc 5jI JiaJI (_y3 <1JI . La LiitAJ ^ • •■■-'"' SiaLa-lj i«Li 
. jL^jJI iIjL^jI ^_y3j Li^ljij Li^Lt^ ^ ,.^Ull (jjSj LoJiJic LaLxj J^jia j^l 3-<kJ 
«LuljIL<j/VI (J no I'ltl (j^ JliJL^elLi (jjj i»i" I'iitl (_y3 ji jLLi^al jojjij^ (_y^ 4_(SLIj 
(jl .(JjLo u^ sljiJjVI (_^l pjLuJ /<sJ ^J ^IJljJI JlIo I'll^jiii (jl^ i4lj^l 

(_jj| (J_o_«JI CjIjjI CjJl^j 3_j^3l diUj-jisJI CjLiila (J*-*^' (_r^ Lr^ 
icjjj-a^j ljL». 3_uljiJ JjiJiJI iIjIjjI ijjjl^ ^jIJloJI (_y3 . ij\ in'iVI oLsj t_xJL>. 

.^La ^f 

J J '^-- I 4jIJlJ (jl (j^j Sj^al uliLal I'li'iSVI CjJl>-I (jl ■ U ^ M J La lj_uSj 
(jjijjj Jl>-j I960 (»i-c (_5-fl-3 .(jjij_SJI (3-*-^ lt^ wH^'j w>-" ' t3-«-*^ Cjljjal 
J_«-c. cjIjjI iLlJIj-cj (_y3 <Ji!b^.i:>JI ^Lui i(_7SLL! Sjj^jiil 3Ji,L«JI r-jij i(_7SLL! 

Jijl r rMjj 4_bl J^^^ i4_u_u (_^^_u_a (_^1 JljJtJ ' ^^ i^^tl ^j_a «\x,^_Lx-£i_a 1 Jl>. «Lu1 JlJ 
Lfc Jj>.j (_^l liilj (j^ ^Sh] ^^'ajj,^^ tialj^ (_yk: Lj^ ^ . I 968 i»L: i(_jS-J 

>il Ull i^Jji (_yS c^ji^j aJi^I J -t* cjIjjI 3^ o^3 -Sim (_iJi 600 _i o^i 

d_L2j^"^l 4_(Jjiil (j-o i_!j^u l1<j_^I (_yjJI CjU^.i:>JI (_y3 . ^ U_^ . .. i 5^^Il£ JLLo 



6^1 6jlhJI 

^ ^ J U J 1 1 L^_aj^Lj jlyjij . I j I "C ,". I i_^l>. sLSjjIij dt-ie-Li-a I (jl (_jJI (j^ i i nil 

SJl^I I ri «l_l (jl I ri "tVl C-l U", , ,.l J^j .i5j^^ ,U"« j"''^! "a j"'^i (jl I ri "tVl j^jlslj^'^ 

jj_a I j A U ij jLjc_<I/3l » U ^ a I ''J^ S^jJILa jJLx^Lj AJ-2j (jl CjIj^^I i.illj 
(JSJj (_^1 jJJLsJI (__>Iljjj iSjjLiiaJI CjuI^jjsJI ^ ^ '" a I j ^'jj'^'j (jLi-iicVI 

cjIjj>U Sj-JjiJI cjLjISLoVI (jl .^jJUJI jLaJ;,'!^! (j^ jUill (j,-o-j i(_>:3j'!^l ,j^ 

L^Lj (JjjjJAII SJjLLo (_yibUI (jj-ill (_y^ Mj-^ '^J . 31jft l."l I ri_ll 3jj_5CJ>JI 

^ .^"l"a .(_gjL«JI (_giVj^l aI J J ^,^11 (_gjj5cj>Jl (jjLill J .>>"al (J.«j«JI (jjSlj 
3j^ Ml < - . « U a 1 ^"a ,j_LiL£lj (J ri j1 (jSUj 3_L»-LlJl ^^1 (_gjVjJI (jj/LiJI (jl 
1 j«Ua (j^<" I III LiJLu (_^iV5^1 (jjjLiilLi (3^1^ J (jiio->- Sjuo (_ji j<uj< 17 LajJaa 

.(JljJtjJI (JjjLHIj (JjI^J i> I I 11 

CjJl>- j-^'\ OJ^ '^J iCjJl:>J1 cdJ j J .^^ ct-'-* («J-«-1 ^ Ji^J-jaJju V (j^:*-i 
j_&j Vl n_gj_i-a.c (jl I II tV jsjJl^I I ' .^ I . .. (J^:><J (j-a (j-> i I III! (j^^Lo (J^L>- 

•.(^^^ii-AjL^ J "ir 1 (_3-*-^ ufcj_iI:DL_ulj ^LtJl » i^Jt-LM ^^ '^a ^ ATt :jLul (jJ^ilLal 

;_5JlJI isl I II II (jl "C I II Jl».| 7"L^ Sjiij'C (j^ 'j'-'Jl! (j^^' I Ml ill (_yi^ j ■-'"" 

(^ 3 ^ * T JJ J'-'^' f*^ 3j-^ o' lt^ '(Mt!-^ I— iiajiJIj (jjjLlLI i_jj>JI "ijia j-«-«J 

(8) 

(jjjJ_LJ_J_aj)j-l 51 lull p^'-^*ll (j-uj I J "^ 'III l-^^J^^^'^ (_7^ * ^L^^lj (jJjL(ai_a 

T-J-tluJ IJlJ.^ 

: (Jji^jILlo jljj <iJVI i_x^Lc 1— ijS l^ja 
(_jjLcI djjj-aJil j_u ijjj>ij (_jjl 

Lol^p^vl (JjjLlLI Cjj.^l3l (_yJJ^ 

t-il^^-Uj-u I (jljLuLJ jLul 5jl^j_ilu <d I iil"v -^ ^^'1 dU^jj 

Uia^ (j>iiJI JSLI Ci-TL-Li^La 

.<rjlj_pJI ijljj (j^jLaJI JSUj 

^^_Aj - t-dj-LJ^^—LlI (jl Jl_j_«_) (JjjLlLI jL-til (_^-2j^^VI (jjj^_u_j_aj^ t tl>. Jl^ 

• l—XO^J (jjj *(.3-^ Ct^'-^ 3'>^^' J-^ CjLJ 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

n .^Itl dJJLo C^laVjl <lIVI (_aK Liiajl 3jjiljJI 3.2j;iaJI jui J!Uj (jSJj 
^_^1 jLui (J-^-i-1 ^_^-*2-« ^^'^1 ' iJ^LLD i^_^_uJl^^ JJ--^ * '^ Ml ^j_lLdL_u1 (Ji:aJ 3-Aj 

(_y^ jjj u,-LiS'\ jL-i-II -iJl o^ (jT^-^ SjuJiiJI SjJlJl^JI jLuilJ'i/l (_y^j .(jj^LlII 

ciiLUJI ijjs (JjIj-^kJI cjjl>o Lojj^ iLi^j^ jLJ ,j-o l^jU^iLa jLJI (_,lf J ■ ^ ^j 
' ''3^i_-"'°' '^W>^ '-'i>*-' L«J^^ J^'^' »1 ilr LJuiij^l Ji^j .(j^^lj^l jjJJ J I 

.SJj^ (JJl 500 '^l Mii^'t (jKll 

aI^^I (_y3 11— ajS MijMilj.S .i_! .(j^[£j}l Mips ijS^^ 4_uli (j^ tit>-u ^<-»^_5 
Sj-j^-jsJI 4 J Mil (j^jij^'^l tjK I III! SLp- (2>^ J '^■-i" lJu^j JjI 1941 - 1937 

.(_yjljLjJI x_<Cl;>J,l 4j-lSj (j-ajJI LdJj (_y3 Ij1o<"m iil (jjJJI - ((_; 'J 1 Ij"j1) i-^JJ^ 
«LS_jj-Ld j2>^ *' ISsJi MioS (_^jl lJi_x-idJ)) jj_u£ii2j,1 «Q:5e_j ^_^ L-^^S mm miI^^ U-3^ 

(j-o 4_cj_u-a^ L>-I^l <ijL»-I1lSJI ijj_iLs» '.jUJI (_5-Lc (j^-iSjl MioSlI fjjju^s>- 

(j-c ,__)l3j.c.j • jL-iJl (_, 1 r Qj-lSLjI <i mi o'C II J '^ ^ i_!j.2ill LiUj (_y^ i_aL>JI 
t-JLi^l i>'A^\ (j-a l^icjij (u"i"j Ml 1^) '-^JiJ-^ ' .' '''"' Ij-ajiitlij/l ^jl'aj .^tl 
VjJLjJI j.ja_<Ii J •"■ ^ ■ StLiVI (»jl^ ;S!-*^ ' ^Ij u^\ Mio'vll (jlSj i3.^pj>J,l 
lilljj iLjjLvljL^ f_j Ir 31 .:^Al I ja^Lvllii^ ,jjjI_(JI J ii i_t (jVlj . <ijLA 1^1 o-'eJij 
.«(a^L>-l1)i^ (j-* '-^^ 3x.j_tuJ L^la jLJI i_^i^ J J ,^-.11 (jj'^l-^"' ' "J V ja^jV 
(^,_a3 • jLiJI (_3-!^ (jLtujVI J '^^ njjijjjl j-^J , .U , ,>.ll I 4.2j^JaJI oJl^j 
CjjIS 1 1 jjj "'J •'^■'^ x_<jiLlII (jj-^l (_^^ VJIJJ' Lt^ '"'J'' ' (_7^l ^LuJ^I jLj^'ill 

• tiJlS^js-VI ^ ^jsoLtJI jLJI ^ Ui^. jiSjj 5_,,,.j|:;Uil uu^^tMill 



8 



6^1 6jlhJI 

Ljjj^ SJijJl^ ^J>^ til! jiS Cjlkjj . 4_ji lIiJljji^ "cj'^.i' n^^)) ^:»-i (_3^ ij'-^ 

cjLvIjlSJI i".U<"ii III tlf^-a- Sj-ji.'^l iy\ i I III! (_y3 VI (j-> ii 111! i-aVIiJiij o" . hI (_^I 

I Mil a CjI j (Jj 4jSLuKj^ I". I liji iIjLvIjlHI LdJj (_y3 Sjlj Mill (jl i4jjLij.^SLII 
SsLxbVlj S^JGJI ij^l (j-o 3jI JLJI (_y3 i".l«n"ii III Jl^ jl-i-II iy Tc-cbl^l (j-a 

tjl I Mil (ji »1 oUll CjjQJI (3^j -V I « u 1 1 J jU J^i (j^ Cj^JlJ-'ii III j<u iJo-ia 

LljklJjJG dili^^li: JlIj . i^j mi I, I ^<s.=edJI J^l S^ iJU. J^ (_yi£: iJljjOJLu 
CjUl^^pJI (_f5^i MijLa. jl njLcuJMJ 3jo iii->iJI 5alUtlj j_^^jL>JI jJiill (jjlta. 

125 -oLl^ (_yi ' '"•J '^j 3-jjaiII uijlJl^j^l j_i^l (jl i_2j^>jlJi,I ^j .3_ujill 

i_3j_i^a_L^ tj^j . ^ . 1 1 ^jl I li'tVI Lai i4Jjj (j-* aIj^jIj'C (JSLI (_gj^l^ jlj^ (_iJl 
. Lu>2j (_gj^l^ jjj^ (_flj| 750 (_^l fo\)JI liili (-sUjIsI 4Ijj/ 
jj_u_jJj . ^ ' '■■^ * ^_A d"i'rl (f^tj Lptjjjkj ^Ltuj j(l 5Ll>. Li-iijl ' " ' '-^ * J*-"' L)i 

. Ijj>j^ 441*^1 >i^l Ji^l JJ* Llj>2j SjLjj J^ (_y^ jUIl -illj ijLiJI 

I Jlj-C (J II J I <lj| tjl I II tVI JJ < i"i j-A Jl— i-II i-L!^Lj_al (_y3 «(j,-<i (O-ikI (J-»-Ij 

5 .^ . U 1 1 ,_jj^ S-'-^jl ij-" 5Jl».IjJ «LcLiai.Li cdJij I L^ JlJ (Jj 3 .J ,Ult 

Sjjj-ajt/a i(_^LjJI (_y3 L4S ti'ilt^ (jLxjij'^l jj^ 3^LLiJI jioJjjcjulSLal (3^j 

TcJjU (j^ (jl ii ii!l (j-a Sj^iiJI (j^^UI (J^L>-j ^ ^ 1 1^ ^ SJLLaj d"\t ,>.^ Sji 

(_^j . . U :;"a d~M ,:^^ ^_^ jLiikiVI 3ril"i-^l <ijLLLiiJ ^^ pLLali^l jjLuJVI 

(_};>-jJI jjl .^ Uj . ..I diuLjijtj jJljjj . i^LLiil ,_i;jj>.| )«-jl-La e^ilc (jSj joJ jt^ljJI 
'U '^ ^ ^ ■ ' L-AjJ-S «d ^ I U", , ,.!« ij^^LjJ_uiI| jjj^Laj (J^L>- . I_^U . ..J cdJ-flj 

^ • "■-" ,j '^"'JLJ (JtH^^ ' '^jj (.3-^ J ' ^ "»_' (_j^ jjLoijV I (_y^S3 3^ 1 1-^" ' " I (_5-<kj 

.dJJjij (_j.fl5sl 4xjJLaJI d-Lajal ^^ .jJajiil ^ ..^Utl ^j^ '^!-2J (_yjljLi Ltje.^ 

(jjjLcJI j-j-«-j («-!j .JaLSlIVIj jijj-iiJI (_yji ^LSjII Aj^\-uj'^\ ^Ljil CjjIs 

3J)jlS J '^-- I ji /(uJiill (jlSj,l (_y3 3jj-" ?-^'-'-* J -» 1 . >." LaJiJi^ VI j<i^l£La 
tlLIi (_y^ (JjjLLII (jLS J_2J . JLjJL>- (_Jjl_a (jx. ciltJe-LlI (_5i^ (S-Aj-iJSO 4j»jjU 
'^^ ^ *L_LJ JlL>JI (j_a (Jjls i«Lulj_co CjIjjI * '^ * '^'-^j^ '1' (_^JLJj_i_u (j_ajj| 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

j-^^ jJt (_g JJI jojjLill jjil (jl ./<s.^LLo (_p jji I Jui i(jji-^' <1jJL«JI jLJIj joju 

La (jLcj_<j< i3_iL«JI ,j-« 3-S^p^>J.I aLcuS'^Ij 'Ttj-^ ct^ 5^^- . ri"*^ j\ 3_iL«JI (_y3 

La (jLSU,! cdJi (_yi ^ ^ _■ J Vj idjlr LlxJl^ La (_yJI (j-aj-!l (j-a 5^p£ JlJLJ i Jjjij 
.cLuLtujI 5Ll>- Li^ji (Jj^ (j-a . " I ij . >»" J^ <ljl_l U^jj 
(jl I ri 1*^1 Cj^L;>.j (J^L>-j .3_jLjjj «Ja_iJ <i_Ljlj_jJI <4JLi.j.2JI auI '""^ " 
i5j-JjL>- CjLvLcu-a -»■ 1.^" . ..Ij iLiscJjJiJ (^^laj^l (jJajjjj/l "ijjiaaJI ^jUaLfuJj 

,^^] ^Lj j— 4-J fcJ j^^laHJl (j_a (j-^ f t fill (j^^La ^j-A^ 5j-a- t"iM (^1 1 111 ^j) Jljj 
pLajJI J^iaj . ' j"l 1*"" "I (_7^l J^l "^J^J^^J "— 'J-^^^J <^ljjVI Cjj-ijij JL5J 
j-i^ (((jLjuVI j^iij)) ^ jIt' 4jjj>j^j ^ '^ ;.' ^J """ "^J • '^^ i-dJj "i^-j (^ jJI 
^jLutJji ijji I Jliil J jj I » (_J^ 'O^J^' (j^ J-^^ 0' CT^l 'tJU-i-^' (j-a (jrtJ^La 
(JjiLlSxj I < J U) 3^j_<jij 'Lpj^ dJLb-al (_gJJI i ^ C ,,.ijM "jj^ (jLcujI i(j^^ 
(_, I ii'tj-flJI jlii^l (sJLc: JLs-J (_5 jJI (jLujVI di!i i((JA_LtuJI i-aVL jJlHI (j-ajJI 
ajULa (_y^ i5 Jjjx. (jj^ J-^ CjLjjji^pJI (j-a 4'vjo i n cLSjLj iJli^o 'CJlSj 'OjV 
(j^LaJJIj 7c_jjLlII »I olr j ijj-iiiaJI CjV^ijjJI »l olr jLci Jl^j .(jjjLaj^ 
4 I II ->■ (Jji -■ jjtl ^^^jiHi (jjjJI L*illj'i( ^-oja-i^All 4ijji (_5i^ CjLajJI (jjjSj 

(jl . Lb LaLx-l 4 jj I'ltlj (_gjillj (Jj.4:>JI 1 /jK .".I LLaLal (JSLl^I CjjijIojj 

(j-C I *! J Ml I^JJU joJj (_yjI/ljJLI d_U^J 3.cljjJI JlJLJ I^JJIJ (<sJ (JjjLLII «Vjjk 

5.J ,Utl (_Jj^ x_a jLxis i^.ij-3 (JLjS (_p3^i>J (jj_)jkL>. \^\^ p j '"^ Ij i(j.jL«J,l 

(jLtujI (J <n~ii 111 I jLa . LcjJj^^ii^l ctje-Li-o Ij i3.c_^_tuj (J.4j>JI cjIjjI cjj^Iaj 

HjLSjVI 3iji2 ^J^jjo. (jjjjij^ ixJalj^) LtJjl jl 3_uIJlJ CjIjjI Cj^Ij JLjjJljLu 

UJJ '''"' (_,'^ I II tjjLaj^ jjLtujI CjLsj l«_a Jl>-J Jl^S ((jl^ijsJI 7r 1 i nl ■ U ,".1 ^ a 

»1 olr J->-JJ .7-LajJLI djjjil iCj^L<ji.a ijjl • ^ J 1 U . 1 1 J 4j^j^tj>JI Cjljj'ill (j-a 

' J '-^ II ^ J I T* i"il^i II (_^l iTc-a^lj (jjjjiil •'"'," .>.«ll (Jliljjia (Jjl jOVI 

.lo^ 

JLSj . Jlj^I jjaij (_yk: C^lii jua\ I jufc i3j^ jII oUI^jjJI JjI t_JSLII (jl^ 



6^1 6jlhJI 

l_^j_3c.j>JI J . ^ » 1 1 ^jl I II tl (jJ^J-* (_3-^ lIi Lj^.i:>J I sLui (—iM^ jaLki^ CjJL>-j 

(J^UjvI ,j_o 2_jJL.JI 5j_iil£LII jIjl^VI liUli JjIjVI jIojvVI (_yjij i^jl^JI 

: (jl^jj>JI cdJi JiJi^ 'L^J^ (_fjj>-l sLj^jj (_>^l^i- tjl J I ii-kJu ljjL>-i ja^Ji JLu 

IjlcLcu^ 7c_u-aj (jl (jSL«-i 4j^-JI cjuI^jj>JI (jl (_yj|jLJI (jLjij"^! i-iJjjl Loj_i^ 

pi J I nil (_y^ 1"=^ uaj:>o (_^l CjuI^jjsJI )«-J-<t>- (j-A^jClJ sGVjLjtA CjI JUjI i Li^J 

^ilLo (_yjiljJ,l (_yJj.Jta .TtJJcJj joJ uLL>-ij I uLl>-I (j-L>-jCl]l 7=^><-! Ji^J JJJ J 

p.aj" I II a - j-^ill (J-"J-^ jl " 3ijl-2^ '^^ 5J| - (JJ-2JI Jtj^^-J cT^J^ (_3-^ ?=-lLij («J 
LajJLi^ (J'j-i "^ L?->^' '^i-^'-^ ij-" J J ■^ H ij-^J " 4Sjj>JI (jyjl J (a::aiJI (j-o 

,(jVI ,^^ (jLcuJ!iU 
J .^ « tl 5jj3)) ^.lLlJI CjuI^jj>JI (JjI P JCuI i3j^.jaj>JI Cjljj'iil j^iaj ^Ijijl 

'j'^ll ij-" (JL2lLlVI (<U Jl^ l(j-LflJJJi,l ^^«_' I j_; 1 • "J L<i£ KCiJIjJJlJsJI (_gjjaj>JI 



'1-^ T ^LoLS lj_ujij <Jlij_LC '(jl «U^tl Jji -sj icLlUoJI CjLJI^jj>JI (JjI (jl 
Liiajl djl I jJLsJIj jojtill (j^ Lu3LlL>-I I'-'^'^ (J-^ » J U ^ 1 1 (jl ,(jLcuj"^l 5Ll>- 
LajLJ-C » I " Mill (_y^ (.T^^-^ CjLJI^jj>JI aI <UI i_<--^i£ iSj_u^ ij^Lil (Jiljji 
lJiLlII (jl^ Cj^^I di!i (_y^ . J>>->o j^ jl IjjU (jt^ ij^ (_y3 (_fli«JI (jjSj 

(j^^^JjJl ^jj?E_iIIj (j_a cLxiiC I *l <^^ t i(j^IL>-LJl TC-UOJ L^S i/^_t_uL_u2l (^^"t Mill 

(jiLj /<sJ dJJ jjj .(jl .^AS?I tilJj . Ua (j^jjj .:^ll (j^ (jl^ . jbjjJIj VjILlIIj 
(_y^j.j>JI (_,_L«Ji,Lj i'iJjLJ (j-a (_gjj5=j>JI sLijiLa liJjj CjlJlj^pJI ijULa (jl£LaLj 

iJa_2^ aj^jaj>JI (jjjjijji!! (_yJI V n_Jjji.| lIiIjjI (_yJI (jl I II "tVI r-^^^' '^J 

(_^l V nj>i-! Sjjoj iTjlJl^a^ (_yJI r^b ' I '\'? JjUIIj (J^Lill (_yJl l-^Jlj 

(jlj-jiLlI (j-SLjJj iLiiaji sLjj^I I-«-iIj ' ' j'^tl ^^^ 4£j.j>JI (_jjij^jj/ (j-ujLjLA 
^ J , ^ -- 1 1 Sjj.^ jI CjIjj>J,I j^ (.3-^ SjjLillj 4jjiaaJI 



II 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

. Li^l jJj^ lt^j ij'jj^' (— fll>-j Lul^jl (_5-3j ' Luu, Ij LujJ^j Ltujj^j l^pLsolj 

r'j-a-" < M ^ /c^mi CjJl>.| ^_^ «Lji »_a t^^jlsj^l ■*■ '-^ ■ ■■ jj-« Jluj^j ^'j '^1' y'jj:>''i r til 
y-lj-j-" rill jjLS-o (_5-3j .sLLflSl i_jjjlj.jji i-4J-« pj-"^ SjUJLc ^„' 'j I'' JV' (j-* 

j_i£, (j"''CI^"i I iiU (_yJI I'lli iijl j<ij iCxjjj>-j 5j^jaj>JI (Jiilj^al dct-Li-o tjlj i^ll 

*c3~*J ' ""''-* (ft^i-*^' J--^^J i^t-La (J-4^ Cjlj^l jL_Lx-i3 jj>. I J ';j J '^^' r'^^-sr*i I 111 4Aj_laj1 
ALJaJJJ 3 Jj -> '-- II 3_bSLIl liUj «Lb (_y3j iSj?< a ^j^L^Ila-l 3jj^j3 dll Mii"°l 

,pJJa-ilJl (_yJjl CJJ.4I3 (_,ljiltl 
(_y^ JljiUcI Ji^j iCjljJLill jsi^ tjjij Ljiajl (.3-*^ Wi>^ ij-^j-'' tiJJJ (_7-lJj 
(j-o '"'Ij I ■^ II (O-Lc ' • 1 1-^ " Ji^j . j_jjij_jjl - ^ U1\l -^ J (jjjUeJJI (_jlr SjIjuJI 
^-^ i^-^"ill j_j^ L2jt«jj 5JijJl>- <Jiilj_ii- ((uj^iJl jjiLil » 'I i^ll 

i(jjjL(Jl Ja^iji-l "iiLv i"i< I iijli£ 'JJ "' ij-2jjl (JjLj/JJ 4_LiajL2J,l CjJl>-Ij 

i-il . IU~, ^ cu-ft-La .cjIjL^Ij i_ajL«Ilj jK^>U jaAji J-^W^ cr'! l?-^^ '-«-* 

.4^LLaJ| ^1 4Il>.L>. I j ' 1 I "-^ (j-*_3 tjl I iit'^l 
ij^ \\ ,^"i aVI lisLJaill (_y3 J-itJj (_yieJjLLll jjU"ll 5JljJl>. 4j.».j^ (_p (jl 
(jrt-i (jAlLUJl (_^lj n_$j-SJl (_yJI ^LlI^I (_yJl '(jr-*^o. ^^ (_yk: i^JJJ (j^ 

.oLloVljCuLilSLaVl 

(_^jl cJSLij j^LjIl Jj^ j-j1j-I1 i-llVl ^jIjljj u-u^UJl lJJVI SjL^J (_y^ 

3^L»J1 CjJL^ La jl JlS^j •(!)-*>" ^^ (jr^ SLiJtil ^j ,>.^tl J< i^iill IjjLs 
3 i-> i^ll jL^J'^l (j^ MJ-^W M'-^ Jj'^l CjI Mi't J J ^^11 jjijj oLlII ^I 



19 



6^1 6jlhJI 

(Jll^ijCX. Lllli CjLij^ I -i^^-J-l' ij^ 3500 aLc JlIo iJ\Jj^J I rill Jui^ ' " 'J j 1-^ 

CjLijjlJI I". -»■ I II Jl^j .^^J^^\ aIj^^I Ju^ 3^j_tuJ Cjj I'Titl (ji cAil La 
dlj-AJljIj 3 Ij j • " _' ^ 1 -> '^11 CjLcjJj-aJklj (jjLjlilj CjLaLiJI (J-S^ I jj I lit 
(JjLjj f_^ .S-^j-Llil 3_JijJ_lII .~»I^ I :.^tlj TTj I iiillj JJJLllj jUejill 3x.Lu-3 
. Q^^l I iiillj (jjjl JljsJIj (jjijLjcJjIj (jjjjlicjill j^J J^A-iil (Jj^ (_yjQjl (—aJ'ill 

(j-o I j 'J « ' ' ^ J (_yL>JI (_j^i^»- LlIL>-j .3j^jij_l!I (J.«-«JI cjIjjI Sj^LJ Jlju jsJj 

T-Ljjjj La iJ-«-«J (jLxjijj (J^J i3-a^pj;e-a (JjjjiJI p'^Ji ?"-i-*^_3 iSLpJI (_y3 ulSLo 

^^ ^ "' (-i-JuHSI JLl3-4j^.JuaJ I TcJjLj (_y3 4^LLiiI 3^jl Jji Cjj-ja^l LukJ 
i3_L^I 3_3LiaJI J '^'^ (j^ l£>^ (»^^^I o' '-^ (j5-'-»^ (j^J .^sLLail (_jJjl^ 

SjJaj q\ I II t^iU ^ J .^ ^- .". H Sj.2JI (_5-<k '5 al ull Sjio^v^l )«-Ji-iJ,l Cxjls ij\s>- 

,2 A ^ , ,.ll CjI Miia ^Lb 4jj^I S^ljjJI < " . . I U" cdjj jjjjia^ cr^J .<Jl!ul^jj>JI 
<lj(_il3 jjji, I (j-*'^' CjJl^ La jl Jl2x-i i^^ioLa J^\ CjLoLiJI r'ljjtjjj/l Jl2j(3j 
r-LL>.|j .i_!j^>j>Ju ^ ^ I «" 1 1 I " 1 1 . 1 U" 1 1 I - . . ^ I J d j-»U , ,.ll cLiiLaJI (j-« MJ-^V 
.-.M ,:^ . tl |_jj^ jjLJ /<J liiljjj . JjLpi! «_LJI r-bjl (_yJI ^^L3 ^^1 jjs'l^l 

i^c-AjL>-i (j-<iju tji * ^sc-i i^\£ it-u2^\ I jLA jj-« ?rj>^^^j * L-^Lx-i ^_^-^Sj 4_i-oL>Jl 

.Sj^L^ Lla I ' 1 j_' (_gJJI d.>-^ill (j-o p ' "-^ii cdJi (J iiS <"t cdJj J u'li 

JLjJjJ iJllLJlSLol jlj L»jjilj Vl q<"linl JLujlil ^jl ,>..tl Sj^l JLuilt^l jjl 

siijLifc I 'j j-^ . - , , I u" ji^j , 3\La^L! AjU-^ jj iiilu ^ 1 iij . «_<4ii;>J,l (_y^ 4^LLiJI 

(jl-J La J^i-ij j_i-a_o :<li^ ajJLSJI i^jjjil\ (_,_ii5lj'^ 3 jl ^, ,.llj (_gjj| Jl or I 

(Jjjjo ji i_gjJI i_^>-l (j-« vijlj-iill (3-<i LcSLfljo (jl£ ■l'-'^'^ Jl;Ljj(JI Sjl^i I iiijj 

^^^ 3 U I , ,. tl ^ 1 f ^_^j"ii III (_gjJI Luji^jijjl . L^ 5jjjiiJi,l (j^Lo'^l (j-a oLjJ,! 

o>LlII Jj^ LlJliLlI (_flJ'i/l 4jIjli (_y^ 'j>^^ S^Jl^JI (jjiil ijjo-l i3-<iLi:V 

jl^ Cjlj^.i:>JI (jl .i_2Li;>JI CjI^jI (_y3 Jj^--tl 3jl ^ . ,. ^^ J <n"i i nl SSi^ i^pJ 



r 

IS 



>> I ri II j-j-c. Jl^ 3_L.i_Li!l JLijsJI Sjiilo (_y^ 4Jl 3 i I II i_aVI 3-tJjl JlIo j-^^ 

(jl£La (_y3j I -^'^ lS>^?-* (^ j_i I nil (_5i^ "J-i^'J lJt!-'^' 0^i>^ (_yg.l iU i^VI 

^ ,.^A ^ J 4_(jJ_a Llx_uJ /c_iJl^I (_^^jj>J.I 
J '^^ aI^^LS i«L<iitxi3 CjI I Ilia Jlj-uuI ^j-* ^J^^>-?^^ L>-"3Ti-?^^ CjJl_uIu Jl^ 
j_^ 4.j>-ljJI ja^J ijjj^ij /a^Lp. (_y3 3_i£.lj^l Cjjjtx (_ylll iCuuu^l SjljI jJI 

j^j^ (*j-4^ .(__>iuijG aIj.a'^I sljj (j^ SJjJjJll Jaj<JI 3j^ (jl .i-jjJlII (oJLc 

i_aJi ijLiJ^ijj jjljjj^ Jtxisjj jil . dJjji Sjjiu^ Cj^ij (_y^ J-^ I— ill <ila j>Lb 
5j_il JLi-jl o^\ cr-'^>- o^-^ ^ '-^^-4!-=*:' '^^ 3ot-i^II 3j;.jaLjKjl JUSLII ^ 

(j-o J-ji^ aJlJ-"ii III Ji^j .js-^Ia^ 5j^ (_,lr i_ALaJI jljj I JljUJiJI JJl^ -^'a3' 

i-aVT 3_«_ijl J_Lo /<JL«JI (_y^ (jl£La J5 (_^ ^ in'ill <_2j^ .g-jmlll (_y^ J^hH^' 
(_y^ 3_Lj|juJI JljJ>L! SjljjjiJI 3jpVl cjIsU^VI ,j£L!j oMJll Jj^ SJ^^ 
ijL^ I jl (j^j .j_ii£Lj liLlJ ^ aoII j_ui_JI (jl (_yk: Jjj S^Jl^JI jjLsII 
^JLft-ci eJJxL o^ (^ LoJiJi^ 7"^^-3 (_p 4_i ji"i"ilj 'Lj^i^ 'l-'^^ Lx-iJl^ /T I iiill 

r'LlLjLj 7r ( II L4-4 t?r I 11 i 11 CjLIujJ cL4-1J^1 j ' ^ '^ ^^ i~ 1 I i"i n Jl^ i4_LLi>- 

(_yi I Lflj^ J joiLi jjU'.tl jj^ 5J4-»J ' I* . '^ .' '^^LpJI cjVi ijjjls jl2Jj 

j-ikj iCxj-JI (_pi"b liljUJI)) -.liijUJI JxjJ iSjuJiill lS^j^I (Jljji iJJ^l 
(_y^ lJ-«-«J f«-I l^lj -il^^l (J II n '"j V . tl iU t (jyi^ "^Wj '^'j-^' (j-* VLv Ijjjil 
1—1 1 J J I I j-xjj I (_ylaju » ^i" ,,.11 ^^ (jjij^UI (JlLa Jajjjl Lj^lS La-j 1 n \ AJjJI 

•«J>^' ^JJ 0\ ( ^jU'li l J (^3^ 

(j-o J-J-i-^ (_3-ll 'L^L*. iJJLlA CxjIS jj .^^tlj A|j_(k^lj JljL«JII ?Lb (J^ I (j-«J 

i«L>JL«Ji,l 3j-^ cjjI^ Jl^Jj .^^iSI <JiiLoL>- (_yALLll LiiljiiHI /<d^ , , I u" j iSjLajsJI 



1^ 



6^1 6jlhJI 

J J A3 J "' ' '" ' ^ „' Ij^-SLji 3 ij I u 1 1 3_3L>JI ji < »j I u 1 1 (_gj.ja.j>JI -' • " ^ II 

^^ (3^jJI l_^lj^ (-jjfcjdl y-jjjr" I rij)) : ^.UjjJI (-jjfcjdl jO^LLa ^"C i njlj i n'j i n 

Q^^^jj?E_a /c^Lj ^ Jijj^ jLlxJJ .jJLiJul i^j^julS ^Jl^ iJjL^LtuJ 1 4-1^^^6-11,1 ^1 q^ Vl 

4Jal I II J ij LjJLc,j I (jj_ajSj>J, I i(jj.aj.j>J,l ii_jj^>j>JI ; JLlijlII (_yi^ J j . ^ -- 1 1 

.((j-oVl *lJjf» jIjjI^I 
(_y3 J m"ii III Jiilj . 1*1 J Mi'^ LLui jj U"" «Lu.2IlII CjJL>-I i_2j.:>JI j^^j ?-"J 
«djt^j i-jVjjJIj -' j • "llj (jjjjilu uj,SjG (_yjJlj - vIjLJVI ijji j-Jj^ 4.Sji>JI 
rliiVI O^J "■''Tt*:' llyj J^ ^^ VUj>1<-uI - ^jjIJlJI ^j-uJI SJIj jUt^l 
. Ij^iaj j^\ Sjjjb*- CjVI < " . . I U" sLlJIj (JjijJI ^_" ^ • " (JLx^ij (_j-oLuJi,l 
'J-»j"» '^11 |_jJiJjJI (_jJjiJ-(_, ill" 11 *LlJ1 (_y3 u^iiil 5_^SLJ1 p-l^pi-1 (Ji*- J-il 
J i<io (_5-3j . J^Lul (Jj^ (j-oOJl Li>^' (.T-'l (.3-*-"^ JJ-^' Lt^ L^I jLa-"ii III (j^ 

jjj SJal I iij tj 3 ^j^^ll 1^ 1^^ i«m j-3jJ 4.4-ia^ Si Miia) i_aj.jLJaJl p^^lli-l 

J^lj (_5-^ •O'j-i-'^'j 'Jt!-*^'^'_3 I <iJu-ir>- 2 Is I^-lLlJI CJu1^JJ>JI a1JlJ-"|I 111 

<ijL3j3j *u,l i_2j-«j t-xjjljj Cu-ajLJ-"ii III I LLiiSjjjl J.^ (-T^J 'Oi>4^' U^ ■-* 
(_ylLll isL^JVI (jljj3» (jjj^^jj 4_l1j11I /a^jLjLjS (_y3j •o'j-d^ J' J'-*^ '-^J^J 

.(|(J^.Sj>iJ| t_$j-l C^joJ.sr-'^i I III 
.((sljljVI jL^^ jLt>-))^^j i^Luuki jj j-ai jjfcj 1 1 ' ^jl Aji^'ill ^^j .^ill ^^^ 
j_j_«.j>JI 3-£LL> (j-« (JLSILiVI d-tjLLo ct^ itiJJi J^i ^ '(l>^>-4-' 'IJI ??-":^ ■-*-* 
(_yj| j_LA^I ^ JLSllVI Ijuijlo j<u JLSj .«(jlj_uJI)) dlils (_yJI ^xa-bjl Ja'i/I 
j-^ f_j I r Ij-iL^ I ^ J . ,>. tl jL<i:>J| |2>£1j /ola ; Cj I jj>J, I jj 1-^" LaJiJl^ (jlj_uJI 

.SjJlj.^ uLl>-| J ' ^"" (_yl!lj i<iij.2riJI 5jIj.j>JI vJiiljji 
J^l MilLi 4 J Mill SjjjLji i^lLLJI juljj (_y^ J^Lio Liiajl «Loj-lII -la-lj 



IS 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

i_^ jJI I ,j I II II L^a . j>LlI,I (Jji 3_ujj (JJl (jyJI^^ (JiS sLts lJiSjj JlS (jjL=tiII 

.(jjjLaJjl r-ljjjr'li 111 (j-^l^-* (_3-^ I / mi-'kJI jOJa^ jLflJ (_jJI J^JU I I J I III! (jl (j-^-JJ 
(j-o 'I i I II (_iJl (J^L>- i»l Utl ^JL2j I _i I ii-*- nJliljJLill 4JLx^ dJLjjj/ Jl^I 
JL>.1 a Q^ pLLaItj_ul S2 , jjjjL^e-ul ^j-* (2>^ *^^~*^ J"'^"* *(J-"LJ's-'-I' jj-«lS-a ji o 1 1 1 nl 
alj-c.j Ij^ 4io ^:;aj ^ t-^ « J (jl Llx^^l L*!! j (_y^ J<n"iiiil ijjj\ siLLJI iJU j (j^ 
5_Laj^l dJLLj (_yi «LJ| (.3-'-«-J L-«-^ • I 3 ^'^ tfjl o""!! Ill 5j^ ij^^ (jjjLjtill (j-« 

(_yjJI (jlj-a'b/l i-sVI 4_L^ >Lol^ lj)i^ >L<w(^ oj^^^ 03i>-^' o^ 5j-l»-lII 

SjiljjJll (Jjitlll pjj^ (j-a (_, J Mi-^l /sjajiJI f_j\c Ijl .^^ Jl^j ,(jJL«Jil C^lii 
(j-aLSm (j_a 3_jj^^l JjVi!l CjLjLc. < - . « U a i3 ii n lJiJI J^Li- '(j^J .ijJLuk 
JL»J I ' ^ I J J 3 ' ^ 1 1 o'j-^' "-liLitijI IjiSL&j .(_j.flSLj Jj^^l JlJ(J joJj ./tJjjGJu 

(jjijill di!i r^l "-^L^jI ^1 (i^lLLaJI)) 3^3! uijjij . I ^ jK.-.f ^UM ^_^i;v ijji-T 

.(>j; (n\.\ SLo. (_yi LiiL^ 4J Jjjj V |_5JJI 
(_^j_jj_iiaJI (j-« d'^3 'lJt!-'^' i'iI'iI '^J'-i' I j_uS (j-u^j-cai I Ju£l 3^ljjJI iJlijjG 
J 3 '^ a I IjjJajj 4^ J ^>-" I (j-*j-" .^ J 3 ■^ " TT J I ^ I J , <ij^lS 4^ JU L^-i-oj JJ JL><J 
iCjLcLjj) (_jJI (»Lj'^1 '"• 1 . .. aj . jj j .".J (j\ '( (II (_jJI (j-«>Jl -" ' " ''J '-' 'J ^"11 

.(jSLSj i_Jl cjlg.1 iiillj 

p3« "'T.' Ij '^ 1 'J i4^JLj 4jjl <1 mil t_iSlj£jl iSjS>- «LoJiiIl (j^jijLJl t_x^lj 

I— aj I ii-ieS tSjjl I nil j-itl^IaJl ' M~^ ^ « 4^Jb^jJIiJl ^j-^ i3jUJL^ (j-U.i-u iJIiLlLulX 
(JljJl 3'\ J Ml sLijJ (jloj^l » 1-^ a iIjLjiLi^ JiJJL>iJ (_yJI 4:>.L>J1 CjjI Jl^j j 1 ^H 
>_il I II ->■ (_jJI ^ J jj '^11 CjjjjvI LiS i4.jj<J_L^l (oi^J l_ll IM-»J1 Ale (IJ-lIU (_jJI 
iJliLa^SL>Jlj (j^LLll (j-u 3Sj"i MiU CjuI I M'>Jlj CjLiIaLLl>-Vl '„' '"^ 'J Jj .^--t I 

.3jL;SLI1 f-l>ii-l <ji^ 
JJ ,^^llj j_iL«Ji,l sLfujI jue njjJLLJlj jLaj>-3l (JL*^ iQ^j^j-^kJI 57L0-I 

(_yJ-C (_yjljLj jo-Lftj-caj ijJ^lILol (_jJI ^ i-> '^11 5JjJl«J1 CjULJujVI (j^ '-''jTi^J 
(JjJa (jjjl_La isl—LjJl 4_lL<i^ (j-* AjU-^ JS (_y3j n_gjjj_LiiJl (j^ O'^J •ij^'^' 
JLfllj-Lllj t—iljj'iil (_>l3j_c (JjjLl^j , I j "si ^ , ,,j I 3 '"'-J ''J ^i^?^*^' o'j'-'^^?^' 



16 



6^1 6jlhJI 

Luj^Cjl La j!jS] Loj li'LxjjLill SjLcii^JI CjljjjcLo (j^ I— SjJ-i La (_pl La 

LuJiuij '^jLilj «LajLl!l Sj^l o'-SjLi (jLn^VI (_yk: jLiVI »l<ilr cjLal mm^I 

jLLa 4jJjL«Ji,l dJLjl J I ritl l^j-C S-ilaj" i nU cdij (jl's i n jjl (JV^ '^J -lSJ-^JJ-^' 

,3jjjj^| 3jj ,^t I SjLcii^JI cjj2j Lajj^ (_gl I j^LJ,! (Jj2 3 ii II i-sVI 3jjtAi. 
I » " ' ^ " LtlLajl (_yjl3lji (_,lr Cxj-i^j I lit I jLi^l »l olr I ^ ,':."<l 1968 aLc (_y3j 
4500 aLc (_yjia :(_yi«-a (j^ 3 oKII i_^ La JSLi jtJjLlJI Jj^ La (_jj| Jjjlj Lj-cjJjij 
(j^^K I iillj iljLj^ji,! 3^ I :.^t^j 1.1 1 I jj'a i_jj !il (jj^ Lila Lui J nc J^ijJi.1 ijj^ 
i_aj_cj .4_LJJ_«Ji,l CjLcj_u-aJ,l (j-a Laj_j^j vj^.tlj ^1 j , ,.tlj ^LajJI «lLjiIj 

.j-Llilllj (-Jjfcjdlj JjJiJsJIj cdjjjlj (_y3LcajJlj (JjjLjeJJI Joj^ii- pLu-ilJI 

.(jlj_LiaJLj IjjsJLv Ji^ Lfljji^ C^'-:' i..r^3i L* *(.t^ j '^ " (_y3 J^^J J^J 
(j^ LjuiuHSl SjjiLaJI (—iuelLa / " » I U j U ^- ^ ^^ J^L«JI "iLa-j i na (Jjli- jjUS jJLs 

Lji I 'i J mi j^Lj-il J-j-3 cJLlIIj j-jIjJI (>jj^l (>u 3^jM^U jjj'^ii J^Luk 

(JSjIiJ 17-1 i-»-lt «_fljj^ «_»l3jj «_a .-^ U , ,.tl 3jjL»-i SjjUa r-jj-^jj lj_ijS jijij 

clt- t - T t-^-i r'^^ILa 3-Aj i5j_jLLiJl p I II "V t uj ^_^ (_^_u.xiaj »_a t^La ^j U ^ t «Lj_uIIj 

^ j -^j (j_a L^l liijjtj silSjiJ r-iijjiill CjLjiLiS ^-i"^ '— '>:!-'^' "^J -lSAS"*^ 
^ - 3 .' "^ «t_ajL2JLl (_yjLLa ^ie-i (jr^J (jLjjji:>JLj JL>-G ^j.^I ,^"-^VI jjij 

4jSjj^3I (J.2iJI SjjLLaJ ^j-»-u...tl j'^ilj lit (_yi^ Ljjj^7-Ll>JI ^ . .. 1 :,^ j ,u~j 

• (u-^-A^t!-*) 
<LLjLa CjIj_4jO (_)l3j3l t:j.j>o (jjjj_flJI sLaJi^ f_^ iLlj^ i_aVl 3j51j J-Laj 
j*'"^J J.* f*3-^ i>jLjk L$>^' <dS 1 Ml ^1 . 4_lLl>iJ1 Jt_uLuJl i>Lj_a ^ /jlj^^ ^\ tSlA2j 

J J ^-^11 3jl ^ , ,.1 oLJ,! (j-a (2ruJljj"i?l (j'^x. J I ji, I 3.>.L>. pLiji 3j^ 3_LaJ.a a^jJI 



17 

I 



d_LvJ J ij I II f_^ J I III (Jj (jlSLo Jot'ii III d-uj 1-22 I sLtujii. (2>« ^H^' JlIoj 

sLtiil ij-i>J^ p I j t J j^j^jJI (_^U'i/l jIjVI /aJLc: Jl3.j i 1936 aLc uJs 

(j-C S J I iC J j "" iIJls. 'I'^j • " ' sLc^l liiljj . IJLjfc l-i-ojJ (_5-!| 'l-'-a ^l-«-" ij>=^ 
l_gJjJL»- I _ . fij 3^j^ 3_i I iiLai 3".ljU , ,.l 4li.| J ^^ pjj, 28 dJ^ls (_^jLjt3 *ljl 
I ^ '^ * (J_ciii2J ij^JuLA (j^ t *i>^ ^*"*^~^ *^i * ^^" ' "' 5jL\ 1 11 t^^^^l ^jj^ Cj_u_a 

Ijlj* (j_a SjLJLII (j-^ dJLlLj^ cju^Jij v»^_3 (jyJI »1 oUII J u . >< I ji^j .(JjLc 

jj^jJI ^LcjJI IJlj* (jl j_Aj LoL^j I_«_LS_o L».I^^I aJiS -' j .^«_."a .tLcjJI 
Lojii^ it^l^l (_y3j .sLuLiic 4jjLLij i_f3-<-u (j-^ ('l-i-<-u (_5-iI' (j-« ^H^i "J-*^/ 

J (j I II ("uJl^ (tLij_^£LILi (Jjtlo) cxjJj^pSLIVLi *Lc.^l j-<j^ (jjj^_iiJ,l "-jj^ 

.j-u^i (_,lj a 5-0.5 SIlJuj CjJ^ , 5 - , 25 ((jj^i^ 3_>^) 
S3-ulnlr 3jjllaj (_yJI ^LoJLiJI r^l 'iU 6^J 

(_yiIaJI 3_iW: jLsejI LoLu LlcSLaj^ jjusilc SJlC: Cula^ I jl SS IiiUILi (_yiIaJI 

(_^jI_lILI1 JlJ^J,! IJlj^ (_h-« SJl^I I ii«i ^ ^ J* (<t jjLlx-1 ij^-^ (3^^-^ tj-^l ** (-AjJu 

4 < III _jj «LJ1 (j-C *" '^ "^ ii—kiSLa (_,-Lc I ' 1'^^ i^ilLo (jjlb_pl C-i^j^ ^j"-^ 
' 'j'^^^l ^1 4 i-»- I'lll J.2Jb <Jll Ij^ Sj^ l—iuSLXI Liii'^ 1 i -»■ i"i li^lj . LaLxJ <U2^JcXa 
dil < T Ml (_^i^ sLc^l I J-ik (j-a jjjju J .^-» I jjl (2>S.<iJ^ i(j-*-LJii (_jiL<i^ (_gLj 

tiiij (_gl) » _^ ■^"11 I Jlj* (JiLo Sjl^Lui^ 4J1I Ijlj 3JL5II ^l^ .Sjill S-lsK 

LI, (2>JJ-I' t^ix. (ji : jJijjLd ^jiljj ./<uilj^ iS^J^ 3-L^SLII c-l U", , „l (3 li'i'v 1, 1 

sLjj^^SLII J-i-3_jI (jj^ '^) "-^j-^ lJ' r^^^' jW^' lj-^^' ct^'^'-^-^ 0' -^'j' 

if^j.^ lull ^^1 w^ rt ( JlJJlJi^ 

Jajiilu Ss^LaJll r'j-'^' ')«-<-ulj ^^^t-i (j^ isLojLill (Jju (jlSj-u J «n"ii iil JiSj 



18 



6^1 6jlhJI 

.<LaJJL2JI (J->u u^ LliLiiuj I j • "■-" '" '-^ ■^ ■ " (Lois ^_^IL>-j -■ j '^1 • •■ " SjuV 
<4_i-L^Ii-LI 4 J I ri rlu 3juaL>Jlj t^LajL^l! Ajvi^LcuJI 4-Ll2liJI CjjJj dl!!^ ^3 

d-jjj/LLo Sjx. p-l^^ji-l (J;v3j ' jl ,^--tlj ^ i"i->.^l jLjjsJI (j^J LoJLi^ O^J 

(_2VT 3JiMj t-dkj JlSj . LoUj 3^»j>I,I ^^ SjIjJI Sjlc: S^ajLla JI33 (_^ - 



9j1I d«SA« tj,^ mLUI 4« jl §1 . . J«MI Mil 

3_JJjj3 lj_J_0 V I -' j " ■-' J I -^ J ,^t~j (Jj^VI juu^£l IJUjIj . LlJJJI MJ-'^ CT^l 

3J|JL>- (_y3 ^ ,1 J U « 1 1 /"iljl .>.--tl ^ I j . ..I (O-j-lSj SjLcI ' _ ■' '^11 (j-o .sLuLojijJI 
j_uQ]I cJjLvj ((^^SLflj (ji <ijjLcujVI I " . U"t » Lojj^ <il»-jji,l ejjt '"• '1^ jC All 

.(_y^3J liaj^l /<JL«JI (_y^ 
(j^ljill (j-« JJlC I— al mmSI (_jJI jjil^Iill i—iLjjj/l (S-^ji! (_,» I rill i_JJI JLaJj 
(JjLflj liJjjejj dji^LiLaJI (<sJLc jjl DV^J •^'■^4i>?^' (<i-ukmi SjVj (_5Jlj i3-ol-«JI 
^j ^ . ^\t 1 1 joJUiJI jJiill (2>c. 3.ji;>.JijJi,l S^jLcuJI '"'Ijj .^"11 jjl .(j^jlj^ SJlC 
i(<JL»JI 3j>.^ (_y^ LJlSLo i".Umi i(_yjii». ^:»J (_jlr 3.^ ,UII (j\j|j^ (_,lr (jj-i-J-ll 
LajLJ-C (_j_iLjijVI (_yii,jJI (_j^ dijLii Sjjj Cjjjb*- JliJ .(jLtujVI I jK ,". (_^l 
ljJjL>-j I -1 j ... A I <lji_LiLaJ| ^1 L&j^Jl^j 4 I'll III (j^ja^LLaJI (JLLaj^l ^-j^^ 

. I j''' 3jjj»-I (jyl^ ^ J , ^ -w 1 1 
Ijj^j La >Ljl3j I jj^VI J^KJI <dSLAj /oJUJI t_^^ JiLi 4jI jull JLU 

ij_ii|^liil ASj~ i"i a Jajljij aajj>J,l (<sJL«JI ^^ Ijlj Jl2^ i^-lLiJeUJI AUijal tijj 

J J i I iiSLJIj (J iM ILL) 4_4JjLiJI <i_LjjjVI <1jj<jJlJ,I (_g^^SLio JlJc^ cJjso 

Laij .i_2Li T-j-iisjj (<sJL«JI SjL^vjj ^ «j .Ull j^Iaj (2>^ J'^-^i (J iiioj I iiSulj 

19 



:3_j^^_i_J| jjjLj u^ (jrJj'^' 3_i U II 3_t^jjJ,l (J, I III! jjjJa^La! .cjIjJJI 

Lj-Cj" 1 11 a Ijii I lil*^ I jolr ^Lal£JLo LaLkiJ 7"^p^l ^Lajjijl jsJLlaJjj i4_L4Jjli3l 
.jcjjLaJI joJL«l! 3j^£Li!l iJliljja_(Ji,l /<uii ^ • "■-" (_y3 

/^LjjI jjjjLjJj-a) j^ls l^j_j_a V I Jo^ij I 'J 'l-^ jjjj^jv La jS_u j2>jI jI-^ ■ "jl tjl^ 

<ij^lj_j 5j_jj^ A J i"i (_yi Sj—LiLi-a 4_(jjua (_yjij i Ij_l>-LL<ji (_y3 jjj i(_yjjJi2Jkl 
^ ^" llj 1-LljI (_yJI i_j-&i Oj-*^ (j-* Sj-ifu^ djuLjiJI iJj Lojii^j . (uJLiSLIL>-) 

(j-O 3-J^Je_3 Sj-CJ iJ-J-3 («-J (j^j j ,^tt LujiI (yaljjli (_yl^ Ij-iklj tlf^-Liji SJlC 
j_j_i£LJI i^JLJlJI ijj K iiiVI «l_bl SjJpJ (_7JliII S-^t!^ (_yJjjL2ll j^lj_La^l 
^Jjj (jjLjj/^jJ LLjjI (_jJI JjJ^ (j-o ^Lajj/jl jLc CjIj ii II Cj^ij Jljlj . Jlju L<i-i3 
jl J j 'Ij (_j_ijjLiJkl J J i^ I iiVI il^jji Jljlj 4JI j-i^ .Q^-iS_jJ :4joUII «Qjj/jJuo 
(^1 t—ij.^ . LLuI <-iJ_pJ (ji (jJI JJJ->- (j-« J U . "--. I LiiLjiujI (_j^l ^jj^Ia lj_La V I 

. LoLi 63 (j^ l-»J>" (jr^jj ti^;^ Lij' 2^>j>v 

3.^,UII j2^ I olr ojljocL tLj-uiil Lsjjju (_yla^ i i_gjjl tcjjLIII (_y3 Jj'^l J-*i 
jlj^ (_jj| 3jj .>.«ll j_lc jljJkl ijj^>^ 0'^~*1 (1>^ 5^. U'lll ojljl I " I -»- J I .o I J^j 

J u . ,.ji <:L_«_<i_i-u LiulS , ^LlxmSLII ^^ u . ..jIi ^jj_^1 ^^^ Ljj_kij L_uL_ui ^jj '^^ 

Cjlia (J^ii- «LSji>. Cjjl£. itLse-pe-i-a ^^^J^ (_,-* lt^' "ijIsLcjl (jl (_7^i^»- i«Ll!Lc 
L^j^ (j I <"" al I ii-v 21 . Uj ^ . .. 3^j.jji (jl •.(JjLflJI djLcjlS . (j^ i I III! (j-a SjLjJl^ 

.(SJj^.uU ,_>ii;vjLj jjl (jSUj (_gJLll (jljJI ijilj) 
(_ylll <iJjjUI (_yJI joJjLflJI joJL«lI (_, oUII _^jJ,l jjj ij-2lul jU ,,.jT (jUj^ Jlju 
(jjjjjijiLaj 3_^ .^11 4jjji'C I iiVI :iJj-tJI Lllj (_y3 (_yjjjL2Ji,l jj A i n^^l LiLiiuji 
■ 3 jj .^11 4_jSLil,l 3 1 1 1-^ ill 4j^Lu (jjLijiJ^j , d A U •, 1 1 ojui joSLjv (Jj'^I J^j-^ 

.5jljjl>- (j^jS^ <ijjijjLo sLiujI d Alsj jU , ,.ji JljLaJj I'l I ii^^La (_g^pjsj j (_yJI jjjj 

jJS jjj^ jt-^ , ,.ji v2jLi!j^ ^-"^^^-^ (^^J 'j-'yj lS>^^-^ "J-^V -^ ij-**^' \j~it (jl 

, jLj_aM^ «L^i>- LjjjcjjJlJ Cj\ i ii tj t^^^^-LM 



70 



6^1 6jlhJI 

i5-jjj i's I iiVI Laj^^^ i_g_^^l ^jj j ■"■■ " 4_j_«_Lc 4_<j/jjuo cjLiiij IjiSLiij 

, jJL^t-a L-flJl 4-11 0* 1 ( n Lj^jv ^Lijjl ^QjHS-aj 
. 'Lj^Li^ 4j«ilr CjLajl jojjijj i_^^ (J^^ ijj' 4jjJ iS i nVI j^j-^ 03^ '^ 
ijj^ojal pL2j^I (_p (j-a »1 oUtl Sj-^i- (oiiJI jjl^'l aJj^-aJI i_2jjJiiJI Cjj^i JlS^ 
(j^j (j-a 4jjJ is 1 11*^1 j^j-^ -1 j ' "i Ji^j . ^Ijl3 (jm i-l^JJ c_il I ri->- (_5i^ IjjIiLcj 
(_j.3 ^ 1 j " '"'I "I j ' "I 4_<5-iJ-2JI 4jjLo_jjJIj <ijijj.^VI SjLiiisJI (Jjvlj^ (JS 

j>LJll Jj^ 287 j»L: jJj .2bjj_SLxajVI S^jjJ,! (_yJI ^<s:^J^<J ^JSLiJI 4j^LJI 

(jjjj^ .^U,Lj *-d^j.j;e_lLjj it tSl^AJl CjLS^j.j>. Jlj-oj_j LLSILa lJL^.>. ■ '^ *■ ^ f (ro 

JJ I ri-»JI (_j_Li IjiSjfcj .x_ijilj (_yl«-a (j-o 4 oKII 4jjjij La (J£Lj (J-^jj/JlJl^I (JjIji 

J-^ ^JUJJ?E_1 Cj-4SL>iJ /jjJl Jl^JLioJl CjJlJjIu 4^1j_tul Cx>iJJ .j_^L>iJ1 ^0^0'^"'* 

tljjJlj (jl pLLalLijil 4_i£Ltj . sU,l J-3jJ (((_>uJLL<ii-jl i_JjJ» pj-^l J^J 'lJt!-'^' 
. LoLxj J^ I ij'^?-* Lt^ Cj^'C I'lll (J:>J 4jjjiJ_i4JI 4j.2jj^ (J-iia^j 4i.Sc 4jljji 

djLil i.i'»Jl cj^LcI (_yijjji.VI ,j;^jJI (»liiill L^ji^j (jlll (»l^j^l 4I3 (jl 

jaL^jSl 4 J I ri"i t LaLoj SjjJL>. 4.2jjj3 (jjjjijjii-jl pjji-l JlJJLulS .4jSLii!l 
4 "( ( n\^^ (jl ,((jj_ajjl uliLijv r* ' '^^' '> ((dx-LaLtoiJ)) 4_jLo (_^ ' ^ "^^ ' ' ^"j ^.J-:^^^^ 
i«4_(A-Ljl£LJll diLjJilll 4.x.uljjJ 4.2jjj3» V»^J (_5J1 ^"'Jj ' dJLulSjoll ^ 1 jH 
SjiitU 4jji3ljjJI (Jjl I rill (Jjv Ji^j i(j^ lii iijjIjjI (_jJI ' MJ 1 1 I jui (^JL&i J^j 
' iSj ' ^ '" ^^ (_jlf ii±x:;ajJI I JLjfc (_y3 (J-ol-»3 Jl^j .l*Lu1SLlI,I /nlr (_yJI .^1 Tn nVlj 



91 



"ijjLajjJIj «Liijj.£.VI iJliLjjiau^l 4^Lol C^ajvI^ (^ JJI i^jL^^UI a^^ia x_a 
(JjLS^sJI CjLijI <— ij 1 I III (_jJI (jjjjijjii-jl jJiu <lSj.i:>JI (_5-3j •;<-L^ 4xjJl2JI 

(_y3j I Ljjll^xj Lijli III jsjLll^Li i(_j£Lul£LJi,l (jlaill (_,lr jL»ll^VLi 3_ij^Ij^I 
^ 1 jl I '""^ (j-* JtH" (.7^ 4.2-13 J (j-L&lj-i 5jj>-q1,I «GLiIJ.o 

CjLuiSJl Qjljlu)) *.^_^i^^ ^jj-i^iJj T-j-uj^ (Jj ' j'-^ ' "J* 4jljj1 t^^*-^^ ^ j J ' ' * ijl ( II 21 

.((L^ljjl *_a 1 1 ii'Cr I.I iiLuj L^jI^ 3 S U U Jl^la'i/I Lijl^ lil 3 < iiiLuIl 

(_j5Lul£LJ,l (»JJ>JI (»^4iia i_aj.c.j i J.2l!l _^j_a 3jjJij (jjjjLX<ii.ji f-cisj Jl^J 

^_y 1 1 il p ^ 1 . ^ " n LjiLjil (i«L4Jijul Ai 1 11"^ 2 1 jj^'* «CL?tj ^^ iLiiojX, ^_5JJlj 

.(i^_^^JJl 03-^''* ^ J ^ -^ '^ /cijul ^\ (—^LaIdI 
^uLji (_y^ M-o-l (_5 JJI AsJjiJI di! j (_yJI ,jj,Jijjii.jl jLc j^ftjJI i-flJ>i- (_7^ 

Ijj^lj J I II I _ I < i"i (oJjjij iiiJLul£Liil (<si^ : (—iajj (jjJ (jVI (_jJI "^Lj^^J J o"ii iilj 
i«_u-3j i4_(jjJi,l (j^ f-Ls-j Jai- (oJij jiia . Lojj (j"ij"v jijlo Laii,j.o pLaj 7-yi-uj 
Qj>-\-x.ja cjI J ji 3 Mii I III! pL^ I4J I _ I o~\ i3ij2j 3jl3jLc. ol J i3^!iL£ 3ja-l 1 nl 

(Jj-3J Ji^J .5jL>- SjjJEJ-a C3-^ -" 1-^ *- ' (<SJ (_yl^'2l (_yJI 4 Mii I III! L^ ^^ idjLSlj 

I— <-i- i -a I (_y^i^>- idJjjJ,! jJJJi 3-5^ .55*^ jl iJ:^ jW^l '-7*^_>'-'-" ' lS'-*^' j.o'ill 

. ljjSlj_uj/ Jl^ <_jj.j>JI i_aL2jl (_jJI J I--" ^ ' j^ "ijj^ 4iljL>- (jjjLlII (j.« '^j-^ 

^ ^ J ' ^ ^ (JjjJLlajvjI ^_^.^ i^LlLijKjl (JjtAj Jjjtil L^l^i Ij^^lj-Ujj CcJc T t^ LaJLi£.J 

.«j_jjLajjjij (J II ll V)) : TcjjLl!! C^L>-J iJlii oK Ua-aJlLa iLajj -^3^ JL>.| ' ^^ • •■ ■ 

jjSI ^JJ ^ '^ ^^ '^ '^'1 IjLA ^jt JL^H^t)) :jjjjJLuiJ>-jt jj^ LijLl^elLa ^ i in i ii (jL^ 

" M.'^j"" ""' O' 'iJjL<-»iJ^I ^ .J .UtI » jl.^" • "" jjl ^j.a 

CjI j «LuLa ^-» '^ " p^^Hi-l (_g JJI - (_, JJ I iTiS jJlLa . Jjlaj Luji sLLa jjSI (jj|jj>-l 
elj.^1 iUaLij/j-i ((_j.SLjJj|jJi_L^I) (_yJm «.j.J>JI «Ll>-jj j<u Ji^j , ^" iljU , ,.i 
^_^_Laj ^j_illjj.a Ji^j*-^ 4.4jJl^i j2>^ ' M""*-" 4_uL« CjLcL.u p^^IL>-lj , < U j * , >> 1, 1 



77 



6^1 6jlhJI 

lAjj-x-LM CjLjjiSLo ii—ijii! (_jj| (_5-oJ 7-j-ujja i4_pi «Luj.jv lIiV I (JlLo (j^jSLulSLJi,! 
O ^ ^ ''"'-' *'>^' 0' ' '' •'^ "^1 J i<iijV S^jjLA "UJ'^J . ..1l« Ijij^ U>^ "—^J-^ '^J 
L^jijii i4_uujjJlj <ijjjjiJI CjLta-^^l (J^i:>- (j-o LiiL-3j SjjJLc lijljtjl (_iJJ^ 

.S^j^l loJLajjJIj ^jJlJ^JI ^jlSlJI L^l«Jj-3 (_^l ^jSLulSLjII cjV^I 

(_^l S^LcbVLj .(J3_Lijj_c.)?l 5^^lj JLUjVI J j t^ja JjliJI JiiJI j^jjLli 
LjJL^v A j^ tj ml La ji '3^jU^l I 5^1 1 riU (jjjLl2J jL^^ (_ij^j (jj^>_ui JLi^l 

«jJ_a_lJj_jV1)) jj-^J , (( y* 1^^-j-a^ I jS - ^p-a jj t nSl)) Sjlj t rill ^_^ <lal t nU jjjjLLfl_a 
(j-a TjJx-J jLJe-l (J_«_fl_l JJJiJ i5^ J-*3 " L»^L>- LaLiliil LLji jTpi ^J<S '"ill 
(_jjj'iil jljJaJI p-I^^Hi-VI \jJt tjj I rij »1 «iU1l (j-a IjjilS (jl r.^ "a J ^ . ^ (j-ujjjl 
(Jiijijj (_jjJI 3x.jLiJI (jijj .^«ll clLpca (JjjiuijI Jl^j .«C1jJl:>JI SjjLJcjJI 4jii»il 

(ji (j-\_jJLj j<uJl.2JI (_j_iLajj_llj (_j_iLjjjJI jslaJI (_5i^ 'Lxjj.lm SjJij *L2JLij 
JL£j . I J-»- 5jJ5J_a CxjlS 4.4jJl2JI d-uLaj^lj «LuujjJI SjU,! <il olr Cjljja-La 
ljJjL».j i3 I'i I ii'^l Jii^l (J^ f_j\r ((jj^-i-oLm «Lxi«JI 5[>:5=-J i«Lxi«JI aJi^I 
1^1 (f^ l_a 1^j_lI1S -^ ^ *t /*— *J J -^Ij l^tlj ^1 j Mi^l ^j_A^:>. /C-J-4-X-13 (_^1 (Jj_i-i3^1 



9S 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(j-Lj^Lo I". I'iiit.al - j-jiS Lfcj-LCj (jlj-JlSJIj (J^^^alj (jjJjjjLJI - "ix-iJiill 

jj_ij r-LLjl ^Q_ka_cl jj_aL_u aj.jjj>- ^_^ (J|j_lA Jljjla Cjjjjj_ufc ^ j"ir I Jl^ 
J_«j AjJti jsj Jalj-^jJ^ 5jA I UtI Jl^ j_^ J_i mi (_gjJI j-Aj ij<sJL«JI (_y3 tLLJI 
51 t ii^a j^_aL_u ^_^ ^LbLfc jJ:>.JlA ijr^-^ iS^' JluoiJI c1)JJiJj-j_A ^j^ • d 1^1 ^ . ,.1 
5jL^ (jj-^ '— 'J-^_1>t!-* ' ''"'J^ I ^ '^ S-^ Ct^' "'riJ''' '-7*7^'-^' J jj I'Ji'ij .(Jj^s-l <ijij|j 
.(j^LjjJ p ^ ' ^" * ^ t"i t]j tj^j^ \jS Aj^Ls ^ a ' t j ^ > ct^' Cr^J i^LaJLiJl (j^LLul 

CjjIc [jaJuLC (jSLIj . SiajjjiaJI 3J Ltui Li (j-ujj LjjSj (_y3 (_j^i»- (j-iiill (jili Jlla 

^iJj< Mill cjJ\j ^j^i^^W oj-^' ^UJ (jT^ (3^' (jr^ 5i>j'^' SloUVI aiuJI 

i^J-X-a clLiil (_y^ (Jjiill (^^^pJtA sLSlUI (J^l (j-o j>jlj^l i-T^^J i^JJl J-i«Jkl 

iijjJLJI <_j^j:>JI SJjjvUa j ^ , ^\\ (_gjLjiJ l_;l -r* CjjIS i4j:>.l1J| j^\ <ii«j>oj 
CjJL^ ljL«_L3 .5j_L.li!l oljj'i/l SJLjj^ J5 (_yjk iSJUk - 3IajjjiJ S-tslj CjVT 
5j_^l_j.c (j-LjjL«_«_o (j-<_ijijLi^j »l «ilr jaJL«JI (_jJa^l (_g JJI j . ^ « 1 1 CjIjjjcLo 

J^j . JLlijlII (_gJjLi (J.a:>o ^1 .>»«tl jJ^ijiJI (jl .(_gjJLL!l (J-<U<JI (j^ ^uiai <" i nVI 
I ljjj_c,j 1 1 J -a- I II tj ijjiJI lj_^ji- (jJJJI (^4^ •0'^-* ij^ Cr^ "''t^^' (J o<"ii 111 
(«j>.Lil,l (_y3j i*I_lJI (_y^J iSjjJlJI (2>4il CjLiijJ (_y3 /tt-Aj 1 »"i I III Jii! . IjjjJaj 

.<:LajA.:>Jlj J j < U Cj Ui j-ijtA 'jj'-^'J ij-lm «LLoIj 4_iIo JljIojiJI Ajii-j 



9^ 



6^1 6^lhJI 

SjjJLlII i_jjj:>JI SJj^vUa i_^ ^ '" ^ 1 1 (JjuiJI jjjij^^j^jji ' '" ^_' i^lilo iljlSjfc 

:j>Jl»-j JljjiJI (jjLc (_yl^ (.5-211.1 
J ■"■■'- Lul 3Jj;»-LLiJI ojui (.yi^ 
i_jjiLji (_yj| ^Lill T-L-i-iiJI (j-« f'^ iJ^J 'O^ 1 ■< J r 

i(jLj.jKjl (.^^ii-AjJll ^j-uj J t II tjijt I ^ '^ * ((<! I II 0^*2 1)> ^j_« ^>->- i tJiJ^ Ct^J 

. sl^j'ii I JljJI (JLx^ (j-O (jj I il<l->- TC-Uouill J .^^11 j^ (_>ul-C 

. LjJ-AJ Ijlj^^ ^J'^ *'-^j'-:' ^j'"''-^"" 

.cjWI «Ijj (j-^-cuJL*- 1^^ I II t (jj^^'j L^^T^ l^lnsj 
(j-Si /<sJ Lxjji^j . jLuiJI J -I'' aIjlj-"! iiLi 5j.j>JI 4jjjllII 2^\;,,^\\ c^^jjj 

q\ I II tl (JaJ LJL;*- 3^j^>jiil »1 1 ii^l (j^ («-* (Jj"ii iiSlj.jj Ci-lISJ^j (_^jLjji^ 

i_flJLL>-lj iaa_2^ (j^jjSj.*- IjJlC (3:JJJI ^1 U.ll (j^uLa-JI si o i ni (JlLo jjTi i na 
.pLu-aJI ji ^jissJil] T-^3 o^ I ^-^j • •■; La^LHi-l (_yC.L<CL»-VI -' j « ' '-^ J 
'OJ. '^"'^^ IJljvIj ^ jj I II Jl^so (<sJ (j^jjLojijJI tLiLiil <i^Qji,l <Jliljja_(Ji,l (jl 
(JLscji ^_y3 'LiiJ-V '^L^^H^s-* 'L'UJ .1— aj-ijtlll (_jJI TV'^^J (sJ (_^Ji^jJ(JI (J.«j>JI (j'^ 
jtsJ Cjj_i_jJI i_^ Sjj -»- '»J,lj p Ulu 'UajjjJkl j-J^ (.yj-ujLi^l (j-illj iiJLul£LJll 
jLLc I j J I '' (J-LHI 3_iiii"ll '"'J .^"al Ji^j .(_jX.Lil».l i_aljll^l f_j\r J '^^" 

^_^_»_J_(ailLS Jl_Lc > iA ^ \4 11 J t( iLtJ'^l p^ '^" Ct-^ Si^^^i tj-* ^ ^J ' -^ «lCj-4J?E_a 

.cLti2j i_xa^Vl Lx^LjiI l^il^^Hi-l (44jI (jjj-uk (jJJjlSj jj^Li^j 
(JL>-jl i_^^ I ''^J sLxJtxiiJI JLl^jlII » 'I '-^ " JLcLxjj joJ (_Jjj>-l 'ij^vLj (j-oj 
^^t jU ,,.j! ,)| ,,i Li^dS-ftKllI Sb^l)) JLulII q"^ liilij iCjI Jjiil ^^ic La j^Iaj 
; Liiajl <—u^ i_yjjijuuajJt (_yi>-j .<J1iIJljlJi,I cdJj jjl-^" ' IjjI 1 o'l^ja o^ 
lAjLca j^lj Jj I III! L^i '^ T^j" "^ ' J 1 jl I JjjlII 



95 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

(jjj I JjjlII (2>o ij-**^' (j-* J'^ wh^' Ct^ (Jj iiO->>J| iJfjJ^ (2>c jlj o" I iiU '-i^^'tj 
l^jjtial Jl^ ^LajL^JI "Q-'J '^ .^"aVI" (jl Jjill i_x:ajj -djlr jj^-^^' 'j'-'i^ O' 

. JUjJiil (_yJ^^-i«JI ^1 jj-" I iiVI (jx. diLiuSLlo l^^^jj^ 'j-f^ (JiL>o-t_iLjSL!l I juk (_y3 

jja^m ^ ..^Ull (_yi3 . I JljI I^;»-u^ (jl JUoJiil j^JcJ V i—klJJil jJaj "l^^J (j-*J 

3_Lii3 (_, 1 r jl_lj_«JI jLj^I q^jI^ r>^' iJ-^^1 (j-^ (J-«-»JI (j^^ ^ Lojo^ 

jLj.c'i/l j»Lj' (_5-3 (_yIL>.j . (J_S^>JI (_yJI iJjVI JjJj i(Jj^lj-iJI J iiirj ijjjuJI 
(j-o JUoJlJI aI JlJ-"ii iiU (jj3l£ Tt-u^A i(J.i:>JI (_y^ iJ-<J-«JI ^«-ij5-l Lajj^ id_j^ljjJI 

.CljLajiaJI «Lb (J^l 
(— fl_Lji JLaS . \lXs^ ^ ' ^ ■-'-»' " CjjIS (_gJ^jj(JI (J-«J>JI <ij^LlJl (jl p J j ■-' 1 1 (j^ 
CjLJIj_lj>JI dJJLo Cm "s 1" <i a i«_o £, J ' " 3^^-^ Ct^ l^loLtJJ iCjIjjal JljUJiJI 

(_gj"iri<in Jj^l t_Lj^l (jl 'Oi^^l tiilj(_y^(_yi3- ilj^jjIjjj^jiiSLII (jl •o^jyill 

d_oji (_jJI (J_i_ajJjS i_ijISjI jLjil Ail .CjI jJu LLA (j-<i^ r-LiJiU jjAAitlll 

i(jLp.'i/l t_Acl(_y3 1^0 1 ii!» : JLla |^.i>ijll Jj'l^l (jj-^l (_y^3jJLaj^l icilj^Jl 

«LJL>. [j-«J ^^Ji-^ ^ J ^ ^ ! I , )JL>. (j_a (j^ S t"i t (jjjjLJI LLLa^SL>- '"*'^ '^""^ '"■ 

J_La jl_<iiLll JJU (_y3 IjLi^ '_>tH'-^ '_>'' dh?'-*-^' (j-^ jj I rill (jjJLA '^J'-^ ^ ..^Utt 

t_Ljjjj (_yJI J'^j I i^it t jl^ ijjKAII liUj (j^ 3jI-=-V (jt^j .SjuaJI SJ^jVI 

dJLvjJkl <_JJl^ I.J I ri t LaIj^ CJjL>-J C<-L.t3 Jl^J i3_l_pJI (jl JiSjj ^j2l^lja 

JS (_j_Lcj .(__>ia_LjI »Ljr ml ja^jj (j-uLill 7=-i-a (_yi^ SjjLaj i". i njl isLSjLjJI 
<ij_jj^>JI (j-C 5j_LjLj i—iLjjji'iil jsJLA (jl i(_yjiLuji (_5ij5J Lj 1 Jii'r I uLa i(JL>- 
3j^ i(jjSll (^ Ml ; a Jjl i(3JL>JI L^JjiJ (_ylll iSjpJI SjLjioIaJ (jSUj >l-a . IjLa- 
(jl JL2JLcI (_5-i-il ..(^jlalj-o^l ^ ^ * J ' jl i(J^>J,Lj t—iu-caj (jl i5jJL>- 4_L>-L1JI 
<ijj-iiiejlJI I "I ■-"--■ 7c_i-33l (_5i^ ijj iT-Uil *j-<-u V I L^jjjj) Sjj^jiil jjiljIaJI 

3jji^ I j ^ ^ ' LJjJlj^I LiJLSla I jijojiil (__)I=j'i/l 3-cljj Lj^jj jl^I^I (_y3j i3'ij . nil 

. « ■ . . 3j J j^ 4jU^ L^ 4jI_L»JLi Ljjl Jijvl Sj-ji. aL^ (j-^-a- (_,lr i J^Lail \jt\ iol i nj 

»1 'I'l'l I nVI Ij'jl-^" • "J joJ l4jJjJJ(JI t_!ja^ Ij 1 j" (jl JlJLJ IsLoJiill (j^J 



96 



6^1 6jlhJI 

jlSJ . (j>i_jJ,l J_i3 Jj^l OJ-2J0 J '^3 ij^-iriJ-iTiJ >»-al-«-l.' (Vitruvius /sjjjLi 
(jLs JL;>- (J^ (_,lr J .(3.x-iJLaJI ^jJLajijJIj 3_uLJ^jJI <i 3 ^ I : , ^ 1 1 « ^^ I j. nL-ul 

l«_ll_LO "ill Qt" I llV '_>^i I ''^J '■*^?^ ^ "■■-" tjlSHI (_y^ LLJi 7C_IJEJ^ .<Jl!lJl^JJ>JI 

Jij^j (j_* ('-^J-'' L7^ "^^ <— iLjSLII (j-« r* ' ''^"'JJ -^i-taJI r-LlJV La 4_iSLuISLlo 

cjjJL&lj .S^LLii! Ijjuu^ji LajLH^Li Ljjajjjij I j "■ ■-' ' ' 4jj^jj(JI i". mi^lS 

i JUoJlJI l-j-A^J J ' '^ " LdJLcji Jl»J jsJj . SjjjlSj (j-LOJ_^^Ll I^JSjJ ^"^ j 'I I (JjjJl 

3al Ull J ,^^ i_j^Il3l JLaJ -1 j""* 1 1-^ (jLj-cisj -i j • "j^ (jISLaj 3 ij « . ^ 1 1 jj^ IJlC,j 
cilije-U (ji <1jjLjij"^I i_^i^ '-r^3 • "^"-d^ ij-* ij-> i i nil i— sV I j o" i nl (_gJJI «Li:>JI 

3 al Ull 5JijJl>. J-jLJ-o (2>c 

CjJlJVJ jL^a 7-Lj^I (_5-JIj 3-JjI.J>JI oLlII (_yJI '.jlj o'n nU (S-^JLj^I aLoI iJjjlS 

.(j-«j J-i-a I— »jJljjJlj S^jjiVI 



97 



sj^\^\ 



j_^l5j_JI jLajJI jJu-iaj istjUJ JS-JiTu 4jJlSj_i <-Jlijv jjie_L(3 (_^ - (Tufo) 4jJLIajVI ^j-o •' i^Utl (|) 
(j^yiH j-_3 i^j—Sj\ <-Ct-t-La j-i-uJ I 4x. j_i_u jJ. I ) . L^lj^ *l_(jl (j^Sl >jjl Cjl^^jLi^ ^j_^ '-*J-^9 cit-Lj-JI 9 

.(Cj^jJUI - (393 ^>^ J977 3SLx^^ .LjJuu^K^I ISL^oI^j^ jIj .26 JlI^I - IjJl^ 

IjLise-a (j^^lj ^_£ j_^j_iSJI 4jI1jj£ j-ojJ I =Lc j_i_u aJ. I ) . Ljjlj_ij JLcjIu ^—^ !«_Sj el ' '^ *■ : j^t-L>u j-j-i-u - (2) 

.(^>lll - (256 ^j^ .1976 ^S-.^^ .Ljg-ujKuMij K,,, nj'-qj-.^ jlj .25 jJl^I - 

.(<us.j^I - J^UJI (jL-aJ*^! (_;,-<-*Jj if^jh^^^ L>^' cr^ 5-)-LuVl-i <— J-ij^ :Homo Sapiens (3) 

.(<ijvj^l - jjLSJI (jL-uJVI ^j-L«j_g t^_yL^VI ^^ -11 ^_^ <-)-LuVLi <— J-ijj :Homo Forsabilis (4) 

jjjij tA 1817 aLc t ij-uTu-L^j-tTuj L-u La 4jV^ ^_^ jj^SLJ^^ ^_^ jjj H.D. Thoreau: jj^j Ju-ajj l£>-^ (^) 

.A I 837 aLc <_SLi_u a j.^ j l£ 4ji_aL>. j_^ T-j-icj j.^Lj ^|_^I i_3j_tjjJu3 a j— cLiTlvI p ^ ' ^ q tj_Sj>-ol C-ul^ 

- IjJL^-a (jO^Lj fjj^ ^j-SJ\ 4jjjj^j_ojJI 4ilj_tjjJLI) .4-01 LCtJ'-VI Cj^iS_jJ.I oJlScj 4Jj^ j_^ JlSIJI 

.^ftjvjJUI - (112 ^>^ J977 3S-.^>a .Ljj^jjKjMiij K ,,m n'-=^j-.^ jlj .26 jJlUI 
.(<ij*.j:m - 4.4JSLLI 4j^j.j»- ^-*^>J ' tj: J ' ^ — " : tj-tTuTt-J ISJ I (6) 

4-U-l-l^J...aJI icj-t^jJLI) ./CJJlSJI t_^jJtJ»JI J '^*^l ^_^ ^_^l JljJI (jLojjV J-OC CjIjj! ■ 5 . j , ^ -s^ aJal^ (7) 

- (342 ^>^ J975^^£^j^ .Ljj^jjKj M iij K.mmj^ j^ jlj- 22 jJl^I - IjJl^=^ o^i>^ t^ ^j^' 

(_y^ dJjLJ) -("UJl^ (_yl3 1 j_SIj_oj I Liilo jj (_yijj^| (_;^_j-cu-a L_ul5 .A .(3 (456-525) ,j^j_Lie_L^| (8) 

jL>. (ftj t tj-upi. j-i-aX I t iGSJi cjLdjL(.tiA (_^ .A .(J 484 aLc tj?^' f>j 1 . ^" 1 1 (_ic jl->- -^jLj^jji * '9>^>" 

ij-uj-tTL-i-a aj-i -/jj-*^ 4j Ljj>. j-oj-a j_^Jl>.) . «_li-u L^J-a iJ-'-^S Aj^j-j-oA 80 i—dJl .5j-jL>. 5j_tla£. j-J-ijl /jJ-^ 
t Lj JLJJ^K-L..aj j ISLcuIjj^ Jj_u J I J .30 JlL:>J.I - I JlL*!^ (>U>Ij^_^j_^jjSLII 5-CL-t-l^J...aJI 4ilJj_ojJ.I) . l-Lj-5-a 

.(^jJUI - (287 ^j^ J 978 ^SLl^j^ 

((ia_tj_ujJI /<iJ*LJLll) ' oij.^11 4_i_jij t_t^j 4_Ac j-^Iaj 4_iS^I dK.^^tl ^j^a j_^_t_jiii CjLu : (j Lfl j-t-oJ I (9) 

Li^jj! ^_^ i_>"Li ./tuJuiJI (Homo Sapiens) J^1_«JI (jLoxJVI JSLi 4J : ^_^SLcaJ^ La jij^ jjL..aJj (10) 

4_jJLc 4_i_3j t^j-^jJI » aTi-Lj Jl-ijv jjA-tlija (j-^-i-uj-S-a (J-ljjv L>. a d ^ j ^" , ,, j d ^ j -i- i i ^.^"i , L^j*.jL>.a 

1< ..i"jj'<^j-L^ jlj - 29 _lL>J.I JjlIjsl^ Cry^ c?-^ " l^j j*^ ^I 5 j"j j'<^j-caJI djij^^l) . ^a^*.*^ 

.(<ijvj:m - (52 ^j^ i 1978 ^SLj-oj-a t Lj Jljj^Kjj^I 



98 



I 



^mJI krflil^ ^§jrf ,>^ ^j^m < 

Clt-L-'U J^J --' 1^ ■ * iLj-L^IUl ' " >JJ '•^" t^^hjj t tl^ 11 ^^^J_^l 

JLca ij^Jii!! JlJLo Sj I'll" ill iSj^j-ail Aljjk^l L^ '■^^i-':' 
.'l_<uJ^.2_II 4_ljLoj^Ij 4_ljLJ5_lJI i^j I ' >» -- 1 1 (j-aj 
(ji (j-SLflj (_5-J-II I (j I II lit Cjljjal (JjjLlJI Jot" I II Ij 
■ t> i III II (j_o (j-^-flJl J^^Lji. ^LlS Cjj^Iaj Ji^ 03^ 
(_jiJI (iS-pJI ^al Utl«l j , ,.^'. ^^^ 3al Ull xjLlo CLu\£j 

• ij^'n nil i_aVT '"'ji^' 
Li^J-^jj jL_lJI !".».>. -^i LoJlj-c i(<ujLiJI (j_«>-!l 

I ''■^ y (Jjjj—LlJe—ijiI j>j_i JlSj .3_jj_jJI CjLJIj_lj>JI 
Ji 0^x1 ^j_a 4_l_jjJa d I I II I I II ^j '^ (j-« ipl^j-tiijLj 
•LJL? (j-u_L>jl L^ jjjj^_u_Laj^ Jt ( lit ^_7^l 5jk-i:>J.I 

L^_«_3J5 «Lj_jLlS «L:e_L>.Lj ^ -^ ' '■!' jjjj^_LLj_a^2^ -^jj'* 

i^L^Jtill ^JjUjJI CjUjjIj "-7^ ^T-J <— 2j-C Ji^J 
^tjlaLiiajl ^_^i^ I^jIuLc jj-l-J^I (Jj-ul^ajl ij^jL^UuULnj] ^1 

Ij I <"i I III Ji^ , ,U , ,.j" 1 1 ^^ J '*^l J-^'^ Lr^J '~"^^ 

.a ; III i-aVT S-j-ijI J_Lo njLSwo J^ (_yi 3^j_<iVl 
99 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

i7c_J^I oLjsoLj jLxjVI i_^i^ JlcLj) (j-Oj,! (jiLjill (j-« J> I'l^l 4_ullLo ^jlL^S 

■" j ' " ^>jj^ "jlot'ii III ji^j . (jjjji^^jjsjji (JLLaj^ LoLxj LajJLo plj^iJI ^jls 
plj Mill i-i*j3j .3_LuJi,l 3x.jjio^l it-iLij^l 3jj 'j "|.'j'^'"'.'^> "-^^I' dilj (_y3 

...«L3^ Sjjill 9-ji'i/Li ijijj>. (OJ 

,^ j ...All (j-L3J.j>iJLI) ajL-tAil j-J-C (Jl_«.>- al (j-a jjio (Ji (j-'LjiJI t—iLjej^'a 
5 Mfiiiill A^Ua ijja I .lU Ji^j . (ILiaji /a^J 3^j^UI ^ I « U 1 1 j ^m CjUaLla-lj 

ftj il ■ U :;'a 4_Lo r- j^>J>J I jl LajJll J^J *l-ij| i(_fljiL>J,LnjJLu^VI ^jjLalJI 
dij-^Ja I.J Hill I Jl^Jj .3_j£l£LII SjjLUI (j-^-oG 3_l2IlI,I julL 3x.j_Jii^l » ^~ ■ • ■"■ 

SjjLUI (j'^ SSjjLajJI (_y3 I j"'' Ij-JJ^ 5jji.LLo 4jjj.j>JI (j li I litl (_y3 S^jjiu'^l 
Ij J "i ^ p Ij Mill tJ^-j^'C I mil SjUtjJI J o<"ii III Ji^ iijJjLm (_y3 ^H^l ^i>J>-'^ 

,^^LiJI(_yk: Lij^jjjicjJi^l Iji^ 4^jjl1,I cjj^ lila I jojiJI jLjtjVI jJic 

V CjIjjJ I jj°l (j-*^ LT-'^' 3Jj4J>J.I (_>l3j3l Ajiill J-La jjjiLlII l1*jjCI>-I . . . 
qAxmI] ijiS3 joJ * J '--' ^ I 'J .pljjiuJ|-t_!j.J>J,l JlcI I liU I j ^ Jj '^ TcH^ Jl^J ' ' " ^ " 

cjIjLUIj (_,_ii3lj'^l -^M .^" ...I ■ iI^Jlj LoJlIx. i3_Loj'^l liJJj (j^ 3_i^IjJlII 

jJ_J . jjjj^2^j_j_a^_A (JLLaj] Jj -^ ' '■ LaLx-1 ^ i i iil i^^-jjiijjl d * 1^ ^ ' ^ ^ J.* 5JjJl:>iJ| 
4_L_Lc ^jTj J '^ SjLjJLc g| I J "V ^ .^ ' '■ ^j.j;e_ul i^^j.^ ijr^l ^.>-^ Ll<j r t- L( ^t3 i 
(J^i 4^j.j>JI ij^'^ (j^ I ■)<" I iia 3 Ij j ■ "' I jj'a IjijjLb (ji Ij^ I U" . ..I iS^jji'i/Lj 

Cjlj.j5=_m j-^ i>-j u '><" /<sJj ijtjjJI 4^LL> (^jSLILo aLoI '-'J--I I I u .~,,K ilj '■/tjj 
(JjtiUlj n_gjJj>JI liijLsJI (2>jl i(j iijajjj^ i_aj"i I lij^ (3^-4J 1492 aLc (_y3 

(jjiSj 1497 aLc: (_y^j . Lij^Jjvljjj (_^l Jjj^^l ^ i(_yjLuj,VI liliil S^JiitJ 



so 



(_yJI ' " j 1 1 (j-* i_gLiiuJJ 3_LSLlII (_yjij - Sj^Iajj/l 5-«j^ I rill 3_j^lj-iiJI ,jjLtuJI 
jj_u_jj_Lj cjj— ijij ^ ^ Ml ^_^ 51 1 iiUct-ijjLj-o ^_^IS)) ^ -^ ' '■'' ajjb J J '"-tj , ujijj) 
jual (_jJI '"'J ' "J'J LA3L<iijl J^^l ct-^' '^ Mii I nil (_5-Aj itLLtu:>JI 5j.jvLtuJLj 
i_5l Ml II ^ ■^ • " (_jJl^>.I (_,lr 1 Jj- 1 11 ji^ o^J .ciijJiLa i^j J 1 -»iJVI «LLlI,I (_y3 

«LLLflj_u 4IUje_i_u i^Lc^^-iHj'^ I «LiaL_u^ ■ jj'^ ^ j , ^ *.■ 1 1 -^ «Lc^j_i_u ^_^i^i 4_i^l^^_(iajl 

j-itj-5^1 1 nil (_ya l^p^ >Li^ 39 3_c.j_<j/ i".j . n'^l (_ylll «3_uljJ,l /tjpl))j_uiSL!l 

A 191 I (^Lc ^j-^-^ ' 0~L) OJ-^' Lr^ CJ-'-'^ «Ll^l^j_(iajl ^ -^ ' '■ 'I Cjili 

'i 1"» '^11 djjjjjjJI (_5-Aj .4.>-^m TCJjLjJ d_J^ljji 4 Mlil II J-pi\ «m (_5JI djj-l 

(_yi ^ ■-' • " II >1-Li jjj ^Jl^vI SjlcLS 3-i-^ ij-" isUI uj^\ cjJjJ (JiiLtluLiilJI 
d_j_)LlS ' a'"" J '"'' (lA-* (*-' * ; 1-^ I ^ 'J .S^jjiau 5j.^ja^ (Jjjjj dJ^LJ njuLJI 

(jl < -r Ml II SjLa-JI I 3*'*J„' ^J •(_>^'^ -"JO' ^" Cjli SjjVj^ '-*-'lj i5jjLji2j 
^ ^^-» ^ , I j'U-^ djLjILa iL^jfcLsolj Jtj^l Sj^ ^jl J Mi'»Ju SjL>-l <ijjj^pSJI 3J| 

.a^iil-iUi^VI jUaVljj^Lai j_a VL^I 

jl I Liaji (_jjl Mi'tVI J.«J<JI LaJIj Jaia Jj^^l V 3_LuLcuJI jsJLA (_y3 jLj-aHflj 

, ila.^ (j'\^t£Lul£LLa ^« '^ ' jj-^ I— kll 20 ^:::e-> 4jj.4J^ J-i^ 4 nii mil dJJj ^Sic^ 

(Jjjj-^l (jl . Ltujj^j SjLalUI cjuVjJI i_y^ I ''^j "ij^ljjiuJI 4 Mii I III! -i''i ' ^"j 
d",tl ^", . ,.l asjjl2j i^j-y V-plj Mill-(j-^ 'Mill i_aVT i_jjLa ^Ir ^jl i nt^LI (j^^l 

4jjU,I i_xjJIjjJI C^j^ il "l-^^'a /tjpl 5j^ ^LajL^JI Li^^L<j/i J <n"i I iij /<sJ 

JjjJI aj^I (_y3 ^j>I J>^^' u^\ oLd' f-^j o^ -^^ ■ ^-^ ■^■i'^ Cyj ■-*-^ 



SI 



5L«_uiJ,l 5 U_, ... _. II 3_ljUI t_xJljjJI uu^Lv - i_ajjLiJI - 4j;>.lliVI aLU!l 

(_, 1 r stia-iJ "-^j'-i L'^i -i^^-J-i' (J^ (j^ i I rill (2h« i-sVI 4j^ jilaj ,/cjIjj(JLj 
«_3j L^JlcLjiaj (_7^I a_uUI i_xjJljjJI lIiIj I'^ir t_gjj I iitLiJIj CjIj^Ij iJj-iJI 

. J^i^l ^1 *UI Ju^\ 
iSjLjJjlII <Jl! I jJLjJ, I (_^i i(_y^ji^>ILi^ iJac j_y^ (—iVjjJI I Juk (JlLo i-kjusj Shj 
i_*jtj i^j-ll puJJjVI iUoiLLaj Lfl^lj^ i—iVjjJI CjjIu jjja^ iJ-3^^ '• L^' J3^j-ilj 
(^J-ii— i-*^ iJjjIO «Ll»-jL>JI <ijjjlj (j-0-'^ i—iVjjJI (J^^»-J» i«m "^LjJI J '^j (jl 
J ^" 'j LojLLc . jj I j_La.2J I J > I'llLi LiJLu ijjtiij *m 1-4^ VO-^:? ^ idjJiSLo 
(_^l ,J>m j-Jjl_Li-aJI » ^ ~j ~ 4 jlr LkjLiiaJI Sjj^iaj 4^j^l (_yJI t_jVjjJI 

I j ••■■-' "' (_gjL>JI tU,! 5j^ Jl J Til III JjjLi^ (2)^L«-ij n—iVjjJI ^jJ3 4_cSL<ia£ 

^_^I1jv (-_3j_i-iD^_a *^_j-*i (JS - ^^^^j^jjJu - LiiiJ 4_Ll2IiJl ^LaJL^I «Lcj_i_u^_a ^_^ 
I'l l"t tl J Mi't »1 II 2_«^lj t^ljJ I '\'? jL^JI^I (_yl^ t_a-ajj» :t_jVjjJI I jUfc 

cjIj lii'i <ij;vjL>JI I j" j -^ (.3-^ Cjlijj jl " I'-' ^ ■> jijvlj j3j-^ ;"-* ' LiiLjj) Sijj-3jJi,l 

^LaJLS njljjjJI (_,lr t-iVjjJI j-i^ I j"^j ^ 'J ^Ul (jLj^^ Lkjjaj S-j^Lxial 

jLxH^VLjj ix^jJI JL«X.I (jjj (j^ i(_yl^'i/l f_J\ L^jlSjjj sULj |jj.3l 'u.^11 jijjj^ 

. « (_gjjljjiaJ I (J.«-tJI SjuiJLo iLfcJLs-j L-xjJIjjdl JJJJ siUil (juj^ Lr^ 

I Jui (j-* • •-* '^J'-:' "J.^'^-* LiL^J La lil ij^ I Jj-ia Jji^ j'p^! '-*-'!j ^'-^^ ^J 
iSjLjk Cjj.j>oij .(_j.^>.jJI i—iVjJ pljJL>-V SJl^vIj aj U -^ >U^a '"'^^^ I j_' ' ^"11 
4JI L&jLiio Q^l^pjji (_j.2j^'^I 7"jJ-1.I Ai^ d Ia ^ \1 ^ iJ1iJl>.j JlSs aj U -L 1 1 
^_^_Aj . *La «Ljj_>.LLd ^j_ulS ^_^ jjjj^l JlJ^^ILl* j *^^^H j-l^^ jj_* * )j-^L) t^^lj 

Ci-ie-rLa Jl.2^ . <i_L.S_L.S.>- 3 'J -^ '^ I (_yjljJLI I jij ajLiil 'I'-'j • " ' ji-4^ (j-c 5ji-i^ 

(_yi^ jLcJI <Jl!j.4l3 (U _IJ I II (JJJ (j-*» J ' I J ' "■^' *l2Jj (j-« ;j< 'J ^ 1 1 1 JijL«Ji,l <_jl^i 

,j£Llj JLi^'i/l j>JLjk JS^j Cu^la I j ■ " ■^"- 44)^1 (jl Ijj iiJLl&j .(_yJLij^l JlSjII 



S9 



(j^j-ij (_yj^L!l tLoiU jjLiiiJI (jjii"ll (J-<u>JI 03-^ Cy ^ ""^ '.' ^ '"■^' (j-i>- J^ 

: I "ij . ■- r- 

jljjJI aisiAJI jLULi Ijjlj-^ Cr^J^ <^3 

(_yjvjj| ^ tln^JJ J^ 1-iIj^ c^Li. >jJ-4J 
jL^^ jf 7"J^ oj-^ (j-* ''ct^-^ J i.^f "-y^l (^'^ '^'^ (J-"_5 

S-JjiajJI Sj^l S^LU LoLu L^llol (j-ojJI liiljd 3_Li2lII oLa-LLo-VLs-La 

il_ijj_2j jjl£La (_p (_y3 '^^'-^' (j^^vl^IaJI (_jJLlII (jj-ill (_y^ dij .""ill Ji^j 

^ <^^ At 1 ( i^j ,,W J ,>.^ 4j_a ^_^jJ1 i^LiUJl tixAjUj iQ^Iujjl j '^* ' ^LajijJl 

tfLJil (_gjLa_o Cjj_oJ Lojj_! (j^_LJj'C"ii iijal yi-u^Sf tLulj '"'j'-^H djLjIjJI 

tJJ-^ tj-* ",^ ' "J L)J>^^ A^Lli)LJ uLl>-I L^J t fl t ^_7^' 4jj t fl ill TtJjLj jj-« 

i_aj^^ Ct^J • yl-^ (*S^ ^1 '^«ll (J.«jl!I tc-jj^Ij JLujiJI (3^jG (_a3jj Jl^S .(3^»- 



ss 



.j^Ltuil tfjjj Jl^s Jl^s 'LAjusjlII i^21\ 
SluUI (>L=>.l_jlaJI .5jjJl3. 4jjjj Liiaj! Lp-I JjJ^I - ^''H^aVI - ^lt;>:ll 

• WjJJ' Lr^ '-*-^ '^^^^ Ct^! S^j_cuJ Llij .""ill (_j^l i_xjJljjdlj 

'Qj ^ I "J CjJj^ lS>4^ lt^ ij-*-*^ '-^^j-''^ 3Jj;».Li3 5624 i"il-»- 1 » 1086 

(Jji i_ajLi^ .sl^^l SJjjvUa Cjj.^13 (JjISj '^jjU.I 3JjJ>-l-LaJI jj jl-^ JiJLJ 
(JjLS iSJJJJ (_yjl (3^'=-:' (»l-^"^' J^J-''^ (j^ r' ^^ (^'-^ «'j-4-" 3 ".J ^ I U 1 ^j 

■ tjl" I II tULaij (jl^l (j^ jjJl:>JI (_yl^ 

^jj^s^j CxaKj i» 1 190 i^LtJ 4jj_iL>J)flj i^a 1 180 (iUJ 3jiii"tj^l 4^iiejjLlJI 
(_yjJI ^ ^IjUll tiJJj jj^ LoL^j (J iijt (^jSLIj .31aL«JI S-uI^^JI ^^IjUll ^jx. 

