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THE 



ABORIGINES 



OF 



NORTHERN FORMOSA: 



A PAPER READ BEFORE THE 

NORTH CHINA BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC 

SOCIETY, 

Shanghai, 18th June, 187b, 



BY 



EDWARD C. TAINTOR, A.M., F.R.G.S., 
Commissioner in the Chinese Customs Service. 



SHANGHAI: 

1874. 



SHANGHAI : 

[Privately printed at the Customs Press, in advance of publication in the 

Journal of the Society.] 



THE ABORIGINES OF NORTHERN 

FORMOSA. 



The eastern portion of Formosa, it is scarcely 
necessary to remark, is in the possession of aboriginal 
savages. The part occupied by them, which comprises 
at least two thirds of the area of the island, is mostly 
mountainous and densely wooded. The Chinese set- 
tlements lie along the comparatively level tracts 
which extend from the base of the central range of 
mountains westward, to the western coast, and con- 
tinue across the northern end of the island and a short 
distance down the eastern coast. I cannot better 
introduce the whole subject than by quoting a few 
paragraphs from a Trade Report written by me five 
years since. 

" The rugged character of the eastern portion 
of Formosa has been alluded to above. The propor- 
tion of level or valley land to be found is exceedingly 
small, precipitous and densely wooded mountains 
occupying by far the greater portion of its extent. 
The Chinese settlers, in gradually pushing their way 
into the interior, denude these mountains of their 
forest coverings, and the dividing line between the 
territory reclaimed by them and that still in posses- 
sion of the aborigines is distinctly marked by the 
boundary of the wooded tracts. The water courses 
are merely mountain torrents, dashing down through 
the rough rocky gorges, and affording no facilities lor 
navigation. The ability of this part of the island to 



.support a population is thus naturally very limited. 
The savages who at present occupy it are thinly 
scattered throughout the few level tracts to be met 
with, and maintain a precarious existence by hunting, 
and the cultivation in small quantities of beans, 
millet, and bananas. These supplies often fail them, 
and with their natural aversion to labor they -will go 
for several days without food, until pressing hunger 
prompts them to organize hunting parties for deer, 
wild pigs, or bear, which latter animal is occasionally 
to be met with. These people stand at the very 
lowest point in the scale of civilization, and in 
physique those of the northern portion of the island 
at least are generally puny and insignificant. Long 
limbs and short trunks indicate a degenerate type of 
body, and their habits and mode of life are such as 
are found only among the most degraded savages. 
Like most of their class, they have a fatal fondness 
for ardent spirits, and the use of these has frequently 
endangered the friendly relations which the Chinese 
have in some few instances endeavored to establish 
with them, and has led to conflict, loss of property, 
and sometimes of life. Few in numbers, and weak 
in combination, they are incapable of offering very 
serious resistance to the encroachments of the Chinese 
upon their territories, and are doubtless destined to 
disappear before the slow but steady advance of their 
more enterprising neighbors." — ( Customs Trade Re- 
ports for 1868, p. 170.) 

"Upon the eastern coast, commencing about 
twenty-five miles south of Kelung, and extending 
some fourteen miles farther, to Suao Bay, lies a fertile 
and beautiful plain or valley. Its popular name is 
Kapsulan ($£ ff Jg), and the official Komalan (Kg 3g§ 
flj). It is bounded inland by a semicircle of moun- 
tains, its greatest breadth being six or seven miles. 
The valley is one vast rice field, and much of its 



(5) 

produce is carried to Kelung. Several thriving 
towns lie within its borders. The chief of these, 
Lotong (jg| jg), is a clean, well-built town, with a 
considerable population, and an active trade, The 
valley has been almost entirely settled within the 
present century. It became, soon after its discovery, 
and while still occupied by savages, the -resort of 
bands of outlaws ; but during the closing years of 
the last century parties of Chinese settlers were 
attracted thither by the richness of its soil, and as 
the immigrants increased and pressed upon each 
other, feuds arose, which led to a memorial to the 
Emperor from the provincial authorities in 1810, and 
to its erection into a Ving (gg) district by Imperial 
edict in 181 2, 

"The original inhabitants of the plain, a fine 
looking race of people calling themselves Kabaran, 
have been gradually driven by the Chinese farther 
and farther towards the mountains, or altogether out 
of the valley. They have become to a great extent 
civilized, and adopt many Chinese customs. They 
are called in the local Chinese Pepo hivan (^p iji #) 
or savages of the plain, in distinction from those 
dwelling in the mountains. Driven from their 
original seats, they have themselves pushed their .way 
in some places into territory in possession of the ^till 
untamed savages. An attempt in this direction on a 
considerable scale has been made during the past 
year by a colony of Pepos, under the leadership of a 
foreigner, at a place called Ta-lam-o (ft j^ g|), situated 
on the east coast about fifteen miles below Suao. 
Friendly arrangements have been m#de with the 
savages, and the valley is abundant in resources ; but 
the enterprise has met with strong local opposition, 
and its success is, from a combination of causes, 
problematical. " — (Id., pp. 167-8). 



(«) ■ 

My own visit to the savages on the east coast, 
which was made in January and February 1869, arose 
partially out of circumstances connected with the 
colonization scheme alluded to. Very shortly after 
my visit, the scheme ended in a disastrous collapse, 
and a few months later the foreigner who had been 
its active leader was drowned near the southern end 
of the island. 

I propose first to narrate briefly the incidents of 
our journey, and then give the results of my obser- 
vations on the aborigines and their country. 

Our party left Tamsui at midnight on the 14th 
of January, 1869, for Kelung; and the mildness of 
the winter climate of Formosa may be inferred when 
I state that we passed the night in an open gig on 
the river, without discomfort from the cold. We left 
Kelung on the 16th, in a junk of about twenty tons, 
and after calling at Pitow, a coal harbor a few miles 
down the east coast, arrived at Suao Bay on! the 
morning of the 18th. Here a heavy north-east gale 
detained us for five days, making it impossible for us 
to put to sea in the small open row-boats in which it 
was necessary to proceed the remaining 15 or 16 
miles to Talamo. This delay enabled me to make 
some notes upon the customs and character of the 
Pepos, and to collect a vocabulary of a few hundred 
words. A small Pepo village lies on the southern 
side of the bay. I may remark that during our stay 
here a census of our party showed that it was 
composed of no less than eight distinct nationalties — 
two Scotchmen, one German, one American, and one 



(1) 

Spanish Mexican, one Goa Portuguese, a Malay, and 
sundry Chinese and Pepos. Finally, the gale subsid- 
ing, we embarked in small boats manned by Pepos, on 
January 23rd, and reached Lam-o (|g^), the landing 
place for Talamo, after a pull of three hours. Here 
we found a small stockade or fort, built by the Pepos 
under foreign direction, as a defence against sudden 
surprise by the savages. Talamo, the site of the 
newly formed colony, lay about two miles from Lamo, 
the path thither winding inland around the base of a 
steep mountain which abuts abruptly upon the sea. 
A still larger stockade, with bastions of stone, and 
capable of holding at least a hundred men, had been 
built at Talamo, a short distance from the sea. At 
both places we found large parties of the savages 
who had come down from the interior to see the 
foreigners, the report of our intended visit having 
been spread among them by the Pepos. 

Our stay here, of eleven days, was passed in 
making short excursions into the interior, and in 
getting vocabularies of the savage language and 
making notes upon their habits and characteristics. 
The longest of our excursions, some seven or eight 
miles, was up the valley of the small river which 
flows into the sea at Talamo. The valley, perhaps a 
mile and a half wide at the sea, rapidly narrowed, 
until soon it was a mere mountain gorge, and the 
river a mountain torrent. Enormous boulders blocked 
the way, and over these the narrow and not easily 
distinguishable savage trail led; and our scrambles 
over them were often attended with considerable risk 



(8) 

to neck and limb. In such places as these a few 
determined men might hold their own against 
hundreds of invaders. 

Our embarkation at Lamo on our return was 
delayed by a N.E. wind, which rendered the surf so 
great that it was impossible to get the boats afloat. 
While, here one of the straw huts took fire in the 
night, through the carelessness of one of the Pepos, 
and caused some excitement, as it was mistaken by 
some for a night attack by the savages. We finally 
left Lamo on February 3rd, had a quick run to Suao, 
and left there the same day on our return to Tamsui. 
We had determined to follow the land route, through 
the Kapsulan valley. A walk of four or five hours 
brought us to Kilokan, on the Kaleewan ( #p jjj§ jg ) 
river, and the principal town at the southern end of 
the valley. Here we obtained a boat, and after 
visiting a Pepo village on the western confines of the 
valley, followed a canal which runs parallel with the 
sea-coast, to the large town of Tow-sia ( jg j$ ), at its 
northern end. Transferring ourselves here to chairs, 
we followed the steep and winding road over the 
mountains to the town of Nwan-nwan ( $g g£ ), at the 
head of the boat navigation on the Tamsui river. A 
north-east gale, with drizzling rain, detracted much 
from the enjoyment of what would otherwise have 
been a very interesting part of the journey. Reach- 
ing Nwan-nwan on the 6th, we found our boats in 
waiting, and after shooting the rapids which occur in 
several places in the upper course of the river, and 
which were now swollen and turbulent from the rains, 



(9) 

we arrived at Tamsui early on the morning of 
February 7th; the only incident of the homeward 
journey having been a summons to stop, during the 
night, from a party of river pirates, who quickly 
retreated into the darkness, however, at the cry of 
hivanna ! (foreigners) raised by our boatmen. 