'O.' '"'"^ (J^^t!-* L7^ 'QjIloj i(_j.a33l |_gj"i I iiU fj^ Jj^ Cj Ij li i"i t i?l^jj>- CjLiiula 
jjj tjlj o" I iiU L^jiLsol j-J-ijJ (.7^' 'F'ri^'' "^^ LojJ CjIj li I'lll QJ^ (j^3 

(j^jvl^LaJI CjLJjI (_JJ.»-V (_flj^j «L<u ((d-uLil SJ^jvLLaJI jJaJLtuJ)) SI o i nil 

.S-ul^^JI 
^"s i"i SjiielLa 5j_u^ (J Ll>- I JlcIjjjiJ 4_uI^^I 3Jj;vLLaJI ijlijjiaj Jlju Li-i3 

.7-lj_^l - 3al UtI J^L>. (_ASj (_y3 ix_iLiJLj ,j .^^ " 3ji iiL-u^l I j"'^^ • " .j_uSLj 
(_yi - 3_L^L^ 3_»j^.jj< vIjIjLu Jl»-j3 V tix-p- iJa^ (jisLUI tllij (_y^ di! jjj 
(j^j»-I^IaJI jij IjLJjjji (_y3 ji-iLaJuj iLuLjjilj Lujijijj LJLLajlj LuU,i ^j j ■ ■■ 



s^ 



. eJajj L^lj rii'i 4_LjjfaiJI «L2JL<w(JI CjjjJ-(_gjLjjL2jJI d-ul^^l 

''-' ^ '^ (J ri J I i«LI,l 5j^ aI Jiitlij/U i".-»- I II 4ijj>JI (J-SjJ CjLlIIj I La Jl>- (_yJI 
iiJliV^I ^jjUI i_xjJIjjJI <-1ijJJ ■ JI or '^1 i—flJlJtA j Lso V LxJlj <_!^j:>JI (j^aiaJ 
CjLaLiJI >l3j (_yi^ Cjljliill Jl or CjJlcLjJ i jIJljsJI ^^ (_yJI 4^j^l cAaJj 
f_j 1 r 1.1 i"ll tjl I iitVI JlJ «Li£ » ^■^" • "" /<sJ (jlSLo (J^ (_y^ i3.jilSLij . /(ijv Lei I (j^ 

.«m 3^ 4jJL^I I III CjsLv ,2 ., ,^\\ JLox.'i/l 
jjLoJtjj_ul lJs-usj l!1x_l>- ^j-ioi^ tiiJQJl ^jj-^1 ."<! Uji^-^ rt ^j_a fibi^ SJljj aJJbj 

x_3j jl (Jlj_iLj -1 j J 11 SJj^vLLaJI jljjcj (jjJ^;»-jJkl 7-jj>JI pLu-3 4-1^ J"i i nj 

jj.^ ..3 J J Mi-^l (jlj^VI jl 3jLiaI' - J'-^"*^^ J.:.""'.' - j' SIj^I uIjLsjJi,! 

IjJLc j-^lil *J>-<jJI (jlj^^l i-iJj.^*:^ ..(__,! i>iU J-ojlII (j^ rj^' JL*^ >4-^' 
. . iGj^Ja LtjLLo '■< >■-' •< J-)jX\ J-4J-!I ^ '^1 ' cdJi Jlju . «Lum i_xjJlj jJI (j-« ',>:t^ 
d U J ,". t 4-ljl I II a lL}j\ I II 1 iJjjjLj 3-Aj ijjjjLul JJ-* «Lc^_o^?E_a ^ .^" . ..^ , ,. Qj^ 
Llij>o I "i J •"■ °i I "i J Ml J j ' II I " i" I'l'ij joJ -1 j"j 1^ V (_gjj|jaiaJI cdJi 3 ^ I'l , ^ I 
tixja-uj . ^ I ~ . .. 1 1 CjLJuj^I (_5i^ (Jlajj jj Jj ^i^cjLJj .SJljJjJI pj^)ji!l j_uG 
^jJlj o'jj'^'j i4_LijJ(Jlj J j ' ^ 1 1 JlJI^ ■.4jLaJiiKj 5jj^>_ci5 Jl>-33 (jj| 4^Jj 

(_gjjljaJaJI (JS I'ltu 3^jjijJ,l i«Lum i_xjJljjJI iiJb^j>o (J^l (j-o J o<" ml 
Jj^^l j_il«j(_ylll iJiil t^^ljUa 1 jlI,1 Sj^dila^C^jLJeiijjl ii-Sj^l (JlliiJ, 
ij-a^l (Jji (_ji Cjj.^li i4!bjL>Jl jJll sUj.^ LliLLaja^ (_jJI JLtJ LiJ^ Cjj^Iajj 
l^pLsol ijJs: - ^IjIs SjjvLlaj i^i 1044 aLc: jLLa (_jS-uLjjj'i/l j.jkiJ1 i\J^\Jh ^jI^l 
jjLiijV ^ lA J A -- 1 I |_gj'\ i"i II ^ vl j ."■ ^_yjjluj ljj>.G J^l (j-«j (jj-^lj) • l-t^^>2j 
(_p-Lji (_yi^ (_2^i3Lj Llu^u LfcLb (_yJ-Il jJll (j-\.>-l^iaj I jj°i tfjj (_jjJlj tj-'jjlj-^ 
(. Liiajl i^j^l (3^Lol (j^_i '(J-^-^-^^JJ '"" "jl ct^ cV^^'^' J-^'^' 
CjI jJLi ^1-^ • "J II ij^jJai] (_y3 3_i I iiLm'^1 3 al Ull JijJjj J-jLl-o Ct--ie-Li-a i J^j 
i_3j^>jLAj . «Ll>- UJI ^^iiS I 5jjj-aj iljul^jjsjl 5j^ Lli^Jiitlijilj .TcJ^lj «m 5j^ 
i«Lc^j-tIj 2U 5J-^j>iJll i(( uj^j_jj )x"m I II (_7^1 *l-:Ji>^>^l *^ Mii I nil j^^^iu^jJ,! f^^ i^"H 
3 J ^j '!->-" (_jjjljj 4j5^-7"Lj>II a1 JlaJI JLs- (_y3 (_y3LLi5l liJjjitAJ Cjj(j-v L4JSLIJ 



S5 

1 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

^cSjJL>.Lj_u)) 'j '"-^ LiJuJl ^^^j_^l ^_^ t llxl t^^^J> t fill ^_^ «Lu_u ^J_^ '"'^ (J-*^>-" ' 

J< Mi!Li La >(_^ jL^l I ' ' "v <!.' V "^jJ (j-o L^JJI ii^jJljJI rLJ)" ^l-*^ 

(jja [^ j«" l^ji>- Ji^ . I Ji^ (<iJ^ J-* La )«-^l^l (_y3 ljJL>.j lCJJ ' ' "cj-'Wj-" 

(j\-i SjLaJLil CJJ.4I3J (jjJ,! I'.'i I'iti (j-> i I rill cdJj (_y3 • J-J^ '-*>tJ^J ' '-^JuWj 
(j-O)) -" J 1-^ * 1 1 (_^j^_LaJI (3-<i CjI jJLi Cj^jJI cdJi (_5-3j . Ij^^ '^Jl-j (^i^i-Lo 
iTJ^Ls-jJI ^ j_iSLfllII (<u ol jJLi C^_^l lill j (_^j i«(><_uljjjjl (_yJI (>uSjj^l 

(j-C ^j j II (jj_L^j.j>JI J .^ ^M "a iIjl^ LjJLc Ij J ' ^" i_2j.j>JI iljjjlllj 



S6 



.Sj^jsJI (j-* ij'^ |_gj" I rr<i_i 3x.L»iaj * ' ' ^_'J I Lou uL2jI 
(Jl_jj|j JajlitA-ljijjilj VI o<"i 111 hIjLJuj^I f_^ iCjLJVI (—flJUJtA I'll m"ii nl 
(j-o j_j!oj-(3SLoi i-ixx>- (jLjijiU iLAju^jl^I Sjill i"ilo<" I III Li^ .i_x^LLoj ^iJ^ 

SjlcLs (jt La-uslj (jLS (>S^j 'ck-j-IW J^ '^W 2j'-^l f L^ U^ o^ oWI 

SjiiSj S-uUI t_cjJljjJI JUjLLjLiiI^JLi Jiia .Oj-iij JLSr-LlJ^U iaIiaJI JljJjj 
3_fl±L>JLI CjV^Ij CjLJ^I tiij;.jtjj LUajl UJlj (jr^l^IaJI (_y^ J^lIs (J^ 

.,^>VI 

^-^\j >=tj (_,_Lc: ^j_ijjjj (_yi uUj-ilJl j_i£: (_yJliil (jj-aJI ^jL^J ^^ 
i—iVjjJI L^j-jsj ,1 aj.^tl I »j . >» I SJljla i4_uJljla jtjLi^l L^ 1 a j , ^ 1 1 c-ijLtiiA 

. <t\l .„S?I j_,,:^^-,ia_,';l ^a:;.t\ A i^jlc-lj-,-:^! Jj! 1351 j^l^^l j_^.4iiy .^Ul 

J I Miia Jjl i» I 245 aLc j^SLujI (_^ J J^^-:!^ <~<I UjU^- ^ ^^ I ^ , ^ J J . cLuJljlII 
.i_ijj^>JI ^ -► '-^ ^ 5lj| 4J3I I II J t SJj^ls S^pi «Lul^^l (j-L>.|jIaJI (^JJ (<U 

'i3j>" * "" -^ ^ SJI 1 586 aLc 4_y3j iCjjjJLI aj , ^ . ^ Vjl '~'j i ^-^ A 1 582 aLc (_y^ 
Ijjjjjk ^ j2>^j •7-li>IW j''^ CT^' m'-'^'^' J-^ ^.i^'-^ 1 592 aLc: (_y^j 

SjLcLa 3_ul^l (>tjvljiaJI dJSLjj^l njLj^^l AlilajJI jL^j'b/l uljli L&Jo-j 
^^ ->^ I J U 1 1 Laji^^^ dJjJLo IjLJjjjk (jl (Jj^l (2)S.<i-iJ .4jjjiLji'^I 4^LLaJI JlJjj 
(_;,_ii3lj3l ») JlJVj JlJ ji I jLcJj-ii ':L>-I I II a (j_o J-^'^l f" ... ^ II ^'^ i«L_Ljlj^l 
CjIS^jj>J.I Ll*JtS_a Ji^J .^jj::e_JI t^^'i i n a Ll*:>tJ 3t_5j (4_j^^^^j>J I «L<iJ>-^^u « ^Lciinje-uL I 
I _ I -r I iij ."'I « ^ '" ...II ' '^j^^'y'^ 4-oJie.i.^ jJLo^Li aLl^I ^j-^ iJliI JJLi 4-ul^^l 

.jujuu^l jioJI (_yii5ljl ^Ij-^l-J jlj 'i'" I'U SJJl^I JJIJtjJI 

5 'ij -^1 U I t j<i_LoL»,ajJI J .>»ai ^1 (Jj^LjjJlJI jju (_gjijjj^l (Jj-ajj Ji^j 
(_j_u3ljVI ' ^ J .-I -^"1 7=-J^I 5j^ (J o<"ii iiLa ijJh£j jtjLcuJI (jj-ill J-i-o AjjI^^I 



S7 

1 



iJlilSjjtjaj CjV Ij Cj Ijjio LLuLa jj jt^j (J-4-»-ll Kij^J JJ-'^ Ct^I '^-'J-^ l?-^' '^J 

^^-» •"■' Cj>> I ri-»o 1 Ir a c-jU . ..II IjL^ JUjiJcIu joJ <ixii^Jjl 7-j|j (jjSj Jl^ 

. (_yJaJLi3 1 J jjjljjjj iJ;j.2jjlII (JjjJLl^Ij jojiiaJI aLj/jJI 
(ji Ja_Lj>J,l joJLjlII oLILiLj [juu^2~Lu±ja^ dj^u SjJaJj Ljijlj ijJjUjjJ jS\ 

.« L^il^U-HUi ^_^ t". t rijl »n Mil L^-L4 J '.^" '" Lo-L cv ^ '.^ '^" 

JjJjiJIj I JijLjJ,I lLsj^ i'?rrl SJIj n_fjiJI jj^_L5tJ 4Sjj>JI (Ji ; SJlJ^I ."»I^ I '.^tl 
iGUajJaje-o i_^ •■^•^^3 • ''^J S^LLaJI JijJjJ lIiVI J i jj joJj .(Jljjsl (j-« 
I— iVjjJ IjLjJL>. Ijlj-la 7-jJLaj j-Aj i3_jjlj.^v CjLSj.j>J, 4_Lla_LLai£j Lajjjij 
i(^5_C>L_a (J\ Ml (_^-i^ ' " J "^ '"' ^ '.^^"^ '^ Ct-^ C^jJ ^ ^j 0^ j^j:e_a ^_^ J-(_^^J^ Lla 

ijJSJjl^l - (_yJalLL!l 4j.4JjI^I Lojij (_y3 LliXljSij .Sjl^LiLaJI jlj-<-ul 3_L«-ljl^l A 

(jliLiiii Ljulj^Ii ct^J -" J '-^ * ^ ^ .jTS-y*-^ iS^ \jju^£L (jlS (j^l i(JjijJI 05^ 
i.'ils Mi"j .4j^.;clltl <LLaJjlSI - j'i'm oj Mil 4.i^L>JI L^ILl4j^IS| (_, MrijjJil 4ijL^ 
I'.jo Mij Jljjlj (j-aj J-La i'm Mi'ti Ji^ Lljl^j iS-UjJill 4_iSliI,l 3'ijg!! 1662 aLc 
si 1 » 11 «L2_L>- (JJlJJ (_y3 CjLiiiiJ njjjjl ^Ij-J (_5-3 (_jIL>-j .((iLuiiJI sLjiSjU)) 
^jut ^1 ''■-'- I Jbvl CjJL><j - (j^%->» ."^joUll (JjI I iiU 4 mi'^LlI, AlIalLiu d<.<..CL>- 1 



S8 



sLj>JLjlx-i I i 1 i i"i iIj a j I iilj I ritlj ^.ujji^iJI (Jji I rill LjJL>- Ltijloj " 4.iL>J I 

4_LJeJjQ]| 4jjjtlllj idLulSLiil («-l^J »Ll<mSJ1 r«-i^J (Jji-lL> LLiJ, I (<si^J ^^j^l 
.(((J'j^'i/I (jljJ-jJI (_y-3j LJJlIj (_y3 j^^ijiJI ojui f-cisj (_yJI (jJ^iiLj iS-LtjLiLiJI 
(j-o j-ol— IJ . 1 J I iij Ltjiaj 4 J I iijjLJI sLlxjjIS^I i". j i n'lSl a 1666 (»I-C JlJLoj 

. f-J-LxoljiaJ (_y3 (»>L»-II 3_L<5-!jl^i A I 724 aLc I". I III llG Ijl llJIJ (_y3 Jj'^l (_>"J-^ 

i^l^ (jjuj/l ijlc^-iiaj vIjI jdu (j-> i I iitl cdJj (j^J . »i <iUtl 'J j-^ jL>oLi 4iljjLj>JI 
«Lii2iLI <ijjjiLji3l dilj-jtlll liJJj (JSj .«GjJL>JI sLl<uSjIj *u^_uillj cliLiiisu^l 

. /«^ (j I II li tLi /<^(j I iiiiti Ij «ilr (^JJJI - 5>^1 (j^x.j"iT- <iU (Jjl^JI LtjjT-l! 

^ . .. ^ "' cj^^I f_^ cLu\£ L^JSLIj . 3_iJL;LiLaJ I vIjIj^^Ij vijLoLiJI pl^l ■ ^ I" -^ -^ 

.SibjLjxJI oUrlUir^U ciIo-Cli-uI Ijl li^ij! 3al'^lt \^%fu^\ oL:LLi-^I jj^l 
isLu,! 7c_<i3j i/<i_-a_m (j-« f<i:5=-^l jl r'j.:^-" lull aL>JI >l3j (_gjj^)jiaJI (j-« O'^ 
j\j <i"i I iiVI r-U^I Jl^j I'll «l^^l (j-^^Gj ijlj «i"ii II u d-JI 5-ij I iTill d_j^^j>JI 

(Jj^j . ^t^-a-ll LjiLijla L&juioij LcjJj JLftx.'^l ^H^' (jT^l ^ ''''„ ?-ljj-"ii II VI (_y3 

t-jVjjJI (jl^ lillj J^l ^j 3alUlt j^io ^1 3^U- liJllA C^K >(_yji J^ 

.(__)I3^JIJ V (_yjUI 
d_LjjJll 1 i Jjl II (_y^ l^ jiS (J.4JI-0 (_5i^ l_ajjl<i (_g jJI JjijjJLJj^_U J l"l"tJjLa 

(jjjjLcuJI (jj-^l (_y3 jjLi^l i((i_^jLlII tcjjIjj^I (2>^ »4jLq (_y3 lJu^j i<ijJUaj"^l 

i—ajLiLxj LjVjj -1 j ' ^ « ■ J <i <"iMil)) : (JLa^ Ijj I lit lj-;jj^ i-iJ'-« V^J-^ 'J '""'" 
.«i>LJll "ixoj i>jj;»-j (jls^ I _i I ii-»- I (_j^lj^ SjlTji 6\jt^^l^^ 
^j J ' ^ ' <jiij_lJLj I j "■ ■-" i_xjJljjJI (Jj I LajL>-j i_xjJIjjl1I jLLaal j-Aj aJ 

Cjj-b J-il . j.^^1 (jlj^j>- 4J3I I iij t J <n" I n't «L<uLc l_xjjljj JL»J jsJ L^l . 4_UJlj^ 
^sLlXI sL^jJJ CjIjjS SJlcI I ii<i_i i?m ''-'«'"--' f_^ --^^j-^ Lt^' i«Li^L>JI JjJlxJI 
I JliUI J_ij I II (_,lr j .(Jji^i ^:aj (_,lr I j" a I U 4j£ aJJt" , n't J's mi t i—iVjjJI (_yJI 
i_2j^>jlIIj I j^jj (_y3 'Li^j3 joJ (_g JJI (_yJ^;*-lIaJI i—jVjjJI (_y3 CjIj li i"ill l1*^Jjj 



S9 



.(djlr iLlsLuJI *UiI ^j^l 4^1i3j x_ii3^l ^^LU 

I j J "■> < " . A . --» J cLlISUJI (j^ CjLiJJ^ J_lij IJiUjI lIiI jJu (j^ i I rill dJJj (_5-3j 

A 1556 aLc j_^Jij ^ ^Ij U tl (_i_LlJtAj sl^^JI Ttj^Li-aj i3_uUI (-jjJIjjJI 
' ^ t j 1 1 \j_a, ^ ^ ". -^ I Ji^j .((Cjlj_LiII /nir J (jjJjtjJI (2>c» Vj-SLj^I i-jLj^ 
^Uiu ljjj.:xlu (_7lllj t^^jJUHI i~»l .--I .^"-^Vl dil^ l_xjJljjJI i—kllic^ ' ^'^J.' 
.jlHal 10 ^_yl£. JLJJJ La Vj£Lj^I 'LSjX. t-lVjJ jj^I j I-^ « ijj 5 :,^^VI . j| 
bLaJ^-l i3nl"i'^ i^U^ (jr^ obj"^' pllal<jl t_jVjjJI I juk q] tilli ^ic ^j 
. (L^jJI «m sLj^jJ j<uJ (jj^l ((diljii I'lll i-kjLiSV oLJiiljjill j>L>ol (_5i^ 
idULl Lijljua^ IJlS. J.2j(^ Aliaj A 1550 aLc: pjjjinrjl 3-ijJ-o (_yi Jl3-J 

(4_bjL(uJ d "»■,>. rt ^_^_Lj-A ^_^1 4-uLa '"<■ -^'^ 5Jlc1 t ii<h ^m '~ ' ^ ^ J <LuLa t ^Ij-^ 

j ^ ->- ' .i—ij-iLJaLi )«-JJj3 ALku cUsLji^ Cj^^Lill (_jJI *m iJ-»-aj dllLcji (j-OJ 

(_yJU,^l (jj/jii^il 1582 aLc: (_y^ LijLjJ^ (_ylll I jJ,! SJ^jvLLij tULi (jjJJ jIjloI 

(j-o (_iJJ^ i(_jJjLo (_y^ i_pL* ' , ' '^' tl-ij (_5-!l J U . "--» I i(j-\_cuJI j^ (.3-^ i4 QT-*^ 

ijj^j.^ I l^p^ 34 iijj (_yJL«^l (__)l=jjLjj ijLj-ai 8 L4I0 J^ jJa^ I LuLo LiVjj 14 

pj!ilj 4_jjl^_a Cj^^.j?e_c jj-* <^ "^ '<•> *1^)^1 «lLdL_u^ «L?t_i-ii_a 235 t t-ijljjjl 

(j_a jljJjJI i_j_iJIjj '^jl-i 'jj -j' Laj S I iij^ (2r4»-^jjJI (l)i>4^' lj^J 

tjlj'lT- I nil (J^LjlA I ' ^J ? '-^^li ' L^'J'^J ^^11-^11 V <-l!jl jI u^l 4jjU,I ^^IjUII 

.4j)iiill xjL-allj x^IJlIIj 
(jVn'^jjLijiS jJlJI I ii'CII f_j'\ I lA^^Lii] j_LO^U 4 JO I iijJI 4.Sjj^I (_y3 (_jIL>-j 

1 1389 aLc SjjjSHI i(_^£LcuJjj |_^j1ajj jj^'^l ^jj^j (_y^ iLkjutjj a 1375 aLc 

(j-L>-I^IaJI Cj^I jLoj ISJjJ^i-j 'jjy Lii>4^ (jr^ 5 ij . ^ i 1 1 sLuUl (j-ijvl^iill jSj3 

;j* ^ I J U 1 1 j2^ I 1440 aLc Ci-lTo (_3-^I '^""' •^ J^ ' J^'^' <1jj-3J l1uJl:>o 

j_^ ijj-^ '^!^^iJ^' 4.Sjj^I J^ mi" Loj . uLLlULuj IjjLj i^j-^J (.7^ '^H'-^' 

.5Jl>.Ij SjlsIjj (j^^ljia Cj^ '"•1-1'' I I 5 19 aLc 3JjjJ,lj LjLLlULu 



^0 



(^,_Lij ijJ^_jJI (j7i~i j'^jjLfljl ^Iji iiLa jojliuL!! j-LO^I jJl>-v "."IjJeJjLl!! 4JjjJl,l 



/<sJL«JI <_!Lo j.jIiJ A I 737 aI^ (_yA3 .(_yjUl <_jVjjJu ,_).allj=3 t_^ Cjj-^Ji 

(_yll ijLJ^i^j^i . ir^a JlJI^ ij_u£LII JjJUl (_7l^J .ijJjJj^ (_y3j I J'fl'i'v ml (_y^ 
(_ji^ )«_iajjlj . jLLoI 4 ^^*-i ^^ C^J^3 \j^ 2 I (_5i^ •■^^yi J * ct^'-* m'^J-^ 

1 5 ^j_o ^^ij I 'Lc Liij I J l^p^ 28 "iJj^ A-^ I ,^j,^-i.^ j>j Lb joj ^_ys L>- juji (j-* 
(_yi 'LuU,! i_xjJljjJI 'J ■"■■'- (j-«LlII tjj-2JI (_flj-alllo (_jJI cjj .""it I 1 4 K tj 

» 'I '^11 L^j.^ '— ^t!-':' '^ i^'-^'^J 4-oJe.ii3 CjLiiila 4-um i_x^ljjJI C<-il5 
(JjjLLII Ll^jJE-La (_gjL>JI ^m 4^ lis (jl .3.«JajJ,l ^jjUI L^I JjJlajJ (jjJ,! CjLJiiJj 



^1 



A j^l (_yji i_^^ 1/Tj I riill 3x.Lu-iij cjI JiUjI . <ijj.2ll!l (_y3 d-Lflji*. Sjjj CjjI£ jl2J 

(^ 1579 aLc: 3_=e_ij^l f-LusJ ^'\ C^jls~\ 3j2Jl1lII t_jLj^ o^l SjL^Ajj 

3JLUJI jLiilil ^ La^i. ipl^^jiVI I jut ^■^-^? 4j^jlLiJI (jJ^c^ o^\ VI i jjjJb 

ji^j 1 1 ''^j' (JjJLxil 1 1 J 1 . ^" T-^^Hal (Jij-lLsoVI (_gj_^^l jLtill i-^lj o3^ 
4jj^ (_y^ JojSj O^Lc i^jJl LJjJIj JlJi^ ■ " 'J j t-^ A 1730 aLc ^jtj)) :«l_Lil i— ^ 

(j-o 1— ij_2JLj j-liL-o ?Lb (_y3 I 733 (aLc ' ^ ' U a ■''-'_;--^ Jjl Jj-C, lj_ji-ij 

■ ^ • "■-" p-^^niJ,! (ji (_jJI S^LiisVLi . itju-ajl Sji^LoiA oj-^ (J-*J I jiLuiljSjjlLuji 

i^\ < I ri 11 jj < i"i _t lj31JLo»j 1 1 j-LaHJ-o t_!j^u i—iaj idj^Li- CjLjJSj 1j-;L«^ 

VI (J_oL«Jl! (j-ri ('-'j 'j'-*-^ 3JV1 oJlj* ijJj-^v .(( jl>.1j (ji ^_y^ ' .'U '"-^ 'Ij 

. Jaia 3J3U Tcjjej^l (J-«J<J1 3j^lj-a 
(j-5ej jsJ JJljJ La (_yijL3-(jLujiii! p-l^^Hi-Vl 1 Jui (__>l3jj(3 La (jLcj.jj/ 4Ji VI 

. Jjj 4Jljt 

.l—XJjjJlj »(_jUjll (_gjJLLll JjJJI L^Ji^ 

iij;3_lL>oV1 r-LuiJlj (_y£LJKjIl i^^l^ (j^^ Ji- jl (» 1 733 ^Lc ^ j^SLIj 

fjj\ t\ iii'i tl 4ji ??-^^'=:J («-' I 1 J 1 ' ^"' Liiiji JLaS-jJjjJl i_^i^ 4jjJl>- CjI m i ri'»o 
pj-jjilj LjJI 4j1«jl1I tfjub i^j->- i-^^p- ' LjjJlJ |_g>> I nil tla^ai. (j\j liJjSUl JLi. jl 

'"'J3 "" ' hi^^ (J>*^' '■'^ ^3 ' I* ' "^J Ijl i"tu\\ i_glS (j^:>- ijlj-il lIij .""itlj 

. 5-ajLJ-"iril,l ^ J-i^ ^ri^^l J-^^ SJjU-a (jJI S^UJl 

lj^\ riK'(\ (j-« r-l I riillj jLajJl ijjJj^jLi (J 'I0J> l«_U-3 A I 767 ALC (_5-3j 



^9 



t/T J I ri r II (J_oL«_o JlJ^ lIiIjU IJiSLa .(^Lo l—lVj^i SJl^I I rl<l_l L^jjejlj J_Lj£ 

(JjLjji j-j-j I "iJLj (jjiSjLo 'G.*-! (_gJLll 3-i*J .j-jl I'lS i I (J I Ml (_y3 i(jjlb^ 
((<lJjJLo jL^j>J» pljji-l S^ljj (_,lr J '^^ 1769 aLc ^ ■-'"■> -oj-i^ CjLcl^^ji.V 

li cj-jI^jI (jK . «m Sji (jjj^jajj <iJcSLij '^'j 5JV jij^ LlUx. jji i_5 jji 

(J^uLA (j^ 'iSLjji LlAlo ix_<j/lj 3"-^ lt^ <illl j^jij pLLilLjil jiia .5j.iu <:L4Jb 

.J-u^lj J>iJI 
jjLSj .(j-\_je3 <iJlSLIj LuILo I Uj-^ JD-*-!' ^J^T* (_y3 Cjjljijl (JjJ-a ^ I--"' i 

C^^\ (_^ ' 1 ^"' 'J ' " * (-t:>OJ (JaIU 2(1 (jAJUk jj-t_uL»_a ^*-4.>- (j-« L)5-^-*J>^ 

3 K I'll a Cjia. L^l^^ni-I JlIoj .((JljJLlI Jj-jJI dSLujiII 3JVI p^^ii-La ^ • •■■-'"' 

<LL>.UiJLij 4jji_jjaiaJI CjLuiSLIiJ Jj-C. 4c Lu^ A5^J i-cSL<t« j u-a j i I^^I-t* JD"*^' 

i 1 797 (^Lc p^ I ( iij-Laj (j-a ' O"^ ^j I n rll (_^j_uj)j * ' . ^ rt (Jj ' (1)-*-"-^ L« J-tc 

djjiUjj diljjIoLfljjm <ijjjfc i(JjLiJi,u 5j.^j>J,l ijJoSjjiVI SjjjSLLuLa Cijuus^ 

i—jjljtlll ijiiljji)) '.3JVI 4_L>.LlJl (jc r'l" '" I iiVI I Jlj* n_a^jjj<jj i^^^u^ j^^\ 
(J*.^ i(jlaill (j^ Ijo-Ij >U3j 3it3J 19 (_^ i_ajL(j ijjJjJI isj-ill ij\ S'ijjjII 

Jjjil ^Usj ISO ,2>c: Jij V La i_ajij L^iSL^i^ ^'-'•' S-sajII La! 'l5>" Jj-c 

(j-o (J ii'stll (_,lr .(JjwlII 4jJT(_y3 tjljLcl I iij Jai^ (J-lLoLc Jl^^sj iS^Lj/ 24 j_y3 
JLLj! 3Ji>lj ,j_a j-i^t J_oL«JI 1-2 J-b >ia LjjJlJ i_2JJJI iJlj-^tJ LaJJC liilj 

.((LlojjJLjJI jjjj 
(_gjL>- i—il^p^l (_5ic ^ I" J .^«ll cdJ j (3^Uj (j-o 'iA^ Sjjj LUajl (_ijall2j_j 
3 J 'I .^"aVI ^^jJoJI )ij ^ J "^ J j;*"'^^ J .'^1 -.11 LClaj j^^ > J i~ij (_jjJI (JjLjJLI Qja 
j-j-o^l (_gj.jje_fljl (_j_i-3jJI (_glj (j_« 5Jlj-1 oJlj* .((5jLjJ.j>JI 4_j_LilJI (JL>-.iV 

jLjjjI_jj jlujJI Lflajj.^(_ylc L&jLjjio (_^l i^jSLJjjjLi^JI 5J^Ij (_j^lii.<ujLi£ 

» I ■ ^ 5j_jlL^Lfl_LJm f_^ 3JVI ojui JlojJuII (3^1 SjjjiaJI oJl^)) : 1801 aLc 
(jl i^i (>" T^-i^J •lJ:'JJ 7200 lJlKj iTul^ 4^j^ dilju 4loj^ Jjjj 2200 



I 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

3JVI eJ~^ I ''^J l"'J I riS Lx-ljj ' '-^ ''"'°' tilU^jJI (_y3 V ;-^ l-^-^"' joJ SjJjSLflJjU,! 

J J 1 < " «LJI . .« L^-LLolj L^_t3jlj ila^jjiJI Ji^^l (jVI I "ijU." (jJUI i—iVjJiil 

Jjj-^j'j' Lillii jL-Lt-a i I 1 11"^ «L<iie_xiaJ 1 i"<l ^A'lt LaL^-i CxjJl>. 

(Jjl_2_a cdJ jj (jLi (j-S-Jj . ij-i-iS A^j-ujj (ji£La (JS (_y^ (JjUm Cjj i"i" tl 
iijjJLiil (JI^^Li «Gj>J1jla (jlSLaVL (2)SLj aJ (Jj-iJI j_y3 (jiajLs j-^li JLS^ : LUaji 
.(J_aL»J,l 3 I ii'^iLLa sLs-^ 'j -i '^^1 ,j^ (l)i>^^' CT^IJJlII ij-" JtA^' (J nl'^La 
,j ,^.tl tiiljj 3 • ..IjC-.tA^i^ ji^j , Ij^^yjl (j.uSL«JI (_jlr (a^JLs Q^^l i nill Lai 
Q^_A^_lILjj t ^jj-L^ T tt- LT i-j -^ ^ *■ ...» :j_ALli JUoiJtJ (j"Aj>. LtuJJ 1 j2>^ ■ ^^'^ c-<Io 
' ^ I -^ J ,>vl \\'t I-, , 11^ CjL^jjjsJI 4 1 110-^ djl j 4^jjj I 1-^'' ja^Jjlj ipjLSJLj 
jj^jvjju (JL^JlII jj-* (*-*^J-:J-*-^ I^j> 1 11 1 ^j iJ^^J^>- (jj I II ill (C^l .4_«_t2Jl 5j_^^ 

. ((Q^ I iil'^e-i tilA^t>- p * '-^ U ^_^1 
aLc ^_^-^ J '•^"' ' * tJ^ ^-^ ^W^^ Ju-4-l (cJ i>Ju^ ^j-L>-l I II it 1 (I «L>.^a:;e_j )) ^1 
j>jLji Cjj i'i'iiIj . LJl Vjj Cjjl^jl£ Jaj^.!! i^^j^l (jjijjjiill p^^Hi-l A 1786 
(^1 "^ J -»- J I II ill 3^ I :,^tl JL2IL1I jaJ cLflj^JaJI oJl^ - SJjJlJo 3x.jjjiJ CjWI 

(jj_SJI (_j^LjiJ (_j£,LiaAj (JLx^l (2>c iJ:jjJL>JI «L(ji i|]^jLaiI JJtJJ ^LjSJj 
(<si^ (_pLiiLA (j^ *(.T-^' ^^*.' L3j.:a-ll Ji^ (j\AIJJ,l (jl i^^jiSLlVI J i'^"' (j-*'-^' 
Lq-l^ Lii^l > U J . >. 1 1 I J . ^ -» i J LbLo i_2Jlj& ^I Jaj" Miil t^iejjuj 4^LL^I 

I - , , I U " (_yILll cdJj 1 4 J i S"l 1 1 (_y3j )«_<»I1;>J,I i_^ CJ^S I'llil >J-lIlJ '^ji-p 7C_L^JJ 

.-.I ^j : ,^ ^ It i^IjljJI rLlJVI (j-al i3_*jJl2JI 3J^j'!^l (_^ ij^l^JI ^^s 

j_uSLII III 1-^"" (jlll Jl or '^1 TT^l (J^^J i3j^L>JI » -I '-^11 (_fjii Sjjjj .^tl 
CjjJj ^ U,,.jtl jjj^j.il| j^ .d_L>. jJil CjuI^jj>JIj Ji^iojlII aI JLJeILjiU Jl^jsJI jj-a 
aj^ (j-C Cj_Lc.L3 3 al U II ^^ 5>^J 'J'^ '-^^ '^Jjl^^ilj 3-ijUI (j-L».I^IaJI 
(_jj| (_gjjL_iJI r-LLiVI (j-« (JLSILiVI I JiILiI LaJLi^ ij^3 • (j-"'-^' ij-" J-i^ J-*^ 
,«LuiiJ (_ylSIiJI »jJeui\ J 1-^ i " o>Lal |_^JlII (_yxCbJI JLSliVI liil j i(_yJ^I r^lJVI 
iSJjJljsJI 4^LLaJI CjIjJj^ OJ-^ ij-* "^^ La-^islj tcjj^I 1(JjjLl!I lIiLvLv j-o-b 
JojjiaJu LdJjJ . 4 J i S"i 1 1 (3^»-^iJI jjU"ll (2Ajs-i 2 i5JjJl>- Cjl£j.ja.A OJ-^ (j-*J 



flfl 



.421JaJI Sjs}! I .j I fit liiljij 

' _ ■ 1 1-^" ijjji.'b/l 3^jj '^-ll oljj^l (j^ j_uSL!lj S.jtLjj'i/lj 3_j^lj_)JI oljj'i/l 



lj_pl I ^ h ^ ^ JS Ljjj_2j (J^lS ^jej (ji^ tljjn'rii III J^j .^^iiSi (JJl«-o uuI J 
j» 1700 aLc: >L1o l>ii?>Jl (jy^ .C^^l lilli (_^ S^jjjII 5j^t tl 3_j;ijL«II 

A 200 (_jJI (J-i-aj <ii<ji 50 jju (jSLIj lA 1 20 (_jJI jtsjc_L«il ^ u ,,.jll i^jjijiJI (Jj^j 
4jj^ (_yi^j «Lj^^j>JI tfLJil I. iT I II (_yi^^^i»Si ' j-^ lS"-^! "-^SIj 1,1 u"j . Ljj^^ 

. L^la CjLaLsJI x^j (_,lr J /a^Ltil i-Sljial 
SjuiiJ «i_u(JI I Jj^'' -il-iji (_r^^ ijoja^l (<ijvLlo (_y3 l)5^ kjus^I \jJt JfLa 

J ■"■■'- (_yjLiJI Li>^' ij-* CJ-"^' (— flJ-illll f_^ 
Cuh^l liilj (_yi^ JxjlIijjI i2jLoL>JI (j^ JljJl^I ,_^>iiejjj,V 4Jf SKmiU 

^ 1 1 ii'^JI /cj;e_iiJl ^_^ ^^^' t J ,".f^ jj-*^' tj>^' lJ-*'J' Lr^ 'JL? * '"' ^ (^ ^ "^^ 

. LjJj-Sj l(j'J<i> cIiLjULII CxSj^ Jii£ I L^^Ual 

(j-* lj_p-l i_!j.j>J,l (_yC.Lu-iiJI (_yj^j (»Lfcljjl (jSIaj ilaia A 1 735 aLc ^ ■^"a 

/jjmi (_gjjaj>JI jsj^ejijl ^ o<" I II a i5j^j>Jl (_yJL»JI jjijjl JJJ^>- (_j^ J j ,^-.11 

ij;j.jKL^I (OjaiiJI (_yJI 3^L>JI SjLjj (_yJI (JjI Lx-a .ijJjSLII (<sjtL3-3_Lljl S^U^ 

(j^ IjL^ J J < J II i(j-ajJI liLIjJ J-J^jJI t-JJ^I (_y^ (_yi^ 4J| ijJUll (j^ 
4jIjjJI (_yja^ . 1-4^ Ljil£L«jl (_yj^J aL&IjjI Cjljja_La iJ1iJl>.j i((«Ll>-L1JVI ))(_pLiuJi,l 

I " . J 1 J /<sJ lA 1 768 aLc 4_cj_jJaJ,l Kij "C ij K j-AaL* Sla-j)) si 1 II U 3jjt Mill 

Sj?<U 4_LaljJLll <iJLLij| Cjlj^lJLa 4.icaj sIJjI ilIx-lIjo i ii (_gj_LL>oVl i_jj1£J1 
ijjajv i((<lj tjl j" • "J V JjJLsJI r-LuV 1 * '" ^ " " Liiajl^^jiJ (jl i ^-Juj i"n 1, Ij Ij^ 

^j_a fiLi-tlii-LJ 1 J 1 ^ 1 l_Ljfc ,t ' '-^ *^tl jj_C 1_L<3^^ ^J|jJ?CJ>iJ1 ^QJJtJljl Q^J-^d)) 



^5 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(j^^l^IaJI (jl '.^JJ) .S-Laj'i/I iillj4_y3 1 ^^_. i ". ,U:;'a ^'il 1 1 tjVjjJI c-IU", ...I 
, (■ U ^ a c_i^^j>JI ij,scl^ " " ' I 'J « ' ^ 1 1 (j^ JjJulII I ij 1 11 1 1 1 /|"l-i«" . ..I 

'J j -^ ; i3_L^L^ 5j^ ^-i>^ ^ 3 ' "■^"' ^tH'-'^' i_xjJIjjJI Ij-uj tji IjJiitj Shj 

".Sj^IalLo «Lum i_*-JljjJI iJJjlSj .j<ukj.J^J i_2jjjj^j jjjlwjjjij jj JLlLuj Jj-alj 
liJjjejiJ »-Jl r^U djJLui JLSj i/.70 - 60 (jLuUI Jtiitl J^bta) Lfcjjjj^ ijj jl 
(_y^ ' "'I '-^ tl tiiij tTxJL^-r-LlJ^U 3ril"-^l CjLjvLlo.VI J-J.<t3- LiAo i^J^j-o 

. I Jl>- Sj^LJ 4.flji>JI 
_^JlJ i5jJL>JI «jjj!^ OJ ' " '.'JL?" <— 'iJJ-* 'J^-^ (JtH-''-^ l_P'-"J L?'-''^^! Ct^ 
(_y^ ij-jj^ J l^'ll jjjtjjjij SjjLc j-i^ 5Jl>-Ij J->-jJ Lufc »; S Liiiil, I jsjLA (_pxJ 
Cj^LjJ 3^j.j>J,Ij iCj_L3j_jJ (_, I r 3".j^l Ull tiJJj 1 ,^al : |^pL>ol (_y3 I j^'j"' 

t-iVjju iiJj.jsa3 iij-^Vi J^ (jl ••lj:^^^J/^' ^^^y «j^ ^L^^1 '^"^1 

.«5Jo. (_yk: cIjWI (j^ |_g! i-aL2jl (jlSLoVLi (jl dllj (_yk: JiJ i Jo-lj 
.j_^_Lll (_, I r ■ t'^ ^ "a I 3 • ' "-^ J (j-S>-«-i (jL^ 3-iSLl1jjJj^II <Jlil^jj>J,l (jl jLu 
lilj . 3_j£l^ S^jjJ \jy^j [juj-Ljj (jjSLj (jl i_jjaj J.4JJI I jijfc (jl (_yJI S^LxisVLj 

i^^-^JJI 4J1JU2 (_^^ (j^LitXI «L>jL«_a * ' . ^ rt jl -T j 1 11 1 * ' . ^ rt ^Ljj (jS_<m (j_a (jlS 
tliLajls jl d-ujijiil CjLoLiJI (j^l£La (jLs i L*J^ Lajl J (1>^ (*-' i^J-Ii O' f'-^J 
Lciajl Lukj .(JK I'lal (j^ iJS-^ i^Lj I ^ I ■ "" ?m (j^ L^jj^^ (J J -a- "11 lij jojaJI 
itijjj i/sja-cil J.AJU (_yjJI 4_j£^j>JI j>LjJll Tcji (_>*■' Cy^ ^iJL2>^ 4^LLaJI luI£ 

(_yJI \jjLljus\ j^'^l ^ SjljjjJI (o^m (_y^ -"-t^i-tl (_^l 5j>-jj-"iiiill (jjUIl 

(_y^ .pjj_o J^5e_i (_,-i^ T'-D^ J-i^ tdJi (jl^J .Lkiia <Jliul^jj>JI 5j^ (Jl o»"ii III 
(PJI iJljlit-Jail i.4i>^*^ ^^i^T^k^)" (a^Lill Jo-I c-xj-L^ jUi^l j» 1702 i.[^ 
Jj JjeUlu CjLt^ljJIj CjLjejiajii! 4jvL>JI (jl . (jl .^^ 500 aI JLJeILj/V tUl TcjiaJ 

^^ ' ' J-cjj (jl (j-SLal (_;r^l i5jijJlj>JI uIjI^j^I *LiJV Jj^l «^l jJI c^Jl^ 

.jjj^^j ?''^^ jl '-r'i>^ J-^ -^->^J O^ jV>'A\ 

«Lj_4j_u^_a «L;t_uJ 5j_uS Cj u^ ^ 1 ^ 4lL^lj fiLuLXI t ljJIj jJl jl if < nl (jl j-J^ 

.(Jjjlsj (j-uLS »l"i Mil 3 'J -» ' ^ 1 1 (jSLo^l (_y3 4_coLi.j iljLjk 3^LLaJI VJ-i-a 



^6 



i4j]L«JI jjlj^^l 7c_i^l_LO S-iSLiJjijjj^tl cjI jLa-^l i".U Ml ji^j i*UI Sjii iJ-<j-«3 

. a3jL>J,lj ll—x^liilj iSj-uSjl (Jjl-l^'j '^ 1-> '^11 (jjjutlill (_gjljL>- 7C_i3LlOJ 

sLlI (j-« 3-oj^iJI 3_j_4SLII L^ Cy^^i u^3 -o^^ J^ct^ I'^U^'n »l : i3.<JiSLij 

sUI )«-3J jj^jtj z <tj| La JL^v j_^l 3^j_cuJ 7c_iiajlj .SJjJljiJI JjJlxJI "-l^J-ij 

tfl jolt ^ U , ,.j" ^ ((jjj^l ii<^)) «LJujV ^ JJ •^ ^ JLjJ-i^ . A i I nil CjI^jI I M"^. ^ ^^^ 

J^ 0^\ j-J^ .«U1-1 SiaUJl 3JV1 4jJlJl1I iL^xjiiJ SJij^l (_y3 jujl ^ cJj^Li 
dji (_yJI jLil ij_u-all J-O-tJ 3 ;i U"i U ^^jlii^l (_yi3 . >Lji3 VI JLC:LuiJ /sJ dili 
i»ri Millj ' ^j'^tt ^1 .^a (_y3j» lisLiil SjiiS I. I I III t i(_ij^.j>Jlj )«_ujJl ^I'^a (_j^ 

.«(Jjk^ (jjj (j^ Sjuji^ aLI «J1 i^ll (_y3 '^jj iL^iLa I . J I 111 



IjjJl ''-'_■' "--' CjVjLa^ «L(jI "iSjIiLLll -1J1 '^"11 (JjLcitA (jl Tciiajl Ji^j 
3.j_Lla_i SjLc: SjjUI t_cjJljjJla . LUajl 1 Jls. Sjii*^ 1 1 j<jj -^" CjLJTj S-uUl 
J U«tl 5>jij S^tiitlil CjLJVI Cu-ajLa-'ii iil L«j^jj< uljjj Jj'^ Ct^J i4£j.j>Jl 
.r-LlJVl (_iSjj (_y3 I'.jj I iilj (jLp.'i/l I .Ir i (_y3 J I ii'C i" Lljl^ t^'j 
i^j-^-Lll i^j-c J ^" . ..1 1 ijjj.j>ij[.l 5jj)j-xi2j -*■ ' >*" * ^j^i 1 11"^ jf 1 Jl>.1 ' ji '^"^I * 
d ^ I u" , ,.l (_g jj ,3 tj j , ,.^i d u . . >» (2A.4JJ i(jl£Lo (_p (_y3 4j(j^j (3^-*-' l5'-*-''j 

(_^l 5-i-.Cl--v Sjj_i-a_i /o-AjLs ^ILLail 3_iSL^l j-jLjII ^^^ ,jj,L(Jl ^jSLoj (jI 
I j-sl^l (_y^j . Sjjijaijb/l cj1^j.j>J,1 . . Luli J-«-«3 tjl (^SUj (_ylll uij Wl *LiJl 

: Luli jJljj Lo 1 jj** 4Sj.j»Jl jJUJ j_Al^IaJlj sLuio'ill (j-« J-J^ («-I'-«-Il (_3-^ '^J:^ 
.cL^JS ijjjjj V CjIjILi L-uJu^ (J no I'lll jjJ-^J •'-r'-5^4^' 

1 1 j ... A I d ^ ^. U 1 1 I J .cL^.ui^iAll j-:^j>- ' ^ .'^.'^1 (j.\jijl j«ij I nil Jl^jlII <:L<uJl^1 



^7 

I 



3_<ijj-2JI S-Llj^-SLm-LLoJI 5 U J U ■:^ 1 1 ^ |_^ja':^l iiJj.jt^ j£'^ Jjl joo 

;J^ ' ' jll (_yii5U^I A I I 50 (»I-C 3^:*-! I j _'"^ CT^' l(((jLoJ^>_UJ/» - lJjjL>- JLu-u 

jj_a_o (_5-Lc i—iVjjJI Ij-ifc (_p_o i-l'-^ I Jj 'LJl JiSlj .|_jjj3-Ii-J Ss^ix-fl 4_i^L>- 
<_jVjjJI I JLA Jilaj , Ljbl Ljljjj jjJLuji JLtJ Luj^ 4JL3 LjjIjGjI Ljljjj (_yla^ij 
'(^J (jjLjjjill (_, lj~i I Ills L*JLL«11 (_^,Slii!l (jjjL2JI i_^ Uiajl jSi Lj^jj ^ "■■-" 

(_y^ i_^j_i^l i-dj-j- 1 1 r^L^J 3Ji>Lj Jl^jjj .a 1272 aLc ^I j-^jj lJjJI 

(j-J (jlj-iiaj (2>JjJI jJe-3 'L'i^ (_5-Il (_3-*^ (» I 200 (»l-«-J «Lujj<JI <"»l UjU-^t I 

' ^ '^ * -J '"-^ jjjjjLtaiJl ^^^_aJl cUl JlJ ^_^ jj III i 1, 1 ",^ ^'l-^tl jj:> i nil lJl^)) t *:^>-»j' 

SJjjvLLaJI)) IjLxjj ^jjjlajl jSjLo (_jJLLajVI t_gjnoj i nil i_ajjjiLui!lj i—^^LiLaJI 

(J_<j_«_j 3_Jj.^LLaJI Cj Ij li Ml (JjLH^ 7-Lila V»^J ■rj^\ Jiia .((^Jjj^l 4_ul^^l 

(j-o r-jLiJI ^I^^JI q\ (j-o JJ^ La (jJ^ I JiSLLo IjLxjj (jl£ . I j "■■-" 3Jj;*.LLaJLl 

.T-Lmi (^j-jej i_^JlII ^ • "■-" 4Jj3-LLaJI i_!2jj ^^Jjjij (j-« (j> <i"ij I n T-Lmi 

jJl^? ''LJ.I ^^Us ^1 jj-" I III (_,lr JUilUj 5^1 Mia iJlil^jja^ c^jv^pSI 4J| f<s-C.j 

x^j^ :a1s\ I II J II ^ j" ' " (_y3 Ij^i i^JljI i-L!jja-o (_^^ J j , ^ -- 1 1 | jj cGjLcLtuXJJ 
liJj-^ (^ j-II '(jJUI t-jVjjJI sUI j^J^ njljJ^JI (j-« «UI (jjjjLj.«i.jl I— J^J 
.3jL^ V La (_jJI IjlSjkj i(jjjjLjjii-jl "-^^ "Jj'^ 
I aj , ,. 1^ A llj t^Ji J oj I iitlj I— x^LiLaJI Ji^ia Cjjjjj oj-iij (_gJJI (_iJJJ,l (_y3 

SjjjJI cjlj SJ^jvLLaJI aJJt (JIlI, Lii^jj 1 «i I iij aJl^ ia 1618 aLc (J;j_lL>oVI 

7-j.ujja» <_jLj^ j» I 685 aLc LuUI (_y3 J-^lS^rh' O^^'^' Pj-irt^ J'-'^-'^'j • 3 ii 1 » 1, 1 



^8 



3Jj:i.LLaJI aJ~it (JlLo (Jji^ ij^ '^ j-'^J 03^ iJLH-'-'-'y-'-^' lJlSjji'^I ^ jjj •"■ 

i—iVjjJI IjLjfc (JlLo Jjj iSj^ ijj'^j .Sjjij'ill CjISjj>J,I i_^jliie-a (j^j IjLJiilLiI 
i7-Lj>o (JJJ (j-0 iSjUJLC tlllj-a 5j_^l pLu-^l (JjLv)) '.(-jIS Jl^J •(_; ' "Jj'-P^ 

CjjJtJ (_y^ 4_35_»^j_o (jljjjjl (_5-jl J t—lVjjJJ d-iLtJtA iJll^iJJLtJ J^JJ 
JL».^j .(_j_iLLaj^_jJI ' ^-»"1 1 j_yi 4lijji>J,l cGUajv^Loj (_jjfaJLi3lj jjjujjj 
(jjj (j-o ' j '"■ _' cdJij .«A n rilUal <iL>JLI)) (_j^ SJjLxjO «Lljj^^ f'J-^J ^ ''^J 

(_yl>-Lj (j-a Lijax.)) ■,<ijLJujl (jlSLol aJlC (j^ IjiSLLa (jlS 4_tjtflJ 4Ji (0-C.j n_gjLj3l 

,((* ufcjjl ^_^Il>.u 3t_a LlA 

CjJLso (_j^» ".a I 551 aLc ijjIjjIS jji2^ju^ fjjua[jj2\^ fjSu^\SuX\ '-^^^ 
i(JjjJaJI 5jL^ (_jJI dJj.*^^ njJjjaHl,! Jj?"ll /n 1 ri-»JI (j^i^ (jr*-^ ^'V'^' 4£jj>JI 

.« LaJl^vj cLLajL^I 4ja- r I ritl VflJ^ (ji 3x.LtuJI (j^ (j^^-4-i '^ L*^ LaLa-i id-pta-ji 

JLSj i3_jjLj'i/l S^j^l (jl£Lol j^JlC: ^j^jjij (j^ iJSUI iJjIxJkl (_yk: aI in-vli/l 
. Luij-LC »1 olrj (J riir^^-iiij ^jijJLc. 4jJlj3| 4£j.j>JI (jlSLol Lxiajl (_3-^ 



^9 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

^1 t ri t Jf 1 J 1 ( ^J^ (^^> l^^^-^f-^ (Q-4^ /4-(-U^ (^^j ^^J * *^ IJ'S-" t ril,1 ^ ^ ^ rt 1 , ^"t 
■iJja-l-^J -' j ' J ' [jlSj .Cj^^I jI (JjLjjJI 7Z-UJ -' j ^ * J joJ ^ (_gjLj'2l ljJj.J>J,l 

./a^J (»J^ ji (j-LcjL>J,l Ldilji »Ij>Si o^i-v L^l 

^j,A ,^~tl ^ tiJJ j jju jiiJjl aJjj I a I 775 aLc jIj-3 JUejI (_yJI 3_uaijj^l 
5_lJI I ri'tVl .iU I iilj (jl jr IjJl I— fl^jJ (oJ Lxiaji (_^>JI I J-* ijT^ O^J i3ijL«J.I 

.jjjLiJI tHjil pjjIsjJLI I juk(J!Lo (_,lr jii^i ,Jjj-iiiiLn_2j^^ <ijLJl£Lol LdJxJ V 

il^ju^ (_^\ CjljLsoVlj lIi Lc^^Hi^i I dJJj (_jJI JjjLJ (jl (jVI LlI (_gjj^>jiaJI (j-oj 

.cjjjjJI r-LjJV 3-Sji^l(j7^'^LAJ'^^(j-*>i^b i5x:l Mr^ll (jSLij^l^l (^ 

aj_lILij_lj» Jl SjLcLcuxJ 4^LLaJI JljJjj SJSLiSJ, (J^l uM (Jj>JI SJjUtA (jl 
jsJLjlJI (j-SL!j ./oiaJLi L&jLa^ I4I0 pjj Ji^ ((SjJlj'^I 4^j.j>JI)) (_gi - (((J_uj^ 

.(JjL^Lj 1 M Ml T'jlLO-i (jl JUU lUtSU-LMj foj ^ ...At 



50 



Jlj^lj 6>C>itl'UI 



sj^\^\ 



j_;jIaj_ujJI Q^j^\ (_^ 5 U . .,j" t, I J Sj-uLuoJI 4jj_ujj_iJI tjj-Aj - (Hidalgo) 4jJ1_lj_uVI ^j-a t^SLJIjuj (I) 

icjj-ujJLI) .ijUm - dalgO J ^\ - hijo J-t^^l ^j-a 4jJ1_lj_uV1_i i_iJJ-c ^SLJI Jul l_5tiLaj-a-a-ljJl_tj_u| ^_^ 
,_>-a t 1972 ^S-L^j-a . Lj-J^J^iSLi-aJj lS-i.urt-1-t^j-i-u jlj-IO JlUJ.1 . Ijube-a t>J^^ c^ iJj-^'^ 5-tlt-i^j-..aJI 

.,c^>ai - (34 

t^^j-ujiiJ I J 4jUI 4j1.j.<i_>J. jiaJLojJ Tcila-t-a-a OjLc aJlJcILojJ - (Psaltehon) S^LJ^jJI ^j-a j-IaJLcaJ (2) 

tLjjL^jK Mi'ij K,.Mjj'<^j-L^ jlj - 21 _lL>J.I - IjJL^ti-a Cr^j^ij t^ ;_^j i<n 5 njj'-=^j-cJI 4iij^^l) 

3 . (*j^>lXI (181 ^j^ J 975 ^S-L^j-a 

.(4JV jjj.1 - eLfljJuflJI 4j^ u JoSLi-u V I iJ1jj& 4.u-l3 ^j-a j_L;e_<JLl ajfc a-j_SL)ja ^Jj-i-a . . «_4r>. : tj-uiSLi j aJ I (3) 
.(CJvjuJLl - 4_4JJt^ O-"^ 5Jl>-^ - i3^j-« i>Jijja-a . . j_4J*- t^^Ij-a (4) 

(Agricola - 5jm">UI ^j-a) (Bauer jjjLi 4j2j.aj*JI <a"j:<) ^^.li: 4oi,il .^i (ISSS-1494) V^SLj^^i.! (5) 

(jJULAij ^jjv^-IjjI ,_)^I a-iJI (j-uJ-1 - tJ^j-tJiJ t tjjio 9-49 1.j:>- J JJ llij-l I 9 ^j-ijjujl JL^-a /^ (jj-iLlI f«jl-C - 

l_SLcujjj^jj_u jlj - I JlJlj>J.I - I jJuse-a t>J^^ c^ ii>:^' 5.jIl^j-..aJI 4iljj_ujII) . 4jj JlaII AL.arvVl_j 

.(<i3-j^l - 202 ^j^ (1970 ^SLx^j-a cljjLjj^JiS-caJ| 

JL*L-a j_^ t_^3.A:>o| fjJlJe-a - (CromptOll) 5-j-Lu^UI ij^ A (1827 - 1753) ;jjZ-yi^j£ JjJj.<i_uo (6) 

4_j_;e_j_tjj_a ^JuLc ,j_a j,j_tIolSLiV CjJ^jSJI <^ 2 a t(j^jjj aj 4_(J Jua ^j_a i ij_5j1_) J i3j,j5 ^_3 jJa t ?L-Li.u-ij I 

icjj-ujJLI) . L>.L..aJj Vljx. '>SLt^ isLjI Jiia t_5 jJI (jjjj-a^^ (J-<i-C - <-LSe-j...ij-L]l icLLuaJL) 4_Li3L>. Ctld-jjl 
,_j-o t 1973 ^SLx^j-a tLjjLjJ^JiSLaJl ISLculiJ^ jj_o J I J - 13 JlL:>J.I - I JlL*l^ t>^^^ cr^ ii>:^' ^-AJtJ^J-^' 

.(<^j:m - (477 
(Perptuum Mobile) 4-i-Ltj^LJI ^j_c. ^La-uj^j i_3j.j>.L_i ^^Jll^^I ^^'11 ^_^ t_Ji^ tjjjjj-o aj-lu j-u (7) 
l<..Mjj'-=^j-L^ jlj- 19 JlL>J.I - \jljt^ ijyyu ijj3 ^j^\ 5 rijj^j-cuJI 4iij^^I) .4jJljV| 4£j^ I ^_j ) t'i j 

.(•uvj^I - (435 ij^ i 1975 t^SLj-uj-a t Lj jLjj^lS!_caJ| 



SI 



I 

J IrOr (_yJI IJ-a'i/l SjL^J (_y^ 'L?-^'J (»J^^I t3i>^ (.3-^ 
.«Li£.L4lL>.2lj 4joUII «Lu.2jJIj 4_j^Lu-iiJI Sjjill 

JLaS i<i^JL5JI "ijjLoj^lj d-uLJjjJI 5jUia:>JI j • ■^'- 
ijLje_jJI 5j^ (Jl <i <"i Mil «LaJ_SJI Q^jju^jjl i—Sj^ 
(_jllll JLiL«J,l <-jl^l a^JL>- Cjjbj-j CjI jdu 43Jl^i I iil.'J 
L^JL^ (_ylll t-jl^j'b/l dJJj '.(jj^j^UIl aijie-o cJjkif 

-Liajl i^jj K iiiVI (jj^>_uk fl^li-l iJj^J Jl3j 

.ajLjjLJsJi a_jjLje_jji s-iitii LlLoI l>. j^^ jL^j>ji 



5S 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

(j-O I '"s I ri ij (jl (_yJI 4 I rllit (j-O jU I^Jj l(jiiLo ^Lcj fj!^ (.T^ '-'r' ^^-^ CJ"^ 

. (_,> in^La SjLLa (_jic dc^-iiaj (jj^' ^dj'^'^' 3JVI 'J j I'^iJ La IjL^^ p^pi-l (jj^>_ui 
.« Ij-jLij J 1 Sj jlj_uj<)) «CLp-j_tu^ (_yi 3iljJ>JI aJJt jji JjUj_i Jot" I III Ji^j 
^ ,^ "»■ ,"■ ^1 I j_j1 ^ t <^ * ^ i(_^_S_j_uJ)jL3 5jL_La (_^l jl^ J ( II (J-1-S3J LaJaJLS 
.3jLiI,l (j-ulj (_yJI i_gjj^>jiail Jj^^l IjtS^ o' LcLiajjjd i Ij Jl».j \j^x^ ^<\^Xa 

Jl , ^It ^ Si La L^^ La 4J Ij 03 3^ cr^ ■ ^ * M'> :jl^j I III * )j_fl_a j^Jo-iS 7c_uD^_i^ 

"^ I < i"i I I <i J i"i (tsj Sj-jJLi-a "-^JJJ iJt!-"'j-^ O"-*^^ I -1 J" .ijJLufc j^'iil La joi^i 

(_yJI <-j>Si 3ilj.^l ij-«^><j (<s-I JLiill (jjvj I nil i_<jl£LII 3-jjji (.7-^ o^J •?r>^" 
(jj^>_ufc (_jjj I jl La i_ajjLj 2j .3JVI i>jufc (j^ SjjjtA 3Jj| Jl>-j3 2j .(j-LflJI 

.Ja.ia Aj< All eJ-it (_px-i aJl2j aI Ijui (JjjJjjVI <1cIjIo-I 

i(^^_L3jj| jjjjLje-ul jj_* ?*-^J-a ^_A ^ILuj^^ILl>-j'^I)) : Li^^^j.jv (JL^J . ^jjLiJjZuL>-j2 \ 

.j2>Jj_L_tS 5^_^j t ' "^ '^ * JljJlj>JI (J-* CjI^^ (-_3Jl^ tjjjjjLj_a->-ji pl^^H^^I JJ-* 

jj-a 5j J jS cLuiS i^j-^-u^ 3t_flj 3t_bjL.<uJ tilJLul -n ' ii^ll ;<:LlJLl1I cL^jj-LiJu jj o ^"i i n t 
(jlj^ Cj.:>o )«-2-J i_gJLJI ii_jJj_LII tlLiij iIjLl>- (jja- i nj LaJ^Ji^j ijt'i I'lll (<ii!l 
i«UI ' • ' ^ ' J LajLjLJj ijj.iiji'iil (_jJI lj-<l-a -^ " ■^J i—JjUl lilij Lajj^j '(_yjLa 
La (_yi^ 'Lt^^ J'^'^ Lt^I lJ-5^''-^ SLa^j i«^jJi,l (j-« (ji-LtuJI jojjiiJI (_y^ (_gjjaj 
i_3J_aj 4_jl .p J I nil I .-^ .^llj iLujJkl Sjill 0JI4J - 4j5j:tc2l iiL!jL>o iJJtJJ 

. ((CjLJjjjLLjj 3" I II 5^1 ma (_yJI iIjl>.Ij LJjIilLi ijj3 (_^l iCjI^^I 

(JjjISLji .(_g (_yjLjjjJI (JjjJlJl^I J^ iIJl>- JjJLJ j_J^ (Ih^j '■'^ l<ljJj/L(Jl,LlJ 

,^^ILuj^^ILl>-j'2 Li dj 1 i"i^j^ (^ j' j^ * ' , ^ t I JLA jJijLJ^_jj LfluJLjv «L^_L^j*- jL»IL>-l 
i lj"i j" i I II (jjj^ij mJ^Lj <_!^jjI (j-« (jjji^Lj) i>jjus.>- (_g JJI r-jj-aJjl (_iJGj 
(j^a- I II a i(_^JL«_a (3jJ^ (jjlAuoiJl ^ 1 11*^ (_^ J ' ^" * iCjjUjI 5jj?E_tIj jj-a c j ' , ^ ^ 

L^ILlj H"i io in^lj 5s^L«JJ (JJlJJ 5^ ij^ *J W^ 4j2JJl2JI CxjISj l400 'I^J J (.7^^ 

jj_a((4_ijjL^I )) i".^lu tl ^j)j_uS O^JLaLILa r'j '^'^ t^^iAJl jL»IL>.2il (_^ .aI^^ 
3^L<jtA (_jj| (_>^L>- ^Li-ca 4J^L>- (j-a ^Jj'^' CT^l *L^' iJj-'^J 'lil:>J 3M Uj . ..II 
jJLlS (j.<_«_ijl j-x-1 tjj-j V . » _■ U 1 1 ' isLiijjLill ojui (jl . Ljj^jj \jIla (j\juj] 
(JAJj ijJjLjj-J j-S j Lo i^p^jijS (j^ J-"^' 5^L<ji^ (_yJI (_jiiajj Vj I Lalj^ 



5^ 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

lilj .3jj.jal!l (_y^ ji^lj j^JlII (j-o r-Jij-<j-iJI \jJt, Jlo *LiJV i(_yjjiJi,l tjlSLoVI 

fj!s tixjtoJI I JLjJls. J^»J (_jlr LuSLol -- _. t>< . 1 1 (jj,jLjjii.jl pl^^ji-l 3_lLiLS ^j-^ 
jj" J^''„' (.T-'J' i4.x-ijLi!l sLuLaj^lj sLuu^jJI SjLiiajJti! sLjJeJjLlII j 'I '^tl 

(_jIL>-J idll ii I riUj ll_*jjljjjlj iCJ^OjlII Ij1o<" iiilj ijjjljLil (—illlit^ (JLftJlILjll 

(Jjj.:>JI Sj^tslSU 4-aJj-" I riU iitxiai,! (_y3 (j^ l<n" i na Ljl^ (j-ajSUIj 5".ljU , ,NI 

-" ^ . .. A tl ^^ 1 ^ /djul ^j»-jj_a «L>-^j_Ld t^^*-^^ '^ . ...^ t ^JIJ t fill ^j '-^ ' 'J J Lujj_uS 

SSjjUtJI 3JVI julsj (j^j /oJ (jjl I iU -.SjLjJlC: <::jlj-a 

cjLij.ja_o (_yi j-j-SLiilLlLi I ^ . ..All (Jjkjj liU, i^iiio -ct^ "iljj-uVI ^^* ' 

-(cLpJI Cj l£j.j>J, I »(j-o t-jLla La LlI^^v jj-a Ji^JJ (ji^ (^ j-ll Cj^^l (_y3 i5JljJl>- 
(_g jJI ijji.^1 (_yC. jjis jj, I I .J I fit Ij SJ^ I rill J.«J(JI (_jlr L0L4J (2>JJ-5l-2JI I J^J-*-!' 

«L?tj_u1j 4jjtj_il3 ju^t^iji^ *^^-*-*j' tl>^ jU . ..ji /^.jJIjuj ^jJLi2j,1 i^LaJL^l ^J^ 
:^_^ La t (IIS i^llLa t^jjijuJb , ^l^-A ^_^1 ^J^scIu i.[X\ ^jJJe-tuJ LaJiJi^ «Lj| ^jJl-SHjlj 

i_Jj^ (_p dJl£Li2J jLlII Cj^I jLo i^ljji jL»^ I JJiX-« Mj1-j-u "^I i". . tn\ 4 iV I riU 
-7-Lj^I <1JI i_aj_<ji (_5-Lc j<u-oVI IjL^J (_, I II (_gjjl (JjjJjjVI f_^l>-^ .(i4j^:>oj 
. t_$^^ ^-^-'-^J jW-** (J^ i(J-*IIje_a ciJjj?t_a «Lj1 ^_y^ *^-^l J '-^ ' * ^-(j-u^^Vl 
.«Qjtj (_y^ CjIjJLj 3 J r j_Lll isjuk (j^ (JjjJjj"^! (_yJI ^""Jj"'/" J ^'' '.^J 
J ^ ^ 4_J^_^.j5E_a «LS^j.j>. )t_a *1j_^l JJ-* «Ll^j.j;tim «L>.^1 ^_^-A - TtJjJl)) *.* tUSLs 

^'' j -J i3 JI iiUe-Jl cj^IjjJjjVLj nI j .':.". . ..VI (2>^Lx-! LdJjd LjLjI .3j_5^ 3 li i^Lc 
>il I II 11 3_ljL>JI (j.<_Jlj_2JI iJiiLS^Lc (j-c 3 J j tVI 3.Sji>JI i_ajjij 3 ^jj UtI 



55 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

uJ^ s-iiajj cdJi JJtjJ 1*1-1,1-1 ^Iaj <i:allii!l eJJtj-i^^ 3-''^^^ SjjJuiu 4jall3 
(jlLiJj (JLjliJLi IJljJ LoJlI^ ij^3 itliLj-A J^JJ "^ iLil (j^ ' "J o' l_r^ • J'-'^' 

. djLjLiLaJI (j-ulj^ (j-* J-rhAj ?-"'j OJ-"^ ll>^ 5^^£La 

/aJ j-o^l I j-<k (_y3 (^SLIj ijUtjJI aI JLJ-" I III (2>c CjULxjLj 4aijJI .> ir L^JjjG 

. "i^ilJI (jjy'l I n" (_p2 J jl (3^l-ij l_2jJ(J 
^_^1 ^ j i"i 1 'J '"-^ jt_i_uLiJl ^^^j_^ «Lu.^jj1 (t^^-J^-* ^-^^^^i tijlijl^j" ( II Cjj_jJ)j 
i Ll ^ lA^ ^_^ (J 11 1 II oj"^^l «LuIjjjt (j-a5 Apj>JLl ^_$_^_jJl_a > U ^ I J ^ cLc^_<iJ?E_a 
jjjLil (Jjill I J-A (Jilo '^J:^ ■ U ^ I J 1 1 jjJLA (_JJl»-I ^_y^ I I 562 aLc iJlij Mit (jPJI 
«HI )«_ii3j_j "l-ilUJe-o CjIjjI SJjjlajj ijLLIIj ^I^^Ij ^U,! SJlcI i ikiu) ' -i j _■ 1 1 
/jjbijj r-jjr" I II t (ji (j^Lx-iJ iSjLjjij ■"" ^■-i'' j T* J-:P' (j-* cr^'^' Lr^l (»L>»J'j 
tjl I iiiVI (_yJLc.^Li IjjLa^ i/o^Lcil Jl or Ij ..j_uSLi pjjj/l^:aj (_,lr jj-iSLlI tiJJj 

5j^ aI JLJr'ii iiV (JLxX.3l (Jjl (_jJI ^-^j^ I ''^J l£>*"' ^ '1 3 .' " ^^^-*- (_5-*i-*J 

jf\ I ii^lj i_^jjajJI (jLLaj^l pl^^Hi-l cdJi (_yJI -1 ^''a ' . «.^LjiJI JJ j -1-^ (j^ I Jijv 
lj_L.<ila f-ljji-VI (jl^ .(j-u^UJI JjLi i.*lUI (jl^ 4j>.jj2I i^^jdl ii^ljLi: i^J 
x_3jl (j_* JJlX. i-i!j "i Mil iOjLiILi.1 I j ^^l'' S-^^J Lt-^' i3 i-a-ltl (_y^ <iji 3^jjJ 

(_yj^ljl£ ji I'l" I II a i_xjLJj ijjijjjj (_gj jSLjjjI SJjJjiijj LikaLa^ (JiLo nJiiLoLil,! 

(_gj tjl U J ?]\ 7-J^l ./lUkjJ^J J^Lslj (jj^ i I roll (j-^-olj l(_yJJJjl^ l_gJ Jj'^ 

fj^ (j7^^ njjjjtli (jl (j-^jjJI 1-.^ I U", , ,.l I j"UI . .J . (_yi!l i3JVI u^j^ (_gljLc. 
,3x.jji/3lj (_fljjL>J,l Sji^LcitA oj-^J 'r^-i>" (jj'C I II Cj^j 



56 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

Ijl^^ ' " *3 ^ ^ Lt~^~^ 4— LJi I ( [1^1 4_a^SL>Jl a\ o"i 1^1 jj ' ^" ^ 'j^ ' '■ * j^pLc-iJ 

A ' J .^ • " (_5— Lc 3_!VI l«_ll3J J^iJ .OJL^Sol J— <-u fj-J-^im ' '^ '''■ '^ _' («— 1 

i_j_lJIjJj itHI (J ItI j.;1JJ l_r^J-* 4 nniiill j-^li Lr^ ?-^J ''^' ' ''"'°' 'I 'T-HI 
g< Mii t fill ^jt ijj->J^j^jJ,l »_L<t>- ' 1^^ J* Jk^J . g| Mil t fill ^_^jjL>- (jj-^^ «CLu_a 4S^j_3tILa 

i4jjj5cll]l «L^ILil Jju . jLajjj^U <Kj^jjLja L^l jj^ ^LiiaS iSjLiil sLilSLaj 5jii«^ 
4 Mii I nil ^.^la (j^ i^^JLi <tcl^^Ili-l j_tu] <iJLa ljj.>^ n_^ljLc, (_gj jSLj/^Li i _.-»■ i n 
Lalj i4Jjl<Iujj djtLjii (jjjJtA (_j^ ■ U ^ -.. It 4_uji>Jl al iii'^al joJjjij iSJVI (_p 
. 4jla I jl^'a J I ril 1 L^a^ (j-*^ (.7-^ ' (-?>*■ '^ ' Sj^-v '^ I 
.pl^^Hi-Vl 1 jut a1 jLJr'ii 111 (j^ ji lS'j'-^ l5-^ ^j-^ J l>^ ll>^ J '-^ ' '^J^ ^ 
ji^ 5jj>-ij (Jji (jl i,_>Iol^p£l (^^Ix-i (J-A . »La- 1 III ^^jSj ji^j <1JI l'-*^" i_aj^>jLA 

«lSJLo (j-* 4.S^lj^ i(jj^ Sj^ij Jljlj jjJu^jiSLo (J;j_lL>oV1 (isJIjlII i_ajjij 

JLS^ dUll (Jj>-j_<ij (j 1 t"_i La Laij iQ^Jl*^ L^jjeJ iJa.2^ Ljyjijso i_xjjljjij 
(jjSj jjl (jSjsJ (J-<k .(Jj^jj2u "^(jjj i"i Sj.^;*-! (Jj< I'l'il JJ-jj La (ji^ J in"! Ill 

Ijlj^ (Jl <n"ii 111 (JjL»- tixjjtj iSjill (j-a 4j>-jjJ1 oJi^j 'i-'-aj (3." " '^ lS'j'-^ lS-^ 

Jlj I II 11 1 juk (j-^ m',?^?^' i-SjjlJ (j-I Ljji JJjJ SjjiajJl (_y3 SiiLiill 4^jj>Jl 

.Ijbl 

L^j;«jLlJ Cj^ JU^j i/oJjlII (_yJI 3j^jalll C^Ii-jLa '^1-^ • 'jtl (jjj^l ^jja^^J^Lc.! 
t_gj Ml J 11 (J_SjlJ1 lijjjij iSjLjJl^ ^ j J "^ ' I'i'i i"i tij ,iia_2^ y-l'Tii nVl sLaj^ 



57 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

i^^\^s>- «L_ulj^ jJ_AL>tJ l^A-tLalLtuJ /cJ (j-Li_u JLl^Ij ^1 oUtI ^t ,^ •^ '1-^tl ^j_a 
t"M fijl Lj_aL>- ^^ jjj"^ i3y " •^•^^ ' ^J^-*-! (J-*j -^-'-* ^ J <i'Tn (-_3j^^jLi,l *m jL^ 
(j-o 1 I ri^ /o^ J_i-a- I n" 3JjL>J, L^Li- Ijl j-^ 1601 aLc p^^ji-l (jl "^J^:! (.k-^ 

cjI J 3_»^l jJI Sj^l I— il J I III)) t-iLjS cjjjjjSjIj^ (_y^ j'J^^^ 1615 aLc (_y3 

U-u^j-aJ\ (_gjL«_»J,l (jjjjLL^I (<s-i-5_i «3_iiIlL>JLI 3_lLuJiIj SjLuill CjIjISL>JI 
. "iLuJjl '"'lj'-^-» '"'Il L?J^ Lt^ J^'j-*^' j J j -^"i ' (J<"ii"il (_g JJI ij5 (_gj (jj^^jjji 

1 4 li 1" ■•■J, 1 CjV^U LjiLjiI jLlII SJl^I I nil «m )«-3j sLSjjJs a JlJ-"i i n't (jl (2>SjS-1)) 

^1 ^j J (II ^_^-^i t5jj-^l i n I ^ '-^j Lillii ^_^jj /cj .(I LlA L^_L« 5Jl>.1j L-fl-uol ^_7^i 

ijLcJI 5j_2j ^ijL^ 3JVI oJlj* (^^ *m » ■-i"jl . t_gjj i'v I 11*^1 (jjl^^Jji L^^^Hi-l 

LoJLi^ I Liajl jj£l Sjill ojui -^ _■ ' ^"' . .. )) : d-iJLllI Sjjjallll <_JuSLII (_y3 1 " 1 li 1 ^ j 
I jufcj 'jLis-J (jJl Jj^tlllj sLc^l (_y3 (j^'-^' *'-^' ij-* «l_34l' (.3-^ J I ro -a-"ij 

(_y^ ' • ^ "■ jJ^L>- (j_« ii-lLi L-A^Lol i5jlj>-Ij «l»^^ LajIjijv dJ q , nj i5jl>-Ij 
I j . u ^ ^ , ,. iljjjv S^^SLII (jj* ' ' 1" LoJ-i^ "iJI Jlj-"i I iij -ji-lII (_3^ S^^SLII ^-^^ 

(^LSjJV JJji I III! (siil KldjitljtA vIjV I)) (jljjjLJ l—lLO I 629 ALC (_y3 J-^ii 

3jl^ i_ijl£j iCjJj^ 4 I in is (_gjL<jjm (JjjJlJl^Ij I l-^jlj (_3-^ (_>"'^ lS'-'^' idJ-lljJ 
(j-o ( 1 1 J t^ (<u-ujJI (_5-3) 5JVI jsJUk lJiJLu . ^jjjJeAo J'^ ■-* Lt^ CxjIS i5Jl>-Ij 



58 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

jLlII Cj^j-ual LoJlJI^j .*U,Li ^^IfljO «_L<.caJI (3t!^-^ (jjiLa-JI jj^ (^L'-'^l (_>"'J 

I j ^ J ^-- ' (jl£ (_yj-II i^jjlic-JI <iiii«JI 5^^£la ojui ijjjl£ (_gjLiJLl ^^«_' j_ya 

IS-Lioj 250 jjj J^L^a l^ljljj (^SLol (_ylllj 
j_aj isUI )«-3jJ jLjtjJI aI JlJt" I III S^^SLa jjji-^" ' i~i( iij-Loj-i-u jjljjl aLS 

Jj'^' Jj'-^ <J!^^ MJ-^' (j-"j (jr^ O^l^ l5 J-" 'crJ^' |^j "iii i jii ij^l jj^jll 
djLjIj ^^'^"^ '"■,' f^«^ ^:D'^'^^' 3JVI p^pJtA I iiill (_yCim \jJt (jl£ . dJUi^j 

Lai o" itl 4-11 J i"i Juja ^^J~l\ Jl^ . CjIj^UlXI ' M" -^ ^ _i 4^i^ "^i-rH^ C<jl5 
(_y^ "I '^ "? (^ jJI AjLjjfu L^ i_yj^ lt-^' VJ^^Wj '5j-2-«Ji.l CjLJ^Ij lIiWLj 
jj ,^^ll jtjl£La (_y^ da I Mi it iij_pjlilj 4-ml Jl iilu vlji jaJ .(j^Lijj 'jl"ll j .^^11 
• ij-x-LM i-i^J^»- • Ij-ti^l (_yJI j-i^j-ll j^L-o ijj'^l ijj'-^ '*-*£>* '■'^J -Sj lit 111 
i_j_lL^ (_jj| ijJLLii (jLSj 1 I II tj^ (_jJI t_lj^l (j-a (2A-<l-l Cj^^I (j-a *>^ "'^J 
SJi^jlII j>a^ .JojJ^I j^j-1.1 CLuoLuu] La (jLcj-jji ^jjl^JI SLpJI (j5LIj .liiUI 
ijjLLlI (_y3 ;>j I iij'>-j jsjjLiuHSl I^^HLsol (_5-3j .I'U oil uj-<-u N j-i'' (^H^^J' (_^\ 
(jj- I nil 5jll£ (_y3 <lj| j_iSjJ,l (_7^jl J^J .SJljJlC (j^ i I II 4_j£ (_yxiiij (jl jJaj^Ls 
. *UI J-3jJ jUtjJI 5j^ aI jj-" I III o^^! ll>^ r-l'iMi III (_yj| (Jj^jj JajjiaJLi 

I ' 1 1 "l JJ_U3J »1 I ll^l liJJj SLL>-))Jjfc UUS JjIlJ j_lSjJil 7-\j-LM ^^Usl JlJU 

5 : mil lilJj (_y^ . 1663 j»Lc: JjJJI L^lj i((...(_yJl_u jJaitJ (_^l ii::jl£:lj:Li.VI 

99 (J^ii- djiii. J j-oj-aU t3^^ 4Ji (__>^L>- i—juSLj (_yjLuJI jjjAj>J,I j^ I j • "■^' 

. « L^La|jLa-"ii III (j-aj sUlLi SjjIjJI 4JVI jj-a L=-JJ (.t-'^?:J'U' '^-i-" 
<_!j^ ASIj-juus (_y3 3 ij U , >. 1 I cGLijv (2>a Sj-ji-^l ijliiji I nil j_pjJi,l ^ '^°i 

I jl (_5-J-»- I— SjJJ (oJj ij_ojJ,l f-\jlL>-\ ijf^ L^ j3>^3-* CjLa^LtA ' l'^ ■^ -- ' joJ 



59 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(J-^H^-J jj-JJ^I iciJQjl i^^yaliJUiA ^-^Jlj^Sj t^ t ri ]J^\ T'jJXl i^-Uj^ ^^^^ jJ_U^_4-U£3 
(JJ_SJI ,j_0 CjI J i j" irrll (_y3 Jj^ iri'C^ (_y3 sLjlI SjlSIj 3J| LjIj Ji^ Ljj^ O' 

La aSLlIIj . L^^UsI 4l<ir I JUa p j"a ^_^^A^ ^ '—'-i^ I . ^al ".j LuLjIs LIsj^ 
«iUI J«-3j-I ^ . .. ^ I jl jLflJ^Lj S^Jl^j djiukjLA 4 Ij I iij Ll*^^pi-I» : j_iSjJkl i-:-'^ 
(jl (_, 1 r JjJlj>- J » 1 1 (J ri J I (_,"lji II j (_y^ ..iJliLa- i>ia (JJJJ J '-'J' Sji^l I iiai 

dij I ii'C LtsjLo cjjii-i Sjjjjtill (J^i (j-o .3_j^l^ ^-=^J-^ lj-'! '-'tP-* sLc^JI u3^ 

3.jtILLll cdJj j_uLu-iiJLi I'.iilr I i«Lc.Liji 4j^ lt-^ ''-^ '^ i."i j^ III i4jjL^ 

. Sjj I ii'C U 3_jL^_(JIj ijijijLJI iJjj-iJ 3 1 ^ I ^ -^ 1 1 J >L^jJ,l Jii I III (_y3 Sj^^jJ.! 

ijs>-i\ JlJLJ tLcj tUu L^iLoj id-lii-ljJI 5ji!l oLso «Ll£,jVI (j-U-aJcUl 4 Ij i nj 

(jl . LoJlS 40 f-Lfljjl (_yJI Lblii Lc:LajiJl Sj^^LJI (j^ U^ ^•^ s^-^' o' ^b 

^m [jjc *Lcj t>-»Jjl J-^j Ji^ jl-iJW (JicJitJ (_gJJI *ULi U^i*^ I Jl».Ij tLcj 

1'-'^'^ (jjj^jJj-3 -^ " '"^ (jl (J.«J<JI J-J-^ S^'whi lS'-*-" ij-*'-*^' (.3-^ "-r*^?:? • -^jW^' 

jj>.i\ I JijJtj I J^Ji^ (j-« AjW^' sLiLi (^ 1" 01 (jjtLc^l Jl»- I 9-j-^ LoAJi^ tixjjaj 

j-uLlil Llxju |_gj"i I ii<i_i jLiJI (_^i^ oisLaj (jl i_*jajj .dJLJIjJ IjlSjfcj i(JjiJ(Ju 

TcJla (><_i S-L-oLflJI SjJliJI (_y^ LlsI^ Llsj Jlsej i_j JJI J^L«JI dll J Jj^ ^ 

j^il ;,^ll 
jLcl fo-^jJ.! I ^ . -- J 1 1 I jufc (jjjLjiI (_jlrj .<illl (j^ jj^jJ,! <ijIlS La (J^ I jui 

p ^ ' ^ " ' 1 »1 III n t(j II ■»■" III t"i I ii>_aa_j_o ^jl a^l 3 \_u_u ( uLS i^vuS >_}^ i^yuJt 

I - , U ^ ij icLijeJjLlII Cj^jJtjJI (j^ j_u^ (_y3 sLjejIUJu iJ1*1>-J Lt-'^' iSJ^U (_)2aj"iiiU 
i4_JjL5e_iJl «u il 1 p^pj;t_a Cxj_uj_a^j_u jLtll^ Jl (_^^^-lL>iJ V 1 4_»_l^IlJ1 T'jJ-l L_uL_ul 
4jjLitj]| 3JVI (jl (jj 1 '^ jj (jJ JJI i(j->Ji iitj^l (j^ uul J LvLal^l (_jX.Jajj<l L<t« 
(_y^ 'LLaL^I «L(3i tL-i-uJu j^jX\ I Jj^** jtilal jaJ ijS (_gj (jj^^jjji L^^^Hi-l 
(_, iii'tj-flJI /sJUJI Jjjl liiljj LjLuIj . l>ii>>Jl (j7^ L^jlIuo jLc:! C-coa. Lujji 
»(_, Ml (J^ J J '^ I j "'j'^l i3_lIII1JI 5jjjJaJI 5iiJjJI 3^ljl (oiaJI 7"jJ-«J jj J •'^^ ^ ^ 



60 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

L^ LliUjLJ J '"'^ tilJLlJl jj_uj^ Lt-uJ^ dJLLa «LuIuL>. JJ-* «L^J^?-«-« »1 f t ri"^ ct^J 

. 1 641 aLc j^\j^ 3 ijjjijjLi)) 

1_^J_lL>oVI Jj^il (jr^j' (<i^>J>-»^J ;>-« (3^'j^Wj •(jT^'-y-^J^^ j<i~i I'ljjoj Ja^LjJI 

t^^tj < fij 111 i (Jj-3 lIa^j Juja Ujj (Jllul jj_uj_u ^_^i^J ,^lJU,l L_(lLL::e_a SjLjfcLlaA 

f_yAjZA,\ ujjLso Lajj^j i(j-uL>J,l Jjvl Jj^ 3jj ^_"" «U IjU I ^n ■ ^ .':."XI tiliaj*- 

' " < J ' '^ * 7-J-A-£3J iJ-C Jul jj_* CJ^^-^ jl£[j ^-^■*- ■"■ ^1 . .>>^tl ^IjJ J-4^ ' ^^^ '-'-*'J 

j_ifcjj_j t Lai mi's I CcLJ-us IJI 1 Ijjj;*^ i"i I ril Ui)) '.(_j.Sjajj I .°" I J r~ "i a J-&J ij'^ 
^j_ujL>- LlosI^^ l1JLj_u - ((S«Lcl^^IL>.l J ,^"». ' t ^a_ia tjiil » - «5 jjj jJS gLal JL^r") tiU 

.S-SL^L^ iJI Oj.jaLiJl .(((_yim *m Aljiieli^l «GI . IjjI ojJj^ ^ -< ■"■^"'? 

jJ_l-OJ Jk^J i^ (_^^ ^J_«^J_i_u 4_(aiiLJ ^ t fi \ ^jLoiJ J(l IjLA ^jl)) :jjjjjL>Jl ^LJJ 
4 1 j'^^tl j^^1^:>iJ1 j2>^ LL?e_) LfJLUl /cJ-t-uJ ^_7SJ (j■^_Li_u ^Jl JlJl* (_^jLjLaj^ jj_* 

r'Lcjl (>o JLbjijlSLIl >=c-i^ LoJlJI^j 'o^ J^ (jr^ J'-y-L)^' lJJ^-" t3^^ 

tii^L^ (jrpL>J,l i_j i\" I ri a (_yj| tULjjjLi jjsl ilJLA -ijlj-^J -iJ j o'lnU 3^ |_^J 

cjjL>iji (jl Jijji '«t-j-Il (jj^i-'^i-o 1 •tJL>"""J'"J-^^ -^J,?^' <J^ .((LljIj LsLiij^l 

iLi>- (jjjjjc^ (j^' <ijl» .(JLJl (Jj < Ml aj l-ij)':>- jLcj «Ll!I ^j J •»- 1 ^ .4jla ^Liia 
^Cu] . JlJ^I (_yJI iliac lIi^^SLc (jjajjJIj CjLaLii-Vl 1(Jlc '"'J '^.' -ij_J^' (— flILii 
^ TA f^ 1 ^ "1 til 1 "^ i«Ljl^^^^l ^-2 «Lj ^cILl^i LajL^tC ^2 , u^_L?E_a fiLLa jjjtj^ jj-a 
LftJij 11,^1 I ii-fca "^ I iij-»- (» JJiJ I J A"CI La (_gjLli (_y3 (jl^ ^j . Ltlaj (_y^ Sj^jjC 

. « L»iaj I Sj^^u "Jj 1^-^ 
j_pjJil pljJL>-l (_fl_i^j t_gj J 1 -»oVl 7-jJJ,l Jjj I oTia 4JI i_ij_>JaJl (j-aj 
3_jLSL>J1 tfjLji 1 j ... A I 4^jJ1j ^ilji (3^jl ij>jlS^l (j-* f*-"^-:' lSj-'-'^^:i^^J3^^ 
, (j.oL>J. 1 ^ n i"ia (_^ jS (_^J ^j_a^ j , , 1 1 ^j l 1 in t i ij^l 3tP.>^' *LaJ jjlix-l /cj-uj-J 



61 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

J J '^"^ ' ^JJ3" ■^->-?-* ,5^U' '-A-i>-'-" (jy-^^ 



d_j^lj_<lJ SjLjj i4_L^jL>JI (JLcC ^Lj SjLj ^LLJolo iiLu±iu (j\Xj-ii\ 3-aJii>J 

5 J i f- 5 Uj U ^- ^ J ■':■ '^ «_lljJI u-a-J^ 1 I ritj^ liilo (_yJI aJi^ 1683 aLc (_y3 

5J>L>JI (_*^L-3 ^1 L^JlSj 1 1682 aLc jLJjjj_a ,jjjjLLII I j ;. .':."<l ^^1 

.(('^J'TJImU 

i«_iLtuJI tJj-Sil ^LiSm 4^LLaJI (ftl^ 3^^-*^ *'-':' ^ '-i-'-^j '^JJ-* J-*^ t3^'j^ 

j_ialjJJ «m (jj-aLlI Slullj iLk^i 3-" (_yill (jyijLo (_7^ *UI j-^j 3JT ij-i^ 
<iiji2JI /jjlUJIj Sj_uSL!I (_yg.i lull ^^Ij (_g JJI jilljj^ (ji (JjiIL>J,l (j-oj n_gLj<ji 

ajjjuus (jx. S^^£l3 (_yJI J-i^J i4jjUI i_ijJljjJI aIjlJ-" I III Jii^ Jl nc^ I jj i n't 
4^LUJI (_yk: jLCkiVLi t^jOMi jii$! iflLL ^<Jaj ^UI 4^LkJI jak: JIJljIxojI 



5j^ (Jl <n"ii III ijS.Jil (Jj^l LJijiuIlSj,l oJl>-j «LuiAj (_f Ij 4_1SJj i(<ijLjS (_y3 Cjji j 

(M^ (j-o Jji _J43 . La «(jH^ (_y3 «L3^L<jj| (j^ JJtJl JlJlIjj^ (—^jfc j x2l^l (_y3j 
.4jjIj.j>JI 5 al U II aljLJ-" ml SjLuto (_y^ S-uiSLII uljLs^LiJI JlJJl^ *JJ>-^ 
(^1 <lJ5.:>oj 'pj-i ij^ ij-* CjVLi tLil )«-3j)) ".^iLiaJ (_yiljjl!l (jljjjijl LLA (j-oj 

jLlllj *m J^jaij LoJlJi^)) : La jijv (_yJI S^jca^ LoLSji i_ajx.j ijLjc-j (_yJI «UI 

Sj_a (^j-iLILj) j-j5SLj j-jji I plj-ill (j-a L»je.a- SLjt£ J < i"ij jLjajJLs ijLitJ (_yJI 



69 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

(ji (j-« ^J-^^ )«-3 JlII jja-ii-u-u J-Aj 'ij^ (j-* *'^' 'lU i"i i_g jJI tiJJi (j-* ( Wi>^ 
Cjul I ri'>JLi oLJjjvj dJLuoLJi,l joi^ (j-uljii 4_ii^ "'J _ ' " '-^l O^J •'^^^ ^ -^ _■_' 

(_yi (__)iijL3 ■ U j , '--. al Ml tl (_y^ jLiejJI (__>^l^i- i_^i^ ■i—^'* CjJ i" i nl L&jjijjv 
jjl .i_^jJLiSL<jiVI (jj^>_ui (_jJI (_jJ^>- SjLjL«JI ajC All ^ljLJr"ii III (_5-i-«J i(3LiLa «Lcj 
j_L^ jjL^ i3_JjLje_jJI 3 -> '^ 1 1 IJl^ iijLjJi,l IJLA ijjuLuj] f_j\c La t(_yji/ »l Mill 
(_yjfc V Ijl>. 4-oJe-ij3 3-> '^ " (_,lr J ' ^ ^ J Ji^ 4JI (_yJI S^LiVLj I jl-i'' (3^-^-^ 
^ «m Tc-ils (_, Ir SjjLs La 3JT (_^l 3^L>JI i^SLI .4jjL-aial Vj 3-=tJ>a 

7r 1 ( <t 1 ^ ^cJ?E_La (J-aLc tjlS t_$ JJi ';j^j J'^^ ' " jjjjLajJ J <^^ I 698 aLc ^_^ 
(_yi ^ i ''^j'- Ji^J .4jjLitJ 5JV pl^^Hi-l Ssljj (.5-!^ 'lSj'^^-' Jj^ ■•■'^ I'll U ,a 
(_,lr i_^j_uLuji pljji-l Sjiljj ' ~ ■ ' -^ "'J .4jSlil,l S-lj^JI sLiia^l (_,lr 4jJL1II 3 i i ntl 
3j-g.l i.Kit rljj)'! H>J5 (J^ 4^j^ (_yk: Jj.^^ll sUI x^jj JljJl3. p-ljji-l)) 
i«.U,Li jjjJll jl J-alj i/tt^vUll lJijjLso (_y^ S_>Tt^ 3.^»t!^ 'iJj 'j'-'^ SjlsI jJI Sj^l 
V (_yILllj iL^-cljJi (J-S-J » "'I '^ 1 II SjlsIjJI ^^^2i\ (_,lr J j . ^ ^ 1 1 (J^l (j-aj 

.(((jj^ijjj,! /tj^i (jji^ ji *m 5j^ C3-^ ^j , ^ -- 1 1 »_^u" . .." 

I'll iij-Laj-m I 3^j"''°'l (.7^' I j • "■-'"' 3JVI I LlUx. I J.'J^j".' 3JVI ijjUfc Llxjl^ 

(—flism jLjtoJI 5j^ ijj'^ I j^** Jot" I III il I jl>-Ij i_^jjt^^ i_a^ix>-Li I jilljj^j 

LajLJ-C 'LiLiJ <Jl!j_Lii- Aj < A 1 1 ojtji jjl a . ..^1 (_gj_uLuj, JiSI Ji^j . Jj^jjJLi 
j3jj-i -ij-^J «L(jL3 . L*^ l-L>- J_lL>o"^I 'Li^'eJ i^j-ll (j-LiJIUjliJI ^ . ..^'.t j .>.^ 

sLa^a . jijLi tLa I-. iiiU (_y^ ^iJa <ijaj J mr tjLLijill j^ 'jLJI (_yi^ j^^h^' 



6S 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

1j ..I li a (jL^ i^jjjJI (_^l <-, ,,iUII ^ J i^ ,\\ TcJ, (_yi *UI pLajul ^j 
3 -1 j " S^^SLs (_yJI t_gjjiiji II cjI JJLi i_ajiiJI \'jjt >l3j ji^j . (j-LflllJui«i! 

. jl Ml" tVI ^^ « ' ^jjLitjJI (_gj_Lfljjji 3J| Cjj I'l'itl . jLjtjil (__)iajLiJI JaJLiiaJu 

jjo-ol 1 702 Ac (_y^ . LiiL^ i^g^L-olal j-uL (jl^ I^Utl IjljII I jijfc Jlo (jl x_a 

(_^_j_uLi_u'^l (-_3Jl^1 (_^| - ((/C.J?E_m jJ_aLc (JjJl^-iD)) - «L(.uiU d o t nl ^ j ill 1 ulUS 

lOJ'^J' " O' "^ ' '■^-^ 1(JL;eILiVu (_g^^j.iuji (O-^Jl (^ j-ll I '^ji 4_lI^£,I^J (_, i ntj^l 

jUtjJI ' ^j".*^" *lj^l TV-*^' -^1 ' l-^-"J-*^ Ijjj ^^~ t_gjjiij I II 3J| (_y3 (Ji-^l lS'-*-" 
CjVT I". lor •'Lj^ *m (j-i'tj LxJij ijUtoJI tLcj (_,lr -ijLp' *UI i _X i h (jjJ 
3JT CjI JlILj <ila Jj'^l (jj/jJaj i .lU Ji^j . I Jiil^ji (_y3j 1 1 i n'tj^ (_y3 d-Jjil^JJ 
ALC r'jjjj/jJaj (_y3 C^jSjj <".»'. ^ a .*Ui,Li 4_uijj-iiJI 4ijL:>JI j_i3ljj jIJlaV 

.ij\ o-a-'iiiiU j34A^ (_ya ^LujVI ^jMi'il 1717 

iJllj Ml" tl Jl-S^ <:U_LJ(_a ^ -» '^ " jlj-la (j-o (_yJk SjjLjtjJI CjWI (jl ja^JJ 
(jSL«Jil j-i^ (j-o (ji^J •'L! J;''" ' " ^ V ^ • "■-" jljJaJI cdJi (jlS ijl Ml" tVI ^^» ■ 
i—iVjjJI i_xjSI^ J-i-*^ ct^ ^-I>i--i I Ji^Lo iCjWI (J-l^-luTJ diUtxiaJil i-ajjSi 

SjjL-alal j-ji: c^l^ .SjjUtJI 3J^Li 4_l!I jsLII cAuajl i^JJI ■'^ ■■■^'' ^Ji\X\ 

^1 .-.I ^- ,^ II JljJiV Ijj-L-iial JlJsj .AljJeli^Vl (_^ SjtJj^ j-uLj ^jLiil 
, 5j_lLij^ 5j^j-£2J J L^-iU^iJ «LxlD^jjt_a Liu IS L^-iSJj i4_La ^LJLI Tc-iiaJ aje-uLI (J:>.|j 
(_, I r 3 1'^"" 3_LaLS ^j j ->-i 3.^jji:a^ S^L^I i_^jj ' I ^j-T* t"^?-'^' o^ '-^l 
l^j^l JoJLl^I (j'i/ dllj i«UI J}^ J^l (j^ cIjWI ojijfc Jla ^ t_c^ljLlII 
i^sLkJI JLjJjj SKmio (Jjv (jl , M< ,U:;"a jjo^a^ f^-^j' cr'l *'-'•' t^J^ 7r«iMi 

.ijj>i^l Ij-** lt^ o^ (*^ ^ j^ I M^ll SjjiJlj ^ u ,"j 1 1 



6^ 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

itjLtuJI (JJ-2JI (_flj-aIIlo f_^ SjijJljsJI <i2jjJiail <ij«il<tl Qjj-LM^l I'.'i I'ltl Jl2J 

"^ I III ji—cisl^ILa ^t-SLj I— iLJii <ijJ^U_pl A^iaJI joJju i 1630 (»I-C LajJ (_y3 
(sJLc (_yi jj I II "^j^^-jJI (_j\ fii iii^ J-y-':' fJ^LILj/l (jl£ .(_yLuijjjjj i"i I iMl-»ol-fljl 

j_jJ_jJLc. j_^l (_j_LL<iijjjjj <_il Mill i_jjilj^ cCLiiuiji i_gJJI f_j \u I iiK j^L-u 

5_jLl^jJI ljjj>0 jslll^ d U J U ^. ^ 'Lji^ (__>Ioj^J I Jliiaj ^JJ l"'JI t_5-3 (jl^ (^ jJI 
O 'J '"'**' JJJ'^ lB"-^! P^'-^*^' ^IJlII jj-« * tiLsJ « Al I ii"^^1J JL>JI ' Uj^ • "tl 4S^)L>. jj^ 

(J^lj Jl^j .dJLJlSLJil /nlr (_y3 CjUej'i/l jj'^^" (_y^ I JL^l 1 iiaj IJLl«Jj 'Culjj 
SJi^Lj (j_* J-"^' i-dj "1 Ml U I 1 jt-1'' J^-^j (<sJ (^SLIj ijJaLi. I— xjIs (j^ 3;!-^^ 
O I J i"i "1 Jj^ -^ J U » tl ^^1 S I iijUjI |_3jjJI (J-ulS - ^jLJLc, CjLo (_j^i^»- - j(j i"ii 

,5j^LiJ| lIo^UI (_yii5Uj d-flJij (_y^ iSjLLsJI f_^ i-l!j"imiU 

.AjJiuLlI (_,"li ii^j^UlII jJJ'^' J-* J^' '^^^J l«_lL»^^^j£ljjJI «_u^ (_y^ SJl^I I nil 

Lkj-iLljl (_yjJI SiSL^JI Sj^^LJI (JjL3. (_y^ Trliij ^ tu! (_yi 5jlc:LuJ,I j .^^" 

J Ml f 'I I iio'»- (j-« ^H^l _J^ ij^l *'-l' J-^^ o' S-*^?:? I (j"iV->L-u^ Ct-^'j 'ij-**-* 

(_jj| i«_iijj_j /<s_La .^-^ .>»1 1 A~i-r- ( II La JiJuJ ' » 'I '^tl 't'J'-^ P I ' ^ 'j (jl JljJjiJI 
ai^\jJu\ (—SiitJ 4jLj_LLijl)) jU , ,.jl ^^L^ L^j 4_j| 3t_a tjlILat ^j -"-^ ^j-* ^H^' 

(_yi^ «LJi (_jJI LajJaHo jL^I 4_(SL!j • j '^^ j ""^_' u' ^Jri-y'^ » U" . ,.j joJ 

.jLlal Sjjiii^ pljjill (j^ ^*JJ <— a^i- jjLtjJ V iJJtJJ La 

.(_gjj>JI sl^^JI jjjQj Lui 4 u Ml I iSjjiLkiJI dJJj (_j Ij '"'"' JJJ^ ij-*'-* i-aJt^J 

jGjJiI a^^-ti^ I U i I <i J iilo J i<^!lj dl^^JI (jjj tjl (Jj i^jtill I juk (_5i^ (J-^ tilli 

(_^l pLfljjVLi <d TT 1 iij Vj ^^^'b/l (_^ *UI ijj\^ 'lS>?^' fl-^j"^' J^ (jT^ 

. ^LilS VI jLloi Sj Mir (j-« ^H^i 

5-al I II a (_jJI i_!jjj'i/l (_y^ «_ijj_j (jLS I jl «UI (jl ,_>lojll£l ji2£ . I j ^ J ' "-^ JJ 



65 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

i^l_i_La jJLifcl (jl Jlaj ii_!^jj'i(l (_j^ (_jJJJJI lJiSjj LaJiJl^ 'i_^ ' .•^j" i>JLcLcu^j 
?c_ta_<ji (_, 1 r L^la (J^t l^jjjj (_gjj>JI iiijj>J,l 2nA^ f^j' "-^^P- 'J'^ (J^ 

, I j . ..A". ^^^ oj^ o' S-*^ p'-^j^' 3^LijiJi3 ((pljjill t-aLaj 

. (_, 1 J i"r"_tj^ (_gij 4.ja_i-3 Ll1£ Cjjil i(»JJ - J J - lS^^J l_r^ Lr^ 1648 aLc 

(_^J^>JI > U . , >. 1 1 3 jj U I jl .^ li JUiii (j-O (j-OJJI L*!! j J_LO (JlS I llU TT J I ^ I J 

jje_i (_5-i^ L^J jl^^VI r-riMi III (2>5L4J (_j^l (.3-*J ' 'jtJ^ LoL^j-uI I jj"'" p j ■ "ij 
(_y^ I 1980 - 1979 i»l>c:V (((_^Kx^LJI >;S^I 3-<t:SLia)) (j^ ^Jj ij^Lus^^ 

^ LiLa^ Luti^ ^Ul ^j^jsJI jL-3jV| Sjbl 1^ cJjU. ^1 4J^I liiJj 

.JlljiJI oIjo.^1 

' '' J^ CJJU>iJ ,4-JL>.j in U jLjVLj AjJLllj ll—JJjkjJkl 1_!JJ>J,I pJtJ-ll l(_jSLjJ.^ 

jjl£Lol (j-« ^ J'^"* "' (J-SjellJI (_y3 ^ 1 J I--"' ''-^J ''*-*^'j 'Llii^ (_5-^ lOjii^ Lllj-^Ia 
' " • _■ -^ '^ t <i_Ljlj_ii ^ -» '^ " (_j.SLj^ p^^Hi-l t_!jL>o SjLc J-tJj .pljjiJI J's i" i"t 
I a I . ^ 1 1 I <:! J V"i i U Sjjjjtlll cdJj L^la 3jj.j>o «JLal CxjlSj .'U^.caljLA L^jLso 



o 



66 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

, 1 ^ j I , ^ A" 
1654 aLc ^ ■^'a .SjUJl^ TiLjLlJ (_yJI La-aLia <1jjL>o J'C r'ii (_jS[j^ pjj 

5^11^ SLjc^j .jsjJlJuj "^Lj-i-JI suj^l ^T^J UJJ '''"' lW^*^' ^"-4^ ''^ ' "°' -^.^^ 
(j.u_t£m Ja_Lji J 1^ J II 7=Ji (^j iSjiJI (jJI *l^l Ji-O^ i4^uii^l (jySLjjji: 
(j-C J-i-o ' '' '^ ' (_}a:>JI lXJm I^jL>- (JJJJI liilljl LtSlj sl^^JI ' i'^ « ' "-^ j_uQj 

aLjlII ijJjj>J.I ^Liijl 3JLijia ^y>■ jl>-j cjIjJu <i2j^JaJI oJ-^jj .(_yJj'jl Sj-^Jl! 
>l< Ml 3^j.^l (_,JL£: Jj .^^tl SJSLi^ (j^l c^j-uili^l ij^l^l (_y^j . jjJl^I 
pl^^ *Liujl ^ i L« 4_Sj^j_Lij (j_ajSJLI ^*-^j 'sSj_^ ' ^ (J-* L)^ Jl^ i L«Lx-i i-u-^-^ 

(Jjj.caj>JI (3S>-«-i til! J Jti^ ''^^ l5>?^' .Uj .>.tl j_uQj ■ ''-' _' jj j<ij (j-oj i«Qj>o 

. JU-ia (Jjl^ (.3-^ 

lil 3Jl »1 Mi'tl 1678 aLc (_, I iijjLjJI J J, ■^"j '" oW "^^i r~^~^^ ij' (3." " 

.dJi-Ltuil CjljlJLlI Jj-j3 (jl Jju (JjLji'ill (_jJI (J iijSU (_Jjj>JI >U« .>»tl JLl«j j<u 
r-Jj-ft-JI jji i(_yl>-l J j3',>-^' (jjjjeja dLiijI (—kSjJil CjuI 7"j-j5I lS>^' ^jW*:"-? 

(j-^ia-j (oJ ijJiJuT I j'-'j (^SLIj I Likj_i£ J 3!bjL>JI diljlj I nil iji!l^jj>J, f_j\(^^\ 

.SjUJJ Sj^i*^ SJLjiII c^l^ il ijjj 

-' J 1-^ « tl ,<-, J ,^ tl «_j| jJI CjLjI j_l^L«_a SjJl^ 3-i-^ 5J| mil (jl -^ '^"'1 

i—iJJ^j (__>^l^jJI cjliiJiiLcLtuJI p^^HJtA jjij i^^jjSLi jttJiuLil (jjiijuj^ (jLujjij^ 

•ta-jjl i^JJI I j.^.-^j' I JjjLlII 3Jl(_iJLli .*Lj}_ui!l i_^ Cj Lfl.L"uri5LU (j^ JljJjJI 
(_y^ Jl^^ 3 Mj U , ,.i jj_a i4 J I ii_tjLJI a^LlII «UjjjjIS1 ijSlXja ^^ q iii<_t^^ 

,j_o 3 K Mi'i U i3_Li.LuiJI cjIjUJI r'>»-^ o^'^ (jLoUj-o i^gjJjJI l^jom^ 

' 1-^ _■ j J "'^ 3 I T- I -»- CjJlj>o SJljJajji^l (_y^ jl-«-Il '■'i?-^^ Jii^J . JjijLJI j'^^*^' 



67 

t 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

jjj I II Ji^j . I Jl». 3 i ii" a julL 3J^I C^l^ . N J ^" ^Lft-a. dlli jj^ ^J^3 0-"^^^ 
JLS_c1 (_^Jlj>-1 «L::t_u_ul ^_^ LlulS g| Is I ii<i ^ ■ ^* ' '-^ J_t^ aJlLu-o1 ^i ^j ii'hjjJl! 
jo^LLj (jl (J II jSU L^ *^*'^"" "J 3 MjU , ,.i «_Lu3 (2>SLx-i (— aj^ (_3-*J iCj^'s i"ilil 

. JUlj ^LaK IjIJlcI iIjJlcI Sh S-jli-l jJI 7-^iajjJI lJsj^jso 3_Li2j ,j^ /<sJ 
i(__).^ij>JLi 5"iljU,,._\l t j^jii>.| jJI -»■ U , ,.tl ^Uj~ CjUj I iTill (jjiiijj£. i_j_L3cILjJj 
(_y^ 5J^I 3j>^ Jl1c:j . jMJaVI (_j Ir 3-jl-i-II aJ-&j [jlAs A*>ilj V ^jJ\ 
t4 ij ( II '^ J J ' ^ * CjLaL<i.x-^l * " ' U" Ml I J icl^jjaj J^ i^j.isj>\j\ ^1 (j■^-J3 «LjSjJLl cLtHSJLl 

.pl^^Hi-Vu (J.<ulII (2>c ^ij-SILtitA (J iiii_t^ (_yiJE3j i^ijiLa 3jjjall!l CjjIs i4 oK tj 

LaL<u i"i J I II t JiS (oijiJI t^JjLj (_y3 (jjiJJbjJLl <il<IiLiII 3JjL>J,l aJ~it (JjiJj 

i JjijLJI 3JI-1 iliftX. (_y3 (jjiiij^ J^Lxj LiUu IjLcl I iia jjl jji JJl:*^ i_ajii V^ 



<ijLL>- LljlS La S^^iiSj I Lxiajk(_^JU2l (Jlj^sJLi)) (2>JU (_5-yJ 4jo I iTt (3^1xJ 
(jJ^ Mutlj (_yjQjl (_y3 jjj Jl^S .4_LaljjJI <JliljL>-3Lij CjIj-JlIILi 4uu^^ lajL^jL^ 
«Lu^UjJI <ljjfclj^ Cjj.^l3J . LxjiJ^ (_y3 l^ij 4_(JJlX-1 I 647 aLc ^ ..U . ..J- i jj-a 
^Lj 7-L>JLj i L^J^ /cIju ^_7^i t4-t^^ ''Mil «Lj_ujjJ,1 j oU a ^i "»■ .^ 'a -^"tj AU j^JLa 

jjIojJlI jj-^J ** tI:iJl ^_^ 1 M Ml ^Uljl ijj_uJjLj ^_^1 «L>-^ILj ^_^-i-J^ lJ-*-^ ** cLaJt 

LiLulSLiilj d-uJ^jaHJI ?u^_ui!l (j-ujJ "^LJI .Ja^ i—iLJoJI (Ju J i I'l't jsJ SjjjVlj 

. (JjiJJLjjJLj ^ ^"11 CjI jJLj (j-> i I III! dJJj (_5-3j .j_uSj j-j^I 'ijiljJ ^ ^j .U"ll 

jjllij.1 (_y3 <tjJ^LaJi jjL^. JL3 ii—iLiJI djjij^ CLuuu^l «jl jJI (_yju^_till ■ U^Vj 

.(J iii<_t^ '—^ (JT^ tlj^^l ^^« ■ (3^U (_)iLc Ji^J .l_!jLjtlII «lj^l «L(j| 

CjV^ ' ^ ' —J J p'j-^' (_,lr aJUJjsJI i_ijL«IlII» (jjLj lJjJJ^ 1674 j»Lc. j-^Ia 

1,11 n'l'Clj I jjjLjfu ' ^U»' ' M j 1 1 I jui (2>c 3j.«jjI^'^I i::jjjl>o ji^j . « ti K mm (_jjJI 

JUlj (—kJJJil IJlj* i_^ J^^ f^ -jj ' 'I'J-^l »i oUII joJLc (_y3 Sj ^ Ml (2>J1-J j<u-ul 



68 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 



(jjijjbj^ (j^ 'LiSjJ.I 45j^I (jjyjj i—Alaj I 'jtJ^ 'j*^?^! '-^^^'^ .<ijLA I j 1 1 -» J (jl 

liiLjJI))4ji^ cjjiijjj i_5 JJI ^Li jIjI . L4ji^ p>LL>U SjijIjJI <i:k:Lj JL^jI 

jj-« 4_Lx-£3^ «UL_uj «L«_d jj_4.^_j i^JLu ^\ ;^\-i «L:*-^ I 675 a[^ 3tH3-* Cji '^ J '"'^ 
p_S_Jl ■ ^ i» ijLi^tjJl ^jj^ IjLcLtoLA (j-^" r ( ti ^^Jui^ (_7-^» • ' J^*^ t— ills ijj-uJJu^^ 

i-SjjLLII jiji Ji^j . LUajt CjV^I «_l«j>o (_y^ IJl>. 3_lUj(JIj SjjfcUl tdSj^iaJ 
, « «LA-i3j_iJ 1 «U i~if-'i I n 1 jl cdLLA jlj ^" . ..Vl ^_^IL>. JU^j /cSjJj tJl)l^^j?E_La (_jl^ 
SjLije_i (j-jLi (_5-i-JJ J_'^" ' "I J 1 1 Ji^ J-i-^' Ct-'*-* (J 'i''^J;>^ '^!-'^J^ CjjIS 

- i_2jjjj,l 'lia.j^ p^pi-l (jl ijjj^ 4jjL«JI a 100 (_yJI jjLtlu Sjlj.^*- il>-jjj 
jL^j-ajl 4Jaij (_jJI ?m (jLiic Sjljj>- 'L^-jJ (JLi-ajJ (j^ (j^-AJ '^J .(jje-tuil 

(_p_0 (_^l (Jj_i^jJLI ' • 1 1--*"' <lj| (_jJL;LiLaJI (j-OJ • (l-JJ^-2j A 210 (_5-J|) jj ' .^^tl 

ju^xJu (_yJI i^Jp Jl^ 1 1 '''^J *>:^P Ua^JLuo SjljjsJI jj^ «LlIL«JI CjL>-j jJI i>JLik 
3^jJ (_^l (j-daj ^'-•-^ ■l'^^; • •■ ' (jLol aLj-i-3 pl^pi-l ^1 (jjLi jJojil ,3J^I 
<L>-jJ -1 J '--^ ' " ' TT «i I II i-«-ilj " _ • . .. -» a jLjtAjVI (j^ 3JVI aiiaj joJ i«Lj^l^ 
ij-^-LM (j_iLjJ T-LaJjl IJlj* I I 1-v Ji^j . Ll^jI 5>:t^ 4£JlJ *m (jLiic 5jljj>- 
.<ijSlil,l 'iij^il (_y3 Ijjia^ I— tJeTijIj . IjjjLij Lol^^Ibvlj i^jjjuo 
(_y^ SLljsJI Oj-ja-us I I ^ "" J ^ '"11 (—i^-J,! djijla JjJl>- (j-a j jt-^ (1>^_9 

I"!*; Mi'tl cj-;ljv i3_l3j_LlII (_^I JLaliVLi U-I^^l SjU-ulj ijj^j '(>jW '>^^k^! 

(J5Aj>- tcjj^I 'Li] (O^jJ icdJi ;«-oj i(j^"iii II iUSj-LJI (_y3 (jJU (Jlij .4_L4Jjl£i 

69 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

pjj_<itA kcSjuju iijLsLjtA (_jJI jL^al (juj^ 5j^ (J-SJJ)) ^ .^.^-^ ^ iSJl pjj_<itA 

JJLa. (_gjjl JLufcjJI i_jjjJi,l p^pj>J,l I.I iiLb <J •(l>jl-J JL*' Pj>-^' J Mi'i^ S-^rP- 

■j li I III! (_jJI Jj J^ (j-o Tc-ftiaj jjkLkj I l^^nLsol ^J^ <! 

dJUi (^^ C-Lja-i-i-a I I I II 1^^ (j-^J ^ . A"j ^ iJliLjjj^j (_yX-ijlSl i_t2J "J '■-'" '_' 

. LiILiri I ii"ij^ oi'-) d^3 ''^S^jJjj'^ (j-^j-^' 
^ 111^ /o_Ltujj (jLi JjL^ (_, M iiM <11 i_2Ij_cJlJ>UI T-lj-lal (>:iLi J_i3 

(Jjvl (j-o (J »"i I iij (ji (_5-iiJ • Li>- Sj-ftlLa S^^SLs (_jJI i_jjLajJI dJJj 4iL^jl J^j 

jLjtj I ^ji^" 5j_AUi '-*-'lj S'lji-^ • "*vl (_y3 J -^- ^" 1 1 jjijLJI V (J iijSU ^j->- 

.4i>.j^ J.«^ LaJiJl^ iSj^l^ ^J'jJ ''^^ <ia^l_yi- (_yk: jiLI |_^JJI i«UI 
i_jj^ f_j\r J J , ^ ^ 1 1 SjjjijsJI Sjj^JaJI)) (2>jLi 3JL2j3 I " 'J j t-^ 1690 aLc (_y3 
1 j'C <^ . 5-jj La- J 1 1 3JVI Sj.^ I jj"" lI^jIsjX. (_ylll i« JiJjkj (j-<ilu Sj J 1^ SjlsIj 
I j J "a Jj-Jlj i«m (j-o ^ J ft SJl^Iajji'^l (_y3 I ^X I III)) •.iLcl^pi.l (^jLj (-i-i^j 
(j-a (J II jS 1 ,1 iJJ.j>o (jjjjj^>J,l *lj^l ^jJ>.\j lA I iiiit «U,I TT U I II (_jj| jj i i jSU 

,5 Mj U , ,NI t:j^>o Sji^jJ,! jLJI jjjQjj JLjjLi^ iSj^Li. 3_iiii-»- SjaHi J^Li. 

i<ijL^j_jj (J II J "C 1,1 (_5-l-C I U i . '^ ??-":J 'J'^'^ CT^l ijj^'^'j O't!-^'-:' *'-^' ''^ 
(_y^ J^IjJI JlJ_uiJ,I i-a-S^j C^jJI I Jlj* (_y^ .|_5j^l JaJLiiaJI (_yk: LtiHa 
ijLJI Jjijj cdJi JJLJJ i(_jlr '^1 (_ya (jjijSUI ii_xjjia^ (_,lr c-j ' . ^ 1 1 j ,• ^jj->".tl 
(_y^ (j^l 3JVI .SJljJajj'Is/l ijJs: Lclj-S i>JJ>j3 J>Li- ■ ^"<"ll jUtJI ^ mi mj 



70 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

(J ri j'C 1,1 '^'^ ; i ji ■ ■■ J i I rill pj-b «IJ"^ 1(_,SLuISLlo J or ?r^^ W ?^ " ' ""' 3-!L»- 

SJl^I I ri <i_i <:LajL2J,l i_y^ I— clirJI * J^-^" ' "J ' "J ■(^^^>JI ■ U « ' >» 1 1 4jjLulA ^J-^ 

.((CjI^^Sjj i_W^^ 

Sjjij-Lisj '(J 'I j^ oil liijliiJI 4£j.r»JI (ji (_jJI jLjii (^ jJI 1 1 ''^y liJjjfc Cjjjjij 

.(3j-2jtl!l 4 Ij-r" I II a 3JVI c::clt.-v SJljiajj/^l c^^o jLiJI Ldj_>j>o 

(J I C- i_ajJU (JJLlI (_y^ (jl^ LoJLi^ (J-uTlc-l-i-lI (jl (2>C N ''^°' .«Lc.l^pi.l JJJ^"^ 

j< I'lilj sG^SLa (2>^ ct^^^^ '-^ (jl^j-^ lS'-^' il>:''-p I j ■^ ' -^ J (JjjijLa tjTjj'^^ ' " ^1 

d_LaL«JI 3JVI (jJU (.j-'JJ .«l-«-<-ulj ^l-^' ^ llA:? f*^ Lt^' lO-'^-' " ^' JJJ*'^"'.' 
i."i U i~ij . iTi I iijj-Sjj^l (J I j^ Li J Litail (__)iajLiJI ■ U « . >^ 1 1 i>| jj-"iiiil iJ-J-4J 



, ' J ' ^ LaL\ 'r" ( III A JLa-"i I 111 ^ ^ J '0^^ J <>>^tl ^j_a 4^j_<iJ?E_« cLiJkIL::e_a 

(^ pjJL>J,l j-Sjj ^o-i^ JL*^i i_k>*^ il>^ '^^^ f'-^ i_alj-c.ju^L!l (_fl^jjj 

^^j iM^II jJ_jL_uJ )t_ui:>J jJ_alSjl * jLjJlII «L;t_uJ 4_La j^^^Lv Jl ^*-^J 

3JLj<j (_yi *Lv .(j-fl-uJI 4^j^ i.k''^ SJjjII |_gj_uLuj 4J^ <i3.jij^ 3^iSLUI 

Lli^jJI ' " ' I 1 ■^ 'J '^"1 '' ■^ ' (_>^i-J3->-J ' . I Ul , ,. a ""' "a- ,tj li^l l'-*^" i4-fljl I II U 

. « . . . Jl4^ I J 

(<sJ L^i VI J '^^ (j-* j-^ iJ^ o^.>-^ '-*^ id-Usjjjiil 3JLj<jJI cjj^ 

i_3jjuj . /»jl ,^ lij j2>JV sLSja^i iC^_jJI ijJJ j (_y3 iCjLa Jlil . JJljJ LftS ,_>iLaL(j 
(_y^ Ij '^^ jjlS JLS^ ^ "■■^' (_gj_Lfljjji Lalj i^ijiLa d A,^j I jjLsJI »l oUII 4_lI^ 
i—iLc. tTj^jJI liLI j JlJ^j • J-irS "'J •^ '.' J-'-^-yj iS-jSllil 3'ij^ll (_^ ijj^^l lilli 
SLljv (j"i J » J (jl_i JJ^-^ 1 oS «Lj_Lc aj.SL>J,I j-AJ i(_)iLCj ijUaj^l (2>^ dh''-:' 
.«U^J 0^^-* ^J 'Cij-l. (3;i^J-II T'i;^! "-^J^ "^J , . a 1 ^ J la ^^ i3^Jjla 

(jj^l IJ-liil^ (J-OLlII (jj-aJI ^Ij-J tj^\ 'icI^^Hi-lj (2>JV SLl>- TtJju LlLu3j1 



71 

t 



jj^^ JLjv J^ ^^^i^ i".Ur L4JL3 I L4AL0I 3jljj/Ij i^\^\ V L4JI f«^JJ 'Lgj.i'^.i'" 



, (( ^_^JLJ_Jo » 



' ^ ' '^ * jft_j i^Lc^l jj-* ^i-J^i j"-^^-"^ r^-i)-* 'lSj*-^ LJ-^^^■^ ^Lc^l Ijlj^ j < ^" * 

^LcjJI (_y^ (J-SUoHjij ijiiejJI ' ^"'"^"j cdJi *lj^ (j-*J itLc^l (_,lr JjLl *Lo 
. I ja\l -- I Vj 3 , inLUl CjLusJLsJI /tlil Ja^ CL^j (_yJI 77^^^^'=:^ 

'-■< > j" ■■■! Jl^j .*m j_aj jjkj "t-^^'a jo-lj (-sJl^J 3^Li-3 3JVI Cjjl^ 

ijJaLLa (_y^ LjiLijii CjWI jsjufc '"•_■■ ^ "' Ji^j . jLJiilLJl (_j Ir 3JL«ji!l j-J^J 

I - "f If Mt I (12) - I (II) :. • . (10) , 1^ . 

(jj/Loj_l J|JlJ>JI p>U3l JlJLJJ . <Jl!J.4JjljJ I J J I II tj^-ij i (J_<jilS^JJ 

cl!J_<JJjlj Mj-^ '"' *! '"1 'I (JT-'-^'j iCjI jJLj (_gj_LflJJJI iIjVI (_JJl>-I (_yl^ (j-aj£Lu 

<iilalj^ 0,5^ O' iJ-*-'-''i5 • ''^J lSJtH^-^ ^' *— ^J^ O'^J •'>'^' tc-Uo ^K i"ia 
JLS^ (J1.3- ij^ (_,lrj . Liiajl (jjLi JLxx.l_i «L3j^ Jl^ liJjji vIjjjjj Cjjj^I fjl J 

jLSLal x_«^ i(_yJj^ (^'-=^>" j-JL^ x_a i^Jl^pJiVLi LkLb (_yill 4111 (_y^ ' Jj^ 
4J1 »"i I III u^ (JiLaHj 4_2^j_a S^^SLa p^p^im (JLu iJiij-Lai- .(jjLij lO J'^_ ' " 

/tUj joJ jLje_jJI ' ^ _; I N "1 (jl j_j.c .(jJU 4.>-^p^l i_g jJI (J iijS Uj SJl^Lajji'ill 
' '' J ' "^ "' ';' y II.' (Jj 'tlhi'-J r^H^' '-^^ , 3"iljU , mVI (jii^o (j^ J'-'J' -^'■v! '.'.'' ".' 
■ t_gjjriji II 3J| (_y3 <J1iJl». Li^ I Jj^jHil JlJi^ jUtoJI 
i_t>-jjj .diLt^jUJI (_p Sjjjjtlll 7"l^>>-! (J'AJ 'SjJjLji icjjjij r-jijjilll (_j_b 
«L^v^_L4_l,l ipl^j_lL>. 2i 1 3*1^ (jl (j■^-J3 LlAj . «Ll^j.^jv «Li^Llx-id 4jI * ' i ^ * ^Jl^I 
3_lSL«J,I 3j ^-^ II (J^ i-L!j>>"i I 111 Sh (jl5 jl iS^Ls Sjl^di iJJjLiiaj n_gjjiij I III 



79 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

IjLjiijIj I I 7 I I ALC tjj^'^j' "J (jr'j^J iJ-*_5^_Jt!-' f-*-^' cdJ jd . jLJtaJI aI JlJcjjjiV 

^j[^ju-uj * Q^" J ttv ^>^J ^_j-^ fQ->- L-t-^ ct"^ * " ' U mi t^jM^^juu 4jj lic-i cU i 1712 
. I jiji '^"'^1'' (jjjjjiio (j-Uji:>o *lj-»-l (_7^ 3JVI i>Jiji(Jji^ dj^lj^ <Jl!jx.L<ji La 

4" J J I II l«Ll^ <_J^ijJ,l (j-« J-JJ I J-JJ LJ (_5-I| I il.^j" jl U'll jjj~ (.3-^ •• • » '■ IjiS^ 

ijuusLjusj «Lcj (j_<iii5 (_gjL>JI ijijLill «m i_!jjjij ".d-JLlII iUj^JLlI SjjLsJI 

» 1-^ " i±x_LJtJ ..plj-iiJI IjUfc (_p-a ^ S i"ia ijLjtjJI ' ^ .C" «Jajjj 3MjU ,,.VI 
/<s_La^»-j i(J_4.j>JI 4 1 I II 1 1 II ijjjijSm i_^i^ 4ijLji 5j-Sj Ja^LUaJI n_^^j>JI tl^^JI 
.((j-JLi^l (_gjU£jJI (J^jJ,! sLLiC.j 5MjU , ,.VI jj^ (j.aj£lJi,l 
i_jj^i <iij^_La_i 5-Jlj U I iial (_yJI J-^-aj *UI (ji i_j^>i-l jjL-iiA (_y3 >l-=^J 

(_yllil!l L^ ijj_pjil ^^JS>■\ cU-aii Jajjjl (j-^J^^J-i 5JV I '^jt jjxl ^^Jjlaj 

(_jJI jLje_JI J '^j (_7SL! h_jjLll11j L^^LcIj CjLoLftj^l jtlAj iJ-«Lc (»j-2j (j\ 

j_ljLj iLcj-LM (jl .jLje_iII ' ^^^iN't JjLJI «m i_fjL>.| 3jLjj iSju SJl^Lajji'ill 
iLuaji I j" ^\t . .. ■ l_<iJlj n _. I ii-».j 3JVI (J.4JLJ (jLaLuj V «ClSjj (J^L«JI IjUfc 
l_gj_fl_4_ii J i" i"il .(^^Li. JjJiJJ J1iJl». I jl jjajjjj jjl (3^Uj (J^jJ,! tjl tilli 
iCjI jJLj L^^Lclj CjLol_«_i.aJI 7cll£ (JjJljUj - ^jjt^ ...Vl iJ^jlI L*S - j-jjjj 
(JjL2J,Lij n_al^^:aj (_,lr JL^jja^ j_ii jjl^ (SiIaj>JI (j I ii'>J jl) (-fljji^U «USLlj 

TcHiJj (jl l-;-*^*J 'IJI Lli*- V 3JVI (J.4^ S-^'j 0^-^3 • ^'-•-^ I '-^J '"■ ' Lc^pJtA (jlS 

j<sJi_m (Jj^l ^1 1 '^11 -> " ■-I J i4^JlJ Sjjca^ uliLliusJ (_y3 (Jlij jl CjLoLxj-iiJI 
(Jj-aj LoJLi^ (J^Lijj ip-LjjjVu u iij'sll I JjJ La Jj^ jLjejJLi 3"iljU , ,.*yl JjjJiiJ 
' " 'J "^ J •c?-'^' ^ I 1 . ^ 1 1 J t i"ij (_, I iiSr 5tjLjIljj I LlL«JI 'liaiill (_jJI (J iijSU 

(j_«_«JI cdJi 7-La_Li Juijj (jl *^'-^" ' "_' V ji^ ^ • "■-" (J II j'vU (jl LajLio 5^^^ 

(_jj| VLj.>- (jJajUl (_yILflJI oajj liJJJLj (»J-aJ 4_L«j>Jj .j_ujj 4j lJiIS (_g JJI 



7S 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

,jj-*5^37j-> »-i)2i 1 jjj '-^"'^ '.>:!-" (J-**^ l5'-^' *CL5-^ l5.>-'-*^ Ijc^ ^^m 
1 < I iilj IjLJalLiI Cjj ~i"i tl Jl^j i<Lt>-ljjlj 5 J \l ,^~al jjiij ij_uSlj Ijl <i i n nl 

1* . •^ ■' "-^ jLiilljl J-JJI (j^J " "^ii-^'j 'J^^^^'j ' i-'-»^>^J ' ISjyl tj I lino ill 

i 1770 aLc (^I I LjijL>.j jj 1 ,^^tl asjvLLo fj\r (JjiC jLa£ . l^^HLsol fjJs ^\£ 

LfcljL>-l !"■ y^i JLflS . Lx^JI sLlu jl JLoVl ^y>■'\ (j^ (j^jS^JJ CjV I l".l<n"i 111 

i_jVjjJ1 cJjLpjjil I 79A ^1^ ..^""J ^ . ..II J j 1 ^ ^ />L1 1 4- ,>.t ^ "^ .' i.^"" N '" 
. SjjUtJl SJVLl (jjiil S-bjJi, J>LJi.l JJJ>J (iliaj (_y^ La JlJ-"i i n a (jl^ i^g JJl (_y^'-'i'' 

^^J-^ 'LJI 1 ''^J^ iJ-^jAir!-' ^^ i3^_5^' -"Jl .^".llj jl mThVI (_yi^ J^ Mi_tj 
(_yk: Jlia 4Jl IJaia l934j»L: l>li»ol (_y^ jljiaJl Ijui Jla^ SJTjji-Tiil^ 
13x.jjjJl (j-« 'l->-J'.>-ll "-'-d^ J.t!-*-'^^' (sJIjlII (_y3 4_l1^ Jijjijej sLu-SIlII j-«^ ij>^ 

C^ ' ^^ "^ J (j-^ M Mf^ (jj^j jJ-*^,5tH O'^J-^^^^^ O^ '* '.^Lj^j t_$ jJl ^l-^:^>^ * ^ 

.<Lal jJeIL^Ij ' 1 j** lj".^l «iLu j_ui L^^LIj^j I >| jj . ...^'I I u .^ -» j ^{ ct^ '^^ 
(j^ tJJ-i-I (j-a (_g_)_lJL>ijVI (jJLUI l«_a tL>. (_gJJl (_yjLjjj/Vl jjii I 111! TT I ii_l jsJj 

(jKJ,l (_;r^l J^^jJLi I JijJlj>J1 pl^^ii-Vl Sj-aI Mil t_iJU.'!^l (j^ 5>:h;^ 3-uiLv 

.pl^^Hi-Vl S^ljj j_uG ^ j""l jJm£l ijiji\hl\ (jj-^1 (j-a iJliLuJ^ Mull (_y3 (j^J 

I " I li I lO J "-7^ "-^J-d^J • ^Lil ^J ■"''^^ JJ''^"'"' ' (J-<-<-uJiJl^1 (j-a JlJJjiJI joILiLa 



7fl 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

iZi\'^ 3_jjLitJ 3JT 3_uj1_l1,Li «Ua iJu-aj i^gJJI iCjWI 7->.t^i^ '^^iiriJ cr-''-'^'^' 

(_y^ 3_i^Li. 3_«_l£ f_j 1 r .-. I ,^ ^ ji^j ,((3jj.:>J,I il^li) /<u-oLi Li^j^ t*^?-^' 
cijj^j .j»L«JI iiJj.^1 (_^l S-liLJI S-jtUI 4jvUJI ^jji^j2 tjl isUiJ 3-talj 

i_j_ij|jj (_fl_LlJe_o C^jvjUal iCjVI (JjJLijJ 5JVI ojui ' "'^j'^"^ Sjx. iJliVjLa^ 

icdj j (j-* *(.3-^ J ' ^ -» J (<sJ ijSJ^ iCjI ii I rilu SjS<U 4SjJ>JI (J^ljJJ iSjjIjJkl 

<ijj/m 4^L>JI tj| ■ U ^ a cLJejiiA '"•_;^' ijLjtoJI 5j^ i".lo»"ii nl (_^1 d ^. , >. 1 la 
(_^l CjjI (tt U III II (_^l aL>JI jI /<s-5tiJI x^j >lla i^jjjjuaJI (j^ tjl^ isUI 

1742 j»Li ^ .(^jui^l ^Ul ^VjjdL. 4jjUtJI il^U JSU c_^^ »Li:i 

(JjJLsJLj I J * ^j ,' '.^^'^L^oi (_y3 s^j^^jiii ijjfcjji ' • '^1 (i(_yj^j» 4SjjIi ' " • J ' ^ ' 

isLuLil i_ijJljjJI (j-a 5j-"i»^ (_5-!l tLil iJ-2-lI (j-«JJ>J-i tiJj.:»-a iSjjJLsJI «LLi2IlJI 
<lij^_LaJI iJjL^J joja^l Ijjl3j jj>-LLo ijj^j ct^J .CjWI (—ijjjtx iTiU i"i (_yjJI 
tiili Jju (JJJLa 1^3-0-^' 6-" *^^ ^'^^^" ^^' Cticjis il lAJvLlII (_>ijtJ (j^ 
«iiJ;.j>J,l» IjUfc Jiajjl^x-iiaJLi.fa^tiill SjlsIj iSjjJLi liJj^ |_^JlII ^Ul t_jVjjJI 
3jj "1 1 I 3 al Ull JLjJjj SjL^L^ OJ^ O' * ^" ' '■„' («-! J 3"" '5>lLi tj; 'I .^~al j_i£. 
.SJljJls. V^Lv iIjLiII tly^ (j-o ij-o'l^l t_tiLaj Jl2J .4_loLlII Sj'-I i'^tl 






75 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

ii-ajjjjjj-i (jL^l L^'^'-^' SJjLc: (_^ 1728 aLc jJj 4J1I ilila jj* jlj^LIILi 

iidjU^lll cLi^jjJ^Lj)) ^ I iM La SjjIiIjlII 4 ii III! (_y3 (_74J'j •ij'jj^' Ly^ f"^ iS^^ 

f_y^ t3^-W (*-^ d_L£LIj .^-j-il I ii'>JI <ix^jjJ,l (_jJI (_jJL«JI (ttjJjuJI (_>>-l (j-a ij-2jj 
LjjSLaJ (_^,£LaJKjJ,l r-L^I 1742 aLc: (_yjia .3.<j,jjJ,I jsjuk (_^ J-al^ r^r!^ f ^-^^l 

(_y3 S-jLjj (_,lr 3 ^^\t II 3 I ii<i->JI j»l^^'i/l (J^Li. J '^^ JlIs .7-L«_b JJljJ La 

f_^ (J^JlJ La ja.SLjJlj .5j_uS (JLi^lj (_yjjill «(_jSLulSjil J_l<JIlII» (J-flSj 
3_L3lj_aj tl_Li •.3_Lj|jj'i/l «Jil ir^U jiliij (_yi ^i Li^ (_^SLuKjII JjiC 31-^ 

3 wt;^:tl S^ljjJI jjl .3j;<iii11 4j^V| SJLu-aj t_^ljVlj ^LiLVI iTjVT «LLij 
(_y:iJI si It 3jLaljJI 3JVI > M^ll I jui ^ c^Lc i(>a_)JI dili 4j12j ^ 

fj^ 5j_a (Jj'^ CjI jJu (j^ i I III! oJLA (_ya ^^5>.2 I— SjJJjJjJ i_jLJuJI (jj^ Ji^ 
j_Li: (_^ljj'i/l (j.u.2JaJLi dJaLujLij l4^J.J^tLiI JsLLII ji4>JI I J-A ^j^JjJl:*^ 
d-uU,! 5jJl2JI CjIj-l^jjo (JjlIj . \.^jJ»-j "AjSm i_ijJljjJI 3 ^1 ^. '^ 'J ij ii"i I liU 
(_g jj ijLLal A^ yd ^ic-i "icLajjIj i^p^ (,7^^ iUjJa )«-LjJ (^ JJI JlxJIj » i . ^ 1 1 1 
j_Li3 LuLa uVj^i (j-> I iiO'»- (j-« ^H^' Jj.i lS'-^' i*i-*i! ^ i-» '^tl uliLcaj" I nil 
(_yi^ 4j^li (_y3 JJiJJ La (_5i^ <-.. .U il jl^ Lj^jj jLlal 'Ci.lm (_jJI iJ-»-aj I j ' ^ « ' 
I'ljj I II Ji^ dj^ O' (J-^-'^'^iS "-^1 Miill oJui Cjj I ii'C" La l^^jiSj .SLpJI i_f Jla 

(JLiLa pjj-j (2>j^L^ » ' '^ -^ ^_^ jjls (1>^J • *>t!-^ (J^Liiu^a i_ajjj^^ jjLjjV 

(_yjLa t_iVj.i ^ --■_;' ^ ->"' J-Aj 1 1 ''■-y sLlI 4^LLaJ Jj^^AII aIJlJ-"ii ii^iJ (_j.2ji>- 



76 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

JljJjiJI (_jJI 4^LLaJI (Jijjj i4jfujj (j'j'^ ' '^^-^ )«-2j i((4SLL> JjJjJ dJaja^)) (_y3 
. >Lol^ U-Lila 24 Jo-lj t_jVjJ (JJLi li^p- liaUaJLi (ciTjIjJijJkJI J.«J(J 

2 ,^,^^ ^ lilKjoJLtJI (_y3 (.j^i^J ilji 11^ (_y3 Sjjiicj 3J| (Jjl siLjj jLjoL lAjlajiJI 

(_^Li JLLLiVI o^^l f'^'^ '*(j-^ (<s-aIj ^jUI c_^^1 ir-iUj i^jj^jjill sLpJI 
ji^L «jl-iJLi 3±oL«JI cjV^I)) dLb jj£. jLtj Lij^ ai^K.-.^ jIa ^_^| iS^Llll 

i<iLuxi5 lIiI Juj 'LjJj^ 'j-^'jj 'J^'j Cj^J (j^-i o^Ji-Sj LxjI . La 4jajILi L*LulSLJi,Li 
5 J \l ,^"aVI JLx^'^l (_y3 (_j I rM^ij ^ssli f_j\r cLal JlJ-" i nl (_y3 Ijj o" i nl /a-^jSLIj 
(j^jj^ L-ai>- 1 J 4.fljJiSij j<u i_ajjj_^^ tLjiJj (j-« J-«LiJ iJa^ I 762 aLc (_y3 

. LkU^i ct-^' '^.^i' Jt!^J JJ'^^i^ S-^ I ' ^j^ i—ajjj^p^ 1_>"J-^ ,.~<Lu»l I ^^*; 'J 

iIjWI Cj^JlJ-" I III . Ltjl or II II I J I J*j''^"' (j^ (3^1-^"^' Lt^ LuuZi Uj.Jx2 jaJj 
CjLal jj-"i III (2>c A^l^(_jll;v I jj'a (j^(«-I_9 "-la-^ «m J-^J-I i-t'J^I (_y3 3^jj^jJi,l 
p^jiJll dLtstLj O) ii->- ^m j> jbk 3jjjIj J (j! VI .SjjlitJI C:jV>U(i:ji>"!3-iS-4-a 

«_iLi.a^ (jaijjj (j-uii_5j_jj . i_^ . I (^1 1 763 aLc ijj>j' (_y3 (-Sjjj^-I^J (»'^ 

«(J^LJu]| a|jLJr~ii II al)) ijSjs I jj"** (__)Ioj.^ Ct^' 5^jJi,l (_j ' ' "Jjj'^ ' "_>^ J-''-'2jJjS 

. LoL^j 5 Jj>3 4jjUtj 4JT -' J -1 ' ^" 7-^pSlj ijLlILj i31aL«JI cjV^ 

iT-JjIo^lj ^ ^ I J . ^ 1 1 Ojui (JilX-l ll— SjJjjJ^ (_}j5 I JljI Jl»- I » '^J joii . 4 MiltjJI 

(_, Ir a III iiij-1,1 5 al U II njLS^a J5 (_yi SJljJljsJI islJaJI ^^IjLJtiijjl SjL^i^ 



77 

I 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

3Jj.S_UI » ; .r^ U Sjl^LSJ jLJLi SloLtJI SJ^I trAAJl)) : LoU^ 5'^^i>3 IjlSLal 

(_p iJ-J-3 ' " • .^ I " -^ I Lt-'-'' '^-ij'-^''^' SJ^U (Jj-aAo jcjjjj-aj S^jliu (j^>iil 

^^IjLJr" MiLi J-«-«JI (_yi jlj-ali^VI (jJI JLs^ olj .^^^jj 3J^ La Mi. 

, I JLii CjLcLLaiJl (jjj I IJl».|j 
aI JlJ-"ii III JL»^ u^ «LjJI Jj^jJ La J$(_,lr aJl^III -j-i .^"11 JlIJI (_yi jjj 

icOja^ IJl»^ (cQaliai-.-a-oiii lil) j» Jl2j (_^ iVjl 4c:LaJk!l tilUj (_5JJI liili 
sLui'i/l iTjVUjLLj,! (2>c: 5>:tJ^' 'tCL^Ual 3 t i n; t-jJiJI JSU SjijLa t-JjaJ (jT^J 
J 1 '' dJJjiJ ^L^-tu-a i3_3jJl_a L^_Li:aj (_^SLI j^^jJl (.7-^ LaLu 3^j|jJ(Ji,l j^ 

.«Jj.«j>JLi (jLajjtJIj Jlj>J,I i_LjJ iLjjljij 3j5jL1II JLo.'i/l 
pjHiiil c-l u". ..Ij , ij^^j^ I jjjtj iS^Jiiu jjjtil,! n_ajjj_^^ 3J I jojjjj-aj jij 
Sj^^jvi j<sjt<^ jji icU 5jj^L«Ji,l 3jjIj.j>JI 3jj ia',11 ^ I ^" . .. a ^jj '-^ ' (2>Sj' l5'-*-'' 

. L^ 3JVI » ' ' ^"' (ji t_*^«J (jiJ (.T-'J' ' -ilj-il LoSLi^ IjLlli-l jQJeJ jjlj aJLajLa 
O M I 'ij^'v 1 11^ jjLLlIjS (2hj^^*^ Sj^l-i Sjl.al CjjJaj 1763 aLc (Jj^I 25 (j^ 
sLLa^l t-'^^J .1— SjJjijJ^ <ij>.^p^l (_gJLll fiji '^"tl ^^^ (j-^jlijj^ -i^ • I 'ijJiLjjJ 
JLfl_3 ' OJ '^'*-~< ' •' * La 5j^^l3l^^j_a J(l jJ_aL«_a (J-*j1j (5^ (j■^-<J_lL^l jj->.^^J^i »l olr 

L^Jl2j jjl 3jjUc_l!I 3JVI <-.^l U", , ,.l (_^l , 3 >ijU«ll s jjLill jjjl2j (_y3 l^:aj>>j 

i«(^jS Mi !1» ^^ « ' I <jt^ SjjIjJI JiJl^ CjJl>-j Ji^j .'Luj/j^l 3^ I'l.^ll ^1 

(jL^ lil ... » :j-j^ y.tl (_y^ t-ci;^ JLjv J^ (_^ 4JI jijj iLaL^j Sj^Jls- i3J^La 

4 J 1 Te-a (j-^Lai (_5-3 (j-ujia ijaJ^-a jjiL^ Jj< I'llj T"!^?^ JJ^'-*^' I'l Mill 3^^ 



78 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

cjI JJuj i<ijJL>JI 4ij^>j(Ji,l cjL2jii!l i_j.L>o (2>SL4Jj I Luj/jj i_^ iJiiljjlQLfljju,lj 

j2j^ I jUA^j i4 oj I ri-v (_ajJl£ji 1 jj^** t>^' Lt^' J'-4^'^' Lt^ JijJljjJI «Lb (_y3 

. I J I iijj (_yi jLcJLi <lJ_oL«JI CjWLj ^ .--»I .^".-^I jj^I j-Aj '^ "■■-" j_u^iji 
(_ji (J-«-«Jl 4jjLflj Cj^^I i_^ ^^3 "J S"^^ ^L>- J J ' ^ 1 1 Pj"-^ PwH^*^' jJalLiI 

. «U is 1 pj '^" 

j_oi JjLJjL (_y3 Ij 1 1 n't 1 764 j-jl-y 18 (_yi (_gl iJa_s^ jS-^' 3 » . n" jju 
3J)I Jl^»- SjL^JJI (_yl>- "^iJ^ (jjjjilll (<si^ (jjijjj liJj Jj (<sJ . £L>-QJlLjiIj j_u^L<Ii 
(jlSLa . ^" iljU , ,.i ^jji 3JjSUI 3JVI jojjjj-alU 4 j . nilu Lai .i_ajjj_^^ t-I^^UsI 

^_^ 5ji^j*-^l Cj2i 2(1 aJJb 3*_LAJv ^jjSj ^I jj-« Ji JlJ» : La- j^'r ir^ j^^^-uu y*!! Ti r <il 
(_^l CjWI dJJLj /n I ri^ cLJLa i5Jl».Ij 3".IjU , ,.i jj^ , Ml"," J i5^1 Ml" a aJLlII 

3^^m cjWI (_y3 Sj^^jll julL i<ijVT j-j-«->- i^j.^ <J^' Cy L$j^' jj^Li^ 

(jl » U" . ..J -jj Ji^ljJI (jSjj .((IJjJl>- Lcl^pi-I Ijui OjISUjI (jl J I r|-»- l_!^;»-J)) 

(j^ 3£j.j>JI (Jii! Sj^LJi,! ^jJlIII <ijj| j-Aj - pl^^Hi-VI (_y^ *(_3-^ (S-AI jJ^ 
(jl p-LLaHjjil i^j-ijijj^ (jl j I ' ^ J joJj - » '.^11 CjLLoLo <IjIJl>-j (_jJI 3JVI 
(jSjj iSJVI sLLi j_u^L<Ii 7"^H^' • O^^^ lP Cr^ ''Ij 1 i"i "iJ (j^ (O-I l-« I'Jj i"i ^^^-^J 
. IjjJLsol (_y^ LajLji i«_u^ L<;£ i*U,Li '^JjUll i—tjJIjjJI JUjijjJ J <n"i i n't (jl i_^i^ 

JlSI Lij^_ij I j • " ,^' cj 1 <i K I uj djjji (jjj_<ii^ jLjL±a ItcjjqII Ajj.x.uA u 

CljLLL^m SJl^j ijJl ijjUtJI 3J^I (jji j^Ldl 4^j^l J2J (jl iCjIj jLaJ 

. «UI jlSj jjfc kcjLlILj SIaLlII 5JVI)) (Jl <n"iiiiV Jlx».^I r-jjjujlj ijjSlxji j_j£ 

Ljjjjj IjUJLv (jl^ i_3jjjjjjj T-ljUfll (ja - j_u^L<i »lU-»-l (_yl>- (^43 (j£L«JJ 

. jju I '^'1 Lioi cjIj 7-l>i3l (jl^ L»^ iSjUlLI 

3J| (_,-i-iJ (jl i-a^J_)-'->^ lJiK Jl^S i3_ujijjjJI Aj U ^ 1 1 Cjjjsol liil j (<s-C.j 

«Lj_uLjjJ1 (j-«J i((r*i^j.^*-^i «LjLa-oj)) (j_a p^pj>J.1 jj^^>^ \jul>-\ ^ p ^ p ' ^" ( , t n**- 

(_j_iljj (jl <lJ Ij -» 1 ... a . " -1 -» .^11 «LcLu^ .. La Lcjj Sj_uSJI CjUIj.^VIj 



79 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

. 1764 aLc LusjI 5J^I i>JL& ^LLu -j'^'tl 

l^iljj (jl i—SjjjjJjj jJajil (_jjJI Cji iTixW i<\ ■ .■^'r\ jj ' ^" (ji ' .« '^tl (j^ 
IjLcLo -Sj-^A pl_Li^ d "oj , ^ " c.u>^ (j£Lj /«J j_o'i/l Jjl (_y^ • 3J^I «l-u JJ^ 
. Li^ajl J^' "^ (j:J'J'^'-2^ (j^JLaL^ * ' ' -^ 1 1 *j'-^l '"' '^ '■-^^ i JLLa^ijJI liilljl 
1 _! 1 <i r (.iiiaJ Vj Ljj-La I « " '^ " 3J^I "ij-a tTiJ-Li i_5Jl1I JlJjjLi > Mr^a (jl^ 
cLLJ c2^-^_l-"l--v1 (^I i2jIjL«II ..dJj Jiixj lillLi U^ .(jjUIl S^UI i^jIJlji^ 

. IJl>- S J lit 111 LliLLpm 3Jl>-j 
'^ . .. A 1 i_ajjj^^ ijji I _ .luij 1 1 765 ^La (j_a (jj^ unW (jJLa cdJi ^'-aj 

(j_a j (j -V Jl-Ls J-ai (j_a (jA_J I o (j aj » . 4jjJ^ i^ill slj^'ill ^_yi Jjjjul 3^4^ 
I JX.La I Ljj_)JJ ?lj^ I 5j_ii^j 4jLa ^se^ (jVI (_7^i^»- 3J^I oJui j_i^Li^ • M" -^ -^ 
,j_a (JjIs sL^Jl JcLta (_yij «bl VI i4j1lc:j J^j^ SialjiJIj I'ljinll JU^I 

.((TcLsJIj ^isljJJI JU^I 
3_jjjlj_ci5 ^LcaLi- CjVI ?LLi (OJ f-\jlis^2 j j '--^ j La (_yl^ i_ajjj_^^ j U , >. I 
i^jjLu (_p»:4 jlU (_y^ S-^ 'J^J .4_ujiL<jiVI CjIJl>-^I ^LsJljiJi, (JjILa L^ jjj i nj joJ 

(_j_LCi 3J| (_, J I iiLlIJI >_I-0_'^iJ 1 (J^l (j-a '^'s J in JJU ' • 1 1^"' dLuial l>Jui Qji 

jJLjjj .«i_3jjJiiJI 1,^1 I ri->- lilaljJJI (JLx^Lj aj-Sj (jl I J '"^ T «Lum i_jjJIjjJI 
dji il i3_S_L^J liajLjtA (_,lr SjjUtjJI 3JVI <~<IMjU , ,.i TjJLc i_a^jijJ^ (jl 

,,, »'i"il *lj U . ,.VI ->-jT^ , ,.1 j^^j^jjl ^^.Lxiaj^tjjl 5jjj_u3 (j^ ^0^0'^" (_^ I (US 

.(cr-LvjJl^ 3^jjiJLi 5 tj ^ , ^ ^ ^ j'a (Ji-ljJI (_y^ Lai 
La '"il ■^1' |_jjj /<sJ 4Ji (j-^-JJJ . I 765 J J «i I rij.a (_flj-allla (_y3 3JVI tLb ^ j" ■! 

. jxjJi ^Vjj (> aj^i jLi-jV 

^ i-» '^11 Tcj^LcJil 3JVI (J < i" "i ' ''_ iJjJU ."^J pjHie-ail J JL2j i«J (jSjj 

i_3jSLj i_j_LjiaJI ^^J^^ J ^ i'?ij LiS I I 766 (»Lc (_|j^l (j_a j_i^ (j^OJI (_5-^ 



80 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

(jl .((Liiajl 4_La ^ ■-' •"■ j<u dJjuhi (<sJl J '■^^ cdJi JJtJJ ilJlSjj rdj i^ijjla LjSj 
(_ylll i^jLitJIj i<ii<tajj dJ isLL V |_5JJI JjwiJI j-<k p^IiJLI 3^'^' J ''-^? La 
(_yi i_2jjjljjj_i (_y-3jJ Jl^j .3JVI *LLi Jii^ L^LJjijJ jiajial (_ylll ^ '^-^" V 

, jLlLiJI ^_^j_jjJ1 (Jj-uJl (^^^^_4-i 1 766 (aLc jjLa ^j_* J '"'^ jjjjjLoiJl 
(jjj^ i—ajjjjj^ I J J 1" I jj^'' i—Sjjilj .pjj I III jjLj cjIjj <_jjLaIlJI ij£J 

5_»_4_3c_aj Sj_Uije_a ■>! m^i^l Cj-Jl^J i4^JlII ^ j"ii_' SjjijjJLa 3JVI CjIJl».j 

Ij I , ^ -.. J ^1 SjLiil <ijj|jj (JjLji^ u Jj . >■ -- 1 1 jljl jia i3JVI i"»l .lu"^ j2)-c 

4-ili-l jJI -»-jU , ,.tl ijjjl^j ,5".ljU , ,NI ^^ sUlj jUcjJI (2rV j J -1 ' ^ " (JjlS (_,lr 

S^JlII (»J-C i\j^ (j-*» •'-r'J'^?-^' '^i-^-i:? (jr^ -3i'^ ^■^ (j?-^ S-^ '-^ (*^^lj 
L^_iJ /<s^j (j^LSJil 3 A j :"a ..-il".ljU,,.\l t 4ji>.| jJI ^jU , ,.11 iJl) Luja-La (_yi 
» )j_iaiJJ I " . 1,^ * , U J t",'B- I iia La ^Lcj-i_u (__)iajl^_b ^ Uj * , >> 1, 1 ( (_l^1j JlL>JLj 

. «7e-Lal i<ilt S^^jJll 4£j.j>JI (_ylajij (jij L^3^ (J-alSj Jtljj (jl 3JVI 

(jlj Lxjj) (J^ji.1 ^^ M>^ (_i-iij^l j-i^^j f^ o^j -o'lt^"!^ I (jr^ 3-I^LI 

I - , J ^ 1 1 a iL^ ^ . ,. Ai i—iAjj (jl (_y3 Jl»-I i_tC^ (<sJ .CjLLpU,! 5Jl>-j I - . .a a J i J 

. LaLu CcSLs 1780 aLc: j_^J . IjLjJ-1 

jj£j ^<ila-^ I n't ji^ cU <3Lp. -ijt;'«ll pj^ii^il (jjuj£ i_g JJI J.«j(JI (jl ^ '^"t 

(_fj.SJLj (j_a^ jaJj i(_^VI r-LlLiiU L> <"i ma (_jjjij|jj| ^^ I UaVI (^jjl j^Ltu 

Ij ~i I -xjl (_y^ Lai i3.j>JLi^ J-i^ "-^^^jj-lw ^' Ccse-Li-a ij -i n Mill 4^^L>JI 

.(j_fl.tuj1 (^^l^jvt jc_jLc^ 4_ajL:>iJ (j_ajS^_u «ul '"■ -''^ Jl^ 

1 1883 aLc (_y3 (_gi n_a^jijJ^ Jl 1'' i (_,lr 3 i I II 4jLa jj^ ^h^' JJL>-" ""^ 

(j_a > U^\l t>> : LaL^-l a^Sj-i (jl (Jj^tj-toiJ La u^j n i n (_^1 p^j_aj_u^j_LiJ (j_a Tj-^>- 
djilS (jl .el-»l .^11 cLalaJ^ (_y3 i_ijijJI y-lj^'ii iil (j^l£La j_l«jij ij^ Cj La j U U 



81 



I '' j t 5jij_u3j_ll ijjjij i-flJl 223 (_^l (jLa (_^L»JI ^jj ' ''"*' ■ ^■':.^tt Liajj 

3J^L>JI L-iS>-Lus QjAxji i—Sl^p^uj . Lj^jj 4_lL<jjlII CjLflAill Jijj (jjSj pjj^jil 

.<(t u&jul 

L-jJuu^\ ijji lijuuu^^ ^J-^ 3^3 'lS'-'^' (jr^ ^^'^"-^^ 3JVI (JjJLliJ (j^ 4_uj/ I 20 

(j^lill oj-aJI <jljJ (_7^J liJLi^a .liili j_LC. (_yJx. l^pLsol (_y^ jjs'i/l ij>»- 

j J U " J i«UI ;«-3j-I 3-JjLje_jJI (j-^J^^J-l <^"^l (jl£La (_p f_^ Cjj <i~U( iil jji^ 

Ja_2^ S^LLaJI J-jJjJ 5jLC:l3 v'^ Cr^ J^rf^ L^JJ' i(_^Lu-^l r^^^' iJJLlA 

-^ I j « ' "J 'J 'J " "I J '"i 'i-^j 'dc^ (jr^ (jjjLlII (j-*-» "-"-111 jJLi SjjLjtoJI cjWI 

.((SjjLjtjJI 3Jj;».LLaJu 

IJl_lj»- I j J j -^ ' j-^-X-a «_L»-a_o (jjill <ix>-L»l3 j_^ 1720 (»I-C (_5-i-J J-ia 
Aj>m i_2jJaJI IJLji (JiLo (_y^j .4jjUtjJI iTjWI a\ iri^l ^jM^'il (_>^aj-aie^ 

, U , ,.j" ^ jjljiJI J J . ^ ^" t 3-Jojj i_t».Li-3 SJjLc (_y3j 1 1 736 j-jL-y 19 (_y3 

Lsj^Sj (j.u.<t-L>- (_j I II )«-j1j (2>j' 'J^J "-^J-y>^ SjJ '(['K I iiVI 4_(jjJi,l (_y3 i(JL>JI 

I.J I II II I 'i j Ij .«L<jiij (_y^ ojjSSJ-a jiVT (j_a (_jjLc.j .!'>■_'! SjLiil 5 Aj. ,>.tl 
j>j_4.cj 4jjil 4Ji.ji il i3_uL>J,l 4_uIJljjVI S-jj/jJlII (_y3 ,jjjj|jjJI (2>c i— aiaJ 

.1— ll I ii-kJI (oLuJ 'if.\j21\ Cj^^\ cdJi (_yJI ^ _■ ' ^ 1 1 pLLiJjjil Ji^J iCjIj'i . n I 



89 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

.4^jj Ct^J oJl>-j I j« '"-' iUljiJl (_yl».j ((j^ILujfcj UJlS oljio^ I La 

(«JL»JI (JSLI Lsj^^jLA lIiIj (<uj<I Ttjj^i LoJlJI^ icdJi Jlju i_2^Lo jji LiSj 

(_y^ (.T^ f*-^' '-4^ /r'Tri ri t SjjjLo i<ijijLc I .^.^a (jj^jilu isLi^^l Jl>-I 
trJLv .4J /ajIiiJI ^ ^ ' ^ ->" 1 1 Q^jju 1^1^ i5j.SLjJ,l 5 tj A U 1 1 jj^ Cj^jJI dlli 
jj (J ri <1 J -V p-LLilLijil ' '' j^ iCjIj^JLo (_jJI Cjl^^JLa (j-a lillj (j^ ''JJ ' ' 
(_gLJuJI (3i>jl "i^tJ^ (j-« /TJ"^*^' J"-^*-^' tj-'! '^LcLji jJijJI J i'?nll Cjiji I rill 
a'jjt, iJJL>.i lilj i(__yoj'i/l (jlr lj(il~i I iia i3ji ii^> i^ll (Jjl mil (Jjv i—aj^j i(_yJL«JI 

J^ (j^ J'-^ ^^ cA^ I 't^^V lA^^iil liLlilj i_jLujVI t_ufcjuj j-lLL^'^/I 
i^jLoLiJjil djLjj/ (2>cj 1 5^j toll (JjLill <ii>- (j^ Ij ls"i iCjIj <_jLit!l i—iLaj-ai 

< , u 1 1 J tljj_uill ^ U t J cjLjjil ("sJjuj (jjL«Ji,l («i*-i 4^L<iJjil (j-« L2iLiA 

1754 aLc cjIj 4_>.jll£ . LSLuISLlo 4i«jaj 'j'>^ 3ijL«JI i^j^Jm u-iAx^ jiitjl 

(_yi cjIj L&LLiiAl (_yjJI 'I i I III! CxjlS .^j^j^toJl vIjIjj'^I » ' ' ^"' (jPJI njLc.jj^ 
SJlcLcu^ » U" . ..J jaJj LoLxj ijj^^l till j fj^ a^] (j-iii^l Jiia . I JL>- <ijj(j^ (j'^ 

V^Lj-cI J "i r I J hjJlJJ (_yi S-jjJajJI ilj^ (j-o icdJi (jjj S'iji II iJjJK (_yl!l 
CxS^I ^^* * (j_uji_L>- AL^I ,jj-*=^3-l' i,^^! -i^-*-! O^ Cj\j ^LlLs'^I ■*■ '^ *j , 1^ o" I II a 
(_jSLI ij's I ii^Lc (_jJI 'l-a-JJ La (jLcj.jj<j 'Cije.i-o jLtlLjilj idijil x_a idjjjjj^ j_y3 

isUjJlil Q^ja- I ii_l V idjfojj (_y3 (jJjLjeim jj^j^jjsJLs . LLa (3'-'^^' ''-^'j 

jjlSla 3jLSj]I «lS^Ij^ d3-^ '^jj F'-^ il>^ Lolj i(J-a-i^1j -" jI-^ ■ "j (_y3 S^LSVu 
lj_p.| <ij| jioj I Jji^ ^^^^y dliLill 3JjUJ,l t:J-<-olj . Jo-I «Li f«i^ "^ I>a5 
Sj^Lc c-l U", , ,.l dxxa. iSjlaLsJI (_y3 (_jSLuI£Llo (jlSLo f_j\r J ' ^ ^ J (ji «U J I im" 



8S 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

<— 1 J La- "i 1 1 ^ j ^ "^ ' J CjIjjI j j '>^-- I 4_j£ ^>-^Lj L« (jLcj-tuS i^j-LiL^ '— 'rh' ,J^ 
j^ I ii^^-g. 3jlaL>. (_yi jojSj J or JlIs .(_yjj'i/l Sj oil [2s>~ Cj\j Ji:>JI JX.Lji 

CjIj 4 1 <"i ml i^jdl (»>4iUl liili Sjjtjjil ijii^Jl Sjlj^Li u-^-uj^ La tUl 

fj^ t_jLiJl (_yiLjJLSLjJ,l J ; ^" ■"! .SjjlitJl 3JV1 (_^ 4W: *Lijl Jlju Lia^ 

iSJ-^^^l J_lc:l jIjLc:! (_y^ 4JlSLLo LjJLc: IjIjJlSj iIJlxs. Vljfilr.il SjtaUJl 

^a-Aj^l Mij (jl (_,lr jjLS i—iLiiuJl (_j£laJlSLJi,l (jl (ji^jJla SjSijjJI (_yJI jllo^IiII 

iiiJl JLJI i_jJLLaJl '(jj '".i.'JJ OJ-^ <1j^L>- sLfljjj 3 a \l ,^ ^ iljlj |_3jLi-3 

. JlJLJ L<l-l3 (_^Lj^_uiIl JJ I ri'^JJ-^lj 

. »[j^jii!lji-d-ul£LJLl jfllr ^31,^-^11 ^^jlr 3jjiljj(_y3 La Jl». (_yJI 1 " '^" " ^ • •■■-''' 
(—iLJail (J^LtJl 1 Jui (_j_t3jjaj (— ajS (_Jji uij I Lvjijja^ La Jl>- (_jJI iJJJS dl! jjj 
Lllljjji (jl^J I'U 1 'n"i 111 SjlaLsJI (_y3 ' "^ 1 '^ " 1 '"i(j>lj LoJJjlS . ' I '^11 '■J^ 

jjl^tul di!j(_yi^ ^3 .cjLaLiij^l jl 3jJl». 3jj/ljj(_yi^ licLi Sj^s J^(jr^ uIjI^ 

(jJJj J^^Lfl I jJ^J 3jJ lJiJJ^ i_2jj1I1 (_yJI Ajj iljli jiaj^l ^liijia 3_'l j'tl 
,4jJLLajVl 5JlU1 ^aLtJ iX>^^ ^^ cr^ i_pLx-^ I I J I iilj i4jJU'!^l 3JiiIl Cj1j(JjjjJ 
(j-o ;«-J-«->- 'Lj-lj 1^^^^ t—iLJuil (_jSLulSjJ,l <ilaL»Ji 4j>. jLjJl (jjiiiill illsLjiJ (jl 
jji-I JlilAJ (jjIo' ^jt^""'i "^ ct^ i^UJl (j3 MjjIs i"i Mir (jJJl f-o ."^Sj^ 
(j-o jIJl^II 1 J-^J )tJJuJ,l nJUjuVu i-L!j"i miUj ^ — I-"-! I (jU'ill IjUfc (Jila (_yi^ 
i_a^Ilcl (Jj LiiLiA (^jjjjjl 1 Jui (_jJI CjIj j_iij jsJj .<uajja^ (.3-^ 'J^'^' 3-3-^' 
(jl t-lllj t (j^tC 1 (_yIL>.j , «Lt_a jJ_aljtJ^jj>-l (jL-ujl j_p t-llLajLitJ ^ 'j J ■ ■■ * «Q^jv ^j_a 

tfjLSLaV ^jj^jua VI j^ljJl (_^ (j^ /oJ oLaLiij^lj IjK^I -dLajj-o'i/ jJjij 

, « «Ll-i3 L>J 1 



8^ 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

.SjjLjtjJI <ijSjJ,l pl^^Hi-l (_yl^ 4Li^ (_y^ OJ ' ".i.'JIJ Ji^i-J-uJ . . U « . >» 1 1 1 «_jjim 

(ji ' _ . I '.^ _' (jij_t.ojjLJI ^Lj^jjUI JLLijil lIiIj (_jJI Lj>J 1763 (»l-c *Loi (_y^ 

^_jjl_jj I ^^ «LLj_A!i «Lu_u-^_5jLie_Jl ciJjj?t_<jLj «L<i_j_4-u£iJ ■ ^ . ...^ * g| r t fill i>Ju^ ^_^ 

JLia . ljL>- ^ ' ^ " I "' 'ijjJl (ji (j-a (_3i>oj ir- jj-ftjJI t^-AjusH (ji^ iljlj i_|j^i 

1 ij I U ^ i^\^ l^jJI I Jj^^il (oicjiaJI . <IM j". . ..VI jj-a «.(jjiu (JS (Jj^ LiiaAJ-Lo (jl^ 

(_y^ l_! Jj-l-aJ, I «U,L3 .liLIj l_ll J mi dllj (0-4^ 5-g.j I II IJ .?-jlJ_<J_Lll (J-L^-luTJ 
Sjl^lajjial (_yJI izAjus^ La JJCJ iSjuiiJ (jljJLsJI JjJ ijLicjJI ' ^^'"^"'^ 3"iljU . ..Vl 
, 5jl^jj>iJl cL:vjJ 5jl ^"i( III ^_^i^ «!_(_« jjS'^ I -n . ..^11 pLx^ ijiie-Jl jj-« 5JljJl>- '^^jla^ 

. U^j-u ^ *ij u . ..VI 

(_y^ r-Jj-ft-JI (ji j_i^ I L^Jj^ ''-^J-^ ,_)iiiijcjj (_jSL! i4_Ljjfui- 3"iljU . ..VI Jt-r'^ 

. Li^l 1^4^ ij-*-*:? O' L^^J SJL>JI ojLjfc 
ijlie_JI («-5=^>- <^lj JJl>- 3jI JloJI (_5-fl^ • ^ 1 1.^" ' 1 1 <_jjLajJI jjiLjj (jl jJajuol 
I j-Hsj i_2j^>j(Ji,l Jio^^l jjj-ail JjLS- .(jLlUlII Jii^ sUI tUll J>»JJ lSJJI 
sLlaLjjjjj CjIj J ,^^j . Lili 14 jl Jl.S_o 4 j i n i II ojui i(_jJ^£.I^J i—iLo J-ikJ 
<ijj_>.ill I I 800 ^ •ij'^ll (_ji^ jl JloJ,! I Jut (Jjv'a Sj-iiajt^j 4^jIiSK-a 4j^L>- 5j.^;vi 

. 1670 ".'tj.LiisJI ^ .ij^ll ij^ 'ji^ 
L^JcSLIj iIjls. ^ijjia Lisj t-jLill p^^pim (j^ v^jjii-l l^K Jl-^^'l^l ojut (jl 

I'll <1 1 (JjjjijjlII CxjISj . <ix^ 4_bl (j^ r-j_^Iu (ji (j^ I 764 f\-^ i_y-^ 4j(J.4-i (<sJ 
4jjjtiJ (aLAl<-&Vlj djL^LsJI (_y3 4 I II I iijji,! (3^^1 <-^lj c-l U". . ..la i5j_Lij^ *_!>-* 
.3j I iij i^ll (Jjl-ijiil iJliljjlU J _■ ^j <lji (jx. (ji^l tilli «_oj "t-^^'a 
".liLI j (j-C ^ ....Ail (_ilLSj .(Jjal -1 J t.^ « 1 1 ilcl^pi-l CjIj j.^?^! liJuji Jlju 
^^_i^ dJULLA Cjjj_aj t^S I ii^i^ (j_a i )j_^Lj jj.^^^ (_^ JlJv'^I a^ ^^>^ i " i i^^^Jj )) 

i"i jj t j-oi cjJl^ Loj 3_jjLjtjJI 3JVu iij^SLsj .(OJji^ (J I ii< <i_i cj^jLJo pjlui 



85 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

' ''"'^"'^ ' "J '3MjU , ,.*yl (j^jj 4_Lu (Ju-ajl (<u I jl i(JitL>J,l i-ljJill (_jJI <— ij I ri"j 
(JLaj jLjtail (Jj-ajilo (—fliiSLo (Jl m" I III (2>^ Sj^^jiuil AjC^tl I - <j u -^ I ji£Lii 

^ J , ^ "»■ it ^^ I iill ^ ..A' t 1 JL>. ^JjjjLJJ 1 Jl>. Njj'-^ J_ ■^"'^' * tJ^e-J *^1 (J-<w^^sJ .t-lllj 

.SjijIjJI SjjEjlill aJJt (Jilo f_j\c (3^L^J » '^' J^li- liilj Jljlj 

iLoLcj 3j^j ' ■ 3.2j^Jaj pl^^ni-VI I jijfc (j^ jLjJ 3J^U (_y^LJI ^_i 1 .^"itl J^ 

diljljILi-l cl!j.^l3ij . SjjJjsJI 3JVI r-jij.4J «_u^ aul djtUaj Jju iJlilj jjiu JlSs 
jJ-aj (jl ,j_o ij j ^ M i U <i^l^^l j-li-aJ (jl olj (_yk: J^^l (jl^ liilj ^ 

(_j_aj i5j_L^_<iJI LjJjjjLc, i«_iLi-iiA dJJLoj i4^L2ilJI v<-ulj ULtujI ijJ^jjj (jl£ 

i((|_5jljj|jl^» j^l JLa C^jcljl LLA . I JLLbSL<j,l (_y^ C^^l dil j (_^ Cjjo-'i/l xJlir^U 

tiili (_yJI ^^LlsVLi diUj tjKj . LajIj^Ij SjjUtJI uuV^I uuIjo-j liila^j 

sUI Jt^j (_pLiiiLA (1>^ C"' cdJ jjj u>LJll L^j-Ji^ La lj.jiS i L»^i (&::;&£ ja^LLa 

, LaiLiA ijJ^jjj jjlo jJI (j-^ '^i/^ 
3J^I sLLi Jj^ (jl <uk. rjj^lj culj f-l>li-l 3-<h!^ JU^Vl J^j liJjj! 
(_yjj_>-5cllll r-Jj-ft-cJI » ' ' -^ ' dJajjjJLl diLiiiill !«_LA5EJ (J-flSjj J ' ^ ■^ ' 1 1 (—iiiSUI iIjI j 

.5jl3j1I,| 7-LijVI ^Jjh (JjLIo pl^^ii-VI 5*lj-i ^ic Jj.^-^ll J^vl ,j-oj 3J>U 

jJaJsi iLaLaJ ^-LSj-a (jXj (<sJ L^jSLIj 1 1769 aLc: (_y-'j'^' ^^' ^^-^ ?=^ 

^ ■■■■^"- aLlII lilli (_y^ pljji-VI S«ljj (j^ Jj.^^tl 
(_;,_aj_5 i<tl>-jj CjjLo Jl^S .iJlilj 5Ll>- (_y3 CjLSLii-VI <ii>-j_o (JIiIjGjI [jJt 
(j-u-Lal J_2^ iL»iaj| Jl ^ t~ Vl ^^^ ^'^ S^Jij^ <tjjJaILilj .(j-iiiila i«_o (J-oji 
jj I ii->JI sLijJ A^HJIj '3->4>:i O' ' " ' ^ J J "^ "" '^^V ij-*-*^' i—iajjj .liJ^jjj 

.4j^V|j 
(_,lr CjIj i-SjJlJ LaJiJi^ I I 774 aLc (_yl>- sLjl^ (_yji La (_,lr JL>JI Cj^I J 



86 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

I j ^ j -^ ' j j -^ 1 1 » ' ' ^ 1 1 t-ijvL^j i^j^jIjsoVI 3^ r, ,^tl 5jL£ Jl>-I (jjliJjj (_j^ij-o 

.(jjHj^ (_jj| pl^pi-VI aI Jij-" I III (3^*- x_o CjIj 3J| i".I^" ila I LoLxj 

xjjusji u^ (j-uSLul£LJil j-;Uj 7c-jj-olj ' ^ I J * ' "J ' (_yJI 1 774 aLc lIiIj (J.2ILiI 

jsLc (_y^ '"• I 1 '"J I La Jlj»- (_yJI 4-^j I II t « Jjjjj^Jj^)) si I iiU 3JVI iZjJULi 

(jjajS^jj cjjI x_o 3JjL2iij Jj^^l ' '^N 3"" "^ (jlS.SjQxjjo /tjLlill ijjjlSj . 1777 

Ij-i-m jj iMj I Luk (_jJI <ii>-3 iJliAji^ (^ JJI (JjijlII)) ■•'=Lu'il CjIj i-:-'^ .(j^j-<i-i (J^l 
j-x^UJI tTj^^l (_y^ trJJLi iL^l£:^^ivl (_ylll SjjLJI 3J^I -.La Jo. 1^1 LLuo. 