I proceed now to give a brief sketch of Suao 
Bay and vicinity. -The harbor of Suao is nearly land- 
locked, and affords good shelter to small vessels. The 
bay is almost entirely surrounded by steep hills, green 
and wooded. On the north side of the bay is the 
small Chinese fishing village of Pak-hong-o (^{j ® J£), 
and on the south side lies a Pepo village, Lam-hong-o 
(it JH §!§), containing perhaps one hundred souls. On 
the western side of the bay, on a small streUfcn, lies 
the Chinese town of Su-ao (|g $|)> or Saw-o, in the 
local pronunciation. It is a wretched town of about 
fifty houses. I had hitherto always held Kelung to 
be the filthiest town in the universe, not deeming it 
within the bounds of possibility that a place could be 
worse than it; but a visit to Suao forced me to 
confess my mistake. Suao thus far, in my experience, 
bears the palm, with little danger of losing it. The 
valley of the Suao river extends towards the south- 
west for a few miles, to the base of the wooded hills. 
It is now largely occupied by charcoal burners from 
the Kapsulan valley, but the ground is gradually 
being cleared, and will make very rich rice-fields. A 
few tea plantations had already been made upon some 
of the hills just back of the town, and five or six 
years previously a seam of coal was discovered by the 



(10) 

Pepos, only a few hundred yards from the beach ; but 
the pit was abandoned when it became filled with 
water. Besides, the abundance of wood for fuel 
prevented any inducement to keep it open. At the 
time of our visit the pit had become so filled with 
debris that no traces of coal were discernible. 

About five miles below Suao, in a small bay 
called Tang-o ()g Jjg), an enterprising Chinaman had 
erected a saw-mill, where he* was cutting timber for 
the Kelung market, and he was about to set up some 
camphor stills, the locality being veiy favorable from 
the abundance of camphor trees in the vicinity. He 
had succeeded in making friendly arrangements with 
the savages, but these had been seriously endangered 
by occasional brawls, in which the quarrelsome and 
treacherous savages were only too ready to engage. 
Talamo, or rather its landing place, Lamo, is about 
ten miles farther down the coast. We were told that 
the Chinese had on three previous occasions, in 1858, 
1862, and 1866, made attempts to form a settlement 
in the valley, but had in time been driven out by the 
savages. Shortly after the second of these attempts 
was made, the settlers were surprised by night, and 
about a hundred were killed. A low enclosing wall 
of earth, surrounded by a ditch, and which had for- 
merly been crowned with a bamboo stockade, remained 
as the evidence of the Chinese occupation; and the 
European leader of the latest colonizing scheme, 
referred to in the extract above, was greeted on his 
first landing by the sight of some thirty-five skull-less 
skeletons, arranged in a row on the beach, — a striking 



» •• • • 

» ,■ »•• ••• • • 

» • • ^ . • • 



(11) 

evidence of the failure of the last preceding attempt 
at Chinese colonization. 

The climate of the eastern coast of Formosa, 
under the influence of the warm Kuro-siwo, or 
Japanese stream, in considerably milder than that of 
corresponding positions on the western coast. This 
stream, the counterpart in the Pacific of the Gulf 
Stream of the Atlantic, flowg northward along the 
eastern coast at a rate of thirty or forty miles a day. 
Its effects on the temperature may be judged from 
the facts that we found sea-bathing very agreeable 
in January, and that light flannels formed the most 
suitable clothing. I am inclined to believe that 
what Mr. Swinhoe thought a southerly current 
close in-shore, was merely the set of the tide along 
the coast. 

The Pepos live mostly by fishing, and are 
remarkably expert in the management of their boats, 
evincing their connection with the Malay races in 
this respect, and particularly in their methods of 
handling their boats. The landing on the difficult 
and dangerous beach at Lamo afforded an opportunity 
of exhibiting their skill and coolness. The narrow, 
shelving beach slopes off under the water at an angle 
of about thirty degrees ; and when the least easterly 
wind prevails, it is always dangerous, and very often 
impossible, to effect a landing at all, in consequence 
of the surf. Under the most favorable circumstances 
even, there is always risk of the boat being caught 
by the under-tow, and capsized, or dragged beneath 
the next in-coming breaker. The Pepos therefore 



( 12 ) 

adopt a practice in landing a boat which is followed 
among the Malay races of the Archipelago, from whom 
doubtless they have inherited it. When our boat 
had reached within sixty or eighty yards of the beach, 
a man swam out from shore, carrying in one hand, 
or in his teeth, one end of a long rattan rope. The 
shore end of the rope was held by twenty or thirty 
men. The swimmer was hauled into the boat, and 
the end of his rope made fast to the bow. Watching 
then, for some minutes, for a favorable wave, when 
one came the crew, raising a loud shout, began to pull 
' with all their might, and the men on shore .ran 
rapidly up the beach, towing the boat. We thus 
followed in on the very crest of a wave, and just as it 
was about to break, our boat jumped from its crest 
to the beach. All hands sprang quickly out and ran 
up the beach, to escape being caught by the next 
wave, while the boat was prevented by the long rope 
from being carried away. Only the day before our 
arrival, a junk which attempted to land without the 
aid of the landing rope was capsized, and eight of 
her crew drowned. It will easily be understood 
therefore that putting to sea is even more dangerous 
than landing. In fact we awaited our chance for 
about an hour, before a sufficiently moderate wave 
came in to allow of the boat being launched, one half 
of the crew pulling in the boat, and one half running 
out with it into the surf until it was well afloat, and 
then scrambling in. 

The Pepos of northern Formosa, who, as already 
remarked, call themselves Kabaran, are generally 



(13) 

called by the Chinese shekfan (in mandarin shufan 
^ §), and stand in much the same position vis-d-vis 
the shSng fan {£ §) or savages, and the Chinese, 
as do the shu Li of Hainan. Like the latter, they 
act as go-betweens between the Chinese and the 
savages; but they seemed 'to me to be relatively fewer 
in numbers, and restricted to a stnaller area, than were 
the shu Li in Hainan. Their settlements are scattered 
along the north-east coast, and about 4,000 of them 
inhabit the Kapsulan valley. They are divided into 
different clans, and these are frequently divided 
amongst themselves. Were they to combine, they 
might often offer successful resistance to the Chinese 
encroachments, which are gradually pushihg them 
from their original seats. The x unprincipled and law- 
less Chinese who abound along the borders lose no 
opportunity of oppressing them. At the very time 
of our visit, an illustrative case came to our notice, 
and enlisted our sympathies. A well-to-do farmer 
had died, leaving a widow with three children.. The 
Chinese had dispossessed them of their fields, driven 
them from their home, and we found them wanting 
for food. On another occasion we met an old Pepo 
chief, of an energetic, resolute mien, and who had been 
a great traveller, having been in all parts of Formosa. 
He too had formerly been a farmer in comfortable 
circumstances in the Kapsulan valley, with fields and 
herds of cattle: but three or four years previous to our 
visit, the Chinese attacked his village and stole his 
cattle. In attempting to defend them Ms son killed 
a Chinaman, and he and his villagers thereupon 
retreated farther into the mountains. 



(14) 

The Pepos present a great variety of face, 
especially among the women. Many of the men — 
perhaps the greater number — are tall and straight, 
and much superior in physique to the Chinese. They 
have a much more frank, open, manly expression of 
countenance than the latter, and this is greatly 
heightened by their eyes; The women are small and 
slender, and although marrying young, do not appear 
so prematurely faded as the Chinese women. Some 
of them had really handsome, regular features ; others 
were extremely ugly. Some of them are of a clear 
olive color, — others as dark and coarse as Malays. 
Their finest features are their eyes, which are uncom- 
monly large, round, and full, with an iris of a deep, rich 
black, and languid as a Spanish belle's. The cheek- 
bones are all high; in some thick lips, in others very 
thin ones, are seen. In other features they do not 
differ greatly from the Chinese; but they can generally 
be readily distinguished from them by their eyes. 
Traces of aboriginal blood are constantly to be met 
with among the Chinese in northern Formosa, in 
these characteristic eyes. The women are simple, 
naive, and curious, and have none of the affected 
prudery of the Chinese women. 

The Pepos have long, straight, jet black hair. 
The men, when among the Chinese, commonly shave 
the head and wear the queue in the Chinese fashion, 
but at home generally allow it to grow. The hair of 
the women is sometimes braided into a queue, but is 
more frequently gathered into a long tress and wound 
round the head, being held in this position by a long 



(15) 

cord wound over it. The ears of the women are 
pierced with no less than five holes, for as many 
rings, which are inserted, in some of their ceremonies. 
Both men and women wear the tunic and short loose 
trousers of the Chinese, and over them frequently 
wear a large square piece of cloth, two adjacent 
corners of which are tied in a knot over the shoulder, 
or at the back of the neck, or sometimes under the 
arm, thus greatly impeding the use of the arms. 
They eat in a simple fashion. A large wooden tray 
of boiled rice is placed in the middle of the floor, and 
a few bowls of vegetables are arranged around it. 
The whole family seat themselves around on the 
ground, and making up little balls of rice with their 
fingers, convey them in the same manner to the 
mouth. Chopsticks seemed unknown. The people 
seemed a little cleaner in general appearance and 
habits than the Formosan Chinese, although it 
required some observation to discover it. 

The whole people, men, women and children, 
speak the local Chinese in addition to their native lan- 
guage. Some few of the men can read and write a little 
Chinese, having been at Chinese schools. Their own 
language abounds in the hard, abrupt consonants, as 
h, t, and ss ; r is especially frequent, and is rolled or 
trilled very strongly. They speak in a high key, 
with a monotonous tone of voice, and the whole sen- 
tence is uttered with a peculiar staccato, ending with 
a falling of the voice and a strong accent or ictus on 
the last syllable. In the strong and distinct articula- 
tion of words as well as in the general sound of them, 



(16) 

the language bears much resemblance to the Malay, 
with which, as will be seen from the vocabulary at 
the end of this paper, it is closely connected. In fact, 
an intelligent Malay whom we had with us, and who 
had been considerably among the Pepos, told me 
that about one half of the words were almost identical 
in the two languages, and that he could understand 
very much of what the Pepos said. I may remark 
here that they cannot count above a thousand. 