.(iLiiajl j_pJI ijji \j-i^ 3JVI ojui (_jj 
J^^ l^jlr cljLiiLJI cJL^Jlj iSo^lj 3jl3J iTjWI (j^ JjJjJI «LLi IjlIiI 
<_!Jlj>J Lal_4j SJlJ^ A^jjls \j£Cli\ (jjlijjjj iJlilj (ji I oji iiV it_!jj^j <_JJL>- 
fj^ 3^J L?^' (lh« ij^ 5^ LijJa^l (Jj I Li^VI L»^ /<sii . /SO. Lei I <_lUej^i 

CJb( Ul II Ij ido-jjJI aJ-^ (_gjjm 7-\jIl22\ aLoI Vj -1 . ^ 1 1 ' _ .« '^tl (2>« O'^ 

L^^Luxj v2jIj uIjVI ^ 3JI 70 ^Ljjjjj^ /oo-Lla (_yi JjljIjjI 1 790 aLc: (_y^ 

/a^jl^ i_xo.jj JiiS '.TtJjJaJuJI pjIiJtA SLsI^La (j^ S^JjjJll 3 ,^^11 . I Jo-^jG 
CjIjCLjIj .j_3jJi,l Jj^jJI *L2J 4-o_-ie.ii3 iJLj^a/a^jJI (j^nn-r- <i\^v\^^J.u±j (ji 
J_uijj Ijjiiaj (jJJJI (<so-L(Ji,l i-jLaj-ol «_o ^ j" " V (_jjJI <ijjljiii!l (_JjLc jJI 
.Sjjjio- SJLjji^ (Jo- jjIiU Jiia CjIj Laij n_JjLcjJLi (jjHj^ j<u-<kl .(a^Lol^^l 

1 i>ijl Li<iKjj ij^LtJI i^joJ,! (_yJI S^m So-loJI ^ Sj^ij^^l LuKj 

jaJj ^ ^,^tl oJl^ (J I <n"ii ii^U doJLi-a (j^ («J (_j^l CjIj i_2^ijjil CjVI (ji (J.C 



87 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

j_uG Cis^ (J-iijial (_jJI iiiaia 3MjU , ,.\l I |jl>.|j Uajji '-^'jJ O^ '• ^-i-^j^ 

liaj Ml L^-J-3 iJ-«-«-J 3-!^ pljJLi-l 5tlj-J (_,lr Cj\j J '^^ 1782 aLc (_^ 
(_j_iLiLll (_, M I ii'»o» ".^jaJjl IjUk (_5i^ pl^^Hi-VI \jJt CjIj (_flj^j Ji^j .(J iijS U 

3^ Lciji LLiiio i^jLoJLi JiL^Vl (^1 4jLajJ dila^j 'cr^'^' crJl o-'^f^' 

liUj (^ (J rij'CU (_jlr jliejJI JJJLj ^ <)<" I II a Jl>.Ij (Jj^j (_y3 «Q:>o jl ,j.ajSLl,l 
(jl jl (J.«J>JI (j-a dji^LUiA '^-^^ <iijj_LaJ| eJ^ ^ 1 1 '^H 3JVI ^ 1-^ «" (jf (3^L<i-i 

j-jJJi (_7^l 3JVI *_a 4JjL2J,Li ^ "■■-" c^^Li ^ ■-"' I '^ " 3^ I u", , ,,l III iTi'C" 

i(J>3 (_yJI Lol iJa^ Jijvlj oLsol (_y3 (J iij'v 1,1 f_j\r jUcji! 3Jljiii!l Sj^l I jj'a 

l^jjE^ Cjjl^ Jl3 rjJij-1,1 >jjL1II SJI Lkjju-o jjr^l 3JVI i>jui .(iCjj>o (_yJI Lolj 

d ^j^" .,.11 4Sj.:>J| fj^se^ (.7^ yj-P^ JlS^I 3JL<jtA (J^*:? 0^ Cjlj j U . >. I 

liQjjJa 5Jl^ jLJ_a i_3j^jj(Jkl ((J^jJkl) j_jjjGJI pljj ^1 jLa-'n iil jtjIaJLi (^Sju 

((3^jJ,l) jjjjQJI piji aI jielujil jjl^)) :CjIj I— xj^ . JjLm /a-Lol i.o"t (j-a JjJjlII 
«_La_5J d ,^ ,^ ^\ I (j-\ S I iitl ij^ A \l .A" . ..\t t I j . ...Ai 31j j . ..tl I ^jjLjtoJI SJ^Lt 

(j-C ci^Lje-U (jl iJlilj jJajial JjlSLuj jijjjjiLs Lui ^jl ,^^ ,". I ^Ai^ J .^^ jl^ 
.jjjljjjl 'l-pJU (J iij'sU ^JJus^ <ijSLiflJI <ijJVLi (_j I iij La LiiijLa .(_Jjj>-l 3>^ 
isLiSijkJLo <1jJ| SJlcI I ii<i_i ijJjj>J,l JiJ-«-»J (jjljUJI 'UIUJ ^^JS>■^\ ijL^Jjl (Jj-3jj 
(JSjUj . ."»V i^n n Cj\'^ gLjj"i I II a 4_jj1 dJJj CxjlS .t-lil^ p>LxlD 2 1 ^^^jl^ILa i"m o < n 
' _ ■ I ^.^ " j^^lill liajjjiJI jL^jsJI (jl .pj j'^l (j^ 1 I ii°i I jj'a p^^-i^^l lSJ'j-^ 



88 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

5^j.j>JI 3JLcJi iJljJaJjl iJjsJI tj'^ •^-^L^ J^ 4_uj/JiJji S^JJ f-^pim (j^ 

. <l ( ( ti (^ ^ 1 r (I 

Ij^ ^jjlitjJI CjIj CjVI (_y^ lJ'J^ Ct-*^^ J^^~i^J jlj-jj-uLa jLjUal 5jli^ i".^" tl (jl 

.^IjJJIj i3^jJil 4JT f»lai=i^Li 
iTjI J 4jjUtJI 3JVI «LlJ 3jsj>UI djlcilj^o-VI j^JA3- cjj^f jjjl I jSLaj 

(2>c eJJt 4^LLaJI LliLuSLa 5jL>-j (_pJl r-jjjs-i Jjl j^Ljj (oJj ij o" i nil (jljjjJI 

(Jj_L^ (_^ M^P' SJ^^LL 1782 aLc 3_jjLitLjJI 3JVI i^ijjjj jlsj -jj-^' ^iJ 
3^jj (_yJI 3 1 J ^-^ '^ SjljJijsJI cjWI Sj ^ Ml LixJl^ .4jjjijill 3_p.jijJI tijLijj I'iiU 

3.2jla]l (j-o (_>ul-iJI J jll La^Lo UlSLo SLai SjjUtoJI ^ ^ I j U 1 1 l^t a Cue-Li-a I 
(_y^j . I oS^"ia 4jjuij CjIj i-:-^ i-<4^ kiSjLcuJIj iCjI JLujJIj i4^jjJI (2ha»i-J^L«-II 

5J^I t_.j-aJj ' ^ < cj_^jLi 4£lUlj ti:Jli]| rj>=- liiUii v:ulj rj-^ 1 778 j»L: 

.(J.4JIJ lJijSj SjjLjtjJI 
.7c_aL>. ^:^ (_jlr jlj^ 4jj_lL>iJVI xJL-all f_j\c Si ni'ij] CjWI jJlC IJlJJ 

(jl Ij^j^lj 'j'^^^' *-i^ JUji1<jjI jijI^^ ti-*=- b-i^ JLa^VI JU.J tiJjjl jiij 

JL^ (_^ L<lS i(j_uSjul (J_u_lIj ' * i < ^ t, 1 ^j_a 4^l_LiJl 3t_j_La t *JJ-^ tj^l (3^^-4-11 (j-a 

(_gl ilIiIj pljji-l JjLJ (jJjVI dllj'f I nil J niC J^Li-J . (_yjm (—iVjjJI Sjiajjj/ 

J I'lir (_y^j i3JT 66 uljl III injJ,! (_fl±ljc^ (_^ (ojSI 1 1785 aL«J 1775 aLc q^ 
j_«_ij .yjiinll J^U^ (_^ L^la 47 (_^l 4^LbVLi .2JT 144 3_JLlJI <rjl^i<JI 

(_flj| 180 J-5c_a i-i l->. SjjUtJ 3JT 1500 L&Jl^j Ij "i 1 -»ol (_y^ Jijvj ijjl «_lj 

1 1802 aLc IjiLsol jlj (_gJJI ' oj J i"i ' Jjiii II (_gju_5-cuJI SJLvjJI I— <I1S (jl '^^ 



89 



Cjj .""ill Sh CjWI eJJt (jl (Jjill 4j(JLj^ (J-^» '• Lt-'y-*^La j^ Lm^ CjLlojj (_y3 

3jLlj5-a J-jL*^ C^jaOJl (j-ojJI liUi v^uVI JuOa-Li 5j-^^l J-aUIl <_aVI 
(j_iL<jJI «Lb (__yol^;*-lj 5jljJL>JI » il .^1 1 Ci-Li-La 'Jj'-^"'" 7"^T-iji (jJjj 4Sj.j>JI 

(ji f_j \ r Jj-J »(_, Ml J^ ■ 5-g.j I II t LajI Mi'itlj iCjI JJLi l^^nLsol (_y^ 4jjLjc_l!I 

-Ljiajl L^^JtJjLj f_^ <ijjj/LS dJLvj^ L^l i«_a i«L<ijJix 4i;vj^ (j7h»" I^^HLsoI 

' • ^ I L<»^ i«j<sJL«JI djfojj)) (j^ ' ^l-»"" jjl (_y^ sLujijjVI SjLill l-lCj3 joJ 
iLuUilj I I II "t^ (_y3 » ' ' ^" ^jjUtjJI CjWI iZjjx^j^]j .jJsJu (lukjilj J_lL>oVI 
SjLjaJm CjLjVjJI fj^ CjV^I r-^l ^^ ^ O^J-^j • >^ I iitlj Kj-a-1 1 (_y3j 
(_y^ i-S^jlJJ^j alj.:<Lja JLtj SjjIitJ 3JT Jjl I 799 aLc: r^Mi't! JlSj . 3jS1j^'^I 

(±x;ptj i^jUi! JljLiiJI pl^^VI dili i^Jl (jk. SujUlJI SJ^I c^i&jj jLiJ 

lj^a-"i Milj .CjVLsJ,! (_i_LliE_a (_y^ j>ljLJ-" i iiVI (JlUL^-j^ .sIJlcI <iJ (2>£j (<sJ 
(_y^ lj_Uix I 784 aLc I— JJe-Ti-Jlj . Luajl LiiLc I jL:a-o CjIj ,j.ujij;v ^ j ** J "' "- " 

(_y^j .3_iSHI (jJ-Ll 3_L«.<t». (_y3 Ij '^^ 1785 aLc (j^j i3_iS!JJ,l Sj^j^ji 3_l«.<i^ 

jjj^J : ij>i=-3 I-J-2J L^^ glial Mit IJlJ (_jjJ1 jSLji^I^ 3jloL». «Qjc_lo 1806 aLc 

1824 aLc cjIj 3 J iiijjLJI Aj Ull 3_l4j.jI^I c^jielJlj .3jSj2^I (»>I-«JI (j^ 

.3_uL<jiJI i_xJL>.'i/l L^LxiaxI (j-a IJl>.I_j 

iSjjLitJI uuV^I ^lliLi akjjjJil JLuiVl (2^ cjIj JljiIjI 1800 ^i^Lc ^ 

^ I tx ; 1 1 l^pLsol ^1 Ji. Jj (jl (JjL>- Jiia .iia.3 ^p.flj joJ sLlaLiJI 4"i«i <)> (jl Jioj 



90 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

Ajljl -' j 'j ' (jl£(j:JJJI ^LSjo-a^l «_o ijJI^pjiVLij . tU,! i_*jS^ l>"J-^J 'iJLh^' 
3 J 1 < II J^l I iiU ^^1 1 " . Ml '°ij-i^ ((jJloJI (_y3 SjLc 3_L«.«j>JI ^ I . ^ ^ i «_<Ci5cj) 

.«U^_i:>ij| «Lj_t2liJlj 

3_j|jlj d-ajL^^ u^ J J. i ~" ^^ '^!^^JJ^' '--'y'j>^' (_fljj^ iJlijN I ii^pJIj I— aj-ajj 
(jVI (_y^i^ cJjLo)) .SjLiil lljjijs jjL^ L^J-II i^l^J -ijLlI ^ «Lc:LUjl ^jJI 
(_,_i_i^l : .^1 <"i III" V (_ylll 3_i iiia^l LdJj f_^ J'^^ La J5 > I iiij ^^y\ (_yJuLS 

^—uj^ .q\ I II tl (_p i_j_Lja_j p-jLij/j 4 I'iiiial (Js ^1 (_>^lj oLlLiLi j^jajtll cjIj 

LlLc (2>J>»^L>JI »1 <lUII Jl^I qM .cl!Lc.JJ^jJi,l (J^ (jLi».jJI «QijitAJ A\nr' 

(jiiLc «ljlSj .3_uLjSL!I jj^jJI Jj^I (j^ ''-«-« <-^lj vijjL:>iJ : L^IjIj SJiill i^ 

i±jjj.>- (^1 p"n«i"ii III ^j ' ^ JJ 3 ''•' " Ijl^u j^VI (—ajjiaJI (jlSj .jajlSjj-^j ut^ 

3_»_L^jJI i_jbVlj (_yjjLu^l jL-alaVI (j^jjj j_p.'!^l tjl (<uJl2I^V iAjJI cjIj 

d ,^l ,^"-^1 ^ j"a : Ljiajl 3.ajSjJI (»^i-«JI (j^ J>^ 3^Lv Vj .«GLp. Jl^la 
4Ji p"m 1 11*^ a lauj J MM Is uIJlJJLl>- 1 iiUlj^ ^1 «CbjL>- p"n o"ii iil ^ lj_ji-ij 
jjL^ 4Jlj i(2>:jJ(jU i^Uj (jjJ(jU 1^1,1 x_o (_5-!j3JJ (J^jLaj rtjK (j-oj (_7^ (_>"l-C. 
jjji».^lj (^J JJI t>jJ5ii.ljJI (_yJI <".liiijl (_jlll CjLi^L-ojJI J$(__,ir^-^ (ji (_yi^ 
«Ltjji (_y3 Sj-ji-^l 'Laul jo-LkuiJI p^p^>J,l ^ '^ "I .«(JAJ-iLbj_jjJI (j-« cTVj'-^' 
(^VLa I Lj^^ I JLl>-j (jl£ 4_cSJj .ja.^l^^Il>-lj (j-LlIal^l c-iJtJ LLsLjtx oj.jju.^ 

19 (_y^ CjIj (jiKlJ-v (_j^JJJ ."^Lul JlJLJ (_)iLc 4" I nil i>jVjl (j^ (j-* '''^ ''°' JjSVI 

(_^ (_y£LJ5jKJI ^jJI (jT^lj? (jr^ "llliUj (_;r^ tr^jaj .1819 aLc: ^"I — -^i 
^Jv '^.'* 5^ (J o^"i ( 111 ^1 JuLJ . , , » '^"'^ *0j r ' 1 1-^*'! ^2>^^-^^^\>" ' " ' o"' ' "J 

tjl I II "iVI 5j_La_Ljj< J!-^jlJ itfjij 5_L»-Ljjl jlj iSjjiiejJI 3JVI jjjl-^'l 4^^L>JI 
(>4i;Li>JI jl^r>-^lj Jj>.La^l ^LaLlII jii^l (j->-J 'jj'^ LJlSLa (JJLJuj iSjiooIaJI (_yl^ 

cjLcj^UI v2jjjj (_^I ijjUtJI 4111 jji cii\^ jl^jj J'^'at (j£l! .(i4jJLuJ!iL! 
.(jljdjJIj (jj-ll I— flJujtA (j^ siLlSjJI jJIajv^I culSjj iCjUtxiiilj 



91 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(_y3 5_^jJ,l 1 J o" I ri a Jj I fit u^j^l i_^i^ (__>ia-u2J (_^1 I j"al Ui I j . ,.Ai ^j ,, p ."ill 

si— i-J (j-a CjJ-SLaj i(J.2jJI (JjLj/JJ , 3 ^ I ', , ^ 1 1 ^^^ SjJJ CjJjbvlj iljL>- l^^j^Jij 

4JSj < 1 1 SJljJl^ 3 a\t U'.V 3jl3J CuaJ^j ,2 ^^ ,>.tt < " < tj j j ->" 1 1 j Cjljiill 

iLUajI «Lj£ 4j^L<iIl>.VI CjI^^IjlIIj «L<jiAJ x_<u^>JLI p-ljIo-Vl I jufc jj£j .5j<il<ll 

.4_j^L<iIi>-VI Cjljjili! SjjLi tjlSj .^^^1 i.^tl Sjjiiil Ij-aj ^ ' '"^ '' (jlS^ 

3j^ (O^ (_yj| ir. t r.i (_yjJI JLi^'i/l (.illj i(jljliJI i-iJlJc^ (ji SJjJlC: oJ>^ 

,3al Ult JijJljsJI JSLifoJI S-ij-oLJ (_,lr ^^^^H (j^^jHiJLI diVjLa^ lIx^jJj 
^ '^ ^" V S-UoLJI Cj^lSLJujiil ^''1 j'll iJ:>JI -SL^jJ (_5-3 Al^Lal^i III CLiJ\^j 
i j-j-a^llll (_^jj i(2>iJLjJJi,l (_^JlILjiIj i(J:>iJI CjUejI j-i>- fa^la ^l^ (jl JioJ 
: ij\^j~ V <i 11 IjljI 4lalSL!l ^>j^ <i^LiJI eJJt i_^^^ .ja^ JjL<j<I (Jjj^ '.^V^ (I^'-'^' 
if_j I litj-aJI ^ (_gj (jj^^jjjij i(_jJLLajVI ISJijjj i(_yjLjjjiVI (_gljLc, t_gJij'C I ii^lj 

3"a \l ,^^ ^j ihIj ,(jl£La J^ (_y^ '— 'J^ "^ j'^'^' *-3^ j^l JLJ-" I iiV CjVjL>J,I (jl 
.«... Li>. (_yX-aI pljUi-l Jji t^xjl^ SjjUtjJI 3JVI)) (ji (j^ j-l^l ASJ^ La 
<i_Ljl_2jjVI <i_i_L«j<JI (j^ ItHJ-* ll>^ (*^ pj"'^ oH (_yX-«'^l liai Miill (ji Jijj 
i(jlSLa J^ (_^ pl^^IiVLi i_aljJJ^VI ijJs: Lbjl j-i^l S^J JJ Ui^ ''^l • l-^'^^^J 

3_J^L<ii>.Vl 3 ^I'^l I LdJj iJAJUa iduuL£>j^\ aj^\ J^ (_y^ JLajLJil 4JIJJJJ (_y3j 

(jj^SiiU jj-Ji J->- i J-ikJ i(j^S i"i^ . (jjj , I » U" . ..J jaJj , (jJLukj Lui Cjj.^Ii (_yjJI 

tillljl Lu-uiJ (jjijiaa .SjjUtJI uIjWI jjjt^ JjiLalj (jl ij ir^tll dJJj (_y^ 

■^"i 1 Te-a (_y^ L2jV LjLSLa ^ ^ ■ ^ -»_' (ji (_yl^ (^>^ (j-lSLijJ (jl (j^jju (jjJJI 
'"^J S ^^•^^ *juJb\-^j>\j\ ij^-i d J olr Cj La^lj^ ^ I II i t 1 i^vj t , ^ t ct-^I «^>-i-i3l-«-II » 
iCjI jJLa_a 4 i n o->. «LcjjiJa^ La L^lji jJiJ^ ct-^O 'LLa.«lI tiJOll JlL>J,I (_y3 
oj.^ i(((J_a3l (j-C)) 3JLS_a ( Jjlaj j^ LJuJ I SLsj Jlaj L^j^ j_ji-'i(l jJLuaj 



99 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

(jjjj_Li_i j—i-ojl 3JL2Ji,l (_flJJ_o tjLS . LLi_iJtj_o L»l3j_c cjVLftJLa-VI 3j^_liu 

.(_g .!_! (_jJI 'GJLjjij (_y^ (j^Sjijj <ii^ '-r'^ 'J^J •J-i-*'-*^?^' 0^ Cj Laj U «i 1 1 

jlLsJLI ^_y3 '"'J j^ ^dJ'-^*7^" cjWI (2>c SJLLo cjI jlILj aIa ^j^ "C m.^ i .lU ji^j 

.((SjjLJcjJI CjWI 3jjJaj(j^ SJljJ)) (jlj^ iJli^o ((jj^LlXI)) ^isc^ jj-* (JjlaL>JI 

J Mil! jjl ■.(_^Jl^_5 ' J ■-' '" jij-fljiil 5^^jj>-3l CjLiii.jJI (_f Jl>-I CxjIs ...» • -ijT^jII 

. «L«^L>JI (_jIlSj^iaj djiajjjL/a 3jjLie_Lll CjWI SjjJaj (j^ 3JLia (jj^Ljiil) i_^ 
CjWI ^Liiiijl 3.cLu^ i_^ Aaskuus Cjlj_uju ijj-uj (_p (Jj^ *— 'J-^ » . .'J 

«_Lj.i3 ^ J jj ' ^ ' JljJl>- (j-« .'"j " ' I^^T* ' \j~it 3^ I ;,^tl pji Liiuj . L^ 



U^U 



^jLLl^UI jjJaj jljijlj i3_JjLitLjJI i2jWI ^ Ij -^ ? J J ' ^ ^" (_^ 4^jJI jbjj 
(Ojjsj-aj (j^ LjK t_(Jk>JI 7-ljLa 'l>:tJ^ '-^^Aj' O'^' J''j-^=^^' -^'-^j' • I '\'^ 
jLJe_jJI 5j^ LliJL.3JJlj .(jjijiil J j ' ^ I AJ^UI jOj^Ejill r-ljjjr'ii III LxjJ iCjWI 

.(jl£La (J^ (_y^ ^jl iii'lVI SjL^l ml 
CjLuii (JU^I (_yJI (jVI /j_lL>-I JLaS : Ixiajl 3 JjJL>. (JSLitA JLiSQlu (JliLJiiJ 
jj.fl_ul ^ w ^ I J .jJj.SJLI * J ' ' ^"i ' ' ^jlSLa ^_^1 CjWIj ^c-3tjiJlj ^JutXl JJ-* «L<iie_L<3 
5j_o jLjcjJI (_jJI (j-<_c jJLiJ, I jLkui iJli^jvjjj .cLloLJI 3t~ I ;,^ll j^Lai LSjLc 
jl . J_S_iJI (J->-i (j-o CjIj I j -1 -1 "^ lt-'J' ^i)'^'^' CjWI 7c_L^ (oi^ .(Jjji-I 
I , I U ", " J . I ^ X 1 1 j,jj_pi ^m j2j-o I Ji^ 'j-i-^ i-dl^" I ii"j i/<sjaj>JI 5j-:JJ^ ijjjl£ 
Jo-LiiaJI CjVLi (_, I n't La C^l^ JLS^ . jUtoJI (2h« 'j-i^ Li5i:»- I jl-r* l)^'^ 
I _i I II t x-iiajj (ji^i SJl^iijji'iil (_jJI I j"l^l • "J ' jUtjJI (J-»-aj Ct^'j i(__)iaiiiE_cil 
(_y.3 plj_flj| J j's i"i" I l^^l-T* i"ilo»"i iilj n _i I ii-a-*^ (_g^j>JI JaJLiaJI (j-« ^ij^ 

1 1^ it ^ d u A L^ . ,, VI 



9S 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

CjI jdu lIiWI oJUi (JlLo i«_u^ J-^.i:' ' ^^^ (^'-^ Ct^J ■ J'^'^^' *i^ U^ 'lS>?^' 
.(jjiJLal j-jLJjI p^pJ>J,l SjLlSj 4_iSlj^'i/l ajLaHJll CjLjV^I (_y3 

<J iQ^jJ>~'^\ (>Lc:^pim 3jjlrKj . Lui!j>LLa (_y^ 1775 aLc: (_>uJlal jJj 
3j_u^ jljLcLi l"ilo»" I III i(_yjiolj^l » "'^t tlr^' P>^' ' 7^7 (^'-^ (.3-^ .S^La 

.TTj I liill 3x.LLu3 (_y3 

jlitJI lji«jil<j<l SjjUtjJI 3JVI (_yil^piejs o' (>* " J^ '-"^ " '^^-*^ LiiAJ-Lo 
".j^JG .3_LjL^I ■ U J J , >. 1 1 jUtjJI Sj^ (j-' ^1 j " ipljjill (_,lr J J . ^ ^ 1 1 ■ U ^"a 
^— (JJL>. ijjjjj^l (J ijl La Cj_i£j i5 JJjoJl I 792 «Lu_u jj-uij 4_ulu^ i^Ltu-a t-lll j)) 

(jI^^i) (_jS;^KjIi jLsJi jVjI ^ ^^^Ji siiL (_yiuij <ij| ijU^^i (_^^i j^-t 

■ijs-ujj ijI-lII (_3^ LajUjjj Ltj i"i tj i^m (j-« MJ-3 L^J^ Ijj'v I ilj i<1jSJiJLi 
JLjJlJ-C . JijjLjJLj J Ml -re-a «_ajL^ 3 ?1U tl j Mil Sjl^j^ 3jSJl1JI I'.SlUi lillj 

, <( > U^a 1 /; ^ J ^. 1^" t AmjjJ^ 

,_^ J i^^j -ctJI-^J' JaJLiiaJI olj iSjjlitJI aJ>U JxiL^ (ri>*J Jj5 1801 
I ' 1 1 "i » ' .^" tLftjtib » 'I '^ " cjIjli La (jLcjjjij 1 1802 (»Lc L^l^^ni-I S«ljj 
*-jJL>.lj . 1 J "il A I . .. : .J iC-jj J I ii" _i ij I LlAJj^Lj^ fj^ (jjlJLsI I— il I ii'tJ cjV^I 

f_jJS (_yJL»JI ilaJLUaJI (Jill j 3jjLjtaJI iIjWI Ljj^^ ^ • •■■-i"' lIx^jJI (_y3 dJLlLuJjjj 

(j-SLalj iCjIj CjVI (j-« I— i^ij j-jilSj jJLi-al (_yJL«JI ilaJLiiaJI Cj J I lIjIS 
(_^L«JI JaJLiaJI .-.VT.-,_.IU" 3.1l2j,J| ^j . Jiill Cj>I< Mia JjJ L^L«jl1<jI 

i4a^l^ SjvjJ jj^lj Mif j-ijiLUI (jj-^' ^''^ Ct^ CjWI »1 Mi'tl 3x.Lu-3 Cjj^Iaj 

.SjjOjsJI ■~'l;lt^"l I ^jioij (_yi^ SjjLa Cjjl^j 

(j-aj jLJ_a <^J->- (J-2_iJI i—Sljui'il jLjtjJI Sj^ aI JLJr'iMil dlVjUt^ d\ • • • 



9fl 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

4jLo Jjuj 4jjLJcj 4jLiJ iLpj^ ^LioJU (^P^tH 7"',>-^' i^ilLo Lui ^^ jj .(Jjjia 
(J-ijJ 3_jjLjc_i «Lj^j_o J-iJ-^ -JT -O (_j ' ritj-aJI LJojI i I 763 (»I-C (_y^ (_gi iaLc 
/ail i3.Ll3J 15-12 ^ jii^lijjj.jelll . U" . .." -.- 1 yj< 3 IT ^^1 .3_ul3jII (_ajlJL3 
Cj-lm Jjuj .joja^lj *m lIi u j_^Jejij LiJiJj^^ SjLcV Cj^^I IjLA (Jilo I - , A aj" 
La ^jLc^j_i_u (3^_3 iJjLJJ LlS 'jj'-^" J '^t cLo^^ ^ t fi ^j^\ ^j-u J (^1,1 ^_^_b Cj1j_u_u 
Lajjcj . I j j_;-^j" jjlSLaVu (3^ («J LlIa.*^ ScjI'ij i nil (j-o Sjjja^ j_lC L^I (J-A-jJ 

^ o~ii 111 <ij>-jjJ <ijj<Lo CxjlS Sjjjbv (Jii (JjLjij (_jJI 4jvL>JI (jl VI .SjJaiKJI 

(_yIL>- <iJ.2ILo (j^ («-!j •^i)'^'^-^' 5j^L2JI 4 J Mij La iSLj^j^l (_ji iiijS^ aJ,2iA,\ 

'LSjXI (_^^ 't'J'^?^ "-^JA/t!^ (*t!^J ''^J ■ MJ^^>-* (j-* liJjjejJI » U~ . .." -sJ L^l 
f_^ I^^It* T'^-'A? C-|j •'-r'Ti^'j-^ 4j^lib ^LoLc Ijlj-la LJujI (j^"i i i n JlJUJ ijjLjtjJI 

SjjlitiJI 5JVI I jj'"! (»3-Sj <ijSj_a )«_u^ (_jJI L<-L».-^ (j^il^^HiJ, I «Vjjfc (_,< Ml 

^Lsl li Ij-iJ'^ cdJi (jK Jl2J . 4jjUtj (Ji ^j-^ Sial I II J I (_gi ' jl .^^11 j»LLo 

5jiJjL>. ^ J ' "■ ij5l>- (jyJI r-Liso S JjJljsJI "ij^jJLa '.jij^l Tc-iblj jji LiS d-ajjlo 
3jjj(JI JoiaitA (_y3 ^ial i nj t ^jjLitaJI 3JVI j I'l-*- diVjLjt^ (Jj^jj joJj . Liiajl 
, U U -^ 1 1 j_^\ j^j , (ij_jji ^1 i(ji i I III! i_2VI JlIo 3ij^>j(Ji,l S-x-iJ^ill 3_;"'l .^^11 
ASj.>- Jiiflj <ijj| al jj-"iiiil l^jLv (a^Jl 'L>-J-i (_5J1 (j'^-C^^HiJ. I ^^« ' (^Ji-J-iiJI 

I Mitij . (_gj_LL>oVI (jjILijij_i 1813 (»l-c 3JVI ojui (J!Lo i«_u-3 ^qI '^--11 jttjlj^ 
i_j_lIIjjJI tr^j-js-jij .i—xjJIjj 4j^lib SjjUtj 3_i^j^l824 aLc (jjjij_^ ^^4^'-^ 

,3_iSLuKjJ,I (luljill Cjli 5_i^jJ,l 4lo CtA^JJl t^JJI i3i>^' (jr^ Slal mil 

(_y3 i-.Iq^j i3jj/Lo ijjUtaJI cjLijj(JI (_yJI 4_lL<j-«JI 3^L>JI c^l^ 1 3 o K tj 

(j-a SjjlitJ 4j^Lj 4jLa ^sc^ (_jjl3U,l (jj-^l (j-o CjLjJjj^lilJI (_jJI i'-'^'' I^^HLsol 
i<i:>JLi-3 SjjLjtJ CjUjX. sLJujI (_jJI IjI-t* i_?-^' "^ Cjljjjji Sji^ J o"ii III (_g JJI 



95 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

',_, J ^^ (jj|j_2JI (j_a JlJJlJsJI j '^«II "-^JJ Ct^' ^i>^' 3j-^' CjjI£ 

(j-o 5-al I ri U jLljso (jl » ^■^" • ""' (oJ JjJLlLj 3J.«j>J,l J^'H <ijLijjl3 iJSLJuJI 

(_y^j . I j • " ■-' ' 3 I J ^ ' 1 1 5^1 ,>. ,tl (j-<U (J-S-JI J^^i '-^jj'^?^ 1 I ri dill (_5-^ . La 

La>L>. :5j_i_lSL!I J-2_iJI v^Li>c (ji^^jJIj t_iiej^l jji ^jii-JI (J^lj LuUl 

.C^_^l <^j (j^ (-SjIaJI jLa;>.l IJSLxjj (^Sj (aJ lilljll 

/^L& (lA-^5 *(=^'-*-Ii f'j_Oi ' 'i>-*^^ c3:i>^ Ij r njij ^_^ iUj-ijl ^j-LiJl ^jjLjx>.] q\£ 

4 i J » 111 3_ijjlJI < " . . I U " Jl^^ i4_2^j_o j-J^ LlILvj CjjIS '. Pjjj I "^>iaj (_yJI 
jJal irillj j-ajJI I ^1 /|" ^ ~< j'.ij ,^^j vl'i^ll ^; ^\\X 5 ^^a ' J'' ^"'' '"'^^N '-^| 

j^j_3 3_LoLS (*W' ^ "i '" ■— 'jj-^?^' Jl^j .(j-^Lo'^l ^^ • ' (_y3 Sj^^jJ,! ijuJuiJI 

i(Jjii3l '"'1^'-^*"' 5 JljJl>- (3j-^ '— *t!-9J '(j-"->" ?-" ^J-'^' '— 'J_J^^ » . .'J 

pj-jji 'i/lj J^J^I ijiill (JjLjiJ (j-* (_gjLc. J_J^ Pj-'J 3j>JL^ J_J^ iJIjjK i^ji J-LC. 

x_jjLiiJi,l (j^ La O^ (_yJI Sij^la 5^^ CjJUjiIxail ^_ylll ('Xirill (_yJI iiTjlSjiaJI 
j-Laj i3_i_<_<iiJ>. dJ's in 1 j-al^l SjIJiJ (_y^ tTxJl^ CjlSjIaJI j>jui Jlo .3_LLtj>JI 

1 \j "i I ->uil (_y3 • ^ ■^ I" -» " o''^ lt^ ^'^"''^^ I'K I II I j-iiii^ jtjjiLlII (jj-ill ^1 J-J 
lIiLj.^ ct^ (JL*^*- I I j"l-^i ' "J ' cjISj j^al (^ju (_y^ . Lu-ujj (j^j ' LuLiI (_y^j 
S^jjjiJil «(jjj>JI ('Is III)) (jj-"^ Ijjii-i (OJ ' » '1 1^1 1 (_^>-l-i jy .^-«-tl Sji jL>. 

jjjJLj^ (j-\_i (2>j^>-3i I II II J -^ ' ^ L^-Lo 4 "v I II (Jjl i"i 1 »"i I III (_^lj i> jQ-a-ll 

(jjJJ_Li_l JlX.1 1 J I lljj (_5-3j . Lj^JJ l^p^jijS (j-AJLJJI 3^1-1^1^ (.3-^ '"'JJ'-i ' '■ '"'J 

I Jljj'i/I (_jlr j^^jiull «m 4^LLij Si^ljiJI iIjWI (_7JLi (2>jl n_2^j^ (__>iijj^jj^ 

(ji pj^ I'll II I Ji^ J'-'^ <!^3 ' '_>-^_J^^ ' •'^ '-^^^ '^^^^^^ (Jrt^ 4SLtuJ I 1 J 1 ' ^"' 



96 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

.iiJlSIt>-VI CjlcLtiis <-. ,>.A^. ilj ijji:>Jlj Sj^^^uj iiJj^iaJI 
(-d-pjjaj^ .J (_jJI SjjLJtjJI SjJaLflJI ^LlJ (_jjj3l iLa^LJI 3jjjaIlJI Jjju 
SjjLs r-JLaJ 4j!vIj lAJlfl LcijI i^gjUtJI ijjj^l (j^ jiUJi Jii^ .|_£)_lL>oVI 

(J < i"i <lj| (_y3 i_P-4^ jTt^^' ''Ij'j'-'jj" (J-cii3 (jlS .4jjLJe_JI SjJaLill p j i ' ^"' 
(OjcjJI (jL^J . I J ■ " ■^"' »l iriUI iii£LtuJI (_yk: (jJII t_^ljjJI ol j «aJI 5l>=tiJ 
3 J J I r I JojLa .(_y^l£LII ^^ liJlSia-VI 3.5=jIu (jSU-a j^i: j-ol liili (jl jiiLLS 
. L>-jjj^ VU-ajl (jijjJil i—iVjjJI J '^"'1 (j-\^jIL>JLI 
aj Mir 3J^I i"iliii"'^ . 1803 aLc dJLLLuJj^ SjJaLi! S-iiLiJI <_!jLaIlJI Cjjs^ 
, 4-^1 t M II /^j_b dil^p-a^nS '^j '"-^ 3-^^-* Ij-^Lj-u-* (j-^ ^ w ri jl JbjL:>jl JJ-* tji-ti^i 
LJLc. djjJlSm j-ti: i(j-ojJI tilli Jljlj^ CjjJliii . 1^^^ LvLso liilj (jl^ 

i 1808 j^Lc: (_^ (l>^j .S-tlljJI ej^ 4jj^U^I ^Ijo^'^I i^jISUI JjLJLLi 

"icI^^Hi-V /tJji^pJI i_2Jl^ hJIjjIj (Jj^JaJ i^^j^jjji ,_>IojjLJ liljILLflj^ al£ LaJiJi^ 
3_jjLjtJ SjJal^ u^ ljjij_uj (ji (j-Aj^ljJI ;<-J-«^ pLLajjjil i(JJ-l! j_uiL<t>- (j^j 

(_>Iojj(JI Ijui Ijj 4.Sji>JI (_5-3j .3x.L<jJI (_y3 l^p^^Lp 30 ^^c-i !"'<! t 3x.j_cuj 

' ^ \ J U."--»lj . SjjliejJI 3j^L2JI J I tK~\ I (J I iitTc-j^ j-lC liJLujAjjjJ ^jj i'?iU 

, U j , >. 1 1 j_gj (_gjLJ£jJI iiJjj>J,l -1J1 '^" I (Jt"i I'llj «Lcl^^Ili-l ^^Jjlaj (_y3 (J-«-«-II 

, I j i -»■ U J I ^ \l ,^^j t_!^jj>JI (j-ujJ (_y^ «Lal JlielLjil (^^Lal i^JJI i(_yJi-«JI 

Q^Lu-llili-u rj^j- ^LiJI SjjUtJI cjV^I jlsj/aLucijlJJLur^^l dili(_^ 

(j-o t_!j_SJLj ja^LUI Jl>-| i_^ Sj^^La sLuLjtA 'Lxjijjua (_y^ SjuSJIj S«Ij^I 
IjLSj j<s.ja_Lo (_yi "J-^l t*"*^ J-2^ .4_«JLj 3 'j* '^ ' «OLl>- iJliijCLiI .(Jjj<1£^jj 

.oLiI JlcI I iij Ij^ al^ ^^ jft j-1^ UL»-j i(<iji«3 

CjVjLa^j CjLJVI i—iJaJtA Jl o»"ii iiLi lj-:Jji- ijs^Uil (_y3 JjjX. till j Jlij 

ici_uj, 33 "J T* (jl£ Lojii^ 1814 aLc ttj.^*- 'tO-^ •^-dJ'^''^' iJ-2^1 (JjLj/^ 

«G_<ji J^:*-! 3^j_tuJ Lda 30 'Lljj La i". 1 o -»- (_5-lJI i(_yJj'^l ^jjLitjJI iGjJaL^ 



97 



^jj-2 j\ju\ J ^ "^ ■^" ^_^ t « 1 1 n" \ ^ i/cJ?E_a,1 jJ_aL«J (2A^' 7" ■ '^ ' /c-L4-i-£2J ^j t fi"^^ 

(_^^ -^ 1 ^ JJ ^ '**' ' ' (CjLjlJI i^^j.^^ .«LfljL(aU,l ^_^ OJ ' " '^T' ' " '-^J'-*^ ,^CJ?C_U1 

jJ-JJlUI tij\-<^jLA-L,^uj\ ^1 Tcxiajl Jk^j .(j'A-a'^l '^' ■ '^ /^n ti ^ J ^ . ^" Li-iijl ^_^-^^ 

.l_!jLtlII (j-« ^Sy"-^' djLxiilJ <ijEJJJ JL>-Vlj (_^jJij J_lSLflJ 3j^ L<JjijL>-i (jlS 

^j-SLJj ifj-LJjIu-ul 4_l1>- ^jj-AJ1 SJ-iLv (_^-^^ /cJ_i-o «La_L^:>Jl ^_^J ^ ^1 . ,^ ^W 
<i_L^ lj_«jijv (_!LoSLi Ij^LSi .(JjLc j-i^ (O-iSLallll 4jjji (j^ jlj^l IjUk (JlLa 

^J"^"""'?" .'"^^J ,3jjl ^. 1 Aj ula Aj .':.^ ...... 1825 aIx. (_jja3 .5jjlit±II SjJoLill 

s Lb (_5i^ 4_tjuij f, \jj I j^^ i_2jjIi I j , (jjj L>J, I I JJt i_^ 4j Ls^pjLA j i j^ Cj I j 

. JbjL>- p ^ . ^" t 
.«LijV n I rij'tj IjLcLjiA UJ ' "'■^j" ' " ?rj.>^ '—Lh'JLJ F'-^*^' '-^^_jJ' tiJJi (_y^ 

(jl^ .(jj>LI SjuIjJI ^^LSiJLi Ast^ cA^\ t_j>lJ IxUjlII 5:U.;tl"a :2ljjL^lII 

«il_b jji Oj ' "'■^^" ' '■ SiSLc (j-« C>i^^3 <— I'^l ojLflj (_gJLll jaitiiaJI (_>J-SJll JL2j(JI 
.<S 45 (J^IaJ J^jiijl - j" I ri I'iitLa iloi. -.Cj^jJI cdJ j (_y^ i_^JljJL>. liai- J^lal 
4jjLie_L]l 5j-LDLaJl jj>- (33-^ CxjUj ^i ^_^1 ^LLJI ^^' 0^ ^_^ lO ' " ' ^S' ' " J ''^ ' -^ ' 
1 jjl^ SjjIj 4jjlitJ 4JI 21 Jl <n"ii 111 J-Aj ijj^LLa 7-ljI»SI J jt.^ jl I JjJl>. (j^ 

Cj_jLS . 4_l.^_l^:>J 1 ij^-j-uJuL^\ ^ ' J '.^ * ^_^j_A i^L^LtoLA l1ujj>-1 Sj-lsL^l d 1 n'^LLa 
Sj-LsL^l jj-*i-^ (j I ^ "1 1 Jojj_jIj i~i ^ I'f^j Jl^ iljL>. cLu_uL^ 4-fljl I iiU Jojj-iHj 
5Jj q '>JI QjjJ ii-j-jJIjjJl JJLcj i(J^jJi,l (_yi jLje_jJI ■ U j . U. J i4_jjLjtjJI 



98 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

(Jj^jjj 5 JlL (_y3 1 829 aLc (j_« j-u^' ct^ 5jjL«JI ^^ji cjLSjI . nil <-i!j^ 

alSLaJI (ji VI ' I jj'a SjjlitJ cliljJaL^ (j-*"-*^ i-L!Ij"miI (ji^ij ■ J^j liji <-J>S 

(_j I r \jj~LC. -1 j ''*^ ,.-|l ^ il , „1 I ^^ I-L!Ij" MiVl (j^ L<fcljL>.| Ij^J.^ (j^IaiJI 

CjLj/IjJ cLLjLj)^ i—iVjjJI dJb^j^elLi aLS i4_LLaijJI 7"l^l ij^l-i Ljit^ (j[ju^s>- 
: dj^Li- »1 <i I III i(jiii nil (JIlo <1jjj/LlILi iL^ 4jjLJej iIjIjIsI^ ?-iJ' '"'^'^.' •'Li-aLi- 
I " *JJ A , ,.s 1 A 1 «5jLj^^^|))j i^JLu jj_« ^j I "^.)>^L$ *-^^l-^^l^ (j** '^ '' ((«Lc JLJI)) 
LJJ ' "'■^j"" " AJjulI «7-j|jLi-£ij|» j ipj-jjj^l (j-« Uj"' '"^'J-^^ jLuulj i^jjULLujI J JJ-* 
(iSjj^jill)) Lul 1 <i Mil Sl <i inU 3jjlitaJI SjJaLill (J^l i-;J-i^ Jt^J .(J-i-ulS^jj (j-o 
HJjjjiifljjjj) 4ijLc xjjusji (_y3 djjjiLiJlLl i«_u^ (^ JJI lSJ'^''-^' l_r?"J-^' L7^ f Jj^ 
"■^jjl .^tl» jl .^"Wl j.j>.| Ji^j .iiai£ - _■ " I ' ^" Sii^lj JL^I^I (_y3 (j^Lij LdJjdj 

(J^Ia (_5i^ SjijjJil ^jl 1 1 nil 3^LjtA (_p 3^^Ltuj j lL>- I (_gJJI I (jjjjiifljjjji <UjL>J 

jl_La_3 ^Jjl ((^jjLx-£iJI)) jJ_x-ojl ^:_aLJj_aJI i i i n "^ ly ^ '"' J '"'^ J^^^l J^J*-> 

.j" I n I'ltLaj J^j.AjJ [j-u Jojiil JljJljsJI JajiJI (_5-l^ (jJ/^'-*-"^ 
cliljJaLaJI I jj'"' tlij-^li Ct-'^' (jl jiJI Jjl J.>-i clulS Lujijij (ji tc-usjI Ji^j 
^^•j'aj ij'^jtjjj^" '^llJ ' ^J .'Jj ■'"'"' u"'""^JJ" c^J'^J' '^l (_yli jl .SjjlitaJI 
5j^ Oj-jso LjJljJl^*. LLai. (J^Lj (_yijEjJ » "'I '^ " f_^ 1834 aLc i_2jjLjj^_uij 

1— aj-iL^-j^ J i"i"t L^ aL£ 3_jjLje_i CjVI x-Lus aaj>JI I jui sLLi (jj i nj .jLJcjJI 
5_jjLitjJI 5J>U J^Lc r J>^ 1820 aLc (_yli jlsj .i_2jjll<ijj ^Jl 1.0a -■■tl ,^t 

LaJLi^j .(_)£, Lj (_j_i.5tjj (_y^ "'J^J I— SjjLjj^j Mil -1 J ■^j SjJajilu (_jSjjlSjJi,l J-^^»J 
^ '^a . Ij "1 1 -»ijl fjJl (_y£Lul£LJ,l JLjijLj 5x.j I n 1 j^l i_ajJa.4Jj dU ja /nlr 
.SjjlitjJI CjIj CjVI (J.«^ (jr^ LfljjdLa i, d_uji ' ^ .^ i j-» i (jjLufc i— 3jj Lj^ j I'l'i 

• d , -^ I , ^ 1 3JLjj<j ^^^ (J n i J J I II Jljljjl Ij "1 I -*ijl (_y^ l_ajJ_L<5Jj iJtPJ J"-^' 

(jjj ciij^Lsj (jylll L*ijjlSjJ,l joi^ (_ji SjjLlII i_jjfcljJll i_*^-Li^ 11— ajjLj^j I'l't)) 

.« Ujij (_y^ L^ Ct^-^' Ct^' . " 1 1 1;^ ^ \I II J . >. A 1 ' " • -^ ' ^ ' J L-uj I n-re-a Ij^IaJ I'l i"i 

Jljj'^l (_^l 4_cj^j Jljlj 3_jjLjtjJI iJiiWI *LtJj 'I-'jIj i-s^Lj^j n~\ Iju 

(j^» j^'ill fj^ J-i-^i Lft^J .CjVI )«-Jji 1-«-u^ Cj LtJuJ^iiiJ I 3jI Ja (_yl».j . Ij^^ 
C^Ji '^" 'I ^^loL) Cj Ji 2i I i> Ju^ j LL^j )) t<(L-3^Lu^j Mil * ' . ^ I, I ^^^^1^ «Ljjl Jlj^ r^-'-* 



99 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

f_^\ dJJj (j-o 0"l-Sj ^ LxJ J^l jlj-oj Ijlj^J JJl:^^ (j-*j (j^ 3'sl(j" Mia iJ^K 

JV 5 ; iri->. 4_ajLi. 3 , iri"i< 1,1 3_lj.^tlll OjI SjjUtJI CIjV^I sLb Jj^j 

l^^^ILa^LjS 15 cbLj_u <"« 1 1 Ills I i((^^^l JljJl>- jj-* (_>-^L:>- ' '^ ^ " fiLL^L-u^ * ' , ^ 1, 1 
.SJlj^I 4Jj_<j^kJI ,j_o (jIaJI i_flj^j jjLLL! 4j>Ij (jilju SIsLj iS^LJI (_y^ 

Ji^ 4jJjJL>JI i'IS mil JLa jjLs S^jLia «L>.ljj (jl (JJJ i LlLa^ Sjjjui 3x.jjjiJ 

JjJ III (_5i^J .(j-ltaLUI J^iaJ di^JJLJ (JjLji^I )«_L<lJaJ H^JS>-^\ (J-2jJI (JjLjiJJ 

tj'ii II MilLaj J^j lij 1 (j-u 3jJiJJl:>JI S's i nil *l_Ll 5jl jull (_y3 (jUjjJI «_lo JliXI 

.SJljIUJI 4_iJljJlj>J1 g<S I nil jju-u jj-« -n J ' '■ lJiJ) 
3-JJUJlj>JI dJ< III II (jL^ CT-^' i jjUiiilLi dlj^l JlSlj^l jlj>=c-o i-a^ 

I'lS I II II i> i <i"i I ID) ".(JLim (J J J I II (_5-i^ S-^ ■-* (*^^lj • ^ 3 '"^ 3JjJ-iJtA Cxjli 

dlj^l J" ii J I iij '(j<i J J J o' ij-" J'^^'^'j 'TJ-^ O' O-" j'-^'^' ^'^'■'^^' 
dsLirKJI Jjt'iiiiU jj-a -^ . . ^_^ . ..j i«l^^ JJ^ SjJaLaJI 'OAjj (_g JJI /a o i nU 

I.J lilt 3 "C III II (_y^jj3 ^ I r Cj^^I LiK 3j"'"'" ' "J .t-JLtiiJIj r-ljjJI f_j\r 
J-^-Oju-u^ t L^ILl4_A) (J^_i:>ijl J.2Jlu-uJ .«LjjLie_J1 Sj^L^I (jj-^ ^ rt J tl U" 1 1 jj_i^l 

5j_Lij>- 3_jJljJlj>JI gi s I II ]\-i <ii>-jJI (jl . 1 1 j ' i" ' ^.^-s-t I ijjijjjJIj (jLsjjiuJI 

LiJLp-j .((s^ijii (_jJI <_jl£jJI ijjj <i"m I iij ijja-ajj J^ 3jjLjtjJI iJliljiaLiJLa i3jLiil 
3_jj_SJI - f'JJ .' ' "J '-^ .' (j^ '-r''A>-^ ^^^^-^ ''In I II (Jji Lujijij (_y^ Ct-ierLial 

dJ's mil)) '.(jj^l^ 3jJU,I jjjj iL^ljLc:! jo-l t-ii;^ idluLS^Lij - 3jj .^_.:;il 

L^_LO j^\ 'l^-Lj j-a^l 4_2_Li>- (_y^ (j^J 'Jt!-^ vIJi-LlLii (j-* J-"^' ^'^'^'^'^' 
.3-JJljJ^>JI dJ< mil *LLi aj^ (j-*>!' tiiljj jj^jjiJlLaJI q^j£JiX\ JjLu 

(J^uiJI (_j£wijiAjjjjf .1—2 .i_a i_j3lSJI (j^ ajlSIlII sIjlcI Tciiaa SjjL^ cj«L>-j 



100 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

Lhj Ml i ! ij^S ,~i^ (_jJI Ij3^ SJLSJll jjS^jj±ajj^y\ (JjjijLS . Cj^Lua lj.«il SJljJijsJI 

^jKJI ..,,,':i1I e^Li^! ^ ,,a:>:i (^1 .Su^LbVl ^Li^Vl : L^! ajL-^OJ 

n_3j_tj,|j_S_j_i , I ,jj _I cUljIjJI ((3jJijJl:>JI AS. , nil)) ^ ij.^a I '^ji j^ '"" 



J^ t 11"^ J tdJS ( nj - ^ ' ^ 1 J 

j_:;tj (_jlr 4jJljJi:>JI i'K i nil CjJLuii/ JiiS ■ j j "' V 5j_iiLli aJ?"i1I q] VI 

5j^ cj Jljjij ^^il^i LjiuIj cjVj.«.>- ^jjLjtJI cjljJsLflJI cAHjj i(<sJL«JI i_^ j!j^] 
.ij;j_JI JiiJI (_y^ 4jJLuJVI ia-Lv LK IjllII tix^p. ^ jUtJI 

Q^ i I i it I J MiV Ljjjj-iia (j'-^J • ^ ''^J ct^I-^' iJ-2jJI (_jJ1 jLJe_JI (J-i-aj 
3-Jjj-j-«JI 4_L.t-uJI )<_o (_yjIiLijj (ji » U" . .." joJ Sjtjij 4j^LiJ| 4_Ji,L«JI ajLtHJI 
S-L^LiJI 3 1 J <i -xJl S-j-clj Mill (jii I nil dijie-Li-a I La Ij-uSLs .jj-oiLaJl tIjLii2jJ 
AjLja-"ii n_i joJj .djitjL^l <ijjL;LiLaJl i^jl^LaJl A-cjciia CjLLajj>J,l j-i^ (Jl-<i:>-^U 

j_c^ ^ A . .. tl j-x-i (Jj_lJkJ1 Cj_oLSj I Ljj^^ jL^al u^i^ aLc 'L*-^ plj-iiuJl 

(0-AJJlC (jl£ L<kjL>._5 LujiJIJ (jr^) lliji^'j-^' (S-Aj l-Liajl (JjjLlII uLl>-Ij IjLuJl 

. (lJlI 1 4-11 o"i ( n ^^?e-J 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

1 J I iijj (_ya Cjj^j . «Lum j3j-^' Ct^ 4.Sji>JI (_y3 JiJijjiJ jsJ (_jjJI I Uj^JjJ 
Ln^jj-La aJl^II Jila j^al Cj^JlJ-'ii iiI il id-Jl (JjLji sLJiijV CjVjLjtA I ''^J 
ji—jj JuId ^>-^?^' Sl^ aJlj>"i ( 111 La 1^j_u£j . iJ1i>La^o1^ oU «Lu_uL_u2l j^j-LiJl jj-* 

aLoI cdJi jj^ 31j.2IlII SLjijJi,! (_yAj_j£ ijlsjJLj j_ujJI 5jLjj>JI 3_i . "j^l j-4^'^' 

L^^^^J_a ^_^1 ^ 'nn i nil 4_ajL^ ^j_* ^' '^ ' * *(J^^ (1)-* T '^''' ' 'i ' Jj'^"'' (_>i:>iJl (j-< 1 1 im i a 

"iijjJaJI aJ~^ "iLLflUJI "^ ijii I nil j-jej (jlS LJLl>-Ij ij»La2l (_jJI 4 ?jii i nil (j\-ciJ^La 

(j_a j-J-jl jLl1:>-I (_yi Ij-Sijj joJ jC^jSjj njLoijI 4jLa (_jj| (ji < i iTi vLjJ JJ^ 

.J o"i I i i U (_, i I >i U JjwlII (j-a (»^jJI (_y3 l^p^^LiS J M i f (jyjjl (_7J1 Sj M i r 

, (J\j_l1jS i^'Tn'^^jIuLJ tji-ijl 4 'j-^ ' '■ ^_^_A i LnjJJI j^ Cr^^ M t iij)j ^_^ «Lu 1 
(J.4^ (2>^ It!-^ '"''»" I 111 1 j i*^ Ij i((«^jJI » I J^^-4J «<:Lum A Mii i nil » i-.l><A"^l 
U^\ i((.. .<iloL«JI i_ijJljjJI tLo)) ^JsLj/^ 4 Miii nil '"'l^'i'lj i|_3LiJI (_yj£ljJi,l 
dcg-L^I .((CjIj.£1JI sUsLji^ (__)iijl^jLJ «L<uL£ t3i>^ ll>^ ' .' 3"j CjljUau )«_flj^)) 
5j_2_i <-lijlj . (— i-j J.J90 i_j_lJIjJ '^j' ^-L>^J-*J '^Sm 'I ijii I nil S-oJiio (.7^ 
'"•^^ ' . iLu±aj jt^jJI (Jj^*- 'Lji^ '^^J lS'-*-" '-iJ-«-»^ 4£jj>JI liA2jj j-^JJI jLjJ 

5j_2_i V *Ui,l 5j^ (jlS jLlUI jijia L^jl2j (3^J id^LJI I i'""j ■ ■■ ^t-LLicui! 

■ d^MiJa-tJI 
I j j'a iJi-J Lt-'^' i3-ta^jJI 3 i-a-lll '"'J '^^ «3_uUI 3 nn i nil)) 3jj.j>o sLuI 
j_i-o'i/l 4 ■ ■■■^"' i»L«JI i—ijUJI I j • "tj (_,lrj nJljj^toJI JjU , ,NI 5jl jl 3_L>J sLjia^l 
(jl J_i_i iSLsLSLa pj"i T- 1 1 CiXjl^J iT-LaJj 3jj_5tlll Cjjsj . (_,> i ii<ijjLi£ .1.1 
Jj-jj^l fljJLi.VI liiijil JL2J .(.iUi J_Lc --■ j~"-l ((3_Ljm 3_LLiuJI)) 3,^ a 
^^^"' <ij^ (J n <i Ij i_g JJI i(_yjSljJ,l J or (_,lr jLlIcVIj (ji ^lAj^lt j_^|^j^j_lJ| 

l.'il^iiij 3jJl^lj Ljlj-a l"i J I n'l^l 3JVLi liJjjalS i_^\ 3 Mrt I nil S^^SLfli cdJi x_OJ 

^■-1 • "II liJb^jtll jLjtjJI 5j^ Ij^JlJt" I iij (jl Ajiill JlJlo q^jSjjoLlII (JjL>- 

. I ^ t M "»■" 11 •j ^ , ,. Ld_jj.j>tJ (_).>-) (j-« jiie-JI aI JLa-"i ( III (2>^ 3^ iS-^ OJ-^^^J-*-" 



109 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

3.1j^I f_j \r «uiDjj(J (_gjLjtjJI <_jjLii! ^ 1 J 1 ■ ^" 1708 aLc (j-iLi (_5-y-5 j^J^j 

cjIjij LoJlj^ ^'^ ''J J ' ^ ' LcSLxjo SjjLJcjJI (j-^jjJI ^LiiijLi ALjILiVI tcjj^I 

(O-Lou-caj jaJ ij^'iil (Jji (_y3 4 i ?" a JJ^ 4jjLJe_JI CjWI iJjl^J rij"^ '^"' iJ-«-«J 
(jlojlj.^ 5^1 I ria 4jjjiJjLJI j^jUl ijjujl^i i'mIt I 1753 aLc jj^ .^jjUe-JI 

ij_yj_jjj_u (Jjjjij : tLiLiJI j-j^l S^LtuIl (_y3 i-ilj'iMil ■(ji'" 'ill 4^j.:>J,l (JIiLlI^U 

(j-aj^j-j-i 3-Il I j ' -1 ' '^ (j-"J '"^ ijuus\jLX\ uliWI )«-J-<»->- (jl T-jjuaj (_pLi <;Gjtj 
f /« t \1 *wt 1 ^j_a ^ I II "^i J "ir 1 (_^^ ^ '^-^ ' '■!' 4S^^ iJ-*J^ tj' * j'-^"' ' "" ^ Lxiajl 
(<sJ I jj-fljjl (_gj J , ^ ", •, ^ 1 1 tL-tjl MM 1,1 cLajjjJI ,j-« (*A>'' Lt^J ■ ''^ 4jjL«JI 

, U .1 ,^^tl (j-«jJI liilj (_y3 S^jljJI SJLcuil oJl^j (j-UiH^Jll 5I34JI (j^J (jl^ 
j3l (jjiJLsj^ (_yJI (_yjij i_gjjl 'Lx^l oW' '-^ 'j>^-5^ lS-^ -^.i^ j-i^J-^' i—iLiuJI 
^■^ • "II TtJjU )«-4-5tJ plj-AJI CjL^jI (_y3 (_)-*-*:? 3-*J 'J>^ Ji^ .oJljL^ )«_a SjjL^ 
4jjLitaJI 3JVI (Jl Jj'ii III Cj^j O'-^ "^1 '<— ijJ^:*^! ^j'^ '" (j-* '-*>Tt^J 4x-iJl2JI 

. u" , ,.j -s-Ij i3_jjLjtj cjVi j-ilLaj 1 I II \j^ (_y3 (2>^ (*-l ''-Jl --^ .(j^^jij>J,u 

5 a \l ,^^ sGjLc.! Ijlj^CjJLaj LiSj . IjiUol (_yJI «bvjlll 4jlr 1 <j . >■ « 1 1 J j<j 1 1 
i I I II tj^ (_y3 (iSjju ^ -» ' ^ " " (Jjl ^Lb 1 775 (»i-c jJ/^J S^i- VI j-^u J-S^ 
i_3jjuj ijjjiJjLj (_jJI (JL>JI (_y^ i—iLJuJI JajLuaJI £L»-jj_5 . I ^ • "■^' CjIj 3J| i_^l 
(iLLi (jlSLal S^^SLa TT Jl 11^ (_y^ jlj L«-« . (J-Lj-iifllll u (a^jJl (j-"J-iJ Ji/rJ^ S^i>.Vu 
?Lb (j-o (2>^^ CjLSLi>-l Sji^ 'J^J •Mj'^?-'^' CjIJiJ .ajj^ SjjLjtjJI 4 ijii 1 nil 
i-,^l U", ,.l I 783 aLc tjj^ (j-a I— ij-aJu Lcl^ ijlxj^j>- (_j^l k(i— si's 1 nj^^o ^ nii 1 nil 
jjl S-jjLitjJI 3JVI L^JJJ (_;H-!I (-i-Jj-jalll t_ijJljJLi 4^j^l S-LuiuJI ojui 

, «LcL_u (J-* ^H^' J*-:*-^' Axis aJloIu 
I". 1 »"i Mil jJaJS i(_y^ljJLi.VI aIsI Mil lJuji^ Ij^^jv (-i^ji La jjLc.j.jji 
CjVjLa-a J-<»-^ (_5-3 <-L!j"imiI i_g JJI (_7S^I JJ^J-II j^L&J 1 1 I II "tj^ (_y3 Sjjill 

■ OS 



(_^l 3_S_lSj ,j_o jsr <' Ml JUJljsJI iJJj.j>J,I CjI j 3 nriiiill (jL^J l^pLsol (_y3 
(<s-^l «— a 5J| I II 1,1 oJlj* (_).»■ (_y^ LoLxj ljl-»-<"ii ii_t (<sJ J_lL>oVI (jl VI n^js>-] 

JLaa . I^Lj^I (_y^ ^J^ liJI jjl jji-l^l *1_LJ 3jJ^ jilS'b/l uljVjUm (jl 

. J - (jLc^pjtA Lj^jj js>-\^ Cj^j (_y^ 1 784 ALc ^u' .".Ij (jjijjjJI ^1 J .>.^ 

(^^ 3_JjLje_jJI CjIj 3J| (iljiitlijiV I 1 J IJ"! '^" [s>-jli^\^-i_^.u±ja\j . JJ (jVij*^ 
JL2^ (_, I II alj Lai ilJijJljso i_j_lIIjJiJ (jVu*^ 5jj>-u Cjij.j>o . ij^Ji-uAl iiJbj.j»iJ 

(j^j.;>J.I (2r4>i-i-JI LSjj>- ijul£ . L^jji-J^ ^J^ T'J^ (*^ 1*^ nni iitl 3^Jl2^ (_y3 
3jul (j-a jjLcjIliJll (^A-^Iu (oJj . jjj I iiS't La LJLc,j silajJI (_yjJjjLji La^jHIS 

■ j\j 0" I iiLi j^l I ii-»- <_!jLaIlJI cjjIjvj .(JLi^'iil (JL»-j ^LilLiil 

^ 1 _; 1 ' ^"' (jl VI ii—ljLajJI djtjLll, (Jlj^l (j-C, LbeJ LjiJji (_jJI (jVu*^ ''-^J-* 

I ij I nil l^pi^ol (_yJI i_ijij i^JJI (_yjji^lj Lai . Liiajl jL>-i aLu-AI i-LlLufc^pj joJ 

3 Jj Jj . >. 1 1 Jlj.aVLi 4jj.4J (j-* tiJJLcji J^J jl l-ki>- JljljjiI jjlS J-is ^ •■■■-i' 

(_y^ LLAJ .ijJjjalLJ /<sJ i>Lb l_gjJI (_gjU£jJI t-JjLill (jl j_j£. .l_!jLjtlII «lj^V 

Cjj.^ii Jl2^ i«L:tjvU j_j^ CxjIS (_j.iji^Ij <_jjL>o (jl ^«-aj .p^p^>J,l (_5-3jJ (jJuJ 
.jUajJl j-i^ (_,lr 3 1 J ^-^ '^ 5jji.LJI pl^pi-l t^jjLj fjJs ^"1 "I j • "| 
«Ljj_l^_i ^^ILaI uLIu LjS^j^i (JJlJu (_^ ^^^\-u2 (_j I II alj (jl (_^ ^j_iaiJl (j-<;S-J 

.(jjl<Jj^ cjjjjij jji i—iLiJI I jui .SjjvLJI 4 Lb vJiiVjUtA (_y^ <i£jLJoj ^ial mi it 

. LuliiliiMt 3j^j_LaVI ijV^JI (_^ 3jiii;->Jl i^gjjJjjVI (jjll^^ '^J^JJ '^J 
i_aj^)jLA iJiVjus AjZij^ (^sellll tijJ:*- ' Luit jMj^ (_5-1I ''-J *t>?-^ ' '^ ',>^'-:' (*-y-*J 

./c_i-u^1 (_j_b «L<i_Lkl^ i (_Al^_a ijjjt^ I-, A , ,."s1 5^^S_u,l ^" tj AU jL^Laj .«L_uljjAj 

^cj-ujJ 4_iiujj LaLc J '"-^ «Lt_u_u ^j_<iJLll (j_a iJLjl (jjHJ^ TtHIl^l I 782 (^Lc (_^J 

(jj-LflJIj A J U 1 1 i_aj^)j(J,l (_j^L>J,l ijix-ujj'C I II liJjLJoj . LLilj^Lia (_y^ jj '^H 

(_jj| J ■-! • "II (_5i^ 1786 (»Lc aJ-CL-LM^ n—lj-ifcjJkl aLjj/jJI j _; ' ^ " (_y3 Jal Mill 



10^ 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

^^iS 3 JJjUj^ (jl VI) ij^ujjilj 4jLiI JjLJ jOJj/jJLl "tjS^I.C (jjjjj^ C7^' ■ («-"J-!l 

i_!jLjtILll 4_«_iLll Vlj^i SLij^lj djiuj^l SJl^I I iKiij <ijLL>- (J^ii- 5j^ (j^ 

. (Sjji. Li! I * Lb f_j\r 
5j_1Ljl3 .(jjUl^ Jii^ "ijLsj JlJU '~'J^ ' 4ju1 I ii->-J (_yjji^lj -' _; " I ' ^"' ^«-J-<i->- 
Ij JJ " (_j ' "^Ij «L»-*-3^ t^i^l 5j.^^LJI ^ ^ ' ^" j^Idj iLjt-Ltfsl^l ^ 1 U ^ y 1 ^JS 
(_a jLill iiJjj>J,| aj^ Sj_p-VI (j^ i I nil (_y3 ^^""j Ji^ (_j.ijtAlj (jl^J I Ljijjila 
(j-C l^l T jj (j^Hjj^ Pj-^ .(—kjJLjtlll i_*jjljj <l>-jl.xJ (_y3 aJLJeHijiIj i^LxU 
(JLal CijLi-J 1 J Mi li ILi I Jlj* dJLa-i (_, g" tl Jl^j .«LijL>o JjXJ JLi^l (J^J 
Q ^ Lt-LLd L-u Cj 2ijL;e_a 1-4^1 * " i w <•> J (_7^l «L:;tjIi-ijl tj-« 5 JjIuJ Ij-HLsol ^_^ jjjjLLJI 
(((jjjIjLJjJ IjjJjLi)) SjjvLJI (j^il^p^iJ, I (3-^1 •lSJ'^'^-^' MJ"-^' * '-'^ Jt!-^;!-* J 
i(5j^LJI aJJt i_!jL>o (_yJji (jL^I^ (jjjJ^j (j-ujj-u Cjjjjij (jl^ «UI (_yJI 
3jl j'tl (_y^ CL^jJ:. Sjji-LJI (ji 3j».jJJ TtjvLj j_j^ ij\^ L^jja^ (jl VI 
. IjjIjoI ijJS (_yJm ^ jJI Jl5ej <J 4jV iijiuUI I 796 aLc: o>^>^ j^ 
3_btill CjjJiJ shj .3j^I^ *'-'^ l5_>*^' 7-l^pSVI jjiiTit I I litj^ (_y3 IjlJ 
-' J 1 ' ^"' (_jJI LuajJI (j-^JU LuijJ^J (jjj^LiVj /J-JJ-* (_yX-ijlS Vl I jj" (Ji-J Ct-^' 
L-kj-u^iJ , «Ujjj_LiiJl jJI^^VI 4_ajSj>JI i"' '^ .^^ ' 0^""^^'^ * cj-^ *i-i-JJ iQ^HJ^ 

(Jj < Mi 1 1 (j^jiju (JLol CjjL>-j .(j^LiLa dj^l^ii! (_yjLillj JjVI jji^vij^j-LlI (jl£ 
(_ji^l (Jjjju (—iajij iS^jjjij (jjHJ^ ijS^ (j^ SjjL>J,l (JjjJI )«_o i_!jijj>Ju 

.4j^j:tjJI t_!j.:>JI (_y3 i~»l"al U.M . 4jIJlJI (_y3 Cjj mi t (_ylll 
(_jAj^_a'2l j_j_fl_tu]| ^^jL^ (jjijju j_yji^ . 3"a \l ,^/i jjjjj^ CjJLcLji Shj 
^LLJ j_^jLt_« ^>-^ ^ ...At ^^ O^ lS^I 'Oj"' ' "* 'J'^J ^^JJ pLjr Millj ^_^_LiJl 
1803 j»Lc (j-3j ip-jjie-aJLI SjjjjjiaJI jJlj^VI (jjILtui-uijJ (2)-*' • I '■^j;' Sj^LoJI 
(jJj-ikLjSi^ jjjja-tj (j-A->-»JI J-^ (_5-3 LuJj.J>iJ Lo^ (jjUlj^ 5jj>-u Vji Cjj.j>ol 

4^^^-(.uj jLuJI JoIs 4^LcuJ| ' ^ ' ^ * J 4X.L-U f^^-*3 ^t ^ '^-^ ' '■ 'I i"'^ ■ '-^"i ' '■! 
LJLla JjJl>- (j-a (j^jiju (_jJI (jjHj^ L>J . S^LjJI (_y3 Cjl^p^jijS 'l-^Jj ' S^'-' 

u^ (J-iii-flJLi (j^lUj^ (_, I" il (jl J^-«-jj I JijJlJo (__yiLaj_i ijjj^ 4_(SLI .Sjl^I i nil 

LJ tjj" I n < ilijl pLLilLjil Llx^^l I JLjfc (_5-3j . ISLj^l (_yJI SJijJlII j^ I Wjjj' 



105 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

jLc .^-cl 1 11 II f_^ Cj 1 j-ILo j 1 J S 4 "i I II (2>c (J^ V 4^j_cuJ (jjijji^^ J^tH -'-'^ 
(_y^Cjjilua (_^l i^jjUtJI uUlj SJT4j(^ LJLv .(;>l3^l (_yJI 1806 iL: o>^>^ 

, ■ *■ '^^ 1 8 5j Jl^ ^jjIU^ * ' , ^ rt 

(_jj| (iclu-ij-aj J IS)) SjjvLJI /".^lUilj .SjjvLJI ^Lb (_y^ 'j-3^ OJ-^^ ''^ 

x-iijij .3_jjUtj 3JT L^ji^ ' • ' ^ "' ji^j 1 1 jHo 50 L^^la (jl^j 1 1807 aLc ?UI 

tfJUi iJjjJl;*-! , jLLoI a I iio-»- I 1 j i" (JS jJaS i_ijJL5tiLI jjuVjJ L^;UjL>- (_5i^ 
LaJ-i^ ll>^J ■ OJJA?^ ^yaLio (jJi^ (jjJL&l MiU ^<-J-«^ Liijejlo tL^jjiJI Si mi it, I 
i<l-» ,^^tl i_A2j| i^^iiSI <ijCj.jji LL«-La ijLuJI Juus fjijs>-^\ jj^LftjiJI Ijijfc aJi2j 

(j-o i_aVT jjl^j i7-La_Lll Ljj 3_bji,l i-aUa .<_!Lax.l cjUcjj^ (_yJI 5x.j i n i 
5jl^ -j^"-)^ ■'Lcj I II 1 (_jJj3l 3jjjallJI tLul <jiij.^ii (_yl!l ijiii'ij I iitl ijijjjl 

tlljjjjjj (j^j jj>- l^jil sLxJilllo <l>-^La 7iLj£ (2>^ O^^l "^'_>^?^' Ct^ J-4^ (^¥' 

7c_La_<ji (ji VI . jJLoj_Lp SjLftj^Lj j^»-i I -1 j ' J ' 5^1 1 II 111 vLj3 (j-uUI njLJjij 

T-LscLlI (2>^ J 1-^ ' 1 1 i-Sja-ajj . LJLi- (jl^ (_yjj'i/l Sj li I nil (j^ Sj^Lcuil Sjji-LJI 
CjIjJjJ iCllm "^LjjIj (j-a p 1 1 m"i i_^jdl jjjlll^ (jl jj^jJI lill j JljIj^ (_y^ "-r^ 

.TCJjLlll (_ji ajj-U Sji jG (Jjl iJjjlS L^'^ ii^\ X I nil (j-« Ct^^ IJi-1 j li i nil 5j-»-l 

(oJ 4J| VI LuljflMi 3^U-j JjVI t^ljJI J-o c-Jj MM I I>aI-=- f>iim (j^ '^J 

. L^lj Mil VLo dJLUj (j^ 

(_yJb JlS£ .5j_u^ 5x.j I n t (j I ii-a-Tt 3.>.^m JLx^l CjIJlJ 4jjL>JI aJJt Jljlj 

.jjLkjlj (_,j I in lull (_5i^ jJ>-l^jJI Cjj.^j3 La (jLcj_<jiJ 
« LLlajS)) 3jj>.Ll1I i(JjJ (_gj-uk (j-* pi I ii1_l I l^pLsol (_y3 Cjj.^Ii 181 2 aL^ (_y3 
S-aialllo iJli^La-j CjIJlJ 1815 aLc (_y-3j . J^^^^ J-^J (.j-l^ '-r'^J-" '"'^''"' cr^' 



106 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

iijikl jJI CjI^^jjcjJIj jL^J"^! f_j\r (j-ojJl tiilii jji-l^ «_L.i;v Cj^Lc . ^JULJ .(j .til 

Jl^J .(_, I rilUal CJj^ *>^W ijj' "LJLsLj-u" 4jSLj^'i/l 3 Mli I rill dtJe-LI-O T 

il .;->_il 3^j-Ji/l Sjl^ SjjUtJI SJ^I Ijlt: ULaLo J o^i- 1819 j»L: dili cuaa. 

(_y3j .(jj^JaJI (j-o jj^'i/l «j.^l (_y3 Sx.jji'i/I djcTi^ 3 Mii i nil (ji dllj (_,lr Jij 

^L T l-L-'l- I - U 4((/C_uiiJLll ^j£j-iiaj|))J ((^^^^ t"ill)) ^LJJJ>.LJI Cj_4j) ' i^^*^ 1883 (^L^ 

(j^jji-LJI (j^Lik f_j\c a^^s^^ Llul^ JLv (J$(_,lr L^i «_a) Sx.jji'i/I Sjx.1 i nl 
V LlJ 5--LJ1 iri'lVI uIjLJLSLoI x_<jj^ - Tc-Jplj *UI - 3j'j;l-^ll ^aUaJI J-iLlo 

LliJL^J 'OjLcLcuXJJ l(J^ljlilj » il .^11 j2)-0 JjJjlJI (_y3 CjWI liJjJ>-J .(JjjLSj 

(_y3 SjjUtoJI CjWI cjl^ 3 K I j .jji-l^jJIj LliljiaLSJI Cj^j.j>oj iCjVjji:>JI 

-3jjlitjJI lIiWI 3j^iaJ i—iLji jji i(j^jSLul£LJ,l aLol «^j1a j_ji. ijSLc j^^li 

3_jjLje_jJI CjWI (_yj:.jJiie_a (jl . i^Lc 'i^J-J 5jlj.j>JI 3_j^>_laj JLu^l aJlCJ 
i^l^jjjvj ^ /; . ..^ tl t Q^ U" a /^^Hj-JLc, fjz (*-*^J *^?-*"^,^^'J *^'-^^-^' CjI^j-LdL^Ij 
»L1q_i JL>._jj («J 4J3I I II J t <ij| j.^^ i4_ujj_5tlll (2r>-ilj.^l ^'^* ' lj;l<n"ii III J^ 
3^j^)j<_a sU,l jLJtJ ^_ys\^^ (1>^ C"' 4.Sji>JI i_^ 4JI (_jJI 3^Lti5VLi 11— il I ii-»- 






107 



- IJl^ 3_jjL«JI Sj-jkUaJI 3_l3|jj5 (_yJI bLujjl /ajjiLill aJJt (_yJI liJLjii J-U3J 
?r 1 "l 1 1 <— lli jJ '.S-Sj^JaJI oJl^J ^>^ Ji^ • tLLifoJI ^jL^J (_y3 TjJill oWj-^ Lj-^3 

Lihl <1 r II Jl^J I JLlLsJI t_!jjijj 5jlj.J>JI (j^ "-^Lui^ ^^* ' 3'-^l '-T^'tH'^ '—''■'^^'^ 

'j^j^ '^^' (j-« ^m tj-« gLuts^jV ui cLii t 1 1 11"^ J , Lciajt 5jijL>. 3'-^] *— *^6_i s^m 

(j-o 4 ' J '^ I II "i t 3 Jj Jj . >» 1 1 5jljj>JI dJJj (j-o CjIj^ «_ijLi jjSI SjIjjv (J"-^! 

<A^ CjL:tjLj sLjjiiJj dllj (»LS_3 .^jul iM-K (J^l (j-a ljL>- ^-^^^ 3"-^ (j^ Cjlj 
(_,_Lc Lilj-»- i^LlLo f_j U <_t (ji (j-ojJI liili (_y^ jL».i > U"i I iij /<sJ cdJi x_oj 

(_yjjl Jl». I <t\l j", , ,.V JjUlJI jLsol Ai^ J J I III! Loj I JJiJtA lJ-«-C (_5-l^ J ' ^ ^ "' 

jjjls (_gjLji <_jLiu]l (_, I iitj-illl (jjjJiJl^I 5Ji I II 111 ejjt dLisK^ aLl2JI (_5Jj3 

Ij_ljG I'l i"i ^ij "ijLj^v Cj^I (_gJLllj (_j-ml J I iillj JlAJI j<sJL«JI iJjlSjIjV (jjl - 

(J^ (_,lr I— il Mill (<sJL«JI (JLj^I (_jlr (Jj n _. I ii-re^ (l>j"^' (Jjl Ml (_,lr (j ihI Ij.^jj^ 

. 1 i^jt 4^jjlail JjLJll 
^ Ij .>.^ tf_jj| I jj'a t_tieiil (_ylll 3_LcuJI (_y^ - 1796 aLc _jjjl^ lSjLj-u jJj 

j^Jo JLS_3 i^lj lt-^ C^ri-^ Ct-^ ^^ ^' ' ^ ' ' jj_u£ljv . dj I iijjLJI a^LlJI «Llx-1^1S) 

. LUaj! (jjULi (Jj n_. iiiTi^ 4.2jSjJI a>L«JLi aLiIaVI V ^ua t_j'i/l 

Jal Ml mI <LJjlj-a JJ-* ^'-'^^-4-1 (CJ *^J-l'^ "^JJJ^ ^tl >i <d ^ I nllj fiLt-tla ^j 2-(JLSIu_ul 

.5-mlj I nil jl 5-mJ i^ll (^ 

■ijLl^ jJLij La (_, I r i-xl^ i-^^^-J-^- pj^ri'^^ L7^ '^' LJ-'l lS-^'-" j^Lj 

j3^ t-jL^SLII I jui jjj-3 JU- J^(_yk: .((jLiil 4^j^l Sj2JI (j^ jKa!»jj^Mill 



108 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

(j-ojJI cdJjJ 3j^ '^11 JlcIj^II I _i I ri-Kj , 1832 aLc (_y^jjj j>lj^ r-jl (_y3 j-Aj 

3_JJ_kS_l (j.^ '— '^'^ 4j(lj (_g jJI JO I ritl i_JJlA i-4J-« J 3 „'J '' .' < "''■'^ . ~<l U^\l II 
.SjjJL>- <ii».j_o sU^_LiJI (_y3 CjI jGjI <ij| (_yjL«j jjj ISJ ^^jJLi^ i—jLq jj^Ii (jl 

i^inW 4lLLaJI Jiia. Q^Ls (^Jl JLujjI i_gJJI IjLiII I JUk tjl^ . (_gjLj'!^l liJj^l 

•jjjl^ (j^j ^ SjUil IsjU- Ljj>^ IjjLaj-ui^ >l3"T 

(_ySjj . ^LalS I jl JlcI Jl»j joJ L^jjjJaj (jl (_jJI ^ • "■-" (jlSUI (_y3 j j i"i_tj . «_<jilj 
jsj ' 3 -> ' ^ 1 1 ' *lj4!l ■ t'^ « ' "-^ j^'^l 4jIjlj (_y3 ...» •.iiJj.j>J,l I jui (Jil, I U U -^ ^ 

U^ (J_<1^ '_;■-''"' (_5i^ *lj^l (*'-^jl !^ . 3tj j , ,.^i I j« '.^ (jSLxJ 5l.ii Sji^l I no I 
sL^-jJa J-a'i/l J.^T (_y3j 'J^ii JJ-0-« «Lc.J i_gi (_y3 j\ (j.aj£Ji,l x_o SJljVliii'^l 
<_ijjjjj 4_CjJli-l (_gJJI ijJjj>J,l (JjjjlI (_flj^j IjLA (jl >U^\I I ((...jjsJI ^1 
(oJLjlII L^J fJ-o^ o' '-r^3 ''^LiJtA 5jI !jjjl£ (j^ <ilu (j-Hj i n j::e-i J-tJ J[>:J.i 

jj ■^ ' "^ ' 1— fljjj^j .ijl^ (jjji- 3 1 t_ijL>o jjjlSLI SijjjLA ijjjlS 4.Sji>JI i_^ 

(_J_LC J J .^--11 jj_a LCSLO-I Jlia .(_yL>-ljjl 3',>-^"^' ijjjja^ tLLl (_y^ (JJIJJJJ 

/<sJ Lo-^JI VI I l_o-4^ I j-li- 1 (jlj^'^l (_, I II l_o^ ij^^jj^_lJ pljUi-l S^ljj 
S^Lt^l .jOJ^T-Jil Jij^jJI jLjUi-l (j^ Li^oTlj joJ 4j-3L>-j i^LiJl )«_u^ I 'j'-^"' ' "„' 
i Li^jlaj (^y^ Lo-&j_iSLflj \j^j 'JJJ '^"' ^.^^T* ijj'^ tJA^Jja UlS J-Si dJJi (_yJI 

. ' 1 j^j "^ '1.' I ^ jtl «" .".I L^jlj 



109 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

■^j-y L<Ci>- 3JVI (_y3 Oj^ 0' S-^^?:? lJ^ 'J^' ^LoLc 1 I ri-v ji I _. I ri-a-*^ 'j'^'^ 

3jlj.^l JLUJl iJjLlo (_yjUI ijJj^l Jaaj SjjIj^I 3JVI J.«^ «Luij jii^ 

^_^1jIj1 t^^"l t fill jj_« *m ' I^J ^ . .. t 5jJ)^ JljIu'^I ^_^1 cLi^J*j_u JljIu'^I ^ t il'^ijl jj-« 

(j_o Ij J I ii"iSl La ^Liia 4jjLjtjJI cjWI ^11'^" jji (_yJI SjLiVI (_yj>-j-y 

iSjlSjlI,! 4joUII dJiill (<iS>:»-J (Ji-UI i—i-r-us C^^i^l "^Ljjaiilu jjlS Jli^ . jjjlS (J.4^ 
jl iSjjIj^l Sjiilll Jutj L<ia£ tUk: oLiJ i^gjdl (jj^Ljj^I liil j jt-u-ol 4J| VI 

.3jjIj.j>JI Sj^-v'^l ^-jla^ tLiiJV Sj^JiiJI SjLcLill jLi-o i^jJI (sJjlII 

(JL-ajl ^Liiiijl l-;J-X^ iCjIj MjLiisj (^ JJI (Jlj I nil (_yJL^ i—ll^jv (_yl^ J J . ^ -.. It 

.^^,SLulSLJi,l (JjijlIIj SjIjj>JI J^lSi aj^ J>^j 'lSj'j-^'j C^^-i^^^-i^' iJ-**J' (j^ 

jijij .C^^l di!i(_y^ *Lj}^I cr^^^ «j'>=^ ^t!^^^^' 3'_;;t^'l (jl VI 
' ^ '. .^ II ip I ii->>JI f_^ sLcoLiJI jljJkl (_JJl>-I Ji^;*-^ JJlxIu SjIjjsJI (jl (_5i^ 

(_yi i4_LjLjILo 5jIjJ>- lIiLvjJiJ IIJJIJJ (_^l 1^1 I ri-vVI 4JjLpJ (_gjjl n_gj I J.J>J I 

j_uSjI I J^p- i^jlj.:>iil (— i-u^l 4j^Jiu Llt»-jji sLjjjjLlIij .SjIjjsJI (Ji ^jl i'' 
tfJL^ j_ijLS I'l I II <!! .(_gjlj.j>JI (J-SJjIj 4jjIjj>JI A^ I nil (JlLo ijjfcl^IaJI (j-« 
^ Jj LSlj jl cLoLc Sjjj-caj ^«-»^J d"l U^\l ^ ^^^ cGl i«_o 1 1 ''^j' 3jj lA'.tl 

jjcj>- (j-ajJI lilli (_y3 (_gjljj>JI ' ^'.^11 3j_jiij I'.^-vlj .SjljjiaiJ 3_iSLuI£LlI,I 
j"i r x_jJaJLj SijJLSLljvVI Ji_Lc. 3jlj.j>JI 7!LJ-ij (3^1 ijja '.Sj-a-lj Sji^lj iS^^Ii^ 
I jj'a I Jj (_ylll ii— ijLjtllLj 3_i^j c1!^LlL«3 f_j\c (_gjljj>JI I ^ '. . ^ 1 1 aj^ j[ju^\ 
jjjSj jji i-jj-^^c-J i-iJJ J jLLc <iji JLj_i njlSLo (j-* ??-":i "^ lSj'J'^'^' (— i-u-iiJI (ji 

(jLS l^jJI '-ijj-^jlj (!)■<-« l-^:*-'-^ J-^ J Mir (j-oliJI oj-^' ^^ ct^ Ct-'^J 
•dj,:-.a j^^^SLa i7c_ujj^ (_ji «Lujj>- 'LJujj (_y3 it^l jdl vIJuLLajjji ' .'J*^"'".' ij-*-*:? 
I—La TccisljJI (j-« ^'^j'j-^ ?-^J-^ f^3 i(jJJ(J.I ' • ^" Jj^ SjljjsJI (jlLiJj liLi 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

sLj_)_lAII »I olr JLlILSj (J.*:><j ^Liil N^''"' (jl^ 'LJi (_,lr ij_y£Lul£LJ,l (J.«j(Jlj 

<l»-jjj (-jLiitll i_ijJaJI ^^^ Aj<^tl ojui LliijjalLijil .«Lujj>- 4 Miii n (_y^ «CLojL>. 
f_j <\ i"i" I ria ^1 <1j i_JJlJ (j-uJ-A (j^JJ j4>" J>^ j-asl ijL^J (_y3 .^jJUjusJIj 

(jSL«j jjl^ dJI <i>.jjJ » 1 Vi -»- 1 J Sj-JLlo LL^lil (_f^i».l jjjU J-*^ Jji (ji Lxj 

r* j^_4-i 4_Lj_u JuLj ^ ill \ . ■ ^ ' "-^ * «L<wIijtJl ojS^\-i A^aj] J-^-oj ^1 i>j_(Iuj Jui^ 

(_fljSj SSj^ 4.<ji^ (j-« -" j ■^j (jl "-T^^^J I JLo : 4 I'll III LvjLLj iiLic j-jjLo IJlj 

(jl x_o .Sj-i-oLjlII .-.I -. lU ,^11 ^ 43LI3 3oK 'ijjju |_5JJI tiili JLjJ^allLi 
5jlj.j>Jlj 5jlj.jv ^1 LiSI J (J^jalu 3£j.j>JI (jl r'Tii"! Ill (_yj| jjjLo (Jj^jj 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

^LiLjii! <jjji^ 3.<ijS (_yk: La Jo. 1^1 4jjLj;.jal!l uijLiisLlII 3.2j;iaj ^Lls 

"iLcal^l SjljoJI (j^ ''J^ J-i-*-'^ (<UJi5 A>?-* iJ-^'^-y ^i)'^''-^' CjWI J .><ai 
(j-C Jljij 1 'r J mi (<si«J (jl (JJJ I Luj^oo (J^^ (j^uj^p. JJo. I 843 aLc (_y3 

«dJL^ 1847 (^Lc ^ ■ "''jtj 'I _ '^ J '"' * ^^JtH"-* ^' 1^ ' (2>^ 1 n Ml (_3jjLj ^t tl)j-ij 

joJ . "^ "i 1 -tt-a (_y^ I i ' . '^j3^^^-i^^ 0*^J Lt-'^' iSj^l ''■^■^^ (j^ Sj^^jiuil 
SjjIjoJIj 4_iSLulSLJi,l ((Sj^l)) ^-N-tl«.] >, U^'a 5JL2Ji,l eJJt i_^ ^ .."tj j^lj,>v Jlj^jj 

,tl!Ujj(j^ ^ijj La Jl>- ^I 3^j_<jij S^LLaJI ■'■^■^->- ijS^ jjjjjijj^l i_*^jILjil 

4jjJij < " . I . ^ ^ J . 3 ij I U ^ ^^LLs ^I J^jjtjj 3^jjijJil 4^LLaJI (j-o (n i ii°l (_p (jl 

(Jlij-^Jij . 5_i-o.UJ I (J III ii'^l (J^ (_,lr tcjjLlII I JLA (j-* sIJiUjI SjjiitaJI CjWI 

.^jjljoJI 3jiii"tlj 4jjIjoJI ISLloL(JJJI /nlr - /oijii! SJljJls. pjlj-S 

dll M I ll'^"lll jJJjL_u] ^It*^ t(_^JU_U Llx^^l «UjLie_Jl CJ 21 2 1 J 1^ rt * y'^\ -qJ 

Jal Ml ill 9-\j^\ (j-o LajjJJj i(J.2iJI (JjLjijJj 3'' I M^ll Sal UtI (j-^^G 3jLijtA 
. jU" , ,." ^"11 SjjUtjJI CjWI (2>jI . Jl «ir '^1 JjJ->- (j-o CjJ< Til III Sh (_yjl I iitVI 
CjI^^-LsLSJI r-j^lj isUI (_jJI d_4.Je_LiaJI j^l^aJI (JILjIj 1(J.<j^ (_p Juijj (ji 
tfj-ifc (J-JJIJ «(_yji J'^ J j l-^j /<sJ (2>^J 14jJljJl:>JI i'K I nil (_yJI Sjjill ijjUtjJI 



19 



jliUI 6JlJbJI i^i^lifl 

.Sjbv^^l CjV^I (_yJI <iiij Si's Ml a (JUjjIcI Oj^^I ^ jJ:£ i^\ tT^Lo-lj 

CjLuSLxU 4Sj.:>JI (Ji 4_lI| '"•^^-- ' . <iJjS La (JSj SjjLjeJ 3J I (_5-i-j3 (jl (jSjSJ 
"■ ■' j ■' SLJaJm (j JlII j-la-La jjl i Qjuj . 4_LLLa j-i^j 5 JL2jla iLxi] dioLjjj 

tixJtJI i^^jj^^jiaJI ^ tjl^. ll>Usl 4^LUJI JuJjl] 4Jlia SJItTu-uiJ 4jjUtJI 
, L^Jjjjsoj \ jjl'' J J , ^ -» 1 1 SjjjL>- l-uSLlm]^ ,3 al ult (_jjj^| 5JijJl>. )«-Ji-La jj-C 



IS 






^jLJj-jJI jjj^ 4jJl5j 4jj1_ojj>.j SK:^"! 5jl>.^ j_i5l t((_^^l ^jJ^ - Talanton 4_j_Jl_J^^I ^j_a) t^j^uJlj (I) 

4iij^^l) .i^37j_;,_caia^I(jjIlIllJI iJuj.i^S ,30t_^jj^Vl^_^l_JI^>^LiiJULti^j_^_5.i^9 .25- 
,_>^ 1 1976 3S!j_uj-a clj-Uj^JiS-..aJj IjISLcuIjj^jj_u jI-1-25 jLUm-IjubsL^ cru^^ c^ t^Jr?^' 5.p^j-..aJI 

.(^>ai - (227 

t4_<uJLiJI c-1 j-t- tToJ I ^j-a j-uSL]l ^jjS 4^L.ux-U o-"^ ^-^^^J J-*J t(Stadion) 4jJLJ^I ^j-a jj^jjIIj-u (2) 

cjUKJI ,j^j-aL^) .^ 185 j^tj Jjj^VI j>Li ^_^j t^* 195 j^tj «Jli JjLj ^_^ Mlc^ 4"oj<^ t-.^l"-^!^ 

.(CjvjOil - (470 ^j^ J988 ^S-L^j-a .4j^jjJI iiill jIj - 5ji:-i.Vl 

^j-aj ^j-a jLj_fl_) tla_i_u jJjJ. I ^^ J '*^' J-=t->-j' ct^J-^ J^^ r^riJ^ Ct^ 4l:>-j-a j—A ' ''j 'J Jj 4L>.jJLl (3) 

.j3 30 ^Li t"nj"'il jl^j t ji>LJI aX^ Lajj J>llrvl ^_pjv U .^j, 323 - 334) ^_^jjL2il joJIS-l^VI cj^Lvjv 

LjISLj-u^jj^jj-u jIj t30 jLi:>J.I - I jLbc_a t>^^^ ct^ i^>:?^' ^■A.4^>'-"-i I 4iljj_ojJLI) j '^^ f-L^aJ-^Li a 

./<uvj:ill - (142 ,_>^ i 1978 ^SLx^j-a tlj-uj^JiSL..aJj 
L4_jJl^ ."rKMi" j_^l ^j>U 4^y^l 5 JO ..r,\\ - tlJjUlI JlL - Boheniia 5 j ) nMJI ^j-a :Lj.c_ui^ (4) 
l-jK.,Mjj'qj-L^ jlj - 3 JlJlj>J.I - IjJl*l^ cry^ c^ L$j-i^'^ ^^^^^>^' 4iij^^I) 5j<jmm1I SJjjJI 

.(<ij»-j^I (446 ,_>^ 1 1970 ^SLx^j-a tLjajj^iS-caJ) 
(j^j-al^) S^jjLlaojLjjuJjCjIjIjLjtJl djlli f LajjVI SJul^ 5 , , >. ^ : (Plateau) <-L..aJj-flJI ^j_a :t>j>Li (5) 
-Aji-j^l - (136 ^j^ c l984 3S-L^j-a 'i-^-LjjLj ^_^,SLl^ j j j I j - 3 JlUJ.1 - CjI-JlLsl^ 4ajjI ^_^ 4jj_oj)jJI <iill 

I Jj^jUj-JL) Clij-st^ . La ftj—tlu j-JJC-^ U^' L>^ ' -'Jj'-'-^'-' ^J-^^-^g-^ (^^-'-^) T" Jj^ '^ 4_lLc i^-^^ ■ '-ij 9^^ (6) 
t5_i^I 4_4-j-Ia_«JI 5-j-L^ jijJ I 5^ l^^aJ-" (*^*^' -^-Ul 5-i.L J'gjJ I ajIj^I CjI j jljj_uVlj CjLjI^I 

.(*:^>UI - (105 ^j^ - 3 JlLUI - JIj j-L^j^^ 
ftVj-ii >i^l^ - LjJULj ^l-...j\\ (jjj_lll ^_^ jjjij jj >J-«' :(Landgaf) 5_^UVl ^j_a :i-^Ij^_LiV (7) 

- IjAsK-a ^J\2yLJ ^jj^ ^j-SJ\ <-Li-t-i^ j-i-gJ 1 4ilj_t^jJ.I) ^ 'j —j^^l^ ^j-tTu-Uj^^l i—klj-C JljV jj4 '-^J-^ 

.(*j>.j:m - (142 ^>^ . 1973 ^SLl^j^ tLjjL-ujKMiij LjK mmjj'-=^j-l^ jIj - 14 jJl^I 
4J Jjtj tj;jLlI >J-a^' j-*_5 '>J-^^' ^j-L-eTi-La l-^>=^ ^j-L*j_g (Kurfurhster) 4jJUVI ^j-a : c^l^j^^j^ (8) 

- I-LL^-a (3^^^ (jj-3 ;_^j_iSjI 4-Li-t-ta j-ojJ I <tc j_i_ujJ. I ) . jjJoIj-uaiil (_)UtjjI j ■''■•'' t±jjLlJl (jj_Sjl jJ-a 

./<i3-j:ill - (47 i^j^ - 1973 ^SLj-uj^ cLjJl^jKmi'iI LjK .,mjj^j-l^ jIj - 14 JlUJ.1 
. I JlJj-3 j-^ ^j-Li tj-Lj-u^ o^j' CT^ ^>*-" ^^' c^ ^-'^ " (Kassel) 5_j_Ijj^UI ^j_a : Jj_ul^ (9) 

tt-jJuJ-IJ-LS-i-aJj LjlS-i-uri-t-t^J-L^ jlj - I I JlJl--*J.I - IjJu^L-a t>J3^^ LJ-^ i^>:^' S-p^J-i-gJI 4ilJj_ujII) 

.(*:%. jJlil - (504 ^j^ J 973 ^SLl^j^ 
du^SLlI 4j^ ^ ijj\^\ j£j^^ ^JJiJi^\ LJLL3j;j(_^ dJj jua - (Newcastle) 5j)n>UI ^j-o : J^-olS^jJ (10) 

LjIS-cuIUj^Jj-o jlj tl8 jLij>J.I t(ljLLa_« (>LJ^ (_^ iJj-jSLII 5-Ll-l-l^J-..aJI icjJjJ^I) jjVj-iJ-aljJ^J 

. (ftj^j^jj. I - (162 i^j^ i 1 974 ^S-ujj-g t u Jljj jJSLjjjj 1 



1^ 



jliUI 6JUbJI k^Ld 

e_)j_c c-jj-Lv V ^ 1 t^*^l LJliaj;.) ^JJ3 c^^ ^^_$ " (Devonshire) 5-j-Lu^l ^j-a : j-jAJj^ajj (II) 

tb-Uj^K-caJl LjISLj-uIaj^jj-u jlj - 8 JlL:>J.I JjLb5L-a(>uMj t_^ ^Jj-iSLII 5-il.t-i^j-..aJ I 4iljj_ojJLI) . '>ii^l 

.(Cjvj^l - (33 i^j^ i 1972 ^SLi_uj-a 
4-u-i-t^j-..aJI 4jijj_ujJLI) ^ 1 t^'ll LJLLajjj ^ <^^ ^^_? " (Dartmouth) 4-i-Lu^l ^j_a tojxjjl-i (12) 
- (556 ,_>^ c 1972 J < I ,ij-d tLj-UjjK.,i"ij LjK.,mjj'<^j-l^ jIj - 8 Jl1j>J.I J-Lbe-a Cr^^iii t_5^ iJ>:^' 

Cjj^SJI 4jVj ^_^ ^ it^'ll LJLLaj^ ^^ ^-'^ (Wolverhampton) 4-i-Lu^l ^j-a : (J^j-uijjSi j-mJ j (13) 

Ll LS-t-uTl-LA^ J-i-u jlj - 5 JlJl.3J.I JjjLaL-a (^^^1j j_^ j_^J_x5L]I 4-Ll-t-l^ J-i-gJ I 4il.J_t^jJ.I) :j_Jj_uJlJ^ljj_u 

./«j»-jjJ.i - (501 i^j^ 1 1 97 1 ^SLj_uj_a 1 1_) juj jJSLjjjj 1 



15 



(jr 



I 



(_yX-!jl^^l (jl Jj-flJl i-JJX^ ,iiii£ l-'-'-^j (j^ l_uL>.'i/l 

i±xjJi:>JI Jajjjl liajjiaJLj (_yieJjLlII /oilaJI I Jl^j 
j-juL iSjj (n II (_y^ jl£l3l» (j^JljX. (Jjjjl jj jjjjMill 
(<sJL«JI I— t--vlj (2>^ ^J-* Llii olS Cjij^ '—'■i^ «5j^^jJ,l 

3 jl j "' (_yi «LJi (j^ "-^J^^ •'-^ •'-^ JLa-o sIJlUjI 
3j^SLuj<JI 3j^jl^'i/l 5 JljLjjI Jjs~\ IjLi (_yibm (jj-aJI 

n_ajijj_»j .p .(j ji^Ltuil !al" I ii'^l LiilJJLij i3_LiLaJI 

p-j^_a_i_uj_La_) «Lt_aL?e_) *u^_uljl ^_^ t-l) I^j-l^s L?t_a l^j_^ 

LaL^iihl (_aj|j^ju cjljjIoLitA-i f«i"i(jllj i(JaiJ,l jLliJi^l 

. iM U tl J^>oj| 3 J A j.^tl 3 I U . 1 1 Ajji^ x_a . Ij.^u^ 
(jjijj '— *tH^ 'J-i-Lj^ '^"'-*:' 3-OLC djUSLo (_y3 ^ <" i"i a 



17 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

sUaLji^jj i_ajjjj *u^j^l iOij/l Liljj>-i (_yl!l i-ijjJjjill 4jjLilJLll <_jjLajJI q£. 
i^jjLojIltlj 4_uj/La_Lll CjLai:>JI ^jja 4200 (j-o LaUi SJjSJilj iCjUjliajJI (ttie-tla) 

.« 1803 aLc 3_LilaJI S'ijjjU ixaj£L>JI SjLiLsIl (_y3 Pjj.' ' "J ^•^.' i-^Lj-u 

- ^ ... A I ^^^ JL^ L<iS (_2j^^ d I iilj - c-iuSjI (_iJJ^ (ji VjJ I '-^'->- (0-1 J-ill 

'.5jL<i sUlIj jlj J^J (jLtAU S^lj^l (_j^ i_JLLiJI i_tc,ji 1 olSj .oLlLiu t—iuSJI 
ijiiLaLiij^VI ,j-« JjJjJI (j-i>-j '3^^»l .J j<tl jjjjjill cdJi (Jj^ J j ^ T" ^ ^ "-^J^^ 

(_yj| jjij /aJLtll (_y3 tjl I rill Jji (jl^ S^Lc ^jj '^ 'J i4jjLij.^SLII SjjiJLI^JI (j^ 

(_jj^ Cjju^^ lil)) ".i—aji^pj I— <Iq Ji^j .4 I'll it Jl^ ^I-J-^' 1— lUSDI (_y3 <J1iJl>-j 
/<».j:tjill (j-« Cj^Ij jj jjbjiiia i^Lp-Lvj jajlj^ (_gj Jji2^ (.3-^ J' Lr^^j T-^ 

^ I . ^" rtj ^j\Jj^^_t_a (jljjJL«_a ij\.^juLj±A sLLsL-u^ ii-djj Jju Lijj-3 (CJ 4^_^Iij^^l 
5-al III a (jj-l^ (_fjj>-'ill (j^ Lx-ikljL>-l (tsjtAtI ^"«Ua i cLqJe-iJa SjjLLiJ ^■'--'^' 

1 1 j' --I .>."i.,.a ^iL>.| a.] ^L>-L^ (a:%^l l"«Ua I /|"UI . ..j 1 J t" I'l" t^Liia^ ^^4^ 

i 1 803 (_yji jl Jl^^VI 3 i I II c^l^ . i-jLjSLII i_a^Lc. (_yJI oLjIjLi (JjJuj_lc. jJiiJ 
x_LLJI Qi^' cv^'^' «j-uaJI»(j! (_y^ liLi V . 1802 3Jjj t-jjUelll c^j^^lj 



18 



i3^Jiill (_y3 . al ,^ il I (_iJJJ,l t-jUS .Sj^ ijj'^ (^'-4:'! J-i*^ '^^Wj-6^' SsLuo"^! 

j_ifcjjv (2>c tLiJi CjIj^ (_yji CjjLaj joJ 4JI)) i4_LoQjlj <ijjiAL>JI (j^jjjAII (_y3 

.((L^lj^l (Jj^ i(jl^ 1^1 u^ I 'i j^ »l m" I III ^ t_!jLjtlII J-J-«->- 

ijj^l JLucI (j-c (jii-LiiiLlLi Ij3^ Ij-oLs jiJsj .4_<iijfcj| |_^JJI i-sLiiij^VI 
(_y^ i-a j^ "i J I 3 -1 j 1 1 JLji.c.'i/l (j-a J J j^ jjLc LJuiijSI .(jiiALiLlI jj I iii^j^^-Al 

JLjJlJlJI (_5-3j (I aj U 1 1 pjjj I iiji^ Cu\-uj AjuCijyiS'^ <ijlaG JllLajl)) \^^A.Xua 
d_LoL>JI <iS_L<Jkl Cj I jjjjlSj^ » (2>^ t—iLlS I j ' 1 ' "--■ (j-aj iCjLilJJkl (j-* '-''j-i^ 
CjL^^j dj^L>- i-liLtS '-ij;J^»- KC'I irull jLajial p-L«jiV (_j.aj.aj>JI i ij i nil (j^J 

^^ tj ,^^t1 pi ^ Ml jf I «Ui_j_i1d ^2>^ ^ ^ '•' ^j_liaj 

.1-2 .1-2 L^ Ji" Mil (_jjJI 3joUII ■ " ' I j -^ j" 1 1 ^^jjSLII pj-ilill LoLiJjil I— A». 

pi < MiVlj " " ' I Jj . ^ . 1 1 jsJLcj iLd-LJl-SLJllj 1 4 LlajSLI I (Jjl I II a I " j"a n_2j|^pj 
(j^ Jl^^j) 3_j_5.j>JI jLi-3j3l (oi^J ' ^ .'JJ*^ .' (Jri-'^'^'j iSJLlllj i(_yjjjiaJI 
. (jjL>J,I ' ^^il^'" (j^ ^lilo : Ltiaji I Jl»- Sj-oLi. Jl or i 5jLjJL«JI Jl or '^1 
t"i'r 1 (.otj "^ \^ ^ » 4jj:e_a ^_^ 5^j_Lt_co «ULiA t JLLiJI L-2l i ii nl j2>^ Cjj-iHiJ 

(Jixj 4jLaj|j ojoLal (j-« j-jiSLII (ji LLa ^ . ^" I j i^^jj (jjjjG i_aji^pj cjLHJ^ 

i_3jjjj (__)iiIl2j_L<5Jj^^-3 (_,ljMiL3 TT J I .o 1 1 a \l ,^1 1 i_al Mi'i'CVI J ' ^ ■-I ' I Ji£Lifc 

i_ajj<jij .(jLJii (_g J su^-lAU Jl>-Ij t—iLjS (_y3 43L3I Mi'iSl (_, I M i'l 2 a^jJIj .j<sJL«JI 
S^LloVlj <ijjuj.^SLII ijjjjiLI (—fljfujSLo (Jjl 4ji»-3jj l^^l-T" joJLjlII (_p (jS i_ajjjjj 

(j^ i I nil (j-« ^JtA^ <"ilj ,~,.r' J^L>- i_2j^^ tjl J I lit (jlS ' '' ' " »l )«-aj ^J** .'J j 
(j-C ^ J I J '^ ^~tlj 4^jjjJ,| ijli Laj U 1, 1 (2>« *(_3-^ JiAjeJ jsJ 4JI <l»-jjj LSjji^ 
^ '■ 0^1 jj_* cH^ i4_Lc La J o"i I II \ (j\ (3^s-4-i ^_7^l 1-1) La^Lu, I Jt_ui:>. ^1 .4jLl>- 
^^ '^*^ * 2l ^_7^l ^LlxjjIS^I ^j-usL^e-a i^j_u3L>J.I (j-«J 

I4I0 (3Jl»jj (j^I tiJJj (J^'^l (_,lrj n_aj^^ SLp- ij^ I jj"'^ .jji3L>J,l I JiSLib 



19 



LaLalufcl i_JJjl Ji^J .pj^jjjijJaj LlxJLji (_y3 ij\.A\jtX\ jl J (_y3 cdJ j JtJtJJ i LlL«JI 

(j-Lj^Lillj 3jtjj'i/l ji i_ajijILi 7=-jj^l 1795 aLc (_yi <iJLi jjl3L>J,l j-^Jiij 

/^I^. Cl(JjL>-t i «U-£3 L>.« «LuJ^^.^>o » Sj-usL^e-a ai.\j^ j U , >> 1 j . . ^ ' t, I 1 J_A ^JV t"i t 

ajJUlJI IjJl^j .5j_lj^ 4_23 (»J^-»J ijJI jjl tU^jjill x_o aLc 'L*-^ l^laLiJ 
xjL^^I (j-« "-^^i^J (jLsjLaJlj ijoJLjlII (3^ ^ '^^ iji^^^J (.3-^ )tja- i"r" 'Luu^j^l 

l_fjIL<Iiilj .r-jLiJI (j-« L^LlIlSl i_^i^ ct^J *>4^^' «LLALiI Jlj^l (_^i^ ^j .^--tl 
a^LlIu (j"A_A^ijl tpjjj J r tijJaj ,^^'^'j '^"" "J* (j-* *^^-*W>:i^^ O"^"*" W^* ^ '— ^Jj-^ 

. ((j-<iilJI <ijJLiJI ja^Ltll ^«-^ »L>< I II Q^-iIalj ?" i iij^l (jl^>^ idj^jJil iSjLA CjJIj 
Ccse-Li-o I Lajj^ i>JLJul (_5i^ *U_)'-Li!l 4^j^ ^Liijl i ij i n t i_aj^pj »Li^ jjlS 

l_ajJ_J_l J r l"lj .Cjj^ 'j T* - ;- I 'J j*^ H (jj3_p' Lilli (_7^ "^ J J. ^ '^'^ 

(_gjj| 3^jJ,l j-j^^itl liili (_yl^ JjiJ .cJj^ -^><-»:' iiL'tj'^l 4jjuil 3jiljLu 
'j 1'' liJ^iloV 3^j^l Sjjijaiail oLjI 4_Lfl£ '.S-LX-ijl^al j-ftjJJ, i_2j|jllj oji^l 

(j^l jii-l (_ylll ^jUtl!!)) ilj^l tjlSLoVLi T^-JJL^ u^ i2uu^^\£'^\ ^ cJ^ 



190 



.-, ,^ ,^-^ iJt'JJ 200 14I0 i«u^_uiJI 3^ji lIiLjvLlIjvV (Jjjj 300 ^^_;'^-»" (j^ 
L^j^ (_p jJa£ i4jjjiL;;tJj d-uLujj <iiL>. 200 jj^ i— aJJ^ (((_yjLii^ jL^;»-» ' • I '--> I 
^_^_j_uL?e_J Ji-L^l Cjl!i i«Ljj^]j ^j 3 ^ *> '> jjl^-a^l «Li2j ' " ■ ' ^ ' ^ ^ J . /cj-u 25 ^-^^e-J 

.((5Jl». (_yl^ J^ 5j.4:>.3l ^-J^^ 

jj>U (j^ -^W-^j' cr'l ij-^ iS-^3i o' S-'^ jj-«j«JI j-^ij^ o' f«-!l-«-!' '-iJj-i? J-^ 

.dil j (_y3 7=^?^ •••J .L*!! j (Jj5 (oJL«JI (2h« O^^ Lt^ w^:? (*^ ^i^t-jus Js^ailI JIj^I 

(_y3 ij^ ij^j i"n I (Jj'^l JljjwlJI (j-« J-^' lS' '^'tHJ-^'j (jjiLa-JI (j-« 4.ii>- 4200 
x_ij I LjJ^c. I JLLflJj JLflJ . I^p^ I 2 Jj_4_«ll (_jKII J^IaJI iijj .<IjLaL>JI JJi^ 

4ljii"i!l 4^JL>Jil CjL^1:>JI > U . , Wt ^ jCLaAI [^ji .^"11 J . >. ^ ij , Ij^Lu Li&jiiSfj 

S-ajLitlLum 3 , (^~'<{\ SjU£:^I (_y^ CjIJJLj JjLJI iIsLiLiiaJl jjl .(JjLslIIIj 
(_yijJI (J^>iil (jjj .4_caL>- ^LxJe-cis CjUjLLiJ sLJujI ^^J^ Cj^^\ ijllj (_yl>- 

j^^Sj jola iijJI jjl jjjiaJI <i3^i u", , "I "J J ' "' jjlSLoVLi ^jlS (_ ajS idjjj/LcJiLij 
i^jLdl t^jljla I ^ ■'^■"'^j • •■ SJjj/ 30 Jlaj^ 1(jjIjj.^SL!I jLuJI u^LlH jl^-v jiilaj 

dJI Tc-iiajl S « ^Jaj -»- 1 a 3jj^ (JL<i^i» TrLuj (_3^ SjjLaJlj (cS^LJejIo ^^ilial » 



191 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

, d ^ ^ I "i J cL:tj^_o StLilol S^LUaJ,! 3jjL^I 1_LjI J I ri ai CjjJj i_jjLalUI eJJt 

jjLjJI fl .^ A tl ^^^ j-^ J 1 j'C (_yjS-o pL^j' (_,!'' SjjI I rill 3_uL<iiii!l 4_i^jJ,l 

JL2^ 1 5j_i^ L«J, I /n J itLfllLi (_ji»- Ijj I lit jj t^" 1 1 iJliljJLill >nlr (_yJI S^LiaVLi 

■' _ • ...-»« ^ Uj , ,. ,11 JljjjiIS'^I (J-ujJ d-UUj^^Sjl (jjjj^l j_uQJ I_2J^^ (__)l3J,^ 

SjljLllI 1-:^^ ij\ I-4J-0 1-2 J^^ (J^l (_ylll CjLsLiiuH^VIj iljUka-^m (jl JLu 
#.^^1 j^-Li^uJ (jl (jS_4-i (J^^ _ 0^ J * SJljjL* Jri^_^ «L^jj_«_a ^?-^ '"■^'^ * ijjjjLdJ 

<lji I jLaJI i_aj^^ f-jjL^jji Jljlj LiJ^ l^loG i(jj^>_uS OjjjW i-^ljj 1 11*^ J>:' lS 'jJ 

Ij^^jia LuLj^_i3 Ij3^ 7tjj-33 ^LlJuj^UI <iiiILi 3_ijllSLo i_aj^^ (JLx^l liuIs ^ 
fj!s l_i I iijij (_y^ aL«JI (_yjii«JI t^jILtuil (jIsLiJtJl : L^aJliij .(_yiL«JI jl U'tl ^Ir 
CjJLiji 3_i_4JjL^i f_j Ir (((jJU'i/l . Ul ...".tin : jjfe j^T '■'■"" 5-*^J •ij-"j-" 1^^ 

JLi^'^l ,j^3 ^ -Uw^'lj J 802 j^Lc: (_y^ 4Jl i^JXJjl^Vl (JjIjj 04^ 
(jjjj^l (j-ujsjjl^al 3x.L<t». Cj^Jl^j iS-uLjj^SLII (j^^ill i-al m'i'CI (_yJI cjjI (_ylll 
JJ I ii'^j^^l i_ajjILi (_jlji Ilia i—iLjtjjV T-ljHau pjjj I iij-taj CxjLj) 4_l4jjI£| (_y3 

(_yk: j2j JLSj .4j^jI^>U >Lj,Ij^ Ijjia^ 3_p.lj,j>JI S^ioIaJI 3_l4jjI^V| f^ 



199 



ij^^^^jjul ^jl^ jt-tS^HJl j_^)ia^j Llx^l^^ ^uj_uiJl fct-u^j ^_^_4-i^lS'2 1 ^1 ^*-«J * lJljj^^j 

LaJLuLS ,«5_LlJjjiJI - 3_uLiiiJI i-jjLtjJI (j^» i—iLjSLllj C^K 4jJU,VI 3x.j.«j>J,I 
. SjLlII CJj^ 1-« lA^iaJI d.LXJjlS'ii JiJJijsJI i_aj|^pj t—iLjS (»J^ O' ' LcS-tu-a 

((A^JjJI ^jjujl^l^ 3_iI5III 3Jj>J,l jjaLio))(_y^ 3JLlo 1805 aLc: c^l^jJiiJ 
^ ■^ ' -^ J .' (J-J '^ J** JL^ ^ jjjjjiU i—kjiuI^S^ (Jjl ^ ^.^j I V i_aj^^ I jj'^ (^'^ 
3JL2J,I (j^ tfjJj f<Jj .jii^f V jLlijjV 3_L<5Jjl^'^l cjLij^ (_jSLuISLlo jj.^a-o 

(jjjj_SJI (jf_5 i(j^ " i iM_t cdJi (J-J-3 jJ^-i^ lS'-*-" "— ^J>-':' M*-*^ 5Jl>-Ij a oK t 
jLLa t_tieiil,l J^ljJ,! ji^itll J'^^ Ja2£ 1807 aLc: (_yij .(_,^jl^"^l JoLiiill 

<iIiiaL>J,lj tuj_ijill 4^jJlj 3jLl«JI » ■.(_yXJjl£l ' _ • '^'" (Jji (_5i^ cjljjjj) u^uii- 

.((Cifllj^ (_yX-ijl^'^l J-o i-L!1j" I'iiVlj (<U^Lo i-j^j3 (_y3 I jjl'' 

/<sj| jJI j_Ljj "C I ri tla . 1815 aLc cLtJsljS "-iij-^ i_ajijJLi (j-^a-o mJJj /<Jj 

i^LlLo i>l_«_^lj isLjj-J-fl-II 3-3j-iJ ," 1 j " LjijLv j>lj.^j3L3 n—Sji^^ SjjLa^ 

.«..Sjlj_aiJ (JJIJjLLo 4j^l3 (_jij 4Ji JlSjl (_,_uSJj iSjIjJiaiJ (JjjLlLo 



I9S 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(j^ i I II Cjj o" I III (_5-J-II 4_^Ll!l S^jLLaJi,! i".^"itl .4jL^ OJ-^ (j-*J iljlSjij 
T-Llia jajixjj i_2j|_^ILi (j-« i_AL>j i?u^_uiJI 3ijJLl 1 i nyij CjjijLi (j\jjCli iSJjJLc 
,(j^_j^ 3_L*jjl^>LI /aSljJI j-uj<iii11 (_yJI S^jjJI 
j^lj^-iAtl 5^_^ 7"""^ .'"J " '^<-«-lJlS3l (jjijjj (3^J 'f^J'-^ o' *— ^JLH:" ijj'-*' 

. Ijj^'a (jy^JJj . Jj'l^l (_yjLij(j<tl (_;ri-SiLI (_,jujl^'b/l JaLiill jJaiJl I JSLaj 
iSjLjJl^ IjjJl^v (j^ i I III! «_o <lfljilSj| . ^ -1 _^ U « 1 1 iGljja-La ^jlSHII jj->^ («Jj 

' ' '^' UJ^ (j-* CjIj'm I IIQ-^I (_y3 Llij I'l'ltl (_yjJI <ijLjJ<l^l lIiI Ml'^Lcll (jl 

3_^_Lij^ Sjjj^ iJiJ^ ij-^j-' l^liiia. JlS i_aj^pj .i_a joJL«JI sLbi (jl i—a^LisLs 

.'LuLil (jl^'iiLi S^jjjij^ <il 
.1-2 .i_a _! 5jj_i-aJI)) cd-Lj La J 1 J "i r I (^1 SJiLajJI JLo i/<uj<IO X 8 ^-1 j ^' 

, 1^... Al (( l_£ J^^ 

n_2j^>JLi .i_a .i_a 5jj_i-3 (_5-* oJlj* (jl jL_pLj jl_»-a_il ' j ■"■■"' ■ "I ljj>-J^j 

5_i_3lj_c.j_LjVI t^jljl j"i rVLi 5 U _. ~j 1 1 i<l ll (j^ M .:^a i3Jj| 3_iLiUj 
. L^iajl (_, olr (_yiEjju Jtjlia Cjlii 3Jjl_i cdJ j^ iSj^j i nllj d_L>.^^jjJIi V I j 

3_La^ (_y^ 1980 aLc Sjj Ml "i 1 1 £GJLS_a (_y^ (ji_<i5_Ll .|_5 . 1 1_^ iJSljkj 

j^^i^ jLjfcLiiJ 4_uu^_i3 Sjjjso (_gl» •«^ji^"ttj sUjLjLiLaJI A^Ldl tcjjLlII 4iSjjil» 
«l_<;_iiLjt/3 j^jLi <lLajjj^ *Luiol Cj^^I cdJj »1 olr jj-»-a C7^ (*-^J ''l^*-^^! 
J ^Ij TA 11 t Ajj I ^ a j_A 1 N i L_3j)^^j_j_i (j-*Jj^ . p Ull (_^ ^LlII tijjju «L_u^_<ila 

LajLucL 3_uLij.^SLII (jj/jill jjists .3_uLij.^SL!l (jj^jill Jj^Li. i4jjLij.^SLII 

Lai iJajjjilj . .(_ylIjjiJI - (_jjLiLiLll (JjLxJI iUoLji^ sjjiail <iJSu SjjiLli)) 
sLiilLJE-o j-i^Li^ i-L!j" i" "t (((_^jji!l - (_yjLii«JI (JjLtuJI tLJojl (_y3 4JI iJJ^ 
.(_^j^l - (_yjl liUII (Jjl I iitl (I jiaJi/ » (_yJI i-2J^ (jl LoL^j pLLajjj/l Shj .SjLJuVI 
(j^ CjI i-a- Mill TJ.XJ ij^J . Ja-alo plj J cdJ j (J^3 AjiielLjil <lji (Jj»Il:>J,l (j-oj 
-«L::t_L?t_i-iD ^ jj ' ^ * «L>-^UI (_^i^ IJuiD^ILa (j_ajJ^_Aj) L-u-lLd LtJLa aJl^" i iiI plj jJI 
, ((J-cia^l ^ J J ' ^ ' ^ ..jUl i* 1 1 J /j 1^ t ct^ iAU-u^l * 1^1 ( III I JLA (JJJ^ (jl (jJ^-4-i 



19^ 



j_yjjL^ (_JJl»-I i_aj^^ (_jji:aj ^"tj^ll-^ il Al jll iJjLtuJI jLu (j-^^G l_r^' lj-*J 

5_ijLjj_^Slll j_ikl^IaJI (2>c tix::taJI :i_aj|jILi .1-2 .1-2 J 3_iji3ji 3jjjalU jr^l-^j 
dJaLijijj ((tijl i -a- i"i 11 -1 _; • " ^"'" SJjLa-o jl iSjlj.j>JI j_ljLj iJJ.:>o <tjLaljJI 

J -^Ijtxlt SuullJI 4jjLj3^I i2jLlUj«JI j-it^s>J LLla^ ^b4 ^J'J^' ^UJI VI 
j_<Si.c (j_aLliJI (j-<_ij_aJI JijJljsjj Llijijij ^^^^ (^uj-LaJI \jJt jJlLo . 'Luuj.^SLII 

» ■ U , , >. 1 1 I cLrvjllI 

(jJlljJI (j>2Jl ^U^ (jr^ 4^^l (_yk: AjjjjJ,! tjLujVI di! j tjl v^jLuI (^SLoI lil 
iLujiJaUiilj . ^ I w jS 1 1 CjI^^Lc (2>^ I °" . -a- J 11 d.^^j^ t_!jL>o (_gjjaj w '^^J J '''"' 

. « (jjijJa LLH I » tl—LiIiVI cdJj (Jjl (j-^^J-l (_j I iij . 1 j '^« ' (_yJI iJlJ^Ilal I— flJ^J 
' ' '^11 I jLjfc (_y^ aLuj^VI (jjr" I ri_i SJajLiLo jjHiJll (_j^ i_aj^pj Jii^ (jlS (Jjk 

3 i T- 1 1 3_»jLiII TtJ^jiiJI 3^j^ (j-* i-SjijIlj .1-2 .1-2 JLi-l 1795 aLc ^ ■^"a 

3j^^jit/3 <Jj<l\ rn - L^JLu (j-OJ 4_UU^_uiII Sj.^jvjl (j-« I JJ^^ <ij^^£L>JI d-LlIaJI 

(_ji^ (Jjjj 1000 I j ' 1" vLjj <ijj-uLaj 4jjLjtj (jlj-j-1 3Jlj '5^ ,^ ,tl S^^.^jv'al (j-o 

jf) cLaJmi a'jJt, ' U A ^1 . ((5j^-»-Vl ^^« ' x_o I-jJ>2j liajmi J^ lillji^j 'iJ^VI 
1 1 JUJuiu Lb^iIL>-l cJlj^eim JajLi_a ^j^ 4.>-^il1 (( (j-u-jla LLLa )) L-dLljtJ .^_^^Sj>iJ1 



195 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

«lj.ajis[jJtX» ((JjSjJI JSLj^JI JSLJui ./sjejlsl *(_yjiu J^iJjS (c^jJliUI)) JaJmi (jl 
*_a 4JjL2J,U I J ^ U ' -^ JJ-JJ V ' ^j _; « ' ^ 1 1 4 J I rijV->LL«JLl <ll£j| ja£L%JJ t<l:v^i!l 

i—iJJJil (Jj^jj (_yjJl i5jjj-iii! (_jjj>-3l (_^l^iJI (_5i^ (j*^l oLlLiVI _^j_L1j 
" '3^ j_ ""^"' ^Ll^^l i_r^' (J-*J .« jLcljiII))j (((J^L>JI))j i«(_jJ^jaSL!l (Jjj_l2JIj)) 

(_jSLul£LLa jl aju^ La joJLc (Jj kcSJlJ^ 3_ij.j>o» i_$'j->-i i^JJI i— 3_J_;JJ .<— 2 .i_a 

<Li^L>- dJb^ J i i"ij^ -MJ '-^-'iH^ • ' '-^i-^' I'^i'Sl (j-oj Ala O'^ i .'^^3 dJSLJI 

i(_yjLjj_^Ajl sj_iia_LI 4_L-i--y-<J 1 jjkl^IaJI (jl» (_yJI ij^jjjjjij .1—2 f_^[jjuJii\ 

3j|_a JlJLo dJbj-LC i_!jL>o Cjjui Lx-a ^H^' Cr^ i3-oLC 4.jj/L«.>- j-i^ (_g^J>JI 
«LuLij.^SLII jjil^IaJI (_5i^ i_ajjilill j_y3 <iji:.jJI JaLjij^l f-"-ujl (_y^ jt-ulijj . d-uj 

3 J I ilj'tjJI Lij-l-oLi^ (j-* (jK (jPJIj t(j-\ < I rill LiUj (_j^ "-^J^ (jr^' 3^*^11 .J j<ll 

1745 u^l^ (j;^ ■^U..A\ ^j^j2i\ culj ^LuLij^l SJ^Ij (joJ 5jk. Lai ,°;ri<l 
jlj .(jj.< iiialj (_yj.ua3. |_£)_lUoVI (_^SLulSLJi,l 1 766 aLc: Lij^ (_^l 1 1 746 - 
5JK i5x.j I fit cjIjSLII cjVT L^ILl!Ljl3j I j"t-^l ■ ■■_' fS~x^ (jjJijji^Ij 3JI c^^vljl 

, (j-oliUI OJ-2JI ^L^ (_y3 5-i$l I ritl *Lij.^SLiI jLp-^l j-L^jiJI j-j-ill LlU-c 



196 



Ijiajio sUsLjJJ JjJiJ (_yJvLvj i_ySJ^ (j-* OJ^^ (.3-*J '( 1799 (»Lc) ((4_UUj.^SLII 

(Jjjj>_aj Sj_pj (_7i^ (<uLS JL>-Lo pljJ-J 'LlAI.I ((Jjla^LlII CjLxj*^) jjjla^IIII 

..J J 3_c^LuiJI *Lij.^l 3JT^ 4^^l (_yk: /<u^j La (jl (_^ liLiiU JLa-o V 

f_j Ir K(i-L!1 iiiaVl pljj» (j-Jii^jJ .(^ . I "J^ lS'-*^' cdJi (jl .CjIJlILj (2>JJljji^Ij 
^jl^^l jj_tjj ,7c_La_iai_a L-SLijUj *^_^-*IIi ^C-J-oj-S 5jL.S_«_a 4JL(aLA jjj^ ct^ J-^^ 

JLS (_^,^Lv3JI (j^j-SJJ 3_«jljJI CjIJ-lIIj Ctll^J Jl3 (j-oj-II liili (j^ 3^UI 
(J ri J 1 ^j J . ^ 1 1 ijjjLlS jjl dJJ JlS j^JJLi (jl Lb jJlxjj l4.»-^i!l (_y^ iJlicLua 

. (<u-o 7 X 10; \j-i^ 
(_yJI LoL^j 5jij>3 1". I rijl 3j».^ill (_,lr 3^jjj<jJi,l 3_ulj_)-j-^l SjjjaHJLa (jijj 

• (2>-j^> I II alj 3Jl dJaLjjijj (JJljJ 'LAcl ijr^^-^ i_^ j , ^ -» " (_y^ ,«L».jjJI jsJUfc 
'ix>.j (_p (Jj i3jjjaIlJI ojui (JIlo (Jiaj (jl » _;!--'" • ■■_' (_gJJI i>jL>-j j<sJ1jl!I ,jj»jJj 
3^j.«jtx pu Jl^ (jlS (j^Jjjj^ lIujSJI (jl I .^j ,^-^j , Liiaji LjjiLLa i-<^ii«j Jb 

(J_«Jj .CjlJJu i_2j^^ .i_a .i_a J I jj'"'\' (_j^' "^rHyJ^t^' *3-4^^' Cy '^-'^ 
j>Jl^ ^ '^ 1 ' (jl (JjLa-tia SSjjj-caJI jjj/ 1 ^ ■"■■'^ (jT^ iJjx.Ltuj i_ajJiiJI I jui 

(^ «Ljj_LaJI 4ij^ l)^"^ "-^J^^ LaIj'imiI (_ylll iSj(j-v'^l 3^LS (_y^ '^J:? 

•.(^LUI 
(_yi^ I'ijjijjlS'al ojui j.x-ij^ i_aj^pj jj I III! ijjL^\jji\ JJ I II "^j^^ I itilal)) 
ijj_il_<ji <i_i_<jjjl-S3 4j(_iLiIIj i(j\Jjjjjj CjjjSJI (j^ Slj" MiU diljj^l (j-u 4JI 
LfcjJaa "ix>.L>.j <L^1>- L^ 4_uLij.^ 4JI J^JJ 4_L>-lj.j>JI sLulill pjj J I iijJaj 
.((diL^jj 5 i>jia^j aI Ji^i 5 dtjUa (_jJj,Ue_(JI Jj^jJ,! Lai i4jJ_lL>oI 3j-3jj 40 



197 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

3^jjj,jJ,| 3JVI jLjljI (j-« Jt!-^ J-^' 0^JJ-*>:' (j-* Sl^" Mill 3JVI jLtji (jl 

SjjLc 3J| L*Liu ^Li 3.>.^ill (_,lr fs-^j J^^ ' L^ibLx^a I jj . n't J^ . nil jj^ 03^ 
3JVI tfj-A (jl .5j_Lj^ lIi Ll-o-SLi ^ « ', , ^ ^ J i((«_<j/l^l ' '^N 3" ' "N ^ ^ ' ^ ' ^ ■» " " 
Uj^JG V 5<iVi>ill oLjjLlIII <2jI J Sjlj^I Sj^LJI »Lij^<1I SJTj 4jjj,Ll1II 

(jl JJUJ (JjjLoj^I I jui (jT^J • 1804 aLc: 4_uiA1i i-Sj^ lg-a-a.1^ j^l 3J^Li 
d-jJeJjLill jUlI^I Jl>-I LxiaJl (jVI (.t^*^ ^^j""" ''Jj"'.' •'—2 .i— 3 (_yXJjlS 2I Sjjj^)) 

.SulJil <x<JjlII 

iejj^ ijiiL^jv^ i_ajjlb ,i_a .i_a (jlS (_)-&» ".(Jlj^oJI (j^ i_ijj>o (jl jJjLjtll 

LLLijjl JjcJ (jl (jlr Ijjl^ liltj^ tfJJ£. Lljl^ cr^^ '"'Ijj j-^"^l 5jl£.LjixJj 
S JLujjijI 5_ij.:>iJ (Jiaj (jl (_gl i4j I tnV^ilkXl x_a - I 'j j*^ H VjLjILa 
.ij-jj^ ^ ^ I U" , ,.l jj (_^^ 'j T* i_2j|^pj ' ^j , ^" c^^sj (jlS sLJf Ll£j^ 

(jl i_^i^ (—flJjijSl lIiLlLuLA iJjJ S^J I rijWLiJL^ J-ll l_2 jl^pj JjUjtA (_y^ (jl£ (Jji 

aLS ct-^' 'Lj-y^^J-" Mj'^?^ -^ J ''I '"' S-iLcl (_jlr 1818 aLc f_^ Ji" miI i_2j^^ 
' '-^ ' « T ' ^ .':.'C I I jja 7^^?^ 4JLi r«^j (.7^ t<:L%a^ l1uJ.>-I (_7lllj t 18! 2 aIx. L^ 

tfjLji i_ajijJLi jj^ d j^y . ,,^;A\ ojuii^l 4i3Ljjj ^jjVjjiJIj 4jJjJl:>JI j-j^I 

djSjj iSjjVjjillj 4jJljJij>JI (jl ..>»^tlj J I yl jj^ *>:t^ <lxO u^-ja-a ic-ijLstlll 
i—jJtlXja jlj I \jjt (JjiJj . ^j .>»ll I 4 J I rijULLim JaLujV <-lil-Jjl (_7^ J ' ^ -»_' joJ 

pjjijji,l I JLA JX. <iji X_OJ . 3.J ,Utl (_fj^ 3jL>._jJ 3 J I riillj i>J_lc I 'I ni]\j l—lLujVI 

gL^I t ri a ^ "^ '^J.' f'J-!)i ' '|>-^^-* LluL-u «Ll4jjISI (_7l^ 4_u3j-^ 4_il 4_>-jjJ Lx^ 
d-aj^UI « 4_i_LilJ I » CjLaj I" 1 n II ;«-J-«->- i— 2j^^ i_JJ-I (jl^ djj^JaJI iJJL^J 

■ij <i f :((_, irijUlim - (_yjLij.^SLII) (_, iri_iUj.^SLll (__)iaj^j»lll (j^LS i_aLiij^V 

<_jjLajJI (j^i—ALaj <lj| «_o .^«^.Utl (_fj^ 5jL»-^ (j-«l Ji^ ■ 4 J I rijl^LLm j-iVlj 

-_■_;• ^ "' (j_o i-aLil^VI (jK JLv J^ (_j Irj .jh£] L:LcSI oUoVI I jut (_y^ 

3 .^ ■ " > "a ,j_a 3 in j"i?U JjLuII JaLujVlj ^3^L«lII tjjLi-o x-ul i^gjdl i JljIjjjjI 

^1 3_aLl3l .uiiLa^LiJI olxjt [^ '-iJlj-i|j (jy^jLxJljJI (sJUJI i-^i*^ .i-ljlui 

Cjlal Mi'iSVI (_yl<-u (_y3 i_2j^pj )«_b i^a-d--tl .^t t_il J Milu <ijil<u (jlS ^ • "■-" l*!! j 



198 



"J ' ^ ' Jl^s LiLi^j (j^'i I rill ^ ^^u.tl 4_jjLij,^SLII 
d-iJI r-Lljvl La i_aj^)JLi .i_a .i_a _1 (_, oUII lijI^pJI (j-« ^"-*-^^' j <n" i nl 
I Jljj (_, 1 1 II aIjlJt" iii>U VUc^ c^^I dllj (_y^ »Lij^<ll ,3£j /ola iJa^^ 
(<sJ (_g JJI /o_L«_LI (_gjL«Ji,l .U , ,.jll ^\ . Luj/jj ^^^ J o"i I ii" joJ -\'j j'^^l vijL^t-iij 

TT mill (j_o JijjLja_a JJljlj 3_j.>. I j.j>J I 3_LiLaJI 3_l<sjjI^'^I 3 ' j I-^ " (_y3 d<.t.tla 
JLjo j<sJ LiJI (<s-C.j Sn I Ilia joLiilj LujijjJ i_aj^^ ^1 -T* La (_5-Sj (_)-& (j^J 

(_y3 i-aj^jJi .i_a .i_a jjj (_yJI I aj U" ^ ^"C , lolj^a^ .(_g .i_2 (_yX-ijl^'^l t_^ 

^ I II 1 LI, L-O-U^J UJ' td I ( 111—1X1— i t^^jjj-i J.J^ ...» l^jy-LM^jj] /cJLjlII jj I-^"* 

ijjJIjLoj ."tsLiij^lj (_yiii>JI 1-aljj^VI (Jj^ 3 ii II 20 jilo 4jjLij.^SL!I (j^jill 

I j ' 1-aj.x. (_y^l <ijljLJol SJjLc (jVI (_yl>- LlJIjLaj . IjjJl2j jjiljj 4_ijL>o 

^j j -^ '"■ «Lj_ulj.i «Lx-iD^j_flj Ji.>.l /cJ '^j UAtl t ^^^j_oj)j ul)) :* (Ixl LajL^t^ t4-Iai i iii t 

(j^j LaLxj V^^ja.^ (jVI (_yl>- '"'J'^.'J ii-jJi->-'^l «Lj_)'-LiII CjIjj I ii'^J^ JJ (,3^^ 
(jl I Lajiolj ...Tcjj-ai Ji^ LiJ A 1 1 iiilu (jSLIj .((joJjlII I Jl^J (j\j:>J,l L(j^_i-31JLA 
4-^^_a 4_i^LSj 4_^_L^j^ i^iS /yj_ujjj| »-4lL>iJLI ' 1^ ' "J (_^ (J_<iJLll IjLjfc (JliA ■^3-^J 

(oJ LljI (0-c.j iS-j^LsiJI tOLpJ aLlII (jis^^l Lr^3 j-«-iJI (_y3 L*Liu ^1j 5j3j^ 

CjLiIaIlSj3»j «4jJeJjLlII |_jJiJjJI» ij^^^ (j-« uajjiaJLi dJJi .iJL*j q\ » 1^" • •■ ■ 
(j-A— !-Jl-J_)-JjiI' (j'" ,_, ''•^ " L^J^ *— ^J>^ •*— ^ •*— ^ '-r'-'^ '^J <i3"a \l ,^11 ^^^j^Uil 

I^JUJU (jl fjic - J^'^l (ji^-Jjii" I II 111 (_y^ (jj.Sil^JjJ< (j-> li I ^ i U J (jj^-L.i r L n i. 1 1 

c^^l (jU. .((t_jjL«lll tfjufc 4j.«jkl 4fTT"iiiri ^JjJ\ '• al .-^".Vl lillj ^U^^ 

. lo^ e^ljO^^U (j^l 






199 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

(j-o JljJljlJI c-I U" . ..Ij - cLj-Llj^UI dJiilu Sj-lLi^ CjLajjj^ ^rO' " '"'^'^^^ 
: Ixiajf SJLcuil jsjufc JiU i3joUll Cj^'s uAl (2>c ^LiiiS ja^Lai CuHh^ itljlr 

JLIj (_5-J-!I 'J-i-S-jiJI ijJj-Juu^\ «lijLCJ i-Luj^ Jjj SI I nil 5j_L«j-ilJI «l_(jjj,lj 

(jjijLifc (jl^i-'iil J u . "--. I J i<iijL«JI ^i <i>-L>JI (jj-flHal .(jLlLcuj^ jjjijLi I jj" 
j-jtJJI /«_Lc jLc:lj^ U^l (_l<ii^j i^LuU^I 3JiJJI 3jSjLiJIjlII 4l>.jijj 3JjjJ,I 

7-1 iM a l_«.^Jijlj i_!J3lj TtJjLlIu I 1 J'\;''J iSj-ii-i^ 4 iitu\\ plj ' aj . ^ 1 1 j 

jil j Mil (j_c 5j-_a UJ*^ U-5-?-^ * Jlls Li^JLjvj i7-j_Lijlj jt_4^>ijl jl^j_i_ui [_^jl 

(^j-Lc j<s_<kJij-Cj c-M U" . ..VI i_j-^ fi jj°i liaijlj i(jjljiil (__>^l^i- ijf^ A I'lii^Jua 

■ J Mil! 3jj U.tl djcjljJI i_.t>. 
(_fl ^t-tAJi 4_i-£2_La ' ^'^ ' ^'^ * (jl f^j 0^ (j_* ^j '"-^ «LuuJ1 (_^ ^ ,. tl .^v J U ,Ul 
i jil_L-4_LSLjl i (_>. 4_j_3 1— t-g-La t^J-J^Ls ij"*>^ * tI:iJ1 ^^^j-^-ul LlAj **^J-ll 4_uJlj_co 

(_,_L. ; «(_yjiu J5 (_yi^ JljILjjjI ijj^l . J I >i lij /<si^ (_gi /aLij V «i_iSLIj iijjLL^li^ 

"ijLflJ «(_5-<i iJSLl <_jLJaJI ^j3 .Jt I'lllj ^ .A . ..I.Atlj LdiAII (<si^J *U_).-ulIlj l_jiaJI 

>j '' 3 ' .'J CT^l ''-S^'^ lS'-*-" '>5^I tt J I .o I J .3jjl>- ^jj '^ ' i^jjLu (_pljj 5Jl>-Ij 

(_p i-d I iKii Sjijjl^ "-"W' Oi^'^' iJJ-ij (2>c (jj^-i^l < oil vJliu^i . - . U .A ^ j^j 
(_,lr I 1 j . ..jl-«- jl 3jLaL>JI 3ji"°ia -- 1 J . ^ .^ 1 1 ,_^1j^I (_^ jji-VI plj JlJ 1 j'" 
(J^ (j-C (j-\Jj3-jta iSjjjJil dilj-xisLsJ,! iJliLcLS (j^J i3-<5JjLiII 3jJjVI (_^lj^ 
I.I iiTiM pUll 4_lIj3| 1 1 j" " '-- iJJjlS . I -1 j .^M ^ I j^^ (j^^j <"i I II a 1 1 1 J ^ J ^ (j-a 
I'l iiilJllj SjjJjJI (jljJLsJI dJJlI SjvjjJI tfji^J 3_ujl_La I La ^.tajj^ 5lj.;Ut 

.3j<i^iii!l JiljJJI cjli SjjLJI 
(_jSLI 4JI I jju Li-13 S-^ jiia i4jlaL>JI (jIjJl>- (J-<j-c^ I Jj< i n (jjuLa (jl£ 
jlSLa^U Sj-uSLII 3SLi«i,l (_y3 >"io"i i nj (jl 4jlr (_yij-y iLaL^j \js>- ^".-ill (jjSLj 



so 



aLoI >«i 1 1 ri"i I ri a j-i^ o^'^ '^j • -^^^ Cy r^^^^ jj-^ d^ (3^' J , ^" ; 1 I 
SjljJljsJI (jjLijsJI 3_a^_«_oj ' ^j J * ' ^ 1 1 <tjljLi-ajjl (_jJjLi Ij^it^j < ,^ I ,^1 1 

jjL.2Jkl 1(_jJLLII iLi-S-CJ ((jJLlJ J < ("l '"'!-»■-"--■" (_y3 SJjLa^ I . J I ri I <ijLxLjtiI 

I jl '^■-''^"11 iS.a.j^^ia'^l Loij iCjL^iSJI (__)-3l_jiJ (jjj_^SLI,lj Liiljl^ LJI-C I^Jl^ 
i4 J III lj_fljl Sj^iiJI "iJiJjij tjj ''■^'- (_y3 jjj Jlia .SjJjL>- d_uji 3jLo Ll*i>- 

jujLa. tilljjl , JM :;• ...VI J^l (j-o S-iiLj^-a'b/l ^j^l JLia cjU-Lo (_^j 
Tcjj * )jCL>-1j , ^j ^" ...11 5jl^L>J1 jLiLijLjl JJ-* jjjjj-^-ulj ^ J ^ * It 4_LS_tjj i^Ltll 

x-ijiLlII (jj-^l j(j"i i"il Ji^J . SjjJLsJI <iJ.«j<JI CjLcl^^Hi-VI (j-« ^ j" 'J V Jj I II t 

iSj-jJl^ 4 J I 111 J I iij «Lj.c L<ii>- 1 jlSLsLi 1 4 J 1 ii » 1 1 j sLpti! JjJ^ j'C i"i_t j_<i^ 

(_,» 1 11*^ ijjjijLa til! j (_p j.jj<i Ji^j . <_JJ3 Ij (j-ii! JJJ^ -' j .-I ' i5JijJl>- Cjuituia 

5jiii.ilii!lj 4jjiLlII (JjLJ,I J^j iSLpJI 4j£ I hinr' i^^jdl (jl£UI liil J (_yJI 

JLaS .liJLuk (_5-^JJ 0' -^^ (*-'_3 Jj"ii iijl » I--*" . ..J joJj I ujjj3 Lfljj (_yi«J,l l-^J 
iOjuj-LM ajuJijus i_^ , 3"a \l ,^11 3jL^jJI (_5-3j isGjjLLoj "^"ij <)>j-a . ~ »j "a I . >." 

(2>j^-<»j Sjjj (_^l 3_«_aL>JI 4_Lu^ll£ 3.>.j^^'i/l (2>c "icLsj (_y3 » <il_i jjfc Lifcj 
.(_yjLj_)_L^ 4_Lo j-ii^i i_aj-tuLj£ (j^l 4JI . I joJjjij LuUij 1 1 iiij^ (_yJI Sjjjjji 

. Luiii (_y3 Mj^is LjSj ^ '^"i J^j .3 111 ii^LaJI (j-« JJl^I <ijL^Ja^I (oJajL*3 

JL-tlLt-ujI . . -*■ f^ ] J , «Lj_:v^^^ILj_xLj ^Lj^^_j_^1 Jal—LJjl tj-^J t^ ^ Mill «LlaL_u^ 
Sjjijjio (j^ vIjI JLpLllI (jl^ (3^ljJ (jl » U" . ..J j<sJ cUSLJj ijj<jli"i iJliljjIoLa^ 

A Ml it^l Jl^j . 4_ljLj^_ljLII SjjiLliii! (_yjj^jaIlJlj jjiLtil iJjjajJI (2>^ (_,lVill 

'J '^Ijl.^l' aLjuI Jjajl^pjl «LC^_Li3J_a «G_l15J .jJjLufc (J-l3 ^j-« ^ I II I^Jl L^ t3> il Ml 

j>jui I _i I II-*- i(j\-iJ 'l-^j-i L« i_p-^ jjiLkiJI ttTiMi"! (_yi«-o jl jj-y I j^a i^ij jl 

5j.Sjij LaJj^ Ttjj-al Ji^j . d-Jaj-JuJ I jJ^LlLoj JaLjjVI (JjLlLo 'LJi liLicuiill 



SI 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

. (_, I ritLajj jji La jJlSj p^OaVI )«-<-ulj 'lS'j-^' (jr^ "^ "^i>^ 3^j-ijiJ Jl»-j 
i-jLjJ-aj i^_^L_i:>J1 (Jlj-^ajulj iSj-j^JJ,! ^j^l:!c.jti tjluj ^_^u^_iiiJl jjfc IJLA ^jlS 

j_L4J 1 745 aLjl^ 1 1 JlSL&j . sLij_^SLII JL»-o (_y3 cjLaLiuj^VI /aicjial lIiIj i. n 

sLij_4£lII r-ljiejjj/V IjL^s- ^^ilta pljji-Li 1746 aLc:j i(JJl-lI 3 jlr pl^piLi 
.CJ_J^ Jj-ft^ 1801 aLc: (_^j i(_jr^Lijjj<tl ' ^~.<tl 1782 aLc: ^ "a J j (^ j iSj^LJI 

3jijjL>JI (JiiLaLJiijSVI J '■^'^ (jl Ijj I ri'»o (jl (jVI uj*_ ' ' ""'" '^AiJ S-^ '^J 
tf jufc iJiLa (jl ,«4J Ijj-^-Jii (jjSLJ (jl LuSlxjj 1 1820 ji 1819 aLc (_y^ Jj-jm 

I JUk (J.i:>o J-Si . I '^ji ij-«l^ J^"-" (.3-^ (1>^ (*^ olj ' '-^'ri^^' j '' "'""' iIjI^jJIlII 

(j S q"ij joJ jiuj (jSJj 1 jj" I iijl <1j (»L£j 1 1820 (»l-c I— al I'^i'SVI cjj.>.j ij jmII 

.1810 aLc: (_7^j3 JlIs .<d IjuiLi (jj^ (jl (j-o 
5j Jl^!! <ijjL£ Jl^S . ^jJl^I Jj" I iijl 7c_L4J jisJ aL«JI Jajl^pJI S^jjIoj^ (jl 
aLc: (_yia .5JljJl3. oLsLiSJLj,! (_yJI iSJ^ilaJI JlIo 433_La(_ylII SjLlU 4ljL>JI 

.((3_uLij.^SLIIj 5-ijLlo-i5L!1 i_jj.2JI cuLij oLajh) ^1 -r* 1 . ntj^ (_y3 j-4^ 1813 

:i_^ jl .3j I rijULimj 3_LlJj.iII ^1 'J j*^!! Jajl^ S^^^Ls (j^ Jj" I iijl 4_j£ j-i^ 
OjIS)) . . .(jirjt-iLLim (_y3 La CjIjjjG . . . -I 'J j*^!! CjJl:>o (Jji ijLHi-l (_jJijJj)) 
Sjl^jJI (_y3j ,^«aj ^tl-i-<j ,^tlj iSjIj-iioIl - sjjiaJI ?Uj.^SJ| itj" '^ Uj . ,.i ^jljl 
(jSLsJ (Jjk .1*11 1 ri t L^jjSjJa (Jj^^ O'^ «Ui^ (jje-cuJ-Sj ljj>J I /tljj (jl <ijSL«j 
(j-c juLLij joJ j_Lj_<jijl (jl (JI-5-J ^^ J "■ J i-^l ' * " <Jlilj_uG Tnjjj (jl *uj.^£JL1 

jlj o"i( tiLi i>j-u>o (jl JljJl:>J1 (j_a Sj-ii-x-iijl d « 1^ ^ 1 1 (_^J^ t isc-i (jlS ^ '■^'-^' '* ' ' 

.oUoVI IJLA (_^ j_iSLfll!l (_yk: 

j-jiSLII LixjJL».j 1*1^4!! (_y^ 3 J I rijULimj «Lij.^SLII l'^ 'ij" aj^ Lix^LJii 

(jj»_llj_3 pJJ ; iiij l^ t iJuLj/ (_y3 (jXJ.il^'^l (jl (_7^i^»- • VJUj' ijj-^ *>:t^^ ij-* 

J^ljl Ij I ri tij-a (_, I ri Ij-flJI Lai I I 1 jl"'l 1 ' (_jJI jLjil (JJJJ-LujI JJJ^-JJ TCJ^jI 

j-Al^^JaJlj j^^JSJlj '^ -^ ' "ll (j^ cLxia-aUtJl ^^ i^^tl •_<ij>J (j■^_u_o 5Jl^ pLl^dI JL^ 
Jj'!^ «_jLiaJI ila_il^l Ijjt L<iaj| L^a^ JukLi ,^1 i3i^Ul julL ijjLtuJI 

• SLka 



S9 



4j I ri \j^ 4 Miii II l£jjjU, i_j I iij'>j-!l ii-ij-l' 1411-1 4_il3ji C7^ (^-5:? Cjli j-^io 
• U-LMjW (_yJI Ltjj I II a i_j^ jlSJu 4 Mii I III! izAjLiS^ .(((j-uJIj - LJ)) diiaa^ 4_u^.jv 
jJjlI 5 'net mil TcJajji (_yJI (jj^iaJI S-Jit^ i^^^^l miII (_,lr SjLiill cjjj LoJiJi^ 
ijfjj mhIIj (j-^JjVI ji ^^Ijl ja^JLuj i«_jijJI aL2Ji,I i_gji (j^ J I iitj-aJI tLJjiJI (j-« 
"^ i-a-lll sLiia^l (jlS (j\j»- (_5-3j j^ Ij .^11 I j" -1 U ^ Ji^ 4 nii i nil (ji (j-^-JJ i LtaJj 
pjjjii i4^^^j:>J,l 4_lIL«JI «LUj3|j (_^jIjjjiJI j I--' ' " jj-* MJ-^W C i ' "j3j Ulj-ftj 
(_jj| Cj^Li^jjJI j_jl CjjLJul :x^^ La (_jij iJJLL&j iIj^Li^j^l (_jJI ^iljl 

^ ■^ I" -> " CjL&LsoI 
aljI 3j_^ JlJl4 4j^-l>- ^ '^-^ ' '■ -^ '-^ ^ * i II 1 ( III ^_^ Lflxj%_JI ^Luij i4-u-u Jju 

t /t ,,."Nl i(^^l^^.J>Jl jj_>.lj_j_u I )^^ J J "»■ , ^ 1 1 t d rt t U , ^ rt 4_Lj.iaaiJI ' " ' 1 '-^ *^ *) 

(_yi jl U.^tl «L».j Ji^j . I jl^"' i" Jlj Jl^ Cj^Li^^jJI jjI (ji : I JJl:^^ >^'j' 
t^jl I iill (_^1 tg< I if^^-J\ i I I ii">> «G_LLij_u gLui 1 (<•> 4_u^-L>. 4I-UJ (j_u_aljJl A^LkiJl 

i<_JJ_L>JI (_jJI 4 ijii I nil il^j-X^]^ . SjjLLo (JSLl oljLfljJ (ji (JjL>- l^JJI (jl^l 
t"i n ir^\ (jy^l «LcjL>J.I A-i-t^i-ilsLuLi,! cUa-o^^aJU «LjjCl^ tj^se-i^\ (_^1 5j_iIjL»_a 

5 ^ ^ I , ^ 1 1 . 
4^^lc: (_yk: «ClIj JlIs .<3jjall,l jjls^JI aJJt, J^^iljT «_*^ I'l jr (jSj aJ 

. La i_aLiiuj^V «L2j_^ (_y^ 4J| _^'j li (j-*^J • 3 J I iMt-ilimj 5.a£.LuaJI 
joi^ I^JlJi^ I 1 j ' J « •"■ jJtJJ l-<i^ (jl jiill (jL-ul I n-^-'^l Lui »n" iiiVlj 7"J-^I 

. jLlLjijI 4jlr ^p£. jl^ ^>^ l-i-«j '!-'-« (1>^-*^ («-I lS'-*-" SJLcuII (J^ (ji 
I— a I mi's VI \jJt i—aj^^Ja (J-lL&Ljv Ijiajl ^iJjJa (jjjiSjjji joijiJI (_yi-jj^ (JjiJ 

(_y:i^j .Sjj 1 mil S^jL-ajiil LSLjjj>i^ Vliia (jVI ■■■ J ' ^ J jl^ i^gjJI it_(j^l 
(_yJI (jj^>i- Tj 1 1 8 1 9 A Lc (_yJI tUjj I n ij (jj^l>- LiS . tcjIs I J j^ (3^^ jJ I 'i^'EJj Lj 

(__>iaju Llt».Lii ix^l_^l (_y3j .«LLij^l Jj'ii iijl (ji fjJs I ' 1 MiJ -1 j . >■ « I . 1820 aLc 

• SjjKJI cjLc:LijMJ 3j-3j^I i-SjijJaJI 

15 (_j_3 Sjl JlJsJI ' _ • ^ I ^ I '' ljjL>- IjJ I n'^j^ Ttjj^l (_gjJI Jj"l I iijl 1^ 

SJjLia (_j Ir J->-JJ . »[j3j'''H (^ Cjlja^UtA tU^ila (_,lr i 1820 aLc Ja 1 j mi 
(^i^l l-Oj^Ji^J . 4jj^^J CjIJiJilAJ i<tjjlj (3^^*^ Kl I iij ilJlJj^ 'J T' j.a:>J,l 
Jjt I Jlj* (jL^ .I'l llilll ijLsoLl l^jljj ALuS^\ SjjI I". Muljl SjljJI JuLLULljl 



III 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

'I'-'J • "' 5J| I rill (Jjv (ji (j-^-JJJ . (j-uSjJ-aalj (j-^UJJjal (j-UJUJ_Lill J-J-<t>- ' J^ 

(jl ij<s-^_4-CJ I _. I ri ->■ 1 J j" I iijl jljl . LaLxJ J^l «(.3-^ (j^ '^^ l-*:!^ IjjJl:>o 
.I'll I II II (j^^ I 111 fj^ ^ .'J j "i*^ 4_i^L>- Jj.^:*-a 5jal3L>J,l (_y3 (_>l3jjlj 

. Lal_4J 3-3jl_i-aJi,l ijj>is (j-C I'll mil I jufc i-J/^ I j • •■■-''' Sij^^jJI clxjl^ '-^tDJ 
(jLS J_5^ jj I ii'^jj^l I— t--a-tj Lol iSjjVI (j'jj-^ (j-i-LLiiill <lALaJI Jjvl ■ U^V 
(_fl_i^l 3^j^ (_y3 (jJ>-'^i^>»JI ;S!-*^" 'ijj^ "^-"^ '-*i^ ''■i"""jl '-r^ • l^-il-i-a 
jsJ Sjjj-iiJI eJ-^ I— al mTiSVIj i3jjj»jJI 4jajjj Lajjoija i". >lr I (_5-i-il (_5i^ 'j j •"■ 
iCjIjLajlII cdJj (j-o ^ — 1-^" . ..J jjl CjjjLk jj iii'^j^^l jljf 1 <i 1 1 a 3"a \l ,^ ^ ijS^ 

.(le^Liii^VI (jii JjVl ^%>y\ jJii LglUCL^cl ^1 
I J-jJl^ (j-o 3-i>=e1II 1 1 820 aLc J3-<u (_yi jj" iiijl jj^ Jl^ till jjj 1 1 Jl3- 

tiJJi (_5i^ jlj i^^iiSi L-uj I II -re-a j-u Ll! I jtjj^La .ajJl^^^IiSI CjUjLLaj ^ o »" i n a 

j_ijI:lII (jLS ij-^' .-.l^iu.ti oLuU^ 4J jii:! i^^jJI I'llmll q^ UK 4Jl 

' " ' ^ JJ ' ^"' Lt^ l_r^'^ f'-' Wi>^ I'lji'i tiJJi (j^ M '^-a Jj"i iijl jt^jl . lJJ^' 

3Kj.^v <iJ (_yjLij.^SLII jLuil f_j I inULim j3'i/l)) '.(JjiAll jjj (JjiAJI (jx. (jj^jj 
<-.I^A,^tl v2jli 3jj<I^^I (_^ j^^AII J jju /<sJj S(jil (sJUJI (jiuijf (_5 jdl La 

(j-oILjjj'y "f" <3 ' J .'J '(O-^-Ljl-i^a-S j-j-ftja-i j_i^jGjl ^ I II M (jl (jjj i4^Jij J-Jj'^l 
Jlj*^ «uII (_y^u-b i^JJIj ii^jl^Kll (_, III! (J^aijji' L^j-Il i-iJjI-C. iijJjL^uljJI 

7c_jjLlII (_yi jj I II 'tjj-i I jjLjcJjj .. JlIoJI (_y^ 3_iJL;LiLaJI (»^i»JI (_jlr i_ajjilJI 

^lj_;vl ^_^ 4_lJLc 5jL^ cd-Luj ii_jiaJI (_y^ jjjjlSj^ (jjjjijj£u i(_jjL;LiLaJI 

3 ^ji^ aj^ j\h\ Ji^ iSjjjjElil «Gj>J1jlaj 1 J_i"ii iijI (jl (_y^ j^'^l J ' ^ ^ "j 
jKJlJ 4jl«jiiI((jljjJI J'C Mill)) (jl .3_ujijl3j.^SLII jjfcl^Iiil (jljjjJI 3 lii^ (jx. 



S4 



(_jIL>-j iSijjJa 5^^^ ljL»-aj| .Xxj joJ (_gjJlj i(jj_^JL>Jlj iS^ljjJIj itLil jl^J 

jj^LSJI 3j_<IiLj^ (—klLieJj (j3jJ-i (j^lj^ J"-^! ij-*-'^ l)^"^ ('-' '"^'^ 'j^ '^ 
oLjoLj 3jJL>iil) ?Lij.^SliI (__)iaj^jtll I Sj^ tfLjol jjl^ JLujjijI JLulS : L^la cJliJI 

Cj jljj>JI Cjj^Iajj . 1 820 aLc 3^3^ 2 1 (_y3 JJ-JI (_5J1 Ji-lLjijI djjil^^ Cjj.^j3 

3jj/I^^I '~'j jt'^ JlSj .ijJI JiJlJ^Ajil foixil 3jjjiJJLi 4jjLc.^^ Sj_ujj 3jJLi!I 

JlSj .SjLjj (_yi Cj^jJI LdJii (_y^ ,^'j' O^ '— *tP" '' "'^""^ (^ (»LjI 5j^ Jju 

.«.. .<_i^L2jI iJ1iJl:xj 3^Lu< u» : Juu 
' j ■':■" . 1820 aLc J ; ti~ , I II ^ J-j'j-I' (j-^ 5_i_<5JjL^>U pL<Co"l t-J>3l u^ 

J J ' >* *- I I »_L4.>. ^_^i^ (_}j^l ^ 1 0" I ( II I I pL<iIl^^l 1^ J_LtJ_Ujl «LJ^.J>iJ j^^^^JU 

ij-u^i (^j.fljjl^'^l i^iljT tiijjjtj ^ I II 1820 aLc J j<i~ij I II (j-o J-j'j-I' (j^ 
JjL±3 . "ijuLuj 'I j ,".VI (jjjjjj (_5i^ Jj'ii iijl (j-« I— al mTiSVI /«! 1 1 iTn (_7^ c^^jJI 

J Mir (j.u^L>JI (_y3 3^1jT Ji»-V jiia .4jLiiI pLfljiJLj cjjIjj>JI oj^Joj 
iJljJl^I SjIjj i_jJl5=j jLuJI tua j^ lSJJI dJLLuJI (jl 1 1820 a[^ j-yHy^ ^ 
. <d 3jiii'i1Li S^la ^'j t^:^^ SjlsI^JI Sj jVjiJI jjVI 't-^i'ij 4JI ,j^ >t '^"a 



S5 



ii—ijLaHjl "^Cji^j i_JjJj .SjjiLkiJI ojui SJlAi I'll!, ^^IjI j-^ie-a (_jj| j_Lj^i tL*. 

(j_o j_u£Li jj^l BjjVI < ~ . u r « 1 > jl ,cjL«^jIiII (Js T-Ltlll (j"-^ '^JJ 'L«iiij 

^_yjl q i"i ij' • 1-^°' ijLuJI <1j j^ l^JJI 1(_,S|miII jj_jjjL>JI <-J^ ^.^ia)) .(^jLi-JI 

.(((jjijiaLLmS LlSJlJIj 
<iji J-4J (JSLJ dJl I II L^ji^ I— il 3»j Mij J-Aj i(_yaJyL!l (—iHI ' ^ .':."CI | jSLa 
ajj-"i im"j .(jLjuVI 4-<>.a.i-a (_yjLij.^ (j iMt^LiJLa Jji (_jjj^ill ' ^Hl ^^Is . jLu 
J J '^ -- ' (J-»-l (j-o i^ilLo iIJljIjJLo LaL> V" I 111 LUajI jjVI d_LjjiII vIjLim 

• SjjIj^I SjjijiJIcjUtj'i/l «Lol Loj^Liil SJkaUJI mS niMULiJll cjU-U-JJI)) 

(Jj/Jl^v (_^I j_lj_oI jLS 'JH-J I j _; ** JJ-4-1 (.3-^' '^!-'JL)-^^'^ ' CjLiill (j-« *>:t^ 
(_^I1J1 ^j * < ^ t, I Cjljl jJl (j-a^j-uS JJLC ^ ..^Ul '* 1 1 ^ (^ (>■> Jc>-^ ^ IjLa ' (j^j '^ ^' ^ 
J '■^'- (Jjv I JiSL&j -J-^V S^^-' Lt^ U^' 4jjJa-Lll tfjui CjUjjI 'jLu I jj** j-«-! 

: IJlJJl^ \juU^^ J_U^Ij ^^IjTj Jj"| IIjI iJlllal Ml'lSl JlJLo AJJ Mljtl lJlil>-J 

4^5L4jlII - 1 -J j'^^l . - . I U ^ ^ J iCjLuj^pSUVlj i3_uLij.^SLII 5-mj i^ll -il^ j .^^ 

. sLuiAll (_y3 (jlj-iiaJlj 
Cjli 4joUII vIjLLl^I ijji JijJljl!! u^ Ijjia^ 4^1 Mi'iSl Jju Jj" i iijl i— iJeTuI 
«L:e_Loj i3jiii_;jLJI 4j.4Jjl^'^lj ^jJJlJlLII 4jSHI 4JJ4JI 1 (j 'm;j i^^^uSLII ijjiill 
I j ^ -» " • "_' 5jjL>- Sijjia aj^ jLLa Ltujji (j-* (J^3 'lJt'J^ '^!J''J4-* 3t4^^' 
(_,_iiI|Ji, CjLSj'i/l (j^ Cj^j (_y3 (j^jijLj I j .^ .^-^ i(_yjjfcj liljj^ i-sVI 3 3 i^-^.' 

.^Lij.^1 VUe^ (_y^ cjlaLill^VI /sit^l 

JLj Jlj>j1 J <^* tl ^1 1 jljI tiJliLfljj I ii"t1 aJJb (_p J ^' '^"' * 3-Aj i JLuj-ujI (j-u-b /cJ 

x_L3cjiulI 4jjjfc ijJjL^uljJI (_y3 (J III III jii£ ./oJjil!! f_j\c- IjljJls. VL^I ' • I ^-^'j 

JL3c_o I.J ml 7-J^ i^JJI (jjjLuJI dJLjjLj^ diUI aLsj .^jjiJjlII (JjJjJJI 
^^ '^ °| iaLjjiJ (_5-LcI J-i^J .jjj'sll Pj^jjjIj i—t-Lli-a sLa-LAJ (^jljj'^' >>j"ll lljl 

IS6 



(j^ i I ri 1 1 dJLLj (_5-3 J . (_j.S_l_iSILJ^aJ I jajitHi! (J Lc Jl^J(-0 (J rijl II LLl «L»- 1 I II (j-C, 

t»i I II it! ^_^I^ 4_iii_i2llIiJl t-l) l^j-uo L>J. 1 ^_^^tj i4_u^l «uj;t_a jCi i njl TcJiH^l ■ ^ ■ "-^ * 

id-LjUal iJIiUlUI (j_2-jlj 4_L»-jL>JI iJli^ij>.jJI ijlilj i"n I j»LS Ji^J .(JJJJIJJlJI 
(_y^ Cj I j-cis LitA L^ (_yi!ij ilj-Au uLSjI <ijJjj5AJIj i4jj_lL>ijVIj ii^j I iitj-aJlj 

d-^jjij '(JtA" lt^ (1>^'J^ .1851 aLc (jjjjLo (j^ x-iJiLlII (_y3 <ijLp. Lix^HJl 

,j-L>-^l ^IjILa ^_^1 t^J^l iiilu (^^Jj_LiJ1 ^j■^_tJ_Lia_a i^Loijl lJiJi ^_^Ii-i_a ^j-* J i ii"*" 

(Luis dLuiscj (j^^^pjLA IjjlS ji^j .eJ.2Ju L^ IjJ^ ct-^' ^ ^^u.tl Sjl 1 11-^1 

I Ml ll iSjUJl;*- Ijljjjil j<sJL«JI 7c_LO A^^ (Jj n _i I ii-a-*^ cdJi ij^'^ (j-ujjj .Sj_uS 
.Sjj^mi 5_uLjj.^£L!I 3 • " ' i^tl ^Ir I j'al ,':."<l . »| <iUII 

3j|_a j-x-l I j . >» « I j-'i^ .lIJuLiJIj lljljljjajlj iCjLxjLLflJI S^jJILa i(j^ i i iitl 

jjjJJIj 3_j_)_j j^)_J I 4SLj^m Cjjjt^Vj ii—fljaHl,! cjLcLS (_ya c^J^jso lilj .Sim 

'^.'-T'' *>^^ SLst^ CjjjG ijjjjla (j-oj Ala S^j^.^ll CjLlIVI (ji^ (_gj-<kjJI 
tj^ i3.flj^Lc: jjIjjj 1831 aLc: IjOjI |_5JJI 5-uLij^<tl cIjWI jjt^" j i"."I 
4jjLj^.^S1I| 3J^| cr.t.LLuri$l (j-*j>JI di!i jiloj ■ ^aj" ^oj ^ _. i n-^e^ (j-< i I 111! CjIj Mir 
jsJ djjEjUill (_y3j • JJtJJ i-<» ''L;^ J-i-*'-^' *(.3-^ » j'-->" • "J V i(( uJljI» La ^S i"i 



IS7 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

CjLsLAI^I >'<(^~ui, 1820 aLc ^ 4J1I . J ; ^ 1 1 J i~ur x_<j<LlII o>^' Sj.'iir 
(__>^lj^>JI J j"i I iijl (_fl_JaI»Sl 1820 (»i-c (_5-fl-3 iJj-LLlI j ^ -- ' J .SjjLi 4 joir 
liaa-V Jj" I iijl i-sLiij^l (j-a j^ mi! SJlC JlJljj .(_yjLij.^SLII jLuil 3j 1 njULim 

^_^1 ^ ' *J ^ LlJj.j>tJ)) «uL(ai_a l1a1>.j .^_^_ij^ cJlla (Jjl ^^Ijij ^j-u-al y i (^ 

"^ 1^ tj CT^i *^J ' rijl^LutJH (Jj^:>tJ)) '•^_^-A ^jj>-] Aj\-uiA ' " *j J '^ J .((iLu-u-tLDLLi-a 
tjl Mi'iVl LdJjd «(_yjiu J^JJ (oJ .("uliuLlI i_gjljL3 (_yJI l^l-»- (_y3 (Jjiiill J-3-jJ 

ALAJjil jjl VI iSJjJjlII <ijLcljIL>-l jl <1 I II llU I Ij_ujj1o tjjSLj (jl ^"^ I U" . ..I I 

jaiaJu (Jlt'ii'iVl (jlS UJJ'' 'i^tl L^ fi"jj (jl J-La^pjjj (jlS <ijj.^^Lj (_gjljL3 

.SLslSLo (j I ii'^-l dJ 4 J I iiilu 
5j Mir ^iJliJI ij-ui j_LO J ■T'j . I 791 aLc j j o"ij I II (_y3 (_gjljL3 (JSLjLa jJj 

i^j.AAJt j^^jhiXl ijjyiLtJI j<sJL«JI cjljj^La^ 'j'j-* J'^jl "J ,^^^j ,««LuLLajj^l 

.oAJi^ (JjiaJLi (sijv (j-t:>JI cdJi JlJLoj (_3-^-i 
I j J "" 4 U j 3JLj,j (_yijjj I— £<^j n_gjljL3 x-jjcjiij 1812 aLc jim ii_0 (_y3 

^3^J|J -j-j^l (_7^ LJl£Lo LS-i'j'-^ t-ALj .(_,.Jj(JI JoLiilLi JiiliVI j^ 4Jl 

(_ylLll (_y^J Cjljal3L>J, I .^^-1^ i<iljJL>- (_^i^ (juijj 3jLl<ij iSJLjijJLi (_yjAII 

V (j-oj-II cdJi f_^ (jr^-^ ^U"i I iij /<sJ) lj_u^SL<j/ (_gjljL3 (j-« ctA?-^ jiejl 
<IjJl».j LaJiJi^j . (^>_iiJ,l (_y3 jLjtAJLj tfl-4^ C4:>-j^ i^"« iSjLjSLII Vj SsIj^I 

. ujjjtx (_gjljL3 Tcjj^I iSj^Lio iLiLiiij 

(JjiJiJI (j-« 'iJj-u JlaJJ . JLujj/jl I— al Mi'iSl Jlju Ij3^ t_!jL=tlIlJ (_gjljL3 jjIiU 

3_j-L^I r JLxJ ^<s_<jjJI I Jlj* (_^ .4_L^ 3_ljLij.^SL1I 4^1iaJI ^<si^ ?^^ ■^"'"^^^ 

4-LlAj^ iJlllSj.rKXj i^J^jjj I III! <:LuLaj.^Sjl clL^^e-qU 3jJl^I <:L2jLiJI CjIjJj-qU 



S8 



(^,_Lo .3_uljjjJI 4^jj>JLi 3 jlii I rrll 4luL^ (*>^ i(_yJJiJ(-a (_2LLai. (_,lr I'll i ntl 
JLS_3 A-j->- (J-x-i3^-« (3:UJJI ^1 L4-1J . (J_u_lLd LLLa «Li^ ^ ■■ o^j ij^^jjjJLj *Lc^l 

jLLcj .jj>-Vu i_2LLaj>JI (Jj^jj ijLuJI )«-j-Lo t—iLLial jL>-i (_jJI (_jjj)-II J-'^J 

(_y^ liLlJ (jl-^ •o'jJ'^W (j-'^l-iill fj-uj ija'^l Ji^l JI-==-o (j^ I'll. .ill 
(j-uJj /oJj .(_y£LJJ,l J (j < U (_yi Ij j . . 1 "°i j^ (_5j1jL3 fcjj^t 1827 aLc (_y^ 

. 16041 f<i4>J o^ «cjL=tij'!^l)) (_y^ Jill jji-T 

3 i 1 11 I I Jlaj^ .SjjejUJ (_yJI «Ujjj t_ij.j>J,l (_gjljLiJ Sj-aLJI SjL^l iZi^i jJai 
A^j-ujj \hj.x^ i Jh\3 I 1 83 I ^ ..U , ,.j~ I jj^ (jj^-iiaJlj x_<jiLlIl (_5-3j I Jj"i .ijl (j-« 
5jb (_y^ ! .'li '._t S}_L^jJl 3Jaj;ti!l aJJk i_^ 4J| ,j^ i|_^JljJl^1 SjLjji/^Jl t-iis 

/o^ i_2jjjI1 ^ (J-'»t!^ i|_^JiJJi^l 1 .ISll I jj'a Ji-j! (_ylll I J ■"■^"' SiajKiill liUj 
.«qJ1_<ji^ (Jj>J j^^j>J1 (JJ-jJ (ji 'Lji^ '-r'^?:^ Liiajl C^_jJl jj-a 
j_Lj_aI LiJ^_S3 (_gjljL3 «_o <_!jL:aJLll i ' 1 l"t (JlLo (_£^j>-l ^ • "■-" tlj^^l ^^^ 
x—lIoj jL^jsJl jljIL&l (j-« CjJl:><J (_jJ-11 - I '-^ -^ » I J-:J^I ' . ' ' T"'-' Lt^J -.^jT^jII 

3-j1jljJ1 i^ (Ji-jt .5jjL>J,l S^jjJl 1^ 'l-»^' lS-^'j'^ J-^ 'o"W^' jU^ 

(J_<k (_fj-^ 5jjL>Jll S^jJLll (_jJI i_jjij joJ (j-aj i4 <j .".^1 (_y^ (_gjLjJi:>Jl i_Aitl 
I ni'n (_gjjl jLuJl Ji^i- 3^j^ (_yJI 3ij^ (j-a j-i:^^! i-7^j*ii l-^-yjJ •J'-i^' J-6^ 
« 1-" • "_' /oJj ,^ , ,.^ Ul •, jl I J.i:>J| juJCa LoJLt^ i JLi-jVl 31-^^1 (_y^ Ja^ 
S^jJUl (_y^ I IJl^I . .1 a ^JlJ-"ii ..1 4jjiAJ (_gjljL3 (2jSLI ^'i/1 ' '' '''"'^J L)l J-f^*l 

.jL^aJl SjjI i_aljjaiJl ji^LuiIl .U^V w^ ij i^tl t_J2i! <dU.jl j_lc:j.5jjL>J,l 



S9 



" Vj^'' i_aLiiuj^l 3_Lii3jj(JI 
jdj^ Jjl i_gjljL3 (_yli (_, irijt->j.^£Lll (jiaj^jajJI i_aLiuj^l ^^ aLjI Sjl^ Jlij 

4^jjj(Ji,l CjI jjjj,! (_p (j-* ^1 -T* IJlj^ I _. I ri->- I Jjii<"t Juiojl Liaji jjij " _ .u^ll 
jjjj,! liLIj (_,_L: Jj.^-^ll i^'i/l jjij i|_^jljL3 a^lU", ...1 , j^l^ ji^j -f^f" 
j_jjJlILi ^ ... A ; I ijjj (ji <ijl^ (jl^ .JajjiaJu CjIjJjji j i"h t dJJi (Ja^ ^ . ...-" 

^3 Ij/j . ... jj>.VI 

j-jl i in \j» .(J .1 J UL-LLlI Jj^»- LdlxJI JJJJ (ji jj.:aJ ^ (_gjljl^ (ji VI 

(j.^^l^^IlJ^-2Il '"*'j ' ' '■ J '"'^ 3-*^ CT^j (J-A-i3i-^ (_5-^U ^*-'-A-^ t(jS t"it1 IjL^^ 
j_2J :4^LL^I a\£l f_^ *jj^ I ^^^ i 1 j 'I <i2!b (Jjill (j5>-«-i (J^JlUI ;ji -ijU.ll 

.(^Lij^l jJjIlj (^L,>s^l ciJj.^1 ^>ii^l 

(_5j|jLl! (3^-^ -^j i^^iiS (j^^ JLo iiJlil^l^pi-VI oJi^J Ji^J ' LilLc. JliJLaj LoSj 
(_jj| jJaj^l (ji i(_yJUj.^(jJj.j;tA Ct^j'^ MJ'^?-'^' /jjLu jjIiJ Lojj^ .1821 aL^ 
y J "^ (jl (j_Lci (^^"-^^ t(j^" t rilj (J_La^l «_a ^^^ ■ . .. xl jl^j.jvV ASjJui i^^^s>- 
.ijjlSLal j_o (3^ljjJljj 4j1 <iK (_,lr «LLi LlxJl^ Cijjs^] (_ylll I— ijl^aliJI jjJUk 
-' J 1 ' -^" (jx. SjLa 1823 aLc Ij-JiiLj . ^ . .. .-'"' pljUi-VI (_7^jl Lx^Ji J-rt^i 

L^j-Ldi i_ajijj(J,l (_y£L£)_aVI (_, i ii" II (_^jl SjJil tfjui (_y^j ,(5jJ>.l Sjajjiia 
^jt C.IU-...I |_^j|jL3(j!jji: . lfl(jj,iiii:l jI£[:liVI i^j>uJl ij;j-Jl^l^(_yJLLjVlj 

.<1jjL>o (j^ Up I II (jl Jiju I 0(jijL>o lj>>-l i^jj-uJlj iJlj-i-A o' '— '^ 
(_yi (.3-^jl J-2^ ' '-i-^^ l-'^T^*-' jj-^ C^ lS-^'j'^ o' O^ J t^ 'II (jiaJbj 
. (Jjj I li'CLa CjVjIjla Jju Lio^ I j'ij' (_yjJI S-Ujiolaj^^SLI I 4jjJiiII (j m iii dJLx^i 
- « I 1.^ -> 1 1 (J^Llo J Ml J 1 1 (J^)) . LJoAJLo (_gjljL3 Jj^ (_, oUII jljj^VI (jl^ 

j-tHitj (jL^ cubtjVl «lj.^l sl-ula liil JJj .Sl<jj>JI jtjk jl_>^ ^IjJI t_x^l 



1^0 



- [j^j-yijjt (_y^ "ijLp- t3i>i=> ct^JI-^ -lS-^'j^ ''La- Ir^ t (_, i I ^ U J-4J(JI J-i^T 



(_jj| iCj-LjbLfc Sjj-ia (_y^ (_gjljL3 (JSjLa jajiajLlI (_yju^_LiII jjLui;*- J^j^ 
l_gjljL3 J 1^1 ^JJJJ Cj^J^ 4SjJI (j-« jI Jl2J,I 1 Jl^JJ ijjjiSjLa Jjl^ j_i^ S^^" 

fa_i_a x^ 3JijL2Ji,l_i l>S^jj-o i^jljLa -ta-j^^l i^ JJI ^j^Lj^KW jdjll q\^ 

.(_,lqttl ^j't^'lt I j ^jj U CjJLjvj n_gjljL3 I j A ,':."CI (_ylll i(_^l jJI (jiajjjtll I 
JjU . (P.M.) . A .t_! Jjfc (J^^JC^ (__>iiALc, ^^-> •"■ 7-J imU (_5i^ J j !■-'_' LLifcj 

Ldoi S-^ Lft^J J '^'11 cdJi (_y3 IJljI (L^jio j_j^j lS-^'-^ >i^ lt^Wj-^ jJj-1. 