The coast Pepos are mostly fishermen. . The 
women manufacture salt by filtering sea-water 
through sand, and boiling it down. The Pepos of the 
interior are chiefly hunters. Some cultivate a little 
ground. They have, as domestic animals, a few 
buffaloes, pigs, Chinese dogs, short-tailed Malay cats, 
and fowls. The women do most of the drudgery, as 
carrying water, pounding rice, etc. The latter 
operation they perform in a large mortar,, with a 
heavy wooden pestle about five feet long. They live 
much of the time out of doors, and when not employed 
in their household duties, they are engaged in 
weaving cloth, or in spinning the thread for it on a 
reel which they twirl in their hands, the ball of thread 
being held in a small basket on the arm. The cloth 
is a very strong, durable material, woven of a fibre 
resembling hemp. The process of weaving is very- 
tedious and laborious. The weaver is seated upon 
the ground, and holds the stick which supports one 
end of the web, by means of her feet. Every thread 
of the woof which is passed through the warp is pushed 
firmly home with a thin, sharp-edged piece of wood. 



( 17 ) 

The cloth is woven in continuous or endless pieces, 
twelve or fourteen inches broad, and five or six feet 
in length when cut open. When used for men's 
coats, two strips are sewed together through half 
their length, so as to form *a seam down the back, 
and the sides are sewed up, with the exception of a 
space for the armhole, thus forming a sleeveless coat 
open down the front. A border, a foot or more in 
depth, is often worked around the bottom in neat and 
tasteful patterns in red and blue. The red is pro- 
cured by unravelling scarlet long ells, and the blue is 
cotton or woollen and cotton yarn, both obtained by 
barter with the Chinese. The savages make coats 
exactly similar to these. 

I found it extremely difficult to get any satis- 
factory ideas regarding the religious beliefs and 
superstitions of the Pepos, during our short stay 
among them. ■ I was simply told that " they had no 
religion like the Chinese." We were entertained, 
however, by a number of curious and interesting 
performances, in which singing and dancing were 
blended. Men and women, joining hands, and 
keeping time with their feet, and occasionally giving 
emphasis to appropriate passages by a stamping of 
the foot or a bending of the knee, and sometimes 
swaying their bodies slowly back and forth, chantecj 
in a slow, simple, and not at all unmelodious strain 
their popular ballads. As the song proceeded, they 
became more animated, the air became more lively, 
and the motions of the body more marked and fre- 
quent. The last note of each stanza is prolonged 



(18) 

ad libititn\. The airs are all very simple, seldom 
ranging over more than two or three notes. In one 
song, after a semi-chorus sung by the men, the whole 
body, of about thirty men and women, joined in a 
chorus, which was unique and effective. In another, 
and perhaps the most pleasing song, they chanted in 
a low, plaintive voice the story of the wrongs they 
have suffered at the hands of the Chinese, who have 
driven them from their homes, sjpized their lands, 
and killed their people. 

After one of the songs, a curious ceremony, 
apparently of a religious character, was performed by 
several women. One seated herself on the ground, 
and took in her lap the head of another, who lay 
feigning death. . Two others held the hands, in each 
of which was placed a small green branch. The three 
then began a slow, mournful chant, and one of them 
waved a cup before the face of the sleeper. After 
a few strains one of them arose, w r aved the branch 
towards heaven, and uttered $ loud cry in her ears. 
She at once awoke and arose, and all joined in a 
lively dance and song, going round in a circle, or 
winding in a snake-like maze. In still another dance, 
after a brisk solo from one of the women, the rest 
joined in, and broke out suddenly with the cry 
he 1 he ! he ! accompanying each cry with a low bow. 
In many of these songs, which varied in. style and 
gestures, some of the singers bore green branches in 
their hands. 

Another curious ceremony, which may be called 
the ladder of knives, which I did not witness, was 



(10) 

thus described to ma Two stout poles are fixed 
firmly in the ground, projecting some ten or twelve 
feet. To these is fastened a ladder, formed by lash- 
ing their long knives, edge upwards, to two bamboos 
about thirty feet in length. The priest, or whoever 
it is who officiates, burns some paper, and dances 
around until he works himself into a great excite- 
ment. He then draws his knife and feigns to rip 
open his bowels, a delusion which he supports by cut- 
ting open a bladder filled with blood, and placed un- 
der his clothes. He then begins to ascend the ladder 
of knives, holding on by his hands to the upright 
bamboos, but still stepping on the knives. Under his 
feet are bound small pieces of leather, which afford a 
partial protection. The more daring and ambitious of 
the men then endeavor to emulate his dangerous feat. 
The Pepos have among them a tradition that 
they came by sea from the southern end of the island, 
during the time of the Dutch occupation. While on 
our return journey I was told that in a Pepo village 
in a remote part of the Kapsulan valley there still 
existed some earthen jars, with foreign characters 
upon them, which had been handed down for many 
generations as mementoes of the former masters of 
Formosa; and I regretted exceedingly that want of 
time prevented me from tracing them up, and verify- 
ing or disproving the existence of such interesting 
relics of the Hollanders. Having regard to similarity 
in physique and in language, as judged by descrip- 
tions and vocabularies of the Pepos of southern 
Formosa, I am inclined to accept the tradition of the 



(20) 

immigration of the northern .Pepos from the south, 
as true. 

The sheng fan or savages proper, of whom a brief 
description has been given in the paragraphs quoted 
above, are much smaller in stature than the Pepos, 
and far inferior in general aspect. Tt was stated 
that they intermarry very closely. Their skulls are 
of the pyramidal rather than the oval type. Their 
eyes are not so large and full as those of the Pepos, 
nor yet so almond-shaped and oblique as the Chinese. 
The hair is coarse, straight, and black, uncut and 
unshaven, but carefully gathered into a bunch at the 
back of the head, where a band of cloth holds it in 
position. The men's ears are pierced for very large 
ear-rings, a quarter of an inch in diameter, and the 
women's ears have two of the same size. Hollow 
bamboo tubes are worn in them, and strings of beads 
are hung through these. The women are remarkably 
short and thick-set, and are accustomed to carry heavy 
burdens. Very low foreheads predominate, and the 
whole expression is destitute of intelligence. There 
is a peculiarly suspicious, sinister, dogged look about 
these savages, which is the more prominent in contrast 
with the open, trustful countenances of the Pepos. 
They are far lower than these in the scale of civilization, 
and the language in which Virgil describes the aborig- 
ines whom iEneas found on his first arrival in Italy is 
exceedingly appropriate to the savages of Formosa : — 

" Gensque virfim truncis et duro robore nata, 
Quis neque raos, neque cultua erat; nee jungere tauros, 
Aut componere opes n6rant, aut parcere parto; 
Sed rami, atque, asper victu, venatua alebat" 

(jEneid, Booh VIII, vv. 315-18J. 



(21) 

The Formosans belong to Prichard's Malayo- 
Polynesian or briefly Malayan/ branch, the same as 
that in which the aborigines of the Philippine Islands 
other than the Negritos are classed. 

Tattooing the face in dark blue lines with indigo 
is almost universal amongst the savages. The men 
have two or three sets of short lines, of four in each set, 
and about three quarters of an inch long, on the fore- 
head, and one such set on the chin. The girls on 
arriving at the age of fifteen or sixteen have one or 
two sets of lines tattooed on the forehead, .and when 
they are married, one set of four parallel lines is 
tattooed from the middle of the upper lip to the 
upper angle of the outer ear, another set of four runs 
from the corners of the mouth to the centre of the ear, 
and a third set of four from the centre of the chin to 
the lobe of the ear. The"spaces between these parallel 
sets of lines, about an inch broad, are .tattooed with 
diagonal lines in a sort of diamond pattern. This 
broad band of sombre blue, running across the whole 
fa v ce of the women, adds materially to their prevailing 
natural ugliness, and should be a far more effective 
safeguard for jealous husbands than even the black- 
ened teeth of the Japanese women. 

The dress of the men frequently consists of 
nothing more than a long piece of cloth wound round 
the loins. Besides this-some wear a coat, such as that 
of the Pepos above described. The chiefs and their 
families are distinguished by a square piece of cloth 
worn on the chest, worked in colors, and sometimes 
adorned with discs of bone and tassels of blue, white, 



(22) 

or brass beads. The chiefs also often wear two or 
three of the sleeveless embroidered coats, and in ad- 
dition the large square piece of cloth as worn over 
the shoulders by the Pepos. The savage \yomen also . 
wear a small piece of cloth tied around the leg just 
below the knee. This indeed is the last garment 
which they would be willing to dispense with. Head 
coverings were very rare. Some of the men wore 
skull caps of deer skin, or plaited of fine strips of 
bamboo or some hard wood. These were water-tight, 
quite heavy, and capable of resisting a very hard 
blow. The fingers of many of them were adorned 
with a profusion of brass wire rings, and the arms of 
some bore bracelets of the same material, often trian- 
gular in shape. Bead bracelets, generally blue, were 
also common. ' One of their most singular customs is 
that of knocking out the eye teeth of all the children 
when they reach the age of six or eight years, in the 
belief that it strengthens their speed and wind in 
hunting. The effect of seeing a whole tribe destitute 
of these teeth was peculiar, and not particularly 
agreeable. 

The' savages live chiefly by hunting the small 
mouse deer, which abound in the forests. Their 
weapons are spears, bows, with arrows of reeds tipped 
with iron, and occasionally matchlocks, which they 
obtain from the Chinese in barter for deer skins, etc. 
Besides these each man carries in a sheath at his side 
a long, heavy knife, which is an indispensable com- 
panion, and which serves for every use, from cutting 
up food and cutting a path through the bush, to 



(23) 

chopping off Chinese heads. The spears have bamboo 
shafts, with iron heads, obtained from the Chinese, 
and which when not in use are covered with a leather 
sheath. These, as well as their knife sheaths, are 
ornamented with tassels of hair obtained from the 
heads of Chinese whom they have killed. One hand- 
some, active, athletic young man, the son of a chief of 
the Yukan tribe, and a very beau ideal of the "noble 
savage, " had dangling at the end of his knife sheath 
no less than twenty-three of these tassels^ formed 
from the queues of five Chinese who had lost their 
heads by his hand. 

On their hunting expeditions they bivouac at 
night around a fire, lying head to head and feet to 
feet in a circle, on bundles of grass, sometimes build- 
ing rude huts as a shelter. They use two or three 
kinds of traps for snaring deer, and occasionally meet 
with bears. They sell the bear's feet and gall bladder 
to the Chinese, who esteem the latter very highly 
as medicine. It is worth four or five dollars a taeUs 
weight. The rest of the bear is then roasted, hair, 
skin and all. We met one savage whose nose had 
been entirely torn away, and one of whose eyes had 
been injured, by a blow from a bears paw. Wild 
pigs are also found, and an animal resembling the 
leopard, with a dark skin. Troops of monkeys roam 
through the forests. Of birds there are very few. 

Besides the articles of food mentioned in the 
extracts from the Trade Report given above, the 
savages cultivate sweet potatoes, the cocos, ground- 
nuts, and yams; and from the fresh shoots of ferns 



(24) 

they boil a soup which is said to be quite palatable. 
Bananas are abundant, and also a wild orange, which 
is very bitter. They also raise a few water-melons, 
from seed obtained from the Chinese. They are 
particularly fond of Cayenne or chilli peppers, to 
obtain which they make frequent raids upon Chinese 
gardens. Tobacco is cultivated, and the women and 
children especially were incessantly smoking their 
little bamboo pipes. The name, ta-ha-ku, is sufficient 
evidence of its introduction among them by either 
the Dutch or Spanish colonists. The savages weave 
very neat elastic and durable mats from a long grass. 
They carry on a little barter with the Chinese, ex- 
changing their hemp, venison, deer horns, skins, and 
sinews for knife-blades, matchlocks, rice, powder and 
shot, copper pans for cooking and colored cloths for 
working coats, and salt, of which they are very fond. 
They themselves attach the . handles to the knife- 
blades, often with strong and neat rattan work. 

The savage huts are simply constructed Two 
upright poles are fixed in the ground, and longer ones 
laid sloping from the tops of these. Others are laid 
lengthwise over these, and the whole is covered with 
coarse dry grass. The triangular ends and the front 
are then tilled in with grass or reeds. A few stones 
in the middle of the hut form the fireplace, and the 
smoke finds its exit as it can. Grass spread on the 
ground serves as beds, and a few rattan trays and 
baskets depending from the roof, and holding the 
supplies of millet, beans and salt, complete the scanty 
domestic furniture. In one village which I visited, 



(25) 

in front of the huts were small frameworks of poles, 
beneath which a few chilli peppers were growing. 
They bury their dead standing upright, and their 
weapons and utensils are buried with them. 

Many dialects exist in Formosa, as in most of 
the islands of the Indian Archipelago, and according 
to Crawfurd they are numerous in proportion to the 
rudeness of the people. He states that there are ten 
languages in Sumatra and its islands, more than fifty 
are known in Borneo, and twenty in Luzon. The 
language of the savages near Talamo is very harsh 
and guttural, and has many difficult combinations of 
consonants. The following were given me as the 
names of clans living in this vicinity : Yukan, Kowsia, 
Tapihan, Sikilut, Laohin, Katasei, Bisut, Bina-watan, 
Gugut, Matakan, Watan-kakai, Watan-bituk, Haoyit- 
aobin, Wang, Mutat, Taosai, Vatu, Yao-ei, Piho, 
Vuta, Tsi-et, Yapu, Teimuk, and Chiring. The word 
sia (written in Chinese shS jjjf), meaning clan or tribe, 
is added to each of these names in speaking of them, 
as Yukan-sia, Vatu-sia. Of the fourteen clans 
represented at the feast presently to be described, the 
principal one was the Yukan, whose cliief seemed to 
be at the head of them all. 

The savages have a singular way of pledging 
friendship, and one not altogether agreeable to the 
other party to the pledging. Each man puts his arm 
around the other's neck, and then, placing their heads 
and mouths close together, they both drink wine at 
the same time from one cup. This ceremony ensures 
eternal friendship, and as there were about a dozen 



( 26 ) 

chiefs of tribes with whom we had to take this pledge, 
we felt by the time we were through that we had 
formed quite as many friendships as we cared to 
maintain. Knowing, however, as we did, the treach- 
erous and quarrelsome, nature of these savages, we 
deemed it expedient, from prudential motives, to 
submit to the rather disagreeable ordeal, upon the 
invitation of the chiefs. Another method of ensuring 
friendship, although less formal and binding, is for 
both persons to eat salt from the same dish. 

The most acceptable present to make to the 
savages, and in fact an indispensable one to gain 
their good will, is a pig. We had taken with us two 
or three for this purpose, and the day after our 
arrival the savages w^ere entertained at a great 
feast. The method of cooking was altogether primi- 
tive. The pig was killed by a * stab in the breast, 
and the feet and the tip of the snout being cut off, 
it was at once placed whole, bristles and all, upon a 
fire of sticks, built on the ground. It was allowed to 
roast only ten or fifteen minutes, — just long enough 
to singe off the bristles and warm through the fat. 
Grass was spread on the ground, and the chiefs then 
cut up the pig into long strips, and all hands were 
set to work to cut these up into very small cubes. 
Nothing was wasted; bones, entrails and all received 
the same attention. When the cutting up was 
finished, the people formed circles around the piles 
of meat, apparently arranged according to families, 
and the chiefs distributed each portion equally among 
the different groups. Some of the hungrier ones 



(27) 

roasted a few pieces in the embers and ate them; 
most of them carefully packed their shares away. 
The chiefs insisted upon our accepting from them 
some of the choicest titbits as marks of special honor, 
but fortunately for us did not insist upon our eating 
them ; but I grievously offended a young chief who 
had selected for me a handful of the most dainty 
bits, by watching my chance, and f slily as I hoped, 
giving them to the first savage I met. I was 
observed, and the heavy frown which passed over his 
face showed the affront I Jiad given. The whole 
scene was wild and lively. About sixty savages, the 
men all nearly naked and the women variously clad, 
and all excessively dirty, were squatting on the 
ground • or running to and fro, busily hacking away 
at the piles of raw pork, and all chatting in the 
most animated style. The present of a pig is a 
great ^vent for them. In the evening the whole 
party, including ,the Pepos with us, to the number 
of over a hundred, ' got partially intoxicated over 
some samshu which had injudiciously been given 
them, and for which they have a fatal fondness. 
With a hundred half drunken savages yelling 
and dancing around their camp fires, and only 
needing the slightest provocation to engage in brawls 
and fights, in which they freely use their knives, this 
night scene before us seemed a veritable Pandemo- 
nium, and it was a grateful relief when in the early 
hours of the morning fatigue drove them to rest from 
their orgies. The Chinese frequently take advantage 
of their fondness for liquor to get them ii\toxicated, 
when they may extort from them anything. 



(2.8) 

Among the savages the principle of blood revenge 
holds with full force. The murder of a man is bound 
to be avenged by his kindred, and no rest is given 
until this is accomplished. I was informed that a 
reward of twenty dollars was still offered by the local 
Chinese authoritiQS for every savage head, but that 
only a few — perhaps not more than five — are got in 
the course of a year. Some fifty or sixty Chinese 
heads, however, are annually lost to the savages. This 
discrepancy is readily accounted for. The Chinese 
have merely the stimulus of a small money prize in 
getting savage heads, and this is rarely sufficient to 
induce them to. risk their own in the attempt. The 
savage, on the other hand, has higher motives. His 
rank and character depend on his personal prowess 
and valor ; and a savage who has not killed and be- 
headed a Chinaman is " of no use," as it was explain- 
ed to me. His word is not believed, he has no 
respectable standing in the community, and in general 
terms it may be said of him that he has not won his 
spin's. He rises in position and character according 
to the number of heads he can count, and those who 
get the most heads become, as it is in truth said, the 
head-men of the villages. 

So far as my own observation extended, the 
principal wild animals of the country are small deer 
and large fleas. The former are hunted by the savages 
for food ; the latter hunt the savages with the same 
object. I am inclined to think that the thinness of the 
population, both in numbers and in flesh, is partially 
to be attributed ,to these harpies ; and reciprocally, 
it is but logical to conclude that the natural ferocity 



( 29 ) 

of these latter is heightened by the savage character 
of their prey. The crazy engraver-poet William 
Blake, in one of the outgrowths of his wild, erratic 
imagination, (I quote from a review of Swinburne's 
Critical Essay on Blake,) " drew the portrait of the 

ghost of a flea He said that while he was 

making the drawing the flea told him that all fleas 
were inhabited by the souls of such m§n as were by 
nature blood-thirsty to excess, and were therefore 
providentially confined to the size and form of insects ; 
otherwise, were he himself, for instance, the size of a 
horse, he should depopulate a great portion of the 
country." A bitter (or better, bitten) experience con- 
vinced me that Blake must have been in one of his 
lucid moments when he conceived this grotesque 
fancy. It would be necessary to increase the size 
of the Formosan fleas but a very little, to ensure 
the result foreshadowed by Blake's informant; and 
even under present conditions, were the hasty 
Japanese only willing to abide the course of time, 
they might safely leave to the operation of Natural 
Selection, or " the survival of the fittest," the exter- 
mination of the savages who seem to be giving them 
so much trouble. Possibly, however, it might be 
found, for any future shipwrecked mariners, that 
after Darwin's law had worked its full effect in the 
annihilation of the human savages, the last estate of 
that island would be found worse than the first. The 
fleas who would remain the sole possessors of the soil 
might refuse to recognize a red flag of certain dimen- 
sions as a signal of distress. Much of the pleasure of 



(30) 

our trip was blasted by the constant torments inflicted 
by these monsters. Sleeping on piles of freshly cut 
camphorwood chips was of little or no avail; and I 
cani^ot possibly better portray our plight than by a 
sliglit paraphrase of the lines in which Pollok, in his 
poem " The Course of Time," describes the thirst for 
gold : — 

" Fleas many hunted, sweat and bled for fleas; 
Waked all the night and laboured all the day. 

Ill guided wretch ! 

Thou mightst have seen me at the midnight hour, 
When good men slept, 

in flea-fill hall, 

With vigilance and fasting worn to skin 
And bone." 

The natural resources of Formosa are most varied 
and abundant, and as the principal source of the 
camphor supply of the world, the island has an ex- 
ceptional interest and importance. I may be allowed 
to quote on this subject two paragraphs from the 
Trade Report already cited. 