4.XJSK.US . A .!_! 3JV d_UJlLx.u3l ulj-1.1 CjjI^... DJN i" I iijS . t_l .A (_j.<JjjlS'ill JlJU 

. « (2>J^-^ LjJ, I (j-<-g.j"V oil SJjJl^ (j-A-LtuJ CjWI -' J 1 ' ^" CjJJl>- L^I <1»-jjJ 

.(_jju.u cj^jJI S^LIsI 

lj_«_L^J (^jjl (JjjUJI liilljl «L*jL^ C5-^ ^'t* 'M (_H3^1-«-II L^i dui (j-O 

..I'l I III ' ''■-I (jl » u" . ,. I joJ i<ijjLtuj"^l 3^Jl>. f_^ sUj^^SjI 
.(jpJbil Ua ( 1 833 ^Ic) (_, MMjj ■ e^j ( 1 832 ^=.Lc) (_;^ S^)?l lUlcr^l^ 

aIJiJ-'ii III (jl^l^l (_yJi SjLJiiVlj x_<jj>J,l JLi-jl jjk (_yjiijjj Jl or I (_y3 JjJijsJlj 
. JaJLUI (j^ VjLi CjIjlI^I (_y^ 4jjLij.^I JaJLUl 
Ct-^J'J '"'"V _Jt!-'->^' '^-''j-:^^' <ij(-oL>JI jjjjiSj^ jISUjI Ij-:UJ IjLsol jjlS 

j_tiLj^ ,(_a sLJojI joj '"^ ^l--ll« jljjJI ' _ .l^lt aIj.^ (_y^jjjj (_jjU,3l jLa-tilj 
j-aVl SjL^J (_y^ (IhJJlII i'^\-ij^\ 3J>1J ..^MjU...S?K. jlj itl I ,uii dJLnJl 

lilli jLLaj . 1872 aLc: I JlA CjJo. .lIcjJl^I I^Kmi (_yjl SjJjII - 3JVI >Lu3jl 

joJ (jjjUJI (jl l-*Jj . l_ij^_aj cj1Sj.j>J,1_i (_3 1 <"i_i Loj^ (JL>JI Liuli IjiSLifcj 



1^1 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(_yjvaaj .jl J 1832 aLc: i_gj-iji . J LiLli(_ylII cjKjj*^ (jl^ JlSj ■4jjLij^<II 

.(Jjj-ajj pjjij i3^lj-«J I'iilj.Lo CjLoLxj-oj <ijaS-^p^ pj-^' 1864 aLc 
ijJjj>J,l (j^J J .^^11 ^J^ I 1833 aLc n_gjljL3 iJai. (j^V (_jiili^^l j"i 1 11^ ^j l_i al 

(_^l oLjjLc:)) IjJj^ 1838 aLc: (_>uJV J-1-3J . L&j-jju i^gJJI (jLuiJVI 3^>I 
(jl^» . LuLjj^ l^jjitA (jl^ ^ \jiS 4^jij jjJj Ij3^ jJjJ,! I JUS .LiJ^ 'J -I'' 
<t I i<"'lj-l ^ '^ "^ ---I I , d , >i , ^ 1 1 J ijjjjjljlj (.jVjjJI (ji <ij>-jjj uj^ (jljjjJI 
.« La Jo. (_yJI 3^j.j^J U^ '^j'-i iCuWI liUj (_y^ 4^j^l 
I-al i'~f\\ liJjj i(<si«JI TtJjlj (_y3 La Jo. (_yJI LilLc. Cj Jjej LaSj ii—iuji'^l «_a 

. Al o" 1^1 (j^^ (2h* *^ jo <t^i (ft-tkajul ijyjuj^jl\ /cJLjlJI 
(_yi^ ^iS Liiaji SjjJLc (j-^-uji (J^io- CjI£joJ.Ij CjljJjJkl (j^ (_p j^Ialu joJ 
3JVI j_a2l jjijo- (_y3 ijjjl£ L^l x-a i L»^i ^ ■-' I" -» " joj^L^ L^ (jlS (Jj i5Jl>- 

.(j-^ ( t nil (j^ <"<lj .".^ 5JlC JulJ 2i1 »_x^^1 ^j-lijj ^J , ' ^ ' '■■^ * 

(jj_2JI (j-« Cji J ' J < J I M II i_^ Q^jJUj^^SLII (jjj '^"11 '^J.ii iSjL^jJI (_y3j 
l^jCpUalLjil I J'C Mill Ij^^JJ iJL>-lj «(_yji L<uk jJjJ,ljiiJjj>Jll 1^] 7-jjus^ i(_yii5m 
.CjISjoJ.1 (_yl<Iilaj CjIjJjJII f_j^( Ml ill eljiji .^"tl CjljocUl IjJl>-jj (jl 
^ -'' 'J 3 CjLSjj>J,I Jl>-I iJJ^ La (_5i^ ijjji^jLa (JjlS aLoILaI <^Jo- 

: iJjJe-cSjjJ .1—3 (jjiijLa (Jj^aj dJJj jj^ ^^^-^ ■-* f^^-i^lj • 'LLa j i_^ ijS^l 
joSL^jj (jjiSjLa (JL^ , <ijjL;LiLaJI A^UI CjVLa^ (_jJI LcSjiaj La (jLcj_uj)) 
iSjjill i''"^-- ■ .. L^l I " I <i itjj (.7^1 ' VJJJi (.7^ '^-''^J-'' 3jj ,^j^tl jl .^"i il ^yc. 
L-iS>-[jL^ .5JjJl>- SjjILI jjiaoo <ijjL;LiLaJI a^JjlII <J1iL>-L>o (jLi <_JU^ jjl (jj.i 
it-tic (_, I r Lulj ,j-il III II (j>ail (_y^ Stjrji' J^ S-^ lJJJI ijLjtjJI SJ^LjJI 
Sj Ij Mill '.J— lTlS-J (_^j.^2l S-Jjjiiil <iJoLa (jc (JjLuJj 7- J I nil (2>A O^' Kj-^^ri 
icLjiLooJI (j^ ^L^ j3^Ia.a jjij ijjjiSjLa |^l CjJloo dJJj JiJic . 4_uLij.^SLII 

-c^Jcvjjj f-jLJii (_7ic (_gjLjjL>. 3i>^ J-^>*-' (*^' '-'^ o^J^ '^ I J jjiLifc ". JLas 



1^9 



•"(jr'j'^' j'-d^l Ct^ Jo^ AjiicJ 4_iJliJI q'^ i3_i I iilji 11 SjJJ 5j \l ,^",aVI 

r-jj-S-l (Jjl 1838 aL-C t—lJ^Lj (_jiiliajjjj 1 n u^iJj^ (_jJjiJ^I joJLjlII LJujI 
f'JJ.' ' "v* ^'^■' C7^ 4:»-ci5 liJj.J>J,l I jui jliil .jljjJI I .liill (_gjjlj o'jj'^ 1-LIj.j>J, 

5 , 8 dJjls Mj^ (_,lr L*!! J Jlju f-j^j . Ljjijji (j^ 3_L«i«JI j^ljJ,! (j^ L<kj_Lc.j 

I J-ib («-C.jl Jl^J lOj-^Ji ^ I '' W^'j J '''• ** 'I "1 II 1 liij-JSJ lA I , 2 4_U3J_CJ A 

.^^iiSl (j-ujj iCjl_5_jLiS i—itjuaj ^"^ I U" . ..I CjjIS . Liiajl jLuJI (j n'^t 'J (Jj i Ljij-i-II 

• (Jj" '"' ''ji)3j^ •*— ^ -lS jj 3 ''i' ^ ^ Lt-^3J^^ (J'->t!-*^' d-j-oUjj 'Lfr^^ <iI;>J (»_jL«JI 
H_gjLjtaJI (j-o iJlilj-a J MUl f_j\r i ^Llj.^SL!l ijJj.j>J,l (jl 3 i -a- 1 1 1 i"iT-"imiii1 Jl^J 

Jj' Vl (_y^ >< J ?"i I II a lilLu V .(^LlJLlJ 

.cj ^laj-c ' ^ "■> . Ll^ijI 3_jjujl^I Li] "v I II tLi (J_2_Lll (JjLjij fj!s (_yjLij.^SL!l 

4Jjj) 3_ij^ )«_o 4jjUj.^ SjJaLaJ Ij-iij^ L>- jjjsj 1838 aLc (jJ-iij i-Lljjj-LfljJ 
- «4£Lj/ (_yk: LoJlS 43)) S-aj^JiJ r Jj-<»-Jl J-ti3 .(jii^l (_>ujj Loiji: jij^ 30 aK 

3j_IaL2JI 3j.£La Lx^ji i— ijSu ^j^ (oJ .S^LcuJI (_y3 Cjl^p^ 3^^ ^ J-'^-' lS' 
3JLj<j fj!s 1 1838 aLc (j^ jj-*-i 29 (_y3 i-^^ J^^ . ^Lijjil (jjj ,j-* 3_uLij.^SLII 
'^^.'''J.Ji SjJaLail (j£L«J» : (jjILiIuJjj ji_^ 1—2 . (_g (Jlj_Lo3l i_jju (_jJI <l^^j^ 
l_alj_c, jIjS 160 "ilLij ^L«^>- I'l 1 III tLj (J-Sjj (jl ^j^« '^11 ct-'J' f-* 5j-Lij^l 
(_yi^ i3jjjaIlJI i>J^ '-^ o' M-i^y ^S^^ .«3x.LcuJI (_y3 Cjl^p^ jLo 5 3^j_tujj 
3 J J 1 1 III! SjjEjlillj jLni-VI J Mi"°i (jl .(_yjLij.^£LII '*^jjij jLjUi-l jju jJljj La 
JU^I iJ;0.t3 ^1 LjI .a^Mll ^ a^Lij^l cjI^j^I (»lai=l^Li a^adJ 

(^o c2jIj Mir » ■ ^ ; I SjJUJl^I i'K.iiII (^^ (_^Lij^l I .-a-iiill j»l Jielxajl 

■ (j-> i I nil 

i_jAa^ r-Jij-«-i (Jjl <_!jSu 7"j^l LojLJi^ 1 1838 (»L-c u^^ 'LJj iJj-2JI '-^'^^ 

(ji » l-^" • ""' /<sJ i(_j-u3lj <"iiiil f-jUo 44j1 miU <IjV3U (ji^ i(_yjLij.^SLII i-dj-a- oil 
1 j _'l — ^ 1 ■-! I • " (J_pcjjjiil (j-« O^ 3 J • "jl-'jj^'l j_ikl^IaJl (j->-Jlj^ "^1 IJV^ 
3 ij. ,^i j ,U" (LLllII pj"' '-^"'1 1'^'i-^ 4"i"r ill <Luljj-iAtl j«jj&mi cli^l^La t Jju 



I^S 



p 1 < II (j_« '-^^^-^j-^ lt-'-" 'S_LJ.2ji! Jjf VL*^ 4_uLij.^£LII SjjijLi^JI plr Jl«j 
i>L>ol jjl^ lJjJI "^ miLj (_yx-ijj,l (J3JLIII 1834 aLc (_>uJV -r -i^l f-»^j 

CjIjLuJ ttjr^ljpl tjLiJJ ^Jj Sji^l^ (jjjLill Ijut Jot'ii III .(__>l3jjeim jLuJI 

iAuuuajLsj-^Jl CjIj_uL11I (j->-Jlj-Sj ^ ^ji^ 4ji>.lj 3Jj^ 4J (_gjljLiI ^ • "J^^J 3*^^^ 
.4^LLaJI ■l'^'^^ IjUx )«-o cdJjlSj ij_Lj^lj JLujjijI I j A ,':."s I (_^l 

jLSj .3_ljLj_4£LII oWI pjj^j^ ^ ^j5 VLi^l (_>uJV JU^I c^l^ 
(J^ljJJI 3 1 -V fj^ cjIjLlIJI vjjjj (JjLaiJ, (J^L>JI Jjl ^ • ■■^'' (jJiJV 7->jSI 

,(1848) aLc: (i(_yjj^Lj)) LiLjl Lj-ft-ui^ i3_uLjj.^£1II S^ajLHI (So^-j) jLa^ I '\'? 

i^Jj^_(_uSLa ^*-A^J Lt^^ *(J-*>^' LUj!i ^_7^i^^ M ( iilj ji I 0*" ( III 5 JL^-^I aJJt t"ilo*"i( 111 

'"• I '^^ Sjljjl>- Sj.>-j 1864 - 1863 (_j_oLc cjjIj j"ii n jj^iLj (3^^-i-<k ;> iojl'^j 

.(ijljjJI (_jiaJI j] r-LlJVI J '^'' (JjlS Jj)) ijliill J J J I II f_j\c- i3_uLij.^SLII 
<-J^IU,^^ Jl o<"i iiVI j^ (_gjljL3 .A iji-ji JlS^ . 5x.j I 111 Sj^iajJI C^JlI^I 
x—usjj .(((_yjLij_^Ajl (JjL«JI» m f_^\-ij-^Sj\ (Jjljtlll)) i«(_yjLij,^£jl I .u^tl « 
.SjjJijsJI ^ 1 jll 4jjJaJjl jojjfcLflll (j^ 3^j-<i3c^ aJjLi (Jjj I iiSLa 

(j^ (^1 i^j^L^Vl *Lj3^I v:ul-iJ (ji (_a>lli.VI ^jl J_^l l-^xj 4Jl VI 

Ij_»_ii5j (^jJI (j-\_Cj_jj»JL I 3,Cj.<iJ«,^j '^J** .'J J l£LLaLijjJI Cjj^Iaj L^jiJS 

-(> 1 1 '-^ 'I (j^ cj-'l L?-^^ iS-Ljlj^jj'CII cjVSU 5_l<jjLjjVI 3jojo iio'iII i[^,iLJ.I 

i(l_4_ikj_i^j a\j^^ (jJj m i"i"'u) nSjiii^^^S Luuj_i^ La^Ll'tJ Ijjjjej joJ (jJjJI 
r-iLx-i IjLiiuji Sh ja^Ji )«-o ""'Ijj l^'tl ojui (j-* nji'i I j 1 j ■^ j jjl ^J*^'-^"' ' "_' («-! 

. LoU: J.<wlJI ^ SjjLa 3^b>gSLII cjV>L! 

i4jj1j^j.^Sj| CjWI (jl iM-»-"il ^ j -^" 1 1 3jj U'.tl 1-J^I ,^^"1, ,.VI Sjj^^a^ Cjj^^li 

J ^" "■! LoJlJ-C. ^LaLS Ijj-^Ja iCjLcLuiaJI (Jjiajj ' I ;j 1 -^ ^ j ^Ajj CV^^-'^J 



1^^ 



J-SjJl! jLSL:LiVI SjJl^ (j.ij 1 JLj>J,I I Jlj* ^^ (3^^L!I aJl^^JI J^ljjjI 

3_jj_Ia_i iLd_i_ilSLLl,l - (sJjJI Cjljja-La i^l Jiir" I nU Jajjjl La jAii '^ 1J1 ' ■^'^^ 

3jj «iLui2ILul (_y3 l^ja^jjlj SjjJLsJI 5Jl I rill eJJt (jj^^jjlX\ 

"^J. .'J J '— ''j'-i-'^' Ct^ a3Li:>JI 4j^Jij (2>C» (JjJ I iiSLa SJLLo dt-ie-Li-o I 

^-"^ .'Jj CjWI «LLi jsi^ (_3;LiLij '"'Ijjj '^' (jij. ..I . ,.S?t J .°:.^ «_ijiLLll (jj-ill 
^Ijj^ 14 ^"a ^ ..'. ij... ^I^tj J:;\ jl ->jl 1 3 tl ^11 a'i ^ jj/jtA 5 ,^a ^ ^1 ^ 

cjV>LI 3_SjLa,j3 slj^l j_o. jjjlJ (j^ 4jSHI aIj^JI p-Uls-l (^Jl 1867 ^Ic 

Litj£Sli\ (_^l i(<ijjQll Lkajl ^oU aI JLJcjjjil (JJJ (j-a (_gl) (_jjl jdl (__)iaj_>jellll CjI j 

3J5U (_gjljJLll Sjl J (_>iiJj.j>o (_, I ii_i La (Jl <"ii III (_j^ 4_ijL>o (2>^ 'j-i>-^ 

.SLuLj^I i2jV>U (_yikil,l ^<ij.4j-aiJI ^ tix^l ^ (1830 j»L: ^) 

"iLj^l j-uj'C I II (_jJI SJLjijj pL<ilt>-VI (j^ (^yi 1^ < 1 11" Jlju (_yJjL3 .ijJ ti^ju 

3 _i I II -»JI SjLj^-!! 7-j miJ (ji i««_iL^'^l (_,lr » (3jl 1 11^^ ' I jj"" JjL»- i4_iSLiI,l 
lIx^HjIj , ^j"i I II tjj (j_u_L<Mj_u I " < n^ ly^ "»■ rt ( , 1 11"^ i~,^'i ir^ ct-^^ Cj 21 2 1 «Lc l_LaIL<_u V 

■ jMiiitLi SJjUJLI 
'tl)j"""'JJ (J ii?iji II p^T-jJ (j-o '''^■^°' jjj i"i jju (_^l 1 1 867 aLc (jjijLa 14 (_y3 

(JjLijtA 5j^ ijj'^ '^l^ (*^w^^ «USjJil 4jj^I (_yJI uj-tu I^>J^-2j (Jjj I iiSLo (»Ji^ 
L<-i-i-a (Jjjjji^Lo Jot" I 111 Jl^j ,4jjIj3-J-^' 3-iill (_yJI 4jjLij.^SLII CjWI *LLi 

-' j'-il Jljlj » il .^1 i j^y^ (JjjjiJLl^I Vj (j^iL^pjiJ, I ijJI jiJI /taiaJj jsJ ilJuj/^I «_o 

(j-ojJI L*!! J (_y3 »l oUII 3x.jjija^ (^y^ --^ji t*-'j -(Jjj I iiSLl, "1^ ^j_.u"ll" (J.oj(JI 

CjVj-S-o 4 i It 5Jl2jla J'^ Ct-^' (Jji; i nSLa jlSLsi ■ ''-' • ■■ ' (j^i^ J-^'^ Kija^v^p^)) 
d-ja-Lj-i f_^\ (J-jj I iiSLa (J-«^ jjj (<sJj . "ij^ LlJ V I d-iial! I 4joUl I (j\^jlis^ I 

.<Luljj.^£j| CjWI j-u-caxJ [3 ^ *"'" 'LijiJ-oJ-o 

5jJj_xId ^_^1 ^^j-X^dLI,! ^^^_^1 jj-« 1^1 JMt 1 I il'l ^_^ OjJ *J ^ Q^J '^"'M (J-*-i3^ 



1^5 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

7c-JjLj IJi-1 I—LA .4_<iJ^U,l Cj l£j.j>J, I J <1jjLij.^£L!I lIiIjJjJ,! -' j i ■ ^" (jjJjLaj 

(j-ujl-J>^Slll (j^jiilll jjl j_jSL<jJj^jjj ■ ' •(* lS'jJ •<"! '^J'^'' Sjji)) (j-oj-ll LdJi(_y^ 



ijjJI /oJUJI (_yJI 4jjIj;.^I CjV^I jj '^" (_y^ SjUJI 3jLajJI J'^'a J^ju 

'^Jj '" _ (.3-^ ojuiUcLj^ . i_j'\ I ii\^j^^ j.fljJj.a (_jiillaf| jj I iijl (JjjLjcj^ 

islifljjJI (JliLiSLaj nJjL«J,l «_Lia CjLcSLa IjjJl^ ,_>^^L>-Li iJ-«-»J i-J-i-^j Cr^l Lt^ 

• ijjji.'i/l i^jLcSUI (j^J^Laj 

' aj ^ . -^ ^ j^ j ^1 it_jjljil,| jLuJLi JjjUJI iiiJj,^! \jjt, j\^\ ij^] 

d_j^ p^p^>J,lj j<sJL«JI <ijfclj_i i—cl^Tu joJ ilJujisI )«_o . Liiajl Qj ' 'ij-^| LAli (jjjLojj 

pj^ i"i a sQjVj (_yi 7-j J i"i 1 1 (jjiLjc^ (_jJI AJt^J i(jjjJLiil i—iLjSJIj ijJ^^^^'j 

jLjUll fljL^l iM<i_t j<u3 (^uj^^SJI (_yx,u^SJI (_^i^ aIjlcVI 3_ij.a^ (jl (_yj| (Jj^jj 
CuL^j-ja-oj it-jjLlllI jLuJI IjlJJ .(JjJls- M-i (j^ ^^ J^ .CjljdLi t-jjLuIl 

IJl^ La ioV>L! 3 J iiiL-uli/l JoLxJ'i/l LiW: j^^ilu foJ (>iJ>iJI lill j jilaj 
((CjMjJ^>JJj-«» 3SjjI< i-^^^ J^ • L^L-uLiS S^Ljejiaj ■ I j"'l ** I u~ . ..I (_y^ Sju^l 
. JL^vlj jjj^ (J^'^ "-"^ ■^^ 'LJJJ I . ,. J Ul :. ^ diljij iLaiiJl (_j^ j" I ri I'ltLa f_^ 



lib 



CjIJlJj 1 t <1j»^u ."iI -ij^ .^1 (j'Ax.^p^iJ, I (JLl>-| (Jjiiiij I'm i"ii| LoJlJI^ 
(_gj.ja_j iJl*jJL>JI LL<k JJ'^ . (j-> i I rill ,j-« <— sVLi CjI jdjJil pl^pi-l <iIii:>J (jj I II 

(Jjjjalll <ijJIJ.<lla CjI M ii|-»-"|I JJ_Lt>-l IJl^ljJI (_5-3j .(_gjL«JI (jJUkl t-jVjjJI (j-^ 

.^ibjijv 3jjI-o 3 liir (_yJI /<uJl2JI (_yjm i—iVjjJI 
3^L>JI (ji (_yJI L*!! j J_^J • La Jl». (_yJI 4X.J I II t CjI m iii-a-"ill jsJLA Cjj^l 
. Liiajl 4jjIj^.^SLII ijlil jJjJil pl^pi-l (Jj^ CjLJuJ i5x.j i nt jjJLj 3al Ull «jj^ (_yJI 
aLc (_y3 7"^H^' •''-*i>^-" '^HLa ^ ■^'"' ^Liiijl (_y^ r'j.^im (j^ii^p^iJ, I Jl>-j J^j 
3_fl_L«J I -i_;-i '^" j^l (_7^ j-i^?T!-^ 1 750 aLc (_y^j I '>ik^l (jr^ j^j^ 1 745 
.4jjJaj <ijj/ljj I jl 1'' lijjilj JlJ jJjI JjujjJ (»LSj '^-^J '^^'^^ 
(j-C (j-Lcl I I II \jJs (_y3 (jJ-ij^J jj I ii'^j^^l (2ha *J-^W-*^_3 ' 1832 aLc (_y3j 

(jjjj3-i /Tj-^i i4jjj/L(Ji,i-i) 3^j-ijJI (_5-!Lc (_yJi-o i-l!j.j>J. -' J 1 ' ^"' (j I ii->-'^ <i2jLiJtA 

(jjijii^l i(j:iJj^ J J <i I" p-j^ MiU TcJj .(Liiajl ^ • "■-" liAIaJI 7c_LLaj-a^ CjIJlIu 
Jljljj . IJl^ 'j-rj^ Iji Mi'itl II ^ A "i. 1 1 « jjjufc Cjj I'l'itl JiSj .(jj^^j^ ^ I II tj^l 
(_,_L;io I 1838 ji^Lc: S-jjUI uuLUjJI J-<jjlI SUjJiiJI (j-uj^Vl (_yiu^^ jIo^I 

CJLJ2_ULj1 ^ ^ ' ^" ' «Lu_uL_u^l r-iiL^jJI CjjIS ;^J^ III^II Q^-flJl «Lll Jj ij^^^^>- 

iSjujl^ pj"l '^" jIjlc:! (_yJI J^L^a 3^U. liJllA CJJl^j .cjjvjj^I jls 3_uUI 

4jjLoj.^SLII 3 U ^ ^ 1 1 3_um 3 A'«tl ^j^ ^ I jlj .tillja (jjjj/jii^I,! /tj?»J J^J 
3^>L<j_«JI 3_um uljLiJjiJI ^ l^Ur lj-i^ I jiSLi i-.iil'i-^l Jl3 i-S^i^J^^ (_y^ 
J J "' J-^' O^ I j 1 J 1 ' ^"' (jl VI iSjLiJsJI 3j^_;_n I III! <ijjLlj.^Sjl 1 " » I U -» -1 1 1 

(JiLa-3_<jij_4_La 3 'i J I II cjI jJLi Lla (3^5111) 3-iSLiJjjjj^ll cjLiJjiil q] VI 



1^7 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

.-il^l •,,^11 j^l .SjjUI cjIjLuJI ^3'>^"^' ^ 1^ ^ /vj-l .■^A2A\\\ t_ijJljjJI 

Aj~-rii\\ 4_i LLAjj T-ljHalj jj_jj_ijk (JjjJjjI JlJLo I ' Ji^ '^^-V ij-*j '■'^ "-^.^^-^ 

(_y^ Jlju Sjl^A '^J-* f*-^ SJ-«J<JI (_,lr SjjiS j-i^ CLu\£ [juutis>- L4JSLI icdJ ji^ 
c-ij iri"t Sjj-oLi. Jljlj (j^jjijii^il i-iJjJJ (sJj iS-i^lLill 4^jJLj jj^mi 4j>JLjla 
'~^J ^ ' '^ '^'^ J '"'^ *_i_uLLJl ^^^j_^l ' /^ I ^" ' rt ^_^ , ^j J * ' ^ M * * J ^ ' ' 1 ^_y^ jL^e-ul 

.3_fl_L«iI JjoLlII <_!VjJJI L4J JJ'J^ O' S-*^ C7-^' lCjLg.J I rill 4£JiJ Ij -1 j'a il 

jlj^ (j-*j-l' til! j i_^ '^J-' ('-' ''-^' '''^J'^ *>:t^ CjLcj_cuJI ojui (ji (j'A-JJ J^j 
' j -^ ,j_a (j^ i I II II Cjlj-iiu-c (_yJI j_o'i/l ?-LL>.Ij . 1^1 o->o f_j\r SjjL^ S^jjLA 

/cj-oj-aj Jji JLaV (_gj liJb^Lj i-sLLjj^^. Jjl^ (_gjLjjjjJI (jjjjJ^il 7-jj^l 
3_4jJl2 3 J I II "tj-a 3_LjLc: ^ jJ^^I J^j . J-<jj«JI ^i^ j^la 3jjlitJI 3.ii«il 
3_2^>-^La ijjJL^ LoJlj-c. ij-iiu-c (j^.il I II II (jj_SJI (_y^ jLjj I II II (_yJI cjj^Lfc 
Ijjj 1872 aLc: JLuj|(_y^ 3j(^L>JI JLaV(_y^l . Lfcjuit (_yk: (^.u^luL^^JI 

Cj_iJL>- 4_j| Jl_i_i .vJliljJLill (oi^J <LuLuijSLII <ij;v^jjSLlII j_ji LjiJLL^ iJ-«-«-!l 

jL^j>j| :* t_LL>ijl (J^i (j-« 5jl^^-AJ jJ-^HSLa p ^ < ^" ^LIujI S^^SLs ^_^_LiII jjjjJL^JLI 

Ijlx>- JjjJI Sjlj-iill jj-^ ij^3 •O^'^is-^' cj-^'j^' C7d>^ ^'-•-^ wjjj ''^^^ 

(_y3 SjjJ i—sVl 7-6 J^5e-i ".Sj—ljS 3^jjjiJ jJJJ (j' 3.^'' S-*^?:? '-r^r!-^^' ll>^ 

Lajj^JlI! JLsV AjLJr'ii iilj . 1878 aLc j^=tj Sjlj^ill -^ _. ^ . ^" ^ mi'i! 3 ^3 ill 

iiJ:^Jl:>JI -"ji '^"11 j2>^ IjL>- Ij'^i-'tJ * . ".' ' ' j 1 J 1 ' ^"' (ji^.4-ul Jj 3jjLicJ 'LoIcl 
-"ji '^" I ijjuiil Vlj^l pj'i-V oil (»Jt^ "lajjiju (jljj jJI (^^ Sjljjill 7"l^^ 0' ^1 

.3jjiitJI uuLiitJI 

(_y^ JLsV u^sj-c Jl-Ls . La Jl^v ^\ 3-g.j I II I -1J1 .^"11 I JLA Jiu j.£1jjI 



1^8 



35 5-g.j I ri I jjJ3 3 '.^^i 5 L^j-cLLajjjil 3 ■-''"' 1893 aLc j^lSLui (jIsjjla 

aLc I j ' "--J '' ct-^' J^^ 3 liir 3/- I U", , ,.l cAli Ji^j 3 ^ja ill ^^ 5jJ-i <— iJi 

sLul (JjLuII (j^ JljJjJI p^pjiJ,! J^j . I "'I '^^ 350 (j-ujjLj (_>=>«-a (_y^ 1900 

i>jj| (jLS . 5j_2j jLjtjJI ''-'«'"--' (_>iajije_b i-ij;L>- iSjJjJI i~»l ^'«ll sLJujI (^J^is 
(_y^ ^Vl 4_«_iLj 'LajIj LlLu UJju <iliV j^j i^jJjJiJI 4jS1I,I 3 H^jll I , ,1 nj 

«_Lj.ca_a (_y^ (J_4_«ll j_ijjj<jLi aJl2j 1876 (»i-C d_»_aLj>JI tL^I JJUJ .SjjLJcJ 
pl^pi-l 5«ljj (_,lr 1884 aLc J .^^j . Jjjil^^aj (_y^ CjWI *LlJ jlJj^" miojI 
. JJJ^ tiJj.j>J, r-jij.4J (Jji (_yJLi Jl^S 1885 aLc (_y3 Lol iSjjLjcJ AJil^ -' J 1 ' ^" I 
Cxj^ L&Jl>-j 1896 4_uj< (.3-^ i4x.j_tuj l^pi^ol (_y3 SjjLJcjJI ^ A'jII Cjj .""itl 

aJlJt" I rM (<sJ SjjUtjJI '"'I ^'«ll (jl VI tjl '^^ (—aJi 40 3 r- I U" , ,.l i .-<! ^',r- 

(jj I rr -r" a JL>-J Jiia lilli ^J .S^^^Laj LjLiiis J^^ ^iJ'^'^-^' 3JVI CjJJJ 

. I '\'? LLA SJljJijsJI CjV>U 

(_ijL>o iljj^ . jJjjSjjJI <iJjJLa fj^ tLj^Lij^ Als.x-a «LliI jjjjjijU '"'I '<'"- (j^ 
i"i^"itlj .(jj^jjj^ d^J.' '^"--1 L^lj^V (_jX.Jj i4j^L>- 3a 1 i^"^;.ll (J-GLa 

3j-^ (_ji^ 7-JJUSJ^ t_ljLjtlII /tjLlj LliiAjJ Ji^J . 1890 (»1-C (j\lii«JI l_!jL>0 

S^j_uiJ ^IjOjI (j;A^>JI tiJJJ Aloj .SjjUtJI uuV^I (_yk: 4jjUtJI CjLiitJI 

C:jLii«JLi(jlSLaJ^(_^ L^ jLuj ^Ij^ ,;< II .-.It II j^3jjl^_,ll,-<WI r-lj^l 

3alUn SjjjLjVI j-jLjil 2UjlitJ| lULflJUJI Jju joisUJI Cj^^\ (_^j .SjjlitJI 
3 al U 11 jj^ '/ 80 j-xJi I j". Ul . ..J . tjJLlj :«> mljJI)) I j a I U : . 3 81 Ull ^^ 
SjjlitiJI CjLii»JI i^jL^ (jl VI I l^^jij CJJ.JJ2 )«_iiaJu .jaJL«JI (_y3 4^jja-" i nU 
.4ILiu '~'_;^' ijjjjj/jU L^.»-^p^l (_ylll i(j;vljji,l 5jJlji11,I SjJijJI 
d<-L.'(-i Jl.2^ .d-jULil ^ ijl-^'' 'i^cj.ujj 4jjLic^l '~'l .^'«ll i-<l^ I U" , ,.l Cxx-> 



1^9 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

3_jjLitjJI 3_fl_L«JI ((_^jj(II jljJiiiiJ » u^fli ^UJI J^ (_y^ LjJL^ 3^j^>j(II 
1924 j»L^ -J ■ ■■ .^ "' jJj^l liili ^1 JlSj .iTjIj jl^ 200 5 ^1 U-,„l. ^jVl 

nTjIj^jij^e^VI lOa^ai^j-^la^lU'.nlcJLli l927^^Lc •■culnitll ^llil j^Lj^ 
.cjIj^lJiJI 100 - I938(»Llj .cjIj^lJiJ! 50 - 1931 ^^Lij 
800 (^1 J ■^" 5 ^1 U- ,,.l . oLi^ Jr"^' cr^ cic^l 1970 ^\^ JLLaj 
^j^^Sl^l ijjLij^l 2Iaj>JLI ^JkJh JlS^ 1980 j»L:(_y^ Lol .oIj^Ij^lJiJI 

JCjIj ^IjS (_flj| 200 J Q^jJLo 3^ I U", , ,,\ I 5 jj^ 4^U3 SJljvj aJijIu^j^ ^jjvLlI 
L-u*^! ^^0^1 '^"11 t JLUl J ^" ' '■' ^t JLl« cLu_u «LiLa jj_a jjlll ^jl ^^ '>>n\\ 



(_^y^jL>JI I jl*^ •"■ Ljj^ j_iilj joi^ Lijj,^ ^'-'^ -'-'-* ■-*' • '^tH"'-^" Jti^ ^ ^ 1 ^ 1 ' --■"■ 

^.. l980|»Lc^ji^Vlj J905(»Lcc::xj^ Lutlji^l 0^ J^ 'ii>=^'^' U^Ijl^I 

LjJLjI)) SjjLia (_yJI 3_jIJljJI (_yi i_j'\ I rijLa-j-a plj-i jjLLj Jj^>o tiili sLui 
i3_jj jJI S^LLaJI I " . li I'^i'S I J I 154 - jjj (_jJI (OJ I I 2 - (JjI (_jJI joj lUjjjiILajjj^ 

.«Qiii i_gJJI L^JL^ *jij^ 6-" Jj-^' ''-*-''' iJ^ (j-'l j^ '" 

(_,,a.=tij (jlj 3JVI (j_o t_JjJLSJ (jl Lb JJ.5EJ Jl .pjU- p-LiiajVI (jl JLu 

i3jo I iiVI I j'.^l U". . ..I L^ji^. I— ^ ct^'j ix_u^l I j " ^ J (_ylll 3j iiitl L^La.^ 

' ■ ' * ' ^-'J '^ n 1" '^e-a ^j^LloJu ^L^LuiUXI CjWI aJ~it /"»l^ I U" . ..I ^| j j U j (.r^ 
lX^ (Jj/uJI (ja Ijui Cjjcajj .CjIjJ,! CjIj i"h I uLl>-| ' M"^-" (_y^ iL^jjjLio 
7-^ tri fl ,jj.xii3l Lai Jj^" ( 111 /cJjul Cjl^^.j*_La a1 jLjr"f ( n1 jj-*>Ji Jjj-* ^*-* '^ ' ^"^ 

liJj^l ^ JjLpIl (_yu.uJ3j.^l JiiiJI (3;La^ (Ja-V ii^^jljla jLil U^ 



ISO 



il_Jj^l (j^lisJI (jl jui (jl^ I oK"*^ - jljjJI J .^»tl J^^J LluliJI J '^«tl J^^ 

.j_<^l SJ^I 4^lial<jl (JlxJKj n^j^l JjLpIl ^utlJI (jl^ 

(_y3 jLuJi Sjui Sjuj i_j J j^>-iiaJ I (j^ 'o ' "jt^'-'-'-l^ ij-^^*^' *-^yJ <J^' Cy3 

(j-a jji^i J^ljjJI 5jl>>- jljjj : Jl». ^Lj jLjIII Sjbj J-iJr" iriU (2h« i(( jVj^l 

5jlj.j»- "^Ls-jj pLfljjl jii^ "."iJi (_5i^ ^ ^ '"' i(((_yjL<iiiJI cjLvjjJI SjlcL^)) 4_coL>- 

3." ""'^■■' Lt^' iJLH^' 4jo ital ^^Juo I Lajlolj 7tjj-aj Sji^Lill ojui *j-u3 u^i^ 

2 r- I U" , ,.VI SjLj_)-1 5-fljl I rrll 3^L«JI SjJjJaJI 5J J J Tl a JlJIJ /oi^ . J^ljjJI JJJ-j3 

SiLuLj^l 3J>U ^rj,^V.\\ jLtjVl tjil JjL=tJ (^ JJI La 
(jiLflj |_5JJI i^giVj^l *j.^aJJ 3j>-^' (j.ftii^'!^! JjjJI iVjl iLiJjLjeJ 

(')S I ritl 3"-^' lS^J^3 '^'^'^'^' ^Jn I rill JJ I ri-V SjuftX. I I LuU I LiJjL:>iJ 

x-tlajjj njl£La ^_y3 Sjl^LSS Jt-Luaj 'ijjLij.^Sjl diWI jj3 . L^LajjIj 4jJLjJL>JI 

4jJUJl^I i'K irill JU^ i^jLlLlo Sjuij^Jj liiljjj .4jJljJlj>JI diSwtuJLi 
(_yj| CjWI (_>ia-»J i-iis 3.aji>JI (_y3 (2>^L<uj . 3_uLij.^£LII CjWI -1 J 1 ' ^" (_,lr 

LkjLtjij I j^ (_y^ I j",^l U", , ,.l :cjWI olxjt J o" I n't J i((_yjLij.^SLII jJjJ,!) *lj-»-l 
(jjj) Ijjj jjLtL'i/l i-aVTj Ij 1-^ a jLla'i/l oljJii^ (jVI cJiL jiilj . jLjyjl ^ 

(j-Ljij-ii j_iLjLji (_y3 <1jjLoj.^SL!I ^ U -» -1 11 j<sJL«JI (_y3 (_yjLoj.^ jjj^ jsje-^lol 

<rjV^I(j^j.((>L3L^VT4j>lj^jtJc:j|j^]j^LJiJl640 3JLlLJI icLLl^VI i^j 

jj_a 4 I q -*J (j-^Lftj V (_,-Aj - 4_Ljii«JI lIiI jJjJil - Liiajl ^ i-» '^H <ijjlj^.^Sjl 
« "^ '^^ JajjiaJLj jjb 4jJUJL>JI 3's i nil f<i:a-»- L^ia-^J -» t-^a (_yJI L^SLs <— il ji n'^l 

JL«_J /<sJ nJj_2JI ^IJlJ (_y3 ((5jJijJl:>JI dJ's i nil ^ -i 1-^ '^ "^ I /ojajsJl)) pjlj tj 



51 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

aLc 5j^ <<t ^_yl^ (^-'-"J 55/-« (j^ t riO"^ 1980 4_LJ_U ^_7^i^>- ■ ^"'^ ■ '•^"' ' '■' Cj_4J Jl^ 

(_flj| 25 d". ^lU". ...I (_yi^ jjj^ (_yji-,j-o>II liili (_yJI J^ 4.«icjl3 SJI 1910 

; 1 200 , 800 , 500 5 ^1 U- ,,.VI cijl j ^LjJI ^ SibjL^I 4jljjii_^l 5jrtW!l 

.3JVI oJLji (_yi (_fl_j_5^aJL! I j-ti^ (j-a ^Lj-L^ (J^i ojjo^ «_Ljj CjIj j\j^ i_iJI 
Si-<l^ I U" , ,.VI ^^^ SjujJI jSjLjfc (JIlI, (Jj^jUJI j I rij"l I— fljS 

.v^jLiLjl! ajjLiiuJI jj^jjJI <— il I ri-»- f_j\c (_yJj'i/l 3j».jjJIj 

lj^\ Ci-t-iJaj <i;Lj.L>-'i(l CjlSjjiuJI (j-« J-JJ^ Lt^J "i-uia^l » ■! .^11 (_>iaJLJ (_y3 

. <Jli VjjkX I Cjjj_ij il-iLiJ lSJ'-*^' ij-La-jij^tj^tLi IjLa. 3JLti (JSIjjil J-^j-fi S-ftlaJi 

jjjJLl i(_^jLiJl ^j■^.>-J)JJL_L^l (J-S-i-j (*j-^ 5_^_L»-x-i3 t t_uu) t"M o^"i ( til ^ '-^ *' ct-^ 

5-g.j I II t S-bLfljo i_.i_i_iLJi_i tUll J.2JJ i^j^l S-ftiiJI (_5-3j i3ji iiLa-cJI J^ljji! 
(J^ljj Jj^-j3 4_i^L>- LSLal TnHijjj . jj^-pi! Lij_j^ ^j-i^ <L4iajl Ji^jjj . 5j-;jj^ 
dj^Utj jljJkl ^^« ' )ilL<u3 LajJ^ ct^' 1(JjL<jJI A^ai^l (jLiic 'L^-jJ i.7^ 3JVI 
Hji'i » J ' ^"' V IJljJ,! 4_L>-Ij (j-o (_5-Aj L2lLi^ (j^ ' "" "^ lS' ''LSjLill 4jli^jJLl 
jjj 1 1 jo.ja.jsJI cdJi (j-4-c^ 1'-'^'' jjjLjiuJI jj^jUJI J ' ^ ■^ ' 5^ I u" , ,,VI jj^ 
.SjjJlC CjIj.^ 3 ^ I U", , ,.VI t^j (2>SLol ^ 1 J 1 ' ^" 1 1 IJljJi,I 3 "'I '■^^ ■''^■-1^ dlc^ 
^ ' " I ' j II joi^ (SjLju CjuI^oj*-) diujjij'ii II a - <1jjLij.^SJ| CjWI ^t_L<iJ»- 

■ (5Jl I II 111 ^'-^ I _i I ii-fc-i - •J^^i-^>- '=i'v I II 

5 ".Ij U , ,.i ^ 1 r «5^j ,U ^« CjVT :3_uLij.^£LII CjV3U cIi^LjJjuJI (j^j'^La 
CjVI t JS I'ltl d_LiiJtA . »l Ual 1 3j.4J>Jll (_yjjLc lIiV I ifj-LM^ 4*^ I iiS cLaJaiio 
,\^^\\ ,^" (3^^-4-1 ^ CjL^^j-tuJj tJl)^j-iD ^L) «LLa^_j_La^l jjjjjiJS L^Jl>.1j t-djj*Iu 

Laj>Li L^l^ ^1 ;MRA oljdj_o .iM< mil ^ jl ^VjJiVI 4^1 J oVT 

.ijL^ I uljjJI Sj_i!iS 3jlj.i tl-LJa^ I x_a "iijLa «LlL-3j.o iJlili CjlSjja^ i^^jjaHo 



159 



.j» .t_j J>4^l J>i^l SjJUJI i^jljla 

f_^ ^ J -»- " I ri a JJljJ La I JUtj iLlxJU I jl-i'' I j 1 J 1 ' ^"j t4-Lui 4jLa l1xjv2 Jl^ 
Cj^j ijt^ («-! 'LLl! ^ial I rij ij . 4_Li2aJI 4joUtl ajjilu p^ jji,l ' ^.^1 .tl UJ^ 

iCjLLajj>J,l j-JlS SjLisJI CjWI i_j^LLa CLuusj^ J-Si ijjLUI iLiJuus Cjljuajj.^ 

L^ cjjJj Sj.^.>.l <ixJj njLcujiU (JitiiJLI plj.AIIj dJjL^I >Uj. ,>.ll Cxi^ jij 

<i_LjLjj_i3 5j.^j>.l 1'-'^'' (_>^ ,^«j .ull ^^^ SjljjsJI CjL>-j.i (__)iii>.3 i_jj^JLll 
jsJLc (_p i_p-«J • L*^' ^ _; ' "' 5j.^;v| (Jjl (Jj n^j.xj La (JjajjijJ ^QJI 4.4jJlC 
IjjJSj i5JljJl>. IjLiJi ^ . >. .A ^- '. 1 1 5j|j.j>J| CjL>.j.i joJLc (_j.ijej i Jju Lf:t--^u joJ 

.5jjJl>. 

iJlij^jtAjl (IjLltjjk) djiaAJtll,! (_yii5ljilJ (j^jiju (_ji^j;»- (J^il>.l (j-aj (_y^ 
(_y^ 5.a-^ pit 5^11 .^11 Cj 1 J i ? 1 1 i_JJl>.I (_y3 ijjLi. jdLj 31*::;=.^ 3_i i ii\j^ 3 niim 
,Q^_u_u /".<>* rt J . 5Lt2jl ^'^ '-^ Cr^ ^LuJ*^! )t_j_<i:>. jL^tjU^I 7-Lt>.lj i^JLjJ^^^j_a 

/jJ] 51_LSJ1 ■ "' -^ ''-^ liJ^_:>iJJ i L_»jj_^ (^^j'^l 3t_a Ljj^jjJkJ i (_j1^^.j>J1 lIxJ^j-uJ 

,t (_j1j.j>J1 tJJLjj ^IS r ti LaI ( II iAJu^Ls 4_jLuiiD ^^^)IiJi t m**. I ^_ ^ tHiX-i 4_JL>. (_^ji 

gLc^ t fi t 7r Mij t Llib ^_^1 ^jjLLJI *L>. ^_^_u3m ^jj_aJl jj-* CjLj_LuLi!lJl ^_^J 
.(^jl^is 3j^ij ji O'^ 4jlaL>J ifjjusji tLb SLLSi! |_gj "ijll djioiaJI (_yi^ 
liliLaj^l iJliufcLsol (JS (j^j ,j-« '^^i^^?^' 'W^tH^' '"'I'^** djL^LsJI eJJt (_y3 

(__pijjjj ".jLj-^ »I 1 r LL&Lk (J-4-C 4JLi La S^jjJ liilj j_iji£ j^j .3_cSL«J,l 
jjLaj ((2>jLLiiuJji . I J 4jj I riill 5^ ]\;\\ ^j^Lj/I - (((j^ijj^ <Ji!^ijjj>ij))l_jjSJG) 
Li^Li. Ijj-Ioj SjjLjj-uill cjUtj'i/l cJt\jj . ((jJLs ^j (jLs ^^^} o^^ j^-^ 



51 



.4 I iiU JlJU Li-L^ 

(Jj_ljLj^_ljDI J o<"i I lijj .«Luj<Ll2JI «Luu^_iji!l CjLajsl i_^i^ UJ^jiJ Jl2J 
i(j^JJJ L-3^j^^Jj J I III CjU^Jj-Jl p'^.uui (JlLa i«LjJLcj 5j_^Jt_a Cjlj-L^j>tJ ^j ill 

^ ■-' "ij cjIjjLLsj i4_i^L>- cjLi^Ij^j ,d j^ 1 :u ,^VI jLi^^lj -j" jj I j . ^ 1 1 j 
J J '^"'■■' O' ^'^^i?-^ 4_Li2Iljj djjj/Lv CjVLj <t3jJ,l jj^uiJll joJL«JI (_^i^ ' .''""J: 
l_^ -5jJ-^ J>dJ J-^-^^-" Lr^J -OJ-^' ^''^ CT^l -^>*:i ^-^^ W^^i)^ 'j-^^'^-* 
> i"i \\-i l_a^ILJe_a ))Cj L-Lu^i! I J uliLuJ^ mhII (_j^i^»- tjl^ (jLiiiiJI ji r-Jjj^l£ 

: <1j^_i^ L«_o (j-* I nlr I— ct-i-a I i(jj»jjji CjLfll mTiSI ^Jl2j (jjSLj Ji^ cdJjJ 

I ^"^ I U", , ,S jA\ I V JJ^-j3 CjI Jl>-j (_yJLiJ i^jLjtjLi «lJi djL^LsJI ?Lb (Jj-iji 
)> jiXlj-a Cj-iISj . 4jolr 'iLjc^j 2j^l (JLxJiil ^jjijJla jjjljjiIj ijj^jJI cdJ j (_y3 

JL£>.I JlS^ . La Jljv (_jJI A^j-ujJ 4_tujiLi i_2j^ (JjljjjV jj_L2jJI ^^J-iijJI (jl 

.3j>L-^I 3JLv (_^I (_yl3. 1 j-it><.^ J,^j!,-.ljl;tl J^«^j^^| S^L^VLij 
J_<k '.S-LjL^ cjlj_i^^l CjJLjLI^ .«.L«i»JI jj4^ o^'"^ (*^ j>Jl>-j Ajjl^ll (2^SLI 

J^jcjj V tilli Jjs-V (jj^ Jl^ 'jLo L^Li- Ujiaj (sJUJI (_^ 3UJI I jui JiAj 

.aLjI Sjl^ Jlj^_jJlII lIiVi '"• I T'j .^iSLi ji^^jaj i^j-xj i^jij^l (j-« ^'J^'^ 

10 (OJ ...<i^jj I 5 (OJ ...(jji" (j^i jiiij 'l->-J-i 20 (_jJI SjljjsJI 'L^-jJ Lliiljj 



15^ 



tLjQ^II ijjA^I jiasd\ 






^ sLLJI L^JcSLal (_ylllj njjji-'i/l Sjitj'i/lj oljUJI J-J-ft^ (j'i/-jLi». JjJj I jUfc 

VI J^ i°ir~ij (<sJ i—iLjjiaJI iJj<Jj . sLc^l (_y3 oJl>.j Ajjl^llj . (jljJijsJI f_j\c La 
^ ^ ■-' -» '"' J(JjL<j/ (_jJI (J^jalu I JJJ ' ''^ ' j J "■ (*_JiW ct^ '"■^ '■^ O-^l • ''-'-* 

»^_, i°ii ?Lc.j_LI (_y;>.L>.jJI jjiill jjJs LJiiJ Sj I'lir S-LoliLlI 5^1 I rill 4jL^ (_y3 
(—iijjiiJI (_jJL«JI (JjLtuJI (j-« ^ ''j°'j 'LiiLj jjiill (_y^ (_yjiLij iSjl^ i3^ljj (j-* 

3 'J' '^' VI (_j^ V 4Jl S^jjJ i-sLfljiuJIj 
I jut jL».^ V L-<ujj • i-iJ^-23 I ji^^j^ j-i^3 'Dj^^' (<uJlc (JSLtuJI jJ-jj 

.<ilJI SJjjIa CjIj ii II (jjLjjjI jLjJj^lS oJijj-aj (_g JJI (JjLjiJI 

i^j-jLim Jl.^.j>JI (j_« '"'^j ' "• J '''"' ol •(«-ll-«-!l (.3-4^ ct^ SjLiu^ ijjjjj 

CjljJa^ 4ji^j J_ic (^^mi (^iillj iSj o" I nil 3jjjallll (j-« S^Lj-u Sj-iiu^ (_yjL<UJ 

(_jj| (J II J tjl ij-5_ij ^"i U^ ji^ i(_ijjL>JI I »j U . ^ 1 1 (JjLxJI IjUkj t—iLjiaJI 

JLjJl>- (j-« -ij-*:^ o' J-:''-^' (jLcujVI » U" . ..j -Jj . sLj^l 4JL>- (_y3 J-*J '■^^t^' 

•J<3'"'' Sji^ JlaJ VI i4_ijL>oj 4jIlSLa (_yJlj 43j.^^i (_jJI 

J '^^ LajL^t^ i 1 908 (^L^ ^TT^-" (J-* ^>-j^Ljtjl JlJl* ijiil^ i ( II Cj^ij I " ' ''■^'^^ . , 

(jA-s-i (j'^'j .(_pl I II II ^ J J I j II (j-o CjljJaS (Jji (_5i^ (j-ujjjl jLlIj-alS "^^^t!-* 
(_yILll Sjlj.j>JI CjLvjJ (_>iiji>-l sic jljj,l (__>^l^iKj CjLajij iCjLjiLi^ *'j^1 
3_jjlj.j>JI iJIiLjvjJlJI cd-Lj Jii^ iJltje-U (jl ^iiLo (3S>-<l-i .(jLcujVI I 3^1'' J '^^ 
SjjJajJI aJJt KM I j^alj"t jijjsJI jjiill (_jJI jj i"it (jij jljJ,l i—iJllJtA ^_ys\j^ 

.LdJj jl d_uu^_LiII 

i^j£l SjLj^ (_yji lAL^jVI ijji Lalj^i J J V <i 1 1 4joUII 4jj>J,l u^ ^"-^J ' ^ ' " ■-"J 

.d^jJILa <Luu^-l£ CxjIjjj CjLlLulx 
1 cLiJajiitli I 5jlj.j>JI CjLvjJ Jlc CjljLiil 5jljj>JI CjLj Jo^Lai- lI^j-ujJ 

(JjIjl^j . ^ .1 .^11 ^1 1 ii-vVlj ijiiljLiil 4jjIj.j>JI cj1« I nil cj LujE-Lo J (JjIjl>-j 
«i_j.c,j_Lll ^ J** .'j3 cjLojLsil (jjijjji (jjjLS .sLj^jjJI <1jjLij.^£jI cjLojLsJkl 



55 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

cjLjvjj Sjl^ jij-ja^ (_yji <tjjlj.jv (ja-i—Jj^ » _■ u 1 1 1) (_Jj^l (_^jj^l 3^jL2^ 

liJJj (_y^ CjjLjj/J .(J_LLaJkl j_fl_i-aJI (j_o d-ij^ CjVLjc^ (_jJI J .^"j 4jjIj.j»- 
^j i Tj liilJLS 5_Ll«JI SjIjjv 3^jJ CjjiaiitJl lil :3_lIL1II jiijJI 3.^J C^jJI 

»_o cLJi lj-j^»- j^i-j j'-'^j •(J^L^ ij^' 7' y^^'" (^thWj-6^' 3-ojL2J,I j_ik^ 

j I '-^ I I jJuLi^l ij\jS>- 'l^jJ Jl^ j A.^tl (_^jLtuJ (jl ijLjJ,l i-ix^^*- 

C^j^j>-ij .5jljj>JI 'Ija-jJ Q^Lase^l Ju^ ^J** .'J J 3-ojL2il (_j.be_LO 4jijJaj 
■ - I 'J j*^ H SjijjsJI (J^ljjJI (j-« i-^J-i^J ^ ,>iAtlj ijjjjLaJjl (_5-l^ CjLj/LiiJI )«-J-*:>- 
I , I , ^" 1 1 J JtxJalUI |_jjjjJI I'lli II LLAj . LiK Lfljl sLLbj^jjiil jJalll "i^^J dijjjijj 

cjLs-jj 5 .10 . 1 5 JL?=-o jj^ (J^LSj 5-ajL2ll clu\£ ij\stJs . LaL^ W/^ ^J^ ' " 
■ U , ,>. tl I ^^JS>.^\ 4jjjtjJLl (jjijiil (_y^ LiS I n<jjU «(_yji (_p (_yxiiA '(j-ii^ 

1_5JJI jL^.J>JI (_jJI J_lis_lJ '(j-"!" 4 . I (_5-J-»- 5jlj.J>JI «L;vjJ (J II J tjl ^^■-'--J 

«LajLS_a (jt (_^1 jjjjLlSJLI ^j_iljj_a jLjIu) jl '.j^^^iij^jij ifiOLsL-u^ «LajLflJ,l i~i i im*^ 
»_jjt (J-* ^?— i-^' l5j^^>-^' J .^ '^ II (_^-li->. (jy-^ ^) ^t-« -J A ,^tl ^jl I ii" iLujul 

(_yj[j)ji^ll 3j-t^Li 5-uLij^<ll SjsjLsII -illji} (j^ 'J^ • ^La j-o i^i o^ 

.a\j^^\ oj>o (j-* o^j'^' iJ'j>^ ujLji^ 
cjjj^j .(_^yi3LLl>-VI jL^jsJI 4Jl£Lo J^jj ■ ju«" jl j'^^l (jl (jjLjjjl jlSUcI 

uLi^ Ijlj (jjilS 4 , I (_yJI IjJLa^ 5jljj>JI (jjjjvLiJI (jAiii- LoJLi^j .3_ijjaI<JI 

\ X . ,.^-1 A .^"il,! (^^jjjjl (j_a 5JlJJl>. cLLi^ t"i I iil^^j^ ^Jl^Lolaj (J_ujjj1 ^^-ciiJiN 
(<tijj_LaJI tfji^ M ,^^j loljix^ dJJj JJtJJ CT^'^j (3t!^-^ tLcj (_y3 (_JjjjJI 
3_<^J_L^I ^<si^ ^ <_aj|j_«J.I ,j_o .<^*J>i: cki-laj Jrt^-^ (j-^j -^-i"*^ Lr^ 



156 



(2>c ^LUiS .5j_Lj£ 3^jL2^ L^ ui^ o' '-r'-^ ''-4-*-!' oJ^ i_P-o (ji «LuLij.^SL!l 

(j^l J ii II J-»-'^ SJljJljsJI 3jjjal!l f_^ Ij^ JlJ-"i I rij (jl ljj>^ J^ tlAJj-^?^' O' 
'J "' '' " " ^p^jjliiiJI cdJ j (_yl^ (ji^ • 5lj-« li 4-u-ui I ri->>JI JjjLji ^p^jjLiic 

<t>-jj Jii^ I JJijaji jjjIL>.LiII . I-^^V Jiia . LLA (2>^ («-I 3-ajLSil jsJUk (j^J 
J ". ^jM Alitl SljJ, ^ ---I .^ 1 1 «<_!j_^l)) jit-t I J A.^tl ^^ I ,4 5jlj.j>JI 

I A ,':."sl j^ i"i III Ij^j (J iM ijl i—Llj^lS (jl (_5i^ *(j5-^ i_P (J-^ "'^ .jjjj-iiil 
.j<sJL«JI (_yjuj_i^ )«_i.4J>J 4 J I iiiluj I 1 jt 4 J I iiilu cLtfljILo j-i^ ajjiili 
.4-3 1 Ml" si (j-^ 3JL2^ ((jjjjj j^jie-a «LiJI)) (_y3 j i"i M (jVI jjjijjjl jjiLiJ 

(_yIL!l i5jLjj.j>JI sLj_i3l dilj-Jii^ LgjLjjj 4-^. ,'^\\ ^jji lj_uS 3JL2Ji,l ijjjjL>-ij 

. 4Ti nlj 4jJjIj (JoljjjI i— al m'iSI f_^\ C^Lus] 
^LajLiJl «LlLx-id^1 «Li-i:3L>J Jlojv^I ^^SI1:>J.1 ^Jb (j-uJJ j^^^"^' C)' 7" '^"^ (^ 
tiLlJL^ ^ ; 1^"' >LiLo J J 1 .^ ^ llj ,_^L^jJl^ ^jji.'^l tJjUIl (j^nj*^ .4lJI 

^JLJ^ cj^Lcaj^ (j I ii->-i (ji ^.^ii 3.oL«JI diLtSjIlil La^ii-j . ^lSjIs di^Li^j^ 

.4IljJI 4_i^L>JI ojui (JlLo L^ (J-^ " 4 , >i A 1 1 J jjjjLaJjl - 
4 ijT-<ll 3j_ALliiJI oJijk (_ylaj(j (jl Sijjla S^pjil Jl>-Ij (_yju^_i3 » U" . ..J jaJ 

SjUJJ 3.4^ cLu\£ jjIsjJI jui (jl VI . 3-Lal^ ^j-^ (jr^l l-«-i-2^ ^rL>^ L^L^I 

d-J-cojJkl I— a I Mi'iSl Ll>- I J-ia «4li;taJI «uj_uiJI » jjkj 'L^^J (j-o l'^ -^^ ij-^ 

plr JLa^ (_yJj'i/l S^jjJLi 3 ? U"i U iSj^JLil x-jjLiui,! jj^ 'j-^^ 'j-5^ S^Lill 

.3_uLij.^SLII 5-i-u>> i^ll 
1913- 191 I ^l3iiVl^4^ljj.^lc:j|jJjIlj4^ljj.^lol^j.^lc::x^ 

CjV5.:>J,I Lai iQj^ I '^ ,^\ j2^ J-^' -^^ ^jijjui i LuJJL>- I j'"" (Jljjaj (.7-^' 
3jJll tf juk CiJl^J .(j-> i I nil CjIj mh I ^^i^LS (lj.i-Lj ji^l L^ljji.1 jjl^ (.jJ^I) 
CjI «iK;j • La Jl»- (_yJI SJLijSLo -' J " I I ^" (^ 3_Li2l!l Sj'Ciill J i n-a-Tt (_jSLI 4_j£l^ 
La^j ijj^jJI cdJ jj Sj-ii.'i/l 3_ti2lll 5 <i K I Sj^il ij /jCtl CjI Jjii,! Cct-li-a i^jji-l 
. J J ii U Lfc^j^Iaj (_y^ SJSwiiuil I " I -a- J I ^ i > U J . >■ 1 1 ■ LloLjI (^ 

2luIj;^I cjV^I (_yJL«j iSj^jVI lilJj (_y^ Ujj^Vj ij-^isUJI c^^l (_y^j 



57 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

<— ll I rl ->■ (_5-Lc I l^ll ij J-Aj I 1— iJ LJJJ^^-ua (JJljJ (_jjij>JI I Jut (jl (_jJI 3^Lli3"^Ll 

(__>.a_Lj (_gjJlj 1/s.^vjj V i_gjjl (j->iJV - J^^ U5^^ ' .' ! ' "■' ^^Wj-6^' 3al Ull 

SlXc «Lu (_yJI I^^L1>-I (jJjJ j-iic-a i_y^ 4j i rijULiJm CjLjiLLflJI (J^ I (j-«J 

(J rijUlim C-1U~ ,,.lj , jLujjijI (_flj| 100 ^lilo i-Lj J-iaj 3j_5^ ^jjLjj^ JaJLLa 

65 - 60 (_yj-=>- jJjj (jf (jl-^^ ^'J^ 03:? lSJ-II i^giVjiJI I .ISII jj (_yjLijg<!l 

l^jjIj-iiaJI ^ (jl^ 4J| |_^l . JajiJI (J^'i/ (jl^ (_yijj ^ 'J-^^l cr^ (j*-^^ 

^1 (2A-4-1 1'-'^'' cL^LllI cj^Lt^jJ,! SjLg.1 1 "".'J ^^i^<-<^ 3^ I u" , ,.l lu^ . J , ^^" , ,. 

i_ALaJI I _. I ri->- Sjj^ 4jjUj.^ liajLiLo ^ i"i it (jij iJliLcLjjiaJI ojui jj-* ^ ^ I -»"" 

«dIlj>Jll cdJj (_y3 1913 (»i-c J i"it JlS^ ijjjijjjl jj I ri'^j^^l 5^^£LflJI l:i*jJl»- 

(_^j ^. *' *J ^^ ^ ,. J Ul '* rt ^Ijj L^_t^ T'jIloj «UL^_a ((^JLjj ^j_Aj:e_a ^Lul)) ' ^ ■ ■■■^ * 
5 ^ I U" , ,.\t 1 CjLcLu^ 4J (j-uJ I JLlLjijI lJiJI 100 <ijJLJo sLajLa "iJj^jjiJ (J^'j-" 

(_gi (J^I—iJI J-J-C 4_j| l3JL2Jl,l J-UJJ JjtJ (JJlJjji TCjIoji La (jiCj-LM^ .<ijj^.j>JI 

jLljJI ((3*_Li_fl_i)) ^_7^i^^ i (4.:v^jj>J u JjLJ \-^jl2 t"M ( ti ^_^IiJl) (ft^J-^i ^^* * jLuJl 



158 



4_j| (jji_uji I— al I'lTiSl Jljlj (—fljiilSl La (jLcjjj/ il . I '^ji «(_3-^ i_P (J-^ Ijuij 

3 _i 1 I ^ jJ, I i-lJIj ' -^ "" .S^Lill 3_LLcajJ,l «Ja^ (_,lr IjjLS oJls-j j't!-'^' (j njl 

jjLstjj V (_jjJlj 1 1 Ji:>- ijujuu^l 4j I rijl^LLm (Jji>JI j-j3G iJli^o LxiaJi <lSjLi!l 

l(_a^3| CjIjxj jai>- J-ia (jjijjjl jijJ^lS Lai . Jj" I njVl Sjbs-j jj-o CjLla 

(_jjjl '"'J 3 *-^' Jl.2^ j ^ -> " "' (jl - "i-Ljuj.^ 3^jLS^ U_3-^ '^^Vj-^ 4jjijLLib 

4_2jLiiJI <lji»^jjiil A I'^iitjJil S^jjtLlaJI cJi-Jj ijjjijjji Li^SijI (_yjJI 4_Li2jJI 
I j'^'-^j ' Sjj^LLaJI S-uLjj-ijlII ijLa^LiLsjJI (jjjjijjJI (_y3 Jj'i/I ^^1 J J-JJ La (_,lr 
^Ijjj jLuJI jl J .^Jjij^l ^Sjjall Lt I ri-^ I j^.^j I idjijjja <Lulj^_i3 3jjjax.i 
(j-o JljJjiJI (_y3 i(JjLcuJI ^ J J 1 3 1 1 (_y^ ^ , ,,U j ^ cLSjLs <ijl»^j^ Llili <ijj^Li^j 

i"ijju^_ia <ijj(J (j-« ^^-"1 <"' I iijt "iijLill 4_LL^jJkl (jl I 'I Mill (JLjc^ jJjj joJ 

(_5JlJI (JIM Ijl j_Llj_olS "ASLlA (JjlIj .(j-UJUJ_ulII J J . >. A I 5j_lIo SiLJu Sjjilli 

<i_LJLjLlI (JJLlI jjitA '^J'-^ i(_yi«jiJI lLsI Miill (j^ Jijdul iiill jij Jjlj Lij^ jj^l 

.5ijl I iitl 3JL>JI fjJs sLi-al^i. (_yl>- sLsLiiuH^I TtJjLj (j-o lAjjl^ll (jx. i_2j^ La 
ii—SjA-lJLijjIi .1—2 .(J (_jILu^jjjJI (_yju^_LAJIj jji (—fljiHSlj ."iiSLill <ljij^jJkl 

(j^ j-iJ^ J~' (_j I imULuLo (Ji>- JlJI^ 4^LiiII <ijli^jj,l I 3^" (Jjl_p , ^ A I" -^ 1 1 
■ l-^jl-^ (j-* r-j.j>JI f_j I imULulXI (J-isJI jjL><J ^li^a .(J iMtjl <13j^ i^JJl dlli 
LujLa Lb) »_a iQ^_uuj-iAll ^jIlkIuI , Jn i njl lJijI 15 Cjj_aj_Ajl 3t_a (J-oLud^I 



59 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(j-SLj (<sJ (jlj iCjLcLljIo 03-^ '^'-^J-^ JajLiLo ^LJujV (jlSLol j-^ia <lJLSj 

«_o ,_>^Li^jJI ■ I'- J I -^ aI JlJt" I III (3^Lol LxJjJ .4_uLij.^SLII lIiWI (_y3 a JlJt" I ii"i 
(j-a 5j_ljS L^JSjj '^JJ^ i"i I liji L^l TT-jSK-us i4j^jiJ,l JajLm f_^ Cjj^jjJI 

.21oL«JI S-iiaJll ^<SJ*^ (J^p. 
(J_«_«JI (_y^ (_p>-JiJ JL-La .joJ^La j-J^ 3^'^-' (.3-^ '— 'J*-^ I— SjijiiJI (jl JLu 
j2j_a I'll I III r-jj>JI jLuJI <ij-uLjS J-i^ TiLxisjij . A j^^-iS J J V «i 1 1 JlJjLsJI jJjJil 

» ' ' ^j (jl (jSLxj Vj i4jLiLL! (Jjia ji-i-^' '"J^ o' *— 'j-^j-^' ?-* (__)^U^jJI I'-'jl--- 

. L« cL:vjJlJ (CJ^ (J-u-lLs LuLa i ^n i nil IJlj^ (Jli-« (j_a 

(j-c (_, It- "ill Ijij^ c'3J^ cjLa-l"ii"ii III jjiJLI (_y^ (j_^L«JI i_aj^ LoAJi^ 

liajmi (d.'iiilr l»l Jl£Laj .((L^ Jjii" ma V (_ylll» 3_lL^^I d^LlII Cj^L»^jJi,l 

, '■^'^SuJliJI Sj-JJ SlSjUJI 2uL^jII uuli 

4 I njS (jSlI^J JLUJjJ (jjjjjaj (_jILu^JjjJI (_yjLj^Jji!l (—fljiilol (j^ i I nil dJJj (_y^ 

Aj-J-^JJ «LSjl_iiJI 5Jj J I nil (_yjfc cLfljLill 4_LL^jJkl (2>c 4jo itl J2j V SjjkUi 
(j^ l^ijejj djLjj/lj f^L^\ (j-o «U U, JiJJlJsJI pjji3jJi,Ll (j^jjjijill jajjil .(JjLtuJI 

j—jJLjoVI (j^-i^'i)';!^' Lt^ vIj^I Ji^ Aj_)_iSj 4-»j1 mi" 1,1 iJliLvrii" i nVI (jl 

5 J I I .o jj, I (Jill j ■ U °i\t -^ 1 1 IjJLjJ JLaS . JJ-JJ La (_,lf 'JJ ■^ ' "^' (j^ (j\loL«JI 
I J ^ ^ ^ JL^j .<1.2^L^I <:LlL<o jJl I CjI!^ (J^ulXu I'-^" cflt-ie-LlI I^JUUJ <:L^LAJI 
JLSjJi L^LSj t<:L<k4^ iJliLal mi's I 3jx. IjjLu^ J.2^ 'J-^ '-^ Lt-^ '~'-^ r''^?-'-^' 
Qji jjLc. (OJlLs -i>^?-* ' '" ■ " >l )«_o 4j^L>JI CjLvLtltl iJjufc lIjIS .jojkjLjIo-l 
JLc.j| (_yJI (j-uijtaJI C^j^t'ii III I Ltjljjji'i/ I j'J '-^ ' i^jl ^ L<l^(_^l ,3 .J ,Utl 

^jj '^ ' 5j.^j>J,l 'jj ■^ ' "^' 3^j.<jja^ LitAsjl (Js I'ltl Ij^ .d-xj-S^ ^ Aj is SjLc, 
.3jl^I^I 3^^' ^'^ aJj^jII S^LiJI (jij^L^^I cjL=tij| 3-tjlj 
(j_o 5j_Lj^ 4_cj_«.ja_o i_aj^jL>- (_yi '"• 1 1 '' 1_lj^_2j ^ . ,, ^\ cj^^I (_y3j 

(j^JLASLJ j<sJL«JI »I olr (jl . I—SjSLlIjjjIi .l_a .jj jjIqJJI I j ■ "ij (_yl^ l(j^-UU^J^I 

foJL^ l_^JL3j_«_4-iJ I j"lj ^ tj"^"' * (j I n'^'^l dulS (-_3^S_j_L)j_tu «Lc^_<iJ?E_a (jl (_^^ 
i_3j^jLi. 3.^j_<j.ja_a LliJLjLj shj .S^Lill SjIi^jII CjIJ liaj^litil Cjljliill 



160 



(jl VI .cjLaLil^Vlj ^jLsLlilj ;S.S^>UI c^L^^,;!! LuL^I JU^i'VI ajjt 

lIoJ^LiJI Ij-iliuHSj (jl SJjJlC I—jLjjji 2 lj-iS.«UJ (<sJ I ''■^y (j^J^j£jL>JI (j^JJJ>J,l 

.Sjjill 4j I iMUl-Lim (Jj.i:>JI j_uGJ 4 j I II it u ij rTi I nil i<ijl»^jji,l 4^LiJI 
(j^j^-lajjl »l «i l<n (ijJl^Jlj d.>-ljJI djia^LiJI sLajLill iLAjus^I tcJjsj joJ 
(^uj_uill (jX-ijlS^I cLfljLill 4jii^jJil djioals (.3-^ ^j-iiaJI (_yill (j-o ijj'-^ " '-*^' 

(_y^ ^'LjjJo \~l3j (J-«-C (^ J-II ijl JUV (__)SiI»^jJia^l J <— <1J-I JJ J •'^' ^ ^ (_yILl^J I nil 

V 3 jj^t J.1<UJ Ljlji.1 JJjijII J-r^^l (oJUJI IJLA (jl .3_uLj3t!^' (JjLcuII J-^Xja 
(_yi^ I j ■"'^j (_^l 5j_Li-ii2JI ^iLiJv CjjISj .(j-\_uLj^_LiII JaLj/jl (_y3 L^J^ L*JLli 

fiULiA »_i_uji ' J -^ '^j.* i-<i-il J ^ tj J ^ rt (( jl Jlj 21 i(_^jLci3t» : La ^^-^ .".t ^ <^it^ (J-<i^ 

iLajLill «LlL^jJ^| (j^j-(( (j^jjjjji^ » (j^jjjkUa (j^ OJ'^ (j-* ijj' 3-* jl JJ'^J 
(jjj d_2_i_»iaJI <ij^j3l j-^ (JjLtuJI 2 - ^j J I j II (j^Luj/ - cLSjLill 5Jjj I ntlj 

j^jji - stSjLill «LlL^jJi,I .(jLl^jLiuILo (j^jjiLkiJI (j^Li (jl (__>l3^jilj .i^JlSi^vl 
.(_yJj^pSlIVI jjk - 4jLiiI <ic.^ (j-* -^^j^ (Jjl Ml! 5^L3 5Jjj I II 

3 J J I r I I jjl'' jLil^VLi CLuuLi jJaJS iSjLill 3j.aIo jI JJV aj^ q] ij^ Ji^j 

.cLojLlII li^Ajus^l CjUjJkj 
(_yjLjj_Liill (_yX-!jl^3l LjJ>2j cLuuiJ ijj^^l (_y^ 3_l1L1II a J U -^ 1 1 I j^L^ jj^j 
^j_Ljj^j (j-^Aj'— * O-3-i^^-^J'^^ ' OJ ^ Ij ^ ^ J '~^3tL^3^-5^ * l) * l) (_yILu^j I nil 

. (j^-UU^jnll A I I nilu (_yl>- I Ji^ SjLijLA LikjjLci (_ylll 3jj l^'tl Cu\h .Jjjj^jlij 

«Ljji_^.^m n_aj_ijjj^jj ^". ', AjVj^ji -j^Vj ^j I JLi^i j_y^ ijjuil Jjj in (jl«-a 

3_3Lii3VLjj Kcd-uLjijI)) iJlil oK CjMj (_5-I1 (j^"i K Jj.^:*-^ Ij-Sj '3jj '\'A\ aJ~^ 
La! idJL&j-l t_Jj_LLII jjij 'LbjJ '0^1 '(jJ^W •••O' f>'-*^' 6-"" ^^ Cr'l 
(J^l^^ idi^LolSJill w-.\t ,>.l ^"11 icliLa-lj^VI iSjIjjJI sLua^'i/l ^ j"" i3_LiiJI 
.SjJj^jaHjl iJliLjialj^l CjLuI^I^j ijja ijili (_yJI Loj ijlil JJL>J,I ijjjj^LiV 
j_ij^_ij j_j_ij^j i(2>^JjLi 3j^Jajj i_a^jjji^ • O • O ^i>^ Cj JUiUcl 

La^Li. i3_lL^jJ,I 3^LiJI cjLujjjSJVI jj! (__>lol^p^l (_,lr u^ .ijJ .i—i 3j^JiJ)) 
r'jj-ll dJLsj . I j i _; _' Li-i3 '-^i-'J '-^'-Aj' ^ .'"j "J '"^'jij' 'l-*-o^^^^?-* i3jjLti! 

TT I n" 3_J_5_2JI CjliaLjjjVI oJijk (Jila (jl ,3jLiiiI i—c^-i-a CjUji^pSJVI jjj^jijj 



161 



(_y:Li-L^j I rill jL^VI (_y^ f>L«-I' ^j^jK'i/ JjjljJ,l ji^ull JU^I CiJl^ 
4 J 1 1 r^ jj, I 4j^Jij )«-i^j (_5-3 I ijl-^'' IjLsol i_ajjj<jSLj^l ^".~Aj.,Xli ^ I iisll 

Jaj^LiJI 3_>^ ll>^ I— SjSLUjjjiuJ j<uJ-aJI (JjjJl:>JI Uj-ti-i i.1*j3| Jiia .<i^LiII 

(J^lj_i -ij-^j o^w>-^'j i«uJL^_jJll sLfljLa jjjL«Jil u^i^ 4^LiII 4jii^jJ,l vJiil J 

(j_a «L2jLflJI 'LlL^jJ.I Cjli (J^IjJlII)) - JiJJt>- jl_>i3 (j-o "i^Ls 'LAjLiSjji Cjlj 

1963 aLc S-jj-liJJI aJJt iLxjus^ i_ajjjij£Lj^i .1.1 jt-La ji^j .(((_yJliLll pj-lll 

A^jjj^l 'l-^j'-^ (jjjjJU jjfcj 1 1961 aLc (_ijiiijSj(_jSj^3l (_^uj_uill jjfcLfcj 
dJI 7c_»iajlj .i_x£jJi,l IJl^ LoLxj 4_l!Ll>- <lji»^jj,l <1Sjl3 (__>^l^i- Jj ' '^-^^Ij 

f_^ jiilLaj j^;vjJi,lj 1 jj'ii iijl (_flJl 88 > I J _t J ^ , ,.^ ul •,. ^ (Ji>- L?J^' lt^^ 
■ Ujl^lt g^LiJI SllLojII t^^J>i=3 (_yk: jjl2 jji: .SjLalll i2jIjV_^I 

5_i5L>4£Lll cjV^JI <^Ij '5-.l.L^^I aiSLiJI J^^UII ^1 iJj>kJI jcl^l 

.<:LajLaJI iLAjus^I CjI!^ 
l_f j1 cL2^Lb <ijli^j^ (Jlili ij^lj-i (j^ dcre-LlI ^1 (_y3 «_<j/l^l jLiilLiVI jjl 
Cjli 5 JLjJl^ jlj_a (_yi^ (jl JlLJI (j^ JjJljiJI i_^ ^H^J • *>i-'-* iIjLsLijSl (_jJI 
5j-uS CjIjLu ^y>'^ ijr^-^ cL^Lill cLlu-o^I (_^1^jv > ^ ■-'" /qJ fiL^Lb «LLU-o^_a 
(_y.3 5_^_<iLjJ,l (jVI LlSL*^ 7c_j_»^i Ji^J . ^Jj^ 4j I rijl^LLiLa Jji>. (j^J I ''^ 
aL> V"i I iiVI (_5-3j i4 J I ir->^\ tLfljLs jlj^ (j^ TcjLicoj (Jj|j£j liJ^ljjii )> ii^ 

.4^LaJ| OuXjus^aH ^ ' ^" ^ I 

.1 1 1 iiLcJil L^l£La CjLILi d^Lltl <LlL^jJII ijlil!^ 

J^jv viiiLajl L^ji lS>^ ct-^' i(<JL«JI jjUtA j-i-*^ lt^ o^' (j->J-«L»-ll uli 

^ J ' " .^ ^J^^ (jL:e_a ^j-<i_uD La^^_lCJ 4_uLui_jSJ|j «Luu^_iilJl j -^vljlAll 

(J rijt^LLm jljia jLlL>-I (_ya Qj.a.a^pj V 1 .-iM ,,."j ,':,^ ^11 .-<\i" ^ i-^jlj"," 
j'i^\J ^ ^ "^ J ' J (—ii-i 42jLiII S-lL^jII CjIJ >UM jl la . Ja j^ m.II LdJj ij^'^ 



169 



4ijLil| 4jL-3jII CjIJ JaJLill ^S^^j .4jjL«JI 5-uLij^<tl JaJLill ,j^ Ij^JJ 

(_^JlJI « oj^ J J 1^ » (_,-<-uLLiII (_, I rijl^LLim Lol i^Ltuj (15- 14) "i-jjj (j-o ij-i>- 

(_ylajij J j"'^ i-ajjl I m"jj$ .1-2 .(_g /<u-uLi (_yX-iJiJ,l Sjjjdl ^^LLaJI J^< a fjjs x_Lu3 

(jl (2>SL«-ij .3^Li!l 4_lL-3jJ,I cjIj jljJil aI jj-". nV 3 ». nl^l cjLjI£LoVI J i j" 

j_LjS CjVI I I ^""^ I 1^" • "I i"i<l t (_yjJlj i^LajLa 4 J 1 r ^^ (_^ j (__jiaj^j>o ' ^l^< 

4jJ_Li_iIIujl lJi_uiSjj ijj_*uJlj i^c^?cj>Jlj *tjj^' ~ Lt-*" 3"^^^ /*-i-'*-^ tl)-* (_^-'-"LJ't_ul 

.(JjWiJI SJLwIoj 
SjLa I . ^ J . ^ -^ S^Lill 4ji»^jJ,l CjI j J^ljjJI aIJlJ-"i 111 3^' SiLi. I J'^ 

(j.ujj Iju^ .d-Lu/ (_p I j".^ I U". , ,.l J.4JJ .^jj^l <4-uljj.^Sj| >JllLLa:>J,l i_^ I Mii" 

cijIjl^j 3^IU"...I i2Jl^ LiKs '.(j-oj-II i.ilU jji (Jj iS^LxjJLi L«Jj La^Ual 

JLi-jlj '^^-^ji jl 1"'" • ..Vlj I JSl 3j''»l ij jCtt i-.IU^t I ^^ sLlJI 4JI or i /asca-j 
■ (_,lr I 3 ij j<tl jjbjj ipj.jj<i 3al UtI JljJjH! SJijJls. . ~»I^I U". . ..I 
.4jL^ ^1j I". I inl lJuji'^/I x_o 3j';I .j jCtl CjWI 3^ I U" , ,.l »^j (jl£Lol (jl 
(_,"mj"°Ij mil jU-oVI (_y3 A j^"i I iij$ 5-p- LJ 3_La^£[:>JI 3j'il ij jCtI 3 U ^ t t jjj^ 
j_ik (lUllj (j-L>-jj JLi^Ju JJj-JJ x_o CjIj ^ij^ (_iJl I 20 ^" ^ I U~. ..t iLLjj (_gJLll 
I j-^ j-^^jj,! ^ ,^aVI J^j>J| |j_a JJl-lJ La (_,lr d"^ I U" . ..I LlxJ^ Ji2 jJj^ 

./c-L«Lx-£aIlJl (j-a jlj-LiJl 
j_a3l j_itjj>- f_^ J-*) ^ j'' .'J j 3J^lJ (_>iaJ^j>o lJiIo )«_u-3 (j^-«i ^ 

Ijj^ cdJi iJ^>J i3_2jL3 3 _i 1 1 n^ cjI J J^l^ (j-o ((__>^Li- jSLJo ji (_yjLij^ 
4ji imI^LUlII (Jji>Jl jjijj iLjJuj .vJiiLiUl (_,-*>• ijj_)j I VjLa .(_pLiJl,l jj^ 4ijt>- 
• oWl jL«j|(_y^ jU- (Jji5j(_yJI i^jjijj Lx-a h-sUjIsI Sji^ 3JVI (_y^<rjljLLlJlj 

' ^ I ^ I CjIj J 1 jS LJj-lLo d^ I U". , ,.l (_gJL!l jjjj,! (jl ajja-cil JliLaj^l j j l.-^'j 
(_^jL»JI jjjj,! (j^ J^i jljui <ll (jjSj (jl (jSLal ISjLfl 5_lLoj^ (_g j ,_>iaJ^j>o 



I6S 



. (JjI I rrll j<uil jIjl^ (_y3 S^La 3_lL^j^ cjIj J^Ij^ 5jJl2JI S^La 5_uLij^ 

jj-j^e-lj ^ ' .^^ t ^1 j2>j^-4-1 ?*-^'j l5'J ^^J^-*-* ^>-*' p^ rtl ,^"tl (>Ju^ -^3-^J lJ-'' 
^^^ILu^jjoJI joJLtll d_LflJj(Jl Cj I jJ j.<ji) Jj^jUJI AUij ^11'^" Jl>-| (_gij j^^a 

^Lijl 3JLiJtA jLo^V (jjjLjiI I j^jvj^ (jVI Tc-jj^i Sh 4Ji n_a^jjLja .i_a .(_g 

(jl . Vj-La-a lj_ai 3_2jL3 3 J 1 I .--> j-a Cjl j J^lj-b 3 j \l ,^"al 3jiiir Cjl jjj^ 

3±l£LJIj jLjljVI V <tJLi JjLilJI (_yJI «^aj 3jjL^t^^l cjUtjVlj cuLiLu^l 
sL<iu_iV (_gijJI Ij-ifc (_yi (jjSjLjiuj i(2hij'-'^'-^ -o •<— 2j i(__>iiii3jLulj .t_! . u 

i—Sjs>- .r- .Cj .(JJ jljJa (j-* «LSjL3 «LlL^j^ iJlili (J^ljjj 5JjJl>- liuJilc vIjI jjj^ 

(»Lc J^j 1982 (»Li j^j ^ cjIjULlo 20 3-clU~,,iLi 20 - ^ .cj .tiJ jjjil 
^Li: CL^-^,i^ jJaj . jIjJLLj_LJ ^ 3jjIj;^I cuLU^I ,jJl^I ^I 1983 
j_jSI 3^ I u", , ,.\ I 4^La «LlL^j^ ijiili lIiLLoLo 5jl>-j ?lLi Sj^iLiA-i <_ ijLaHJI 

4 Jl (.oj-a jj jj^_a (( ^i_u_uJ)^pSjl » * '' '^ ^ ^^ 1985 aL^ Lr^ iJ '.M ' "J *^>Ti-^^ 

jj^~ (_y3 J^Ji^ J '^"^ 7=^i^' JLic'^l oJl^jj .cjIjULlo 300 3^1 U", , „l . 3^L3 

.,_pjj^j^l 3^LUJI /ak: 
^a-^1 i J t iL^-ii^ J J , ^ -- 1 1 (JJJ.--I .^"-^Vl (_gjjj (jjl "i^jij-^La SjljLa (_^l 

3_Ll£LII J J « ■ ^ " i/<s_&'b/l f.f_, I'll II S3_1jLL!I 3jL-3jII cjI J 3jiJj«JI cijIjJj^ 

Jl_lJjj (»Uaj jlj ^" ' "I )«-^jJ 1(351X0 JL>-I^ Ljj^>jj) JjJjJil Sjujj ijojaj>Jlj 
-.SjJl^I 3jjLuai3VI LjljJll (j-o 3x.j.<iJ=j3 (_yJI LUajl SjLiVI (jSLxJ .^sLLaJI 
(_y3 4.i>-j .3^1 U" , ,.VI Jjla (_)iaj^.j>o jiLtuj i4.ijijt^ 3jl£.l^j 'ij^i diLcLLiis 
(j^SLj (j) (_yA_LiLijl (j-«J • 4_xiiiije_La «Lu_uL_ul L_a_jjlSjJ tJt-uiJ^tlJl ^^^jj ajJ-^JjI 

JjJoj cjljUj-a 1300 d" ^1 U",,.l i^gjJIj 3^LiJI 3jL^jII ji ^.^''tl jJjII 
p J ir^"rll iTjIj 3JjUII 3J^I J_^ i-Lu Ulu . LlL 280 3J:;Sj jLlol iO^^sJ 

.(^L 700 LgiJcSj ; 1^ 20 (j^ j!:^] i^jIjJI 

J.^1)) JLiC:'i/l JjJl3- (j-a 3^LflJI 3_lL33II olj i^jIjJjII (_yj«jj lillj^j 



164 



J-lijLJ (J2l 4jjL«JI -^j^I .^"It |^,j^'^l Jl^I I jui U-Lu iCjIjULlO (-III 20 

^_^^_u_« cLcLLiItj_oU ^jy-LujJ^LJiJui ^_^LbjJ)jJLufc Jjj_a ^Llujl r'LLlJe-J ^ (o*^ . Aie_u3 

A 1 5X5X5 (Ojcjs- ^J^ ^L<jij 6 ^ i j '' .' (_, i n jViLLiLa Ji*- si-<5i-i| (_yJ| CjIj^JuS 

cliLiUI flj^l iM<i_t (_gl iSjjLc (JjLji^ (JjL^I u tin^ilxXl I JUfc (JlLa cLSijI (J;*-2j 

jj^ tjS>-4J 5 J \l ,^"aVtj d^LUI 3_LL^ji,| cjI J liajmi Jaia , jjjj,! L&jJ^jjji 

(_, irijUl_i-«-l,l AliaJjl dJJji^ Jjij l|_5jL«JI tUI aJlJcIuljjj (_5JJI Jj^^l jji 

jJljj La f_j 1 r 5Jl I rill oJi^J (Jjv Vj .3jjL«JI 3_i i njt-il-Lm /oii-iJI Sji^LtuxJ 

5j_u^ 3^j Jj Aajju J jii" iiiU (_y3 Sal Ull -nlr (ji jJljJ ^::;e-iJI \'jJti (_,lr j 
jJLjj a^j>JI (j-<.u:>Jj . 3j^ <LajLb <LlL^j^ ijlil!^ "^j 1 iijV-iLLiLa /«i^ «:LJujl ij^ 
i 1 JLa. S-Jli: S^LflJI 3jli^jJ,l CjI j jljj,! C^c^bLi^ . I JLs. 4 < T- Ml a Liifc jLsVI 
4_iia.iLJe_m Cj|jL»Jil x_a jJLi^al 4_ijj>o jol^pjj 4 liKtl jl^ <i"iiiiU ^ ^ ■^ -» " 

<J^ ^Lb LaL^j <:L^j_^jv -^ . .^^ . .. «L»J^j_^l ^j"^ f t nil ^_^ «Lj) 4_SIL) jSJj ^jl j^pLx-JJ 
(J-alx. /QjTEjTe-l I t ri ra iCj^LxojJ 5Jl^ ^*-'-^ (J-^-^^-* 4-^1^ 4-LLu:3^-a tjlll!^ 4_u.u-lL3 LjJLa 

. 4_iAS_a ju-al 4_Uj ^j-* 
J J I ri t (_^JijJ p- I^^Hi- 2I CjLiiLjJ dj^ ' ^ '^ ' (2ha ^>i^l ^ '^ " Jl^ LiJ . . . 