"The camphor producing districts lie in that 
narrow belt of debatable ground which separates the 
border Chinese settlements from the territory still 
occupied by the savages. The manufacture is attend- 
ed with constant danger, from the quarrelsome dis- 
position of the savages, and their j ealousy of Chinese 
encroachments. Steps are sometimes made towards 
amicable arrangements for the right of cutting the 
timber, but it more frequently results that the Chinese, 
in their attempts to overreach their less crafty neigh- 
bors, only excite their hostility, and incessant feuds 
are the consequence. The Hakkas are extensive 
camphor manufacturers in many districts. Like their 



(31) 

kinsmen on the mainland, they are frugal and indus- 
trious, and pursue many of the mechanic arts. Most 
of the knives, matchlocks, and spear-heads furnished 
to the savages are their workmanship. They have 
many thriving towns on the border, and are to some 
extent, both from their position and character, inde- 
pendent of the Chinese authorities. " — (Customs Trade 
Reports for 1868, p. 165 J 

"As the suggestion has been made in some 
quarters, of the possibility of a diminution in the 
production of camphor, or of the exhaustion of the 
sources of its supply, it may be well to remark that 
throughout the whole of the mountainous district 
comprising the eastern part of Formosa, and which 
is densely wooded, the camphor tree seems to abound 
and flourish; and judging by the rate of progress 
towards the interior now made in procuring the 
annual supply, it must require many years, even with 
" the crude and wasteful process at present followed, 
to exhaust the vast forests of camphor trees as yet 
untouched, and inaccessible. At the same time, in 
view of the comparatively limited extent of the island, 
and the possibility of an increased consumption of 
camphor, brought about by its greater cheapness and 
the discovery of new applications of it in manufactures 
and the arts, it is much to be regretted that no 
measures are being takeri to replace the trees destroyed, 

by the planting of young ones \ 

The tree is of rapid 

growth, and the adoption of some such system as that 
pursued in the chinchona cultivation in India would 
be a measure at once wise and profitable. The de- 
clivities of the mountains of the 'interior and east 
coast, most of them too- steep for almost any other 
cultivation, are the natural home of the camphor tree, 
and by the expenditure of a little labor in planting 



(32) 

young tre^3 now, new forests of the valuable timber 
might be expected in a few decades to cover the hills 
now being denuded of it. The lawless and indepen- 
dent character of those engaged in the manufacture 
would, however, be a serious obstacle to any attempted 
introduction of a measure such as that suggested." 
— (Id., pp. 169-70). 

» 
I need only mention the coal found in abundance 

near Kelung, and the tea which has during the last 
few years so rapidly risen in importance. Sulphur is 
even now, in defiance of prohibitions, manufactured 
in large quantities at the solfataras in the vicinity of 
Tamsui, and the legalizing of the trade might lead to 
its indefinite development. The forests furnish 
numerous varieties of valuable timber, rattans impede 
locomotion through them from their profusion, and 
the tree whence the pith paper is obtained is common. 
In the waters on the east coast large turtles are 
numerous in the spring, and fish of the most brilliant 
and varied hues are caught by the Pepos. The 
portions of the island settled by the Chinese have 
already, from the abundance of their rice crops, earned 
the title of the " Granary of Southern China," and 
the gradual reclamation from the savages of the soil 
now untilled is capable of affording a great extension 
in this direction. 

I conclude this paper with a few notices of the 
savages of Northern Formosa, condensed and trans- 
lated from the Komalan-t'ing Chih (pg Jjj |g gg jg), the 
geographical and statistical description of the Koma- 
lan or Kapsulan valley. 



(33) 

" The savages are very expert in handling their bows, in the 
use of which they are practised from the age of ten years upwards. 
In the spring they collect large hunting parties for deer, which are 
driven within the enclosure of gradually narrowing circles, and 
caught. They are killed by a stab in the throat, and the fresh 
blood drunken. The flesh of hares caught is eaten raw, and their 
entrails are salted down. When these have sufficiently putrefied 
to generate maggots, they are considered excellent eating." 

" The savages have no idea of the year, or of the four seasons. 
The blossoming of the tz'e-t'ung hwa (]$ $9 jf£» a species of Panax,) 
is with them the beginning of a fixed period. When vegetation 
bursts forth the women array themselves in their best clothing, 
and pay visits to their friends in the neighboring tribes." 

"The savages of the plain do not differ greatly from the 
Chinese in appearance, except in their eyes, which are fuller and 
more expressive. They have no idea of the year or the seasons, 
and cannot tell their own ages. If they ever get any money they 
never lay it up ; and when they have gathered in their crops they 
set apart enough for a year's supply of food, and make the rest 
into wine, of which they are very fond. Every one builds his own 
house, and weaves the cloth for his own clothing, as there are no 
artisans of any kind. The large knife which the men wear at their 
sides serves them in all kinds of work. They make what iron 
utensils they have from the crude metal, by hammering it out with 
stones. In every clan or village there are one or two men called 
kah ( ^ jjjl), who correspond to the village elders or headmen of 
the Chinese." 

"The savages of the Komalan district who dwell in the 
mountains select elevated spots for their huts, to enable them to 
command a good lookout for defence. Those who dwell near the 
sea-coast, and have become partially civilized, are called pHng- 
p'ufan,* because they live on the level ground, or plains. They 
sometimes build houses by excavating the trunk of a large tree 
and inverting it, supporting it upon bamboo poles. There is a 
tradition among them that some old Pepos having visited Kelung 

* The Pepos described above, pp. 5, and 12-20. 



(34) 

and seen some Chinese boats turned bottom upwards on the shore, 
adopted the idea for their houses." 

"When the Komalan valley was first colonized, the Pepos 
living there had no system of storing their grain. When this was 
gathered it was hung up in the ear, unthreshed, in the houses, and 
was beaten out in a mortar daily, as it was wanted for food. The 
people had no fixed seasons for planting their crops; they were 
guided by the starting forth of vegetation in the spring. They 
cultivate merely enough to supply themselves with food from 
season to season, and hence there is no surplus grain, and much 
uncultivated land." 

"Their wine is made from glutinous rice. Each person takes 
a handful of rice in his mouth, and masticates it until soft. It is 
then put into an earthen jar, and by the next day it has fermented, 
so that by adding water, wine is produced. They consider very 
sour wines the best." 

" The women do all the drudgery, such as tilling the ground. 
They are often seen at hard work with their infants fastened upon 
their backs. The men merely see that they get their food." 

"The savages call a dead man matai, which means ruined, 
destroyed. They bury their dead without coffins. Friends assist 
in digging a pit, in which the corpse is placed. If a death happens 
in the busy season, while they are planting or gathering their 
crops, they suspend the corpse from two poles, near the water's 
edge, and leave it to decay there. Such a place is called malin, 
which means unlucky, and they ever after avoid going near it." 

" The small boats which the savages use in crossing streams, 
they call mangka* A boat is made by hollowing out a log of 
wood, and fastening a board upon each side of it, to prevent its 
capsizing. They have no oil and chunam for filling the cracks or 
seams, and hence have to bail constantly. A boat will carry only 
two or three people." 

* The characters used here (|j£ |?) are those of the name of the large 
trading town of Banka, near Tamsui. The local pronunciation varies from 
Mangha to Bangha. The town is said to derive its name from the fact that its 
principal street resembles one of these boats in shape — broad in the middle and 
narrow towards each end, 



(35) 

[The following passage, quoted from a work entitled Tung- 
cheng Tsi (]|C ££ H!)> ia noteworthy as a specimen of the peculiar 
antithetical style which is so esteemed in Chinese literary pro- 
ductions, as well as for the sentiments expressed as to the proper 
method of dealing with the savages.] 

" Murders by the savages of Formosa are of constant occur- 
rence. Although they have men's forms, they have not men's 
natures. They find their way through the forests like birds and 
monkeys. To govern them is impossible : to exterminate them not 
to be thought of; and so nothing can be done with them. The 
only thing left is to establish troops with cannon at all the passes 
through which they issue on their raids, and so overawe them by 
military display, from coming out of their fastnesses. The great 
cause of this state of affairs is the extent of the country and the 
scanty population ; quarrels between the savages and the settlers 
are not the sole cause. The savage tracks lie only through the 
dense forests, thick with underbrush, where hiding is easy. When 
they cut off a head, they boil it to separate the flesh, adorn the 
skull with various ornaments, and hang it up in their huts as 
evidence of their valor. Even if any attempt were made to keep 
them within bounds, it must sooner or later end in failure. If it 
is asked, then, what shall be done, the reply is, murders must be 
punished in kind, and friendly aborigines must be used to gra- 
dually reclaim and civilize them. They must be conquered, to 
make them fear, and then they can be controlled, to make them 
obedient. Their country must be opened up and Chinese settlers 
introduced, and then the harm done by them will gradually cease. 
Later they will become tamed, and finally they may be enrolled as 
subjects, and pay tribute." 

"In the fifteenth year of Kiaking (18 10), when the Governor 
General of Fukien arrived at Banka on a tour of inspection through 
the island, the headmen of the Pepos of the Komalan valley made 
submission to him and requested to be enrolled as subjects, in 
order to obtain protection against the oppression and cruelty 
which they experienced. There are 36 tribes of tame aborigines 
scattered over the Komalan district. They are simple and dull 
by nature, and the Chinese, by giving them a measure of wine or 



I 36 ) 

a foot of cloth, can induce them to sign the lease of large tracts of 
land. As they cannot read, they cannot know the contents of the 
lease, which they sign by impressing upon it a finger wet with ink; 
and they are thus completely at the mercy of the Chinese." 

"The inhabitants of Formosa are of various origins. There 
are aborigines proper (iiSl^f), and people from other islands 
whose boats have been driven ashore and wrecked, and who in 
consequence have settled there. There are also the descendants 
of fugitives from the last naval battle between the Mongols of the 
Yuen dynasty and the forces of the Sung dynasty, near Lingting 
[Lintin, at the mouth of the Canton River]. The latter were 
entirely defeated, and a few refugees escaped to Formosa, where 
they settled." 



Note i. — The Chinese characters for the town of Tow-sia (I give 
the corrupt pronunciation which has come into use among 
foreigners,) mentioned on p. 8, should |jf g| instead of gjf j$. 



Note 2. — [See last sentence on p. 29.] 

" A consular notification has been issued, describing a 
flag to be shown by vessels in distress off Formosa, to secure 
protection from the natives, under the agreement lately 
concluded with the latter by the U. S. Consul at Amoy 
[Mr. le Gendre]. It is red, oblong in shape, 2 ft. 9 in. long 
and 1 ft. 7 in. broad." — (North-China Herald, Shanghai, 
Fthraary 29, 1868J 



(37) 



APPENDIX. 



COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY 



OP THE 



KABARAN (PEPO) AND YUKAN (SAVAGE) DIALECTS 



OF 



NOBTH-EASTERN FORMOSA. 



(38) 



Introductory Note. 



The Kabarau and Yukan words in the following list were taken 
down by me from the mouths of the Pepos and savages, during 
the visit among them which served for the foundation of the 
preceding paper. Like most vocabularies of its kind, it consists 
chiefly of the names of such natural objects as can easily be 
described or pointed out to a savage. It comprises 378 words 
of the Kabaran dialect, and 135 words of the Yukan dialect. 
Mistakes, both in correctly identifying objects, and in correctly 
representing sounds, doubtless occur, and indeed are under such 
circumstances scarcely avoidable ; but care was taken to secure 
accuracy in both respects, as far as possible, by asking the name 
of the same object on different occasions, and from different 
individuals. With some sounds, it was observed that the same 
individual would give different values to them on different days. 
Thus in the Kabaran language r and z, when initial or medial, and 
sometimes when final, are often interchangeable ; and the word 
for water would be given by one asTranum, by another as zanum. 
Final I and z are often confounded, as are also initial k and t. 

Regarding the values of the letters used, the vowels generally 
are to be sounded as in Italian, and the consonants as in English. 
In an open syllable u has the long sound, like the 00 in too, and in 
a closed syllable the sound of 00 in took; when marked u it has 
the sound of u in but. The diphthong ei has the sound of ey in 
they. The sounds of b and v often merge into one another, and 
have nearly the value of the German w, or of bw in English, but 
much lighter than the latter. The final 88 common in Kabaran 
has a strong hissing sound. A regular series of changes will be 
observed between Kabaran, and Malay and other languages of the 
family, by the addition of this ss sound to the words of the latter. 
Thus, 

sugar-cane is in Malay tabu, in Kabaran tavuss 

face „ Javanese rahi, „ ra-iss 

Child „ „ 8UnU f „ 8U71188 



(39) 

An analogous change seems to be formed in the Yukan dialect by 

the addition of the suffix nuhh, nihh, ukh, or simply hh (the German 

ch of buck). Thus, 

.tone is in Kabaran, Malay, ) ^ Qr in Yukan m(umM 

Bisaya, etc., J ' 

wood „ Tagalog and Bisaya cahoy, „ Tchahunikh 

rattan „ Kabaran u-ai or wai y „ hioaiuhh 

, t, . , , f iritalakh or 

i*f „ Bug* moeftofa, „ ] OTate/aM . 

The columns of corresponding words in Malay and various 
other languages of the Archipelago are far from being as full as I 
would wish ; but the want both of time and of the necessary 
vocabularies has prevented me from giving more than the present 
imperfect comparisons. The words given in these languages are 
merely such as I have been able to gather, somewhat at random, 
from Crawfurd's Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands, 
Latham's Comparative Philology, vocabularies found in the 
Journals of the Royal Asiatic and Royal Geographical Societies, and 
in a few works of travels in the Philippines and neighboring islands. 
It will be seen that a close resemblance exists between many 
Kabaran and Malay words. 1 So far as the limited examples afford 
means of comparison, the Kabaran will also be found to be closely 
allied with the Tagalog and Bisaya dialects of the Philippines, 
— the former in the north, the latter in the south, —and with 
the Bugis, Macassar, Mandhar, Menadu, Buton and Sangir 
dialects of the Celebes group. The Biajuk of Borneo, the Bima 
of Sumbawa, the Sasak of Lombok, and the Javanese also furnish 
many analogous words. The Yukan words indicate a connection 
with several of the above, but more particularly with the Tagalog 
and Bisaya, and the Bugis and Biajuk. The resemblances thus 
traced are sufficient to establish the close relationship between the 
two Formosan dialects now given, and the extensive family of 
languages known as the Malayo-Polynesian or Oceanic ; but the 
particular group of this great family to which these dialects belong, 
can be determined only after the collection and study of fuller 
materials than are now available. 

l ^See alio above, pp. 15-16. 



" " > *Z 



* $ 







( 40 ) 

The vast area over which this Oceanic family of languages is 
spread will be best realized from the remark of Professor Whitney : 2 
" Those who speak its dialects fill nearly all the islands from the 
coasts of Asia southward and eastward, from Madagascar to the 
Sandwich group and Easter Island, from New Zealand to For- 
mosa." A few words from the Malagasi, the language of Madagas- 
car, are given here, in illustration of the statement just quoted, 
and as a further proof, I may add that a number of the Yukan 
words &re to be found in a vocabulary, given in Cook's Voyages, of 
the language of Atui, an island belonging to the group called 
Cook's Islands, in the South Pacific. The Great Polynesian occa- 
sionally quoted is, according to Crawpurd, the common element 
which is to be found throughout all these languages. It was first 
pointed out by Marsden. It bears the same relation to the lan- 
guages of the Malayo-Polynesian family that the Aryan does to the 
Indo-European languages ; and although unwritten and extinct, its 
former existence is inferred and established by the same arguments 
and inductions which have demonstrated the former existence of an 
Aryan parent of the family of languages which bears its name. 

In the following vocabulary the numerals from one to ten 
are first given, in the two Formosan and six cognate languages. 
The remainder of the vocabulary consists of words classified in ten 
sections or groups, and arranged alphabetically under each group. 
Professor Max Muller 3 quotes from Hale's Ethnology and Philology 
of the United States Exploring Expedition, vocabularies of the ten 
numerals in ten different Polynesian dialects, including those of 
Samoa, New Zealand, Rarotonga, Tahiti and Hawaii ; and a com- 
parison of them with those now given will be found interesting, 
showing as it does the very close resemblance which exists between 
them, and which with the numerals 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 amounts to 
almost absolute identity. 

3 Language and the Study of Language, pp. 337-3. 
3 Science of Language, sixth ed., vol. 2, p. 26. 



•: : 



••• ••• • • 

»• . • • • 

• . . • • 

• • f * 



(41 ) 



VOCABULARY. 



English. 

one 

two 

three 

four 

five 

six 

seven 

eight 

nine 

ten 



English, 

one 

two 

three 

four 

five 

six 

seven 

eight 

nine 

ten 



L- 


-Numerals. 




• 


Formosa 

X 


• 




Philippines. 


r 

Kabaran. 


Yukan. 


r 

Tagodog. 


Bisaya. 


issa 


utuk 


isa 


usa, isa 


lusa 


saieng 


dalava 


duha 


tulu 


turtll 


tatlo 


tolo 


supat 


s'paiat 


apat 


upat 


lima 


maral 


lima 


lima 


nim, n'm 


teiuk 


anim 


unum 


pitu 


pitu 


pito 


pito 


waru, aru 


muss'pat 


valo 


valo 


siwa 


meishu 


siam 


siam 


trai 


mapu 


sampo 


napulo 


Malay. 


Javanese. 


Sasak 
(LomboTc). 


Malagasi 
(Madagascar), 


sa, satu 


sigi 


satu 


issa 


dua 


loro 


dua 


rue 


t'iga 


t'lu 


telu 


telu 


ampat 


papat 


mpat 


effat 


lima 


limo 


lima 


lime 


anam 


nanam 


nam 


ene 


tudiu, tojiu 


pitu 


pitu 


fitu 


d'lapan 


wolu 


balu 


valu 


sambilam 


sungo 


siwa 


siva 


s'pulo 


s'pulo 


sapulu 


fulu 



(42) 



English. 



Kabaran. 



YuJcan. 



Malay. 



Sundry. 



eleven 


trai-issa 


twelve 


trai-lusa 


twenty 


lusa-ptin 


thirty^ 


utulu-ptin 


forty 


mruspa-ptin 


fifty 


ulima-ptin 


Bixty 


unim-ptin 


seventy 


upitu-ptin 


eighty 


mwaru-ptin 


ninety 


mrusiwa-ptin 


one hundred 


mrasivu 


two „ 


mrusa-mrasivu 


three „ 


udula-mrasivu 


four „ 


mruspa-mrasivu 


five „ 


ulima-mrasivu 


six „ 


unim-rasivu 


seven „ 


upitu-mrasivu 


eight „ 


mwaru-mrasivu 


nine „ 


mrusiwa-mrasivu 


one thousand 


mratharan, ma- 
laran 



kabahun 



sablas 
duablas 
dua pulu 
etc. 



saratuss 
dua ratuss 
etc. 



II. — Human Beings and Kelations. 



English. 



Kabaran. 



Yukan. 



Malay. 



Sundry. 



brother, elder 



haha 



„ younger swam 
child suniss 

clan, tribe sia 



ulai, ulakhi 
tutunukh 



abang 



BugU I kaka 
Macassar \ 



Javanese sunu 



(43) 



English. 



Kabaran. 



Yukan. 



Malay. 



Sundry. 



father 



tamma 



human being) . . 

(homo) *{ "«**"»* 

infant kmangat 



man (vir) riunanai 



mother tina 

old man — 

savage name for ) 

themselves ) 

woman, female tarungan 



yaba, yava, aba bapa 
s'khulikh 



malikwi 



aia 



navdkiss 



anak 
laki 

ma 



( Jav. 