165 



jlj_o I— a I I'll" si i«_o iaa_2^ i_ij^ (j-*j (j-* ''-^' '■'^ •'LSSLaJI <ijl»-3jj,l iJlili 
L^l )«_a iSLpJI i_^ j ^ -»""' (jl AjC^tl oJl^ (2A-«i cLSjLa 4^ii.t^j^ CjI j SJjJl>- 
Cjli ;- 1 'J j*^ II (Ji Ja^Iai. Jji jjl ■ U^a «Lljj^.j>o <J1iIJl»-j (_pL<i (_yi^-(jVI 

jj_a «LS_j_3j <:Lfl_»_La_J cLj_LLa_a tAj-j-La^'^l ^j-* * t-uul ^_^_A - 4_fl_jLiIl «LlLx-i3jJL1 

(jl .(JjLjiJI A^ji^l 4^^ JJ-^ '-r^rh''^' '^"^ i_r^'-^ 3x.jjl3j^j a^jjjjJJI ■''-' _;!--- 

(JlLa ^^Lcj jjiUiJI Jj?<"ill (j^ jJaJjl ' '^J '-^.' • Li^L>- UjIjl>- Ijl>-L>- JS i"iJ 
iJliLcLuIa (j-43 (jl J I ii'>JLi Jl>.G (_7l'-tl '"'I '1 • ..-wtl J jU" L^S ^^ -"^^i .^~tl t j^ 
(jiajjijelbj i LoLjj I j" . .."al :^ ^Ir jjl^ iSjjUJI >UjU.^tl ^^ 4-uLij^'C II 4^Lla]l 
. LLoJ L^la (_pl (jjS J I II iLajLill <ijl»^jji,l iJlili jljJ,! (j-«J 
d-J-i^jJll CjI j 3_J_5_2JI «Lij_^aJ| (Jii Ja^iai- (jl i_^i^ (j-<kj-jJ (jl (jSlxj 

cjLVjJI (_ya <-iij^ (jT^I cjLaj'iil (j-A-jj jl .4jjL«JI (j^ ^— -^jj (jjjS" i » «LSjLill 

SLlLoj^uUIJ JI^Vl aAM'-. 5^IU-.,.VI 4JL: J^(_yk: AjSLj^VI SOjall,! 
«LLa Ljjj^ lyuj-iu (J^l (J-5-(JI I J-A (Jila j _; j -^" I 4_jil,jJjl CjLiiiJI (jl isLSjLs 

.4jjL»]| J^iSUI 5^j.«ja^ Ja-V 

(_y^ (jj i S "m I II (0-^1 (J-ftlistj i<i^LiII d-Jj^jJll Cjli (J^ljJjl SJl^I I ii<i_t 

j_&j - 5 al u tl j5_Lc, (_yi Cy* J. ' i^"--*" t ^j Ml it, I j<Jl>JI jj^-- ' (j^ SjL^I 
3_uLij.^SLII i^LLiJI (jl A^mi (j^ .3_uLij.^Sl!l 3^1 U1I ^j^ Sj_u^ iIjLl^ Jiia. 

5 al U tl a .|_gj^ ijJ>l^Iijjl jj - \jSji, -^1 .^"aVI (jSUj (jl^ I jl - rjHa (^ 

(_yj| 4jjLij.^SLII 3 al Ull jj^ Sj J j^ CjLl<i^ 'I'^'-'^ Juj «i»jj /oia .1— il I ii-kJI (_y3 
ajULL^^^] ;^j .^^11 JjJL>Jl (j-«J-J (_7jJ (jjjj U , >> rt [j^^e-J '.>:J^^ Ij * ^ *j 11^^ 11 «LkijtiJl 

(j^ (j-ftiJI aJLc SijLfc irjLLUb-l 4^LkJI a<ji';i (_y^ iiii^ (jl . JU^-^U 5jII 

1 i's l"i al jjj I <IM j" , ,.VI Sjijii 3Jiu>J (_y^ Ja^ J<"i mi" 5al Ult ,-.1^1 U", , ,.1 

3_JLiJI tlljUaLp^-Vl eJJt Jio ijLiJi U^ U ki^jjLij^I 5alUII (jjUe^i) 

.3^UJ1 jJlS u\£l (j>>J.l (j-a 4^1iaJl «lJa^Li dlljj i,j^l 



166 



tLjQ^II ijjA^I jiasd\ 



167 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 



168 



(*) ^\4^ 



I 



Lai o" 1^1 LLoLjI (_y3 I.I rTi'Cj iLi>^ ' ^ '^ ' (j-« ^H^i 

cj^L^>J,Ij JljIj-^sJI ■"'! ^ ^ .^ ^jLij ^La . LaLc 

7c_j_i^l <L%_u^l jLj^-jsHIj ''-"-I'll I ij I II t CjLaj£[:>Jl 
Jj< I'l't (j-C, tlojal (j^i2Jj LUajl ^IjjJIj tjjj'-i-^ '^11 
(_yIL!l iCjLc.lj.ILi.VI (j-C. jl SjUJl^ S^LLs CjIjL».j 

. .IU-j,..^-tl i4^>L<uiJ| 2-«'j^' 4^LLaJI JlJjIJ JL«jj 
• '^j ' ^ ' IjU&j .4ijLi& ^LjiLa CjLoAjj I 'J j> ' j ''J '''*■' 
jjiiSLj i3jA? i-dJi OJ-^ 4^LLaJI r-LlJl J.4J (jl (jc jJa-LlI 

HJj_2JI I Jui 5jI JlJ (_j.3 Sj^ljILa j_jc jjioLsJI Llllaj 

300 ^jjtj 1 930 j^Lc 4jjLij.^I 4iiLkJI ^ ^! Jl^^i 

169 



^1 4jjLij^I SLaliail ^bJl oj^^ 2000 |»l^ ^ 4Jl JjLHI ^^I ^1 



r-jjr" I n't (_7SJj -1 j "j ' ^"' 12*^0 x-ibjj (_j^l i4^LLaJI 'Li-'iSlj Sj-iIuLlx (j 1 <"j Lx^Ji 

ij^jjj .^11 ^j_« *^_^-*^ (J-^ * ' < ^ tj iCj^_j_Jl ^_;j-Luj i^jjLtXl * )1 JGj 4Cjl_aL>iJl 

J j 1-^ ; Ij-lLi^ Vlilo joSufc . jlj <i" inU jlj^ 4j^ mi J 11 CjL>-L>-j .4^113 j"-^! 

» '^' L&JJl^ (jl^ -iJliljlj I rill Jjl (_yji3UI (JJ-2J' ^'-d^ C7^ '-'^J^ 3j-^ (_,lr 

Lol .aj_lJI (_y^ ijfls 3j1_o (j-* (J^' iLoLx-1 (Jjls il>i>-9 (j^l '-:^^l1>-Ij iCjLIo 
(j^j . A^jJl (_y3 oi)-':' (1>^ U5t!-^ fO-^ ■ l'^ ''"'' <4.flj.i>JI CjIjIj I nil (Jjv^i^ (^Jt!^' 

(j^'Cl^'ii iiU j-J^i i"r I imI oJl^ cdJi x_oj . Jij^^l CjLJijji. ^iijill i,_>Ioj'i/l (jJaLlo 
JLla .SJijJl^ v2jIj^ j_i^I ^sLLj dJl^'iin't ^iuj^l 5^1 "..^ II a : Ls^LLI Jj^^ 
4^1.0 (j-u lj_<iLj^ UsLjJjI liJLLii (jl (_jJI (Jjjia (j-«j J-i-* OJ_' ' '^""Vl jLiiil 

. a q . .I'l (JSU xluJl rljJlj 5j=;uil ^LaLLill 

L^j^s Jjjis (j-*j '-*-'-* 03^J-^^^^_S «Lxi«JI Ji^i Jiil ?(jjl ' ^aj'll I jLxifl 

aijlill 5.^_.Ull (j\jlji(jSLl.»Lij^<ll (_yJj'!^l S^jjJLjj lialiaJI r^^V Sjuo^. 

i—il iM->- (_5i^ ■ I'-' ^"a i(JI o«~ii ii^Ll «L>JL»^ a^Ua (_5i^ J J ,^-.11 (jSLxj 4JI j£|j 

V ^Ij a^LMl a^slill 4jjliV| cul^j^lj .(jji^'^l JKJlVI (>o UJj5^ 

(J^ (j_* '^-•t'j' Lr^ J .^-»- 1 (jj:ejj . ^JSLxjO J-^^ (_3-* J^' 0">-* ij-* LiJii-G 
j^^JLII I j • " ■-! ' 4_ij_>_LsJLj IJljJLI i^^J-^ (j-« 'f^^riJ' 'LjcUla diLilj ^ijJ 4 i iio-»- 

Jl «n"ll ilLl I J^^l i^J-X^ 1^1 i4j^JGJI (J:>-I (j-O (_yjljLjJI (jl I ritVl Lg^JLJ-'ll III 

,-A t tl ^ 3_ljL;_^ (^I I ^ I jj ^"j i4_j^ 24>lim ajjLuijSLlI 43liaJI 

(JliLLi:>J,l (J;vlj.jta ij_uSLi Ijjiaj jjSI Jj^^I 3_>^ 3>^ Ccr^Li-a I iitjIaJu 
Sjlj.^*- 4^jJiJ jLjtjJ 'LjcUla 4-<^--icii3 CjI mm a (2>c 5j Lj^-4jj ljj>J I <ijjLij.^SLII 



170 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

(_y^ r;j.xIu-uX\ Jj^jJI (j-o '/.30 (j-o ^H^i ^J-^'^ ^ij'wH*^' ^tHWj-^^' <-iI U^t I 
^ j_L^'i/l -1 ... ^tl a . a_LjLijjj<!l ^sLkJI (_yk: Jj.^^ll ^jj-xj «QJj i/oJUJI 

«LLar>J.I (j-« l>^?^ "^ lS'-*-" 'j'^?^' " 4_L>-jJ,l (_y^ j-iiaj - JLaj "llaLcujjj . Jij-io 
j-ILS^I Jj^^jJI (_yJfc_9 - (OJejillj jLiLllj Jajii!! Cj ula LlL>- I (jl ilJujiSI x_a 

pj_<j/l J^5=-l (_3-^ l_2j_l-aj (_,-Aj iiJllLlaLLljvVI j>J_lk (jii^"*^ tjj^ >in!l (j.AJ^^-« 

x-LA^ (jl ijjIiL«JI (_jJ,L«JI i^LLiJI jjijj^ (_y3 i^ljjjJI j^jjaj I . in-Kj .j_uSj 
I 75 SjJ, ^ .-''^" . .. jLiJIj Ja-iillj jajejUl jj^ (__>l3j3l (_y3 ^ .^ .~,.~,K 1 1 iJ1iLL>LlL>-VI 

jJjlj-Ls jutj (jl (2>j^-4Jj i5jLjjL>. (j-«i^^ ' ^ . .."'^" (jt (2pLx-i ijt-xLiJu , L»jj_^ «Lu_u 
J ij I II TiL^jal (_5-Lc 4_j| Jl_u i,_)l3j3l (jisLi (j-« Jij^^l r'lj.ir" I iiV SJljJl*- 
sLajLilLa /a^l^jjj CjjlSj itljji^JI LLai-i lil (_yl>-j . Lx^Ji 4^LLaJI ' '^N j" ' "^ 
aI ^L^Lc j j "" I JJjLj;e_a jji (j inl JLs- J^ f_j\c- J^^l (_yl3LLt>.L3 i^jUil 
. 5JlJJl>. ^i-i-^ [j^ LJt J^ t- U (jl (^^J-Ii J^JLa 4-UI I II \ Jtl J U , >>"j . Ja2_Lu_u ^L>. 1 
?-ljJi ^^ ' J ' i^j^Lxbl J^^J ?4^ ll>^ ^-'^ iLaLiIjfcl »1 oUtl (_yJjl JiSj 

3 'jj .' 't .1 <~"~'' '^-^J^J •— ''Ajd/^JJ'^^-* I 3"-^ . .. 'i (_y^ JS MUJ (_ylll CjuLj^I 
(j I II -^\ (JliVjJjJkl ^^ « ' (_y3 (((_j^^^;lJI Ja.iill» .liajilll (_y3 5ji_j;*-jJkl cdJj 
iJjj^jSJI Lis t-iJ-ij Ij^i'' AjJlS i(_>l3j'ii I (jisLj (j-« /7j-a-"iinU liajilll (j^ (jj-*^^ 

,5jLxtfaJl t ul^ Mill (j-« ^j-uij 

j>Jui (Jji . Jj^^l r-LuV CjuLjJI (Jl <n"iinl 4 n\~-K-a i_3jjaj »1 <il<!l (JjljeJ 

.iJliuLjil j^;'-^'' ijji SjJj^^I CjLJjjjijjJU^il (j^^iitlu I jjjjiill 
JjSjj Oi}-'^ Lt^ J '^"- ' (jl « jJlSjJi^ (_g^JLLl» Sj^-lLso"^! 4SjJjjl\ (J^Gj 

(iLlx-lSLII /oJLc i(j li K (j-flJLo (_jSLjj^'2l i^Ij-jj .(jijjtaJI i_ajjiUI (j^ J3:j-i 
JjLjj) ■''-' .-" i_^i^ J J ,^-.11 (jSLflj <iJi 'ijjj-i SjjLjv (_5i^ jjL>Jlj «Ll>-^^^lJI 

i_j_ilj^ ^ I '^ sLj-aUJI SjLuaJI i—iLiiu-cal (j_o Lifc^j^j I'll ii'>Jlj PjILlII (jji 
,j_o^ 1500 (j_o (J2l V |_gl-Lo Jl^ (_yJI I .^j? 5j_i_i^ CjLa£1jj iCjlSjIaJI 
(_y3 3'^' ''-*^ ''^■. "CT^-^'-^Ti^ liaAj)) (_5i^ (Jjj-aj>JI j-lij 'L^^J (j-*_3 jl'i'^jll 



171 



cjLiLijJI uijl^jja^ lj>Lo il i^jjlill 2uXL«JI t^j^l *L(j| j^j>JI iJuiQ^LiLJI 

JL>-lj j.j>- (j-«-3 . IjJLo (j-U^LJ L^Lajjl vLjJ ct-^' '^^V-i^ *>?-^ Ojtj'-*^^ 

Jj^j (jja IjjJ 20 ^^c-i 5Jl>-Ij S^LjU )>-a--yru q] (^^Ix-i SjjjciJI jsJUk p'J^ Lt^ 

,^j^a- Mill 5jLu_u tl)'3~^ Cr^ Sj-tHji-La ijjl^ j2>j^-4-1J ijLL<Jli J[j_JjUl 

<_i_Llie_a ^_j^ Jj^iaXJI ^ I r SIaLlII CjWI d<.<-'Li^ Jl^j .(_yjLjjJI aLiJI jj^ 
sLJaJI pjji-lj. Jjjlj-JI(_y^v2jljLu^l Sj-oU. Ij-u$ V^je$ 1^ l<j" I iilj itjl jlJl 

(J^j«£juj (_gjL»JI (jj^_LJu cjIjI ji III! jji|_^ TT 1 ii_i L»^L>- ljl-4^ (jjjjLlI^^I 

■ 4 J I II t (_^Lj Li^iijljtj jl sljjj/ Jl>- (_5i^ 
(_j_Lc (J_<j_«_j i(_j_L>-lj j3'_>'^^' '-^_>'^-* t_il J Mill Q^jjjSJI (j^iL^p^iJ, I Lujj] 

JLflj I jl iCjuUlII (j^ ji (JjisJI (j^ SjjiL^ (_gjj|jaiaJI Jj^^l y-jjjr" i n" (jl 

^LJI J^ (jl tUJjiJI t-^-uo- JlIs idilji^u^ j^VI (jl VI .(_yLAJaJI Jj^^l 

. Jj^^l (_yJI S^UJI (j^ iLlIs '/.40 (_yIaJb (jl -iJSUj (jtJLuJI 

jj^jJI pl_jj| (^^ aI jieliJiLi 3SU"il,l cj^K miU jii^la jii^l SjLv -■■■.^"j 
(_y^ Ll^^^^Vl jj^lj iljjj^^'b/l (j^Kil pi i^"...V jU.^jj .ijjulilll 
i_aVI ^ ^N j" • "^ (j^L«l (^1 Jj^jJI v^ (^ ^H^l cjLi^jij^ Liiojjj ijjijjVI 

SjjVjjill (j-ulj-JuJI dJbl Ml" J i4jJiL»JI CjLLajj>J,l <_jLvj <_!^j>o Jajiill CjM^LJ 
iil2j ULijvlj I Jj^^l (Jjj jjljji x-iuj^^ .d-Liiajal S^^SJI (_y3 i_xaju'ill Ja^IaiJ 
(j_o djl i^LlLa 'tjj_ "^ .^".-^Vl I ^1 1 ii->. J^j , I J vl .^"al Tc-Jj-o j-i^ Alal i nj t 
l-j^ J .1 J '" (j^ SijLi (JliUoLLla-lj Ji^;>.jJi,l (OJejill Jij Ij \l .^"al (_gjL>J,| j-lC. 
I Jljv LjJLc. Tc-Jj-aj J j'a S(_gJiji2l!l I 't\l j" . ..VI (j^Lol (_yJI (jl" I ii-»-ljK J 1 Mij 
(j^ 4^LLaJ| (_^'Cl^"i I II a i_jj^jj (jSL<Ji,l (j-a r-jjjt^ «_LLaJLi Js>-^ . <i1L2j J^Li- jj^ 
lI^l^ iiiJLL<fc 3_ljLj_^I ^lliaJI r-LlJl (jSUj -^1 (_yl^ • Jij^^l i^jLJaLLO-l 
.(Jilll liajiai- j-i^ (j->'\l^"i I nil (_jJI L^LjijI (<u (j-oj I J^^l J->-JJ 
(JjjUJI I'l I II ojij .7-Lx-Li (j\.2jjlsi\ 5AS (_jILi^jjjJI jL>oVI (_j^ j ^ -»■"_■ 



179 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

,4^LLaJI JijJjjj Jj^^l CjL«jjja^ I MiMj i5JijJl>- (J^Llaj i«_iL».iiA Ct-'^J 
I Vjl iJajjj^ I jijkj . Sj J j'C tIjLal I III 4jjLij.^SLII 3 al Ull J^ljj q] (j-a JljV 
(_^-l^"LLu.a (j-a '/.80 La! i J^LJI 3j-^ (jr^ Ljjj^ «^ ^sLLaJI j^\ ina ^ /.SO tjLl 
(_y^ J < j"ii II U (j-aj •(jJjIJj'^' -1 . ..^11 j_^ ^jj.^^"a-^jK , ,.ll jj^ "/SO J i^LLaJI 
^jjjjjj '^'1 jj-* * 4H^3 • *=LtdUj ola ^J J ' ^ * JsaJljjJl 1 jLjfc^^-Lijj ^jl c-^jj-SJl ^ ■ '^"" ■■ ' ' 
J>LlU ^j^hII jljClaVI i.jiiit AjjLj^I ailiaJI ^ Sj^ i^Lj-4^ (_pj L-J 
(JljJ^I «ljj 'j^ I J^UI 3j-^ LT^l <Jt!-^' ' "'^j„' LaJ^JJta .(—JjJiil j_3jjiuJI (j-a 

ajL^jLA ^'J^*:' "-liLsLcuJi <ijjLij.^Sj| 4^liaJI (j-a 5j-:JJ^ CjLlO (Jii A K i"i a (jl 
nli^\-Ljj^\ (j\j- I 111 (_,lr i_3j-i-aj J I'll ?L(j| 4^LLaJI (j-a - ■ "la . LjJ^ Ijuiaj 

iJLJI Jiill lis^Iai. ^jj ILc. I jlj 3^1 UtI JiJo tU |_^JJI ijJjjJI x^j (_yJI 
^j 1 * (J_flj ' U J U ^ (_^-'-t3 A^_jJLs i Lu_uLj^ «Lu_u (j-^ 1 110"^ J-La dJ^ L-flJt «LjLa 
J_jJ_«JI (J;*- I nlr jo" t'ij (Jiill I J-A (JlLa j_; j-^~tj IcJ^ jj_jJ.a I jjo ^jUjl 
(j_a (J II J I dj'il ".d-iLLill (_jli>-j "Ajjj/JlJl^Ij i4 joUtl ;SjLijlil (Jjl I iiU (j-a IJl>- 
HS^\ ^j.u^j^\ JUJ,! (_y^ 2LpJ| (JuLulSLII <M 1.11-1111 1 1 < I LaU^ ^^jial^l 

, UjU-^tl jjjufc (JiLa ijfja t_!j.aJu I mi'm (_gjjl 
<ijj-uJLL^Ij 4joUII - ' il».^tl (JS (JJjljj/ SjL^-JI (_y3 4JI (j.a|_jlb jjl LuSLfljJ 
^al UtI (Jjji ii'i^ 3al t^tl -nir ^^^^ ^n^.^l ,^"-^VI ^j^ (_2V^I dilj miT 'j j -^ ; - 
» jU~ , ,.j jijvi 2 <lj| JLu ■ jlj oil "V J '^'"i ' " '^J .'J 3*^^^ CjLLa:>JLI (_y^ ajdjUH 
(jIoLlIjvI SjJjJLa^ (j^J ^ij'j-^*^' 4^LLaJI /<si^ jj U", t dj I iij'ijJI <iji«JI jLlI>-I 

(2>c i±x:ajJLi^^i»^L3^^i»^i (jjjjiJLL^ilj ^LjiaJI ^al^ j<sJL«JI ,j^ (jl^La (J^ j_y^ 
(jij i4jJlJ.211I 4jjIjj>JI 3alt^tl »_a jj^LuJ (jl I j i*^ t 3al t^lt SJlJJL>. J-jLi-a 



ITS 



i±<--ie_Ljij . 3 a I U 1 1 I a_xj\ , ,i"tV| Jjjijj Jl or i (j-* '*j^ ^'j I j "'I '- (_,lr jii-G 
jAS'i/La i«_iLaJLjj -SJl I noil (Jj>. (j^ (Jjlj-iaJI ' ^ I" -^ ^ I jjjjjjLi^lj <il oUll 
i^LjjJIj 4jjL>JI j>LjJ,I ^^lia i((3jjji» SjJljcILo 4^LL3 f-jila Jl o<" i nl jji *lj-C.I 
(_yj| J '^~ (_ylll 3alUtlj i|__^j'^| (jJsLi 5jl_>»-J <Jl!LLijj>J,l (_y^ jj.j>Jlj Jiilj 

, M fi till 1 - Llo^>0 ^jja \ o" r ti a Jj i n 1 (>-a 1 ^ ' 



3_Lijjj_a (jlaj^l ^ 1 r 5l_Lj>JI (J^ (jl i3_Loj'i/l aJi^I JlJ^ (jjjLlII i_aj.^ 

.(j-u-O-ciiJI (j-« «La^l-^l 5jl^jj>Jl_J 
(j-ujuiiiJI (Jjji^J .Sjijli^ (j-ujijiaJI (j^ (__>I=j'i/l (_yJI S^jLHI 3al Ull a i^LtSj 

(jLlsLlII (jliiJillj - Jaia (_>3j^l (jyJI J'^j ^allaJI j>jla tiJii (jl j_o . jj^jJI 

(j_o j-J-^l J^i^ tiJilJI I Jui (_jIL>-j - (_^^j>JI aajj>J,l (_y^ (jl" I'll" J jl (jl I m'\< m 

(jLtujVI Lg^jLa-" I ii_i (_yl!l <ijSLill 4^11^1 )«-j1-Lo (_p ijji ij^ 4j1 I iio'>-j (— flJl 

(2>jJl^ Li^jLj>JI 3 alUII -si^ ^^ ^ JlJ-"i I ii_i (_gJJI J^^^lj 1 1^'nK; Cjjii-I ^ 
i>J~Jt I j" al U 4j2l_uj^ CjLj1_j_cJI (J II i"i II cJj^>- JL^j .(j n o I'lll 4.1uil4-i 
LifcjjJLj CjLjLjJJI liJj:>oj , ^ I j , >. -^ diUS (_jJI (_yjjjiaJI i_xjS^pJI SjLg.1 i iiO.'J 
«u,l SjJJ <J1iJl:>o iJlil jJu (J no I'lll (JjiajijJ .(<sJt3 (_yJI SJjjJa '"''J^T' '^^tH-':' 
. d! LLijj>J, I J jL^'i/l ^^Ua Lll 3_LoJ^ ,3.j ,UII ^^ 
i5j-tIuLj_a (J II Mill 4^LLd aI jLa-"i( III S^^SLs ^_A (^^L>. As^^ jJui ^Jb La (jl JLu 
(jiio Mill «L»jil )«-*:»-J "iJI ^LoJ-flJI i_a^ Ji^j . Ji^^l (JS Ml") jUajjl (JJJ (j-a 
<:Loj^L»JI (__yoLSJI (_5-^ .<1jJLc SjIjl>. "^La-jJ Cr^ J j ' ^ -- 1 1 (jSL«J idJaij (_j^ 
Cc<-"li-o 3_uI Jj CjLjiJlC (_,lr ^p^ (jjj-^ill (j-u La J^Li (_y3 Ijiijij"'^ 4.4jJL2JI 
(^Laj^l JjJtil (_y3 3jjiJi2i,l jLJI (JU Mil i_t>.J|J . J^Liil (Jj^ xjLtuJI (jj-ill j-i-a 
Lit ' ^l-^j .4 J iiio Mill ^JL^'^I ijji <:L>OU ilLs.^ " ^ ■-'_; I--" " jLb ' li i in*^ /(UJl^I 
^^LtluJl LaIjij (_7^I '^JJ ' ' C^ "j .((CjL_uJjuI (j^)) Ll?e_j /c-tkiAjl (JjjJlj_<ij»-jI 
(_yjLoj^l JjVi I II a I 3'j-^l (j-a (jSL<jj (jjj J-Loi-jl (jl (_7i^ u iH I i i 'ii I I (_yIajj_Ljl 
g| * Mil (j_a d iiiS ^ il,l * ^ 'll «Ll>.^ »1 I II ill (_^i^ L>-^p.^ i Ij^Sl^j I III ^j_i-iDL>J.1 

,Sj.>.lj sLLai ^^^ (jjfculj^ (j^ (J II Mill 



17^ 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

A » I'.al j_pjjj (j_o Sjlj.j>JI (_5-i^ ^ J , ^ -» It iSjjiLkiJI tUai I rijll CjjJl>-I 

1 1882 aLc 3 i I II iSjLo J i "^ -Sj-a (j-o ^H^i ''-I (j-uLj-ui "^ VjLflj i3j 1 n Mitl 

U^ 3 J I II Mill 3al UtI i^l JlJ-"i III (j^ 'j-^ (idJLjSi)) 3ji iij>!l 3i;>J,l Cjj Mil 
(jir I iM |_5JJI I -^(j^jVj^VI) J i^gjUtJI liJj^l (_yX-<-u -.(^gjUtJI liJj^l 

LjIj^ i-ajL^JI IJLA J^l (j^ 3jlaj>iJLI 3-Lni..>.L~aJI 3j(ji'i/l 3J3LJJ3J J^jll ^ua 

LjIjwO jJI jLlj Cjj->- i_g3-jI^VI (<sJL«JI aJlJcjjj/Ij . I .^j.^-^ 3 ij , ^ •, ^ «LtuSLc 
i«Ljj-_4-Sjl g| ^ Mi'^l 5jlj-j>. t'*! "^ 1 Jl_Lc I Jl^^ J-^^ J 4-^1 I Ilia 4_jI:3Jjjie_a 

LauI LaJLa-" I II a ijjIjLu 5jS^ jj_a 3-*-"_3-a ** ' * ' ^ i n ^J^' jj i ii'^Jjj-ajI n1 ^" . ..Ij 

ipljji-VI J-i^jij .jUtJI JjSLil!3j£l^5jlj.^(_ylc J'^^j i3jiiio Mill 3jlJu^LI 

.(((_yjl-9CjVI (_j_L«Ji,Ll LuL^J 3Jjl5tX 4j I no Mill 5jlj.J>JI 4J1 0»"ll III 

.4Jlj3 (^^"-^ kijjjVjjjijVIdI^jLu^ ij:^'-*^' (j-^jjiJLl^l (JjLaJ (jl -- '^"1 Jl^j 

aI JlJcILj/I (JjI I ii<i_i /n"i(jl,l I jaiaJI JS m "ij I JLi i— aj-ij dJjji 3jLo Jjlj (_gl iJa^ (j^' 

.3j.ulxJJI 3iLUJI ^ : JlJjIJI (_^ 3j.ui^uiJI 3^LUJI 

LaS . 3 al U I t j_3|jj| «_j_L1,I \jJt (JlLa j»l Jiitlij/I 3jjj(j-3 (j-*^ (j-^1 ("Ht^ 
r-^ ' ^" (J II <i Mill i"i I ihU 7<ij^j (2>^ '— ^'^'^'^W OJJ-*^' ^ ' ^ ''"' 2 (_g JJI 'JJljJ 

(j^ 3^jLlII 3alUll 3^L«JI 3 oT-i>ill 3j.<iSLII ,j^ Sajj J^ (_y^j o^ J^ (j^ 

(_yj| 100 (j^ - I J^ (Jt!-^ 'O^j'^' Tc-Laj-u (j-« ^J^ J-'^ i_P CT^l J '^J i(j 111 Mill 

3^1U~...I (_^ Jiro-fcj (_^j ;i^jlI . 3^ljJL>JI oLjiil Jl3.VLi aIs^ cuIj 200 

^JS Ml 1 ',* ^■'•^'' *J . i>j_jS^ J ^j-uS 7c_Lij_u jj-* (3^^^l 1^-^^-*^ /*■**-*■ * *-*-* **^3^^tla 

3 al U tl aj-it f_j I r J j . ^ ^ 1 1 (jSLx-i 'tJLj '^ jj ' jH i_2jiiJI ijllj Sj j j'C Sj-p. 
J'C Ml 1 jl 3al Ult ,_JjJ«.| ^Llo aI ajr". Ill (_yJI ijjill ^ "a J U . ^ jj ,ija^ jL^lILi 

. L^Jjjjxjj 4j iiio Mill 3^LL^| >_i.4j>o La 
L^jl .3 J III Mill ^aliaJI AljiieiijjV 3>^ SJlC: (_yJI (jVI «Ui«JI J-LLsjJ 
tfjUk I'l I j~, .,.". ^_^ iijlj-xH La JaU (>ie.uill 3jiiio Mill Sjlj^l j^ljcjclj^l 
,3 al U I 1 i^jj>.\ Jl's Mil (_jj| I j Ijj ^" ij^i (j-o jl SjjiL^ liilj Jljlj SjIjjsJI 



175 



(_yIL!l i4_LjLij_^SL!l CjLLa:>J,l (Oj^L-aj njljJLJI • ^1"-^ -^ ^^^^ nj*^l j.^j>oj 

, a_iluj>_p ^jja * ' >-^ *-* - M fi t"ili 1 

4jjUj.^SJ| <lLa:>J,l j3 '■' J ' '^12 •'^LoJe.iJa Slj^ (2>^ *jW^ '-4-'-* (_p i il*^ i5Jl2/la 
Sj—iiS (_j_&j) 4 J I II I'lll CjI MiiU (_p i_xjj^ '-r*^?:^ '^'^ T'Uji.co 3JL<jtA l\^ 
J^ Jj^: JiaJI (_y^ SJo-Ij SLiiio x^ V tlujtj iJSLiJI I Jl^j (1 I 600 jjaj IJls. 

51^^ (J^ JJ-* ^ I ' 11^-1.1 g< J I II Mill «L».fl_Jl 3t_Sj ^JIJ t^l I nil ^_^ ^j n Mill ?*-^J 

51 Ml i a J^ Cjj_^^ dJJjJj .(_gjLjc_jJI J^jJ,! (_yl^ i4^JlJ r>JI 0"'J (.3-^ 
iJlil Ml i 111 ^^j-x-1 fO-^-je-TJI Lol iSljJ,! ^^Jjjij (J^i (j-o 4j-3L>- -' '^ ' ' 4j 1110 mi 

Lfco^j S-oJitJI L^j^lo^ i^LujjOSLlVI 5j^UJI 3J^| tLi<-,iiK jLa^SjinoMitl 

J^ Sj-LiLLo L^Ji (j^ N ''^'^ il(jK LjIj-1.1 4^jj»- CjIjLji^ I— il fui III (_,lr SjjL^ 

. I Jl>- ^t-J^ (_iillljej jl jSoj Ajj (_p ijjjjalu (J no Mill (j'^ 1 1 ''^J i^J:^ 

SiUll (J_^"n I II 4j I no Mill iJllI MiiliU 5_^jJl,l 4j I no Mill 5jljJ>JI J-j3G Lli^O 

iLi-il^ I jjjju jLjtjJI jj J J I iij .(JLci '!'-'«'"--■ (_gj j'^'^ (_^\ j'^'^-^l' J-Ij-« (_5-3 

L^jJj fj~ii\ .Sal UtI jj^ JJJi^ J J j "' Aj iill 4jjLij.^SL!I 3'C j Mill (_y3 Jj i in i nj 
3_jjLjji>-VI 3_uLij.^SLII 3ia:>J,l a'jJti 3^ I U", , ,.l jjjSi (_ajjj, «_iLaJij .(J no Mill 
d-UUj.^ «LLajtA (Jjl (ji ^^jij LuSJj iiiiia iIjIj ^Jjj i_aVl 5 - LaLu Sj-JLi^ 

■ L^l JiJ i>Juk JiLa I j"^ I U" . ..I cOjI£ 3jj!2 

.(_p>JI I.I u" ^ j« '^11 (JjLjJil (j-« jtA^ (j^-lmA '(jUj »i oUII aLoI (JljLo 

(_^j '(^ri-^l (j.aiIaJI ^ 3laj>J,l JjWLJ (_^ i3_iiiio Mill ^aUaJI j^JJ (-aj^ 
I U , , >. 1 1 I i^jGjj ijjjja (J^lsl (jl JLu StcujUII (j-« y'j-^l (_, o**- ii n i— ijS S(Jji!l 
Aj_HJI i_^ 4 J III Ml II 'LuUj.^SJI £LLa:>J,l i"i-»- o i n Jl^J .(jJjVI ^j U ^^ 1 1 ^j^ 
(j-o L^ jl j" "■_' V iJIiLlo^ (jt^ J j ,^-.11 jJj^Ja ct^ a j U J- 1 1 ojui 'j^-i'" ' 

.(J no Mill aIsLljj^ 3j'il ij j<ll 3al UtI 



176 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

7500 (j-« «LiIj^ idJjLi 4j I no i"i LliLiiilo SjjLLij '"•_■' ^ ' 'Ahj^j^] 4_(JJlA jj-* 

1977 aLc i_^ CLijjs>-]^ • ^ ' ^ ' J /"-O-* wH-* .J^'^-' '-4-'-* SJl>-Ij (_p (jjjLjS iSlj^ 

Cj^Sj iJa^ Slj^ I 775 I jj'a (jl^ Cj^^I di! j (_y3 i3x.jjiJ>J,l Jl^ 3_ijj>o Jji 

(JaUSjSj (j-a (J^L-l 3j I no I'iill 3 < Mi'^l Ll<.<t». Ji^J .i_2Jl^I (_,lr 3_l I n ni]\ I j « ^ ' 
jL?e_Lj1 jj^-a ^ISLa ^_^ «Lcj_Ltf3j_a 4S_uiJ-u «Lj!i^^^ «L;t_ii2a-iD ^^^Lj-Jl «L>-jjJ 



r"j_jj| pJ-J-ll (j-* "^hWj-^ "iLajtA (Jjl "^ I no i"iU LujjjijJlS (j^ Lt-4^J ^ ''^' 
UJJ' "'J '^^^ OJJ"^ "'"^ wj TJLJ '"'^jj^j^' ''^^ 10 3^ I U" , ,,\t ,1, I -jVjjji)) 

gt fO t ri"^J (j"A-*lil ^^ ■ '•^" ' "■ * «(J nojl)) «LLl:;t_a ^_^i^ LjLjtjl «Luj_ijl (jLx>- T'^.Oj-u ^_^ 

I r I < 1 1 Q^_LjjJLll jjUal »1 «i 1 til 1^11'-^ - 3ijl.xjO <ilaja^ J~'J •'^Ij 3^^ 

.CjIj jJj^ (_kll 20 I j"^' I U", ,.l 

dUj (j^ j-uSLi (_yli:l 3j , n Mill 3j(J^VLi5jJjII 3jjLij^I 32LLaJI cJljLs 
cj>LSLiJ,l (J^ (_y^ V «Ui«JI J^Ljj ■3jJj1S"iII 3>^W Ijgjlr J'^^" (_ylll 

.i—ijLtjJI iioLj^ I '^ji 3 J \l ,^",aVlj Jj 11 _, I n-fc^ 3jirill 

(_, U"*^ . 3-jU 1 1 3_«.5c_i_a LaLsT (((Jj-i^ 3^-^ cr^" 3_ujl*AII 3alUlt ^^j 

«ULijt_a t^l r nil i^j^ iLo-^'J ^X-J ^j no t"iH 7c_Aij tiLA^l^>- i 5j-uS j2>^i-a I Jl>.^ j_^j 2I 
(j.S_4_ll (j-aj .«lj.j;E_ca (_jJI (_p3j^l 3Jj^;;tAj i LilS CjuLjjJI A^j.x-a^ 2^jlii\ 
L^jJI sLi,! J I '^jj t-i-jcj liilj ij^' (j-a i3JjjiLaj 3 , , ^ -^ ,_)l3j'^l jjjijfc J-t--^ 

, 4^LLiJ1 ^^j^ a <i^ i'^ CjLloj Lill j j^3_i2j>tj t tlLaluj . «L;tJ^ jJjLLa ^Lbj ii_La.^ 

3jLijtA il—flji*- (_jJI L^Jjj:>iJ (<u iQ no Mill (j-a 3^LLiJI OJLA (.3-^ J j . ^ -- 1 1 jj| 
. jii^La ^^1 (jjjijjj (iLoi^ L^l*- (_7i^ (_!-<-»:? iIJls- 3jaJ.aj 3.04^ 

(_y.a Aj 1 1 II 3_i_<jj.jL^'i/ 3 J in Mill 3^liaJI j-^ji-a JLo^'i/l aJJt Jla jla 

<i_j_0_L«JI 4 Ml I njj,l ^JLjiLs (_5-Aj i4_lLu^JjjJI "ijSljILIlVI LuLoSjJ 3jjj j >|->- 
IJl^J i4 mm njj,l eJJt Cct-liaj liu, iLaLxJ tcjIoIjJ . (cJ I n"ltj.<-u)) "ijJvLljVI 

Lujil (_y^ (_, oUII (JLpJI (j-a 3jIjj CjLa-ica jj-a (j n Ti'^l J^ AJilS (_g JJI j<u-uVI 
(_^_*ij_i-£iJ 1 jL^JjI I /I , ^" ' rt ^^^ /*-£>^ ^^^ jhS (_^^ ^*-^ iU'^ «LuoL?e_) ^^ U , ,.jtl 
d ^ I U" , ,.l d " ^ I U" , ,.l jt_Lj ii^j I no Mill 3^LL^I ijfja (J^u^ « ^uLic^l » dJjJOu 

177 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

, Ij ^ ,^ll ^^ f,[X\ (_yi^ Jjj-sajti! (_yjj'^l 3j».jjJLi f.\ oUll 'J j-^ I " ijj -v. jj 
(i_ij_iil ^L-a j_lC 4JI VI . La Lcjj j^-T* JtI^ _3^ '■ ''^J MJ I ri t LjJ(J-3 (J-^ 

i/^-LiJl ^_^_cjj i 1_La ^j"i j ^ ti (j-^^-^j i5_^_AL>. «L>-1^1 jLiIi^l j2>^L<i_i5 i«CLLL>ij 

LuL<iS_p (_y3 (.j-i-^ O' '-r'^?:^ i»i oUll Cjul i n-^J LiSj 1 1 ''^J '^ i i nil jl Jla Lt^J 

(_p (J n i"i II I ^ J '-->«"' " iCjL^vI^I ojLjfc JiLo (j^ 4.>-lj l_2 j| 4 < J I n L<kJL>.J 

.diljj SjjjjaiaJI 4^IIaJI 
i«l_a 4_j£ «Lc.j J j"" IJl>. 'I'^j • "' (_j I no I'iill S-iijtlll AUajJ JjwiJI IJlj^ (jl 

(—fliS^J i^Llia jjtjiuj i4j I no i"ill ^JLji^U ^m ijfir i nj .l—SLLi j^'-^ ' (jii-O 

. jj>- 1 «Lcj (_y3 4jlxoj>o (<uJJ iSjj^ ^^io'ill (_aLLiJI |_j^iill (ji^ jLJe-JI 
^jy-^-^ • La Jl>. ^\ jJj^Id (J-«3 JlJl* (-_3j)jJt_a jl^j_LiJI I Ju^ (_p-« p^ ' ^" (jl 

cjIjJ_Li Ijl^ 3-j-i-i-il ,j_oLSUI Lu>Sj ^Uj ^ (_yLuil!l ^ S^UJI ^3i=l-i-I.' 

(_, I n Ml II '^ J I -a- "l 1 1 ^1 '--^ ' (_j_b Jl^J .t_!j_iiuJI j>Llo I-jLj^ I .j I n I AJJ i nU^I 

Jixj (jjjLuJLj (jjjV SjlIjj 1872 aLjlIs ^ • "■-'"' (jj^^l (_y3 A 5000 3.^vLutAJ 

.(J no Mia AJJ (J^L>- S^ij>J,l a\-A,\ (j-o j.IiJ I— iJl 20 ^ U ^ i J 1 1 Jui (JjjJiJI IJlj^ 

5_«iaj^ 3^j-v (_,lr J-Jujjj jsJ 3_l I no Mill 3^LLaJI Jl 0<"li nl Jl -T* i (ji VI 
LuLo^^ (_y3 (((jJjLi.Lj» SJjjJI 3x.jj^ (.3-^ .1.1 n -re^ j-^b L>>J I Cj^^I (_y3 VI 
«L>.L>. (j-«Jj ct^J iJ-oJul (_^ (_^jVI (_^_A «LLfl_Laj^ g< j t n Ml tfLxa t t_uui J-OJtJ 

I". < Mij Jl^j i3_3L>JI (_y^ljVI 3jL2jjJ *UI ajl2jj 5^L>J.I j>LJi,I (j^ (jjjLlII 

(_^ljj,l JJJi^ 3jMiOMill 3HiaJI SisLjj^j 5>l^l oLII (j^ djl^pill (>J>La 

j^>_a .^j I -V (j-« S-j-sLiial i-sVI I j " " (_yjl-j jl I Ij-ji^ 3JjjJI 3.^jj_o ^^^ 

.5jlh>JII ^'*^Jj^IjKJI 

i(<S_L«JI (_j.^ljj (_, Mio Ml i-^^JJ /«^ J I lOl (_y3 I i^jl (J no Mill Sjlj^Jv J »" I n"l 

4j*-^QiI 3^ Us (J no Mill (j-«>ij • I ■^^'-^ (— ajSHI JjjjlIj ^IILJu <ii^jGi! AjLa-" i n"*^ 

Jj(_jJ (_^JJI "-^^JjJI Ij^ (_j_Ll3LflJ J-3jJ i_2jjjij iCj^lJI (_y3 (jJ.i^^jJ,l jLilUjlj 

,((^Jl1,I » (_^l^^ )t_uiJv t^S t n a t l^^l [j^ Cjl^^ILa ^hS II ullL-a 

178 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

LSJl^ !(_, I no Ml (JJOJ Jjl tjl" iiir l.a (_y^ LlL«-II I— xaj^i 5j>^ (j^ (.5-ij •^J 
i^J^ LH"^ *LLJ r-jlj_4-l l1x_»_J1 1 Ju^J . ^ t no Ml )t_0^?E_4-l ^_^-0^>iX1 ^LXL) ^j^?- t n aj 

.(jnoMitLi sLaj^ 3±ol^ 4jjSLu 

.3 J in Mi tl 3al t^ tl jilaieli^l SJLui^ /ol^i (_ylll Lijo-j Ljj^Li Cxx^ 
l_^ <jl1\jJ\ (jljJ-JI »1 Ir (jyJjI^I S^jJJLj 3_iino Mill ^sLkJLi /oIaI ois 
5 al Ull jiljJel^V J^l^ J.<i^ J-^lJj^ ^^^5 '^'-^' (jr^ .^jjI^I-jVI jJaHI 
1* ' ' ^-'J • 'J^^l (.7^ 'Jj 1110 Ml 'Li^Uj^ Als-x-a (Jjl (J-OJU (jjjjl J-o (_5-3j . i^j mo Mill 

l_JJa:>JI ' ''J'°^m"^ CjVIj IjsLlil d-Ajtll 4j ino Ml Sj.^^1 jjL>JLI (_y^ Jj-t^JI »i oUII 

(_yi^ ^J-iL^ i4j I no Ml -^J-^ 5Jl>-j u^-^ 4jlaL>- (_y3 jjiajejj . <ijjLa CjLicjiajaj 
Jl^jlII i—i^lla (_5-ijJ J ■-" ^ 1 1 iJJj>o 3jj1a '^J-^ ' 5 Lt^*^^ 4_uI JlJlII jIjJLI d^j-fi 

(J no Mill 5jljJ>- 4_ji J <"l I n't Ttjiai! I Jl^J^ 5jjL>J,l Loj^jJ Q^jLllj (_y^ ^ '^".11 

. aLlL^I j^ .^f*-"! 
LbJL^I S^^S^Hj^ 4j mio mi 5Jl>-j LiJ^ (jtiljl «LijJLo (_y3 iJ-o-»JI j-i^ ClAs>-^ 
j-fl^^ /^l AU\1 t ^^ n ,"■" , ,. rt -■■ U . .. ^ji^ t " » * ( ^ J Jk^j . ^^_u^Sj1 ^J^ "^' '^"'^ y ' 
l_^|j_,j .(j n M i l l (»_5iiJI 1-4^ ^^^^^^^^ (JT^' f LjVI ^^ (_^ i^i-LuJI *UI L4J 
iLiiajl i5j^l '^JJ^ O'^ Ct^ <-^J-^Ji ct-^' CjIjL».^I ojui (Jio (jl (j-u-alli-J, I 

. Jj^^l (j-a j_uSjl j^^juuj 
i. 1 110^ (_, is Ml *LLi j.:>ijT "^jiT Mill (jlo-^l 3^j j Q-^- 1 (2):j^J ' "'1^ '^'^ Ct^ 
7t_Lij_u ^_^i^j idiLbj-ioJl (_^J^ «L»S^ tc< J Ml Ml *La dil i'r Ml t j-^^s-a ij^l^Jo 
40 «L:*-jJ Ct-^ ^jJ^ ' "^1 ^l-l^l (J-* (^l^>^ ^hS I 00 ^j^:> 1 n a ^JS aJl-c-u-uJ , 4_fljlu (_p 

. LlojJ ^iJ^ ''-^J-^ ^^ Lt^! 

ij^ 3^LLaJI (_p (_5J^ L« J->- (jyJI S_>:uSL!l 3jj^I ^jl's I II J •■"•"' I' "J .(c^j I no Mill 
t^ I n Ml y "^e-a ^^ ' ^ 4jj-njl ^JLA jj_* ^j^ 1 na (_p ^^^jUjtJ (-_3^j_uj «^j n Mill 

JJ -V I « U 1 1 J J , ^ -^ I J «Lj^JGJI (J^I (j-O 4j ino Mill 4^LLill (Jl <~l I nU 7r 1 n\ 



3 al U tl (j-ajj o' 'Ij Mio Mill CjL«ju>J,I (j-« 'iij-a.iil.l Cj Lc jji^sJ, I (_>^aju ^^^ 
(_y3 ^jjiajJI CjUtJ^I 45jji (_yjj^ L-aHi. I (jl .3_j^ljjJlj 3j^ I M^tl «_jjl Ml oil 
/C^ul I n"^ (jLj (J J * r. i^ rt i«Ljj_^1 ^^ *^ rt t5jL7tIU,1 /Q_o 2I <:Lu_A «L«_aL>-j j-j1^^j>J1 
((glj I n Mill ^j2l\)y L_3 21 V m1 (^i L>.Ji^_4-i (_^l_L>- (j■^x, '^Lj^-S -^ . < ^" . ..j -^i^"*-"" , ,. 



179 



,-il U ^tl sLLJ LJLSLo C-LjtLj-ualj ijj.i I'll 11 c-jl irr->- (_yk: ^sLkJI l^jirni'll 
Jl <" I iiV ,__>^Li. IJlj^ LLA aJlJ-"ii 111 '5 ^j^^ll (_yij .Sj I no Mill 4jjLij.^SL!1 

Jl 1" ml ij^i^ (_7^ SjiL^ji Sji^uji »i oir 7->i3i jl . ajiiKiMiii IaLLlII 

LojLi^j .cjjijij (^r^jij'^^j-* (_jJI j.al Miill jLc, dJLSLflj J:>-l (j-o (j no I'lll Sjljj*. 

jj.sL.4-1 i5jl^j-j^ (^3_LLa_tj '^jj '^ '* 1' jj-*-^ (J-* J^J^^^ [j-« jjl I II ill jL^ * (S^pj 

, U , , >. 1 1 . I j . ,.A'i SjljjsJl LdJj^ iS_uLij.^SLIl 31-^^11 J or J^i (j-a L^ljij-'ii 111 
4^LLaJl f_j\c J J .-^^11 3.2j^J3 (jl . (_gjLji2j Jij^j 3j-^ '^^-'^ 1 jjl'' J ' ^ ^ J (jPJl 

CjjijI Jn i"i I JiJjia ^JE-i (_5i^ U>^'^ O' 3 al Ull jj^Lxj <lji dj^Li- i3jljb»- ijJUk 
.<i^L«Jl (»uVI (_y3 jl M^ L^l ot" Milj J-t-i J^Lajj (<sJ (j-\^j|jJLuij 
j_uj 4j I no i"ill 4^LLiJl (_yl^ J J , ^ -» 1 1 ((<:LuLlo^i$L11 » tLoj^JaJl j>JUfc JlLa (jl 
a1 JlJ-"i 111 (j^^l J-* * .'^^^.' 1 j^"" iSj^ ^-^ .(j\l».LJl (j^ j_i^l LaLoIuil (jVl 
JL^j -J^' A?^-5 iJ^^ ' '-4^'i>^'^J iCjLlL>LlL>-1 ^Liiiijl J^l (j-o (J no I'lll ^SUa 
(_y^ S-LoJjJl J^ljll Jo-! (_y^ iIjljII \jjt JiUj SlaLc: i4jjLiii-l So^j cAAij] 

(_,_Lc sTj^ jji i5jl».^1 oJl^J (_, iim\>-!1 3^j-11 (jl •^jl^'^l LuUI ^jjj<jo> 

SJl^I I II <ij (J II i"i II (_yJI jlj o"ii iiLi 4-4^3^ ijlm LijJaa (^l£Lo )«_Li3 JSjIi 
<l>-jj 5ljji,l Sjjj (_5-3 5_^jji,l 4j I no I'lll 4jLji3l (jlj=^ .Sjii*^ 4.i>.^Lo ^ 1 '--"I 

J^l (j^ SiSL^Il Sjlj^l aJJt J <"i I iilj . ^jjlo 4^j J 1 000 - 800 ilu Sjlj^ 
J_<j/j_j /aJ .ij\.x-u^\j i_^jjjjjj^ JUjJLl^jI (_yJI (_yjj^j£LIl JjjJLL^'al I ' I j's n"t 
SjLa ^^j>-^ Lo-^-L« (j^Alu ti^p* i4_i£,L>.jILt-ul «Luijl (_^l ^jlj .^ i*t| (j| JLA 

500 (_jJI Sjlj.j>Jl sL^jj )«_ijjJ) cdJj jlLc ijj 1 i<^f (_yjj^jS jjjJl^I Sjjijt^ 
. -1 'J j*^!! jJj^ d-ii^ J3^ 'J'^'^ LT^l ^'^^ iJ-^^*^ ^j'j-^*^' tfjLjij . Sjjio '^J-^ 

jLc. Jj n_. Ill -a- "^ (_ylbjj5 JJjJij^Ji V Aljiitlijjl (jSUj S^Liko 3jlor (_y3j 
.(j-LjJlj"li iij'^1 «Loij(Jl f-^jjMja (_y3 Lo^ I 1 ■ ^J i jjLiiaill jLc. ji (jlij-ll 
L^ijj:>o J-Aj *'j-^l J-^' '"Ij I no I'lll 4£LLaJl ^^1 jLa-"ii nV (_£_)j>-l djj^Ja 4^ 

(_yjljj.^Sjl jLuJl ij-iIiJ J-Aj - (_^jj^j.^Sj1 Jjiiill 3-L>-* lSJ^-^ (— i-iiulol JlS^ 
L-a^ILjJj'i ( II (__)Iuj2JjJ_ijj_C J J i I nSll ^jj>.]j . 1876 (aL-^ Juja - ^j .>>tl ^j_uLjj 



180 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

CJ^Ljv '(^JJ mIj I rill (_5i^ 5ju<iIL«Ji,lj ^ ' ^" 1 1 j-i^ Ct^J'^' *>4^'^' ij-* ^"Vj 
5 j'^j '"-^J 3*^" LMiJI liilj Jljuj .^jjjjIsj^I (»3^liJI Lj>Li. .SjIJlJI ^ 

.AjJjSLlLuJI 

3 1 j" Ij3^ L^ CjJLUSJJ .(^J^I 3 J I no I'lill SjjLLaJI i'A ni\\ 1953 aLc (_y3 

^ ^ I :,^ll J -1^11 jjl , ^1 ,>.^ll ^^^ Jj ij^p^j^l (_yi^ ij-^ (1>^ ' ''^ ^i>J>^ 

j a> ^ ' 1958 j»L: jjLa 15 (^ jloil (ji^ t^J I^J-" 'iJliJI ,jXu!S:j^\ 
x-jLLa I Jjl'' JtxisjJ (_jjJI CjLv^UI L2.<Je-Li-o 1 jJkS (j^' "-*' •'Ij'iil i"i ^^ .'.' 
tlibjLLiJI tfjuij .(_yjuii3 jL^->- i_p -" _; •1 ' ^"' (j-* l>?-^ ^ '*j^ oJui 3^LLai! 

3_lI_i_i^jjjJI 4jjLiiAll ■ ~ » I U -^ 1 1 j^ SjjJlc (j^ 'h III 3'^! Ull (j^Jj 3j I II Mill 

3 ij ,^',11 4 J oUII 5j.^;v3l Qji JLjJjiilj i(j-\_uLxiiii!l 5Ll>- (jLojiaJ Cj^jJLji 

iU^j^\ ^Ir Sj-u^ (JIiLlaSIj 3al Ull ^If J j .^^11 ^^ 3 n^ U 1 1 oJLA jjl 
(ji (J-J-J-u J-Sj . jJLiJ I oS aI JiicILjiVI (jlSLol (2>^ SJljjlj CjJIjLo •' ^ ■ "»! i«_o 
^_,<r°i .3 J III Mill 3HJaJI ^3^JLlI 3jiaiitill 3^li»SLII jjfcj liilj t_tJj-o Ij^j 
3 _i I II Ml II 3 jj I U . 1 1 J t Mi't jji i_ijaj 3al Ull jj^ J-^I 3_L<i^ (_,lr J ■ ^ ^ "■ 
y MiO I j' 0^ f^^TT^ ^Jj'r" I II ij . 4jlj^1 Cjl^p_a ^hS II l_3 2i 1 k-LU <! o V i^*) cL>.LaLA 
jlj_a I j " ^ I ' . -- j_^ ^JlJt" I II J jl .3 J I no Mill Lj^LiJI (j-« 3j.o£L!I oJLjfc Jila 

i—iLjjji'al cJljLoj . I Jl>- 5jl2/la «Lt>-^jjSj '""j^i^j i5jL2jJI slSjLsj I Jl>- «lJi-c, 

CjLlo^ f_j\c- J J .^-^11 ^^ 3 ^^. U 1 1 a'jJt, f_j\c jLoI^VLj tt o i n"t V 3 J \l ,^"aVI 
3 J Ml Mill CjLjjLLijJI ,j-« 3alUII ^If J J , ^ ^ 1 1 jjl j_j^ 3alUII ^j^ 3 ^ j ^ 
x_ll_La I J J a Jl^>J V (_ylll (^^La'i/I ijJJj (_^ i l-i-«Ljl (_y^ (jr^ij>-o «l! Ti-ij-oI Jl3 

3alUII ^5jjv| 
3Iajt^ d-jSLjj-a^l lJj>Jj^ ^^i (jr^ O-"^^ ^'^ Cr'i'^' jIUll ^ Lilj 
lJ_^Ti I II 3jiiio Mill 3alUII j^l .Cjlji^LS 300 ^seli 3 ^ I U" , ,.l I 3jiiio Ml 3_uLij^ 

Lgjjiij SjVjJI dJJj (_y^j . 3jJjSLjluj< 3jiv 7200 5jlc:Lu^ 3_uIjj^ ^sLL ^| 

3 al U II ^ 1 r 3_LaL«JI <ljLjtxiajiJ i/oJLtJI f_^ iSj^^ foiiJ /aie-usl Jls-I J-oJ(J 



181 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

.3 J I ri I'^lll '"'Ijjl U ,tl SlsLjl^ 3jjLj^^ ^^Ua (_yJI J^:alu (_yl!l l3_l r no I'iltl 

.(Jlii I ritlj LA*-t' LLI^j j_yJLaj Uj-iaijj j_y3 I ' ^ji ((4j i no ."ill <~»l-^ ,>.l l« J t'^ 

,i-<l ^. ,>.ll cjI£jj%^ 4^1jj.^£jI 3^LULj 'J i-> '^'11 tij I no I'lll '"'Ijjll^ ,tl ^jjuj 

(j-o '3_^lj ^ i^tl ^^JaUXI aJJt (_y3 3jLiiI 3jjj^)jiaJI i3_iJjlII oLjil j-3^ ct-^' 
^ K "»■ , ^ 1 1 jJLaj l1*:>o ^_^_a:>iXI »_i_ul^l ^_^^^>ijl ^jj::e_JI 
^_^l t<ljino I'lll CjL>.4J>iJ,I CjI!^ 4j I no Mill lIi^-lJI -' J " I ' ^" ^j^ JjJlaJI ^_^ 
^_^_ILll il_xja_jl gt J t n i"ill '" JJ (J-*l-*-^ L)' * *-'^-' *(J n i"ill 5jl^^ jj ^"1 t iM 

»1 1 < II IJl-I Ji^J .3_ljLjj_^.SLII 3 al Ull jj^ ^ I J S t, I (j-^jIsLaJI 3^L>. (j-ojj 
L_fl_^_tuJl jJ_jLa 4 Jlj>-1j jJ_jLLd jj_* (1)-^^-*-" *-^^^-:J-^ Cr^i.?-?^ jl 011 1 nU ^^_i^lj-«j| 

LkjJ^ (_^l 3jjLij^I 3^LkJI (jl .3 J, no Ml 3jjLUj 138 4_ik: ^1 .>LJ^ 

(j-oj I Li-u-a (_ajSHI (JjiaJj sLlJii i-l*;JjJI <iiijGj ^ ■^'^"' jji (jJ>-J-y iCjUjLLajJI 

.3_iJj_II,l 3j^il .J jCII Sj(j-v'^l J -T'j i_3jJiJI SjLJl ij^l 

Cjj_1_1 (_y^ I UV: , ,.S\ (jLSLo 7I_U3JJ| nj .Sjjijaim )«-jl-iH i—il I n->- fj^i^ 3^LLaJ| 
dlLij-ja-O ^Jl J < Ml" I nj .4 J I no Ml sLo CJI IT- Mia 3jjL«JI J-^^ sUjJlII aJJt 

3jjLjj.^SLII 3 al UtI J . ^". . ..J .v2jIj jjj^ 20 L4I0 (J^ 3^ I U", , ,.l ijiiljjj^ 3_uljji 
ii.a2.uij <iJljjL>- d<.<-'Li-a i4_(jjiil j^j^ (_^ f-'-J-) (j-« 7=-i>J' sLxjJljlII (^Lj'^I (_5-3 
3^LLiJI (_yjLLcu3 (J no Ml Vj Tnjj dllLcji (3^ (<sJ Ijlj ■'Ij Mio Ml CjLjjLLij (j^ 

(2>-j3 ' J ILj sIj^I CjjIIu (jj 'tSjjJaJI dJ-^J " , ' '^^11 (j-* r'j^" Mill (J^jcSLII 

dJlSj X.JUSJJ (jjiiai-aij>JI £,ji n 3jjLc. oLlo ^u 3-<fc - <ixJJl^ <ijfcl£L3 (JIaj 
.i—ilj-iji cdJi (jl (jSlLulII ((ukLuial (jJJJI Jjj I nil J>jl-C .<S"ir I jl . «ljjaj-3 (_y3 
tfJUso (jl (j^lxJ 4jMio Ml 3jjLLajj (_yj| (_ijLi (Jj I i-jl_>J-" liJJ J (j-ujia (jVI Lai 
(_ylll il—ijl^^il LdJj (JlLo SjLcLtuXJ i(j^l-»-jJI (jjSLujJ ) ^ I J -» , ^ 1 1 j^j^ (_y3 
jLLc 3_jj^ "tLJ"^' (^1 *>?-^' (J5-^ UdJ-^^ 'UirhD-^ O^^ (jjir^'^e-a L&Ji^i 

^ j", 1^1 , ,.1 I jjll 3^L>JI 
JjUI (_y^ (_yl3. aJljeIuiIoj, 3-LLu^LaJI cjLjjLLjJI (j^ SjJjll,! ^sLLJI (jl 

5j_jj^ 'Lo-caLc (j^ i—jj^u sUlsI^I CjjUjjfc 4_(jJuo (_y3 3 ij . ^ ' 1 1 SjLLlI (_y3 



189 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

."^ J I no Ml tIJUjLLaj(j-a 4^U3 (_ji^ I j^j-> " J'^"'„' '^■l'' .'J3 J J' " UJ- -' ' 

5-al I II a J 1 1 iTt jjl Jljlj i4_uLij.^SLII Sjij I III! 4x.j.jj/ > 1 ui II /ti^LLjLaJ LS^jj 

SjjLLiJ I JJ*-' '"^ t5>^ f-'^J '^J • '-'^'-'JJ ajjUa JJjLo • ij (.T^J-J-*'^' {O-OJ^ 

SjjLLaJI i> JLA (j^ 5 jjjil 4-ulj;jj<tl 4aliaJI q\ . 3_iiiioi':i ^LAs. 500 (j^ 3^J^ 

jj,^a£jtjjU jl -s. il 4jjl^1 iii<i_t(jSLai ^ '.^^i 4j^Ij 3^ I U" , ,,\ t ISjjt^ jj jCLji 
50 ' ^""'J ' " I'i'l,' i«4j I II <i Ml 3jjlj <ijvljj)) - (jujjj . J - j^l ij^~Jj-a\ (jJJJ 

.i^ J I no Ml JijIsLlJi -1J"I '^"' JL>-JJJ .S^LjiJI (_j^ l^p^ _J^^ 

4Ji (j'A-JJ i(j no I'lll ^^lia aI Jiir'u iiV 4.a-j"iiilil jj '-^ 1 1 itJ^-joJI (JjLaHJI (jl 
3_u.u.o-iJl 5alUn Sjjj^I S-ojiLuIl (_yk: jLoI^VI (j^l (_^:o. U«j^ J'j'-" 
JLi^^l (_yJI (jj I >i n jii^La jii^l »1 olr q] JLu.SjJLuJMJ SlsLLJI jLjj-3j(_y^ 

3 J it'l^l i_gi .3 al U II . . ,:^ :_. V i^gjjl j-j-iil I Jui ijJ>Llol (_yJI (-aji^i (_yl!l 

. ' '^J*^^ I ' U , ,.jH Cj^]_a jul^j t W-^ ■ -^J^ * 4_1^SJ <.4-U^JtJ I 

i(juJi^lj(JLij>JI - u^j^l pLSj-ai I M"^-^ 3jjLiLa c1iL»-jJlJ(J no i"ill (^JJ 
(J_aL>JI (J-lIjlJI p j I II < !I (j_a - (jlSLo (_p (_y^ jlj o"ii nU 7-u^l ' _ • j" . aIjjJI 

.s;L>._^l 3jiLjJ,l SjLijsJI • >i.^lj«tl ^1 ,1 ^j.^ll . Uja ^^ 3j^jJ,I Sjjij-iil 
Lg^ljj-'iMil S^^SLs (jjjLlII liuJls. j^j i3.<uli^ 3^jjeim iil^^II 3JjS3^1i3 (jl 

J_Lo 3 al U tl oj^ji j^IjlJ- "i ( III ijiaJi Ijjjju ("i^Ji (j^ \l .>.a . Jijju (j-oj JlIo 

5jL=tJI cja£:Lj 7=j>II 3ILI3 (jl (jx: Lciij^ jlsj . jMjII Jj^ (>a-LuJI i_aVI 
I j^.^j ■ 3_ul^4JI (jl ^ I J U 1 1 3^jii. (_jlrj iCjLLijj>J,I 3_iL>.j f_j\c (—JjilII (_y3 
ji jl j "'I Jl^^ V "-fl^J-^- (jj-LcJI (jl t^j" ■ "I ^JJoLLo (_y^ 3 al Ult 1 Jlx».j L«jj^ 
d_fl_u3j_i 7c_jjJl 3^U3 -xljij-'ii iiu I ''■-y (jVI aLalLikVI <ijjj joJ <ij| Jioj . jLaj 



I8S 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 



SJl^ (_gi sLb p-LjjjU ^-oje-i.^ LliLiiilo (_3-^ • LJajLo^ijJ Cjj I'lijS tjjj jSL!l jl 
. 5-.>_-ie-ij3 . - < Ij A .':. ij i(,_fj^| 7t_j^l CxJL^ !(_, 1 r i Ll^LS 1 <\ K <lj'i/) (^jl^ia 

j^ Cj.-tc 1945 - 1941 ^\^\ ^ .Ja-S^ aiLkJI jLljV Sa-a^-ait^ ,^j 
liLIi (_y^ ?'-i>" 4^LiiJ (J-«-«J '^J^ aJLa-j (_fj^i cljj-ojJ^ 4jSLj^^I SjVjJI 

(jLlLj'^I cjIj 3 -1 -^ '^ II L^JljiiMi iT^K .uIjIj jJj^ 1250 5 ^ I U~, , „l . cj^^I 

. \jlja 50 (2h« ^H^' pi I rrlLl 3_uL«!iJI 

ij^^^L^Jul Iju^ )t_a «o^^_«_a (^^jj?e_) (—SjLst-U ^i^jj>\j\ jSJl^l ^_7^i^*- (2A-* (^J 

. -j^ \l ,^"al ^^a^ I j -» J I ' ^" J JLjJ 1 1 j"'lj ■^ •"■ 
j-j-j-J Jl^I Jl^S J I_^ jJHj 4_iiujiJuo ^IuJljsJI ^I^^JI (j\s>-\jls -"J"! '^"' (jl 

d ^ I U" , ,.l 1 TILJ^I 4^LLlJ (JjJJU JljJjJ 5Jl>-^ I 1 J 1 ' ^" l^pLsol i_^ (—flJ^Lo 

Ll<-<;-.a-i.^ Jl^j .(_j_2^i jj^a_o (_5-Lc (J^jILjILo (j"H^ '^ '"'.' <-^lj >^ i— sVl 4j^ij 
IjLji (_p_a (j_a SJl^>.j (((Jjj^LcjJ - (JI_JjJl£La» S^J^jJlil CjljjLLiJI «LLi 4SjjIi 

cjljjLkll tLLJ) 4ajjJLll 2loUV| 4^jJ:JI Ul .u:jlj.iJ:, Jd^II. L^iSL! 0'>^' 

(jl i-j-'^^J . I^p^ I 20 <tcLfljjl r-jj (_5i^ 5 ij , ^ '. ^ l^p^ 74 L^^la SJl>-Ij Sj li i"i t 

-"J "I '^"' L-Liajl • ^ 'I .^"j .(Jill J ^Jj^ i_a2l 5 (3^^— <»-*-" I Jl-& d ^ I u" . ..I i-Lj 
ji^j i3 T- 1>> 3_>.ljj i-iVjjj j^jj IjL^a- jjJ-J o' I (i j"'^ ?^i>" lj-^ V^^tJ 

«L«_aLjv (^^ p J 1 ' -^ **' 1 1 IjLA (JlLa /c-<^a-ajj , dil^t mi (^^I^j-aJI (jlS_a (_^ CuILu 
lIi LlSLI, I CjIjls.^ d j_;_' •"■ 3x.jjija^ sLb 7-u^l 4^LLaJ (jj I hot" 111 t-jHSj 

(J.2_l (sJj I L«_a I j « 1 -^J i,_)l3j'2l (_5-l^ '-^''i) (jiLo'^l ^^i^l (_5-3 eJ-it d-ul^^l 

(jj iro'i-^l ^jJLljj .3_oLjJI a^ni .J j< tl 5<jMill (_yJI L4I0 SjJjII 4^LkJI 

ijjajJI (_y^ (j-A-«-o i—xjj^ (_y3 "ijjI^^JI <ijjLlj.^SL!l CjLLa:>J,l )«-i^J (J3-i^j-<l-l jJ I 
(j_a tLc.j_4.ja_a (jl Ij J Ml -»■ JL£j • J-^' (.3-^ 1-4^ J-^' l-^J^i ?^i>" *-i^ *— *tP- 



184 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

4j^IL»_j La j1 Jl2_4-1 4^113 «Lu_u ^_^ ^"r Tr t ti Ajj.se-i «Lul^_A tJl)LiS_a 5Jl>.j ^_^ILjLa 

LljIj-A ISjjtA >jjj ''^"'J Ajuj]^ (JAjjLo CjjTb (jl ^pj3 500 (__)IojX.j l^p^ 350 
3^ I U", ,.l (j-«jj (jl « JljjJI)) Ijbfc (JlLa (_7l^ ct*^ O'^J • ^J^ 20 LijJaa i—xojljjij 

S^LIs aIJlJt" I 111 7-jJl^I J^T f-lSj^ f'JJ '~" ° L^J .Cj\j j\f^ lJiJI 100 J^5tj 

oj «i"i I M a «Luljji CjIjLu J^JJ tijJ^*- i.joS 10-8 p-Lajjl (_5i^ 3jjj>JI vIjIjLlIII 
(jl L-iJcJ <^ J ^,^",11 ^^^jjitj^ lilai. I _i I ii->.j .4jjLlII (_y3 IjIa 30 - 20 4_Cj_cuJ 
oLLa-La aJLcl 1 ii<i_i iJIiIjLlIII eJJt A^l^jja CjIjJjJiIj d-ul^^l CjI£j.j>J,I kXil 
.(j^^ljj'iiiiU (_yJI »1 1 I III! (j^ 4^LLaJI J^" <ll^\-LjjLi (jloj^l (_yJI Ja^j^ 
«Lji liJ^SLiuil (j-<i3 cdJi IjLcj I JLl«jJI J J ii" I noil SLj^a -.j^I ,^",11 ojui (jl 
r-LlJVI (_y3 'I-Jjj 'iJ 7"^i>J' aIsLlm^ 'LxjuXi 4^LLiJI Jljj^j La LajJ 7tjj-aj (jl 
,j£Uj ji^JI ijjl^l CjI^j^I (jl .4j£l^i3.jJ(_yJI .4j^LLi-^I 5alUn ^l.tl 

Vj i3±ji2 4ILI3 (_^l l^ r^^i^ (jT^I (j^LoVl (_^ L^ LoljiitiL-jl joo (jl 

. L^ iSj^' ^^-^ '^3i 

. (((jjKj I n'tn^-ul^^JI vIjI Jl».^I (j^ 31 1 III I II (_yILi^j I II tl jL>oVl (_y^ CjJl^I 
i(_^_illjl^l ^j.jaj (jj ^Ij '^'ij (J^_l:>-^^^_i^>J1j (jJLo-t-o 2I JjLu-3 7-L:e_b L^JjutluaiJ 
(j7m<"i tijj;*- i(juLLll (jy^J .4^LLaJI (j^ 4_i£lSjl d-LcSjl 4lS^I p j * 7'" ' ^ (j-^J-'J 
(j<j>,|jlaJI Cjj I'l'itl i3_^jJ<j-3 4jj-a.ila Cj^oj (_y^ (jK 1 ntl 4 j j I r I JLiJLSjil La^j 
x_jLj 4_ljjJLI1 1-JJjjI (j^J .5Jl>-Ij <iijL«J 4^LLaJI S^Jl^a iijujuu^l d_ul^^l 

cjlj^Lp 5 , 1 ^ ^ I u" . ..I 1 4jj|jji 3Jj;vLLaJ (_j3l J * ^ '" ^"' ij^' ij-* 3^jjt3c^ 

(j^ <^ I 1^ , ^ t I J (j\^j\j.JiJU ti '^ '^~>- ^ 

^^l^'itlj , JliLo'^l (^ ij^-^ 3-1^1 1^1 (J^l Ml a (3^^ tS'^^ J'iP' i_A2j (jl 
'Uj '"'^'^'^ ^,>Tp-* i*JJ ^ J J^"j • l>Ti-^ L^l otli III jjj^g I 111 (j5-tJtJ 7t:^>J I siI^-AI (j_a 

. Liiajl 7tJ>ll S^LL jLi-jl 3JI ma (_);>. J^l (j^ 
, I j"'i"l . ..ij Sj 1 J II 3 J K i—i^Lla 7-jJl^l I ' ' J ■-1" 3j^j^jJI SJlLJI ^ ■-I'a 
(J:>.V V3jjI^I i2j1^j^I JLuO^I i3jjl34JI 3^LkJI jai»J lj-u$(jjiiio-a-"iU 



185 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

'" J "^ '" S^JmlLa «Lul^_A As^^j.ja ^_^!i Jl>.1j j^j;t_a ^_y^ f^ ^ i ' ^" (_^ C^jJ J^J 

3^L>JI jJlJs i_j \r ^"'1 'J j< tl jjj^ Sji'jJi.' 3-a-i-«-!l (jT^! "-laj^i^U «I>4JI 
i—Sj^^JaJI ^_y3 L^ ij^*^ ^ ??-^'-'^ ,_, '-^ *"' (j' '=L2j^.IaJI j>JL^ (^J^Lxjj .cluu > U . , >. i 

(__>ii_<fcjL^ (__)IijL»j I jj*^ (_^jjcj 3 al Ult Sjj^ 'J^Jj^ 5ji^>-J '-^J'-^^l (.7^ (.3-9 
I J I ' ^ ^ I (J no I'ltl CjJL>o I j^'^a . cLuljji ^jj>.ij dj , no i", 4_uLij.^ «LLajE.o (j-u 
"J l^a j_ljS (_gjj|.i (J-^"SJl^vjJI ojui ijLj.0 .sLiitJI jJJ^ lj_L«-i^ Lj^ LlLaj-a I 
^2pJ 1 I ^ . ^" ' rt ^j-« ?*-^^ * 4_i-o L>. 4_a_ij3j 4_pLjItjjj^ij ein.}^\ ^^}^* n i l^p^a 250 
ji (_yj|_ij_^ jdj^o 4_j£ ijLLol 10 pLiijjl (.5-Lc )«-»^J i^p^o Liio cU^Ia <_j^jji 
i(_yj|j_<fc jLlj I i^Ii i_t i(jAjl (_y3 sl^^JI (J no Mill (jje-tuj LoJiJi^ .<ijjljji sLflJ^ 

"ijjLij.^ 4Jaj;to (Jji 3^ I U" , ,.l tlJiIj . d^LiJI (»u3l f_^ cr^ *l>^l J'-i^ ' "'\' 

jji j_j_i ijj;^! V cjIj ^Jj^ 4jLo ^^ i 1981 aLc J_oj<JI t_jVjj trJi..j loji^ 



^ 3_ij| jJI i43^Aaj<JI 3alUn |^jn,|| jjjUll i^oill jj.a ,jj,l_Lll JijvV 
(J-lSIj^I tj'jj^ (1>^ I .^ .^a sLoLcujVI 5^1 j ■ U ^ -- I J .Ajuusj^l ij^\ ijj^i-) 
(_jIL>- . Lis lj_ujij (__>l3j3l (.yl^ (^isl-iJll (j-o JlJJjlII j j U ^ J-i^ lS'-*-" 'J-«jJll 
3^1 U", ,.l S^^jiiS CjIjjiJjJj^ (jr4^ "^ ij^'' Ijj I nt j-uS^^-i^ 0^J9 3^ I U", , ,.l j^l 
V .3 ^ J ^ ^tl (_yij ,(jl_<jtJVI (_^JUl_j SLiiu-til 3al Ull JijJjj CjIJl>.j /aitibi 



186 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

jj-^Ja j-it (jljjJLlI (3^ .5jij-<4llJi,l AjjLjLiLiJI 4jjLLaJI eJJt (S^sJ CjulSLol Jju 

.(jlj-iii! ii^LJI iy\£\j^\ (juLi^ j-^ '-^j-^'^-* 3al Ull ojui (j-« tiiia 

^IjLitjjjjV ^jjJill 3j^>II 3'-^'^' ^J2i\ JLLo ^UJjJI aLCLaI i^J-=- Jtil 

^J J ' ■^ ' (__>l3j3l l_aj^ (_jJI jLliill (j-« J-V (JJjLcJI (2>^L<i1j joJj .(__)l3j3l 4^Uo 

.4jLu-aij SjjiIjJ L^l or I (_y3 SjjLsJI CjLlUjiJI Ijjj/j Jj (_j£1I i(_fljji^l x_o 4j^l^ 
^ I I "i L^jljLS- "i^jJ 1 Sj (j 1 1^ ? a 5l^ (__)2oj2l j^j-o (_y3 x^ 4Ji i-Sji^jdl (j-oj 

j_yJI (j^jVI Sljj (j_o ajL2JI (_gjlj.j>JI (3^jGJI (jl .lIiLs-jjJI (j^ i-sVI Sjlc 

' jj ^ < ^ n t^ M I II 11 «Ljj1j.j>J1 4_lL-£3^1 ^1 , LaLx-1 (jlaj^l ^j^ ' " ^ t L^j5e_Laj_u 

(jIojVI ^ \^ ■ ,A Sjlj-jv <ij>-jj J-^J^ ct^' LijLvj (_yjk (jIojVI 3j_JaiI 3Jj£JLl 

. jIj-IoLj SjIjjsJI "^L^-jJ Ll*j(jajjl j_)l3j'2l (_y3 I i ? <" 1 olSj .(jLjijiU djjjia 

(_3_«_«JI (_,-Aj - 3-j_il3j'^l 4jjIj.j>JI S^jjJI i-Lj iu^j^\ f-[2jL£>] t Ac \ (_y3j 
dJi VI . \jIla 30 ^^=-1 - 5jl>-Ij Sjjio "^j-^ ^j'j'^'^' '^J-^ oAi^ ?-^^ lS'-'^' 
' ^'^ ' uLl>-Ij iilaia jLHol 3-2 <l>-jjJI aJJt I jj°i ?-^ (jia'-'-il ^^*,' J^^JJ 
(_5-lal_Ll,l oJlj* (__)l3j3l 5jlj.^v S^LLs Jl_4_»ijj,l ^_^ sljjiJI i_^2~Li\ ji^j -^^ 

./a^Utjl ij^i (j-o I U J I >i llj 

3_<IJ>.jJL1LiJ -J_lJL»-aJI (_5-JjlJjVI jiiil OJ-lLjijI tjl .JLjLSjJI (_yJI l".li"lil 

(_yjkj T-LflUllj joJaLxJaJI sllolS ^jj '^ ' I j • ■■■-''I (j-ajj - « JljIjsJI jij» <la^jj>JI 

(_y^ (jUSal (j_« jjJlaJI (jl ' jj-il (j-*J^ lt^' "^JJJ^' (jIjlIJI (j^j 5jlx».jJI 

j> J i 1 I II jl (_y^ I J I -T* '^J:? ^^ 'lP^j'^' *j'->*" (J-* Sal UtI J 0" I ,ij t)J 'il I iijl 

tf^til I iijlj .SjjjLjfu 4jjl£jj<JlilJ3LiiJ <laialO(_y3 4jJ1 Mill 5^>j^j>JI eJJt it2j 
(jl )«_a . Sj j)j I'lll jL>JI «m Cjljlj-fljj 5jL>JI sLjjJiJiil )«_uLLlIu IjL>- "^Lj-i^ 
(J_i^jl JL2^) <i_i^^j>JI i«_uLLlII 5jIj.jv i>jLa-"ii III (j^ Vjl Ij I imI (j^J il I iij'^l 

l(3j_L^JjJI M^l^ (_5-«^ <-^L« !-<».>• (jyJI O^j'^' CjJ>0 (j-O *m «LoJl2JI (jLojIjJI 

LfljGj .SjiiSLi ((3_j£jj>JI (J^jJ,l 3^j^)) (jj^ 0" ' "J (_jJl Mill jiiJI I jijfc (jl£Lijt3 

«_j_iLLjJI (J_<ia_fl_i I jJ-JI (jK I II I ^ '^' I jj** (j7h»j (_^I itlLtsLiSj "ixJioljiJI 
. Liiajl (J'jji.'i/I (Jj^lj (jjiil LajJ I J • "■-'"' 3.Sj^JaJI a's^j ,\^Xa 3_j£^j>J| 



187 



La.i" I.I .(j^jVI Cl^ ■ t'^ J ■ " ' (3*^ (_yi^ 'j'^' *ULi Ss^U^ /<s^ 400 (j^ 

J— aVI <lij_2.». .Sjj^ 3_ijj>o LuiijJLiI - J M i" "n I'l't L^jLjv (_y3 CjJ_^Ij 

iSjujl^ (j^ 11 III SjL>JI ijLJlLi (jLcS'^l cjjlc. (_y^l i4j^^j>JI »_ij1_LlII q] f_^ 
Q^j^l (jisi-j SjljL>- (Jl Qt" I 111 3JjLa^ jji I Jlx>-^I r'j.^im (jl£ ' • ' ^ " cjjL>-i 

jl jj-j j-_(_lI1 r-^jji^e-a ^_^i^ , U* ,>>tl ( jj ^_^IL>- 'j ^ ■"■' <! i n o"v «Lj^^j?eI1J1 Cjj o"i i iiI 
jjljjjJI j»Liiu (jVI (Jjjjuj - »l oUll (J^l£ ju-aHiu 3j^jajJI iJlijjsolj . JJJt>- (j-o 

.(JlajU ^ij (_jji3j3l ljjj>0 

, Ja_2^ ^.lajLliJ (J imI (__>I=j'^I j -t* (j^ 4£LLaJI J o"i I iij tjl I II "tVI (ji Jijj 
JLfl£ .4£LLaJI ojui aJlJ-"i I ii" (_ylll 3jjLij.^SLII I " » I U ^ 1 1 f_^lfi JUaj (j-aj Jl1<i3 

1904 j^Lc: iLoL^ 5 ^ I U-, , ,.VI 31J^ L^XI ioJl^ 4jjLij^ Slajc^ Jjl c^ 

1_4j^.£Lj /n I iiVI I Jl^ i"i jo I II (_ylll i(_yijjJjV Sj-iJL-iiJI 3_LlLLijVI 3_(jjJi,l (_y3 
aIJiJ-'ii III f-jj Ml a 1827 aLc f-cisj lS'-*-" 'CT-yj-^J*^ •'-^ (_, I iilj^l (j^J i^joll 

5^ lU", , „l cxAJ I'ljMi"'^ Lluioj . 3 ^Uil 1 jui (_y3 5jijJl«JI 5jL>JI 4jj jjiJLI x_oLLl1I 

iSjLjJl^ CjLLlSLo CjIJl^>.j (JjjJiJI t_iVjJ (_ji l1*L>-Jij i<ijJUj.^Sjl '"'I U->-t I 
jUtJI J <" I 111 (_^l 4jjLij^I CuLLarKil J^ 5^1U-,,.I LlaLf (_y^ trJLli a^j 
.dilji^LiS (_iJI 360 : 5^J^ LaL^jl ^LjjJjV iLalala (_y^ ijjlojal l1*j>o jj^ AjLill 

(jIsLj a jj-"i I ii" (jylllj i(__>^j'^l 5jlj->- (_,lf 31aL«JI 3_uLij.^SLII ■ ~ » I U ^ 1 1 ^jl 

IjUfc JL>.^ 1— arLJ--v. I J I T'J njljiiJI (—fliUJtA (_y3 Ajiir'n n't i ^ijv j^ ,_)l3j'2l 
alx^ 3iajtA 1959 aLc CjJl^j iSj i 1 jjj-j-b 4£jIjjIj 3.iLila (_yji^ .jUtjJI 
(_,lr J ^jSLjj^'^I Sjcalil CjLjV^I (j^J .CjIj_jIj^ (_flJi 160 I j".^ I U" . ..I CjJlLi 
3_ljLij^ 31-^^ " 4jjLij.^SLII 3al UtI 5tin jf\ I iM I iiilj^ (j'-" ij-" (*^ '^^ "'^ 
.iJiilj^Li^ (_flJi 500 I j".^ I U" . ..I j__^j'^| Sjlj^a- (_,lf 
. LdlLp. J Li j^ L7^ ^thWj-^ SJajtA 1966 aLc jila (JjiJij iSjLiiaAl^ lt^J 
i-djjjlju j^ (.3-^ L^j-a MJ-^VJ •'-^'ji_>Lp lJiJI 30 Ljj^ I j"^ I u" , ,.l » I Til iij 

J <n"i I n't J -J-^i 3^ I U", , ,,\ % |__^j3l 5jlj.jv (_yl^ 4loLc 4_uuj.^ «LLajtA ij-**-* 
^ ^JT' ]t_uL(j jj^ -1 J t^ ^ ' t'- « I "--' l1ij><j a^LoJI jLic^l 4^Lij.^£j| CjLL^:>J,I ^JU& 



188 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

(_y43 iIjls. (JjIs j-iiLuJI oJui Jlo (^SLI .Sjjio 5^j-i 500 - 400 ^ i4j1ij>JI 

(jIjlj^^jSLj;^'!^! Sjtall,! cjLV^I (_y^2L3LLaJI SjljjuijLiJi 1974 ALc:(_y^ 

x_ljLLlII oLua .^jj-" in't "ijjLij.^ 4Jaj;tA ^Lb (JjjjiJLl^Ij si «iUII ^Lj^ (JjL*- 
jL^j .3_jjj_o 4jvjJ 150-65 f_j 1 r Jlj}-* ^ *j'j-^*" ^^J'^ 3-j-il3j'^l 5jL>JI 
aJjJ, (_,_Lj^.jaLjJI r-jj-ftjjl (_y^ (jjiU-ji,! |_^j (UU-^Lj (_, I ri_i La j^jLJejjjjl 

(_)l3j^l c^^ ^ 3^jL2JI oLjII (jicuu .Cjljjlj^i_aVT 5 ^"^lU" ...I ^bj^ 

t^^Is ^U^jJjj t M tVI (J-jLj_u ^j^ ' " ^ LaJ^^J . (3^Li_a ^ \]\', \ j j , ^ *.■ 1 1 ^Lj^-U^ t n tVI 
(_yIL!l i4_i2_L«JI (_jJI .U. ,>. 1 cGjjJcjl J .^"j ijjejlb I djiaiijccji, I (jLiiJI 'La-jJ 

(__>l3j'i/l (jJalj-l Lai .(jLSLa J^ (_j^ '^J^ "^ S-j^^JsJI 5jL>JI «_uLLlII (jl 

7-jJi^l cdJi (Jjj-I (2h«j .SjyLLall (3^La"^l (_^ 5j^ I '.U.^l SjLv J^uLb sLJujV 
«L>.jJ 400 - 300 kXu <lLajj>J,l J J -» ' ^ 1 1 5jlj.jv «L>-jJ OJ^ (3-*-*:' iJiH:' J'^^ 
."ijjQll^^iaJI (j-« jLJejJI (_^^ (Jj-iuejj (jjj.iJI ^^Js>■\ (_y3 «m ^ ' -"J ' "J '^ijS^ 
3_jjlj.j>JI iLAjus^LS if'jij.uA.i I J-ik (Jila |_jji>o Jii^ <ijaj^lj dji^ <iju 
(j-o 5jlj.j>JI (j_« J-i-^ p'j-^' O"-^^! Urri-fi ^ '^i^^^^?^' J J ^- . ^ 1 1 d ,>.^^. ;1 1 
(jjSj jjl (J-ajjej) j-i-Jl (JjjLjiI i_y^ j-jixJa «lj->-| 7-j.I12j iJUJlIj •J-'^' UU'-^ 

(jj3 «i iT iiij)) jjl (jSlxjj .Sjuj^ Lal^jvlj I aj ^ .". I I J I fij (1 uji^ J J T '^"' ct^'^' 

« LxLlI I ^^Slfljj .j_uSLj jii^i 4jjIjl>- 4^ Us TtlixJI i_xjlJujJ,I ^^ I '.U.^VI i ^j^tl 
^j •'^' *> l1<-j->- ijj-SLoVI (.dJj j_y3 (jIojVI I^j-2jj q\ (_jjj3l <_jjLajJI (J^l (j-o 

jj-^ (.3-^ lSJ^W^ O^J-:' (j-* MJ-^W f-^J •'>j-^ jW^' Lt^J' '— 'J-^J 
3^LLiJI JlJjII J-<i:a-a >Lli ^'-^j""^_' i_gljL<k (_y3 3_.^ I '.U.^VI 5jL>J| «_uLLlII 



189 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 



ii>J,l jui-lj .lIiIj ^i^ (_iJI 500 5 ^ I u~ . ..1 1 ij^j'yl ij\js>- (_5-l^ ij-*^ 



(_^JlJI jjL^j_jJI (jl . Li^j3-i^ Lr^j-^ JLjuiu TT Uiii (_yi^ jLiT j.^;*. Q^LLajVI 
^_^I1j*- 5Li:>J.1 ■ ^ ■ 'i ' ^_^1 jj^_uo^l ^_^-Aj i Liiajt S|jj>. ^^^1 )«_jjL(Iu^ JL>-^^ 

mUll (JjJ-'lJ I iij . sLLiisj^l Sj-jiuill L^J^ 7r J I n't (_ylll i4jjljJ>JI CjLvjjJI l_2 2 I 

i-aJiC JJJ-J (jl » J ^■^" • •■_' jL'c-J (_5-Il il-0-C.UI (_yJI (Jj-ol^l J.J-JI (jr^ ''-=^>''•' 
iLaLx-l JljjlJI (Jj-SILcull (J.<lC jji pj^ '''ill Ij-A j_;^-- ' (jl .<iIjLifc 5^ I U" . ,.l i 
di Lij ^ ( f^ i (j^jj-j ^jS t fia ^_^1 (J^_co^IJ (j J "^ l--^ * ^jjjul ^1 oU 11 J 1^" '" jl 

,4jLiiiI 5j_ui 

. J^LikUJ a^^l^l a^^tiMJI ^ Ij^l ^^ L.l£^ aAtJI c2j>l£LJm JJL^ 
(jJI i_aJL2j S-lSjjsJI oLjIla . l^l->- (_yJI 3_Li^j'!^l 4^LLaJI tl olr j ^^ ■ ^_; ■ ■■ (_yl!l 

, Liiaj) I jj*^ £lL;a_LO A lih-ie-a SjLuo jlj^ (Jj n _i i n-a-*^ 5jlj.j>JI V (_>l3j'ii I TcJajj/ 
(il^^l Cj^Jj (jij ii_xaju'^lj ."»! A'.llj .-il ^. ,>.l I t_!jjej (jl jljj,! oJl^ (jSLfljj 
d K ,". ^ J j ]\~ ^LllLij .(jiij^l 5jljj>- (jl^ "iloLtJI <JllLLa:>J,l ijfja <_jj^u ^Lilj 

.4^jj>Jl i>[jX\ • ^jl^'" 4 Is i"i a i_^ t3jjJL>- 

£j< ^ I J U 1 1 t2J^:>oj .(j^^La-Li (jl i I ritl i_aVT (jj/LJI (_yjm t-iVjjJI (»J^ 

"ij-iLojjJIj "ijjLjj^l 3jLUa:>JI (j-oj (_5-3 (_j^i>- dij-^ia (_ylll iijujuu^l ^jjULI 
t^LJlLj (_fjjSjl (jjUl (_gJj>3 id-xitib CjLiialo (_jJI (jjij^l jjij-a x-a i<ixJJ-iII 
Jl or '^1 Qja jj£ f_^ jjLtujVI J^l ' ri"tj , . M .^1 Ij J^mi (_y3 CjLu^m ijJj.j>oj 

'"<lj ■-* ."■ > U . "»■" t gL>. J 1 1 ^jt-tL^^)) 

(^Liil ^ LJiiil^JI J^UaJI 

4ljil"ll l_xjJljjJI JjJJ ^iJajJJ 

.«JL>.VI 1«_0 LajlJvi ALJJ (_y3 

(_ij,aIlio(_ji(_jjjJ^j^^jjjU(_jJUajVI j^LiuJI ' '" ^_' ^.'J3^^ J ' ' "'■'^ 

.5j_Lj£ «LuLo SJjjvUa SjLjj (j^ ^^ I .U il ij_iii^ «_iLcuJl (jj-^1 
t_uJljjLiI(<uJ-lII jJ-aJJI - .<j.M ^ajt^'.Kj Ijj^jjUtJI 3J^I f-ljji"! (jl 



190 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

cjVI L^_btA (jjia-j '(»_>4ll (j^l Sjjjjtilj 3jj I'li-^l 3jJL«j(JI < - . . ^ ^ j .3_um 

VI JJ^LJ La (_yk: JiaJI ^S: ^j^ aJ ^jjUI t_uJljjJI (jl VI .Sj-ol^p^ ^^^ 
f_^ J '~^^ J J '-^ " (_5-3 ^J i4^LLiJI (_jJI CjjLc La (jLcj_<j, joj ' ''J ^ ' ^ '^ 5^p^ 

. 4_ul_a 4_i2-i^ '^^-^t!-'^ 
. 4-ul-ij^<tl 5-mj'i^lt (_yjji jJl J i^til (_y^ /<u Jl3 (_yjUI t_jVjjJI CjIjjJI (jl 

sUI (JiiSij Sal Ult Sj^ciiil,! 1 3_uLij.^£L! I cjIjJ^I jjjjij l^jJU ''^^^ o-" o^J 

3 al U tl pj_cbj^ SjVj 3 ii II jLUcl (2>^Lx-iJ .CjVLsJI (oiajLA (_y3 (J-«J(JI I j^ 
(_jiu£j_n I iijl (JjjUe_La (_yjj,j^l (jjijii^l,! (_yJa LaJiJlc i I 89 I aLc 3ibJL>JI 3_uUI 

K(3 I iiiLi_mJI 3JLoVI aJl^)) I.I I ,,i\ LuUl (_yJI j^L^l,! ,^< ••■^j"°'jj; '-j'^^^j ' 

'"'JJ'^'^'L'"'' Lt^ 3j'il .j jCtI SjjjjLi^JI (jlajjLA 7-lin^l JjS ,4jjLo j^SJajtA JjI 
l^jdl t-jjLuIl jLuJI iiJj.Je^ Cr^J^ iy tJ-^^^ Lr^ S-^J '■^^-4^ '6:^'-'^' (jr^ 
<AjjjJ ijljJaVI (_y3^Lj ljJj_o ' • I ^ "■ (j->_3jV Sj-jJLi^l SjliJI (_y3 I'Lc^^Hi-l 
■ UjU^. I ^J^jjA,\ 4.>-Ljto ct^ ^-'' .'JJ 4^LLaJI cJiij . 5^^jj(j.a '^!Sl-« ^ ■^''^ 
J < J II jjjil I jui tjl^j ./o^ 175 JjJa-i liJI JlJI LJl-Li. bljdol SJlI^j) J2J 
(jljj i^jjdl ((t_J» hTjIj^jIj^ 100 (j-c ^".^IU-,,.I J2j |_^JlI1 4jjUI 3alUI1 
.SjLlUJI ^^^LaJiil «Uju^.^SjI <~»I U— >|lt LlL^I Lvjj-flj (j-^j-aliJ, I (j-« j_uS 4a£ 
. - 1 1 U -^ 1 1 Ljlj.^ (jl . Jiju sGljl (j^»J foJ till JJI 3al UtI pir j-t-^^ q\ JLu 
3 . ^ . U 1 1 jj^ jlj o"ii iiLi jJjcjII 3 al UtI (_^Ljl:vl ^ j"a iS^ajIslj 3^'il .j j<tl 
Jljji ^i— i-J (j' J-:!-^ • 'LLijj>J,I "^Lj^I CJ^ij Vj ijl III iiVI 4l^i II (_yjij 1 1 j • "■^' 
d_L<iS ^'-'^J (*j-^ i(JjiJ(JI (j-a lj_uS i_ALiIu 'ijJLc Sjjl^ CjI j 4_uLo j.^ <lLa:>J, 
3jj .^11 i|j_ifcVI («_3tj>. SjLjJLc iJlilj-^ 3-i-^ I'J I ii-v (_y3 .iljJi,l (j-* dijLji 
j_^ djliaje^ oSc VI (JjjJL»JI (j>^' ^''J^ (jr^ C^ f«^ lilljllj .4^>L<jJ«JI 
Lujijij (_y3j . JiJjjoJIj I Ij-tuJjjjij i<ijSLjj.^VI Sjijcjil CjuVjJI (_y3 iJa^ 'L^La 
d-UUj.^ tLLaja.^ ijJj^jS ^^ j^ (.3-^ "'I '"J^^jJ^tj (j^ MJ-^V 'r"'^?-9 '"'^1'' 
^ U ^ 1 1 ^J_A Cj_ilSd "O^J /c^:tjiJl)) (_^jJtja (^i Aj_uLi La JL>- (_^l <! <t V 1^ 

.4jIJlJ .ij.^»-o 
JlJjj (_y3 sUI 5jJl2^ (j^ 'U^; • " ' «j->- VI (JjjLlII (»JtitJ V (jVI (_yl>- (j^J 
3ijLa Jjj I II SjLjLs (jjj jLajJI (_yJI (J^JiIu 3 i. n J^ ^ .^"a .ij^yi\ ^\c 3al UtI 
I '«U" , ,.l ^ia , jLLa^ai J'C Ml (_,lr (JlsL^lj /TJ^' oWj-^ ij-" J'C Ml" 1 1 i«LI,l [jfji 



191 



, 3al UtI jj^ ^j^LjisI 3ijLi ijuLui^ f_j\c- 5-ul I ritVI <-.! .^^1 1 ^jj I II 1 1 SisLj^jj 

c1_uj,Ljj,3 I Si ,~,i'({\ jjij - JujJI jl III III tLui SjjLsJI vIjLlLulII ja^ (_y3 (JjuuJIj 
HJj_2JI I JUfc CjI Miia joJi^l «Lb f_^ sJjJI jj^ CxJcSLo - <ljjLaj.^Sjl ^ U -» 1 1 1 

(J^^ I J.^ jJjiLi Jtjj, Jjl 1961 aLc Ij-lmJ^-lm (_y3 (_5-ijJ -ij^ (j-* A JLJr" 1 11" 
(j^ < I 111 (j-a ^Lb pLaJjl f_j\r tLcLfljjl jlj . j K 1 lO JJlj-C. 3_uLaj.^SLII 3iaj>J,l 

I'l III 'JJJ-I 'LLiJ>J, (J-jLik J-J-o (jl "1 I II > J >l-3 (_5-3 (_pt>-^l j^ (_j^ lt-'t'J 

I'll iii^jjjj (_ylLaja^ i^J-^ P'-^j' ?-^J • 'j-*^ 320 4_cLajjl )«Jj i«LuLoj.^SLII 

.^p^ 300 (j^ j-i^i I'll iij^j-ulj 
LuL<j/i -^ _■ '^"' (jl (_y^ J'^ '-^ ct^ j'-d^'^' 4£LL> (jSL<iJj (jJ cdJi x-aj 

(_ajjj, (_ajjj d-Qj) 4jLo Jlju <lj| (jj^ jj^"^^ .^"■^Vra J_.^" . ..1 1 ^^^^ 3al Ull 
(_y3 (.T^J .S^Jl^IlII (jljiiJI (-iiiJtA (_y3 SjjUI -ijlj-il f-J-<l^ I^^It* a JlJt" I 111 
Ijj'sl^jlinl (_ylll S^LLaJI (j-ujii. (j^ jj^l 4jjLaj^<tl .-.It tl ^U.~,l c^^l dili 

.^liLuJVI 

jjLi-a_o iSjLjJlj*. ^LJ-o (j^ ijL*ja_JI SJjjJa S^H^ J^ si oUtI ^ . ^ ^~ . ..^ 
3x.jjim (JlS I'l^l (Jl o<" I III 3j-^ (1>^ Ui-'^''-riJ 'Lt^"-*-" J^^tP^I ''Lw (_y3 djjl j 

.-.lU^i^tlj jL=tJI (_y^ 3^ji£Jll SalUlt 

(j_o SjLijsJI 4_bSL!l ojuij .Q^j^l tlIs-lm (j7-^ (J i i"ij (_jJiL«JI LLajj>Jll (jl 
LkjJLc (j-C SjL>.lj 3_tij>J r-lj-o^l (—kSj Vj iSj oliiia 4^jj>. (_y^ I^K «UI 
_p^jjjj£j| 4^JLir"jj>.jGj 'J i^tl 4_ujL>- LijJjj (j^l I jJil 'L^-J-a (jl .(<ul jJI 
.SjLi>- <l».jJkl aJJt L^j(-o I jl-i-- ' (_j^l ^^LLiJIj .CjLLijj>J,I (^^IjjIi (_5i^ "ri-^J:^ 
irLjLiJI (ju^^ (J iiNt t l^p^ _j^Lp 250 (_jJI r'jj>-jLjj (_g JL^JI lLsj^sJ,! Jla <l»-j^j 
900 S^Lui_o (_^l i^^l (jjjLoVl ^ jJiiiH^ (_,iiilUVl it-^j^tl 4jvj^ LoIj 
(Jl <i /t>\ (jl I l^p^ 20-18 (j^La'i/l (_>ia-tj (_y^ jiil 3->-3-a pLijjl j-Ljjj l^p^^LiS 

^j^* rt j^^ J rtl J ,>v £l al l^lt » wt 1 Ijuk ^JlLa 
3j-i3 (j-C (j jl-a- jJ (jr^jjjJ-L^ilj sLxLiJI (j^ >J^i^' o! 



199 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

JjL^ JlJsj .ila_2^ CjIj ^ij^ 635 5 ^1 U-, ,,.l , 1913 -^Lc: IjJLLsoLi J^jjjLjJ 
5j_i_Li. (_yi lJ'J^ 'J^ -J-:^' 3^ I U" , ,.l I 3U^ ^ jl_o 3 i I II 20 Jlju (J^jSLjj^'^I 
t^t I II *l-i-iJ i3_l£Lj^'^I SjijajJ,! CjbVjil i_y\) ni^\ (Jjvl I iitl (_,lr vjX'al , ,.l . 

. 1967 j»Lc: VI JlII S^LL (_,±£: S-^Jt^ ^jjLij.^ Sia^e^ Jjl Jaju rfjj 
sLbjLa id_u^lj_ail iLajLjiJI 4.4J^L«JI t— i^ ijjjijlj (_, i n ij-aJl j-^l ' • '^^ (j^ 

jljJjJLj cjIj^Ij^ i_aVI 10 L^_Lo J^ 3^1 U" , ,.l 3 riir 24 Cj_oLS ijJLo (j-<-<j 

jjl JLlo CjjISj i<iJL<ji ^j ■'■■'- Q.aAS>- lJi^jj (JJJ <iIa:>JLI tfJUk '"•l-i'' Ji^j . jLuJI 

.djljlj t_!jL>0 

SJljJl^ d-UUj.^ <lLaja^ p-j^>jItA (_ji Ltji III iilj L^I-'J ^J-^ CLi2.ilsj 
i—Sjjjij .CjIjJ,! CjIj i"h t j-jS) 3^ 1 U", ,.l CjI j L^l Vl '^ • "■-" jljJaJI liJJ j jj-* 
60 JjtJ (_5i^ i^ 75 (j_« J— ^1 djjla J.LM [^ i_j i_n I II (_yjJl i<iIaj>J,l ojui it^ 

4iLL (_yi^ aiaLiLlI iLujj^jjJI 4jjIj;^I SlajsJ,! tT^jtOj! 1968 ^Ll ^j 
^_yJl <1 Mill ^yaLSJI (jl^ 11 'I I II iLajj^ (j-a i_!j.ilu Ij^u^ i imS /tjii- (_ji Jiil 
CjI j <iia:>J,l isJUk Q^ <i i nj (jij.^l .^"-^Vl jj| , L^ jLu Jjl VjS 5jjJl>. sLuil 

JLa^SjJ^I 5j_JL^I Slaj^l)) - ■U:;a.-,lj jl<4nn - 5j_Lij^l 3^IU-, ,,.VI 
^_^ ^ 1 1 '-^ II ^ J*^ .'J 3 I ~ < I u -» -1 1 1 LlLioI L>-Jij.<u Ci-x-ijus] Ji^j .«3j-uS 

. oil 4lLL (^ SioLtJIj LjjMj 

(JLc. J_«.c. I Jlj* (jl t>-iJ (j-S>-!j ''^!-^ J-«-«-J (S^^ O^' '-^■^ C7^ f^(j"iU-!e-a 

i_i_Lj2j>oj ijLijsJI aajj>J,l (j-^ JijjJI jL»jl (_5JI I jj u , '^ I j.2^ - ljL>- jl2jlaj 

JLLs Lij-cLj^ iim'C ??-J^ (j^ 5-lLi^j I III! 3 U ^ I I Lai ,j_j_ljJ,I SJlcL^ Sj n-»- 
JUuj . LiJL.ujLaj^_a t ij^ lU_ujj_aj1 ^ -^ ■ ■■ ^^^^jv (J-*jIj (_^ t^^^^LtloJl (_^i^ *-^^J-'-> 



I9S 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(_p (__>^Li-iii- /<uil ^^Jl>-I) 3^ I U" , ,.VI ^jji js>-\jl\ lIiIj jlj'sti j» I II (jl <l»-jjJ 

^jlUI 5 ^1 U~ ...VI j^ys cjIj >LiSLII (j^ (^^ I jcv ^LlS jIj naalUli »^la 

Jo-aLi (JLj^ 5J3I I iij t (_yjfc j<ug3l i~n'ia (jl I jJ,! 4^Ll3 ^Ir 31aL»JI 4jjLij.^£L!I 
43LL (jl t-jjIs^ ,-.j jtA? JL3 (jJjVI .-.It tl jLiiDjjl 3-ij.^ (jl VI .anKtl 

(ji ^x . ^ - .^ 1 1 «i_LjLiiI,l cjI^jlShII ^^« ' I _i I ii->.j , LoLxj (_jJl3Ij j-ol jJll 

5-ul I ii'tVI (_ylajujji La (jLcj-jji I jj,! ^^Lla J ■)<" 1 n'l (j^lll 4jjLij.^SLII . ~ < I U ^ 1 1 

(jl j_Li j_jJs (_£_).j>o (_yjJI diljl <i""ii iiVI ajjt (Jiio (jlj . jLajJIj 7-Lj>1I LkjJjj 

^ — J ' ^ ■•- 1 1 <ij>-j (_yl^ 4.^^ (_yji - (JuLlIIj (_j.<jiiij(JI LuLLaj^ (_y3 (_gl - jj.j>JI 
(_yi jja_JI TtIj-^I ^^LLj <— il I ii-»- f_j\c <lj| (j^jjLLiJ^I ^LjiaJI ^JL2j i . i n-a^ 

4^liaJI (j^ (>Gj^ jj^f isLL j^^ J J , ^ ^ 1 1 (jSUj l^^lLsoV S-LAjIaVI j>LjJ,I 

(_yj| jjtaJI r-lj-al 4^Uo (JjjjalLi Aj^ . Sj-jii^ 4;Ljj^.j>o CjI Jl>-j LliJ-b Jtil 
.3_LiILa J-J-C.J IJl>. 5^ I U~. ..VI 3 |j|°i «_jlaJlj iJlJIjLa (_yjij . 4jjLij^ 4^Ua 
(_j_Lc (J_<j_«Ji d—LJUj.^ «LLaja^ ^Liijl (3S>-«-i I— ij^ I LilLiA Tcjiolj j-i^ (JljLoi 
J .^-- I '~'lj'. ..J ■'■■'^ JlJlaS i(Ji->- (_p (_3^J • 3 1 J ^ « " Sjjl^ dili r-lj^VI i^Ua 
ij^Uj^ I_yl2 i_2lj.^^LiSjVI ' ^ ^" 1 1 4£L<uji^ (_yJI >UI (Jj^jJ (_7jJI iSJtxiaJil 
(j^La? (_y^ 3 'J ' ^ i " i3^l^^ 700 (j-« J-'^is •^i>'^' 7r'j-*VI qM Sal UtI ^Ir 
.r-lj^VI ^LLiJ jjjjil 1 1 j''j ''■-_> (Jj^JaJI (_jJI (jii I nil 'J^ I j" ■Uj-.t I jj^ 1^ lil'i-ie-a 
3_LjL^I 3al U II j^lj ij o"i"i III ^LJjiJI .Vi^-v (jLi J^Vl (_yk: i^:-t*JJ t^ J ul 

jllUJI jijj^jJI i_^ -^ J . ""' (jl oj-^ ' 'j"*^ i_j-<kJG (jl (j^ ' ^C" . .. jl -» .tl ^Ij^V 

3alUlt 
43LL 4Jl .(>^^p^l JLp- ji2j iJoj^l (_y^ Aj-211 'J-jLjil Jo-I JljLa 
sUI ^ >Ll^ J-*^ (jAII iLLi:pJ,l (_y^ SjW^I jU^'^b '^i>=«^' '^'j'tH^' 

^IjlUI - J J ' "Jj3-^j '-^^-:L^^' C7^ ^ jl'^ol jLjj I^?-^ l ^ .^ ^. , u j jj .^".tl (_^j^ 
.3_LJlilJI (_^ «UI (j^ SjjiSUI jLLoVI (j^ IJ^J^ 55 (_7JliJlj 83 Li^Jj! Ja^sj 



19^ 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

O^j'^' (jljjj J_uG ' ^ . ^"1 CjVjIjla 4j^ /T'lMriil ^L«^ I 1835 aLc (jjijJjJjjS 

<ijSLjj_a2l Sjljeim CjuVjJI (_y3 Jjill -"ji i^"tl ^ 1 n Jl^j , « jjjijJjjjjS (_f j^ » 
, Lciaj) 4J Lu^^^Aj (jaijJjjjjS (Oj-uU i"»l Uj-«.t I CjIjLu ^^Ua aI JLJr'ii iiV 

/T "1 i" I II iju^ju^ j T* (.3-^ ((SLjijJ,!)) i_xjju'i(l jjLa IjiSjij .CjLfliaJI (_yi^ 

LS^j I LoL<jj ^ ^"C" , ,. cLljLij.^ i^Lla '^ • "■-" jLuJI CjLjJ (JIlo ijlj o"ii iiU 
' " .'J * ' ^ "^ «_jJaJLjj i4jVjJI CjLvLlIjvI (JSL! -'JI '^"^^ (_yj(ji3lj Cjul I ii'>J 

jjj^1jj_u J_t^ ji ^j * , ^ t, I CJ 1 I iM l^J^SJ I » X-UOJJ ^1 7-^p.flJJ ,t (Jj_^l jJ-L^ILtaiXl 

jLLat «Qj_u J "»■ * J U ^ * ^m Cu^>tJ «LC^_L<3^1 Cju2_ul11 ^J ^"1 i n" 1 nj , «LcL(aijl ^_^ 

.(J^tiLuill (_^ ^^MajiJI uuLiitiJ 4jjjLoV| 3^I>1,I 

r-lj.o'^lj JlII S^LL 3_i£!_LJLSLjJi,l d^UaJL Ja-S^ L-Li: (j^ Jajj^ilj 
(_^L«JI iU_i'»J,la .(_K>jVl (_yk. SjjIj^I 5alUlt ^j^ j^i ^ .CjljLOilj 
(^^j .U^j^\ fjj\ (J II <i i"i II (j_« 4_ajl_2JI d^LLaJI (j^ jjS^I p • "^H ^ ^" t 
flj-ik (j-0 ^ si A~ ...M t p J ^1 '^"' tjl jJLjJI i—flJUitA (_y3 j-^^?^ *>i^'^' (j-^ i I III! 

.aiSL4Jlu:jLL,La^VI 
. SJljJl>- 4 jolr Cj^S i"ia «LLii>JI i_^ ij^^^^ ^ > U j -- 1 1 5j|j.^». jLuILj/l (jl 
a1 jL?-"t( 111 «Lu_u «LjLa jj-*^>-"l ^-^^ (jLij^j_ujl ^^^ ^ I II t^^-gjl ^_^U^-lAJI T-^^H^l Jk^J 
(J IIP Mill I j"'-» ' " (_j^l i>LJll (j-a etj-»U . ..tl cL^JaJI i^j\j Sjlj.j>JI CjL>.jJ 3j^ 



195 



!jU_o (jl .4^LiaJI (_yl^ Jj.^^ll Jjvl ^ ,-A\^j,-^\ I ijLx^'^ 5-ijLJ' "U^'j 

5^|jJI ilajjjj,! oLui^ - -t-^j.-; 4j;.jaLjl 4jjlj^l 5-uLij^<ll 3' 1 I Jji£: 

<iJ5L>- (j-« J-^'^-^^ lSj'j-^^ iJ-^W^ (.7^ (J^'J^ '^iJ^ '^J-^ ^^ J^'^-' "^J^ 

(J^Jljj i3_ljLij.^SL!I 3 al Ult 3j^tiil,| 3 ^'..tl j^l ,~„'i]\ Sjjcjl jjJljj . jjLJoill 

i-sVT j 1 '^ (j_a 3_ajLSJI SjjLJI oLjII x_o J^T i_gjlj.^ J-^I-P C7^ '^■^ -^ 

(Ji-jjj jjLSiill Sjjtjl (—fliSij .Sjjio cjLjvjj 5 L^jljj>- djJLJIj ijLLo^l 

(J_ii>o (_y3 £Lu.2IlII '"'\'J* '■^^^ o' '^ '"-a '^^^^ Lt^! ^ '-^^ ' ".' Ij^ *(.3-^ ij^ 

ij_Lji (3 " ** ij-^ *'-''•' J-^J 5m^-" (J-^J ' ''■'^ ^j'j-'^ JtH"-*^ l3>^ <J^ ' (j-^ 
Cj^l£L<iiJi,l aJJt (Jjv (J^l (j-oj • ji«-o j-ol t^ylal Mitl (jJI 3jaIIil,l 3alUtl Jij 

.(OTEK) liLujI ,_;^ ;oa,iAIij CjLsij>U ^Ic 
jl gill III i^\j\jt jjs>- (j-a i—ij-aJu jj>oi 1979 aLc jjjjjSjj (_jJI (JjlLsjji^I (j-« 

JL£j , Ja_a3 Cjljl^Lp 50 el ^ I U" . ..I i unj . , ^ ^ L*ijjjl» 5Jl>-J (Jj'^ (_yJJ^.J>0 

ti-LujI)) - 5 JjJL>J1 «LLi:>iX1 j , >> ^ < j i LaLx-l «Lul2ij_a 5j^j-iD ^1 U ^ 1 1 , )jLJ>o Cjj_a 

3Iar>J.I j>JLAt_jjUo (jl .«UI (_yj| l^JljjV djIji^Li^LJiJlcJiii 3^IU-,,.I w, | - 

j.j»LjJI I . Mir J Ljj-uSIjJI SjLusI (j^ «GjLi^ u^^ "^ l5 jJI 'l5j'_>^' J-^M'' 

(j-« «L>JLci3 i^j_uS_J «LcLLaItj_ul ^^^1 CjLLij:e_a ^a_LaLi-iaJ JutJ (Ji^-J ^J . lJi1Lu_u 
(j_o ^ \l A" . ..M t 3 Al",-^ ^ (JjljJa Ixiajl Jjuj 3 al Ult ^^ I i.^tl j-LuVI (J^i 
L^l ot'liiil (_yl>-J i*m Lli^o (JjI^SIj (^ylal Mill (_yJI L^iflj (j-o iSjjcHil,! 3al UtI 

(jLSwal (_^ (jjIL^e-U ^1 oU |1 ^^* ■'^ . LaLx-l «Luj.^ /C^Lc^ Luaj] ^j.Il2j^ 
JLjJJ^ .j<uLc (_gjLjl>- ijj^ Ct^ 5j-<iLj^ 4_uLij.^SLII <lLa:>J,l tfJUk jiLa )«-»^J 

i5j_tuLj_a j_lL>J1 (J-* ^ U ^ 1 1 jj_4jtJ ^jjjij i>*tl 5^jj_Jl (_5^ ^ J , ^ ^ 1 1 (2>^Lx-i 



196 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

tjj^ J I II u^j^\ (_,-l-c I j • " ■^ '■ 5Lj^>JI ^ '^^ Li-i^ (_7^j i^jJI iJajj>iI,La 

1895 4jIL«JI 5"al^,^ll ^ CjJLs-I itilli Jj^ Oa-I (j^ i_2j^>j(II julL (jjajjjj 

jLUJI (_;^ SjjLa L^jLiij^l ^^1 3 i^iaUJl 3< Mi'^La . ajji^i . _.KU.>.I 3JL>. 
i4jjL»JI 4-u-uljiiitl jiLuVI CxAs-jjIj iisLLiJI j_LC. a\ iii-v'^Ij *Lui'i/l j_i^ 
ijjjJLstLJu^l cL^stLj j2^ . JiSIjjklII (_yJj^l ■-'l^.^.^tl ^ 3jIL«JIj 3j^SLuj«JIj 
^^^ls>. S-jJ-HJI (j_o i4_«_<iVl oJLji ^IjJx^l^'^ SJSUil cjVUJ,! 3jiaJI JSLi 

.«l_cSLijii 3'Cjo I III! (jljJoJI *ljj «Lflii.VI (_,lr IjjLS JJJ (<sJ i/njii'ii na r-^l-^ 
aLxj-AI 1— ijoo joJ «Lajl3 J1iIJl>-I i_^i^ 4_i-aj^.j>JI (j-U-iaj-iiJ I Cj^LiJeJ (jl JLu 
Aj aI U II el « _^ . U ja_^LjiILil jul Lx-il . (jjJcILij^ J-i-'^' I— a I MriSVu »l oUII 

(_yi^ i>^ aJ cjLsLIj^VI (jl .3 i^-iaUJI 3j(J:/>U SjjJl^JI j-jLUIj i3jiiKJI 

.jOiliVI 

3jjJJjl^i (_y3 J-^^ l."n<l" ml I I 896 aLc jjIjj^ (j^ (jj^ mhIIj J-jIj-II (_5-3 

4ji iijjLiJl 4jSLuSII1^j]| AxmjjXI (_y^ *uj_uill JJ ' 'ij'\g>:' "^ct^-^' J-^ ct^! t^J^' 

(_^l_gl jj^l V aLjI 3.ui.<ii. JJJJ- La Lc:L«J;<l liilji^ jiLj A^aJlj^jJl 7->Lol (jl 
(^^^^jjLlIu (j U^t 21 a^_u1j^_l11 7-^Lal pi ^ Mil (jl (Jj^^SLjj 7^-u2j] (jjjjLa (j_a (JJ*^' 

.(_, I no Mill sjjiaJLl pi < Mi^L! (_gjia4^illl 

(_yi j-ti-'^l ti o\>-j JiiiSj i_aj^>j(Ji,l J .^'.»tl jjij - 92 fs-Sj J .^'.«tl ^^ 

4Ji (j-^-JJ Ji^ O'^J • 'l-J-il-«-II i-Jiscuu^l CjLa.flj-3 (.3-^ 3x.jjjiJ - (_gjjjJI AUijJI 

(^rJ-C. (_ , II I 1 ,1 laj (j Mill JJJlJsJ,! (jjLjdl 1 ji^J (jyiLc Jl5=^ (_yl^ JJlJ «(_yji V 

(j-> n<11 (_jij-aILoj i5j_iLij>JI (_yjlj i(_yAljLiII (j^jJU^jJI JlJi^ »I «i I nil dJI i_2jjIi 



197 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(jl 1912 aLc SjjLuoJI 3^j_<jjJ,I (_yi t_u^ JlSj .SjUI i^gjj'!^! i^gji 5-i>l'j 

d-uLjljVI (JLol A^JjIj^jJI (_y3 CjJlxji^ (j^ '( I rill (j^ '~'lj ■"•■'' SJlC JlJLJ . i^jJLU 

(__>ia_oL«JI pi < Ml VI <Jll^:ajJ (j-Uil^il »1 oUII CjLal Mi'i^l iJliJe-Li-a ! j • ^(.j-^ ij^ 

.4jL;LiLaJI i^Lla (jj.^>J, L>-Lliia ia^jjIj^jJJ 

^LsLL ^Lj (>jI (j-o ; Ijj-a «LiL«JI aLiIaI jIjI i^gJJI ^jj^j1\ Jljinll 

a^jjlj^jjl CjIjJ (_y^ j-iJuJI jji 4£LLai! Jlx».^I *-uX\ (jj^ •^ ^lJi>^^ 3< Mil 

(_,_L«_j 3_Lx^jjill tfjufc (J^j^ (jl Jijj .4^LLiJI jJjj I II i_gJJI j-j-»^l Ij-ik iiiiia 
<i_i_4_Lc Slj-^ I - , , I u" j^ Ijjj^j^l j-i^ ijjjiiJil cjljjjl cjLij lJ-j-*j tiLiiJI 

i jjj-3jjj i"i I II tjl tjLii Ml II (jULjlJI (jLs .5jl.2_«JLI 1 j'^'.'j iCjIjJJI (J^^>^-l 
(J_«_«JI (j-« tjl" 'I II 1 0|j"il i^ji ji^j I ^jL2Ji,l iVJ-A (j-* (_gjjjj/ Ldjjjj^j 
.-.SJ^jVI liiilJ \:Kz^ij,^^-r^Qliuu,\ ^J^^J£^\JJ:J^\ lULUI S^IjJ(_^ t_xj|jJI 
S^LLs pi » I'lLi ' . 'J "^ ' ^ " (jtjLSJj (J^ijejV j_i^Ll«JI ^^* ■ <-iiljJ » .^^-^'^ ,, 

.((SjjLlII «Luj^.j>JI dilj-Jilill JiJlc Sj^^jjall,! 4^LLaJI «_a 4JjLaJLlj 4.c-'^ii3 CjLuiSLj 

3_jjL>Jl uijLjJ-ftjJI (_>ujj3 (_ylll ^b^-LflJI i^jjJJI ^Lj^j-flJl cjIjlIiI laSLa 
Ijl^>.Ij oJlj* 5jljj.j>JI «Lj_)-j-^' (^ cjLsLSij^VI CjjuLuj ,3jUI 3^ t' ' tj^ 
-O-LJil i^JJI .SjJJJ i5jj_UI jl_>kJI 1911 ^Lc Jj>ajjj j>^l .jJ-^l *ljj 
1922 - 1920 f^l>cl ^j .j^ (J II 1 J 't t-iLAJI ^j_^ljJI liiJi j_»_i LjjJiJ 
L».jji 1920 aLc tjj"ii III dJbjjj^ (^'^J •lj-'j'^' ^iSJ-'^' '^'^_>'tlll 1-.^^-." 
«LiLj_i-a_i 4.^>.j_<i (JjjLj/I (_y^ (<sijj< JiSj .SjjJI Sljj (_ji diSL^I 4^LLaJl »j Mill 

.4^LkJLi SJHSLII iaJjJ (_^l (jjI'iMi'il 

(j-da-Lill cjjL^ ^Jj1\ ,3 ^ J Ia . 1 1 tijLal mm'CVI (j-o 5^L«jaj iJiil-Llu^lill <ji!J_l4j 
njj^^jJI dJLjajLjio (jjiAj;*- (—fljfuiol .SjjjjJI 4^LLill jj^j>o (jlSLal ^1 iSj^L^ 

(JjiJieJ z iS3J^ pj I ii'v J-<kJ iSJjjJa 5^>I1^ JlIo (jjjj.iii!l »1 oUll «U Ljjj (_gJJI 
(Jj_ljLj^_ljL!I pLLajjjil I j'l—l • "J ' (jPJI iSlj'^l tiJij (jji^^jjJI Ttjj^l .4 IT Ml 



198 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

j_»^l_Lc. (_, Ir 1934 aLc (_gjj^ j_iJj^ Ldjjju^j (l>i>^l '"• ^"^^ Jl2J 
Cj^Lsj .Sljji! S^jL^ Cji oj I ii-v SjQaj (jj^^jjjl AjiielLjil ' ' 1 3"','J "^ ' SjLcl 

.(jji.'i/l cijl oj iii->JI 
Ljj_Iaj j_ui/lj ia^jjIj^jJI jLLijiijI (J^Ljj (—iuiujSl cjLjjjj^iilJI 3jL^ (_y^ 
Sji J^ jLLijiuJi jlJi^ (jiLaJj .J I 111 I iriU jl u ,':.".Vi jJ^Lu j^^-." jjlSLal (_yJI 

. Ltjl <i""ii iilj 5j jJI ^^Us 

i«_jj^ jl III 111 3j1 Jj J^J Aj-J^jjj '^'-"^'J • L^J' 1""" "Ij ^ilS-'^' 4^LLaJl (_yi^ 
SuJlill ijIUJl cjj^l ijljU Jj^ .(JjjJLjlIIj i^gjUJl ijj2i\ (^1 IjUfc isLkJl 

siLuijI iLiJj^ ^"-^ LT^l (_; ' ' 'i"j I— 2jj-u dj Li ^jJHJ 1 jji i VjLjj jiiSal ^j-uJl (ji^ 

^^j_jIu1^_1,1 4_lj^ PJ'3~* J l/"^ d)~* (j-^l ' '■ ^ «L_i_3JlJ (J^I (J-* 5j J ^ I ^ CjI Jl>.j 

.Jj^Luji .(Jj (_^j_j^ . I J S^^ji-al Jl or al I'llUjU-^ ^ ^Ir (_y^^U3l Jii^. 
(Jj5^>o LLSLflju (jj'sji II 1Jl>- i_jj^.ill j_'^" • "I I i_^ 4Ji ?•! iTii 111 (_yj| ijijj^jj 
JJ "'^^ LT^l lSAS:? O' ''-'^-AJ •• 1 J-Aj ••(*^J '^"'-^ 3al Ult 5tjj^ ^1 j»^jj1j^jJ1 

(j-A_l£Lilj_3 ajLjaJLil CjLjVjJI (jjijjj (_jJI (jjii ''ii'l 3Jl-<-uj (j-o » '-^ ^ " 1 JUk 
(JjjLLII (j-« 'j-i^ ol • 1939 aLc (j.alajjiil (j-a (jJliJl (_y3 1— <I1^ iC^jjj ^^IjJ 
. aLt V"ii iiLi ^ ^ I «" 1 1 <Jlil^pji!l Jju (jl 1-;.*:*^ TcJjuJl Ijui (j-* *ljCLil dJl (jj_^ 

. L4I Jjla V JjLcs sLiiJV (Jj i3_laL-o (-aljijfcl (_y^ ^^ o^J '^■J^' isLLaJl 
L^jlj-iLkx iaJliUl 4jIUJ1 t_jj^l 4j1jlj (_^ 5j).J^V1 S^jSL>J1 i-.nK 

JLai . LuUl (_y^ ^ JJ' SJjiill (_yl^ iSj^ ^ JL*^' T-LiajIijLi 4j^SLcuj«J1 
i—i-JuIlSl (_^JlI1 (jLc.jjji j<s_AJl^»-i i(j^Lc |_gj"i I II a (j-a 037^^3^ liJLLii (jlS 

. A^jjlj^jJl Sji Sljj jLLajijl 



199 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

(_yJU^I (<sl«JI (jl^ '^iJ^ 5ja-li III »1 Mill (jI£LaLj La Cj^j Jjlj t-jjIs^ (_yJU'i/l 
4jj jJI <i-tjLoj^Ll LdOiill jijLLill jjlj i3j_uS Jijlj-o tiJLU-iJ ' ^4^ I i j I--' '" Lxiiilo 

. LaLftj jl"i(jl 3_uljJL»JI 5JaiJI fOJ^J 
JLMj JLS^ :Sj_ij^ «CjIj1 jV~iiiiV1)) ^" \l U ,^l (_gjj| dJ i ntl 3_i^ (jSj (<U 

i»l qUtl lilt JkSj t<4-L<s^^l 4j<ilt!l iJii^ilj>JLI ^^^l>^X fi J I J I -►" ' cj1j^L>JII oaL^ 
^1 J I ' ^ " (J iM 1 (jJLlJ jji LLx^jJLsI ijLs i«GLiIJ^ J Ml M La LilLc. sLi^ia (jl 
cdJi Jj^ (j^>-«-i ^ iJ:''-2iWj • ^ ^'^ VLft^l (jjjjLs-i V <ij| Tcj^l^ i\ iioij- 

(_jIL>-j iiljLc^jIail (j-« LoLxj ^ A"-^l 4 I iiLa if-jjj^Lc, (_gj|jjjl (_yju^_jjill (j^ 

, «L>.Jj_L3'^l ( t^.Lx-i3 LAjS mi ^_^IiJi i^^ise-uu^ \ 

7-jijjiJI (jl til! j (_5i^ Sj^Lc Q^jjuj-uillj CjIj_iL>J,I JoLjIo ■ U^V j^^j 
i^jjLkaJjl -"J • ..^"j 4jj|j^l ?uj_uilLi <4.Si«im Auu^xiXl Cj^ij>J,l ^^ iSj^jJ,! 
V 4Ji «_a . 3 "a \ I .^11 ^'-^ -^ 1^' IJLA (2>^ («-l_3 - j ■ ■■■^"'i ,_)^Utji'i/l L^^i Jl^ 

. I ''^j' ''^^^i M^-i (j_J~ O' ?'^"^Jt 
tjUVl (_yla^l 1940 j»Lc: ^ .^a . Lc^l Lc:LSI ^1 SJjl OJl>.j 4J| Jloj 
(J_l2jJI *m r-ilJl 5ju_)-J "JJ-^'^ Ldjjijjj)) 4_i;*jjj_Lll 4Sj_iiuJI (_jJI CjLajLu 

juj^Hj 3jJLLiJ,l ojlj 1942 aLc 3-jIj-j (^1j .i-aL«-cbl Sj Mir I j« '.^^ ^^ 
iCjLjjj-j^-jJjJ jLj_4-« ^^j_La_»_a J ^ ^"11 ^m ^1 Lx-ij ^t-^ A * , u *m Iju^ (_p-« 

f_j i I 111 Lixx>- 1 LuULI (_jJI I .^j.^-^ I^pi^ol x_o I ^ul.'ll ((jij jjLifc I'l Mij^)) (_y^ 

.iJliljlILi 4jjij^I CjLaj^U ^^ ,^^. ^ i\X\ jjl i4£JLi jtxisjjjoij jjl 
1942 (»l^^l (_y3 I . -^ J . ^ -^ (jJjSLJoJI Cjjjju . JL>J,I I jui (_y3 <Jliljj5=_LO fa^jJ 

3_jjLc. j-LC. S-jtImiI ^ SjlAj ^ ^ ' ^" 4jJU'^I 4jLc.jJI cjIoj LoJlJI^ 1 1943 - 



900 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

jjj A itj-j-i^ (_y^ (jlj5ll:>o Loj (jL^^jIu (2)J' ij^l J^^\ I— ajJiJ AsJ .(jLULuJjj/ 
(j-a Lila I 142 (Jii i_>>-'^ 4j^_tuJI eJJt (JlLo Sjj^^jIo j^\ ^^ J'^'^ Js>-] i_a^ 
i—fl-iiLlSl LojJ^ J •'^■'' (j^Oll (jj-ill J-i-a 4J3 . a^jjIj^jJu S_^jJ,I CjLoL>JI 

(jLc. (j^jJU'i/l i-sLiij^l (2>c JiiSj (j\ja[jj jic}\\ i_jjj-o <-3jj(j (oJj ,iii2£ jUejUI 

^5Ual x_a jl U .". iVI I \ jls j»jjj|j^^l dJjS IJljj (_j^ JL>.|j jJjjjjjj ^ ■^'^j 
d ,1 U -- 1 1 SljJJI Ijl i;^,". »_a i^Ij^Lj 4JI (J1-JJJ . I j I J J '^ ' V 3jlj.:>JI (2>o '^!-<" 

■^ ^ U ^" ^ir SjjL^ 5 jjjLv (jiiLJjijj^jJ (JSLJiijj jLLiAJVI (J^Ljj (_y3 3al Uilj 
I Ij^ jo_Lkj iCjuji^^jj JjJ->- (j-o (JS-iiiilLuji I Ajl u ,", il I (_yill i4_lIliII SIjJJI 

.(((_gjJLll jLajjjVI)) A^^jii 

JJa^ jbs-lj Jiiiia Jl>.Ij 

JUlj i^_^^JLLJ^ ^_^ ciri-^^ J^-^ Cjj>tJ LL>-^^.j^ ^uUl i^LLLiAx^l Cc Li ^tsj 

^ tl t-'J »l I j 1 I • ""' l.f^L>- l^^l£Lui dJjJuO (_y3 Sjl^JVJ^ jJLulII LllUjJJtA (ji 

j_yl£. 5jji^ J-i^ ^'-•-^ 5-«J^ I rill CjiJj^^jjJI ijjjl^ . jLLaJujVI *L(j| 4.aiLiil,l 
aj-jJljj-JI t-Jlj^ J-L=t^ Cr^J^ 1-^ ^-^-^ lilljj . Jirilirria J^Lflj CjIjo-I 
JlIc: tt I II J . I jj _. -> ■^" IjuLLj Jiiiliirill (J^Lfllil J.o.=eJ MjSlia .Cjlo^IjJLILi 

Cjuj)j3^j_dj gal 1 n'l t ^ ' ^"' -i ^ ^l^_a ^j-* ^' ■ '^ '^l t Jl^^l j-^ JJ^^*-* *^^>-'^>^l 

(J^pLfllll jjjiaj (j^^-*l jW^l l)^' (j-" (J^Lill j»jJ .(jjj^jJI jl Ajjjl£LII (j-« 
(J-cLill (j-<JJ^ Jjj-sajsJLl dJJj ijic Sj^^-C OJ^Lojj (_yAj_j£ J^l . J 1 nl 1 n'll 

901 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

(jjL^jJI (2h« ^j-i^ o "j*^!! I j^ I . J I ii) LdjtxiiA ^ U I U ^ jj rij'C I (_yla£. (_jjlII 

(_ylll i^JaLLal,! "ijjilill 4Sj.jiiJ A-iJuu^l (»u'^l (j-o IjjiiSj (j^-UU^jiill <l».jj,l 

jj_u_jSj1 ^JI JuU L<i-l^ U"^ **'* tAS-« jjSwtolJ 5^^)) * i < ^ 1 «LajLci3 ^^Ijl LlA-tLi^t 

(j-o (jLjjiia (_yji i«|_3ljl)) «LLLt3ljJ«JI j»_jjj|j^jJI i_Jlj^ iJi^'EJ • {"^l 'i^L*- ^ 

"^ 1 J S 111 SjjjaHll S^p£ (_y3 (jLuiaJI (_>>-i (j-o (_yijjj (jl£ . AjjjlSJI jf (jjij^JI 
((^jjLjtjjVI 4^j^l)) (_yl^ S-'^^ U'^J •(*J:J-^'^' T'^ (Jjl'a- «i_t 5s^ix-« VjLajji 

,3£L«j V J^jJil fjl.M"! j.sl^ Jj! jj£. j£.mi (_yl£. J>L>J,I Ijuk I X , „" (jl 

.4_l3 (oSLiejJI 
(jjijj^ (_jSlj^>^'iil ^"al -» .--11 I '" --J I JlSLikj . I 942 aIjlI^LLj (j-a (_jJQII (_);>. 

".A^jJI Ijui CjljL>-i 
i iSr- I in (_j H*^ (J^J^JV iJjL^Lt-iLA (_^^J_l^ ^>-*' • ^ 0^'-^* 'I ^ lA"».ni 1^^_L>. 1 LlA>. 

.^^JS>~^\ (jLuiiill J^C^jji-l JLIs .((jji-T LajLS)) j-p.'i/l S-lsIjJ,! ■ .j'^a 

jjj^jii! (_^j^ Ji^ I JSL& S«(_y^ J^ J.*^ (_yJI liili i^jjj (jl (jyi^ (j^ 

.(J^mi (3_j^ 3^j_<iJI i_^i^ ^i-i-o <— !j-ilu (—iaj i^j-II 'Oj-'^j^ 
)«_2_«_23 lIiLjj^j-i-cJI cjIjIjl^ (_j_iiLi (jSDj .S^jILo (jSL^j ^rO' '""'^ " 

Aj U ,,.11 (_j_Lc CjLiI I r|->- 3x.JJJlJ l_fj->-l (^ JJI ii_y-aj^ i^^iiSLs _^^l ' '■» .^ ' 

(_j^j_i£ I JiJ . ."'J .^11 I JLA Sj.^^'ii I sUiijLa . " . . ^". " I J ir-Vj-ftJ L^-ai^l i<ljjj/L>JI 

(J rio^j ^j .".^ «LtAi_aL>Jl (_^1 ^ J t"il ^^ISj Ml l1a_i5jj t . t ii">> «Lcl_tAijl CxjlS 

La (Jj- I iij (_g JJI iijJjjelJi,l (_yJ^I (Jja-tull jlj-5jl f<si^ J-^j'j • 3-SjS-5 (jJ^ I'lif j 

1 U-^ I inlj i(_,lr La (_,-l^l tjJ]j j.^l-3 >i^l 'l5j jJl iJ^Lflil Ji-b ij;j.^aj 

(_^j.jaj (J^mi (ji-b <ij| IjUfc (jj-ijLa .(3^21 x_o itlsLSlu joJ Ij 'j o'' Mj^" "." 

.(J I 111 I n" a (J^LflJ 

(J-cLflllll)) t^jjjjjjjJLlI diljljjtil ^ . -^ I . ^ 1 1 ^«^«^ll , U , ,.j (_^j_j£ cJL^ 

.sLiiaj^^ 5^1 I ii" il (^^ i_jjill,lj ^jUil ^.^^J r-j^lj .(((_yjL2Jj 
ijfja SjLiuj ^ ^ja \ (jj^_i^j (jLjiJ (J^L>- (J I <"i I'lVu 4jjjJI jLill TT I II 



909 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

.j^jt LjI Iju^ *(*tJ-*" *3-^'» ■.jJ_<iJLJl ^ljLUj ((^j_a:>J. 1 )) jj_u_uj i^^Hj-a^S jjlo jJl 
(_yj| 5-g.l I rill i'jJti (Jj^J Ji^ (_yJLLijVI jUtjJI (jl i_2jjij (jl ' ' I -1 j J <iJi J S"ir I 

.((SjjJljsJI /oJUJI 

(jLSLal (jj-pl (_gj JJI (J.c.LflJi,l (jl (_,_LJijj . L^jI^ L2.flia Sixta. aJJt clu\^ 

, LvjUiiA Tt-L-uDt ^ ' . i ^ 1 1 ^^1 jJjjJsaJI tjlS . ^J t III f mIU t^^jjul (J^L^IUI (_^_La:>tJ 
liJj-^j^j oLjiLJujJIj jlsI jUI jjiai.'i/l iJJjJlj-3 f_,\c l^iajj n'ljlr IjjjiIj 

..tbj^l i-aljui'!^! [4^3 ■-■;'^"' (_yl!l 3jSLo'!^I ^ 

(JjLia Jj'^l O^iJ^ (jLtSJua f-cbj Jtil "lS^^ t*-^ ' '■J-^ ^1 'J-i-"^' '— ^'J 
(juj^ . L^ J J I--" 2 4£JlJ 5-ij I ii'>J,l 1 1 j • "■^' dJajtilu Liilal iSjjiL^ (_yjQj| 
fjA^ I itjijvl Jajjijjl 4^jL>- 5j-2jj i(j\jLajJl,l ' ^'^a LtAl mi-»o njLajijILo 
»1 Mi'il (J^l (j-o CjL^jsJI J-j-«->- (_y3 (jJJtJuIL>J,l »1 <iUII iajjiil LajL^^ ijji-VI 
(JjJl^ OJJ^ '-^ '-^1 i-^l-»-^l-»^Ji djiojjtj 4» I III (2>a^^i^l JJtJ "^ (^ JJI i7-^LtuJI 

. L»4^l jVi ir^lj (jlj_uJI (_,i^LJ (jj^jjc^jJ,! (j^jjJ,! 

i4jjjl3jl£, 1943 aLc cT^j-Li j'C I iij^ fjJs (3^1 I III! ISLjjJi^i. (Jiv i-Sjia (_yl^ 

5'\ III llj .J .j^.^tl 3jLc.j it_*^jJI ^..UIU ,tt jS->. cijli i_aljJ3^l 3_LaljjII 

ja^jjjlj^jjl 3Jl_ijiA Ct^ (_, <iUII I— aj MiUj <— iLiJI (_yX-!jlS'2l (_jj^jl i5jJiJJl:>JI 

^ <i I iial jjLtujVI Ijufc .|_jJi-i-<JI I j I -^ I ' -^ (_yJI ^«u^tl tfjui (J!Lo SjLcI (jSL<Jil 

Jl^^ lilli x_aj I Jju (j-^JUj^l jjLjtjj (<sJ i_gJJI I J^IaJI pjLill i(J^;a-»JI i4j>.jJI 
jl .^" tVl jLjlj (3 I "fc. Lt-o )) , I. I J i"i H L^^-aJ iLiiajj-C 4_i2_»Io 4_i:>iJ «L4>.j *--*-'dj 

..iJaKJI 

jj_i LajiJl^ oIjJLLlIlI i_2jLiio (_y^ JLllII jju 1 1943 aLc I jijfc (jl^ jiil 

^LASJL ijjjil IjJJui (jJ JJI (>-uiLi!l (JaLaia. uIjIjjj it_jj^l ^ • alU.'.VI 
.i_xj|jJ>JI -- j^l-^ (j^^jLj islj^l (_yJI jl^-I^^Lj iL^Lkl (_,lr Aji:>J,l 



90S 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

.SjLjjJI PjJ jj^Iajj (j li I rill SJaJJLo SJIjj JLici "-^^^ O' 

(jjJi^i-Ll,l i<_jj.j>JI (Jj£ La *^Lojj jji ■i'-'^'* (jVI (_ajjLiijjjS C.I u" , ,.lj 

• l^jj J^Lio Jjlj oljjJI (J^ 
^ J ,^-.11 I.I U" (_yl!l SjjijJJI CjjIjIIJI 3^jjlaj i«LuL»-ir>-VI CjLajUU (_flSj joJ 

,4jL«i! I -1^1.^'' jLojJIj 
LoSj i J^Ji^ (j-« I— SjjLiiujjjS j<Jl>- 3jjI" jll LuLil )«-o <— ij.:>JI *L^^1 --^^J 

."^jol I nil CjLs^'^UJ 

7->L^Li JLi£:^l *L^I dJijV (JjL^I 6-" 'IJ' tr^l jjjjtj ii>=- L* o^ "^1 

' 1 j^;'^"^"' -il (j:jjlill i(_^ljLc,uj 1 <i J I'lj^^-ut 3>^ iIjIjLjtiiVI ja^S J^il .(_gj jJI 
(_j 1 <!! (ji SJjjJ 4_j£ J-1^^ 'f-'^J (oJL«JI i_^ LjiiiJ 4Jlj iSj^S I mil ^jjj '^11 

.^^lajjj(>i l^jIjI 

U ti\r (J ri 1 -a-a ^ i'?! 'l? ^j^ljjjiiVI ^-lLlj^j I nil '"'Ijjj j o->-ll jL>oV I .< I'illl 
.i_3jSjjL3 .(J .<_! «^L>-jLiI (_gj^Iajj/3l (^jlajjH,!)) 'l-ijilj n_gjJLll T-^Lcui! ^ '"' 
(Jj-lJuJIj 1 3 1 J > ii 1 1 Jo'' (_y^ JlcI I nl (jl <-.'- I U" . ..I (_ylll I JUkL»J,l (J^ CjJLl>.j 

(jXj joJ 4_JI i«_o i3_jjjjl » 'I '^1 1 sLtJ-i L?J-J cj^^I I m [I'd J .5jjJl>- juiLjLA 

(jJla I'i'i I'lilj . <i2j^j3 ^'-^J * il .^11 aJJt f_y^ pr" M I n I jLo I Jljlj LoLxj Lajialj 



90^ 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 



(j-* *— *-:J-^^^>-*-^^J (^J-rH'JJ-rH' d>~* Q ' '•^*^' tJJ' fC-LcuJ ^J .jjj'^l ^_yILuj3^ t fill 

1 j J I ^ I". I "J-^J i(J.cLfl_«_LI 5j_lJL-3 r-jLx-i SjIJljJI (_y^ L4J-0 *— ^J * 'I '^1 1 

jIJljsJI ii_j_iLj>JI (_5-Lc J-J-aj I d_La_i_<IiiI I «LSlaJ.«lI jLLal 'Cllm) jlHoi d-uLu 

2 "ilj U , ,.V1 jjj.SLlj (ji i—ijvljJI (j_a (jlSj . (Cjujjjjjjil (jjiSLlII (_jIU3ljJ(JI 
Llijjjvlj id-iILialj^ CjUjJa ijfja iLajls JS JS miTi (jlj ■ < " » I ^ . U ^j^ 4^^i.«j(JI 

.a^jjIj^jJI <"»IMjU , ,.i I j^a ijict-ijaj ti_jj^ d Uj ,~.',tl ^ ^ U ' 1 1 CjLi^la i_^ 
(ji x_o iJ-cLflJ,! J-«-C sl_Lji ^jLiil \j-i^ LoLiHikl 5-a^ I nil Cjj-j^I Jiil 
5ji_C JL«_»_1 (J_cLiXl (j-C (((J^^^_i_u)) J)j_ll,l «LLi:;e_a (j_a t )j_^u (jS 1 na i j^^i 

I -^ ^ * (ji (jA-g-U (j_« (jLS ,((d)Liuj^l» (j^ ^p-a^nS Juu (_^i^ j^^j*^! lIa^^o 
tiili (_yi^ Sj^icj iSIijJlJJI 5^U:1I ^ jajjjlSLII (j^ (jl.'^a J'j-'k' (J^l-^' 
j_L^ pjl 1 11" 3Jl.>. (_y^ J 111 ii'^l (_yJI Ijijl^l (j£L«-i ii^jl^la (ji J '^a Llt».^pSI 

tliLiiLaJI (_yjilji5 2 A J ,^\ d U^--tl ijjJiielLo (J^ljiJil sl_b (JI.AJ1JI lS>^' 
jLlo^^iiSi (jjijJ '-^^a djjji I '"^ ' .-,,>. ^ J idc^-iisj JiS <ClILlIIj <ijjlliJlj (_jjj3l 

J.«j«JI I Jj i-ajjl Mi\;j^ SjI-lSj 1 949 aLc JlIoj . 3_iSjj_o'i/l 31_uSll j^-^.^" Jjl 

3j Ml J a -- J '^" (ji I j J i '^ (jl^ lt-'-" '^-ij'^' 3 J**! .'J j*^^^ 31a:>J,l pjj mi«i_i 

f_^ cLujii i_ajj>-l_i (_>»-<-" 1954 (»I-C 3J-IJJ (j-a (jj^ mhIIj i«_iLtu]l ajj (ji 
(_y^ ^Jjj ^tHW>6^ ^^-^^ " Jj' 'j'^ CjjJj (»3j-II I j-<fc (_y^ 3al UtI <il(~ Tcjjlj 
3^LLaJI SjjSlj 5^1 u", , ,.l Cjjiijj .dJ I iiMitjl (_y3-jSLj/j^ (j^ <_jjjJLi ij<sJL«JI 



905 



(2>c »(_, I'l^i 3jj jJI d_uuj.^Sjl <Jl!LLa:>JLI JaiaitA (—flJUJeJ V ij_Ji,l "-^^J^*- (j-« 

jLjtjJI jjJlj I j • " ■^ "' 3_ij^JaJLi3 .Sjjuifllll 4jjIjj>JI 3_uLij.^£LII <-<I U^t I 

J^jJ,! ij^ VjlJ Lx^I .S_ljLij^I 5alUII ^iil,| ; jjjj,! jjjj (_^l i3.iitJI 
• i/oJtiJI jljUJIj iJaiiJI tUji (_y^ iSiJ-^ liJ-Ilj 'j'^ (jr'l *'-''•' J>^ liJ-II 
^jj-jitOuiil a^LLaJI <-j1,,i-v. (_yk: «UI 4jj jJI 4jjLij^I SJa^l J>->o (>==-^ 

jj-« Jl^^I^I aI^jJljI ^j2 tTT (K^ij (J_:i-^^1 1jl_a (JIL« (3-3^ oi 'Sj*-^' Sljj JJ-* 

jj^jJI ijl^p;*.! ptjijjj (_g^j>JI ■''-'j'-t I Cj^JHj jl I jLajJI (j-« (jLtis'^l (j^^Loj 

Lfejl <i~ri ml liLIj I-. j"tl JlJsj .S-lILo. LxjS 3±<CbJ,l SjiaiJI ^aliaJI J-iLla 

Lil Mi->- 4jS1j;^^I SjLjejII CjLjVjJI (_^ ^ jJ' ^aliaJI 3_L>J *'j^ lJ>^^ 

i_i^lj.cj 5_oLc Sjjj-caj CjjIjj>JI (JLftlljvl 4^JLi Ijjjijjj , ■ U j , U (jii^o (_j U 1 1 
diljjLLaJI CjjI^^ (j-* (J'jji.'i/I Jl'C i°ii^l jjl (JVJ^ • Ltiisj-^ IjjLs- J niC- (jjjl 
<lLi2JI (JLLa^ al j^\ (j-« (j^^ JtA^ J-*^ ' J '^-- ' itiJJii <ijLi Laj diljljiiillj 
CjjI_j;>. (j^^^ij (_iJl JLaIs-I (jlj .4jjjJI 3_uLij.^SLII .-.lU^t I ^ ixcjfcVI 
jjj_jJJll_i I JL^vlj (_gjl I ri_t iLSLj_^l (_y^ ^:ij^ '^H'-i>^ <lLa:a^ 3jLo (_y3 CjjJ,! 

ij3_ilj-j>ijl *L_ij| 5j_a lJiJLj ^_^i^i Cj^l tijjl^jv jjL<iIL>-lj *ij^ r t fill JJ-* tj^rr^ 

)>_i-ia--v (_yi CjjIj^>JI I I j I 111 (jf (2>SL<uj I ^ , ^ I J . 1 1 ^Lul 5j_a (_iJI (J^jljjLjj 



906 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

IJlJ* (JiLo (j_* J-jl I ri ■»- 3_JjL«JI (JjIj-JsJI l_iL>OJ .d-Qjl ^1 I riO->- (_y3 ^>^l 

iA^^Lus (j-« 'L! SjjiLj^ 3_iLi^l (JLjibvl (_gjLtuj SjjJJI 

(_y^ iSj-i^ ij-^j'j-^ ^ j"'^ .'J i^ ^^ 3Ja:>J,l (_y^ CjjLv jl£j JiiS cdJi x_oj 

(_, I ii^l jlj_2JI J i"i t Ljj^^ aIj^ '■'^J • 1975 (»i-c (jjjjLo (_yi LujjjLJlS 

I— ij I n't (jlSLo JJLa. i_gjjl iJ^LlII u I ii'i ' ^"a i4j|jiil I j'al" (Jj^.j>JI I _.j I II ij[£ 
SjIJloJI (_y3 Tcjiajl .5j_uS sLLai»-I Cjj^ (<U . 4 U"i i"i a tl < i"i (jlSJll \jJt V ijLc, 
.(^LLail <\>^ (_fljLii (o\>J (J-''^' (*^ iiJ-<J-«JI (2>^ j^Lc (Jj^j>JI tLflJal Aliij (ji 

.lijjIjS CjJij>o joJj ijaitxiill CjjL>JI l^^ijj 
4jji 4jjLij^ 5U^ ^ (J^Lio (j-* SjiJuil jjLlsII i_ajl^ CjJLs- 1979 aLc (_y3 

• Sjjj^I aj;<iii!l 

S_ljLij_4£L!I .-.I t — tl 3_jLtai^ .uIjU-joJI (_yl^l (j^i^ b^ ■ ■ I ^.^" j jIaHI 
,1 r^AK r^^j'sW 4^LUJ| ^lo^:! Lub L^Jl^: cj jlsIj (_^l i^j^i-Vl SJSLiil 

■ U , ,.j tl I . U a Jlij Ij I II 4jj jJI <ijjLij.^SLII CjLLa:>J,l ^Lb (jl (jjjl£jj 4jj jJI 

\ ^> >. .>\ (_7-^l ij^^l^^'^ 1 (J-* JlJJJlU <1jJj-SJ1 (_j131_lI,1 ^iS ( II ^^JJUU-U^ , , U ^ *.■ 1 I 

j_ljLj (j-« p-i t Ml VI |_gj"i I II a (ji J j 1.^"' Cjui I ii'>JI (ji j-i^ .pit I'l^iJ (__>l3jjijJI 
(J^i I j i'' I j-ILa J 1 _i ^ (jjjLiJ OjJi^ jja^ ' ^ . ^ ' ■ 4jjJlII S_uLij.^SLII 3Ja:>J,l 



907 



^j£l \ X I'iiV I Jal Ml ill 3jiil--»J pU I'iiVI 3-Cjj>. (2>o^Jl^(J^I (_,lr 5j^ i-aVI 3" I ri 1 

4JI CjVLsJI (_>iaJU (_y3 j-^laj 3jj jJI 3al Ull ^Ir «l Ji£.l ((Tt::*.^.)) iJjI:><J (jl 
Cj|j_t:ejJlj CjIjUlIIj (Jji>JI 4^LtiiI Qj; , ii<i-r"iU LSiliA /ojiji Ji^ (_y^ ij^'^ ^ 
»_«.j>J,l J I "i <i a iJLim J J J I II (_jlr i3jjjJI / " » I U -^ t I Jiib (JjIoLb jl .liiia 
SlsjLLij (JV^Ij-II j-i^ '^T!^>i>-«'^' SjLall,! uIjLjV^I (_y^ (_5^^£Luul!I (_y^LL<-aJI 

(jljjLlII ^jlj .^'«ll jjl Jjfc SkjJxU-un (jl f1 jj • "I 'J ^i^ : A^JjJjyLJIj A^JjIj^jJI 

.Sjjjdl Sj^jUI (j-ujij>II (jr^ (J ihIj I ~ < I U -» 1 1 1 Sjjjdl I ~ <\t ^ I ^ 1 1 ^^ 3jJL»jij 

^UJI (_y^ 4l>L<i_«JI ^oJtiJIj Ja-fljJI cA<,j ,-n I 5j_iLl>JI (jjSLim liilj^ 
3^LLiJI jaiaJ » . ,.ljll jjU'tl 1 :^ J U^-lt fi J^l 'jl ^_^jjLjJ.uj ^lil\ i(_jJI I iiijJI 

.3jjJJI 

. 3jj jdl 4^1iaJI al jielijjl Slc \ mi m (_ylll Liji^j 4^12111 0>lSlAli,l Cxx^ 
(_,_4JL>JI /o^lj^lj 3_jjjJI 3 al Ull -si^ jj U" (j^j «_<iJ>JI ^iio (jSLxJ ' ^j'^"'^ 

aJl^ jLS^' j-« - ^jJ' 3ijiiJI jIjl^I (JjvI (j^ SjLui,! SjUI - A^oJjj^Lii! 
3^LLiJI sLfljIj ijol^pJ,! A^jjjjjlJI I _i-»- 1 II (_5-«-j-y "^1 )(_gjJJI t-^LcuJI jI mi'iI 

^j'jiUII iJLiLa-j'iiiUj 3^j^ Mill i_2jL>J,l ojui (jl iLLaia (ia^jjIj^jI!)) 3jj jJI 

(jjijj i^jJI (J"^?^' i-dJj i<:L-ul J I III! (JL*^ (SjaiLSjj d-tisull (JLa^ T^y^ f*^?-'^ 

pj_l (J-»-l (j-a «LjjLj_a (j^ i_ajj:e_(J V (Jj^oLLa <lj| (Jjjis (j-"j '■'^ UJl1-1 «Lji 

.(_gjjjj| ■7-y\-ujl\ 

(jl (jSLx-1 21 1 : IS^S Ml (JjJljj »i oUII ^^* '^ . Liiajj 3«_^jILa ^>-^ j^>- 1 J U^ 
<ijjLj.^Sj| CjLLa:>J,l (_>ii*J (_y3 sLLutiis JS mi" U jijjjjj^iill m-^.^^ dj^lj^ OJ^ 
(_^l t_g.aj J Ml La-a (i-sV^Lj JjiJj-o Lj^j hIjIULj JL»j jtjj^l Ji^ LajJlCj) 
'cl--'' J'"'* Oj 1 ^*"m ^ tMl ^^1 "»■ ,".VI ^;^* t ^ rt J \1 'II J .^'•ll 1 ju^ 4^^^j_i_u 
-n J ' "-^ *' * Ijlj-xiajtJ (jySJ i(j-\_ajj?E_a (j_a Alai i n M jl i^j■^_u_uLu_u (J-\_uLAj1 (j_a j) 

3l3j^l Jbtx i_fjj.VLi 4Jl iLiflj VLa^ Liajlu^ I JuiSLolju Lji U.>Lai 

.3jjjJI 3^LLaJI jjiaHj LS-UJ UoLjjjI ' ''^ .'"j " J 3 " LdJi i«_aj .«LuLL>JI 

ijiiUa:>J,l (J-4^ »L(j| "^ K Ml" III i4< MiU cjuLAIII 'U'^^ 3JLui^ 'jt^' i_^ "'.'"' 

«_jl_i-a_a '"■ "^ li IJlSLa . L2.3. 3.ja_La 3Jl I II a iL^Hjljl jl i3jjjJI 3^'il .J j<ll 

(_y^ 3 » Ml 1,1 L^LjLiJ Ij "i I "xjlj 3jSLj^'i/l 5jij*im cjLjV^I (_y^ a^-ujjj1jII 



908 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

CLuuaj Jiia .^^iiSi 4J3I I rij 1 5Jl I rill ojui Cj1>- LtuJji ct^J iCjLLajj>J,lj jLajJI 

cjIjLlU 10 J£L! jo-lj i^Lj i4jUiI 5ijl3 *(_yji J^ Jj^ cjljLiill ojui tjl 

^ iCjLjLiill (2hO ^JjJ^ ^LuS (>ajJ Jtitlj Jl3 *I>3-1 J^ ij-JaJLiJ .Cj>LijjJI 

5 J r 1 T Ml VI ^jJljiAII f_jjs I J I im'ij I ^-^ • "O (_gjijj j.xJ(JI J J . ^ ^ 1 1 (_gj|jjj| jj^jJI 
f_^ iJlilj i I II SjLc (J-cLHI (_y^ ^ li^ l5AW l5'-*-'' -ij^_>ll iJajijEJj .CjLLiiil 

3_l^L«JlVI <iljJljLa ^'-^^~ liilj JuiCj .SjjiLpa 5 1 1 1 ^ Sj^U. (j^Laf 

. "llal I II J II (_y3 3jLc. Ij^i CjuLiill j>JLii (J!Lo (2>^-i 7" .' ' ^JJ '*_>* (— iJi 
J-*-^ (_y^J j->^\ (j-^ '^i-^J-'j-i^?^ ' iIjLbjSIlII ojLjfc (Jilo (2>^ O^' I .'' I •»■ J J 

jJ^^-jLJ i^LlLa . ' J ' '■■^ * ^"'*^ "^ * * ij I ii" ll it-ljo (j-«Jj C7^^"^ ''~ Ji'^ J J*-*-^^ 

i—ijill i_^ ^ijjla (j7n»" (_^l A^-ulj^jJI Jj^J jLLijfujI I jl I--' •"' ■l'^'-'^ (joLou 

(jh : mil ^ cnj^LlI iTjLIo J>U- liilLlifc Jii^ ji^ tJII Cj^ Ijla .ijiJtUI 

3 iiU a 3,^11 j^ij -> U , ,.tl jj^ LdJLui (_yJI J '^J joJ «UI (jl (_yJ-«J LdJ Jl3 I Lil»- 

^K I'llil (j-« 4_uLaijVI (_yjl »~i I II (Jjkj S^ijjJa ajjjIj^jJI (_yjaSjjj/ (Jji : l^^ji- Ij 
3 al U tl «_iLLo Cj Lis I_lj.>- I 3_jJjJL;a^ 4 K i"io ".(jVI I j '"-^j"'*" (_j^l ' I J ■ "■^' 

S3_,._,_.Utl 
(_yaSLujij . I JL>- 3Jjjl3 5>^^ lSJ'-'^' JjS^I (_yjiSLuj/ sl oUII iJliul I ii'xJ La^j 
^j:e_i Jl:*-^j . (j-^ i I nil (J-* Cji-Lfl 5Jul1 cLj.uoj'^I ^^ ,,.^tl ^^^ ^^s^^\ a^^_uIj^^_J| 
<lSji>JI (_5-3j .(_jJl,L«JI LLajj>JLI iJi-LO (_y3 3J5ijtA a^jjIj^jJI (j-« (j-ls "^'jIt!-^ ^ 

«U| JLu . JjLJ «Li^lS '^jj ' ^ * t lCj" I II a j~^ j.se-u\ aiJuo (j-« <1>- l^^ja-" i iil (jlji-« 

■ ij:a-" I II 3_LiSlll 3Jl Mill tfjui (jl (_y^ dJ Mill JL»-o '^JJ V 

(jii>Lc.LiJi,l JUjl1<j<I jji ^sLkJI <A^ 1^ (j^-Lj^l ir^"i-^>U (_yj^jJI J^VI 

i_gji « jj^j)) (j-c Sj I ir j_A i_gJJI lAj-Lj^^iill (^1 l-jj_>-2j LtK 3jIjlJI (_y3 

.L^l 



909 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 

3 al U tl I (_i^jj ^ij Sj^jiiJI Ijj3-* ' I '^J^ aLo^I (_jJI T-La-b j^Lajj i_2jjjiJ 

(j-\ i I nil i_aVl JlIoj .(jlojil (_yl^ (J-I^ SjoJLill j»jjc_L1Ij j^^ljuAl (j\j'i\-a Jilo 

j_yjfc (J II I'lll (jl ijjj jIj 1 1 <3 " T "^ J (*->?-'^' '^ I jj I II t '-t'J^^ (j-*j 'J^ i-2j^ 
i I JL>- i-j-'jj^ (j-*j '-'-'-* (^1 oUll ^^SLa Jl2Jj . LlJI (<s^?^ "tO^' " SLpJI * _ • j" (jPJI 

j_lJLj ^ijj L«-jlj 5s;LLi5"^Lj L^ TT I iTt (_ylll i4^LLaJI A^jtJjl JL>-G (2):j1 jj-* 

^(j"^ i I II 11 CjljLiLa 

. Jlj I nil \jjt, (2>^ 3jL>.^I i-.^ I U" . ..I (_yill (_yjfc Jaia ijjijJLlI ^Ljj-Liill (jl 

(_j_a i^j -rill 4^LLaJI (j-op (ji I j i*^ 1 ' (_yjJI 5jLp-^l cLlLjjlII jjl Tciiajl J^j 
(J-iji i_jj-i 4_LSLii_o <lji_LjL>JI i5j-iJI jT^JoJ LoJLi^ n_gjj^l r-LajLJal <ijiji^ 
(j-o Jl^>-Ij Aj-i-Lk j»lj-C. i_j_L^jJJ JlJjlS SiSLij 4^jLi. ^^lia lillj «Liji (3iia3 
(j I n-vi (j-« '-'is 25 3'j-^^! (j-^ ??-"-* ct^' ' ^ i' "'" ^SLLaJI /;l1Jj (j-l^jjjij^l 

L^ 4^LIo J ' '^ " (j-<^Gj i<ijjLjijVI 3^Jl>- (_y3 (_gj|jj]l r-LoJiJal ^«-J^J (j| 

. Li-oul (_y3 (j^jjuj-ijlll aLoI (Jiijsj I LoLxj ^Ji^ SJLjjtA fjjt " • ' ^ ' J V 

d-LjvUJI (j_o Lal_4j ^ I ->■ 3_jjlj.j>JI 3_jij|jjJI 4^LLaJI j^j.:>^ JaiaitA (j| 
JL>.G jj->l (J-* »i ol*l1 Ljc-xIdIj tcjj-idI JlJl* «L>.I^^I1^I j2>^L<m jj_* tJ^J * ^Jj '-^ '^' 
IjIt' (jiaHa (_gjjjj| r-Lo jjVI (jl (jx. ^Lciia . ' • ' ^ '"' V (_ylll I j"alU ^^jj^cJjl 
Li^j icdjjjj . S-LJ-La-jijJj^ll (Jjl-till iJliljLajiJi Jui£L - 3_ijl3j^l I ajjiAtI ^^ 

(jl '(Jjj-i SjjLscj i>jj^ 'Ujj/Ll^ ^jj-iiLa^ (_y^ Qj±li\S .(J .t_! (_yXJjl£'i(l JL^ 

(_y^ T-LanjJI (jVI (_y^<-»- (<i^ («-! (jjl IJLl. '.((Sj-pJI (__>iajtj j_uj ))(_gjJI jJIJjjJI 
V 3al Ult IjJlj.^^ 7cjj-aj tiijjaj (Jj ij_i5=.fljJI (_y3 V (_gj|j^l r-LoJiJVI (Jjiso 

(_^^ jt_jj_(aiJ<(Ja.^)) (_^jjtj_b «L>.j_a (_^jl^j.jv (_5JL5-* ^l-^^l 3^"^"^" ' J*"^ *_^ 
'"'I j-^ (_y3 ^ \l .^"11 j_^ J A U"" V li^J^ iCjIcj I nil dJLbJ S^L-iiJI CjIj jJI 



910 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

CjljjJI dJLLj (JiLo t^jJ OJ^ o' 't'^?:? tiJJi (j^ - .>»aj .^j^joj (Jj i4.itlJtA 

.Sj^^S^ILo CjjI^jv CjLjvLoJJVIj LliLojL-ajJI 7tjj-aj tixjjaj id-jilS dj>-jjj 5j-JJ^ 

OJJ "-*' ' "-* '^'-^ LT^l '''^^ ' ".' «(j5-^ i_P Hi>^ 

f.\ Ml tl (jj_LjLjj_LjiJI Jj-S «(_5-<i (J^ ij^ .«L>.jJi,l (_^jlj.:>JI (_^jjjJI r-LaJbVLj 

(ji (J^i (j-O <iJ? »1 <1 l<tl I _. I r|-».j .,_)i3j'2l (_yl^ Loj^Ll (_gl - «4j I ri<l |~| SjLfl)) 

(jj_i_Lo 100 (j-« (.3-^' *j'j-^^ ''-^J'^ Loj^i-jJI (j-La- I n" (_yijjj -I'll ^ \l .^~tl 

. Ij-:JJ^ lJJ-'^' '~ " ' '^"' 
"ij£,j3l ijji ?Lcj (_y^ I jU^^ (jSLflj V djj^JiJI S^m ojui (JlLo (ji tcjIoIj 
(^jUjcHj-uJ i 'j3^ Laj^ijjl Jj Tl ( tl L^-ioLA^ij LaJlJulS iCU-usji j1j_a (j_« ^^ j i , ^ t, I 

x-xisjj , Laj^UI (_,lr 3 J I iMUlim SJa3L>J,l Sj^Ls CjIj m i no-^l (_y3 iljjjj 
^^^_£ . U J ly^ ^ ^j_a y^ I ri f a (((J imS)) (J_4_xId «LSjj_LiJl ijju^ (jjjL_ul (_^i^ Laj>LAj1 
, I M Ml (J_u^Mj ^J P^J^' Lt^ (3'^"J iS^^l JUJuiu (_^_iai_jJo LLLa jJL^e-a 

'ji .^11 lIiI^ cjIjl>.jJI iTi 'i Ml il L^-ii-jj tSj—iilS ijii Lij->-t^ J_iJjLliJ ^L^IaJI 

I". JO I II shj .a^j-a^l Laj5^-JI (Jri^'-*-* ^ l'ijMi"°i I'ijmi Llx::tj>ij (j^l i3ji inULLm 
(_j_cu_Li3 l_Li_o (JLa_o iJlili <i_i_2_L>- 3_3j_c,))) BiiJI^lSjj)) (CjjiU CjIjLs-^I tfjui 

4 «i 1 S J"] «iS L^_LiLa /<sJL«JI i_^ (Jl «i <"i MiVI <ijijl_Ju Aj , ^ " -^ 1 1 d J I iiJijJI 

(jljjj (_yi liJJa^ (_yjuj La3>LJI (_yk: ajMHUUm 5tAal-^tl oljo-j (jl 

VIIAdSJ^^VJJ i(jj_j_lj|jjl tl_4_Lc Lai mi tl (_5-lJI i((Cj_LJV))5Jlj>-J (_5-AJ .SJl^ 

10 (_yl>- 3 'it- Ml t, I Laj^LJI (_jlr CjLjilj 3 tx'al ^t I I jj'a (Ji>o (_ylll Ki(j^ miIJlJLi^ 



91 



6^UlJI QO OJJ-"^' '^^ 

(jj-iLo 60 (_jJI liJLolSjIlJI (_y3 Loj^iaJI 5jlj.jv AjvjJ (JL-ajl (j-« lj-iS-4-1 (a^l 
sLljI LaJ^LJI (_yi^ 3JiiaU>J,lj lyJr in'rll 5^J|j I ro U 4^1iaJI (jl j_LC. -S-S-jJ 

3 ^IU:1 1 3al UtI 5j_a 4jLxj 3>^ tiJJJ 

iijjJaJI oJLji tLciil (_y^ . Loj>LJI ijic .i5_,IIU.tl 3iiaUJ,l)) ^Jt :3j(jjIjJI 
iSjLjjJI Cjljj-iill !«_2j ja^Jji (_7^J tLJjiJI i_JjJ "lij - 5j_uS 3^j_t^ jj U~" 

cji_iiu_i I 3_jiji_^£Llo d-LJLjjvjijjLjji <iij^ ^Liiijlj i5jjljj>JI SjjijJI <i»-jjJI (_jJI 

.5rtl"-^l (jIjlIlII ^^ jo-lj (jl (_^ LfJ>5j 

JS ^ ^1 U" . ..1 I j" ^ I U~ , ,.l I j3j-^ '(.3-*-ii>l5:i-^ (^JtALH 0^,>^ Lt^ 4^U3 
l5j_a (jj^jii^j (jjLAicJ «USj_^2l Sjjeliil CjuVjJI (_y^ 4jjIjj.^SjI <"i1 U-»-t I 
(j.SL<i_L^ .i_2J_^l (_yJI ^^Ua (Jij (jSlx-i iiii£ 4jjJ_lLII AJjsJLi (J ih! «LJi j_ji 
3.Sikil,l CjlJjijIlSLlVLi i-ajL^II i_aJL3 4j£ /<uJ i^gJJI ijL^JsJI (_y^ dili t3T!-aJ>o 

.4_uj^pSj"^l tljLcj I liU (j^ 
»1 oUtI (_ji^ i—ijvjjj <l2j^JaJI oJi^J (_gjljj>JI (_gj|jJI (J^LijJI jj^-- ' sic 
(jljJL>- L^-La »_u-£aj 5jl_a jL^e-il J J ■ "'' (j_a (j-*iJJ *— *tJ-^ * 5^ j jN CjUjjt (.o (J_l1JG 
(.dJj )«_o "iJiSjj '"iJ-ilj (JS j-JLi^ jLa^l (_7^i^ I j^"'" (_^jj-ji II (_jJ-!l iCjljjaj>JI 

.ijjLij^^aLL (_yJI 3jiLjil SLsLLaJI Jjj^ i<ll'i<<_.«.^tl ^j^j i|_^j|j^ lSI^" 

5j-uS Cjl^^j?c_La (jjJj * »l oU II ^qJL>. (j ii 1 (_7^i^^ CH^J Cr^ (J II Mill (_yijJ 
Tcjiol^l (j-*^ .<laji>- -^ _■ i^j "■ (<iL>JI Ijui (jl (_5i^ (^'J^ *>i^'^' SJjVI (_y3 
S J-i-i-J V 3 al Ult J 1 ,^ ^ (_jlr (jj-ill I j-<k ijL^ (_yJI J '^^" • " 5-ul 1 111*^1 (jl 



919 



IgoS 6^9 9*1 6JlhJI 13JJ £9p 

ijJiS-j-uj 4_j| d^jjJ 5j_j_iS (_jJl,L«JI aajj>J,l (_y^ Ajj^jjjJI lIi Ua LlL>- I jja 
.3j_uS lIiIj^ (_jJi,L«JI 4^LLaJI r''-^! *-^4i3 '^^^ (.7^^ (j-^ i I rill (j-« •— ''ji-i-^ 

.(_^j'^| ^\c tjl I iitMJ ct^j'^' .-iljU-^tl i^ ^",1" 5 ^^t;^.ll 3i;vjJI obJt 3jI Ja (jl 
(_y^ jLjVI (j_« 3 1 I ri 1 1 II (_,lr Ij^l (^JJ-II I JLl«jJI I iiil I II ^j.us\jLa LLai. JiiS 
Ju\ cJuii^ (j^Lx-i o^'j -(Ji^^' i>J-A (_,lr (_yJj'^l . ~ 1 1 J U -^ 1 1 n_gL3 jjjl 5jl-«-o 
sLciiAll jjl-*^' Lt^J 5jLl«jJI i_A|jSJI (_yl^ (O^j-fl^J (a^JJl CjLcIJijIj (JjjLlII 

.(_yjfcLLLo>UI 

cLuLuijI jj^LxJj '^Jj ''."" '^Ui-'^Lii"'0 I ii'tl J^J .4.jjta^ (Jj^i^l Djut CxjiS 
j^j.4J>iJj I -Jj^J (jtJ! L?_>^ 'J ^j' U^ (»l-a2l (_yJI jjjjjJI A J-SlII Jjj>oj 1 1 i>iji 

(_y^ » u ^ " ^j . IjjI » u ^ " -jj (jjjJaJI j>jLii (1)^-3 .SjijJljsJI ^jLajii! ^^jill 
.^jJLuJVI jjl^"< ijjL^J V L^jV iL^jI JjS"ii.iU 

(JliLLa:>J,l tCuI i_ajjj/j -O^' dja-ualj 4 1 J 11 1, 1 i^LLaJI j<si^ jjal Cj^cu^a] JL2J 

-' ' ^ "" • 'J . 3j^ mi J 1 1 3^j^l SalUtI ij-o jj^'^l /(ujiill SjLi^l SjjJJI 3_uL^.^SL!l 
SjjijjJI 3_oLj^.^SLII I " » I U ^ 1 1 i<l Ml ^ (jj>-'-^'j lS-^'^*^' u>^' ^''^lt^ I jjlj 
(_^jL»JI tUI aJlJ-" I n't (jPJIj •o^j'^'j l5>?^' ■I'-j-^ iI^ Jj^UI j-i^ 3jjIj.j>JI 

(Jjijv (j-« I <i I ii°l I j "'' '" u,^ Jii-Qjj) S^JijaHl,! 3^LLaJI ^LJ-o CjIJijvj (jl 

i3 J III Mill 3al U tl c:jIj.:>.jj iS-LjLaj-^^LII .-.I t 1 I ^^ (jH-" iS^LLJI 

Sjlj-^J (jrJi''-*^' JajjJLI 3iliaJ 5-ajLJ-"iiiiU i2jlji^^lj i^jjl^^ll iTjl^j^lj 

dji VI ijjiUJI ^aliaJI tjl3_LO(_y^ j_u^j_iii I jl a (jl^ lilj .^j'!^l (jial^J 

iSj-iij-^l <ijjl£wtuJI (_^j.iil i^LLaJI (j^Jjjji dil JL>-^I jsJLA (JlLo q^ i '-*-*■ t"^^ 
<LuLij.^^{ 4^LL^1 ^j2a • I'-' J 1-^ -- JLJJ.4J Jl 4-<tJe.ii3 4-UUj.^iJliLLa:x^ «LLi i^^l>- 

cJL9 '^ J ' "J '^*-Jji I II II |j->-l ^^^^ * JJ-* ^Ljj I II ill ^j'^ *^" ' " 4^LLiJl 5j-3j ^jl 
(_yj| 5jLjj>JI jL^al (_Jjja^ '■^P^ o'j 'O^j'^' ''^J ^>T!-'y o' O'-'-'^"^' jjJiiij 
^j_a 4_(jij2j ^_^_4j:e_)j i5^^Jlj_a ^j^^ ^_^1 4_jjL>ijl ^jT J ' "^ ' ^ ' ' (Jjj:e_lJ i4_u_uLb La 
^j-S-g-ll jj-a T .' ' ^^ * ^ * ' "Ij (3^i-La ?-l_La juJtJJ i«Lfl_jj>iXl «LjJLj_LLiJ I JlljIjSjl 
«L^_uj ^j^j_^l ^>-^ cUlj_lLiJu '"' '^^^ 1 1 ijy^' *^'JL^^?'*^ ^ ■ ^ '"j td M ill (jSLloA jjj^ 



9IS 



6^UlJI QO QuJuuJI lJUT 



.j_iSLflj ^Li LtjLiji 



L^Laj (_yl«3 (_yj-II i3_LoLiiuJI (JjLcull (s-aI (j-a 5jl».Ij i^^LLaJI SJLtu^ (jl 

. Lciajt «LLaLulj ' '^JJ '•^"' ' ' tjl JJ-ul ^t_L<i.>- i*ljj_u Jl>- ^_^i^ j^^j'^l » ijj ^ mi 3t_L<i.>- 

!«_<iILa_o >i— Li (_yJI Lft-ljv 4_i-il I II tVI d-LoLiuJI (Jji I II 1 1 (Jjv 5jj|j_ii3 vj ^" . ..J 
(JjjJI Tc-lLca-o pL<iIL>-l (_5_i_2^>o (^Slx-i '■^'^'^ i_aj^jJiJI j>JL^ 4J3 i(_jSl^pjIil 

.4^Lc 4j^ mi J II (_pj . A \j A •, 1 1 

JLa-cal ' ' 1 j'j I ' J I '' jij -»■" I II "» : (_gjjj|j^l i'i'm I II (_gj (jl^Iajl t-jUS 

jjLill Jiitll Cj Lc I JljI J I Lulj 5-ul iiitVI Jl or ^1 (jjSjLjij .(ciliia 5-ul I iitVI 

4jvL>JI (_iij (jjj • I JjI aJl2II!I (_a3jlu ^LiSLI SJLjjia ij Ml J II ajjiU,! (_gjij'2lj 

. ^-ul 1 111*^1 ^ J I . ^ ^ 1 1 jj U" (ji>^ L7^ 3j.i^ Ja^ 3 al l-^ll (_yj| 



91^ 



sj^\^\ 



.(CJ>.j:m - 5j.,io Mill 4^LIaJI j_yLl J-CJLJ t^jJI '-^>:>m J-4 tj^jVj^Vl (I) 

iiLLcxj 'i_>^J^' ci<->u L« (tsJLc 4J| jji 4j2j;^VI j-JaL-u^l j_^ - Pluton 4_jjl_j^l_i :^j^^ (3) 
.(Cjvj:m - (315 ^j^ . 1988 ^^Ll^j-a .4j^ji;JI 5JJJI jlj Mji'.-^Vl cijUKJI o-">^^) <:ijI>«'^I 

eLoLsi-a Ct^J 'l^^*^ (35-J^-<-'-^ ij^ '^J-'^J-^ '^^^J-^ 4-)SLla 4j9.5_Lc 4^1_ij) ^j^ O^^ ,5^ ■ J-*-^ J-" JL>^ ' ( v 

.(Cj^jJUI - (552 ^j^ . 1988 ^l^^j^ .4j^^jJI SjJJI jIj MjiI-^VI cjUKII o-">«^) 

.(<u>-j^I - aI-lLa a^jJija ^-<iJ»- :(<ujl_5JLI (6) 



915 



. 1967 aLc JlIo 4-.t-La.tJj jsiaJI j_ij ^^^^ ij-**:^ * 
.3_l<JjlII CjLUJJ,! (j-« JjJjlII j_y^ ' ''JJ'"''J^^ Jj'^' L-klJII x_a i-dj" Mil * 

(jJ J-II j^ (3j "^Lj^ JOiJe-o 

-(J_ii_oJ Jl-j.JIj_o (j— * * 

. 1958 a1^ ^>^ 







t^l 



;;u,. 



,j_o ^j-SLl.i<L"lJI a>Lj«JI ^ 
4_LjLcj i_aj_iLijjl (_jlLp-j_ijtA 

^J^ S-^Ljv (^I i^jjjjlII 3J(iII 
L-iHSj, 1 nij'lj Ll!L>. (JxJU * 

4_jjlj.j>Jl ^jj^j_ilij 4_Iaje_fl 4juu-o 



917 



— I 



l£)ll!ki^ 



jIj^I JlIo tjLuijVI t^jJ ^sLLail (_yJj'!^l j-iLLaU t-jLiSUI IJJt, ^jjuj 

A J I , >. -^ ^^^ "j-^'j J'—'-'' <— sLiiuHSu Ijjj-o .'-<ljl ,>.--tl jj^ »l oUllj 

, L^JL2jj "ijjLjijVI ij[jusj>J\ j^iaj 
.«lj^l (j-a £Lfli>- )«-<-uJi SjLaV cdJij i)iIL«-«J i—iljbv LLajljHa (_yiEJjU