I Mandhar 

( Bisaya 

SJav. 
Malagasi 

Bugis 

Tagalog 
Bisaya 
Bugis 
Macassar 



yayah 
kama 
ama 

jalar 
hulu 

ana 

lalaqui 
dala 
uruani 
burani 



SBima ) . 
Sasak ) 



ina 



English. 

family 

friend 

husband 

orphan 

parents 

Pepo name for themselves kabaran 



taial 




— 


— 


kaneiril 


parampuan 


— 


Kabaran. 




English. 


Kabaran, 


marakira 


Pepo 


name for foreigners 


leiniss 


simhangni 


» 


„ Chinese 


vususs 


pakwaian 
mrapunu 
tima-tina 


wife 


„ savages 


( meitumal 
( prussarum 

passamaian 



III. — Parts of the Body. 



English. 


Kabaran. 


Yukan. 


back 


doror 


sum 


beard 


mumuss 


nguruss 


body (life?) 


izip 


— 


hones 


tiran 


— 



Malay. 



Sundry. 



— Tagalog gumi 

tulang Bisaya tulang 



(44) 



English. 

calf of leg 
cheek 
chin * 
ear 
elbow 

eye 

face 

fingers 

fingernail 

foot 
forehead 

hair 
hand 



Kabaran. 
vatiss 



Yukan. 



Malay. 



kaiar 
siku 

mata 

ra-iss, za-iss 

nulir, nuzil 

knukuss 

reikan 
ngorll, woull 

vuktiss 
lima 



ra-i-ass 
abalit 
papak 
haiku 



ro-i, rao-i 



taluling 

kakamin 

kakai 
lihui 

yunukh 
keiman 



head 


uru, uvu 


tunukh 


knee 


dusur 


tari 


leg 


rapan 


mriu 


lips 


— 


pardhum 


mouth (teeth?) 


ngivir, nigiv 


— 


nates 


punur, punuz 


veiyukh 


navel 


— 


puga 


neck, throat 


lulun 


oluk 


nose 


unung 


moru, norho 


palm of hand 


rukap 


(ava) 


shoulder 


triar, kreiar 


handli 


stomach 


tian 


— 


temples 


pipiss 


sasak 



mata 



kuku 
kaki 



idung 



- Sundry. 



Bali 



— Atui 



Bugis, 
Gt. Pclyn. 
et passim 

Jav. 
Bali 



TagaUg 
Bisaya 



Menadu 
Bima 

Bugis 
Mandhar 
Tagalog 
Bisaya 

Bisaya 
Gt. Polyn. 



(tooth) gigi Bugis 



Jav. 

Gt. Polyn. 

Malagasi 



Tagalog ) 
Bisaya \ 



batis 



papal 



mata 

rahi 
rai 



cuco 
cucu 



wuhuk 
honggo 

lima 

camay 

ulu 



gig 1 



lrung 
orung 



tian 



(45) 



English. 


Kabaran. Yuhan. 


teeth 


bangarao, vangrao gunukh 


thigh 


pnannian mu-i 


toe 


kamilss uyu-kakai 



tongue 



upper arm 



lilam 



b'lubuk 



hamd-ui 



kiumin 



Malay. 



lidah 



Sundry. 



Tagalog 

Bisaya 

Bugis 

Macassar 

Lampung 



dila 

lila 
ma 



English. 


Kabaran. 


English. 


Kabaran. 


ankle 


vukul-a-rapan 


heart 


antlm 


blood 


rinang 


heel 


rusil 


brain 


punul 


nipple 


sarang 


breast 


danga 


nostrils 


rasukh 


flesh 


bisor 


queue (Chinese) 


napina 


fore-finger 


kaiwass 


sinews 


urat 


2nd „ 


emut'van 


skin 


luvung, ruvung 


3rd „ 


smulikur 


thumb 


moraia 


little „ 


smutki 


wrist 


vukul-a-rima 



IV. — Domestic Life. — Clothing, Utensils, etc. 



English. 


Kabaran. Yuka 


bed 


— pa 


board, plank 


sapar — 


bottle 


prasku (derived — 
from Spanish.) 


bowl, cup 


kaising paiatu 



Malay. 



papan 



Sundry. 



Jar an. papan 



(46) 



English. 


Kabaran. 


Yukan. 


breeches 


kun 


yupun 


bucket 


kungkung 


kulu 


coat, tunic 


kulusB 


lukuss, ratang 


door 


iniv, ainiv 


v'lihun 


finger-ring 


tamoss 


p'kamui 


hat 


kuvu 


avuvu 


house 


rapao 


ngrasal 


jar 


pulok 


halaman 


knife 


raviss, habiss 


b'litukh 


large do., 


sarekh, aniv 


— 


matting 


intpan, slayu 


lapitukh, lupi 


„ for bed 


— 


smamao 


necklace of beads 


— 


imsing 


pipe 


kwaku 


tuturkh 


pole, for carrying 


karao (the Chinese — 
pien-tan). 


pot, pan 


— 


tabaH 


robe 


kratei, haratei 


taoya 


shoe 


zapu, rapo 


yamil 



w 3' webof i^ 



Malay. 



karis 



tanun 



Sundry. 



Javan. 



Javan. 
Ot. Polyn. 
Bugii 
Maiagasi 



karis 



tanun 

taming 
tenuna 



English. 

basket 

bench, table 

brick 

button 

charcoal 

chisel 

chopsticks 

clothes in general 

cotton cloth 



Kabaran. 

kanass, hanass 

dakan, kanan 

luvungan 

tao-ez 

vilu 

supar, supan 

ipit, aipit 

rivarivang 

rao-a 



English. 



Kabaran. 



court (manege) 


lamu 


coverlid 


sikar 


cradle 


ziun 


cupboard 


tarilv 


doorway 


dangan 


fan 


pa-iz 


granary 


si-er 


key 


suksuk 


kilt, a sort of 


halapian 



(47) 



English. 


Kabaran. 


EngU$h. 


Kabaran. 


knife edge 


mangan, nangar 


roof 


sniuva, sniuv 


„ handle 


parttss-han 


shop 


tiaman 


lamp 


kaskian, haskian 


spoon 


halur 


nail (iron) 


variss 


stocking 


buiya 


needle 


zarum 


straw thatch 


sirass 


oil 


siti 


string 


warai 


paper 


buruk 


teapot 


pustian 


pencil, pen 


tuliss 


thread 


kriz'n 


pillow 


erungwan 


towel 


liziup 


plane (carpenter's) 


lussluss 


trunk, box 


s'rakhpan 


plate 


dapak 


window 


n'lat 


small do. 


piar 







V. — Time, the Elements, Meta.ls, etc. 



English. 



Kabaran. 



tabari 



Yuhan. 



Malay. 



Sundry. 



copper 

„ or brass sibali, s'pali 
day, daytime darreiti, darri 

earth (mountain ?) vanang, mranai 
east z wari (timor ?) 



tambaga j JgJ^ j tambaga 



limukh 



hari 

tana, benua 
mountain, gu- 
nung 

timur 



'-■■ & ' 



evening. 


, darkn< 


3ss raviti, drabiti 


r vian 


fire 




amaz, lamar 


hapimi 


gold 




brao-an, bra-wan 




heaven, 


sky 


z'lan, l'zan 


wari 


iron 




namat 


vali-ekh 



api 



!Bugis 
Bali 



api 
brahma 



— Bisaya malawan 

suwarga 



( Jav. 
langit, surga j Ag^ { ^ 



Biajuh 



sanaman 



1 The points of the compass were not clearly understood by the Pepos, and the terms given 
here for them are somewhat uncertain. 



t. 



(48) 



Engliih. 

island 
lightning 



moon a 

north 

ocean 
rain 

rainbow 

sea 

silver 

smoke 

south 
star 



stone 9 



sun 

thunder 
to-day 
to-morrow 

water 



Kabaran. 

puro, puror 
lirap 



Yuhan. 



buran, vulan viating 



imiss 



balung 



uran, uzan 



mu-war 



mwaltlkh 



haong-u 



rzin, rthin, z'rin silung 

pila — 

kairtlm, teirilm, hilukh, heilu 
hirilv 

timor (s'tara ?) — 

bat'lan, mat'ran henga, ve-inga 



vato, vatu 

matlan'zan 3 
ztlng-zung 
stangi, stanian 
tmao-ar 



vatunukh. 

wagi, waki 

kisa 
sinkhan 



zanum, ranum usiak 



weather, pleasant — 

yesterday snaosirav 



malakh kaiel 
m'kaha 



Malay. 

pulo 
kilat 



Sundry. 



bulan 



utara (v. 
south) 



ujan 



pirak 

salatan 
bintang 

batu 

mata-hari 
guntur 



!Jav. 
Bali 



pulo 



SBugis kila 

Malagasi helatra 

C Tagalog buan 
I Bisaya bulan 

J Jav., } 

| Gt.Polyn. >wulan 

et passim ) 

Malagasi volana 



\ Macassar \ balan 8 

( Biajuk ujan 
( Malagasi orana 

SJav. kuwung 

Malagasi avvar 



(Tagalog pilac) 



Jav. 



lintang 



C Tagalog bato 
I Malagasi vato 

1 Bisaya, 
Bugis, 
Mandhar 
et passim 



batu 



( Biajuk 
< Malagasi 
( Menadu 



danum 
rano 



9 The words for moon, stone, and hog are almost identical in all the languages of the Archipelago. 
3 '* Eye of the sky. " In Malay, " eye of the day. " 



(49) 



English. 


Kabaran. 


autumn (rainy season) 


paoman 


creek, rivulet 


mukhral 


flint 


taking 


hill, mountain 


dahd, daher 


lead 


rasu 


month, 6th 


skao-aru 


plain 


kuvttk 


river 


tab'li 


sand 


vuhan 


seashore 


sapan 


spring (dry season) 


d'lun 



English. 


Kabaran. 


tin 


b'laban, b'labal 


wave 


sar'zin 


weather, hot 


8'mzang 


„ cold 


sass'ri 


well (of water) 


rasiing, lasung 


west 


s'zaia 


wind 


vari, bari 


„ north 


siara 


„ south 


timo 


„ west 


s'zaia 


year 


dasao 



VI. — Vegetable Kingdom and Products. 



English. 


Kabaran. 


Yukan. 


Mai 


bamboo 


rtaian, d'naian 


vatak6n 




fruit 


— 


buakh 


bua 


grass 


— 


rgi-ui, 1'mihui 




„ for thatch 


rull,hull 


paliung 




hemp 


— 


nuka, noka 




millet 


lurai, luthai 


karakiss 




orange 


muru 


r'zaho 


jamj 


rattan 


u-ai 


uani, hwai-ukh 




reed 


isam 


s'mu 




rice 


b'rass, rrass 


— 


bras 


„ boiled 


mai 


mamiukh 


nasi 



sugar-cane 



tavuss 



tabu 



Sundry. 



Bisaya 
Bali 



bua 



Jav. 



jarruk 



Jav. 



Jav. 
Bugii 
Gt. Pol, 
etc. 



bras 



tabu 



tobacco 



tabaku 



tabaku 



(50) 



English. 
wine, Chinese 

wood 



Kabaran. 
rakh 

barin 



Yukan. 



u-o, u-ao 

khoni, 
khahunikh 



Malay. 



kayu 



Sundry. 



Bisaya cahoy 



English. 


Kabaran. 


English. 


Kabaran. 


banana 


bunina 


persimmon 


amuss 


camphor 


raktiss, rahtlss 


plum 


sinsuli 


celery 


ruptll 


prune 


paosi 


chilli pepper 


sili 


pumelo 


t'bahan mulu 


flower 


murai 


pumpkin 


saru 


ginger 


uzip 


root 


ravaas 


groundnut 


bukh 


4 sweet potato 


hopir, dari 


guava 


biabass 


tree 


si-p'ri 


leaf 


viri 


vegetables in general 


t'nttll 


mango 


vatuna-vususs 


watermelon 


pluru 


peach 


rupass 


wine, Pepo 


• • 



VII. — Animal Kingdom. 



English. 



buffalo 



dog 4 



Kabaran. 



k'ravao 



Yukan. 



kating 



cat 


saku niao 


deer 


bassan uanukh 


„ skin 


ruvung-a-bassan hanukh-kwei 



wasu 



hu-il 



Malay. 



karbao 



rusa 



Sundry. 



kabu 



Jav. 
Qt. Pol. 

Macassar » teclun S 



Bugis 
Bugis 



Jav. 
Gt. Pol. 



nnao 
jonga 

asu 



4 "The usual Javanese name [for dog] is asu; and it is remarkable, that this word is the 
name for the dog in the languages of tribes remote from Java; being those too of countries having 
themselves no wild dog, as Floris, Timur, and the Philippine Islands. This fact seems, at least, 
to show tliat Java was the source from which these countries derived the domestic dog." (Craw- 
furd, s. v. Dog.) 



(51 ) 



English. 

duck 

fish 

fowl 



hog' 



ox, bullock 



Kabaran. 



k'rava 



vaut 



rakok, t'rahokh 



vavui 



vaca 



turtle, tortoise p'nu 



Yukan. 

rguru 

siukh, kulikh 

yaoal, inta, wei- 
lung 

vei-uakh 



Malay. 



burung 



babi 



pannyu 



Sundry. 



{ Gt. Pol. 
\ Bhajuk 

!Jav. 
Gt. Pol. 

( Jav. 
Gt. Pol. 
Bugis, 
Buton, et 
passim 

Tagalog 
Bisaya 

Jav. 
Gt. Pol. 
et passim 



iwak 
lauk 

manuk 

bawi 

babi, 
vavi 

baca 



pannyu 



English. 


Kabaran. 


English. 


Kabaran 


flea 


timora 


venison 


apun 


horse 


kwaiu 







VIII. — Miscellaneous Nouns. 



English. 



Kabaran. 



Yukan. 



Malay. 



boat 


broa 


asu(?) 


prau, prahu 


large do., ship 


vawa 


achuying 


— 


cannon 


ku-ang 


a-ungu 


— 


copper cash, 


karisiu 


habangan 


wang 


money 








copper wire 


— 


anaoal 


— 


field, country 


zana 


— 


tana 


gun 


papilsa 


patuss 


— 



5 See note 2, j>. 48. 



Sundry. 



Jav. 



Jav. 
Gt. Pol. 



prahu 



Jav. huwang 

Bugis uwang 



tana 



(52) 



English, 


Kabaran. 


gunpowder 


kuti 


milk 


sisu 


road 


zaran, rathan 


tattoo 


— 


village, town 


rahit 



Yulcan. 



avuli 



patass 



Malay. 

8UBU 

jalan 
dukuh 



Sundry. 

Bugis susu 
Jav. dalan 

Malagasi vohitra 



English. 


• 

Kabaran. 


English. 


Kabaran. 


anger 


hunut 


rogue, rascal 


supa 


barber 


pakiss-kiss'n 


sail 


raiar 


bridge 


sazan 


salt 


z'mian 


Chinese written 


sulan, sulal 


sedan chair 


nungan 


characters 




„ bearer 


panungan 


compass, watch, etc. 


pannwan 


smith, wright 


passangin . 


disease 


tarao 


blacksmith 


passangin-du-namat 


farmer 


sartinna 


goldsmith 


passangin-du-braoan 


fisherman 


para-vaut-un 


shipwright 


passangin-du-vawa 


fishing net 


tabukun 


silversmith 


passangin-du-pila 


flag 


vakhwi 


slowmatch 


riziiss, zlrilss 


food in general 


han, hanpaita 


spear 


snuvungan 


garden 


vaovi 


sword 


kwisuisan 


herdsman 


pakrama 


tears 


t'mlliss, (rusi) 


mast 


ereran, ireran 


thief 


haisan 


oar 


p'luna, p'runa 


■4 

trade 


sianilin 


pirate ("sea-thief") 


haisan-a-zarin 


whip 


passpass 



English. 
I 



IX. — Pronouns, Adjectives, Adyeubs. 



Kabaran. 



aiku 



Yuhan. 



Malay. 



aku 



Sundry. 

Jav. ) 
Gt. Pol. \ 
Biajuk yaku 



aku 



(53 ) 




what 



Kabaran. Yukan. 

wanistaoan,wiyu 

J izistaoan, wi- 
/ taoian 



(hani) 



niana 
nini 



-wanai (?) — 



Malay. 



mi 



yang 



Sundry. 



Bali nyang 



bad (spoiled) 


i 

masukao 


m'huti 


— 


— 


bad (wicked) 


lalass 


lakhan 


nakhal 


( {Jav. ala, olo) 
\ Bali jaleh 


black 

• 


tungtin 


ni'kdlukh 


— 


— 


blind 


bukhit, m'burar 


— 


buta 


Buyis buta 


blue 6 


I puli, mrapuli, ) 
( b'nuran ) 


lasu 


bira 


— 


clean 


blamuss, dangirao 


muakh 


— 


— 


cold 


durpuss 


maskinuss 


— 


— 


deaf 


turiiss 


— 


tuli 


J Jav. tuli 
J Sunda torek 


dirty 


matar 


m'k'ptita 


— 


— 


drunk 


vusuk, busuk 


m'vusuk 


— 


— 


good 


malaka 


b'lakh 


baik 


( Bali malak 
( Biajuh bahalak 


hot 


maramuk 


makilukh 


— 


— 


lame 


piruss 


— 


— 


Bali perot 


large 


raia 


n'huyal 


— 


Madura raja 


long 


marung, niahung nduyukh 


— 


— 


many 


nangei 


valei 


banyak 


Madura banyak 


red 6 


t'barei 


m'talakh 


mini 


j Bali bara 
( Buyis machala 


short 


k'zu 


zatung 


— 


— 


small 


kia 


tikai 


kutu 


Bisaya kutu 


white 


vussar, bussar 


m'lavu 


— 


— 


English. 


Kabaran. 


Enylisli. 




Kabaran. 


he(?) 


aisu haia 


all 




hanizka, maniz 


thou, (you) 


aisu 


broad 




tabai 


who 


tiani- wanai (?) 


cooked 




maminin 



6 Both Pepos and savages have very crude aud indistinct ideas of color, and the terms given 
here arc subject to some uncertainty. 



English. 


Kabaran. 


dumb 


murar, muzar 


fragrant 


vangsiss 


green 7 


bruviru 


honest 


parakun 


narrow 


basil 


offensive (odor) 


vangt'o 


perspiring 


satihuss 


silly, garrulous 


mutamut 


smooth, level 


lasilass 


stupid, foolish 


mrimarukh 



(54) 



English. 
yellow 7 

far 
near 
no, not 
very 



"can do" 
"no fear" 



Kabaran. 
palao, mrapala 



ma-ra-ul, ma-za-ul 

ma-ra-ki 

m'taha 

palamsu, maluna, (tiku?) 



wanai 

meiku 
aska 



-meikiss 



English. 

to come 
„ eat 
„ sleep 



Kabaran. 
naori, akwa 
k'man, han 
meiniip 



English. 

to arise, get up 
„ awake 

come (imperative) 
„ cry 
„ dream 

„ eat with the hand 
„ „ „ chopsticks 
» fight 

» g° 

„ be about to go (?) 
„ hear 

„ kill (an animal) 
„ „ , slay (a man) 



X. — Verbs. 



Yukan. 



Malay. 



man 



mam 
mavi 



Kabaran. 

kasswat, hasswat 

mainar 

akwasi 

muring 

braputui 

h'mapu 

ipita-k'man 

mabul 

wiati (sing.) 
wiata (plural) 

havitiku 

darav 

s'marira 

mutung 



English. 

to labor 
„ love, desire 
„ quarrel 
„ rejoice 
„ see, look 
shave the head 



>t 



>> 



» 



» 



smell 
smoke 
sneeze 
„ talk 
„ taste 
„ wish 
,, write 



Sundry. 

Bisaya mari 

!Tagalog comain 
Bisaya cumaon 

Bisaya modap 



Kabaran. 

saharun, sahalun 

inangil 

saku-saran 

saruniakun 

maita 

musskiss 

smanuk, smingut 

han tabaku 

vassing 

sikaoma 

smilam 

pali 

sulal, smulan 



1 Sec note 6, p. 53.